UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 ■'r? Jcnet Johnson
 
 / ..> ^
 
 CliU-'L CROSS-MONASTERBOICE.
 
 Atlas AND Cyclopedia of Ireland 
 
 PART I. 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE DELINEATION OE THE. THIRTY-TWO COUNTILS. 
 
 With a Beautifully Colored Map of Each, Arranged Alphaheiically, Showing 
 Over 11,000 Cities, Towns, Villages and Places of Public Interest. 
 
 By p. W. JOYCE, LL.D. 
 
 EMBRACING OVER TWO HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NATURAL, SCENERY, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ABBEYS, 
 
 ROUND TOWERS AND OTHER ROMANTIC AND HISTORIC PLACES, REPRODUCED BY EMINENT 
 
 ARTISTS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS ESPECIALLY TAKEN FOR THIS WORK. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE GENERAL HISTORY, 
 
 AS TOLD KY 
 
 A. M. SULLIVAN, 
 
 And Continued by P. D. NUNAN. 
 
 A Complete and Authentic History of Ireland, from the Earliest Ages. With Graphic Descriptions of thi 
 
 Battle of Clontarf Strongbozv's Invasion, Death of Roderick O'Connor {Last King of Ireland), 
 
 Cromwell's Invasion, Siege of Derry and the Battle of the Boytte; Siege of Limerick, 
 
 Penal Laws, The Volunteers, The United Irishmen, Catholic Emancipation 
 
 and Repeal, TIte Young Irelanders, Fenian Insurrection, Home 
 
 Rule and Land League Agitations, bringing it down 
 
 almost to the United Irish League. 
 
 EMBELLISHED WITH PORTRAITS OF THE LEADING STATESMEN, ORATORS, POETS AND MARTYRS OF THE 
 
 EMERALD ISLE, TAKEN FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTINGS OF HAVERTY, 
 
 REYNOLDS, LESAGE AND OTHERS. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 MURPHY & McCarthy, publishers, 
 
 80 Walker Street. 
 190o. 
 
 Copyrighted, 1900. 
 
 • X \ '' ''"'.„. •. 
 
 • . . • % • • • •
 
 €oeit$ of JR^rms 
 
 %m 
 
 Copyright, 1901, by P. Murphy
 
 COATS OF ARMS 
 
 OK 
 
 LEADING IRISH FAMILIES. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 K 
 
 1^ 
 
 Heraldry is defined as the art or science of 
 blazoning or describing in appropriate technical 
 terms coats of arms and other heraldic and armor- 
 ial insignia. The system is of very ancient origin. 
 AVe can trace it back to the Jewish tribes ; anil 
 subsequently we find it in a more elabojate form 
 in the leading families of Greece and Rome, who 
 bore distinguishing symbols, illustrative of, or 
 pertaining to, deeds of valor or merit performed by 
 their ancestors. 
 
 In its modern sense, liowever, the heraldic art 
 dates from the time of the Crusades, and was re- 
 duced to its jiresent perfect system by the Frencli ; 
 and it was not until that period that the crest or 
 cognizance was generally adopted. The crest is a 
 device worn on top of the shield, usually placed on 
 a wreath, and was worn by kniglits and otlier 
 personages of rank, when clad in armor, to dis- 
 tinguisli tliem in battle, and as a mark for their 
 followers and supporters. At first these badges 
 were worn on the helmet, to render them more 
 plainly visible, or on the arm, but in later times 
 were transferred to the shield or armor. 
 
 An erroneous idea is entertained by some, that 
 heraldic symbols denote an aristocratic or ex- 
 clusive class, and is undemocratic in its origin and 
 permanency. On the contrary — and this is es- 
 pecially true of the Irish-Milesian families — these 
 badges of distinction were the reward of personal 
 merit, and could be secured by the humblest as 
 well as the highest. They are to-day the tes- 
 timonials and warrants of bravery, lieroism, and 
 meritorious deeds of our ancestors ; and they appeal 
 to the pride of the intelligent and enlightened 
 descendants of these distinguished families to-day, 
 as the valiant deeds and self-sacrificing acts of 
 contemporary persons would to their posterity- 
 
 The antiquity of Irish heraldry antedates that 
 of any other people, ancient or modern. It is 
 universally conceded that a high order of Irish 
 civilization prevailed many centuries anterior to 
 the evolution of modern European peoples, or the 
 foundation of the oldest of the Continental nations. 
 
 " See she smiles upon the touchstone on her distant youth, 
 Looking down her line of leaders and of workers for tlie truth; 
 When the sun of art and learning yet was in the Orient ; 
 When the might of Babylonia under Cyrus' hand was spent ; 
 When the Sphinx's introverted eye turned fresh from Kgypt's 
 
 guilt ; 
 When the Roman bowp.a to Athens, -sFban th"! "■ r thenou was 
 
 built; 
 
 When the Macedonian climaz closed the commoowealiho ot 
 
 G reece ; 
 When the wrath of Roman manhood burst on Tarquin for 
 
 Lucrece ; 
 When the Norman, Teuton, Briton left his primal woodland 
 
 spring ; 
 When his rule was might and rapine, and his law a painted 
 
 king,— 
 Then was Erin rich in knowledge, then from out her OlUm's 
 
 store, 
 Conned to-day by sage and student, grew her ancient Mor; 
 Then were reared her mighty builders, who made temples to 
 
 the sun ; 
 There they stand, her old Round Towers, showing how the 
 
 work was done ; 
 Thrice a thousand years upon them, staining all our later 
 
 art, — 
 Warning fingers raised to tell us, we must build with reverent 
 
 heart. " 
 
 Nearly a thousand years previous to the Chris- 
 tian era, we find tlie prototype of modern Par- 
 liamentary government in the triennial Parliament 
 established at Tara, where, in addition to the func- 
 tions of government, one of the chief objects of the 
 assemblage was to preserve historic and family 
 descent of all the Milesian-Irish clans and fam- 
 ilies. At these assemblies it was the custom for 
 each chief or head of a clan to hang his shield over 
 liis seat ; and on these shields were emblazoned 
 devices emblematic of some glorious deed or 
 praiseworthy act of the owner. In time the var- 
 ious branches or offshoots of the family adopted 
 the heraldic symbol. Many of these latter added 
 to the original, or adopted others of their own, — 
 a circumstance which accounts for the fact that 
 many Irish families of to-day have two or more 
 coats of arms. 
 
 Many of these devices, as in heraldic designs 
 among all peoples, were bizarre and fantastic, 
 though fotinded on some fact or tradition pertain- 
 ing to the bearer or his ancestors. Some of them 
 are so remote as to be lost in mists of antiquity ; 
 while others are of comparatively modern origin. 
 
 Perhaps the oldest and most renowned of all 
 Irish armorial symbols is the Red Hand of Ulster, 
 the ceuturied badge of the O'Neills. It dates from 
 the landing of the sons of Milesius. According to 
 tradition, two of the chieftains had agreed that 
 whosoever first touched the "Isle of Destiny " 
 after leaving the vessels in their small boat.-;, 
 should possess the right of selection over the por- 
 tion of the land he was to rule. One seeing hia 

 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 riyal gaining apace, drew his sword from the 
 sheath, and cutting off his left hand, hurled the 
 gory member to the shore, and thus overcame 
 his rival. Hence the bloody hand has since been 
 the chief badge of his descendants. 
 
 Again, it will be observed that the lion and the 
 serpent figure largely among the emblematic sym- 
 bols of the Irish clans. Both these are likewise 
 derived from tradition of the early Milesian 
 period. During the long continued migration of 
 the Milesians from the East, they sojourned for 
 a time in North Africa, before arriving in Spain, 
 and while there, according to the legend or fact, 
 one of the chiefs during a morning's hunt slew 
 three lions single-handed, a deed of valor ever 
 afterward perpetuated by his descendants in their 
 heraldic history. Another legend relates that a 
 distinguished member of the clans was cured of 
 the bite of a venomous reptile by gazing on the 
 brazen image of the serpent erected by Moses, as 
 narrated in Scripture. 
 
 Many of the Irish clans and prominent families 
 have preserved their mottoes, or watch-words, 
 which usually represent some characteristic of the 
 family, or sometimes the war cry of the clan. 
 Others never adopted a motto, just as many never 
 adopted a crest. In the Middle Ages, and the pre- 
 ceding centuries when Ireland was the centre of 
 European learning, Latin was the language of the 
 Bchools and courts and diplomacy, as well as of the 
 eburch, and many of the Irish mottoes were trans- 
 
 lated into that tongue, while some retained their 
 mottoes in both. 
 
 During the invasions of the Danes, and subse- 
 quently during the centnriesof the Anglo-Noriniin 
 invasion and protracted system of destruction, 
 much of the records of leading Irish families were 
 lost ; as the Anglo-Norman invader in his repeated 
 confiscation of the Irish lands sought by the de- 
 struction of the ancient records to remove all 
 vestige of the original ownership. 
 
 During the period of the penal laws, when the 
 Irish emigrated to the Continent and attained the 
 highest distinction in civil and military station 
 in almost every country from Spain to Russia, 
 many of them were ennobled by the sovereigns 
 and governments whom they served. These rec- 
 ords of their valor and worth form an added or- 
 nament to their ancestral Irish inheritance, and 
 are given in this collection, and their kindred may 
 justly and proudly retain the double honors so 
 bravely and nobly won. 
 
 Many of the most distinguished Irish families 
 also come of that patriotic stock descended from 
 the Norman invaders, who intermarried with the 
 Irish, adopted the Irish language, manners and 
 customs, and became known in Irish history as 
 being " more Irish than the Irish themselves." 
 
 Some also whose names are of more modern ex- 
 traction, as the Emmets, Mitchels, Parnells and 
 others, while not of direct Irish descent, form a 
 portion of the glorious galaxy of Irish patriotism.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Mr. JohnMitchel justly remarks, in one of his 
 historical works, tbat the yireatest conquest Eng- 
 land ever made was to ^aiu the ear of the world. 
 In the case of Ireland especially, she has for cen- 
 turies possessed not onl.v its soil, but the advan- 
 tage of telling the story of its people from her 
 own viewpoint, while preventing them from 
 making themselves heard in their own behalf. 
 Down almost to within the memory of living 
 men, education, even in its most rudimentary 
 form, was a felony in Ireland, on the correct 
 principle that the most effective method of sub- 
 jugating and despoiling a people is to keep them 
 in enforced ignorance. 
 
 "In tluit black time of law wrought crime, of stifling 
 
 woe and tbrall, 
 There stood supreme one foul device, one engine worse 
 
 than all: 
 dim whom they wished to keep a slave, they sought to 
 
 make a brute — 
 They banned the light of heaven — they l)ade instruction's 
 
 voice be mute. 
 Gods second priest — the Teacher— sent to feed men's 
 
 minds with lore^ 
 They marked a price upon his head, as on the priest's 
 
 before. 
 ?or, well they knew that never, face to face beneath 
 
 the sky. 
 Could Tyranny and Knowledge meet, but one of them 
 
 should die. 
 That fettered slaves will link their might until their 
 
 murmurs grow 
 'I'o that imperious thunder-peal which despots quail to 
 
 know; 
 That men who learn will learn their strength — the weak- 
 ness of their lords — 
 Till all the bonds that .gird them round are snapt like 
 
 Samson's cords. 
 This well they knew, and called the power of ignorance 
 
 to aid: 
 3o might, they deemed, an abject race of soulless serfs 
 
 be made — 
 When Irish memories, hopes, and thoughts, were withered, 
 
 branch and stem, 
 A race of abject, scwUess serfs, to hew and draw for 
 
 them." 
 
 In all countries the national history occupies 
 a primal place in their schools and public institu- 
 
 tions of learning, but Ireland is an exception. 
 Irish histor.v has never occupied in modern times 
 in Irish universities, or the so-called Queen'a 
 Colloge.s, the honorable position which every 
 other countr.y in the world but Ireland assigns 
 to the cultivation of its peculiar past. In 
 schools established under the English govern- 
 ment for the professed benefit of the people of 
 Ireland it has been systematically ignored and 
 suppressed. A few years ago a member of the 
 Queen's University — the latest ijroduct of Eng- 
 lish education in Ireland — had the temerity to 
 deliver a lecture on Irish history before the 
 students of Queen's College, Belfast. Had the 
 lecturer not ceased to be a student of the Uni- 
 versity, he would have been expelled for his pro- 
 fanity in introducing the name of Ireland within 
 the walls of a college paid for by the Irish people, 
 and dedicated to the united so-called sanctities 
 of loyalty and uonsectarianism. With a vigor 
 more violent than argumentative, he was attacked 
 inside the university, and out of it, for liaving 
 dared to speak of the country of Burke and Sher- 
 idan, of Grattan and O'Connell, in the presence 
 of an Irish audience. He had even the honor of 
 being made the subject of a "<iuestion," in the 
 House of Commons, and of being gravely cen- 
 sured, by some ostensibly solemn members of 
 Parliament, as "a person of seditious tenden- 
 cies." 
 
 When the present system of national schools 
 was established in Ireland, it was with the pro- 
 fessed purpose of weaning the youth of the 
 country from Irish ideas and aspirations. All 
 reference to Irish history, literature, and national 
 thought was rigorously eliminated, while the 
 excellencies of the British constitution, and the 
 benefits of British rule were set forth in diversi- 
 fied profusion. It was fondly hoped that the 
 seeds of lo.valty to British rule might thus be 
 implanted, and Ireland be converted into a West 
 Britain. But the attempt was doomed to 
 ignominious failure. Once place the weapon of 
 knowledge in the hand of youth, and the posses-
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 jor when grown to manhood will wield it as he 
 wills. So it has been in Ireland. In no coun- 
 try is national literature more generously pat- 
 ronized, and liberally diffused. For ages the 
 spirit of nationality was sustained and trans- 
 mitted by the wandering bards, the traditions of 
 the clans and families, and the legends and 
 associations that cling, like ivy round a ruin, to 
 every spot of the storied island. 
 
 But to the exiled Irish, and their descendants, 
 even such channels and reminders of the history 
 of their fatherland were denied. Compelled to 
 combat for an existence among strangers, under 
 new and adverse conditions, they had little time 
 or opportunity to devote to the memories or 
 glories of the past. Yet with a marvelous tenac- 
 ity they carried with them, retained and trans- 
 mitted to their children, the inheritance of their 
 ancestors, and to this, in a great measure, may 
 be attributed the status and moral solidarity 
 which the Irish race occupies throughout the 
 world to-day. 
 
 For, as Edmund Burke profoundly remarks, a 
 man who is not ])roud of his ancestry will never 
 leave after him anything for which his posterity 
 may be proud of him. 
 
 It is none of our purpose in these brief re- 
 marks to advert to the reasons why the Irish and 
 those of Irish descent, especially in America, 
 should be skilled in the histor.v of their race. 
 Here we are forming a great world-power, evolu- 
 tionizing a new nationality, and to that national- 
 ity, combined of the best elements of Europe, 
 the Irish hav« contributed, perhaps, the most 
 essential part. A clamorous minority, indeed, 
 chatter about Anglo-Saxonism, at once a mis- 
 nomer and absurditj"; but the cold fi^cures of the 
 Btatistius of emigration show that Europe, not 
 England, is the mother country of America, and 
 that to the buihling of our nationhood Ire- 
 land has contributed the grt-utest share. These, 
 and kindred facts, are'systematically ignored by 
 English writers, and their American imitators, 
 but they no longer dare to dispute them. A new 
 Bchool of history has been inaugurated, founded 
 on modern Hoionlific historical research ; and the 
 record of Ireland, as a civilizer, in the days 
 when Europe, after the break-up of the Roman 
 Empire, was a congerieH of bloody factions and 
 
 races, is now not only recognized but proclaimed 
 by all modern authorities. 
 
 As we live in a busy age and country, how- 
 ever, we must adapt ourselves to our require- 
 ments and environment; and hence the pub- 
 lishers of the present work have placed within 
 the reach of all Irish-American readers, and 
 sympathizers of oppressed peoples, the most 
 complete, condensed and lucid work on Ireland 
 that has ever been published. It is an epitome 
 of Ireland, in all her phases, a panoramic view 
 of the ancestral island, which can be appeciated 
 equally by the learned or unlearned, ana read 
 and scanned by all readers with pleasure and 
 instruction. Ireland — geographical and topo- 
 graphical, picturesque, and historic, with her 
 ancient ruins looking down on us with prehis- 
 toric venerableness, her antiquities, defying the 
 acutest modern research, her churches, abbeys 
 and monasteries telling in their eloquent remains 
 "the power and faith of old," all are here pre- 
 sented in the most authentic form and in the 
 best style of modern art. No expense has been 
 spared in i)resentiug in the most engaging 
 form the Ireland of the Past and the Present to 
 the reader; and at a price that will bring it 
 within the reach of all. 
 
 It is needless to advert to the beauties of Iris'i 
 scener.v — which are unsurpassed — or theremin; - 
 cences that meet the tourist at every turn, or 
 the manifold attractions that Ireland presents to 
 all in her varying phases, changeful as her 
 skies, aad beauteous as her lields, and inspiring 
 as the story that surrounds her. 
 
 To those who have been born in the Emerald 
 Isle this work will be of personal interest, con- 
 taining, as it does, maps of the thirty-two coun- 
 ties of Ireland; to those who have never visited 
 its shores, its scenes of picturesque loveliness, 
 which excite the- admiration of every traveler, 
 will be an incentive to see them in reality, when, 
 opportunity allows; while those to whom higher 
 aspirations appeal will turn to the lessons which 
 the pages of this work present to them, and, in 
 reading tue record of their ancestors, will realize' 
 the meaning of the poet: 
 
 ■'Tlicy loft >is a treasure of fit and wrath, 
 A spur to our cold blood set. 
 And we'll tread that path, with a spirit that hath 
 Assurance of victory yet."
 
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 ANTRIM. 
 
 NAME. — The old form was Aentruihh, or Aent- 
 rebh, which probably means either "one tribe" 
 or "one habitation :" but this is not quite cer- 
 tain. Antrim town gave name to the county. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 "The New Bridge" over the Lagan, near Lis- 
 burn, to the Giant's Causeway, 54:| miles: 
 breadth, from Island Magee to Toome on the 
 Bann, 30 miles: area, 1191 square miles: popu- 
 lation, 421,943. 
 
 SURFACE. — An almost uninterrupted succes- 
 sion of hills and uplands, a kind of irregular 
 plateau, long and narrow, extends along the 
 coast from Belfast Lough to Fair Head, with a 
 narrow belt of well cultivated land between it 
 and the sea. Near Larne the mountains run 
 down to the sea, forming maguiticent scenery. 
 From this plateau the land slopes inland, so that 
 many of the main streams have their source near 
 the sea, and flow west and southwest to Lough 
 Neagh and the Bann. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The chief moun- 
 tain summits are — Slemish (1,437), near the cen- 
 ter point of the county, memorable as the scene 
 of St. Patrick's early life : Trostan (1,811), Slieve- 
 anee (1,782), Slieveanorra (1,G76), and Slievena- 
 hanaghan (1,325), all four near Cushecdall : a lit- 
 tle north of these, and west of Cushendun, Agau- 
 garrive (1,225), and Crockaneel (1,321): Knock- 
 layd (1,695), a fine detached mountain mass near 
 Ballycastle: Collin Top (1,42G), Carncormiek 
 (1,431), and Soarns Hill (l,32(i), west of Gleuarm : 
 Divis (1,561), Black Mountain, (1,272), Squires 
 Hill (1,230), and Cave Hill (1,188), all near Bel- 
 fast: Carn Hill (1,025) and Toppin (928) near 
 Carrickfergus. 
 
 DOAST-LINE.— The coast, nearly the whole 
 way round from Carrichfergus to Portrush, is 
 broken into a succession of fine cliffs, pierced by 
 many ravines, through which mountain streams, 
 short and rapid, tumble into the sea. Cliffs 
 formed of basaltic columns extend for many 
 miles along the north coast, and attain their 
 _ost striking development in Fair Head and the 
 
 Giant's Causeway. A most picturesque road 
 runs along the whole coast from Carrickfergus to 
 Ballycastle. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— The chief headlands (going 
 regularly round the coast) are — Bengore Head 
 (367), of which the Giant's Causeway forms 'a 
 part : Kinbaue or "White Head, topped by a cas- 
 tle ruin ; Benmore or Fair Head (636), with its 
 great ranges of basaltic columns : Torr Head, a 
 spur from Carranmore Hill (1,254), 1| miles 
 inland : Garron Point, a grand cliff, near which 
 is the singular detached tower-like sea rock — 
 Cloghastucan : Ballygalley Head : the Gobbins, 
 a series of lofty basaltic sea cliffs on the east side 
 of Island Magee : Black Head and "White Head, 
 as you come toward Carrickfergus. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Kathlin, or Raghery Island, off 
 the north coast: area, 5 J square miles: shores 
 abrupt and steep: highest point Slieveacarn 
 (447), ou the west end: in the northeast extrem- 
 ity are the ruins of Bruce's Castle, where Robert 
 Bruce took refuge in the winter of 1306. The 
 other islands are mere sea rocks, viz., the little 
 group of the Skerries, near Portru.sh : Maidens, 
 near Larne, with two lighthouses; and Muck 
 Island, near the coast of Island Magee. 
 
 BA"YS AND HARBORS.— Belfast Lough lies 
 between Antrim and Down : Larue Lough, a 
 shallow inlet 5 miles long, confined on the east 
 by the long, narrow peninsula of Island Magee : 
 Ballygalley Bay : the sheltered little Bay of Glen- 
 arm; and near it, on the north, Carnlough Bay: 
 Red Bay, at the mouth of the Glenariff River, 
 with its remarkable caves ; Murlough Bay, near 
 Fair Head : Ballycasole Bay : "White Park Bay, 
 east of Bengore Heed. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Bann forms the western bound- 
 ary from where it issues out of Lough Neagh to 
 the point where it enters Londonderry, a distance 
 of about 27 miles : the Lagan runs on the southern 
 bouudary from near Moira to its mouth — about 
 22 miles. The Six-mile "S\'ater, flowing by Bally- 
 clare into the northeast corner of Lough Neagh, 
 near the town of Antrim : the Larne "Water, hav-
 
 ANTKiM. 
 
 ing its source near that of the Six-mile Water, 
 but flowiug in an opposite direction, falls into 
 the sea at Lai-ne : the MaiUj running southward 
 by Cullybacky, Galgorm, and Eandalstown, into 
 the northeast corner of Lough Xeagh : the Glen- 
 whirry River and the Kells Eiver, which form 
 one stream, flowing west by Kells into the Main : 
 the Braid flows west, by Broughshaue and Bally- 
 mena, into the Main : the Glenravel Water and 
 the Clogh River, forming one stream, flow south- 
 west into the Main, near Closrh Mills : the Bush 
 flows north, by Armoy and Bushmills, into the 
 sea near the Giant's Causeway : the Carey and j 
 the Gienshesk, two mountain streams run into 
 the sea at Ballycastle; the Glendun, which falls 
 into the sea at Cushendun : and near it on the 
 south, the Glenaan, running by Cushendall : the [ 
 Gleniiriflf, flowing through a beautiful glen into 
 Red Bay, near Cushendall: the Gleuarm River 
 flowing by Glenarm. 
 
 LAKES. — A large portion of Lough Neagh be- 
 longs to this county. Lough Beg, an expansion 
 of the Baun, a little below Lough Neagh, about 
 3 miles long and | mile wide, contains several 
 islands. Lough Guile, a small lake 7 miles east 
 of Ballymoney, gives name to the surrounding 
 parish : Portmore Lake, between the southeast 
 shore of Lough Neagh and the village of Ballin- 
 derry, circular, and about a square mile in area : 
 Lough Mourne, 3 miles north of Carrickfergus. 
 
 TOWNS.— Belfast (•208,1'22, of whom -23,917 
 belong to Ballymacarrett, that part of Belfast : 
 lying in county Down), the assize town, at the 
 mouth of the Lagan, the greatest nianufactnring 
 and trading town in Ireland — chief scat of the 
 linen trade. Carrickfergus (4,792), on the shore 
 of Belfast Lough, with its fine old castle perched 
 on a rocky peninsula: halfway between Belfast 
 and Carrickfergus lies Whiteabbey (1,452), with 
 itH tIax-Hpiiiuing mills: and nearer Belfast, still 
 on the HJjoro, is Whitohouse (975). 
 
 Following the coast, we come to Larne (4,71G), 
 in li beautiful spot near the mouth of Larne 
 L<.)UgL, with the old castle of Oldorfleet ojiposite 
 it, on the Curran peninsula: Glenarm (1,276) 
 Htnnds in a lovely valley, noarj.v surrounded by 
 mountains, and is nut.ed for its beautiful scenerj': 
 Ballyca-Htlo (1,440), in a fine valley on the north 
 coast, A'ith Knocklayd towering over it: Por- 
 truHh (1,322), on a sharp projecting jtoint in the 
 
 northwest corner, much frequented as a "vaier- 
 ing-plaee; 3 miles east from which is the ancient 
 castle of Dunluce, perched on a rock high over 
 the sea. 
 
 Lisburn (10,755 — of whom 2,446 are in that 
 part of the town belonging to county Down), 
 stands on the Lagan (flax-spinning, weaving, 
 bleaching) : Ballymena (8,883), on the river 
 Braid (manufactures, trade in linen and yarn) : 
 Legoniel (3,497), 3 miles northwest from Bel- 
 fast: Ballymoney (3,049), within 3 miles of the 
 Baun (linen, brewing, tanning). Antrim (1,647), 
 on the Six-mile Water, where it enters Lough 
 Neagh, gives name to the county ; near it stands 
 a round tower; and 2 miles west, on the shore 
 of the lake, are the fine ruins of Shane's Castle. 
 Ballyclare (1,475), on the Six-mile Water. 
 Bushmills (1,103), on the river Bush, near Por- 
 trush — noted for its distillerj-. 
 
 MINERALS. — On the north coast at Fair Head, 
 coal is found ; the coal mines were worked there 
 in very ancient times, as is shown by the remains 
 of old coal pits and antique mining tools. There 
 are salt mines at Carrickfergus ; and excellent 
 iron ore is raised in tlie valley of the Glenr.'tvel 
 River. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESx<jNA- 
 TIONS. — The northern part of Antrim, north 
 from the Glenravel River, was the ancient terri- 
 tory of Dalriada, commonly called Ruta, or the 
 Route ; all from that south was part of the old 
 territory of Dalaradia. This latter part of An- 
 trim (from the Glenravel to the Lagan, and 
 west to Lough Neagh and the Baun) was, in 
 later ages, called North or Lower Clannaboy (or 
 Claudeboye), to distinguish it from South Clan- 
 naboy, in county Down — both Clanuaboys being 
 the territory of the O'Neills. Clannaboy (the 
 whole, or the greater jiart) was more ancientlj- 
 called Trian Coiigaill. The plain between the 
 rivers Banii and Bush was the ancient Elne or 
 Ele. The district extending from the barony of 
 Lower Massareene to the barony of Lower Toomo 
 (inclusive) was anciently called Hy Tuirtre; an 
 the old territorj- of Moyliuuy lay between th 
 rivers Six-Mile Water and Glenwhirry. 
 
 The rugged districit from Larne to Ballycastle 
 — the territor.v of the MacDonnells — was, and is 
 still, known as the Glens or Gl.vnns of Antrim; 
 HO called from eight of those ravines mentioned
 
 AN'L'KLM. 
 
 The Followiufr are the Glens : 1 — Glen- 
 shesk, through which runs the river Shesk 
 into Ballycastle Bay; 2 — Glendun, through 
 which the Glendun River runs, by Cushendun ; 
 3 — Glencorp, a little valley at the northeast of 
 the parish of Layd, near Glendun; "4 — Glenaan, 
 
 traversed by thf) Glenaan Kiver; 5 — Glenbally- 
 luon, throuiih which runs the Jiallynion River, 
 joining the Glenaan, near Cusliendall; — Glena- 
 riff; 7 — Glencloy, the vallfey running from 
 Carnlough up toward Collin Toij; 8 — Gleuarm, 
 the valley traversed by the Glenarm River. 
 
 ILLXJSTJRA.TIOISrS. 
 
 CARRICK-A-REDE. Near the village of Bal- 
 lintoy, is the basaltic crag of Carrick-a-Rede — 
 the Rock in the Road — -with a flying bridge over 
 a chasm more than eighty feet deep, connecting 
 it with the mainland. The island is two and a 
 half acres in extent, on which is a small cottage 
 built as a fishing station. The bridge consists 
 of two ropes or cables fastened to rings in the 
 rock on either side, and a guide rope running 
 parallel, and a boarded footpath. Over this 
 women and children pass, carrying great loads, 
 but to the inexperienced its crossing is a danger- 
 ous feat. The rock derives its chief interest from 
 its being a fishing station for salmon, that 
 annuallj' coast along the shore in search of rivers 
 to deposit their spawn. Their passage is inter- 
 cepted by the rock, and the fish secured in the 
 sweep of the nets. The rock is much frequented 
 by tourists, attracted by the novelty of the feat 
 of crossing the bridge. 
 
 ROUND TOWER. —A little to the north 
 of the town of Antrim stands one of the finest 
 specimens of the Round Towers in the 
 north of Ireland; it is ninety-five feet high, 
 tapers upward, diminishing from fifty-two feet in 
 circumference at the base, to thirty-six near the 
 top. The door is twelve feet from the ground, 
 and is of a square form. Over the entrance 
 there is a device in open stonework, resembling 
 a Maltese cross, which would strengthen the idea 
 of these towers having been erected within the 
 Christian period. It is the opinion of the learned 
 Dr. Petrie that this tower was built by Goban 
 Saer in the seventh century, a celebrated archi- 
 tect of that age, to whom also is ascribed the 
 erection of those of Kilmacduagh and Kilbannon, 
 near Tuam. The iieculiarity of the doorway and 
 
 open cross will be readily understood from the 
 accompanying engraving. 
 
 LORD ANTRIM'S PARLOR, GIANT'S 
 CAl/SEWAY. — The accompanying picture repre- 
 sents one of the apartments of the Giant's Cause- 
 way, in the County of Antrim, one of the most 
 monumental wonders of nature. This natural 
 cave derives its name from the story or tradi- 
 tion that one of the lords of Antrim once gave a 
 feast within its gloomy and imposing walls. 
 This great natural wonder is of basaltic forma- 
 tion, and comprises three divisions, the Little 
 Causeway, the Middle Causeway, and the Great 
 Causeway. The perpendicular pillars, which are 
 so regularly placed as to impress the spectator 
 with the belief that they had been fashioned by 
 the hand and brain of some Titanic architect, 
 number nearly forty thousand, are prismatic in 
 form, and embrace any number of sides from 
 three to nine; the whole area covering about 
 three acres, yet all the chistering columns ar- 
 ranged and fitted: 
 
 "With skill so like, yet so surpassing art, 
 With such design, so just in every part. 
 That reason pauses, doubtful if it stand 
 The work of mortal, or immortal hand." 
 
 GLENARM. — Glenarm, embosomed in a bea^. 
 tiful vale opening to the sea, presents an 
 attractive view-, with the turrets of the castle, 
 and the picturesque surroundings like a 
 moving tableau. Tiiere is not in Ireland a 
 more fascinating and romantic little town; the 
 beauty and variety of the adjacent scenery, and 
 the dell-like tranquillity of the town and valley 
 in which it is situated, are well calculated to 
 attract the notice of the visitor and make an 
 impression not soon to be effaced. The pros-
 
 ANTRIM. 
 
 pect from the adjacent basaltic cliffs, 200 
 feet in height, is extremely interestiug, em- 
 bracing the castle -with its minarets and gilded 
 vanes embosomed in the woods of the richly- 
 planted park; while just below are seen the sil- 
 very waters of the beautiful bay of Glenarm tran- 
 quilly sleeping between the lofty precipices 
 which guard it upon the north and south, and far 
 along northward the varied and picturesque coast 
 as far as the Garron Point and the fort-crowned 
 hill of Dumane. 
 
 GLENAEM CASTLE.— Glenarm Castle has 
 only been occupied as the family seat of the 
 McDonnells, earls of Antrim, since 1750, 
 after the destruction of their former summer 
 abode at Ballymagarr.v. The gateway to the 
 castle, a lofty barbican, is approached by a 
 bridge crossing the river; and beneath its arch 
 a beautiful carriage drive leads round to the 
 entrance hall. The edifice has been modernized 
 and rendered one of the most elegant and com- 
 modious mansions in the island. The demesne 
 is especially worth.v of admiration, occupying a 
 long and deep glen or ravine, well wooded and 
 watered b.v a beautiful stream abounding in trout 
 and salmon, inclosed by lofty cliffs on the north 
 and south; a natural cascade called the Bull's 
 Eye forming a pretty feature in the walk along 
 the river, which is broken into a series of charm- 
 ing waterfalls. The hill of Slieve Mish, where 
 the cajitive boy St. Patrick tended the swine of 
 the chieftain Milcho. 
 
 DUNLUCE CASTLE.— Among the remark- 
 able features of the north coast of Antrim 
 are the castles which crown its cliffs. Some 
 of them are on insulated rocks, others upon 
 the margin of steep precipices, and all illustra- 
 tions of the active and warlike character of the 
 ancient inhabitants. Dunluce Castle, in Irish 
 "the strong fort, " is situated on an insulated rock 
 120 feet above the sea level, and is probably 
 the most i)icture8<^iue ruin in Ireland. Con- 
 nection with the mainland is formed by 
 a single wall not more than eighteen inches 
 broad, the chasm at each side being nearly 
 eighty feet deeii. It is built of columnar basalt, 
 in many instances so placed as to show their 
 fiolygonal sections. It is a very anciiait fortrciss, 
 and was according to the Four Masters founded 
 about the year of the world 3668. It was cap- 
 
 tured by the McQuillans from the English in 
 1513, and was taken by the McDonnells of 
 Antrim in the reign of James the First. Its 
 history is so strange and checkered as to be 
 akin to romance. 
 
 SHANE'S CASTLE.— This edifice, now in 
 ruins, was the ancient seat of the O'Neills, 
 the most powerful of the Irish septs. It- 
 stands in the midst of a beautiful demesne ex-, 
 tending from Randalstown to and along the} 
 shores of Lough Neagh for a distance of thread 
 miles. The river Main flows through thd^ 
 grounds and is crossed by an ornamental bridge, 
 connecting them with the Deer-park, which is of 
 considerable extent. The castle was destroyed 
 by fire in 1816, nothing being saved but the 
 famil.v papers. At present a portion of the 
 stables are converted into a residence ; all that is 
 left of the castle being some ruined towers, and 
 the fortified esplanade, upon which is a conserva- 
 tory. The castle derives its name from Shane 
 O'Neill, John the Proud, one of the most re- 
 doubtable foes the English power met in 
 Ireland. He was assassinated at a banquet at 
 the instance of the Lord Deputy, who kept his head 
 spiked for months on the tower of Dublin Castle. 
 
 CAEEICKFERGUS.— Carrickfergus is said 
 to have derived its name from Feargusa, 
 or Fergus, who was lost off the coast of the 
 locality before the birth of Christ. Among 
 the many historical reminders of this place 
 is the castle, which is, perhaps, the only one 
 of the very ancient castles at present in a 
 habitable condition. Situated on an insulated 
 rock, jutting out into the bay, it commands the 
 approach to the opulent city of Belfast, and as a 
 military position has been always regarded as of 
 much importance. At a very early period it was 
 Kclocted as the site of a fortress, being one of the 
 most celebrated of the military posts in the time 
 of the Dalaradians, and ever since it has occu- 
 pied a prominent ])ositi()n in the annals of the 
 country. The castle was built by the celebrated 
 John Do Courcy, in 1178, who received a 
 "grant" from Henry II. of all the land he might 
 conquer in Ulster. Carrickfergus remained as 
 the great stronghold of the English for centurieb. 
 In 1(541, it fr(Miu(intly changed masters, being 
 alternately in the hands of the Scotch, English 
 and Irish.
 
 ANTIUM. 
 
 PORTUUSH.—Portrush is regarded as the 
 port ot Uoleraiue, and is a pretty towu of over a 
 thousand inhabitants. It is situated within the 
 shelter of a noble headland ioiming a penin- 
 sula, consisting of a large and picturesque rock, 
 which has long been a subject of great interest to 
 geologists. Steamers ply between the town and 
 Glasgow, Liverpool and Londonderry. The 
 scenery is very picturesque; embracing the Sker- 
 ries islands, Dunluce to the east, and beyond the 
 gigantic cliffs that overhang the causeway. Be- 
 tween Dunluce and Portrush are the famous 
 White Rocks and caves, among them that known 
 as the Priest's Hole, so called from its being the 
 hiding-place of a priest after the Rebellion, who 
 on being tracked and discovered by the soldiers, 
 leaped to death in the seething waves below 
 rather than surrender. 
 
 ALBERT ME.MOl'JAL, \iELFAST. Among 
 the many splendid architectural structures in 
 Belfast, few if any are more imposing and grace- 
 ful than that shown in the present engraving. It 
 consists of a clock tower in sculjjtured stone, and 
 stands at the foot of High Street. It was erected 
 as a memorial to the late Prince Albert, Consort of 
 Queen Victoria, by ijublic subscription, and 
 was completed in 1870. It is of Venetian-Gothic 
 style, and is 1-17 feet in height. In a niche facing 
 High Street stands a statue of the prince. Aa 
 Belfast is the center of the loyalists in Ireland, 
 such a memorial must l)e taken to typif.v their 
 sentiments, instead of those of the great mass of 
 the Irish people. Belfast is a thoroughly modern 
 city, its growth and prosperit}- being the product 
 of the present century, owing to its favored posi- 
 tion, and its being the center of the linen trade.
 
 -ROUNDTOWER. Co. ANTRIM 1967. W L 
 
 ROUND TOWER, .ANTRIM.
 
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 ST PATRICIAS CATHEDRAL. BELFAST
 
 ARMAGH. 
 
 NAIME. — County named from city. The name 
 belongs to pagan times, and existed long before 
 the time of St. Patrick. The oldest form is Ard- 
 Macha, which means Macha's height : this Macha 
 being a semi-m.ythical heroine, the founder of 
 the palace of Emania, 300 years B.C. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 north to south, 33 miles : breadth from east to 
 west, 21 miles : area, 512| square miles : popula- 
 tion, 163,177. 
 
 SURFACE. — The northern part — comprising 
 the two baronies of Oneilland — is flat, with much 
 bog. The greater part of the rest of the county 
 consists of gentle hills, for the most part culti- 
 vated, or in pasture, with fertile valleys between. 
 Toward the southern border it becomes more 
 hilly, till the upland culminates in Slieve 
 Gullion. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— Slieve Gullion 
 (1,893), one of the finest detached mountains in 
 the kingdom, rise abruptly from the plain. 
 From its position, in the midst of a level coun- 
 try, it commands from its summit a view scarcely 
 exceeded by that from any other mountain in 
 Ireland. Near the top is a small, deep lake, 
 celebrated in fairy legend. On the very summit 
 is a great earn of stones, in which is an artificial 
 cave formed of dry masonry. In this cave, 
 according to legend, dwelt an enchantress, the 
 fairy daughter of Culand, the nij'thical smith of 
 the Dedannans. The Newry Mountains lie about 
 2 miles west of the town of Newry : liighest sum- 
 mit — Camlough Mountain (1,385), separated from 
 Slieve Gullion by a deep valley ; and Ballymac- 
 dermot Mountain (1,010). The Fews Mouutiiins 
 run uortli and south through the two baronies 
 of Upper and Lower Fews — to which they have 
 given name — forming a long, low range, now in 
 great part cultivated ; of which Dcadman's Hill 
 (1,178), Carrigatuke, or Armaghbrague Mountain 
 (1,200), Darigry (1,093), Tullyneill (1,014), and 
 Mullyash (1,034) — this last in Moiiagliun — all 
 lie near Newtown Hamilton, to the north and west. 
 Vicar's Cnrn (810), lying 3 miles west of Mar- 
 
 kethill, is a remarkable hill, having a cam, with 
 a curious cave on top. Three miles south of 
 Newry is Fathom Mountain (820) : at the ex- 
 treme southeast corner, on the boundary, and 
 belonging partly to Louth, is Anglesey Moun- 
 tain (1,349). Round Forkhill, on the south 
 border, are several low hills, the highest of 
 which is Slievebrack (896), a mile northwest 
 from the village. 
 
 KIVEES.- — The Upper Bann enters Armagh 
 near Carrick Blacker : and from this to where it 
 enters Lough Neagh (12 miles) it flows through 
 this county. The Blackwater, flowing into the 
 southwest corner of Lough Neagh, forms, for 
 nearly the whole of its course, the boundary be- 
 tween Armagh and Tyrone. The Callan Eiver, 
 flowing by the city of Armagh, and the Tall 
 Kiver, running by Rich Hill, join together, and 
 the united steam enters the Blackwater 1 mile 
 below Charlemont. The Cusher Eiver, formed 
 by the junction, near Mountnorris, of two small 
 streams (the Creggan and the Blackwater), flows 
 by Tanderagee, and joins the Bann 1 mile above 
 Portadowu. The "White Eiver runs south through 
 Newtown Hamilton, and takes, as it goes along, 
 the successive names of Cullyhanna Eiver, Creg- 
 gan Eiver, and (in Louth) the Castletown Eiver, 
 (from three villages so called), joining the sea at 
 Dundalk. Parallel to this, and 2 or 3 miles east 
 of it, flows the Cully Water (formed by the junc- 
 tion of the Dorsey and Ummeracam), which 
 enters Louth, and joins the Castletown River. 
 Between this and Slieve Gullion is the Forkhill 
 River, which lower down is called the Kilcurry 
 River, aud enters Lonth to join the CulJy Water. 
 The Fane forms the southwest boundary for 
 about 3 miles. The Tynan River takes name 
 from the village by which it flows, and joins the 
 Blackwater at Caledon. 
 
 LAKES. — In the southwest corner, north and 
 west of Crossmnglen. is a group of small lakes, 
 chief of whi<^li are — Eoss Lake, a mile in length, 
 a small part of wliic^h belongs to Monaghan: 
 Louf-'li Patrick: St. Peter's Jjakc (half belonging 
 
 I
 
 COUNTY OF 
 
 ARMAGH 
 
 En^Uah Milts 
 
 Banmies ikus .UPPER ORIOR 
 Bctu.417- '"■■W JorCE, Ll-Di KILUb.' ^ 
 
 ft Lon^iatJ^M^t &\sO' of Gre^nt^it^ D
 
 A KM A GIL 
 
 to Monaghan) ; Kiltybane Lake, Lisleitrim Lake, 
 and Culljhauua Lake. Canilouiih — a loiiti, narrow 
 sheet of water — lies in the valley between Cam- 
 Jougb Mountain and Slieve Gullion. Clay Lake 
 is in the west, near the village of Keady. In 
 tbe north, bordering on Lough Neagh, are 
 Lough Gullion, near the mouth of the Upper 
 Banu; and, somewhat more to the west, the 
 three lakes of Derrylileagh, Derryadd, and 
 Annagarriff. 
 
 TOWNS.— The city of Armagh (10,070) is the 
 metropolitan see of all Ireland : the cathedral 
 was originally founded by St. Patrick, about the 
 year 457, on a commanding site, given to him by 
 the local chief — Daire. That portion of Newry 
 which lies in this county has a population of 
 5,657 (the whole population of the town being 
 14,808). Lurgan (10,135), in the northeast 
 corner, is a neat and improving town : Portadown 
 (7,850), on the Upper Bann, is a busy, thriving 
 town. Keady (1,598) stands on the stream run- 
 ning from Clay Lake into Callan River. Tan- 
 deragee (1,592) is on the Cusher River, with 
 Tanderagee Castle crowning the hill over it : 
 Markethill (874) is a flourishing little town, near 
 which is Gosford Castle, with its fine demesne. 
 Newtown Hamilton (898) is beautifully situated 
 in the midst of the Fews Mountains : Rich Hill 
 {595), in a pretty spot on the Tall River, 5 miles 
 from Armagh. Crossmaglen (872) is in the 
 southwest corner: Charlemont (247), on the 
 Blackwater, was formerly an important place, as 
 it commanded a pass across the river : the old 
 castle remains, and is now occupied by military. 
 ■Charlemout and Moy, at the other side of the 
 river, really form one town. 
 
 MINERALS. — Limestone is quarried plenti- 
 fully round the city of Armagh — the liner part 
 of which is good marble. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — This county formed a part of the 
 ancient kingdom of Oriel. The eastern part of 
 the kingdom of Oriel was called Oirtheara (pron. 
 Or'hera, and meaning "eastern people"): it was 
 the territory of the O'Hanlous, and the name is 
 still preserved in that of the two baronies of 
 Orior. The old territory of Hy Niallain is now 
 represented in name and position by the two 
 baronies of Oneilland. On the southern shore 
 of Lough Neagh, round the mouth of the Bann, 
 
 was situated the ancient district of Hy Breasail, 
 
 or Clanbrassil. 
 
 The palace of Emania — -which was tbe resi- 
 dence of the kings of Ulster from about 
 300 i!.c. to A.D. 332 — was situated a mile 
 and a half west of the jjresent city of 
 Armagh. The remains of this old royal residence 
 are there still, consisting of a great circular rath, 
 or ramr)art of earth, with a deep fosse, inclosing 
 11 acres, within which are two smaller forts. 
 The ruin still keeps the old name; for it is uni- 
 versally known as the "Navan Fort." The 
 Gaelic name is Eamhuin, pronounced Aven 
 (of which Emania.is a Latinized form) ; and when 
 the "n" of the Gaelic article ("an") is placed 
 before this — as is done in many other names — it 
 forms 'n Eamhuin, which is exactly represented 
 in sound by Navan. In the first century a.d. 
 this palace was the residence and training place 
 of the militia called the Red Branch Knights, 
 under Conor Mac Nessa, the Ulster king ; they 
 lived in, and took their name from, one of the 
 houses, called Craobh-ruadh (pronounced Cree- 
 veroe), or the "Red Branch," and this house 
 left its name on the adjacent modei'n townland 
 of Creeveroe. 
 
 The finest part of ancient Irish romantic litera- 
 ture has reference to these Red Branch Knights 
 and their exploits. Their chief heroes were 
 Cuchullin — the mightiest champion of all — 
 who lived at Dundalgan (see Louth); Conall 
 Carnagh ; Leary the Victorious; Fergus Mac 
 Roy; and the three sons of Usna, namely Naisi, 
 Ardan, and Aiule. The three sons of Usna hav- 
 ing been treacherously put to death by king 
 Conor Mac Nessa, in violation of the solemn 
 guarantee of Fergus Mac Roy, a large band of 
 warriors, wuth Fergus at their head, left Ulster 
 and entered the service of Maive, queen of Con- 
 naught. Soon after, queen Maive, with an army 
 of Connacians, aided by the exiled Ulstermen, 
 made a raid into Ulster and brought away a 
 great spoil of cattle, especially from the district 
 called Quelne (see Louth); and thus a war 
 was begun between the two provinces which 
 lasted for seven years. During this war the 
 mighty hero Cuchullin defended Ulster against 
 the Connacians, and against his own exiled 
 countrymen ; and his exploits, and tbe general 
 events of the war, form the subject of the
 
 ARMAGH. 
 
 ancient Ii-ish epic, the Tain-bo-Quelne (see also Armagh, ifs Bellanaboy, or the Yellow Ford ; 
 
 Louth). I where, in 1598, a great battle was fought, in' 
 
 The highest point of the Fews Mountain | which Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, defeated 
 
 (probably Carrigatuke) was anciently called Slieve Sir Henry Bagenal; and Bagenal himself and 
 
 Fuad, and was celebrated in old Irish romance. 
 On the '^allan River, about 2 miles north of 
 
 1,300 of his men were slain, 
 however, lost its old name. 
 
 This ford has 
 
 ILLXJSTR^TIO:Nr. 
 
 THE CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL.— The see 
 of Armagh was originally founded by St. 
 Patrick, about the year of 457, and is the pri- 
 matial see of all Ireland. After the Anglo-Nor- 
 man invasion, the question of eccesiastical 
 supremacy was bitterly fought between the 
 Lish incumbents of St. Patrick's see and the 
 Archbishops of Dublin, who upheld the English 
 interest. The latter took the title of "Primate of 
 Ireland," while the Archbishops of Armagh, 
 fortified themselves by assuming the title of 
 "Primate of all Ireland." The distinction is 
 maintained to the present day, the Protestant 
 
 bishops even of both sees claiming the distinc- 
 tive titles. The ancient Cathedral of Armagh 
 was appropriated by the Protestants during the 
 so-called Reformation, and has been since "re- 
 stored" by the Robinsons, Beresfords, and other 
 Protestant bishops of that see, though it was 
 never restored to its Catholic owners. It has 
 been surpassed, however, by the magnificent 
 Catholic Cathedral, shown in the accompanying 
 engraving, which was begun by Archbishop 
 Crolly, about fifty years ago, and completed by 
 ArcliViiishop Dixou. It is one of the finest of 
 modern ecclesiastical structures.
 
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 ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL ARMAGH.
 
 CARLOW. 
 
 i^AMEi. — County named from the town. The 
 Did name of tbe town is Cetlierlocli (pronounced 
 Keherlogh), meaning "quadruple lake" (Gaelic, 
 Celier, four) ; and the tradition is that the Bar- 
 row anciently formed four lakes at the place 
 where the town now stands ; but of these lakes 
 there is now no trace. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 the Pollmounty Eiver at the southern end, to 
 the northern boundary near Eathvilly, 32| miles ; 
 greatest breadth at right angles to this, from 
 Black Bridge on the Diuin Biver in the west, to 
 the boundary line beside Ballyredmond House 
 near Clonegall in the east, 20 miles; area, 346 
 square miles; population, 4G,.5GS. 
 
 SURFACE. — Nearly the whole of this county 
 is level, forming a part of tbe great central plain 
 of Ireland, and it is generally fertile and well 
 cultivated : at the extreme southeast, and at the 
 extreme west, it is skirted by mountains. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Mount 
 Leiuster and Blaakstairs Mountains, which form 
 a continuous range, run for nearly their whole 
 length (about 16 miles) generally on the border 
 of the counties of Carlow and Wexford. Begin- 
 ning at the northeast, Greenoge (1,399) and 
 Kilbrannish (1,33.5); both west of Newtown- 
 barry, lie wholly in this county. At the 
 southern base of Kilbrannish Mountain is the 
 Gap or Pass of Corrabut, traversed by a road 
 running east and west betw<!en this hill and 
 Mount Leinster. The boundary runs over the 
 summit of Mount Leinster (2,610), a conHi)icuous 
 mountain, tlie culminating point of the whole 
 range. Knockroe (1,746) is 2 miles further 
 south. South of tliis is Scullogue Gap, which 
 separates the range of Mount Leiuster from that 
 of the Blackstairs, forming the onl.y carriage- 
 roud pass across the mountains. South of the 
 Gap, the summit of Blackstairs Mountain (2,409) 
 lies on the boundary. That part of the county 
 west of the Barrow (the barony of Idrone West) 
 is hilly, rising in several places to over 1,000 
 f-et. 
 
 KIVEliS. — On the western side, the Barrow. 
 
 where it flows by Carlow town, forms for 5 miles 
 the boundary between Carlow and Queen's 
 County; next flows through Carlow for 11 miles; 
 and for 19 miles more forms the boundary be- 
 tween Carlow and Kilkenny. On the eastern 
 side, the Slaney runs southward through the 
 county for 18 miles, and for 3 miles more forms 
 the boundary between Carlow and Wexford; 
 after which it enters Wexford. The Burren 
 Eiver rises on the northern slope of Mount 
 Leinster, and flowing northwest, through the 
 middle of the county, joins the Barrow at Car- 
 lo\.'. The Derreeu, which enters Carlow from 
 Wicklow, joins the Slaney 3 miles below Tul- 
 low : it rises in the southern slope of Keadeen 
 mountain, east of Baltinglass in Wicklow, and 
 is then called the Douglas, flows southwest for 
 some distance, and then forms for a mile the 
 boundary between Wicklow and Carlow, after 
 which it enters Carlow: fiu-ther on it forms 
 again the boundary between Wicklow and Car- 
 low for five miles, and then finally enters Carlow, 
 ending its course in the Slaney a little further on. 
 
 The Clody rises in Mount Leinster, and flow- 
 ing eastward, joins the Slaney at Newtownburry, 
 running the whole way on the boundary between 
 Carlow and Wexford. The Mountain Eiver and 
 the Corries Eiver (also called, in the lower part 
 of its course, the Black Eiver or Dinin Eiver) 
 both join the Barrow at Borris. The Pollmounty 
 forms the extreme southern boundary, and is 
 joined from the northeast by the little river 
 Drummiu. The Lerr rivulet, joining tlio Barrow 
 3 miles north of Carlow town, forms a small part 
 of the northern boundary. 
 
 TOWNS.— Carlow (7,185), on the Barrow, ,^ist 
 where the Burren Eiver falls into it, the assizt 
 town, is a neat, cheerful-looking town, of which 
 the town of Graigue, (1,287), on the other side 
 of the river (in Queen's county), forms a part. 
 The remains of the old castle are on a hill over 
 the Barrow. In the town is the Ronum Catholic 
 cathedral, near which is "Carlow College." 
 Proceeding down the Barrow, we come to Leigb- 
 Hnbridge (835), 8 miles below Carlow, with tbe
 
 BRIDGE, CARLOW. 
 
 DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW
 
 COURT HOUSE CARLOW 
 
 JAUNTING CAR.
 
 CAHLOW. 
 
 "Black Castie" — the ruin of an Anglo-Normp-n 
 stronghold — near the bridge ; and two miles be- 
 low this is the pretty town of Bagenalstown 
 (2,141), of which many of the working classes 
 are employed in preparing the granite and "Car- 
 iow flags" (see next paragraph) quarried in tne 
 vicinity. B^4j^(l,017), on the Dinin, near where 
 it joins the^Rirrow, is romantically situated in 
 the midst of a rugged district. The other 
 towns are Tullow (1,977) on the Slaney, in the 
 midst of a lovely country ; west of which a mile 
 and a half is "Castlemore Moat," one of those 
 old forts so numerous in the country, a con- 
 spicuous representative of it? class. Hacked'?- i 
 town (721), placed on a hili, is in the northeast | 
 corner of the county ; three miles south of which 
 is the hamlet of Cloumore, or as it was anciently 
 called Clonmore-Mogue, once a very celebrated 
 religious establishment, founded in the sixth 
 century by St. Maidoc or Mogue (who was not 
 the same as Ht. Maidoc, the patron of Ferns in 
 Wexford). Near the northern boundary of the 
 county is the village of itathvilly (30z;, oeside 
 which is the large fort or rath v.'hich gives narno 
 to the village and parish. 
 
 MINERALS. — The eastern half, ana part of 
 the west, of the county produces fine granite for 
 building. The Castleeomer coal fiem (in Kil- 
 kenny) just touches Carlow at the extreme west- 
 ern side, so as to include a small portion of the 
 barony of Idrone West. lu connection with 
 these coal fields there is a kind of sandcitone that 
 splits into layers and large slates, well known as 
 "Oarlow flags." 
 
 ANCIENT Dn^ISIONS AND I^ESiGNA- 
 TIONS. — ^Moy-Fea was the old name of a plain 
 lying in the barony of Forth. There were two 
 districts in Leinster anciently called lotharta 
 (pronounced Foharta) : one was called Totharta- 
 Fea, because it included the old plain of Moy- 
 Fea, above mentioned : and it is now represented 
 by the barony of Forth. "Ai't, the sou of Conn 
 the Hundred-fighter (king of Ireland, a.d. 
 123) succeeded to the throne a.d. 165, and 
 immediately on his accession he banished 
 from Munster his uncle, Ohy Finn Fothart, who 
 had aided in the slaying of (Joun. Ony pro- 
 ceeded to Leinster; and the king oi that prov- 
 ince bestowed on him and hip sons certain dis- 
 tricts, the inhabitants ot wLieh were afierw.vici 
 
 called Fotharta, from their ancestor C^hy Finn 
 Fothart. Of tiiene the two princiinil still retain 
 the name, viz., the baronies of Forth in Wexford 
 and Carlo w." 
 
 Hy Folimy was the name of a tribe and dis- 
 trict in the present barony of Rathvilly : the old 
 name is still preserved in that of the town of 
 Tullow-O-Felimy, now commonly called Tullow. 
 
 The tribe of Hy Drona gave their name to a 
 territory extending on both sides of the Barrow 
 — part in Kilkenny and part in Carlow: and 
 that part of it l.ving in Carlow is still represented 
 in name and position by the two baronies of 
 Idrone. 
 
 The present poor village of Old Leighlin, west 
 of the Barrow, was once an episcopal see : its 
 first bishop was St. Laserian or Molaise (pro- 
 nounced Molash'a) who lived in the end of the 
 6th and the beginning of the 7th century, and 
 who had 1,500 monks under his rule at Leighlin. 
 The ruin of the old cathedral is still there. 
 
 Another famous center of religion was St. 
 Mullins on the Barrow, in the extreme west of 
 the county, so called from St. Moling, who 
 founded the church in the 7th century. 
 
 About a quarter ot a mile south of Leighlin- 
 bridge, in the townland of Ballyknockan, is a 
 great old moat or fort over the Barrow which is 
 the remains of the palace of Dinu Ree, the most 
 ancient residence of tne kings of Leinster. In 
 connection with this old palace we have the fol- 
 lowing piece of half-legendary history. In the 
 third century before the Christian era, Cofl'a the 
 Slender murdered the king of Ireland and his son, 
 usurped the throne, and banished the young 
 heir, Lavra the Mariner, grandson of the king. 
 Lavra fled first to Munster, and from that t» 
 Gaul. He entered the service of the Gaulish 
 king; and after having greatly distinguished 
 himself, he returned to his native land with a 
 small army of foreigners to wrest the throne 
 from the usurper. He landed at the mouth of 
 the Slaney, and being joined by a number of 
 followers, marched to the palace of Dinn Ree, in 
 which Coffa the Slender was then holding an 
 assembly with 30 native princes and a guard of 
 700 men. The palace was surprised by night, 
 and all the inmates — king, princes and guards — 
 were burned to death. Lavr.° then became king, 
 and ieigucd ior I'J y ehj;r
 
 CAVAN. 
 
 NAME. — Ths town of Cavan (whicli gives 
 name to the county) has its own name from the 
 remarkable hollow in which it stands; Gaelic, 
 Cabhan (pron. Cavan), a hollow — cognate with 
 Latin cavea, and English cabin. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— From the main 
 bod.v of the county a long neck extends north- 
 west. Taking this pro.iection into the measure- 
 ment, the exti'eme length from the northwest 
 near Lough Macnean, to the southeast near 
 Kingscourt, is 57^ miles, and its breadth from 
 the southwest near Lough Kinale, to the north- 
 east point near Cootehill, 27 miles; area, 746 
 square miles; population, 129,476. 
 
 SURFACE. — All the northwest' pro.iecti<5n, 
 west of the Woodford River and Ballyconnell, is 
 upland or mountainous — lofty, rugged, boggy 
 and bleak. The rest of the county is a plain of 
 undulations — a series of low round hills, with 
 here and there a few considerable elevations, in 
 many places much interspersed with lakes and 
 bogs. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The chief sum- 
 mits in the northwest lie on the boundary. The 
 highest is Cuilcagh (2,188), with its northern 
 slope in Fermanagh, a fine mountain, rendered 
 conspicuous in many of its aspects by the W'hite 
 quartz stones strewed over its surface. South of 
 this, 1| miles, is Binbeg (1,774). Tiltinbane 
 (1,949) lies on the boundary with Fermanagh, 2 
 miles northwest of Cuilcagh; near its base the 
 Shannon rises. These three, with several others, 
 form a chain, which bounds on the northeast the 
 fine valley of Glengavlin, traversed by the Owen- 
 more River and the Shannon. On the southwest 
 side of the valley are Benbrack (1,648), (be- 
 tween Avhich and Cuilcagh i.s the Gap of Bella- 
 valley, the entrance from the east to Glengavlin) ; 
 and Sliovcnakilla (1,793), on the boundary, slop- 
 ing on the Cavan side into Glengavlin, and on 
 the Leitrim side to Lough Allen. 
 
 Four miles southeast of Cavan town rises the 
 conspicuous hill of Slieve Glah (1,057); and 
 Bruse Hill (851), near which is Bruse Hall, 
 'ies 5 miles west of BelJauanagh. 
 
 In the eastern end of the countj", 3 miles east 
 of Bailieborough, is Coruasaus (1,027), a re- 
 markable hill, with the little lakelet Loughan- 
 leagh, on its eastern slope, celebrated for its 
 medicinal qualities. 
 
 RIYERS. — Several important rivers run 
 through this county that belong only in small 
 part to it. The Shannon rises in the northwest 
 extremity. The source is a pool called Lugna- 
 shinna, near the western base of Tiltinbane 
 Mountain, on the north side of Glengavlin : from 
 this the river flows for 7 miles till it touches 
 Leitrim; next it runs for a mile and a half 
 on the boundary between Cavan and Leitrim; 
 then it enters Leitrim; and after another 
 mile and a half falls into Lough Allen. The 
 Owenmore flows west through the valley of 
 Glengavlin, and joins the Shannon about 2 miles 
 below Lugnashinna. This is, properly speaking, 
 the real head water or main stream of the Shan- 
 non, though it is not called by the name. 
 
 The Oweuayle, running south on the western 
 boundary line between Cavan and Leitrim, joins 
 the Shannon just before the latter enters Lough 
 Allen. The Claddagh rises, on the southeast 
 slopes of Cuilcagh Mountain, and, flowing 
 through Swanlinbai', enters Fermanagii for 
 Lough Erne; it is joined at Swanlinbar by the 
 Blackwater — called in the early part of its course 
 the Oweiisallagh. 
 
 The Woodford River runs for the greater part 
 through Cavan ; issuing from Garadice Lough 
 (in Leitrim), and flowing by Ballyconnell, it 
 forms for the rest of its course — to Upper LougL 
 Erne — the boundary between Cavan and Fer- 
 managh. The Erne, from its source in Lough 
 Gowna, to near where it enters Upper Lough 
 Erne, belongs to this county. 
 
 The Annalee flows west into Lough Oughter, 
 passing by the villages of Ballyhaiso and Butlers- 
 bridge : in the early part of its course it is called 
 the Annagh, flowing from Lough Sillau and 
 through Lough Tacker, near Shorcock. The 
 Annalee is joined by the Dromore River, which 
 rises in Dromore Lough, on the boundary of the
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF CAVAN. 
 
 CHURCH STREET. CA\'AN.
 
 COURT HOUSE, CAVAN. 
 
 FARNHAM STREET, CAVAN.
 
 CAVAN. 
 
 couuty jjoar Cootehill, and a little further on by 
 the Buuut^o stream from the north. The Black- 
 water rises on the eastern slope of Benbrack, 
 and ilows southeast near the boundary with 
 Leitrim till it enters Garadice Louy;h. The 
 Inuy, flowing through Lough Sheelin and Lough 
 Kiiiale, forms for some distance the boundaries 
 between this county and those of Meath and 
 Westmeath. 
 
 The Meath Blackwater flows for 2 to 3 miles 
 through Cavan from its source in Lough Ramor. 
 The Moynalty River, flowing southeast from its 
 source near Bailieborough, forms, for 5 to 6 
 miles, the boundary between Cavan and Meath, 
 entering Meath 2 miles above Moynalty. 
 
 LAKES. — The center of the county, especially 
 that portion occupied by the two baronies of 
 Upper and Lower Loughtee, is broken up by 
 innumerable small lakes, the intervening ]iortions 
 of land being thickly populated and well culti- 
 vated, and in many parts — especially along 
 the lake shores — beautifully wooded. Lough 
 Oughter is an extraordinary complication of 
 water : a large lake broken up into a number of 
 small sheets by promontories, peninsulas," and 
 islands, of all shapes and sizes — wooded, verdant, 
 and cultivated. It contains among others the 
 islands of Eoiiish, Trinity (in which are the 
 ruins of Trinity Abbey), and Inch : and on a 
 rock in the midst of the lake stands Clogh- 
 Oughter Castle in ruins. 
 
 On the southern boundary is Lough Sheelin, 
 more than half of which belongs to Cavan, a 
 beautiful lake, nearly 5 miles long by about 2 
 miles broad. Near this is the smaller Lough 
 Kinale, of which less than half is in Cavan. 
 Lough Gowna, which is very much broken up — 
 something like Lough Oughter — lies on the 
 southwestern boundary, and belongs in part to 
 this county. 
 
 Lough Eamor, near the southeast border, is 
 about 4 miles long, with an average width of 
 I mile, and is diversified with a number of lovely 
 little wooded islands. 
 
 In the east, near Shercock, is the pretty Lough 
 oillan, and the two smaller Loughs, Tacker and 
 Barnagrow. Brackley Lough, nearly a square 
 mile in extent, lies in the northwest, near the 
 village of Bawnboy. 
 
 TOWNS.— Cavan (3,050), the county town, 
 
 lies in a hollow overtopped by one of those 
 round grassy hills so common in this part of the 
 county, with the beautiful demesne of Farn- 
 ham in its neighborhood. Cootehill ( 1,789), 
 near tlie northeast boundai-y, is a neat, well- 
 built town, in the midst of a beautiful district, 
 well cultivated, and diversified with lakes and 
 woods. Belturbet (1,807), on the Erne, between 
 Lough Oughter and Lough Erne, is a prosperous 
 little town, with a large distillery; communica- 
 tion by barges with Lough Erne, and through 
 the Ulster Canal (which joins the Erne a little 
 below the town) with Lough Neagh. 
 
 Bailieborough (1,091), in the east of the 
 county, is a very neat town, with an unusual 
 number of public institutions. Kiugscourt (932) 
 is at the extreme eastern corner, beside the finely 
 wooded demesne of Cabra. Virginia (663) is a 
 pretty little town, beautifully situated on the 
 north shore of Lough Kamor; Ballj'jamesdufi 
 (731) lies 6 miles west of Virginia. Arvagh 
 (716) is prettily situated on the shore of the 
 little lake Garty, at the western boundary. 
 Ivillashandra (709), near the west shore of Lough 
 Gowna, is perched on a ridge in the midst of a 
 number of beautiful lakes. 
 
 MINERALS.— The Connaught coal field ex- 
 tends into Cavan, comprising a small jjortion of 
 the county in the northwest, bordering on Lough 
 Allen; and coal is found also near Kingscourt 
 and near Shercock. The high land near Swan- 
 linbar produces iron ore ; and lead and copper 
 ores are found near Cootehill. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — This county was anciently called East 
 Brefny or Brefny O'Reilly; for it was the patri- 
 mony of the O'Reillys: the county Leitrim form- 
 ing West Brefny or Brefny O'Eourke. Croghan, 
 near Killashandra, was the place where the 
 O'Rourke used to be inaugurated prince of 
 Brefny. 
 
 The plain lying round Ballynfagauran, on the 
 boundary with Leitrim, was the ancient Moy- 
 slecht, where, the pagan Irish worshiped their 
 chief idol Crom-Cruach. Here, according to 
 the bardic history, the pagan monarch Tiernmas 
 and three-fourths of the men of Ii-eland were 
 killed in some supernatural way while worship- 
 ing Crom-Cruach. Many centuries after, the 
 idol was destroyed by St. Patrick.
 
 CLARE. 
 
 JS'AME. — The county is named from the little 
 town of Clare, near the mouth of the Fergus : and 
 this got its name from a bridge of idanks by 
 which the Fergus was crossed in old times : the 
 Gaelic word clar signifying a board or plank. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— This county has 
 water all round (namely, the Atlantic, the Shan- 
 non, and Lough Derg) except for 40 miles of its 
 north and northeastern margin, where it is 
 bounded by Galway. Greatest length from Loop 
 Head to the boundary near Lough Atorick on the 
 northeastern border, 67 miles; breadth from 
 Limerick to Black Head (nearly, but not quite, 
 at right angles to the length), 42 miles; breadth 
 from Black Head to the shore west of Bunratty 
 (at right angles to the length), 35 miles; area, 
 1,294 square miles; population, 141,457. 
 
 SURFACE. — It may be stated in a general way 
 that the northern part and the eastern margin are 
 mountainous or hilly ; and the middle and south 
 form a broad plain, occasionally broken u]) by 
 low hills, and in one place by a considerable 
 mountain (Slievecallan). The barony of Burren 
 in the north is an extraordinary region of lime- 
 stone rock, rising into hills of bare gray lime- 
 stone, the intervening valleys or flats being also 
 composed of limestone, with great blocks strewn 
 over the surface, both hills and valleys being 
 relieved here and there by lovely grassy patches 
 of pure green. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The highest 
 summit of the Burren district is Slieve Elva 
 (1,109), a conspicuous flat-topped mountain; 
 Cappauawalla 1,028) rises direct over Bally vaghan 
 Bay; and in the east of the same district is 
 Slievecarran (1,075). 
 
 Ou the northeast margin are Turkenagh and 
 Cappaghabaun (1,126), which may be regarded as 
 offshoots of the Slieve Aughty range, on the Gal- 
 way side of the boundary. Further south, near 
 the east border, runs the Slieve Beruagh range 
 to wliich belong the two adjacent hills of Glen- 
 nagalliagh (1,746 and 1,458), rising over Lough 
 Derg near Killaloe, and a mile further west 
 Cragnamurragh (1,729). 
 
 Slievecallan (1,282), 6 miles east of Miltown 
 Malbay, though not the highest, is the most re- 
 markable mountain in Clare, rising isolated from 
 the plain, and commanding a view of the whole 
 county. On its side is a celebrated cromlech, 
 with an Ogham inscription. Northwest of 
 Limerick is a low range of heights locally well 
 known as the Cratloe Hills. 
 
 COAST LINE.— From Limerick to Loop 
 Head — not following the windings of the coast — 
 is about 55 miles ; and from Loop Head to Black 
 Head ou the Atlantic side, about 50 miles. This 
 last coast, for almost its whole length, is a suc- 
 cession of cliffs. At Eoss, 3 miles northeast 
 from Loop Head, are two very wonderful natura'i. 
 bridges spanning the waves. At Kilkee the 
 coast abounds in caves, sharp-edged cliffs, and 
 castellated rocks, standing up like pillars in the 
 sea, and quite detached from the mainland. But 
 the Cliffs of Moher are the crowning glory of 
 this coast. They begin at Hag's Head, and form 
 a continuous rocky w-all, perpendicular or over- 
 hanging, for four miles, vai'ying in height from 
 400 to 668 feet, broken into the most fantastic 
 forms and tunneled into innumerable caves by 
 the action of the waves. At the northern ex- 
 tremity there is a steep and dangerous jiathway 
 down the face of a cliff called Ailleuasharragh, 
 by which the sea margin may be reached ; and 
 when the tide is out one can walk for a long dis- 
 tance at the very base of the great wall of rock. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Beginning at the north- 
 east, and going regularly round the coast: 
 Aughinish Point, on the north of the entrance to 
 Aughiuish Bay. Black Head, forming the 
 northwest angle of the county, is a tine rocky 
 promontory, rising at its highest point to 1,041 
 feet, not perpendicular like the Cliffs of Moher, 
 but in a gradual slope, with a road winding all 
 round halfway down between the summit aihl 
 the sea. Doolin Point: Hag's Head, the end of 
 a bold projection whicli defines on the north Lis- 
 cannor ]5ay : Cream Point and Sjianish Point 
 two rough scarped projecting sea rocks near\ 
 Miltown Malbay : Lurga Point, opposite Mutton
 
 CLAKE. 
 
 Island: Donegal Point, dctiuiiig Farriby Bay on 
 the xiortii : Foohagb Point, a little south of 
 Kjlkee. Loop Head, the extreme end of the 
 loug peninsula between the Shannon and the 
 Atlantic Ocean, is a bare headland rising 200 
 feet straitiht from the waves. At the very ex- 
 tremity of the head is an island — a mere pillar 
 of rock with perpendicular sides standing out of 
 the waves — separated from the mainland by a 
 fearful chasm, not more than 20 or 30 feet wide, 
 and 200 feet deep; at the bottom of which the 
 sea is always raging even in calm weather. The 
 island rises exactly to the level of the mainland, 
 from which it seems to have been separated by 
 some convulsion : and though it looks perfectly 
 inaccessible, it contains some remains of primi- 
 tive buildings of ecclesiastical or sepulchral 
 origin. The people call the old building Dermot 
 and Grania's Bed, which is the usual popular 
 name for a cromlech. On the Shannon shore are 
 Kilcredaun Point, near Carrigaholt, and Kil- 
 kerriu Point, on the south of Clonderalaw Bay. 
 
 ISLANDS. — The whole group of islands in 
 the estuary of the Fergus belongs to Clare. The 
 chief are Inishmore or Deer Island, close by the 
 western shore : Inishmacowney, south of it ; near 
 which is Canon Island, crowned with the ruins 
 of a monastery (for Augustiuiau canons) : Inish- 
 loe, east of this: Inishcorker lying just outside 
 the village of Killadysert: and near the eastern 
 shore, Inishmacnaghtan. 
 
 In the Shannon, outside Kilrush, is Scattery 
 Island, by far the most remarkahle island belong- 
 ing to Clare, once a celebrated seat of religion 
 and learning (founded by St. Seuau in the fifth 
 century), and now containing the ruins of "seven 
 churches" and a round tower, as memorials of its 
 former importance. Hog Island lies between 
 Scattery and the mainland. 
 
 A little south of Kilkee is Bishop's Island, a 
 mere sea rock, flat and grassy on top, with a per- 
 pendicular wall of rock all round, nearly inacces- 
 sible, yet containing the ruins of a primitive 
 religious establishment. Mutton Island, or 
 Inishkeeragh, rough and rocky, lies outside Mil- 
 town Malbay. This is the island anciently called 
 Inis-Fithi, of which there is historical record 
 that in the year 804 it was severed into three 
 parts in one night by a great storm. The por- 
 tions severed from the main body are two lofty 
 
 masses of rock rising out of the waves immedi« 
 ately north of the island. 
 
 St. Thomas' Island lies in the bend of the 
 Shannon, a mile and a half above Limerick. 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS. —In the Shannon: 
 the broad estuary of the Fergus, containing a 
 large number of islands, all low and grassy, 
 affords ample facilities for navigation: the deep 
 bay of Clonderalaw is further west: next is Kil- 
 rush Harbor, and the landlocked shallow bay of 
 Poulanishery, with its oyster beds: Carrigaholt 
 Bay lies outside the village, from which it has 
 its name: between which and Loop Head are 
 Einevella Bay and Kilbaha Bay. 
 
 On the Atlantic coast, three miles from Loop 
 Head, is Ross Baj', which is noted for its two 
 natural bridges, under which the sea is continu- 
 ally dashing, very beautiful, and almost as regu- 
 lar as if put up by human hands. Nest is Moorw 
 Bay at Kilkee, horseshoe shaped, and sheltered 
 from the Atlantic swell by the low reef called the 
 Duggerua Rocks. AVhat is called Mai Bay is 
 merely the sea west of Miltown, and is really no 
 bay at all: Liscannon Bay, atLehiuch, is defined 
 on the north by the promontory of Hag's Head. 
 I On the north is Blackhead or Ballyvaghan Bay, 
 I near which to the east are the two deep bays of 
 Muckinish and Aughinish (or Corranroo). On 
 the shore near the halmet of Burren are the 
 famous Burren oyster beds. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Shannon, with Lough Derg, 
 bounds Clare for about 70 miles, viz., from 
 near Searriff Bay in Lough Derg, the whole way 
 to Loop Head, except for about G miles a> 
 Limerick city, where a small portion of the 
 couiity Limerick lies on the right bank of the 
 river. Between Killaloe and Limerick are the 
 "Falls of Doonass, " where the river rushes over 
 a series of rocks, forming one of the finest rapids 
 in the kingdom. The Fergus, which, with its 
 tributaries, drains a large area of the middle of 
 the county, rises in the barony of Corcomroe, a 
 few miles northwest of Corrofin, and flowing 
 through Inohiquin Lough, Lough Atedaun, and 
 others, it passes by Ennis and Clare, and opens 
 out by a broad estuary into the Shannon. The 
 Moyree Eiver coming from the borders of Galway 
 in the northeast, joins the Fergus after flowing 
 through Dromore Lake; the Claureen River runs 
 east through the barony of islands, and joins the
 
 CLARE. 
 
 Fergus just above Ennis. The Latoon Creek, 
 called in the earlier part of its course the Ardsollus 
 River, falls into the Fergus at the top of the 
 estuary. This river, in several parts of its course, 
 disappears in limestone canvers, especially near 
 Tulla, where it rushes through the extraordi- 
 nary Caves of Tomeen. 
 
 The River Graney issues from Lough Graney 
 in the barony of Tulla, and passing through 
 Lough O'Grady, falls into Lough Derg at Scariff 
 bay; its headwaters are two streams that fall 
 into Lough Graney, viz., the Bleach River, 
 which comes from the east, rising iu Lough 
 Atorick, on the boundary between Clare and 
 Galway, and the Drumaudoora coming from the 
 west. Just where the Gi-auey issues from Lough 
 Graney it is joined by the Caher River. The 
 Owenogarnej' issues froui Doon Lake, iu the 
 barony of Lower Tulla, near Broadford ; after 
 passing Six-mile bridge it takes the name of the 
 Bunratty River, and joins the Shannon at Bun- 
 ratty ; at the mouth, just where the last bridge 
 crosses the river stands Bunratty Castle, built in 
 the 13th century, the largest and finest ruin of 
 its kind iu the whole county. 
 
 riie Inagh or Cullenagh River rises about 4 
 miles southeast of Slievecallan ; flowing tc the 
 northwest it passes through Drumcnllaun Li-ke : 
 it Eiinistimou it falls over a ledge of rocks, form- 
 ing a beautiful cascade; and 8 miles lower enters 
 Liscaunor Bay at Lohinch. The Doonbeg or 
 Cooraclare River falls into Doonbeg Bay, north- 
 east of Kilkee; and a little north of this are tlie 
 Creegh River, and the Annageerah. The Aille 
 River flows from Lisdoonvarua iuto the ocean 
 near Doolin Point. 
 
 LAKES. — Clare abounds iu small lakes, many 
 of them bleak, and sun'ounded by bog and 
 heath; but others among the most picturesque 
 in Iielaud. Inchiquin Lake, near Corrofin, is a 
 lovely lake, a mile iu length, with a hill (Cantlay 
 or Couutlay), celebrated in legend, rising over 
 its western shore; and a fine castle ruin on tlio 
 north side, the autnent residence of the O'Briens, 
 earls of Inchiquin; the lake gives name to the 
 barony of Inchiquin. This is the westernmost 
 of n chain of small lakes, of which the principal 
 ari!- Lough Atedaun, Lough Cullaun, Lough 
 Georgo, and Muckanagh Luke; to the north of 
 this Inst is Lough Bunny; and to the aouth of it 
 
 Dromore Lough. East of Dromore Lough, near 
 the village of Crusheen, is the beautiful Inchi- 
 cronan Lake, with a fine demesne, and the ruins 
 of an abbey and of a castle on its shore. 
 
 Another group lies in the southeast, between 
 the village of Six-mile bridge and Tulla. Be- 
 ginning on the west, the chief of these are Fin 
 Lough and Roscroe Lough, 3 miles east of New 
 market-on-Fergus ; northeast of these is Lough 
 Cullaunyheeda, nearly round, and 1 mile in 
 diameter; next, Clonlea Lake; and still further 
 east Doon Lough. 
 
 Lough Graney, in the east, 2i miles long by | 
 mile broad, lies iu the midst of hills; south of 
 which is the smaller Lough O'Grady; and 6 
 miles northeast of Lough Graney is Lougb 
 Atorick, on the boundary with Galway. 
 
 Lickeen Lake, Smiles northeast of Ennistimon, 
 is IJ mile long. Doo Lough, li miles long, lies 
 G miles southeast of Miltowu Malbay. 
 
 TOWNS.— Ennis (G,307), the assize town, 
 stands on the Fergus, nearly in the center of the 
 county. In the town are the ruins of the Fran- 
 ciscan abbey, founded in the 13th century; and 
 2 miles to the north are the church ruin and 
 round tower of Drumclifl:, a far more ancient 
 foundation. Kilrush (3,80.5) is at the head of a 
 little inlet of the Shannon, iuto which steamers 
 lily; a very prosperous town, with an extensive 
 trade. Kilkee (1,6.52), on the shore of a lovely 
 little inlet of the Atlantic (Moore Bay), is one of 
 the finest watering places iu Ireland, and is cele- 
 brated for its splendid cliff scenery. Killaloe 
 (1,112), iu the east, on the Shannon, just where 
 it issues from Lough Derg, 14 miles above 
 Limerick, was iu old times a great religious cen- 
 ter, and is etill a bishop's see: it has several 
 interesting church ruins; and near the town are 
 the remains of Kincora, the ancient palace of 
 Brian Boru. 
 
 The other towns on the margin, going regu- 
 larly round, ai'e : Scarrifif (785), near the head 
 of Scarriff Bay, in Lough Derg; Nowmarket-on- 
 Fergus ((il8), 2 miles east of the Fergus estuary; 
 Killadysart (5G0), on the Shannon, at the west- 
 ern corner of the estuary of the Fergus; the fish 
 iug village of Carrigaholt (3G()), west of Kilrush, 
 with its old castle ruin on a rock over the bay, 
 is the cajiital of the Looj) Head peninsula; Mil- 
 town Malbay (1,400), in the west, a mile and &
 
 CLAUE. 
 
 half from trie coast, near the heautiful horseslioe 
 bay iiicl'j.ied l)y Si)aiiish Point and Calierrusli 
 Point, is much frequented as a bathing place. 
 Ennistimon (1,331), on the Inash or CnllenaiJtli 
 Eiver, 2 miles from the head of Liscanno Bay, 
 is beautifully situated among pretty hills and 
 plantations, and just beside a lovely waterfall. 
 On the north coast is Ballyvagliau, i. small but 
 prosperous village, locally important from its 
 position on the shore of Galway Bay. 
 
 The other inland towns are : Clare or Glare 
 Castle (790), near the mouth of the Fergus; 
 a mile from which, toward Eunis, near the 
 shore of the Fergus, are the interesting ruins 
 of Clare Abbey, erected by Donald O'Brien, 
 king of Munster, at the close of the 12th century. 
 Tulla (758), 10 miles east of Ennis, which gives 
 name to the two baronies of Tulla; south of this 
 is Sixmilebridge (44G), on the Owenogaruey, 8 
 miles northwest of Limerick city. In the north- 
 west are Corrofin (579), on the Fergus, iu a 
 lovely situation between luchiqniu Lake and 
 Lough Atedaun; and Lisdoonvarna, at the head 
 of the little river Aille, 6 miles north of Ennis- 
 timon, which was until lately a mere hamlet, but 
 is now a noted health resort, on account of its 
 sulphur spas, and is growing fast iu population 
 and prosperity. 
 
 ^IINEEALS. — Sandstone flags, like the flags 
 of Carlow, are produced ro'und Kilrush, Kil- 
 kee, and Ennistimon. Excellent slates are 
 found at Broadford, near Killaloe; but the jirin- 
 cipal quarries of Killaloe slates are in Tipperary, 
 at the other side of the Shannon. At Bally- 
 hickey, east of Ennis, and atMiltown near Tulla, 
 there are valuable lead mines, which produce 
 also silver combined with the lead. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Clare anciently belonged to Connaught, 
 but was annexed to Munster in the 4th century 
 A.D. It formed aiiovtiou of the ancient kingdom 
 of Thomond. The old territory of Corco-Baskin 
 included the whole of the southwestern penin- 
 
 sula, namely, that portion now occupied by the 
 two baronies of Moyarta and Clonderalaw. Hy 
 Caisin, the territory of the Macnamaras, lay in 
 the baronies of Upper Bunrattyand Upper Tulla. 
 Hy Fermaic or Kinel-Fermaic, the district of the 
 O'Deas, was in the present barony of Inchiquin. 
 Immediately south of Hy Fermaic was the old 
 district of Hy Cormac, the territory of the family 
 of O'Hehir, lying between the river Fergus and 
 Slievecallan, and comprising the whole of the 
 barony of Islands, except the parish of Clon- 
 dagad, which belonged to Corco-Baskin. The 
 old district of Corcomroe occupied all that terri- 
 tory in the north now covered by the two baron- 
 ies of Corcomroe and Burren. From this 
 territory the celebrated Corcomroe Abbey took 
 name, the fine ruins of which lie 4 miles east 
 from Ballyvaghan. 
 
 Kincora, the ancient palace of Brian Boru, 
 king of Ireland (slain at Clontarf, a. d. 1014), was 
 at Killaloe; and the ruins of the old mounds and 
 fortifications still remain. 
 
 The Cratioe Hills, northwest of Limerick, were 
 anciently called Slieve-oy-an-ree, the mountain 
 of the death of the king, from the following cir- 
 cumstances. Ohy Moyvane was king of Ireland 
 from A.D. 358 to 365; his queen was Mongfinn, 
 whose brother, Criffan, became king on the death 
 of Ohy. Mongfinn, wishing that her eldest son 
 Brian should be king, administered poison to 
 the king her brother on a little island in the 
 river Moy in Mayo, and iu order to hide sus- 
 picion, she herself drank some of the poison 
 before giving it to Criffan. Mongfinn died of 
 the drink, and Criffan, feeling that he had been 
 poisoned, instantly set out for Munster ; but on 
 crossing the Cratioe Hills he sank under the 
 effect of the draught and died: hence the name. 
 Mongfinn 's wicked act was vain, however; for 
 on Criffan 's death, the great king Niall of 
 the Nine Hostages, sou of Ohy Moyvane by 
 another wife, Carinua, ascended the throne of 
 Ireland.
 
 (LAKE. 
 
 ILLXJSTR^TIOI^S. 
 
 KILLALOE. — This ancient ami historic town 
 is connected with the Tipperary side of the 
 Shannon by a curious old bridge of nine- 
 teen arches. The town once enjoyed great 
 celebrity as the residence of the Munster 
 kings, among them Brian Boru who reigned 
 there both as king of Munster and chief mon- 
 arch of Ireland. A mound or fort is all that now 
 remains of the palace of Kincora, so famed in 
 song and story. Killaloe was formerly an im- 
 portant military position, placed as it is between 
 the Arra and Slieve Beruagh Mountains at the 
 only foi-dable part of the Shannon. Here it was 
 that Sarsiield performed his splendid feat of in- 
 tercepting and blowing up Kiug "William's artil- 
 lery train on its way to aid in the siege of 
 Limerick. It is a noted place for angling, the 
 broad meres and rapids of the Shannon here 
 affording excellent opportunity for that sport. 
 
 ENNISTYMOX.— The county of Clare pos- 
 sesses many interesting remains and a memo- 
 rable record, though in latter days, like many 
 ather, especially of the western counties, it 
 
 has fallen off in commercial importaiiOB and 
 population. "Within its boundaries the O'Briens, 
 Lords of Thomond, exercised control for cen- 
 turies, and at Kincora, King Brian Boru, when 
 chief monarch of Ireland, dwelt. This terri- 
 tory was "granted" by Kiug Edward I., of 
 England, to Thomas de Clare, Earl of Glouces- 
 ter, but the O'Briens maintained their struggle 
 for the retention of their domains with such 
 energy and persistence that the intruders were 
 ultimately driven out. Not until 156.5, was 
 Thomond converted into shire-ground ; the last 
 Irish sept who possessed control were the Mc- 
 Mahons — a different family from the McMahons 
 of Mouaghan. Of the towns, Eunistymon — near 
 the head of Liscannor Bay — is one of the most 
 noted, though not the largest, in Clare. The 
 name is derived from luis-Dimain-Dimain's 
 holm, or island — and is situated in a setting of 
 exquisite natural surroundings. The cascades 
 or rapids of the Ciilleuagh Kiver, which flows 
 through it, are attractive, and elicit the admira- 
 tion of visitors.
 
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 CORK. 
 
 NAME.— lu the 6th century St. Fiubar 
 founded a monastery on the edge of a marsh near 
 the mouth of the river Lee, round which a city 
 subsequentlj' sprang up. Hence the name of the 
 city, Cork, which is a shortened from of the 
 Gaelic word Corcach, signifying a marsh. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Cork is the 
 largest count.y in Ireland. Length, from Crow 
 Head at Dursey Island in the southwest, to the 
 northeastern corner at Kilbeheny near Mitchels- 
 town in the northeast, 98 miles : greatest length, 
 from Crow Head to Youghal, 102 miles; breadth, 
 from the boundary at the Mullaghareirk Moun- 
 tains in the northwest, to Eobert's Head, south 
 of Cork Harbor, 54 miles; ai'ea, 2,890 sq. miles; 
 population, 495,007. 
 
 For legal purposes the county is divided into 
 East Piiding and West Eiding. 
 
 SUEFACE. — Cork is on the whole a moun- 
 tainous county. The most rugged part is the 
 west, where the mountains generally run in 
 chains east and west, forming part of the great 
 mountain group that covers the western parts of 
 Cork and Kerry. In the middle and soutiieast 
 thei'e are stretches of champaign land, but \vith 
 mountains and hills always in near view. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— North of Bantry 
 Bay the Caha Mountains lie on the bound- 
 ary of Cork and Kerry, the Miskish Moun- 
 tains being their continuation to the west, ex- 
 tending to the very point of the peninsula. Of 
 these the most remarkable summits are Hungry 
 Hill (2,251), just on the boundary near Bear- 
 haven; and Sugarloaf (1,187), a conical hill, a 
 little west of Glengarriff. East of these is a 
 mountain group, containing within its circuit 
 the Pass of Keimaneigh (a splendid gorge lead- 
 ing from the valley of the Owvane to the valley 
 of the Lee) and the lake of Gougane Barra ; of 
 this group the chief summit is the iiue conical 
 hill of Shehy (1,797), at the head of the Owvane 
 Valley. 
 
 Nortli of these lies another east and west 
 range, beginning on the west with the Derrynas- 
 
 aggart Mountains (2,133), lying on the bound- 
 ary of Cork and Kerry, midway between Macroom 
 and Killarney ; east of these, still keeping the 
 same general direction, is the longer range of 
 the Boggeragh Mountains, culminating in 
 Musheramore (2,118), rising over Mill Street^ 
 east of these again, and still in the same direc- 
 tion, are the Nagles Mountains, which terminate 
 near Fermoy. This whole range, from the west 
 end of the Derrynasaggart Mountains to Fermoy, 
 is more than 40 miles in length. The Boggeragh 
 Mountains and the Nagles Mountains define on 
 the south the valley of the Blackwater; which 
 has on the north the Ballyhoura range, extend- 
 ing into Limerick; and east of these are the Kil- 
 worth Mountains, between Kilworth and Mit- 
 chelstown. 
 
 The northwest angle of the county, near 
 Newmarket, is a region of mountains. In the 
 midst is Taur (1,329); while in the north the 
 Mullaghareirk Mountains (1,341) form for part 
 of their course the boundary of Cork and 
 Limerick. 
 
 In the extreme southwest, Mount Gabriel 
 (1,339), over the village of Skull, is very con- 
 spicuous, as rising quite detached in the rnid"'*; 
 of a great plain.. 
 
 COAST LINE.— The coast is broken up the 
 whole way round, from Youghal to Kenmare, by 
 numberless ba.vs and inlets, and exhibits every 
 variety of configuration — tall cliffs, broken 
 rocks, rugged promontories, and sandy beaches. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Knockadoon Head is the 
 turning I'oint of the coast south of Youghal : 
 Power Head, and Eobert's Head, at either side 
 of Cork Harbor: the Old Head of Kinsalo, to the 
 west of Kiusale Harbor, is a long jieninsula, 
 with its narrow isthmus in one place pierced 
 across quite through by a sea cave: the Seven 
 Heads and Galley Head, east and west of Clona- 
 kilty Bay : Toe Head, west of Castlehaven. Cape 
 Clear is the southern point of Capo Clear Island: 
 Mizon Head is (lie most southerl.y point of the 
 muiiil.iiiil ijf liiLind. Muntervar.v or Sheep
 
 CORK. 
 
 Head is the extreme point of the long peninsula 
 between the bays of liantry and Dunmanus: 
 Dursey Head, the western end of Dursey Island, 
 and near it is Crow Head on the Mainland. 
 Cod's Head and Kilcatherine Point stand at both 
 sides of Coulag'h Bay, in the Kenmare estuary. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Beginning at the west: Dur- 
 sey Island stands at the extreme end of the 
 Peninsula of Bear, 4 miles long, hilly and full of 
 rooks. In Bantry Bay are Bear Island, opposite 
 Castletown Bearhaven, G miles in length, high 
 and rocky; and at the head of the bay near 
 Bantry, Whiddy Island, which is low and fertile. 
 Cape Clear Island at the extreme south (3 miles 
 long; area, 2^ square miles), rojky and with pre- 
 cipitous shores, is now a telegraph station, where 
 the first news is heard of ships homebound from 
 America. Sherkiu Island, between Cape Clear 
 Island and the mainland, is nearly the same size 
 as Cape Clear Island. Numerous small islands 
 lie near, such as Bingarogy, Hare Island, Horse 
 Island, etc. In Cork Harbor are Great Island, 
 Little Island, and Foat.v, all beautifully diversi- 
 fied ; Haulbowline, a military dejjot; and Spike 
 Island, a well known convict station. 
 
 BAYS AND HAEBOKS.— Youghal Harbor, 
 at the mouth of the Blackwater, lies between 
 Cork and Waterford : next to which is Bally- 
 cottin Bay. Cork Harbor, the opening of the 
 Eiver Lee, with a narrow entrance, is one of the 
 finest and safest harbors in the empire. Kinsale 
 Harbor is at the mouth of the Bandon River: 
 Courtmacsherry Bay, at the mouth of the Arigi- 
 deeu Eiver: the sandy Bay of Clonakilty comes 
 next: Rosscarbery Bay lies west of Galley Head. 
 Glaudore Harbor and Castlehaven lie near each 
 other, and are both noted for the beauty of their 
 coast scenery : Baltimore Bay and Roaring Water 
 Bay are both near Cape Clear. On the western 
 side of the county are the two great inlets, Dun- 
 manus Bay and Bantry Bay, the latter about 30 
 miles long, with an average width of about 4 
 miles; off Bantry Bay are Bearhaven, sheltered 
 by Bear Island; and Glengarriff Harbor, cele- 
 brated for its splendid scenery. Kenmare Bay 
 belongs for the most part to Kerry, oS which, 
 on the Cork coast, are Ballydouegan Bay, 
 Coulagh Bay, and Ardgroom Harbor, which lies 
 partly in Cork and partly in Kerry. 
 
 RIVERS.— By far the greatest part of this 
 
 county is drained by the three main rivers, the 
 Blackwater, the Lee, and the Bandon, and their 
 tributaries; they run nearly jiarallel, their gen- 
 eral direction being east; and all three bend 
 south toward the mouth. 
 
 The Blackwater rises in Kerry, half a mile from 
 the boundary with Cork, on the side of Knocka- 
 nefune Hill, 4 miles northwest from the village 
 of Kingwilliamstowu. It first runs east to the 
 boundary; then turning south, it forms the bound- 
 ary between Cork and Kerry for 11 miles (not 
 following the very small windings) ; then turn- 
 ing east, it enters Cork, through which it flows 
 from that turning point in a direction generally 
 east, for about 54 miles, to Kilmurry, when it 
 forms for 2 miles the boundary between Cork and 
 Waterford. Entering Waterford, it continues 
 its eastern course as far as Cappoquin, whence it 
 turns abruptly south, and for the last three miles 
 of its course, at Youghal, again forms the bound- 
 ary between Cork and Waterford. The scenery 
 of the Blackwater is celebrated for its beauty; 
 the finest part, however, belongs to the county 
 Waterford. 
 
 The chief tributaries of the Blackwater that 
 belong to this coiiuty are : On the right or south- 
 ern bank : the Bride, which flows east, parallel to 
 the main stream, and entering the county Water- 
 ford, joins the Blackwater below Cappoquin the 
 Tourig, which joins about 1 mile above Youghal, 
 and the Glen Eiver, which flows from the slope 
 of Mushera Mountain, and joins the main stream 
 near the village of Bauteer. On the left or 
 northern bank : the Allow and the Dalua unite at 
 Kanturk, and 2 miles further down flow into the 
 Blackwater; the Awbeg (Spenser's Mulla) rises 
 in the Ballyhoura hills, and flows by Buttevant 
 and Doneraile into the Blackwater near Castle- 
 townroche ; and the Eunshion and the Araglin, 
 both of which join near Kilworth. 
 
 The Lee rises in the romantic lake of Gougane 
 Barra, and flowing eastward for four miles, it 
 expands into the long winding lake of Incha- 
 geela or Lough Allua: it continues its eastern 
 course through a long and beautiful valley, with 
 a continued succession of demesnes and villas 
 and many old castle ruins on both sides, till it 
 expands into the broad Lough Mahon below 
 Cork, when it turns south and enters the sea 
 between two bold headlands.
 
 COKK. 
 
 Tributaries of the Lee : Ou the left bank : the 
 Sullaue and the Laney, which unite at Macrooni, 
 and join the Lee a little lower down; the Martin 
 Eiver, flowing through Blarney, into which flows 
 the Blarney Eiver, after which the united stream 
 joins the Shournagh, which, a little lower down, 
 falls into the Lee: the Glashaboy, flowing 
 through the pretty glen and village of Glanujire, 
 a little below Cork; and still lower down the 
 Owenuaeurra, flowing by Middletou. The only 
 affluent of any consequence ou the right bank is 
 the Bride, which joins the Lee 7 miles above 
 Cork. 
 
 The Bandon rises on the side of Owen Hill, 5 
 Hides west of Dunuiauway, and flowing by Duu- 
 uianway, Baudon, and lunishannon, enters the 
 sea at Kinsale. It receives as tributaries the 
 Caha Eiver, which rises in Shehy Mountain, and 
 joins a little above Dunmanway: the Blackwater, 
 joining G or 7 miles lower down : and the Briuny, 
 joining near Inuishanuon; these three are all on 
 the left bank of the Bandon. 
 
 On the extreme southern coast, the Arigideen 
 flows into Courtmaciherrj' Bay ; and the lien, by 
 Skibbereen into Baltimore Bay. 
 
 The Coomhola, the Owvaue, and the Mealagh 
 flow into Bantry Bay near Bantry. The Owvane, 
 rising in the glens of the two mountains Shehy 
 and Douce, flows tiii'ough a flue valley traversed 
 by the road from Bantry to Macroom, at the head 
 of which is the Pass of Keimaneigh ; and the 
 Mealagh, entering Bantry Bay at the historic 
 shore of Duunamark, falls over a ledge of rock 
 into the sea, ending its course in a fine cascade. 
 
 The four Mile "Water flov,-s into the head of 
 Duunianus Bay, at Carrigboy. 
 
 L.\KE8. — Small .and unimportant: the onlj' 
 lakes of any consequence lie on the course of 
 the Lee. This river rises in Gougane Barra 
 Lake, a small body of water, completely sur- 
 rounded by abrupt mountains and precipices, 
 except on the east side where the Lee issues from 
 it. There is a little island in the lake containing 
 the ruins of a primitive religious establishment, 
 founded in the 6th century b.v St. Finbar, who 
 afterward founded Cork. Four miles lower down 
 the river expands into the long, winding, beauti- 
 ful Lough Allua, or Lake of Inchigeela. Li 
 the mountainH over Bantry, Glengarriff, and 
 Uear Island, there are hundreds of small lakes. 
 
 TOWNS.— Cork (80,124), t^^ chie: trading 
 and commercial city of the southern half of Ire- 
 land, was originally built on an island inclosed 
 by. two braucnes of the Lee; but in later times 
 it has been extended far beyond on both sides of 
 the river. The city has a most picturesque ap- 
 pearance, as many of the streets and jmblic build- 
 ings are built ou the slopes or crown the summits 
 of the 'itt ■ uills over the Lee. The environs 
 are ve^> beautiful, especially down the river, 
 whose steep banks are studded with villas. 
 Below Cork are a number of towns and villages, 
 all prettily situated ou the mainland and island 
 shores of the harbor. Queenstown (9,755), the 
 chief of all, a flourishing town, is built ou the 
 sloping shore of Great Island, with the streets 
 rising in tiers from the water's edge Proceed- 
 ing down the river from Cork, the first town is 
 Ballintemple (1,166), on the right hand; next is 
 Blackrock (707), with its castle on a rock jutting 
 into the harbor; on the left is Glaumire, at the 
 opening of a pretty glen. Passage "West (2,440) 
 lies on the right shore of the narrow channel 
 between Great Island and the mainland; and 
 Monkstown (381), 2 miles lower down, is on the 
 same shore. 
 
 On the Lee, 4 miles above Cork, is BallincoUig 
 (1,130), where there is a military depot and large 
 powder mills. The following are on tributaries 
 of the Lee : Macroom (3,099), on the pretty river 
 SuUane, near where it runs into the Lee, with 
 its fine old Anglo-Norman castle. On the Martin 
 Eiver, 5 miles from Cork, is the lovely little vil- 
 lage of Blarney, well-known for its flourishing 
 tweed factory, and for its fine old castle ruin, 
 the ancient residence of the ]\Iac Carthys. Near 
 where the Owennacurra flows into Cork Harbor 
 stands Middletou (3,358), midway between Cork 
 and Youghal. Lower down is Cloyue (1,126), a 
 little east of Cork Harbor, a very ancient ecclesi- 
 astical town, with an old cathedral and a round 
 tower. 
 
 A number of towns and villages stand on the 
 banks of tlie Blackwater. Beginning at the 
 mouth: "Youghal (5,39(i), an ancient town, 
 abounding in military and ecclesiastical ruins. 
 Sir Walter Ealeigh lived in Youghal, and his 
 house stands there still. Passing by Cappoijuin 
 and Lismore, both in Waterford, we come to 
 I Fermoy (6,454), with large military barracks;
 
 CORK. 
 
 aud Mallow (4,439), in a beautiful situation in 
 the midst of a most picturesque country, which 
 is covered all over with demesnes and villas. 
 
 The following towns are on tributaries of the 
 Blackwater: Kanturk (1,859), at the confluence 
 of the two rivers Allow and Dalua, 2 miles from 
 the Blackwater; 4 miles higher up on the Dalua 
 is Newmarket (885). Millstreet (1,476), on the 
 Iftlle river Fiuow, stands at the head of a fine 
 valley, 2 miles from the Blackwater. On the 
 Awbeg are Buttevant (1,409), and Doneraile 
 (1,208), both beautifully situated, with Spenser's 
 residence, Kilcolmau Castle, in their immediate 
 neighborhood ; and Castletownroche (820), near 
 the junction of the Awbeg with the Blackwater. 
 On the Fuushion are : Mitelielstowu (2,4()7), near 
 the base of the Galty Mountains, with Mitchels- 
 town demesne and castle beside it, the finest 
 modern baronial residence in Ireland ; Glanworth 
 (577), with abbey and castle ruins; and Kil- 
 worth (598) near the junction with the Black- 
 water, with its beautiful demesne, containing the 
 ruins of Cloghlea Castle. 
 
 The towns on the Bandon River are : Kinsale 
 (5,38(5), at the mouth, built at the base and up 
 the side of the hill that rises over the harbor — an 
 important fishing station; Bandon (3,997); and 
 Dunmanway (2,049), in the midst of rocky hills. 
 
 The towns on the coast not yet enumerated 
 are, beginning on the west : Castletown Bear- 
 haven (1,028), opposite Bear Island, the only 
 town of any consequence in the extreme western 
 part of the county ; within a mile of which, on a 
 little creek, are the ruins of the O 'Sullivan's 
 castle of Duuboy; Bantry (2,632), finely situ- 
 ated at the head of Bantry Bay, and overtopped 
 by beautiful hills; Skibbereen (3,631), in the 
 extreme south, at the mouth of the lieu Eiver; 
 Eosscarberry (693). one the great ancient eccle- 
 siastical centers; and Clonakilty (3,676), at the 
 head of Clonakilty Bay. 
 
 The only town of any consequence not con- 
 nected with an important river ornear the sea, is 
 Charleville (2,266), a good trading town, ou the 
 northern boundary, near the base of the Bally- 
 houra Mountains. 
 
 MINERALS.— In the barony of Duliallow 
 there is an extensive coal field, which is worked 
 at Dromagh, 3 miles southwest of Kanturk. 
 Copper ore is found in various places, the chief 
 mines being those of AUihies near Castletown 
 Bearhaven, and the Cappagh mine on the west 
 coast of Roaring "Water Bay, near Skibbereen. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The present countj' nearly coincides 
 with the ancient sub-kingdom of Desnioiid, or 
 South Munster. 
 
 Corca-Laighdhe (pronounced Corkalee), the 
 old territory of the O'Driscolls, originally com- 
 prised all the southwestern district from Court- 
 macsherry Bay west to Bantry Bay, but subse- 
 quently it became much more restricted. 
 
 The peninsula between Roaring Water Bay 
 aud Dunmanus Bay was the ancient Ivahagh, the 
 territory of the O'Mahoneys. 
 
 Off the point of Durse.v Island are three soli- 
 tary sea rocks, now called in English the Bull, 
 the Cow, aud the Calf : they are celebrated in 
 legendary history as the place where Donn, one 
 of * ae Milesian brothers, perished in a storm, 
 Iw'ch the crew of his ship: whence they were 
 jailed Tigh-Dhuiun (pronounced Tee-Yine), 
 I which name is still well known among the Gaelic- 
 speaking people. 
 
 Several of the old territories are still repre- 
 sented in name and position by the jiresent 
 baronies. Thus the old district of Beauntraighe 
 is the present barony of Bantry : Cairbre, now 
 the liaronies of Carbury : Muscraighe, the baron- 
 ies of Muskerry : Duthaighe-Ealla, the barony of 
 Duhallow: Feara-Muighe, the baronj' of Fermoy, 
 called in later ages the Roches' Countr.v.
 
 CORK., 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CEMETERY OF THE CHRISTIAN 
 BROTHERS, AND GRAVE OF GERALD 
 GRIFFIN. — The cemetery of the Christian 
 Brothers of the North Cork Monastery, Fair 
 Hill, will be always a place of pilgrimage to the 
 lover of literature who may chance to visit the 
 vicinity. There, amid a number of graves bear- 
 ing on modest headstones the names of the 
 saintly dead, lie the remains of Gerald Griffin, 
 one of the most eminent writers and purest char- 
 acters which his country possesses. His name 
 in religion — Brother Joseph — is graven on the 
 stone beneath which repose the ashes of the 
 author of "The Collegians. " As iKJet and novel- 
 ist, he will always hold a front place in Irish 
 literature. Having after many vicissitudes and 
 sufferings achieved fame and the reward it 
 brings, he renounced the world, and became an 
 humble teacher as a member of the Christian 
 Brotherhood of Cork. He died in 1840, aged 38 
 years. 
 
 CLOYNE ABBEY. — The little town of 
 Cloyne is situated on the east side of Cork 
 harbor, about three miles from the shore. 
 The bishopric of Cloyne was founded by St. 
 Colman in the sixth century. The cathedral 
 which also dates from a very ancient period is a 
 low cruciform structure, but has been so fre- 
 quently repaired and jmtched that it is wholly 
 devoid of architectural beauty. Close to the 
 cathedral is a round tower, one of the most curi- 
 ous and ancient in Ireland. Originally it was 92 
 feet in height, but on the night of January 10, 
 1794, it was struck by lightning, and its conical 
 top and three of its lofts with the bell was 
 destroyed. An embattlement was subsequently 
 built around the summit, making its present 
 height 102 feet. The ancient name of the town 
 was Chiaine-uambach, meaning "retreat of the 
 caves, "from the number of caves in the limo- 
 Btono rock in the vicinity. 
 
 SHANDON CHURCH.— The Church of St. 
 Anne, Shandon, standing on an eminen(;o on 
 the north side of Cork City, though uupreteu- 
 tiouH, and in fact somewliat bizarre, has acquired 
 a i>rominenco second to no church or cathedral 
 in Ireland. This it owes to the genius of I'atlur 
 Pront (Rov. Francis O'Mahoney), who immor- 
 
 talized it in his inimitable lyric of "The Bells of 
 Shandon." The church has no style of archi- 
 tecture, and has a curiously disproportionate 
 steeple, or rather tower, which has caused the 
 .structure to be aptly likened to a pepper caster. 
 It was built in 1722, and two of its sides are of 
 hewn limestone, and the other two of red sand- 
 stone — the one taken from the old Franciscan 
 Abbey, and the other from the ruins of Lord 
 Barry's Castle. The church possesses a chime 
 of sweet-toned bells, however, and the memories 
 of their music followed the genial Father Prout 
 through life, and every Corkonian repeats with 
 him : 
 
 "On this I pouder 
 
 Where'er I wander. 
 
 And thus grow fonder. 
 
 Sweet Cork, of thee. 
 
 "With tliy bells of Shandon, 
 That soimd so grand on 
 The pleasant waters 
 Of the river Lee." 
 
 BLARNEY CASTLE.— There is, perhaps, no 
 ruin in Ireland that has acquired such world- 
 wide celebrity as Blarney Castle from the legend 
 ascribing to it the power of endowing any one 
 who kisses a certain stone of the structure with 
 an. irresistible faculty of persuasion, and which 
 Milikin, Father Prout and others have popular- 
 ized. Milikin's "Groves of Blarney" was written 
 in ridicule of the high-sounding, nonsensical 
 verses of some of the village poets of his time. 
 Blarney Castle stands in the village of that 
 name, and is about six miles from Cork. It was 
 built by Cormac MacCartby "The Strong," a.d. 
 1449, and was the stronghold of the chieftains of 
 that sei)t. All that remains now is the donjon 
 keep, 120 feet in height; and the walls, 18 feet 
 in thickness, add to its great strength. The 
 inner courtyard was 8 acres in extent. The 
 castle sustained may sieges and attacks in the 
 Anglo-Irish wars. The process of kissing the 
 Blarney stone is a somewhat perilous venture, and 
 few tourists care to risk it. 
 
 GLENGAREIFF CASTLE.— This castle de- 
 rives its chief interest from its location, the 
 famous Glengarriff, which has always been the 
 delight and the desjiair of tourists. Its natural
 
 FRANCIS S. MAHOXY. 
 (Father Prout.)
 
 CORK. 
 
 l)eauties are so many and varying that dewcrip- 
 tion fails to give an adequate idea of it. It :nu3t 
 be seen to be appreciated. One English tourist 
 avers that all the concentrated beauties of the 
 region of Killarney could not equal it, though, 
 Glengarriff — "the Craggy Glen" — is but three 
 miles long and a quarter of a mile in breadth. 
 "What," writes Thackeray, "sends ijicturesque 
 tourists to the llhiue and Saxon Switzerland? 
 Within live miles around the pretty inn of Glen- 
 garriff there is a country, the magnificence of 
 "which no pen can give an idea. I would like to 
 "be a great prince, and bring a train of painters 
 over to make, if they could, and according to 
 their several capabilities, a set of pictures of the 
 place." The castle is at present the residence of 
 the Earls of Bantry. 
 
 THE MALL.— This line thoroughfare runs at 
 right angles to the Grand Parade, and is the 
 street where the chief professional men and 
 merchants of the city do business. The city was 
 originally built on an island, and the South 
 Mall at present occupies the site of one of the 
 intercepting branches of the river, which a cen- 
 tury ago formed by its southern side a tri- 
 angular island, the other sides being Charlotte 
 Quay and Morrison Quay. The city of Cork, 
 the southern metropolis of Ireland, and admi- 
 rably situated for trade and commerce, contains 
 not only many beautiful streets and buildings, 
 but, in the language of a tourist, presents such 
 an attractive prospect as to equal that of the Bos- 
 phorus. It is also noted for the intellectual char- 
 acter of its people, and its many excellent educa- 
 tional and public institutions. It has also long 
 been the chief emigration port from Ireland. 
 
 PATRICK'S BRIDGE.— Cork is the third 
 
 city of Ireland in pi»i)ulation and importance, 
 and from its situation might be one of the 
 first cities of Eurojje wore Ireland's commercial 
 poasibilities develoiiod under a native govern- 
 ment. It is built on what was once marshy 
 islands, whence its name, "Corcagb," signifying 
 a marsh, or laud overllowed by the tide. The city 
 is of great antiquity, and has been the scene of 
 many stirring events. The site of the ancient 
 city is an island, which divides the river Lee 
 into two channels, which after passing i-ound 
 unite below it. Several bridges connect the 
 island with the mainland on either side, the 
 most modern of which is presented in the present 
 illustration. St. Finn Bar, who died at Cloyne, 
 A.D. G17, built a monastery and cathedral here 
 and thus laid the foundation of the future city. 
 He was the first bishop of Cork. 
 
 FERMOY SQUARE.— The pretty town of 
 Fermoy is situated on the beautiful Blackwater, 
 about twenty miles to the southeast of Cork 
 A century ago it was a poor and insignificant 
 village. John Anderson, having large barrack 
 and mail-coach contracts with the government, 
 gave an impetus of prosperity to the place, and 
 the town has since retained its success. Its 
 proximit3' to the harbor of Queenstown, and 
 its being the seat of a military barracks of 
 some 3,000 of a garrison give the town a 
 considerable trade. A stone bridge consist- 
 ing of thirteen arches sjians the river at this 
 point, and though built in 1689, it is still as 
 solid as ever. The ancient Gaelic name, Feara- 
 muighe-Feine, signifying "Men of the Plain," 
 has been anglicized to Fermoy. The town is 
 clean and tastily laid out, the square being one 
 of the most attractive spots to be desired.
 
 SHANDON CHURCH, CORK.
 
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 DONEGAL. 
 
 NAIME. — The town of Donegal was so called 
 from an old dun or fortress, wLich got the name 
 of Dunnan-Gall, the fortress of the Galls or 
 foreigners — these foreigners being Danes, who 
 settled there at an early jieriod. County named 
 from the town. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 Inishowen Head to Malinmore Head, 84 miles; 
 breadth from Bloody Foreland to the boundary, 
 X little south of Castelfiun, 41 miles; area, l,870i 
 square miles; population, 20G,035. 
 
 SUKFACE.- — -Donegal is a region of moun- 
 tains and long valleys, and there is a large extent 
 of bog and waste. The only moderately level 
 land lies in the east half of the barony of Eaphoe, 
 and in the south half of the barony of Tirhugh. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— 1 1 the north- 
 west of the count.v the two ranges of the Derry- 
 veagh Mountains and the Glendowan Mountains 
 run jjarallel, from northeast to southwest, inclos- 
 ing the splendid valle.v of Glen Beagh. The 
 highest summit is Dooish (2,147), in the middle 
 of the Derryveagh range, over Lough Beagh. 
 To tlie west again of the Derryveagh range is a 
 third irregular range, running in the same direc- 
 tion; containing Errigal (2,4GG), the highest 
 mountain in Donegal, rising over DunlewyLake; 
 and northeast of this, Mukish (2,107), a great 
 flat-topjied mountain. 
 
 Southeast of Gweebarra Ba.v, and northeast of 
 Glenties, is a fine mountain group, of which 
 Aghla (1,901) forms the center. 
 
 The barony of Banagh is traversed from end to 
 end by a range which may be said to cover the 
 whole peniuj ila. In the east end is the .short 
 independent range of Croaghgorm or Bluestack 
 (2,219); and in the west are Slievo League 
 (1,972) rising sheer from the sea on the south 
 coast, and Slievcatooe.v (1,515) over the sea in 
 like manner on the north coast. This range 
 continues to the northeast through the barony of 
 liaphoe toward Letterkenny, and contains 
 Guugin (1,805), Boultypatrick (1,415), and Cark 
 <1,205). 
 
 The peninsula of Iriislioweu is in great part 
 
 mountainous, the culminating summit being 
 Slieve Suaght (2,019) in the center. In the 
 peninsula of Fanad, west of Lough Swillj', is the 
 small but remarkable range of Knockalla (1,203) ; 
 and Lough Salt Mountain (1,540) rises conspicu- 
 ously, west of the head of Mulroy Lough. 
 
 COAST LINE.— The coast is broken the whole 
 way round, presenting a grand succession of 
 bays, promontories, cliffs, and islands. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Beginning at the northeast; 
 Inishowen Head, the northeast extremity of 
 Inishowen, and Malin Head, its northwest 
 extremity; Dunaff Head and Fanad Head, at 
 both sides of the mouth of Lough Swilly ; Horn 
 Head, a lofty rock rising precipitously over the 
 sea at the west side of Sheep Haven ; Bloody 
 Foreland; Dawros Head, which is the end of the 
 peninsula of Dawros, between the bays of Gwee- 
 barra and Loughros More; Malinmore Head, the 
 most westerly point of Donegal. Carrigan Head, 
 Muckros Head, St. John's Point, and Doorin 
 Point all project south into Donegal Bay. 
 Immediately west of Carrigan Head, Slieve 
 League rises 1,972 feet steep from the sea; and 
 the coast from Carrigan Head round by Glen- 
 columkille to Loughros Bay exhibits the grand- 
 est combinations of cliff scenery in Ireland. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Tory Island lies 8 miles from 
 the mainland; it is about 2^ miles long, and 
 stands out of the sea so as to appear like a great 
 collection of towers and i:)innacles ; it contains 
 the ruins of an ancient ecclesiastical establish- 
 ment (including a round tower) founded in the 
 7th century by St. Columba. Aran Island con- 
 tains nearly 7 square miles, and rises 750 feet 
 over the sea. Ncwth and south of Aran are 
 numerous small islands, the chief of which are 
 Inishsirrer, Gola, Owey, Cruit, Eutland, Inish- 
 free, and Koaninish. The island of Inch in 
 Lough Swilly contains nearl.v 5 square miles, and 
 has a summit (Inch Top) 732 feet high. The 
 little island of Rathlin O'Byrne is near Malin- 
 more Head. Between Ballyness Bay and Tory 
 are the three small islands, Inishbofin, Inish- 
 dooey, and Inishbeg. Northeast of Malin Head
 
 DONEGAL. 
 
 is the small rock.v island of IniHlitralmll, the 
 most northerly land belonging to Ireland. 
 
 BAYS AND HAEBORS.— The two deep bays, 
 Lontih Foyle and Lough Swilly, nearly in- 
 sulate the barony of Inishowen; Trawbreaga 
 Bay pierces far into luishowen, south of Malin 
 Head ; Mulroy Bay is separated from Lough 
 Swilly by the peninsula of Fanad ; Sheep Haven 
 is separated from Mulroy Bay by the i^eninsula 
 of Rosguill. Ballyness Bay is the usual embarking 
 place for Tory Island. South of Bloody Fore- 
 land are the bays of Gweedore and Inishfree; 
 and south of Aran Island are those of Trawenagh 
 and Gweebarra. Separated from Gweebarra Bay 
 by the peninsula of Dawros, are the two bays of 
 LoTighrosmore and Loughrosbeg. Glen Bay, 
 overtopped by lofty precipices, opens out from 
 the solitary Glencolumkille ; and at the otlier 
 side of Malinmore Head is Malin Bay, Fiutragh 
 Bay, Mac Swyue's Bay, and Inver Bay, which 
 are branches of Donegal Bay. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Foyle separates Donegal 
 from Londonderry. The Foyle is formed by two 
 main streams, the Finn and the Mourne, which 
 join at Litford. The Finn, rising in Lough 
 Finn, and flowing east, belongs wholly to Done- 
 gal. The Deele joins the Foyle a mile north of 
 Lifford. 
 
 The Eask flows from Lough Eask by Donegal 
 town into Donegal Bay; and of the several small 
 feeders that run into Lough Eask, one, the 
 Lowerymore, is remarkable as traversing the 
 magnificent Gap of Barnesmore. Beside the 
 Eask, Donegal Ba.v receives from the north the 
 Eany Water at Inver Bay, the Buulackey near 
 Dunkineely, and the Glen River into Teelin Bay. 
 
 In the west of the county, the Owenea and the 
 Oweutocker flow into Loughrosmore Bay at 
 Ardara; the Gweebarra into Gweebarra Bay, and 
 the Gweedore into Gweedore Bay. Through 
 Glenbeagh a stream flows northeast, which takes 
 successively the names Owenbeagh, Owenarrow, 
 and Lackagh, falling at last into Sheep Haven. 
 The river Swilly, flows east by Letterkeuney into 
 the head of Lough Swilly ; and into the same bay 
 flow? the Leaunan. 
 
 Into Donegal Ba.v, in the extreme south, flow 
 the Erne, having a fine fall at Ball.vshaunou ; and 
 the Bradoge at Bundoran. The little river 
 Termon enters the north end of Lough Erne. 
 
 LAKES.- — Donegal is noted for its fine moun- 
 tain lakes with siilendid scenery. Lough Erne 
 lies on the south boundary. Eight miles east 
 of Donegal tow^n, and 4 miles north of Pet- 
 tigo, is Lough Derg, over 3 square miles in 
 extent, and containing St. Patrick's Purgatory, 
 which has hear for man.v ages a celebrated place 
 of i.)ilgrimage. Lough Eask lies 3 miles north- 
 east of Donegal. In tlui north. Lough Beagh, 
 one of the finest mountain lakes in Ireland, occu- 
 pies the bottom of Glen Beagh; and lower down, 
 at the mouth of the valley, near the head of Sheep 
 Haven, isGlenlough. Dunlewy Lake and Lough 
 Nacung lie at the very base of Errigal Mountain; 
 and under the opposite base is Lough Altan. 
 East from Gweebarra Bay in the beautiful Lough 
 Finn at the base of Aghla; and near it are the 
 small Lough Muck and Lough Barra. 
 
 TOWNS. — Beginning in the southwest and 
 going round the margin: Ballyshannon (2,840) 
 stands at the mouth of the river Erne, near 
 where it forms a fine cascade over a ledge 
 of rocks, the old cataract of Assaroe : there is a 
 salmon fishery; and the town is celebrated in 
 legend and romance. Four miles southwest of 
 Ballyshannon, on the shore of Donegal Bay, is 
 Bundoran (703), a favorite watering place, 
 Donegal (1,41G) is in a beautiful situation at the 
 mouth of the river Eask, at the head of an inlet 
 from Donegal Baj% surrounded by hills; just 
 beside it stands the fine old ruins of Donegal 
 Castle, and also the ruins of a monaatery. West- 
 ward from this is Killybegs (764), on the north 
 shore of Donegal Bay — the capital of the penin- 
 sula — where a good deal of fishing is carried on. 
 On the north side of the peninsula is Ardara 
 (.5.52) ; sis miles northeast of this is Glenties 
 (487). Passing Dunglow (468) we come to Dun- 
 fanaghy (598), near Horn Head, the chief town 
 of all this remote district. Rathmelton (1,406) 
 stands just where the river Leaunan falls into 
 Lough Swill.v. Letterkenny (2,188) is on the 
 river Swilly, near its mouth ; and on the east 
 shore of Lough Swill.y is Buncrana (764), a 
 watering place. Moville (1,129) stands on the 
 east shore of Inishowen ; and in the interior is 
 Carndonagh (726), the capital of the peninsula 
 Lifford 511, the assize town, on the Fo.vle, may 
 be regarded as a part cf Strabane, on the Derry 
 side of the River; and the circuit ends at the
 
 DONEGAL. 
 
 pretty village of Pettigo (468), near Lough 
 Erne. 
 
 The towns iu the interior are Raphoe (986), 
 ^vest of Liffonl, an ancient episcopal see; and 
 Ball.vbofey (1,009) and Stranorlar (420), near each 
 other on the river Finn. 
 
 MINERALS. — Very fine white marble is found 
 at Dunlewy, at the base of Errigal Mountain. 
 Near Raphoe there is a formation of steatite, a 
 soft kind of stone, easily carved and very durable. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 
 TIONS. — Donegal was the ancient Tirconnell, 
 inhabited by the Kinel Counell, who were de^ 
 scended from Couall, son of the great king Niali 
 of the Nine Hostages (a.d. 378-405), and who 
 possessed nearly the whole of Donegal ; their 
 inauguration place was the Rock of Doon, near 
 Kilmacrenan. 
 
 Four miles northwest of Derry, on a hill, is 
 Greenan-Ely, the ruins of Aileach, the ancient 
 palace of the O'Neills, the kings of Ulster, who 
 were also for many ages the kings of Ireland. 
 
 ILLXJSTRA.TION^S. 
 
 DONEGAL CASTLE.— The town of Donegal 
 IS beautifully situated on a bay of the same 
 name, and does a thriving trade. To the 
 tourist, the great object of attraction is its splen- 
 did old castle, the ancient seat of the O'Dounelis, 
 lords of Tirconnell. The ruin, compared with 
 others in the island, is in a tolerably good state 
 of preservation, and from what remains it must 
 have been a noble mansion, and worthy of the 
 rank of these once powerful chieftains. Two 
 magnificent sculptui-ed chimueypieces, in the 
 style of James I., still remain in a very perfect 
 state. The grand hall on the ground floor, is 
 arched, from which several smaller apartments 
 open; and upstairs the grand bancjueting hall 
 was lit by several Gothic windows, which look 
 out u]ion the bay; and at one end are the re- 
 jnaiiis of a great ba.v window the entire height 
 of the chamber, which bespeaks its ancient mag- 
 nificence. This ruin derives a melancholy inter- 
 est from the affecting history of the life and 
 adventures of Red Hugh, the last of the powerful 
 line of the princes of Tirconnell and lords of 
 Donegal. 
 
 DERRYBEG CHAIEL, GAYEEDORE.— The 
 :itructnre lierewith shown i^aunot be said to 
 have any special claim on the tourist's attention 
 as nu ccciesiastical edifice. It is neither im- 
 posing nor pretentious, but like pastor and 
 people is "racy of the soil," and typical of 
 Irish faith, and unflinching devotion to father- 
 land. Its iiastor, wlioHc iiortruitis )>rGsented in 
 the foreground, came into prominence during 
 the Laud League agitation, for his attitude and 
 labors in behalf fif liis peoide. especially during 
 
 the famine of 1879 and 1880, in that locality. 
 The parish is situated in a bleak corner of the 
 northwest Donegal coast, and is somewhat 
 barren, and under the old rack-renting system 
 suffered severely. During the famine and agita- 
 tion mentioned, Father McFadden, by his ap- 
 peals for charity, saved many of his people from 
 death by starvation, and kept them in line in 
 support of the national cause. Police Inspector 
 Martin, who attempted to arrest him during holy 
 mass, with the malicious design of outraging the 
 religious feelings of the congregation, was killed 
 by the infuriated people. Father McFadden was 
 arrested, but could not be held amenable for the 
 result, though he suffered much persecution at 
 the hands of his enemies. 
 
 MOYILLE.— This delightful spot is one of 
 the most attractive places in Ireland. There 
 the pleasure steamers ply constantly in summer, 
 discharging their hosts of citizens seeking 
 the invigorating air of sea and mountain. 
 The town is handsome and well laid out. and 
 is much visited as a watering place, and by 
 persons attracted by the wild and interesting 
 scenery of the locality. The Squire's Carn is 
 not quite three miles to the west, from which a 
 I noble view may be obtained; and a still better 
 from the mountain of Craigmimadde.v, equidis- 
 tant to the north, w^hich not only embraces a 
 beautiful panoramic view of the lough and of 
 the Derry Mountains, but a lengthened prospect 
 of the causeway cliffs. Every spot in the vicin- 
 ity has some tradition, and every mile a legend. 
 The territory was originally the stronghold «f 
 the Kinel Owen, and later of the O'Dohertys.
 
 DONEGAL. 
 
 iilJNDOKAN. — A few miles distant from the 
 town of Bcallysliainion is the pretty villa!j;e 
 of Bundoran, near the mouth of the harbor. 
 It is, says Mr. S. C Hall, much frequented 
 by sea-bathers, and is exceedingly healtliy ; 
 the wide ocean immediately facint^ it, and a 
 line of mountains inclosing it from harsh winds. 
 It is the most attractive summer resort in the 
 whole northwest of Ireland. The scenery of 
 the locality is peculiar, the action of the sea 
 having wrought the seacoast, as in other portions 
 of the northern temjiest-beaten coast, into strange 
 forms. One of these, called the Fairy Bridge, is 
 composed of an arch 24 feet in span, "with 
 a perfectly formed and detached causeway 12 
 feet in breadth." All around the Donegal 
 coast the cliffs and headlands are magnifi- 
 centl.v striking, where here and there as in the 
 case of Bundoran, a quiet, pretty village is 
 nestled on some sheltei-ed bay or river. 
 
 BALLYSHANNON.— This pretty town is 
 situated on the southeast corner of Donegal 
 Ba.v. It iiresents an attractive appearance 
 from the steep hill on which it is built, 
 and its two jiarts on ))oth sides of the Erne are 
 connected by a splendid bridge of IG arches. 
 The name in Celtic, Bel-atha-Seanaigh, signifies 
 "the Mouth of Shanagh's Ford." There is a 
 fine waterfall nearly 20 feet high and 150 yards 
 wide extending the entire breadth of the river 
 a few hundred yards below the bridge. There 
 is what is known as the famous "Salmon Leap." 
 The basin into which the torrent falls is literally 
 alive with these fish, and curious as it may seem 
 the salmon are able to spring up the falls, anu 
 make their way up the river to the placid lake. 
 The town possesses the remains of an ancient 
 castle, which was the scene of a defeat of the 
 English forces under Sir Conyers Clifford, in 
 1507.
 
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 DOWN. 
 
 NAME. — Downpatrick took its name from the 
 great dun or fort near the cathedral, which was 
 called Duu-Keltair, tlie fort of the hero, Keltar. 
 The name of Patrick was added to commemorate 
 the saint's connection with the place. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 Cranfield Point at the mouth of Carlingford 
 Lough to the shore near Donaghadee, 49 miles; 
 breadth, from Lisburn to the shore near Ard- 
 glass, 25 miles; area, 957 square miles; popula- 
 tion, 272,107. 
 
 SURFACE.— The chief i.hysical feature of 
 Down is the grand range of the Mourne Moun- 
 tains; near the center is the much smaller range 
 ■of Slieve Croob; all the rest of the county is an 
 «udless succession of cultivated hills, valleys, and 
 ^mall plains. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Mourne 
 Mountains extend for about 15 miles in length 
 from Carlingford Lough to Newcastle; they form 
 ■one of the finest rang' s in Ireland, and as the.v 
 rise direct from the sea they are seen in their full 
 Iieight. ■ 
 
 The chief summits are the following: Slieve 
 Donard (2,796), at the northeast extremity, the 
 liighest mountain in Ulster, whose summit is 
 ■only 2 miles from the seashore at Newcastle. 
 Slieve Commedagh (2,512) lies 1 mile north- 
 west of Slieve Donard : Slieve Bearnagh (2,39^1) 
 and Slieve Meel (2,237), are about 2 miles west 
 -of Slieve Commedagh. Chimne.y Rock (2,152) 
 rises straight over the sea, li miles southwest of 
 Slieve Donard : Slieve Bingian (2, -14:9) stands 3 
 miles southwest from Slieve Donard. Toward 
 the southwestern extremit.v. Eagle Mountain 
 (2,084) and Shanlieve (2,055) lie close together: 
 and towering over Eosstrevor, at the southwest 
 extremity of the range, is Slieve Martin 
 (1,595). 
 
 The Slieve Croob range, 7 miles long, lies to 
 the north of, and runs uearl.v parallel with, the 
 Mourne Mountains. Chief summits, Slieve 
 ■Croob (1,755), on the side of which is the source 
 ■of the Lagan : Cvntlieve (1,416) and Slievenabo- 
 
 ley (1,069) lie further west: and at the eouthwest 
 end is Deehommed (1,050). 
 
 COAST LINE.— Except by the deep inlet ot 
 Strangford Lough, the coast is not much broken. 
 For the greater part it is rocky, scarped, and 
 dangerous, having few prominent headlands, and 
 few ba.vs or harbors of shelter. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Grey Point, at the south of 
 the entrance to Belfast Lough : Ballyferis Point, 
 south of Donaghadee : Ballyquintin Point, the 
 extreme south point of the Ards peninsula, and 
 Killard Point, at both sides of the entrance of 
 Strangford Lough: St. John's Point, a bold, 
 rocky promontory marking the east of Dundrum 
 Ba.y : Kiugsallin Point,iu Dundrum Baj' : Craulield 
 Point, the extreme southern end of the county. 
 
 ISLANDS. — There is quite a little archipelago 
 of islets in Strangfcu'd Lough, the chief of which 
 are : Mahee Island, the ancient Nendrum, on 
 which Bishop Mahee, a contemporary of St. 
 Patrick, established a monastery and school, and 
 which still retains some ruins of the old build- 
 ings, including the remains of a round tower: 
 Beagh Island, north of Mahee : Castle Island, 
 south of it; and Chapel Island, near Gre.v Abbey, 
 at the other side of the Lough. The little group 
 of the Copelaud Islands lies outside Donaghadee, 
 of which two are inhabited, and one contains a 
 lighthouse: Gun Island is a little to the north of 
 Ardglass: Green Island lies at the entrance of 
 Carlingford Lough. 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS.- Belfast Lough 
 seijarates Down from Antrim. The two little 
 ba.vs of Bangor and Ballyholme lie near each 
 other on the north coast: Donaghadee harbor is 
 partly artificial, but is not much used : Cloghy 
 Ba.v and Milliu Bay lie on the ocean side of 
 Island Magee. Strangford Lough or Lough 
 Cone is shallow and incumbered with sandbanks: 
 Ardglass Harbor and Killough Bay are two im- 
 portant harbors of refuge. Dundrum Bay is 
 open and exposed, but it has an inner sheltered 
 ba.v running up to Dundrum. Carlingford Lough 
 sp]iaraies Down from Louth.
 
 DOWM. 
 
 RIVERS. — Except the ^ann and the Lagan, 
 which drain the west of the county, all the rivers 
 of Down are small. The Baun, rising in the 
 Mourne Mountains, flows through Down till it 
 enters the county Armagh, 2 miles below Gilford. 
 The Lagan rises in Slieve Croob, runs through 
 Down to near Moira, and forms the boundary 
 between Down and Antrim for the rest of its 
 course. The Ravernet, a considerable affluent 
 from the south coast, joins the Lagan a mile 
 above Lisburn. The Blackwater runs into the 
 west side of Strangford Lougli at Ardmillan. The 
 Ballynahinch River, flowing east through Bally- 
 nahinch, and the Carson's Dam River, flowing 
 south through Crossgar, join at Kilmore, and the 
 united stream is called the Annacloy River, and 
 lower down the Quoile River, falling into the 
 southwest angle of Strangford Lough, near 
 Downpatrick. The Ballybanuon River flows from 
 Slieve Croob into Dundrum Bay at Murlough 
 House, near Dundrum; theBurreu River and the 
 Shimna River run into Dundrum Bay at T^evp- 
 castle. In the south of the county, the Annalong 
 River flowing into the sea at Annalong, the Kil- 
 keel River at Kilkeel, the White "Water falling 
 into Carlingford Lough near Greencastle, and the 
 Kilbroney River at Rosstrevor, all flow down the 
 slopes of the Mourne Mountains. The Newry 
 Kiver or Glenree River, rising near Ruthfriland, 
 and passing by Newry, flows into Strangford 
 Lough at Warren Point : from Newry down to its 
 mouth it is called the Narrow "Water. 
 
 LAKES. — Down touches Lough Neagh by a 
 long neck west of Moira. All the other lakes of 
 the county are small and unimportant. The little 
 Loughbrickland Lake, in the west, gives name to 
 the town of Loughljrickland. Halfway between 
 Ballynahinch and Dromore is Lough Aghery, and 
 near it on the northeast is Lough Erne : nearer 
 to Saintfield are Long Lough and Creovy Lough. 
 Louiih Money and Loughinisland Lake lie near 
 Downiiatrick. Beside Castlewellan is Castle- 
 wellan Lake, and ;5 miles southwest from the vil- 
 lage is Lough Island Reavy. 
 
 TOWNS.— Newry (14,808, of which 5,057 are 
 in that jiart of the town belonging to Armagh), a 
 town of considerable trade and manufacture. 
 Proceeding round the coast from Newry: Warren 
 Point (1,887) stands at the mouth of the Narrow 
 Water: and 3 miles east of this is Rosstrevor 
 
 (70G), one of the most beautiful spots in Ireland. 
 Kilkeel (1,452) is near the extreme south end of 
 the county: Newcastle (840), at the base of Slieve 
 Donard, is much frequented as a watering jilace; 
 and a little further north, on the inner Dundrum 
 Bay, is the village of Dundrum, with the fine old 
 ruin of John De Courcey's castle near it. Kil- 
 lough (748) and Ardglass (691) stand near each 
 other, the latter having a fine old castle ruin. 
 
 Entering Strangford Lough, we pass in the 
 strait, first on the left hand, the pretty village of 
 Strangford (434), and a little further in, at the 
 opposite side, the prosperous town of Portaferry 
 (1,647). On the western shore of the Lough ia 
 Killyleagh (1,835), and the well-to-do town of 
 Comber (2,1G5) at the head of a little creek: and 
 at the head of the lough, half a mile from the 
 shore, is Newtownards (8,676), a business-like 
 and prosperous town (muslin weaving). Return- 
 ing southward along the eastern shore of the 
 lough, we pass first Grey Abbey (679), with its 
 fine abbey ruins; and 3 miles further south, Jvir- 
 cubbin (609). 
 
 Near Grey Abbey, on the ocean side of Isl^ij>, 
 Magee, is Ballywalter (595). Donaghadee 
 (1,861), on the northeast corner, is the packet 
 station, and the nearest port to Scotland ; 5 miles 
 west of this is Bangor (3,006), which was in 
 former days one of the most celebrated religious 
 establishments in Ireland. Lastly, on the shore 
 of Belfast Lough, is the important little town of 
 Holywood (3,293). 
 
 The following are inland : Downpatrick 
 (3,419), the assize town, the burial place of St. 
 Patrick. Banbridge (5,609), on the Upper Bann, 
 a good business town (linen weaving) ; and 4 
 miles lower down on the same river, Gilford 
 (1,324), with flax and linen industries like Ban- 
 bridge. On the Lagan are Dromore (2,491), and 
 lower down Moira (461). Rathfriland (1,572) 
 lies to the northeast of Newry : Ballynahinch 
 (1,470) is in the center of the county: and 3 
 miles northeast of it is the neat town of Saintfield 
 (769). Hillsborough (797) is 4 miles south of 
 Lisburn : and Castlewellan (892) lies 4 miles 
 west of Dundrum. That ]iart of Belfast named 
 Ballymacarret belongs to Down, and contains a 
 population of 23,917: and a portion of Lisburn, 
 containing a population of 2,446, also belongs to 
 this county.
 
 DOWN. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Tbis county formed a i>art of the an- 
 cient territory of Dalaratlia. Upper or South 
 Clannaboy occupied the district now included in 
 the two baronies of Upper and Lower Castlereagh. 
 
 The old naTiie of the Mourne Mountains was 
 lieanna-Iioirche (pron. Banna-Borka). The 
 Dane's Cast in the west, a little to the south of 
 Gilford, is a part of the ancient rampart dividing 
 the two kiufidoms of Oriel and Uiidia. 
 
 ILLTJSTH^TIOISJ^S. 
 
 DOWNPATRICK CATHEDRAL.— This cathe- 
 dral is built on the site of a cathedral, one of the 
 most ancient edifices in Ireland, which was de- 
 stroyed by che Danes, and in which, it is said, 
 the remains of St. Patrick, St. Bridget and St. 
 Columbkill were buried. It was erected by Ma- 
 lachy O'Morgair, Bishop of Down, in 1140, and 
 was burned during the war of Edward Bruce, 
 was restored in 1412, again burned by Lord 
 Deputy De Grey in 1538. In 1790 the present 
 structure was erected on its ruins. A handsome 
 east window divided by muUions into twelve 
 compartments, in the choir, aiJpears to be the 
 only window remaining of the splendid edifice 
 erected in 1412, and destroyed by De Grey. The 
 present structure comprises a nave, choir and 
 aisles, with a lofty square tower at the left end, 
 embattled and pinnacled, giving the cathedral, 
 which stands on a hill, a massive and imposing 
 appearance. The interior is richly ornamented. 
 From 1538 to 1790 the church at Lisburu served 
 as a cathedral. 
 
 GREY ABBEY.— This once famed- edifice, the 
 ruins of which now alone remain, was built in 
 the year 1193 by Africa, wife of the Norman 
 Knight, John De Courcy, and daughter of God- 
 fred, king of the Isle of Man, for a community of 
 Cistercian monks. The extent and character of 
 the remains give evidence of its former splendor, 
 the stately windows of Gothic structure show- 
 ing a beauty of design and richness of art, though 
 
 now overgrown with ivj-, and crumbling in de- 
 cay. The cells, dormitories and other buildings 
 for tlie uses of the former inmates are wholly in 
 ruins, only enough remaining to trace the com- 
 pass of ground occupied bj' the entire structure. 
 The vicinity of the ruins is highly picturesque, 
 and is much frequented by visitors. The Abbey 
 was destroyed during the great rebellion of 1641, 
 and was partly restored by the first Lord Mont- 
 gomery in 1685, into whose hands it had fallen. 
 
 THE QUAY, BANGOR.— Bangor, said to be 
 derived from Baue-Choraidh, the White Choir, 
 was famous as a seat of learning, and a "city of 
 the saints" in olden times. St. Comhgall 
 founded an abbej- there in 552, the fragments of 
 which still exist, and laid the foundation of the 
 great school to which students from all parts of 
 Europe resorted, and whose fame became world 
 wide. Its seminary, directed by St. Carthagus, 
 is declared to be the germ from which Oxford 
 arose. King Alfred having obtained his professors 
 from Bangor when he founded or restored that 
 university. In 818, the ruthless Northmen de- 
 scended on the establishment and slew more than 
 900 of the 3,000 monks that resided there. 
 Bangor was within the dominion of the O'Neills, 
 and the remains of a castle, still in good con- 
 dition, stands on the Quay. Bangor is to-day a 
 favorite watering place, and contains in summer 
 a large villa population from the neighboring 
 city of Belfast.
 
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 DUBLIN. 
 
 NAME. — The city, which y;!ive name to the 
 county, got its own name from the river. The 
 LiliEej', near where the old city stood, formed a 
 pool which was called Dubh-liun, meaning "black 
 pool" (dubh, black; linn, a pool); and the name 
 is applicable to the river at this day. The more 
 ancient name was Ath-cliath (pronounced Ah- 
 clee), the ford of hurdles, from the old hurdle 
 bridge bj' which the Liffey was originall.y crossed 
 (ath, a ford; cliath, a hurdle). 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 the summit of Kippure ^Mountain, south of Dub- 
 lin city, to the river Delvin, near Balbriggan, 32 
 miles ; breadth, from Howth Head to Clonee, 
 near Lucan, 16| miles ; area, 354| square miles. 
 Population, 418,910. 
 
 SURFACE. — On the south this county is 
 skirted by mountains; the rest of the countj' is 
 level, or intersv>ersed with low elevations, all in 
 grass or in cultivation. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS. —Kippure (2,473) 
 stands 12 miles nearly due south of the city, and 
 belongs partly to Wicklow, the boundar.y line 
 passing over its summit. Two miles northwest 
 from this is Seefingan (2,3(54), also ou the 
 boundary. These two mountains tower over the 
 head of Glennasmole, ou the west side of which, 
 4 miles further north, is Knockannavea (1,289), 
 and 2 miles west of this are Saggart Hill (1,308) 
 and Knockandinuy (1,025), over the village of 
 Saggart. Six or seven miles south of Dublin are 
 a number of hills, forming a beautiful screen, 
 visible from almost every part of the city, the 
 chief of which are Killakee Mountain (1,761), 
 Glendoo Mountain (1,929), and Prince William's 
 Seat (1,825), all three on the boundar.y line with 
 "Wicklow; Tibradden (1,540) and Kilmashogue 
 Mountain (1,339) project forward toward Dub- 
 lin. The Two Eock Mountain (1,699) and the 
 Three Rock Mountain (1,479) slope down to- 
 ward the cast directly to Kingstown. The beau- 
 tiful hills of Dalkey and Killiue.v (474) rising 
 directlj Over the sea, form the terminating spur 
 of the ) ange. 
 
 From the summits of all these hills there is a 
 
 magnificent view of the greht jilain of Dublin, 
 with the Mourne Mountains in the distance to the 
 north. They are pierced by several ravines, of 
 which the most striking are the Slade of Saggart, 
 through which is carried the road from Dublin 
 to Blessingtou ; the Gap of Ballinascoruey, lead- 
 ing west from Glenasmole; Glendoo or Glen- 
 culleu, between Tibradden Mountain andGlendo© 
 Mountaiu; and the Scalp, an estraordinar.y gorge 
 cut right through the hill on the road from Dub- 
 lin to Enniskerry. 
 
 COAST LINE. — The coast is considerably 
 broken by inlets. The greater part is sandy, but 
 there are in several places low cliffs of limestone; 
 and at Howth and Dalke.y the shore is precip- 
 itous. In some luirts the strand is very beauti- 
 ful, for instance at Balbriggan; and the "Velvet 
 Strand" between Malahide and Howth is one of 
 the finest strands in Ireland. 
 
 HEADLANDS.- — The two rocky peninsulas of 
 Rush and Portraiiie lie at the opposite sides of 
 the inlet of Turvey. The promontory of Howth 
 rises to the height of 560 feet, and presents a suc- 
 cession of splendid sea cliffs nearly the whole 
 way round; and at Dalkey and Killiuey is 
 another series of fine cliffs terminating in Sor- 
 rento Point, opposite Dalkey Island. Howth, 
 Dalkey and Killiney are noted for their fine views 
 both seaward and landward. 
 
 ISLANDS. — ^The Skerries group, off the town 
 of Skerries, consists of St. Patrick's Island, on 
 which is a very ancient church dedicated to St. 
 Patrick; Shenick's Island; and Colt's Island. 
 About 4 miles from the coast at Skerries is the 
 Rockabill rock, on which is a lighthouse. Lam- 
 bay Island, 2| miles from Rush, is 418 feet high, 
 and presents rocky cliffs to the sea nearly the 
 whole way round; it contains 596 acres, much of 
 which is iiasture laud. The rocky, picturesque 
 little island of Ireland's Eye lies a mile off 
 Howth, and contains the ruins of the church of 
 the Three Sons of Nessan, belonging to the 
 seventh century. The little island of Dalkey 
 contains a Martello tower, and also a very ancient 
 church ruin.
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 BATS AND HARBOES.— Beginning on the 
 north, the little harbor of Loughshinny lies a 
 mile north of Rush. Immediately south of Rush, 
 straight opposite Lambay Island, is Rogerstown 
 or Turvey Bay ; next is Malahide Bay, and just 
 north of Howth, Baldoyle Bay, all three well 
 sheltered, but so shallow and sandy as to be of 
 little use. Howth Harbor is artificial, and was 
 erected at great expense ; but it is now little used 
 except as a rendezvous for fishing vessels. Dub- 
 lin Bay, celebrated for its fine scenery, is in- 
 closed on the north by the Hill of Howth, and on 
 the south by Dalkey Hill, G miles asunder; it is 
 6 miles deep, and its shores are thickly studded 
 with beautiful towns and villas. There is an 
 artificial inner harbor formed by two walls, the 
 South 'Wall and the Bull AYall, which keep out 
 the heavy swell, and prevent the accumulation of 
 sand. At Kingstown there is a very tine arti- 
 ficial harbor. Near this is the little harbor of 
 Bullock. Ivilliuey Bay has a fine curved sandy 
 beach which extends south to Bray. 
 
 RR'EES. — The Liffey enters this county at 
 Leixlip ; and from this to its mouth at Eingsend 
 is about 12 miles. The Dodder rises on the 
 slopes of Kippure, and for the first part of its 
 course flows through Glennasmole, a very fine 
 valley G miles long, celebrated in ancient legend, 
 and now well cultivated and inhabited : after a 
 most picturesque course the Dodder joins the 
 Liffej' at Ringneud. The Tolka, which rises in 
 Moath, passing by Glasnevin, flows into Dublin 
 Bay, near Clontarf. The Broad Meadow Water 
 and the Ward River, both of which rise in 
 Jlcath, flow into Malahide Bay. The pretty 
 little river Delvin forms for nearly its whole 
 course the northern boundary, separating Dublin 
 from Meath. On the south the Bray River 
 separates the counties of Dublin and Wicklow. 
 
 TOWNS.— Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is 
 situated at the mouth of the Liffey. What is 
 called the "City" has a population of 249,002; 
 but Dublin has far outgrown the limits of the 
 "City" and if Rathmines, Ratligar, and the Pem- 
 broke Town.sliipbo included, as they ought to be, 
 the population is about 300,000. Kingstown 
 IH/iHV,)^ on the south side of Dul)liii Bay, a 
 flourishing town, formerly (tailed Dunleary, is the 
 mail packet stntion between Dublin and England, 
 and the chief Htatif>n for the steamers plying to 
 
 Holj'head and Liverpool. Near Kingstown, on 
 the Dublin side, is Blackrock (8,902), and on the 
 other side is Dalkey (3,234), both very beauti- 
 fully situated. Adjoining Dalkey is Killiney, in 
 a still more lovely situation on the slope of Kill- 
 iney Hill. 
 
 North of Dublin along the coast are the follow- 
 ing: Clontarf (4,210), the scene of the battle in 
 whfbh the Danes were defeated by Brian Boru in 
 1014: Howth (909), on the north side of Howth 
 Hill, with its fine abbey ruins; near which is 
 Baldoyle (577), on the shore of Baldoyle Bay: 
 Malahide (G70), whose castle, a very fine and 
 most interesting baronial residence, is still in- 
 habited by its lords. A little inlana is Swords 
 (1,088), once an important ecclesiastical center, 
 and still retaining the ruins of a church, a round 
 tower, and the remains of the archiepiscopal 
 palace. The long straggling street of Rush 
 (1,071) comes next; and 3 miles inland is Lusk 
 (357), chiefly remarkable for its church ruins 
 and round tower. Skerries (2,227), an important 
 fishing station, stands in a beautiful situation, 
 its main street running parallel to the shore: and 
 lastly, Balbriggan (2,443), celebrated for its 
 hosiery. 
 
 On the Liffey, above Dublin, is Chapehzod 
 (1,583), most picturesquely situated; and higher 
 upLucau (G91), which was formerly the residence 
 of the Sarsfield family, and gave the title of earl 
 to the celebrated Patrick Sarsfield, the defender 
 of Limerick. Immediately west of Dublin, and 
 near the Liffey, is Kilmainham (5,391); and 4 
 miles west of this is the village of Clondalkin 
 (379), which is remarkable only for its perfect 
 round tower. Near Dublin, in the south, is the 
 little town of Terenure (1,143), which is fast 
 becoming incorpoi'atcd with Dublin; and a mile 
 further on is the faded village of Eathfarnham 
 (746). Dundrum (492), 3 miles south of the 
 city, is now growing to bo a favorite suburban 
 residence. That portion of Bray lying in the 
 county Dublin has a population of 2,148. 
 
 MINERALS.— At Ballycorus, 3 miles from 
 Bray, there is a lead mine, which yields also 
 silver. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The old district of Cualanu belonged 
 chiefly to Wicklow, but it extended north to 
 within a short distance of Dublin. The level dis-
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 trict l.yiiif;' between Dublin and Howth was an- 
 ciently called Moy-Ealta-Edar, or the plain of 
 the bird Hooks of Edar (from Edar or Howth). 
 That part of the county lyinu: north of Howth 
 was called Fingall, it'., the Jiiie or tribe of the 
 Galls or Danes; and to this day it retains the 
 
 name, and the people are called Fingallians. 
 The Hill of Howth was the ancient Ben- Edar, 
 i.e., the Ben or peak of Edar, a legendary hero. 
 Criffan, king of Ireland in the lirst century, had 
 his residence on Howth, and his palace, Dun- 
 Criffau, stood near where the lighthouse now is. 
 
 ILLXJSTR^A.TIO^S, 
 
 BANK OP lEELAND.— This magnificent 
 edifice, on the north side of College Green, was 
 formerly the Irish House of Parliament, and is 
 reminiscent of some of the noblest associations in 
 Irish history. "Within its walls were heard some 
 of the loftiest bursts of eloquence that adorn the 
 legislative annals of any country. There Grat- 
 tan, Curran, Flood, Plunket and other oratorical 
 giants struggled in intellectual combat, and 
 there were witnesseel some of the most inspiring 
 acta of patriotism, and unhappily, too, some of 
 the basest acts of treachery that ever befell a 
 people struggling for freedom. The building is 
 of rare artistic and classic beauty, being unsur- 
 passed in elegance, grace and symmetry by any 
 edifice in Euroiie. Stiange to say, the name of 
 the genius who designed this marvelous speci- 
 men of architecture is unknown. It is built of 
 Portland stone, "and derives all its beauty from 
 a single impulse of tine art, and is one of the few 
 instances of form only, expressing true sym- 
 metry." The grand Ionic portico in front is 147 
 feet in extent. 
 
 O'CONNELL MONUMENT.— This magnifi- 
 cent monument to the Irish Liberator stands near 
 the northern end of O'Connell Street (formerly 
 Sackville Street), the chief thoroughfare of Ire- 
 land's capital. It was raised by national sub- 
 scription, and cost £12,000. It was designed by 
 the distinguished xrish sculptor, Henry Foley, 
 who did not live to see his great work completed, 
 though the model was practically finished at the 
 time of his death. The cornerstone was laid in 
 August, 1SG4. The figure of the great tribune is 
 13 feet high, and tlie sculptor had completed the 
 head shortly before his death. Around the 
 drum on which the statue stands are four winged 
 victories, while 50 figures, l-l of statuesque pro- 
 portions, the pi-iuciiial being Erin trampling on 
 
 broken fetters and pointing with uplifted hand 
 to the statue above, are grouped immediately 
 above. There are also 4 shields representing the 
 4 provinces of Ireland. 
 
 MORTUAEY CHAPEL AND O'CONNELL 'S 
 TOWEE, GLASNEVIN. — Glasnevin is the 
 Cam|)o Santo of Ireland, where repose the re- 
 mains of most of the orators, statesmen and 
 patriots who have won the affections of the Irish 
 people during this century. The cemetery, 
 which is one of the most beautiful in Europe, 
 was established through the instrumentality of 
 O'Connell, as a burial place for Catholics, and 
 has been enlarged until it contains 69 acres. 
 O'Connell 's remains were removed to the crypt; 
 where they now repose in 18G9. The crypt is 
 tastefully decorated and colored, and is an object 
 of great interest. On the walls are O'Connell 's 
 dying words: "My heart to Eome, my body ta 
 Ireland, my soul to Heaven." The commemora- 
 tive round tower, fit monument for the great 
 patriot, has an elevation of 1.30 feet. The mor- 
 tuary chapel erected close to the tower is of 
 Dalkey granite, and carved in Eomanesque -'n 
 the style of Irish architecture. 
 
 GEATTAN'S STATUE, COLLEGE GREEN. 
 — In the storied plaza of College Green, Dublin, 
 one of the most conspicuous features is the noble 
 statue of Henry Grattan, by Foley, erected by 
 the city corporation in 187G. The great orator 
 and patriot is represented as he appeared when 
 moving the Declaration of Irish Eights, which be 
 supported in one of his most celebrated orations. 
 The statue is appropriately set on the old parade 
 grouml of the volunteers, and facing the statues 
 of Goldsmith and Burke, the three greatest mas- 
 ters within their respective spheres of the Eng- 
 lish language — Grattan for concentration. Gold- 
 smith for grace, and Burke for magnificence.
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 To the lelt is the old Irish Pailiaiueut House, 
 the scene of so many of Grattan's triumplis. The 
 spot where the statue stands was choseu as a site 
 for the Prince Albert Memorial, but through the 
 efforts of the late A. M. Sullivan, author of the 
 "Story of Ireland," it was reserved for Grat- 
 tan's statue, while the other was chaLged to the 
 'awn of the Eoyal Dublin Society. 
 
 THE EOTUNDA.— The Kotunda, one of the 
 aiost noted structures in Dublin, used chiefly 
 for meetings, balls and exhibitions, stands at the 
 corner of Rutland Square, at the end of Upper 
 O'Connell Street, and contains a splendid series 
 of rooms, admirably adapted for the purposes 
 intended. Among them may be mentioned a 
 ballroom, 86 feet; and card room, 6G feet; tea 
 room, 54 feet; hall, 40 feet; grand supper room, 
 8(5 feet; minor supper room, 54 feet; waiting 
 room, 36 feet; 4 dressing rooms, each 20 feet; a 
 servants' hall 40 feet; vestibule, 20 feet; all of 
 proportionate breadth, beside many other ap- 
 partments and offices. Many memorable meet- 
 ings have been held within the precincts of the 
 Rotunda, among them the conference that sat 
 from November 18 to 21, 1873, when the 
 Home Rule League which afterward developed 
 into the Land League and National League was 
 formed. 
 
 MALAHIDE CASTLE.— This castle is one of 
 the oldest and best preserved of any of the early 
 Anglo-Norman castles in Ireland. Malahide was 
 granted to Richard Talbot by Henry II., and 
 it has been in the possession of this family until 
 the present day, save during a short period, 
 when it was occupied by one Myles Corbet, a 
 regicide, who was forced to abandon it, after 
 the Restoration of Charles II. The castle lias 
 been re-edified on many occasions, but always in 
 keeping with its ancient character, and maliing 
 it to the present day representative of the olden 
 time It is an extensive square structure, 
 flanked by circular towers, and stands on an 
 eminence to the left of the little village. The 
 
 interior possesses many features of interest, 
 among them a splendid hall, said to be the pur- 
 est specimen of Norman architecture in the coun- 
 try. A collection of rare paintings and portraits 
 by the old Dutch and Italian masters adorn the 
 venerable mansion. 
 
 VICE-REGAL LODGE, PHCENIX PARK.— 
 This large but rather plain and unpretentious 
 edifice is the summer residence of the Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland. It was purchased from 
 the Earl of Leitrim in 1784, and stands near the 
 principal road through the park. The park con- 
 tains 1,752 acres, 160 of which form the demesne 
 of the Yice-Regal Lodge. The drive from the 
 Dublin Gate to Castlenock Gate is considerably 
 more than 2 miles. It is a magnificent and de- 
 lightful recreation ground, and admirably well 
 kept, and is considered by many to be unequaled 
 in beauty by any inclosure or pleasure ground 
 in the British Islands. Near to the Vice Regal 
 Lodge is the residence of the Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland, also surrounded by a demesne; while 
 throughout the jiark are also residences and 
 buildings for the use of the Rangers, the Royal 
 Hibernian Military School, the headquarters of 
 the Royal Irish Cou.stabulary, and other public 
 buildings f(jr the use of the government officials. 
 
 ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN.— This inclosure, 
 the largest city square in Europe, occupying a 
 square mile, was transformed into a park a few 
 years ago, through the munificence of Lord 
 Ardilauu. It was formerly the Tyburn of Dub- 
 lin, and many malefactors were executed there. 
 Tiie building of the Catholic University, the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, the College of Science, 
 and the Wesleyau College form portions of the 
 lines of fine houses on each side of the green. 
 Mcrrion Square, where stands the house in 
 which O'Connell resided for many years, during 
 the zenith of his power, Leiuster Square, Fitz- 
 William and Mountjoy Squares, surrounded by 
 the residences of the aristocracy, are also embel- 
 lisiiments of which any city might be proud.
 
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 FERMANAGH 
 
 NAME. — The county took its niiino froin the 
 tribe called Fir-Monach, or the lueu of Mouach, 
 aud these were uaiiied from their ancestor Mon- 
 ach, fifth in descent from Cahirmore, king of 
 L-eland from a.d. 120 to 123. Monach settled 
 on the shore of Lough Erne about the end of the 
 3d century, and his posterity ultimately spread 
 themselves over the whole county. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length 
 from the boundarj-, near Kosslea, in the south- 
 east, to the northwest iioint 3| miles west of Bel- 
 leek, 45 miles; average breadth about 21 miles; 
 area, 714 square miles; population, 84,879. 
 
 SURFACE. — Fermanagh may be described as 
 a trough, in the bottom of which lies the great 
 chain of lakes formed by the two Loughs Erne. 
 A belt one or two miles wide along the lakes at 
 both sides is level ; but beyond this, on either 
 side, northeast and southwest, the country is 
 nearly all mountainous or hill.v, the two ranges 
 of upland forming the sides of the trough. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The two high- 
 est summits stand on the middle of the southwest 
 boundary, and belong partly to Cavan, namely 
 Cuilcagh (2,188) and Tiltinbane (1,949), which 
 have been noticed in Cavan. North and north- 
 west from these the chief summits are Belmore 
 Mountain (1,312), G miles west of Enniskillen, 
 well known for its splendid cliffs and its ancient 
 Be])ulchral monuments : near this to the west is 
 Ora More (854). Two miles southwest from 
 Derrygonnelly is Kuockmore Cliff (919), a con- 
 spicuous and precipitous rock noted for its caves, 
 containing ancient inscriptions; and near this on 
 the west is Trustia (989). Northwest of Derry- 
 gonnelly is the conspicuous hill of Shean North 
 (1,135), rising in broken acclivities directly over 
 Lough Erne ; and near this again to the west, 
 Drumbad (1,009). In the barony of Knock- 
 ninny, in the south of the county, is Slieve 
 Rushen (1,2(59), near the boundary of Cavan; 
 and the verdant Kuockninny (628), remarkable 
 for its beauty, and for the fine view from its 
 summit. 
 
 The chief summits at the other side of the 
 
 lakes, beginning at the southeast are : Slieve 
 Beagh, on the point of junction of the three 
 counties, Fermauagh, Tyrone, and Monaghan, 
 celebrated in legendary history : it includes sev- 
 eral summits, one of which, Dooharn (1,255), ia 
 wholly in Fermanagh. Carnmore (1,034) lies 
 east of Lisnaskea; Brocker (1,046) is on the 
 boundary with Tyrone, north of Tempo; and still 
 nearer to Tempo, at itii southwest side, is Topped 
 (909). Tappaghan (1,112), in the north, near 
 the village of Lack, belongs more to Tyrone than 
 to Fermauagh. 
 
 RIVERS. — The great drainage artery of the 
 county is the river Erne, which belongs for the 
 greater part of its course to Fermanagh. In its 
 passage by Belleek, after issuing from Lower 
 Lough Erne, it falls over a ledge of rocks, form- 
 ing a very fine cascade. Into the Erne or into 
 its expansions, flow a number of rivers down the 
 sides of the trough from the northeast and south- 
 west. In the south the Woodford River, coming 
 from Cavan, forms part of the boundary between 
 Fermanagh and Cavan, and flows into the head 
 of Upper Lough Erne. Northwest of this the 
 Clodagh or Swanlinbar River belonging partly 
 to Cavan, flows into Upper Lough Erne. The 
 Arney rises in Leitrim, but that part of its course 
 from Lough Macnean to the ri.ver Erne lies in 
 Fermanagh. The Sillees drains several small 
 lakes, and flowing southeast by Derrygonnelly, 
 joins the Erne a mile above Enniskillen. The 
 Roogagh, a small, rapid river, flows west into 
 Lough Melvin at the village of Garrison. 
 
 On the northeast side of the county the Cole- 
 brooke River (called in its upper coui'se the Many 
 Burns) flows by Maguire's Bridge into Upper 
 Lough Erne ; and the Tempo River runs by 
 Tempo and joins the Colebrooke a mile below 
 Maguire's Bridge. The Bellanamallard River 
 flows by Bellanamallard into Lower Lough Erne. 
 Further to the northwest the Kesh River (called 
 in the early part of its course the Glen Derragh) 
 flows by Ederney and Kesh, and near it on the 
 west the Bannagh, both running into Lower 
 Lough Erne. The Termon River, flowing by
 
 FERMANAGH. 
 
 Pettigo into tbe same lake, forms part of tbe 
 boundary between Fermanagh and Donegal. 
 
 LAEES. — Uiiper and Lower Longb Erne be- 
 long almost exclusively to Fermanagh and stretch 
 through nearly the whole length of the countj', 
 dividing it into two almost equal longitudinal 
 sections. The two lakes are connected by the 
 river Erne, and from the point -where the river 
 issues from the Fpper Lake to its junction with 
 the Lower Lake, the distance is 10 miles follow- 
 ing the windings, or 8 miles direct. 
 
 The Upper Lake is very complicated, and 
 greatly broken up by islands and peninsulas, 
 like Lough Oughter in Cavan ; it is 10 miles 
 long, with an average width of about 2 miles; 
 greatest width at the northwest end, 3| miles. 
 The Lower Lake, measuring along its curved 
 southwest shore, is 18| miles long, or measuring 
 direct from near Enniskillen to the mouth of the 
 river Termon, near Bop Island, 16 miles; great- 
 est width, 5| miles. 
 
 These lakes, though possessing no grand moun- 
 tain features, can vie with most other Irish or 
 British lakes in the quiet and gentle beauty of 
 their scenery. 
 
 On the southwest border is Lower Lough Mac- 
 nean or Lough Nilly, belonging to Fermanagh, 
 except a very small portion which runs into 
 Cavan. Near it is the larger sheet of Upper 
 Lough jVIacnean, 4| miles long, about half of 
 which is in this county'. At the extreme west 
 end is Lough Melvin, a small part of which be- 
 longs to Fermanagh. In JJrumgay Lake, "2 miles 
 north of Enniskillen, are some remarkable 
 "craunoges," or ancient artificial island habita- 
 tions. Numerous small lakes lie scattered 
 through other parts of the county, especially 
 round Ujiper Lough Erne. 
 
 ISL.VNDS.— The islands in the two lakes Erne 
 are very numei-ous: in popular estimate tliere 
 arc SO.'), but this is an exaggeration. In the 
 Ujpper Lake the chief islands are Trannish, luish- 
 corkisli and Naan, all about the middle, and 
 Belleisle, at the north extremity. In the Lower 
 Lake, Boa Island, at the northwest end, is 4| 
 miles long. Near it to the southeast are Lusty- 
 jnoro, LuHtylieg, Oruniuish, and Hare Island. 
 Near tlie eastern shore are Crevinishaughy and 
 Inishroakill, and close by the southwest shore is 
 Inisbinacsaint, containing an ancient chun^h 
 
 ruin, and giving name to the adjacent parish. 
 The most celebrated of all is Devenish, 2 miles 
 below Enniskillen, where a monastery was founded 
 in the 6th century by St. Molaise (pron. Mo- 
 lash'a), which for ages continued to be one of 
 Ireland's chief seats of religion and literature. 
 The island still contains a most interesting series 
 of church ruins, and a perfect round tower, one 
 of the finest in Ireland. 
 
 TOWNS.— Enniskillen (5,712), the assize town, 
 is built on an island formed bj- two branches 
 of the river Erne, with suburbs on the main- 
 land at both sides, situated in the midst of a 
 beautiful and well-cultivated country. Begin- 
 ning at the southeast extremity of the county, 
 and proceeding with the left hand to Lough Erne, 
 we come first to Newtown Butler (421), on the 
 summit of a hill, northeast of which, in tbe ex- 
 treme east of the county, is the village of Eosslea 
 (328). Lisnaskea (793), near Upper Lough Erne, 
 was anciently the inauguration place of the 
 Maguires, chiefs of Fermanagh : and near it, in 
 the north, is Maguire's Bridge (513), on the 
 Colebrooke Eiver. The village of Tempo (417), 
 is on the Tempo Eiver. Irvinestown or Low- 
 therstowu (795), stands near the border of 
 Tyrone. Kesh (2G8) and Ederny (317) are on 
 the Kesh Eiver. In tbe southwestern half of the 
 county are Derrygonnelly (277), 2 miles from 
 tbe shore of Lower Lough Erne ; and in the ex- 
 treme northwest end, on the river Erne, beside a 
 beautiful cascade, is Belleek (280), a small vil- 
 lage, now coming into jirominence on account of 
 its manufacture of tbe well-known "Belleek 
 Pottery." 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Fermanagh belonged in former daj-s 
 to the Maguires, so that it was for many ages com- 
 monly known as "Maguire's Country." 
 
 Enniskillen was anciently called Inis-Cetblenn, 
 tbe island of Ketblenda, wife of "Balor of tbe 
 mighty blows," a mythical hero, chief of tbe 
 ancient sea robbers called "Fomorians. " (See 
 Sligo.) 
 
 Belleisle, in Upjier Lough Erne, formerly be- 
 longed to the family of Mac Manus, and from 
 them it received its old name, Ball.vmacmanus or 
 Senat Macmanus. It is memorable as having 
 been the residence of tbe great Irish scholar, 
 Cabal Maguire, dean of Cloger in the 15th
 
 FERMANAGH. 
 
 century, who coiupiicJ the "Aunals of Ulster," 
 a inost valuable historical work whii^h Htill re- 
 mains to lis. 
 
 The district lyiu^ between Lough Melvin and 
 
 Lough Erne was the ancient Too raw ; and the 
 baronies of Clankelly and Clanawley retain the 
 names of old tribes and of the districts they 
 inhabited. 
 
 ILLTJSTH^TIOI^S. 
 
 TULLY CASTLE.— This ancient edifice is 
 situated on the southern shore of Lough Erne, 
 in the midst of beautiful surroundings. It 
 stands on a promontory that juts into the lake, 
 and dates from the Elizabethan period. It was 
 the fortified mansion of a Scotch faujily named 
 Hume, and is of the usual class erected by the 
 first Scotch settlers, who disinherited the native 
 owners of the soil — a keep or castle turreted at 
 the. angles, and surrounded by an outer wall. 
 Originally, it was 50 feet long, and 21 feet 
 broad, the wall being 100 feet square, 14 feet 
 high, with four Hankers for defense. In 1(541 it 
 was captured and wrecked by Kory, brother of 
 Lord Maguire, and 60 of its inmates killed. It 
 was never afterward rebuilt. The ruins of 
 another castle — Monea — of the same period are 
 a few mileS'to the southeast. 
 
 DEVENISH ISLAND.— This island, a gem in 
 the bosom of Lough Erne, is one of the most 
 interesting sjiots in Ireland to the tourist and 
 antiquary. It contains several ancient remains, 
 among them the monastic house of St. Molaisse, 
 who died in 563, and a round tower, both here- 
 with shown. The establishment was several 
 times plundered by the Danes, but was rebuilt 
 about 1130. It was a small, quadrangular struc- 
 ture, and in latter times was converted into a 
 church. Up to the beginning of this cenairv it 
 
 stood in its original form, but little now remains 
 of this relic of thirteen centuries ago. The 
 round tower is considered one of the most 
 ])erfect in Ireland, and is in an excellent state 
 of preservation. "With the cone, it is 74 feet 
 high, and is 48 feet in circumference. The sculp- 
 tures on it are curious and artistically exe- 
 cuted. The various ruins in the vicinity tend to 
 give the spot a color of venerableness and 
 sanctity. 
 
 HIGH STEEET, ENNISKILLEN.— Euniskil- 
 len, the county town of Fermanagh, is situated 
 on an island of 62 acres in the river connect- 
 ing the upper and lower Loughs Erne. It 
 consists principally of one long street, with a tall 
 church spire as the chief figure. The town is 
 noted for the part taken by its inhabitants in the 
 Revolution of 1688-90. Originally it was the 
 stronghold of the Maguires, who retained jiosses- 
 sionof it down to 1612, when James I. "granted" 
 it to one Cole, whose descendants possess the 
 major portion of it still. The town is connected 
 with the mainland by bridges, and is attractive 
 and striking in its appearance and surroundings. 
 It has always been regarded as an important 
 military position, commanding the route from 
 Ulster to Connaught. The British military bar- 
 racks at present occupy the site of one of the 
 ancient castles of its former possessors.
 
 TULLY CASTLE, LOUGH I'.KNh,. 
 
 DEVENISH ISLAND, LOUGH ERNE.
 
 GALWAY. 
 
 I 
 
 NAME. — Tbe river flowing by tbe city of Gal- 
 way (now the Corrib Eiver) was auciently called 
 Gailleamh (pron. Galliv); this gave name to the 
 city, and the city to the county. Gailleamh 
 probably means "rocky river," from gall, a rock. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length, 
 from the bend of the Shannon near Eyrecourt in 
 the east, to Aughrus Point in the west, Qi miles; 
 greatest breadth from the boundary south of 
 Gort, to the boundary near Ballymoe in the 
 north, 53 miles; area 2,452 square miles. 
 Population 242,005. 
 
 SUEFACE.— That part west of Lough Corrib, 
 about one-third of the whole county, is nearly 
 all mountains, lakes, and moorland. The 
 southern border, including a good part of the 
 baronies of Loughrea and Leitrim, is also moun- 
 tainous; and west of this, in the baronies of 
 Kiltartan and Dunkellin, there is much rugged 
 rocky surface, a continuation to the north of the 
 Burreu Hills in Clare. All the east of the county, 
 namelj', the whole of that part east of Lough 
 Corrib, is level, occasionally interrupted with low 
 bill-ridges; containing a deal of beautiful fertile 
 land, and also much dreary bog and morass. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Twelve 
 Pins in the barony of Ballynahiuch form the 
 finest mountain range in Galway, and one of the 
 finest in Ireland, a succession of conical peaks 
 overtopping numerous splendid valleys and lovely 
 lakes. The highest summits are Benbaun 
 (2,395), and Bencorr (2,.33G). East of the 
 Twelve Pins is the Joyces' Country, a region of 
 bare limestone mountains and deep ravines. The 
 Pai-try Mountains run for some distance on the 
 boundary between Galway and Mayo, east of 
 Killnry Harbor: of which Maumtrasna (2,207) 
 and Devil's brother (2,131)— this latter towering 
 over the bead of Killary Harbor — belong to both 
 counties. In the south the Slieve Aughty range 
 stretches in a curve from northwest to southeast, 
 for about 13 miles; chief summits, Cashlaun- 
 drumlaban (1,207) and Scalp (1,074). 
 
 COAST LINE.— The coast from Killary Har- 
 
 bor, all the way round to Cashla Bay, is an in- 
 terminable complication of bays, inlets, creeks, 
 islands, peninsulas, and headlands; from Cashla 
 Bay to Galway is a stretch of shore almost 
 straight and unbroken ; east of this, several 
 small inlets indent the land from the head of Gal- 
 wa.v Bay. But though the Galway coast has a 
 great deal of rock margin, it presents very littls 
 lofty or bold clifif scenery. 
 
 HEADLANDS. — ^Beginning at the northwest: 
 Einvyle Point stands on the north of the entrance 
 of Ballynakill Harbor; next is Aughrus Point, 
 the most western point of all the mainland of 
 Galway ; south of this is Slyne Head, from which 
 the coast turns eastward. Mace Head is at the 
 south of the entrance of Bertraghboy Bay; next 
 is Golam Head, formed by a little island. 
 
 ISLANDS.— The coast of the barony of Bally- 
 uahinch is skirted with innumerable islands and 
 sea rocks. On the south are the Aran Islands, 
 sheltering Galway Bay on the west, consisting of 
 three chief islands, Inishmore on the west, Inish- 
 maan in the middle, and luisheer on the east; and 
 the little group of the Branuock Islands, at the 
 western extremity of Inishmore. 
 
 North of Inishmore is Gorumna, which is 4^ 
 miles long; near which on the west is Letter- 
 mullau, and on the north Lettermore, 3| miles 
 long. West of this is the little St. Macdara's 
 Island, held in great veneration in honor of the 
 old patron St. Macdara, and containing the ruina 
 of his primitive church : near it is Croaghnakeela. 
 Omey Island lies at the south side of Aughrus 
 Point; and immediately west of the Point is the 
 far more interesting High Island, or Ardoilen, 
 which contains the ruins of a primitive monastery 
 founded by St. Fechin in the 7th century. 
 At the head of Galwa.v Bay is Tawin Island. 
 
 The island in Lough Corrib belonging to Gal- 
 way are: Inchagoill, which contains the head- 
 atone of Lugnat, St. Patrick's nephew, the oldest 
 inscribed Christian monument in Ireland Inish- 
 raacatreer : Ardillaun ; and near the end of the 
 long western arm of the lake, Castlekirk. a mere
 
 GALWAY. 
 
 rock, almost, covered with the ruins of a castlo, 
 namely CastleVirk, or the Hen's Castle. 
 
 Iniscaltra or Holy Island, in Louj^h Dorg, be- 
 longs to this county. St. Camin founded a mon- 
 astery on it in the 7th century, which became 
 one of Ireland's great ecclesiastical centers; and 
 the island has now a most interesting group of 
 ruins, namely, a round tower, several churches, 
 some as old as the time of St. Camin, and one 
 that was erected, or re-edified, by the great king 
 Brian Boru. 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS.— Gal way Bay lies 
 between Galway and Clare, off which to the east 
 are Oranmore Bay and Anghinish Bay. West of 
 Galway Ba.v, opposite Aran, are Cashla Bay, 
 Greatman's Bay, and Kilkieran Bay. Next in 
 the west is the beautiful bay of Bertraghboy, G 
 miles deep. Ballyconneely Bay lies south of the 
 peninsula of Slyne Head ; and north of it, Man- 
 nin Bay. Near this is Ardbear Bay, at the head 
 of which is Clifden ; Ballynakill Harbor lies south 
 of Rinvyle Point. The long winding inlet of Kil- 
 lary Harbor (which separates Galway from 
 Mayo), and the smaller Salrock Harbor near it, 
 are both celebrated for their splendid mountain 
 scenery. 
 
 RIVERS.— The Shannon, with Lough Corrib, 
 bounds this county on the east and southeast for 
 about 40 miles. The Suck (for which see Ros- 
 common) joins the Shannon near Shannon bridge. 
 The Bunowen, called in the higher part of its 
 course the Clonbrock River, flews southeast by 
 Ahascragh into the Suck, near Ballinasloe; 
 higher up, the Suck is joined by the Shiveu 
 River. 
 
 The Corrib River, flowing by Galway town, 
 pours the superfluous waters of Lough Corrib 
 and Lough Mask into Galway Bay, running a 
 short course of 5 miles from Lough Corrib to the 
 sea. On the east side, the Clare, or Claregalway 
 River, a considerable stream coming southward 
 from Mayo, the Cregg River, and the Black 
 River (between Galway and Mayo) flow into 
 Lough Corrib; and into the same lake on the 
 west side run the Owenriff and the Bealana- 
 brack, both noted for beautiful scenery. 
 
 In the western part of the county the Dawroo 
 River runs into Ballinakill Harbor, and the 
 Owenglin by Clifden into Ardbear Bay. 
 
 LAKES. — The great lake feature of Galway is 
 
 Lough Corrib, the largest lake in Ireland except 
 Lough Neagh, and far finer than Lough Neagh 
 in the scenery of its shores. Lough Mask and 
 Lough Derg both lie on, and form imrt of, the 
 boundary. 
 
 That part of the county west of Lough Corrib 
 is studded with innumerable lakes. Lough 
 Inagh, Derryclare Lake, Lough Garroman, Bal- 
 lynahineh Lake, and Kylemore Lake, all lie at 
 the base of the Twelve Pins, and are all cele- 
 brjited for their beautiful scenery. Lough Shin- 
 dilla. Lough Ardderry, Lough Anillaun, and 
 Lough Bofin, are on the road from Galway to 
 Clifden. In the south of the county. Lough 
 Cooter lies near Gort, and Loughrea beside the 
 town of Loughrea. 
 
 TOWNS.— Galway (15,471), the assize town, 
 on the river Corrib. Two miles above Galway, 
 on an expansion of the Corrib, is Menlough 
 (427) ; and south of Galwa.y, at the head of Kin- 
 varra Bay, is Kinvarra (498). On the eastern 
 border are Portumna (1,252), on Lough Derg, 
 with castle and abbey ruins; Eyrecourt (668); 
 and Ballinasloe (4,772, of whom 947 are in Ros- 
 common), on the Suck, noted for its great horse, 
 sheep, and cattle fairs. Inland in this eastern 
 jiart of the county are the following: Gort 
 (1,719), in the southwest corner; northeast of 
 this is Loughrea (3,159), a prosperous town in 
 the midst of a fertile district ; further north, on 
 the road from Dublin to Galway, is the ancient 
 town of Athenry (1,030), with its fine castle and 
 abbey ruins; still more ancient is Tuam (3,567), 
 toward the northern border, now a well-to-do, 
 prosperous town, which dates its origin from a 
 monastery founded there in the Cth century by 
 St. Jarlath. North of Tuam is Dunmore (COS); 
 and to the west, near the boundar3^ of Mayo, is 
 Headford (779). 
 
 In the western division of the county, the only 
 towns of consequence are Oughterard (834), in a 
 lovel.v situation on the Owenriff; and Clifden 
 (1,287), the capital of all this westei'n district, 
 quite a modern town, built at the head of Ard- 
 bear Bay. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS.^ — There were several districts in Con- 
 naught called Coumacne, one of which, Con- 
 macne-mara, is now called Connemara. All that 
 part of (iahvay west of Lough Corrib and Lough-
 
 GAL WAY. 
 
 Mask was anciently called lar Connaught, or 
 West Connaught; but the name is now usually 
 applied to the barony of Moj-cullen. The old 
 territory of Hy Many, the country of the 
 O'Kellys, extended from the Shannon to Galway 
 Bay : the eastern part of it, now occupied by the 
 barony of Longford, was the O'Madden's coun- 
 try, called Sil Anm/?ada; and the southwestern 
 
 part, now occupied by the baronies of Kiltartan 
 and Dunkellin, was called Aidue or Hy Fiachrach 
 Aidne. A part of the barony of Eoss lying be- 
 tween Killary Harbor and the western arm of 
 Lough Corrib, is called the Joj'ces' country : the 
 Joyces, a family of Welsh extraction, settled 
 there in the thirteenth century ; and to this day 
 the inhabitants are almost all Joyces. 
 
 II.LXJSTR^TIO:^^S. 
 
 LYNCH'3 CASTLE.— The city of Galway at 
 one time carried on a large commerce with 
 Spain, an intercourse that has shown its effects 
 to the present in the appearance and character of 
 the people, and the buildings and streets of the 
 town. Among the buildings the only perfectly 
 preserved example of Spanish architecture is 
 Lynch 's Castle, a large, stately edifice, at the 
 corner of Shop and Abbeygate Streets. Its 
 decorations, ornamental mouldings and pictur- 
 esque cornices denote its Spanish character, 
 which less than a century ago was noticeable in 
 most of the chief buildings of the city. The 
 Lynchs were one of the thirteen so-called Tribes 
 of Galway, all of whom were of Anglo-Norman 
 descent ; their prominence may be measured by 
 the fact that during a period of 1G9 years, 84 
 memViers of the family were mayors of the city. 
 Lynch 's Castle here depicted was the home of 
 the family for several generations. The tragic 
 story of James Lynch, Warden of Galway, who 
 hanged his son for murder, 1493, is famous in 
 history and romance. 
 
 WEST BRIDGE AND FATHER DALY'S 
 CHAPEL. — Of the three bridges connecting the 
 old and the new portions of the city of Galway, 
 on each side of the river that drains Lough 
 Corrib, that known as the West Bridge is the 
 most striking, and is among the finest bridge 
 structures in Ireland. It is of modern construc- 
 tion, and occupies the site of another built in 
 1442, by Edmond Lynch, at his own expense. 
 Overlooking this bridge is the handsome edifice 
 called Father Daly's chapel, which is an object 
 of interest from the priest whoso name it bears. 
 Father Peter Daly devoted his talent and ener- 
 gies to advance the material as well as the spirit- 
 
 ual interests of the people of Galway, notably in 
 1850, on the occasion of the government inquiry 
 to ascertain the best harbor in Ireland for a 
 traus-Atlantic packet station. 
 
 FISH MARKET.— A singular community 
 called the Claddagh, numbering about 5,000 
 souls, forms a suburb of the city of Galway. 
 They are all fishermen, possess their peculiar 
 customs, intermarry only with each other, and 
 have alwaj's kept aloof from the surrounding in- 
 habitants whom they regard as "transplanters." 
 They have a primitive code of laws by which 
 they are governed, and never appeal to any out- 
 side courts of justice. They annually elect a 
 "king" or head man on St. John's eve, and he 
 exercises almost absolute power in some respects 
 The Claddaghites are peaceable, industrious and 
 sober, and notably hospitable to strangers. 
 Though differing from the other inhabitants of 
 Galway, in dress, habits, customs, and their 
 Irish dialect, there is no marked difference in 
 their personal appearance. The accompanying 
 picture shows a group of these women in the 
 Galway fishmarket, the trade of which the Clad- 
 dagh people monopolize. 
 
 EYRE SQUARE. — The accompanying picture 
 represents a i^ortion of Eyre Square, a principal 
 part of the city of Galwaj', and which contains 
 many of the chief buildings, residences, hotels, 
 railway station, and statues of eminent citizens. 
 Galway Bay is acknowledged to be the finest 
 in Ireland, and being 500 miles nearer to 
 America than Liverpool, would, were it not 
 for British commercial selfishness, be a flourish- 
 ing center of trade and commerce. From the 
 earliest times, the town was a famous trading 
 port with Spain, and its merchants were cele-
 
 GALWAY. 
 
 brated for their commercial enterprise and 
 ■wealth. The older parts of the city retain to the 
 present day melancholy vestiges of its departed 
 prosperity and greatness. These, says a modern 
 writer, exhibit generally tokens (jf the commercial 
 habits of the people rather than of their military 
 character. The people of Galway, however, ex- 
 perienced their full share of tlie wars and mis- 
 fortunes of the invader, and always maintained 
 their high character for courage and patriot- 
 ism. 
 
 CLIFDEN CASCADE.— Clif den, in Conne- 
 mara, is a modern town, there being only one 
 house on its site as late as 1815. It is situated 
 in the midst of some of the wildest and most im- 
 posing scenery in Ireland, and excites the ad- 
 miration of every traveler. It is more Swiss-like 
 */han any other portion of the island. It owes its 
 origin to Mr. John D'Arcy, a landed proprietor, 
 who recognized the advantage of having a sea- 
 port town in this remote locality, Init though the 
 town flourished its founder did not, for through 
 his expenditures and liberality he lost his jirop- 
 erty under the Encumbered Estates Act. The 
 Owenglen River rushes past the town, forming a 
 picturesque and attractive waterfall, breaking 
 
 through the rocks in a series of fascinating cas- 
 cades. The castle, a modern castellated man- 
 sion, is a short distance to the east of the town 
 and is surrounded by beautiful and magnificent 
 scenery. In loveliness and grandeur the locality 
 surpasses many of the most celebrated continental 
 scenes. 
 
 KYLEMOEE CASTLE.— This picturesque 
 and beautiful castellated residence was erected 
 b.v the late Mr. Mitchell Henry some years ago 
 and is one of the most handsome and romantic- 
 ally situated mansions in Ireland. The Pass of 
 Kylemore — meaning great wood — has been al- 
 ways considered equal in grandeur to the famed 
 gap of Dunloe in Kerry, or Barnesniore in Done- 
 gal, while the Lough of Kylemore is scarce un- 
 surpassed by the Lakes of Killarney. The pass 
 is 3 miles long, and the lough 2, and | mile 
 wide. Doaghrue to the north of the pass rises to 
 a height of more than 1,700 feet, its huge, rugged 
 crags jutting out of the dense wood that gives 
 the pass its name. On the north side of this 
 height and on the border of the lough stands 
 the magnificent castle shown in the accomjiany- 
 ing engraving, its turrets half-hidden behind 
 the dense foliage.
 
 
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 WEST RRIUGE AND FATHER DALY'S CUAl'EL. GALWAV
 
 FISH :\IARKET, GALWAY. 
 
 THE CLADDAGH, GALWAY.
 
 KERRY. 
 
 NAME. — Fergus, ex-king of Ulster, one of the 
 Red Branch Kniglits, in the time of Conor Mac 
 Nessa (see Armagh,) had a son named Ciar (pron. 
 Keer), who settled in Muuster. Ciar's descen- 
 dants, who were called from him, Ciarraighe 
 (pron. Keeree), possessed the district l.ving 
 west of Abbeyfeale; and this district, which 
 took the name of the tribe, ultimately gave 
 name to the whole county — Ciarraighe, now 
 Kerry. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION. —Greatest length 
 from Tarbert on the Shannon to Bolus Head, 69 
 miles; breadth froraMweelin Mountain, 1-4 miles 
 east of Kenmare, to Ballydavid Head at Smer- 
 wick Harbor, 53i miles; area, 1,853 square miles; 
 poiiulation, 201,039. 
 
 SUEFACE.— The north part of the county, 
 consisting of the barony of Iraghticonor and the 
 greater part of the barony of Claumaurice, is 
 moderately level; all the rest, with some trifling 
 exceptions, is mountainous. 
 
 MOUNTAINS.— The Kerry Mountains form 
 part of the great group that covers the west and 
 southwest of both Cork and Kerry; like those of 
 Cork they generally run in chains east and west; 
 and they inchido the grandest combination of 
 mountain scenery, the most tremendous preci- 
 pices, and the finest valle.\'s, in Ireland. 
 
 Three chief chains, each with minor subdivi- 
 sions, stand out very prominentl.v, running west- 
 ward to the end of the three peninsulas of Corka- 
 guiny, Iveragh and Bear, the Bear chain belong- 
 ing partly to Cork. The middle chain is divided 
 toward the west into two distinct chains, by the 
 valley of the river Inny. Toward the eastern 
 end it includes Macgillicuddy's lleeks, of which 
 Carrantuoliill (3,414), a grand peaked moun- 
 tain, is the highest summit in Ireland. Near 
 Carrantuohill are Beenkeragb (3,314) half a 
 mile toward the north, and Caher (3,200), a mile 
 to the west. Tho Gap of Dunloe, a magnificent 
 ravine, cuts right aci'oss the chain from north to 
 south, seiiaruting the Beeks from tlie Killarney 
 Mountains, which are the continuation of the 
 chain to tho cast. Of these the chief summits 
 
 are Tomies (2,413), Purple Mountain (2,639) 
 fine conical peak, and Tore (1,764), a massive 
 hill with iirecipitous sides, all three looking 
 down on the Lakes of Killarne.v — the two former 
 on the west side the last on the soutli : and, 
 lastly, the great mountain mass of Mangerton 
 (2,756). Near Mangerton are Stoompa (2,281) 
 and Knoekbrack (2,005). The continuation of 
 the Killarney Mountains to the east brings us to 
 the beautiful twin peaks. The Paps (2,268), close 
 together, with a high narrow pass between them. 
 
 "West of the Eeeks the most conspicuous moun- 
 tains are Druug (2,104), and west of it, Knock- 
 nadober (2,266), both rising from the very shore 
 of Dingle Bay; and 4 miles south o : Drung, 
 Coomacarrea (2,542). 
 
 In the southern division of these Iveragh 
 Mountains, south and southeast of the ralley of 
 the river Inny, areBoughil (2,065), northwest of 
 Kenmare; Mullaghanattin (2,539), a few miles 
 west ot it; and Coomcallee (2,134), 4 miles west 
 of the village of Sneem. 
 
 The whole of the Corkaguiny or Dingle penin- 
 sula is a mass of mountains, which form a con- 
 tinuous chain like a great backbone, traversing 
 the peninsula from east to west, and sloping 
 precipitously down to the sea on all sides. They 
 begin on the east with the Slieve Mish range, 
 rising directly over Tralee Bay, of which the 
 highest summits are Baurtregaum (2,796), and 
 Cahirconree (2,715). Beeuoskee (2,713) stands 
 in the middle of the peninsula; and northwest 
 of this is the grand mountain of Brandon (3,127), 
 directb' over the sea. St. Brendau, from whom 
 this mountain received its name, was a native of 
 this district, and lived in the beginning of the 
 6th century. He is often called Brendan the 
 Navigator on account of his famous voj'age in 
 which it is said he spent seven years sailing 
 about in tho Atlantic Ocean. He set out on his 
 vo.yage from a bay under Brandon Mountain, 
 and his little oratory, which is held in great 
 veneration, is still to be seen on tho ver.y sum- 
 mit. This great Corkaguiny range is abruptly 
 terminated on the west by Mount Eaglo (1,696),
 
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 KERRY. 
 
 a spur of whicL, Duumore Head, is the most 
 westerly point of the mainlaud of Ireland. 
 
 In the soutLern or Boar peninsula, the Caha 
 Mountains lie on the boundary with Cork, as 
 does the Derrynasaggart range, northeast of 
 jhem. Kuockboy (2,3'21) rises over Glen,;;'arriff 
 
 No;;theast of Tralee the Glannaruddery Moun- 
 tains (1,097), run nearly north and south; and 
 west of these are Stack's Mountains (1,170). 
 The moory hills east and northeast of Castle- 
 island are well known as Slieve Lougher, though 
 the name is not now often marked on maps. 
 Their highest summit is Mount Eagle (1,417). 
 
 At the northern end of the county, Knocka- 
 nore (880) rises over the Shannon mouth, and 
 though not lofty, is conspicuous Ijj^ its isolation. 
 On the shore at the western base of this hill is 
 the village of Ballybunnion, noted for its fine sea 
 caves. 
 
 COAST LINE.— The coast is pierced by deep 
 bays which cut the land into long and narrow 
 peninsulas and from these larger bays innumera- 
 ble smaller ones branch off, presenting an in- 
 finite variety of the finest seacoast scenery the 
 whole way round from Tarbert to Kenmare. 
 
 HEADLANDS. — Beginning at the north: Beal 
 Point marks the commencement of the opening 
 of the Shannon into the ocean : Kerry Head, a 
 bold promontory, the southern point of the 
 mouth of the Shannon : Brandon Head is a grand 
 cliff under Brandon Mountain. Sibyl Head, 
 Clogher Head, Dunmore Head and Slea Head, 
 are at the extreme west of the Corkaguiny penin- 
 sula. Bray Head, a tall cliff, is the southwestern 
 end of Valentia Island; south of which is the 
 still more lofty promontory of Bolus Head, the 
 extremity of the rugged peninsula that separates 
 St. Finan's Bay from BaJlinskelligs Bay; east of 
 this, at the other side of Ballinskelligs Bay, is 
 Hog's Head; and lastly Lamb's Head, at the 
 mouth of the Kenmare Eiver. 
 
 ISLANDS. — The largest is Valentia, which 
 lies at the extremity of the Iveragh peninsula; 
 it is 7 miles long, and rises 888 feet over the sea. 
 Proceeding southward from Valentia, Puffin 
 Island lies outside St. Finan's Bay; Off Bolus 
 Head are the Skellig Rocks ; the largest one, the 
 Greater Skellig, stands like an enormous pillar 
 714 feet out of the sea, and though neaily inac- 
 cessible, has on it the remains of a very ancient 
 
 religious establishment which has been for ages 
 a place of pilgrimage; there are two lighthouses 
 on this rock. The rocky and lofty island of 
 Scariff (83i) feet high) lies in front of Darrynane 
 Bay, and near it is the smaller island of Deenish, 
 of much the same character. In the Kenmare 
 River or Bay at the Kerry side are the islands of 
 Sherky, Rossdohan, and Rossmore. 
 
 Going northward from Valentia, the Great 
 Blasket, at the end of the Corkaguiny peninsula, 
 is 3| miles long and very narrow and lofty ; it 
 has tremendous sea cliffs on the northwest side 
 which run in a continue is line the whole length 
 of the island; one peak, Croaghmore, is 961 feet 
 over the sea, and another, Slievedonagh, 937; 
 each presenting an almost perpendicular wall of 
 rock to the sea. Near this is Inishtooskert, 1 
 mile in length and 573 feet high, on which is a 
 little church called St. Brendan's oratory ; and 
 west and southwest of Blasket is Tearaght, 602 
 feet high; southwest of Groat Blasket are the 
 two high rocky islands, Inishvickillane and In- 
 ishnabro. All these rise in lofty cliffs from the 
 sea, the whole group presenting a sublime ap- 
 pearance from the mainland. The Magharees or 
 Seven Hogs, a cluster of sea rocks, lie at the 
 northern extremity of the long jieninsula that 
 separates Tralee Bay from Brandon Bay. Lastly, 
 in the Shannon, near Ballylongford, is Carrig 
 Island, with the fine old castle of Carrigafoyle 
 near the shore, the ancient residence of the 
 O'Conors-Kerry. 
 
 BATS AND HARBORS.— Beginning on tho 
 north, Balb'heige Baylies south of Kerry Head; 
 Tralee Bay and Brandon Bay, west of Tralee, 
 are both nearly circular, and are very well shel- 
 tered ; Smerwick Harbor is near the extremity of 
 the Corkaguiny peninsula. Dingle Bay (includ- 
 ing Castelmaine Harbor) is about 25 miles long, 
 with an average breadth of about 7 miles; is 
 overtopped by mountains on both sides, and is 
 noted for the splendid scenery of its shores. At 
 the head of Dingle Bay is Castlemaine Karbor, 
 sheltered in the outside by the two long sandy 
 peninsulas of Inch from the north side, and 
 Rossbehy from the south; and off the north side 
 of Dingle Bay are Dingle Harbor and Ventry 
 Harbor, both well sheltered — the latter cele- 
 brated in legend. Between Valentia and the 
 mainland is Valentia Harbor. At the south-
 
 KERRY. 
 
 western extremity of the Iverairli peninsulas are 
 St. Fiiiau's Bay, and Ballinskelligs Bay, and 
 Darrynane Bay, tbis last liavina; on its shores 
 Darryuane Alibey, formerly the residence of 
 Daniel O'Connell. The mouth of the Kenniare 
 River, or Kenmare Bay, separates Kerry from 
 Cork, but belongs for the greater part to Kerry. 
 Branching ofi from it on the south are Kilmakil- 
 log Harbor, and Ardgroom Harbor, the latter 
 belonging partly to Cork. 
 
 EIYEKS. — Beginning on the north, and tak- 
 ing the rivers in their order: The Shannon 
 ■washes the north shore of Kerry from Tarbert to 
 the mouth. The Blackwater rises in Kerry, then 
 runs on the boundary between Cork and Kerr.^', 
 and next enters Cork. 
 
 The Casheu runs into the Shannon mouth, and 
 is formed by the junction of the Galey (which 
 rises in Limerick), the Feale (which rises in 
 Cork), and the Brick (whose chief headwater is 
 the Shanow); the Feale (which forms the bound- 
 ary for 13 or 14 miles) being joined from the 
 Kerry side by the Clydagh, the Owveg, and the 
 Smearlagh. The little river Lee flows by Tralee 
 into Tralee Bay, and gives name to the town — 
 Tralee, the traigb or strand of the Lee. 
 
 The Maine, which receives the Brown Flesk as 
 tributary, flows into Castlemaine Harbor. Into 
 the same harbor flows the Laune, which carries 
 off the overflow of the Lakes of Killarney; it 
 receives as tributai'ies the Gweestiu from the 
 northeast, and from the south the Gaddagh, 
 which runs in the Hag's Valley under Carrantuo- 
 hill, and the Loe flowing through the Gap of 
 Duuloe. The lieautiful river Flesk flows through 
 the fine valley of Glenflesk into the Lower Lake 
 of Killarney, receiving high up in its course the 
 Loo and the Clydagh, this latter, which draws 
 some of its waters from Cork, being jiroperly the 
 headwater. The Gearhameen drains the splen- 
 did vale Of Coomyduff, or the Black Valley, and 
 flowing eastward under the very base of the 
 Eeeks, joins the Upper Lake; before entering 
 tlie Jake it is joined by the Owenreagh. The 
 Glanbfiliy flows through the fine valley of Glan- 
 behy into the head of Dingle Bay, and near it 
 on the oast is tlie Caragh, which, before it enters 
 the bay, exiiands into the lovely Lough Caragh. 
 
 Tlie r^'rla runs by Cahirsiveen into Valentia 
 Harbor. The Inny drains the valley separating 
 
 the two Iveragh Mountain ranges, and falls into 
 Ballinskelligs Bay ; and near it, and parallel to 
 it, is the Cummeragh, falling into Lough Cur- 
 rane. The Eoughty flows through a fine glen 
 (which gives to the surrounding barony the name 
 of Glanarought), and entering the sea at Ken- 
 mare, opens out into the great estuary called 
 Kenmare River, or Kenmare Bay. The Sheen 
 (called in the early jiart of it course the Baurea- 
 ragh River) joins the Eoughty on the south 
 bank opi)osite Kenmare; the Slaheny joins it a 
 little higher uj) on the same bank, and through 
 Kenmare itself runs the pretty river Finnihy, 
 also into the Kought.v. 
 
 LAKES. — The glory of Kerry is its combina- 
 tion of lake and mountain scenery. The laJses 
 of Killarne.v are three in number — the Upper 
 Lake, the Middle Lake, and the Lower Lake. 
 The Lower Lake, or Lough Leane, the largest of 
 the three, is 5 miles long by about 2| miles 
 broad ; it contains several islands, the two prin- 
 ciple being Innisfallen, noted for its beauty, and 
 containing the ruins of the celebrated Abbey of 
 Innisfallen, founded in the 7th century by 
 St. Finan the Leper, and Boss Island (which is 
 now connected with the mainland), on which 
 stands the fine old ruin of Ross Castle. A tor- 
 rent flowing into this lake down the side of 
 Tomies Mountain forms the beautiful O'Sulli- 
 van's cascade. Middle Lake, or Tore Lake, or 
 Muckross Lake, is 2 miles long by three-quarters 
 of a mile wide; it issejiarated from Lough Leane 
 by the lovely peninsula of Muckross, on which 
 are the ruins of Muckross Abbey, and by the lit- 
 tle island of Dinish. The Upper Lake is 2^ 
 miles long by | mile broad; it contains a 
 number of islands, the chief of which are EiJgle 
 Island, Ronayne's Island, and Stag Island; and 
 it is by far the wildest of the three in its scen- 
 ery. The Galway's lliver, flowing into it from 
 the south, forms the cascade of Derr.ycunnihy. 
 The Upper Laki^ is connected with the Lov\er 
 and Middle Lakes by a channel 3 miles long — 
 lialf river, half lake — called the Long Eange, 
 over the north bank of which rises a lofty rock 
 called the Eagle's Nest, noted for its fine echoes. 
 All three lakes are overhung by splendid moun- 
 tains, their shores and islands are well wooded, 
 and their scenery is unequaled for softness, 
 freshness and beauty. Near the Upper Lake
 
 KERlti. 
 
 and beside ti.^^ road from Killunicy to Keuiniare is 
 Looscaunaj^h Xiough. 
 
 The Devil's Piiuch Bowl (called iu Gaelic 
 Poulaniffriu, or the bole of hell), near the Hum- 
 mit of Mangerton, is au extraordinary mountain 
 tarn; a stream flowing from it tumbles into the 
 Middle Lake and forms in its course the beauti- 
 ful Tore Waterfall. Under a stupendous preci- 
 pice between Mangerton and Htoompa is the 
 deep glen called Gleuacappal, in which are three 
 small lakes, Lough Erhagh, Lough Managh, and 
 Lough Garagarry; and near this last is the large 
 circular Lough Guitane. On the south side of 
 the Kenmare Eiver are Inchiquin Lough and 
 the two lakes of Cloonoe, all three beside each 
 other. West of Killarney, near the head of 
 Dingle Bay, is the beautiful Lough Caragh, o| 
 miles iu length, with Carrantuohill towering 
 over it. Lough Curraue, or Waterville Lake, is a 
 fine sheet of water near Ballinskelligs Bay; and 
 6 miles northeast of it are Lough Derriana and 
 Cloonaghlin Lake, both of which send their over- 
 flow of water to Lough Currane by the Cum- 
 meragh Eiver. 
 
 The word coom is used very often in Kerry to 
 designate deep basin-like hollows among the 
 mountains; it is used as a topographical term in 
 other parts of Ireland, but it is more common in 
 Munster — -especially in Kerry and Cork — than 
 elsewhere. A vast number of the cooms of the 
 Kerry Mountains contain lakes ; as, for instance, 
 Coomasaharn, near Drung Hill, in which the 
 Glanbehy Eiver rises. Some of these cooms give 
 names to the hills which rise over them, as in 
 the case of Cooraacarrea Mountain, south of 
 Drung. 
 
 TOWNS.— Tralee (9,910), the assize town, 
 stands on the little river Lee, near where it 
 enters Tralee Ba.v. Killarney (G,G51), is situ- 
 ated a mile east of Lower Lake. The other 
 inland towns are Listowel (2,965), in the north 
 pe-rt of the county on the Feale; in the east Cas- 
 t'aisland (1,4(30), on the Maine. 
 
 Beside Tralee, the towns on or near the coast 
 are, beginning on the north, the stirring little 
 town of Tarbert (712) on the Shannon; near it 
 Ballylongford (829), on a creek of the Shannon ; 
 Castlegregory (597), on the western shore of 
 Tralee Bay; Dingle (1,833), on Dingle Bay is I 
 the capital of the Corkaguiny peninsula; Mill- 1 
 
 town (().■$()) stands near tne mouth of the Maine, 
 near itisKillorgliu (1,028), on the Laune, where 
 it enters Castlemaine Harbor. Cahersiveen 
 (2,003), the capital of the Iveragh peninsula, 
 stands on a creek of Valentia Harbor, and 
 lastly, the pretty town of Kenmare (1,279) stands 
 in a deep valley at the mouth of Eouglity Eiver. 
 
 MINEEALS.— On the island of Valentia there 
 are valuable quarries of flags and roofing slates. 
 Copper ore is found at Muckross and at Ardfert; 
 also near Cahersiveen and in Glanarought. The 
 stones called Kerry diamonds, which are very- 
 like real diamonds, are found among the rocks on 
 several parts of the coast, especially near Dingle 
 and near Kerry Head. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Kerry anciently formed one of the five 
 Munsters, namely, lar-Muman, or West Munster. 
 The district between Tralee and the Shannon, 
 and west of Abbeyfeale, was the original Ciar- 
 raighe, from which Kerry derived its name. It 
 was often called Ciarraighe-Luachra, from Sliabh- 
 Luachra, or Slieve Lougher. ' 
 
 Eemains of antiquity, both Pagan and Chris- 
 tian, are more numerous, and in many respects 
 more interesting, in Kerry, than in any other 
 county of Ireland. They are more abundant in 
 the peninsula of Corkaguiny than elsewhere. 
 
 The most curious and interesting early Chris- 
 tian oratory in Ireland is at Gallerus, on the 
 southern shore of Smerwick Harbor; it is very 
 small, rectangular in plan, and the side walls 
 curve upward till they meet in a ridge so as to 
 form a roof. At Kilmalkedar, a mile from Gal- 
 lerus, there is another oratorj-. Both those 
 buildings are coeval with the introduction of. 
 Christianity into Ireland; and beside each the? 
 is a pillar-stone with an inscription in Eomai., 
 letters. 
 
 Staigue Fort, near West Cove, on the north 
 shore of the Kenmare Eiver, is the most per- 
 fectly preserved circular stone caher in Ireland 
 At Fahan, southwest of Ventry, just at the base 
 of Mount Eagle, there is a whole village of 
 ancient beehive- shaped stone-roofed houses, the 
 most curious collection of the kind in the 
 country. 
 
 On a shoulder of Cahirconree Mountain, near 
 Tralee, is an immense Cyclopean fortress, built 
 up in the usual pagan fashion, of very large
 
 KERRY. 
 
 Btones without cement. This is the caher or for- i the caher of Curoi. He lived in the tiue of 
 tress of Curoi MacDara, -who was king of all this Conor MacNessa, in the first centurj'; and he i» 
 
 southwest part of Munster; and the luouutain 
 still preserves his nauie, for Caherconree means 
 
 one of the chief characters in several of 
 ancient tales of the Red Branch Knights. 
 
 the 
 
 ILLXJSTJl^TIO^srS. 
 
 MUCKROSS ABBEY, KILLARNEY.— From 
 
 its scenic surroundings, being built ou an arm 
 of one of the Lakes of Killarney, the remains of 
 Muckross Abbey are among the most interesting 
 of any in Ireland. The beautiful and secluded 
 spot was selected by "the Monks of eld," as an 
 ideal place for a holy life of meditation and 
 prayer. The Abbey was erected on the site of 
 an ancient church which was destroyed by fire 
 in 1192. It was built for the Franciscan monks, 
 Dy one of the McCarthys, Princes of Desmond, 
 in 144:0, but according to the Annals of the Four 
 Masters, the most reliable authority, a century 
 earlier. It was repaired in 1602, and also in 
 1626. It is to-day in a fair state of preservation. 
 Within the choir is a huge vault containing the 
 tombs of the McCarthys Mor, and of the 
 O'Dououghes of the Glens whose descendants 
 were interred there as late as 1833. 
 
 O'CONNELL JHEMORIAL CHURCH, CAHIR- 
 CIVEEN. — This beautiful structure is an eccle- 
 siastical monument to the emancipator of the 
 Catholics of Ireland, and is due to the energy, 
 and religious and patriotic zeal of Very Rev. 
 Canon Brosuan, of Cahir-civeen. It is in the cen- 
 ter of a picturesque and romantic district, and 
 close to Dorrynaue, famed as the seat and birth- 
 place of O'Connell. In its vicinity are the ruins 
 of an ancient monastery founded by the monks 
 of St. Finbar in the 7th century. O'Connell was 
 accustomed to attend Mass in the old chapel of 
 Cahir-civeen, and from his entliusiastic delight 
 in the wild scenery of the locality, and his love 
 of roaming amid its grand and inspiring views 
 of mountain, crag, and dale, when temporarily 
 withilrawn from the cares of more serious dutj', 
 we may easily imagine that he would prefer 
 such a memorial as this beautiful church in this 
 dpot to the grandest monument that could bo 
 erected to his memory, in city or court. 
 
 KENMARE.— Kenmare is a small but pretty 
 town, in the ancient "Kingdom of Kerry," and 
 is situated in the vicinity of some of the wildest 
 
 and most romantic scenery in the south of Ire- 
 land. It is approached by a fine suspension 
 bridge, the only one of note in Ireland, callej 
 Landsdowne Bridge, after the master of the 
 estate. The town is of comparatively modern 
 date, having been founded in 1670 by Sir Will- 
 iam Petty, one of the most disreputable of Eng- 
 lish adventurers in Ireland, and progenitor of 
 the Landsdowne family. During the English 
 revolution of 1688, it was forced to capitulate to 
 King James' army. The inhabitants, being 
 English and Protestant, deterjuiued to embark 
 for Bristol ; but after the fall of Limerick most 
 of them returned. The convent of St. Clare, 
 herewith shown, has become noted of late years, 
 especially through the work of Sister Mary 
 Frances Clare, a convert from Protestantism, and 
 author of works on Irish and religious subjects. 
 
 DERRYCUNNIHY COTTAGE, BRICKEEN 
 BRIDGE, AND GLENA COTTAGE, KILLAR- 
 NEY. — It is unnecessary to more than allude to 
 the world-famed Lakes of Killarney. They have 
 been at once the delight and the despair of the 
 tourist. The marvelous, ever-changing scenery 
 of the locality, the beauty, grandeur and sublim- 
 ity of everything around this enchanting spot 
 have defied such word-painters as Wordsworth, 
 Scott, and Macaulay, who declare that no lan- 
 guage can adequatelj' describe their wondrous 
 loveliness and fascinations. The lakes, whicli 
 are three in number, the Upper, Tore, and Lower, 
 were renowned from the most remote times for 
 their natural beauty, and after the introduction 
 of Christianity, for the number and extent rtf 
 their nu^nasterics, churches, and schools. 
 Derrycuiinihy, which gives its name to one of 
 the most beautiful of cascades, is a favorite meet 
 for the hunt; Gleua Cottage, built by the earls of 
 Kenmare for the accommodation of strangers, is 
 situated in the midst of the most enchanting 
 scenery; and Brickoen Bridge sjjans by a single 
 arch the stream dividing Muckross Peninsula 
 fro-ii Brickcen Island.
 
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 KILDARE. 
 
 NAME. — The town of Kildare took its name 
 from a little church or cell built by St. Brigid, 
 in the end of the 5th ceutury, under a great 
 oak tree. This church, which was the germ 
 round which grew up a great religious establish- 
 ment that flourished for many ages afterward, 
 was called Cill-dara, the church of the oak; and 
 the old oak tree stood there for several hundred 
 years after the time of St. Brigid; and in mem- 
 ory of her it was held in great veneration. The 
 town gave name to the county. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length 
 from north to south, 42 miles; greatest breadth 
 from east to west, along the northern frontier, 26 
 railes; area, 654 square miles; population, 75,804. 
 
 SURFACE: HILLS.— Kildare is the levelest 
 county in Ireland. There are some hills over 
 1,000 feet high in the east margin, which are the 
 mere outskirts of the Wicklow Mountains. To 
 the northwest of Kildare town a low range of 
 heights called the Bed Hills, or the Dunmurry 
 Hills, runs from southwest to northeast; the 
 highest, which lies 3 miles northwest of Kildare, 
 has an altitude of only 769 feet ; and a little 
 range may be said to be terminated by the 
 round-topped Hill of Allen (676), which is the 
 most remarkable, and which is rendered con- 
 spicuous by a tall pillar on its summit. This 
 hill gives name to the' Bog of Allen. Dun 
 Aillinne, or Knockaulin (GOO), a round hill near 
 Old KilcuUen, in the southeast of the county, is 
 more remarkable for its antiuuities than for its 
 elevation. A considerable area of the flat part 
 of the county iu the west and northwest is occu- 
 pied by portions of the Bog of Allen. Near the 
 town of Kildare is the Curragh, the finest racing 
 ground in the empire; 6 miles long by 2 miles 
 broad, and containing 4,858 acres. It is a gen- 
 tly undulating plain, covered with a tine velvety 
 elastic swai'd, perpetually green. From the 
 most remote period of Irish histor.v the Curragh 
 has been used as a racecourse, and its impor- 
 tance in old times, may be inferred from the 
 numerous raths or forts and other ancient earth- 
 •works scattered over its surface. 
 
 EIVEBS.— The Boyne rises in Trinity Well, 
 at Carbury Hill, in the northwest of the county; 
 flows first through this county, next forms for 
 3| miles the boundary with Kings Count.y, and 
 then with Meath for 7| miles, after which it 
 enters this last county. The Liffey, coming 
 from "Wicklow, enters Kildare near Ballymore 
 Eustace, and just on the boundary tumbles over 
 a series of rock ledges, forming the fine cascade 
 of Pollaphuca; it sweeps in a curve with many 
 windings through Kildare, and enters the county 
 Dublin at Leixlip. Less than half a mile above 
 Leixlip it falls over another ledge of rock, and 
 forms the beautiful waterfall of the Salmon Leap. 
 In the west, the Barrow first touches Kildare 
 near Mouasterevin, where it forms the boundary 
 with Queens County for a mile ; next crosses a 
 corner of Kildare at Monasterevin for 2 miles ; 
 then again runs on the boundary with Queens 
 County for 7| miles; next runs through Kildare 
 for 6 miles, and lastly forms the boundary again 
 with Queens County for 7| miles, when it finally 
 leaves Kildare. 
 
 Nearly all the other streams of the county are 
 tributaries to the Boyne, the Liffey, and the 
 Barrow. On the north, the Rye Water flows 
 eastward partly on the boundary with Meath 
 and iiartly through Kildare, and joins the Liffey 
 at Leixlip. The Lyreen runs to the northeast, 
 and passing b.v Maynooth, joins the Rye Water 
 a mile below the town. The Blaekwater, for the 
 most part a boggy and sluggish stream, rises iu 
 Kildare, and flowing to the northwest by Johns- 
 town, forms ftu' aliout 6 niilps the boundary be 
 tween Kildare and Meath, after which it enters 
 Meath to join the Boyne. The Garr in the 
 northwest joins the Boyne near Ballyboggau 
 Bridge. The (j'ushaling, the Crabti'ce River 
 and the Black River, all unite on the western 
 boundary of the county and form the Figile, 
 whicli llows first thi'ough Kings County, then 
 crossing an angle of Kildare, it forms the boun- 
 dar.v between Kildare and Queens Count.y, till 
 it joins the Barrow beside Monasterevin. The 
 Slate River, rising near Prcjsperous, flows west-
 
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 KILDAKE. 
 
 ward by Ratliangan, then forms the bouudary 
 between Kiklure and Kini^s County for about a 
 mile, wben it outers Kiuf^is County to join the 
 Figile. The Cushina, coming from Kiuga 
 County, and flowing eastward, forms three miles 
 of th'e boundary b.etween Kildare and Kings 
 County, and joins the Figile just where the lat- 
 ter enters Kildare. The Finuery comes from 
 the west and joins the Barrow 4 miles above 
 Athy. The Greese rises near Dunlavin in 
 Wicklow, and flowing southwest across the 
 southern angle of Kildare, joins the Barrow near 
 the southern extremity of the county. The 
 Lerr, running parallel with the Greese, flows 
 into the Barrow at the southern boundary. 
 
 TOWNS.— Athy (4,181), in the south of the 
 county, on the Barrow, a good business town, 
 connected with Waterford by the Barrow and 
 Suir, and with Dublin bj' the grand canal. 
 Higher up on the Barrow is Monasterevin 
 (1,044), beside which is the fine demesne of 
 Moore Abbey. Rathangan (683), (! miles nearly 
 due north of Monasterevin, stands on the Slate 
 River. Toward the middle of the county are 
 Kildare, Newbridge, and Naas. Kildare (1,174) 
 was in old times one of Ireland's great religious 
 centers, which is still evidenced by its round 
 tower and fine church ruins standing conspicu- 
 ously on a ridge partly occupied by the town. 
 Newbridge (3,372) is on the Liffey, a neat town 
 with large military barracks. Naas (3,808) is 
 the assize town, and has much retail trade. 
 
 In the northeast of the county are Celbridge 
 (988) and Leixlip (741), both on the Liffey, the 
 latter just on the bourdary of the county, in a 
 lovely situation near the waterfall that has given 
 name to the town (Leixlip is a Danish word 
 \neaning salmon-leap). Near the north margin 
 of the county, west of Leixlip, is the neat town 
 of Maynooth (1,278), now remarkable as contain- 
 ing the college for the education of the Roman 
 Catholic priesthood. It contains the ruins of 
 the castle of the Fitzgeralds, earls of Kildare, the 
 ancestors of the Duke of Leinster, whose fine 
 demesne of Carton lies beside the town. West 
 of Maynooth is Kilcock (721). 
 
 In the southern end of the county is Castle- 
 aermot (675), on the river Lerr, in which there 
 was in old da.vs an important religious establish- 
 ment, and which now contains a round tower. 
 
 several crosses, and some beautiful abbey ruins. 
 Kilcullen, or Kilcullcn Bridge (783), is prettily 
 situated on the Liffey near the southeast margin 
 of the county ; a mile and a half south of which 
 is Old Kilcullen, containing the ruins of a 
 round tower, of a monastery, and of some old 
 crosses, the remains of an important ecclesiasti- 
 cal foundation. Ballymore Eustace (629) stands 
 in a very pretty situation on the Liffey, two 
 miles below Pollaphuca waterfall. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS.^ — The northeast part of the county, viz., 
 the baronies of Salt, Ikeathy and Oughteranny, 
 Clane, and part of those of Naas and Connell, 
 formed the ancient Hy Faelan. Up to the end 
 of the 12th century it was the territory of the 
 O'Byrnes, who, however, were about that time 
 driven out, and took refuge in the mountain 
 districts of Wicklow, where they afterward be- 
 came powerful. 
 
 The southern half of the county, from the Hil' 
 of Allen southward (excluding the two baroniet 
 of Offaly), was the old territory of Hy Murray, 
 which had Hy Faelan on the northeast, Offaly 
 on the noithwest, and Leix (see Queens County) 
 on the west. This was the original home of the 
 O'Tooles, who, like the O'Byrnes, were driven 
 out by the Anglo-Normans about the end of 
 the 12th century, and settled in Wicklow, in the 
 district lying round the Glen of Imaile, near 
 Balliuglass. 
 
 The two baronies of East and West Offaly form 
 a portion of the ancient sub-kingdom of Offaly, 
 which also included a portion of Kings and 
 Queens counties. That part of Kildare through 
 which the Liffey flows was formerly called Life 
 or Moy Life, the river dividing it into East Life 
 and West Life. From this plain the present 
 name was given to the Liffey, whose old name 
 was Rurthach. 
 
 In this county there were anciently three royal 
 residences. The kings of Leinster lived at Naas 
 till the 10th century, and the great high mound 
 beside the town is the remnant of the old palace. 
 Another palace of the Leinster kings (namely, 
 Dun-Aillinue) was on the hill of Knockaulin, 
 near Kilcullen, and the great old circular fortifi- 
 cation of the palace still surrounds the summit 
 of the hill. Perhaps the most noted of the three 
 was the Hill of Allen, anciently called Alma, -5
 
 KILDAEE. 
 
 miles north of Kildaie, on wbieh was the resi- 
 deuce of Finn the sou of Cumal, one of the most 
 celebrated of all the ancient Irish hevoes. The 
 hill is now rendered very conspicur ^ by a tall 
 pillar on its summit, in the ereciion of which 
 the vestiges of Finn's old palace fort were nearly 
 
 obliterated. There are very remarkable forts 
 also at Ardscull, 3 miles northeast of Athy, 
 and at Mullamast, 2| miles east of Ardscull, 
 anciently called Maistean ; these great forts 
 are the remains of the residences of kings or 
 chiefs. 
 
 ILLTJSTRA.TIO^S. 
 
 MATNOOTH COLLEGE.— This celebrated 
 institution is devoted to the education and train- 
 ing of the Irish Catholic priesthood. About 
 one-half of the priests of Ireland, and many in 
 other lands have passed through Mayuooth. 
 The course comprises eight years, and the 
 system and high standing of the professors make 
 the institution the peer of auy ecclesiastical 
 establishment in Europe. It was founded in 
 1795 by the Irish Parliament, not so much as an 
 act of justice or generosity, as a means of avert- 
 ing by home education the evils likely to arise 
 to Great Britain from committing the education 
 of the Irish ijrieathood to foreign teachers on the 
 continent, which the Irish people were com- 
 pelled to do previous to that date. But the 
 Maynooth priests did not turn out to be loyal- 
 ists, as was confidently expected. The iiresent 
 edifice was erected in 1846 from designs by 
 Pugin. In 1869, by the Disestablishment Act 
 the yearly grant of £26,360 was commuted to a 
 capital sum of £36,940, which, with additional 
 private bequests, suffices to conduct the institu- 
 tion as before. 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT ABBEY.— This splendid 
 relic of Irish ecclesiastical architecture dates its 
 origin from about the year 800, when it was 
 built by Diarmid, son of King Aedh Eoin, of 
 Ulidia. During the Danish incursions and the 
 Anglo-Norman wars it was repeatedly plundered 
 and burned, but was as often rebuilt or restored, 
 until the year 1650, when it was partly destroyed 
 by the sacrilegious Cromwcllian soldiery, and in 
 the turbulent and persecuting period that fol- 
 
 lowed, it was left to decay. Yet enough of the 
 structure remains to attest its former splendor, 
 the archwaj'S and some of the windows still 
 being in a fair state of preservation. It was the 
 home of the Franciscans, that heroic order that 
 during the penal days so unflinchingly braved 
 the sword of persecution, and faithfully minis- 
 tered to the Irish Catholics. There are many 
 other abbeys and remains of noted structures in 
 the county of Kildare, around which storied 
 memories cling as thickly as the ivy that covers 
 their walls. 
 
 ROUND TOWER CASTLEDERMOT. — 
 This illustration jiresents otxe of the finest speci- 
 mens of Ireland's round towers It is situated 
 in an old cemetery near a chapel and the ruins 
 of a Norman arch. It is considered by an- 
 tiquaries to be one of the oldest round towers in 
 Ireland, and well illustrates the lines: 
 
 The pillar towers of Ireland, how wondrously they stand. 
 By the lakes aud rushing rivers through the valleys of 
 
 our land, 
 In mystic file throughout the isle they lift their heads 
 
 sublime; 
 These gray old pillar temples, these conquerors of time. 
 O, may they stand forever while one symbol doth impart, 
 To the mind one glorious vision or one proud throb to the 
 
 heart, 
 Wliile lh<' lircast ncedeth rest, may these gray temples last. 
 Bright prophets of tlie future, as preachers of the past. 
 
 Castlederiiiot possesses many other rel'cs of 
 antiquity. 
 
 In the same county there are other round 
 towers at Kildare, Killashee, Oughterard, Old 
 Kilculleu and Taghodoe.
 
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 KILKENNY. 
 
 NAME.— The city of Kilkenny, which gave 
 name to the count.y, received its own name from 
 a church founded by St. Canice, which was 
 called Cill-Chainnigh, the church of St. Canice. 
 St. Canice was abbot of Aghaboe in Queen's 
 County, where he had his principal church ; he 
 died in the year 598. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length 
 north and south, from the bend of the Suir at 
 Moonveen, west of Waterford city, to the north 
 angle of the county near the village of Clogh, 
 45 miles ; breadth east and west, from the Bar- 
 row, near Graigueuamanagh, to the western 
 boundary, 23 miles; area 796 square miles; 
 population 99,531. 
 
 SURFACE: HILLS.— The whole north mar- 
 gin of the county is moderately upland and hilly. 
 The hills that occupy the barony of Fassadinin, 
 and the north of the barony of Gowran, are com- 
 monly called the Castlecomer Hills, and some- 
 times the Slievemargy Hills, from the adjacent 
 barony of Slievemargy in Queens County, into 
 which thej' extend. But though the elevations 
 in this northern part of the county are sometimes 
 up to 1,000 feet over the sea level, there are few 
 or no conspicuous hills among them, as they 
 slope very gradually, and the plain on which 
 they stand is itself 300 or 400 feet above the sea 
 level. South of the city of Kilkenny, and west 
 of the Nore, extends a great plain diversified 
 with gentle undulations. The eastern part of 
 the county south of the Powerstown Eivor, and 
 also the south part, including the baronies of 
 Iverk and Ida, are also hilly and upland. Near 
 the eastern margin, two miles south of Graigue- 
 namanagh, is Brandon Hill (1,694), the highest 
 elevation in the whole county. The two series 
 of hills covering tjie north of tiio barony of Iverk, 
 are commonly called the Booley Hills. All this 
 hilly region is ver.v sirailnr in character to the 
 Castle-comer and Gulmoy districts in the north. 
 
 BIVERS. — The Nore, coining from Queens 
 County, runs through Kilkenny in a direction 
 generally toward the south-southeast, and pass- 
 ing by Ballyrajiget, Kilkenny, and Thoniastown, 
 
 joins the Barrow on the east side, 2 miles above 
 New Boss. The Barrow, coming from Carlow, 
 first touches Kilkeuuj- at Duninga; and from 
 that south to where it enters the Suir at Snow- 
 hill House (about 36 miles following the wind- 
 ings) it forms the eastern boundary of the 
 count.v. The Suir, coming from the west, first 
 touches the southern end of the county at the 
 month of Lingaun Eiver, a mile below Garrick- 
 on-Suir; and from that to the junction of the 
 Barrow (about 22 miles following the windings), 
 it forms the southern boundary. All the other 
 rivers are tributaries, either immediately or 
 ultimately, to these three. 
 
 Tributaries of the Nore beginning on the 
 north : The Owbeg, coming south from Queens 
 County, forms the boundary between Kilkenny 
 and Queens County for the last 3 miles of its 
 course, and joins the Nore 2 miles above Ball.v- 
 ragget, receiving the Glashagal just above the 
 junction. The Diniu, noted for its fioods 
 (hence the name, meaning Vehement Eiver), 
 comes south from Queens County, and passing 
 by Castlecomer, joins the Nore 4 miles above 
 Kilkenny. One of the tributaries of the Dinin, 
 coming from Queens County and Carlow on the 
 east, is called by the same name, Dinin ; and 
 this Dinin receives from the south the Cool- 
 cullen, which forms a part of the eastern boun- 
 dary. A little lower down there are two other 
 tributaries (of the large Dinin), joining at oppo- 
 site banks, the Miickalee on the left and the 
 Cloghagh on the right. Two miles above the 
 mouth of the Dinin, the Nore is joined on the 
 other bank by the Nuenna, flowing from the 
 west by Freshford. The King's Eiver, flowing 
 eastward from Tipperar.v through Callan and 
 Kells, joins the Nore 4 miles above Thoniastown : 
 a mile above Callin the King's Eivor is joined 
 from the north by the Munster Eiver, which for 
 tlie greater i)art of its course forms the boundary 
 between Kilkenny and Tipperary. A little bo- 
 low Callan the King's Eiver is joined by the 
 Owbeg from the southwest, and ntmr Knlls, by 
 the Glory Eiver from the south A mile above
 
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 KILKENNY ro 
 
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 KILKENNY. 
 
 Thomastown the Little Arrigle flows into the 
 Nore from the southwest; and 3 miles below the 
 same town the Arrigle from the south. 
 
 The tributaries of the Barrow (beside the 
 Nore) from the Kilkenny side, are the Monefelim- 
 and the Powerstowu River, both which join 
 the main stream near Gowran. The Kilkenny 
 tributaries of the Suir are the Lingaun, which 
 comes from Tipperary, and forming the boun- 
 dary for 7 miles, flows into the Suir 2 miles be- 
 low Carrick ; and the Blackwater, which, pass- 
 ing by Mullinavat, joins the Suir a mile above 
 the city of Waterford. The Blackwater is joined 
 near Mullinavat by the Pollanass, from the 
 northeast. 
 
 LAKES. — The only lake in the county is the 
 small Lough Cullen, near the southern extrem- 
 ity, 3 miles north from Waterford; which is 
 only remarkable for the numerous legends in 
 connection with it. 
 
 TOWNS.— The city of Kilkenny (12,299), on 
 the !Nore, the assize town, may be called the in- 
 land capital of Ireland. It has been from the 
 earliest times a place of importance, both as re- 
 gards eccelsiastical and civil affairs, and it is one 
 of the most beautifully-built and one of the most 
 interesting towns in Ireland. It contains a 
 round tower and many other fine ecclesiastical 
 ruins, and also Kilkenny Castle, the seat of the 
 great family of Butler or Ormand, beautifully 
 situated on the margin of the Nore. 
 
 Beside Kilkenny, the towns on the Nore are 
 the following: (beginning on the north) Bally- 
 ragget (741), which took its rise from the castle 
 built by the Butlers in the 15th centur.y, the 
 ruins of which yet remain. Thomastown (1,067), 
 in a beautiful spot on the convex side of a bend 
 of the river, with several castle and abbey ruins. 
 A mile and a half above the town, near the point 
 of junction of the Arrigle with the Nore, is 
 Jerpoint Abbey, erected in the 12th century 
 by Donogh MacGillapatrick, king of Ossory, one 
 of the most beautiful ecclesiastical ruins in Ire- 
 land. About three miles north of Thomastown 
 are the round tower and church ruins of Tulla- 
 herin; the tower very well preserved, but with- 
 out the conical cap. Inistioge (570), is a neat 
 town in a lovely narrow valley along the Nore. 
 Freshford (733), is on the Nuenna. 
 
 On the King's River, near the western margin 
 
 of the county, is Callan (2,340) with its fine 
 abbey ruins; east of Callan, near the village of 
 Kella, is the round tower of Kilree, with an old 
 Celtic cross beside it. At Kells itself are the 
 fine remains of a priory, founded in 1183 by 
 Geoffrey Fitz Robert. Further north on this 
 west margin is Urlingford (847) ; two miles 
 northeast of this is Johnstown (456), near which 
 is the once celebrated Bally sjieuan Sjia. 
 
 In the north, on the river Dinin, is Castle^, 
 comer (1,182). Graignenamanagh (1,172), at 
 the eastern margin, stands in the midst of hills, 
 in a beautiful situation on the Barrow, with fine 
 abbey and castle ruins. Higher up on the Bar- 
 row is the village of Goresbridge (501); three 
 miles west of which is Gowran (618). In the 
 south, Mullinavat (399) stands on the Black- 
 water; and the barony of Iverk is studded with 
 little villages, the chief of which are Mooncoin 
 (644), and Pilltown (396). 
 
 MINERALS.— The great Leinster coal field 
 extends into Kilkenny, and occupies the greater 
 part of the barony of Fassadinin and the north 
 margin of the barony of Gowran. The limestone 
 which occupies the great central plain of the 
 county becomes a fine black marble in the dis- 
 trict lying round the city of Kilkenny. This 
 "Kilkenny marble" is richly variegated with 
 fossil shells; it is quarried extensively in great 
 blocks, which are manufactured into chimney 
 pieces, tombstones, and various kinds of archi- 
 tectural ornamental work. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS.— The greater part of the county Kil- 
 kenny was included in the ancient sub-kingdom 
 of Ossory. The old district of Hy Duach was 
 coextensive with the present barony of Fassadi- 
 nin. The present village of Rosbercon, on the 
 Barrow, retains the name of the old territory or 
 barony of Hy Bercon, which lay west of the Bar- 
 row, and comprised a good part of the present 
 barony of Ida; and the southern part of Ida was 
 the old barony of Igrine. The barony of Ida 
 itself represents the old territory of Fi-Deag- 
 haigh ; and the barony of Iverk is the ancient 
 district of Hy-Erc. 
 
 About two miles below Ballyragget, on the 
 Nore, was situated a wooded district called in 
 ancient times Arget-ros, or Silver-wood. It was 
 here, according to the bardic history, that Enna
 
 KILKENNY. 
 
 the Spoiler, one of the very early kings of Ire- 
 land, made silver shields, and distributed them 
 among his chiefs. In this district also, on the 
 bank of the Nore, in the parish of Eathbeagh, 
 
 Eber and Eremou, the two first kings of Ireland the name of Eathbeagh to the parish. 
 
 of the Milesian colony, erected a fort, in which 
 Eremon afterward died. This fort, which was 
 called Eathbeagh or Eathveagh, still remains; it 
 is well known by its old name, and it has fi^'wu 
 
 ILLTJSTR^TIOI^S. 
 
 ■ ST. CANICE'S CATHEDEAL.— This is one 
 of the most imposing ecclesiastical structures in 
 Ireland. Although among Irish churches, in- 
 ferior in size only to Christ Church and St. 
 Patrick's, Dublin, it possesses a lightness and 
 grace rarely found in buildings of its capacity. 
 Acording to Ware it was founded about the year 
 1180 by Bishop O'Dullany, who transferred the 
 old see of Ossoiyfrom Aghadoe to Kilkenny, and 
 was not completed until two centuries later. It 
 is said to have been erected on the site of a 
 building coeval with the introduction of Chris- 
 tianity into Ireland, and derives its name from 
 Cauice or Canicus, a holy man, who built a cell 
 near the spot. The church is cruciform in shape, 
 and is 226 feet in length and 123 feet in breadth. 
 In architecture and ornamentation it is a splen- 
 did type of mediaeval art; but bears the marks 
 of the iconoclastic Cromwelliaus in 1650. It 
 has been in a great measure restored. Within a 
 few feet of the church stands a round tower 108 
 feet high and 40 feet in circumference. 
 
 ST. KIEENAN'S COLLEGE.— This splendid 
 structure is one of the finest of modern Irish in- 
 stitutions of learning. The saint whose name it 
 bears is said to have preceded St. Patrick in his 
 mission by thirty years, and to have been the 
 first to preach the Christian faith in Ireland. 
 He is also said to have been the founder of the 
 see of Ossory, early in the 5th century, at a 
 place call Sagir, in the Kings County. The 
 
 chair of St. Kiernau, a curious stone seat, stands 
 in the north transept of the old cathedral of St. 
 Canice. There is, perhaps, no city in Ireland 
 that contains so many interesting, striking, and 
 picturesque ruins as Kilkenny, or that has been 
 the scene of more important historical events. 
 For many years it was the capital of the English 
 Pale, and many parliaments were held tbere 
 from 1309 down, noted chiefly for the atrocious 
 laws enacted against the native Irish. 
 
 EUINS AT KELLS.— Kells, a place of great 
 antiquity, though now reduced to a small hamlet, 
 is situated on the Kings Eiver. Its ruins of 
 churches and castles, however, strikingly attest 
 its former importance. It was founded by 
 Geoffi'ey Fitz-Eobert, one of Strongbow's fol- 
 lowers, as a point of vantage to resist the Tip- 
 perary clans, who for a long period gave the 
 invader no peace. This invader, like many 
 other of the Anglo-Norman intruders of the time, 
 was pious enough to build a monastery in 1183, 
 on the land of which he had despoiled the native 
 owners. He filled the priory with monks from 
 Cornwall, and endowed it with large possessions. 
 The prior was a lord of parliament, and the 
 establishment over which he presided was one of 
 the largest and richest of the jieriod, as may be 
 seen in the extent of its ruins to-day. It was 
 dissolved by Henry VIII. in the thirty-first year 
 of his reign. The whole district is dotted with 
 anti(iuities, many of them in a perfect condition.
 
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 RUINS AT KELLS, KILKENN^^ 
 
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 KINGS. 
 
 NAME. — Kings County and Queens County 
 were formed into shire ground in tlie reign of 
 Philip and Mary, and received their present 
 names in honor of the king and queen. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— The county is 
 irregular and broken in shape, and it is not easy 
 to fix on suitable dimensions. Greatest length 
 from the Ollatrim Kiver near Moneygall, at the 
 southwestern corner, to the boundary near 
 Edenderry in the northeast, 52 miles (but the 
 straight line between these extreme points 
 falls, for about halfway, outside the county); 
 breadth from Cloumacnoise on the Shannon to 
 the boundary near Frankford, 19 miles, or from 
 Banagher to Arderiu mountain, 17 miles; area 
 772 square miles; population, 72,852. 
 
 SURFACE. — The east margin of the great 
 southwestern projection is mountainous or up- 
 land ; in the barony of lower Philiiistown in the 
 north there are a few inconsiderable hills. All 
 the rest of the county is iliit, and much of it, 
 especially in the northwest, fiat without any [ 
 relief whatever. A considerable part of the Bog 
 of Allen belongs to Kings County; and bogs 
 and morasses — some small, some stretching for 
 miles — ^cover a large area of the county. The 
 eastern jirojection and the barony of Garrycastlo, 
 in the west, are parti(;ulary distinguished by the 
 prevalence of flat bogs and fens. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— A considerable 
 section of the Slieve Bloom Mountains lies 
 within the boundary of this county, in tlie 
 barony of Ballybritt; of which the chief sum- 
 mits are Arderin (1,733), on the boundary of 
 Queens County, the highest of the Slieve Bloom 
 range; under which on the noi-th side is the 
 deep Gap of Glendine, one of tho two passes 
 lending across tho range. 
 
 (Sec Queens County, for another pass.) Two 
 miles southwest of Arderin is Farbreague (1,411), 
 also on the lioundary. Knocknaman (1,113), 
 standing on the west, detaclied from tlie general 
 range, rises over the village of Kinnitty; and 
 between this and .\rderin lies Carroll's Hill 
 
 (1,584). Northeast of these, Wolftrap (1,584) 
 stands on the boundary ; and near it on the 
 northwest is Spink (1,087). 
 
 The rest of the county is su3h a dead level that 
 trifling elevations count as remarkable hills. 
 Croghan Hill (769) in the north of the county, 4 
 miles north of Philipstown, rising quite detached 
 in the midst of the great plain, is a conspicuous 
 object, and affords an immense view from its 
 summit. 
 
 EIVEES. — The Shannon forms the western 
 boundary for 23 miles. The Little Brosna, com- 
 ing from Tipperary, runs to the northwest 
 through the southwestern extremity of the coun- 
 ty for 7 miles, after which it forms the boun- 
 dary with Tipperary for 13 miles till it falls into 
 the Shannon. Its chief head-water, the Bunow, 
 which flows across the corner of Tipperary by 
 Eoscrea, rises in Kings County, northeast of 
 Eoscrea, and draws some of its head feeders from 
 Queens County. The Barrow, flowing easterly, 
 forms the south boundary of the eastern extrem- 
 ity for 9 miles, except at the middle of this space 
 — at Portarlington — where a corner of Queens 
 County projects northward to the other side of 
 the river. In the northeast, the Boyne, coming 
 from the east (from Kildare), forms the boun- 
 dary for nearly 4 miles. West of this the Yellow 
 River, coming from the interior of Kings 
 County, and joining the Boyne, forms the boun- 
 dary for the last 3 miles of its course; and west 
 of this again the Mongagh (w^hich joins the 
 Yellow Eiver) is the boundar.\- for 5 or G miles. 
 The southwest corner is bounded and separated 
 from Tipperary for 2i miles by tho Ollatrim 
 Kiver. All the streams of the interior of the 
 county are tributaries, either immediately or re- 
 motely to the foregoing. 
 
 In the northwest the Blackwater drains a 
 large area of the bogs of the barony of Garry- 
 castle, and joins the Shannon 3 miles below 
 Shannon Bridge. A little south of this tho 
 Brosmi, coming from Westmeath, flows toward 
 tlie southwest through Kings County for about
 
 KINGS. 
 
 26 miles, paasing by Clara and Ferbane, and 
 joins the Shannon near Shannon Bridge, 2 miles 
 above Banagher. The Brosna has the following 
 affluents belonging wholly or partly to this 
 coi'nty: The Gageborough River, couiiug from 
 th^ north, joins just a mile below Clara. The 
 Clodiagh, coming from Queens Couutj', enters 
 Kings County at Monettia Bog, and flowing 
 northwest joins the Brosna 2 miles below Bally- 
 cumber. The Clodiagh itself is joined by the 
 Tullamore River, which flows west through Tul- 
 lamore and joins two miles below the town, and 
 by the Silver River, from the northeast, which 
 joins the Clodiagh a little above the mouth of 
 the latter. Another Silver River flows from the 
 Slieve Bloom Mountains, first westerly through 
 Frankford and then northward, and joins the 
 Brosna a little above Ferbane; and the Boora, 
 running northward from Lough Boora, also joins 
 the Brosna 2 miles above the mouth of the Silver 
 River. 
 
 In the extreme south, the Camcor flows wesu- 
 ward from Slieve Bloom through Birr or Par- 
 sonstown, and joins the Little Brosna half a mile 
 below the town. In the eastern part of the county, 
 the Figile flows southward through Clonbulloge ; 
 then crossing a corner of Kildare, forms for a 
 little way the boundary between Kings County 
 and Kildare, till it joins the Barrow near Monas- 
 terevin. The Figile is joined from the west by the 
 Cushina (which flows first through Kings County 
 and afterward forms the boundary for 3 miles 
 between it and Kildare), and from the east by 
 the Slate River, coming from Kildare. Higher 
 up the Philipstown River flows eastward through 
 Philipatown and joins the Figile at Clonbulloge. 
 
 LAKES. — Lough Boora, half a mile in length, 
 lies a little north of Frankford ; Lough Coura 
 lies nearly midway between this and Birr, and is 
 about a mile in lengtii ; Lough Annaghmore is 
 on the boundary, east of Frankford, and is about 
 the same size as the last; Pallas Lough, north- 
 east of Frankford, is a mile in length, and very 
 narrow; Lough Fin, nearly circular, and half a 
 mile across, lies near the Shannon at the north- 
 western boundary. 
 
 TOWNS.— Tullamore (5,098), on the Tulla- 
 more River, the assise town, is an excellent busi- 
 ness center: east of which is Philipstown (829), 
 on the Grand Canal, and near the Philipstown 
 
 River. Birr or Parsonstown (4,955) stands oa 
 the Camcor River, just where it enters the Li'.tle 
 Brosna; beside it stands Parsonstown Cast a, 
 where are some of the finest reflecting telescopi* 
 in the world, erected by Lord Ross. Edenderry 
 (1,555) is on the east margin, near the Boyne, 
 and not far from the northeast extremity of a 
 branch of the Bog of Allen; and on the Shannon, 
 in the west, is Banagher (1,192). Clara (956), 
 in the north of the county, is watertd by the 
 Brosna; Frankford (559) lies near the middle of 
 the southeast boundary, on the Silver River. In 
 the southwest projection is Shinrone (448), and 
 near the very extremity, just beside the boun- 
 dary of Tipperary, is Monegall (376). That 
 liortion of Portarlington lying in Kings County 
 contains a population of 842. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGxNA- 
 TIONS.— The old territory of Ely OX'arroll- 
 the inheritance of the O'Carrolls — included the 
 southwest portion of this county, viz., the baro- 
 nies of Ballybritt and Conlisk ; but it also ex- 
 tended into Tipperary. This whole territory 
 was in old times counted part of Munster, though 
 the Kings County portion of it is now in 
 Leinster. A part of Ely O 'Carroll — coextensive 
 with the barony of Ballybritt — was called Kinel 
 Farga, and was held bj' the O 'Flanagans. 
 
 The old district of Fircall included the pies- 
 ent baronies of Eglish, Ballyboy, and Bally- 
 cowan. It was the territory of (he O'Molloys, 
 and was iuclude-l in the ancient province of 
 Meath. There were several territories called 
 Delvin in different parts of Leinster and Con- 
 naught; one of which, Delvin-Ethra or Dehin- 
 Mac Coghlan, was in this county; it was nearly 
 coextensive with the barony of Garrycastle, and 
 was tiie patrimony of the family of Mac Coghlan. 
 The barony of Kilcoursey was the old Munter- 
 Tagan, the district of the O'Caharneys, Siuach^, 
 or Foxes. The barony of LTpper Philijistown 
 formed part of Clanmaliere, the country of the 
 O'Dempseys, which also extended into Queens 
 County. 
 
 On a high bank over the Shannon, 9 miles be- 
 low Atlilone, is Clonmacnoise, one of the great- 
 est, if not the very greatest, of all the ancient 
 religious establishments of Ireland. It was 
 founded by St. Ciaran (or Kieran) in the Cth 
 century, and flourished for many ages afterward.
 
 KINGS. 
 
 It was aaopted as the burying place of the kings 
 of Ii-eland belonging to the southern Hy Neill 
 race ; and numberless kings and chiefs retired to 
 it to spend their old age in meditation and 
 prayer. Even to this day it is the most cele- 
 
 brated and the most frequently used of all the 
 ancient cemeteries of Ireland. It contains the 
 ruins of many churches (popularly called the 
 "Seven Churches"), two round towers, old 
 crosses, and many ancient tombs. 
 
 II.LTJSTR^TIOl^. 
 
 EIRE CASTLE.— This edifice is one of the 
 most interesting in Ireland from its romantic 
 and historical associations. Birr derives its 
 name from Biorra, an ancient abbey, founded by 
 St. Brendan. A great battle was fought there 
 in the 3d century between Cormac, son of Con 
 of the Hundred Battles and the people of Mun- 
 eter. The district originally formed a part of 
 Ely O'Carroll, and the castle was the seat of the 
 O'Carroll chieftains. It was "granted" by King 
 Henry II. to Philip de Worcester, but its owners 
 defended their territory so vigorously and per- 
 sistently that it frequently alternated between 
 
 its English and Irish masters. It was not in- 
 cluded in Kings County until the reign of James 
 I. 1ha,t monarch assigned it to Laurence Par- 
 sons, brother of Sir William Parsons, surgeon- 
 general. Cromwell attacked it, and his son-in- 
 law Ireton took it in 1650, and it was again 
 beseiged in the Jacobite war of 1688-90. It has 
 been noted in recent years as the residence of 
 the Earl of Boss — descendant of the Parsons — 
 famed for his astronomical pursuits, and his 
 great reflecting telescope. The castle has been 
 renovated so often that it is practically a modern 
 structure.
 
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 LEITRIM. 
 
 NAME. — The county took its name from the 
 villuge of Leitrim, near the Shannon, 4 miles 
 above Carrick-on-Shauuon. The Gaelic form of 
 the name is Liath-druim (prou. Leedrim), sig- 
 nifying gray ridge (liath, grey ; druim, a ridge 
 or long hill) ; and there are more than forty 
 places of the name in Ireland. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— The county 
 consists of two parts, almost wholly separated 
 from one another by Loiigh Allen. The north- 
 west part touches the sea, having a coast of 2^ 
 miles on Donegal Bay. The greatest length of 
 ■ the two parts taken together, from Donegal Bay 
 to the southern extremity near Drumlish in 
 Longford, is 51 miles ; breadth of the northwest 
 part, from the boundary near Ballintogher in 
 Sligo to Upper Lough Macnean, 17 miles; 
 breadth of the southeast part, from Lough 
 Boderg to the boundary near Killygar, 18 miles; 
 area, (513 square miles; poijulation, 90.372. 
 
 SURFACE.— The northern half of the county 
 is all mountainous or hilly, with the exception of 
 a narrow east-and-west belt extending in breadth 
 /i-om Donegal Bay to Lough Melvin and the river 
 Du.¥. The north part of the other half, viz., that 
 part east of Lough Allen, is mountainous, being 
 occupied by a portion of that mountain group 
 that covers also the northwest projection of 
 Cavan. The south iiart, viz. , the barony of 
 Mchill, jind the southern portions of the baro- 
 nies of CaxTTigallen and Leitrim, is moderately 
 level, but in many places '.t is interrupted by 
 low heights and ridges. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The most Re- 
 markable mountain in the whole ^«unty is Slieve 
 Anierin (1,922), whose summit is 2| miles east 
 of the shore of Lough Allen ; a little northeast of 
 which is Bencroy (1,707). Slievenakilla (1,793), 
 east of the head of Lough Allen, stands on the 
 boundary with Cavan. In the northwest portion 
 f ' the county there is an endless succession of 
 summits of all heights up to 1,700 feet. Two 
 miles west of Manorhamilton is the conspicuous 
 
 mountain of Benbo (1,365). The summit ol 
 Truskmore (2,113) is in Sligo, but a part of its 
 eastern slope extends into Leitrim. 
 
 EI VERS. — The Shannon, coming from Cavan, 
 forms the boundary for a mile and a half ; then 
 crossing the narrow neck connecting the two 
 parts of Leitirm for another mile and a half, it 
 enters Lough Allen; and from that down to 
 a point a little below Roosky, a distance of about 
 35 miles (following the larger windings) it forms 
 the western boundary of the county. On the 
 northeast, the stream flowing from Upper Lough 
 Macnean to Lough Melvin— called the Kilcoo 
 River in the lower half of its course — forms the 
 boundary between Leitrim and Fermanagh. 
 The river Drowes has a course of 4 miles from 
 Lough Melvin to Donegal Bay, the first mile of 
 which is in Leitrim, and the last three -s i'zie 
 boundary between Leitrim and Donegal. This 
 little river is mentioned in Gaelic records as 
 having from the most ancient times separated 
 Connaught from Ulster, and it still continues the 
 boundary between the two provinces. The Kiico 
 River receives the Lattone from the Leitrim side; 
 and near it on the west are the Ballagh River 
 and Glenaniff River, both flowing into the head 
 of Lough Melvin. North of Lough xMelvin, 
 the Bradoge, flowing to the west from Ferma- 
 nagh, forms for 2 miles the boundary between 
 Leitrim and Donegal, after which it enters 
 Dongel. In the extreme northwest the Duff 
 (called the Black River in the earlj' part of its 
 course), forms the boundary between Leitrim 
 and Sligo for 2 miles ; then crosses Leitrim for 2 
 miles; and lastly, forms again the boundary be- 
 tween the same two counties for a mile, till it 
 enters Donegal Bay. South of this the Diffreen 
 runs west into Glencar Lake. 
 
 The Bonet rises in Glenade Lake, in the 
 barony of Eosclogher, and flows first southeast 
 through Glenade, one of the most beautiful val- 
 le.vs in the whole district; then gradually curv- 
 ing, it passes by Drumahaire and falls into
 
 CATHOLIC CHURCH, MOHIIX. 
 
 MATN STREET, MOTITTX.
 
 ■ ■''l^ '•s 
 
 Ci 
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 MAIN STREET. CARRICK-OX-SHANNON.
 
 LEITEIM. 
 
 Lough Gill, flowing through a succession of 
 lovely landscapes through its whole course. 
 The Owenmore or Seardan passes through Man- 
 orhamilton, and falls into the Bonet a mile below 
 the town. 
 
 To the north of Lough Allen the Owenayle, 
 flowing southward, forms the eastern boundary 
 (between Leitrim and Cavan) for 4i miles till it 
 falls into Shannon. The Yellow Eiver rises in 
 the glens between Bencroy and Slievenakila, and 
 flows westward into Lough Allen ; and the Stony 
 Eiver runs down the side of Slieve Anierin into 
 the same lake. On the west side, Lough Allen 
 receives the Diffagher Eiver and the Owengar, 
 •which unite and flow into the northwest corner 
 of the lake. The Arigua flows to the southeast 
 for several miles on the boundary between Lei- 
 trim and Sligo, after which it enters the county 
 Eoscommon, and ultimately falls into the Shan- 
 non where it issues from Lough Allen. South- 
 east of Lough Allen, the Aghaeashlauu flows 
 southward down the slopes of Bencroy Mountain 
 and into Lough Scur, the overflow of which is 
 poured into the Shannon at the village of Lei- 
 trim. Near this on the east, the Yellow Eiver 
 flows south and east, by the village of Ballina- 
 more into Garadice Lough. 
 
 L.\KES. — Leitrim, like the neighboring coun- 
 ties of Fermanagh, Cavan, and Eoscommon, is 
 dotted all over with lakes. Lough Allen, in the 
 middle (a small part of which belongs to Eos- 
 common), is 8| miles long and 3 miles broad at 
 its north or widest end. It is nearly surrounded 
 with hills, so that it occupies the bottom of a 
 basin, down the slopes of which rivers pour into 
 the lake from every side. 
 
 The following lakes lie round the margin of 
 the county, beginning on the north and going 
 from left to right: Lough Melvin and Upper 
 Lough Macnean have been spoken of in Fer- 
 managh; Derrj'cassan Lake (part of which be- 
 longs to Cavan), from which the "Woodford Eiver 
 in Cavan issues ; Glasshouse Lake, also on the 
 boundary with Cavan. Passing over several 
 small lakes we come to those on the Shannon, 
 viz., Lough Bofin and Lough Boderg. Lastly, 
 Lough Gill, Glencar Lake, and Cloonty Lake, 
 all which are mentioned in Sligo. 
 
 The chief lakes in the interior are: in the 
 uurth part of the county the lovely Glenade 
 
 Lake, a little over a mile in length, occupying 
 the head of a flne valley, which is traversed by 
 the Bonet Eiver issuing from the lake. The 
 small lake of Munakill lies near Manorhamilton; 
 and the larger lake of Belhavel is east ol Druma- 
 haire. In the interior of the southern part of 
 the county, Garadice Lough, or Lough Finvoy, 
 a very beautiful sheet of water, 2| miles in 
 length, lies near the east margin. Lough Einn, 
 near Mohill, is 3 miles in length; Lough Scur, 
 a mile and a half long, and the smaller lake of 
 Carrickaport, both lie southeast of Drumshambo; 
 east of these is the irregularly shaped St. John's 
 Lake, about 2 miles in length. The small lakes 
 scattered over this southern portion of the county 
 are numeroiis beyond description. 
 
 TOWNS.— Carrick-on-Shanuon (1,384), the 
 assize town, Mohill (1,117), and Baliinamore 
 (526), are all in the southern division of the 
 county. In the center of the northern division 
 is Manorhamilton (1,225), standing in the midst 
 of a lovely country ; and at the south corner of 
 Lough Allen is Drumshanbo (544). 
 
 MINEEALS. — Lough Allen occupies the cen- 
 ter if the great Connaught coal dist. ict, a con- 
 siderable portion of which belongs to Leitrim. 
 There are ooal pits in several places round the 
 lake, especially at and near Slieve Anierin, the 
 coal being raised for smelting purposes. AVhat 
 is called the Arigna iron district belongs partly 
 to Leitrim, and partly to the county Eoscom- 
 mon. Iron ore abounds on Slieve Anierin, and 
 the mines were worked for a long period. The 
 very name of the mountain shows that the pres- 
 ence of iron was known ages ago, when the name 
 was imposed; for Slieve-an-ierin signifies the 
 "Mountain of iron." 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — This county was formerly called Brefny 
 O'Eourke; it was the principality of the 
 O'Eourkes, and from the same family the village 
 of Drumahaire was often called Bally -O'Eourke. 
 Brefny O'Eourke included also a part of the 
 northwest extremity of Cavan. The barony of 
 Eosclogher was formerly, and is still, known by 
 the name of Dartry ; and was possessed by the 
 family of Mac Clancy. The southern or level 
 part of the county, the territory of the Mao 
 Eannalls, or Eoynolds was called Moy Eein, and 
 often Munter Eolais.
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 NAME. — The Gaelic form is Luimneach (in-on. 
 Limnagh), which was formerly uiiplied to a por- 
 tion of the Shannon, and thence to the city (like 
 Dublin, Sligo, Galway, etc.). But Luimneach 
 must have been originally applied to a ptiece of 
 land (probably on King's Island, on which part 
 of the city now stands), for it means a "bare 
 spot" (from lorn., bare, with the posttix neach), 
 and there are several other places in Ireland 
 bearing the same name, variously modernized 
 Limerick, Limnagh, Lumnagh, Lomanagh, Lum- 
 ney, etc. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length 
 from the bend of the river Feale, 2 miles south- 
 west of Abbeyfeale in the west, to the boundary 
 at Galt.ymore in the east, 50 milci? ; greatest 
 breadth from Moutpelier on the Shannon in the 
 north, to the Ballyhoura Hills on the southern 
 border, 33 miles; average lireadth, about 23 
 miles; area, 1,064 square miles; population, 180,- 
 682. 
 
 SUEFACE. — The northeastern corner lying 
 east of the Shannon and Limerick cit3^ is moun- 
 tainous, covered by a continuation of that Tip- 
 perary group whose principal summit is Keeper 
 Hill. The southeast corner, namely, the greater 
 part of the barony of Coshlea, is also mountain- 
 ous, being occupied by a continuation of the 
 3alty range (the whole range extending west to 
 Charleville) and by other hills not immediately 
 connected with the Galtys. The whole western 
 part of the county lying west of Eathkeale and 
 DromcoUiher is a continued succession of hills and 
 uplands. All the center of the county is a great 
 plain, almost surrounded by the mountain bul- 
 warks above mentioned The plain is broken up 
 .somewhat toward its borders by ridges and de- 
 tached hills, but is very Hat in the middle, and 
 also toward the Shannon on the north. This 
 plain contains the finest land in Ireland ; and 
 that part of it sweeping round by Hospital, Kil- 
 mallock, and Bruree, is a portion of the district 
 
 called fioni its richness the "Golden Vale," 
 which stretches eastward into Tipperai'y toward 
 Cashel. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— In the north- 
 east, separated from the Tipperary JMountains 
 on the nortn by the narrow vale of the Clare 
 Kiver, the Slievefelim iMountains, or Slieve 
 Eelim (sometimes also called the Twelve Hills of 
 Evlinn), run east and west through the north 
 part of the barony of Owueybeg, the chief sum- 
 mits being Cullaun (1,523), toward the east end; 
 and about 3 miles east of this again rises the de- 
 tached mountain, Knockastanna (1,467), sepa- 
 rated from Cullaun by the valley of the Bilboa 
 Kiver. 
 
 In the southeast the Ballyhoura Mountains 
 run east and west for about 6 miles on the bor- 
 ders of Limerick and Cork. The principal sum- 
 mits are Seefiu (1,702), rising straight over the 
 village aud valley of Glenasheen, and having on 
 its south side the pretty mountain glen of Lyre- 
 na-Grena. Near Seefiu on the northwest is 
 Blackrock (1,696), with a great precipice on its 
 northeastern face; and 3 miles to the west is 
 Carron (1,469), on the boundary of Cork and 
 Limerick. Immediately east of Seetin is 
 Knockea (1,311), east of which again is the fine 
 detached mountain of Knockeennamroanta 
 (1,319); between which aud Knockea is the 
 ancient pass of Barnaderg, now called Eedchair, 
 leading from the plain of Limerick to the plain 
 of Cork. At the north side of the valley, over 
 the village of Ballyorgau, is the sharp pea> of 
 Barnageeha (1,196). 
 
 Five miles from the Ballyhoura Mouiitains to 
 the northeast is Slievereagh (1,439), lying north- 
 east of Kilfinane, and overlooking toward the 
 north the rich plain of the "Golden Vale. " The 
 Ballyhoura Mountains are a continuation to the 
 west of the Gaity Mountains, a grand range, the 
 western part of which belongs to Limerick, and 
 the eastern part to Tipperary, the highest sum-
 
 LLMEIUCK. 
 
 mit of tbe whole range, Galtymore (3,015), 
 standing ou the boundary. » 
 
 In the extreme southwest the Mullaghareirk 
 Mountains run east and west, the western irnrt in 
 Limerick and the eastern part in Cork, or partly 
 on the boundary. The chief summits belonging 
 to Limerick are Knockanade (1,070), and 
 Knockawarriga (1,007); 4i miles east of Knocka- 
 nade is Mullaghanuish (1,189). 
 
 In tlie western part of the county the chief 
 Summits are Kuockanimpaha (1,132), Sugar Hill 
 (1,090), and Barnagb Hill (907), all near each 
 other, and about 4 miles west of Newcastle. 
 Near the extreme western boundary is Knocka- 
 thea (801). 
 
 Several detached hills rise from the level part 
 of the county ; for instance, round Lough Gur, 
 near Bruff, are a number of beautiful hills; and 
 in the baronies of Clanwilliam and Connagh in 
 the northeast, round the villages of Pallas Greau 
 and Caherconlish, the country is bi-oken up by a 
 series of lovely pastoral bills. The most re- 
 markable hill of this kind is Knockfeerina (949), 
 2 miles east of Ballingarry, overlooking the 
 whole plain of Limerick ; it has a great earn on 
 its summit; and both mountain and earn are 
 celebrated in fairy legends. Tory Hill, a mile 
 and a half northeast of Groom, though only 374 
 feet high, is a striking feature in the midst of 
 tbe great plain around it. 
 
 COAST LINE.— From Limerick city down to 
 roynes the Limerick shore of the Shannon is 
 low, except indeed that Aughiuish Island rises 
 to the height of 105 feet. Foyues Island is 196 
 feet high, and from that downward is a succes- 
 sion of bluffs from 100 to upward of 300 feet over 
 the river. There is a succession of mansions 
 and demesnes the whole way down from Limer- 
 ick to Tar))ert, rendering the coast very beauti- 
 ful as viewed from the Shannon. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Foynes Island is nearly circular, 
 and about a mile in diameter, with the pretty 
 village of Foynes opposite it on the mainland, 
 tbo terminus of the railway from Limerick. 
 Near tiiis on the east is the larger island of 
 Aughinish, separated from the mainland by a 
 very narrow channel. King's Island at Lim- 
 merick, surrounded by two brauclios of the 
 Shannon, is a mile in length, and is partly cov- 
 ered by the city. 
 
 HIVERS. — The Shannon first touches Limerick 
 a mile above O'Brieusbridge, and from this down 
 to Tarbert, a distance of 48 miles, following the 
 windings of the shore, it forms the boundary of 
 the county, except for G miles partly above and 
 partly below Limerick city, where a small por- 
 tion of Limerick county lies on the right bank 
 of the river. A little below Limerick the river 
 becomes very wide, and from that down to its 
 mouth it is a noble estuary, fully deserving 
 Spenser's description, "The spacious Shenan 
 sjjreadiug like a sea." "With some trifling ex- 
 ceptions, which will be noticed, the whole of 
 the county Limerick is drained into the Shannon. 
 
 In the northeast of the county the Mulkear 
 (or Mulkern as it is sometimes called), joins the 
 Shannon about halfway between Limerick city 
 and Castleconnell. The Mulkear is formed by 
 the following tributaries: From the north the 
 Newport River comes from Tipperary, having in 
 the early part of its course among the Tipper- 
 ary Hills, the same name as the main stream — 
 Mulkear; the Anuagh River joins the Newport 
 River, and the combined stream falls into the 
 Mulkear near Barringtou's Bridge (this com- 
 bined stream during its short course of less than 
 three miles having two different names in succes- 
 sion as it flows along); the Annagh or Clare 
 River, as it is called in the early part of its 
 course, flowing westward under the north base 
 of the Slievefelim Mountains, and forming a jiart 
 of the boundary between Limerick and Tipper- 
 ary. The Bilboa River, the Dead River, and the 
 Cahernahallia River, all of which rise in Tipper- 
 ary, are the chief headwaters of the Mulkear. 
 West of the Mulkear the little river Groody falls 
 into the Shannon a little above Limerick city; 
 and the Ballynaclogh River about the same dis- 
 tance below the city. On the north bank of the 
 Shannon, 3 miles below the city, the Crompaun 
 River forms for its whole course the boundary 
 between Ijimerick and Clare. 
 
 The Maigue rises near Milford, in Cork (west 
 of Charleville, and running north for about 2 
 miles, toucjies Limerick) ; then turning eastward 
 it runs for a short distance partly on the boun- 
 dary of Cork and Limerick, and partly in Limer- 
 ick; next turns north, and flowing by Bruree, 
 Groom and Adare, through the magnificent jilain 
 of Limerick, joins the Shannon 9 miles below
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 Limerick city. TLe Maiyue has tLe following 
 tributaries ; tLe Loobah rises in Slicvereagli, 
 northeast of Kilfimiaue, and •winding westward 
 by Kilmallock, joins the Maigue a mile and a 
 half above Bruree. The Morning Star rises be- 
 tween Ballylanders and Galbally (in the barony 
 of Coshlea), and llowing to the northwest, falls 
 into the Maigue two miles below Bruree. The 
 Oamoge comes from that part of Tipperary lying 
 near Kuockloug, in the east of Limerick, pass- 
 ing by Knockloug and receiving the Mahore as 
 tributary (which runs through Hospital), it turns 
 westward and joins the Maigue a mile above 
 Croom. Toward the mouth, the Maigue receives 
 the Barnakyle River from the east. 
 
 The Deel rises in Cork, 2 or 3 miles south of 
 Milford (near the source of the Maigue), runs in 
 a general direction to the north, and leaving 
 Newcastle a mile to the west, it flows through 
 Kathkeale and Askeatou, and joins the Shannon 
 a mile below this last town. Above Newcastle it 
 receives the Buuoke on the west bank, and the 
 Owenskaw on the east, and near Newcastle it is 
 joined on the left bank by the Daar, and by the 
 combined streams of the Ehernagh, the Dooally, 
 and the Arra, these two last joining at Newcastle. 
 
 "West of the Deel, the Shannon is joined by 
 the Robertstown River at Foyues, by the White 
 Eiver at Loghill, and b.v tlie Glin River at Glin. 
 In the southwest, the Feale, rising in Cork, 
 forms the boundar.v between Limerick and Kerry 
 for 7 miles, after which it enters Kerr.v. From 
 Limerick, the Feale receives as tributaries, the 
 Allaghaun, rising in the Mullaghareirk Moun- 
 tains; the Oolagh, which rises in Sugar Hill, 
 west of Newcastle; and the Galey, which draws 
 its headwaters from Knockanimpaha and the 
 uplands round it, but enters Kerry before join- 
 ing the Feale. 
 
 Of the southeast corner of the county a por- 
 tion is drained into the basin of the Suir, and a 
 small iiart into that of the Blackwater. The 
 Aherlow River flows by Galbally, then runs for 
 3 miles on the boundary between Limerick and 
 Tipperar.v, after which it enters Tipperary to 
 join the Suir. The Fuushion, flowing first south- 
 ward down the slope of Galt.vmore, separates 
 Limerick from Tipperary for 5 or C miles, then 
 turning westward at the junction of the three 
 counties, it forms the boundary between Limer- 
 
 ick and Cork for 5 miles, after which it enters 
 Cork to join the Blackwater. From Limerick 
 the Funshion receives at Kilbcheny, the Betha- 
 nagh (Spenser's Molana), flowing south from a 
 deep glen in the Galtys; and further on to the 
 west, the Ahaphuca Eiver and the Keale Eiver 
 (flowing by Ballyorgan) join at the bridge of 
 Ahaphuca, on the boundary of Limerick and 
 Cork, after which the united stream is called the 
 Ownnageei-agh or Sheep River, which forme the 
 bound.-.j- of the two counties for half a mile, and 
 then enters Cork to join the Funshion. 
 
 LAKES. — The only lake of an.v consequence 
 in the whole county is Lough Gur, 3 miles north 
 of Bruff. It is ui]ward of a mile in length, and 
 irregular in shape, surrounded b.y lovelj' hills; 
 and on its islands and round its shores there are 
 numbers of most interesting remains of antiquity 
 • — castles, cromlechs, sepulchral chambers, stone 
 circles, and circular raths or forts. 
 
 TOWNS.— Limerick (38,5G2), a very ancient 
 city, built on a plain, part being on the King's 
 Island, but the chief portion on the mainland. 
 It contains man.y interesting remains of antiq- 
 uity, among them being the old cathedral founded 
 in the 12th century, and rebuilt in the 1.5th ; 
 King Jolin's Castle ; and a jjortion of the old town 
 walls. Three miles southwest of Limerick are 
 the remains of the ancient priory of Mungret, an 
 establishment of great antiquity ; it was formerly 
 a celebrated center of learning, and is said to 
 have had at one time 1,500 monks. Above 
 Limerick, on the Shannon, is Castleconnell (330), 
 in a lovely situation near the falls of Dunass (see 
 Clare), with the fine old castle of the O'Briens 
 on a rock in the village. The lovely little 
 town of Glin (812) stands on the Shannon shore, 
 near the northwest corner of the count.v. 
 
 Towns on the Maigue and its tributaries: 
 Adare (5G1) is situated 7 miles in a straight line 
 from the mouth of the Maigue, a ver3' pretty 
 village, with interesting ruins of abbeys, 
 churches, and castles in and near it, and having 
 the Earl of Dunraven's beautiful residence, 
 Adare Manor, beside it. Six miles below Adare, 
 near the mouth of the Maigue, is the old castle 
 of Carrigoguunel, one of the most singular ruins 
 in the country, perched on the top of an abrujit 
 rock overlooking the rich plain all round. 
 Croom (747) stands 5 miles above Adare, beside
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 •which is Crooru Casi.r sne of the stronghohls of 
 the Fitzgeialds, from wL.ch they took theii- war 
 cry of Crom-Aboo ; two miles east of Croom is 
 Monasteranenagh Abbey, one of the finest eccle- 
 siastical ruins in Ireland ; and one mile west of 
 the town are the very ancient church ruin and 
 round tower of Dysert. Bruree (472) is 8 miles 
 above Croom. Hospital (G67), in the east of the 
 county, stands on the Mahore, one of the head 
 streame of the river Camoge. On the Morning 
 Star is Bruff (1,600); and near the source is the 
 village of Bally landers (438). On the Loobagh 
 is Kilmallock (1,027). The town rose round a 
 monastery founded in the Gth century by St. 
 Mochelloo or Mallock. In after ages it was the 
 capital of the Fitgeralds, Earls of Desmond; and 
 it is now the most interesting town ju Ireland 
 for its remains of antiquity. There are still two 
 fine castellated gateways in good preservation, 
 with a considerable portion of the old town 
 walls. The abbey of SS. Peter and Paul stands 
 within the town, and a portion of it is still used 
 for divine service. The Dominican friary is 
 situated beside the river a little to the northeast 
 of the town, a very tine old ruin, containing a 
 pointed window, the most beautiful in Ire- 
 laud. Along the street of the town many of the 
 ancient bouses still remain fitted up as modern 
 dwellings. Near the source of the Loobagh ic 
 Kiltiuane (1,398), on the sloi)e of a hill overlook- 
 ing the great plain of Limerick, a good business 
 town, with an ancient triple-fossed fort of great 
 size beside it. Two miles from Kiltinane toward 
 the west is the groon round hill of Ardpatrick 
 having on its summit a burying ground, with 
 the ruins of a very ancient abbe.y church and a 
 portion of a round tower. Ballingarry (795) 
 stands on a stream that joins thf Maigue on the 
 left bank a mile below Adare. 
 
 Towns on the De(^l and its tributaries: Two 
 miles from tlic mouth is Askeiiton (891), with 
 beautiful abbey ruins, and an ancient castle 
 of tlio Earls of Desmond on a high rock ; beside 
 the town the Deel tumbles over a ridge of rocks, 
 forming a jpretty waterfall. Seven miles south- 
 west of Askeatijn, near the village of Sbana- 
 golden, is a little hill with two ])eaks, one of 
 which is crowned witli the fine old ruins of 
 Shanid Castle, from which the Knights of Glin 
 took thei'r war cry, Shanid-Aboo; the other iicak 
 
 has an ancient circular fort on its summit. 
 Higher up on the Deel is Rathkeale (2,549), 
 which is, nest to Limerick, the most important 
 town in the county. Newcastle (2,186) stands 
 on the Arra within a mile of the confluence of 
 this little river with the Deel, another important 
 and prosperous town. Dromcolliher (633) stands 
 near the boundary of Cork, on a smal stream, 
 one of the headwaters of the Deel. 
 
 In the west of the county, Abbeyfeale (965) 
 stands on the Feale, where it separates Limerick 
 from Kerr^'; the town took its name from an 
 abbey founded in the 12th century, the fine 
 ruins of which still remain beside the river. In 
 the northeast, Cappamore (954) stands on the 
 Bilboa River. 
 
 MINERALS. — The mountainous district in 
 the west of the county is a part of the great 
 Munster coalfield, and coal is raised for local 
 purposes in several places. About 7 miles from 
 Limerick, on the road to Askeaton, there are 
 quarries of fine marble of a reddish brown color. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — All that part of Limerick lying west of 
 the Maigue, together with the barony of Coshma 
 (lying chiefly east of the river), was called Hy 
 Fidgente or Hy Carbery. It was the territory 
 of the O'Donovans, who were driven out of it in 
 1178, and fled to Cork and Kerry. The present 
 barony of Small County was the ancient Deis- 
 Beg. In this district is the hill now called 
 Knockainy (with the village of Knockainy at its 
 foot), formerly called Aiue, or Aiue-Clich, from 
 the territory of Cliach or Ara-Cliach, which lay 
 round the hill. That part of the barony of 
 Coshlea lying between Knockloug and the south- 
 ern boundary near Ballyorgan, was the old dis- 
 trict of Cliu Mail. 
 
 Olioll Olum, king of ]\runster iii the 2d cen- 
 tury, had his palace at Bruree, whence it got its 
 name, Brugh-righ, the brugli or fort of the king. 
 It continued to be a royal seat for ages after- 
 ward, for the O'Donovans, chiefs of Hy Fidgente, 
 had their principal residence there; and there 
 are still remaining extensive raths or forts, the 
 fortifications of the old jialace. The tomb of 
 Olioll Olum — a great (-romlcch — stands on a hill 
 near the church of Duiitryleaguo, between Gal- 
 bally and Knocklong in this county. 
 
 The following baronies still retain the names
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 of the o)J territories from which tiioy were 
 formed: Coonagh, the district of Hy Cuiiuacli; 
 Owneybeg is Uaithue (pron. Ooiia); the baro- 
 nies of Connello represent Hy Conall Gavara; and 
 Kenry is the old Caenarifihe (pron. Kaiu-ree). 
 
 The round green hill of Kuocklong, now 
 Clowned with the ruins of a castle and of a 
 church, was the ancient Drum-Davary. In the 
 3d century Cormac Mac Art, king of Ireland, 
 
 marched southward to exuct tribute from Mun- 
 ster; and he was opposed by Fiacha Mullahan, 
 king of the province, who encamped his army 
 on Drum Davary, Cormac's army being on the 
 opposite hill — Slieve Claire, now Hleive Reagh. 
 After a series of battles Cormac was repulsed: 
 and Drum Davary thenceforward and to the 
 present day retains the name of Knocklong, o»- 
 the hill of the encampment. 
 
 ILLXJSTR^TION S. 
 
 THE TREATY STONE.— It was on this his- 
 toric stone, celebrated in song and story, that 
 the famous "Treaty of Limerick" was signed be- 
 tween the Irish and the Williamites, when the 
 city of Limerick had capitulated, after one of 
 the most heroic defenses in history. But it was 
 infamously broken "ere the ink wherewith 'twas 
 writ could dry." The treary consisted of two 
 parts, civil and military, and both were violated. 
 Hence Limerick has since borne the title of "The 
 City of the Violated Treaty." Even in the very 
 place where the treaty was agreed to and signed 
 it was most flagrantly repudiated, and the 
 atrocious Penal Laws were most rigorously 
 applied. It was the memory of this infamous 
 treachery that inspired the Irish regiments when 
 at the battle of Fontenoy they swept the English 
 from the held to the cry, in tlie Irish tongue, 
 "Remember Limerick and English faith. " The 
 Treaty Stone was placed in its present position 
 on a fine pedestal, near the foot of Thomond 
 Bridge, bv the municipal authorities some years 
 ago. 
 
 THE SARSFIELD STATUE.-Few names 
 in Irish history are more fondl.v cherished by 
 "the sea-divided Gael" than that of Gen. Patrick 
 Sarsfield, the commander of the Irish forces at 
 the siege of Limerick. He was not a great 
 diplomat or commander, like Hugh O'Neill, nor 
 can he be said to have evinced genius of a high 
 order in any respect, but he was the impersona- 
 tion of honor, chivalry, courage and patriotism, 
 in a word an epitome of the best qualities Df the 
 Irish race. His mother was a sister of the cele- 
 brated Roger, or Rory O 'Moore, of 1641 fame; 
 while on his paternal side, as his name implies, 
 he was of Anglo-Norman blood. His heroic 
 
 defense of Limerick ; his dashing exploit in 
 destroying King William's artillery train; his 
 sulise(iuent career in France, where with his 
 troop he laid the foundation of the famous 
 Irish Brigades, and his death of wounds received 
 at the battle of Landen are familiar to all readers 
 of Irish history. The magnificent monument 
 here shown was erected in 1881, largely through 
 the instrumentalit.v of the late patriotic Bishop 
 Butler, of Limerick. 
 
 ADARE ABBEY. -^Adare, one of the most 
 beautiful places in the province of Munster, is 
 rich in ancient archaeological remains, among 
 them those of several religious houses. Of these 
 a number are situated within the beautiful park 
 of the Earl of Dunraveu, including the Black 
 Abbe.v herewith shown. It was built in 1279 by 
 John, first Earl of Kildare. " Nearby is a castle of 
 the Desmonds, which "much incommoded the 
 English," during the Elizabethan wars. The 
 ruins of some of these were repaired by the late 
 Earl of Dunraven, a well-known antiquarian, so 
 completely as to secure them for centuries to 
 come. One of them he appropriated to the 
 Protestant service, and another, the monastery 
 of the Holy Trinity, or Black Abbey, for Catho- 
 lic worship. It consists of a nave and choir, 
 and is surmounted by an embattled to^\er, still 
 in an excellent state of preservation. 
 
 KING JOHN'S CASTLE AND THOMOND 
 BRIDGE. — This massive and gloomy structure 
 was erected in 1205 by King John, son of Henry 
 II., and "lord of Ireland." Conjmanding the 
 only entrance to Limerick over the Shannon it 
 was for centuries the object of contending parties 
 in the various wars, and the marks of cannon 
 balls that its walls bear, give evidence of its
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 Btrengtn, and the sieges and battles of which it 
 was the center. It was one of the strongest for- 
 tresses erected b.v the isormans, and is still for- 
 midable looking and solid. About a century 
 ago the battlements were dismantled. The seven 
 towers are connected by massive and high walls. 
 The interior is at present used as a barracks. 
 Thomond Bridge, shown in the engraving, occu- 
 pies the place of the old bridge, also built by 
 King John and taken down in 1838. The cele- 
 brated Treaty of Limerick was signed on a large 
 stone near the old bridge, on the Clare side of 
 the river. 
 
 ASKE.\TON ABBEY.— Askeaton. Abbey, like 
 most of the ruins of the old castles, abbeys and 
 "Lurches in the county of Limerick had its 
 'Mrigln in the wealth and power of the Desmonds, 
 
 the noble Geraldine princes. It was founded in 
 1420 by James, seventh Earl of Desmond, for 
 conventual Franciscans, and in 1490 was re- 
 formed by the Observantine friars. A chapter 
 of the order was held in the sacred edifice in 
 15G4. After the overthrow of the Desmond 
 power in the reign of Elizabeth, the abbey shared 
 the general fate of the Irish monasteries. An 
 unsuccessful effort to restore it was made by the 
 confederated Catholics in 1G48; and though it 
 has since been left to decay, it is, still in a fair 
 state of preservation. The windows, arches-, 
 and other portions of the structure attest its for- 
 mer beauty and grandeur. The transept con- 
 tains many ancient tombs, among them that of 
 James, fifteenth Earl of Desmond, who died, 
 1558.
 
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 LOUTH. 
 
 NAME. — The county took its name from the 
 village of Louth ; the old form of the name is 
 Lughmhagh (pron. Loova), of which the mean- 
 ing is uncertain. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Louth is the 
 smallest county in Ireland. Length, from the 
 boundary south of Drogheda to the boundary a 
 little north of Eavensdale, 29 miles; breadth 
 variable — ^average 12 or 13 miles; area 316 square 
 miles; population 77,684. 
 
 '" SUEFACE.— The whole of the peninsula be- 
 tween Dundalk Bay and Carlingford Lough is 
 covered with mountains except two or three 
 miles of the point, and two narrow strips at the 
 sides; these mountains being the continuation 
 of those Armagh mountains that culminate in 
 Slieve Oullion. In the south a range of low 
 heights runs east and west, extending from the 
 interior of Meath across the boundary near Col- 
 Ion, and terminating in Clogher Head. All the 
 rest of tlie county, viz., from the neighborhood 
 of Collon and Ardee northward to Dundalk, and 
 taking iu the whole breadth of the county, is 
 a dead level, well inhabited and highly culti- 
 vated. • 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The mountains 
 that occupy the Carlingford or Coolsy peninsula 
 are often called the Cooley IMountains. Of 
 these, Anglesey (1,349) lies on the boundary; 
 Bouth of this is Clermont Carn (1,674); on the 
 southern border is Slieve Naglogh (1,024); on 
 the north border Carlingford Mountain (1,935) 
 rises straight over Carlingford, at the west side; 
 and near this again on the south side of Carling- 
 ford is Baruavave (1,142). 
 
 la the south of the county there is nothing 
 tieserving the iiunio of a mountain; but some of 
 tho heiglits are renuirkable liy coniparison. Be- 
 (tinniiiK at tlio west, Wliite IMountain (519) lies 
 near the boundary with Meatli ; Mount Oriel 
 (744) stands ono mile northwest of Collon; and 
 the last elevation of any consei|uence is Castlecoo 
 
 Hill (346,) near the coast, a mile and a half 
 north of the village of Termonfeckin, the range 
 terminating two miles further on in Clogher 
 Head. 
 
 COAST-LINE.— Round the whole of the Car- 
 lingford peninsula there is a narrow belt of coast, 
 for the most part level; but the hills rise up im- 
 mediately behind, giving the coast on the whole 
 a mountainous character. From Dundalk Bay 
 south to Clogher Head the shore is low and sandy. 
 Clogher Head is high and rocky ; but south of 
 this the coast again assumes the sandy character, 
 as far as the mouth of the Boyne. 
 
 HEADLANDS. ^ — Greenore Point, two miles 
 east of Carlingford, is now the terminus of a rail- 
 way ; Ballagan Point is the extremity of the 
 Carlingford peninsula ; southwest of this is 
 Cooley Point; Dunany Point is the southern 
 limit of Dundalk Bay; and Clogher Head is a 
 scarped promontory 183 feet high, the terminat- 
 ing point of the range of heights running east- 
 ward througli the barony of Ferrard. 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS.— Carlingford Bay 
 lies between Down and Louth ; Dundalk Bay is 
 about 9 miles across the mouth from Dunany 
 Point to Cooley Point, and about the same in 
 depth ; off which, on the north, is Dundalk 
 Harbor. 
 
 RIVERS. ^ — In the Carlingford peninsula the 
 Big River and the Little River flow southward 
 through a tine valley, and joining together their 
 united waters take the name of the Piedmont 
 River, flowing into Dundalk Bay west of Cooley 
 Point. The Kilcurry River, the Cullj' Water, 
 and the Castletown River, all coming from 
 Armagh, unite and flow into Dundalk Harbor. 
 The Fane, coming from Monaghan, flows across 
 the county and enters Dundalk Baj' at Lurgan 
 Green. The Glydo also crosses Louth, and flow- 
 ing by Custlobellingham, enters Dundalk Bay at 
 Annagassan. Its chief headwater is the Lagan, 
 which, coming from IMoiuighan, forms the boun-
 
 LOUTH. 
 
 dary between that county and Louth for 4 miles, 
 and becomes the Glyde a little lowe/ dowu. The 
 Dee, coming from Menth, Hows east by Ardee, 
 and enters Dundalk Bay at Annagassan, having 
 a common mouth with the Glyde; it is joined on 
 its right bank by the White lliver, which i)asse8 
 bj- Dunleer. 
 
 In the extreme south, the Boyne first touches 
 Louth at the mouth of the Mattack, near Town- 
 ley Hall; flows thence for ;i miles between Louth 
 and Meath ; next cuts off at Drogheda a small 
 angle of Louth, which lies on the south of the 
 river — flowing here for a mile and three-cjuarters 
 through Louth and for the rest of its course — 
 three miles — again divides Louth from Meath. 
 At the point where the Boyne first touches 
 Louth it receives the Mattock, which, rising in 
 this county, sej>arates Louth from Meath for 
 nearly the whole ^' its course, down i6 its 
 mouth. 
 
 TOWNS.— Drogheda (12,297), built on both 
 sides of the Boyne, 4 miles from its mouth, is an 
 interesting town, containing many remains of 
 its old fortifications, and some fine ecclesiastical 
 ruins. Dundalk (11,913), the assize town, at 
 the head of Duudalk Harbor, a town of consid- 
 erable trade and manufacture. Three miles 
 northwest of Dundalk is Faugharfc Hill, a round 
 grassy eminence crowned by a large rath or fort; 
 here Edward Bruce was defeated and slain in 
 1316 ; and here also St. Brigid, the foundress of 
 Kildare, was born in the fifth century — her 
 father's house being probably the old fort. 
 Near the fort is the ruin of St. Brigid's church; 
 and also St. Brigid's Well. 
 
 Ardee (2,622) stands on the river Dee, and 
 has two old castles. Carlingford (727) stands in 
 a very romantic situation, nestling under high 
 mountains, on a narrow strip of level land be- 
 tween their bases and the sea; retaining still 
 some fragments of its w'alls and bastions, the 
 fine ruins of King John's Castle perched on a 
 peninsulated rock over the sea, and some abbey 
 ruins Clogher (662) is beside Clogher Head; 
 Collon (451) is a very pretty little town in the 
 southwest, in the midst of wooded hills; Dun- 
 leer (498), northeast of Collon, is on the White 
 River; and near the coast of Dundalk Bay, on 
 the river Gl.vde, is Castlebellingham (541), a 
 pretty village celebrated for its ale. Southwest 
 
 of Dundalk is the village of Louth (261), once 
 
 important in an ecclesiastical point of view, but 
 now very insignificant, and only worthy of notice 
 as having given name to the county. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Louth is classical ground. That por- 
 tion lying between Dundalk and Drogheda, 
 including the whole lireadth of the county, was 
 the ancient Murth(!miic, the ]iatrimony of the 
 hero Cuchullin, the greatest of all the Red 
 Branch Knights (see Armagh). It was the scene 
 in which were enacted the chief events of the 
 ancient Irish heroic romance or epic called the 
 Tain-bo-Quelne, or the "Cattle-spoil of Quelne. " 
 The subject of this old ejiic was a seven years' 
 war between Ulster and Connaught, in which 
 Cuchullin was the leading character. 
 
 The plain of Murthemne was also called in 
 later ages Maghera-Conaill and also Maghera 
 Oriel, /.('., the plain of the ancient kingdom of 
 Oriel. The district of Quelne is the Carlingford 
 or Cooley peninsula; the Gaelic form of the 
 name is Cuailnge, which may be represented in 
 sound by either "Quelne" or "Cooley;" and the 
 old name is still X'reserved in Cooley Point near 
 the extremity of the peninsula, and also in the 
 name of the Cooley Mountains. 
 
 Cuchullin's residence still remains. It is now 
 known as the Moat of Castletown, a conspicuous 
 high, flat-topped mound or fort, two miles west 
 of Dundalk. It is well known in the Tain and 
 other romances by the name of Dundalgan, and 
 in later ages it gave its name to the town of 
 Dundalk. 
 
 The range of low hills in the south is a part of 
 the ancient Slieve-Bregh, for which see 
 Meath. 
 
 There are two great groups of ecclesiastical 
 ruins in this county. Monasterboice, which was 
 one of the greatest of Ireland's ecclesiastical 
 establishments, lies 5 miles northwest from 
 Droghega; it was founded by St. Buite or 
 Boethius, who died in 522, and now contains the 
 ruins of two very ancient churches, a round 
 tower, and three magnificent Celtic crosses 
 elaborately sculptured. Three miles southwest 
 from this and five from Drogheda, in a beautiful 
 valley watered by the Mattock, are the ruins of 
 Mellifont Abbey. Tt is much less ancient than 
 Monasterboice, having been founded in the 12th
 
 LOUTH. 
 
 centurj'; but it was equally celebrated; and 
 some most interestiug ruins still remain to 
 interest tbe visitor. 
 
 Three miles above Di-ogheda is the spot where 
 the battle of the Boyne was fought in 1G90, in 
 which William Prince of Orange defeated James 
 Q. King William 's army was encamped the night. 
 
 before the battle at the Louth side of the river, 
 and king James' at tbe Meath side, and the 
 main conflict was at Oldbridge, which is in 
 Meath. Tbe monument erected in memory of 
 Schomberg, William's best general, who was 
 killed in the battle, stands on a rock in the mid- 
 dle of the river. 
 
 ILLTJSTR^TIOISrS. 
 
 THE CELTIC CROSS, MONASTERBOICE. 
 
 — Monaster boice, the name of which is derived 
 from St. Buitbe, a disciple of St. Patrick, who 
 founded a religious establishment there about 
 the end of the fifth century, is about five and a 
 half miles distant from Drogheda, aud jiossesses 
 ruins of great interest and very remote antiq- 
 uity. Among them are a round tower and three 
 crosses, two of the latter being the finest of tbe 
 kind in Ireland, one of which is shown in the 
 accoinpauyiug illustration. It is entirely cov- 
 ered on both sides with sculptured images, the 
 subjects of which are plainly apparent. The 
 round tower is 110 feet high, aud must have been 
 considerably higher, as the cap and upper parts 
 were destroyed by lightning many years ago. 
 It is 51 feet in circumference; i.s divided into 
 five stories, and has a doorway six feet from tlie 
 ground. The railing was erected to prevent 
 relic hunters defacing the picturesque re- 
 mains. 
 
 THE CITY OF DROGHEDA.— Drogheda, 
 meaning the Bridge of the Ford, is situated on 
 
 the river Boyne about four miles from its 
 mouth. Although possessing many interesting 
 ecclesiastical and architectural remains, it is best 
 known on account of its historical associations. 
 It is one of tbe most ancient places in Ireland. 
 There it was that Heremou, son of Milesius, 
 landed, after having lost his brothers, Aireach 
 aud Colpa iu the bay. Drogheda suffered re- 
 peatedly from tbe incursions of the Danes, and 
 later from the Anglo-Norman invaders. There 
 Richard II. held his court in 1895, and, in one 
 of the parliaments held there tbe famous Poyn- 
 iug's law was passed, 1494:. In 1641, its Eng- 
 ish garrison was unsuccessfully besieged by Sir 
 Phelim O'Neil. But the city is more memora- 
 bly associated with one of the most atrocious 
 massacres in buiL^n history — that of tbe garri- 
 son and the entire inhabitants by Oliver Crom- 
 well in 1649. Neither age nor sex was spared, 
 and with his characteristic blasphemous hy- 
 pocrisy, the Puritan monster disclaimed any 
 "credit" for the butchery, but gave all the glory 
 of it to God.
 
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 LONDONDERRY. 
 
 NAME. — County named from the city. The 
 most ancient name of Londonderry -ivas Derry 
 Calgagh, ?.e., the derry or oak-wood of Calgach. 
 In veneration for St. Columkille, who erected his 
 monastery in Derry in 546, it began in the 10th 
 or 11th century to be called Derry Columkille; 
 and this continued to the time of James I., 
 whose charter, granted to a company of London 
 merchants, imposed the name Londonderry. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 Magilligan Point to the Balliuderry Eiver, 40| 
 miles; breadth from the southwestern corner be- 
 side the Foyle, to the northwestern boundary 
 near Coleraine, 35 miles; area 816 square miles; 
 poiiulatiou 164,991. 
 
 SUEFACE.— A belt of level land stretches 
 more than half round the county from Lough 
 Neagh, by Colerain to the Foyle, six or seven 
 miles broad along the Bann, but much narrower 
 along Lough Foyle. There is a large tract of 
 beautiful level country in the center; and the 
 8 -uth of the county is mountainous, the southern 
 border, where it verges on Tyrone, remarkably 
 so — an almost uninterrupted mass of high moun- 
 tains. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— In the south- 
 west, the Sperrin Mountains run in a curve from 
 near Strabane in Tyrone to near Garvagh in this 
 county, lying partly in Tyrone, partly on the 
 border between Tyrone and Londonderry, and 
 partly in Londonderry. The chief summits 
 touching or belonging to Londonderry are Sawel 
 (2,240); a mile to the southwest of it. Dart 
 (2,040); Meenard (2,061), 3 miles from Sawel, 
 uearl.v due east, and Oughtmore (1,878) 2 miles 
 eusrt of Meenard — these four being on the boun- 
 dary with Tyrone. The following are in Lon- 
 donderry : Barnes Top (1,506) and Mullaghash 
 (1,581), northwest of Meenard; and as you go 
 northoust from this, Craigagh (1,489), near 
 Oughtmore; Mullaghmore (1,825), AVhite Moun- 
 tain (1,774), Brown Hill (1,278), and Streeve 
 (1,282), all four close to each other; Glenshane 
 M'luntuin (1,507), and Craigmore (1,30()). 
 
 boutb of ibeH&, and west of Draperstown, are 
 
 Kiiockbrack (1,735), and on the boundary 
 Slieveavaddy (1,605) and Mullaghturk (1,353); 
 all these belonging to a range sejiarated from the 
 Sperrin Mountains by the valley of Glenelly Eiver. 
 
 Toward the southeastern corner of the county 
 stands the short range of Slieve Galliou (1,623), 
 separated from the Sperrin Mountains by the 
 valley of the Moyola I<iver. Five miles south of 
 Londonderry city is Slievekirk (1,219), on the 
 boundary with Tyrone. 
 
 The following are in the interior : Benbradagh 
 (1,536), northeast of Duugiven; north of this, 
 Craiggore (1,277), Boyd's Mountain (1,077) and 
 Keady Mountain (1,101), near Newton Lima- 
 vady ; and north of the same town, about half 
 waj' toward Magilligan Point, Binevenagh 
 (1,260), almost detached, and commanding a 
 beautiful view on all sides. Loughermore 
 (1,298) lies southwest of Limavady; and north- 
 west from Sawe are Meeny Hilll (1,198) and 
 Straid Hill (1,002). 
 
 COAST LINE.— That part of the coast lying 
 between Portrush aud the mouth of the Bann 
 is bold, rocky, and cliffy. From the mouth of 
 the Bann, round b.v Magiligan, the strand is flat 
 and sandy ; but a mile or two inland there are 
 fine cliffs and hills, culminating in Binevenagh. 
 From Bellarena west to the Foyle, both shore 
 and interior are flat, but well cultivated and very 
 beautiful. The only cape of any consequence is 
 Magilligan Point, a sandy projection, confining 
 on the east the entrance to Lough Foyle. ^ 
 
 EIVEES. — The Bann, issuing from Lough 
 Neagh, runs on the boundary between Antrim 
 and Londonderr.v for a mile, then after flowing 
 through Antrim for lialf a mile, it expands into 
 Lough Beg: issuing from Lough Beg, it again 
 forms the boundar.v for 22 miles down to Cole- 
 breene; and from that to the mouth, a distance 
 of 10 mil(!8, it flows through Londonderry. A 
 mile above Coleraine it falls over a ledge of 
 rocks, forming the "Salmon Lcaj)" cascade, 
 where there is a great salmon fishery. On the 
 west side, the Foyle flows through this county 
 for the lust 11 miles of its course.
 
 LOlSDONDKUliV. 
 
 The Fiiugbau risos at tlin l>iiso of Sawel Moun- 
 tain, and ruuniujii: northwest, lluws into the 
 numth of the Foyle. The i'iuif^ban receives as 
 tributiiries, on the left bank, the Glenrandal, 
 which rises iu Tyrone, and the Berry Burn, ris- 
 ing iu Slievekirk ; and (Jii thi; riiiht liank the 
 Burn Toilet. The lioe rises on the southern 
 boundary at a great height among the Sperrin 
 Mountains, and flowing in a general direction 
 northward, it passes by Dungiven and Newton 
 Liinavady, and enters Lough Foyle. 
 
 The Mooyla flows from the njountains iu the 
 southwest border, and running first northeast, 
 nest east, and lastly southeast, it enters tho 
 northwest corner of Lough Neagh. Like the 
 lloe, it rises at a great elevation, and is subject 
 to sudden floods. Its tributaries arc: on tho 
 light bank, the White Water and the Grange 
 Water; on the left bank, the Glengomna and the 
 Douglas. South of this, the Ballinderry Eiver 
 forms the boundary with Tyrone for the last 8 
 or 10 miles of it's course, and enters Lough 
 Neagh; a little higher up it also runs on the 
 same boundary for a mile and a half. It re- 
 ceives the Lissan Stream on the left bank, which 
 flows jiartly on the boundar.y with Tyrone, but 
 chiefly through Londonderry. The London- 
 derry tributaries of the Baun, north of the 
 Moyola, are the following: The Claudy flows 
 east and joins the Baun half a mile below Port- 
 gleuone, receiving as tributaries on its left bank 
 the Cirilagh and the Knockoneill Eiver. Below 
 this is the Inverroe Water; next the Agivey 
 River, which is joined on the left bank by the 
 Aghadowey Kiver and by the Mettican Eiver; 
 and lastly the Macosquin Eiver. 
 
 LAKES. — Lough Neagh forms the boundary 
 for 8 miles, and Lough Beg for 3| miles. In 
 the southwest, Lough Tea and the mountain 
 pool Lough Ouske lie on the boimdary with 
 Tyrone. 
 
 TOWNS.— Londonderry (29,162,) the assize 
 town, built on a hill rising over the left or west- 
 i!ru shore of the Foye, is a most picturesque city, 
 rendered highly interesting by its remains of 
 antiiiuity, especially the old walls, gates, and 
 bastions that formerly defended the town. On the 
 eastern side of the county is Coleraine (5,899), 
 on the Bann, -4 miles from its mouth. Higher 
 up, Kilrea (935) is half a mile from the river. 
 
 On the Roe are, Newtown Limavady (2,954;); 
 and Dungiven (7(51), in a beautiful vallcV; with 
 the ruins of a castle and of a very ancient abbey. 
 Magherafclt (1,514) stands in the southeast, 4 
 miles from tho shore of Lough Neagh ; near it, on 
 the Moyola Eiver, i.s Castledawson (511); a, little 
 higher up, lUiar but not ([uite on the same river, 
 Tobermorc (-{47); and higher up still. Drapers- 
 town, half a mild fn,m the river. Maghera 
 (1,124), a little to tho north of the Moyola, is a 
 place of great antiiiuity, with a most interesting 
 and very ancient church ruin ; Garvagh (708) is 
 farther north, 4 miles from the Bann; Money- 
 more (588), in the southeastern coriua-, is a very 
 neat town; and on the north coast. Port Stewart 
 (55G) is a pretty watering place, and much 
 patroujzed. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Londonderry formed a jiart of the 
 ancient territory of Tir Owen, i.e., the land of 
 Owen, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages. The 
 barony of Keenaght represents the ancient ter- 
 ritory of Ciauachta, or Cianachta of Glengiven, 
 which was in early times the territory of the 
 O'Conors; but they were dispossessed a short 
 time before the English invasion by theO'Cahans 
 or O'Kaues. 
 
 One mile above Coleraine, towering over the 
 right bank of the river, is a great fort or mound, 
 one of the largest in the country, now called 
 Mountsandel, but anciently Dun-da-bheann 
 (pron. Dundavan'), or the fort of the two peaks 
 or gables, which was the residence of a chief 
 called "Niall of the brilliant deeds" a little be- 
 fore the Christian era, and which is celebrated 
 in ancient Irish romance. A still more cele- 
 brated fort lay about 5 miles west of this in the 
 parish of Dundo; it is now called the Giant's 
 Sconce, but it was the ancient Dun Kehern, 
 the residence of Kehern, one of the Eed Branch 
 Knights. (See Armagh.) 
 
 In Roe Park, near Newtown Lima-vadj-, is a 
 long mound now called "the Mullah" or "Daisy 
 Hill;" this is the ancient Drumket, celebrated 
 for the convention held there 574 by Aed, the son 
 of Ainmire, king of Ireland, which was attended 
 by the chief people of the country, both lay and 
 ecclesiastical, among others by St. Columkille, 
 and in which various important national matters 
 were settled.
 
 ISISHOP'S GATE DERRY.
 
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 LONGFORD. 
 
 NAME.— The Gaelic form of the name is 
 Lougphort, which signifies a fortress; the wortl 
 ■was originally applied to the old circular forts, 
 but iu after ages to the more modern stone cas- 
 tles. There are about twenty jjlaces in Ireland 
 called Longford, all so named from fortresses of 
 some kind. The town of Longford, from which 
 the county has its name, is called in the annals, 
 Longford O'Farrell, from the castle of the O'Far- 
 rells, the ancient proprietors, which was situated 
 where the ]iresent military barrack stands. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length, 
 from the southwest point in Lough Kee near 
 Black Islands, to the northeast corner near Gul- 
 ladoo Lough 30| miles; greatest breadth from 
 the river Inny in the east, to Drumshanbo Lake 
 north of Drumlish, 18 miles; average breadth 
 about IG miles ; area i'll square miles ; population 
 61,000. 
 
 SUEFACE: HILLS.— A range of low round 
 hills extend from the northeast near Lough 
 Gowua, to the southwest near Newtown Forbes; 
 of which Cam Clonhugh (912), toward the south- 
 west end, is the highest summit, a flat-topped 
 hill, very conspicuous in consequence of rising 
 in the midst of a great plain. This hill should 
 have been called Carn Clanhugh, for it took its 
 name from the Clanhugh (the children or <le- 
 scendants of Hugh), who were a sept of the 
 O'Farrells, ancient princes of Annaly. Slieve 
 Golry 650 a mile and a half southwest of 
 Ardagh, is another hill conspicuous for the 
 same reason. These are the only hills worth 
 mention iu the whole county. All the rest of 
 the county is flat, iu some places, as long the 
 course of the Canilin River, quite level and un- 
 interrupted; iu other places broken up by long 
 ridge sandhills. In the level portions there is 
 a Kood deal of bog. 
 
 KIVEKS. — The Shanuon bounds the county 
 on the west from a point, helow IJoosky a mile to 
 where it opens into Lough Kee at Lanesborough, 
 a ilistaiicf! of ] 1 inilcH. The l{inu liiver coming 
 Houtii from Lcitriiii, forms the boundary between 
 
 Lieitrim and Longford for 2 miles, then flows 
 through Longford for a mile, and enters Lough 
 Forbes. In the same neighborhood the Black 
 River flows southwest through Longford, and 
 enters Leitrim to join the Einu River. 
 
 The Camlin rises near Granard, and flowing 
 through Longford town, joits the Shannon 2 
 miles above Clooudara. The Keenagh or Fallan 
 River, flowing northwest, joins the Shannon at 
 Cloondara; but a branch of it connects with the 
 Camlin, so as to form with that river and the 
 Shanuou what is called the Island of Clooudara. 
 The Inny, coming westward from "Westmeath, 
 forms for 2 miles the boundary between West- 
 meath and Longford, then flowing for 12 or 13 
 miles through Longford, and passing by Bally- 
 mahon, it enters the eastern corner of Lough 
 Ree. The Inny is joined on the left bank, C 
 miles below Balb'mahon, by the Tang Eiver, 
 which, coming from Westmeath, forms for the 
 last 3 miles of its course the southern boundary 
 of Longford ; and a little above Ballymahon, by 
 the Rath River, which also comes from "West- 
 meath, and flows through Longford for the last 
 3 miles of its course. The RifEey, another tribu- 
 tary of the Inny on the right bank, rises near 
 Edgeworthstown, an 1 flowing southeast, enters 
 Westmeath. 
 
 All the above streams send their waters to the 
 Shannon. But there is a district in the north- 
 east which is drained by a number of rivulets into 
 Lough Gowna, whence the united waters are 
 carried off by the river Erne. 
 
 LAKES. — The lake expansions of the Shannon 
 that touch Longford are : Lough Forbes, near 
 Newtown Forbes, and Lough Ree, which forms 
 the southwestern boundar.v. Along the north- 
 west boundary there is a lino of small lakes, viz., 
 Drumshanbo Lake, Lough Sallagh, Fearglass 
 Lake, Cloucose Lake, Lough Nahelwy, Doogary 
 Lake, Gortermore Lake, Tully South Lake, 
 Beaghmore Lake, and Gulladoo Lake, this last 
 at the north extremity of the county. These 
 belong partly each to Longford and Leitrim.
 
 LOJSTGFOKD. 
 
 Proceeding on in the Bauie direction ruund tL(! 
 boundary; near Gulladoo Lake in Lower Lako, 
 near tlie village of Arvagh in Cavan lying (with 
 the adjacent lake of Garty in Cavan) in the midst 
 of a series of pretty hills; a little south from 
 which is Enaghau Lake. Lough (iowua on the 
 northeast margin, a very beautiful lake, belong- 
 ing partly to Cavan, is about (i miles in length, 
 (xtremely irregular in shape, and greatly broken 
 up by peninsulas and islands. Lough Kinale 
 lies on the east border, beside which is the 
 smaller lake Derragh, which is wholly iu Long- 
 ford. Gleu Lough lies 3 miles southeast of 
 Edgeworthstown. 
 
 The following lakes are in the interior : In 
 the northern corner, Corglass Lake, Lough 
 Naback and Lough Annagh. Killeen Lake, and 
 Cloonfin Lake lie 3 miles west of Granard. 
 Gorteen Lake and Currygrane Lake lie imme- 
 diately south of the village of Ballinalee. Lough 
 Bannow lies beside Lanesborough ; and south- 
 east of this, beside the village of Keeuagh, is 
 another Lough Bannow. In the southern end, 
 Derry Lake and Derrymacar Lake lie about 4 
 miles west of Ballymahon. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Those in Lough Eee belonging fo 
 Longford are : In the north end, Incharmader- 
 mot; a mile south of this is the larger island of 
 Inchenagh ; and another mile south is Clawinch. 
 The next is Inchclerauun, or Quaker's Island, 
 which was in old times the seat of a religious 
 establishment, founded by St. Dermot in the Gth 
 century, and which still contains a most interest- 
 ing group of ecclesiastical ruins, commonly 
 called, as elsewhere, the "Seven Churches." 
 The little cluster called the Black Islands lies 
 south of the southern point of the county, and 
 lastly, to the northeast of Black Island, is Saint's 
 Island, on which are the ruins of a church. 
 
 In that part of Lough Gowna belonging to 
 Longford is Inchmore or Great Island, which 
 contains the ruins of an abbey, called Temple 
 Columkille, i.e., St. Columkille's Church, which 
 was the original parish church of, and gave name 
 to, the surrounding parish of Columkille. 
 
 TOWNS.— Longford (4,380), on the river Cal- 
 min, is the most important town and the best 
 business center between Dublin and Sligo; 
 Granard (1,828) is in the northeast of the county. 
 'R°«ide the town is the "Moat," a very large and 
 
 iiigh mound, the remains of the fortified resi- 
 dence of some old king or chief, similar to others 
 found in many parts of Irelarid ; it is on the top 
 of a hill, commanding a great view of the sur- 
 rounding country, and is a very remarkable 
 feature in the district. Two miles southeast of 
 (iranard is the village of Abbeylara, containing 
 the interesting ruins <jf an abbey from which the 
 place has its name. Edg(^worthstown (842), 
 near the eastern margin of the county, is a very 
 neat town ; it received its name from the family 
 of Edgeworth, well known in liti'raturo — one 
 member, Maria Edgewcn-th, being particularly 
 distinguishe 1. Ballymahon (809) in the south, 
 stands on the river Inny. Two miles east of 
 Ballymahon is the village of Pallas, the birth 
 place of Oliver Goldsmith; and live miles south- 
 west of Ballymahon, in the county Westmeatb, 
 is the village of Lissoy, celebrated under the 
 name of Auburn in the "Deserted Village." 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The county Longford is co-extensive 
 with the an lent territory of Annal.v, which was 
 for some centuries before the invasion the patri- 
 mony of the O'Farrells. In earlier ages, about 
 the time of St. Patrick, it formed what was called 
 North Teffia, to distinguish it from South Teffia. 
 which comprised a large jiart of Westmeath, the 
 two Teflias being separated by the river Inny. 
 A portion of North Teffia, viz., the barony of 
 Granard, was one of the districts anciently called 
 Carbery ; and to distinguish it from the other 
 Carberys this was called Carbery of Teffia. 
 
 One of the several districts called Calry was 
 situated round the village of Ardagh in this 
 county ; and the name, though no longer applied 
 to the territory, is jireserved in the name of 
 Slieve Golry. This hill was in more ancient 
 times called Bri-Leth; it was the residence 
 of the Dedauuan fairy prince Midir; and in 
 some very old Gaelic romantic tales there are 
 curious fairy legends in connection with it. 
 
 At Ardagh a monastery was founded by St. 
 Mel, a British missionary who was contemporary 
 with St. Patrick and St. Brigid ; and the place 
 was and is still held in great veneration. It 
 contains the ruins of a church, with all the char- 
 acteristics of extreme antiquity, and it has con- 
 tinued an episcopal see since the tiL.e of its lirat 
 bishop St. Mel.
 
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 iViEATH. 
 
 NAilE.— The Gaelic form is Midhe (pron. 
 Mee), which probably means middle ; Meath was 
 the middle province of Ireland. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Greatest length, 
 from the Delvin River to Longh Sheelin 47^} 
 miles ; greatest breadth from the Yellow River to 
 Ballyhoo Lake, 39i miles ; area, 906 square 
 miles ; population, 87,469. 
 
 SURFACE : HILLS. — Meath is nearly all 
 level. There are hills in the northwest, of which 
 one range, lying a little southeast of Oldcastle, 
 is called Slieve na Calliagli, or the Louglicrew 
 Hills, the highest elevation being Carnbane (004). 
 Oil the summits of these hills is en ancient 
 pagan cemetery, consisting of a most remarkable 
 group of large cromlechs and sepulchral cliani- 
 bers, in all respects resembling the great ceme- 
 tery at Bruga of the Boyne (see General Sketch 
 of Ireland ; Antiquities). South of this near 
 Loughcrew House, is Slieve Gullion (640) ; two 
 miles west of wbioh is Seatin (OGl). All these 
 hills, thousb low, command extensive views, as 
 they rise in the midst of a plain. In the barony 
 of Lower Kells, at the north end of the countj-, 
 there are bills rising to the beight of 835 feet. 
 There is a range of bills beginning in the barony 
 of Upper Slane, which run into Louth, and ter- 
 minate at Clogher Head (see Louth). The por- 
 tion of this range lying in Meath is called Slieve 
 Bregh (753), which lies 4 miles north of Slane. 
 The Hill of Ward, near Athboy, though only 390 
 feet high, is locally very remarkable. In various 
 other parts of the ccunty the plwin is broken up 
 by low hills, nearly all being cultivated or grass 
 land. 
 
 COAST LINE.— Meufch has a coast line of 7 
 miles, from the mouth of the Delvin Kiver to the 
 mouth of the Boyne; it is nearly straight, and 
 there is a fine sandy strand the whole way, 
 backed by sund hills. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Boyne, coming from Kings 
 County and Kildare, first touches Meath at tiie 
 mouth of the Yellow River, at the southwcist 
 oorner; then forms the boundary between Meath 
 and Kiklnre for 8 miles; after which it flows 
 
 through Meath, passing by Trim, Navan, and 
 Slane, till it meets the Mattock River at Old- 
 bridge (for the rest of its course see Louth). 
 
 Tributaries of the Boyne: In the northwest, 
 the Blackwater, flowing from Lough Ramor in 
 Cavan, runs for a short distance through Cavan ; 
 then forms for a mile the boundarj' between 
 Cavan and Meath, after which it enters Meath, 
 and passing by Kells, joins the Boyne at Navan. 
 It is joined at Oristown, on the left bank, by 
 the Mo\'naUy River, which, rising in Cavan, 
 forms the boundary between that county and 
 Meath for 7 miles, after which it enters Meath, 
 taking its name from the village of Moynalty, by 
 which it flows. T\vo miles above Navan, the 
 Blackwater is joined, also on the left bank, by 
 the Yellow River ; and at the point where it first 
 touches Meath it is joined on the right bank by 
 the Cross "Water, which forms the boundary be- 
 tween Meath and Cavan for about 3 miles. 
 
 The Boyne is joined at Oldbridge by the Mat- 
 tock River (for which see Louth); and the 
 Mattock itself is joined by the Devlins River, 
 flowing from Slieve Bregh. Two miles above 
 Trim the Tremblestown River joins on the left 
 bank, after flowing by Athboy; and a few miles 
 higher up, the Boyne is joined on the same bank 
 by the Ston.-^ford Rivei-, which comes imme- 
 diately from Westmeatb, but rises originally in 
 ]Meath ; a little above this it receives the Dale 
 River, also coming from "Westmeatb ; and lastly, 
 still on the left bauk, the Boyne is joined near 
 Castlejordau by the Yellow River, which forms 
 for 3 miles the boundary between Kiugs County 
 and Meath. On the light bank, another Black- 
 water, a boggy, sluggish stream, joins the Boyne 
 at Castlerickard in the southwest, near the mouth 
 of the Dale; on the right bank also, the Boyne 
 receives the Boycetown River, 2 miles below 
 Trim. So far the basin of the Boyne. 
 
 lu the north of the county, the Doe, rising iu 
 the neighborhood of Moynalty and Nobbcr, flows 
 eastward, and enters Louth 2 miles above Ardee. 
 
 The Nanny "Water runs south of, and jiarallel 
 to, the Boy lie, at a distaneo of 3 or 4 miles; it
 
 MEA.TH. 
 
 rises a little east of Navan, flows the whole way 
 aloug a beautiful valley, and ])asKiiif:; by Duleek, 
 falls into the sea 4 miles south of the mouth of 
 the Boyne; at Athcarne Castle it receives the 
 Hurley Biver from the south, whieh rises in 
 Dublin county. Three miles south of this, the 
 Delvin River forms the boundary between Meath 
 and Dublin for 7 or 8 miles, and enters the sea 
 at Gormanstown. 
 
 The river called in Dublin the Broad Meadow 
 Water (flowing into Malahide Bay), rises in 
 Meath, near DunshauKhliii, and flowing by Eat- 
 oath and Ashbourne, enters Dublin near Gree- 
 noge. The Swords Eiver, a tributary of the last, 
 also rises in Meath. The Tolka rises a little 
 south of Dunshaughlin, and flowing to the south- 
 east, enters Dublin at Clonee at the southeast 
 corner of Meath. The Eye "Water rises in 
 Meath ; and forming the boundary between 
 Meath and Kildare for several miles, enters Kil- 
 dare at Carton. 
 
 In the extreme northwest corner, the river 
 Inuy rises in Meath and forming the boundai'y 
 between Meath and Cavan for about -i miles, 
 enters Lough Sheelin. 
 
 LAKES. — Lough Sheelin touches the north- 
 west projection, and a portion of it belongs to 
 Meath. The other lakes on the margin are : 
 Lough Ervey, 1| miles southwest of Kingscourt, 
 on the boundary with Cavan; Eahan's Lough in 
 the north, chiefly belonging to Monaghan ; 
 Ballyhoe Lake near it, belonging partly to 
 Monaghan, but chiefly to Meath; Croboy Lake 
 in the southwest, a small pool 3 miles northeast 
 of Kinnegad, half in AVestmeath; Lough Bane in 
 the west, half of which belongs to Meath and the 
 other half to AVestmeath ; and near it, to the 
 northwest. White Lough and Lough Naneagh, 
 which are also divided equally by the boundary 
 line of Meath and Westmeath. 
 
 The lakes in the interior are small and unim- 
 portant. Lough Breaky in the northwest, in the 
 barony of Lower Kells, lies near the boundary ; 
 and near it to the east are Whitewood Lake and 
 Newcastle Lake. 
 
 TOAVNS.— Trim (1,586), the assize town, on 
 the Boyne, a town of great antiquity, with many 
 remains of its former importance, among others 
 a fine old castle, and the ruins of several eccle- 
 siastical establishments, chief among ihem being 
 
 the Yellow Steeple. Navan (3,873), situated at 
 the junction of the Boyne and the Blackwater, 
 a good trading-town. Kells (2,822), on the 
 Blackwater, with several very ancient ecclesias- 
 tical remains — a round tower, a Celtic cross, and 
 a st'nie-roofed oratory called St. Columb's 
 Hous(!. Tlie town grew round a monastery 
 founded there in tlie (ith century by St. Colum- 
 kille. Oldcastle (952) lies in the northwest 
 corner of the county ; Athboy (748) in the west, 
 stands on the Tremblestown Eiver. Duleek 
 (581), in the east, on the Nanny Water, was in 
 old times a place of great importance. An abbey 
 was founded there in the 5th century by the 
 celebrated St. Cianan or Keenau, its first bishop, 
 which continued to flourish for many ages ; and 
 the place now contains the ruins of a mon- 
 astery, 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The present county formed a part of 
 the ancient kingdom of Meath. The two baro- 
 nies of Deece retain the name of an ancient tribe 
 called the Desi, who dwelt at the south side of 
 Tara in the reign of Cormac Mac Art, in the third 
 century, and who also gave name to the baro- 
 nies of Decies in AVaterford see (Waterford;. 
 
 Tara, the ancient residence of the kings of 
 Ireland, is situated 6 miles southeast of Navan. 
 Another very celebrated place in Meath was 
 Tailltenn, now called Teltown, situated on the 
 Blackwater, midway between Navan and Kells; 
 and still another was Tlachtga, which is now 
 called the Hill of AVard, and is situated near 
 Athboy. 
 
 The chief ecclesiastical centers of Meath were : 
 Bective, on the Boyne, a few miles below Trim, 
 where there is a beautiful abbey ruin ; Dun- 
 shaughlin, in the southeast of the county, now 
 a poor village, but once important, where St. 
 Sechnall, nephew of St. Patrick, founded an 
 abbey in the 5th century : Slane, on the Boyne, 
 with the fine ruins of an abbey and the ruin of 
 the hermitage of St. Ere the patron; Skreen, on 
 a bill, with church ruins, where St. Patrick 
 lighted the first paschal fire (in the year 433) ; 
 and Clouard, on the Boyne, in the barony of 
 Upper Moyfenrath in the southwest, the most 
 celebrated of all, where St. Finnian established 
 his great school in the 6th century ; but not a 
 vestige now remains of the old buildings.
 
 MEATH. 
 
 ILLXJSTJlA.TIOISr. 
 
 ^LANE CASTLE. — This mansion is situated 
 on a green bank overlooking the Boyne Eiver, 
 about seven miles from Drogheda. It dates 
 from the beginning of the seventeenth century, 
 and is the residence of the Marquis of Conyug- 
 ham. It was a noted place as far back as the 
 time of Hugo de Lacj-, within whose "grant" 
 it came. Close by it, are the romantic remains 
 of the Hermitage of St. Ere, on the Hill of 
 Slane, south of the town near the river, in the 
 shade of a arove of ancient yew trees. St. Ere 
 was the firsi bishop of Slane, and was conse- 
 
 crated by St. Patrick. It was on this historic 
 spot that St. Patrick first lighted the paschal 
 fire, and made his first remarkable conversions 
 in the Island of which he became the apostle. 
 A fine spring of water, called the Well of St. 
 Patrick, is situated on the lower walk, near the 
 Hermitage, and is much resorted to by the de- 
 vout. 
 
 On this spot also are the ruins of an 
 abbe.y consisting of a belfry and tower, which 
 form one of the most picturesque objects in the 
 demesne of Slane Castle.
 
 
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 MAYO. 
 
 NAME. — -The county took its name from the 
 little village of Mayo (near Balla in the southeast 
 of the county), which is called in Gaelic Magh-eo 
 (pron. Mayo), the plain or field of the yew trees; 
 magh, a plain ; eo, a yew. In the 7th century 
 St. Colman, an Irish monk, having retired from 
 the see of Liudisfarne, erected a monastery at 
 the spot where the village now stands, in which 
 he settled a number of English monks he had 
 brought over with him; and for many ages after- 
 ward it was much resorted to by monks from 
 England. Hence it came to be known by the ' 
 name of Magheo-na-Saxan, or Mayo of the i 
 Saxons. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from ^ 
 the boundary east of Ballyhaunis to the coast ; 
 opposite Eagle Island near Erris Head, 66J miles; 
 breadth, from Killary Harbor to Downpatrick 
 Head, 54 miles; area, 2,12G square miles; popu- 
 lation 245,212. 
 
 SURFACE. — The surface of Mayo is very 
 much mixed and varied. There is a tract of 
 level land north of Lough Conn, which extends 6 
 or 8 miles west from Killala Bay. The Mullet 
 peninsula and a considerable breadth of coun- 
 try east of Blacksod Bay, are also level. The 
 district made up of the north part of the barony 
 of Erris and the northwest of the barony of 
 Tirawley, is an elevated moor, relieved by a few 
 mountains; the district south of this — lying 
 south of the valley of the Owenmore River — from 
 Lough Conn westward to the western extremity 
 of Achill Island, is one great mass of mountains. 
 The peninsula of Murrisk is all mountain, except 
 a narrow belt of level land along the coast on the 
 northwest. East of Clew Bay the country is 
 level. With some few exceptions the rest of the 
 county is level, namely, the greatest part of t Je 
 baronies of Gallen, Costello, Clanmorris, Carra, 
 and Kilmaine. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— Beginning at 
 the Ho\ithwest. In the south of the jieninsula of 
 Murrisk, Muilrea (2,688), the highest niountiiin 
 in Connaugbt, vises straight over Killar.v }[ar- 
 
 bor; further east, rising also over the same 
 harbor, is Bengor'm (2,303), and a mile further 
 inland, Ben Creggan (2,2y3). On the north side 
 of the same peninsula is Croagh Patrick (2,510), 
 rising from the very seashore, a beautiful coni- 
 cal mountain, perfectly uniform in shape from 
 whatsover side viewed, and commanding from its 
 summit one of the finest views in Ireland, in- 
 cluding the whole of Clew Bay with its number- 
 less islands. This mountain was the scene of 
 some interesting episodes in the life of St. 
 Patrick; and it is celebrated in legend as the 
 place whence the saint drove all the demon- 
 reptiles of Ireland into the sea. Between its 
 base and the sea are the interesting ruins of 
 Murrisk Abbe.v. 
 
 The Partry Mountains are separated from the 
 Murrisk group by the valley of the Erriff River. 
 Of this range, which runs from southwest to 
 northeast. Devil's Mother (2,131), and Maum- 
 trasna (2,207) lie on the boundary with Galway; 
 and futher to the northeast is Bohaun (1,29-4). 
 
 The vast mountain region west of Lough Conn 
 begins magnificently with Nephin (2,646), a great 
 detached dome, seen in its full height from the 
 shores of Lough Conn. A little further west, 
 separated from Nephin by a deep valley, is 
 Birreencorragh (2,295); and passing another 
 valley west of this we come to another group, 
 containing Laght Dauhybaun (2369), Nephgin 
 Beg (2,065), Glennamorig (2,067), and Bengorm 
 (1,912). 
 
 In the moory region north of the Owenmore 
 River are Slieve Fyagh (1,090), and Benmore 
 (1,155). In Achill Island, Slievemore (2,204), 
 in the north, rises over the sea; and in the west 
 is Croaghaun (2,192), which exactly resembles 
 Slieve League in Donegal, as it presents to the 
 sea a face of rock the whole way down from sum- 
 mit to base — the most tremendous precipice in 
 Ireland. 
 
 COASTLINE.— From Killala iSay west to Broad 
 Haven Bay tlio coast is the al)ru])t termination of 
 a IiiLrli table land and i]rcsents to tlie sea a con-
 
 »
 
 MAYO. 
 
 tinned succession of iit'ii<eniliculai' cliffs broken 
 iunl pierced by fissures in itn extraordinary way, 
 some of tlio g:r;indest sea cliffs in Ireland. All 
 the western coast is broken and infinitely varied; 
 that of the Mullet peninsula and j-ouiul a great 
 part of Clew Bay being generally flat; while the 
 coasts of Achill and of the Merrisk peninsula are 
 bold and rocky, and in many places magnificent. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Beginning at Killala Bay and 
 going round from right to left: Benwee or Kil- 
 ■jummin Head marks on the west the entrance to 
 lillala Bay ; Downpatrick Head, near it, is a 
 ine, bold, scarped inomontory. Benwee Head is 
 the turning point of the coast to the southwest; 
 Erris Head is the nortlnvest extremity of the 
 oounty; Annagh Head lies on the west side of 
 the Mullet peninsula. At the west end of Achill 
 Island is Achill Head, a long sharp point of rock 
 like a spur projecting from Croaghaun Mountain; 
 and Emlagh Point is the northwest extremity of 
 the Murrisk peninsula. 
 
 ISLANDS. — The islands of Mayo are very 
 numerous, and many of the mare large and import- 
 ant; all the larger islands are inliabited. Achill 
 Island is the largest round the Irish coast, and 
 is separated from the mainland by a narrow 
 strait running north and south, of which the 
 north half is called Achill Sound. The island is 
 shaped somewhat like a triangle, measuring 
 about 15 miles along the base from Achill Beg 
 Island to Achill Head, and containing .50 square 
 miles. There is ujuch bog and moor, inter- 
 sperserJ with patches of arable land; and the sur- 
 face is ."or the most part elevated, especially in 
 the nort'i and west, where there are lofty moun- 
 tains; its coasts abound in great sea cliffs. 
 Inishbiggle lies between Achill and the main- 
 land; between that again and the mainland is 
 Annagh Island ; and immediately beside the 
 southern extremity of Achill is Achill Beg. To 
 the east of the southern end of Achill is the 
 rugged jieninsula called Currauu, which is very 
 nearly insulated by Bellacraher Bay. 
 
 Taking first the islands south of Achill: Clare 
 Island stands in front of Clew Bay, 3 miles from 
 Achill; it is -li miles long by about '2 miles 
 broad, and contains 6 square miles. It rises 
 1,.5'20 feet at its western side, and presents a fine 
 appearance from the mainland, looking like a 
 gigantic fortress standing up out of the sea. Five 
 
 miles southwest of Clare Island is Inishturk, 
 which is 2| miles long, near which on the east is 
 the little island of Caher; and 4 miles southwest 
 of Inisliturk is Inishbotiu, which is 4 miles long, 
 and contains 5 siiuare miles. Beside Inishbofin 
 on the west is Inishshark, a mile and a-half in 
 length; and near Inishbotiu on the east are the 
 two little islands Inishlyon and Davillaun. Out- 
 side the mouth of Killary Harbor is the small 
 rocky island of Inisdegil More. In Clew Bay, 
 near the coast, there is an extraordinary cluster 
 of islands, almost innumerable, most of them 
 low and grassy or sandj' ; of which the most im- 
 portant are Inishlyre and Island More. 
 
 North of Achill : Duvillaun !More lies near the 
 south point of the Mullet peninsula; and 2 miles 
 west from the south end of the same peninsula 
 are the two adjacent islands of Inishkea North 
 and Inishkea South, both of which contain 
 ecclesiastical ruins, the remains of a nunnery 
 and its branches established there in the primi- 
 tive ages of the church liy the virgin saint Kea, 
 and maintained on the islands for many ages 
 afterward. North of this, and about a mile from 
 the shore of the Mullet peninsula, is the little 
 island of Inishglora, containing the ruins of a 
 monastery founded in the Gth century in honor 
 of "St. Brendan the Navig-ator;" it was formerly 
 believed that human bodies buried or deposited 
 on this island never corrupted, but remained so 
 fresh that the hair and nails continued to grow 
 for years after death. 
 
 The long, low sandy island of Bartragia, in 
 Killala Bay, was the scene of some of St. Pat- 
 rick's labors in Connaught. The peninsula west 
 and north of Belmullet, extending from Erris 
 Head in the north ':o Fallmore in the south is 
 called The Mullet, and is very nearly insulated, 
 being connected with the mainland by only a 
 very narrow neck at Belmullet. 
 
 BAYS AND HAKBOES.— Killala Bay, at tee 
 mouth of the Moy Kiver, lies between Mayo and 
 Sligo; off which on the west is the small bay of 
 Rathfrau. Proceeding regularly round the coast, 
 we come first to Bunatrahir Bay, immediately 
 west of Downpatrick Head. Broad Haven Bay 
 strikes deeply between Benwee Head and Erris 
 Head. Blacksod Bay, a capacious inlet, shel- 
 tered on the outside by Achill and the Mullet 
 peninsula, branches inland into Trawmore Bay,
 
 MAYO. 
 
 Tullaghan Bay, Bellacragher Bay, aud Achill 
 Sound. Keel Bay indeuts the middle of the 
 south side of Achill Island. Clew Bay fringed 
 on the east with a complicated cluster of islands, 
 cuts deeply into the land, is guarded by Clare 
 Island in front, and is confined at its entrance, 
 on the north by the Curraun peninsula, aud on 
 the south by the peninsula of Murrisk, all moun- 
 tainous; off Clew Bay is Westport Bay at the 
 southeast, and Newport Bay at the northeast. 
 On the south of the Miirris peninsula is Killary 
 Harbor, at the mouth of the Erriff River, which 
 resembles a Norwegian fiord, being long, narrow, 
 and winding, and overtopped by towering moun- 
 tains. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Moy, coming from Sligo, en- 
 ters Mayo 5 miles northeast of Swineford, makes 
 a semicircular sweep through the county, aud 
 forms the boundary between Mayo and Sligo 
 from a point 2i miles above Balliua down to the 
 mouth. From the Mayo side it is joined (a Jittle 
 above Foxford) by the Gweestiou River, which 
 is formed by the rivers Glore and Pollagh. At 
 the mouth of Killala Bay, the Cloonaghmore 
 River runs into the little bay of Rathfran. The 
 river Deel rises in Birreencorragh Mountain, and 
 after a very winding course enters the upper or 
 north end of Lough Conn. The Clydagh enters 
 Lough Oullin at its south end; and the overflow 
 of both lakes runs from Lough Cullin into the 
 Moy. 
 
 West of Lough Conn, the Crunipaun River 
 rises in the eastern slopes of Birreencorragh, and 
 flows into Lough Beltra ; issuing from which it is 
 called the Newport River, and flows into New- 
 port Bay. In the southwest of the county, tlio 
 Erriflf — a very beautiful stream — flows through a 
 fine valley into tlie liead of Killary Harbor, being 
 joined on the west or right l)ank Ijy the Owen- 
 more. In the Murrisk peninsula are the Owen- 
 wee, running into Westport Bay ; and the Buno- 
 «en into Clew Bay. The Aille rises in the 
 Partry Mountains, near the source of tlie Erriff, 
 and running first north and afterward south, it 
 enters the head of Lough Mask ; at the turn from 
 north to SDuth it flows for two miles under 
 ground. 
 
 In tho soutli tlio Robe, flowing in a very wind- 
 ing course westward, i)aHsos by Holly mount and 
 Balliurobf, and enters tlio east side of Lough 
 
 Mask; near which, a little to the north, the 
 Manulla flows southward into Lough Carra. At 
 the extreme southern corner, the Black River 
 flows west into Lough Corrib, forming the boun- 
 dary between Mayo and Galway for about 4 
 miles. And in the southeast the Dalgan forma 
 the boundary of the same two counties, after 
 which it enters Galway. In the east of the 
 countj-, the river Lung, running in a general 
 direction northeast, sometimes through Roscom- 
 mon, sometimes through Mayo, and sometimes 
 on the boundary, falls near Ballaghaderreen 
 into Lough Garra. 
 
 L.4.KES. — The lakes of Mayo are almost in- 
 numerable. Lough Conn is one of the largest 
 and finest lakes in Ireland, being 9 miles long, 
 with an average breadth cf about 2J miles ; area 
 2-l| square miles; at its lower or southern ex- 
 ti'emity is Lough Cullin, an expansion in imme- 
 diate connection with it, shaped like a rectangle, 
 2| milbC long and 2 miles broad. Lough Conn 
 drains into Lough Cullin, and this into the Moy 
 (which runs close by on the east), by a river 
 channel half a mile long. 
 
 In the south, the beautiful Lough Carra i..6 
 miles long and very intricate in shape; and 
 south of this are Lough Mask and Lough Corrib, 
 both on the boundary with Galway. A chain of 
 lakes stretches from near Westport to Castlebar; 
 the chief of which are Islandeady Lake, 1| mile 
 long; and Castlebar Lake, 3 miles long aud very 
 narrow. Near Newjiort, north of these, is Beltra 
 Lake, a fine sheet of water, 2J miles long; and 
 near it on the west Lough Feeagh, with which is 
 connected Furnace Lake at the southern end. 
 Lough Carrowmore, 4 miles long, lies in the 
 northwest, near Belmullet. On the eastern 
 boundary lies Lough Gara, a small part of which 
 belongs to this county. 
 
 In the south of tlio ^lurrisk peninsula is a 
 chain of small lakes, viz., Glencullin Lough, 
 Lough Doo, and Fin Lough, which are remarka- 
 ble for their beautiful scenery. In the south- 
 east, near ]5allyliaunia, are Mannin Lake, Island 
 Lake, Lough Calieer, and Urlaur Lake. Scat- 
 tered over almost every ]iait of the county are 
 lakes which would bo remarkable in other coun- 
 ties, but which are too numerous to mention 
 here. 
 
 TOWNS.— Ballina (^,7(10, of whom 1,442 are
 
 MAYO. 
 
 in that part of the town lying in Sligo) is built 
 on both sides of the Moy the eassteru or Sligo 
 suburb being named Ardnaree. The other towns 
 on the Moy and its tributaries are; Foxford 
 (Gil), on the main stream; Swineford (1,657), on 
 a small tributary, and 1| miles from the Moy 
 itself; and higher up still Charlestown (778), 
 on another tributai'y. 
 
 The following towns are on the coast: West- 
 port (14,469), a well built and pretty town with 
 a good trade ; it stands on Westport Bay just 
 where the mountain stream the Carrowbeg which 
 runs through the middle of the town enters the 
 bay. Three miles southeast of Westport is the 
 hamlet of Aghagower, where St. Patrick during 
 bis missionary journey through Connaught, 
 founded a church; the place subsequently grew 
 to be an important religious center, and it now 
 contains the venerable ruins of a round tower 
 and of an abbey. West from Westport Louis- 
 bnrgh (546) stands on theBunowen River, half a 
 mile from the shore. In the extreme northwest 
 of the county, Belmullet (852), a neat little town 
 standing on the narrow isthmus connecting the 
 Mullet peninsula with the mainland, is the capi- 
 tal of all that western district. Killala (700) 
 stands on the shore of Killala Bay, having a 
 round tow-er. Newport (688), on NewiiortBay, 3 
 miles north of Westport. 
 
 Near the middle of the county is Castlebar 
 (3,855), the assize town; and some miles to the 
 east is Kiltamagh (935). A little to the south of 
 both of these is Balla (419), now an unimportant 
 village but once a place of ecclesiastical emi- 
 nence; St. Mochua founded a church there in the 
 7th century; and it now contains the ruins of a 
 church and a round tower. Near this, on the 
 south, is the hamlet of Mayo, in which are the 
 ruins of an abbey. This place was very famous 
 in early ages; prince Aldfrid, afterward king of 
 the Northumbrian Saxons, was educated here 
 in the 7th century (among his countrymen, the 
 colony of Saxon monks established by St. Col- 
 man) ; and there is extant a poem in the ancient 
 Irish language in praise of "Inisfail," or Ire- 
 land, said to have been composed by him. 
 
 In the southern projection of the county is Bal- 
 linrobe (2,286), on the river Robe. Southward 
 from Balliurobe, on the neck of land between 
 Lough Corrib and Lough Mask, is the hamlet of 
 
 Cong (277), containing the beautiful ruins of an 
 abbey. In the abbey of this place Roderick 
 O'Conor, the last native king of Ireland, spent 
 the last 15 years of his life in religious seclusion; 
 died 1198. The "Cross ^f Cong," the most 
 beautiful work of ancient Irish art in existence, 
 is now preserved in the Royal Irish Academy in 
 Dublin. 
 
 In the southeast are Claremorris (1,319); and 
 not far from it to the east, Ballyhaunis (722), 
 near the eastern boundary. Near the extreme 
 east end is Ballaghaderreen (1,598). In the 
 northeast, a little west of Ballina, is Crossmolina 
 (765), on the river Deel, near the shore of Lough 
 Conn. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The present barony of Erris represents 
 the ancient Irros Domnann. There were in old 
 times two districts called Umall, or as they are 
 often called in English, The Owles, namely — 
 Upper Umall, south of Clew Baj', now called the 
 peninsula of Murrisk ; and Lower Umall, extend- 
 ing along the north side of Clew Bay, whose 
 name is preserved in the last syllable of the 
 barony name, Burrishoole. The Umalls were 
 the patrimony of the O'Malleys. The barony of 
 Tirawley retains its ancient name and position — 
 the land (tir) of Awley, who was first cousin to 
 Owen and Conall from whom Tirowen and Tir- 
 connell derived their names. (See Donegal and 
 Tyrone. ) 
 
 The ancient territory of North Hy Fiachrach 
 tor Hy Fiachrach of the Moyt lay on both sides 
 of the Mo.v, including the barony of Tireragh in 
 Sligo, and all the north of Mayo, viz., the baro- 
 nies of Tirawley, Erris, and Carra. (See Galway 
 for South Hy Fiachracht). One of the districts 
 called Conmacne (see Galway), lay in the south 
 of this county, viz., Commacue Cuile Toladh, 
 occupying what is now called the barony of 
 Kilmaine. 
 
 The plain lying immediately to the northeast 
 of Cong is the ancient Moytura of Cong, or 
 Southern Moytura (see Sligo, for the Northern 
 Moytura) where was fought a great battle cele- 
 brated in romance and legend, in which the 
 Dedannans defeated the Firbolgs, and took pos- 
 session of Ireland. The plain is to this day full 
 of ancient graves, sepulchral mounds, and 
 cromlechs.
 
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 MONAGHAN. 
 
 NAME. — The town of Monagban gives name 
 to the county. The Gaelic form of the name is 
 Muinechan, a diminutive world signifying "little 
 shrubbery," from niuiue, a shrubbery, with the 
 diminutive afiix can. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 the southeast corner near Ballyhoe Lake, to the 
 northwest corner at Favor Eoyal, 38| miles; 
 breadth, from the southwest corner near Eed- 
 hill, to the boundary east of Milltown, 22 miles; 
 area, 500 square miles; pojiulation, 102,7-48. 
 
 SURFACE. — A part of the northwestern bor- 
 der is mountainous. That corner of the county 
 northeast of Castleblayney is covered by a con- 
 tinuation of the Fews Mountains from Armagh. 
 Nearly all the rest of the county is hilly, and 
 may be described as a champaign country, 
 broken up by a continuous succession of low 
 hills, in some few places subsiding into an al- 
 most uninterrujited plain. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Slieve 
 Beagh range runs from southwest to northeast, 
 and their southeast flank extends into Mouaghau, 
 occupying part of the northwest border of the 
 county. The mountain Slieve Beagh itself lies 
 in the adjacent counties, but it slopes into Mona- 
 ghau. Eshbrack (1,190) stands just inside the 
 boundary; and a mile further inward is Eshmore 
 (1,103). The two mountains Essaglavaue (1,19G) 
 and Essnaheery (1,078), slope into Monaghan, 
 but their summits stand in Tyrone. All the 
 preceding belong to the Slieve Beagh range. 
 
 Northeast of Castleblayney, near the eastern 
 boundary, is Mullyash (1,034), which is one of 
 the Fews range. 
 
 RIVERS. — The western part of the county is 
 drained into the Erne; in this part the chief river 
 is the Finn, which runs southwest, partly 
 through Monaghan, partly through Fermanagh, 
 and partly on the boundary, and joins the Erne 
 near the head of Upper Lough Erne. Some of 
 the headwaters of the Annalee River, which be- 
 longs to Cavan, come from Monaghan ; the 
 Bunnoe, for instance (see Cavan), rises to the 
 
 east of Newbliss ; another tributary, the Dromore 
 River, comes from the ('luster of lakes near 
 Rockcorry ; and a third, the Anuagh River, com- 
 ing from another chain of lakes near Shercock, 
 has many of its feeders coming from the interioi 
 of Monaghan. The Blackwater (flowing by Moy 
 and Charlemont into Lough Neagh), forms tha 
 northeast boundary for about a dozen miles, but 
 never enters the county ; near Glasslough it re- 
 ceives the Mountain "Water, which runs eastward 
 from the Slieve Beagh Mountains. 
 
 In the east, the County Water, flowing soutli 
 from Tullynawood Lake, forms the eastern boun- 
 dary (between Armagh and Monaghan) for 6 or 
 7 miles, then turning westward into Monaghan, 
 it falls into Muckuo Lake. In the southeast, 
 the Clarebane, a short stream, runs from Muckno 
 Lake to Ross Lake, the first mile being through 
 Monaghan, and the next half mile — to Ross Lake 
 — being on the boundary between Monaghan and 
 Armagh ; from Ross Lake, again runs the Fane, 
 forming the boundary between Monaghan and 
 Armagh for the first 4 miles of its course; next 
 it runs through Monaghan for another 4 miles, 
 after which it forms for a mile the boundary be- 
 tween Mouaghau and Louth, and then enters 
 Louth. In the extreme southeast, the Lagan 
 River, after issuing from Ballyhoe Lake, runs 
 northeast, and forms the boundary between 
 Monaghan and Louth for 4 miles, after which it 
 enters Louth ; above Ballyhoe Lake its feeders 
 come from the three adjacent counties, Mon- 
 naghan, Meath, and Cavan. 
 
 LAKES. — The lakes of Monaghnn are very 
 numerous. Beginning with the barony of Far 
 ney, at the southern extremity : on the south 
 boundary is Ballyhoe Lake, the greater iiart of 
 which belongs to Meath; near it isRahaus Lake, 
 which touches Meath, but belongs to Monaghan; 
 beside which is the small Descrat Lake, lying 
 just inside the boundary ; and northwest of this 
 is Greaghlone Lake. In the interior of this 
 barony ; the beautiful Lough Fea, Lough Mon- 
 alty, and Lough Bougagh, all lie near Carrick'
 
 MONAGHAE. 
 
 macross; five miles north of which is Lough 
 Nagarnamau. 
 
 In the south of the barony of Cremorne, and 
 near the Louutlary of the barony of Faruey, a 
 chain of Jakes stretches across the county. At 
 the east is the tine lake of Muekiio, containing 
 600 acres, with beautiful swelling shores and 
 islets; near it on the south is Ross Lake, the 
 greater part of which belongs to Armagh. West 
 from this is Lough Egish, about a mile and a 
 half in length. Still further west is Lough 
 Morne, Shantonagh Lake, and Bellatrain Lake ; 
 and near the western border is Lough Bawu, 
 Lough Derrygoouy, and two sheets of water 
 named Black Lough: north of which is Lough 
 Avaghon ; and near it, on the boundary with 
 Cavan, Ba,raghy Lake. 
 
 Northwest of these, near Eockcorry, is a group 
 of lakes close together ; the largest is Inner Lake, 
 which is wholly in Monaghan; beside which are 
 Dvoraore Lake and Drumlona Lake, both on the 
 boundary with Cavan ; and near them, in the 
 east, is White Lake, a mile from Eockcorry. 
 Four miles west of Eockcorry are Annaghmakerig 
 Lake and Drumgole Lake; and southeast of 
 these, near the village of Drum, is Long Lake. 
 In the western corner is the little Laurel Lake, 
 and near it, on the border with Cavan, Drumcor 
 Lake. Beside the town of Ball.ybay is the pretty 
 Lough Major; two miles northeast of which are 
 the two lakes of Cortiu and Cordoo, beside each 
 other. 
 
 Bound the town of Monaghan are a number of 
 small lakes; among which are those of Corna- 
 glare and Knockuturiy, to the southwest of the 
 town; the two lakes of Mullaghinshigo, to the 
 northwest of Monaghan, beside Tedavnet; near 
 which is Shoe Lake; and east of these is Drum- 
 caw Lake. Beside Glaslough, in the northeast, 
 ia the beautiful lake of Glasslough, which gives 
 name to the village; and near it on the north- 
 west is Emy Lough. On the northwest boundary 
 is Lough More; southwest, still on the boundary, 
 is the small Loughuaheery, at the base of the 
 mountain Essnalicery. Near the western mar- 
 gin, at the basf of tlie Slieve Beagh Mountains, 
 are several small hd;fs, among wliich a>-" Drum- 
 loo Lfnigh and Kilmore J^ougb. 
 
 TOWNS.— Monaghan {'i.'W.)), the assize town, 
 is a i.lace of cnnsidernble trade. Clones (2,21G), 
 
 near the western boundary, occupying the suii>- 
 niit of one of those round hills so numerous in 
 that district, is a town of ecclesiastical origin, 
 and of great antiquity, containing some very 
 ancient church ruins and a round tower, and 
 also a very large and conspicuous mound or fort. 
 Four miles east of Clones is the neat village of 
 Newbliss (404). 
 
 Near the southern 'extremity is Carrickmacross 
 (2,002), with a brewery and a large distillery; 
 containing also the ruins of a castle said to have 
 been built by the Earl of Essex. Near the east- 
 ern boundary, beside Muckno Lake, is the neat 
 town of Castleblayney (1,810); and near the 
 middle of the county is Ball.vbay (1,654), in 
 a pleasant valley, beside the pretty Lough 
 Mai or. 
 
 MINEEALS.— There is a small coal field south- 
 west of Carrickmacross, a portion of the Lister 
 coal district; but it is not worked. Near the 
 eastern border there is lead, but the working of 
 the mines has been long discontinued. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — In ancient times, down to the reign of 
 Elizabeth, Monaghan belonged to the powerful 
 family of Mac Mahon. 
 
 The jiresent barony of Farney represents the 
 old territoiy of Fearnmhagh or the Alder-plain; 
 the barony of Monaghan is the ancient Hy- 
 Meith-Macha ; and the two baronies of Cremorne 
 and Dartree represent the ancient Crioc'i- 
 Mhughdhorna and Dartraighe. 
 
 At a place called Agha-Lederg, in the baron.' 
 of Farney, a great battle was fought .\.d. 331 
 which resulted in the destruction of the palace 
 of Emania (see Armagh). The three Callas, 
 brothers, sons of Ohy Dovleu, having slain 
 their uncle the king of Ireland (Fiacha Sravtin- 
 ne), the king's son, Muredagh Tirech, banished 
 them from Ireland, and became king himself. 
 Some time after this the.y returned and became 
 reconciled to their cousin the king, who supplied 
 them with an arm.y to make conquests for them- 
 selves. The.v marched to Ulster, and aided by a 
 contingent from Connaught, encountered the 
 Ulster king at Agha-Lederg; the battle lasted 
 for seven days, and resulted in the defeat of the 
 Ulstermen and the death of their king. One of 
 the three brotliers, Colla Menn, was slain in the 
 Imttle. The two surviving lirothcrs tlien de-
 
 MONAGHAN. 
 
 stroyod the palace of Eiuauin, wliicli thencefor- 
 ward ceased to be the residence of kings of 
 Ulster; and they seized on a largo iiart of Ulster, 
 
 extending east as far as the Glenree River (flow- 
 ing by Nevvry; see Down), which was from that 
 time forth called the kingdom of Oriel. 
 
 ILLUSTK^TIOI^. 
 
 MONAGHAN CATHEDRAL.— The county of 
 Mouaghau, derived from Muinehan — "the dwell- 
 ing of the monks," was anciently known as Mac 
 Mahon's country, and that powerful and martial 
 sept retained possession of the territory down to 
 the reign of Elizabeth, when the head of the clan 
 was treacherously taken and legally murdered, 
 and the land converted into shire ground. 
 Monaghan is the principal town, and though it 
 
 possesses few relics of antiquity, the surround- 
 ing district has its lull share of temples, raths 
 and towers. It is the residential seat of the 
 Bishop of Clogher; and its cathedral, erected 
 during the incumbency of the late bishop Don- 
 nelly, is one of the most imposing of modern 
 ecclesiastical structures in Ireland. Clogher is 
 identical with the Regia of Ptolemy, and was 
 erected into a bishopric in 493 by St. Macartin
 
 n 
 
 MONAGHAN CATHEDRAL.
 
 OLD CHAPEL, MONAGHAN.
 
 tV-
 
 QUEENS. 
 
 MAME.— See Kings County. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length east and 
 west, along the southern border, 3i miles; 
 breadth north and south, 29^ miles; area 6G4 
 square miles; population 73,124. 
 
 SURFACE. — The northwest of the county is 
 mountainous; the baronies of Cullenagh and 
 Stradbally are hilly ; as if also the barony of 
 Slievemargy. All the rest of the county — the 
 middle, northeast, and h^uthwest — is level, some 
 portions extremely flat. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.- -The Slieve 
 Bloom Mountains run on the borders of Kings 
 County and Queens County, the northeast ex- 
 tremity of the range lying within Queens 
 County. The following mountains stand on the 
 boundary: Arderin (1,733), southwest of it Far- 
 breague (1,411), and northeast Wolftrap (1,584). 
 
 The northeast end of the range is very broad, 
 opening out like a fan. The eastern wing runs 
 eastward from Wolftrap Mountain, consisting of 
 a range of summits called the Cones, about 3 
 miles long; from the eastern end of which an- 
 other range called the Eidge of Capard runs for 
 3 miles to the northeast. The Cones and the 
 Eidge of Capard are really one curved ridge, 
 which incloses on the south and southeast the 
 fine valle.v of the Barrow. The chief summits of 
 ehe Cones are Barna (1,661), and a mile east of 
 it Bauureaghcong (1,677), this last marking the 
 intersection of the Cones and the Ridge of 
 Capard. One mile southwest of Baunreaghcong 
 is Baunrush (1,357). At Clarnahinah Mountain, 
 a mile northeast .of Baunreaglicong, the Ridge of 
 Capard rises to 1,590 feet; and the Ridiie ter- 
 minates a'>i the northeast with Antonian (1,114). 
 
 Ov«r the north side of the valley of the Barrow 
 rises Knockanastuiiiba (1,359); and west of this, 
 and separated from it by another valley, that of 
 the Gorragh River, is Knockachorra (1,533). 
 South of the Ridge of Capard is Conlawn Hill 
 (1,005), the southern outpost of that extremity 
 of the Slieve Bloom Range. The hills running 
 from southwest to northeiist tlirongh the baronies 
 
 of Cullenagh and Stradbally are c/ton called the 
 Slieve Lough Hills, and also the Dysart Hills 
 Between Abbeyleix and Timahoe the Cullenagh 
 Hills rise to the height of 1,045 feet. At the 
 southeast extremity of the county the Slieve- 
 marg.v Hills are a continuation of the Castle- 
 comer Hills in Kilkenny. Among the Slieve- 
 margy Hills are elevations of 1,102, 1,098, 1,090, 
 and 1,044 feet. 
 
 RIVERS.— At the northeast end of the Slieve 
 Bloom Mountains, a number of glens open out 
 to the northeast, all drained by rivers, '•f which 
 those on the west side run to the basin of the 
 Shannon, and those on the east to the basin of 
 the Barrow. The Barrow itself rises in one of 
 these — Glenbarrow — between the Ridge of 
 Capard and Knockanastumba Mountain. It 
 flows down the side of Barna, the highest of the 
 Cones, and running first northward, it turns to 
 the southeast, and first touches Kings County a 
 mile and a half northeast of Mountmellick, from 
 which point to Portarlington (6 miles) it forms 
 the boundary between Kings County and 
 Queens County. Crossing a corner of Queens 
 County at Portarlington, it again forms the 
 boundary of the same two counties for 2| miles; 
 again crosses a corner of Queens County, and 
 then runs on the boundary of Queens County 
 and Kildare for a mile; enters Kildare, and soon 
 returns to the boundary, on which it runs for 8 
 miles; next enters Kildare; after which it forms 
 for the last time the boundary of Queens County, 
 first for 8 miles with Kildare (beginning a mile 
 below Athy), and afterward for 6 miles with 
 Carlow, Avhen it finally leaves Queens County af 
 Clogrennau. 
 
 The following are the Queens County tribu- 
 taries of the Barrow. The Gleulahan River rises 
 in Barna Mountain, and flowing in the same 
 general direction as the Barrow, joins the latter 
 2 miles east of Clonaslee-. The Owenass River, 
 rising in Baunraghcong Mountain, flows through 
 Mountmellick and joins the Barrow a mil§ below 
 the town, being itself joined 2 miles above the
 
 QUEENS. 
 
 town by the Blackwater from the soutb. The 
 Triogue rises in Cullenagh Mountain, and flow- 
 ing north through Maryborough, joins the 
 Barrow a mile below the mouth of the Owenass. 
 The Bauteogue flows northeast through Timahoe 
 and Stradbally, and joins the Barrow 5 miles 
 above Athy. The Douglas runs southeast, and 
 falls into the Barrow 3| miles above Carlow, 
 having for tributary on the left bank the Fuer. 
 At the southern extremity of the county, the 
 Barrow receives the Fushoge Eiver, flowing 
 southward. 
 
 The Nore, coming from Tipperary, first 
 touches Queens County near Monahineha Bog ; 
 next forms the boundary for two miles be- 
 tween Tipperary and Queens County ; after 
 which it makes a semicircular sweep of about 24 
 miles through Queen's County; and forming 2 
 miles of the boundary between Killkenny and 
 Queens County, enters Kilkenny 2 miles above 
 Ballyragget. 
 
 The Nore has several important tributaries, 
 belonging wholly or partly to Queens County. 
 First, on the left bank : the Delour, flowing 
 southward from the southern slopes of the 
 Cones, joins the Nore near the village of Cool- 
 rain; receiving as tributaries on its right bank, 
 the Gorteen, the Killeen, and the Tonet, all flow- 
 ing from SJ' ive Bloom. The Mountrath River, 
 rising in Bawnrush Mountain, flows south 
 through Mountrath, and joins the Nore 2 miles 
 below the town. In the south, the Owenbeg, 
 flowing southwest, enters Kilkenny, and taking 
 now the name of the Owveg, forms the boundary 
 for 3 miles between Queens County and Kil- 
 kenny, as far as its mouth. The Clogh River 
 rises south of Lugacurren, and flowing south- 
 ward, soon enters Kilkenny to form the Dinin. 
 
 On the right bank, the Nore receives the Gully 
 River, which joins a mile north of Durrow. The 
 Erkina draws its headwater from Tipperary ; but 
 it soon crosses the boundary into Queens 
 County, and flowing east by Rathdowney and 
 Durrow, joins the Ban-ow | mile below the latter 
 town. Two miles above Durrow the Erikaua is 
 joined by the Goul, which rises in Kilkenny. 
 
 The whole of the Queens County is drained 
 into the Barrow and the Nore — excei)t the north- 
 wcst corner. Tliere the Clodiagh, rising in two 
 glens separated by Knockachorra Mountain, 
 
 flows nearly north, and ultimately joins the 
 Brusua, in the Kings County, which flows to 
 the yhanuon. 
 
 LAKES. — The Qneens County lakes are &mali 
 and unimportant. On the northwest boundary 
 is Annaghmore Lake ; and near the eastern 
 boundary is the small lake of Kelly ville; Emo 
 Lakes lies beside Emo Castle, in the northeast; 
 Grantstown Lake is three miles east of Rath- 
 downey ; and Ballyfin Lake lies Itside Eallyfin 
 House, 5 miles west of Maryborough. 
 
 TOWNS.— Maryborough (2,872), the assize 
 town, is watered by the little river Triogue. In 
 the north of the county, Mountmellick (3,126), 
 an excellent business town, stands on the 
 Owenass Eiver, a mile from its junction with the 
 Barrow; and on the Barrow itself, on the ex- 
 treme north boundary, is Portarliugtou (2,357), 
 of whom 842 are in that part of the town which 
 stands in the Kings County. Toward the 
 eastern part of the county on the Bauteogue, is 
 Stradbally (1,254), a pretty town, partly sur- 
 rounded by the beautiful demesne of Stradbally 
 Hall. 
 
 On the Mountrath River, two miles from its 
 junction with the Nore, is Mountrath (1,865); 
 and half a mile from the Nore itself, in the west 
 of the county is Borris-iu-Ossory (518). In the 
 south of the county, on the Erkina, three- 
 quarters of a mile from its junction with the 
 Nore, is Durrow (738); west from which is Rath- 
 downey (1,109), standing less than half a mile 
 from the Erkina River. Four miles northeast 
 from Durrow is Balliuakill (630); three miles 
 from which to the north-northwest is the pretty 
 town of Abbeyleix (1,103), 1| mile to the east of 
 the Nore. 
 
 MINERALS.— Tbe southeast of the county, 
 including the Dysart and Slievemargy Hills, 
 belongs to the great Leinster coal field; but no 
 coal is raised in the district. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The ancient territory of Leix comprised 
 all the southeast of Queens County — the whole 
 county except the baronies of Tinnehiuch and 
 Portnahiiich on the north, and the baronies of 
 Upper "Woods, Clandonagh, and Glannallagh in 
 the west. It was the inheritance of the 
 O'Moores, wliose chiel lived on the Rock of 
 Dunaniase, three miles east of Maryborough — a
 
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 EMO CUUKT. PORTARLINGTON. 
 
 STREET VIEW, PORTARI.IXGTnN. 
 
 I
 
 QUEEXS. 
 
 rock risiuij precipitously from tho pliiiu, uiid 
 still coutaiiiiug on its suiiiniit the ruins of 
 O Moore's Castle. The baronies of PortnaliincLi 
 aud Tioualiiuch in the north formed ])art of the 
 ancient Offaly. Portnahinch barony also formed 
 part of the territory of Clanmaliere. The baro- 
 nies of Upper Woods, Clandoiuii^h, and Clarmal- 
 lagh, formed part of the sub-kingdom of 
 Ossory, 
 
 The Dun of Clopook, 3 miles south of Strad- 
 bally, is a hiy;h rouk, with an immense ancient 
 dun or fort occupyiuj^ the whole extent of its 
 summit. About a mile south from this is an- 
 other great fort, that of Lugacurren. At the 
 village of Timahoe, where an abbey was founded 
 by St. MocLua in the fJth century, there is a 
 very beautiful round tower, and also the fine 
 ruin of an Elizabethan castle.
 
 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 NAME. — The county takes name from the 
 town. In the beginning of the 8tb century, St. 
 Coman founded a monastery where the town now 
 stands; and the place was called from him Ros- 
 Comain, Coman's Wood. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 north to south, 59 miles ; breadth from Koosky 
 to the western corner, -vvest of Lough Errit, 33| 
 miles; area, 949^ scjuare miles; population, 132,- 
 490. 
 
 SURFACE: HILLS. — Roscommon is on the 
 whole a level county. The northern end near 
 Lough Allen is hilly, rising to an elevation of 
 1,377 fett on the boundarj' with Leitrim at the ex- 
 treme north corner, and rising to 1,081 feet 2 
 miles east of the village of Ballyfarnau. In the 
 northwest, near Boyle, the Curlieu Hills run 
 on the boundary between Roscommon and Sligo 
 from southwest to northeast; and though thej- 
 are not more than 863 feet high, the range is very 
 conspicuous, both for its fine forms and outlines, 
 and because it commands very grand views from 
 its summit level, on account of the flatness of the 
 country at both sides. In the eastern part of 
 the county, southeast of Stokestowu, the range 
 of heights called Slievebawn runs in a general 
 direction parallel with the Siiannon, attaining an 
 elevation of 857 feet at their highest point, 4 
 miles northwest of Lanesborough, at the northern 
 extremity of Lough Ree. Nearly all the rest of 
 the county is a plain, in some jilaces interrupted 
 by low heights, but the greater part ilat, with 
 much bog and marshy meadow land, especially 
 along the Suck and the Shannon. Some of the 
 level districts of Roscommon, as, for instance, 
 the plain laj ing round Tulsk in the middle, and 
 the district between Boyle and Elphin — com- 
 monly called the Plains of Boyle — are among the 
 fiTiest and ricliest grazing lands in Ireland. 
 
 RIVERS. — Tlio Shannon and its expansions 
 iorm the whole of the eastern boundary, from 
 Lougli Allen in the north to Shannon Bridge in 
 
 the south; and into the Shannon, the whGi3 
 county, with some trifling exceptions, is drained 
 The Suck rises in Mayo, a quarter of a mile from 
 the boundary with Roscommon, nearly midway 
 between Ball.vhaunis and Lough O'Flyn; crosses 
 the boundary into Roscommon and falls into 
 Lough O'Flyn; issuing from which, it runs by 
 Castlereagh, and first touches Galway near Bally- 
 moe ; from which point to where it joins the 
 Shannon near Shannon Bridge (about 56 miles, 
 following the windings), it forms the boundary 
 between Galwa.v and Roscommon, except at 
 Athleague, where it runs for 9 miles through 
 Roscommon. Beside the main stream, some of 
 its head-feeders come also from Mayo. 
 
 Near Stokestown, a stream called the Scramoge 
 flows to the northeast into the Shannon. 
 
 At the northern extremity of the county tlie 
 Arigna, flowing southeast from Sligo and Leitrim, 
 forms for three-quarters of a mile the boundary 
 between Sligo and Roscommon; flows for the 
 rest of its course (about G miles) through Ros- 
 common, and joins the Shannon just where the 
 latter issues from Lough Allen. The Feorish, 
 coming from Sligo, and passing by Ballyfarnan, 
 crosses the north extremity of Roscommon, and 
 falls into the Shannon two miles below the 
 mouth of the Arigna. The river Breedoge, in 
 the northwest of the couut.v, issuing from Lough 
 Bally, falls into Lough Gara ; and the Lung 
 River, belonging chiefly to Mayo, forms the 
 boundary between Mayo and Roscommon in 
 three several places, and falls into Lough Gara 
 at its western corner. The Boyle River, a very 
 full and very beautiful stream, issues from 
 Lough Gara, and flowing eastward by Boyle, 
 through the "Plains of Boyle," enters Lough 
 Key; from which it again issues, and expanding 
 into Oakport Lake, enters the Shannon A few 
 of the very small head-streams that fall into 
 Lough Arrow, send their waters from that lake 
 northward to Sligo Bay; and this small district
 
 n
 
 KOSGOMMOiN. 
 
 is the ouiy luirt of lioscoiumou uot belouyiint!! to 
 the basiu of the Shauuon. 
 
 LAKES. — The hikes of Roseoimuon are (luite 
 as numerous as those of the surrounding coun- 
 ties. Tlie expansions of the Shannon that touch 
 Eoscommon are Lough Allen, Lough Boderg, 
 Lough Botiu, Lough Forbes, and Lough Kee. 
 tu the extreme north are Lough Skeau and 
 Lough Meelagh, the former on the boundary 
 with Sligo. Lough Arrow and Lough Gara 
 barely touch Koscommon at the northwestern 
 boundary, but belong almost wholly to Sligo. 
 The great lake feature of this district is Lough 
 Key, one of the finest lakes in L-eland, about 2| 
 miles iu length and the same in breadth, con- 
 taining 3| square miles; the beautiful demesne 
 of Rockingham is on its southern shore; and it 
 contains a number of lovely wooded islands; on 
 two of which are ecclesiastical ruins, and on a 
 third the old castle of the Mac Dermotts, the 
 ancient projirietors of the surx'ouudiug district. 
 Southeast of Lough Key is Oakport Lake, an 
 expansion of the river Boyle. A little south of 
 Lough Key nre the two small lakes of Cavetown 
 and Clogher; and southeast of these are Corballj' 
 and Canbo Lakes; west of which, near French- 
 park, is Lough Bally 
 
 In the western corner of the county are Loughs 
 Errit, Cloonagh and Cloouacolly, beside each 
 other; east of which is Lough Gliun (which 
 gives name to the Village beside it), with finely 
 ■wooded snores, an oasis in the midst of a bare 
 bleak district. South of these, near the village 
 of Ballinlough, is Lough O'Flyu, which is a mile 
 and three-quarters in length. A little south of 
 Elphiu are a number of small lakes, the chief of 
 which are Lough Clooncullaun and Lough An- 
 naghmore ; between which and the Shannon is 
 another group, the chief being Lough Nablahy 
 and Kilglass Lake, this last 2 miles long. Be- 
 tween the two last a narrow arm of Lough 
 Boderg stretches westward for 4 miles. Imme- 
 diatelj- southwest of Stokestown are three lakes 
 close together, Cloonfree Lake, Ardakillen Lake, 
 and Fin Lough between them. 
 
 In the baronj- of Athlone, iu the south of the 
 county, are Lough Funshinagh (2 miles long) ; 
 near which to the west are Lough Groan and 
 Lough Cuilleenirwan; and a little further south, 
 Corkip Lake. 
 
 TOWNS. — Koscommon (2,117), the assize 
 town, with its fine old abbey, founded in the 
 IHtii century l)y Fclim O'Connor, jiriuce of Cou- 
 naught (sou of Cabal of the Ked Hand), and still 
 containing the tomb of the founder; the town 
 contains also the ruins of a beautiful Anglo- 
 Norman castle built iu the same century. Boyle 
 (2,994), in the north of the county, in a pretty 
 situation on the Boyle River, is a neat and pros- 
 perous town, with an abbey ruin, one of the best 
 preserved and most interesting in Ireland. Cas- 
 tlereagh (1,229), iu the west, stands on the river 
 Suck. Elphin (997), toward the northeast side 
 of the county, stands in the midst of a rich dis- 
 trict; and six miles southeast of it is Stokestown 
 (837) a well-built town, situated near the north- 
 ern slope of Slievebawn. That part of Athlone 
 lying west of the Shannon, in this country, has a 
 population of 3,683; a suburb of Ballinasloe also 
 lies in Roscommon, containing a population of 
 947; and a part of Carrick-on-Shannon, contain- 
 ing 100 inhabitants, also belongs to this county. 
 
 MINERALS.— That part of the north end of 
 the county verging on Lough Allen belongs to 
 the Conuaught coal district; and along the 
 Arigna River are the Arignairon mines. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS.— The old district called Moylurg, of 
 which Mac Dermott was chief, extended from the 
 Curlieu Mountains on the north, to near Elphin 
 on the south, and east and west from the Shan- 
 non to Lough Garra; this district is now known 
 as the Plains of Boyle. South of this, and con- 
 terminous with it, laj' Moy-Ai or Maghery- 
 Connaught (the Plain of Connaught), a beauti- 
 ful plain extending from Elphin to the town of 
 Roscommon, and east and west from Stokestown 
 to Castlereagh. The ancient territory of Hy 
 Many (for which see Galway) originally included 
 that part of Roscommon lying south of Lanec- 
 borough and the town of Eoscommon. This 
 same i>art of Roscommon also formed one of the 
 territories called Delvin, of which there wei'e 
 seven, this one being called Delvin-Nuadat. 
 
 That part of Roscommon lying between Elphic 
 and the Shannon, ajid extending north and south 
 from Jamestown on the Shannon to the north 
 part of Lough Ree, was called the Three Tuathas 
 or Three Territories, these three territories 
 being Kinel Dofa, which lay between Slieve
 
 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 Bawu aud the Shauuon; Corcachlanu, \Yest of 
 Slieve Bawn; and Tir Briuin of the Shannon, 
 which lay north of the two others. 
 
 At Eathcroghan, midwa.v between Tulsk aud 
 Bellanagare, are situated the ruins of Crogban, 
 the ancient palar i of the Jiings of Conuaugi't. 
 It was erected by Ohj- Feleach, king of Ireland 
 in the first century of the Christian era, for his 
 
 ilaughter Maive, queen ot Coiuaught (see Louth 
 and Armagh); and it is alnaost as celebrated in 
 Irish romantic literature as the palace of Emania. 
 The remains consist of a great fort now called 
 Rathcroghan, containing a cave in which are 
 some remarkably-inscribed stones; this rath 
 being surrounded by a number of others, form- 
 ing quite a town of raths. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 BOYLE ABBEY.— The Abbey of Boyle was 
 erected on the bank of the river of that name by 
 O'Connor, king of Connaught in 1257. Its re- 
 mains at the present day are noble and imposing. 
 It was destroyed during the Elizabethan wars 
 with the northern chieftains, Tyrone and Tyr- 
 connell, early in the 16th century. "Within its 
 aisles were interred many noted bishops and 
 chiefs, and close by, in the cemetery of Kilronan, 
 is buried Carolau, the last of the line of ancient 
 Irish bards, who died in 1741. The county 
 derives its name from St. Coman, who founded 
 it in 550. He built an abbey, which was super- 
 seded by the splendid structure erected on the 
 same site by O'Connor. About the time the 
 abbey was erected the Anglo-Normans under Sir 
 Robert de Uflford built a castle near it, the re- 
 mains of which still exist. On the night of 
 ■August 12, 1599, the English under General Clif- 
 ford encamped around the abbey, and in the 
 battle of the Curlew Mountains three days later, 
 Clifford, many of his officers, and 1,500 soldiers 
 were slain by Red Hugh O'Donnell and the rest 
 put to ignominious rout. 
 
 ATHLONE CASTLE.— Athione is situated 
 on both sides of the Shannon, where the river 
 divides the counties of '^Vestmeath and Roscom- 
 mon. As the gateway from Leinster to Con- 
 naught, it has been deemed an important 
 strategic point, from the Anglo-Norman invasion 
 to the present day. The castle, once a great 
 stronghold, was built in the time of King John. 
 Of the many military events of which it has been 
 the center, the siege by General Douglas and the 
 defense by Colonel Grace, and that of Ginkell, 
 and its defense by St. Ruth are the most nien.ora- 
 ble. The latter was lost through the arrogant 
 blindness of St. Ruth, the French commander of 
 the Irish troops. But no nobler instance of 
 heroism is recorded in the military annals of any 
 race or nation than the defense of the Irish gar- 
 rison. Under a deadly shower of grapeshot and 
 grenades an Irish sergeant and ten men pro- 
 ceeded to tear up the planking of the bridge. 
 All were killed. A second party rushed into 
 their place and succeeded in accomplishing their 
 object. All perished but two, who, precipitated 
 into the water, swam to shore.
 
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 SLIGO. 
 
 NAME. — The county was named from the 
 town of Sligo, ■which itself took its name from 
 the river Sligeach, river of sligs or shells — 
 shelly river. Thio river is now called the 
 Garrogue. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 the river Moy to the Arigna River-, 40| miles ; 
 breadth from the Lough Gara to Donegal Bay, 
 38^ miles; area, 721| square miles; population, 
 111,578. 
 
 SURFACE.— The eastern part of the barony 
 of Carbury, and the southern shores of Lough 
 Gill, are mountainous. A line of highlands runs 
 from Ballysadare Bay southwest toward Fosford 
 in Mayo, having two moderately level districts 
 on both sides. The rest of the country is level, 
 interspersed with hilly land. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Ox Moun- 
 wiins begin immediately southwest of Bally- 
 fadare, and run west-southwest to the boundary 
 cf Mayo, where they are continued to the south- 
 west by the Slieve Gamph range, which runs first 
 (On the boundary of the two counties, and then 
 into Mayo. The Ox Mountains have several 
 summits from 1,200 to 1,800 feet high; and 
 Slieve Gamph attains an elevation of 1,363 feet. 
 
 The eastern part of the barony of Carbury, in 
 the north of tho county, is a mass of mountains. 
 The highest is Truskmore (2,113) near the boun- 
 dary, whose summit is in Sligo, but a part of 
 \iie eastern slope is in Leitrim. Far more strik- 
 ,'r.g and remarkable, however, through not so 
 elevated, is Benbulbin (1,722), in the middle of 
 the barony, presenting a scarped precipitious 
 face to Sligo Bay; and a mile and a half south 
 of it is Kings Mountain (1,527). Four miles 
 west of Sligo town is the remarkable isolated 
 flat-topped hill of Knocknarea (1,078), rising 
 with a scarped rocky face over the beautiful 
 plain that lies between its base and the sea. Ris- 
 ing directly over the son'^h shore of Lough Gill 
 are the two hills, Slish 367), and Slievedaeane 
 (900). 
 
 In the east of the barony of Tirerrill, near the 
 
 boundary, is a range called Bralieve, mnning 
 from northwest to southeast, and rising to 1,498 
 feet at its highest point. In the southeast, near 
 Ballinafad, the Curlieu Hills run on the boun- 
 dary with Roscommon. In this southeast part 
 of the county the most remarkable hill is Keish- 
 corran (1,183), which has on its western face a 
 precipitous escarpment pierced with some inter- 
 esting caves. Near this on the east is Carrowkee 
 (1,062) over the western shore of Lough Arrow. 
 
 COAST LINE. — The coast is an alternation of 
 low sharp rocks and flat sandy beaches, relieved 
 by a few bold headlands, and in one place by 
 the grand cliff of Knocknarea. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Lenadoou Point marks the 
 eastern entrance to Killala Bay; Aughirs Point 
 pi'ojects north into Sligo Bay; Killaspug Point 
 is the extremity of the peninsula northeast of 
 Ballysadare Bay; Roskeeragh Point stands forth 
 at the extremity of the peninsula that separates 
 Donegal Bay from Sligo Bay ; and at the north 
 extremity of the county is another Roskeeragh 
 Point, near which is the rocky projection of 
 Mullagnmore. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Alaguire's Island lies beside Kil- 
 laspug Point; Coney Island, about a mile in 
 length, is at the entrance to Cummeen Strand; 
 and at the north side of the same strand is 
 Oyster Island, with a lighthouse. Just outside 
 Coney Island is Black Rock, with a lighthouse ; 
 and near Roskeeragh Point is a rocky cluster, 
 one of which is called Seal Rocks. Northeast of 
 this, beside the coast at Cliffony, are Conor's 
 Island and Dernish Island. But the most re- 
 markable island belonging to Sligo is Inishmur- 
 ray , in Donegal Bay, a mile in length ; containing 
 the ruins of the ancient monastery of St. Lase- 
 rian or Molaise (pron. Molasha); the few inhabi- 
 tants are very primitive, and have many curious 
 customs. 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS.— Killala Bay sepa- 
 rates Sligo from Mayo. Sligo Bay opens east- 
 ward, and branches into three inlets: Bally- 
 sadareBay; a middle branch which runs up to
 
 SLIGO. 
 
 the tcwn of Sligo; and Druracliff Bay, all very 
 sandy. 
 
 KIVEKS.— The Moy rises at a liigh elevation 
 among the Ox Mountains, about 2 miles east of 
 Lough Easky ; flows first southeast, then south- 
 •n-est, till it enters Mayo; turning northward, it 
 touches Sligo at a point 2| miles above Ballina, 
 from which point to its mouth it forms the 
 boundary between Sligo and Mayo. Its chief 
 Siigo tributaries are: the Mad River and the 
 Owenaher from the Ox Mountains; the Lough 
 Talt liiver issuing from Lough Talt in Slievo 
 Gamph; and on the south bank, the Owengarve 
 and the Mullaghanoe. The Leaffouy Eiver flows 
 'nto Killala Bay. The Easky Eiver is a moun- 
 tain torrent rising in Lough Easky high up 
 among the Ox Mountains, and falling into the 
 sea near the village of Easky. 
 
 The Ballysadare Eiver falls into the head of 
 Ballysadare Bay at Ballysadare; immediately 
 below the village it tumbles over a series of 
 shelving rocks, forming one of the finest rapids 
 in L-eland. The chief tributaries of the Bally- 
 sadare Eiver are: the Owenmore, which rises in 
 the south near Lough Gara; the Owenboy, 
 which rises near the source of the Moy, takes 
 the name of Owenbeg below the village of Col- 
 looney, and joins the Owenmore 1| miles above 
 Collooney; and the Unshin Eiver or Arrow 
 River, vvhich issues from Lough Arrow, and 
 ■^lowing northward joins the Owenmore. 
 
 lu the southeast of the county, the Feorish 
 enters Roscommon. The Bonet River forms the 
 boundary between Sligo and Leitrim for a mile. 
 The Sligo Eiver or the Garrogue, issues from 
 Lough Gill, and after a course of 3 miles falls 
 into Sligo bay at Sligo tuwu. North of Sligo 
 town, tho Drumcliff River flows west into Drum- 
 cliff Bay. And in the extreme north the Duff 
 forms part of the boundary between Leitrim and 
 Sligo, and falls into Donegal Bay. 
 
 LAKES. — Lough Arrow, in the southeast, is 
 t miles long, contain.s 8 square miles, and is 
 itudded witli a number of beautiful wooded 
 islets; Lough Gara, on the soutliern border, is 5 
 miles long, and contains 7 sipiare miles. Lough 
 Gill is 5J miles long and contains .5J S(]uare 
 miles; its shores ai'o wooded, and at the south 
 side overhung by mountains; it contains several 
 
 most beautiful lakes in Ireland — almost rivaling 
 the Lakes ot Killarnej'. 
 
 The other lakes on the lioundary are, north of 
 Lough Gill, Glencar Lake, chiefly belonging to 
 Leitrim; in ti;e northern extremity, Cloouty 
 Lake near Cliftony; and the southeast, Skean 
 Lake, more than half of which is in Roscommon. 
 
 The following lakes are in the interior: Lough 
 Easky at an elevation of 607 feet among the Ox 
 Mountains; it is more than a mile long, and 
 sends forth the river Easky northward; and five 
 miles southwest of it, in Slieve Gamph, Lough 
 Talt, about the same size. Near Eallj'mote is 
 Templehouse Lake, a mile and a half long; near 
 the south end of which is Cloonacleigha Lake. 
 Two miles south of Collooney is Toberscanavan 
 Lake; and at the same distance northeast of Col- 
 loone.v, is Ballydawley Lake. 
 
 TOWNS.— Sligo (10,808), the assize town, on 
 the Sligo or Garrogue Eiver, with good trade 
 and commerce; situated in the midst of a mc^t 
 picturesijue country; containing the beauti,ul 
 ruin of Sligo Abbey, founded in 1'252. Bally- 
 mote (1,145) in the southeast, with the ruins of 
 a castle and of a friary near it; Tobercurry 
 (1,081), in the soutliwest. Ardnaree, the Sligo 
 suburb of Ballina, lias 1,442 inhabitants. 
 
 MINERALS. — The eastern projection of the 
 barony of Tirerrill, approaching Lough Allen, 
 belongs to ilie Connaught coalfield, and a portion 
 of it is also included in the Arigna iron district. 
 Lead and cojjper mines were formerly worked in 
 the Ox Mountains; but the works have been long 
 since discontinued. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The barony of Tireragh formed a jiart 
 of the territin-y of Hy Fiachraoh of the Moy (for 
 which see Mayo). The following baronies repre- 
 sent ancient territories: Carbury (there were 
 several other Carburys in Ireland) ; Leiny, the 
 ancient Luighne; Tirerrill, tho ancient Tir- 
 Oililla; Corran, andCoolavin, the principality of 
 INIac Dermott. Immediately east of Lough 
 Arrow, in the parish of Kilmactranny, is the 
 Northern Moytura, or ]Mo\ tuva of the Formori- 
 ans, where, 27 years after the battle of the 
 Southern Jfoytnra (for which see Mayo), was 
 fought a battle between the Dedannans and the 
 Forniorians, in which the Formorians wore de- 
 
 lovely islands, and altogether it is one of the j feated and sli>ughtered. Like the Southern Moy-
 
 SLIGO. 
 
 tura, the plain ahounds iu seiiulcbral luoiiuineuts 
 to this day. At 'Druuicliff, 4 miloH north of 
 Sligo, there was iu old times a great rolijiions 
 
 establishment; aiid thtro still remain the rums 
 of a round tower and some Celtic crosses in a 
 fail' state of preservation. 
 
 ILLXJSTii^TION. 
 
 THE CATHEDRAL.— The town of Hligo is 
 the residence of the Catholic bishop of the 
 cathedral city of Elphiu, which is some 
 forty miles distant. The church of St. John iu 
 Slig'o is called a cathedral, owiug to the fact that 
 the Bishop resides there. It is a handsome 
 modern edifice, cruciform iu structure, with a 
 tall massive tower. The see of Elphiu is oue of 
 the most ancient in Ireland, having been founded 
 i^- St. Patrick, about the year 450. He ap- 
 
 pointed .\ssicus, a learned and jiious monk, first 
 bishop, but for the eight succeeding centuries 
 no regular succession of prelates is mentioned. 
 There are many remains in Sligo and tlio neigh- 
 boring vicinity of the ancient religious charac- 
 ter of the county, some of which will bo found on 
 another page. The town experienced many 
 vicissitudes in the various wars since the Anglo- 
 Norman invasion, and suffered much for its de- 
 votion to Irish liberty.
 
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 SLIGO CATHEDRAL.
 
 TIPPERARY. 
 
 NAME. — The county took its name from the 
 town of Tippeniry, and this from a once celebrated 
 well, situated near the main street of the town, 
 and now closed up. The Gaelic form of the 
 name is Tiobraid-Araun (pron. Tubrid-Auran) 
 the well of Ara, from tiobraid, a well, and Ara 
 {genitive, Aranc), the name of the old territorj' 
 in which it was situated. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length, from 
 the eastern corner of the Knockmealdown Moun- 
 tains near the village of Ballinamult, to the junc- 
 tion of the Little BrosnaKiver with the Shannon, 
 (j6| miles; breadth, from the western boundary 
 between Emly, and Knocklong to the eastern 
 boundary 3 miles east of Mullinahone, 43 miles; 
 area, 1,659 square miles; population, 199,612. 
 For legal purposes the county is divided into 
 North Riding and South Riding. 
 
 SURFACE. — The western projection, consist- 
 ing of the barony of Owney and Arra, the south- 
 western part of Upper Ormoud, and the western 
 part of the two baronies of Kilnamanagh, are 
 nearly all occupied with mountains. The greater 
 part of the barony of Ikerrin, forming the north- 
 east corner, is mountainous, hilly, or upland. 
 The southwest also (namely, the barony of Ififa 
 and Offa West, and the southern part of the 
 barony of Clanwilliam) is very mountainous, 
 being occupied by two great ranges (to be 
 noticed presently in detail) inclosing a fine 
 valley. The barony of Slieveardagh in the east 
 is hilly, broken up by the inequalities of the 
 Tipperary coalfields ; and in the barony of Iffa 
 and Offa East, northeast of Clonmel, there is 
 one small but loft.v mountain knot. All the rest 
 of the county may be said to be level, inter- 
 rupted by occasional detached mountains or 
 hills, and in several places broken up bj' low 
 ridges. The whole of the middle of the county 
 is occupied by the magnificent plain traversed 
 by tne Suir. The "Golden Vale," containing 
 the linest land in Ireland, may be said to be 
 a branch of this great central plain ; it runs west 
 from Fethard into Limerick, confined on the 
 
 borders of the two counties by Slievenamuck on 
 the south, and by Slievefelim on the north; and 
 from this it sweeps westward to Kilmallock and 
 Bruree. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND H^LLS.— The south- 
 western extremity of Slieve Bloom just touches 
 Tipperary at Roscrea. The valley in which 
 Roscrea stands separates this end of Slieve Bloom 
 from another range, which begins immediately 
 south of the town and runs southwest. This is 
 the Devil's Bit range, which culminates in the 
 Devil's Bit (1,583), 3 miles from Templemore. 
 This mountain has a singular gap in its contour 
 (very conspicuous from the railway), from which 
 it was formerly called Barnane-Ely, i.e., the 
 gajjped mountain of Ely (the old territory in 
 which it was situated), which is still the name 
 of the jiarish. The other chief summits are 
 Kilduff Mountain (1,462), Borrisnoe (1,471), and 
 Benduff (1,399), all near Devil's Bit in a line to 
 the northwest; and 4 miles southwest of Devil's 
 Bit, Knockanora (1,429) and Latteragh (1,257). 
 
 Southwest of this is a great mountain group 
 consisting of several minor clusters separated by 
 deep valleys. The highest summit is Kimalta or 
 Keeper Hill (2,278), a fine mountain dome, 
 which towers so conspicuously over the sur- 
 rounding hills that it seems almost detached. 
 Four miles southeast of Kimalta is Mauhersl'O'^e 
 (1,783), near which again are Knoekteige (1,312), 
 and Knockuasceggau (1,296). The valley of 
 the Bilboa River separates these from a sub-group 
 to the southeast, which occupies a good deal of 
 the two baronies of Kilnamanagh; the chief 
 summits being Knockalough (1,407), and south 
 of it Laghtseefin (1,426). The Silvermine 
 Mountain (1,607), running from west to east 4 
 or 5 miles in length, lie north of Kimalta, and 
 are separated from it by the valley of the Mul- 
 kear River. To the mountain group noticed in 
 this paragraph belongs Slievefelim, lying in 
 Limerick. 
 
 To the northwest of the preceding, in the 
 north of the barony of Owney and Arra, are the
 
 TIPPERARY. 
 
 Arra Mountains (1,517), rising over the southern 
 end of Lough Derg; these form a distinct group, 
 separated from the Silvermiue and Kimalta 
 mountains by the valley of the Kilmastulla River. 
 
 Along the southern border of the county the 
 Knockmealdown range runs east and west. About 
 half the range belongs to Tipperary, the south- 
 ern flank lying in "Waterford. The highest sum- 
 mit of all, Knockmealdown or Slievecua (2,609), 
 lies on the boundary. 
 
 The Galty Mouutainh run east and vest; they 
 lie north of the Knockmealdown Mountains, from 
 which they are separated by a fine valjty six or 
 eight miles wide: the eastern half of the range 
 lies in Tipperary and the western half in Limer- 
 ick. The Galt.y range is one of the finest in Ire- 
 land, for its altitude, for the maguitieeut and 
 massive forms of its individual mountains, and 
 for the deep valleys that pierce the lieavt of the 
 range, traversed hy mountain torrents, and over- 
 hung by tremendous precipices. Galtymore 
 (3,015), the highest of the whole range, lies on 
 the boundary with Limerick. Slievenamuck 
 (1,215), a long low range, runs parallel to the 
 Galtys, a little to the north and separated from 
 them by the Glen of Aherlow. 
 
 In the southeast corner of the count.y the 
 graud mountain mass of Slievenaman (2,361) 
 rises from the plain quite detached. Several 
 subsidiary summits lie round the main peak; 
 chief among them being Carrickabrock (1,859), 
 Sheegouna (1,822), and Knockahunna (1,654). 
 Among the many detached hills of Tijiperary, 
 one of the most conspicuous is Knockshigowna i 
 (701) in the north, 5 miles northeast of Cloghjor- 
 dan, standing in a phiiu quite detached, and 
 well known for its fairy legends. 
 
 RIVERS.— The Shannon and Lough Derg 
 torm the northwestern boundary, from the month 
 of the Brosnii downward to a point ft mile above 
 O'Brien's Bridge. The following are the tribu- 
 taries of the Shannon' belonging wholly or partly 
 to Tipperary. In the extreme north, the Little 
 Brosna, coming from the southeast, runs on the 
 boundary between Tipperary and Kings County 
 for the last 13 miles of its course. Its chief 
 headwater is the Bnnow, which rises in Kings 
 County northeast of Roscrea (though some of its 
 Lead streams come from Queens Count.y), (injsses 
 the corner of Tipperary by Roscrea, and leaving 
 
 Tipperary for Kings County, takes the name of 
 Little Brosna. The Ballyfinboy River rises nea? 
 Moueygall, and flowing northwest, forms the- 
 boundary for a mile and a half between Tipper- 
 ary and Kings County above Cloghjordan, and 
 passing by Cloghjordan asd Borrisokane, falls- 
 into Lough Derg at Dromin,'*gh. The Nenagh 
 River, drawing some of its headwaters from tho- 
 Devil's Bit, and some from the Kimalta Moun- 
 tains, runs northwest by Nenagh, and falls into- 
 Lough Derg. The Nenagh River is joined on 
 the right bank, a mile below Nenagh, by the- 
 Ollatrim and the Balliutotty Rivers, which unit& 
 their waters before the junction (the Ollatrim 
 forming for 2 miles of its course the boundary 
 between Kings County and Tipperarj-). The 
 Newtown River rises in the Arra Mountains, and 
 falls into Lough Derg at Youghal, near the 
 mouth of the Nenagh River. The Kilmastulla 
 River flows west by the northern base of the- 
 Silveimine Mountains, and enters the Shannon 
 near Eirdhill. The Newport River flows south- 
 west by Newport and enters Limerick, its chief 
 headwater being the Mulkear, which flowa 
 through the deep glen between the Kimalta and 
 Silvermine Mountains (this Mulkear finding its- 
 way ultimately by the Newport River to tho- 
 Limerick Mulkear). The Clare River, running 
 west through the glen that separates Slievefelim 
 from Kimalta, forms the boundary for some- 
 miles with Limerick, and enters Limerick (tak- 
 ing now the name of Anuagh) to join the New-- 
 port River. The Bilboa River and its three- 
 tributaries — the Gortuageragh, the Cahernahal- 
 lia, and the Dead River — all rise in Tipperary, 
 and flow into Limerick to the Mulkear. Some 
 of the headwaters of the Limerick River, the 
 Camoge, come from that part of Tii)perary Ivinc 
 round Emly. 
 
 The Nore takes its riso in the northern ex- 
 tremity of tlie Devil's Bit Mountains, about 2 
 miles cast-northeast of Mollc.^•gall, and flowing 
 Ciist-northeast for 9J miles tlirt)ugli Tipperary, it. 
 forms the boundary with Queens County for 2-, 
 miles further, and then enters Queens County. 
 Some of the Jiead rivulets of tlio Erikna riso in- 
 side the boundar.v, or run on it, east of Teniple- 
 more, and flow imnuuliatley into Queens County. 
 The Kings Rivar rises by several headwaters in- 
 Tipperary, the chief of them having its source in*
 
 TIPl'ERARY. 
 
 the parLsh of Buolick, nortliwost of the villaj^e of 
 JJuUinyiarry, auil tiowiiij:;; lir.st southward and 
 theu eastward, enters Kilkenny 3 miles above 
 Callaii. Tht, Mnnster Hiver, Howiny: soutii, 
 forms the bcundary for about 8 miles between 
 Tipperary and Kilkenny, and then enters Kil- 
 kenny to join the Kiui;s Kiver. 
 
 The Suir rises at the eastern base of Jieuduff 
 Mountain, one of the Devil's Bit range, 2 miles 
 southeast of Moneygall, the source being about 
 2 miles southwest of the source of the Nore, and 
 lowing first eastward for 5 miles, it turns 
 abruptly south. It runs in a direction generally 
 aouth for about 55 miles (following the larger 
 "windings), when it touches Waterford at a point 
 ■9 miles in direct line southeast of Caher — the 
 direction of the river from Caher to this point 
 being southeast. It theu turns abruptly north, 
 and continuing in this direction for 5 miles, it 
 turns east; and from the jioiut where it first 
 touches Waterord down to a mile and a half be- 
 low Carrick-on-Suir ('24 miles) it forms the 
 boundary between Tipperary and Waterford. 
 
 The following are the Tipperary tributaries of 
 x^e Suir, beginning on the north: Taking first 
 the left or eastern bank — the Drish joins a mile 
 below Thurles; one of its headwaters is the 
 Black River, and some others of its head rivulets 
 •come from Kilkenny. The Anner comes south- 
 ward from near Killeuaule, and joins the Suir 2 
 imiles below Clonmel ; it is joined on its right 
 bank by the Honor, the Clashawley (flowing by 
 Fethard), and the Moyle. The Lingaun rises to 
 the east of Slievenamau, and flowing eastward, 
 touches Kilkenny ; theu turning south it forms 
 the boundary between Tipperary and Kilkenny 
 to where it falls into the Suir (a mile and a half 
 below Carrick-on-Suir), a distance of 7 miles. 
 
 On the right bank the Suir receives the follow- 
 ing — the Clodiagh rises among the hills east of 
 Mauherslieve, and joins 3 miles below Holycross; 
 it is itself joined by the Cromoge and the Owen- 
 beg on opposite banks. The Multeen falls into 
 •the Suir a mile and a half above Golden, receiv- 
 ing from the north, a little above its mouth, a 
 tributary also called Multeen. The Ara, flowing 
 through the town of Tipperary, falls into the 
 Suir 2 miles above Caher; it is joined b.v the 
 Aherlow River, which conies from Limerick, 
 anters Tipperary at Galbally, and flows eastward 
 
 througli tlio Vale of Aherlow, one of the finest 
 glens in Ireland, with the Galtys towering over 
 it on the south, and Slievenamuck on the north. 
 Two miles above Ardfinnan the Suir receives the 
 Thouoge, which rises in the Galty glens; and 3 
 miles below Ardfinnans, the Tar, which runa 
 eastward through Clogheen along the northern 
 base of the Kuockmealdown Mountains, and is 
 the principal stream that drains the valley be- 
 tween these mountains and the Galtys; the Tar 
 itself having for headwater tributaries the Duag 
 from Kuockmealdown, and the Burncourt River 
 from the Galt.ys. 
 
 The headwater of the Fuushion, which rises 
 in Galtymore, forms the boundary between Tip- 
 perary and Limerick for 5 or (5 miles, after which 
 it turns west and leaves Tipperary, and ultimately 
 joins the Blackwater. 
 
 LAKES. — A portion of Lough Derg belongs 
 to Tipperary ; all the other lakes of the county 
 are small and unimportant. Near the summit of 
 Galtymore, at its northern side, are two very 
 remarkable mountain pools, overtopped by 
 precipices. Lough Curra and Lough Diheen; 
 and a little east of these are Borheen Lough and 
 Lough Muskry, also on the north slopes of the 
 Galtys. Baylough, another remarkable moun- 
 tain tarn, lies above Clogheen, at the mouth cT 
 the pass that crosses Kuockmealdown. 
 
 TOWNS.— Clonmel (9,325, of whom 52 are m 
 the county Waterford), on the Suir, the chief 
 town of the county, and the assize town of tho 
 South Riding; it is one of the most important 
 of the inland towns of Ireland, and has great 
 trade; beautifully situated, with the outskirts of 
 the Cummei'agh Mountains rising directly over 
 it ou the south side of the river. The following 
 towns are also ou the Suir: Carrick-ou-Suir 
 (6,583, of whom 1,1(56 are iu Carrickbeg, a 
 suburb lying at the south side of the river, in 
 the county "Waterford), below Clonmel, in the 
 southeastern corner of the county. Ascending 
 the river from Clonmel we pass the village of 
 Ardfinnau (376), with its fine castle ruin perched 
 ou the summit of a rock, and come to Caher 
 (2,469), a very pretty town, in a beautiful situa- 
 tion, under the eastern abutment of the Galtj^s, 
 with a fine castle ruin ou a rock in the middle of 
 the river. Passing the village of Golden (380), 
 with the beautiful old abbey of Athassel a mile
 
 TIPPEKARY. 
 
 and a half south of it, just beside the river; and 
 the village of Holycross, where is one of the 
 finest ecclesiastical ruins in Ireland, that of an 
 abbey built in the 12th century; we come to 
 Thurles (4,850), a flourishing town, with several 
 ecclesiastical and castle ruins; and lastly, Tem- 
 plemore (2,800), near the eastern base of the 
 Devi's Bit Mountain. 
 
 T'ae following towns are on tributaries of 
 the Suir: Fethard (1,926), lying 8 miles north 
 of Clonmel, and near the western base of Slieve- 
 Daman, is watered by the Clashawley Eiver, and 
 has some fine monastic ruins. Mullinahone is 
 near the Anuer River, not far from the eastern 
 boundary. Bon-isoleigh (788), lying southwest 
 of Templemore, is on the little river Cromoge. 
 In the southwest of the county, is Tipperary 
 (7,274), on the Ara, almost at the base of Slieve- 
 namuck Mountain. In the valley between the 
 Galty and Knockmealdown Mountains are Clog- 
 heen (1,209), on the Tar; and Ballyporeen (632), 
 on the Duag, the headwater of the Tar. 
 
 On the streams that flow to the Shannon these 
 towns are situated; Eoscrea (2,801), on the 
 Bunow; Gloghjordan (644) and Borrisokane 
 693 , on the Ballyfinboy Eiver. On the Neuagh 
 River is Nenagh (5,422), the assize town of the 
 North Riding, with a fine castle ruin ; a very 
 important inland town. Southwest of this, on 
 the Newport River, near the border of the 
 county, is Newport, or, as it is commonly called, 
 Newport-Tip (938). 
 
 The following towns are not connected with 
 any of the principal rivers : Cappagh White 
 (629), liorth of the town of Tipperary, at the 
 base of a hill. Killenaule (829), north of 
 Fethard prettily situated among hills. Lastly, 
 Cashel (3,961), tho ancient capital of Munster, 
 but now a faded town, in tho rich plain of the 
 Golden Vale. Beside tho town, is "The Rock of 
 Cashel," a singular detached limestone rock ris- 
 ing abruptly and precipitously from the plain. 
 Its flat top contains about 3 acres, and a great 
 part of this area is covered by the most interest- 
 ing collection of ruins in the kingdom, clustered 
 close together; of which the chief are the Cathe- 
 dral, Cormac's Chapel, a round tower, a castle, 
 and several residences for the ecclesiastics. Tho 
 Rock commands a splendid view, and is itself a 
 conspicuous object for many miles round. Near 
 
 the Eock, just outside the town, are the rums oi 
 Hore Abbey. 
 
 MINERALS.— One of the two coal fields of 
 Munster lies chiefly in Tipperary ; it extends in 
 length about 20 miles from Freshford in Kilkenny 
 to near Cashel, and is about G miles broad. In 
 the Arra Mountains, which rise over Lough 
 Derg, northeast of Killaloe, are the slate quarries 
 that supply the well-known Killaloe slates. And 
 the Silvermine Mountains, a little to the south- 
 east derived their name from their mines of lead 
 with a mixture of silver, which were worked in 
 the last century. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — A considerable part of the north and 
 northwest of Tipperary was originally included 
 in the ancient sub-kingdom of Thomond or 
 North Munster; and the middle and southern 
 part in the sub-kingdom of Ormond or East 
 Munster. In late times the northern end of the 
 county was formed into two baronies, and desig- 
 nated Upper and Lower Ormond by the Earl 
 of Ormond ; but the name was wrongly applied, 
 as what is now called the barony of Lowe^ 
 Ormond, and a good part of Upper Ormond, con- 
 stituted the ancient district of Muskerry-Tire, 
 which was always a part of Thomond. There 
 were two other Muskerrys in Tipperarj', viz., 
 first; Muskerry-Treherna, now the barony of 
 Clanwilliam^also called Muskerry-Breogain, 
 and Muskerry-Quirk, this last name derived from 
 the family of O 'Quirk, the ancient proprietors; 
 the little mountain tarn, Lough Muskry, in the 
 Galtys, still preserves the name of this territory. 
 Secondly, Muskerry West-of-Fevin, so called as 
 lying west of Moy-Fevin. Feviu or Moy-Fevin 
 was the name of the plain south of Slieveuaman, 
 now called bj' the baronj^ name Iffa and Offa 
 East. 
 
 The Galty Mountains were anciently called 
 Crotta-Cliach or Slieve-Crot or Slieve-Grod, 
 which name is still preserved in that of the old 
 Castle of Dungrod, in the Glen of Aherlow, near 
 Galbally. 
 
 Beside Cashel there were anciently three 
 ro.val residences in Tipperary. One was Cahor, 
 the old name of which was Caher-Dun-Jsga ; the 
 present castle, on the rock in the Suir, occupies 
 the site of an old circular stone fort or caher, 
 whicli was destroyed in tlio 3d century; and
 
 TIPPERARY. 
 
 that caher was erected on tbe site of a still older 
 dun or eartlien fort. Tlie second was Dun-Crot, 
 which is now marked by the old castle of Dun- 
 grod (mentioned above), a comiiaratively modern 
 edifice, built on the site of the old dun. The 
 third wa« Kuockgraffou, about 3 miles north of 
 
 Caher, which was the residence of Fiacha Mul- 
 lehan, king of Munstcr in the 3d century. The 
 remains of this old iialace are still standing, con- 
 sisting of a very fine high mound; it is cele- 
 brated in legend, and the surrounding parish 
 still retains its name — Knockgraffon. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 ROCK OF CASHEL.— It has been truly said 
 that all the ecclesiastical ruins not only of Tip- 
 perary but of all Ireland sink into insignificance 
 compared with those that crown the far-famed 
 "Rock of Cashel. " Massive and colossal in 
 aspect it towers above the level plain of the 
 "Golden Vale," and pre-^ents an inposiug appear- 
 ance from all sides. For more than a thousand 
 years Cashel was the seat of the kings of Munster, 
 and its history, as Sir "Walter Scott remarks, 
 "such as Ireland may be proud of." A synod 
 was held there in the middle of the 5th century by 
 St. Patrick, .St. Ailbe and St. Declan, when King 
 Aengus commemorated his conversion to Chris- 
 tianity by erecting a church on the rock. The 
 ruins consist of a cathedral founded in the 11th 
 century, a round tower 90 feet high and 54 feet 
 in circumference, Cormac's Chapel, named after 
 the Bisiioii-king, a hall for the vicar's choral, 
 hunt in 1421, and an Episcopal palace. 
 
 HOLY CROSS ABBEY.— This monastic ruin 
 is considered to rank in popular esteem as one of 
 the first, if not the very first, iu Ireland. It is 
 situated on the western bank of the Suir about 
 seven miles north of Cashel. It was founded in 
 1182 by Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, for 
 the Cistercian monks; but is said to owe its 
 origin and name to the possession of piece of 
 the True Cross, presented iu 1110 by Pope Pas- 
 cal II. to M'.irrough O'Brien, monarch of Ire- 
 land. It was set in gold and precious stones, 
 and is said to be still in the possession of the 
 Catholic authorities of the place. The Abbey is 
 appropriately built in the form of a cross, with 
 nave, chancel and transept, and a lofty, square 
 belfry at the intersection of the cross. In both 
 transe|>ts are two distinct chapels beautifully 
 groined. It was endowed with special privi- 
 leges, and the abbot was a jieer of parliment with 
 Ihe title of Earl of the Holy Cross. 
 
 THUELES 'CATHEDRAL.— The town of 
 Thurles, is situated on the river Suir, and con- 
 tains a population of about 5,000. The sur- 
 rounding country is very fertile and attractive. 
 It has many historic memories and ancient re- 
 mains. It was the scene of a great victory by 
 the Irish over the Danes in the 10th century, 
 and witnessed the defect of Strongbow by 
 O'Brien, Prince of Thomond. A monastery of 
 Carmelites were established there in 130<i. 
 In 1850 a sj'uod was held in Thurles under 
 the presidency of Cardinal Cullen, at which 
 the Queen's Colleges were condemned and the 
 foundation of a Catholic university recom- 
 mended. The Archbishop of Cashel resides in 
 Thurles, and many modern ecclesiastical estal - 
 lishments lend it an interest for Catholics. 
 Among these are the Catholic Cathedral, a mag- 
 nificent edifice capable of holding 7,000 persons, 
 and the provincial college of St. Patrick, erected 
 iu 1836. 
 
 NENAGH TOWNHALL AND CASTLE. 
 — Nenagh is the second largest town in the 
 county of Tipperary, and does a thriving trade. 
 The town was at once time a stronghold of the 
 Butlers. It possesses few antiquities, the 
 "Nenagh Round," the circular keep of the castle 
 of the Butlers, and one of the largest and most 
 notable structures of its kind iu the island, 
 being, perhaps, the most interesting feature. 
 It was built in the time of King John. Between 
 it and the courthouse stands the townhall, a 
 modern structure of handsome design. Nenagh 
 was converted into an assize town some years 
 ago, previous to which a summons to court in- 
 volved a journey of nearly 140 miles. The name 
 is derived from the Irish word N'Aenach, signi- 
 fying The Fair, and even at the present day it is 
 the seat of one of tl- largest yearly "fairs" in 
 the south of Irpl.iiiil
 
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 TYRONE. 
 
 NAME. — The Gaelic form of the name is Tir- 
 J^oghain (prou. Tir-Owen), signifying the laud 
 ■or territory (tir) of Eoghuu or Owen. This 
 Owen was son of king Niall of the Nine Hos- 
 tages, and brother of Conall, who gave name to 
 Tircounell (see Donegal). 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 the mouth of the Blaekwater at Lough Neagh to 
 tlie western jioint near Carriekaduff hill, 55 
 miles; breadth from the southern corner, south- 
 -east of Fivemiletown, to the northeastern corner 
 near Meenard Mountain, 37J miles; area, 1,2G0 
 square miles; I'Oi'ulatiou, 1U7,719. 
 
 SUEFACE. — All the northern border is a con- 
 "tinued succession of mountains, some of them 
 very lofty. The western angle is occupied by 
 mountains, a continuation of the alpine region 
 of Donegal. The southern angle, south of 
 Clogher, is also mountainous and upland ; and 
 ~there is a small mountain knot southeast of New- 
 town Stewart, in the barony of Upper Strabaiie. 
 That portion of the county bordering on Lough 
 Neagh is a llat, meadowy district, interspersed 
 with bogs. All the rest of the county is an end- 
 less succession of gentle hills, fruitful valleys, 
 pretty glens, and small plains, with a good deal 
 ■of dreary moorland in the northern half, but in- 
 terspersed, especially in the south, with much 
 beauty and softness of landscape. On tjie whole 
 Tyrone is a hillj- county. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— Along the 
 northern and northeastern margin are the follow- 
 ing mountains, beginning on the west: Slieve- 
 kirk (1,219), on the boundary with Londonderry, 
 » little east of the Foyle. The Sperrin Moun- 
 tains begin aljout 6 miles northeast of Newtown 
 Stewart, and run east-northeast, partly in 
 Tyrone, partly on the boundar.v, and jiartly in 
 Londonderry. The first summits of any conse- 
 quence at the end nearest to Newtown Stewart 
 are Crockrour (1,200), Craignagapple (1,082), 
 and lialix Hill (1,:«S), all near one another. 
 ■\\eHt of Craignagapple, and immediately over 
 Strabane, riscH the detached hill of Knockavoe 
 (972). East of all these is Mullaghclogha 
 (2,088), nortliwest of which is Tornoge (923). 
 
 Then follow Dart (2,OiO), Sawel (2,240), Mee- 
 nard (2,061), and Oughtmore (1,878), all ou the 
 boundary, which have been mentioned in Lon- 
 donderry. 
 
 South and southeast of these, at the other side 
 of the valley of the Glenelly Eiver, are the Mun- 
 terlony Mountains, of which the chief summits 
 are Craignamaddy (1,264), Munterlony or Mul- 
 laghbolig Mountain (1,456), and Carnanelly 
 (1,851). Mullaghturk (1,353) is on the boun- 
 dary; and with another valley intervening 
 Beleevnamore (1,257). In the immediate vicin- 
 ity of Newtown Stewart are the two hills, Bessy 
 Bell (1,367) and Mary Gray (828) ; and six miles 
 southeast of the town, and about the same dis- 
 tance northeast of Omagh, is the conspicuous 
 hill of Mullagcarn (1,787). 
 
 In the southern end Slieve Beagh stands at 
 the junction of the three counties, Tyrone, 
 Monaghau, and Fermanagh; one of its peaks, 
 1,221 feet high, is in Tyrone; but its highest 
 summit — 1,255 feet — is in Fermanagh. A range 
 of upland runs between Ballygawley and Omagh, 
 locally called the Starbog hills; the highest sum- 
 mit is Sleivemore (1,033), 3 miles northwest of 
 Ballygawley. Three miles north of Fivemile- 
 town is Ballyness Mountain (958). West of 
 these Brocker Mountain (1,040) stands on the 
 Ijoundary. 
 
 In the western extremity of the county — the 
 barony of West Omagh — Cross Hill (1,024) 
 stands .lust inside the boundary; south of this is 
 Sturrin (814), near which to the southeast, beside 
 the boundary, is an elevation of 1,059 feet. In 
 the extreme south of the barony is Dooish 
 (1,119), and beside it Tappaghau (1,112) which 
 stands on the boundary, its summit being in 
 Tyrone. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Finn, and its continuation the 
 Foylc, run on the northwestern boundary for 16 
 miles, separating Tyrone from Donegal. The 
 Foyle is formed by the confluence of the Finn 
 and the Mourne at Lifford. Below Strabane the 
 Foyle is joined by the Burn Dennet and Glen- 
 mornan streams, belonging to Tyrone. 
 
 The Mourne is formed by the confluence of a
 
 'i
 
 TYltO.XE. 
 
 nuiiiber of imyiortant tril)ntarics, of which the 
 Derg, the Stiiile, and the Owenkillew, are the 
 principal. The Derg flows from Lougli Derg in 
 Donegal, and joins the main stream 2| miles be- 
 low Newtown Stawart; receiving as trilnitaries 
 the Mourne Beg, which flows from Lough 
 Mourne in Donegal (and runs for 5 miles of its 
 course on the boundary between Tj-rone and 
 Donegal), and the Glendergau Paver which flows 
 through a fine mountain valley. The Strule and 
 the Owenkillew join at Newtown Stewart. The 
 Strule is formed by the Fairy "Water from the 
 west, the Drumragh and its tributary the Oweu- 
 reagh from the south, and the Camowen with its 
 affluent the Cloghfin from the east. And the 
 Owenkillew, draining the valley south of the 
 Muuterlony Mountains, has as tributaries, the 
 Glenelly River, which drains the long valley be- 
 tween the Sperrin and Munterlouy Mountains, 
 the Glenlark, the Coneyglen, the Broughderg, 
 and the Owenreagh. 
 
 In the southeast tlie Blackwater rises among 
 the hills a little north of Fivemiletown; flows 
 across the southern extremity of the county for 
 about 15 miles, after which it forms the boun- 
 dary of Tyrone (with Monaghan and Armagh) to 
 its mouth at the southwestern corner of Lough 
 Neagh, a further distance of about 34 miles (not 
 following the smaller windings). Its Tj-rone 
 tributaries are the Torrent, the Oona Water, the 
 Ballygawley Water, and the Fury Biver. 
 
 The Balliuderry Eiver rises a little northwest 
 of Pomeroy, flows eastward by Cookstown, and 
 for nearly all the rest of its course runs on the 
 boundary between Tyrone and Londonderry, till 
 it falls into Lough Neagh. It receives as tributary 
 from the northwe,^t, the Lissan Water, which 
 flows from Lough Fea, runs for some distance on 
 the boundary, and then enters Londonderry. 
 
 In the southwest the district round Trillick is 
 drained into Lough Erne by the Bellanamallard 
 Eiver, which belongs in the lower part of its 
 course to Fermanagh ; and the Fermanagh 
 streams, the Tempo Eiver the Many Burns, and 
 the Colebrook, draw their headwaters from 
 Tyrone. 
 
 L.\KES. — Lough Neagh forms jiart of the 
 eastern boundary from the mouth of the Black- 
 water to the mouth of the Ballinderry Eiver. 
 There are no other large lakes in Tyrone ; but 
 
 there are many very small ones. On the north-, 
 eastern border is Lough Fea, about a mile in, 
 length. Northwest of Pomeroy are Lough 
 Fiugrean and Loughmacrory, near each other. 
 Surrounded by the demesne of Baron's Court, 
 near Newtown Stewart, are three long narrow 
 lakes. Lough Catherine, a mile in length, and 
 two smaller ones, Lough Fanny and Lough 
 Mary; west of which is the small Maghera 
 Lough. East of Strabane, under Craignagapple 
 hill, is Moor Lough, from which issues the Glen- 
 nioruan Eiver. 
 
 TOWNS.— Dungannon (4,084), in the east of 
 the county, an excellent business town, was in 
 old times the chief seat of the O'Neills. The 
 following are on the tributaries of the Foyle; 
 Strabane (4,19(5) stands on the Mourne, and 3 
 miles south is Seein, or Sion Mills (1,077). 
 Southeast of this, just below the confluence of 
 the Strule and the Owennkillew, is Newtown 
 Stewart (1,079). Still further southea.st, near 
 the middle of the county, is Omagh ( 4126), the 
 assize town, on a hill, at the base of which i&. 
 the confluence of the Camowen and Drumragh 
 rivers. South of Omagh, on the Drumragh. 
 Eiver, is Fintona (1,468); west of which, near- 
 but not on one of the head streams of the Owen- 
 reagh, is Dromore (62.5). West of Newtown 
 Stewart, on the river Derg, is Castlederg (756) 
 with the striking ruin of the castle that gave the 
 town its name. 
 
 Near the Ballinderry Eiver, in the east, is 
 Cookstown (3,870), near the boundary of the 
 county. Southwest of Cookstown, on one of the 
 head streams of the Ballinderry River, is Pomeroy 
 (438). 
 
 The following are on the Blackwater and its 
 tributaries in the southeast: Moy (579), on the 
 Blackwater itself really forms one town with 
 Charlemout, at the Armagh side of the river. 
 Higher up on the Blackwater, at the extreme 
 southeastern angle of the county, is Caledoa 
 (562), a very pretty village, in the midst of a 
 beautiful, well-cultivated country. Northwest of 
 this is Aughuacloy (1,333), ^<■ithin half a mile of 
 the Blackwater. Northwest of Aughnacloy, on 
 the Ballygawley Water, is the neat and prosper- 
 ous village of Ballygawley (446). Four miles, 
 northeast of Dungannon, near the Torrent Eiver, 
 is Coal Island (677); near which on the norths
 
 TYRONE. 
 
 bui, unconnected with any of the Blackwatei' 
 tributaries, is the stirring little town of Stewarts- 
 town (823). In the extreme south, in the barony 
 of Glogher, beside the boundary, is Fivemile- 
 town (597); near which, on the northeast, is 
 Clogher, now a poor village, but once a place of 
 great ecclesiastical celebrity. 
 
 MINERALS. — North of Dungannon, and 
 around the village of Coal Island, is a coal field, 
 
 which, though small, is the richest in Ireland. 
 Along the shore of Lough Neagh, south from 
 Washing Bay, is found lignite or wood coal. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The ancient principality of Tir-Owen, 
 the inheritance of the O'Neills, included the 
 whole of the present counties of Tyrone and 
 Londonderry, and the two baronies of Ininhowen 
 and Raphoe in Donegal. 
 
 IJ^LTJSTH^TIOI^. 
 
 DUNG ANXON. — Dun crannou (Geanan's Fort) 
 was the earliest seat of the 0'Neills,and continued 
 in their possession down to the year 1607. The 
 O'Neill Castle stood upon a hill crowning the 
 town, but was destroyed b.v Gerald, ninth earl 
 of Kildare, and scarce a trace of it left remain- 
 ing. From the warlike tendencies of this noble 
 race it was exposed to the constant vicissitudes 
 of war. There Shane, or John the Proud, held 
 sway for years, and was virtually ruler of Ulster. 
 
 until his treacherous assassination at the instiga- 
 tion of the English lord deputy ; and this his- 
 toric locality was the scene of many of the ex- 
 ploits of Hugh O'Neil, and Sir Phelim the leader 
 of the great insurrection of 1641. In the parish 
 church of Dungannon also the delegates of the 
 Irish volunteers of 1782 met and issued their 
 declaration that only the king, lords and com- 
 mons of Ireland possessed the right to make laws 
 for Ireland.
 
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 WATER FORD. 
 
 NAME.— "Waterford," the name of the city 
 .(which was extended to the county), is Danish; 
 the old form is Vadre-fiord. The old Gaelic 
 name, which is still in common use, is Port- 
 Jarga. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 the western point near Macollop to Cheek Point, 
 ■50| miles; breadth from Clonmel to the point at 
 Ballynacourty, east of Duugarvan Harbor, 20 
 miles; breadth from Knockmealdown to the 
 southern point east of Youghal Harbor, 22| 
 miles; area, 721 square miles; population 
 112,708. 
 
 SURFACE. — A broad district, extending east 
 and west, from near Portlaw in the east to 
 Macollop in the west, is almost uninterruptedly 
 mountainous; in the middle this mountain 
 region stretches across almost the entire county 
 from Clonmel to Dungarvan. That large part of 
 the county b'ing south and east of this highland 
 tract is a mixture of gentle hills and dales. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— On the north- 
 ■ern boundary of the western projection of the 
 county, the Knockmealdown Mountains run 
 ■east and west between Tipperary and Waterford. 
 The highest summit in the whole range, Knock- 
 mealdown Mountain (2,C09), lies on the boun- 
 dary. Under the summit of this mountain, on 
 the west side, the range is crossed by a high 
 pass through which runs the mail-coach road 
 from Lismore to Clogheen, one of the grandest 
 mountain roads in Ireland. Immediately south 
 of Clonmel begin the Comeragh Mountains, ex- 
 tending south-southeast; the southwest part of 
 the group is commonly called the Monavullagh 
 Mountains. Knockanaffrin (2,478) lies 6 miles 
 southeast of Clonmel ; four miles southwest from 
 Coumshingaun is Seefin (2,387). 
 
 In the south the Drum Hills (993) run east- 
 southeast chiefly through the barony of the 
 Decies-Without-Drum. 
 
 COAST LINE. — Generally speaking, the coast 
 of Waterford is rock.v, inhospitable, and danger- 
 ous. Several sandy bays and stretches of sandy 
 
 coast interrupt the reeky margin ; but the coast 
 
 is, on the whole, not much indented by bays and 
 harbors. 
 
 HEADLANDS.— Cheek Point stands at the 
 confluence of the Barrow and Suir; south of 
 which is Creaden Head, projecting eastward into 
 Waterford Harbor. Swine's Head stands oppo- 
 site Hood Head on the Wexford side, both mark- 
 ing the entrance of Waterford Harbor. Browns- 
 town Head and Great Newtown Head are at 
 opposite sides of the entrance to Tramore Bay ; 
 and in the bay itself is Slate Point, a long sandy 
 projection dividing the outer from the inner 
 strand. West of this is Dunabrattin Head, near 
 Knockmahon. Ballyvoyle Head, tow-ard Dun- 
 garvan Harbor, is a cliff 243 feet high ; and 
 Helviok Head, at the south side of the entrance 
 of Dungarvan Harbor, is 231 feet high. South 
 of this is Mine Head; and at the south side of 
 Ardmore Harbor are Ardmore Head and Earn 
 Head. 
 
 ISLANDS. — Little Island, nearly a mile in 
 length and breadth, lies in the Suir below Water- 
 ford. Sheep Island, Burke's Island, and Green 
 Island, west of Tramore, are mere sea rocks. 
 
 BAYS AND HAEBOES.— Waterford Harbor 
 separates Waterford from Wexford. Off this is 
 Dunmore Bay, with cliffs pierced by numerous 
 caves. A little to the west of Waterford Har- 
 bor is Tramore Bay, with its extensive sandy 
 beach. Bunraahon Bay is at the mouth of the 
 Mahon River. Dungarvan Harbor has also a 
 very extensive area of sandy strand. Ardmore 
 Ba.v lies outside the village of Ardmore; west of 
 which is Whiting Bay. Lastly, Youghal Har- 
 bor, which separates Waterford from Cork, is 
 the estuary of the Blackwater Eiver. 
 
 RIVERS.— The Blackwater first touches 
 Waterford beside Kilmurry (in Cork); then 
 separates this county from Cork for two miles; 
 next flows through Waterford, as far as the 
 mouth of the Tourig Eiver, 14 miles; and from 
 that to the mouth, 3 miles more, it separates 
 Cork from Waterford. From the place where it
 
 WATEKFORD. 
 
 enters Waterford down to Yougbal it exhibits a 
 continuous succession of the finest river scenes 
 in Ireland. 
 
 The following ai-e the tributaries of the Black- 
 ■water, belonging wholly or partly to Waterford : 
 On the right bank ; south of Lismore, the 
 Owbeg, the Bride (rising in Cork), the Glen- 
 dine, and the Tourig (rising in Cork). On the 
 left bank; the Gleuinore, the Owennashad, and 
 the Glenshelane River, come southward from the 
 Knockmealdown Mountain; the Finisk joins at 
 Affane, drawing some of its headwaters from 
 Tipperary; a little south of this is the Goish; 
 and further south still is the Lickey, which flows 
 from the Drum Hills. 
 
 The Suir first touches Waterford at the mouth 
 of the Nier ; and from that point to its mouth 
 bounds the county, except for 4 miles at Water- 
 ford citj', where a single pari.sh of Waterford 
 county lies at the north side of the river. The 
 Waterford tributaries of the Suir are the follow- 
 ing. The Nier flows west tiirough the fine valley 
 of Glenahiry, and joins the Suir at Ballymakee. 
 A little north of this is the Russellstown River. 
 
 The Glasha flows north through the pretty 
 Glenpatrick, and joins nearly opposite Kilshee- 
 lan. The Clodiagh rises chiefl.v in Knucka- 
 naffrin, and falls into the Suir 1| mile below 
 Portlaw; one of its early feeders, the Ire, rises 
 near Coumshingaun, within 2 miles of the 
 source of the Nier. 
 
 A number of small rivers flow southward into 
 the ocean. The Woodstown River is a little 
 west of Tramore. The Mahou River rises near 
 the sources of the Nier and the Ire, and falls 
 into the sea at Bunmahou. The Tay rises near 
 the sources of Nier, the Ire, and the Mahon, and 
 falls into the sea near Stradbally. The Dalligan 
 is west of Bally voj'le Head. TheColligan enters 
 the sea at Dungarvan; one of its early tribu- 
 taries, the Araghlin rises in Seefiu Mountain. 
 The Brickey falls into Dungarvan Harbor. 
 
 LAKES. — Bally Lough, about half a mile 
 long, lies betweeu Waterford Harbor and Tra- 
 more Bay ; Bnllyscaulan Lake, near Tramore, is 
 still smaller. The lakes of the Comeraghs are all 
 siunil, but some are very remarkable. Coum- 
 Bhingaui), one of the grandest mountain lakes in 
 Ireland, is nearly lialf u mile in length, lies in a 
 tniiiciidouB chasm on the side of the highest 
 
 part of the Comeraghs, with a wall of rock rising 
 over it at one side, more than 1,000 feet high. 
 Near it are Crotty's Lough, the two Comeragh 
 Loughs, and the two Coumstilloge Loughs; 
 Coumduala Lough is on the side of Kuockauaffrin. 
 
 TOWNS.— Waterford (22,-4.57), on the Suir. 
 noted for its splendid quay. The other towns 
 on the Suir and its tributaries are as follows : A 
 portion of Clonmel, containing .52 inhabitants, 
 lies on the W'aterford side of the river. Carrick- 
 beg (1,166) is the Waterford suburb of Carrick- 
 on-Suir. Passage (688), or Passage East, is in 
 a pretty situation on the shore, where Waterford 
 Harbor begins to open out with a ferry across 
 the broad river. Lower down stands the village 
 of Dunmore (345), on a lovely little bay, a grow- 
 ing watering place. Below Carrick-on-Suir, oe 
 the Clodiagh River, is Portlaw (1,891), noted 
 for its cotton factories, but now less prosperous 
 than formerly. 
 
 The following towns are on the Blackwater. 
 Lismore (1,860), situated in the mids*' "'. splen- 
 did and beautiful scenery, with Lismore Castle 
 beside it, on the top of a cliff over the Black- 
 water. The town dates its origin from a monas- 
 tery founded there in the 6th century by St. 
 Carthach ; and it became one of Ireland's most 
 celebrated leligious centers. Cappoquin (1,555) 
 stands at the angle where the Blackwater turns 
 south, and is beautifully situated at the base of 
 the Knockmealdovrn Mountains. On the slope 
 of the mountain over the town stands the Trap- 
 pist monastery of Mount Melleray. Near the 
 Bride, 6 miles above its junction with the Black- 
 water, is Tallow (1,232). 
 
 The following towns are on the southern coast. 
 Dungarvan (6,306), on Dungarvan Bay, is the 
 second to\vn of the county ; situated on a point 
 of land jutting out into the bay at the mouth of 
 the river Colligau; chief business, fishery. 
 Tramore (2,036), on Tramore Bay, is the best 
 known bathing place on the coast between Bray 
 and Youglial. 
 
 Kilmacthomas (585), is inland ; situated on 
 the sloping sides of a deep glen through which 
 flows the river Mahon. 
 
 MINERALS. — The copper mines of Kuockma- 
 bou, at the mouth of the river ]\Iahon, were long 
 successfully worked, and were very productive; 
 i)ut tlie works have lately been discontinued.
 
 WA'J'ERFORD. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — Waterford formed a part of the aucient 
 eub-kiuiidom of Or'uond. The country of the 
 
 whole county of Waterford, as it extended from 
 Lismore to Creadan Head, and fi(jiii the Suir 
 southward to the sea; its name is now iireserved 
 
 southern Desi anciently included nearly the i by the two baronies of Decies (see Meatb) 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CURRAGHMORE.— This manificent demesne, 
 situated in the midst of woody scenes, and wild 
 and varied prospects forming delightful combi- 
 nations, embraces nearly five thousand acres of 
 ground, and is the seat of the Poers, or Beres- 
 fords, marquises of Waterford. The mansion is 
 of comparatively modern date being erected in 
 1700 on the site of an ancient castle of which 
 some portions still remain. The characteristic of 
 Curraghmore, says Rev. Mr. Ryland, iu his his- 
 tory of the county, is grandeur; not that arising 
 from the costly and laborious exertions of man, 
 but rather the magnificence of nature. The 
 beauty of the situation consists in the lofty hills, 
 rich vales and almost impenetrable woods, which 
 deceive the eye, and give the idea of almost 
 boundless magnitude. The variety of the scenery 
 IS calculated to please in the highest degree, 
 and to gratify every taste; from the lofty moun- 
 tain to the quiet and sequestered walk on the 
 bank' oi ihe river, every gradation of rural 
 oeauty may be enjoyed. 
 
 LISMORE CASTLE.— Lismore— "the great 
 
 fort" — was one of the most noted scats of learning 
 iu Ireland, when the island was the great scliool 
 for all Europe. Over 4,000 students thronged 
 its halls, among whom, it is stated, was Alfred 
 the Great. The principal feature of the place 
 to-day is the castle, which stands on the site of a 
 famous university. It owes its origin to Henry 
 II., who visited Lismore when in Ireland, and 
 was impressed with the strategic value of th« 
 spot. The structure was erected by his son 
 King John, iu 1185. Four years lattr it was 
 captured and destroyed by the Irish, who slew 
 the garrison, but was subsequently rebuilt. It 
 has been the scene of many historic eveLts. At 
 the eastern end is the tower of Eing James, so 
 called from James II. having rested there during 
 the War of the Revolution ; and to the rear that 
 of King John, which derives its name from 
 being the scene of the first English Parliament 
 held iu Ireland under his I'residency. The cas- 
 tle stands on the bank of the beautiful Blacr- 
 water, and is at present owned by the Duke oi 
 Devonshire.
 
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 WESTMEATH 
 
 NAME.— See Meath. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION — Leugth from 
 Atbloue to the boundary point southeast of Glon- 
 mellon, 43| miles; breadth from Fiunea to Kin- 
 uegad, 26 miles; breadth from the riv«r Inny, 
 near Ballynaearrigy, to the boundary near 
 Rahugh, 21 miles; area, 708| S(iuare miles; iiojiu- 
 latiou 71,798. 
 
 SURFACE. — Westmeath contains no moun- 
 tains. There are a number of low hills in the 
 barony of Fore, from 500 to 849 feet high, and a 
 few in the adjoining baronies of Corkaree and 
 Farbill. The rest of the county — that is, nearly 
 the whole area — is level, broken here and there 
 by low swells and saudridges or eskers, but in 
 general very flat, with a good deal of bog, espe- 
 ciallj' in the south and east. But though level, 
 Westmeath is generally very pretty, abounding 
 in lovely quiet landscapes. 
 
 RIVERS. — ^The Inny, issuing from Lough 
 Sheeliu at the northern extremity of the county, 
 forms the boundary between Westmeath anC. 
 Cavan, during its short run of a mile by the vil- 
 lage of Finnea, from Lough Sheeliu to Lough 
 Kinale. Issuing from Lough Kinalo, it flows 
 southward, forming the boundary between West- 
 meath and Longford for 6 miles, and then enters 
 Westmeath beside Camagh Bridge; it continues 
 its southern course to Lough Derravaragh, which 
 it enters at its northwestern end ; then flows out 
 from the long western corner of the lake, and 
 runs southwest into Lough Iron ; issuing from 
 which at the northwest corner, it runs west- 
 wardl.y, forms for 5 miles the boundary between 
 Westmeath and Longford, and then enters Long- 
 ford ; having again run on the boundary of W^est- 
 meath and Longford for a mile, it Anally enters 
 Longford, and ends its course in the northeast- 
 ern angle of Lough Ree. 
 
 The following are the Westmeath tributaries 
 of the Inny. The Glore rises in Lough (ilore, 
 near Castlepollard, and flows northwest; the 
 Gaine flows from Lough Drin and Brittas Lake, 
 seat of Lough Owel, and enters the western arm 
 of Lough Derravaragh; the Riffey comes from 
 
 Longford, flows southeast, a?id joins the Inn^- 
 halfway between Lough Derravaragh and Lough 
 Iron; the Black River comes from Longford, 
 flows parallel to the Riffey, and enters Lough 
 Iron; the Ruth River rises near the Hill of 
 Ushnagh and flowing northwest, enters Long- 
 ford; the Tang runs on the boundary of West- 
 meath and Longford for 3 miles, and then joins 
 the Inny, just where the later touches "West- 
 meath for the last time; the chief headwater of 
 the Tang is the Dungolman River. 
 
 In the southwest of the county, the Breensford 
 River runs westward from Twy Lough to Killi- 
 nure Lough; and the Boor River runs west from 
 near Moate, and joins the Shannon at the bound- 
 ary of Westmeath and Kings County. 
 
 The Brosna rises near Mullingar, flows south- 
 westward through the town, and enters Lough 
 Ennell ; issuing from which at the southern end, 
 it flows southwestward through Kilbeggan, a 
 little below which it forms the boundary between 
 Westmeath and Kings County; then crosses a 
 corner of Westmeath, and enters Kings County 
 beside Lisuioyny. The Monaghanstown River 
 flows southeast and enters Lough Ennell near 
 where the Brosna issues from it. West of this 
 the Gageborough River draws its headwaters 
 from Westmeath, and enters Kings County at 
 Horseleap to join the Brosna. 
 
 All the rivers of the east and southeast flow to 
 the Eoyne. These are as follows: The Sfnues- 
 town River draws some of its headwaters from 
 Meath, near Clonmellon, flows across the north- 
 east corner of Westmeath, and again enters 
 Meath ; the Dale flows southeastward, and form- 
 ing for a short distance the boundary between 
 Meath and Westmeath a little east of Killucau, 
 finally enters Meath; the Kinnegad River flows 
 by Kinnegad, running on the boundary between 
 Meath and Westmeath, and then enters Meath; 
 snutiiwest of which, the Milltown River rises in 
 the barony of Fartullagh, and leaves Westmeath 
 to join the Yellow River before its confluence 
 with the Boyne. 
 
 Thus the eastern edge of the countj' belongs
 
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 WESTMEATH. 
 
 to the basin of the Boyue, and all the rest to the 
 basin of the Shannon. 
 
 LAKES. — Westmeath is remarkable for its 
 fine lakes. Lough Bee lies on the western border, 
 of which Lough Killinure and Coosan Lake, 
 which lie wholly in ^Yest^leath, are ouly branches. 
 
 Lough Shelien and Lough Kinale on the 
 northern border belong chiefly to other counties, 
 the first to Cavan, and the second to Longford. 
 Near these on the east, in the barony of Kil- 
 kenny West, are the small lakes of Doouis, Cree- 
 gan, Makeegan, Waterstowu, Robin's Lake, and 
 Twy Lough. Glen Lough, in the northwest, 
 lies on the boundary with Longford. The three 
 small lakes, Lough Naueagh, "White Lough and 
 Lough Bane, in the northeast, are on the bound- 
 ary with Meath. 
 
 Lough Enuell or Belvidere Lake, southwest of 
 MuUingar, is 5 miles long and 2 miles broad. 
 Lough Owel, northwest of Mulliugar is 4 miles 
 long and 2 miles broad. Lake Derravaragh 
 north of Lough Owel, is 9 miles long, and very 
 narrow except at the northwest end, where it 
 widens to S miles; at the southeast end, the 
 pretty hill of Knockeyon ri.ses directly over the 
 lake to a height of 707 feet. Lough Iron, north- 
 west of Lough Owel, is 2| miles long and less 
 than half a mile broad; a little north of which is 
 the small Lough Garr. Two or three miles 
 northeast of Mullingar is a group of small 
 lakes, Lough Drin, Brittas Lough, Slevius Lake 
 and Lough Sheever. 
 
 LSLANDS.— The following Islands of Lough 
 Kee belong to "Westmeath ; on most of them there 
 are diurch ruins. Inchmore; Nuns Island; 
 Inishturk ; Leveret Island ; Hare Lsland iu the 
 south, on which St. Kieran erected a church be- 
 fore he founded Clonmacnoiso, and which now 
 contains the ruin of a church dedicated to him ; 
 and Inchbofin, on which St. Ilioc erected a 
 church in the 0th century, and which still con- 
 tains some ecclesiastical ruins. In Ijough Ennel 
 is Great Island, and near it Croinclia or Cormo- 
 rant Island, on which Malachy, king of Ireland, 
 died ill 1022. In Lough Owel is Church Island, 
 on which is tlie ruin of a church. 
 
 TOWNS.— Mullingar (4,787), the assize town, 
 stands on the IJrosna near its source, in the 
 center of the county, and nearly midway be- 
 tween Louglis Ennel and Owel. Lower down on 
 
 the Brosna, in the extreme south of the county, 
 is Kilbeggan (1,033). Athlone (6,755 of whom 
 3,683 are iu that part of the town belonging to 
 Roscommon), built on both sides of the Shannon 
 a little below where it issues from Lough Ree, is 
 the most considerable town between Dublin and 
 Galway, and was always an important place on 
 account of commanding a pass on the Shannon. 
 In this southwestern division of the county, near 
 the boundary with Kings County, is Moate or 
 Moate-Grauoge (1,462), beside which is the great 
 Moat, an ancient fortified dun, which gave name 
 to the town. In the north of the county, near 
 Lough Lene, is Castlepollard (852); and beside 
 the southeast boundary is Kinnegad (424). In 
 the northeast is the village of Delvin (276), which 
 retains the name of a very ancient territory ; 
 near which, beside the boundary with Meath, is 
 Clonmellon (456). 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The western half of the county consti- 
 tute the ancient district of South Teffia, sepa- 
 rated from North Teffia (see Longford) by the 
 river Inny. The ancient district of Kineleagh, 
 possessed by the family of MacGeoghegan, in- 
 cluded a portion of the south of Westmeath, 
 nearly coincident with the present barony of 
 Moycashel. The barony of Kilkenny West is 
 coextensive with the old district of Curcne. 
 One of the ancient districts called Delvin, viz., 
 Delvin-more or the Great Delvin, was in West- 
 meath, aud is still represented by the present 
 barony of Delvin iu the east of the county. 
 The baronies of Farbill, Corkaree Moygoish, and 
 Brawney, also retain the names of old historic 
 districts. 
 
 The Hill of Ushnagh, between the village of 
 Ballymore and Lough Ennel, was constituted a 
 royal residence by Tuathal the Accejitable, king 
 of Ireland in the first century, who erected a 
 jialace on it. He also instituted a yearly meet- 
 ing to be held on the hill on the first of May and 
 the succeeding days, at which games were cele- 
 brated and various pagan rites were performed. 
 Before this king's time the five jirovinces of Ire- 
 land met at the Hill of Ushiuigli, and the point 
 of meeting was marked by a stone called Aill-na- 
 Mirenn, or the ston(! of tlie divisions; this stone 
 still remains on the hill, and is now called Cat- 
 Ushnagh.
 
 Soi^r
 
 WEXFORD. 
 
 NAME.— The name Wexford is Danish; the 
 old form is Weis-liord. The Gaelic name is 
 Loch-Garmau. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 Hook Head to the boundary near Coolgreany, 
 55 miles ; breadth from New Ross to Carnsore 
 Point., 2'J miles; breadth from Mt. Leinster to the 
 coast noar Blackwater, 23 miles; area, 'JOl square 
 miles; population, 123,85-4. 
 
 SURFACE. ^The northwest margin has a 
 grand mountain fringe. On the northern fron- 
 tier, the Wicklow Mountains subsidini; toward 
 the south, send spurs and offshoots into "Wexford. 
 A series of high lands begin a little southeast of 
 New Ross in the west, and run northeast toward 
 Euniscorthy. A district running from Croghan 
 Kinsella toward the southwest to Slieveboy irj all 
 hill.v. -The southeast angle of the eount.y, 
 namely, the two baronies of Forth and Bargy, 
 terminating in Carnsore Point, is a dead level, 
 guarded on the northwest by a small mountain 
 knot. The rest of the county, constituting far 
 the greater part, is a plain, diversified by ridges 
 and isolated hills. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— Between We..- 
 tord and Carlow run the ranges of Mount Lein- 
 ster (2,610) and Blackstairs (2,409), separated by 
 Scullogue Gap, which have been described in 
 Carlow. Black Rook Mountain' (1,972), 2 miles 
 east of Mount Leinster, lies wholly in Wexford. 
 In the north the conspicuous .Croghan Kinsella 
 (1,987) lies on the boundary with Wicklow. 
 Southwest of this is Annagh Hill (1,498); and 
 still further southwest Slieveboy (1,385) — 5 miles 
 north of Ferns — is the terminating spur of these 
 hills. Tara Hill (826), which stands quite de- 
 tached near the coast 3 miles northeast of Gorey, 
 is verj' conspicuous, and commands a tine view. 
 Jorth Mountain (776), a long ridg.y hill begin- 
 ning 2 miles from Wexford, and extending about 
 4 miles toward the southwest, is a sort of barrier 
 separating the two level baronies of Forth and 
 Bargy from the rest of the count.y. 
 
 COAST LINE.— The coast is low, and for the 
 
 most part sandy, interrupted in a few places by 
 fringes of rock ; it is unbroken from Kilmichael 
 Point to the Raven Point; but from this to 
 Waterford Harbor it is much indented by inlets. 
 
 HEADLANDS. — Kilmichael Point in the 
 north — only slightly i)rojecting — marks the be- 
 ginning of the Wexford coast. Roney Point, 
 Glascarrig Point, and Cahore Point can hardly 
 be called headlands. The Raven Point and 
 Rosslare Point, which stand at opposite sides of 
 the entrance to Wexford Harbor, are at the ex- 
 tremities of two long sandy peninsulas. Gree- 
 nore Point is at the southern extremity of the 
 open Bay of Wexford ; and Carnsore Point marks 
 the sudden and final turn of the coast to the 
 west. West of this is Crossfarnoge or Forlorn 
 Point. Clammers Point, scarped and reeky, but^ 
 low, and Baginbun Head, are at the opposite 
 sides of the entrance of Eannow Bay. Hook 
 Head is the end of the long, rock-fringed penin- 
 sula of Hook, which defines Waterford Harbor 
 on the east ; at the point is the aucient Tower of 
 Hook, DOW converted into a lighthouse. 
 
 ISLANDS. — In Lady's Island Baj-, near Carn- 
 sore Point, are the two little islets, luish and 
 Lady's Island, the latter containing the ruins of 
 a castle built by one of the Anglo-Norman adven- 
 turers. In Tacumshin inlet, west of this, is the 
 low sandy islet of Sigginstown. Immediately 
 south of Crossfarnoge Point are the Saltee 
 Islands, consisting of Great Saltee, a little more 
 than a mile in length, and the Little Saltee, 
 three-quarters of a mile. In Ballyteige Bay are 
 the Keeragh Islands, a rocky reef, low and dan- 
 gerous. Bannow Island, a mile in length, liea 
 just inside the entrance of Bannow Bay; on the 
 mainland shore opposite it is the old buried town 
 of Bannow, which has been quite covered up by 
 the sand within the last 200 .vears. Five miles 
 east-southeast of Greenore Point is the Tuskar 
 Rock, a well-known dangerous reef, the scene of 
 many shipwrecks, now marked b.v a lighthouse 
 
 BAYS AND HARBORS.— Wexford Harbor, 
 at the mouth of the Slaney, is large and shel--
 
 tVEXFOKD. 
 
 tered, but shallow and sandy. Outside this, be- 
 tween Kosslare Point and Greenore Point, is 
 Wexford Bay. The remaining inlets are all on 
 the south coast. Lady's Island Lake and Tacum- 
 shin Lake lie near Carnsore Point. Ballyteige 
 Bay is broad and open. Baunow Bay east of the 
 peninsula of Hook is long, narrow, and sandy. 
 W'aterford Harbor separates Wexford from 
 Waterford. 
 
 EIVEKS.— The Barrow first touches Wexford 
 at the mouth of the Pollmounty River; and the 
 western boundary is formed first by this river 
 and afterward by the united waters of the Bar- 
 row, the Suir, and the Nore; the whole distance 
 from the mouth of the Pollmounty River to Hook 
 Head is about 31 miles. The following are the 
 Wexford tributaries of the Barrow and the Suir. 
 One of the head streams of the Mountain River 
 (which joins the Barrow near Borris, in Carlow) 
 rises in Wexford, and runs into Carlow through 
 Scullogue Gap (where it is called the Aughna- 
 brisky). A little further south the Drummin 
 River rises in Wexford, but soon enters Carlow. 
 The Pollmounty River, joins the Barrow 5 miles 
 in a straight line above New Ross, forming for 
 the last mile of its course the boundary between 
 Wexford and Carlow. 
 
 The Slaney, from the point where it first 
 touches Wexford to Newtownbarry, a distance of 
 3 miles, separates Carlow from Wexford ; it 
 enters Wexford at Newtownbarry, and Hows 
 through this county for the rest of its course to 
 Wexford Harbor. The following are the tribu- 
 taries of the Slaney belonging wholly or partly 
 to Wexford. On the right or western bank, the 
 Clody rises in jMount Leinstor, and joins the 
 Slaney at Newtownbarry. South of tliis is the 
 Glasha, flowing from Black Rock Mountain. 
 The Urrin rises on the east slope of Mt. Leins- 
 ter, flows southeast, and joins half a mile below 
 Enniscorthy. The Boro rises in Blackstairs 
 Mountain, and falls into the Slaney 2^ miles 
 below Enniscorthy; it has for tributaries the 
 Miltown Stream on the, left bank, and the 
 Aughnaglaur on the right bank. On the right 
 bank the Slaney is joined by the Deny River, 
 which, coming from Wicklow, forms the boun- 
 dary between Wexford and Wic^klow for the last 
 S miles of its course, and joins 2 miles in a 
 straight line above Newtownbarry. The Bann 
 
 rises in the southern slopes of Croghan Kinsella, 
 Hows south-southwest, and joins 4 miles above 
 Enniscorthy ; about tke middle of its course it is 
 itself joined on the right bank by the Lask. 
 The Sow rises near Ballaghkeen, and falls into 
 Wexford Harbor. 
 
 The following rivers fall into the sea. In the 
 north the Clonough River. The Owenavorragh 
 rises near Oulart, flows northward, and then 
 turning east, enters the sea east of Gorey. The 
 Owendufif and the Corock run southward into 
 the head of Bannow Bay. 
 
 TOWNS.— Wexford (12,163), the assize town, 
 on the shore of Wexford Harbor, was the first 
 place of any consequence taken by the Anglo- 
 Normans in the reign of Henry II. Enniscorthy 
 (5,666) is situated on the slope of a steep hill 
 which rises over the Slaney ; in the town is the 
 ruin of a very fine Anglo-Norman castle, origin- 
 ally built by Raymond le Gros, and also some 
 abbey ruins. Higher up on the Slaney is the 
 pretty little town of Newtownbarry (960), situ- 
 ated in a wooded valley traversed by the river. 
 On the western side of the county is New Rosa 
 (6,670, of whom 295 are in that part of the 
 town belonging to Kilkenny), in a beautiful 
 situation on the Barrow ; it is the second town 
 of the county, and has considerable trade by the 
 Barrow. The village of Duncannon (479) is 
 situated on the shore of Waterford Harbor; and 
 near it, on a rocky headland over the river, is a 
 strong military fort with a lighthouse. In the 
 northeast of the county, three miles from the sea- 
 shore, is Gorey (2,450). Three-quarters of a 
 mile from the shore of the Bann is the ancient 
 episcopal town of Ferns (495), which derived 
 its origin from a church founded there in the 6th 
 century by the celebrated St. Aidan, or Maidoc, 
 its first Ijishop, on a site granted to him by 
 Branduff, king of Leinster. 
 
 MINERALS. — Copper ore is found at Kerloge, 
 a little south of the town of Wexford; and lead 
 ore at Caim, northwest of Enniscorthy. Silver 
 was in former times raised at CloniHinos, at the 
 head of Bannow Bay, and the ancient mines ard 
 still to be seen. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 TIONS. — The descendants of Enna Kinsella, 
 king of Leinster in the 4th century, were called 
 Hy Kinsella, and gave their name to a large
 
 WEXFORD. 
 
 territory in Leinster, which iiicluchid a great 
 portiou of Wexford; the iiamo of this ohl dis- 
 trict is still preserved by the luountaiu Cros^hau 
 Kiusella. The southern Hy Felimy, who after 
 tbp ^Oth century took the family name of 
 
 O'Murcada (now Murjjljy), were seated in the 
 present barony of Ballaghkeen (see Carlow, for 
 the nortliern Hy Felimy). The barony of Forth 
 preserves the name of the old territory of Foth- 
 arta, for wliicli see Carlow. 
 
 ILLXJSTI^^TIOIsrS. 
 
 VINEGAR HILL.— Overlooking the historic 
 town of Enrlseorthy is the equally historic Vine- 
 gar Hill, an elevation about 400 feet in height. 
 This spot is chiefly memorable for the bloody 
 conflicts that occurred there in the great rebel- 
 lion of 1798. The half-armed, and poorly-led 
 peasants held their own for a time against the 
 fully armed 20,000 troops of General Lake, but 
 were finally overcome. British writers attribute 
 "atrocities"' to the insurgents during the time 
 they were in possession of Vinegar Hill, but they 
 neglect to state that any acts of retaliation that 
 were exercised were provoked by the British 
 soldiery, who, not only in Wexford but else- 
 where, gave no quarter ; and perpetrated on non- 
 combatants, end women and children, cruelties 
 and infamies from which even Comanches or 
 Apaches would shrink. Vinegar Hill will al- 
 ways remain an undying monument to Irish 
 valor and patriotism. 
 
 ST. PETER'S CHAPEL AND COLLEGE. 
 — Of the noteworthy modern buildings of 
 
 the town of Wexford the most prominent are 
 the above named, which present an iniiiosing 
 view from their site on Summer Hill. The 
 church is elegantly finished and is adorned with 
 beautiful rose windows, and the college occupies 
 a foremost place among the Catholic institutions 
 of learning in Ireland. Wexford is a place of 
 great antiquity, the town having been founded 
 b\- the Danes in the 9th century, who named it 
 Weisfiord or Washford from the shallowness of 
 the water at low tide. It is situated on the river 
 Slaney, so called from Slainge, a Firbolg chief 
 who landed there about 1,300 years before the 
 Christian era. The town has played a conspicu- 
 ous part in Irish history from the lauding of the 
 Normans in the 12th century down to the great 
 Irish Rebellion of 1798. Among the many 
 memorable incidents of its history is the brutal 
 massacre of more than three hundred women and 
 children at the foot of the cross in the market 
 square of the town by the Puritan butcher, 
 Cromwell.
 
 O 
 
 < 
 O 
 
 z
 
 I
 
 WICKLOW 
 
 NAME.— The old form of the Jiame is Wykyii- 
 glo or "VVykinlo, which is Dauiwh. The native 
 Oaelic name is Kilmantan, the church of St. 
 Mantan, one of St. Patrick's companions, to 
 whom the ancient church of the place was 
 dedicated. 
 
 SIZE AND POPULATION.— Length from 
 Bray to the soutlieru corner near ]5alliugate 
 House, 41 miles; breadth from Mizen Head to 
 the boundary near Dunlavin, 31^ miles; area, 
 7811 square miles; popuhitinu, 70,38G. 
 
 SUKPACE.— It may be said that the whole of 
 Wicklow is a mass of mountains, subsiding into 
 low hills, ridged laud, and small plains, along 
 the seacoast south of Bray Head. Wicklow 
 contains a smaller area of level land than any 
 other county in Ireland. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS.— The Wicklow 
 Mountains do not run in chains, br*} are thrown 
 together in groups, knots, and clusters; or 
 rather the whole may ba said to form one great 
 group; and in many i)laces the mountain masses 
 are intersected in a very remarkable way by long 
 ravines, mostl.v straight with very abrujit and 
 often preciiiitous sides. The culminating sum- 
 mit of the whole group is Lugnacjuillia (3,039), 
 standing a little to the southwest of the center 
 of the county, a great flap-topped mountain, the 
 highest in Leiuster, precipitous on some of its 
 sides, over-looking the Glen of Imaile on its 
 western side, Gleumalur ou the northeast, and 
 the Glen of Aghavannagh ou the south. One 
 mile southwest of Lugnaquillia is Slievemaan 
 {2,498), beside which, a mile to the south, is 
 Lybagh (2,053). Four miles west of these is 
 the fine detached mountain of Keadeen (2,145), 
 separated from the preceding by Ballinabarny 
 Gap. 
 
 The following mountains are on or near the 
 north margin. Kippure (2,473), on the boun- 
 dary of Dublin and Wicklow, overlooking Glen- 
 nasmoleon the north or Dublin side, Glencree on 
 the east, and the valley of the infant Liffey on 
 the west. On the boundar.v also are Seefin<ran 
 
 (2,3G4), northwest of Kippure (but its summit is 
 in Wicklow), and east of Kijipure Prince Will- 
 iam's Seat (1,825), standing ou the north side of 
 Glencree. Along the south sid(! of Glencree are 
 Tondulf North (2,045) and Tonduff South (2,107), 
 near each other, and Maulin (1,869). On the 
 south side of these again winds the long valley 
 of the Dargle River; this valley has on its 
 south side these remarkable mountains : War 
 Hill (2,250); Douce (2,384), with a great cam 
 on its summit, overtopping all the mountains 
 round it; Long Hill (1,073); Great Sugar Loaf 
 (1,G59), a beautiful detached cone command- 
 ing from its summit a landscaiie of surpassing 
 loveliness, including Bray and the beautiful line 
 of coast toward Dublin ; beside it Little Sugar 
 Loaf (1,12C). The last spur of this series is Bray 
 Head (793), hanging directly over the sea. The 
 road running between the two Sugar Loaf 
 Mountains traverses, about a mile further south, 
 the Glen of the Downs, a deep defile, quite 
 straight and a mile in length, with its sid'js 
 luxuriantly wooded. 
 
 In the northwest of the county the road from 
 Dublin to Blessington and Baltinglass traverses 
 a long valley, overtopped on its southeast side 
 by a number of lofty mountains. Beginning at 
 the north: Butter Mountain (1,469) stands near 
 the Dublin boundary ; and near it on the west is 
 Dowry (1,060). Further south are Sorrel Hill 
 (1,975) and Bulbaun (1,190). Southeast of these 
 are three great mountains in a line, forming the 
 highest part of the separating ridge between the 
 basins of the Liffey and the Avoca; Gravale 
 (2,352), Duff Hill (2,364), and Mullaghcleevaun 
 (2,783), the loftiest of all the mountains in this 
 district. A little west of Mullaghcleevaun is 
 Moanbaue (2,313) ; and further west Slievecorragh 
 (1,379) stands over the village of Holywood; a 
 little south of which is Slieve Gadoe or Church 
 Mountain (1,791), the western spur of the ridge 
 that separates the basin of the Kings River and 
 the Liffey from the basin of the Slaney. 
 
 Over Glendalough, in the center of the county.
 
 WICKLOW. 
 
 13 Lugduff, towering over the Upper Lake, Mul- 
 lacor (2,176) — (this latter midway between 
 Glendalough and Glenmalur) — and Derrybawn 
 (1,567), all three south of the glen; and to the 
 east is Trooperstown Hill (1,408), standing 
 nearly detached. North of the glen is Cama- 
 derry (2,296); and 2 miles north from this is 
 Tonlegee (2,684). The road running westward 
 from the valley of Glendasan to the valle.v of the 
 Kings River attains its summit level (1,569 feet) 
 midway between these two mountains; this re- 
 markable mountain pass is called Wicklow Gap. 
 In the south of the county, Croghan Kinsella 
 (1,987) stands on the boundary between Wick- 
 'ow and 'Wexford. 
 
 > COAST LINE: HEADLANDS: BAYS AND 
 HARBORS.— Except at Bray Head and Wicklow 
 Head the -whole coast is low, with a fine sandy 
 strand the whole way, occasionally interrupted 
 by a low projecting spur of rock. It is a most 
 inhospitable coast, containing no harbor where 
 vessels might shelter, except those of Wicklow 
 and Arklow, -which can scarcely be called harbors 
 at all; what is called Brittas Bay lies north of 
 Mizen Head. At Wicklow there is a long narrow 
 shallow inlet called Broad Lough, separated 
 from the open sea by the long grassy spit of 
 land called the Murrow ; but it is useless for 
 navigation. Bray Head is a fine rocky promon- 
 tory rising straight from the sea to a height of 
 793 feet; and Wicklo-w Head, another rocky pro- 
 jection, is 268 feet high. Mizen Head, rocky 
 but low, lies south of this. 
 
 RIVERS. — The Avoca, falling into the sea at 
 Arklow, drains most of the middle and east of 
 the county, and is the most important river of 
 Wicklow. The Avoca is formed by the junction 
 of the Avoumore and Avonbeg;- and the jioint of 
 confluence is the well-known beautiful spot, the 
 "Meeting of the Waters." Halfway between 
 this and Arklow the Avoca is joined from the 
 west by an important tributary, the Aughrim 
 River; the point of meeting is usuall.v called the 
 Wooden Bridge, and often the "Second Meeting 
 of the Waters, " and it vies in beauty with the 
 principal Meeting 4 miles higher up. From the 
 princiiial Meeting down to Arklow the Avoca 
 flows between high -wooded banks, presenting a 
 succession of lovely quiet landscapes ; this is the 
 beautiful glen ho well known as the "Vale of 
 
 Avoca." The three main branches of the Avoca, 
 the Avonmore, and the Avonbeg, and the Augh- 
 rim, have a number of smaller affluents -which 
 traverse many of the finest glens in AYicklow. 
 These three rivers, -with their affluents, are de- 
 scribed in detail in the three following para- 
 graphs. 
 
 The following are the chief headwaters of tht> 
 Avonmore : 
 
 The Annamoe River rises near Sally Gap, 
 within about half a mile of the source of the 
 Liffey, falls into Lough Tay in the valle.y of 
 Luggela, and two miles below Lough Tay falls 
 into Lough Dan ; issuing from this, it flows 
 southward by the hamlets of Annamoe and 
 Laragh, after which it takes the name of Avon- 
 more; and traversing the lovely vale of Clara, it 
 passes by Rathdrum to the Meeting of the 
 Waters, 3 miles below tlie town. Between 
 Lough Tay and Lough Dan, the Annamoe River 
 receives the Cloghoge Brook, rising in Gravale 
 Mountain ; and into Lough Dan falls the Incha- 
 vore River, rising in Dutf Hill. Three fine glens 
 converge on the village of Laragh; first Glen- 
 macnass, traversed by the Glenmacnass River, 
 which joins the Annamoe River beside the vil- 
 lage ; secondly, the vale of Glendasan, through 
 which flows the Glendasan River, rising in 
 Lough Nahauagau ; and thirdly, Glendalough, 
 traversed by the Glenealo River; these two last 
 rivers join at the Seven Churches, and the united 
 stream falls in to the Annamoe beside Laragh. 
 
 The Avonbeg rises in Table Mountain and in 
 the Thi'ee Lakes, and not far from its source 
 forms the fine Ess waterfall, on the side of Table 
 Mountain and at the head of Glenmalur; it next 
 traverses Glenmalur, one of the grandest moun- 
 tain valleys in Ireland, about 10 miles long, 
 straight and narrow, and walled in on either side 
 by rocky, precipitous barriers ; after which it joins 
 the Avonmore a little beyond the mouth of the 
 glen. 
 
 The Aughrim River is formed b,y the junction 
 of two head streams, the Derry Water and the 
 Ow; which latter rises in Lugna(iuillia and 
 traverses the Aghavannagh valley ; tlie two 
 meeting at tlie hamlet of Aughrim ; lower down 
 the Aughrim River is joined by the Gold Mines, 
 fi'om the northern slope of the mountain Croghan 
 KiuHplla.
 
 WICKLOW. 
 
 The Vartry rises in the valley at the eastern 
 base of Donee iVIonutaiii, and after flowing? south- 
 ward about 5 niil(!S is eaujrht by an artifitiial 
 cinbankiiient at tiie hamlet of Houndwood, so as 
 to fcu'ni a reservoir, which supiilies the eity of 
 Dublin with water; that portiou of the river that 
 escapes from the reservoir traverses the Devil's 
 Cileu, a siJendid ravine, narrow and windinj^, 
 with loft^' precipitous sides well wooded to the 
 top; after which it falls into the sea inlet of 
 JBroad Lou^h, beside the town of Wicklow. 
 
 The Darkle Eiver rises high up in the valley 
 between War Hill and Tonduff, and after run- 
 ning east about 2 miles, tuiubles over a cliff be- 
 tween 200 and 300 feet high, forming Powers- 
 court Waterfall, the finest in Wicklow ; then 
 passing through the beautiful valley of Powers- 
 court, it traverses the Dargle, a lovely winding 
 narrow gorge, clothed with oak on both sides; 
 and finally falls into the sea at Bray, where it is 
 called the Bray River; it forms the boundary 
 with Dublin for the last mile and a half of its 
 course Halfway between Powerscourt Waterfall 
 and the head of the Dargle glen, the Dargle River 
 is joined by the Glencree River, which traverses 
 the wild valley of Glencree, about 5 miles long, 
 with Kippure towering over its head, and walled 
 in by the Tonduff Mountains and Maulin on the 
 south, and by Prince William's Seat on the 
 north. At the head of this valley, near Lough 
 Bray, is the well-known Glencree Reformatory, 
 which was originally a military barrack, erected 
 in 1799. The Cookstown River, which comes 
 from Dublin, passes by Euniskerry, and joins 
 the Dargle River below the Dargle Glen. 
 
 The Liiley rises in the glen at the south side 
 of Kippure, 13 miles in a straight line from 
 Dublin city ; flowing at first westward, and re- 
 ceiving from the south a number of its early 
 tributaries from the three mountains, Gravale, 
 Duff, and Mullaghcleevaun, it flows by Blessing- 
 ton ; then forms for 2 miles, near Ballymore Eus- 
 tace, the boundary between Kildare and Wicklow ; 
 while flowing on the boundary it forms the fine 
 waterfall of Pollaphuca; and half a mile lower 
 down it enters Kildare. A little below Blessing- 
 ton the Lififey is joined by the Kings River, 
 which rises at the south side of Mullaghcleevaun, 
 and which, before its junction with the Liffey, 
 receives the Douglas on the left bank and the 
 
 Cock Brook on the right. At Kilbride, a little 
 above Blessington, the Liffey receives from the 
 north the Brittas River, which rises in Dublin. 
 
 The Hlaney rises high up on the side of 
 Lugna<iuilliii, and flows westward through the 
 Glen of Imaile, one of the grandest valleys of 
 the whole county; then turning south near 
 Stratford, it flows by Baltinglass, and 3 miles 
 further south enters the count.v Carlow. In the 
 Glen of Imaile it is joined by the Little Slaney, 
 which also rises in Lugnaquillia. The Derreen 
 rises in the mountains of Lybagh and Sliovemaan, 
 and flowing southwest crosses a corner of Car- 
 low, then forms for 5 miles the boundarj' be- 
 tween Wicklow and Carlow, when it finally 
 enters Carlow, and 2 miles lower joins the 
 Slaney. The Derry River joins the Slaney in 
 the county Carlow, near Clonegall ; it comes 
 from Wicklow (drawing some of its headwaters, 
 however, from near Hacketstown in Carlow), 
 flows by Tinahely, and takes the several names 
 of Greenisland River, the Shillelagh River, and 
 finally the Derry. 
 
 On the east coast, south of Wicklow, these small 
 rivers fall into the sea:' the Three Mile Water; 
 the Potter's River, into Brittas Bay; and the 
 Redcross River, a little north of Arklow. 
 
 LAKES. — On the Annamoe River are Lough 
 Tav, in the lovely vale of Luggela, and Lough 
 Dan, 2 miles lower down. Southwest of these 
 are Lough Ouler and Lough Nahanagau. In the 
 vale of Glendalough are Upper Lake and Lower 
 Lake; the former a mile in length, and over- 
 hung b.v yjrecipices that rise from the very 
 water's edge ; the latter ver.v small. At the head 
 of Glencree are the two small lakes Lower 
 Lough Bray and Upper Lough Braj-, both on the 
 side of Kippure; the former a ver.v fine mountain 
 tarn, black as ink, and overhung b.y gloomy 
 precipices. 
 
 TOWNS. — The following are on or very near 
 the coast: Bray ((j,535, of whom 2,148 are in 
 that part of the town lying in Dublin), at the 
 mouth of the Bray Eiver, the finest and the most 
 favored watering place in all Ireland; it lies 
 under the north side of Bray Head, has a fine 
 strand, and in its immediate neighborhood there 
 IS an infinite variety of the loveliest scenery. 
 Wicklow (3,391), the assize town, near the 
 mouth of the Vartry River, lies at the north side
 
 WICKLOW. 
 
 of Wicklow Head ; this is also frequented as a 
 watering place, and like Bray it has lying near 
 it several beautiful localities. A mile and a half 
 inland from Wicklow is the village of Kathnew 
 (630). Near the southern extremity of the coast, 
 at the mouth of the Avoca, is Arklow (4,777), in 
 which herring fishing is carried on to a consid- 
 erable extent. 
 
 The following are inland: Baltinglass (1,151), 
 on the Slaney, in the vvest of the county, near 
 the boundary of Kildare. Eight miles north of 
 Baltinglass is Duulavin (615); and on the 
 Liffey, in the northwest of the county, is Bless- 
 ington (332), both of these also near the Kildare 
 boundary. Ratbdrum (733) stands on a high 
 ridge over the Avonmore, three miles above the 
 Meeting of the Waters. In the extreme south, 
 beside the boundary of Wexford, is Carnew 
 (701); near which on the north are the villages 
 of Shillelagh (191), and Tinahely (458). 
 
 MINERALS. — There are lead mines at Luga- 
 nure (on the north side of Camaderry Mountain, 
 between Glendalough and Lough Nahanagan); 
 on the hillsides at the head of Glenmalure; and , 
 on the slope of the hill over the north side of the 
 head of Glendalough. There are copper mines at 
 Ballymurtagh and Ballygahan, on the right bank 
 of the Avoca, as you go from the Meeting of the 
 Waters down to the Wooden Bridge; and at 
 Cronbaue, Tigroney, and Connoree, on the left 
 bank, near Castle Howard. Gold has been found 
 in considerable quantitie>s in the bed of the Gold 
 Mines liiver, flowing down the north slope of 
 Croghar. Kinsella to Wooden Bridge. 
 
 ANCIENT DIVISIONS AND DESIGNA- 
 'VIONS.— The old territory of Cualann or Crich- 
 Cualann included the north part of Vvicklow and 
 the south part of the county Dublin; from this 
 territory the Sugar Loaf Mountain was anciently 
 called Slieve Cualanu, the Mountain of Cualann. 
 Glencullen, in the Dublin hills, and Cullenswood, 
 at the south of the city, still preserve the old 
 name. The Glen of Imaile preserves the name 
 of the old territory of Hy Mail, which was taken 
 poHHessiou of by the O'Tooles after they had 
 been driven out of their original territory in 
 Kildare. (See Kildare. ) Hy Mail was also known 
 by the name of Fort. latha. The district jiossessed 
 by the O'Byrnes ai'cor they had been driven from 
 Kildare was called f 'rich Briinnacli, or ()'l?yriu''K 
 
 Country ; it was situated in the east of the 
 countj', and included the whole of the barony of 
 Newcastle, and the barony of Arklow as far 
 south as the Eedcross River. A sept of the 
 O'Byrnes called the Gaval Rannall also possessed 
 the territory lying round Glenmalur. This ter- 
 ritory was from them called Gaval-Rannall or 
 Ranelagh; their chief had his residence at Bal- 
 linacor in Glenmalur, from which the two baro- 
 nies of Balliuacor were so called. The old name 
 is still preserved in that of Ranelagh, one of the 
 south suburbs of Dublin. 
 
 The valley of Glendalough lies about eight 
 miles northwest of Rathdrum. It is about three 
 miles in length, surrounded by mountains except 
 at the east side, and in several places overhung 
 by i)recipices. The Glenealo River, tumbling 
 down a steep ravine at the head, traverses the 
 glen and expands into two lakes, from which the 
 whole valley has its name — Glen-da-lough, the 
 glen of the two lakes. The Lugduff Brook, 
 which falls into the Upper Lake through a deep 
 ravine at the base of Lugduff Mountain, forms- 
 the pretty waterfall of Pollanass, :iear where it 
 enters the lake. 
 
 Considered merely in reference to the befvUty 
 and singularity of its natural features, Glentla- 
 lough is tbe gem of Wicklow; but the natural 
 attractions are infinitely enhanced by the his- 
 toric associations of the place, and by the in- 
 teresting ecclesiastical ruins scattered over the 
 lower part of the glen. In the early part of tbe 
 6th century, St. Kevin, who, like St. Colunikille 
 and many other Irish saints, was a member of a 
 princely family, founded a monastery here, which 
 became a great center of religion and learning. 
 After St. Kevin's death the reputation of the 
 place increased, so that it attracted not oidy a 
 large number of ecclesiastics, but also a lay 
 population; and a town grew up, some remains 
 of which are still to be s(^en near where the river 
 emerges from the Lower Lake. 
 
 The principal ruins are as follows: 
 
 A Round Tower, 110 feet high, wanting the 
 conical cap, erected jirobably in th(^ 7th (century. 
 Our Lad.\'s Church, near it, which contains a 
 beautiful and charac^teristic example of an 
 ancient Cyclopean doorway with sloping sides; 
 there is reason to believ(( that this is the very 
 church erected by St. K(>vin when he had come to 
 
 \ 
 
 \
 
 WICKLOW. 
 
 eettlu iu tlie lower part of the valloy Neai' 
 tliese two stands Cro-Kevin, or St. Kevin's 
 House (popularly called "St. Kevin's Kitchen"), 
 which served the founder both as a residence and 
 and as an oratory ; it has a small round tower 
 belfry on one ^able. Near these 's tlio Cathedral, 
 coeval with the round tower. All the preccul- 
 ing are inclosed by a cashel, or stone wall, of 
 which there are still some portions left, and the 
 original entrance archway remains in good 
 preservation. 
 
 A little lower down, on the same bank of the 
 river, is Trinity Church; and lower still, on the 
 opposite bank, the Priory of St. Saviour, a most 
 interesting ruin. Higher up iu the glen, on the 
 
 south side of the Upper Lake, is the Eeefert 
 Church, which St. Kevin built while he lived at 
 the head of the valley, and before the erection of 
 Our Lady's Church. Higher up still, in an al- 
 most inaccessible spot on the shore of the lake, 
 under the great precipice of Lugduff, is the little 
 church (tailed lemple-na-Skellig, of which only 
 a small part remains. There are also several 
 stone crosses and other monuments in different 
 'jarts of the valley. A crevice in the face of the 
 perpendicular cliff over the Upper Lake, difficult 
 of access, is well known by the name of "St. 
 Kevin's Bed. " 
 
 The preceding ruins are commonly known by 
 name of "The Seven Churches of Gleudalough." 
 
 ILLXJSTRA^TIONS. 
 
 VALE 01' AVOCA.— This spot, immortalized 
 in the exquisite lyric of Thomas Moore, presents 
 a combination of scenic beauty unsurpassed in 
 one of the most jiicturesque localities in Ireland. 
 It is a scene of softness and tranquillit.v rather 
 than of sublimity or grandeur, of repose and 
 peace rather than of wildness and elevating in- 
 si)iratiou. "The Meeting of the Waters" is 
 [oimed by the junction of the rivers Avonmore 
 and Avonbeg — the great and little rivers — and 
 under the name of the Avoca the beautiful 
 stream pursues its course through the vale to 
 Arklow, some eight miles distant, and thence to 
 the sea. "After all," writes a traveler, express- 
 ing the regret that every tourist feels, after en- 
 joying this enchanting view of nature, "the 
 greatest fault of th<2 Vale of Avoca is that it is so 
 short. How gladly would the eye feast on more 
 of those beautiful meadows, those bold crags, 
 those ivy-mantled oaks!' The serene beauty of 
 the place has been somewhat marred by the in- 
 troduction of the railway, and the operations of 
 commerce. 
 
 GLEXDALOUGH.— Glendalough, or theGien 
 of the Two Lakes, embraces a valley about two 
 aud a half miles long and from half a mile to a 
 mile in breadth. In its somber solitude St. Kevin 
 in the early part of the Gth century built an abbey 
 and laid the foundation of his monastic estab- 
 lishment, which grew until it became a crowded 
 city, a school of learning, and the abode of holy 
 
 men, an asylum for the poor, a refuge for the 
 oppressed, and a hospital for the sick. Here the 
 saint lived to the uncommon age of 120 years. 
 Of the remains of the ancient city and its sacred 
 edifices are the Bound Tower, the Cathedral, Our 
 Lady's Church, and St. Kevin's House or 
 Kitchen, and at a little distance Trinity Church, 
 St. Saviour's, the Church of Eheafert, and St. 
 Kevin's Bed. The erection of the cathedral is 
 attributed to Goban Saer, the Celebrated archi- 
 tect of the 7th century. Thomas Moore, with, 
 perhaps, an undue flavor of levity, has made the 
 legend of St. Kevin and the Lake of Glenda- 
 lough the subject of one of the Iri.sh melodies. 
 
 BEAY HEAD.— Bray Head, a magnificent 
 promontory rising some 800 feet above the shore 
 of the Irish Sea, is the center of one of the most 
 beautiful scenic localities in Ireland. A wind- 
 ing carriage road leads to its summit, from 
 whence the eye of the tourist on a fine daj' is 
 almost dazzled by the changing panoramic scene 
 around him. Beneath is the thriving and hand- 
 some town of Bray, much frequented as a water- 
 ing place, while to the east spreads the Irish Sea, 
 over whose waters on a clear day may be dis- 
 cerned the outlines of the "Welsh Mountains; to 
 the west War Hill and the Douce, and the 
 greater and lesser Sugar Loaf, while to the south 
 lies the Glen of the Downs, which combines at 
 once the beauties of a glen and a huge ravine. 
 The O'Tooles and O'Byrues, the heroic chiefs of
 
 WICK LOW. 
 
 the district, maintained their independence 
 down to tlie close of the reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 PUWEKSCOURT CASTLE AND TERRACE. 
 — The demesne of Powerscourt for beauty and 
 variety of scenery is unsurpassed by any spot in 
 Ireland, both in point of embellishment of nature 
 and art. It is situated on the Dargle, a charm- 
 ing, limpid stream, that flows through the far- 
 famed glen of that name. The estate contains 
 1,400 acres, and the castle occupies a command- 
 ing position on an eminence overlooking the 
 
 magnificent wooded valley at its base, and afford- 
 ing an ample view of the various attractive fea- 
 tures and romantic scenery of the glen and the 
 surrounding country, equally rich in natural 
 beauties. A splendid terrace leads from the 
 stately mansion to the stream below. Powers- 
 court is a favorite resort of tourists and pleasure 
 parties. Tinnehinch, once the seat of the patriot 
 Grattan, purchased for him by his countrymen, 
 at a cost of $250,000, forms a part of this beau- 
 tiful landscape.
 
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 BISHOP SHEEHAN, WATERFORD AND LISMORE.
 
 • 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 ^ — 
 
 Note.— The lett^rs and numbers after the name correspond with those in the borders of the Map, and indicate the square in which 
 
 
 
 the name will be found. 
 
 
 
 ABBERT. 
 
 
 ABDPAT&ICE. 
 
 Abbert and R., 
 
 Calway E 2 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Aghanloo, 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Altnapaste, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Ann Grove, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 Down D i 
 
 Abbeville, 
 
 AghanvUla, 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Altore L., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Annsborough, 
 
 Abbeville Ho., 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Agharra, 
 
 Longford D 3 
 Wicldow E 3 
 
 Aluir^ L., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Annsborough Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Abbeville Ho., 
 
 Ticperaxy B 1 
 
 Aghatruhfln Rr., 
 
 America. 
 Amiens ota., 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Annsborough Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Abbey, 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Agliavannaqh Barks., 
 
 WicUow C 3 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Anns Fort, 
 
 Cavan H 2 
 
 Abbey, The, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Aghavea Ch., 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Anaploy Cross, 
 Analla L., 
 Ananima L., 
 
 Louth A 3 
 
 Ann vale, 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Abbey Cott., 
 Abbey I., 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Aghavilly Lo., 
 
 Down B 6 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Anton ianj 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Aghavrin, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Antrim In., Bay, and Sta., Antrim D A \ 
 
 .'Vbbeydomey, 
 
 KenvC 1 
 Limerick B S 
 
 Aghaward, 
 
 Roscommon £ 2 
 
 Anascaul, 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Antrim, Ix). "Barony, 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Abbeyfcale, 
 
 Aghaweel, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Anaserd, 
 
 Galway A 2 
 Louth C X 
 
 Antrim, Up. Barony, 
 Anure L., 
 
 Antrim £ 4 
 
 Abbey lira, 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Agher L., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Anavema. 
 Anderson's Town, 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Abbeyleix, Sta. and Ho. 
 
 , Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Aghem, 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Ara Riv., 
 Arabella Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Abbeylough Br., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 AgherpalEs, 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Anglesborough, 
 
 "Limerick H 8 
 
 Kerry D » 
 
 Abbcyshrule, 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Aghery L., 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Anglesey Mt., 
 Anketelf Grove, 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Araglin Cott., 
 
 Cork G S 
 
 Abbeyside, 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Aghinree Br., 
 
 Cariow D 2 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Araglin R., 
 
 Watcrf-ord A 2 
 
 Abbeytown, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Aghia, 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Anlorc, 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Araglin R^ 
 
 Waterford D % 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Abbeytown Sta., 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Aghlcm Bri., 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Ann Grove, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Aran I., 
 
 Abbeyview, 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Aghline Br., 
 
 Cariow B 3 
 
 Anna L., 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Aran Is., 
 
 Galway B & 
 Tyrone I 8 
 
 .Abbeyview Cott., 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Aghmacart Cas. & Pry 
 
 , Queen's Co, B 4 
 
 Anna Carter Br., 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Arboe. 
 
 Abbeyville, 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 We5ord B 4 
 
 Aghmore, 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Annacarriga, 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Arboe Pt., 
 Arbourhill Ho., 
 
 Tyrone K 3 
 
 Abbey Ville, 
 
 Aghnaearron^ La & Up.. Longford D 2 
 
 Annacarty, 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Tipperary C 1 
 Down D 5 
 
 Abbey VUle, 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Aghnahoe Ho., 
 
 T>Tone G 4 
 
 Annaclone, 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Arbutus Lo., 
 
 Abbotstown Ho., 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 AghnamallaKlit, 
 Aghnameadle Cas., 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Annacloy and R., 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Archdeaconry Ho., 
 
 Meath C % 
 
 Abington, 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Annacolty, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Archersgrove Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 .^bington Ho., 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Aghnaskea Bri., 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Annadale, 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Archerstown Ho., 
 
 .AcaooQ L., 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Aghory Ho., 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Annadale, 
 
 Leitrim D 3 
 
 Arch Hall, 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 .Acartan L., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Aghowle Ch„ 
 Agiveyand R., 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Annadom, 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Ard Bay. 
 
 Galvray B 3 
 
 Acaun Br., 
 
 Orlow D 1 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Annagarriff L., 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Ardagh, 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 AchiU Island and Hd., 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Aglish, 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Annagassan, 
 Annageeragh R., 
 
 Louth C 2 
 
 Ardagh and Sta., 
 
 LimcriC;< C 3 
 
 Achill Sound, 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Aglish, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 Ardagh, 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Xchillbeg I., 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Aglish, 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Annagh, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Ardagh Barony, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Achonry and H&, 
 
 -Sligo E S 
 
 Aglish, 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Annagh Bog, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Ardagh Ho., 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 . Aclare, 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Agnews Hill, 
 
 Antrim F S 
 
 Annagh Cas. and Uo.| 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Ardagheena, 
 
 Galw:^ B i 
 RoscommoA D 3 
 
 . Aclare Br.,^ 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Ahabeg Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Annagh Hd., 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Ardakillin L., 
 
 . Aclare Cott„ 
 
 Meath E 1 
 
 Ahafona, 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Annagh Hill, 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Ardamine Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 8 
 
 ^ Aclare Ho., 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Ahaphuca, 
 
 Annagh Ho., 
 
 W«st Meath A S 
 
 Ardamore, 
 
 Kerry B i 
 
 Aclceiy L., 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Ahare Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Annagh Lodge, 
 
 Sligo G 3 
 
 Ardanairy, 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Acrow L., 
 
 Glare E 3 
 
 Ahamey Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 4 
 
 Annagh L,, 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Ardara, 
 
 Donegal B ». 
 
 Acton, 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Ahascragh, 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Annagh L., 
 
 Lor^ord C 1 
 
 Ardarragh, 
 
 Down B *; 
 
 Acuny L. , 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Ahaun, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Annagh L., 
 
 MayoB 2 
 
 Ardbear Bay, 
 
 Galway A 2 
 Louth C S 
 
 ■ .Adamsto\vn.& Ch., 
 
 Wexford B 8 
 
 .\haunboy, 
 
 Annagh R-, 
 
 Cavan H 2 
 
 Ardboiiss, 
 
 Adamstown Ho., 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Aherla, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Annagh R., 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 Ardbraccan Ho,, 
 
 Meath D 8 
 
 Adanny L., 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Aherlow R., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Annagh R., 
 
 limerick G 1 
 
 Ardcandrisk Ho., 
 
 Wexfoid C 8 
 
 Adare Sta. & Manor Ho., Limerick E 2 
 
 Ahnagurra Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Annaghbane Ha> 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Ardcam Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 .Adeel L., 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Ahoghill, 
 
 Antrim C 3 
 
 Annaghbeg Ho., 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Ardcath, 
 
 Meath F » 
 
 Adclphi, 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Aille R., 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 An nag hd own, 
 
 Gatway D 2 
 
 Ardcrony Ch., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Adoon L., 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Aille R. 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Annaghearby L., 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Ardderry L., 
 
 Galway C S 
 
 Airigole Br., 
 
 Cork B 3 
 
 Allien asharragh. 
 
 Oaie D 2 
 
 Annaghlea Ho., 
 
 Cavan G 2 
 
 Ardee Bar.; In., and Ho., Louth A 2 1 
 
 Adrigole Har., 
 
 Cork B 3 
 
 Air HUl, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 iVnnaghmakerig Ho. and L., Monag. B 3 
 
 Ardelly Pt., 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Adrumktlla, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Akeragh L., 
 
 Xerry C 1 
 
 Annaghmore, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Arderee Br., 
 
 Sligo E 8 
 
 Affanc Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Akiboon L., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Annaghmore, 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Arderis, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 Fermanagh E 1 
 
 Agangarrive Hill, 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Aleckatin Bri., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Ajinaghmore Ho. & I*. 
 
 Kings Co. E 2 
 
 Ardess, 
 
 1 Aganive L. 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Aleck More L., 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Annaghmore Sta^ 
 Annaghs Ho. & Cas., 
 
 .^magh C 2 
 
 Ardfert and Abbey, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Aganny L., 
 
 Leitrun B 1 
 
 Aliggan L., 
 
 Galway B 2 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Ardfinnan, 
 
 Tipperary C « 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Agar Er., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Alina L., 
 
 AnnagoU BrL, 
 
 Annagh A 3 
 
 Ardgillan Cas., 
 
 Agency, The, 
 
 Armagh D 8 
 
 AlistraghHo., 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Annagor Ho., 
 
 Meaih F 2 
 
 Ardglass and Harbotir, 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Aghaboe, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 8 
 
 Alia, 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Annahilt, 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Ardglass, 
 
 West Meath B * 
 
 Aghabog Ch„ 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 AUaghaun R., 
 
 Annakisha Ho., 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ardglass Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Aghabrack, 
 
 Tyrone E 1 
 
 Allen Dale, 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Annalee R., 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Ardgonnell Bri., 
 
 Armagh A 8 
 
 Aghabulloee, 
 Aghacashel Ho., 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Allen, Hill of. 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Annalongand R., 
 
 Down D £' 
 
 Ardgroom Har., 
 Ard ilea Ho., 
 
 Cork B S 
 
 Leitrim D 8 
 
 Allen Lough, 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 Annamoe, 
 
 King's Co. G 3 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Aghacashlaun R., 
 
 Leitrim D 8 
 
 Allenstown Ho., 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Annamoe and R., 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Ardillaun, 
 
 Galway D » 
 
 Aghada, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Allick L., 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Annamoy Ho., 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Ardinode and Ho., 
 
 Kildare D» 
 
 Aghade Br. and I/jdgB, 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Allow River, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Annamult Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Ardkeen Ch., 
 
 Down G a 
 
 1 Aghadoe, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Allua Lake, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Annascaulty, 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Ardkeenagh. 
 Ardmayle Cfi., 
 Ardmillaa. 
 Ardmore, Bay, and Hd 
 
 Roscommon 1) 8' 
 
 1 .Aghadoe Ho., 
 
 Almondstown, 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Annassellagh SCniU, 
 
 Limerick. E 3 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 1 Aghadolgan, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Altaconey R.^ 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Annaville, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Do»-a E S 
 
 Aghadowey, 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Altadush, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Annefield, 
 
 Mayo D 5 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 , Waterford C 4 
 
 Aghadowgy R,, 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Altafort, 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Annegrove Abbey, 
 
 Ardmore Pt., 
 
 Armagh D 1 
 
 Aghadown, 
 
 Altahullion, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Anner R., 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Ardmore Pl, 
 
 Wicklow S C 
 
 Aghafin Ho., 
 
 Monaghan A 2 
 
 Altamira Ho., 
 
 Annery L., 
 Annesbrook, 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Ardmulchan Ho., 
 
 Meath D S 
 
 AghagaJlon, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 AltamuUan, 
 
 Tyrone B 2 
 
 Meath C 1 
 
 Ardnacrushfl, 
 
 Clare t « 
 
 Aghagoogy, 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Altan L., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Annesbrook, 
 
 Meath F 8 
 
 Ardnagiog. 
 Ardnagra^ 
 j\rdnamullan Cas., 
 
 Roscommoo E fi 
 
 Aghagower. 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Alta Villa, 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Annes Gift, 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Kerry D t 
 Meath B * 
 
 Aghagttah, Up. and ta, Longford D 2 
 
 Alta Villa, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Annes Grove, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Aghafee, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Altbeagh Cott, 
 
 Cavan F 3 
 
 Annestown, 
 
 Waterfortl F 3 
 
 Ardnanure, 
 
 Roscoaunon & 6 
 
 AgbalooCh^ 
 Aghamarta Caa., 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Altidore Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Anneville Cott., 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Ardnaree, 
 
 SUgo B t 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Akimont Ho., 
 
 Anneville Ho., 
 
 P rdnargle, ^ 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Aghamore, 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Altmore 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Annficld, 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Ardoginna Ho., 
 
 Walerford C '« 
 
 Aghamore, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Altmore R,, 
 
 Tyrone G 3 
 
 Annticld, 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Ardough Ho., 
 
 Qucm'sCo. B 4 
 
 Aghamore, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Altmover, 
 
 Undonderry C 3 
 
 Annfield Ha, 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Ardoyne Ho., Up; & Lo., WicUow A M 
 
 Agbaniore Ho., 
 
 Leitrim D f> 
 
 Altnadua Ho., 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Annficld Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Ard Patrick, 
 
 Limerick 9 «
 
 ABDPATEICX. 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 E,lLLrBKOO>iY. 
 
 Ardpstrick Ho. 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Athlone, Roscommon & W. Mea. F5, A 8 
 
 Ballicossi^y L., 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Ballinrudde. y Ho., 
 
 Kerry D I 
 
 Ardqoin, 
 
 Do^^^l F 3 
 
 Athlone Barony, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Ballin L., 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Ballinrun R., 
 
 C-alw«y 3 
 Cork G J 
 
 ArdraU, 
 
 Cavan D S 
 
 Athlumney Ho., 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Ballina and Sta., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Ballinrush, 
 
 Ardrahan, 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Athnid, 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Ballina, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Ballioskeilig's Bay, 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 Cork F 4 
 
 Ardrass, 
 Ardrea L., 
 
 Kildai^ D 2 
 
 Athy, Tn., Sta., & Lodge, Kildare B 4 
 
 Ballina, 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Ballinspittle, 
 
 Sligo F 8 
 
 Atkinstown, 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Ballina Br., 
 
 I^n.'jford B 8 
 
 Ballinuggart Ho., 
 
 Anrtagh C 2 
 
 Ardree Ho., 
 
 -, Kildare B 4 
 
 Atona L., 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Ballina R., 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Ballintaggart Lo., 
 
 , Kildare C S 
 
 Ardress Hou, 
 Ardristan Ho., 
 
 .; Armagh C 2 
 
 Atorick L., 
 
 Clare I 1 
 
 Ballinabarney Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Ballintate, 
 
 ' Armagh C S 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Attanagh, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 4 
 
 Ballinabamey Gap & Br., Wicklow B 8 
 
 Baljintemple, 
 
 ■^, Cavan E 3 
 
 Ardjum Ho., 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Attyflin Ho., 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Ballinaclash, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballintemple, 
 
 Cork F > 
 
 Ards, 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Attymess, 
 
 Maya D 1 
 
 Ballinacor, 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Baliintemple, 
 
 ' King's Co. G 2 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Aids Lower Barcny, 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 .Aubane Cottage, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Ballinacor Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 8 
 
 Ballintemple Ho., 
 
 Ards Upper Barony, 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 Auburn Ho., 
 
 Dublin E 8 
 
 Ballinacor Ho., 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Eallintemple Ho., 
 Ballinter Ho., 
 
 Londonderry E S 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Ardsallagh Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 4 
 
 Auburn Ho., 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Ballinacor N. Barony, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ardscull Ho. and Moat 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Auchnacloy, 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Ballinacor S. Barony, 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Ballintober, 
 
 Roscommon F 8 
 
 Ardsolus, 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Audleys Cas., 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Bajlinacostello, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Ballinloberand Sta., 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Ardstraw, 
 Ardtully Ho., 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Aughagault, Big, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Ballinacrow, 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Ballintober Ho., 
 
 Limerick C t 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Aughboy, 
 
 Clare I 3 
 
 Ballinadee, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Ballintober Ho., 
 
 West Meath C 8 
 
 Ardvally, 
 
 Sligo B 3 
 
 Aughclare, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Ballinafad, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Ballintober N. Ear., 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Ardvamy Ho., 
 
 Fermanagh E 1 
 
 Augher, 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Ballinafad, 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Ballintober S Bar., 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Argijeen R., 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Aughils, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Ballinafad Ha, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Ballintogher, 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Aughinish Bay, 
 
 Galway D 8 
 
 Ballinagar, 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Ballintombay, 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Armory, The, 
 
 .Armagh C 2 
 
 Aughinish Isd., 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Ballinageeragh, 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Ballintotty R., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Arigna Iron W'.:s,, 
 
 Roscommon E 1 
 
 Aughinish Pt., 
 
 Clare K 2 
 
 Ballinagore, 
 Ballinakill, 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Ballintoy, 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 Arigtia R., 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 Aughnacloy, 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Ballintra, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 ArklowandHd., 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Aughnagappu'.I Br., 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Ballinalack, 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Ballintrane Crc-.s Rds., 
 
 Arklow Barony, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Aughnaglaur 71., 
 
 We.<:rord B 8 
 
 Bailinalea, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Ballintubbert Ko., 
 
 Queen's Ca E 8 
 
 A'Wow Hd., 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Aughrim, 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Ballinalee, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Ballinturly, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Arless, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Aughrim, Sta. and R., 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 BallinamaraCh., 
 
 Kilkeany B 2 
 
 Ballinure, 
 
 Tipperary D 8 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Arley Cott., 
 
 Cavan F 4 
 
 Aughris and Hd., 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Ballinaroeen, 
 
 RoJiCommon D 2 
 
 Ballinvauneen, 
 
 .\rmagh Barony 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Aughrus Pt., 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Ballinamona Ho., 
 
 W.itcrford G 2 
 
 BallinvUla Ho., 
 
 Mayo £ 2 
 
 Armagh, Tn., Pal, & Dny., Armagh C 2 
 
 Aughrusbeg L., 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Ballinamore, 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Ballinvira Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Armaghbrague Ho., 
 
 .Armagh C 3 
 
 Auginish Pt., 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Bailinamore, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Balliovirick He, 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Annoy, 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Auna L., 
 
 Galn^y B 2 
 
 Ballinamuclc, 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Ballinvonear Ko., 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Armstrong C-:;., 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Austin's Ho., 
 
 V.'exford E 1 
 
 Ballinapark, 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Ballisk, 
 
 Dublin F 3 
 
 Armstrong Mr., 
 
 Avaghon L., 
 
 ~ :onaghan C 8 
 
 Ballinaphul, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Ballitore and Hill, 
 
 Kildare C 8 
 
 Amestowo Ho., 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Avaghty, 
 
 K.iccmmon D 4 
 
 Ballinascarty, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Ballivor, 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Amey R. and Bn., 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Aveh L., 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Ballinascomey Ho., 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Ballobegan He, 
 
 Down G 2 
 
 Aroideen River, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Avonbeg R., 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Ballinasilloge, 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Ballon, 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Arra and Owney Barony, Tipperary A 2 
 
 Avondale, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballinaskea Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Balk)0 Ho., 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Aira Mts., 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Avon Hill Cott., 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Ballinasloe and Sta., 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Ballooly Ho., 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 ArraR,, 
 
 Avonmore, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Ballinastadd Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Balloor, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Arranhill Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Avonmore R., 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballinastraw Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Balloor, 
 
 L.eitrim A 1 
 
 Arran IsUU., 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Awaddy L., "V 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Ballinclare Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Ballougfa, 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 Arrigle R., 
 
 tUlkenny D 4 
 
 Awbeg River, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballinclasbet, 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Balloughter, 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Arrow Lough, 
 
 Sligo G 3 
 
 Awboy River, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Ballinclay Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Balloughton Ho., 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Artaine, 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Ayle Ho., 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Ballinclea Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Ballsbridge, 
 
 Dublin E 5 
 
 Arthurstown, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 AylwardstO'ATl Ho.. 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballincollig, 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Balls Grove, 
 
 Louth B 8 
 
 Arthuistown Ho., 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 
 
 Ballincolloo Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Bally L., 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Articlave, 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 
 
 Ballincor Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 fially L., 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Artiamon Ho. and Cas 
 
 , Wexford D 3 
 
 B 
 
 
 Eallinqrea, 
 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Ballyadam Cross Rds., 
 
 Waterford F 8 
 
 Arlrea. 
 Artikelly, 
 
 Tyrone H 3 
 
 
 ^'■ 
 
 Ballincurra Ho., 
 
 Ballyadams Bry. & Cas. 
 
 , Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Bachelors Lo., 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Eallincurragh Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 5 
 
 Ballyagran, 
 
 Limerick E S 
 
 Artillery Barks., 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Back5town, 
 Badger Hill Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Ballincurrig, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 BallyaHaban Ho., 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Arts Bri., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Oueen'sCo. B 3 
 
 Ballincurry, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Ballyallia Ha, 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Amndclmills,. 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Badinaminton Ho., 
 
 King's Co. D 1 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Balllndaggan, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Ballyalloly Ho. and L. 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Arvagh, 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Bagenals Arms, 
 
 Ballindagny, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Eallyanne Ho., 
 
 Wexford A E 
 
 Ashborough Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Bagenalstown and Sta., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Ballinderry, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Ballyarthur, 
 
 Wicklow D i 
 
 Ashbourne, 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 BaggaghmaloneHo. &Ca., W. Mea. B S 
 
 Ballinderry, 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Ballyarvey, 
 
 Antrim D 8 
 
 Ashbrooke, 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Baggotstown Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Ballinderry, 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Ballyaughian Ho., 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Ashbrook Ho., 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Baginbun Hd., 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Ballinderry, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballybane, 
 
 CorkC 4 
 
 Athbrook Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 
 Bahana, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Ballinderry Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Ballybannon R., 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Ashbrooke, 
 
 Bailey L. Ho., 
 
 Dublin G 4 
 
 Ballinderry Ho., 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Ballybar Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Ashfield, 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Bailieborough, 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Ballinderry L., 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Ballybarrack Ho., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Ashfield, ■ 
 
 Mcaih C 1 
 
 Bailieborcugh Cas., 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Ballinderry R., 
 
 Tyrone I 8 
 
 Ballybay, 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Ashfield, 
 Ash Field, 
 Ashfield Br., 
 Ashfield Hall, 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Balbrigt^an, 
 
 Dublin F 1 
 
 Ballinderry, Upper, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Ballybay and Ho., 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Balda>;re, 
 
 Dublin F 4 
 
 Ballindine, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Ballybay R., 
 B.iUybcen Ho 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Kildara B 1 
 
 Baldwin Cas., 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 BalUndoolin Ho., 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Baldwinslown, 
 
 Ballindooly, 
 
 Galway D 8 
 
 Ballybeg, 
 
 Carlow B S 
 
 Ashfield Ho., 
 
 tevan G 2 
 
 Baldwinstown, 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Ballindrait, 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Ballybeg, 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Ashfield Ho., 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Balgatheran, 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Ballindrum Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Ballybeg Ho., 
 
 Meaih C 2 
 
 Ash ford Ho., 
 
 Galway D 2 
 Limerick C S 
 
 Balgriflin, 
 Balhearv- Ho., 
 BaliefHo., 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Ballinfrase Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 4 
 
 Ballybeg Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Ashford, 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Ballingarry, 
 
 Limerick D 8 
 
 Ballybeg R., 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Ashford, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Ballingarry, 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Ballybeg Sta., 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Ashfotd Old Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 Balix Hill, 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Ballingarry, 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Ballybeggan Abbey, 
 
 Meath B 4 
 
 Ashfort, 
 
 Armagh A 3 
 
 Balla, 
 
 Ballingarry Ho., 
 
 Ballybeggan Cas., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 West Meath B 8 
 
 Ashfort Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Ballagnn Pt, 
 
 Louth D 2 
 
 Ballingarteen, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Ballyho, 
 
 Ashgrove, 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Ballagh, 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Ballingate Ho., Lo. & 
 
 Up.i Wicklow B 4 
 
 Ballyboden, 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 AshgroTc, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Ballagh, 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Ballinglen Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Ballyboe, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Ashgrove, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Ballagh, 
 
 Roscommon E S 
 
 Ballinglen R., 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Ballybofey, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Ashgrove Ho., 
 
 Kildare A 8 
 
 Ballagh, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Ballingowan Ho., 
 Ballingrane and Sta., 
 
 Waterford B 8 
 
 Ballybeggan Bri., 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 AshgTove Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 8 
 
 Ballagh, 
 
 Sligo F 1 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballybeggan Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Ashgrovc Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Luncrick F 8 
 
 Ballagh R., 
 
 Leitnm C 1 
 
 Ballinguile, 
 
 Wicklow C 8 
 
 Ballyboghil, 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Ash Hill Towers, 
 
 Ballaghaderg Br., 
 
 Limerick H 4 
 
 Ballinhassig and Sta., 
 Ballinkecl Ho., 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Ballybogy, 
 Ballybollcn Ha, 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Ashlamadufr, 
 
 Londonderry E 8 
 
 Ballaghaderecn, 
 
 Mayo F 2 
 
 Wexford D 8 
 
 Antrim C 4 
 
 Ashlane Cross Rdj . 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Ballaghkeen Bry. end Ch.. Wexford D 3 
 
 Balliukillin, 
 
 . Carlow B 8 
 
 Ballybomia. 
 
 West Meath B 8 
 
 Aih Park, 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Ballaghmoon Br., 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Ballinla, 
 
 West Meath F 8 
 
 Ballyboughlin Ho., 
 
 King's Ca E 1 
 
 Ashleypark Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Limerick G 1 
 
 Ballaghtallion Cott., 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Ballinlagfata, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Ballyboy, 
 
 Donecal B 4 
 King's Ca D 8 
 
 Ashroe, 
 
 Ballaghurt, 
 
 Ballakelly Cross Roads, 
 
 Kliig;sCo. C 2 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Ballinlaw Cas. and Ferry, Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Ballyboy, 
 
 Askanagap Br., 
 Askeaton and Sta., 
 
 Wicklow C 8 
 
 Ballinleeny, 
 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 Ballyboy, 
 
 Tippirary C 4 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Ballallog, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballinlcna, 
 Ballinleugh, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Ballyboy Barony, 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 Meath C 8 
 
 Assan Bri., 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 DallardC, 
 
 Clare C 8 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Ballyboy Ho., 
 
 Attee, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Ballard Ho., "\ 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Ballinlig, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Ballybrack Ha, 
 
 Cariow B 8 
 
 Atedaun L., 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Ballard Pk., / 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Ballinlough, 
 
 Roscommon B 8 
 
 Ballybrack Sta, 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Athaballeen. 
 AihaMcl Aboey, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 BallLoy Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 8 
 
 Ballinlough Ca?., 
 
 West Mcath F 2 
 
 Ballybrada Ho., 
 
 Tipitcrary C 4 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Mcalh C 3 
 
 Bailee, 
 
 Doivn F 4 
 
 Ballinlough Ho., 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Ballybrcagh Ha, 
 
 Atiiboy, 
 
 Ballceghan Abbey, 
 
 Donegal E 8 
 
 Ballinlouty Ho., 
 
 Tippcr.-U7 C 3 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Ballybrennan Ho., 
 
 Wjxford n S 
 
 Athcam« Cot., 
 
 Mcath F 8 
 
 Bailee?. 
 
 Armagh C 8 
 
 Ballinlug, 
 
 Eallybrcw, 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 Ajhclar« Cn».. 
 
 Lonth B 3 
 
 Ballecvy Ho.. 
 Balleightcragh Ho., 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Ballinocrish, 
 
 Wexford B 8 
 
 Ballybrick, 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Alhea, 
 
 Limerick B 8 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Eallinphuill, 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Rillybrit, 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Alhcnry Barony and Tn., (Jalway E 8 
 
 Ealleny, 
 
 Antrim D, 2 
 
 liallinphull and Kta., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Ballyhritt Barony, 
 
 Kings Co. D 3 
 
 Alhcarrel Ho., 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Ballcven Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny I! 3 
 
 Hallinrce Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Ballybrittan, 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Art^arvan and Lo., 
 
 KiW.ire C 8 
 
 Ballcybofey, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballinrecs, 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Ballybrittan Cas., 
 
 King's Ca H 1 
 
 Aihfoa Cm., 
 Athiaoa, 
 
 DnI.lin A 6 
 
 Balleycngland Ho., 
 Ballcyvallcy Ml., 
 
 Ballinroan Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Ballybritlas, 
 
 Queen's Ca E 2 
 
 Limtiick F 8 
 
 Down B 6 
 
 Baltinrobe, 
 
 Mayo D 8 
 
 Biallybrood, 
 
 Limerick C, 2 
 
 AiUavN. 
 
 RcfComm'. n D 4 
 
 Ballickmoyler, 
 
 Qjern's Co. E 8 
 
 Ballinrosiig, 
 
 Cork C « 
 
 Ballybroony Ho., 
 
 Mayo V 1 
 
 I
 
 BALLTBROPHY. " 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BALLTBAFTE&. 
 
 Ballybropliy Ho. & Sta 
 Uallybuck, 
 
 , Queen's Co. B 8 
 
 Ballygally IIo., 
 
 Waterford A 3 
 
 Ballylion Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Ballynacourty Ho.. 
 Ballynacrce Ho., 
 Baltynadrinna Ho., 
 
 Walofotd D 8 
 
 Gal way E 2 
 
 B.^llygannoii, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Ballylonglord, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Tlpoeraiy A « 
 Ualh B 8 
 
 Ballybunion, 
 B.iJ|ybii-r:y Ho-j 
 Ballycaddea Bn., 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 
 Ballygar, 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 BallyloO C.l-,., 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 King's Co. H 1 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Ballygarden, 
 
 Rosconimon E 8 
 
 Ballylooby, 
 Ballylougli Cm., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Ballynadnimny, 
 Ballynafagh Ho., 
 Ballynafauna and S:a. 
 
 Kildaiv B 1 
 
 Ballygarrct, 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Antrim C I 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Ballycanev/, 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Ballygarrett Ho., 
 
 - Cork F 2 
 
 Ballyloughari Cas., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 BaliycAnnon Ho., 
 
 Clare I 8 
 
 Ballygarth Cas., 
 
 Meath G 2 
 
 Ballylow and Bay, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ballynagall, 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 West Meath D i 
 
 Ballycanvao Ho., 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Ballygawbey and Water, Tyrone V 4 
 
 B.illylynaii, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 BallynagaU, 
 
 Ballycappic, 
 
 V/icklow D 4 
 
 Ballygeehin Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Bailymabin Cott., 
 
 W.ilerford G 3 
 
 Ballynagall, 
 
 ■■/Vest Mcaih E 1 
 
 Ballycamey, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Ballygibbon Ho., 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Ballymacallio.i, 
 
 Lcu:^jnderry D 3 
 
 Ballynagarbry, 
 
 West Meath B S 
 
 Ballycaira, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Ballygiblin Ho., 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Ballymacarrct, 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Ballynagarde Ho., 
 
 Limerick F i 
 
 Ballycarry and Sta., 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 Ballygillahecn, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Ballymacaw, 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Ballynagard Sta.. 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 
 Eallycaseymore Ho., 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Ballyginiff, 
 
 Antrim D 6 
 
 Ballymacdermot, 
 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 Batlynaglogh, 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 I!allyca3tfe, 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Ballyglass, 
 
 Galway F 1 
 
 Ballymacegan Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Eallynagore, 
 
 West Meaih D 3 
 
 Ballycastle and Bay, 
 
 Aolnm D 1 
 
 Ballyglass, 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Ballymacglbbon Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Ballynagoshen Ho., 
 Ballynafiallin Ho., 
 
 Longford C 9 
 
 Ballydare, 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Ballyglass, 
 
 Sligo D 4 
 
 Ballymack Ho., 
 
 liilkcnny B 3 
 
 Wexfon) C 2 
 
 Ballyclareand Doagh Sta., Antrim F 4 
 
 Ballyglass Big, 
 
 Roscommon D 8 
 
 Ballymackesy I-Io., 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Baltynahattv, 
 Ballynahinch 
 
 'IVronc D 3 
 Down U 3 
 
 Baliyclareen, 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Ballyglass Ho., 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Ballymackillagai, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballyclerahan, 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Ballyglass Ho., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Ballymackney, 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Ballynahinch, 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Ballyclery, 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Ballygoghlan, 
 
 Limerick A 2 
 
 Ballymacoda, 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Ballynahinch Barony, 
 
 Ca?., & L., 
 
 Ballydog. 
 Ballydogh, 
 
 Tyiono I 8 
 
 Ballygoran Ho., 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Ballymacoll Ho., 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Eallygorey, 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Ballymacone R., 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Ballynahinch Ho., 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Ballydogh Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Ballygowan, 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Ballymacreelly, 
 
 Down E 8' 
 
 Ballynahinch Inn, 
 
 Down E S 
 
 Ballydogh Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Ballygowan, 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 BallymAdun, 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Ballynahinch R., 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Ballydogh Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Ballygowan Sta., 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Ballyraagany, 
 
 Antrim B 1 
 
 Ballynahone B,;:, 
 
 Armagh C 8 
 
 Ballyclouh Ho. and Cas., Cork G 2 
 
 Ballygrady, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Ballymagarvey Ho., 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 Ballynahone Hu., 
 
 Armaah C 2 
 
 Ballydover Ho., 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Ballygriffin, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballymagauran, 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Ballynahown anrj Court. W. Meath A 3 1 
 
 Ballycolla, 
 
 Queens Co. C 8 
 
 BallygrifEn Ho., 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 BalljTnaglassan Ho., 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 Ballynahown Bri.. 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Ballycomraon, 
 
 Kind's Co. F 2 
 
 Ballygub, 
 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Ballymagooly, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballynakill, 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Ballyconneely Bay, 
 
 G-ilway A 2 
 
 Ballygunner Cas., 
 Ballyhack, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Ballymagonr, 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 
 Ballynakill, 
 
 Roscommon F 5 
 
 Ballyconnell and Cas.. 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Ballymahon, 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Ballynakill Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Ballyconnell, 
 
 Sligo E 1 
 
 Ballyhagan Ho., 
 BallyhaHill, , 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Ballymakeery, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Ballynakill Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Ballyconnell, 
 Ballycoog Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 Ballymakdkil, 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Ballynakill Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Ballyhaise and Ho., 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Ballymaken; , 
 
 Louth B 8 
 
 Ballynakill Ho., 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Ballyconra Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Ballyhalbert, 
 
 Down G 8 
 
 Ballymanus L:ii., 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Ballynakill Hr. ar^i L. 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Ballycottin, Bay, and I 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Ballyhalc, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Ballymanus Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 BallynakiU L., 
 
 Galway E 3 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 Ballycourcy Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Ballyhale,i 
 
 ICilkenny C 4 
 
 BallymaquilT, 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Ballynamaddy, 
 
 Ballycowan Barony. 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Ballyhall, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Ballymartin, 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Ballynameen, 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballycronigan Ho.y 
 
 Ballyhalwick Ho.. 
 
 Ballymartin, 
 
 Down D B 
 
 Ballynamona, 
 
 Ballycross Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Ballyharalet Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Ballymartle Ho., 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 BaUynamona, 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Ballycuirke L., 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Ballyhandy, 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Ballymartrini Bri., 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Ballynamon.a, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 BallycuUane, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Ballyhare, 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Ballymascanlan Ho., 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Ballynamona, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Ballycullane Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Ballyhaunis, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Ballymastocker Bay, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Ballynamona, 
 
 Roscommon E & 
 
 Ballycullen Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Ballyhealy Ho., 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Ballymeelish Ho., 
 
 BaUynamona, 
 
 Roscommon F 3 
 
 Ballyoilter, 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Ballyhealy Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Ballymeeny, 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Ballynamona, 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Ballycumber, 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Eallyhean, 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Ballymena, 
 
 i\ntrim D 8 
 
 Ballynamona Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Ballycummin Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Eallyheelan, 
 
 Cavan E 3 
 
 Ballymenagh Ho., 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Ballynamona V p. S: Li 
 
 ., Longford D 2 
 
 BallycunneenHo., 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Ballyheige, Bay, and Cas., Kerry C 1 
 
 Ballymichr.el, 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Ballynamony T r , 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Ballycurkeen Ho., 
 
 Tipperary E 4 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballyhenebery Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Eallymire Ho., 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Ballynamore, 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 BaJlycurrin, 
 
 Ballyherly, 
 
 Down F 8 
 
 Ballymoe I'arony, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Eallynamuck U , 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Ballycurrin Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 8 
 
 Ballyhighland, 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Ballymoe Town, 
 
 Galway F 1 
 
 BallynamuddaL : . 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Ballycurry Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Ballyhillin, 
 
 Donegal E 1 
 
 Ballymoe Barony, 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Ballynamuddag". ."o.. 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Ballydahin, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballyhire Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 4 
 
 Ballyraogue Ho., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballynamult, 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Ballydarrog, 
 
 Londonderry X) 2 
 
 Ballyhoe Bri., 
 
 Fermanagh G 4 
 
 Ballymoney, 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Ballynanty Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Ballydarton IIo., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballyhoe Lough, 
 
 Meath D 1 
 
 Ballymoney, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Ballynaparka Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Ballydavid Hd., 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Ballyholme B., 
 
 Down F 1 
 
 Ballymon:-y, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 BallynaraHa, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballydawley L., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Ballyhook, 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Ballymoney Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Ballynard Ho., 
 
 Tipperary A 4 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Ballydehob, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Ballyhoolahan, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Ballymoney Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Eallynascarty, 
 
 Ballydemiot Ho., 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Ballyhooly, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballymoney R., 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Ballynascreen Cli., 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Ballydeyitt, 
 Ballydine Ho., 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Ballyhoorisky, 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Ballymoney Cross P.ds 
 
 aiid Fishery, 
 
 Eallynascreen Ho., 
 
 Londonderry E A 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Ballyhornan, 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Ballynash Cas., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballydirity Ho., 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Ballyhoura Hills, 
 
 Limerick G 4 
 
 Ballymoon, Cas., and Ho., Carlow B 2 
 
 Ballynaskeagh, 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Ballydonegan, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Ballyhowly Ho., 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Ballymooney Ho., 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Ballynastockan, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ballydonegan and Bay, 
 
 Ballyin Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Ballymoran Ho., 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Ballynastraw Ho. and Colt., Wexford C 1 1 
 
 Ballydonndl, 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Ballyine Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Ballymore, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Ballynastuckaun, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Ballydonnell Ho. , 
 
 KUkenny A 2 
 
 Ballyjamesduff, 
 
 Cavan F 8 
 
 Ballymore, 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Ballynalona, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ballydoogan Ho., 
 Ballydoolagh L., 
 
 Galway F 8 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Ballykealey Ho., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballymore, 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Ballynatray Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Ballykean Ho. and Cott., Wicklow E 8 
 
 Ballymore Eustat-j, 
 
 Kildare D 8 
 
 Ballynatlln Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Ballydraia, 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Ballykeel, 
 
 Down C 8 
 
 Ballymore Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Ballynavortha, 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Ballydrislane Ho., 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Ballykeel Ho., 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Ballymore L., 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Ballyneal Ho, 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Ballyduagh Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Ballykeel Ho., 
 
 Down D 6 
 
 Ballymore Lowr., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Ballyncale, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballyduff, 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 
 Ballykeenan Ho., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballymorran. 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Eallyneally Ko., 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Ballyduff, 
 
 Waterford A 3 
 
 Ballykeeran, 
 Ballykelly, Sta., & R., 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Ballymote and Sin., 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Ballynee, 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Ballyduffand Ho., 
 
 Waterf-ord F 2 
 
 Lo.ldonderry C 2 
 
 Ballymullen Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Ballyneen, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 BallyduffAbbey&Ho. 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Ballykelly Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B i 
 
 Eallymulvey Ho., 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 Ball^meely, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Ballyduff Br., 
 Ballyduff Ho., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Ballykenny L., 
 
 Donegal F 1 
 
 Ballymum, 
 Ballyinurphy, 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Ballyneely Ho., 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Ballykilbcg, 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Ballyness Bay, 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Ballyduff Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Ballykilcavan Ho., 
 
 Queen'iCo. E 2 
 
 Eallymurphy Ho., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballyness Ml., 
 
 Tyrone E 4 
 
 Ballyduff Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Ballykilty Ho., 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Ballymurray, 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Ballynestragh, 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Ballyduff Ho. and Ch., 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Ballykilty Ho., 
 Ballykistcen Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Ballymurry, 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Ballynew, 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 Ballydugan, 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Tipperary A 3 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballymurtagh M!ni-s, 
 Ballymyre Ho., 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballynew, 
 
 Galway G 3 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Ballydugan Ho., 
 
 Down A 3 
 
 Ballyknock, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Ballynewry Ho., 
 
 Ballyeaston, 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Ballyknock, 
 
 Longford C 3 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ballynabama, 
 
 West Meath C 8 
 
 Ballynicole, 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Ballyederlan, 
 Ballyedmond Ho., 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Ballyknockan, 
 
 Ballynabeama Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Ballynoe, 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Ballyknockane Ko., 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Ballynabloun Ho., 
 
 Kerry A 8 
 
 Ballynoe Ho., 
 
 Limerick E S 
 
 Ballyegan Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 8 
 
 Ballylaan, 
 
 . Clare D 2 
 
 Ballynabola, 
 
 Wexford B 8 
 
 Ballynolan Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballyegny Ho., 
 BallyelliD Ho., 
 Ballydlln MUl, 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Ballylanders, 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Ballynaboley Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Ballynultagh, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Carlow A 3 
 
 Ballylane Ho., 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Ballynabrocky, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Ballynunnery C^-'S., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Ballylane L., 
 
 Armagh C 8 
 
 Ballynacallagh, 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Ballynure, 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Ballydlis, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Ballylaneen, 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Ballynacally, 
 
 Clare F 8 
 
 Ballynure Ho., 
 
 Monaghan A 2 
 
 BallyellU Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Ballylaur, 
 Ballylea Lo., 
 Ballyleaan Ho., 
 
 Sligo D 8 
 
 Ballynacard Ho., 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Ballynure Road Sta., 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 BaUyfallon Ho., 
 Ballyfaman, 
 
 Meath C 8 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Ballynacarrig Br., 
 
 King's Ca E 3 
 
 Ballyorgan, 
 
 Limerick G 4 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Ballynacarrig R., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 1 
 
 Ballyomey, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Ballyfeand, 
 Ballyferis Pt., 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Ballyleakin Ho., 
 
 King's Co H 2 
 
 BalljTiacarriga, 
 
 Cork E 8 
 
 Ballyoughteragh, 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Down G 2 
 
 Ballyleck Ho., 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Ballynacarrigy, 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Ballyoumey, 
 Ballypatrick, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Ballyfermot and Sta., 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 Ballyleen Lo., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Ballynacariow, 
 
 Sligo E 8 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Ballyferriter, 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Ballylegat Ho., 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Ballynacarrow Br., 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Ballyphilip, 
 
 Ballyfin Ho.. 
 Ballyfinboy R., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Ballylennon Cross RdL, 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Ballynacarr>', 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 BallyphiUp Br., 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Ballylessan, 
 
 1 Down D 2 
 
 Ballynaclogh, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Ballyphilip Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 BallyfirT«n Ho., 
 
 Ballyliffin, 
 Ballylin Ho., 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Ballynaclogh R., 
 
 Ballypierce Ho., 
 
 Ballyfoyle Ho., 
 
 Que:n'sCo. F 3 
 
 Ballynaclouagh, 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Ballyporeen, 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Ballyfree Ho., 
 
 BctlygaK-.n Ko., 
 
 WicWow D 3 
 
 Ballylin Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballynacooly Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Cork G 3 
 
 BaUyquick Colt., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Ballylinch Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny 'C 8 
 
 Ballynacorra, 
 
 Ballyquin Ho., 
 
 aare I 8 
 
 Ballygall, 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Ballyline Ho., 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Ballynacourty Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Ballyquin Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Ballygallcy B., 
 
 Antrim F 8 
 
 Ballylintagh, 
 
 I,Ondonderry F 2 
 
 Ballynacourty Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 4 
 
 Ballyquiruin Pt., 
 
 Doun G 4 
 
 Ballygalley Hd., 
 
 Antrim G 8 
 
 Ballylintagh Ho., 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Ballynacourty Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Ballyrafter Ho., 
 
 Watexferd B 3
 
 BALLTRAOOAN. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BEH»BTTSBBID6E. 
 
 Eanyieggaa Ho., 
 Ballyratf^t, 
 Baltyxaaeen Ho., 
 BallynlM Ho., 
 BaJlyTSlliuB Ho., 
 BaUynabane, 
 BaUyie, 
 
 BaU7Tcdaoi;d Ho., 
 Ballyrib; Ho., 
 Ballyiisode Ho., 
 Baliyrcai), 
 Bal'yroe Ho., 
 BaQyrogsn, 
 Bailyro£an Ho., 
 BaUyrooan, 
 Ballyroney, 
 Ballynish, 
 
 Ballysadare and Bay, 
 BaUysad:^e R., 
 Ballysaggartmore Ho., 
 Ballysallagli Ho., 
 Ballysallagh Ho., 
 Ballysax Co., 
 Batlyscanlan L., 
 BallyscuUion Ch., 
 BallysculHoD Ho., 
 Ballyseedy, 
 Ballyseskin Ho., 
 BallyshanDon, 
 BallyshanDon Ho., 
 BaJlyshear, 
 Ballysheedy Ho., 
 Ballysheehan, 
 BaJlyshiel Ho., 
 BaUyshonog Ho.| 
 BaUysmottan, 
 BaUysopHo., 
 BaUyspeUun Ho., 
 Ballyspurce, 
 BalJystanfy Ho.,^ 
 Ballysteen Ho., ' 
 Eallysteen Ho., 
 BallytarsDa, 
 Ballytarsna Cross Rds., 
 Ballytarsna Ho., 
 Ballyteige Bay, 
 BaJlyteige Cas., 
 BaUyteige Ho., 
 Ballytei{;elea Lock mi Br. 
 
 BallytohUl, 
 
 Ballytrent Ho., 
 
 Ballytrim Ho., 
 
 Ballyturin Ho., 
 
 Ballyvad Colt., 
 
 Ballyvahan, 
 
 Bally\'aghan B., 
 
 Ballyvaldon Cross Rib., 
 
 Ballyraliy Ho., 
 
 Ballyvatten, 
 
 Ballyvtlton Ho., 
 
 Ballyvester Ho., 
 
 Ballyvolanc Ho., 
 
 Ballyvoy, 
 
 Ballyvoyle Hd.,' 
 
 Ballywaiter, 
 
 Eallywaller Ho., 
 
 Bally\valtcr Ho., 
 
 Ballyward Ho., 
 
 Ballyward L., 
 
 Ballywater Ko., 
 
 Kallyiviilhill Ho,, 
 
 Ballywtlliam, 
 
 Baltywilliam and Sta,, 
 
 Balty^^-illiam Ho., 
 
 Ballywtlllam Ho., 
 
 Bally-willin and Sta., 
 
 Ballywirc Ho., 
 
 BallyworI:an Ho., 
 
 Ballywully, 
 
 Bslrnoral Sta., 
 
 Calnacart, 
 
 Ualrafh, 
 
 Balrczan Cas., 
 
 Balriclcard, 
 
 B.ilrothcry, 
 
 Balrothcry East Barony, 
 
 Balrothrry Wesl Bifony, 
 
 Balscaddan, 
 
 Ijaltcagb, 
 
 Ballimore and Day, 
 
 Ballinglass, 
 
 Balljaina, 
 
 Baiuaina Ho., 
 
 Baltrauia Ho., 
 
 Baltray, 
 
 naltytx>y« Ho., 
 
 Baoada and Abbc^, 
 
 Baoatcher, 
 
 Hana(.'hcr, - 
 
 B.in.»i;her, f 
 
 Bjlnt,ridgef 
 
 BftliJon, 
 
 Bajidon R. 
 
 Hk« U, 
 
 Daaa L., 
 
 H<x, 
 
 Kiidare C 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Wicklow D i 
 
 Weaford C 2 
 
 tondonderry F 2 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Cork B 4 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Kiidare B 4 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Monaghan £ 3 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Kiidare C 3 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Londonderry F 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Wexford C 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 KUdare B 
 
 King's Co. G 
 
 Limerick F 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 wicklow B 4 
 
 Wicklow C 1 
 
 Wejtford A 4 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 L i merick C 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Wejtford B 4 
 
 Wexford G 4 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 Wexford D 4 
 Down F 3 
 Galway E 
 Waterford F 
 Clare E 
 Clare E 
 Wexford E 
 Clare K 
 Kilkenny C 
 Londonderry F 
 Down F 
 Cork G 
 Antrim E 
 Waterford E 
 Down G 
 Cork F 
 Wexford E 
 Wicklow C 
 Down C 
 Watford E 
 ^ Do\vn D 
 Limerick D 
 Wexford A 
 Down F 
 King's Co. D 
 Longford E 
 Tipperary A 
 Armagh D 
 Roscommon D 
 Antrim F 
 West Mcath E 
 Mcath C 
 Louth B 
 Dublin E 
 Dublin E 
 Dublin E 
 Dublin C 
 Dublin E 
 Londonderry D 
 Cork C 
 Wicklow A 8 
 Loutb A 2 
 Mcath A 2 
 Meath E 4 
 Louth C 8 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Sligo D 8 
 Kina's Co. C 2 
 Ccilrim U 2 
 Londonderry D 8 
 Down B 3 
 Cork E 8 
 Cork D 8 
 Mealh A 2 
 W«B Mealh D 1 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Bangor, 
 
 Bangor-and Cas., 
 Bangor B., 
 Bann Bri., 
 Bann R., 
 Btmn R., 
 Bann R. source, 
 Bann R., 
 Bannagh R., 
 Bannow Bay, 
 Ban now I., 
 Bannow L., 
 Bannow L., 
 Banse, 
 Bansha, 
 
 Banteer and Sta,, 
 Bantis Ho., 
 Bantry, 
 
 ■ Mayo B 1 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Doivn E 1 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Antrim B 8 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 %Vexford B 4 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 . Cork E 2 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Bantry Barony and Vil., Cork C 3 
 
 Bantry Bay and L. Ho., Cork B 4 
 
 Baraghy L., Cavan H 2 
 
 BarbaTilla, West Meath E 2 
 
 Barbejstown Cott., Kiidare D 2 
 
 Bardinch R., Cork D 3 
 
 Bargy Barony, Wexford C 4 
 
 BargyCas., Wexford D 4 
 
 Bariey Cove, Cork B 4 
 
 Barleyhill Ho., Mayo D 2 
 
 Barmeath, Louth B 3 
 
 Barmona, Carlow B 3 
 
 Bam, The, Queen's Co. F 4 
 
 Earn Ho., " I'ipperary C 4 
 
 Bam Sir., Longford B 2 
 
 Bama, Galway D 3 
 
 Baraa, King's Co. C 4 
 
 Bama, Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Bamaboy Ho., King's Co. D 2 
 
 Bamacurra, Cork D 2 
 
 Eamacurra, Galway F 2 
 
 BamadergCas., Galway E 2 
 
 Barnadown Ho., Wexford D 1 
 
 Barnadown Ho., Wexford E 2 
 
 Bamagh Barony, Donegal B 3 
 
 Baroagh Hill, Limerick B 3 
 
 Bamagh Hill, Limerick C 3 
 
 Barnagrotty, King's Co. C 4 
 
 Baraagrow L., Ca^'an G 2 
 
 Bamahowna, Galway C 2 
 
 Bamakyle Riv., Limerick E 2 
 
 Bamane, Tipperary C 2 
 
 Barnard Castle, Cork E 8 
 
 Eamathasona, Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Barnattin, Louth B 3 
 
 Barnavave, Louth C 1 
 
 Barnes Top, Londonderry D 3 
 
 Bamesrnore Gap> Donegal D 3 
 
 Bamhill Ho., Kiidare B 4 
 
 Bamtick Ho., Clare G 3 
 
 Earntown Ho., Wexford C 8 
 
 Bar Hall, Down G 3 
 
 Barons Court, T>Tone D 2 
 
 Baronstown Ho., West Meath C 2 
 
 Bana L., Donegal C 3 
 
 Barrabehy, Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Barrack, Longford C 2 
 
 Barrack, Monaghan B 1 
 
 Barrack Street, Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Barrack Village, Carlow B 3 
 
 Barrack Village, , Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Barrack Villnje, Waterford C 2 
 
 Barrack Village, Wexford A 3 
 
 Barracurragh, Tipperary C 8 
 
 Barradaw, Cork G 2 
 
 Barraderry IIo., Wicklow B 8 
 
 BarraduC Kerry D 2 
 
 Barragh Ch., ' Carlow C 2 
 
 Barraghcore Ha, iCilkenny E 3 
 
 Barranatraw, Kerry B 8 
 
 Barran.agh, Mayo A 1 
 
 Barranny, Galway D 2 
 
 Barratoghcr, Sligo C 8 
 
 Barrav.ally, Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Barren's Rks., Wexford D 5 
 
 Barrctstown Ho., Kiidare C 2 
 
 Barretts Barony, Cork F 2 
 
 Barrigone, Limerick C 2 
 
 Bamngton's Eri., Limerick G 2 
 
 Earristown, Waterford G 2 
 
 Barrogstown Ho., Kiidare D 1 
 
 Barronstown, Wexford B 8 
 
 Banow Harb, Kerry C 2 
 
 Barrow Ho., The, Queen's Co. C 1 
 Harrow R., source of) Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Barrow R., mouth of, Wexford A 4 
 
 Barrowbank Ho., King's Co. C 8 
 
 Barrowford Ho., Kiidare B 3 
 
 Barry, Longford C 3 
 
 Barry L., \ Fcnnan.agh E 3 
 
 Bnrr>'killa, Cork G 3 
 
 Ejirrjmorc Barony, Cork G 2 
 Barryroc and Ibane Barony, Cork E 4 
 
 B.arry's Hd., Cork F 3 
 
 {.irrys Pt., Cork F 4 
 
 B:u-rTfstown Ho., Wexford B 4 
 
 B.irl emy, Cork G 2 
 
 Bartlcy» Grove. Monaghan C 8 
 
 Bartragh I., Mayo D 1 
 
 Bartramstown Ho., Meath F 3 
 
 Bartraw, Mayo B 2 
 
 Baskin Ho., V>'est Meath B 3 
 
 Batterstown and Sla., Meath E 4 
 
 Battle Bridge, Roscommon E 1 
 
 Battlefield Ho., Sligo F 8 
 
 Battleford Eri.. Armagh B 2 
 
 BattlemouLl Ho., Kiidare B 3 
 
 Baunboy, Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Baunmore, Galway F 3 
 
 Baunmore Ho., Kilkenny A 2 
 Baunreagbcong Mt., Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Baunskeha, Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Bauntia, Galway G 3 
 
 Baunyknav, Galway F 3 
 
 Bauraneag, Limerick C 2 
 
 Baurearagh R., Kerry D 3 
 
 Eaurscoob, Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Baurlregaum, Kerry C 2 
 
 Bauteogue R., Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Bawn, King's Co. G 2 
 
 Bawn Hill, Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Bawn Ho., Longford C 2 
 
 BawnL, Monaghai^C 3 
 
 Bawnboy and Ha, Cavan D 2 
 
 BawndufT, Kerry B 3 
 
 BawndufiR., Mayo B 1 
 
 Bawnmore Ho., Wexford A 3 
 
 Bawnrush, Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Bayswell Ho., Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Baytown Park, Meatn E 4 
 
 Bayview, Waterford C 4 
 
 Beaconstown, Kiidare B 4 
 
 Beagh, Galway E 2 
 
 Beagh Cas., Limerick D 2 
 
 Beagh L., Donegal D 2 
 
 Beagh R., Galway E 3 
 
 Beaemore I,., Longford C 1 
 
 Beakstown Colt, Tipperary C 3 
 
 Beal Pt., Kerry D 1 
 
 Bealaclugga, Clare F 1 
 
 Eealaha, Clare C 3 
 
 Bealanabrack R., Galway C 2 
 
 Bealanageary, Cork D 3 
 
 Bealin, West Meath B 8 
 
 Bealock, Cork D 3 
 
 Beanfield Ho., Wexford C 1 
 
 Bear Barony, Cork B 3 
 
 Bear Haven and L, Cork B 4 
 
 Beardiville, Antrim B 1 
 
 BearforesE Ho., Cork F 2 
 
 Bearhaven Copper Mines, Cork A 4 
 
 Bearstown, Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Beau Ho., Dublin F 2 
 
 Beaufort Ho., Kerry D 2 
 
 Beaulien Ho., Louth C 8 
 
 Beaupark Sta., Meath E 2 
 
 Becklield Ho., Queens Co. B 3 
 Bective Sia., Bri., and Ho., Meath D 3 
 
 Bedford Ho., Kerry D 1 
 
 Beechabbey, Roscommon E 2 
 
 Beech Grove, Kiidare C 1 
 
 Beech G^ Monaghan C 2 
 
 Beech 1ml Ho., ' Armagh B 3 
 
 Beech Mount, Wicklow D 3 
 
 Beechmount, Limerick D 2 
 
 Beechmount, Wicklow B 4 
 
 Beechmount Ho., Tipperary D 3 
 
 Beechpark Ho., Clare F 3 
 
 Beechwood, Roscommon E 4 
 
 Beechwood, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Beechwood Ho., Dublin F 8 
 
 Beehive, Cavan G 8 
 
 Beennaman, Kerry B 2 
 
 Beenoskee, Kerry B 2 
 
 Beesbrack, Monaghan B 2 
 
 Eeg L., Kiidare B 2 
 
 Beg Lough, Jx>ndonderry G 4 
 
 Beggars End, Kiidare D 2 
 
 Bcgnagh Bri., Longford B 2 
 
 Begrath, Louth B 8 
 
 Behagh, ,- Chare F 1 
 
 Beehamore Ha, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Echauagh, Limerick H 4 
 
 Beilanodc, Monaghan B 2 
 
 Bckali, Mayo E 2 
 
 Belalt, Donegal D 4 
 Bclaii Ho., Lo., and Colt., Kiidare B 4 
 
 Belcamp Park, Dublin E 4 
 
 Bclcoo, Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Bclderg Harb., Mayo C 1 
 
 Bcleckand Su., Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Bclccynamore Mtn., Tyrone G 2 
 
 Belfast, Antrim F 6 
 
 Belfast Lough, Antrim G 4 
 
 Helfast Lower Barony, Antrim F 4 
 
 Belfast Upi>cr Barony, Antrim E 6 
 
 Eclfrim Cas., Tyrone E 2 
 
 1-iclgard Cas., Dublin C 5 
 
 Belgoolyj Cork F 8 
 
 Uciri,-\vel and L,, Lcilrim B 2 
 
 IkliRoy Lower, Donegal C 2 
 
 Bella, Roscommon C 2 
 
 Bcllacorick Br., Mayo C 1 
 
 Bvlhirrafihcr Bay, Mayo U 2 
 
 Belladrihid, 
 Bellaheady Bri., 
 Bellahy, 
 Bellahy, 
 Bellair Ho., 
 Bellamont Ho., 
 Bellanacargy, 
 Bellanagare, 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 Cavan D 2 
 Mayo E 2 
 Sligo D 4 
 King's Co. B 1 
 Cavan G 2 
 Cavan F 2 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Bellanamallard & Sta., Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Belianamean R., Sligo C 3 
 
 Bellananagh, Cavan E 3 
 
 Bellantra Bn., Leitrim C 3 
 
 Bellamsh Br., Sligo F 3 
 
 Bellanascarrtjw, Sligo F 3 
 
 Eellanavoran Br., Meath D 1 
 Beliarena and Sta., Londonderry D 2 
 
 Bellatrain, Monaghan C 3 
 
 Bellaugh, Roscommon E 6 
 
 Bellavally Gap, Cavan C 2 
 
 Eellavary, Mayo D 2 
 
 Bellebrook, Kiidare E 1 
 
 Belleek, Armagh D 3 
 
 Belleek, Donegal C 4 
 
 Belleek Ab. and Oa., Mayo D 1 
 
 Eellefield, King's Co. C 4 
 
 Belle Grove, Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Belleisle, Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Belle Isle, Donegal C 4 
 
 Belle Isle, Tipperary B 1 
 
 Belleville, ■ Galway E 2 
 
 Belle Vue, Monaghan D 4 
 
 Eellevue, Waterford B 3 
 
 Bellevue, Wexford C 3 
 
 Bellevue, Wicklow E 2 
 
 Bellevue Ha, Tipperary A 1 
 
 Bellevue Ho., Wicklow D 3 
 
 Bellgrove Ho., Roscommon D 4 
 
 Bellgrove Ho,, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Belha, Clare B 2 
 
 Belline Ha, Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Bellisland L., Galway E 2 
 
 Bellisle, Down C 3 
 
 Bellmount, King's Co. C 2 
 
 Bellmount, Queen's Co. C 4 
 
 Bellmount, West Meath D 3 
 
 Bellmount, Wicklow B 4 
 
 Bellmount Ho., West Meath D 2 
 
 Bellmullet, Mayo A 1 
 
 Bcllpark Ho., Wicklow E 3 
 
 Bellurgan Sta., Louth C 1 
 
 Bellview, Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Bellville, Limerick D 3 
 
 BellvUle Park» ^ Waterford C 3 
 
 Behnont, 8 Down D 2 
 
 Belmont, ^ Galway E 2 
 
 Belmont Ha, Wexford C 8 
 
 Belmore Mtn., Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Belmount Ha, Carlow B 2 
 
 Belmount Ho., Wicklow E 2 
 
 Belraugh, Londonderry E 2 
 
 Belshade L., Donegal C 3 
 
 Beltany Lower, Donegal C 2 
 
 Beltoy, Antrun G 4 
 
 Beltra L., Mayo C 2 
 
 Beltrim Cas., Tyrone E 2 
 
 Belturbet, Cavan E 2 
 
 Belvidere, West Meath D S 
 
 Bclvidere Ha, Cork G 2 
 
 Belview, Armagh C 2 
 
 Belview, Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Belview, Galway G 8 
 
 Belview, Louth C 3 
 
 Belview, Meath B 2 
 
 Belview Ho.-, Kiidare A 3 
 
 Belview Ho., Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Belview Ho., King's Co. E 1 
 
 Belville, Mayo C 1 
 
 Belville, WeSl Mcath B 3 
 
 Belvoir, Down D 2 
 
 Belvoir Ho., Clare H 3 
 
 Belvue, Wesl Mealh F 2 
 
 Bonody Glen, Londonderry D 3 
 
 Benagh Lo., Down B 4 
 
 Benaftit, West Mealh D 3 
 
 Benbaun, Galway B 2 
 
 Benbo, Leitrim B 2 
 
 Bcnbrack, Cavan B 2 
 
 Eenbradagh, Londonderry D 3 
 
 Eenbulbin, Sligo F 1 
 
 Benburb, ^ Tyrone H 4 , 
 
 Bencor, - Galway B 2. | 
 
 Ben Crcggan, V Mayo B 8 
 Bencroy, '- Leitrim D 3 
 
 Benduff, Tipperary C 2 
 
 Bcnettstown Ho;, Wexford D 4 
 
 Bengorc Hd., Antrim C 1 
 
 Bengorm, Mayo B 2 
 
 Bcngorm, Mayo B S 
 
 Bcnhc.id, • Mealh G 3 
 Ben Howlh, ^ 
 Benison L. 
 
 Dublin G 4 
 West Mcath E 2 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Eenmorc Mt. and Hd., 
 
 licnmorc or Fair Hd., Antrim E 1 
 
 Ben Ncagh Ho., Antrim D 6 
 
 Bcnnekcrr^ Lo. and Ha, Carlow B 2 
 
 Henoetubridgc, Kilkenny C t
 
 BKNSAW. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BULBDI. 
 
 Ben raw, 
 Ucntly Co«t., 
 Uenvardin Ho., 
 
 Down C < 
 
 'Blackrock, 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Boleylhomas, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Bridge End, 
 
 Antrim E 6 
 
 Wexford D 8 
 
 Blackrock, 
 
 Down G 2 
 
 Bolcyvogue, 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Bridge End, 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Blackrock Ho., 
 
 Antrim B 1 
 
 Bolie. 
 BoliebauQ, 
 
 l/)ngford D 2 
 
 Bridge Hill, 
 
 Tyr<me C 3 
 
 Benville Ho., 
 
 Wexford C i 
 
 Black Rock Ll Ho., 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Leitrim C 1 
 
 Bridgefoot Ho., 
 
 DubUn E 1 
 
 Benwee Geevraun Pt., 
 
 Mayo C I 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 Wcxfotxl D 5 
 
 Boliska L., 
 Bolisland Ho., 
 
 Galway D 8 
 
 Bridget L., 
 
 Clara I 2 
 
 BcDwee Hd., 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Black Rock Mtn., 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Bridgetown, 
 
 Ctaie I 8 
 
 BcDwee, or Kilcummir 
 
 Hd., Mayo D 1 
 
 Black Rocks, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Bolton Mill, 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Bridge Town, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Beragh and Sta., 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 
 Blacksod Bay, 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Boltown Ho., 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Bridgetown, 
 
 Dmegal E 2 
 
 Berkeley Forest Ho., 
 Bernard Cas., 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Blackstairs MouotD., 
 
 Carlow C 8 
 
 Bolus Hd., 
 
 Kerry A 3 
 
 Bridgetown, 
 
 Leitnm B 1 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Blackstoops Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 BoQcbrook, 
 
 Cavan C 2 
 
 Bridge Town, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Berry B., 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Black water, 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Bondville, 
 
 Armagh A 3 
 
 Bridgetown, 
 
 Wexford C t 
 
 Bert Ho., 
 Bertraghboy Bay, 
 
 Kildare A 8 
 
 Black Water, 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Bond Br., 
 Bonabrocka Ho., 
 
 Krldare B 2 
 
 Bridgeview, 
 
 Armagh D 8 
 Dubfin F 3 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Black Water, 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Brier Hall, 
 
 Besborough Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 El.ack Water, 
 BlackwaterVil., 
 
 Tyrone C 8 
 
 Bonet R., 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Briggs, The, 
 Bright, 
 
 Down F 1 
 
 Bes.sborough, 
 
 Clare D i 
 
 Wexford D 8 
 
 Bonoetstown Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Bess Brook and Sta., 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Blackwater Bri., 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Boolavonteen, 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Brinny River, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Bess Grove, 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 Blackwater Bri., 
 Blackwater Haroonr, 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Booltecns, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Briskill, Lower and Upper, Longford C 2 
 
 Bessfon, 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Wexford E 8 
 
 Boolyglass, 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Brittas, 
 
 Dubhn B 6 
 
 Bessmount Park, 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Cavan C 2 
 
 Boom Hall, 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Brittas, 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Bessy Bdl, 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 Boor R., 
 
 Brittas, 
 
 Betaghstown, 
 
 Blackwater R., source 
 
 of Cork D 3 
 of, Waterford B 3 
 
 Boora L. and Riv., 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Brittas Riv., 
 
 Wicklow C 1 
 
 BetaghstowD Xx). and Sta., Meath G 2 
 
 Blackwater R., mouth 
 
 Booterstown, 
 
 Dublin E 5 
 
 Brittas Bay and Br., 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Betaghstown Cross Rd»., Kildare C 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Borleagh Ho,, 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Brittas Cas., 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Bcttyfield, 
 
 Rosconimon D 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Boro Bri., 
 
 Wcrford B 8 
 
 Brittas Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Bctlyfield Ho., 
 
 Carlow C 1 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 BoroR., 
 
 # Wexford C 8 
 
 Brittas L., 
 
 Betty Ville, 
 
 Limerick G 8 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Borodale. 
 Borohill Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Broadford, 
 
 Clare I 3 
 
 Bettyville, - 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Leitrim E 8 
 
 Wexford B 8 
 
 Broadford, 
 
 Kildare. B 1 
 
 BcltyviHe Ho., 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Borris, Ho., and Sta., 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Broadford, 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Beybeg Ho., 
 
 Meath G 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Borris in Ossory, 
 
 Queen's Ca B 8 
 
 Broad Haven, 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Beymore Ho., 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Borrismore Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Broad Lou^;h, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Big Collm, 
 
 Antripi E 4 
 
 Blackwater R., 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Borrisnoc Mt., 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Broad Meadow Water, 
 
 Dublin D 8 
 
 BigR.. 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Blackwatertown, 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Borrisokane, 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Broadstone Sta., 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Bilberry Hill, 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Blackwell Lo., 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Borrisoleigh, 
 
 Tipperary B 8 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Broadway, 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Bilberry R., 
 
 Longford B S 
 
 Blackwood and Cas., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Borrmouijt Mt., 
 
 Brockagb, 
 Brockaghboy, 
 
 MayoC 2 
 
 Bilboa, 
 
 Carlow A 2 
 
 Blackwood Pt., 
 
 Longford A 8 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Clare G 1 
 
 Londonderry E 8 
 
 Bilboa R., 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Blairs Cove, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Boston,-^ 
 
 Galway F 8 
 Cork F 2 
 
 BrockerMt., 
 
 TjTone C 4 
 
 BillisBri., 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Blakcstown Ho., 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Bottlehill, 
 
 Brockley Park, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 BUly, 
 Binbeg, 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 Blakestown Cross Rd» 
 
 Lonth A 3 
 
 Eouga^h L., 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Brodagh Ho., 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Cavan C 1 
 
 Blanchartistown, 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 Bou^hil, 
 
 Brogeen River, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Binevenagh, 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Blanchville Ho., 
 
 KHkenny D 3 
 
 Boultypatrickv 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Broher, 
 
 Sligo D 4 
 
 Bingham Cas., 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Blandsfort Bf>., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 8 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Bovagh Ho., 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Brominagh Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 Fermanagh F 8 
 
 Binghamstown, 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Elaney Bay, 
 
 Boveagh and R. , 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Brookeborough, 
 
 Binroe Cas., 
 Birchfield Ho., 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Blarney, 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Bovedy, 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Brookfield Ho., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Blasket Is., Great, 
 Bleach HUl, 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Boviel, 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Brook Hall, 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 
 BiichCdd Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 BowdstownHo., 
 
 Brook HiU, 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Birchgrove Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Bleach River, 
 
 Clare I 1 
 
 Bo wry, 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 BrookhillHo., 
 
 Antrim E 6 
 
 Bildhlll, , 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Annagh D 1 
 
 Bleakfield Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Boycetown R., 
 
 Meath D 8 
 
 Brookhill Ho., 
 
 KHkenny E 8 
 
 Bird Is., 
 
 Bleanoran, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Eoyds Bri., 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 BrookhUl Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Bird's Rock, 
 Birdstown Ho., 
 
 "Sligo E 2 
 
 Bleantasour, 
 
 Wateribrd D 2 
 
 Boyds Mt., 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Brookhill Ha, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Blenheim, 
 Blennerville, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Boylagh Barony, 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Brook Lawn, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Bireencorragh, 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Boyle Barony and R., 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Brook Lawn, 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Birraore I., 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Blessingboume CoU., 
 
 Tyrone E 4 
 
 Boyle Town and Sta., 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Brooklawn, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Birr or Parsonstowa, 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Blessington, 
 
 Wicklow B 1 
 
 Boyne R. and Ho., 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Brook Lo., 
 
 Birr View, 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Blind Harbour, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Boyne Riv., mouth of, 
 
 Louth C 8 
 
 Brook La, 
 
 Limerick D 8 
 
 Bishops Court, 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Blind Harb., 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Boyne Hill Ho., 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Brooklodge, 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Bishopscourt Ho., 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Block Ho. Is., 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Brabaron Park, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Brookly Ho., 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Bishop's Hall, 
 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Bloody Foreland, 
 
 Donegal B 2 
 
 Brackbaun Bri., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 BrookviUe, 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Bishops I., 
 
 Qare B 3 
 
 Bloomfield, 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Brackenagh Hall, 
 
 Down D 5 
 
 Erookville Ho., 
 
 Bishops Palace, 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Bloorafield, 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Brackenstown Ho., 
 
 ^ Dublin D 8 
 ■▼ Kerry C 2 
 
 Brookville Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Bishopstown Cas., 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Bloomfield, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 BrackhiU, 
 
 Broomfield, 
 
 Monaghan D 8 
 
 Bishops Village, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Bloomfield Ha, 
 
 Myo D 2 
 Queen's Cfo. D 2 
 
 Brackbgh, 
 
 Cavan E 4 
 
 Broomfield Ho., 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Black Ball Hd., 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Bloomfield Ho., 
 
 Bracklagh, 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Broomfield Ho., 
 
 Dublin F 3 
 
 Black liri.. 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Bloomfield Ho.. ^ 
 
 Sligo P 2 
 
 Brackley Lough and Lo.. Cavai C 2 
 
 Broomfield Ho.. 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Black Bull, 
 
 Bluebell Ho.. 
 Blue Stack Mts., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Bracklin Ho., 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Broomfield Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Black Bush, The, 
 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Donegal C J3 
 
 Bracknagh, 
 Bradan L., 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 Tyrone C 3 
 
 Broomfield Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Black Cas., 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Blunden Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Broomvilie Ho., 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Black Castle, 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Bo Lough, 
 
 Sligo G 3 
 
 Brade Ho., 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Brosna, 
 
 ' Kerry E 2 
 
 Blackcaslle Ho., 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Boa Is., 
 
 Fermanagh C 1 
 
 Bradoge R., 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Brosna, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Blackford Br^ " 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 BoakefieM, 
 
 Kildare C 8 
 
 Braganstown, 
 BrafdR., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Brosna R., 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Blackford Br., 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Board mills, 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Brosna R., 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Blackford Br., 
 
 Roscommon A 3 
 
 Bobs Groves 
 
 Cavan F 4 
 
 Bralieve Mts,, 
 
 Sligo G 3 
 
 Broughal Cas., 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 "Tyrone F 2 
 
 Black Fort, 
 Blackfort Ho., 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Eobsville, 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Bran L., 
 
 Leitrim C 4 
 
 BroughdergR., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Bodaun, 
 BodergL., 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Branchfield, 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Broughillstown Ho., 
 
 Cariow C i 
 
 Blackball, 
 
 Roscommon F 2 
 
 Brandon Hd. acd Ploint, Kerry B 2 
 
 Broughshane, 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 Black Hall, 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Bodyke, 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Brandon and Bay, 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Brow Head, 
 
 Corit B 4 
 
 Black Hall, 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 Bofin L., 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Brandondale Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny E 3 
 
 Browasbam Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D B 
 
 Blackball Cas., 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Bofin L., 
 
 Roscommon F 2 
 
 Brandrum Ho., 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Browncshill Ho., 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Black Hd., 
 
 Antrim H 4 
 
 Bog L., 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Brannock I., 
 
 Galway B 3 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Brown Flesk, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Black Head and Bay, 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Bog of the Ring, 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Brawny Barony, 
 Bray Head, 
 
 Brownhall, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Blackheath Ho., 
 
 Loodonderry E 2 
 Fermanagh C 1 
 
 Boggan, 
 
 Roscommon F 5 
 
 Kerry A 3 
 
 Brown Hill, 
 Brownlow Ho., 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Armagh £ 2 
 
 Black Hill, 
 
 Boggauns, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Bray Head, 
 
 Wicklow E 1 
 
 Black Is., 
 BiSck Knob, ' 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Boggeragh Mounts., 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Bray Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Brown Park, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Waterford H 3 
 
 Boharboy, 
 
 Louth D 1 
 
 Bray and Sta., 
 
 Wicklow E 1 
 
 Browns B., 
 
 Antrim G 3 
 
 Black Lion, 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 Bohateh, 
 
 Galway F 4 
 
 Bray, Little, 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Erow'Ds Bay, 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Blacklion, 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 Bohaim, 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Bray Mount, 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Browns Mills, 
 Brownscross Ho., 
 
 Corii F 8 
 
 Black Lion, 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Boher, 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Breaghwy Lo., 
 Breakey L., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Black L., 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Boheraphuca, 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Meath C 1 
 
 Brownsford Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Black L., 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Boherboy, 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Breandnun Bri., 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Brownstown, 
 
 aigo B 2 
 
 Black Mt., 
 
 Antrim E 5 
 
 Boher boy. 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Bree, 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Brownstown Hd., 
 
 Waterford G S 
 
 Black Mm., 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Boherboy, 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Breechhill Ho., 
 Breedoge and R., 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Brownstown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C S 
 
 Blackpool, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Boherdutr, 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Brownstown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C « 
 
 Black Quarter Ho., 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Bohereen, 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Ereen Ho., 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Brownstown Ho., 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Blackrath, Ho., and Cos., Kildare C 3 | 
 
 Bohergoy Ho., ,' 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Breensford R., 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Brownstown Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Black R., The, 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 Boherlahan, 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Brees, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Bruce Hall, 
 
 Cavan D S 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Bohermeen, 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Bresk L., 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Bruce's Cas., Rathlin 1 
 
 £., Antrim £ 1 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Eohernabreena, 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Brewershill Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Bruff, 
 
 Limerick F 8 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Kildare A 2 
 
 Pohernacross, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Brianstown Ho., 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Eruree, Sta., and Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Boherquill, 
 
 West Meath D I 
 
 Brick R., 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Brusna R., 
 Er\'ansfora, 
 
 Sligo B 3 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Bohill Ho., 
 
 Antrim E 5 
 
 Bricketsiown Ha, 
 
 Wexford E 3 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Bohola, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Brickey R., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Euckfield, 
 
 Roscommon C 4 
 
 Black Riv., 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Bohullion, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Bridebridge, 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Euckna, 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 West Mcaih C 2 
 
 Bola L., 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Bride River, 
 
 Cork E 8 
 
 Buckoogh, . 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Black R., 
 
 Boley Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Bride R., 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Buckroney Ho.^ 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Black Rbck. 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Eoley Cross Rds., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Brides Head, 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Buffy L., t 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Boleybeg Bri., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Brideswell, 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Butbaun, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 6 
 
 Wexford D 6 
 
 Boleybeg Ho.^ 
 
 Kildare D 3 
 
 Bridetree Well, 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 Bulbin, 
 
 Donegal E 2
 
 EHLaiDsir. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 OASTLEOBAOH. 
 
 Fiii.^aden 
 
 ta'.l Pc, ' 
 
 B-jil Wall (Breakwater), 
 
 EuJlabu R., 
 
 EaKann, 
 
 Bullock Har., 
 
 Bulls Hd., 
 
 Bull's Ring, The, 
 
 BuIIyglass, 
 
 BuUys Comer, 
 
 Buliath, 
 
 Bunaninver, 
 
 Bunatrahir Bay, 
 
 Bunaw, 
 
 Bunbeg, 
 
 Bt:Qbrosna, 
 
 Huncraggy Ho., 
 
 Buncrana, 
 
 Buncrowey R., 
 
 Bundoran and Sta., 
 
 Bandoran Juac, 
 
 Bwidorragha, 
 
 Eunduff Br., 
 
 Bucerky L., 
 
 Bunglass, 
 
 Bunlacken, 
 
 Bun'i:'//?,., 
 
 H'-r _:.v, 
 
 li.:. ::'ir. Pt., 
 
 ;;u= .r>.;;on tnd Bay. 
 
 Buonagee, 
 
 BunnahonoX., 
 
 Bunnafaow L. and Ho., 
 
 Bucnanaddan., 
 
 Bunnanilra, North & South, 
 
 Buimoe B., 
 
 Bunny h., 
 
 BuDoke R., 
 
 Bunowen B. and O13;, 
 
 Bunov/en R., 
 
 Bunowen R., 
 
 Bunratty, East and West. 
 
 Bunralty Lower, Barony, 
 
 Bunratty Upper, Barony, 
 
 Bunratty River, 
 
 Bunree, 
 
 Burgage Ho., 
 
 Burgagemoyle Cott., 
 
 Burial !., 
 
 ourke's Is., 
 
 Burkestown Cross Rds., 
 
 Burke ViUe, 
 
 Burley Bri., 
 
 Bumbrook. 
 
 Burochurcn, 
 
 Bumcourt and Riv., 
 
 Bumf cot, 
 
 Bumham, 
 
 BumtoUet Rivt., 
 
 Bun-en and BaroD;, 
 
 Burren Riv., 
 
 Burrishoole, 
 
 Burrisho-jlc Barer. '. 
 
 Bnrsk L., 
 
 Burton Hall, 
 
 Curtown Cross R'Ji 
 
 Bush R., 
 
 Eush Sta., 
 
 Busherstown Ho., 
 
 E'jsherstown Ho., 
 
 BushScld, 
 
 Eushfield, 
 
 BusMicld, 
 
 Busafield, 
 
 Bushlield Ho., 
 
 Eu.=ihmHl5, 
 
 Bushvilte, 
 
 Bushy Park, 
 
 Bushy Park, 
 
 Bushypark Ho., 
 
 Bushypark Ho., 
 
 Bushypark Ho., 
 
 Butlers Bri., 
 
 But!ert,town, 
 
 Euilcr&toT/Q Cas. 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 .\ntrira D 1 
 Dublin F 4 
 Donegal D 3 
 r.alway F 3 
 Dublin F 
 Kerry B 
 :Cild.Tre B 
 Mayo D 
 Carlow D 
 Meath C 
 Donegal C 
 Mayo C 
 Kerry C 
 Donegal C 
 West ;.!eath D 2 
 Clare F 8 
 Donegal E 2 
 Sligo C 2 
 Donegal C 4 
 T>Tone C 4 
 Iilayo B 3 
 Leitrmi A 1 
 
 Cavan C 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Queen's Co. C 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Longford D 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Waterfcrd E 
 
 Donegal F 
 
 Fermanagh C _ 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 , . Sligo B 2 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Clare G 1 
 
 Limeiick C 3 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 Siigo B 3 
 
 Carlow A 2 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Louth A 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Tipperary B 
 Dc 
 
 'onegal E 
 Kerry B _ 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Clare F 1 
 Carlow B 
 Mayo C 
 Mayo B 
 Monaghan D 
 Kildare B 
 Kildare B 
 Antrim B 
 Louth C 
 Carlow C 
 King's Co. C 
 Kildare B 
 Mayo D 
 Mayo D 8 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Kildare B 2 
 Antrim C 1 
 Wexford D 4 
 Dublin D 6 
 Wicklow E 1 
 . Clare F 2 
 Limerick D 1 
 Roscommon D 4 
 Cavan E 2 
 Cork E 4 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Bdtlcrstown Cas. & Ho., Waterford F 
 
 Butter Mt., Wicklow C 
 
 Butter Water. Armagh C 8 
 
 Buttermilk Bri., Armaih D 2 
 
 Buttevantand Sta., Cork F 2 
 
 Bwcene Crois Roads, Cork E 2 
 
 ByersConier, Annagh B 2 
 
 Byrnes Hill, Quetn'i Co. B 8 
 
 Cab'nlecly, 
 
 Cabra Colt, and Coi., 
 
 Cahragh, 
 
 Cabra/h, 
 
 Cabra^b, 
 
 C«br»([h Cna., 
 
 Cahragh Ho., 
 
 Cabra([h Ho., 
 
 Cabraghkecl, 
 
 • 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Cavan I 8 
 
 Loodonderry E 4 
 
 Mcatii C 2 
 
 SUgo G 8 
 
 Tlpperary C 8 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 SUgo B 2 
 
 i.;d Ho, 
 
 Cabr/, 
 
 Cad::mstown, 
 
 Cadamstcu-n, 
 
 Cagosh, 
 
 Caha Mountains, 
 
 CahaR., 
 
 Caheer L., 
 
 Caheny, 
 
 Caher, 
 
 Caher, 
 
 Caher and Sta., 
 
 Caher Br., 
 
 Caher Hill, 
 
 Caher Is., 
 
 Caher R., 
 
 Caher R. and ih 
 
 Caherass Court 
 
 Caherbamagh, 
 
 Caherbamairh, 
 
 Caherconliih, 
 
 Caherdaaiel, 
 
 Caherdugga.. Ho., 
 
 Caherelly Cs-j. and Cc.l, 
 
 Caherline Ho., 
 
 Cahermacun Ch., 
 
 Cahermore, 
 
 Cahennoyle Ho., 
 
 Cahennurphy, 
 
 Cahemacapols Ho., 
 
 Cahemahallia R., 
 
 Cahemallia R., 
 
 Cahemarry Ho.| 
 
 Caherrush Pt., 
 
 Cahersiveen, 
 
 Cahir, 
 
 Cahiracon Ho., 
 
 Cahircalla Ho., 
 
 Cahirconree, 
 
 Cahore Ho. and Pt., 
 
 Caldragh, 
 
 Caledooand Ho., 
 
 Calf Is., 
 
 Calf, The, Dursey Hd., 
 
 Calla Mountains, 
 
 Callan and Larony, 
 
 Callan R., 
 
 Callenberg Ho., 
 
 Callies R., 
 
 Calloughs L., 
 
 Callow, 
 
 Callura^h, 
 
 CalmuUin Ho.. 
 
 Cabacleha Bri., 
 
 Calroostown, 
 
 Caltra, 
 
 Caltragh, 
 
 Caltragh, 
 
 Caltragh, 
 
 Caltragh Cas., 
 
 Calverstown and Ho., 
 
 CamL., 
 
 Cam Lo., 
 
 Camagh Bri. , 
 
 Camagh L., 
 
 Camaross Mt., 
 
 Camas Ho., 
 
 Camas Ho., 
 
 Camas Ho., 
 
 Camcor R., 
 
 Cameron Is., 
 
 Camla Ho., 
 
 Camlin, 
 
 Camlin Gap, 
 
 Camlin R., 
 
 Camlough and Ml 
 
 Camoge Riv,, 
 
 Camofin and Sia., 
 
 Camolin Park Ho. 
 
 Camowen R., 
 
 Camp, 
 
 Camphire Ho., 
 
 Camport Bay, 
 
 Campscy, 
 
 Campsey Ho., 
 
 Camross, 
 
 Cams Bf., 
 
 Camus B., 
 
 Camus Ho., 
 
 Canal Harbour, 
 
 Canbo L., 
 
 Canglass Pt., 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 King's Co. E 3 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Iy:>ndonderry F 3 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 Roscommon B 8 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 ^ Mayo A 2 
 
 Limerick B 4 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 , Limerick E 2 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 LimericK G 2 
 
 Kerry B 
 
 Cangort, Lo., and Park, King's Co. C 
 CanncrstowD Cas., West Meaih B 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Clare F 4 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Tyrone 4 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Kerry C S 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Monaghan E 4 
 
 Lei trim F 4 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Louth C 8 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Ro'scommon E 5 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Roscommon F 4 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Kildare C 8 
 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 West Meaih D 1 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Tipperary C S 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Annagh D 8 
 
 Limenck F 2 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Tyrone F 8 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Waterford B 8 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 SUgo F 8 
 
 Galway C 8 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Kerry B 8 
 
 • " "4 
 
 Cannon Isle, 
 CannonstowQ Ho., 
 Canon Is., 
 Canpilo, 
 Capard Ho.. 
 Capard, RidKC of. 
 Capel I 
 Cttpcldale, 
 Capira, 
 
 CappncorcogOi 
 Cappagh, 
 Cappagh, 
 Cappagh« 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Clare F 8 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 auccn's Co. C 2 
 
 uecn's Co. C 2 
 
 Cork H 8 
 
 Down E fl 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Gftlway D 2 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Cappagh, Galway G 8 
 
 Cappagh, Kildare B 2 
 
 Cappagh Bum, Tyrone E 2 
 
 Cappagh Ch., Tyrone E 8 
 
 Cappagh Copper Mioe, Cork C 4 
 
 Cappagh Ho., Carlow C 2 
 
 Cappagh Ho., Kildare C 1 
 
 Cappagh Ho., Limerick D 2 
 
 Cappagh Ho., Waterford C 3 
 
 Cappagh Mt., Tyrone G 3 
 
 Cappagh White, Tipperary B 3 
 
 CappaghabauQMl., Clare I 2 
 
 Cappaghmore, Galway E 3 
 
 Cappaghmore, Roscommon F 5 
 
 Cappagowlan, King's Co. E 2 
 
 Cappaharoe, Tipperary A 3 
 
 Cappalough Ho., Queen's Co. C 1 
 
 Cappalusk, Galway F 2 
 
 Cappamcre, ^^^7 ^ ^ 
 
 Cappamore, Limerick G 2 
 
 Cappamurragh, Tipperary C 3 
 
 Cappanaloha, Cork C 4 
 
 Cappanihane Ho., Limerick E 3 
 
 Cappard Ho., Galway E 3 
 
 Cappateemore, Clare H 3 
 
 Cappeen, Cork E 8 
 
 Cappenagh Ho., Carlow C 2 
 
 Cappoge, Dublin D 4 
 
 Cappoquin and Ho., Waterford B 8 
 
 Cappy Ho., Fermanagh E 8 
 
 Capragh, Monaghan D 4 
 
 Caragh Br. and Lough, Kerry C 2 
 
 Caragh R., Kerry C 3 
 
 Caran More, Roscommon D 3 
 Carbery East, E. Division, Barony, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 Carbery East, W. Division 
 
 Carbery I., 
 
 Carbery West, E. Divi; 
 
 Barony, 
 
 Cork D 3 
 Cork B 4 
 Earony, 
 Cork D 4 
 Carbery West, W. Division, Barony, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 Carbury and Barony, 
 Car bury Barony, 
 
 Carbury Sweep, 
 
 Cardington Ho., 
 
 Cardtown Ho., 
 
 Carey R^ 
 
 Cargm Ho., 
 
 Cargin L., 
 
 Cark, 
 
 Carlanstown, 
 
 Carlingford, 
 
 Carlingford Lough and Mt, 
 
 Carlisle Fort, 
 
 CarloDstown Cas., 
 
 Carlow and Sta. 
 
 Carlow Barony & Barracks, 
 
 Carlton Ho., 
 
 Carlust L.. 
 
 Cam, 
 
 Carh, 
 
 Cam Clonhugn, 
 
 Cam Hill, 
 
 Carnhill, 
 
 Cam Ho., 
 
 Cam L., 
 
 Cama Ho., 
 
 Caraacross, 
 
 Camagh Ho., 
 
 Camagh Ho. and Mil) 
 
 Camantel, 
 
 Camanelly, 
 
 Carnareagh Ft., 
 
 Camaveagh Ho., 
 
 Cam bane, 
 
 Cambane ilo-, 
 
 Camcasth, 
 
 Camcast!? Lo., 
 
 Caracoag!', 
 
 Camconrick, 
 
 Camdonr.~h, 
 
 Camcw, 
 
 Camew E;., 
 
 Carney, 
 
 Carney Cr;., 
 
 Cam ken ny, 
 
 Camlough, 
 
 Carnlough I^., 
 
 Cammccn Kj., 
 
 Carnmoney, 
 
 Carnmore, 
 
 Cam Park, 
 
 Cams, 
 
 Camsoie Pt., 
 
 Camtcel, 
 
 Ountogher, 
 
 Carra Barony, 
 
 Carrabaun, 
 
 Carrachor How, 
 
 Canun L., 
 
 Carranmore, 
 
 C-xmintuobill, 
 
 Carraun, 
 
 Carrick, 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Sligo E 1 
 
 Kildare B I 
 
 Kildare A 8 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Roscommon D 8 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 West M^th E 1 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Annagh D 8 
 
 Londonderry E 8 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Wexford A 8 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Louth D 1 
 
 Tyrone G 2 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Doxvn C 3 
 
 Antrim F 8 
 
 Antrim G 8 
 
 Antrim D 8 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Down C 8 
 
 Sligo E 1 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 op. 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 Antrim E 3 
 Antrim F 3 
 Down B 4 
 Antrim F 4 
 Fermanagh G 8 
 WestMc-iih B 8 
 Sligo C 8 
 Wexford D 
 Tyrone G 
 Londonderry E 
 Mayo D 
 Galway D 
 Monaghan B 
 Ftrmanaph D 2 
 Antrim E 1 
 Kerry C 8 
 Sligo B 8 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Carrick, 
 
 Carrick, 
 Carrick Cas., 
 Carrick Ho., t 
 
 Carrick Ho., 
 Carrick Ho., 
 Carrick L., 
 Garrickacottia, 
 Carrie kanama, ,. 
 
 Can ic kaneane, 
 Canickanna, 
 Carrickaport L., 
 Carrick -a -raide I., 
 Carrickart, 
 Carrickbeg, 
 Canickbein, 
 Carrick Blacker, 
 Carrick borrahane Ho., 
 Carrickboy, 
 Canickbroad Ho., 
 Carrickbyrne Hill, 
 Canickbyme Z^., 
 Carrickdale Pt., 
 Carrickduff. 
 Carrickedmond Ho., 
 Carrickfergus Bar. and 
 Carrickfergus Junction, 
 Canickhugh Sta,, 
 Carrickma,cross, 
 Carrie kmines, 
 Carrickmore, 
 Carrie knac I eara, 
 Canick -on- Shannon, 
 Carrick-oQ-Suir, 
 Canickshock, 
 Carrick Water, 
 Gary Barony, 
 Carrig, 
 Carrig, 
 Carrig, 
 Carrig Hill, 
 Canig I., 
 Carrig Lo., 
 Carrigacunna Cas., 
 Carrigadda Bay. 
 Carrigadoqn Hill, 
 Carrigafoyre Cas., 
 Orrigagulla Ho., 
 Carrigaholt, 
 Carrigaline, 
 Carrigallen, 
 Carrigaloe, 
 Carrigan Hd., 
 Carrigane, 
 Carrigans and Sta., 
 Carrigbeg Ho., 
 Canigboy, 
 Carrigeen, 
 Canigeen Ho., 
 Canigeenagappul, 
 Canigeencor L., 
 Carrigecnina, 
 Canigeen nave a:' !i, 
 Carrigerry H*" . 
 Canig hahorig, 
 Canighallen Barony, 
 Canigillihy, 
 Caniglead .'-X)ck, 
 Canignavar, 
 Canigogunnel Cas., 
 Canigoran Ho., 
 Canigtohiil, 
 Canigtuke, 
 C^nigulliaii L., 
 Canive, 
 Carolls Hill. 
 Canon Mtn., 
 Canoon, 
 Canow. 
 Canowbeg, 
 Carrowdorc and Cas., 
 Carrowpar Lo., 
 Carrowilkin, 
 Carrowkec Hill, 
 CorrowkccL 
 CajTOwkcribly L., 
 Canowlaur, 
 Canowmcnn,-':, 
 Cane wm ore, 
 Canowmorc, 
 Carrowmore Ho., 
 Canowmore L., 
 Canowmorc L., 
 Canowmorc Pt., 
 Canow morris, 
 Canownabanny L,, 
 Carrownisky R., 
 Canowrcagh, 
 CanowTtagh, Up, & Lr. 
 Canow roe, 
 Carrowroe, 
 Carrowilkin, 
 Carrs Hri., 
 Carry duff, 
 Car.sons Dam R., 
 Castlcrcagh Barony, 
 
 Londonderry O 'i 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Queen's Co. B 8 
 WeJi Meath D 8 
 
 West Meath E 1 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Ldtrun B 2 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 Waterford E 3 
 
 Leitrim C 8 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Donegal D S 
 
 Waterford E 1 
 
 Wexford A 8 
 
 Armagh D 'J 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 .Armagh D 4 
 
 We.vford B 8 
 
 Wcvford B S 
 
 SUgo C 1 
 
 Carlow C 3 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Tn., Antrim G 4 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Dublin E e 
 
 TjTone F 3 
 
 Clare C S 
 
 Leitrim G * 
 
 Tipperary E i 
 Kilkenny C i 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Cork F i 
 
 Tipperary C 1 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Tipperary E 4 
 
 Kerry D I 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Donegal A 4 
 
 C»rk G 2 
 
 Donegal E 8 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Galway E 3 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Leitrim B 3 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Cork 6 4 
 
 Cariow B 3 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Limerick E i 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Down E 8 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 King's Co. D 8 
 
 Limerick F 4 
 
 Galway P 8 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Donegal F 8 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Care D 2 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 .'.)igo F a 
 
 Dcni-gal F 8 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Roscommon F 2 
 
 LondonJerry E 8 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Mayo D S 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Mayo 1) I 
 
 Mayo 1) 2 
 
 Clare C 8 
 
 Sliuo D 2 
 
 SliiO D 3 
 
 M.-.vo U 2 
 
 Sligo V 2 
 
 . Roscommon D t> 
 
 Oalw.-iy D 8 
 
 R-^!.common E 4 
 
 SliiW D 8 
 
 rormanngh F. 8 
 
 Down 1) J 
 
 Down 1". 8 
 
 r,o..commoo D 1
 
 OARSTOWN. 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 t 
 CLONCUMBEB. • 1 
 
 C:irstown, 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Castlemorris, 
 
 K;:l:cnny C 4 
 
 Charleville Ho., 
 
 W.n Meath C 8 
 
 Clay Lake, 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Ctrtanstown L., 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Castlenancy, 
 
 lialway F 3 
 
 Charleville Ho., 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 CIcady, , 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Carton, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Castlcpark Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Charleville June , 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Cleanagh, 
 Clear, Cape, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Cartown JIa» 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Castlep.ark Ho., 
 
 Tip'.tcrary B 3 
 
 Checker Hall, 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Cartron, 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Castlcplunkct, 
 
 B.os^iiiimon D 3 
 
 Checkpoint, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Clear I., 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Cartron, 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 CastlcpoUard, 
 
 V.'est .Meath E 1 
 
 Chceverstov/n Cas., 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Clear View Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Cartron Ho.j 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Castlequin, 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Cherry Green, 
 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 Cleggan B., 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Cashcen ii:iy. 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Castlerahan Barony, 
 
 Cavan G 8 
 
 Chcrryfield, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Cleggan Lo. and R., 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 r.iOicI, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Castlcrea, 
 
 Lciigford C 8 
 
 CherrymiUs Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Clemofflts Town, 
 
 Cavan G 2 
 
 Ca-.hel, 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Castlercagh, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Chcrrymounl, 
 
 Armagh E 2 
 
 Clermont, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Cashcl, 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Castlcreagh, Town, 
 
 Bar., and Sta., 
 
 Chcrryniount, 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Clermont, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Cashcl, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Cherrymount Ho., 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Clermont Cam, 
 
 Louth C I 
 
 Cashel and Sta., 
 
 Tipperarj- C 3 
 
 Castlereagh, Lower 
 
 *aroriy, Down E 2 
 
 Cherry Vale, 
 
 Mon.^ghan D 3 
 
 Clew Bay, 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Cashcl Lo. , 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 C.astlereagh, Upper Barony, Down D 3 
 
 Cherryville Ho., 
 
 Queens Co. F 3 
 
 Clifden, 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Cashel Loughs, 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Castlcrickard, 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Chlmneyparks, 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Clifden Cas., 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Cashel Upper, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Castleroberts, 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Chimney Rock, 
 
 Down D 6 
 
 Clifden Ho., 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Cashen R., 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Castleroe Ho., 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Chinauley, 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Clifton, 
 
 <jalway F 2 
 
 Cashia Bay, 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 Castleroe Ho. & Cro 
 
 ss Rds., Kildare B 4 
 
 Christhianstown He, 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Clifton Ho., 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Cashlievc Ho., 
 
 Ro.common B 3 
 
 C.asclerogy, 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Christianstown Ho., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Clifton Ho., 
 
 Meath C 8 
 
 Cassagh. 
 Cassaugn Moune, 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Castlemddery Ho 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Church Bay, 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Clifton Lo., 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 ^?onaghan C 1 
 
 Castlesampson, 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Churchboro, 
 
 Rc:;common E 4 
 
 aiir Lo., 
 
 Wa-.erford G 3 
 
 Castle Archdall, 
 
 Ftrmanagh D 2 
 
 Caslleshane and Ho. 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Churc'h Hill, 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Cliffony, 
 
 Sligo F 1 
 
 Castle Blunden, 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 F<LT(nanagh C 2 
 
 Castlesize, 
 
 Isildare D 2 
 
 Church Hill, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Clifford Ha, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Oistle Caldwell, 
 
 Castlestrange, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Church Hill; 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Cllffort, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Castle Cambio, 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Castle Tenison, 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 Church Hill, 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Clinoe Cott., 
 Clobemon Hall, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Castle Gary, 
 
 Castletimon Ford, 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Church Is., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Castle Cauldfield, 
 
 Tyrone G 3 
 
 Castleton Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Church Is. (L. Owcl), 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Clodiagh R., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Castle Chichester, 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Church L., 
 
 Leitrim E 8 
 
 Clodiagh R., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 1 
 
 Castle Comfort, 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 .ChurchMt.,orSl!cveG.lt;oe, Wicklow B 2 
 
 Clodiagh R., 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Castle Cotby, 
 
 Cavan E S 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Church Village, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Clodiagh R., 
 Clody R., 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Castle Daly, 
 
 West Meath B 8 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Queens Co. C 3 
 
 Church Town, 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Castle Dargan Ho., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Cloganodfoy Cas., 
 
 Limerick G 4 
 
 Castle Dawson, 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Lor.gford B 2 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Clogga, 
 
 Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Castle Farm, 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 Limerick C 8 
 
 Clogh, 
 
 KUkenny C 1 
 
 Castle Fogarty, 
 
 Tiiperary C 3 
 
 Castletov/n, 
 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 Clogh, 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Castle Forbes, 
 
 Lo.agford B 2 
 
 Castletown, 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Clogh and R., 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Castle Freke, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Castletown and Sta., 
 
 West Meath C 8 
 
 Churchtown, 
 
 We.xford A 6 
 
 'Cltigh Mills, 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 CasUe Garde, . 
 
 LL-nerick H 2 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Chtnx:htown Ho., 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Clogh R., 
 
 Kilkenny D 1 
 
 Castle Garden IIo., 
 
 Kings Co. C 2 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Churchview Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Cloghage Brook, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Castle Gray, 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 CinquefoiL 
 
 Clabby, 
 
 Cladagh R. and Bri., 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Cloghagh R., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Castle Haven, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Fei-managh F 2 
 
 Cloghan, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Castle Howard, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Cloghan, 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Castle Hume, 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 CladaghorSwanlinbarR., Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Cloghan and Hill, 
 
 Kings Co. C 2 
 
 Castle L, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Castletown Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Ckiddagh Cas., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Cloghan Cas., 
 
 King's Co. B 8 
 
 Castle L, 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Castletown R., 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Clady, 
 
 Tyrone C 2 
 
 Cloghan Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C S 
 
 Castle Jevcrs, 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Castletownarra Ch., 
 
 Tipperai-v A 2 
 
 Qady and Water, 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Cloghane, 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 LimericK F 4 
 
 Castle Leslie, 
 
 Castletown Bearhaven, Cork B 4 
 
 Clady R., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Cloghanodfoy Cas., 
 
 Castle Lloyd, 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Castletown Conyers, 
 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 Claggan, 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Cloghans, 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 Fermanagn D 8 
 
 Castle Lodge, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Castletown oc he. 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Claggan, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Ooghany, 
 Cloghanuik, 
 
 Castle L., 
 
 Cavan H 8 
 
 Castletownsend, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Clammers Pt., 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 Castle Nogent, 
 
 l/ongford D 2 
 
 Castle VieWj 
 Castleview Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 8 
 
 Claoabogan, 
 
 Tyrone D 3 
 
 Clogharinka Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Castle Oliver, 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Oanawley Barony, 
 Qanboy Bri., 
 Clandeboye Sta., 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Cloghastucan, 
 
 Antrim F 2 
 
 Castle Otway, 
 
 "'•"^(SSll 
 
 Castle WaUer 
 Caslleward Ho., 
 Castlewarden Ho., 
 
 Tipperary A 8 
 
 Longford D 2 
 Down E 2 
 
 Cloghaun, 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Castle Park, 
 
 Down F 8 
 
 Cloghaun, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Castk R., 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Clandonagh Barony, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Cloghaun L., 
 
 Clare D 8 
 
 Castle Rock Sta., 
 
 Londonderry E 1 
 
 Castla Warren, 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Clane Barony and Village7 KiWare C 2 
 
 Cloghboy, 
 
 Donegal B 8 
 
 Castle Saunderson, 
 
 Cavan K 2 
 
 Castlewarren, 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Clane Br., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Cloghbrack, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Castlebar and L., 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Castlewellan, 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Clangibbon & Condons Barony, Cork G 2 
 
 Cloghchumel Lower, 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Castlebellingham and S 
 
 ta., Louth B 2 
 
 Castlewellan, Cas , a 
 
 nd L., Down D 4 
 
 Clanhugh Lo. and Sta. 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 aoghchumel Upper, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 CastVeblalceoey, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Castle Willington, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Clankee Barony, 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Cloghcorr, 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 CastleblajTW and Sta. 
 Castleboro Ho. and Cas 
 
 Wexfonl B 3 
 
 Castlewood Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Claakelly Barony, 
 
 Fermanagh G 8 
 
 Cloghdonncll, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 ., Wexford B 3 
 
 Castle Wray, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Claamahon Barony, 
 
 Cavan E 8 
 
 Clogheen, 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Castleboy, 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Catherine L., 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 CUninaurice Barony, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Castlebndge; - 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Catherines Bay, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Clanmorris Barony, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Castlecald well Sta., 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Cat Cross Rds., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Oansast, 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Louth C 8 
 
 CastkcaulfieKi, 
 
 Tyrone G 8 
 
 Catstown, 
 
 ililkenny C 4 
 Meath C 8 
 
 ClaowiUiam Barony, 
 
 Limerkk F 2 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Castkcomer and Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 Limerick G 1 
 
 Causetown Ho., 
 
 Clanwilliam Barony 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Castle<»ooeU and Sta., 
 
 'Causeway, 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 
 Clara, 
 
 King's Co. E 1 
 
 Clogher, 
 
 Sligo F 4 
 
 CastlecoQor, 
 
 Castlecoo Hill, 
 
 Sligo B 3 
 
 Causeway Hd., 
 
 Antrim B 1 
 
 aaraBrL, 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Clogher and Barony, 
 
 Tyrone E 4 
 
 Louth C 8 
 
 Causeway W., 
 
 Down C 5 
 
 Clara Cas., 
 
 KUkenny D 2 
 Armagn D 3 
 
 Clogher Hd., 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 Louth C 8 
 
 Castlecoo«e, 
 
 Roscommon C 4 
 
 Cavan, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Clare, 
 
 Clogher Hd., 
 
 Castleeor, 
 
 Meath A 2 
 
 Cavan, Sta., and Colleee, Cavan E 8 
 
 Oare, 
 
 Qare G 3 
 
 Clogher Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Castlecot Ho. , 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Cavan JuncL, 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Clare, 
 
 Down B 8 
 
 Clogher R., 
 
 Castlecorc Ho. . 
 
 Longford C 3 
 et.Queen^sCo. B 2 
 
 Cavanagrow Ho. . 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Clare or Claremoins, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Clogher R., 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Ct -tlecufleCas ilaml 
 
 CaveHIU, 
 
 Antnm F 5 
 
 Clare Barony, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 aoghemagh Br., 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Caitlederg, 
 
 Tyrone C 2 
 
 Cave of DutHDOrc, 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Clare Is., 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 aoghemy, 
 Clc«hfin R., 
 
 TjTonc E 8 
 
 CastleclennOt. 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Cavetown and L., 
 
 Roscoaimon D 3 
 
 Clare Mount, 
 
 Meath G 3 
 
 TjTone E 8 
 
 Castledockreii, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Cecil Ho., 
 
 T>Tone F 4 
 
 QareR., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Cloghjordan, 
 Cloghleafin, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Cork F 2 
 
 CastledoDOvan ..'r., 
 
 Cork D 8 
 
 Cecilstown, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Clare R., 
 
 Tipperary A 3 
 
 Castlefield He, 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Celbridge, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Oaroen, 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Cloghmore and S'..-.., 
 
 Galway C 8 
 
 Castlefinn, 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Chaffpool Ho., 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Clareen, 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Cloghran, 
 
 Dublin E 8 
 
 Castlefore, 
 
 Leltrim D S 
 
 Chanter Hill, 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Claregalway, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Cloghroe R., 
 Cloghy and Bay, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Ca.stlegaddery, 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Chapel Is., 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Claregalway R., 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Down G 8 
 
 Castlegannon, 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Chapel Vil. and Sta. 
 
 W exfbrd B 8 
 
 Claremount Ho., 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Clogrenan Ho., 
 Clohamon antl K. , 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Caslfcgar, 
 
 Galway O 2 
 
 Chapeiizod, 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 Claremount Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D B 
 
 V/exford C 2 
 
 Castlegrcgory, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Chaperizod Ho... 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Clare Park, 
 Claret Rock Ho., 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Qomoney Bri., 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 CastlegTOgan Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Chapelmidway, 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Clonabream, 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 CasUehiU Ho., 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Chapeltown, 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Claretuam, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 Limerick A 2 
 
 Clonacody Ha, 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Castleisland, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 Meath B 4 
 
 Chapeltown, 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Clare View, 
 
 Cloiiad Wood, 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Castlejordan Bri., 
 
 Chapeltown, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Clareville Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Qonagh, 
 
 Kings Co. E 8 
 
 Castlekevin, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Charlemonl, 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 ClareviUe Ho.. 
 
 Clare V 1 
 
 Cionakilty and Br.--. 
 
 CorkE 4 
 
 Cistlckirk, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Chariesfort, 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Clarina, 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Clonallan Ch., 
 Clonamully Ho., 
 
 Down B 6 
 
 CastleV.nock and r~rony, Dublin C 4 
 
 Charlesfort, 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Clarinbridge, 
 ClarkvilleHo., 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Castlelackan, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Chariesfort Ha, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Clonard, 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Castlelake, 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Charles Town, 
 
 Tyrone G 2 
 
 Clannallagh Barony, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 8 
 
 Clonard, Grt. and Ml. 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Castlelake Ho., 
 
 Oare H 3 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 Armagh D 1 
 
 Clashavocn, 
 
 Cork E S 
 
 Clonaslee, 
 
 Queen's Ca B 2 
 
 Castleloogfa, 
 
 Upperary A 2 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Qashawley R., 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Clonatin Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Castlelyons, 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Oashmore, 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 donbeale Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 Galway F 2 
 
 CasllemagaiTet To., 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 Leitnm C 4 
 
 Clashnabrock, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Clonbrock and R., 
 
 C^tlemattle and Harb. 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Charlestown Ha, 
 
 Clashymore Harb., 
 
 SHgo D 1 
 Galway F 2 
 
 donbuBoge, 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Castlcoiartin, 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Charlestown Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Classaghroe, 
 Classylatin Harb., 
 aaudy. 
 
 Clonburren Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Castlemartyr, 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Charleville, 
 
 Cork E 1 
 
 .SKbo P 1 
 
 Ooncameel Ha, 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 CastlemartyT Ho., 
 CastlemitchcUHo., 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Charleville, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 LondondeiTy C 3 
 
 Clonclooey Ho., 
 Cloncoskoran Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Charieville Cas., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Claudy and R., 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Castletnor*, 
 
 Mayo F 2 
 
 Charleville Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Claureen R., 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Ooncourse Bri., 
 
 Queen's Ca C 2 
 
 Ca.;lVmore Ho. and M 
 
 oal, Carlow C 2 
 
 Charleville Mo., 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 Clawinch, 
 
 
 Cloncnmber La, 
 
 Kildare B %
 
 diONCDBBT. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 OOBRA. 
 
 Qoncunyj 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Clooncallow Ho., 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Condons and Clangibbon Bar., Cork G 2 
 
 Coolrus Ho., 
 
 Limerick B It 
 
 CloniJaead, 
 Clondaikin, 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Clooncoe L., 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Cones, The, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Coolticormac, 
 
 Cork E »% 
 
 Dublin C 5 
 
 Clooncogaile, 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Coney Island, 
 
 Armagh C 1 
 
 Coolum Lo., 
 
 Waterford G t . 
 
 Clondaw, 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Clooncoorha, 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 Coney Island*. 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Coolure, 
 Coolvally, 
 
 West Meath D I, 
 
 Clonderalaw Barony, 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Clooncoose, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Coney Island, 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Weiford B Jf 
 
 Clonderalaw Ho. and Bey, Clare E 4 
 
 Clooncoran Ha, 
 
 Roscommon D 5 
 
 Coneyburrow Bri., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Coolyermer L., 
 
 Fermanagh D Sf 
 
 Oondervis, 
 
 Meath A 2 
 
 Clooncorick Cas. , 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Coneyglen B., 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Coolyhane, 
 
 Carlow B t 
 
 Clondrohid Rect., 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Clooncose L., 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Confey, 
 
 Kildare E 1 
 
 Coolykeerane, 
 
 Cork D % 
 
 Clone Ho., 
 
 Knkenny B 2 
 
 ClooncraflF, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Cong, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Coomacarrea, 
 
 Kerry C 8 
 
 Clonea, 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Clooncullaan L., 
 
 Roscommon E 8 
 
 Conlawn H., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Coomasaham, 
 
 Kerry C « 
 Kerry B 8 
 CorkC 8 
 
 Oonea C.vi., 
 
 Watenord D 3 
 
 Cloondara^ 
 Cioondarah, 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Conlig 
 Conn Lough, 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Coomcalec, 
 
 Clonea Cas., 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Coomhola River, 
 
 Oonearl Ho., 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Clooneand R., 
 
 Leitrim B 4 
 
 Connaj 
 Connabury Ho., 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Coomnahincha and Harb.. Kerry B 8| 
 
 Clones, 
 
 Mealh F 4 
 
 Cloonee, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Coonagh, 
 
 Umerick E 8 
 
 Cloneen Ho,, 
 
 Tipperary D i 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 ClooneeCotl., 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Connamara, 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Coonagh Barony, 
 
 Limerick H t 
 
 Clonegall, 
 
 Cloonee Loughs, 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Connello, Lower Bar.; 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Coonana, 
 
 Kerrv A 8 
 Fermanagh G 8 
 
 Clonegath Ho., 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Clooneen, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Connello, Upper Bar., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Cooneen and C. Water 
 
 Oonelly Ho., 
 
 Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Clooneen Beg, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Connonagh, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Coonen Hill, 
 
 Meath G 8 
 
 Clonervy, 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Clooneen Ha, 
 
 Kings Co. C 3 
 
 Connons Bri., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Coonlanagh, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 1 
 
 Clones and Sta., 
 
 Monaghan A 2 
 
 Clooneen R., 
 
 Sligo E 8 
 
 Connor, 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Coonogue, 
 
 Carlow C 8 
 
 Cloney Bri., 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Clooneenagh Ha, 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 Conogher Bri., 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Cooper Hill, 
 
 Queen's Co. F » 
 
 Oonfeade, 
 Clonfert Palace, 
 
 T>Tone H 4 
 
 Clooney Ho., 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Conor's Is., 
 
 Sligo E 1 
 
 CooperhiU Ho., 
 
 Limerick £ 8 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Clooney L., 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Cons Town, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Cooperhill Ho., 
 
 Sligo F > 
 
 CloDganny Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Cloonfad Ho., 
 
 Rosconmion E 2 
 
 Convamore, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Cooralacare and Riv., 
 
 Cbire D « 
 
 Clongarret, 
 
 King's Co. H .2 
 
 Cloonfaris, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Convent Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Coosan Lough, 
 
 West Meath A 8 
 
 Clongeen, 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Cloonfin L. and Ho., 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Convoy, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Cootehall, 
 
 Roscommon E 8 
 
 Clongorey Bawn, 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Cloonfinlougli Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Conway L., 
 
 Leitrim C 8 
 
 CootehiU and Sta., 
 
 Cava?) O S 
 
 Clongoweswood College 
 Clonkeen, 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Cloonfree L., 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Cooanmore Bay, 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Cooter L., 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Cloonfirsh, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Cooksborough Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Copeland Island, 
 
 Down G 1 
 
 Clonkerdm Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Cloongowla, 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Cookstown, 
 
 SUgo B 2 
 
 Coppanagh Gap, 
 
 Kilkenny D 8 
 
 Clonlea L., 
 
 Clare H S 
 
 Cloonmgan, 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Cookstown, 
 
 Tyrone H 8 
 
 Coppenagh Caa., 
 Copperalley, 
 
 Carlow C 8 
 
 Clonlisk Barony, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 West Meath B 8 
 
 Cloonkea, 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Cookstown Ho., 
 
 Lonth A 2 
 
 West Meath G 8 
 
 Oonlonan Barony, 
 
 Cloonkecn, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Cookstown Tunc, 
 Cookstown R., 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Coppony L., 
 Copse Ha, 
 
 Ca»an F 8 
 
 Clonlost Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Cloonkeen, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Clonlyon, 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Cloonker, 
 
 Longford C 8 
 Claie I 3 
 
 CoolaCotL and Bri., 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Coragh L., 
 
 Cavan O 8 
 
 Clonmackcn Ho., 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Cloonlai^ 
 
 Coobdangan Ho., 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Coragh L., 
 
 Mtmaghan B 3 
 
 Clonmacnoke, 
 
 King's Co. B 2 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Coolagarybeg, 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Corballis, ' 
 
 Meath O 2 
 
 Clonmacnowen Barony 
 
 CI oonmore. 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Coolagh, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Corballis Ho., 
 
 Dublin D 8 
 
 Oonmaitt, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Cloonmore Ha, 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Coolaghllags, 
 Coolalough Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 8 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Corballis Ha, 
 
 Dublin F 8 
 
 CloDmannan Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Cloon^hierce, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Corbally, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Oonmaskiil, 
 Clonmeen Ho., 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Cloonshannagh Ho., 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Coolalugand Bri., 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Corbally, 
 
 Roscommon D 8 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Cloonmskert, 
 
 Roscommon F 3 
 
 Coolamber, 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 CorbaUy Ha, 
 
 Galway E 1 
 
 Oonmel, 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 West Meath F 1 
 
 Cloon ty, 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 Coolamoney, 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Corbally Ho., 
 
 Queen's Ca E t 
 
 Clonmeilon, 
 Clonmelsh Ho., 
 
 Cloonty L., 
 
 Sligo F 1 
 
 Coolaney, 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Corbally 1... 
 Corbally Sth., 
 
 Roscommon D t 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Cloonusker, 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Coolattin, 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Sligo B t 
 
 Qonmethan, 
 Oonmines Ho,, 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Cloonyquin Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Coolattin Park, 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Corbalton Hall, 
 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Clopook Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Coolavin and Barony, 
 
 Sligo F 4 
 
 Corbeg Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 8 
 Down B 8 
 
 Don more. 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Cloragh, 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Coolavoher, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Corbet L., 
 
 CJonmore, 
 
 King's Co. H 1 
 
 Clorane Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 8 
 
 Coolavully, 
 
 Antrim F 3 
 
 Corboley, 
 
 G«lway D 8 
 louth B 2 
 
 Clonmore, 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Closet, The, and Riv., 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Coolballintaggart Lo., 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Corbollis Ho., 
 
 Clonmorc, 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Clough, 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Coolbeha Ho., 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Corboy Upper. 
 
 Longford C 8 
 Clare F I 
 
 Oonmore and Cas., 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 Cloughey Bum, 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Coolbawn Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Corcomroe Abney, 
 
 Oonmore Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Cloughjordan, 
 
 King's Co. B 4 
 
 Coolbawo Ho. and CotL. Wexford B 8 1 
 
 Corcomroe BartMiy, 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Clonmoyle He, 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Clover Hill, 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Coolboy, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Corcrain Ho., 
 
 Armagh D 8 
 
 Clonmullen, 
 
 Carlow C S 
 
 Clover Hill, 
 
 Leitrim E 8 
 
 Coolboy and Ho., 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Corcreeghagh, 
 
 Louth A 8 
 
 Oonmass B., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Clover Hill, 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Coolcarrigan Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Corderry Ho., 
 Cordoo L., 
 
 Louth A 1 
 
 Oonmult, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 CloverhUl, 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Coolcashin Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Monaghan 8 
 ]>itrim E 8 
 
 Oonoe, 
 
 Tyrone H 3 
 
 CloverhiU, 
 
 RoGCgmmon D 4 
 
 Coolcliffe Ha, 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Corduflf, 
 
 Clonogan Ho. and Ca.«. 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 CloverhUl Ho., 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Coolcor Ha, 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Corduff Ha, 
 
 Dublin E J 
 
 Clonougb R., 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Cloyne, 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Coolcull Ho., 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Cordufif Ho., 
 
 Kildare C S 
 
 Oononv, 
 Clonoulty, 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Cluid, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 CoolcuUen R., 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Corfad, 
 Corfin L., 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Cluster, The, 
 CjydagL 
 
 Armagh C 8 
 
 Coolderry Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 8 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Clonown, 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Coolderry Ha, 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Corglass L., 
 
 Cavan 8 
 
 Clonreher Cas., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Clydagh, 
 
 Roscommon A 3 
 
 Cooldorragha, 
 
 Corglass L., 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Clonrochc, 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Clydagh R., 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Coole, 
 
 Galway E 3 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Corgrave, 
 
 King's Co. C 8 
 
 Clonrush, 
 
 Galway F 4 
 
 Clydagh R., 
 
 Kerry E 8 
 
 Coole, 
 
 Corick Ml, 
 
 Londonderry E 8 
 
 Clonsast, 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Clydagh R., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Coole Barony, 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Corickmore, 
 
 Tyrone E 8 
 
 Gonshavoy, 
 Clonshire Riv. and Ho. 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Clynaoartan, 
 
 Kerry A 3 
 Cork E 8 
 
 Coole Cas., 
 
 Cork and Barony, 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Coachford, 
 
 Coole Cas. and L., 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Cork Abbey, 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 ClonsiUa, 
 
 Dublin B 4 
 
 Coagh, 
 
 Tyrone I 3 
 
 Coole Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Cork Harbour, 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Clonswords Ho., 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Coagh L., 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Cooleen, 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Corkagh Ho., 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Clontarf, 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Coal Ch., 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Cooleen Ho., 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Corkflguiiry Barony, 
 Corkaree Barony, 
 
 Kerry B 8 
 West Mtath D 2 
 
 Clontoe, 
 Clonty L., 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Coal Island, 
 Coalbrook Ho., 
 
 Tyrone H 3 
 
 Coolestown Barony, 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Cooley Pt., 
 
 Louth D 2 
 
 Corkeen Is., 
 
 Tipperary A X 
 
 Donegal B 8, 
 
 Sligo D 8 
 
 Clontylew Ho., 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Coaville Ha, 
 
 icing's Co. G 1 
 
 Coolfin Ho., 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Corker R., 
 
 ClonuflFBri., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Cobourg Lo., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Coolfitch, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 CorkhiH Ha, 
 
 Clonvaraghan Mt., 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Cock Brook, 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Coolgreany, 
 Coolhull Cas., 
 Coolin, 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Corkip L., 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Oonygowaii. 
 Clcnyharp Cas., 
 Clonyhuric, 
 
 lUng's Co. G 2 
 Tipperary C 8 
 
 Cock Hill, 
 Cock Ml, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 Down C 4 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Corkley R., 
 Corlat Ho., 
 
 Armagh C t 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 King's Co. G 8 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Cods Hd., 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Coolishal Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Coriea, 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Clonyo He, 
 
 Coggrey Ha, 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Coolkenna Street, 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Corliss L., 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Cloon L., 
 
 Kerry C 8 
 
 CoK'niu, 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Coolkeeragh, 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Corlougharoe, 
 Cormaglava Ho., 
 
 Monaghan B > 
 
 Cloon L., 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Meath B 4 
 
 Coolkirk, 
 
 Longford B t 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 Cloon R., 
 
 Clare E 4 
 
 Colebreene, 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 
 Coolmanagh St., 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 Cormeen Cott., 
 
 Cloonacleigha L., 
 
 Sligo E 8 
 
 Colebrooke and Rir., 
 
 Coolmcen, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Cormey Bri., 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Cloonacolly L., 
 Cloonacoof, 
 Cloonagh Ho., 
 
 Roscommon A 2 
 
 Coleman L., 
 
 Mon.ighan A 8 
 
 Coolmoonaa, 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Cormoy Ho., 
 
 Monaghan E 8 
 
 Sligo D 8 
 
 Colerainc and Barony, 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Coolmore, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Comabrass L., 
 
 Feonanagh F 4 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 Coleraine Ho., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Coolmore, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Comacarta Lough, 
 
 Roscommon E 1 
 
 Goonagh L., 
 
 RoscommontA 8 
 
 Colerainc Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 8 
 
 Coolmore Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Cornadnmg CotL, 
 
 Longford D 1 
 
 Cloonaghlin, 
 
 Corlt'B 4 
 
 Colerainc, N. E. Liberties of. 
 
 Coolmountain Ho., 
 
 Comagillagh, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 
 Cloonaghlm L., 
 Cloonaghmort: R., 
 Cloonahee Ho., 
 
 Kerry C 8 
 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Coolnagour, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Comaglare L., 
 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Colgagh, 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Coolnagour Ha, 
 Coolnanau, 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Comaglea Ho., 
 
 Cavan G t 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Colgagh Ho. and L., 
 Colligan R. and Br.. 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Comagrow L., 
 
 Cavan F 8 
 
 Cloonakillcg, 
 Cloonakiliinn L., 
 
 Roscommon C 4 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Coolnaktsna Br., 
 
 Carlow A 2 
 
 Comaher, 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Mayo F 1 
 
 Collin Top, 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 Coolnnmara Cro.ss Rds. 
 
 Carlow B S 
 
 Cornakill Ho., 
 
 Cavan H 4 
 
 CloonalU Ho., 
 
 Roscommon B 3 
 
 Collinstown, 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Coolnamuck, 
 
 Waterford E 1 
 
 Comamucklagh, 
 
 Galwny G X 
 
 Cloonarl Bri., 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Collinstown Ho., 
 
 Kildare E 1 
 
 Coolnamock Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Comaniucktagh, 
 
 Londonderry F 8 
 
 Cloonbalt Ho., 
 
 Longford C 2 
 ^Icath C 8 
 
 Collon, 
 
 Louth B 8 
 
 Coolamunna Ha, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Comapark, 
 
 Longford D 8 
 Cavan H ( 
 
 Cloonbarry Ho., 
 
 Collooney and Sta., 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Coolnareen, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 8 
 
 Comasaus, 
 
 Ooonbarry Ha, 
 Cloonbo L., 
 
 Sligo C 8 
 
 Collorus, 
 
 Kerry C 8 
 
 Coolna.';itlQgh, 
 
 Londonderry E 8 
 
 Comascrceb Ho., 
 
 Armagh D C 
 
 Leitnm D 4 
 
 Colt I.. 
 Columbkillc CotL, 
 
 Dublin F 1 
 
 Coolnavoe, 
 
 Donegal D 8 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Comashcsk, 
 
 Cavan 4 
 
 Cloonlxjny Ho., 
 
 Longford B 2 
 West Sfcath A 8 
 
 Oare F 1 
 
 Coolock and Barony, 
 
 Comccn.'isa Ho.. 
 
 MoDAghan B X 
 
 Cl-'-fitv-nny Ho., 
 
 Columbkille PL, 
 
 Armagh C 1 
 
 Coolo,-e L., 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Cornfield Ho., 
 
 Mayo D X 
 
 (.1'->ncj!), 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Comber, 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Coolp;irk, 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Coronation Plantation, 
 
 Wicklow C « 
 WeR Meath C 1 
 
 Clooncah, 
 
 Roscommon E 8 
 
 ComeraghMts., Ho., «kL.. Waterford D 2 
 
 Coolrain, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 8 
 
 Corr Ho., 
 
 Clooitcah, 
 
 • 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Conagcr, 
 
 Kildare D 8 
 
 Coolroc ila. 
 
 Kilkenny E 8 
 
 CorroR., 
 
 CUlcI t
 
 OOBBABET.T.ft. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 DABQIiE. 
 
 Coirabella Ho., 
 CoiTabut Gap, 
 Corrachro Ho., 
 Corradoo L,, 
 Corradooey, 
 Corradoon Ho., 
 Corr.idoran, 
 CorraKhbriogc Ho., 
 Corralea, 
 Corralongford L., 
 Corraraore, 
 
 TipperaTy C i 
 
 Carlow C 3 
 
 Fermanagh A 3 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Donegal E 8 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 .Louth A 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Fermanagh G 2 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Corran Barony end L., Sligo E 3 
 
 Con-an Lake, Cork D 4 
 
 Corran R.. Armagh C 8 
 
 Corrandoo, Galway F 2 
 
 Conaricary L., Cavan G 3 
 
 Corruneary Lo., Cavan D S 
 
 Corranroo> Clare G 1 
 
 Corranroo Ho., Galway E 3 
 
 irorratiraore, Leitrim li 2 
 
 CorratinnerL., Cavan G 3 
 
 Jorreen Ho., Roscommon E 6 
 
 Corrib, Lough, GaKvay D 2 
 
 Coirib R., Galway D 8 
 
 Corries Ix). and R., Carlow B 8 
 
 Corrigadrohid, Cork E 3 
 
 Corrinshigo Ho., Cavan I 3 
 
 Corrofin, Clare F 2 
 
 Corrstown Ho., Dublin C 3 
 
 Corry L., Fermanagh G 8 
 
 Corry Lo., Leitnra C 8 
 
 Corrymore Lo., Carlow B 3 
 
 Corsleive, Mayo B I 
 
 Corstown Loughs, Meath E 1 
 
 Gonial L,, Louth A 1 
 
 I Cortiikea, Galway F 1 
 
 Corville, ' Cavan D 2 
 
 Corville Ha, Tipperary C 2 
 
 Corvish, Donegal F 2 
 
 Cosby Castle, Cavan E 3 
 
 Coshlea Barony, Limerick G 3 
 
 Coshma Barony, Limerick F 8 
 Coshmore & Coshbride Barony, 
 
 ^aterford B 3 
 
 Costdlo Barooy, Mayo E 2 
 
 Cot Br., Dublin C 6 
 
 Cottage, Tbe, Kildare D 2 
 
 Cottage Grove, Leitrim B 1 
 
 Coulagb and Bof, Cork A 3 
 
 Coumheg, Tipperary A 2 
 
 Coumduaia L., Waterford D 2 
 
 Coumduff, Kerry B 2 
 
 Coumshincatin L., Waterford D 2 
 
 Country Ho., Carlow B 2 
 
 County Bri., Louth C 1 
 County Bri. aiid-Wti*er, ^ Armagh C 4 
 
 County Water, Monaghan E 3 
 
 Coura L., King's Co. C 2 
 
 Couragh, Cork G 3 
 
 Courceys Barony, Cork F 4 
 
 Coumellan MUJ, Carlow B 3 
 
 Court, The, Kilkenny D S 
 
 Courtaux Cas., Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Courtbaae L., Louth A 1 
 
 Courtmacsherry and Bay, Cork E 4 
 Courtnacuddy Cross Rds., Wexford B 3 
 
 Courtown Ho., Kildare, C 1 
 Courtown Ho. and Hart., Wexford E 2 
 
 Courttown Ho., Kildare A 3 
 
 Cow and CaU, Down E 4 
 
 Cox's Hill, Armagh D 2 
 
 Coy Ford, Kildare C 2 
 
 Crab Island. Clare D 1 
 
 Crab Lane, Wicklow B 4 
 
 Crabtrce R., Kildare B 2 
 
 Craddanstan Ho., West Meath F 2 
 
 Cradockheel Cas„ Clare H 3 
 
 Craigbrien Ha, Clare F 3 
 
 Cragg Ho., Tipperary A 3 
 
 CraghyL., Donegal C 8 
 
 CragleaghHo, Clare F 2 
 
 Craig, Tyrone F 2 
 
 Craig Abbey, Galway F 8 
 
 Craigagh, Londonderry D 3 
 
 Craigavad Sta., Down E 2 
 
 Craigavole, Londonderry E 8 
 
 Craigdarroch Ho., Down E X 
 
 Craigdoo, Down C 4 
 
 Ciaiggore, Londonderry D 2 
 
 Cralgmore, Londonderry E 3 
 
 Craignagappk, Tyrone E 2 
 
 Craignamaddy, Antrim C 1 
 
 Craignamaddy, Tyrone E 2 
 
 Craigs, Donegal E 3 
 
 Ciaigs Ch., Antrim C ? 
 
 Craigywarren, Antrim D 8 
 
 CranaR., Donegal F 2 
 
 Cianagh, The, Londonderry F 2 
 
 Cianagh, Tyrone F 2 
 
 Cranagh Ho., Tipperary C 2 
 
 Cranagher Uc, Clare G 2 
 
 CranagiJL Armagh C 2 
 
 CranaSgi, Longford D 2 
 
 Crancam, Roscommon F 5 
 
 Cranemore Ho., Carlow C 2 
 
 Ctanfield, Antrim C 4 
 
 Cranficld and C. Pt, 
 
 Cranford Bri., 
 
 Cranna Ho., 
 
 Crannagh Barony, 
 
 Crannagh Ho., 
 
 Crannford, 
 
 Cranroe, 
 
 Cratlieve, 
 
 Cratloe Cas., Sta., and Wood, 
 
 Craud, 
 
 Craughwel! and Sta., 
 
 Crawfords Lo., 
 
 Crawfordsbum, 
 
 Crawfordsbum Ho., 
 
 Cra2y Corner, 
 
 Creadan Hd. and Ho. 
 
 Creagh, 
 
 Creagh Castle, 
 
 Creagh Ho., 
 
 Creagh Lo. , 
 
 Cream PL, 
 
 Crebilly Ho., 
 
 Crecharmore, 
 
 Creegh R., 
 
 Creehennan, 
 
 Creemully, 
 
 Creeslough, 
 
 Creeve Ho. and L., 
 
 Creevagh, 
 
 Creevagh Ho., 
 
 Crcvagh Vil. and Hd. 
 
 Crecvaghmore, 
 
 Creevelea .^bbey, 
 
 CreeveSj 
 
 Creevintshaughy la., 
 
 Cree\'y, 
 
 Creevy Ha, 
 
 Creevy L. , 
 
 Creevyqujn, 
 
 Cregadare, 
 
 Cregan, 
 
 S'^Sg, ^ „ 
 
 Cregg and Ho., 
 
 Cregg Castle, 
 
 Cregg Cos. and &., 
 
 Cregg Ho., 
 
 Cregg Pt, 
 
 Cregga Ho., 
 
 Creggan, 
 
 Creggan, 
 
 Creggan, 
 
 Creggan, 
 
 Creggan and R., 
 
 Creggan U, 
 
 Creggan R., 
 
 Creggancon roc, 
 
 Creggane Cas., 
 
 Cr^ggaun, 
 
 Creggs, 
 
 CrMnorgan ^o.. 
 
 Down C S 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Tipperary A 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Roscommon F 
 
 Wexford D 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 Down C 
 
 Clare H 
 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 Meath F 2 
 Galway E 3 
 Tipperary D 2 
 Down E 2 
 Down E 1 
 West Meath F 2 
 Waterford H 2 
 Cork D 4 
 Cork F 2 
 Mayo D 3 
 Roscommon D 6 
 Clare D 2 
 Antrim D 3 
 Roscommon D 5 
 Clare D 3 
 Donegal F 2 
 Roscommon C 4 
 Donegal D 2 
 Monaghan C 3 
 Sligo G 3 
 Londonderry A 3 
 Mayo D 1 
 Longford C 8 
 Leitrim A 2 
 Limerick C 2 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 Mayo C 1 
 Longford E 2 
 Doivn D 3 
 Roecommon E 4 
 Galway E 3 
 Londonderry C 2 
 Clare E 
 Tipperary E 
 Cork G 
 Galway D 
 Sligo E 
 Galway G 
 Roscommon E 
 Donegal E 
 Roscommon F 
 Roscommon F 
 Sligo E 
 Armagh C 
 West Meath A 
 Armagh D 3 
 Tyrone G 3 
 limerick E 3 
 Limerick E 2 
 Galway G 2 
 Qaeeo'sCo. D 3 
 
 Cremome Ho. and Bax., Monaghan C 3 
 
 Crescent Ho-j, 
 
 Crettyard Bo., 
 
 Crew, 
 
 Crew Hin, 
 
 Crew MooOt, 
 
 Crilty Ha, 
 
 Crindle, 
 
 Crbe Cas. 
 
 CrinkiU, 
 
 Croagh, 
 
 Croagh, 
 
 Croagh Patrick, 
 
 Croagh atin Mt., 
 
 Croaghan, 
 
 Croaghan Is., 
 
 Croaghmoyle, 
 
 Croaghnakeela I., 
 
 Croan L., 
 
 Croangar L., 
 
 Croboy L., 
 
 Crockada Bri., 
 
 Crockalough, 
 
 Crockalougha, 
 
 Crockaneel, 
 
 Crockaun, 
 
 Crockawilla, 
 
 Crockberry Hill, 
 
 Crockbane, 
 
 Crockbrack, 
 
 Crockcor, 
 
 Crockets Town, 
 
 Crockroor, 
 
 Croghanand Ha, 
 
 Croghan HUl, 
 
 Croghan Kinsella, 
 
 Crom Cas., 
 
 Cromoge R., 
 
 Cromore, 
 
 Crompaun R., 
 
 Cromwells Hill, 
 
 Cromwellsford Ha, 
 
 Crone, 
 
 Cronelea Ho., 
 
 Cronleagh Ho., 
 
 Cronohill, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 1 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Lcnilonderry D 2 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 Fermanagh B 
 
 Limerick D 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Cavan D 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Mayo D 
 
 Galway A 3 
 
 Roscommon D 5 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Meath B 4 
 
 Femianagh G 3 
 
 Donegal F 1 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Tyrone G 2 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Loiidonderry E 3 
 
 Sligo B 3 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 WicUow D 4 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Londonderry £ 1 
 
 Limerick E 1 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Carlow C 1 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 CorkG 2 
 
 Cronroe Ho., 
 Cronybyme Ho., 
 Cronyhom Ho., 
 Cronykecry, 
 Crooked wood. 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Crookhaven and L. H., Cork B 4 
 
 Crookstown, Cork E 8 
 
 Crookstown Bri., 'Kildare C 3 
 
 CroomaodHo., Limerick E 2 
 
 Crosaghstown, Longford D 2 
 
 Cross, Clare B 4 
 
 Cross, Waterford C 3 
 
 Cross, The, Meath E 3 
 
 Cross L., Mayo A 1 
 
 Cross L., Mayo B 2 
 
 Cross Barry, Cork F 8 
 
 Cross Forts, Cavan F 2 
 
 Cross Guns, Meath D 2 
 
 Cross Hill, Tyrone A 2 
 
 Cross Water, Cavan G 4 
 
 Crossabeg, Wexford C 3 
 
 Crossakeel, Meath B 2 
 
 Crossanavar, Wicklow C 3 
 
 Crossbane L., Armagh B 3 
 
 Crossboyne, Mayo D 2 
 
 Crosscool Harb., Wicklow B 1 
 
 Crossdall L., Armagh A 3 
 
 Crossdoney and Sta., Cavan E 3 
 
 Crossdrum Ho., Meath A 2 
 Crossfamoge or Forkro Pt, Wexford C 4 
 
 Crossfintan Pt., Wexford D' 4 
 
 Crossfood Br., Waterford C 4 
 
 Crossgar, Down E 3 
 
 Crosshaven and Fort, Cork G 8 
 
 Cross Keys, Armagh B 3 
 
 Cross Keys, Cavan F 3 
 
 Crosskeys, Kildare A 3 
 
 Cross Keys, Londonderry F 
 
 Cross Keys, Meath E 3 
 
 Cross Keys, Meath B 2 
 
 Cross Keys, Wicklow A 2 
 
 Crossmaglen, Armagh C 4 
 
 Crossmoluia, Mayo C 1 
 
 Crosspatrick, Wicklow C 4 
 
 Crossroads,, Donegal C 2 
 
 Crossursa, Galway D 2 
 
 Crosswell, Galway F 2 
 Crotanstowa Ho. and Lo., Kildare C 8 
 
 Crotlieve ML, Down B 6 
 
 Crotta Ho., Kerry D 1 
 
 Crotty's U, Waterford D 2 
 
 Crow Hd., Cork A 4 
 
 Crow Hill, Armagh C 2 
 
 Crow R., Donegal B 3 
 
 Crowbally, Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Crowbill Lo., Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Crowmartin Ho., Louth A 2 
 
 Cruagh, Galway A 2 
 
 Cruicetown Ho., Meath C 2 
 
 Cruiserath Ho., Dublin C 3 
 
 Cniit Is., Donegal B 2 
 
 Crumlin, Dublin D 6 
 
 Crumlin and Sta., Antrim D 5 
 
 Crumlin R., Antrim E 6 
 
 Crump I., Galway B 2 
 
 Crumpaun, Galway C 8 
 
 Crumpaun R., Mayo C 2 
 
 Crunaun Br., Roscommon B 2 
 
 Cruninish, Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Crusheen, Clare G 2 
 
 Cuckoo Comer, Carlow C 1 
 
 Cuddagh Glebe, Leitrim B 2 
 
 Cuffsborough Ho., Queen's Co. B 3 
 Cuffsborough Cross Rds., Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Cuffs Town, Sligo B 2 
 
 Cuilcagh, Cavan C 1 
 
 Cuilcagh, Cavan G 8 
 
 Cuilcagh Gap, Fermanagh D 8 
 
 Cuillaghan L., Cavan D 2 
 
 Cuilleenirwan L., Roscommon E 5 
 
 Culbane, Londonderry G 3 
 
 Culcavy, Down C 3 
 
 CuldaffandB., Donegal F 2 
 
 Cullahill, Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Cullahill Cas., Tipperary B 4 
 
 Cullaun, Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Cullaun, Limerick H 2 
 
 Cullaun L., Clare F 2 
 
 Cullaunyheeda L., Clare H 3 
 
 Cullaville, Armagh C 4 
 
 Cullaville Sta., Monaghan E 3 
 
 Culleen, Roscommon E 3 
 
 CuUcen Ha, West Meath D 2 
 
 CuUen, Cork D 2 
 
 Cullen, Tipperarv -A 3 
 
 Cullen Hin, Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Cullen Ho., Meath E 2 
 
 Cullenagh Barony, Queen s Co. U 8 
 Cullenagh HUl & Abbey, Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Cullenagh R. and Bri,, Clare E 2 
 
 Cullenstown and Ho.* Wexford B 3 
 
 Cullentra Ha, Wexford C 3 
 
 Cullies Ila^ Cavan E 2 
 
 Cullin U. Xalkenny D 6 
 
 Cullin L., Mayo D 2 
 
 CuUinane, Antnji E 3 
 
 Cullion, IVrone D 1 
 
 Cullion Bridge, Down B 3 
 
 Cully Water, Armajli D 4 
 
 Cullybackcy and Sta., Anlnm D 4 
 Cullyhanna, R., and L., Armagh C 4 
 
 Culmore, Antrim B S 
 
 Culmorc Pt., Londonderry B 2 
 
 Culnady, Londonderry F 3 
 
 Culnafay Ho., Antrim C 4 
 
 Culray, Longford D 2 
 
 Cultra, Down E 2 
 
 Cumber Br., Down D 3 
 
 Cumber Ho., Londonderry B 8 
 
 Cumber Lower Ch., Londonderry B 3 
 
 Cummccn HoC and Strand, Sligo E 2 
 
 Cummer, Wexford A 8 
 
 Cummcragh, Kerry B 8 
 
 Cummurk R., Donegal C 3 
 
 Cimncl L., Mayo B 2 
 
 Cunningbum, Down F 2 
 
 Curchtown, Wexford D 4 
 
 Curlicu HUU, Sligo F 4 
 
 Curly R., Londonderry D 2 
 
 Curraclo« Ha, Wexford D 8 
 
 Curragh, Down F 8 
 
 Curragh, Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Curragh, Galway E 2 
 
 Curragh, Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Curragh, Wicklow B 4 
 
 Curragh and Bri., Kildare C 2 
 Curragh, The, and Encampment, 
 
 Kildare B 8 
 
 Curragh Chase Ho., Limerick D 2 
 
 Curragha, Meath F 3 
 
 Curraghabecn, Roscommon E 5 
 
 Curraghboy, Roscoinmon E 6 
 
 Curraghclady, Leitrim E 6 
 
 Curraghgorm, Cork G 2 
 
 Curraghgraigne, Wexford B 2 
 
 Curraghmore, Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Curraghmore Ha, Waterford E 2 
 
 Curraghmore Ha, Wexford A 4 
 
 Curraglass, Cork G 2 
 
 Currahen and Sta., Cork F 8 
 
 Curralanty, King's Co. C 8 
 
 Curran, Londonderry F 4 
 
 Curranagh, Galway F 9 
 
 Currane L., Kerry B 3 
 
 Currans, Kerry D 2 
 
 Curraun Peninsula, Mayo B S 
 
 Currenstown Ho., Tipperary C 4 
 
 Currislown Ho., West Meath F J 
 
 Currowbane Ho., Clare G 8 
 
 Curry, Sligo D 8 
 
 Curryard, Sligo F 1 
 
 Curryfree, Londonderry B 3 
 Currygrane Ho. and L., Longford D 2 
 
 Currjquin, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Curve BrL, Kildaro B 2 
 
 Cushalmg Br., *^' ^- i? * 
 
 Cushaling River, Kildare B 2 
 
 Cushendair, Antrim E 2 
 
 Cushendun, Antrim E 2 
 
 Cusher River, Armagh D 2 
 
 Cushina, King's Ca G 2 
 
 Cushina R., Kildare A 2 
 Cushina Rir. and Hd., King's Co. H 2 
 
 Cussao, Killffnny B t 
 
 DaarR., 
 
 Dafiy La, 
 
 Dahybaun L., 
 
 Daisy Hill, 
 
 Dale R., 
 
 Dalgan Ha, 
 
 Dalgan R., 
 
 Dalfa R., 
 
 Dalkey, 
 
 Dalkey I., 
 
 Dalligan R., 
 
 Dallingstowo, 
 
 Dallyhaysy, 
 
 Daly Cas., 
 
 Dalys Bri., 
 
 Dalystown, 
 
 Dalystown Ha, 
 
 Damervrlle, 
 
 Danes Cast, The, 
 
 Danesfield Ho., 
 
 Danesfort, 
 
 Danesfort, 
 
 Danesfort, 
 
 Danesfort Ha, 
 
 Danesfort Ho., 
 
 Danesfort Ho., 
 
 Dangan, 
 
 Dangan Ho., 
 
 Dangansallagh Ho., 
 
 Dangar Ho. and Park. 
 
 Dapbncy Cas., 
 
 Darcy's Str., 
 
 Dardistown, 
 
 Dargle R., 
 
 Limerick C 8 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Dublin F 5 
 
 Dublin G 6 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Galway E S 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Tipperary A 4 
 
 Down A 4 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Roscommon £ 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Queen's Co: B 8 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 King's Ca D 4 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 King's Co. C 1 
 
 Meath G S 
 
 Wicklow E 1
 
 DABKLEY. 
 
 inde: 
 
 DRUUFAD. 
 
 \ 
 
 DarUey and D. Lower, Armagh B 8 
 
 Daroge Ho., l^ngford C 8 
 
 Darragh Ho,, Limerick G 4 
 
 DarraghviUe, Wicklow E 2 
 Dairynane Abbey and Bay, Kerry B 3 
 
 Dart Mt., Tyrone F 2 
 
 Dartfield, Galwav F 8 
 
 Darton, Armagh B 2 
 
 Dartre* Barony, Monagban B 8 
 
 Dartrey Ho., Monaghan B 8 
 
 Dartry Lc, Armagh B 2 
 
 DarrerCas., I-outh B 2 
 
 Dash Bri., Longford C 2 
 
 Daomett Bum, Donegal D 3 
 
 Davidstown, Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Davidstown Ho., Kildare C 4 
 
 Davillaun L, Mayo A 3 
 
 Davillaun More L, Mayo A 1 
 
 Davis, Anmm E 6 
 
 Davistown Ho., King's Co. D 3 
 
 Dawros Hd. and Bay, Donegal B 3 
 
 Dawros R., Galway B 2 
 
 Dawsons Grove, Armagh D 2 
 
 Dead R., Limerick H 2 
 
 Deadmaus HilJ, Armagh C 3 
 
 Deanery, Longford C 2 
 
 Deans Cott, Carlow B 1 
 
 Debsborough Ho., Tipperary B 2 
 Dedes, within Drum Barony, 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 Decies, withoct Dmm Barony, 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Decoy Gr„ Kildare C L 
 
 Decoy Ho,, Wicklow B 2 
 
 Dee R., Louth B 2 
 
 Deece, Lower Harony, Meath D 3 
 
 Deece, Upper Barony, Meath D 4 
 
 Deehommed M[., Down C 4 
 
 Deel R., Limerick D 2 
 
 Deel R., Mayo C 1 
 
 Deele L. and.R., Donegal D 8 
 
 Deelis Bit, Kerry B 3 
 
 Deenis^, Kerry B 3 
 
 Deer Is., Clare F 1 
 
 Deer Park, /irmagh D 8 
 
 Deerpark Ho., Vv'icklow A 8 
 
 Delamone, Down E 8 
 
 Dalrany, V/icklow E 2 
 
 Dellin Ho., Louth B 2 
 
 Delourl^, Quean's Co. B 3 
 
 Delphi, Mayo B 8 
 
 Delvin Barony, West Meath F 2 
 
 Delvin R., Dublin D 1 
 
 Denn, Cavan F 3 
 
 Dennet Bum, Tyrone E 1 
 
 Deputy's Pass, Wicklow E 3 
 
 Derdaoil, Tioperary A 2 
 
 Dereen R., Wicklow B 3 
 
 Derg Lough, Tipperary A 2 
 
 Derg R., Tyrone B 2 
 
 Derg R. and Lough, Donegal D 4 
 
 Denooh I., Sligo E 2 
 
 Dert, Limerick G 2 
 
 Derlangen, Meath C 8 
 
 Dennotsto\vn, Dublin E 1 
 
 Demagrec, Cork D 2 
 
 Demaskcr.gh L., Sligo F 3 
 
 Demish Is., Sligo E 1 
 
 Derragh, Cork D 2 
 
 Derras;h L., Longford E 2 
 
 Demine IIo., Roscommon D 3 
 
 Denaumccn, Sligo D 4 
 
 Derreen, Galway P 2 
 
 Derreen, Roscommon F 5 
 
 Dcrrcen Riv., Wicklow A 4 
 
 Dcrriana L., Kerry C 8 
 
 Denies, The, Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Derrin L., Galway F 2 
 
 Derrin Mt,, Fermanagh C 1 
 
 Dtrrinboy Ho., King's Co. D 8 
 
 Dcriinkee Mayo C 2 
 
 Dcrroon Ho., Sllgo E 8 
 
 Dcrrow, Gfilway G 3 
 
 Derry Cas., Tipperary A 2 
 
 Derry Ho., Cork D 4 
 
 Derry Ho., King's Co. C 8 
 
 Dcrry L., Longford B 8 
 
 Derry Riv., Wicklow B 4 
 
 Dcrry Water, Wicklow C 3 
 
 Dcrryad, Longford B 8 
 
 Derryadd Bny, Armagh D 2 
 
 Denyadd L., Armagh C 2 
 
 Derryard, ClAre C 8 
 
 Derr>bard, Tyrone E 4 
 
 Den-ybawn llo., Wicklow D 8 
 
 Deirybcg, Donegal C 2 
 
 Derrybcg H , Fcrm.-vn.-iRh E 8 
 
 Dtrryboy, Down E 8 
 
 Derryoirac. Leitrim D 4 
 
 Derr>-c.->rran, Armagh C 2 
 
 DerTycn»«ii Ho., Longford D 2 
 
 DmyciMMn U, Oivnn D 2 
 
 DatTycaDfiold, RoKoramon F 8 
 
 DetTyxUre L., Galwny D 2 
 
 Bmryamu, Donegal C 2 
 
 Dmytooly, iCine'i Co. D 2 
 « 10 
 
 DerrycDosh, 
 
 Derrycomb, 
 
 Derry craff, 
 
 Denycree Cott., 
 
 Denydoiragh Ho., 
 
 Derryduff L., 
 
 Denyfalone Ho., 
 
 Derrygonelly, 
 
 Derrygoolin, 
 
 Denygoony L., 
 
 Deny hale, 
 
 Derryhamey, 
 
 Derryharrow, 
 
 Denyhick L., 
 
 Derrykeei Ho., 
 
 Derrykeighar, 
 
 Derrylaar, 
 
 Denylileagh L., 
 
 Denylin, 
 
 Denyluskan Ho., 
 
 Derrymacar L.. 
 
 Denymacash, 
 
 Derrymace^;an, 
 
 DenymanniD L., 
 
 Derrymore, 
 
 Denymore, 
 
 Denymore He , 
 
 Derrymore Ho., 
 
 Denymore He, 
 
 DerrytDore He, 
 
 Denynacarbit L., 
 
 Derrynahinch Ko., 
 
 Denynamehau n , 
 
 Derrynananta L., 
 
 Denynasaggar!. Mts. 
 
 Derrynasaggart Mis, 
 
 Derrynascera Ho., 
 
 Derrynea Lo., 
 
 Derrynoyd I^., 
 
 Denypark, 
 
 Derryquin Ca?. , 
 
 Denryveagb Mts. . 
 
 Dervock, 
 
 Denywaii^ I., 
 
 Desart Cott., 
 
 Descart L., 
 
 Desertcreat, 
 
 I>esertlyD, _ 
 
 Desertmartm, 
 
 Desertoghiil, 
 
 Devenian, " 
 
 DevHsbit Mt., 
 
 Dewls Glen, 
 
 Devlin R., 
 
 Devlin R., 
 
 Devlins R., 
 
 Devon Cott., 
 
 Diamond, 
 
 Diamond, Tlie, 
 
 Diamond Hill, 
 
 Diamond Hill, 
 
 Diamond Hill, 
 
 Diffagher R., 
 
 Diffreen R., 
 
 Digby's Br., 
 
 Dillagh U, 
 
 Dillon, Cas., Lo., and Ho. 
 
 Dillonsto'.vn Cross, 
 
 Dingle, Harb., and Bay, 
 
 Dinm R., 
 
 Dinin Riv., 
 
 Dirk Bay, 
 
 Divna L., 
 
 D'Loughtane Ho., 
 
 Doagh, 
 
 Doagh, 
 
 Doagh Beg, 
 
 Doagh I., 
 
 Dobbs, 
 
 Dodard Cas., 
 
 Dodder R.. 
 
 Dodwell Mt., 
 
 Dog Street, 
 
 Does B., 
 
 Dolanstown Ho,, 
 
 Dollardstown Ho., 
 
 Doliardstown Ho., 
 
 DoUymouni, 
 
 D0II3/9 Grove, 
 
 Dolvin, 
 
 Donabaie, 
 
 Donacarney, 
 
 Donadea Cas., 
 
 Donagh, 
 
 Donagh, 
 
 Donaghadee, 
 
 Donaghcloncy, 
 
 Dona^cumper, 
 
 gonaghedy Cb., 
 onnqhmorc, 
 Donaghmorc, 
 Donaghmorc, 
 Donaghmorc Ch. , 
 Donaghmorc Ho.. 
 Donaghmoyna Ho., 
 Donaghpatrick Bri.. 
 
 Mayo C 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Mayo C 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Armagh B 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Loutli A 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Mfmagfaan C 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 Longford C 
 
 Mayo D 
 
 King's Co. D 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Annagn C 
 
 Tcnnanagh E 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Longford B 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Mayo D 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Clare I 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Clare H 
 
 King's Co, D 
 
 VVe^t Meath F 
 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Longford B 
 
 Cavan C 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Kerry E 
 
 Qj.cen'sCo. B 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Lcr.dondeny E 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Monaghan D 
 
 TjTone H 
 
 Londonderry E 
 
 Londonderry E 
 
 Londonderry F 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Shgo B 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 Monaghan D 
 
 Tyrone I 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Cavan D 
 
 WicUow D 
 
 Leitrim C 
 
 Leitrim A 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Kerry B 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 CoHc E 
 
 Donegal A 
 
 Waterford B 
 
 Aritriji E 
 
 Donegal D 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Antrim G 
 
 Waterford B 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Sligo F 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Galway A 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Dublin F 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Dublin F 
 
 Meath G 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Fermanagh F 
 
 Sligo C 
 
 Down F 
 
 Down B 
 
 Kildare D 
 
 Tyrone E 
 
 Meath F 
 
 Queen's Co. B 
 
 Tyrone H 
 
 Down B 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Monaghan D 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Dorard, 
 
 Donard Lodge, 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 Donegal Bay, 
 
 Donegal Pt., 
 
 Donegore, 
 
 Donerarle, 
 
 Donnell L., 
 
 Donoghex L., 
 
 Donore, 
 
 Donore Cas,, 
 
 Donore Ho., 
 
 Donore Ho., 
 
 Donore Lo. end Ho., 
 
 Doo L., 
 
 Doo L., 
 
 Doo L., 
 
 DooL., 
 
 DooL., 
 
 Dooagh. 
 
 DocaDy R., 
 
 Dooaun L., 
 
 Doobham, 
 
 Doocastle, 
 
 Dooega Hd., 
 
 Dooey, 
 
 Doogany L., 
 
 Doogary L., 
 
 Doogary L. , 
 
 Dooghta R., 
 
 Dooglasha R. , 
 
 Doogort, 
 
 Doohooma, 
 
 Dooish, 
 
 Dooish Mt., 
 
 Dookinellj', 
 
 Doolin Cas. and Pt., 
 
 Doolough Ho., 
 
 Doolystown Ho., 
 
 Doom ore, 
 
 Doon, 
 
 Doon, 
 
 Doon Cas., 
 
 Doon Ho., 
 
 Doon L., 
 
 Doon L., 
 
 Doon L. and Lo., 
 
 Doon2.ha, 
 
 Doonally Ho., 
 
 Doonally Ho., 
 
 Doo nan e Bri., 
 
 Doonane R., 
 
 Doonass Ho., 
 
 Doonass, Leap rf, 
 
 Doonbeg and B., 
 
 Doon beg R., 
 
 Dooneen Ho., 
 
 Doonis Lough, 
 
 Doonlicka Cas., 
 
 Doonmadden, 
 
 Doonvinalla, 
 
 Doonybrook, 
 
 Doora, 
 
 Doorin Pt., 
 
 Doomane, 
 
 Dooroge Ar., 
 
 Dooros, 
 
 Doory Hall, 
 
 Doovertha R., 
 
 Dora Ville, 
 
 Dorrington Ho., 
 
 Dorsey R., 
 
 Dough Cas., 
 
 Doughiska, 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 Douglas Bri., 
 
 Douglas R. , 
 
 Douglas R. . 
 
 Douglas R., 
 
 Douglas R., 
 
 Douglas R., 
 
 Douglas R., 
 
 Douglas Top, 
 
 Douce Mtn., 
 
 Doulus Hd., 
 
 Dovea, 
 
 DovcgTove Hx, 
 
 Dovehill Ho., 
 
 Dowdingston, 
 
 Dowdstown Ho., 
 
 Dowd&iown Ho., 
 
 Dowdsiown Ho., 
 
 Downecn Castle, 
 
 Downcys Cross Roads, 
 
 Downhill, 
 
 Downhill Sta., 
 
 Downing, 
 
 Downings Ho. and Cross Roads, 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Clare C 3 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Oare D 3 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Quesn's Co. C 3 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 , Clare E 3 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Leitrun C 2 
 
 Mayo B 3 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Fermanagh G 2 
 
 Mayo F 1 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 l.ongfcrd C 1 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Tyrone C 8 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Meath C 8 
 
 Sligo' D 3 
 
 Galway F 2 
 Limerioit H 2 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 King's Co. C 1 
 
 Glare I 8 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Clare C 4 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 (lueen's Co. E 3 
 
 Tipperary A 3 
 
 Clare I 3 
 
 Limerick F 1 
 
 Clare C 3 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 West Mealh A 2 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 SUgo D 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Galway F 3 
 Fermanagn D 2 
 
 West Meath B 8 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Queen's Co. E 8 
 
 Sligo F 8 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Kerry A 8 
 
 Tipperary C 8 
 
 Kind's Co. C 3 
 
 Kind's Co. D 8 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Mcalh D 2 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 [.ondondcrry E 2 
 
 Londonderry D 1 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Down Patrick, 
 Downpatrick Hd., 
 Downs Lo., 
 Downshirc Ho., 
 Dowra, 
 Dowry, 
 Dowth Uo., 
 
 Down E 
 
 Mayo D 
 
 WickloAv E 
 
 Wicklow B 
 
 Cavan A 
 Wicklow C 
 
 Meath F 
 
 DraghanstowD, 
 
 Drains B., 
 
 Drapei-stO'.vn, 
 
 Drangan, 
 
 Drangan Ho., 
 
 Dreen, 
 
 Drehid Ho., 
 
 Dresteman Cas. 
 
 Drews Court, 
 
 Drewstown Ko. 
 
 Drimmeen, 
 
 Drimnagh Cas., 
 
 Drin L., 
 
 Drinagh, 
 
 Drinan Ho., 
 
 Dring Ho., 
 
 Dring Ho., 
 
 Dripsey, 
 
 Drishane Br., 
 
 Drishane Castle, 
 
 Drisk R., 
 
 Drogheda Tn. ard Barony, 
 
 Drogheda Bay, 
 
 Droghedayarr,- Dri., 
 
 Drom, 
 
 Dromada Mt., 
 
 Dromagh and Castle 
 
 Dromana Ho. , 
 
 Dromaneen Ho., 
 
 Dromara, 
 
 Dromard Ho.. 
 
 Drombanny Cas., 
 
 Drombrow Ho., 
 
 Dromcolliher, 
 
 Dromdaleague, 
 
 Dromin, 
 
 Dromin, 
 
 Dromina, 
 
 Dromiskm, 
 
 Dromkeenj Sta., and Ho. 
 
 Drommartin, 
 
 Dromoland Ca:^, 
 
 Drom ore, 
 
 Drom ore, 
 
 Dromore, 
 
 Dromore Cas., 
 
 Dromore Hd., 
 
 Dromore Ho., 
 
 Dromore Ho. and L., 
 
 Dromore L., 
 
 Drowes R., 
 
 Drum, 
 
 Drum Hills, 
 
 Drum L., 
 
 Drumacarrow Lo,, 
 
 Drumadarragh Ho., 
 
 Drumadonnell R. 
 
 Drumagore, 
 
 Drumahaire and Daroiiy 
 
 Dnmiahoe, 
 Drumalagagh Coti., 
 Drumanaught, 
 Drumandoora, 
 Drumandoora I'l., 
 Drumane Bri., 
 Drumantine Ho,, 
 Drumard Ho., 
 Drumate Lo., 
 Drum bad, 
 
 Drumbanagher Ho., 
 Drumbane, 
 Drumbaragh Ho-, 
 Drutfibaun, 
 Drumbaun, 
 Drumbeg, 
 Drumbo, 
 Drumboy L., 
 Drumbrean Cott., 
 Drumbride Ho., 
 Drumcalpin LougU.^, 
 Drumcar. 
 Drumcaroan, 
 Drumcashe! Ho., 
 Drumcaw L., 
 DrumcliiT Bay, 
 Drumcliff Br. and K., 
 Drumcoli L., 
 Drumcondra, 
 Drumcondra, 
 Drumconor.T, 
 Drumcor L,, 
 Drumcormick, 
 Drumcoiira L., 
 Drumcrc:! Ho. 5^ Cott., 
 Drumcro Ho., 
 Dnimcroon Ho., 
 DrumcTii, 
 Drumcullaun L., 
 Drumderg L., 
 Drunidoc, 
 Drum (I oil, 
 Drumdowncy, 
 Druindutf Ho., 
 Drumoltan Ho., 
 Druroarcc Ch., 
 Drumfad B., 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Antrim G 
 
 Londonderry K 
 
 Tipperary D 
 
 Tipperary G 
 
 Londonderry C 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Fermanagh £ 
 
 Limerick E 
 
 Meath C 
 
 Galway A 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Roscommon F 
 
 Dublin E 
 
 Cavan D 
 
 Leitrim D 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Tipperaiy D 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Louth A 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Limerick B 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Waterford B 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Down C 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Limerick F 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Limerick D 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Umeric'^: F 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Cork E 
 
 _ Louth B 
 
 Limerick G 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Clare G. 
 
 Down C 
 
 Sligo C 
 
 I'yrone C 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Clare G 
 
 Monaghan B 
 
 Leitrim B 
 
 Monaghan B 
 
 Waterford C 
 
 Down C 
 
 Cavan G 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Down C 
 
 Londonderry A 
 
 Leitrim B 
 
 Londonderry B 
 
 Roscominon E 
 
 Donegal D 
 
 Clare H 
 
 Clare H 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Dowrt, A 
 
 Leitrim JD 
 
 Monaghan "B 
 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Tippeniry B 
 
 Meath C 
 
 Longford C 
 
 Sligo D 
 
 Down D 
 
 Down D 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Monaghan B 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Cftvan G 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Monaghan C 
 
 Sligo E 
 
 blii^o F 
 
 Louth A 
 
 Dublin E 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Clare G 
 
 Monaghan A 
 
 Londonderry E 
 
 Loiirim K 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Down B 
 
 LooHondcrry E 
 
 Fermnnngh F 
 
 Oare E 
 
 Fermanagh E 
 
 Rr>scommon D 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Kilkenny V 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Cavan G 
 
 Armaitb D 
 
 Down G
 
 nj vrumfaldra Ho., 
 
 p. g vniinflni 
 
 f, Q «mmgarve, 
 
 ™^ trumgavL., 
 
 jr *rumgoff Bar ks, 
 
 ^B numgolol'-, 
 
 ij vningooland Ch., 
 
 ig trnmgoon. 
 
 hi;, ^rumepon He., 
 
 y^ tt rum nil lag h, 
 
 ^5 irumhirlc, 
 
 hE ^rumillyno., 
 
 :(•; irumkecran, 
 
 DRUUFALDRA. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 FANNINQfiTOWM. 
 
 irumkern iro., 
 
 trumlaheen L., 
 
 -rrumleclc Ho., 
 
 inimleck Ft., 
 
 vrumlee, 
 
 frumleevan, 
 
 trumllsh, 
 
 vntmlona L., 
 he I *rumloo L,, 
 3A1 truroloughan, 
 ; C : trummaconor Ho. , 
 till vrummani 
 ill vnimman, 
 ;BI trummerhln He, 
 ^El tnimmln Br. and R., 
 nCi tnimmond Ho., 
 sCi trammuckavall L., 
 dFI frumnacor Ho., 
 Ci vrumuacreeha, 
 
 tmmnakiHy Ho., 
 
 trumnasole, 
 
 Vnimnee, Upr. and t,r. 
 
 vnunod and Sta., 
 
 tniinone, 
 
 trumquin, 
 
 r^rumra^h R.,^ 
 , . I i^rumrainy Bri., 
 tGl rfrumraney Ho 
 CI -fnimrawHo., 
 CI ifrumreask, 
 
 iframree Sta. , 
 
 -vnimreilly, 
 
 ninimroe, 
 
 rfnimroe Ho., 
 
 <*nimroragh Lo., 
 
 lynimsaul L. , 
 
 -fminscar. 
 
 -Vramshallon Ho., 
 
 ^runishanbo. 
 
 nirumshanbo, 
 
 <iniinshanbo L., 
 
 -^nunsiU Ho., 
 
 ■fninisiUagb Ho., 
 
 •Vrumskellan, 
 
 ^nimslievd, 
 
 t^rumsna, 
 
 n*ruiiisuni, 
 
 Hinimtullagb, 
 
 '♦rung, 
 
 ■tfrung Hill, 
 
 I'ninganag;!, 
 
 "•Hiag R., 
 
 «>ua£h, 
 
 i^ually Ho., 
 
 ■>uamgle Cas., 
 
 «>ubber Ho., 
 
 «>uhHn, 
 
 i>uMin Barony, 
 'ublin Bay. 
 
 ■A 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Galwav A 2 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Monagban B 3 
 
 DoWn C 4 
 
 Fermanagh E S 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Loath A 2 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Leitnrn B 2 
 
 Tj^rone I 3 
 
 Leitrim D 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Dublin G 4 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Leitrim F S 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Carlow B 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Louih A -, 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 
 Antrim F 2 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Meath A 2 
 
 Tyrone D 3 
 
 Tyrone E 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Antrim C 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Waterford B 8 
 
 Cavan F 3 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 GaTvvay G 3 
 
 Louth B 8 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 Tyrone G 3 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Leitnm F 4 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 rx>ndonderry D 3 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Dublin F 5 
 
 Duncannon, 
 Duncanstown, 
 Duncarbey C4S.| 
 Dunconnick, 
 Dundalk Bay, 
 Dundalk and Harb., 
 Dundalk, Lower Barony, 
 Dundalk, Upper Barony, 
 Dundarave Ho., 
 Dundermot Ho. 
 Dunderrow and Sta., 
 Dunderry BrL, 
 Dundonald. 
 Dundonnelh 
 Dundooan no., 
 Dundrod, 
 Dundrum, 
 Dundrum, 
 Dundrum, 
 Dundrum Bay, 
 Dundrum Ho. and Sta 
 Duneagh L., 
 Dunegan Lo., 
 Duneight Ho., 
 Duneky L.. 
 Dunfanagliy, 
 Dunfierth Ho., 
 
 Dungannon, _^ -- - 
 
 Dungannon, Lower Barony, Tyrone G 4 
 
 Dungannon. Middle Barony, Tyrone H 3 
 
 Dungannon, Uiipt-r Barony, Tyrone H 3 
 
 Dunganstown Cas., Wicklow E 3 
 
 Dungarvan, 
 
 Dungarvan and Harb. 
 
 Dungeagan, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Wexford A 8 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Louth C 4 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 Roscommon B 3 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Antrim £ 6 
 
 Armagh C 8 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Dublin E 5 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 I Tipperary B 8 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Down C 8 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Tyrone H 3 
 
 «>ubim Corporation Water Works, 
 
 Wicklow D 
 
 «)Qctcetts Grove, 
 i)uddestown. 
 9)oflrHiJl, 
 •>uiri«, 
 «)uflFR,,_ 
 
 «)uffcamclc Rks., 
 4)aflFerip Baron/, 
 ^uffiT Hall, 
 r, «)uha]low Barony, 
 
 ' ; i)ulMkSta., 
 
 «)u1eek. Lower Barony 
 ^leek, Upper r.::'.ony 
 
 ihiUertoa Ho., 
 i)uii Ailllnne, 
 «)ni»brattin Hd.. 
 Onnadry Sta., 
 dimaitHd., 
 Oooally, 
 Onnamon Br., 
 Ounamon Cas., 
 
 >unany Ho. artd Tt., 
 
 >Qnaweel L., 
 
 )unbell, 
 
 >UDbodeB Park, 
 
 ^nnboe^ 
 
 Junboy Cestle, 
 
 Ounboyne Barony, 
 
 Ouobeyne, Vll., Sta 
 
 Otmbrock Mt., 
 
 Ombrod^, 
 
 Cariow C 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Wicklow C 
 
 Antrim F 
 
 Leitrim A 
 
 Wexford E _ 
 
 Down E 8 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Meath F 8 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Doneg^ E 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Roscommon C 4 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Louth C 2 
 
 Leitrim F 3 
 
 Kilkenny D 8 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Cork B 4 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 & Cas., Meath F 4 
 
 Londonderry C 8 
 
 v'wioroay, Wex/ord A 4 
 
 Ottbfody Cos. and Abbey, Wexford A 4 
 
 U 
 
 Dungillick Ho., 
 
 Dungiven, 
 
 Dunglady, 
 
 Dungloman R,, 
 
 Dunglow, 
 
 Dungooly, 
 
 Dungormly Ho., 
 
 Dungoumey, 
 
 Dangummin Ho., 
 
 DunhilL Lodge, 
 
 Duninga Ho., 
 
 Duniry, 
 
 Dunisnal Ho., 
 
 DunkelHn Barony, 
 
 Dunkerrin, 
 
 Dunkerron Cas., 
 
 Dunkerron, North Barony, 
 
 Dunkerron, South Barony, 
 
 Dunkettle Ho., 
 
 Dunkineely, 
 
 Dunkitt Ho., 
 
 Dunlarg Cottage, 
 
 Dunlavm, 
 
 Dunleckny Ho., 
 
 Dunleer, 
 
 Dunlewy and L., 
 
 Dunloe Cas., and Gap of. 
 
 DunUjy, 
 
 Dunluce Cas., 
 
 Dunluce, Lower Barony, 
 
 Dunluce, Upper Bardty, 
 
 Dunmahon.Cas., 
 
 Dunmakeever L., 
 
 Dunmanus Bay, 
 
 Dunmanway, 
 
 Dunminning Ho., 
 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Dunmore and Barony, 
 
 Dunmore Bay, 
 
 Durrow and Cas., 
 Durrow Abbey, 
 Dursey I, and .4 cad, 
 Duvillaun Mc;e, 
 Dyan, 
 
 Dysart Bri's., 
 Dysart Farm, 
 Dysart Ho., 
 Dysert, 
 
 Queen's Co. C 8 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Tyrone G 4 
 
 Kilkenny C t 
 
 Louth C 8 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Claie F 2 
 
 E 
 
 EaL., 
 EadestowD, 
 Eagil, 
 Eagle I?., 
 Eagle Ml., 
 Eagle Mt., 
 EaglehiU Ho., 
 Eagle's Rock, 
 Eany'oeg W., 
 Eanymore W., 
 Earlsfield, 
 Earlstown, 
 Eask L. and R , 
 Easkavey, 
 Easky, 
 
 Easkey and Riv., 
 Easky L., 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Ki!d.ire D 2 
 
 Leitrim C 1 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Kildare B 8 
 
 Clare G 1 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Sligo D 4 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Sligo C 8 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Monaghan C 1 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Cavan F 4 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Kilkenny E 8 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Wexford C 1 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Antrim B 
 
 Antrim B 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Ca -an B 
 
 Cork B 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Antrim C 8 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. C 8 
 
 Waterford G 8 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Waterford H 8 
 
 i!.asKy ij., .J"6" ^ " 
 
 East Carbery, W. Div., Barony, Cork D 3 
 East Hill, Wicklow E 2 
 
 East Idrone Barony, Carlow B 2 
 
 East Inishowen Barony, Donegal F 2 
 East Muskerry Barony. Cork E 3 
 
 East Narragh £.nd Reban Barony, 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 East Offaly Barony. 
 East Omagh B.;:ony. 
 East Shelmalier^ Bar. 
 East Town, 
 
 Easton, 
 Eastwood Ho., 
 Ebor Hall, 
 Ebrington Bar., 
 Ecclesville, 
 Eden, 
 Eden, 
 Eden Br., 
 Eden Burn, 
 Eden Ho., 
 Edenavey s Ho. 
 Edenderry, 
 Edenmore Bri., 
 Eden vale, 
 Edergale, 
 Edermine Ferry 
 Edermine Ho., 
 Edemy, 
 Edgehill 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Tyrone D 3 
 
 Wexford "D 3 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Tyrone E 4 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 Roscommoa E 2 
 
 l^ndonderry E 3 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Kmg's Co. H 1 
 
 Fermanagh D 8 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Fermanagh E 1 
 
 yueen's Co. B 2 
 
 Emo and Cas., 
 Emoclew, 
 Emy, Lough, 
 Emyvale, 
 Enaglian L., 
 Enfield Ho., 
 Englishtown, 
 EnglisIitov.'n, 
 Ennell L., 
 Ennis, 
 Knniscoffey, 
 Enniscorthy, 
 Enniskeen, 
 Enniskerry, 
 Enniskillen, 
 Ennislare He , 
 Ennlstimon, 
 Eonish, 
 Erencystown, 
 Erganagh, 
 Erindale, 
 Erin dale, 
 Erke Ch.j 
 Erkina Ho., 
 Erkina Riv., 
 Erne L., 
 Erne Lough, 
 Erne R., 
 Erne R., 
 Erne R., 
 Erra, 
 ErriffR., 
 Errigal, 
 Errill, 
 
 Erris Barony, 
 Erris Head, 
 Errit L., 
 Ervey L., 
 Eshbrack, 
 Eshmore, 
 1 Esker, 
 Eskcr Ho., 
 Eskerboy, 
 Eslin R., 
 Essagalvane, 
 Essnalieery, 
 Etna Lo., 
 Eustace Ho., 
 Evansons Cove, 
 Evergreen Cott. , 
 Evergreen Lo., 
 Everton Ho., 
 Evingion Lo., 
 Eyeries, 
 Eyes L., 
 Eyrecourt, 
 Eyrefield, 
 
 tageiuii, V '.v\.n .» ^v " - 
 
 Edgeworthstown r'.nd Ko . Longford D 2 
 
 Dunmore Cott., & Cave of, Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Dunmore Cott., «*--. r7 n 
 
 Dunmore Hd., 
 
 Dunmore Hd., 
 
 Dunmore Hd., 
 
 Dunmore Hd., 
 
 Dunmurry, 
 
 Dunmurry Ho., 
 
 Dnnnamanagh, 
 
 Dunneill R., 
 
 Dunnycove Bay, 
 
 Dunore R., 
 
 Dunowen, 
 
 Dunowen and Head, 
 
 Dunowla, 
 
 Dunquin, 
 
 Dunrally BrL, 
 
 Dunran, 
 
 Dunrce Hd., 
 
 Dunroe Br., 
 
 Dunsandle, 
 
 Dunsany Cas., 
 
 Dunseverick, 
 
 Dunsfort, 
 
 Diinshaughlin, 
 
 Dunsinea Ha, 
 
 Dunsink Observatory, 
 
 Duony, 
 
 DuroasPt., 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Clare A 4 
 
 Donegal B 8 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Antrim E 6 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Tyrone E 1 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Cork E 1 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Edmondstown, 
 Edmondstown Ho. 
 Ednego, 
 Edoxtown Ho., 
 Ed'.vardstown Ho., 
 Eflishmore, 
 Egan Mt., 
 Eglantine, 
 Eglinton Sta., 
 Eglish, 
 
 Eglish Barony and 
 Eglish Ch., 
 Eglish Ho., 
 Eglish L., 
 Eglish R., 
 Ehemagh Str., 
 Fighter, 
 Eldon Bridge, 
 Eldons Fort, 
 Elfeet Bay, 
 Eliogarty Barony, 
 Ellaghmorc, 
 Ellen Cas., 
 Ellen Grove, 
 Ellen Vale, 
 Ellenborough, 
 .Elly Harb., 
 Elm Grove, 
 Elm Grove, 
 Elm Hill, 
 ElmhiU Ho., 
 Elm Park Ho., 
 Elmpark Ho., 
 Elphin and Palace 
 
 Queen's Co. D » 
 
 Wicklow E « 
 
 Monaghao C 1 
 
 Monaghan C 1 
 
 Longford D 1 
 
 Roscooimon C 3 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 We t Meath D 8 
 
 Oare G 2 
 
 Wc't Meath E 8 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Cork E S 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 /■uroagh B 8 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Tyrone E 8 
 
 CaHow B 2 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 aueen'sCo, B 8 
 ueen's Co. C 3 
 Down D 3 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 Oivan E 2 & K 8 
 Doo<eil C 4 
 Fermanagh E 8, B 2> F 4 
 Rosoommon F 8 
 Mayo C 8 
 Dooegal C 2 
 Queen's Co. A 8 
 Mayo B 1 
 Mayo A 1 
 Roscommon A 8 
 Cavan H 8 
 Monaghan B 2 
 Monaghan B 2 
 DubUn B 4 
 Roscommon E 5 
 Galway F 8 
 leitrim D 4 
 Monaghan A 1 
 Monaghan B 1 
 lionaghan A 2 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Cork B 
 Waterford G 
 Carlow B 
 Queen's Co. F 
 Carlow B 
 Cork B 
 Fermanagh K « 
 Galway G 8 
 KlldareC 8 
 
 Vi'ost ^^eath E 2 
 
 Mayo F 2 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Liinerick F 2 
 
 D negal F 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Dov/n C 8 
 
 T.ondcT.derry B 2 
 
 Tyrone H 4 
 
 , Iving s Co. C 8 
 
 Ar.nagh B 2 
 
 S ueen's Co. C 8 
 Monaghan D 8 
 Done^ C 3 
 Limenck C 3 
 Cavan G 4 
 Wicklow A 3 
 Kildare C 2 
 Longford B 8 
 Tipperary C 3 
 Mayo D 1 
 Galway E 2 
 Carlow C 2 
 Down B 4 
 Dublin C B 
 Mayo A 1 
 Meath B 8 
 Meath G 8 
 Limerick C 2 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Umerick E 2 
 Armagh B 2 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Elton Ho. and Cross Rds., Lunenck G 8 
 
 Ely Ho., 
 
 Ely Lo. and Cas., 
 
 Emlagh Ho., 
 
 Emlagh Pt., 
 
 Emiaghkeadew, 
 
 Emlaghnidgree, 
 
 Emlaghyroyin, 
 
 Emly, 
 
 Emma '*niie, 
 
 Eaimet Cas., 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Roscommon C ^ 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Roscommon C 4 
 
 Tipperary A 4 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 King's Co. B 4 
 
 FaaL., 
 
 Faccary Ho., 
 
 Fad L., 
 
 Fad L., 
 
 Fadd L., 
 
 Fadda L., 
 
 Fadda L., 
 
 Faha Ho., 
 
 Fahamore, 
 
 Fahan, 
 
 Fahan Sta., 
 
 Fahy L., 
 
 Fahymore, 
 
 Failmore R., 
 
 Fair Hd., 
 
 Fair or Eecirore Hd. 
 
 Fairbank, 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 Fairfield Ho., 
 
 Fairfield Ho., 
 
 Fairhill, or Clcnbur, 
 
 Fairhill Ho., 
 
 Fair View, 
 
 Fair View, 
 
 Faa- View, 
 
 Fair View, 
 
 Fair View Cot 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Tyrone E 3 
 
 Dootgal C 8 
 
 Dooegal F 2 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Galway C 8 
 
 Lunerick E 2 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Cork B 4 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 P.oscoramon E 8 
 
 Fernumagh "E 8 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Monaghan B S 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 rair new v,ui;., Wicklow D 8 
 
 Fairwood, Upper & Lower, Wicklow C 4 
 
 Fairy Mt. Ca.s., 
 
 Fairy Street, 
 
 Fairy Water, 
 
 Fairyhill Ho., 
 
 Faithlegg Ho., 
 
 Fall, The, 
 
 Fallan R. and Bri., 
 
 Falleen Ho., 
 
 Failmore, 
 
 Falmore Ho., 
 
 Faltia Ho., 
 
 Fanad District and Hd.i 
 
 Fane R., 
 
 Fane Valley, 
 
 Fannings Walls, 
 
 Fanningstown Ho. 
 
 Roscommon E 8 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Tyrone D 3 
 
 Clar^ F S 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 RoGCOmcion £ 6 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 4
 
 ' FAHOKB. 
 
 INDEX * 
 
 GLASHAGAU 
 
 Fafloi^Bti. 
 Farahy, 
 Faiiull Baitn;, 
 Farbreagiie, 
 Faidrum How, 
 Farland Sta., 
 Fariough K.j 
 Fannefs Bndge, 
 Fann Hill, 
 Faim Hill, 
 FannHiU, 
 Farm Hill 
 
 Clare B 1 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Fieldstown, 
 Fieldtown Ca&, 
 
 Dublin C 3 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Forthill, 
 Portland, 
 
 Longford B 8 
 Cavan F 3 
 
 Garbally, 
 GardenhUI, 
 
 G«Iway G > 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Fieri es, 
 Figile R., 
 Fibins Tom, 
 
 Keny D 2 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Fortland, 
 Forttown Ho., 
 FortwiUiam Ho., 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Gardenmorris Ho., 
 Garinish and Pt., 
 Garnavilla Ho.,_ 
 
 Waterford E 9 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Fennanagh G 4 
 
 Fin L., 
 
 Fort Sound, 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 Garr Br. and Riv., 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 FinL., 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Foulkesmill, 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Garr L., 
 
 West Mcalh D t 
 
 Fin L., 
 
 Mayo B 3 
 
 Foulkscourt Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Garran Cross Roads, 
 
 Monaghan B S 
 
 FinL., 
 
 Sligo E 8 
 
 Foulksrath Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Garrane, 
 
 Cock E 3 
 
 Meath G 2 
 
 Finavarra Ha, 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Four Mile Watsr, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Garrane, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Fin cam. 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Four Roads, 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Garranlea Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Finglas, 
 
 Dublin D i 
 
 Four Roads, 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Garraun Ho.,. 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 FannhtU, 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Finglas R., 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Fourcuil, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Garraun Cross Roads, 
 
 Wexford E 3 
 
 Faimhill, 
 
 Farmhlll 
 
 KUdare D 2 
 
 Fingrean L., 
 Finisk R., 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 
 Fowlards Bri., 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Garrendenny, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Fox Hall, 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Garrisker Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Fajmhill Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Finlieve, 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Garrison, 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 FannhiU Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Finlough, 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Garristown, 
 
 DubUn C a 
 
 Fannina, 
 Fannley, 
 Fannley Ho., 
 Faraily Ho., 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 Finn L., 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Foxbrook, 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Garroman L., 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Kilkenny S 
 
 Finn R., 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Foxburrow Ho-, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Garron PL and Tower, 
 
 Antrim F 2 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Finn R., 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Foxford, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Garrose, 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Qneen'sCo. C 3 
 
 Finnea, Cavan & W 
 
 Meath E 4 & D 1 
 
 Foxhillmore, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Garrycastle, 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Fannoyle Ho., 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Finned R., 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Foxmount, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Garrycastle Barony, 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Faro R., 
 
 Monaghan E 3 
 
 Finnery R., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Foxrock Sta., 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Garryduff, 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Faroane R., 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Finniterstown Ho., 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Foxtown Ho., 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Garryduff Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 'Fanibeg, 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Finnoe Ch. and Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Foy Mount, 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Garrj'duff Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 4 
 
 Faxney Barony, 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Finnstown Ho., 
 
 Dublin B 4 
 
 Foyarr Ho., 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Garryhlll Ho., 
 
 Carlow B g 
 
 Famham Ho., 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Finny, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Foyle Ho. and Bri., 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Garryhinch Ho., 
 
 King's Co. 8 
 
 Faraoge, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Finrabrogue Ho., 
 
 Down E 8 
 
 Foyle L.,' , 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Garryhundon Ho. and Cross Roads, | 
 
 Farragher, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Fintona, 
 
 Tyrone D 4 
 
 Foyle Park, 
 
 Londonderry B 2 
 
 
 Carlow B S 
 
 Fanaghroe Ho., 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Fintona June, 
 
 Tyrone D 3 
 
 Foyle R., 
 
 Londonderry A 3 
 
 Garrynarca Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 FarranamnckLigh, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Fintragh Bay, 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Foynes, Is., and Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Garryrickin Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Faxrancassidy Cross Rdi., Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Finuge, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Fraine Ho., 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Garryroan Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Fammduff, 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Finvoy, 
 Firbis Cas., 
 
 Antrim B 2 
 
 Frances R., 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Garryspellane, 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Farranfore and Sta,, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Franckfort Cas., 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Garrythomas, 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Farranmacfarrel Ho., 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Fir Grove, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Frankford, 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Garryvoe, 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Farranville Ho., 
 
 Queeu's Co. B 3 
 
 Firgrove Ho., 
 
 Clare G 8 
 
 Frankford Ho., 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Gartan L., 
 
 Donegal D .8 
 
 Farrihy EL, 
 
 Clare C 8 
 
 Firmount, 
 
 Longford D 2 
 Meath F 8 
 
 Frankfort, 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Gartermone L., 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Firsid, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Firmount, 
 
 Frankfort Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Garty L., 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Fartagar, 
 Fartufiagh Barony, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Firmount Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Frazers Hall, 
 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 
 Garvagh, 
 
 Londonderry £ 8 
 
 Firpark, 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Freagh Cas., 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Garvagh Ho., 
 
 Longford C S 
 
 Fary Ho., 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Firrib L., 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Freaghana, 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Garvagh L., 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 Fassadinin Barony, 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Firry Park^ 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Fretime Mt., 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Garvaghy, 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Fatham Ml, 
 
 Armagh E 4 
 
 Fisherstown, 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Freemount, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Garvaghy Bri., 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Faaghalslown, 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Fisherstreet, 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 Freepark, 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Gar\'an Is., 
 
 Donegal F 1 
 
 Faughan R., 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Fishmoyne Ho., 
 
 Tipnerary C 2 
 
 Freffans, 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Garvey Ho., 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Faughanvale, 
 
 Londonderry G 2 
 
 Fiveallcy, 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Frenchgrove Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 8 
 
 Garvtawly, 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 Fanghart Ho., 
 Fanlkland Bri., 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Five-mile- bourne, 
 
 Leitrim A 2 
 
 Frenchpark, Town, Barony, & Ho.T 
 
 Gascanane Sound, 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Fivemilebridge, 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Gattaduff, 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Favor Royal, 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Fivemiletown, 
 
 Tyrone D 4 
 
 Freshford, 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Gattanvoher Cross Rds 
 
 , Waterford C 4 
 
 Favourcta, 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Five Roads, The, 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Friarshill, 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Gaugin HiH, 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Fawney, 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Flaskagh, 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Friarstown, 
 
 Leitrim A 2 
 
 Gaulstown Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny B 8 
 
 Fawnlion. 
 
 Leitrim A 2 
 
 Flat Head, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Friarstown, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Gaultiere Barony, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Faymoro R., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Fleries, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Friarstown Cas., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Gaybrook Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 FeaU, 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Flesk R., 
 
 Ken^ D 2 
 
 Friarstown Ho., 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Gayfield Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 8 
 
 FeaL.. 
 FcacleHo., 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Float Sta., 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Friarstown Cross Roads. Carlow C 1 
 
 Gearhameen R., 
 
 Kerry 3 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Floodhall, 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 Fennanagh D 3 
 
 Friary, 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Geashill, 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Fcakle, 
 FealeR^ 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Florence Court, 
 
 Frower Pt., 
 
 Cork F 4 
 
 Geashill Barony & Sta. 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Ken^ D 1 
 
 Florida Manor, 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Fruit Hill, 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Geehy, 
 
 Galway D 8 
 LimericK H 4 
 
 Fcaragha, 
 FearauD Ho., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Flowcrhill, 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Fruithill Ho., 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Geeragh Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Flowerhill Ho., 
 
 Waterford A 3 
 
 Fuerty, 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Geeva^h, 
 
 Sligo G 8 
 
 Fcarglass I-., 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Flushtown, 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Fule, _ 
 
 Sligo D 4 
 
 GelvirTR., 
 
 Londonderry D S 
 
 Feathallagh How, 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Foaly L, 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Funshinagh L., 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Geneva Barracks, 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 Fedamore; 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Foghill, 
 Fobcrish R., 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Funshion'River, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Gentle Owen's L., 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 FecL., 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Furmina, 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 George L., 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Feeagh L., 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 FollsilLigh, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Furnace, 
 
 Sal way F 4 
 
 Georgestown Ho.. 
 
 Waterford E 8 
 
 Fcenagh, 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 FonthillHo., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Furnace L, 
 
 Galway B 8 
 
 Gcraldine Ho., 
 Gerardstown Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 8 
 
 Fcenagh L., 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Fontstown, 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Furnace L., 
 
 IVJayo C 2 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Fecny, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Foohagh Pt., 
 
 Cl.lre B S 
 
 Fury R., 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Geiardslown Hb., 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Fccvagh, 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 I'orbes L., 
 
 Longford B i 
 
 Fushoge R., 
 
 Queen's Co. F 8 
 
 Ghann R., 
 
 Down B 6 
 
 Fcevaghmore. 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 Ford, 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 
 
 Giants Causeway, 
 
 Antrim B 1 
 
 Fcighculkrn Cross Roads, Kildaro B 2 
 
 Ford, 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 
 
 Giants Leap, 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 FclTows Hall, 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Ford Cottage, 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 G 
 
 
 Giants Ring, 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Fdtrim Ho., 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Fore, 
 
 We.t Meath E 1 
 
 
 
 Gibbings Grove, 
 
 Cork E 1 
 
 Fcnagh arxl L,, 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Fore Barony, 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Gageborough, R., & H 
 
 0., King's Co. E 1 
 
 Gibbstown Ho. and Sia 
 
 Mealh D 2 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Fcnaghy Ho., 
 Fcnnagn Bri. and Lo.t 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Fore B.arony, 
 
 West Meath E 1 
 
 Gaile Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Gigginstown Lo., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Foreland, 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Gaine R., 
 
 Gilford, 
 
 Down A 3 
 
 Fcnnor Br., 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Forenaghls and Ho., 
 
 Kildare IJ 2 
 
 Galbally, 
 
 Limerick H 3 
 
 Gilford and Tandeiagee Station, 
 
 FcntOD's Br., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Forest Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Galbally Cross Roads, 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 FcohanaRh, 
 
 KCHTF B 2 
 
 Forest Ho., 
 
 West Meath D S 
 
 Galboly, 
 
 Antrim F 2 
 
 Gill Lough, 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Fcohanaeb, 
 Fcorish K., 
 
 Limerick D 8 
 
 Forestalstown. 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Galbraiths Bri., 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Gillhall Ho., 
 
 Down B 8 
 
 Roscommon E 1 
 
 Forgncy Ho. & F. Old Ho., Longford C 3 
 
 Galcy R., 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Gillstown Ho., 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Fcrbaoc, 
 Fergus R., 
 
 Kings Co. D 2 
 
 Forked L., 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 Galgorm and Cas., 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Gilliown Ho. and Lo., 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Forkill, R., and Ho., 
 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 Galbgh, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Ginnets Ho., 
 
 Mealh D 3 
 
 Fergus K. and Fori, 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Formal L., 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 GallaghcuUia, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Glack, 
 
 Mea'lli C 3 
 
 Fcrmoy, 
 
 CorkG 2 
 
 Fonnil R., 
 
 Londoinlcrry K 3 
 
 Gallcn, 
 
 M.ayo D 2 
 
 Gladney, 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Fcrmoy Barony, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Formoylc, 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Gallon Ho., 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Glanarought Barony, 
 
 Kerry D 8 
 
 Kennoylc Ca$., 
 Fern Holt, 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Formoylc Ho., 
 
 Longford B 3 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Galley Head, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Glanbehy, 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Formoylc L., 
 
 Galliagh, 
 
 Londonderry A 2 
 
 Glandoran Ho., 
 Glandorc and Ilarb., 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 FcraL., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Fort L., 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Gallows H., 
 
 Carlow A 2 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Fcros, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Fort Lo., 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Gallows Hill, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 8 
 
 Glanlcam, 
 
 Kerry A 8 
 - Cork P 8 
 
 Fpnis Hill, 
 
 Fcmsborough, 
 
 Ferraniville, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Fort Edmbftd, 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 GalLstown Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 8 
 
 Glanmirc, 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 I-'ort Eli/abetb, 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Galmoy Tn. and Bar., 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 Meath U 8 
 
 Glanmire, New, 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Fort Etna, 
 
 Ljmcrick E 2 
 
 Galtrim Ho., 
 
 Glanmore L.. 
 
 Kerry C 8 
 
 Fcrraid Barooy, 
 
 Loulh B 8 
 
 Fort Frederick, 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 G.alty Mts., 
 
 Tipperary I! 4 
 
 Glanna Rudofii'y Mts., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 S">'^( , 
 
 Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Fort Oeonjc, 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Galtymorc, 
 
 Tipperary U 4 
 
 Glannan, 
 
 Mon«gh.in C 2 
 Cork E 2 
 
 I'Crryhank, 
 Frr'a K., : 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Fort Johnston, 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Galway Tn., Bar., and Bay, Galway D 3 
 
 Glanlanc and Sta., 
 
 Kerry I! 8 
 
 Fort Stewart, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 G.ambol Hall, 
 
 Kildare A 8 
 
 Glantrasna R., 
 
 Keiry C 8 
 
 F*;lh.-if'l, 
 
 Tipprary D 4 
 
 Fort William, 
 
 Londonderry K 4 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Gandcrpark, 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Glanworth, 
 
 CorkG 2 
 
 FctliapJ, 
 
 W..f.,rd A 4 
 
 Fort Willi.am, 
 
 Gangin L., 
 Ganiamore, 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Glaryford St.l., 
 
 Antrim C 3 
 
 F*;t(i;ir'l B., 
 
 WVxfrjrd B 4 
 
 Fortel Can., 
 
 Kings Co. D 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 GLascarrig Abbey and Pt., Wexford E 2 
 
 Kcwi iJarracV*!, 
 
 ArinriKh C 4 
 
 Forrfaiilkncr, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Gannivcgil L., 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Glasdruinman Ho., 
 
 Down D b 
 
 Ftw5, I^wrr r.arony. 
 
 Armacb C 3 
 
 Fortficld, 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 G.aol, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Glasha R., 
 
 Waterford D 1 
 
 FftwR, Uj/pcr barony, 
 
 Armaph C 4 
 
 Forlgranite Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Gap of Dunloe, 
 
 Glasha R., 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Fcystown, 
 
 Antrim F 8 
 
 I'orth Barony, 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Gara Lough, 
 
 Sligo F 4 
 Leitrim E 8 
 
 Gl.'ishaboy River, 
 
 Cork T 2 
 
 Ffrcooh Cm,, 
 
 Galway G 2 
 
 Forth Harony, 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Garadicc and I..ough, 
 
 Gla^hacloonaravecla &. 
 
 , Umerick H 2 
 
 n<ldD«n, 
 
 Kilkenny B C 
 
 Forth Mm., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Garbatlagh, 
 
 Meath F 8 
 
 Gla.shagal Bri., 
 
 KUluooy C 2 
 
 18 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
 " 
 
 I
 
 GLASHAGH. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 GEWVE. 
 
 Glashogh R., 
 
 Glaihagh R., 
 
 Glashagh K., 
 
 Glashamorc Ho., 
 
 Clasharc Cas., 
 
 Glaahcdy Is., 
 
 Glashewee R.,_ 
 
 Clashganna Bfi., 
 
 Glaskecragh L., 
 
 Glaslouch Vil., St., e< I.. 
 
 Glasmullagh, 
 
 Glasnevin, 
 
 Glaspistol, 
 
 Glass Ho., 
 
 Class Ho., 
 
 Glassan, 
 
 GKissely Ho., 
 
 Glasshouse L., 
 
 Glastry, 
 
 Olen, 
 
 Glen, 
 
 Glen. 
 
 Glen Anne, 
 
 Glen Bay, 
 
 Glen Bea-gh, 
 
 Glen Bevan, 
 
 Glen Bri., 
 
 GleD Cott., 
 
 Glen Dcrragh, 
 
 Glen Head. 
 
 Glen Ho., 
 
 Glen Lod^c, 
 
 Glen Lodge, 
 
 Glen Lough, 
 
 Glen Lough, 
 
 Glen Lough, 
 
 Glen Lough, 
 
 C\&n of Imaile, 
 
 Glen of the Downs, 
 
 Glen R., 
 
 Glen R., 
 
 Glen R., 
 
 Glenaan R., 
 
 Glenabbey Ho^ 
 
 Glenacurragh Cas., 
 
 Glenaddragh R., 
 
 Glenade Ho. and Lough, 
 
 Glenagarey Ho., 
 
 Glcnahiry Barony, 
 
 Glenalbert Ho., 
 
 Glenamaddy, 
 
 Glenamoy R., 
 
 Glcnamoyle Ho. 
 
 Glenaniff R., 
 
 Glenanna Cott., 
 
 Glenard, 
 
 Glenariff or Waterfoot, 
 
 GlcnariffR., 
 
 Glenarm, Bay, R., & Cas, 
 
 Gienarm, Lower Barony, 
 
 Glenarm, Upper Barony, 
 
 Glenart Cas,, 
 
 Glenasheen, 
 
 Glenastuckaun S., 
 
 Glenavurder Bri., 
 
 Glcnavey R. and Sta. 
 
 Glenawough L., 
 
 G'^nbank Ho., 
 
 Glenbeg Ho., 
 
 Glenbeg L., 
 
 Glenbonniv and Ho., 
 
 Glenbower, 
 
 Glenbower, 
 
 Glen boy, 
 
 Glenbrien, 
 
 Glenbrook, 
 
 Glenbrook Ho., 
 
 Glencairn Abb^, 
 
 Glencalo R., 
 
 Glencar L., 
 
 Glencani, 
 
 Glencarrig Ho., 
 
 Gtencolurokille, 
 
 Glenconnor Ho., 
 
 Glencorran, 
 
 Glencorrib Ho., 
 
 GlencnlUn, 
 
 Glencullla L., 
 
 Glencullen R. 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Limerick C 4 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Monaghnn C 2 
 
 Fermanagh E 4 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 West Meath A 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Lei trim F 
 
 Down G 
 
 Cavan B 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 Donegal D 
 
 Armagh D 8 
 
 Donegal A 3 
 
 Done|;aI C 3 
 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Fermanagh E 1 
 
 Antrim E S 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Waterford D 1 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Done^l B 4 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Dublin F 5 
 
 Waterford C ' 2 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Waterford D 4 
 
 Waterford D 4 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Antrim F 3 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Antrim F 8 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Limerick F 4 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Antrim D 6 
 
 Mayo C 3 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Waterford A 3 
 
 Cork B 8 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Wjterford A 3 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Donegal A 3 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Glencree R. & Reformatoiy, Wicklow D 1 
 
 Glencunny Bri., 
 Glendalough, 
 Glendaiough, Vale of, 
 Glendaoan, Vale of, 
 Glendarragh, 
 Glender^n K., 
 Glendine Gap, 
 Glendine R., 
 Gleodoo Mt., 
 Glcndowan Mts., 
 GlenduffCafi., 
 Glendun R., 
 Glenealo R.. 
 Ctcnealv and Sta., 
 Gleneask H<l, 
 Glexl««^r, 
 
 _ 
 
 13 
 
 Fermanagh D 8 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Tyrone B 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Limenck C 3 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Sligo C 8 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Glencely, 
 Glcnclly R„ 
 Glenfam Hall, 
 Glengad Hd., 
 Glengarriff Harb.. La, 
 Glengavlcn t-o., 
 Glengomna R., 
 GlengonnIy_ Ho.^ 
 Glenicmurrin L., 
 Gleninagh Lo., 
 Glenkcen Ho., 
 GlenLirk R., 
 Glenlary Cot., 
 Glcnlough, 
 GlenmacnariS R., 
 Glcnmakeciin R., 
 Glenmaliru Ho., 
 Glenmatur, 
 Glen man us. 
 Glen more, 
 Glen more, 
 Glenmore, 
 Glenmore Cas., 
 Glerimore Ho., 
 Glenmore R., 
 
 Glenmornan R., 
 
 Glennagalliagli, 
 
 Glennagoul, 
 
 Glennalong, 
 
 Glennamorig, 
 
 Glennaphuca Cross Rd 
 
 Giennascaul, 
 
 Glcnnasmole, 
 
 Glenoe, 
 
 Glenpatrick Ford, 
 
 Glenpipe Ho., 
 
 Glenquin Barony, 
 
 Glenrandal R., 
 
 Glenravel Ho-, 
 
 Glenree R., 
 
 Glenroe, 
 
 Glensaul R., 
 
 Glensawisk, 
 
 Glenshane Mt., 
 
 Glenshelane R., 
 
 Glenshesk R., 
 
 Glenstal Cas., 
 
 Glenties, 
 
 Glentogher R., 
 
 Glentoman L., 
 
 Glenullin Water, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Glenville Ho., 
 
 Glenville Ho., 
 
 Glenville Ho., 
 
 Glenwhirry R., 
 
 Glenwilliam Cas., 
 
 Glenwood Ho., 
 
 Glin R. and Cas., 
 
 Clinch Ho., 
 
 Glinn L., 
 
 Clinsk, 
 
 Glinsk, 
 
 Glinsk Ho., 
 
 Globeisland Ho., 
 
 Glore L., 
 
 Glore R., 
 
 Glore R-, 
 
 Glory R., 
 
 Gloster, 
 
 Clyde R., 
 
 Glydefarm, 
 
 Glynn, 
 
 Glynn, 
 
 Glynn Sta., 
 
 Glynnwood Ho., 
 
 Gneevcs, 
 
 GneevguHia, 
 
 Goalstown, 
 
 Gobban S.iers Cas., 
 
 Gobbins, The, 
 
 Gobbinstown Ho., 
 
 Gobrana Ho., 
 
 Goish R. and Br., 
 
 Gokane Pt., 
 
 Gola, 
 
 Gola Is., 
 
 Golagh L., 
 
 Golagh L., 
 
 Golagh L., 
 
 Golam Ho., 
 
 Golden, 
 
 Golden Ball, 
 
 Golden Grove, 
 
 Golden Hills, _ 
 
 Golden Riv. Bri., 
 
 Goldenbridge, 
 
 Goldenfort Ho., 
 
 Goldmines R., 
 
 Goleen, 
 
 Goolds Cross, 
 
 Goraghwood June,' 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Leitrim D 2 
 
 Donegal F 1 
 
 & Cas., Cork C 3 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 I^ndonderry D 4 
 
 Antrim F 6 
 
 Galway C 8 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Limerick G 8 
 
 Londonderry B 8 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Londonderry F 1 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Roscommon D 5 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 Waterford B 2 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 5., Waterford E 2 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Antrim E 8 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Antrim E 5 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Doivn B 4 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Ro^conmion B 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 West Meath E 1 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Cariow B 3 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Antrim H 4 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Wateri-ord C 3 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Donegal B 2 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Galway B 8 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Tipperary B 8 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Wicklow A 8 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Cork B 4 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 Aimagh D 8 
 
 Gorcsbridgc, 
 
 Gorcsgrovc Ho., 
 
 Gorey Barony, 
 
 Gorey Town and Sta., 
 
 Gorman L., 
 
 Gormanston and Cas., 
 
 Gormaostown Ho., 
 
 Gort, 
 
 Gort, 
 
 Gortacurra, 
 
 Gortagarty Ho., 
 
 Gortarcasfc, 
 
 Gortaroo, 
 
 Gortatloa Sta., 
 
 Gortbaun, 
 
 Gorteen. 
 
 Gorteen, 
 
 Gorteen, 
 
 Gorteen, 
 
 Gorteen B., 
 
 Gorteen Br., 
 
 Gorteen Ho., 
 
 Gorteen L.. 
 
 Gorteen, Lower & Upper, 
 
 Gorteen R., < 
 
 Gortermonc L., 
 
 Gortfadda, 
 
 Gortfrce, 
 
 Gortgare^ 
 
 Gortgarngan Br., 
 
 Gortgranard Ho., 
 
 Gorticross, 
 
 Gortin, 
 
 Gortin Ho., 
 
 Gortinty L., 
 
 Gortkelly, 
 
 Gortlass L., 
 
 Govtleek, 
 
 Gortlusky, 
 
 Gortmaraby Ho., 
 
 Gortnaclea Ho., 
 
 Gortnageragh R., 
 
 Gortnagier, 
 
 Gortnahoo, 
 
 Gortnessy, 
 
 Gortraska, 
 
 Gort raw Ho., 
 
 Gorumna L, 
 
 Gosford Cas., 
 
 Gotham Bri., 
 
 Gouganebarra L., 
 
 Goul Riv., 
 
 Goulboume Bri., 
 
 Gouldavoher, 
 
 Govemm,ent Ho., 
 
 Gower Hall, 
 
 Gowlaun, 
 
 Gowlin, New and Old, 
 
 Gowran Tn, 
 
 Graan Ho., 
 
 Grace Hall, 
 
 Grace Hill, 
 
 Gracehill Ho., 
 
 Gracefield, 
 
 Gracefield Ho., 
 
 Graddura L., 
 
 Graffy, 
 
 Grahams Tn., 
 
 Graig Abbey, 
 
 Graigavern, 
 
 Graignagower, 
 
 Graigue, 
 
 Graigue, 
 
 Graigue Hill and Cas., 
 
 Graigue Ho., 
 
 Graigue Ho., 
 
 Graigue, Little, 
 
 Graiguealug Cas., 
 
 Graigucavallagh Ho., 
 
 Graiguenamanagh, 
 
 Graiguenaspiddoge Cas. 
 
 Graiguenoe Ho., 
 
 Graigues Br., 
 
 Grallagh Br., 
 
 Granard Barony, 
 
 Granard Ho., 
 
 Granard Town, 
 
 Grand Canal, 
 
 Graney L. and Riv., 
 
 Graney and Riv., 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, 
 
 Grange, The, 
 
 Grange, The, 
 
 Grange Blundel, 
 
 Grange Bri., 
 
 Grange Hill, 
 
 Grange Ho., 
 
 Grange Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Meath G 3 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Cork H 8 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 SUgo E 4 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 g'lccn's Co. B 2 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Queen's Co. C 
 
 Limerick 6 8 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Londonderry A 3 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Cariow B 3 
 
 Bar., &Ca<:., Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Antrim C 3 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Cavan F 3 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Tyrone C 2 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Tipperary C 1 
 
 Queen's Co. F '4 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Wexford A 5 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 Kilkenny E 3 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Tipperary C 8 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Dublin and Kildare, 
 
 B5& B 
 
 Clare I 
 Kildare C 
 Cork G 
 Kildare A 
 Kilkenny C 
 Louth C 
 Roscommon E 8 
 Sligo E 1 
 Tyrone H 3 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Limerick F 2 
 Wicklow A 8 
 Armagh C 2 
 Limerick C 3 
 Limerick F 2 
 Dublin F 4 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Grange Ho., 
 Grange Ho., 
 Grange Ho., 
 Grange Ho., 
 Grange Ho,, 
 Grange Ho., 
 Gran;;c Ho., 
 Grange More Ho., 
 Gningc K., 
 Grange Water, 
 Grangcbcg Ho., 
 GrangcbcK Ho., 
 Grangebcllew, 
 Grangecon and Ho., 
 Grangeford, 
 Grangcford Bri., 
 G range foylc, 
 Grungehill Ho., 
 Grangemellon Ho., 
 Granny, 
 Granny, 
 Granny Ferry, 
 Gransha Lo., 
 Granslia Pt., 
 Granshoc Ho., 
 Grantstown Ho. and L. 
 Granville, 
 Grattan Aqueduct, 
 Grave Yard^ 
 Gravale Ml, 
 Greaghlone L., 
 Grcan Rock. 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Meath G 3 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 We*t M'--uib V 2 
 
 Galway E 
 Londonderry F 
 Kildare C 
 West M'lAiU F 
 Louth C 
 Wickiow A 
 Kildare B 
 Kildare C 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 
 Kildnrc a 2 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Kilkenny C & 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 5 
 
 I^ondondt-rry B 2 
 
 Dawn F 3 
 
 Monagnan B 2 
 
 , Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Tyrone H 4 
 
 Quccn^sCo. E 2 
 
 Louth A 3 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Monaghan C 4 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Great Heath of Maryborough.. 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 Great L (Lough Enncl), *" " • -^ - 
 Great Island 
 
 Great Newton Hd., 
 Great Saltee L, 
 Great Sugar Loaf, 
 Greatconnell Lo., 
 Greatmans B., 
 Green, The, 
 Green Hall, 
 Green Hills, 
 Green Hills, 
 Green Ho., 
 Green I., 
 Green L, 
 Green Mount, 
 Green Mount, 
 Green Mount, 
 Green Mts., 
 Green Ville, 
 Greenan, 
 Greenan L., 
 Greenan Mt., 
 Greenane Ho., 
 Greencastle, 
 Greencasile, 
 Greencastle, 
 Greencastle Sta., 
 Greenfield, 
 Greenfield Ho., 
 Greenhall Ho., 
 Greenhill, 
 Greenliills, 
 Greenhills Ho., 
 Greenhills Ho., 
 Greenish Is., 
 Green lawn, 
 
 Greenmount and G- Lo. 
 Greenmount Ho., 
 Greenmount Ho., 
 Greenmount Ho., 
 Greenoge, 
 Greenoge,^ 
 Greenore Point, 
 Greenore Pt., 
 Green park Ho., 
 Greenpark Ho,, 
 Greenpark Ho., 
 Greens Bri,, 
 Greenville, 
 Greenville Ho., 
 Greenwood, 
 Greenwood Cott., 
 Greese Riv., 
 Gregory Hill, 
 Gregory Sound, 
 Grenan, 
 Grenan Ho., 
 Greimanstown How. 
 Grey Abbey, 
 Grey Abbey, 
 Grey Pl, 
 Grey Stone, 
 Greyfort Cott, 
 Greystones and Sta., 
 Griffins town, 
 Grifhnstown Ho., 
 Griggins, 
 GriUagh R., 
 Grillagh Street, 
 Griston Ho., 
 Grogan, 
 Grove, The, 
 
 W. Meath D 3 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Wexford C 5 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Dubfin C 5 
 
 Louth C S 
 
 Cariow E 2 
 
 Down C 5 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Limerick £ 2 
 
 'I'yrone E 8 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Down B 6 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Doneg^ G 2 
 
 Down C 5 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 King's Co. H 1 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Qare D 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Cariow C 3 
 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Louth D 1 
 
 Wexford E 4 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Wfcst Meath D 2 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 King's Co. D 1 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Cavan G 8 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Donegal D S 
 
 Galway C 8 
 
 Queen's Co. C 4 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Kildare B S 
 
 Down E 1 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 West Meath F 3 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Limerick G 8 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Cariow- C 2
 
 GROVE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 J0CEE7. 
 
 Grove, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Grove Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 Grove Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Grove Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Groomsport Sta., 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Grouse Lo., 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Groggandoo RIt., 
 
 Down B i 
 
 Grundel Rk., 
 
 Clare C 3 
 
 Gubbaroe Ft., 
 
 Fermanagh D 4 
 
 Gubbin HHI, 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Gubnagole Pt., 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Gubroe, 
 
 Leitnm E 4 
 
 GuilcSigb Ho., 
 
 Walerford E 2 
 
 Guilford Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Guiilamore, 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Guiltyboe, 
 
 Roscommon B 3 
 
 Guitane L., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Gulladoo Lough, 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Gulladuff, 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 GulUon L., 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Gully R., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Guns I., 
 
 Down F 4 
 
 GurL., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Gurteen Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Gurteen Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Gurteen Ho., 
 
 Waterford D 1 
 
 Gweebarra Bay, 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Gweebarra R., 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Gweodore Bay, R. 
 
 & Hotel, Donegal C 2 
 
 Gweestlon R., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Gweestin R., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Cylmi, 
 
 CorkG 3 
 
 
 H 
 
 HacketCas., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Hacket L., 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Hacketstown, 
 
 Cariow D 1 
 
 Hacketstown Ho., 
 
 Dublin F 2 
 
 Haggard and Cas. 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Hags Head, 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Halfway Ho., 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Halfway Ho., 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Hall Craig, 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Hall Ho., 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Hallstown Ho., 
 Halverstowa Ho., 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 HajniltoD, 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Hamilton's BawQ and Sta., Armagh C 2 
 
 Hamilton's Br., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Hamlinstown, 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 iauilinstown. 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 lammondstown. 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Lammondville, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 -lampton Hall, 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 lajnwood Ho., 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 -land Cross Roads 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 ianleystown. 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 _iarcourl Sta., 
 
 Dublin D 5 
 
 Harding Grove, 
 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Hardyraouat, 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Hare I., 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Hare I. (L. Rec), 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Haremount, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Harleypark, 
 Harlinstown, 
 
 ^'^SiSil 
 
 Harmony Hali, 
 
 -'West Meath A 8 
 
 Karoids Cross and 
 
 Grange, Dublin D 5 
 
 Karperstown Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 K.-irrison Castle, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Harrisons Close, 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 ^UTistowo, 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 P. irriatowD, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 4 
 
 rl irristown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 r.'-irristown Ho., 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 f-t irristown Ho.t 
 
 Roscommon B 3 
 
 :' irristown Ho., 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 .rrow. The, 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 .rrow. Tile, 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 ■ .unry Mount, 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Harry brook, 
 ifarrytock. 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Wexford A 6 
 
 clarulown. 
 
 Wicklow A 8 
 
 r{aul*'Owlin': I., 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 riawttiom ( >m., 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Hawthorn 11.';, 
 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 rlaycslowD :io., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 hiaynestowi. Ch,, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Hays Ho., 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Haystown, 
 
 Dublin F 2 
 
 Haywood Ho., 
 
 Q jcon's Co. D 3 
 
 fla2elbrool:. 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Huelhuch jin.. 
 
 Dublin A 6 
 
 Hailepit H >., 
 
 Q'jccn'sCo. B 3 
 
 Huliwood Ho., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 HuulL., 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Hadborovgh Ho., 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 HudTwii, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 HMdIord Ho . 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 Hcmdfort and .^ix, 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 Mcalh C 2 
 
 Hudfon Ho., 
 
 Hc^.ood Sta.. 
 
 Antrim P 4 
 
 HmilhbtIA Ho , 
 
 \Vcxlbid C 8 
 
 HuikUaH. 
 
 Armacb D 4 
 
 HmiI) Htr. 
 
 ItOdm B 4 
 
 Heath Ho., Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Heath Lo., Cavan H 3 
 
 Heath of Maryborough, Great, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Hcathfield, 
 
 Heathfield, 
 
 Heathlawn, 
 
 Hebom Ho., 
 
 Hedgefield, 
 
 Hedsor, 
 
 Helens Tov/er, 
 
 Helvick Hd., 
 
 Hcmpstown, 
 
 Hen Mt., 
 
 Henney L., 
 
 Herbertstown, 
 
 Herbertstown Harh., 
 
 Herbertstown He, 
 
 Hermitage, 
 
 Hermitage, 
 
 Hermitage Ho., 
 
 Hernsbrook, 
 
 Herondale Ho., 
 
 Hervey Hil!, 
 
 Hewson Hill, 
 
 Hibernian School, 
 
 High and Low Is., 
 
 High L, 
 
 High Park, 
 
 High Street, 
 
 High Street, 
 
 High Street, 
 
 Highgate Lo., 
 
 High park, 
 
 Highpark Ho., 
 
 Highrath, 
 
 Hill Cas., 
 
 Hill Head, 
 
 Hill of Allen, 
 
 Hill of Down Sta., 
 
 HillofUshnagh, 
 
 Hill Street, 
 
 Hillbrook, 
 
 Hillburn Ho., 
 
 Hillhall, 
 
 Hillhead, 
 
 Hillpark Ho., 
 
 Hillsboroug't, 
 
 HilIsboroug!i, 
 
 HilUboroufh. 
 
 Hillsborou. '.\ Hall, 
 
 Hillside, 
 
 Hilltown, 
 
 Hilltown, 
 
 Hilltown Cott., 
 
 Hilltown pJo., 
 
 HL'lon Ho., 
 Hockley an. 1 Lo., 
 Hodgestowr.. 
 Hodgestown Ho., 
 Hodgin's Corner, 
 Hodsons Bay Ho., 
 Hog L, 
 
 Hoganswood Ho., 
 Hogs Hd., 
 Holdenstown Ho., 
 Holestone Ho., 
 Hollow, Tiie, 
 Holly HiJI, 
 Holly HiU, 
 Hollybrook, 
 Holly brook, 
 Hollybrook Ho., 
 Hollybrook Ho., 
 Hollybrook Ho., 
 Hollybrook Ho., 
 Hollybrook Ho., 
 Hollyfield Ho., 
 Hollyfort, 
 Hollyraount, 
 Hollyraount, 
 Hollymount, 
 Hollymount, 
 Hollymount He , 
 Hollymount Ho., 
 Hollymount Ho., 
 Holly Park Ho., 
 Holly Well Ho., 
 Hollywood, 
 Hollywood Ho., 
 Hollywood Ho., 
 Hollywood Ho,, 
 Hollywood Ho. , 
 Holly wood rath. 
 Holy or Iniscaltra L., 
 Holycross, 
 Holycross, 
 Holy Welt, 
 Holy Well Ho., 
 Holywell, 
 Holywell, 
 Holywell Ho., 
 Holywood, 
 Honor R., 
 Hookhcad, 
 Horctown Ho., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Galway 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Wicklow B 1 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Meath G 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Roscommon D 
 
 Roscommon C 
 
 Limerick C 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Down C 2 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 King's Co. D 4 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 West Meath E 1 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Roscommon F 
 
 Clare C 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Xerry B 
 
 Wicklow A 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 T>Tone D 1 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Wicklow^ 1 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Kbg'sCo. D 2 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Sli^o F 1 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Dublin D b 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Wicklow D S 
 
 Dublin C 8 
 
 Galway F 4 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Aiitrim D 4 
 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Down E 
 
 Tipperary D 
 Wcjiford A 
 Weaford B 
 
 Horn Head, 
 Horse and Jockey, 
 Horse L, 
 Horse L, 
 Horseleap Sta., 
 Horsepark, 
 Horseshoe Ho., 
 Hortland Ho., 
 Hospital, 
 Hospital, 
 
 Houndswood Ho., 
 House of Ward, 
 HowthTn., Hr.rb., & 
 Howth Cas. and Junct 
 Hugginstown, 
 Hume L., 
 Humewood Ho., 
 Humphreystown Ho. 
 Hungry Hill, 
 Hunterstov.n, 
 Hunting Tort, 
 Huntingdo.i, 
 Huntingdon Ho., 
 Huntington Cas., 
 Huntly, 
 Huntly Gi'j.T, 
 Huntstown Ho,, 
 Huntstown Ho., 
 Huntston Ho., 
 Hurdles to v.-n Ho., 
 Hurley Riv., 
 HyblaHo.. 
 Kyde Park, 
 Hyde Park, 
 Hydepark Ho., 
 Hymenstowa Ho., 
 Hyne Lake, 
 
 Hil! 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Jjongford D 1 
 
 Wicklow B 1 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Dublin G 4 
 
 Dublin F 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Keiry C 3 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 We;t Meath F 3 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 CorkD 4 
 
 .arconnaught, 
 
 baiie and Barryroe Earony, 
 
 Galway C 
 Cork E 
 
 brickan Barony, " Clare D 
 
 da Barony, Kilkenny D 
 
 drone, East Barony, Cariow B 
 
 drone. West Barony, Cariow A 
 
 ffa & Offa, East Barony, Tipperary D 
 ffa & Oflfa, V/est Barony, Tipperary C 
 ghtermurragh, Cork H 
 
 keathy & Oughterany Bar., Kildare C 
 
 kerrin Barony, 
 
 !en River, 
 
 Uan master, 
 
 llaulenearaun, 
 
 llaunavoley Pt., 
 
 Hies, 
 
 mokilly Barony, 
 
 nagh L., 
 
 nagh R. and Bri., 
 
 nane Ho., 
 
 nch, 
 
 nch, 
 
 nch. The, 
 
 nch, 
 
 nch and Sta., 
 
 nch Cas., 
 
 nch Ho., 
 
 nch L., 
 
 nchagoill, 
 
 ncbaquire and Brl 
 
 ncharmadermot, 
 
 nchavore R., 
 
 nchbofio, 
 
 nchcleraun, 
 
 nchenagh, 
 
 ncherky, 
 
 nchiclogh Ho., 
 
 nchicronan L., 
 
 nchigeelagh, 
 
 nchiquin Baiony and L., 
 
 nchiquin L., 
 
 nchirourke More, 
 
 nchmalyra, 
 
 nchmorc, 
 
 nchmore and Abbey, 
 
 nchturk, 
 
 n^.ird Pt., 
 
 niscaltra or Holy L., 
 
 nisliannon, 
 
 nisharg^', 
 
 nishark, 
 
 njshbcg, 
 
 nishbcg, 
 
 nishbiggle, 
 
 nishbofin, 
 
 nishbofin, 
 
 nisfa broom, 
 
 nishcoc Ho., 
 
 nishcorkcr, 
 
 nishcorkisli, 
 
 nishcrone, 
 
 nishdolla, 
 
 niBhdcgil More, 
 
 nishdooey, 
 
 ni&hdufl'. 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Cork D 
 
 MayQ C 
 
 ^ Clare B 
 
 Limerick C 
 
 Donegal F 
 
 Cork G 
 
 Galway B 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Cork H 
 
 Down E 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Limerick G 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Galway D 
 
 Galway D 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Longford A 
 
 Wicklow D 
 
 West Meath A 
 
 Longford A 
 
 Longford A 
 
 King's Co. B 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Clare G 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Limerick I) 
 
 Limerick B 
 
 West Meath A 
 
 Longford D 
 
 West Meath A 
 
 Wexford B 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Down F 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Doncj^al C 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Galway A 
 
 Mnyo D 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Fermanagh F 
 
 Sligo B 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Inisheer, 
 
 Inishfamard, 
 
 Inishford, 
 
 Inishfree Bay, 
 
 Inishfree, Upper, 
 
 Inisbgalloon, 
 
 Inishglora, 
 
 Inishgort, 
 
 Inishkea, S. and N., 
 
 Inishkeen, 
 
 Inishkeen and Sta., 
 
 Inishkeeragh, 
 
 Inishkeeragh, 
 
 Inishloe, 
 
 Inishlyon, 
 
 Inishlyre, 
 
 Inishmaan, 
 
 Inishmacnaghtan Ho., 
 
 Inishmacowney, 
 
 Inishmacsaint, 
 
 Inishmakill, 
 
 Inishmicatreer, 
 
 Inishmore, 
 
 Inishmore, 
 
 Inishmore, 
 
 Inishmurray, 
 
 Inishnabro, 
 
 Inishnee, 
 
 Lilshowen Hd., 
 
 Inishowen, East Barony, 
 
 Inishowen, West Barony, 
 
 Inishrush, 
 
 Inishshark, 
 
 Inishsirrer, 
 
 Inishtooskert, 
 
 Inishtrahull, 
 
 Inishiurk, 
 
 Inishvickillane, 
 
 Inismore Hall, 
 
 Inistioge, 
 
 Inisturk, 
 
 Inn L., 
 
 Inner Bay (Dundrum E.), 
 
 Inner L., 
 
 Inn field, 
 
 Innishinny, 
 
 Inny R. Source, 
 
 Inny R., 
 
 Inny R. and Brl, 
 
 Inver, 
 
 Inver, 
 
 Inver Bay, 
 
 Inver L., 
 
 Inver R., 
 
 Inverroe Water, 
 
 loe L.J 
 
 Iraghticonnor Fr-.rony, 
 
 Ire R., 
 
 Ireland's Eye, 
 
 Irishtown, 
 
 Irishtown He, 
 
 Irishtown Ho., 
 
 Irishtown He, 
 
 Iron L., 
 
 Ironhills Ho , 
 
 Irvinestown ^ 
 
 LiwtliiiMitwn, 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Cork A 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Monaghan E 
 
 Galway A 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Oare G 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Galway D 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Galway E 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Sligo D 
 
 Kerry A 
 
 Galway B 
 
 Dotleg^ G 
 
 Doiiegal E 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Londonderry F 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Kerry A 
 
 Donegal F 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Kerry A 
 
 Fermanagh E 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 Galway A 
 
 Donegal F 
 
 Down E 
 
 Monaghan B 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Meath A 
 
 West Meath C 
 
 Kerry B 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Fermanagh G 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Londonderry F 
 
 Sligo C 
 
 Kerry D 
 
 Waterford E 
 
 Dublin G 
 
 Dublin E 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Queen's Co. D 
 
 W est Meath D 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Irwin Mount, 
 
 Iskule Strm., 
 
 Islan L., 
 
 Island Cott., 
 
 Island Ho., 
 
 Island L., 
 
 Island Magee, 
 
 Island Magee Ch., 
 
 Island Pt., 
 
 Islands Baror>*, 
 
 Island Reavy L., 
 
 Islandbridge, 
 
 Islandeady L., 
 
 Islanderry Ho., 
 
 I si an dm ore, 
 
 Islandstown, 
 
 Iveagh, Lower I'jrony, 
 
 Iveagh, Upper barony, 
 
 Iver Cas.. 
 
 Iveragh Barony, 
 
 Ivcrk Barony, 
 
 Ivy Bri., 
 
 Fermanagh E 
 
 Armagh B 
 
 Limerick C 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 Monaghan A 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Mayo E 
 
 Antrim H 
 
 Antrim G 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Down C 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Mayo C 
 
 ^ Down B 
 
 Limerick E 
 
 Antrim D 
 
 Down C 
 
 Down B 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 Kerry B 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Jamestown, 
 Jamestown, 
 Jamestown, 
 Jamestown, 
 Jamestown and Ho., 
 Jamestown Ho., 
 Jane Ville, 
 Jancvillc, 
 Jnrmans Cott., 
 Jcrkinstown Ho,, 
 Jcnkinstown Ho., 
 Jcrpoint Sta., 
 Jootey Hall, 
 
 Fermanagh E S 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Leitrim C 4 
 
 West McaUi C 8 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Cariow B 8 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Kildaro B 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 Kilkenny 5 3 
 
 ICUdam C 3
 
 jo^n^anaooK. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 EILLTLEA. 
 
 folMisbrook Ho., 
 
 [ohn's Port, 
 
 folirf^port Ho., 
 
 folmston's Bri., 
 
 foIuii:own, 
 
 fohostown, 
 
 [ohnstowD, 
 
 fohnstown, 
 
 [ohnslown, 
 
 fohnstown, 
 
 JoKnstowTi and Ho., 
 
 jciiDsiown Ho., 
 otmstown Ho.j 
 I'ohnstown Ho., 
 fobn'^town Ho., 
 'o'lnstown Ho., 
 [ohnswcii Ho., 
 fonesborough, 
 [onesborough Ho. 
 loncstown Ho., 
 [ordanstown Sta., 
 [oristown Ho., 
 foyce's Country, 
 jutigeville, 
 Juliunstown, 
 Juliaostown Ho., 
 
 Mc.-ilh C 2 
 Sligo li 1 
 Roscommon F 4 
 LoDgford B 2 
 Fermanagh G 3 
 Kildare B 1 
 Kildare D 2 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Wicklow D 4 
 Wicklow E 4 
 Wexford D 
 Carlow B 
 Wateiford C 
 DubPin A 
 Roscommon £ 
 •fipptrary A 
 KUkeonv C 
 Annagli D 
 Meath B . 
 King's Co. H 1 
 Antrim F 4 
 West Meath F 2 
 Gal way C 2 
 West Meath D 8 
 Meath G 2 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Kanturk. 
 
 Kate M'Kay's Cri., 
 
 Kate Vaie, 
 
 Keadeen, 
 
 Keadew, 
 
 Keady, 
 
 Keady Mt, 
 
 Keale Ho., 
 
 Keale R., 
 
 Kealkill, 
 
 Keatnaneigh Pass, 
 
 Kcamcy, 
 
 Keamevstowa, 
 
 Kedge 1., 
 
 Keehitl, 
 
 Keel and Bay, 
 
 Xecl Bri., 
 
 Keel Ho., 
 
 Keel L., 
 
 Keel L., 
 
 Keel L., 
 
 Keeldia L., 
 
 Keeloge, 
 
 Keologe Batteries, 
 
 Kee^io, 
 
 Keely, 
 
 Keem, 
 
 Keenagh, 
 
 Keenagh R., 
 
 Keenaghaa L., 
 
 Keenagbt Barony, 
 
 Keenans Cross, 
 
 Keenrath Ho 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Clare C 4 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Roscommon E 1 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Limerick G 4 
 
 CorkC 3 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 KUdare D 2 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 King's Co. B 2 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Loath B 2 
 
 „_ , Cork D 3 
 
 Keeper Hill or Slievekimalta, 
 
 Tipperary A 
 
 Keeragh Is., 
 
 Kceran Ho., 
 
 Keeran R., 
 
 Keerans Cross, 
 
 Keereen, 
 
 Keerglen, 
 
 Keishcorrallt 
 
 Kells, 
 
 Kells, 
 
 Kells, 
 
 Kells and R., 
 
 Kells Barony, 
 
 Kells, Lower Barony, 
 
 Kells, Upper Barony, 
 
 Kells Pt., 
 
 Kellswater Sta., 
 
 Kelly Cas., 
 
 Kelly Cas., 
 
 Kellybrook, 
 
 Kellys L., 
 
 Kellys Quarters, 
 
 Kellyitown Ho., 
 
 Kellyville Ho. and L., 
 
 Kellonstown, 
 
 Kenmare, 
 
 Kenmare R., 
 
 Kennel, 
 
 Kenny, 
 
 Kennycourt Ho., 
 
 Kenry Barony, 
 
 Kentstov/n, 
 
 Kcr.ure Park, 
 
 Keoghville, 
 
 KerdirFstown Ho., 
 
 Kemeys Cross, 
 
 Kern', 
 
 Kerr- Hd., 
 
 Kim- Mrriny Barony, 
 
 Kc5' 
 
 Kr 
 
 10 
 
 VVeitford B 
 Meath E 
 Louth A 
 Louth B 
 Waterford C 
 Mayo C 
 Sligo F 
 Kerry B 
 Kilkenny C 
 Meath C 
 Antrim D 
 Kilkenny B 
 Meath C 
 Meath C 
 Tyrone 1 
 Antrim F 
 Galway E 
 Galway G 
 Roscommon E 
 Wicklow C 
 Carlow C 
 Meath E 
 Queen's Co. E 
 Down D 
 Kerry D 
 Kerry B 
 Kildare D 
 West Meath D- 
 Kild.ire D 
 Limerick D 
 Meath E 
 Dublin F 
 Roscommon E 
 Kildare D 
 Louth B 
 Tipperary B 
 Kerry C 
 Cork F 
 Down C 
 Roscommon £ 
 
 Kesh, 
 
 Kesh and R., 
 Kcshcarrigan, 
 Key Lough, 
 Keys Cross Rds., 
 KidL, 
 Kiddslown, 
 Kidlawn, 
 Ki^gaul E., 
 Kllbaha and Bay, 
 Kilballybuc Ho., 
 Kilbaliyskea. 
 Kilbane, 
 Kilbeg Cott., 
 Kilbeg Ho., 
 Kilbe^gan, 
 Kilbelieny atld Cas., 
 Kllbelin, 
 Kilb<aiaan. 
 Kilberrin Br., 
 Kil berry, 
 Kllberry'Cott., 
 Kilboggia Ho., 
 Kilbcy Ho., 
 Kilbrack Ho., 
 ICilbraghan, 
 Kilbrannish, 
 KUbre: Ho., 
 Kilbmd? Ho., 
 KilbrowHo., 
 Kilbrickan Bri., 
 Kilbride, 
 Kilbride; 
 
 KUbride End IIo., 
 Kilbride Ho., 
 Kilbride Ho., 
 Kilbride Ho., 
 Kilbride Ho., 
 KUbrin, 
 Kilbrittain, 
 Kilbroney Ho., 
 Kilcaimin, 
 Kilcaltan Ho., 
 Kncar, 
 Kilcam Bri., 
 Kilcaxney Cross Rds., 
 Kilcarra, 
 Kilcarrig Ho., 
 Kilcarry Bri. and Cott., 
 Kilcarty, 
 Kile ash, 
 
 Kilcatherine PL, 
 Kilcavan, 
 Kilchreest 
 Kilclare, 
 Kilclief, 
 Kilcloher, 
 Kikoliiey 3r., 
 Kilcockand Eia.. 
 Kilcogy, 
 Kilcolgan, 
 Kilcol^anCas., 
 KilcoUnan Casclc. 
 Kilcolman, 
 Kilcoltrim Ho., 
 S Kilcolumb, 
 4 Kilcomin, 
 2 Kilconnanght, 
 Kilconnell Baiony, 
 Kilconnell, 
 Kilconner Ho., 
 Kilconny, 
 Kilconway Barony, 
 Kilcoo Ho., 
 Kilcoo R., 
 Kilcoole and Sta., 
 Kilcooly Abbey, 
 Kilcop Ho., 
 KUcor, 
 
 Kilcoran Ho., 
 Kilcortey, 
 Kilcoman Ho., 
 Kilcomey, 
 Rilcoursey Barony, 
 
 UikreaHo., 
 Kilcredan, 
 Kilcredaun Pt., 
 Kilcreen Ho., 
 Kilcrohane Er^ 
 Kilcronaghan Ch., 
 Kilcullen and Barony 
 Kilcullen, Old, 
 KilcuUy, 
 Kilcummin Ho., 
 Kilcummin or Benwee 
 
 Kilcumney Ho., 
 
 Kilcuriy Ho.. 
 
 Kilcurry R., 
 
 Kildalkey, 
 
 Kildangan Cas., 
 
 Kildare and Sta., 
 
 Kildaree, 
 
 Kildaree, 
 
 Kildavin and Ho., 
 
 Kildevin, 
 
 Kildimo, 
 
 Sligo F 8 
 Fermanagh D 1 
 Leitrim D 8 
 Roscommon D 1 
 Wexford D 1 
 Mayo B I 
 Antrim C 4 
 Roscommcn E G 
 Galway B 3 
 Clare A 4 
 Carlow B 2 
 King's Co. C 4 
 Clare I 3 
 Waterford B o 
 Meath D 2 
 West Meath C 3 
 Limerick H 4 
 Kildare C 2 
 Galway E 2 
 Kildare B 3 
 Meath D H 
 Kildare A 3 
 Kildare B 3 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 Carlow C 3 
 Wateri'ord B 8 
 Limerick G 3 
 Meath F 3 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Wicklow E S 
 Wicklow C 1 
 Ciriow C 2 
 West Mr.ath D 3 
 Wexford E 2 
 Wicklow E 4 
 C'orl; E 2 
 Cork E 4 
 Down B 5 
 Galway E 3 
 Londonderry B 3 
 Donegal B 4 
 Meath E 3 
 Wicklow C 3 
 Wicklow D i 
 Carlow B 2 
 Carlow C 2 
 Meaih D 3 
 Tipper.ary D 4 
 Cork A 3 
 Wicklow C 4 
 Galway F 3 
 Leitrim D 3 
 Down F 3 
 Clare B 4 
 Carlow B 3 
 Kildare C 1 
 Cavan E 4 
 Galvray E 3 
 King's Co. D 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Limerick C 2 
 Carlow B 8 
 West Meath F 2 
 Kings Co. C 4 
 Carlov; D 1 
 Galway F 2 
 Galway F 3 
 Carlow C 2 
 Caran E 2 
 Antrim C 3 
 Kildare A 4 
 Leitrim C 1 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Waterford G 2 
 Cork G 2 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 " oscommon C 3 
 %/est Meath B 3 
 Cork E 2 
 King's Co. E 1 
 Dublin E 3 
 Cork H 3 
 C!.rre B 4 
 KUkei.ny C 8 
 Cork B 4 
 Londonderry E 4 
 Kildare C 8 
 Kildare C 3 
 Cork F 3 
 King's Co. C 2 
 Hd., Mayo D 1 
 Carlow B 3 
 Louth B 2 
 Armagh D 4 
 Meath C 3 
 Kildare B 3 
 Kildare B 3 
 Galway D 2 
 Galway F 1 
 Carlow C 2 
 West Meath D 1 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Kildimo, Old, 
 Kildinun Ho., 
 Kildobgh, 
 Kildoon, 
 Kiklorrery, 
 Kildrum, 
 Kildnim Ho., 
 KiiduiT Ho., 
 Kilfarrasy Is., 
 Kilfane, 
 Kilfeakle Ho., 
 Kilfearagh, 
 Kilfenora, 
 
 Kilfcuora, 
 Kilfinnane, 
 
 Kilfinny Cas., 
 
 Kiinyn, 
 
 Kilfrush lIo., 
 
 Kiigarriff, 
 
 Kilgarvan, 
 
 Kii^lass Ho., 
 
 Kilgktss L., 
 
 Kilglass Lo., 
 
 ICilgobbtn, 
 
 Kilgobbin Ho., 
 
 Kilgolagh, 
 
 ICilgorman Ch., 
 
 Kilgory Ho* and L 
 
 Kilgraney Ho., 
 
 Kilgraney Lo., 
 
 Kilirellig, 
 
 Kilkea and Moor.e E 
 
 Killtea Cas., 
 
 Kilkeasy, 
 
 KHkee, 
 
 Kilkeel, 
 
 Kilkeel Pier and ?... 
 
 Kilkeeran, 
 
 ICilkeeran, 
 
 Kilkelly, 
 Killienny, Tn., Sta., 
 
 Kilkenny, 
 
 Kilkenny R.ice Co. , 
 
 iCilkenny, V.'est Biir., 
 
 Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Kilkinlea, 
 
 Kilkishen, 
 
 Kill, 
 
 Kill, 
 
 Kill Ho., 
 
 Killabeg Ho., 
 
 iCiUachor, 
 
 Killadea.s, 
 
 ICilladoon, 
 
 Killadrecnan, 
 
 Kllladysert, 
 
 Killagan Sta., 
 
 Killagan Water, 
 
 Killagh Ho., 
 
 Killagh Ho., 
 
 Killaghy Cas., 
 
 KUlahaly Er., 
 
 Killahy, 
 
 Killahy Cas., 
 
 Killakee Ho., 
 
 Killakee Mt., 
 
 Killala and Bay, 
 
 Killaloe, 
 
 KUlaloo, 
 
 Killamanagb, 
 
 Killamery, 
 
 Kil Ian, 
 
 Killane Br., 
 
 Killanena, 
 
 Killaney Ch., 
 
 Killann, 
 
 Killanny, 
 
 Killanummery, 
 
 Killard and Point, 
 
 Killard Pt. and Ch., 
 
 Killare Ho., 
 
 KiUary, 
 
 Killarga, 
 
 KiUamey, 
 
 Killary Harb., 
 
 Killasana Ho.. 
 
 Killashandra, 
 
 Killashee, 
 
 Killashee Ho., 
 
 Killaskillan .Ho., 
 
 Killaspug Pt., 
 
 KUlaspy Ho., 
 
 Killavackan, 
 
 Killavally, 
 
 Killaveney Bri., 
 
 Killavilla Ho., 
 
 Killavoggy Br., 
 
 Killawillin, 
 
 KiUballyowen, 
 
 Killcoo Cross Roads, 
 
 Killduff Mt., 
 
 Killea, 
 
 Killead, 
 
 KiUeagh and Sta., 
 
 Killeague Ho.. 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Londonderry F 2 
 Kildare B 8 
 Cork F 2 
 Donegal E 3 
 Antrim D 4 
 King's Co. F 1 
 Wat'jrford F 3 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Clare C 4 
 CLire E 2 
 Kerry C £ 
 Limerick F 3 
 Limerick E 2 
 Kerry D 1 
 Limerick G 8 
 Mayo F 2 
 Keny D 3 
 Kildare B 1 
 Roscommon E 3 
 Sligo B 2 
 Dublin E 6 
 Limerick E 2 
 Cavan E 4 
 Wexford E 1 
 Clare I 2 
 Carlow B 3 
 Cariow C 2 
 Clare B 4 
 .\rcny, Kildare B 4 
 Kildare B 4 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Clare C 3 
 Down C 5 
 Down U 5 
 Mayo D 2 
 Mayo D 3 
 Mayo E 2 
 ; l>ar., 
 
 KUkcnny C 3 
 V.'est Meath B 3 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 West Meath B 2 
 Galway B 3 
 Limerick B 3 
 Clare H 3 
 Kildare D 2 
 Waterford F 2 
 Cavan E 3 
 Wexford C 2 
 Longford D 2 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 Kildare D 2 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Clare F 3 
 Antrim C 3 
 Antrim C 2 
 Galway F 8 
 West Meath F 2 
 Tioperary E 3 
 Waterford B 8 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 Dublin D 6 
 Dublin D 6 
 Mayo D 1 
 Clare K 3 
 Londonderry B 3 
 Galway D 2 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 King's Co. H 2 
 Carlow C 2 
 Clare H 2 
 Down D 3 
 Wexford B 2 
 Louth A 2 
 Leitrim B 2 
 Down F 4 
 Qare C 3 
 West Meath C 8 
 Meath D 2 
 Leitrim B 2 
 Kerry D 2 
 Mayo B 3 
 Longford E 2 
 Cavan D 2 
 Longford B 2 
 Kildare C 2 
 Meath B 4 
 Sligo E 2 
 Kilkenny D 5 
 Roscommon E 3 
 West Meath D 3 
 Wicklow C 4 
 King's Co. D 4 
 Leitrim B 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Limerick F 3 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 'Tipperary C 2 
 Waterford G 2 
 Antrim D 5 
 Cork H 3 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Killeany and Bay, 
 
 Killcck, 
 
 Killedan Ho.. 
 
 Killedmond, 
 
 KiUeedy, 
 
 KilleeUiun, 
 
 Killccn, 
 
 Killeen, 
 
 Killeen Cos., 
 
 Killeen Hi., 
 
 Killeen Ho., 
 
 Killeen Ho., 
 
 Killeen Ho., 
 
 Killeen I.., 
 
 Killeen R., 
 
 ICiUecn.igli Br., 
 
 Killeenaran, 
 
 Killeen.', varra, 
 
 Killeenboy, 
 
 Killeenlc-agh. 
 
 Killeen revagh, 
 
 Killeesh.ll Fort, 
 
 Killeeshi.l, 
 
 KilleevrMi, 
 
 KillegLiii, 
 
 Killeigh, 
 
 Killelagh, 
 
 Killelton, 
 
 Killcn, 
 
 Killenash, 
 
 Killenaule, 
 
 Killenn.T, 
 
 Killenn..i, 
 
 Killenmt: Cas., 
 
 Killerig Cross Roads, 
 
 Killerkir. Pt., 
 
 Killestcr, 
 
 KiUeter, 
 
 Killevy C,-.s., 
 
 Killian Barony, 
 
 Killimer, 
 
 Killimor, 
 
 Killimor Cas., 
 
 KiUinagh Glebe, 
 
 Killinane Ho., 
 
 Killinardan Ho., 
 
 KiUinardish, 
 
 Killincarrig, 
 
 Killinchy, 
 
 Killincooly Ch., 
 
 KJlline Burial C -i . 
 
 Killineer Ho., 
 
 Killiney, 
 
 Killiney Hill ana Cas., 
 
 Killiney Sta. ar.J Bay, 
 
 Killinick, 
 
 Killinkere, 
 
 Killinny, 
 
 Killinthomas Ko., 
 
 Killinure Br., 
 
 KiUinure Ho., 
 
 Killinure Lougli, 
 
 KiUiskey, 
 
 KiUmaboy, 
 
 Killofin, 
 
 Killonahan Ho., 
 
 Killone Abbey, 
 
 Killongford Ho., 
 
 Killooman L., 
 
 Killoran Ho., 
 
 Killorglin, 
 
 Killoscobe, 
 
 Killoscully, 
 
 Killoskehan C;^.?.. 
 
 Killoteran Ho.. 
 
 KUlough and H , 
 
 KiUoughrum ¥. o. ,''; F 
 
 Killoughter and sta., 
 
 Killowen, 
 
 Killov^en Ho., 
 
 Killowen Ho., 
 
 KiUower, 
 
 Killoy, 
 
 KiUrickaa, 
 
 Killua Cas., 
 
 Killucaa, 
 
 Killucan Sta., 
 
 Killumney, 
 
 Killuney, 
 
 Killure, 
 
 Kiilure, 
 
 Killurin and Sta., 
 
 Killurin PIo., 
 
 Killumey, 
 
 Killy L., 
 
 Killybegs, 
 
 Killybegs Ho., 
 
 KiUycolpy, 
 
 Killycor, 
 
 Kilb-faddy, 
 
 Killygar and Ko., 
 
 KiUyglen, 
 
 Killygordon, 
 
 Killygownn, 
 
 Killyhevlin Cott., 
 
 Killylea and Sta.. 
 
 Call. ay C 
 Di/lilin 
 M«yo U 
 Carlow B 
 Limerick C 
 Galway E 
 Galway E 
 Wexford U 
 Meath E 
 Armag'n C 
 Armagh D 
 Queen's Co. D 
 Queen's Co. F 
 Longfortl D 
 Queen's Co. B 
 Waterford B 
 Galway E 
 Galway E 
 Roscommon E 
 Cork C 
 Roscommon E 
 Carlow B 
 Tyrone G 
 Monaghan B 
 Roscommon D 
 King's Co. F 
 Londonderry E 
 Kerry C 
 Tyrone C 
 Wexford E 
 Tipperary D 
 Leitrim B 
 Londonderry B 
 Tipperary C 
 Carlow C 
 Clare D 
 Dublin E 
 Tyrone B 
 Armagh D 
 Galway F 
 Clare D 
 Galway G 
 Galway F , 
 Cavan B 1 
 Carlow A '■ 
 Dublin C I 
 Cork E ; 
 Wicklow E 
 Down E 
 Wexford E 
 Carlow C 
 Louth B 
 Kerry B 
 Dublin F 
 Dublin F 
 Wexford D 
 Cavan G 
 Galway E 
 Kildare A 
 Queen's Co. B 
 Wicklow B 
 West Meath A 
 Wicklow E 
 Clare F 
 Clare E 
 Limerick E 
 Cbre G 
 Waterford C 
 Leitrim C 
 Tipperary D 
 Kerry C 
 Galway F 
 Tipperary A 
 Tipperary C 
 Waterford F 
 Down F 
 .rest, Wexford B 
 Wicklow E 
 Down C 
 Wexford A 
 Wexford C 
 Galway E 
 Roscommon E 
 Galway C 
 West Meath F 
 West Meaih F 
 West Meath E 
 Cork E 
 Armagh C 
 Galway G 
 Londonderry E 
 Wexford C 
 King's Co. E 
 Tipperary D 
 Monaghan B 
 Donegal B 
 Kiidare C 
 Tyrone I 
 Londonderry C 
 TjTone E 
 Leitrim F 
 Antrim F 
 Donegal D 
 Fencanagh E 
 Fermanagh " 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 „.. _ 3 
 
 Armagh B S
 
 KHiTLEA. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 T.AgTi 
 
 KiUyiDoon C^, 
 
 Ki^oD Ha, 
 
 SUfyvWslM, 
 
 Kfllywaiyl., 
 
 Kiliiiacanoge, 
 
 KiTmacartHa, 
 
 Kilmacbrack L.» 
 
 Kilmaeda^h, 
 
 Kilmacoe Lo. , 
 
 Kilmaconnna, 
 
 Kibnacow, 
 
 KJJmacow, Upper, 
 
 KjImacreDaa Ear. & Vil. 
 
 KiLtnacEa]w:-y Ho... 
 
 Kiiiiia,cthom:;5, 
 
 Kllmaganny, 
 
 Kiknagar Ho,, 
 
 Kilmaine Barony, 
 
 Kilmaine Ho., 
 
 Kilmalnham, 
 
 Kilmajnham and Sta., 
 
 Kilmakevo^e, 
 
 Kilmakilloge Harbour, 
 
 KBmakinlaa, 
 
 Kilm^kedar, 
 
 Kilmallod:, Td., Bar., and Sta., 
 
 Limerick F 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 Down F 3 
 Fermanagh E 4 
 Tyrone H 4 
 Tyrone H 3 
 West Meath E 2 
 King's Co. D 3 
 Meath C 4 
 Cavao C 2 
 Cavan D 2 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Carlow D 1 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 Galway E 3 
 Wexford D 3 
 Waterford C 2 
 Kilkenny C 
 Kilkenny C 
 , Donegal D 
 Dublin B 
 Waterford E 
 Kilkenny B 
 Kilkenny C 
 Mayo D 3 
 King's Co. D 3 
 Dublin D 5 
 Meath D 1 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Kerry C 3 
 Longford B 3 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Kilmanagh, 
 
 Kilaianahan Ca^,, 
 
 Kilmajinock Ho., 
 
 Kilaartin, 
 
 Kilmartin Ho., 
 
 Kil martin Ho., 
 
 Kilmashoeue Mt., 
 
 Kilmastuib R., 
 
 Kilme^d Ho., 
 
 Kilmeadan, 
 
 Kiiraeage, 
 
 Kilmeany Ho., 
 
 KUmeany Ho., 
 
 Kiimeedy, 
 
 Kilmeena, 
 
 Ktlmes£an and Sta., 
 
 Kilmichael Ho-, 
 
 Kilmichael Pt., 
 
 Kilmihil, 
 
 Kiimoney Cott., 
 
 Kilmood, 
 
 Kilmore^ 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore, 
 
 Kilmore and Orrery Barony, 
 
 Kfimore Ho., 
 
 Kilmore Ho., 
 
 Kilmore Ho., 
 
 Kilmore Ho., 
 
 Kilmore L., 
 
 Kilmore L., 
 
 Kilmore Palace, 
 
 Kilmorgan, 
 
 Kilmorony Ho.. 
 
 Kilmoylcr, 
 
 Kilmuckbridgc Ho,, 
 
 KilmuUen Ho., 
 
 Kilraor Ho., 
 
 Kilmurry, 
 
 Kilmorry, 
 
 Kilmiury, 
 
 Kilmurry, 
 
 Kilmorry Ho., 
 
 Kilmnrry Ho,, 
 
 Kflraurry Ho., 
 
 Kilmnrry Ho., 
 
 Kilmurry Ho., 
 
 Kilmurry McMabOD, 
 
 Kilmurvy- 
 
 KIbnyshall, 
 
 ICilnacrceivy L,, 
 
 Kjlnacroii Cott., 
 
 Kilnacarvagh Ho,, 
 
 Kjlnaf^range Bt,, 
 
 Kilnahard Ho., 
 
 Kilnahoe Ho., 
 
 KilnaLiKr 
 
 Kilnale<:Ic, 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Wexford A 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Queen's Co. A 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Tipperary A 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 Waterford F 2 
 Kildare B 2 
 Carlow B 2 
 Kerry D 1 
 Limerick D 3 
 Mayo C 2 
 Me^th E 3 
 Wexford E 2 
 Wexford F 1 
 Clare D 3 
 Kildare B 2 
 Down E 3 
 Armagh C 2 
 Down E 3 
 Galway C 2 
 Roscommon D 4 
 Wexford C 4 
 Wexford C 
 Wicklow C 
 Cork E 
 ^ Clare D 
 Limerick E 
 Meath E 
 Waterford B 
 Fermanagh F 
 Monaghan B 
 Cavan E 
 Sligo F 
 Queen's Co. F 
 l^pperary B 
 Wexford E 
 Queen's Co. E 
 Meath C 8 
 Clare D 3 
 aare H 8 
 Cork E 8 
 Kilkenny D S 
 Carlow C 2 
 Cork G 2 
 Kildare B 1 
 Wicklow E 8 
 Wicklow E 4 
 Clare E 4 
 Galway B 8 
 Wexford C 2 
 Cavan E 3 
 Oivan F 8 
 King's Co. D 
 Waterford E 
 Cavan E 
 Wexford D 
 Galway F 
 Cavan F 
 
 Kilo.imflrogh Lover Bar.. Tipperary B 3 
 Kilnamanagb Upper Bar., Tipperary B 8 
 Kilnaruvanagh, Kerry C 2 
 
 Kitnock Ho,, Carlow C 2 
 
 Kilonan Sta., Lhncrick F 2 
 
 Kilooly Halt, King's Co. D 2 
 
 Kilpotrick, Cork K 8 
 
 Kilr^triA, KJUIarc A 8 
 
 KiJpairlck Ho., KiW.irc IJ 2 
 
 KJlpanrick Ha, Loinh A 8 
 
 KUpeacoft Ho., Limerick F 2 
 
 10 
 
 Kilpierce, 
 
 Kilpoole Ho., 
 
 Kilquade Ho., 
 
 Kilquane, 
 
 Kilqujggin, 
 
 Kilrainy Ho. and Cas., 
 
 Kitranelagh Ho., 
 
 Kilrea, 
 
 Kilree Ho., 
 
 Kilreehill. 
 
 Kilreesk Ho. and Ch., 
 
 Kilronan, 
 
 Kilronan Ho., 
 
 Kilronane, 
 
 Kilroot Sta., 
 
 Kilrossanty, 
 
 Kiiruddery, 
 
 Kilrush and Ho., 
 
 Kilrush Bri., 
 
 Kilrush Ho., 
 
 Kilsallaghan, 
 
 Kilsaran, 
 
 Kilscannell Ho., 
 
 Kilshanchoe, 
 
 Kilshane Ho., 
 
 Kilshannig, 
 
 Kilshannig, 
 
 Kilsharvau Ho., 
 
 Kilsheelan, 
 
 KiUhruley Ho., 
 
 Kilskeer, 
 
 Kilskeery, 
 
 Kiltabridd Loughs, 
 
 Kiltale, 
 
 Kiltamagh, 
 
 Kiltanon Ko., 
 
 Kiltarsaghaun, 
 
 Kiltartan and Barony, 
 
 Kiiteaiy, 
 
 Kilteel, 
 
 Kikcely, 
 
 Kilteeven, 
 
 Kiltegan, 
 
 Kiltennell Ch. 
 
 Kiltieman, 
 
 Kiltimon, 
 
 Kiltinan Cas., 
 
 Kiltinny, Lower, 
 
 Kiltober Cas., 
 
 Kiltoghert, 
 
 Kiltoom, 
 
 Kiltorcan Ho., 
 
 Klltormer, 
 
 Kiltra Ho., 
 
 Kiltrea Ho., 
 
 Kiltullagh, 
 
 Kiltullagh, 
 
 KilturkL., 
 
 Kiltybane L., 
 
 Kilti'clogher 
 
 Kiltycon, 
 
 Kilure, 
 
 Kilvine, 
 
 Kilwau.E:hter Cas., 
 
 Kil wo r til, 
 
 Kimalta Ho., 
 
 Kimmage Ho., 
 
 Kinale L., 
 
 Kinalea Barony, 
 
 Kin alien, 
 
 Kinalmeaky Barony, 
 
 Kinalogh, 
 
 Klnard Ho., 
 
 Ktnard Lo., 
 
 Kinawley, 
 
 Kinbane or White Hd.. 
 
 Kincon, 
 
 Kinelarty Barony, 
 
 Kingarogy L, 
 
 Kingbill, 
 
 King's Mt., 
 
 Kings R., 
 
 Kings Riv., 
 
 Kings Row, 
 
 Kingsborough Ha, 
 
 Kingsbridge Sta., 
 
 Kingscourt, 
 
 Kinysfort, 
 
 Kingsland, 
 
 Kingston Br., 
 
 Kingston Ho., 
 
 Kingstown and Harbour, 
 
 Kingstown Ho., 
 
 Kingstown R-, 
 
 Ki npvi 1 1 iamsto WD. 
 
 Kinlough, 
 
 Kinnafad Cos., 
 
 Kinnagoe B., 
 
 KInnalioocy, 
 
 Kinn.-ualloon B.irony, 
 
 Kinnc^^nd and Riv., 
 
 KinncKoc Harb., 
 
 Kinncgoc Pt., 
 
 Xinnitty, 
 
 Kinrovar, 
 
 Kinsalc and Barony, 
 
 Wexford D 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Wicklow B 
 
 Kildare A 
 
 Wicklow B 
 
 Londonderry F 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Waterford C 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Antrim G 
 
 Waterford D 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Clare D 
 
 Queen's Co. D 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Limerick C 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Cork G 
 
 Kerry C 
 
 Meath G 
 
 Tipperary D 
 
 tiOngford D 
 
 Usath B 
 
 Tyrone C 
 
 Armagh A 
 
 Meath E 
 
 Mayo E 
 
 Clare H 
 
 Mavo C 
 
 Galway E 
 
 Wexford B 
 
 Kildr.re D 
 
 Limerick G 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Wicklow B 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Dublin E 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Tipperary D 
 
 Londonderry E 
 
 West Meath D 
 
 Leitrim C 
 
 West Meath D 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Galway G 
 
 Wexford B 
 
 Wexford B 
 
 Galway E 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Fermanagh F 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Leitrim C 
 
 Longford C 
 
 Galway G 
 
 Mayo E 
 
 Antrim F 
 
 Cork G 
 
 Tipperary A 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Longford E 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Down C 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Longford E 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Sligo B 
 
 Fermanagh D 
 
 Antrim D 
 
 Mayo C 
 
 Down D 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Down C 
 
 Sligo F 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Wicklow C 
 
 Donegal F 
 
 Sligo G 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Cavan I 
 
 Meath C 
 
 Roscommon C 
 
 Waterford A 
 
 Wicklow D 
 
 Dublin F 
 
 Dublin D 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Leitrim B 
 
 Kildare A 
 
 Donegal G 
 
 M.iyo B 
 
 Cork G 
 
 West Meath F 
 
 Arma5;h D 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 King's Co. D 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Kinsale Harbour, 
 
 Kin.saley, 
 
 Kinturk Ho., 
 
 Kinvarra and Bay. 
 
 Kip L., 
 
 Kip L., 
 
 Kippure, 
 
 Kircassock Ho., 
 
 Kircock L., 
 
 Kirkcubbin, 
 
 Kirklnriola, 
 
 Kirkistown, 
 
 Kirwans Cross, 
 
 Kishawanny, 
 
 Kishkeam, 
 
 Kitt St Nicholas, 
 
 Knappagh Ho., 
 
 Knappoge Ho., 
 
 Knapton and Ho., 
 
 Knavinstown Ho., 
 
 Knights Mt., 
 
 Knights Tov.-n, 
 
 Knightsbrook Ho., 
 
 Knightstowa Ho., 
 
 Knock, 
 
 Knock, 
 
 Knock, 
 
 Knock, 
 
 Knock Ho., 
 
 Knock Cross Roads, 
 
 Knocka L., 
 
 Knocka L,, 
 
 Knockachorra, 
 
 Knockacuppul, 
 
 KnockadatT, 
 
 Knock ade, 
 
 Knockaderrj- and Ho., 
 
 Knockaderry Ho., 
 
 Knockadoo, 
 
 Kncckadoon Hd., 
 
 Knockadniin, 
 
 Knockaholet, 
 
 Knockahunna, 
 
 Knockainy, 
 
 Knockakiboon, 
 
 Knockalaghe, 
 
 Knockalisheen, 
 
 Knockalia Mt., 
 
 Knockallow Rath. 
 
 Knockalough, 
 
 Knockan, 
 
 Knockanaffrm, 
 
 Kuockanaliy Ho., 
 
 Knockanare, 
 
 Knockanast u mba, 
 
 Knockanboy Bri,, 
 
 Knockandinny, 
 
 KnockaneiU R., 
 
 Knockan irapaha, 
 
 Knockaniss, 
 
 Knockan navea, 
 
 Knockanora, 
 
 Knockanore .^^t.,^ 
 
 Knockantem Ho.', 
 
 Knock anure, 
 
 Knockaroon, 
 
 Knockarradaun, 
 
 Knocka rrow, 
 
 K n ockasceega n , 
 
 K nock ask eh an e, 
 
 Knockastanna, 
 
 Knockasturkeen, 
 
 Knockaihea, 
 
 Knockatooan, 
 
 Knockatulla, 
 
 Knockaturly L., 
 
 Knockaunavoher, 
 
 Knockaunbrandaun, 
 
 Knockauncoura, 
 
 Knockaunnaglai;!iy, 
 
 KnockavclLsh Cott., 
 
 Knockaville, 
 
 Knockaviltoge, 
 
 Knockavoe, ^ 
 
 Knocka wai'riga, 
 
 Knock bally stmc Cross 
 
 Knockbane Ho., 
 
 Knockbarragh Pk., 
 
 Knock baun, 
 
 Knockbawn, 
 
 Knockbeg Ho., 
 
 Knockbeha Cott., 
 
 Knockboy, 
 
 Knock boy, 
 
 Knockboy Ho., 
 
 KnocWarack, 
 
 KnocWirack, 
 
 Knockbridc Ch., 
 
 Knock bridge, 
 
 Knockcamg Ho., 
 
 Knockchrec, 
 
 Knockcloghrim, 
 
 Knockcroghcry & Sta. 
 
 Knockdrin Cas., 
 
 KnockduffHo., 
 
 Knockccn Lock, 
 
 Cork F 4 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Wesi Meath E 1 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 Louih B S 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Clare D 4 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 'iipperary D 2 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Galv/ay D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Limerick B 4 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Galwey F 3 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Limerick G S 
 
 Lim.erick D 4 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Dublia B 5 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Iipperary B 3 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 'Monaghan C 2 
 
 Limerick H S 
 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Limerick B 3 
 
 Rds., Carlow D 2 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Down B 5 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Kcrr\' D 3 
 
 West Mc.ith E 2 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 , Roscommon E 4 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Girlow B 8 
 
 Knockeevan Ho., 
 Knockfeerina, 
 Knockfin Ho. 
 Knockglass, 
 Knockglass Ho., 
 Knockgorm L., 
 Knockhouse, 
 Knockieran Cott., 
 Knockineldc, 
 Knocklayd, 
 Knockletter CusS, 
 Knockloe Bri., 
 Knockloe Ho., 
 Knocklofty Br., 
 Knocklofty Ho., 
 Knocklong and Sta.| 
 Knocklyne Cas., 
 Knockmahon, 
 Knockmanus Ho., 
 Knockmeal, 
 Knockmealdown Mts., 
 Knockmore Junction,- t 
 Knockmoylan, 
 Knockmoyle, 
 Knockmoyle, ^ 
 
 Knockmulrooney Tower, 
 Knocknacarry, 
 Knocknacree Cross Rds., 
 Knocknadober, 
 Knocknagann Bri., 
 Knocknagashel, 
 Knocknageragh Ho., 
 I^nocknagtie, 
 Knocknalower, 
 Knocknaman, 
 Knocknamohill Ho.} 
 Knocknamona, 
 Knocknamoyle, 
 Kn ocknamun nion , 
 Knocknarea, 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Luneriok E 8 
 
 Qoecn'sCo. B 3 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Cavan B 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 WicUow A 4 
 
 Waterford C 1 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Dublin D 5 
 
 Waterford E 3 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Kerry D 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Antjim E 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 Kildare E 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Carlow C 1 
 
 Kerry D X 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Knockninny Bar. & Hall, Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Knockor Ho. 
 
 Knockourha, 
 
 Knockowen, 
 
 Knockraha, 
 
 Knockranny Ho., 
 
 Knockrce, 
 
 Knockroe, 
 
 Kncclcroe, 
 
 Knocks, 
 
 Knocksnawn, 
 
 Knockshigowna, 
 
 Knocktelge, 
 
 Knocktfaomas Ho., 
 
 Knocktopher, Bar., & Ho. 
 
 Knopoge Cas., 
 
 Knowth Ho., 
 
 Knuckbue Sta. , 
 
 Kuliniskyduff Ho., 
 
 Kyle Ho., 
 
 Kyle Ho., 
 
 Kyleballintallon, 
 
 Kylemore L., 
 
 Kiidare B 
 Limerick C 2 
 KerT>* C 3 
 Cork G 3 
 RoocTTuaon D 1 
 Carlow C 3 
 Waterford C 3 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Kildare C 2 
 Carlow B 
 Tipperary C 
 Tipperary B 
 Carlow B 
 Kilkenny C 
 Clare H 
 Meath B 
 Cork D 
 Wicklow E 
 Queen's Co. B 
 Wexford C 
 Queen's Co. C 
 Galway B 
 
 Labanstown, 
 
 Labasheeda, 
 
 La be L., 
 
 La Bergerie Ho., 
 
 Laburnum Lo., 
 
 Lachan B., 
 
 Lack, 
 
 Lack, 
 
 Lack L., 
 
 Lacka Ho., 
 
 Lackagh, 
 
 Lackagh L.. 
 
 Lackan, 
 
 Lackan, 
 
 Lackan, 
 
 Lackan, 
 
 Lackan darra, 
 
 L.ickcnacoomtc Ho., 
 
 Lacys Canal, 
 
 Ladestown Ho., 
 
 Lady's L, 
 
 Lady'sbridge, 
 
 Ladycastlc, 
 
 Ladyschapel Ho., 
 
 Lady's Island I^c, 
 
 I^dys Well, 
 
 Lady town Ho., 
 
 Lag, 
 
 Lagan, 
 
 Lagan R., 
 
 Lagan R., 
 
 Layan Navigation Can 
 
 Lagha L., 
 
 Laghitc. 
 
 Laght DaushyKiun, 
 
 L-aghtscetin, 
 
 I^gorc Ho., 
 
 Lany, 
 
 Lake, 
 
 Lotith C 3 
 Clare E 4 
 Sligo F 3 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 Wexford E 2 
 Mayo D 1 
 Fermanagh E X 
 Roscommon F 3 
 Tyrone C 3 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 l^ndondeiry C 2 
 Leitrim C 2 
 Donegal C 4 
 Roscommon D 4 
 West Meath D 2 
 Wicklow C 2 
 Watcri"ord C 2 
 Tipperary B S 
 West Meath D 2 
 West Meath D 8 
 Wexford D 4 
 Cork G 
 Kildare D 
 Kildare C 
 Wexford D 
 Limerick C 
 Kildare C 
 Donegal F 
 Donegal E 
 Down D 2 & C 8 
 Louth A 2 
 il, Antrim D 6 
 Donegal C 2 
 Tipperary B 3 
 Mayo C 1 
 Tippcrar)' \\ 3 
 Meath F 3 
 Donegal C i 
 Tipperar>* U 1
 
 
 LAKBFIEIiD 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 LOUQH. 
 
 
 I^kefield, 
 
 Cavan C 2 
 
 Leas Ho., 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 Liscamey Ho., 
 Liscarroll, 
 
 Monajjlian C 2 
 
 Lodge, The, 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 
 Laketield. 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Leathcnstown, 
 
 Antrim E B 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 I..odgc Park, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 
 Laketietd, 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 Meatb B 2 
 
 Lecak, Upper Baiony, 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Liscartan Cas., 
 
 Meatli D 2 
 
 Lodge-park, 
 
 Mcalh C 3 
 
 
 Lakefield Ho., 
 
 Lecale, Lower Barony, 
 
 Down F i 
 
 Li-scasey, 
 
 Clare E 8 
 
 Lodgep.-trk Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny li 2 
 
 
 Lakelands, 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Lecarrow, 
 
 Leitrim C 8 
 
 Liscolman Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Loftus Hall, 
 
 Wexford A 5 
 
 
 Lake Mount, 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Lccarrow, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Liscormick Ho.| 
 
 Longford C 3 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Loghill, 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 
 l^ke Strand, 
 
 Cavan H 4 
 
 Lecarrow, 
 
 SUko G 8 
 
 Liscune, 
 
 Lombardstown Sta. 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 
 Lakeview, 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Leckpatrick, 
 
 Tyrone D 1 
 Kerry C 1 
 
 Lisdargan, 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Londonderry, 
 
 Londonderry A 2 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 I^ck Pt., 
 
 Lisdoonvama, 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Londonderry, N. W. Liberties of, | 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Lecky Rks., 
 
 Mayo A 3 
 
 Lisdowney, 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 Limerick E 8 
 
 
 Londonderry A 2 
 Cork C 4 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Lcdwithstown Ho., 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Li^duane Ho., 
 
 Long I., 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 LeeR., 
 
 Cork D 3 & F 3 
 
 Ltsfelim, 
 
 Roscommon E B 
 
 Long I., 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Lee R., 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Lisfinny Ho., 
 
 Waterford A 3 
 
 Long Is., 
 Loogfield, 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 
 Lake View, 
 
 WickJow D 2 
 
 Leckc Water, 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Lisgar, 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Armagh D 4 
 
 
 Lakeview Ho., 
 
 Meath C 1 
 
 Leekfield Ho.. 
 
 SUgo D 2 
 
 Lisglassock Ho., 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Longficid Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 
 Lakeview Ho., 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Lecnane, 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Lisgoole Abbey, 
 
 Fermanagh E 8 
 
 Longficld Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 West Meath B 2 
 
 
 Lakeview Ho.. 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Lcgamaddy, 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Lisheeo, 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Longficid Ho., 
 
 
 Lakeville. 
 La Mancha, 
 
 ■ Cavan D 3 
 
 Legan, 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Li-sheen, 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Longford, 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Legan Cas., 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Lisheen, 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 Cork C 8 
 
 Longford, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 Galway G 3 
 
 
 Lambay L, 
 
 JDublin G 2 
 
 Legavannon, 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 
 Lisheen Br., 
 
 Longford Barony, 
 
 
 Lambay Harbour and Cas.. Dublin G 3 
 
 Leggy kcUy, 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Lisheen Cos., 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Longford Barony, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 
 Lambeg, 
 
 Antrim E 5 
 
 Legoniel, 
 
 Antrim E 5 
 
 Lisheen Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 8 
 Limerick E 3 
 
 Longford Bri., 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 
 Lambert Cas. and Lo.^ 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Legwee Bri. , 
 
 Cavan E 8 
 
 Liskennett Ho., 
 
 Longford Ho., 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 
 lAmberton Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Lehenagli, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Lisky, 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Long HiU, 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 
 T^mberton Ho:, 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Lehcry Bri., 
 
 Longford B 8 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Lislap, 
 Lislasly, 
 
 TjTone E 2 
 
 Longhill, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 
 Lambs Head, 
 
 Kerry B 8 
 
 Lehinch, 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Long L., 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 
 Lancaster Ho., 
 Landenstown U<X| 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 Leighlinbridge, 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Lislea, 
 
 Sligo E 3 
 
 Long L., 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Leinster Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Lislea Ho. and Cott., 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Longorchard Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D % 
 
 
 Land more Ho., 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 Lcipsic, 
 
 King-sCo. C 4 
 
 Lislea Ho., 
 
 Cavan G 2 
 
 Longpaveincnt Sta., 
 
 Limerick F 1 
 
 
 Landscape Ho., 
 
 Waterford D 1 
 
 Leitrim, 
 
 Leitrim C 4 
 
 Lislea Ho., 
 
 Longford C 3 
 Down E 2 
 
 Longtown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 
 Landscape Ho., 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Leitrim Barony, 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 LisleeUi 
 
 Longueville, 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 
 Lanetbo rough, 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Leitrim Bar. and Hamlet, Galway F 3 | 
 
 Lisleitrmi L., 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Longwood, 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 
 Lanespark, 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Leitrim, 
 
 Longford C 2 
 Sligo D 8 
 
 Lislevane, 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Lonsdale, 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 
 Laney River, 
 
 Leitrim Ho,, 
 
 Lismacmurrogh Hp., 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Loo R., 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 
 Langford Lodge, 
 Langfords Lodge, 
 
 Antrim C 5 
 
 Leitrim R., 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Lisraacue Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Loobagh R., 
 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 Leixlip, Sta., and Cas., 
 
 Kildare E 1 
 
 Lismaine Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Loop Hd., 
 
 Clare A 4 
 
 
 Langley Lo., 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Lemanaghan Cas. & CI 
 
 ., King's Co. D 2 
 
 Lismoher Ho., 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Loran Park, 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 
 tanmore, 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Lemineagh, 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Lismore Cas., 
 
 Cavan E 3 
 
 Lordship of Newry, 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 
 Laragh, 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Lemnalary, 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 LLsmore Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Lorrha, 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 
 Laragh and Ho;, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Lemongrove Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Lismore and Sta., 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Loskeran Ho., 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 
 I^ragh Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 1 
 
 Lcnaboy, 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Lismoyne, 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Lossett, 
 
 Cavan E 3 
 
 
 Laragh Ho., 
 
 Monaghan O 3 
 
 Lenadoon Pt., 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Lismoyny, 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Lough Allen, 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 
 Laragh Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Lenaghans, 
 
 Longford C 8 
 
 LismuUin Ho., 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Loughan, 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 
 
 Laragh L., 
 
 Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Lenagubbagh Ho., 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Lisnabin Ho., 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Loughan B., 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 
 Laragh R., 
 
 Cavan F 3 
 
 Lenan Hd., 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Lisnabo Ho., 
 
 Meath D 1 
 
 Loughananna, 
 
 Limerick H 4 
 
 
 Larah Ho., 
 
 Cariow C 2 
 
 Lene L., 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Lisnacree, 
 
 Down C B 
 
 Loughanillaun, 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 
 Larchfield, 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Leopardstowa, 
 
 ' Dublin £ 6 
 
 Lisnacreevy Ho., 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Loughanillaunmore, 
 
 Galway C 3 
 
 
 Larch Hill. 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Len- Riv., 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Lisnacullia Cas., 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Loughanleagh L., 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 
 Larch Hill, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Lerrig, 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 Armagh B S 
 
 Lisnadill, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Loughanmore, 
 
 Roscommon E 5 
 
 
 Larch Hill, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Leslie Hill, 
 
 Lisnagade Ho., 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Loughan vally, 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 
 Larch Hill, 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Leslie Hill Ho., 
 
 Antnm B 2 
 
 Lisnagar, 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Loughaunnavaag, 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 
 Larchhill Ho.) 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Letter Ho., 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Lisnagowan Ho., 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Ldughaveena, 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 ) 
 
 Largan, 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Lettera, 
 
 Galway F 1 
 
 Lisnagunogue, 
 
 Antrim C 1 
 
 Loughawee, 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 1 
 
 Largy, 
 
 Donegal E 4 
 
 Letterbeg Ho., 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Lisoamorrow, 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Loughbane, 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 
 Largy Ch,, 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 Letterbreen, 
 
 f'ermanagh D 3 
 
 Lisnaroe, 
 
 Monaghan A 2 
 
 Loughbawn Ho., 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 i 
 
 Largydonnell, 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Letterbrickaun, 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Lisnarrick, 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Lough Beg, 
 
 Antrim B 4 
 
 1 
 
 Largymore Ho., 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Lettercraffroe L,, 
 
 Galwav C 2 
 
 Lisnaskeaand Sta., 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Lough Boderg, 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 i 
 
 Lark Lo. , 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Letterkenny, 
 
 Donegzj D 3 
 
 Lisnawully Ho., 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Loughbrack Ch., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 1 
 
 Larkfveld, 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Lettermore L, 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Lisnevagh Ho., 
 
 Cariow C 1 
 
 Loughbray Cott., 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 
 Larkfield Ho„ 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 LettermuUan L, 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Lispatrick, 
 
 Cork F 4 
 
 Loughs Bray, Upper and Lower, I 
 
 
 Larkfield Ho., 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Lettybrook Ho., 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Lisquinlan Ho., 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 
 Wicklow D 1 
 
 
 Lark Hill Ho.. 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Levally Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. B 4 
 
 Lisrenny Ho., 
 
 l/5uth A 2 
 
 Loughbrickland, 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 
 Lame, 
 
 Antrim F 3 
 
 Loyally L., 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Lisryan, 
 
 Longford E 2 
 
 Loughburke Ho., 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 
 Lame Lough, 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 Levally L.. 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 LissadUl Ho., 
 
 Sligo E 1 
 
 Lough Carra, 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 
 t..ame Water, 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Leveret I., • 
 
 West Meath A 2 
 
 Lissadorn Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Ixiugh Conn, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 
 I«nsk R., 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Levingion Park, 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Lissadrone, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Lough Comacarta, 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 
 Latimerstown Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Levitstown and Ho.^ 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Lissaha, 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Lirperick D 3 
 
 Lough Corrib, 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 
 Latoon Creek, 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Lewistown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Lissamota Cas., 
 
 Loughcrew Ha, 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 
 Latteragh, 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Lewis Ville, 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Lissan, 
 
 Tyrone H 2 
 
 Loughcurra, 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 
 Lattin, 
 
 Tipperary A 4 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Leyny Barony, 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Lissan Ch., ' 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Lough Dan, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 
 LattoneH. & L., 
 
 Lickadoon Cas., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Lissan Water, 
 
 Tyrone H 2 
 
 Lough Derg, 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 
 Laitone R., 
 
 Leitnm C 1 
 
 Lickeen Ho., 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Lissanisky, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Lough Derrararagh, 
 
 
 Laughton Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Lickeen Lough, 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 Lissanover Ho., 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Loughderry, 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 
 Laune R., 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Licketstown, 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Lissanure Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 2 
 West Meath B 2 
 
 Lougheask, 
 
 Donegal C 8 
 
 
 Lauragh, 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Licky R., 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Lissaquill Ho., 
 
 Lough Emy Ho., 
 
 Monaghan C 1 
 
 
 Lauragh, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Liffey Cott., 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Lissard Ho., 
 
 Ixmgford D 2 
 
 Lough Ennel, 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 
 T^urel Hall, 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Liffey Head, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Lissawarriff, 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Lougher, 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 
 Laurel Hill, 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Liffey R., Dublin and Kildare C 4 & C 2 
 
 Lisselton, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Loughermore Ho., 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 
 Laurel L., 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Liffey R. (source), 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Lissenhall Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 West Meath A 2 
 
 Loughermore and R., 
 
 Londonderry C 8 
 
 1 
 
 Laurel Lodge, 
 Laurel Lodge, 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Liffbrd, 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Lissoy, 
 
 Lough Erne, 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Lighthouse I., 
 
 Down F 1 
 
 Lissurland Ho., 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Lough Erne, Upper, 
 
 Fermanagh E 3 
 
 
 Laurel Mount Ho., 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Lilliput Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Lissydaly Br., 
 
 Roscommon A 2 
 
 Lough Fea, 
 
 Tyrone G 2 
 
 
 Laurel Vale, 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Limavady Juncl., 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 
 Listerlin, 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Lough Fea Ho., 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 
 Laurencetown, 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Limerick, 
 Limerick, 
 
 Limerick F -2 
 
 Listoke Ho., 
 
 Lough Foyle, 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 
 Lavey, 
 
 Cavan F S 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Listowel, 
 
 Kerry D X 
 
 Loughgall, 
 
 
 Lavistown Sta., 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Limerick Junct., 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Listrisnan Ho., 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Lough Gara, 
 
 Roscommon C 2 
 
 
 Lawnsdown, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Linen Hill Ho., 
 
 Listrolin, 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Lough Gill, 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 
 Lawrencetown and Sta 
 
 , Down B 3 
 
 Linen Vale, 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Listry, 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Loughgilly Rectory, 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 
 LeaL., 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Linfield Ho., 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Little Arrigle R., 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Loughgiinn, 
 
 Roscommon B 3 
 
 
 Leabeg, 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Linford Water, 
 
 Antrim F 8 
 
 Little Bray, 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Loughglinn Ho., 
 
 Roscommon B 2 
 
 
 Leabeg, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Lingann R., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Little Brosna R., 
 
 King's Co. B 8 
 
 Lough Gowna, 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 
 Leabeg, Middle, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Linkardstown Ho., 
 
 Cariow B 2 
 
 Littlefield Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 8 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Loughguile, 
 
 Antrim D 2 
 
 
 Lead Mines, 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Linns, 
 
 louth B 2 
 
 Little Furze, The, 
 
 Loughgur, 
 
 Lhnerick F 2 
 
 
 Lead Mine, 
 
 Monaghan D 2 
 
 Linsfort, 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Little L, 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Loughill Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny C 1 
 
 
 Loaffony R., 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Lisachrin, 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Little Islaiu), 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Jx>ughinisland L,, 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 
 Leaghan, 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 
 Ltsaiea. 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Little R., 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Loughinn R., 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 
 Leaghany R., 
 
 Tyrone A 3 
 
 Lisanelly, 
 
 TjTone E 8 
 
 Littleratb, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Loughinsbolin BaroQ> 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 
 Leamlara Ho., 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Lisanoure Cas., 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Little Saltee I., 
 
 Wexford C 6 
 
 Lough Hoe R., 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 
 Leane R., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Lisbellaw and Sta., 
 
 Fermanagh E 8 
 
 Little Slaney Biy., 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Lough Key, 
 Loughkip R., 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 
 Leannao R., 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Lisbofin Ho., 
 
 Fermanagh D 8 
 
 Little Sugar Loaf, 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 
 Leap, 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Lisbride, 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 Tipperary D 8 
 West Meath A 2 
 
 Lougblinstown , 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 
 Leap, The, 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Lisbrine Ho., 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Littletown Ho., 
 
 Loughlohery Cas., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 jr and Lower, 
 
 
 Leap Ca£tle, 
 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Lisbryan Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Lixnaw, 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Lough Macoean, Upp 
 
 
 Leap of Doonass, 
 
 Limerick F 1 
 
 Lisburn, 
 
 Antrim E B 
 
 Lloydsborough Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 Meath E 2 
 
 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 
 Learmotunt, 
 
 Londonderry C 3 
 
 Liscannnaun, 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Lobinstown, 
 
 Looghmacrory, 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 Mayo C 3 
 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Liscannor and Bay, 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Lodge, The, 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Lough Mask,
 
 LOUGH. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 flULTOWN. 
 
 Lough Mask Ho.. 
 Lough Melvin, 
 Loughmoc, 
 Loughtnogue Cott., 
 Lough Money, 
 Lough More, 
 Lough na Kil!, 
 Lough Neagh, 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Leitrim C 1 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Dow-n F 3 
 
 Monat;han B 1 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Antnm C 6 
 
 Lough Niily, or Lough Macnean, Lr., 
 
 . Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Lough O'Conneli Ho., Clare H 3 
 
 Lough O'Flyn, Roscommon B 3 
 
 Loughoony Ho. , Monaghan B 2 
 
 Lough Oughter, Cavan E 2 
 
 Lough Owel, West Meath D 2 
 
 Lough Park, West Meath E 2 
 
 Lough Point, Sligo F 3 
 
 Lough Ramor, Cavan G 4 
 
 Loughrea and Barony, Galway F 3 
 
 Lough Ree, Roscommon F 4 
 
 Lough Ree Ho.. West Meath A 3 
 
 Loughros Beg Bay, Donegal B 3 
 
 Loughros More Bay, Donegal B 8 
 
 Lough Scur, Leitrim D 3 
 
 Lough Sheelin, Cavan F 4 
 
 Loughshinny, Dublin G 2 
 
 Loughstown Ho.. Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Lough SwiUy, Donegal E 2 
 
 Lough Tay. Wicklow D 2 
 
 Loughtee, Upper Rarony, Cavan E 3 
 
 Loughtee, Lower Barony, Cavan E 2 
 Loughtown, Leitrim D 4 
 
 Loughtown, Wexford A 4 
 
 Louisburgh, Mayo B 2 
 
 Loup, The, Londonderry F 4 
 
 Louth, Tn., Abbey, and Hall, Louth A 2 
 Louth Barony, Louth B 2 
 
 Lowberry, Roscommon B 3 
 
 Lower Antrim Barony, Antrim E S 
 
 Lower Ards Barony, Down F 2 
 
 Lower Belfast Barony, Antrim F 4 
 
 Lower Castlereagh Barony, Down E 2 
 Lower Castlereagh Barony, Down E 2 
 Lower Cumber Ch., Londonderry B 3 
 Lower Deece Barony, Meath D 3 
 
 Lower Doleek Barony, Meath F 2 
 
 Lower Di^dalk Barony, Louth C 1 
 
 Lower Dungannon Barony, Tyrone G 4 
 Lower Dunluce Barony, Antrim B 2 
 
 Lowcrend, Wicklow B 4 
 
 Lower Glenarm Barony, Antrim E 2 
 
 Lower Iveagh Barony, Down C 3 
 
 Lower Kells Barony, Meath C 2 
 
 Lower Kiltinny, ' Londonderry E 2 
 Lower Lecale Barony, Down F 4 
 
 Lower L., Longford D 1 
 
 Lower Loughtee Barony, Cavan E 2 
 
 Lower Masserecne Bar., Antrim D 5 
 
 Lower Moyfenrath Bar., Meath C 4 
 
 Lower Navan Barony, Meath D 8 
 
 Lower Orior Barony, Armagh D 3 
 
 Lower Ormond Bar., Tipperary B 1 
 
 Lower Phjlipstown Bar., Kind's Co. F 2 
 Lower Slane Barony, Meath E 2 
 
 Lower St Mullins Barony, Carlow B 3 
 Lower Strabane Barony, Tyrone D 2 
 
 Lower Talbotstowo Bar., Wicklow B 2 
 Lowertown, West Meath D 3 
 
 Lowcrymore R., Donegal D 3 
 
 Lowrys L, Armagh C 2 
 
 Lowihcr Lo., Dublin E 1 
 
 Lowthcrstown or Irvineslown, 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 Lower Toome Barony, Antnm C 3 
 
 Lowtown, Down C 4 
 
 Lowtown, West Meath E 3 
 
 Lucan and Sta., Dublin B 4 
 
 Lucas Bri., Carlow D 1 
 
 Lugatryna, Wicklow A 2 
 
 Luglwy Lo., Mayo E 2 
 
 LuKduff Brook, Wicklow C 8 
 
 Lu^gacurren, Queen's Co, E 3 
 
 Luggala Lo., Wicklow D 2 
 
 Luggaurriff, Galway B 2 
 
 Lugeaun, Longford B 8 
 
 Lugfau, Upper & Lower, Wicklow B 2 
 Lugmorc, Lciirim B 2 
 
 Lugnafelia Br.. Sligo E 2 
 
 LugTuquillia Mt., Wicklow C 8 
 
 Lugnuhinna, Cavan B 1 
 
 LucnasUcagb, Wicklow C 2 
 
 Lukci Mt., Down D 4 
 
 Luke«well, Kilkenny C 4 
 
 I.uUyraorc Lo., Kildarc B 2 
 
 Liimcloon, King's Co. C 2 
 
 Lumcloon Br,- King's Co. D 2 
 
 I.'.mu.Io'in Uo., Carlow B 2 
 
 Lun.rn..;, L., Sligo F 2 
 
 LumvilU- llo., King's Co. H 2 
 
 I.unc U.-irony, Mcatli C 3 
 
 Lun(( K., Roscommon H 2 
 
 Lurt; lE.-irony, Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Lur«ii P(., Clare C 3 
 
 Lufitan, ArmaRh E 2 
 
 Lur^an Ja>., Cavan G 3 
 
 Lurgan L., Kildaic B 2 
 
 J 19 
 
 Lurgan White Ho., 
 Lurgana Ho., 
 Lurganboy, 
 Lurgangreen, 
 Lurgantogher Ho., 
 Lurgoe Mo., 
 Lusgarboy, 
 Lusk and Sta., 
 Lustia L., 
 Lusty beg, 
 Lustymore Is., 
 Lybagh, 
 Lynches Cross, 
 Lynchforl Ho., 
 Lynn Ho., 
 Lynnbury, 
 Lyons Ho., 
 Lyreen Riv., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Donecal E 2 
 
 Dublin F 2 
 
 Leitrim C 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 M 
 
 Maas, Upper, Donegal B 3 
 
 McBrides Cross Rds., Dowti C 4 
 
 McCone's Bri., Armagh C 3 
 
 McCourts L., Armagh D 3 
 
 McDowell's Bri., Armagh D 2 
 
 McDruid Ho., Roscommon C 3 
 
 Mace Hd., Galway B 3 
 
 Macfinn, Antrim B 2 
 
 Macgilliciiddy's Reeks, Kerry C 2 
 
 Machugh L., Leitrim D 4 
 
 MacMurrough Ho., Wexford A 3 
 
 Mackan, Cavan D 2 
 
 Mackans, West Meath C 3 
 
 McKees Er., Down C 3 
 
 McKinneys Bank, Donegal F 2 
 
 Mackmiiie Sta. and Cas., Wexford C 3 
 
 McLouise, Monaghan B 2 
 Macnean Loughs, Upper and Lower, 
 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Macosquin and R., Londonderry E 2 
 
 Macreddin, Wicklow D 3 
 
 Macroom, Cork E 3 
 
 McSwynes Bay, Donegal B 4 
 
 McTalbol Lo., Roscommon C 4 
 
 Maddan Ch., Armagh B 3 
 
 Madden Bri., Armagh D 2 
 
 Maddenstown Ho., Kildare B 3 
 
 Maddysrulla, Roscommon E 4 
 
 Madore Sta., Cork D 4 
 
 Madstown Ho., Meath D 3 
 
 Maganey Sta., Kildare B 4 
 
 Magee Island, Antrim H 4 
 
 Magh Ho., Kerry D 2 
 
 Maghaben-y, Antrim E 5 
 
 Maghan Ho., Armagh D 2 
 
 Magharees, The, Is., Kerry B 1 
 
 Maghera, Donegal B S 
 
 Maghera, Down D 4 
 
 Maghera, Londonderry F 3 
 
 Maghera L., Tyrone C 2 
 
 Magherabane, Antrim F 4 
 
 Magheraboy, Sligo E 2 
 
 Magheraboy Barony, Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Magheracrcggan, Tyrone C 2 
 Magheradernon & Moyashcl Barony, 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Maglieradunbar Ho., Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Maghcrafelt, Londonderry F 4 
 
 Maghcragall Sla., Antrim E 5 
 
 Maghcrahamlet, Down D 3 
 
 Maglicralin, Down B 3 
 
 Maghcrally, Down B 3 
 
 Maghcraraenagii Cas., Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Maghcramore, King's Co. C 2 
 
 Maghcramome Ho., Antrim G 4 
 
 Magherastephana Ear., Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Magherban Ch., Tipperary C 3 
 
 Maghercagh Cross, Louth A 1 
 
 Maghery, Armagh C 1 
 
 Maghcry and Bay, Donegal B 3 
 
 Magilligan Ft., Londonderry D 1 
 
 Magilligan Sla. & Ch., Londonderry D 2 
 
 Maginstown Ho., Tipperary C 4 
 
 Magrath More L., Donegal C 3 
 
 Mag-uin's I., Sligo E 2 
 
 Maguires Bri. and Sta., Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Magunihy Brrony, Kerry D 2 
 
 Mahanagh L., Leitrim C 2 
 
 Mahee Is., Down F 8 
 
 Mahon Lake, Cork F 3 
 
 Mahon R. and Br., Waterford D 2 
 
 Mahonburgh Lo., Clare F 3 
 
 Mahoonagh, Limerick D 3 
 
 Mahorc R., Limerick G 8 
 
 Maidcnhall, Limerick F 3 
 
 Maidenhead Ho., Queen's Co., E 8 
 
 Maidens, The, Antrim O 8 
 
 Maidens Cross, Louth B 8 
 
 Maidbtown Cas., Limerick F 3 
 
 Maiguo R., Limerick E 2 
 
 Main R., Antrim D 4 
 
 Maine Ho., t. Louth B 2 
 
 Mamc R., Kerry C 2 
 
 Mainham, Kildarc C 2 
 
 Makeegan L., 
 Makeeran L., 
 Mai Bay, 
 Mall Ho., The,_ 
 Malahide and Cas., 
 Malcolm Ville, 
 Malheney Ho., 
 Malin, 
 Malin Bay, 
 Malin Head, 
 Malin More, 
 Mallow, 
 Malone Sia., 
 Maltown Castle, 
 Man of M'ar, 
 Manaquill Ho., 
 Manch S»a., 
 Mangerton, 
 Mann L., 
 Mannin Bay, 
 Mannin Ho., 
 Mannin Ho. and L., 
 Manninard, 
 Manning Castle, 
 Manor Cott., 
 Manor Ho., 
 Manor Ho., 
 Manor Ho., 
 Manorcunningham, 
 Manor Hamilton, 
 Manstieldtown, 
 Mansion Ho., 
 Mantua Ho., 
 Manulla and R., 
 Many Burns R., 
 Mapastown Bri., 
 Maperath Ho., 
 Maria Villa, 
 Marino, 
 Marino Ho., 
 MarkethlU and Sta., 
 Markree Cas., 
 Marlacoo Ho., 
 Marlay, 
 Marley Ho., 
 Marlfield, 
 Marifields Ho., 
 Marlow Ho., 
 Marlton Ho., 
 Marshtown, 
 Martin R., 
 Martins Cross, 
 Martinstown, 
 Martinstown, 
 Martinstown Ho., 
 Martray Ho., 
 Mar>-borough, 
 Maryborougl"., K. ' 
 Maryborougli, W. ■ 
 Mar>-, Cas., 
 Maryfield, 
 Mary Fort, 
 Mary Gr.ay (hill), 
 Rlaryvale, 
 Maryville, 
 Mar\'\'ille, 
 MarV ViUe, 
 Mars- Ville, 
 Mason I., 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Clare C 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Donegal A 3 
 
 Donegal E 1 
 
 Donegal A 3 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 KUdare B 3 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 , Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Oueen'sCo. C 3 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Kildarc D 2 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Massereene, Upper Bar., Antrim D 5 
 Massereene, Lower Bar., Antrim D B 
 
 Massford, . Down C 3 
 
 Massy Lo., Limerick H 8 
 
 Massytown, Cork E 3 
 
 Mastergeeby, Kerry B 3 
 
 MattI? Is.. Clare C S 
 
 Mattock r.., Louth B 3 
 
 Mauherslii.e Mt., Tipperary B 3 
 
 Maum, ' Galway C 2 
 
 Maumtrasn.'t, Mayo C 3 
 
 Maurice's Mills, Clare F 2 
 
 Maxwells Cro.iS Rds., Meath C 2 
 
 May Mt., Armagh D 3 
 
 May Park, Waterford G 2 
 
 Mayally Ho., King's Co. E 1 
 
 Maycullcn. Galway D 2 
 
 Maydown Ho., Armagh B 2 
 
 Mayfield, Cork E 8 
 
 Mayficld, Waterford C 4 
 
 Mayfield Ho., Kildarc A 3 
 
 M.ayglass, Wexford C 4 
 
 Maync, Louth C 8 
 Maync, West Mc.ath D 1 
 
 Maync Ho., Limerick D 8 
 
 Mayne R., Dublin E 8 
 
 Maynooth .and Sta., Kildarc D 1 
 Maynooth R. C. College, Kildare D 1 
 
 Mayo, Leitrim D 3 
 
 Mayo, Mayo D 2 
 
 Mayobridge, Down B 4 
 MayoghilH Londonderry F 3 
 
 Mautown, Antrim E 6 
 
 Mcadcsbrook, Meath F 8 
 
 Mcalagh R., Cork D 3 
 
 Mccb L., Donegal B 3 
 Mcelagh L., Roscommon £ 1 
 
 Meeldrum Ho., West Meath C 3 
 
 Meelick, Clare H 3 
 
 Meelick, Galway G 3 
 
 Meelin, Cork E 2 
 
 Meeltanagh Ho., Longford C 3 
 
 Meenard, Londonderry D 3 
 
 Meenawaddy, Tyrone D 2 
 
 Meeny Hill, I.on Jonderry C 3 
 
 Meerscourt, Wc.^t Meath C *2 
 
 ^Ieeting of the Watero. Wicklow D 3 
 
 RIeigh, Armagh D 4 
 
 Meldruni Ho., Tipperary C 3 
 
 Mell, Louth B 3 
 
 Melllfcnt Abbey, Louih B 3 
 
 Mellon Ho., Limerick D 2 
 
 Mellon Ft., Limerick D 1 
 
 Melmore Hd., Donegal D 2 
 
 Melvin L., Leitrim C 1 
 
 Mendon Ho., Dublin E 3 
 
 Menlough, Galway D 3 
 
 Menlough, Galway F 2 
 
 Mentrim L., Meath E 2 
 
 Merginstown Ho., Wicklow B 2 
 
 Merrion, Dublin E 5 
 
 Merton, We.xford C 3 
 
 Merton Hall, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Merville Ho. and Sta., Dublin E 6 
 
 MetcalfPk., Kildare B 1 
 
 ^Iettican R., Londonderry E 2 
 
 Mew Is., Down G 1 
 
 Micknanstown Ho., Meath F 3 
 Middle Dungani.on Bar., TyTone H 3 
 
 Middlemount Ho., Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Middlethird Baronv. Tipperary C 4 
 Middle Third BarcV.y, Waterford F 2 
 
 Middieton, Armagh A 3 
 
 Middleton and Sta., Cork G 3 
 
 Middieton Ho., Longford B 2 
 
 Middleton Ho., West Meath D 3 
 
 Middletown, Wicklow C 2 
 
 Midfield, Mayo E 2 
 
 Midlaworn'ia, Longford C 3 
 
 Milecross, Down E 2 
 
 MUemill, Kildare C 3 
 
 Milestown Ho., Louth B 2 
 
 Milestown Ho., Meath D 2 
 
 Milford, . Cork E 1 
 
 Mil.ford, Limerick F 1 
 
 Milford Ho., Mavo D 3 
 
 Milford Ho., Queen's Co. F S 
 
 Milford Ho., Tipperary B 1 
 
 Military Rd., Wicklow C 2 & C 3 
 
 Milk Haven, Sligo E 1 
 
 Milk Haven, Sligo F 1 
 
 Milkpark, Cariow C i 
 Mill L., Fermanagh E 3 & G S 
 
 Millbank Lodge, Limerick G 2 
 
 Mill Bay Sta., Donegal E S 
 
 Millbrook, KiWarc B * 
 
 Mill Brook. . Meath A S 
 
 Millbrook 1 '.o., Tipperary B 2 
 
 Millfall Ho., Kilkenny D i 
 
 MiUford, Donegal D 2 
 
 Millford Ho., Armagh B 8 
 
 Millford Ho., Carlow B 2 
 
 Millford Sta.. Carlow B 2 
 
 Millgrove IIo.. Tipperary B 4 
 
 Millicent Ho and Br., Kildare C 2 
 
 Millin Bay, Down G 8 
 
 Mill Isle, Down F 2 
 
 MiUmount, Galway F S 
 
 Millstone Mt.. Down D 4 
 
 MilUtreel, Cork D 2 & O 2 
 
 Milltown, Antrim C 4 & E 2 
 Milltown, Armagh B 3, C 1, & D 4 
 
 Milltown, Carlow D 1 
 
 MUltown, Cavan E 2 & H S 
 
 Mill Town, Donegal B 4 & D S 
 Milltown, Down B 4, B 6, D 2, & D » 
 
 Milltown, Dublin B5& E 6 
 
 MilUown, Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Milltown, Galw.ayE2&F2 
 
 Milltown, Kerry B 2 & C 2 
 
 Milltown, King's Co. C 4 
 
 MilUown, Leitrim B 2 
 
 Milltown, Longford C 2 & n 2 
 
 Milltown, Ixiuth C 3 
 Milltown, Monaghan C 2 & D 3 
 
 Milltown, Sligo F 1 
 
 Milltown, Tyrone D 2 ,Si F 8 
 
 Milltown and R., West Meaih E 3 
 
 Milltown, Wexford D S 
 
 Milltown, Wicklow B 3 
 
 Milltown Br., Kildare B J 
 
 Milltown C'lady, Armagh C 3 
 
 Milltown George, Limerick F 3 
 
 Milltown Ho., Kildare A 8 
 
 Milltown Ho., Meath B 2 
 
 Milltown Ho., Roscommon D 3 
 
 MilUown P1..CC, Cork E i 
 Milltown, Round Tr., and Abbey, 
 
 Cavan E 8 
 
 Milltown Str., Wexford B S 
 
 Mill Vale, Armagh D 8 
 
 Mill View Ho., Armagh B 8 
 
 Miltown Bri., Carlo* C 2
 
 MILTOWN. 
 
 IN DEX. 
 
 MULLTCAOH. 
 
 Miltown Malbay, 
 Milverton Ho., 
 M inane, 
 
 Minard and Hd,, 
 Mine Hd., 
 Mine Riv., 
 Mine Viev/, 
 Miners Tn., 
 Mines of Ballya:' 
 Minnakcsh, 
 Minore Ho., 
 Miniiachs Lc'j;! 
 Mitchellsfbrt, 
 Mitchelstowr, 
 Mitchelstov/u Hu 
 MireD Hea<i, 
 Mizen Head, 
 Moanaha Glcn, 
 Moar)more L., 
 Moat, The, 
 Moatabower, 
 Moate, 
 
 Moate and ^ta , 
 Moatiiekl Ho., 
 Moat Park, 
 Mobaman Ho., 
 Mocollop Cas., 
 Modelligo, 
 Modreeoy, 
 Moffat 3 Ford, 
 Mogeely and Sta., 
 Moher, 
 
 Moher, aiffs oF, 
 Moher L., 
 Moher Lo., 
 MohemashanuncT 
 Mohil Tn. and R 
 Mohober Ho., 
 Moira and Sta., 
 Mo!renny, 
 Molyneauxtown , 
 Mon L., 
 Mona Lo., 
 
 Clare D 2 
 Dublin F 2 
 Cork F 3 
 Kerry B 2 
 Waterford D 4 
 Wicklow B 4 
 Wicklow D S 
 Down E 4 
 Wicklow D 8 
 Armagh C 2 
 Monaghan B 8 
 Donegal E 2 
 Cork F 
 Cork G 
 Meath C 
 Cotk B 
 Wicklow E 
 Tipperary B 
 
 Clare D 8 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Carlow 2 
 
 Down E 
 
 West Meath B 
 
 Kildarc C 
 
 Wexford C 
 
 Tipperary D 
 
 Waterford A 
 
 Waterford C 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 Carlow D 
 
 Cork G 
 
 Galway C 
 
 Clare D 
 
 Mayo C 
 
 Cavan C 
 
 Roacommon F 
 
 Leitrim D 
 
 Tipperary E 
 
 Down B 
 
 Mayo E 
 
 Antnm D 
 
 Down D 
 
 Limerick F 
 
 Monaghan Tn.» Sta., and Bar., 
 
 Monaghan C 
 
 Monaghanstown R., 
 Monanincha Bog, 
 Mooahincha Ho., 
 
 Monaloor, 
 
 Monalty L., 
 
 Monamolio, 
 
 Mooanveel, 
 
 Monart, 
 
 Monascallagban Ho., 
 
 Monaseed Ha, 
 
 Monaster, 
 
 Mooasteranenagh Abbey, 
 
 Monasterboice Ch. and Ho. 
 
 Monasterevin an** Sta., 
 
 Monasteroris an^ llo., 
 
 Monattay Ho., 
 
 Monavamcg^, 
 
 Monawilkio, 
 
 Mondellihy Ho., 
 
 Moadrehid Ho., 
 
 Monea, 
 
 Moneenally, 
 
 Moneenlom, 
 
 Monefelim R., 
 
 Monettia £o^, 
 
 Money Ho., 
 
 Money L.,^ 
 
 Moneycarrie Ho., 
 
 Moneycashen, 
 
 Moneydie, 
 
 Moneygall, 
 
 Moneyglass Ho., 
 
 Moneyhore Bri., 
 
 Money la WD Cotl., 
 
 Moneymore, 
 
 Moneymore and Sta., 
 
 Moneyneany, 
 
 Moneyreagh, 
 
 Moneyteige, 
 
 Mongagh R., 
 
 Moniveft Cas., 
 
 MonksHeld, 
 
 Monkstown, 
 
 Monkstown and Cas., 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 MoDtalto Ho., 
 
 MoQteith, 
 
 Mont^omciys L., 
 
 Montia^is Cfa-, 
 
 Montpelier, 
 
 Montrath Cas., 
 
 Mooncoin, 
 
 Moone, 
 
 Moone and Kilkea Barony, 
 
 MooQeabbey Ho., 
 
 Mooncys Bri., 
 
 Moonlatir, 
 
 MooDvecn, 
 
 Moor L.| 
 
 Moore, 
 • 10 
 
 We:M Meath D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 (ipperary D 2 
 
 V/aterford B 2 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Weaf ord C 2 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 , Louth B 3 
 
 Kildare A 8 
 
 King's Co. H 1 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Cork H 2 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Galway F 1 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. C 1 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Down F 8 
 
 Londonderry E 2 
 
 Kerry C 1 
 
 Londonderry F 8 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 AntriiA C 4 
 
 Wexford B 8 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Down D 8 
 
 Armagh D 1 
 
 Limerick G 1 
 
 V/est Meath D 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 6 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 KUdare B 4 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Moore Bay, 
 Moore Lo., 
 Mooreabbey Ho., 
 Moorechurch Ho., 
 Moorelield, 
 Moore Hall, 
 Moorehill Ho., 
 MoorchiU Ho., 
 Mooremount Ho., 
 Mooreafort Ho., 
 Moore's QMny, 
 Moorec 1 own, 
 Moore town, 
 Mooretowa Ho., 
 Mooretown Ho., 
 Mocrfield Ho., 
 Moorfield Ho., 
 Moorfields, 
 Moorhill Ho., 
 Moorock Ho.^ 
 More L., 
 More L., 
 Moree Ho., 
 Moreen Lo., 
 Moreena Pt. , 
 Morerah, 
 Morett Cas., 
 Morgallion Liu'ony, 
 Morgans Ho., 
 Morganstown Ho., 
 Morne L., 
 Momingstar R., 
 Momington Ho., 
 Moroe, 
 Morpeth Bri., 
 Morrislown Ho,, 
 Morrows Pt., 
 Mortlestown Cas., 
 Mosney Ho., 
 Mossfield Ho., 
 Moss-side, 
 Mosstown Ho., 
 Mosstown Ho., 
 Mossvale, 
 Mote Park, 
 Mothel, 
 Mothell Ch., 
 Moughan, 
 Mount Aaron, 
 Mountain Ca-., 
 Mountain L., 
 Mountain Lo., 
 Mountain Lo., 
 Mountain R., 
 Mountain Vill.i:;e, 
 Mountain Wat^-r, 
 Mountainstown Kc, 
 Mo\intainy, 
 Mount Alto, 
 Mount Anna, 
 Mount Argus, 
 Moont Armstrong, 
 Mount Avon, 
 Mount Bailey, 
 Mount Bellew, 
 Mountbolus, 
 Mount Bottom, 
 Mount Briscoe, 
 Mount Browne, 
 Mount Brown Ho., 
 Mount Bniis, 
 Mount Butler, 
 Mount Campbell Ho., 
 MountX^amiel, 
 Mount Cashel Lo., 
 Mountcharles, 
 Mount Congreve, 
 Mount Coote, 
 Mount Dalton Ho. & L. 
 Mount David and Ho,, 
 Mount Davis Ho., 
 Mount Dav^s Ho., 
 Mount Delvin, 
 Mount Dillon Ho., 
 Mount Druid, 
 Mounteagle, 
 Mount Edward Coll., 
 Mount Egan and Cott., 
 Mount Equity, 
 Mount Erris, 
 Mount Falcon, 
 Mouat Falcon Lo., 
 Mountficld, 
 Mountfin Ho., 
 Mountforest Ho., 
 Mount Gabriel, 
 Mountgale Ho., 
 Mount Georpe, 
 Mount Hamilton, 
 Mount Hanover, 
 Mount Harel, 
 Mount Heat on, 
 Mount Henry, 
 Moun thill Ho., 
 Mount Howard, 
 Mounthu&sey, 
 
 CUre B 3 
 
 Antrim B 3 
 
 Kildarc A 3 
 
 Meath G 3 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Kildarc C 3 
 
 Waterford B 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Tipperary A 4 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 King's Co. D 1 
 
 Monaghan B 1 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Tyrone H 3 
 
 Dublin £ 6 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 leitrim 6 2 
 
 Ouecn'sCo. D 2 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 Meath G 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Tipperary B 3 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Armagh D 1 
 
 Tipper^' D 3 
 
 Meath G 3 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 V/est Meath C 3 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Waterford C 8 
 
 Limerick H ^ 
 
 AnaaghB3& D 3 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Carlow B 3 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Monaghan B 1 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Queens Co. B 2 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Wexford C '3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 King's Co. D 2 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 King's Go. G 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Queen's Co. A 8 
 
 Leitrim C 4 
 
 Monaghan C 3 
 
 Kild^ D 3 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Limerick F 3 
 
 , W. Meath C 2 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Antrim C 3 
 
 Roscommon A 3 
 
 Roscommon F 3 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Siigo E 1 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Tyrone E 3 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Meath F 8 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 LouXh A 1 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Roscommon F 6 
 
 Mount Ida, Down C 3 
 
 Mount Ida, Leitrim E 4 
 
 Mount Irvine, Sligo E 3 
 
 Mount Jcssop, Longford C 2 
 
 Mountjoy Bar., Dublin C 4 
 
 Mountjoy Bri. SfcL, 'J'yrono D 3 
 
 Mount Juliet, Kilkenny C 3 
 
 Mount Kearney, Down B 4 
 
 Mount Kecffc, Cork E 2 
 
 Mount Kennedy, Tipperary B 2 
 
 Mount Kennedy, Waterford D 2 
 
 Mount Kennedy ilo,, Wicklow E 2 
 
 Mount Leader, Cork D 2 
 
 Mount Lclnster and Lo., Carlow C 3 
 
 Mount Leinster Ixi., Carlow C 3 
 
 Mount Loftus, Kilkenny E 3 
 
 Mount Louise, Monaghan B 2 
 
 Mount Lucas, Carlow D 1 
 
 Mount Lucas Ho., King's Co, G 2 
 Mount Mclleray Monastery, 
 
 Waterford B 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Mountmellick, 
 Mount Murray, 
 Mount Nebo, 
 Mount Neill, 
 Mount Nugent, 
 Mount Odell, 
 Mount Oriel, 
 Mountpallas, 
 Mount Panther, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Moimt Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 Mountpleasant Ho., 
 Mount Pleasant Ho., 
 Mount Pleasant Ho., 
 Mount Plummer, 
 Mount Pluiikctt Ho., 
 Mount Prospect, 
 Mbunt Prospect, 
 Mount Prospect, 
 Mount Prospect, 
 Mountrath and R., 
 Mountrath Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 
 
 Wexford D 
 
 Carlow D 
 
 Cavan F 
 
 Waterford C 
 
 Louth A 
 
 Cavan F 
 
 Down D 
 
 Carlow C 
 
 Clare C 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Kilkenny A 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Waterford G 
 
 Wicklow C 
 
 King's Co. E 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 We.xford C 
 
 Limerick D 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Cavan F 
 
 Kildare A 
 
 Leitrim P 
 
 Roscommon D 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Mountrath and ;Z!astleton Sta, , 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 Mount Reilly, Louth B 2 
 
 Mount Rivers, Clare D 3 
 
 Mount Rivers, Waterford B 8 
 
 Mount Robert, Wicklow E 4 
 
 Mount Rose, Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Mountrussell Ho., Limerick F 4 
 
 Mount St Lawrence, Limerick F 2 
 
 Mount Salem, Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Mount Seskin, Dublin B 6 
 
 Mountshannon, Clare K 2 
 
 Mountshannon, Galway F 4 
 
 Mount Shannon, Limerick F 1 
 
 Mountshannon pt., Clare E 4 
 
 MouM Silk, Galway F 2 
 
 Mount Sion Cott., Carlow B 
 
 Mount Stewart Ho-. Down F 
 
 Mount Talbot and Ho., Roscommon D 
 Mount Tempest, Fermanagh E 
 
 Mount TempIeOld Ho., West Meath B 
 Mount Trenchard, Limerick C 
 
 Mount Uniacke, 
 Mount Villa Lo:Ige, 
 Mount William, 
 Mount Windsor, 
 Moume, 
 Moume Abbey, 
 Moume Abbey, 
 Moume Abb;y and Barony, 
 Motime Beg R., 
 
 Moume L., 
 Moume L., 
 Moume Mt£., 
 Moume Par'K Ho., 
 Moume R., 
 Movanagher Cas., 
 Moville, 
 Moy, 
 
 Moy Bridge, 
 Moyagher Ho., 
 MoyalifT Ho., 
 Moyallan, 
 Moyarget Lo., 
 
 Moyarta Barony, 
 
 Movashel and Magherademon Ear., 
 
 ' West Meath D 2 
 
 Moycarky, Tipperary C 3 
 
 Moycam Barony. Roscommon E 6 
 
 Moycashel and Barony, West Meath C 3 
 
 Cork H 
 Kildare B 
 Limerick C 
 Kildare C 
 Down D 
 Cork F 
 Down C 
 Down C 
 Tyrone B 
 Antrim G 
 Donegal D 3 
 Down C 5 
 D(?wn C 5 
 Tyrone D 2 
 Londonderry F 8 
 DonegaJ F 2 
 Tyrone H 4 
 Monaghan C 1 
 Meath C 8 
 Tipperary C 3 
 Down A 8 
 Antrim C 1 
 Clare C 4 
 
 Moydaro Ho., 
 Moycuish Barony, 
 MoyeuHen Barony, 
 Moydilliga, 
 Moydow, 
 Moydow Toneen, 
 Moydmm Ca^, 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Longft^d C 3 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 Moyenfenrath, I>owor 
 Moycnfenrath, Upper 
 Moygara Cas., 
 Moygh Ho., 
 Moyglare Ho., 
 Moynora Ho,, 
 Moyle, 
 Moyle Cas., 
 Moyle Ho., 
 Moyle R., 
 Moylough, 
 Moynalty, 
 Moynalty R, 
 Moync Ch., 
 Moynehall Ho., 
 Moync Ho., 
 Moync Ho., 
 Moyne Cross L !;.. 
 Moynoe Ho., * 
 
 Moyode Cas., 
 Moyola Park and R.. 
 Moyour, 
 Moy R., 
 Moyra, 
 Moyrath Cas., 
 Moyree R., 
 Moyriesk Ho., 
 Moyrourkan L., 
 Moystown Ho., 
 Moyteoge Hd., 
 Moyvally, Sta., .%nd I; 
 Moy view, 
 Moyvore, 
 Muck I., 
 Muck L., 
 Muck L., 
 Muckalee F 
 Muckamore -.i-tcy, 
 Muckanagh '.,., 
 Muckinish, 
 Muckinish H".., 
 Muckinish P:.. 
 Muckish, 
 Mucklagh, 
 MuckJagh Br., 
 Muckno La!<e, 
 Muckros Hd.. 
 Muckross Abbey and 
 Mucksna, 
 Muddock K., 
 Muff, 
 Muff, 
 MuS; 
 Mufl^ 
 Muilrea, 
 Muingnabo, 
 Mulberry Lane, 
 Muldonagb, 
 Mulgeeth Ho., 
 Mulgravo Evi., 
 M ulnol landsto wn , 
 Malhuddart, 
 Mulkear Ho., 
 Mulkear R., 
 Mullacash Ho., 
 Mullacloe Ho., 
 Mullacrew. 
 Mullafemaghar. i"ia.. 
 Mullagh, 
 MuUagh, 
 Mullagh Ho., 
 Mullagh L., 
 Mullaghanatii.n, 
 Mullaghancc "... 
 MullaghareirV. Mts.. 
 Mullaghash, 
 MuUaghboy i... 
 MuUaghcara. 
 MuUaghcleev; 'in Mt. 
 Mullaghclog-^".. 
 Mullaghderi" I.., 
 Mullaghinshi;:o I-oug* 
 Mullaghmoi -, 
 Mullaghmor ■- 
 Mullaghmorc He, 
 Mullaghmprt L., 
 Mullaghmo/c L., 
 Mutlaghroe, 
 Mullaghturk-, 
 Mullaleam, 
 Mutlamast Ho., 
 Mullan Ho., 
 Mullanacros^. 
 Mullanadarr:.^h L., 
 Mullanalaghi."s 
 Mullany's Cr-: -s 
 Mullary Crosi. 
 Mullavilly Ho., 
 Mutlinabro He, 
 Mullinahone, 
 Mullinam, 
 Mullinavat, 
 Mullingar, 
 MuUingar Barracks. 
 Mullurg Cott., 
 Mullycagh, 
 
 Bar, 
 Bar., 
 
 Mcaih D 4 
 
 Meath B 4 
 
 Sligo F 4 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 1 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Sligo D 8 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Meatl C 1 
 
 Tipperary D 8 
 
 Cavan E 8 
 
 Ouecn's Co. C 8 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Longford D 1 
 
 Clare K 2 
 
 Galway E 8 
 
 Londonderry F 4 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Mayo D 1 & E 1 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Meath C 8 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Oare G 2 
 
 Armagh D 8 
 
 King's a>. C 2 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 ., Kildare B I 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Antrim G 8 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 King's Co. B 2 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 ymerick E 1 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Monaghan D 8 
 
 Donegal B 4 
 
 Lake, Kerry D 2 
 
 Kerry D 8 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 
 Roscommon D 4 
 
 Mayo B 3 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Londoiierry C 3 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Tipperary B .3 
 
 Londonderry F 8 
 
 Dublin B 4 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Ix)uth A 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Cavan H 4 
 
 Clare D 3 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Sligo C 4 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 London(Jerry D 8 
 
 Leitrim E 3 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Donegal B 2 
 
 , Monaghan 6 2 
 
 Londonderry D 8 
 
 SUgo F 1 
 
 Tyrone E U 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Tyrone G 2 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Monaghan C 8 
 
 Done^I C 4 
 
 Leitnm E 4 
 
 Longford D 1 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 Tipperary E 
 
 Meath F 
 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 V/est Meath E 
 
 West Meath D 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Wicklow 6 
 
 i
 
 > 
 
 MULLYLilA. 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 OWENBOLISZA. 
 
 Muliylea, 
 Mullyloughan, 
 Mulnaver Ho., 
 Mulreavy L., 
 Mukoy B., 
 Mulshane L., 
 MuUcen R., 
 Mulu-famham, 
 Mulvin, 
 Mulvohill Ho., 
 Mun^ikill L., 
 Mungret, 
 Munniily Ho., 
 Munsicr R., 
 Munter Eolus L. 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 TjTone C 3 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 
 Tipperaiy B 3 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Leitrim C 2 
 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Leitrim D 3 
 
 Muntetvarj' or Sheep Hd., Cork B 4 
 
 MurglashR., Qucm s Co. C 2 
 
 Murlin R., 
 Murlcugh n., • 
 Murlough Ho-; 
 Murragh, 
 Murren, 
 
 Murrisk and Ear., 
 Murroe, 
 
 Musheramore Mt., 
 Muskerry, Ea:c Barony, 
 Mu^kerry, West Barony, 
 Ivlu^.ton Is., 
 Mweelaun Is., 
 Mweenish B., 
 Mylerspark, 
 Mylerstown Ho., 
 Myra Cas., 
 
 Donegal A 3 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Clare C 3 
 
 Mayo A 2 
 
 Galway B 3 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Myshall Tn., Ho., and Br., Carlow C 2 
 
 N 
 
 Naan 1., 
 
 Naas, 
 
 Naas, North Earony, 
 
 Naas, South Barony, 
 
 Naback L., 
 
 Nabellbeg L., 
 
 Nabelwy L., 
 
 Nabiahy L., 
 
 Nabrach L., 
 
 Nacallagh L., 
 
 Nacorra L., 
 
 Nacung L., Upper, 
 
 Nad and River, 
 
 Nadregeel L., 
 
 Nafooey L., 
 
 Nagamaman L., 
 
 Nagcoge L., 
 
 Naglare L., 
 
 Nagles Mts., 
 
 Na.^s Hd., 
 
 Nahanagan L., 
 
 Nahelwy Ij., 
 
 Nahillion L., 
 
 Nahinch L., 
 
 Nahoo L., 
 
 Nalughraraan L., 
 
 Namao L,, 
 
 Nambrack L., 
 
 Naminna L., 
 
 Nancagh L., 
 
 Nanny R., 
 
 Nantman Ho., 
 
 Naptown, 
 
 Naran, 
 
 Naroon L., 
 
 Narragh and Rcban, East Barony, 
 
 Kildare B 
 Naragh and Reban, West Barony, 
 
 Kildare A 
 Narraghmore and Ho., 
 N.irrow Watir Ho., 
 
 Fermanagh E 3 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Lon^ord D 1 
 
 LeiUim D 3 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Roscommon E 2 
 
 Leitrim B 1 
 
 Fermanagh F 4 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Monaghan D 3 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Leitnm D S 
 
 Clare E 3 
 
 Meath A 2 
 
 Meath G 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Antrim C 8 
 
 Newberry Hall, 
 New Birmingham, 
 Newbliss and Sta., 
 Newbliss Ho., 
 Newborough Ho., 
 New Bridge, 
 New Bridge, 
 New Bridge, 
 Newbridge and Sta., 
 Newbridge, 
 Newbridge, 
 New Bridge, 
 Newbridge and Sta., 
 Newbridge Lo., 
 Newbridge Sta., 
 Newbridge Ho. and Cas., 
 Newbrook Ho., 
 New Buildings, 
 Newborn Ho., 
 Newcastle, 
 
 Newcastle and Barony, 
 Newcastle, 
 Newcastle, 
 Newcastle, 
 Newcastle, 
 Newcastle, 
 Newcastle and Sta., 
 Newcastle Ho., 
 Newcastle Ho. and Lo. 
 
 Nash, 
 
 Nasvol L., 
 
 Natirc L., 
 
 Natrocy L., 
 
 Naul, 
 
 Navan, 
 
 Navan, Lower Barony, 
 
 Navan, Upper Barony, 
 
 Navan Fort (Emania), 
 
 Navar L., 
 
 Navari.-i, 
 
 Ncat;h Lough, 
 
 Neafc, 
 
 Neals*own, 
 
 Nccam Cas., 
 
 Ntcdlcford Bri., 
 
 Ncnajjh and R., 
 
 Ncn-ich Road Sta., 
 
 Ncphin, 
 
 N'ephin Be^, 
 
 Ncihercross Barony, 
 
 Ncihcrtown, 
 
 Nctlcy Ho., 
 
 New Abbey Ho., 
 
 Ncwbawn Ho., 
 
 Ncwbay Ho., 
 
 Newberry, 
 
 20 
 
 Kildare C 
 Down B 
 Wexford A 
 Slipo G 
 Leitnm C 
 Fcrmanach G 
 Dublin D 1 
 Meath D 3 
 Meath D 8 
 Meath D 3 
 Armagh B 2 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 Roscommon D 2 
 Antrim C 6 
 Mayo D 3 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 Tippcrary B 2 
 LimericK G 1 
 Mayo C 1 
 Mayo B 1 
 Dublin D 3 
 Wexford D 4 
 Mayo D 1 
 Kildare C 8 
 Wexford B 3 
 Wexford C 4 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Newcastle Ho., 
 
 Newcourt, 
 Ne wells Bri., 
 Newfarm Village, 
 Newforest Ho., 
 Newfort, 
 
 Newfoundland Bay, 
 Newgarden Ho., 
 Newgarden Ho., 
 Newgrange Ho., 
 New Grove, 
 Newgrove, 
 Newgrove Ho., 
 l^ewgTOve Ho., 
 New Haggard Ho., 
 Newhall Ho., 
 Newhali Ho., 
 Newington Ho., 
 New Inn, 
 Newinn, 
 Newland Ho,, 
 Newlawn Ho., 
 Newmarket, 
 Newmarket, 
 Newmarket Ho., 
 Newmarket-on-Fergus, 
 New Mills, 
 Newmills, 
 New Mountain, 
 New Park, 
 New Park, 
 New Park, 
 Newpark, 
 Newpark, 
 Newpark, 
 Newpark, 
 Newpark Ho., 
 Newpark Ho., 
 Newpark Ho., 
 Newpass, 
 Newport and Rjv., 
 Newport and Riv., 
 Newport Bay, 
 New Quay Ho., 
 Newrath Bri., 
 New Ross, 
 Ncwry Canal, 
 Newry Town and R., 
 Newry, Lordship of, 
 Newstone Cas., 
 Newstown Ho., 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 New Town, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 Newtown, 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Monaghan A 3 
 
 Limerick £ 2 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Londonderry A 3 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 Dublin B 5 
 
 Limerick C 3 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 We^t Meath D 1 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Meath B 2 
 
 Meath D 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 Wicklow E 1 
 West Meath D 
 Roscommon D 
 Galway F 
 Wexford D 
 Cork F 
 Carlow B 
 Limerick F 
 Meath F 
 - Meath B 
 West Meath B 
 Qare H 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Meath D 3 
 Clare F 3 
 Kildare C 2 
 Kildare B 2 
 Cavan F 3 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Kildare C 2 
 Dublin E 2 
 Cork E 2 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Cork D 2 
 Clare G 3 
 Monaghan C 2 
 Cork,E 4 
 Ro!icommon E 4 
 Longford B 3 
 Monaghan B 8 
 Roscommon E 6 
 Galway G 8 
 Kildare C 1 
 Kildare C 
 Limerick D 
 Kildare B 
 Sligo F 
 Tipperary C 
 West Meath C 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Tipperary A 3 
 
 Mayo B 2 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Newtown Darver, ' 
 Newtown Forbes and Sta. 
 Newtown Ford, 
 Newtown Gore, 
 Newtown HamiUbn, 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho. and Lo., 
 Newtov/a Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Ho., 
 Newtown Limavady, 
 Newtown Lo., 
 Newtown Lo., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Leitrim F 3 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Kildare C 1, C 2, &D 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Meath B 2, C 1, & F 8 
 
 Waterford B 4 & G 3 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Longford D 3 
 
 Wexford E 1 
 
 Newtown L., West Meath E 2 
 
 Newtown Monasterboice, Louth B 3 
 
 Newtown Mt, Kennedy, 
 Newlown Morris, 
 
 Newtown Park, 
 Newtown Pt., 
 Newtown R., 
 Newtown Sondes, 
 Newtown Saville, 
 Newtown Stalaban, 
 Newtown Stewart, 
 Newtown Trim and Sta., 
 Newtown Vevay, 
 Newtownanner Ho., 
 New town balregan L., 
 Newtownbarry, 
 Newtonbond Ho., 
 Newtonbreda, 
 Newtown for tescue, 
 Newtownhill Cott., 
 New town Saunders, 
 New Twopothouse Village, 
 Neynoe Cas. , 
 
 WicUow E 2 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Limerick E 1 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Tyrone F 4 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Wicklow E 1 
 
 Tipperary D 4 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Sligo F 
 
 Nicker, Limerick G 2 
 
 Nicholastown Ho., West Meath D 2 
 
 Nier R., Waterford C 2 
 
 Nilly L., or L. Macnean, Lower, 
 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Ninemilehouse, 
 Nixon Lo., 
 Nobber, 
 Nohaval, 
 NoreR., 
 
 Normanby I^. , 
 Normans Grove Ho., 
 Norris Mount, 
 Norris Mount, 
 
 3 
 
 Tipperary E 4 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 2. & 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Armagh D 3 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 N.E. Liberties of Coleraine Bar., 
 
 Londonderry F 2 
 North Sound, galway B 3 
 
 N.W. Liberties of Londonderry Bar., 
 
 Londonderry A 2 
 
 Down A 
 
 Down B 
 
 Dovm B 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Carlow B 2 & B 8 
 
 Cork E 1 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Down B 3 & D 3 
 
 Fermanaeh B 2 
 
 Galway E 3, F 2, & F 3 
 
 Kildare C 1, C 4, D 2, & E 1 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Longford B 8 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 koscommon C 4, D 3, 
 
 Di, E5, E6, & F 3 
 New Town, Sligo C S 
 
 Newtown, • Wexford A 4 
 
 Newtown Ards, Down F 2 
 
 Newtown Bellew, Galway F 2 
 
 Newtown Butler & Sta., Fermanagh F 3 
 Newtown Cae., Clare E 1 
 
 Newtown Cott., Kildare B 3 
 
 Newtown Crommclln, Antrim D 8 
 
 Newtown Cross Roads, Waterford E 2 
 Newtown Cunniiigliam, Donegal E 3 
 Newtown Daly, Galway F 8 
 
 Northgrove, 
 North Naas Barony, 
 North Salt Barony, 
 Northlands, 
 Norton's Cross Roads, 
 Noughaval, 
 Noughaval Ho., 
 Nuenna R., 
 Nun's Is., 
 N umey, 
 Numey Cas-, 
 Nurney Ho.. 
 Nursery Cott.. 
 Nut Grovf, 
 Nutslown llo., 
 
 Oak Grove, 
 Oak Park, 
 
 Oakficld, 
 Oakiicld Ho., 
 Oaklands, 
 Oaklands Ho., 
 Oakley, 
 Oakley, 
 Oakley Ho., 
 Oakley Park, 
 Oakpark Ho., 
 Oakport Ho., 
 Oatfield Ho., 
 Oatland Ho., 
 Oatbnds, 
 Oatlands Ho., 
 O'Brian's Bri., 
 O'Brien's Bi;; Lough, 
 O'Brien's Tower, 
 O'Bricnsbridge, 
 O'Dca's Cis., 
 Odell ViUe, 
 O'Donevan's Cove, 
 Offaly Cas., 
 Offaly, E.ost Barony, 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 West Meath B 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 West Meath A 2 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Kildare B 1 
 
 Cariow C 3 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Cork E 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Fermanagh G 3 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 TjTone G 3 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Kings Co. C 3 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Wexfoid A 8 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Clare D 2 
 
 CL-irc I 8 
 
 Clare F 2 
 
 Limerick D 8 
 
 Cork B 4 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 KUdarc B 2 
 
 OiTaly, West Barony, 
 
 O'Flyn Lough, 
 
 0'Gallaghan'sm:!ls, 
 
 Oghil, 
 
 OghUI, 
 
 Oghill, 
 
 Oghill Ho., 
 
 OGrady L., 
 
 O'Hara Brook Ho., 
 
 Oilgate, 
 
 Oily R., 
 
 Old pallybriitas, 
 
 Old Bridge, 
 
 Old Yard, 
 
 Oldabbey Ho., 
 
 Oldbridge, 
 
 Oldcarton, 
 
 Old Conuau^ht, 
 
 Oldcastle. 
 
 Oldchapel, 
 
 Oldconneli Ha, 
 
 Old Court, 
 
 Oldcourt, 
 
 Oldcourt, 
 
 Oldcourt Ho., 
 
 Oldderrig Ho., 
 
 Oldglass, 
 
 Oldgrange, 
 
 Old Head, 
 
 Old Head of Kinsale, 
 
 Old Kilcullen, 
 
 Oldleighlin, 
 
 Old Ross, 
 
 Old Town, 
 
 Old town, 
 
 Old town. 
 
 Old town, 
 
 Old Town, 
 
 Old Town. 
 Old Town, 
 
 Oldtown, 
 
 Oldtown Bri., 
 
 Oldtown Ho., 
 
 Oldtown Ho., 
 
 Oldtown Ho., 
 
 Old Yard, 
 
 OUatrimR., 
 
 O'Loughlin's Cas.. 
 
 Omagh, 
 
 Omagh, East Barony, 
 
 Omagh, West Barony, 
 
 Omeath, 
 
 Omey I., 
 
 Onagh, 
 
 Onagh, 
 
 Oneilland, East Barony, 
 
 Oneilland, West Barony, 
 
 Oola, 
 
 Oolagh R. and Bri., 
 
 Oona Water, 
 
 Oorid L., 
 
 OraL., 
 
 Ora More, 
 
 Orange Field, 
 
 Orangefield, 
 
 Oranmore, Sta., and Bay, 
 
 Orchard Bri. and Ho., 
 
 Orior, Ixiwer Barony, 
 
 Orior, Upper Barony, 
 
 Oristown, 
 
 Oritor, 
 
 Orlands Cas., 
 
 Ormeau, 
 
 Ormond, Lower Bar., 
 
 Ormond, Upper Bar.; 
 
 Ome L., 
 
 Orrery and Kilmore Barony, Cork E 
 
 Osberstown Hill and Ho,, Kildare C 
 
 Osicrbrook Ho., King's Co. D 
 
 Otway Cas., Tipperary B 
 
 Oughterany and Ikeathy Barony, 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 Roscommon B 
 
 Clare I 2 
 Galway G 3 
 Galway B 3 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Sligo C 
 . Clare I 
 Antrim B 
 ^Vexfo^d C 
 Donegal B 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 MeatK F 2 
 Cariow B 
 Limerick C 
 Wicklow D : 
 Kildare D 
 Dublin F 
 Meath B 
 Cork E 
 Ivildare C 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Kildare B 1 
 Wicklow C 1 
 Dublin C 5 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 Kildare B S 
 Mayo B 2 
 Cork F 4 
 Kildare C 3 
 Carlow A 2 
 Wexford B 3 
 Donegal D 8 
 Donegal C 2 
 Dublin D 2 
 Longford C 2 
 Queen's,;;:©. C 3 
 Roscommon E 6 
 Sligo C 3 
 Wicklow D 2 
 Carlow B 2 
 Kildare D 2 
 Queen's Co. B 4 
 ' West Meath C 2 ; 
 Carlow B 3 ; 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Clare E I 
 Tyrone D 3 
 Tyrone D 3 
 T>Tone C 8 
 Louth C 1 
 Galway A 2 
 Galway B S 
 Wicklow D 1 
 Ar-magh D 2 
 Armagh C 2 
 Limerick H 2 
 Limerick B 3 
 Tyrone G 4 
 Galway C 2; 
 Fermanagh C 3 ■ ' 
 Fermanagh C 2 " 
 Cavan E 4 
 Down D 2 
 Galway E 3 
 Carlow B 2 
 Armagh D 3 
 Armagh D 4 
 Meath D 2 ' 
 Tyrone H 3 
 Antrim G 4 
 Down D 2i 
 Tipperary B 1 i 
 Tipperary B 2 i 
 Down B 4 
 
 Oughtciard, 
 Oughterard, 
 GuEhtmore, 
 Oulart. 
 
 Oulartlcigh Ho,, 
 Oulcr L., 
 Ourtnagapple, 
 Ouske L., 
 Ouvcr L., 
 Ovens, 
 Ovoca Lo., 
 Ow Riv., 
 Owbcg R., 
 Owel L., 
 Owen Hill, 
 Owcnaher R., 
 Owenamarve R., 
 Owenass R., 
 Owenavorragh and R. 
 Owenbeg, 
 Owenbcg R., 
 Owenbeg R., 
 Owenbeg R., 
 Owcnbouska R.. 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Wexford C S 
 
 Wicklow C 2 I 
 
 Galway B 8 i 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Cork E 8 
 
 Wicklow D 8 
 
 Wicklow C S 
 
 Waterford B S 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Cork D 8 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Donegal C 3 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Tippcrary C 3 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Queens Co. D 3' 
 
 Galway D 3!
 
 OWENBOY, 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BATHOILBK&T. 
 
 Owen boy R., 
 Owenboy R., 
 Owenbream R., 
 Owenbrin R., 
 Owencarrow R., 
 Owendiitultccgh R., 
 Owenduff R., 
 OwenduffR., 
 Owenea R., 
 Owenerk Bny, 
 Owengar R., 
 Owengarr R., 
 Owengarve L., 
 Owengarve R., 
 Owenglin R.. 
 Owenpowla, 
 Oweniny R., 
 Oweokeal R., 
 Owenkillew R., 
 Oweokiltew R., 
 Owenmore R., 
 Owenmore R. 
 Owenmore R. and Bri., 
 Owenmore R., 
 Owennacurra River, 
 Owennashad R., 
 Owennayle R., 
 Owenogamey R., 
 Owenrigh R., 
 Owenreagh R. 
 Owcnreagh R: 
 Owen riff, 
 Owcnriff R., 
 
 Donegal E 
 Sligo E 
 FeiTnanagh D 
 Galway C 
 Donegal D 
 Galway E 
 Mayo B 
 Wexford B - 
 Donegal B 3 
 Done,^al E 2 
 Lei trim C 3 
 Fermanagh E 3 
 Galway B 2 
 Sligo D 4 
 Galway B 2 
 Galway B 
 Mayo C 
 Cork D 
 Tyrone E 
 Donegal E 
 Cavan B 
 Mayo B 
 Mayo C 
 Sligo E 
 Cork G 
 Waterfoi-d B 
 Leitrim C 
 Clare H 3 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Kerry C 3 
 Tyrone D 3 & F 2 
 Galway C 3 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Owcosallagh or Swanlibar R., Cavan C 
 
 Owenskaw R., 
 Owenteskiny R., 
 Owenlocker R., 
 Owen wee, 
 Owenwee R., 
 Owen wee R., 
 Owey L, 
 
 Owney and Arra Bar., 
 Owneybeg Barony, 
 Owveg R., 
 Owveg R., 
 Owyane River, 
 Ox Mountains, 
 Oyster Hall, 
 Oyster Haven. 
 Oyster Is., 
 
 Limerick D 3 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Donegal B 4 & C 3 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Donegal B 2 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 QueeD's<:o. D 3 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Cork F 4 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Paget Priory, 
 
 Pamstown Ho,, 
 
 Pakenham Hall, 
 
 Pakenham Hall, 
 
 Palace, 
 
 Palace, 
 
 Palace Ho., 
 
 Palatine and Lo^ 
 
 Palatine Street, 
 
 Pallas, 
 
 Pallas, 
 
 Pallas Cas., 
 
 Pallas Ho. and L., 
 
 Pallas Sta., 
 
 PaJlas Grean, 
 
 Pallas Grean, New, 
 
 Pallaskenry, 
 
 Palmerston. 
 
 Palmerstown, 
 
 Palmerstown, 
 
 Pat men town, 
 
 Palmerstown Ho., 
 
 Palmira Ho,, 
 
 Palratree Colt., 
 
 Panther Mount, 
 
 Paps, The, 
 
 Paradise Ho., 
 
 Park Bri., 
 
 Park Ho., 
 
 Park Ho., 
 
 Park Ho., 
 
 Park Ho., 
 
 Park Ho. and Lo., 
 
 Park Mt., 
 
 Park Place, 
 
 Parkanaur, 
 
 Parker's L.. 
 
 Park fell m, 
 
 Park gate, 
 
 Parkhill L. and Abbey, 
 
 Parkmore, 
 
 Parkmore, 
 
 Parkmore Pt, 
 
 Parknashaw Ha, 
 
 Parkrow Ho., 
 
 Parkstown Ho., 
 
 Parsonstown, 
 
 Parsonstown, 
 
 Parsonstown or Birr, 
 
 Parsonstown Ho., 
 
 Partry Mountains, 
 
 Pass Br., 
 
 21 
 
 Me-th D 4 
 
 KUdare C 1 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Ring's Co. E 2 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Dublin C 4 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Dublin C 2 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Kildar« D 2 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 Qare F 3 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Kildare C 3 & D 3 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 WIckJow B 4 
 
 .\ntrim F 5 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 T^Tone G 3 
 
 Cavan G 3 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Fermanagh E 1 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Kerry B 2 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Mayo C 3 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Pass Ho., 
 
 Pass of Kilbride, 
 
 Passage, 
 
 Passage, West, 
 Pastorville, 
 Patrick L., 
 Patrick's B., 
 Patrick-street Ho., 
 Pattens Fall, 
 Paulstown Ca3., 
 Paulsworth, 
 PaulvUle Ho., 
 Peacefield, 
 Pellipar Ho., 
 Pembrokestown, 
 Penny bum, 
 Peppards Cas., 
 Pepperstown Ho., 
 Percy Lo., 
 Percy Mt., 
 Peters L., 
 Petersville, 
 Pettigoe and Sta., 
 Pbaris, 
 
 Phepotstown Ho., 
 Philipstown, 
 Philipstown, 
 Philipstown R., 
 Phillipsburgh, 
 Phillipstown Ko., 
 Philpotstown Ho., 
 Phoenix Park, 
 Piedmont R,, 
 Piercetown, 
 Piercetown Ho., 
 Pierpoint, 
 Pig I.. 
 
 Pigeon Rock Mt., 
 Pike, The, 
 Pike St one, 
 Pilltowm. 
 PiUtown Ho., 
 Pilltown Ho.. 
 Pirn Er., 
 Pimlico, 
 Pipers Well, 
 Plantation Ho., 
 Platin Ho., 
 Plesk Water, 
 Pluck. 
 Plumb Bri., 
 Pointstown Ho., 
 PointTpass, 
 Pplehore Ho., 
 F&Hbov. 
 PoUagh, 
 Pollagh R., 
 Pollan B., 
 Pollanass R., 
 Pollanass Waterfall, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 8 
 
 West Meath E 3 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Tipiwrary C 4 
 
 Armagn C 4 
 
 Wexford A 5 
 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Kilkenny D S 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Carlow C 1 
 
 Armagh D 2 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Londonderry A 2 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Meath K 4 
 
 K.ing'sCi. '} 2 
 
 Louth B 1 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 4 
 
 Cariow C 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Louth C 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Mayo B 
 
 Down C 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Down E 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Meath G 
 
 Wexford A 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Meath F 2 
 
 Antrim C 2 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 .Tyrone E 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Armagn D 3 
 
 Wc^ord C 3 
 
 Galway G 3 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Pollaphuca Br. & Waterfall, Wicklow B 2 
 
 Pollardstown Hill, Kildare B 2 
 
 PoHbrock, Louth B 2 
 
 Pollduff, Wexford E 2 
 
 Pollerton Cas. and Ho., Carlow B 1 
 
 Pollglass, Galway F 2 
 
 Pollmounty R., Wexford A 3 
 
 PoMrone Ho., Kilkenny C 6 
 
 PoIIshone Haf. and lid., Wexford E 2 
 
 Pomeroy and Ho., Tyrone G 3 
 
 Ponds, Dublin D 5 
 
 Poolbeg L. H., Dublin F 4 
 
 Poplar Hall, Kildare C 3 
 
 Poplar Vale, Monagban C 2 
 
 Port, Donegal C 4 
 
 Port, Louth C 2 
 
 Port Hall Sta., Donegal E 3 
 
 Port Stewart, Londonderry E 1 
 
 Portacloy and Bay, Mayo B 1 
 
 Portadown and Sta., Armagh D 2 
 
 Portaferry, Down F 3 
 
 Portaleen, Donegal F 2 
 
 Portallintra, Antrim B 1 
 Portarlingtonand Sta., Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Portavoe Ho., Down F 2 
 
 Portglenone, Londonderry G 3 
 
 Portglenone and Ho., Antrim C 3 
 
 Portiroe, Cork C 4 
 
 Portland Ho., Tipperary B 1 
 
 Portlaw, Waterford F 2 
 Portlick Cas. and Bay, West Meath A 3 
 
 Portloman, West Meath D 2 
 
 Portmagee, Kerry A 3 
 
 Portmamock Ho., Dublin F 3 
 
 Portmore L., Antrim D B 
 
 Portmuck Cas., Antrim G 3 
 
 Potina, Londonderry F 3 
 
 Portnafrankagh, Mayo A 1 
 
 Porinahinch Bar. & Ho., Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Portnahully, Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Portnard Ho., Limerick G 2 
 
 Portnascully, Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Portnashangan, West Meath D 2 
 
 Portnelhgan, Armagh B 3 
 
 Portobello Ho., Roscommon D 2 
 
 Portraine Ho., Dublin F 3 
 
 Portrinard, 
 Port roc, 
 Port runny, 
 
 Portrush, 
 
 Portumna, 
 
 Port William, 
 
 Potters Riv., 
 
 Potterswalls, 
 
 Potterys, 
 
 Pottlerath, 
 
 Pottore, 
 
 Poulacapple, 
 
 Poutanishery Bay, 
 
 Poulaweala Crk., 
 
 Poulnaniucky, 
 
 Pound Hill, 
 
 Powells borough, 
 
 Power Head, 
 
 Powerscourt Ho., 
 
 Powerscourt Waterfall, 
 
 Powersgrove Ho., 
 
 Powers town, 
 
 Powcrstown Ho., 
 
 Prehen, 
 
 Preston Brook, 
 
 Prettybush, 
 
 Priest Br,, 
 
 Priest Town Ho., 
 
 Priesthaggard, 
 
 Priestslcap, 
 
 Primatestown, 
 
 Primrose Hill, 
 
 Primrose Ho., 
 
 Prince WilliamH Seat, 
 
 Prior Park, 
 
 Priorland Ho., 
 
 Prohust Ho., 
 
 Prospect, 
 
 Prospect, 
 
 Prospect, 
 
 Prospect, 
 
 Prospect, 
 
 Prospect Cott., 
 
 Prospect Hall, 
 
 Prospect Hill, 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prospect Ho., 
 
 Prosperous, 
 
 Prumplestown Ho., 
 
 Pubblebrien Barony, 
 
 Puckaun, 
 
 Puffin Is., 
 
 Pulfarris Ho., 
 
 Punchestown Ho. and 
 
 Purple Mt., 
 Purdysbum, 
 Pyrmont, 
 
 Quagmire R., 
 Quaker's Er., 
 Quarrymount, 
 Queensborough, 
 Queenstown, 
 Quignalahy, 
 Quilly Ho., 
 Quin, 
 
 Suinshorough, 
 uintagh, 
 Quintin Cas., 
 Quivvy L., 
 Quoile Br. and.R., 
 QuoUe Water, 
 
 Rabbit L, 
 Racecourse Hall; 
 Raconnell, 
 Rademan He, 
 Rafinny L., 
 Raford R., 
 RagR.. 
 Raghlin More, 
 Rahan Lo., 
 Rahan R. C. College 
 
 Rahanna Ho., 
 
 R&hans, 
 
 Rabans L., 
 
 Rahara Ho., 
 
 Rahamey, 
 
 Raheen, 
 
 Raheen, 
 
 Raheen, 
 
 Limerick B 8 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Roscommon E 4 
 Antrim A 1 
 Galway G 3 
 Cork E 2 
 Wicklow E 8 
 Antrim E 4 
 Carlow C 3 
 Kilkenny B 8 
 Leitrim D S 
 Tipperary E 4 
 Clar« C 4 
 Limerick C 2 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 Sligo D 3 
 Cork G 3 
 Wicklow D 1 
 Wicklow D 2 
 Kildare B 4 
 Kilkenny D 8 
 Tipperary D 4 
 Londonderry B 3 
 Kildare A 2 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Wicklow C 2 
 Meath F 4 
 Wexford A 4 
 Kerry D 3 
 Meath F 3 
 Kildare D 2 
 Carlow B 2 
 Dublin E 6 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Louth B 2 
 Cork E 2 
 Kildare B 3 & D 2 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 Longford C 3 
 Louth B 2 
 Queen's Co. C 
 Cavan B 
 Limerick E 
 Limerick B 
 Antrim G 
 Fermanagh E 
 Galway E 
 Kilkenny C 
 King's Co. D 
 Sligo F 
 Tipperary B 
 Wexford C 
 Wicklow E 
 Kiidar« C 
 Kildare B 
 Limerick E 
 Tipperary B 
 Kerry A 
 Wicklow B 
 Race Course, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 Kerry D 2 
 Down D 2 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Queen's Co. A 3 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Kildare A 2 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Cavan E 2 
 
 Dovm E 3 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Cork D 4 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Monaghan C 2 
 Down E 3 
 Monagban B 2 
 Galway F 3 
 Cavan D 2 
 Donegal E 2 
 ::ing'sCo. E 2 
 and V"^., 
 
 King's Co. E 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Monaghan E 4 
 
 Monaghan D 4 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Raheen and Ho., 
 R.'\heen Cas., 
 Raheen Ho., 
 Raheen Ho., 
 Raheenahown Ho., 
 Rahecnakeeran Cas. 
 Raheen do ran, 
 Rahcenduff Ho., 
 Raheengr?ncy Ho., 
 Rahccns Ho., 
 Rahcny, 
 Rahill Cott., 
 Rahillakccn, 
 Rahin, 
 Rah in Ha, 
 Rahin Ho., 
 Rahins, 
 
 Rahinstown Ho., 
 Raholp, 
 Rahona, 
 
 Rahoughtragh Br., 
 Rahugh, 
 Raigh. 
 
 Rainsford Lo., 
 Rake Street, 
 Rakenny Ho., 
 Raleigh Ho., 
 Ralphsdale Ho., 
 RamHd., 
 Ramoan Cb., 
 Romor, Lough, 
 Rampart, 
 Rams L, 
 Ramsfort Ho., 
 Ramsgrtinge, ■ 
 Ranaghroe Pt,, 
 Randalslown, 
 RandaUtown Ho., 
 Ranelagh, 
 Ran la van. 
 Rape mills, 
 Raphoe, 
 Raphoe Barony, 
 Rapla Ho-., 
 
 Rappa Cas. , 
 Rasharkin, 
 
 Rashee, 
 
 Rasheen Wood, 
 
 Ratesh, 
 
 Rath, 
 
 Rath and R., 
 
 Rath Ho., 
 
 Rath Ho., 
 
 Rath L., 
 
 Rath Mahon, 
 
 Rath Meave. 
 
 Rath of Muliamast, 
 
 Rathangan and Ho. 
 
 Rathanna, 
 
 Rathahn_y Ho., 
 
 Rathargid Ho., 
 
 Rathaitin Ho., 
 
 Rathbaun Ho., 
 
 Rathbeal Ho., 
 
 Rathboumes Bri., 
 
 Rathbrack, 
 
 Rathbraghan Coit., 
 
 Ralhbride Ho. and Cott., 
 
 Rathbrist Ho., 
 
 Rathcabban, 
 
 Rathcarrick Ho., 
 
 Rathcastle, 
 
 Rathclarish, 
 
 Rathcline Earony, 
 
 Rathcoffey Ho., 
 
 Rathconnell Court. 
 
 Rathconrath Barcny, 
 
 Rathcoole, 
 
 Rathcoole Ho., 
 
 Rathcor, 
 
 Rathcore, 
 
 Rathcormaclc, 
 
 Rathcormick Ho., 
 
 Rathcourscy, 
 
 Rathcrogue Ho., 
 
 Rathdangan, 
 
 Rathdown Barony, 
 
 Rathdown Cas., 
 
 Rathdowney, 
 
 Ralhdrum and Sta., 
 
 Rathdrumin, 
 
 Rathduane Ho., 
 
 Rathduff. 
 
 Ratheahiil, 
 
 Rathedan Ka, 
 Ratheline Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. C 3 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Oar* K 2 
 
 Roscommon D 8 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 King's Co. G 
 Carlow B 
 Wexford B 
 Wicklow B 
 Mayo C 
 Dublin F 
 Carlow C 
 Kilkenny D 
 
 Leitrim B 2 
 
 Kildare A 1 
 
 Queen's Co. E 8 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Down F 8 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Wexford B 1 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Oivan F 2 
 
 Cork D, 3 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 Louth D 1 
 
 Antrim D 6 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Wexford A 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Antrim D 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Dublin E 
 
 Cavan H 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 Donegal E 
 
 Donegal D S 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Mayo D 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Antrim £ 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 Galway D 
 
 Kings Co. D 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Wicklow A 4 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Carlow C 3 
 
 Limerick G 8 
 
 Kildare C 8 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Tipperary E 4 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Dublin B 5 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Louth C 2 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Cork G 2 
 
 Meaih C 3 
 
 ^ Cork G 3 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Wicklow B 3 
 
 Dublin E 5 
 
 WickloW E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Cork D 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Carlow B " 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Rathenny Ho. and Cott., King|s Co. B 4 
 
 Ratheman Ho., 
 
 Rath erog ban. 
 Rath fam ham, 
 Rathfeigb, 
 Rathfeston Ho., 
 Rathfran Bay, 
 Rathfriland, 
 Rathgarand Ho., 
 Rathgilbert Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Down C 4 
 
 Dublin D 5 
 
 Queen's Co. £ 8 
 
 A
 
 RATHGLASS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ST AKKS. 
 
 Rathglass Ho. and Br., 
 Raihgormucl:, 
 Rathgranagher, 
 Rathingte Ho., 
 Rathinure, 
 Rathkeale and Abb., 
 Raihkenny, 
 Rathlackan, 
 Rathlahecn Ho., 
 Rathleague Ho. Si. Lo., 
 Rathleash Ho., 
 Rathleash Ho., 
 Ratlilee Hd., 
 Rathlin Island, 
 Rathlin O'Bime Is., 
 Rathluby L., 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Watcrford E 2 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 DuWin D 3 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 Clare G 3 
 
 Queen's Co. I^ 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 Donegal A 4 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 Kaihmacknee Ho. and Ch., We.\ford C 4 
 
 Rathmanna Ho., 
 Rathmelton, 
 Rathmichael Ch,. 
 Rathmines, 
 Rathmolyon, 
 Rathmoon Ho., 
 Rathmore, 
 Rathmore, 
 Rathmore Ho., 
 Rathmore Ko., 
 Rathmore Ho., 
 Rathmore Sta., 
 Rathmoyle Ho., 
 Rathmoyle Ho., 
 Rathrr.oyle Ko., 
 Rathmullan, 
 RathmuUan, 
 Rathn acusheran , 
 Rathnageeragh Cas., 
 Rathmagurry Ho., 
 Rathnally Ho., 
 Rathncw, 
 Rathornan Bri., 
 Rathorp Ho., 
 Rathoweo, 
 Rathpattick Ho. 5 
 Rathpeak Ho., 
 Rathrobia Ho., 
 Rathronan Ho., 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Dublin D 5 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Kildarv. D 2 
 
 Wexford B 3 
 
 Carlow C 1 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Kerry E 2 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Carlow C 3 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Clare G 1 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 King's Co, E 2 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Rathnish Ho., Upper and Lower, 
 
 Carlow C 
 Rathsallagh Ho., 
 Rathtoe BrL and Ho., 
 Rathomney Cas., 
 Rathurles Ho,, 
 Rathvilla, 
 
 Rathvilly and Barony, 
 RathTJlIy Bri. and Aloat, 
 Rathvinoen 
 
 Rathwade Ko., 
 
 Rath wire, 
 
 Ratoatli, 
 
 Ratoath Brrony, 
 
 Ratia, 
 
 Ratrass, 
 
 Rattin Cas., 
 
 Rattoo Ho., 
 
 Ravea^ Ho., 
 
 Ravel, 
 
 Raven Pt, The, 
 
 Ravensdale, 
 
 Ravensdale Bri. ar.d Lo. 
 
 Ravensdale Ho., 
 
 Ravenswood Ho., 
 
 Ravcmet R-, 
 
 Raymount, 
 
 Rayoganagh, 
 
 Rea L., 
 
 Rcagh L, 
 
 Reagh L., 
 
 ReaghstowD, 
 
 Rcane I*. 
 
 Reanies Bay, 
 
 Rearyvale Ho., 
 
 Reaskmore, 
 
 Reban Cas., 
 
 Red Bay, 
 
 Red Castle, 
 
 Red Cas,, 
 
 Red Cow, The, 
 
 Red Ford, 
 
 Red Hill, 
 
 Red Ho., 
 
 RcJ I., 
 
 Rad Lion, 
 
 Red Park, 
 
 Rcdcow, 
 
 KcdcTTMs and Riv., 
 
 Red ford, 
 
 Redforge Crou Roads, 
 
 Rcdj^ap, 
 
 Redcap Pt., 
 
 Rcdgati?, 
 
 Redhall Ho., 
 
 ReHhill, 
 
 Rcdhill and Sta., 
 
 Redl.iU-;, 
 
 Rcdniondirown. 
 
 I<' -Jinondsiown Ho., 
 
 Wicklow A 
 Carlow C 
 Wexford A 
 Tipperary B 
 King's Co. H 
 Carlow C 
 Cailow C 
 Carlow A 
 Carlow B 
 West Meath F 
 Meath F 8 
 Meath F 4 
 Roscommon C 2 
 West Meath F 2 
 West Meath E 3 
 Kerry C 1 
 Tyrone E 4 
 Tipperary C d 
 V/exfoni D 3 
 Kildare D 1 
 , l^uth C 1 
 
 Louth B 1 
 Carlow C 3 
 Down D 3 
 King's Co. C 3 
 Clare C 3 
 Gal way F 3 
 Down F 2 
 Kerry C 3 
 Loutn A 2 
 Lcitrim D 3 
 Cork F 3 
 Qucf-n's Co. C 2 
 Gal way G 3 
 Kildare A 8 
 Antrim £ 2 
 Donegal F 2 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 Armagh D 1 
 Tyrone H 4 
 Sligo D 2 
 Louth A 2 
 Dublin F 1 
 Cavan B 1 
 Wicklow E S 
 Dublin C 5 
 Wicklow E 8 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Cork H 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 a.ire E 
 
 Wexford D 
 
 Antrim O 
 
 S'iico F 
 
 Cavan I-" 
 
 Kiid.Kc n 
 
 West MeaiJi C 
 Tipperary I J 
 
 Redstone Ho., 
 
 Ree Lotigb, 
 
 Reedy Is., 
 
 Reelan R., 
 
 Reen Pt., 
 
 Reens, 
 
 Reens Ho., 
 
 Relagh, 
 
 Relane Pt., 
 
 Renaghmore, 
 
 Rerrin, 
 
 Retreat, 
 
 Retreat, 
 
 Reuben's Glcti, 
 
 Reynella Ho., 
 
 Reynoldstown, 
 
 Reynoldstown, 
 
 Reynoldstown Ho. 
 
 Rich Hill and Sta. 
 
 Rich View, 
 
 Richardstown Cas. 
 
 Richfield Ho., 
 
 Richfort, 
 
 Richmond Ho., 
 
 Richmond Ho., 
 
 Richmond Ho., 
 
 Richmont Hill, 
 
 Ricketsto*n Ho., 
 
 Riddlestown Park, 
 
 Ridge, 
 
 Ridge of Capard, 
 
 Ridge Pt., 
 
 RiffeyR., 
 
 Rinardoo Bay, 
 
 Rindaly Cotts., 
 
 Rinekirk Pt., 
 
 RineveJIa B., 
 
 Ring, 
 
 Ruig, 
 
 Ring, The, 
 
 Ringabella Bay, 
 
 Ringboy, 
 
 Ringdufferin, 
 
 RingmoylaD Quay, 
 
 Ringrash, 
 
 Ringsaliin Pt, 
 
 Ringsend, 
 
 Ringville, 
 
 RingN'ille Ho., 
 
 Ringwood Ho., 
 
 Rinmore Pt., 
 
 Rinn, 
 
 Rinn, Lough, Cas. 
 
 Rinn Mt. and R.. 
 
 Rinville, 
 
 Rinvyle Ho. end Pt., 
 
 River View, 
 
 River View, 
 
 Riverchapei, 
 
 Rlverdale, 
 
 Riverdale Ho., 
 
 Riverpark Ho., 
 
 Riversdale, 
 
 Riversdale, 
 
 Riverstown, 
 
 Rivers Towtj, 
 
 Riverstown, 
 
 Riverstov/n, 
 
 Riverstown Ho., 
 
 Riverstown Ho., 
 
 Riverstown R., 
 
 Roachtown, 
 
 Road ford, 
 
 Roadstov/n, 
 
 Roaninish, 
 
 Roaringwatcr Bay, 
 
 Robe R., 
 
 Roberts Cove, 
 
 Robert's Hd.. 
 
 Roberts town, 
 
 Robertsiown Riv., 
 
 Robins L., 
 
 Robinstown, 
 
 Robinstown Ho., 
 
 Roche Cas., 
 
 Roche Cas. and Ho., 
 
 Roches Pt., 
 
 Rochet town, 
 
 Rochesiown Ho., 
 
 Rochestown Ho., 
 
 Rochfort Ho., 
 
 Rochfort Ho., 
 
 Rochfortbiidcc, 
 
 Reel:, 
 
 Rock, TTie, 
 
 Rock Ho.. 
 
 Rock Ho., 
 
 Rock I., 
 
 Rock Island C.-G. Sta.. 
 
 Rock Lo., 
 
 Rock Lo., 
 
 Rock Lo„ 
 
 Rock of Dunamase, 
 
 Rock View, 
 
 Rock View, 
 
 Hock View, 
 
 Meath C 2 
 Roscommon F 4 
 Armagh D 1 
 Donegal C 3 
 Cork C 4 
 Limerick D 2 
 Limerick C 8 
 Leitrim E 4 
 Cori£ C 4 
 Tipperary E 8 
 Cork B 4 
 Armagh C 2 
 West Meath A 3 
 LondonrteiTy E 4 
 West Meath E 
 Longford D 
 Louth C 
 Dublin D 
 Armagh C 
 Kilkenny C 
 Louth B 
 Wexford C 
 Longford C 
 Kilkenny C 
 Tipperary A 
 Waterford B 
 Longford C 3 
 Carlow C 1 
 Limerick C 
 Carlow A 
 Queen's Co. B 
 Mayo A 
 West Meath D 
 West Meath A 
 Sligo F 
 Limerick E 
 Clare B 
 Cork G 3 
 Longford D 2 
 Kildare D 3 
 Cork G 3 
 Down G 3 
 _Down F 3 
 Limerick D 1 
 Londonderry E 2 
 Down E 4 
 Londonderry E 2 & E 3 
 Waterford D 3 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 Donegal D 2 
 Galway E 3 
 and R., Leitrim D 4 
 Longford B 2 
 Gaiway E 3 
 Galway A 2 
 Cavan E 3 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Wexford E 2 
 Roscommon E 3 
 West Meath F 2 
 West Meath B 3 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 Limerick H 3 
 Cork F 3 
 Leitrim E 4 
 Sligo F 3 
 Tipperary C 1 
 Kildare A 3 
 Louth A 2 
 West Meath F 2 
 Meath B 2 
 Clare D 1 
 Louth C 2 
 Donegal B 3 
 Cork C 4 
 Mayo D 3 
 Cork F 3 
 Cork G 3 
 Kildare C 2 
 Limerick C 2 
 West Meath A 8 
 Meath D 8 
 Wexford A 3 
 Limerick F 2 
 Louth B 1 
 Cork G 3 
 Wexford B 3 
 Kilkenny D 6 
 Tipperary C 4 
 West Meath D 8 
 Wexford C 3 
 West Meath E 3 
 Tipperary C 3 
 Monaghan B 2 
 Mona;;han D 4 
 Wicklow B 4 
 Galway B S 
 Cork B 4 
 Limerick B 2 
 Meath D 8 
 Watcrford H 2 
 Qucen'ii Co. D 2 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 VVicklow E 8 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Rockabill, 
 
 Rockbarton Ho. 
 
 Rock brook, 
 
 Rock brook Ho., 
 
 Rockcorry, 
 
 Rockdale Ho., 
 
 Rockfield, 
 
 Rockfield, 
 
 Rockfield, 
 
 Rockfield, 
 
 Rockfield, 
 
 Rockfield Ho., 
 
 Rockfield Ho., 
 
 Rockfield Ho., 
 
 Rockfield Ho., 
 
 Rockfield Ko., 
 
 Rockfield Ho., 
 
 Rockfield L., 
 
 Rockfield L., 
 
 Rockforest Ho., 
 
 Rockforest Ho., 
 
 Rockhill, 
 
 Rockhill. 
 
 Rockingham Ho., 
 
 Rockingham Ho., 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Rockland Ho., 
 
 Rocklow Ho., 
 
 Rockmarsha!] Ho., 
 
 Rockmills, 
 
 Rockmount, 
 
 Rocksavage, 
 
 Rocksavage, 
 
 Rockspring, 
 
 Rockspring Ho., 
 
 Rockstown Harb., 
 
 Rockstown Ho., 
 
 Rockvale, 
 
 Rockvale Ho., 
 
 Rockview Ho., 
 
 Rockville Ho., 
 
 Rockwell Ho., 
 
 Rocky Hill, 
 
 Rocky Mt., 
 
 Rocky R., 
 
 Rodanstown Ho,, 
 
 Roddenagh Br., 
 
 Roe Ho., Park, & R., 
 
 Roebuck, 
 
 P-ocsborough Ho., 
 
 I^oestown Ko., 
 
 Roevehagha, 
 
 Rogerstown Ho., 
 
 Rokeby Hall, 
 
 Roney Pt., 
 
 Roogagh R., 
 
 Rookery, 
 
 Rookpry, 
 
 Rooskagh, 
 
 Roosky, 
 
 Roristown, 
 
 Rosbercon, 
 
 Roscall Ho., 
 
 Roscavey, 
 
 Rosclogher Barony, 
 
 Roscommon, 
 
 Roscommon Barony, 
 
 Roscrea, 
 
 Roscroe L., 
 
 Roscunnish L., 
 
 Rosdaul, 
 
 Rose Lawn, 
 
 Rose Mount, 
 
 Rose Villa, 
 
 Roseboro, 
 
 Rosebrook Ho., 
 
 Rosefield, 
 
 Rosegarbind Ho. & Colt, 
 
 Rosegreen, 
 
 Rosehill Bri., 
 
 Rosemead Ho., 
 
 Rosemeade Ho., 
 
 Rosemount, 
 
 Rosemount Lo., 
 
 Roscnallis, 
 
 Rosepcniia Sands, 
 
 Rose town, 
 
 Rosevillc and Cott. 
 
 Rosguill (District), 
 
 Roshin, 
 
 Roskccmgh Pt., 
 
 Roskill Ho., 
 
 Roslcc Cas,, 
 
 Rosmore Cas,, 
 
 Ross Hay, 
 
 Ross Barony, 
 
 Ross Cas., 
 
 Ross Ho., 
 
 Ross Ho., 
 
 Rosfi Ho., 
 
 Ross Lo., 
 
 Ross L.. 
 
 Ross L., 
 
 Ross L., 
 
 Ross L., 
 
 Dublin G 1 
 Limerick F 2 
 West Meath E 1 
 SUgo F 8 
 Monaghan B 3 
 Tyrone G 3 
 Kildare A 4 
 Meath C 2 
 Roscommon D 4 
 West Meath C 2 & C 3 
 Wicklow E 2 
 King's Co. D 1 
 Longford D 2 
 Meath D 2 
 Monaghan D 2 
 Waterford C 3 
 Wicklow E 3 
 Cavan D 3 
 Leitrim F 4 
 Clare G 1 
 Cork F 2 
 Limerick E 3 
 Roscommon E 6 
 Roscommon D 
 Wicklow C 
 Armagh D 
 West Meath E 
 West Meath B 
 Tipperary D 
 Ix)uth C 
 Cork F 
 Down E 
 Monaghan E 
 Roscommon D 
 Londonderry F 
 Wexford D 
 Donegal E 
 Limerick F 
 Cork F 
 Clare G 
 West Meath F 
 Roscommon E 
 Tipperary C 
 Armagh D 8 
 Down C 6 
 Down C 4 
 Meath E 4 
 Wicklow C 3 
 Londonderry D 2 
 Cavan F 4 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Louth B 2 
 Galway E 3 
 Louth A 2 
 Louth B 
 Wexford E 
 Fermanagh B 
 Wexford A 
 Wicklow E 
 Roscommon E 
 Roscommon F 
 Meath D 3 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 Dublin E 
 TjTone F 
 Leitrim B 
 Roscommon D 
 Roscommon D 
 Tipperary C 
 Clare H 3 
 Leitrim C 3 
 Galway F 2 
 Kildare D 2 
 West Meath C 
 Wicklow B 
 Kildare D 
 Armagh B 
 Monaghan B 
 Wexford B 
 Tipperary C 
 Cavan H 
 West Meath F 
 Galway E 3 
 Waterford F 2 
 Wexford A 8 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 Donegal D 2 
 Kildare C 3 
 Watcrford B 8 
 Donegal D 2 
 Donegal C 
 Elico D 1 & E 
 Limerick G 
 Sligo C 
 Monaghan C 
 Clare A 
 Galwav C 
 Kerry D 2 
 Clare K 3 
 King's Co. E 2 
 Meath A 2 
 Antrim E 4 
 Armagh C 4 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 Gal way D 2 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Rossagh, 
 
 Rossan Pt., 
 
 Rossana Ho., 
 
 Rossbehy and Crk., 
 
 Ross Carbery, 
 
 Rosscarbery Bay, 
 
 Rosscor Ho., 
 
 Rossdohan, 
 
 Rossenarra Ho., 
 
 Rosserk Ab,, 
 
 Rosses, 
 
 Rossfad, 
 
 Rossinan, 
 
 Ros.skeen Ho,, 
 
 Rosskirk, 
 
 Rosskit Is., 
 
 Rosslare Ho. and Pt., 
 
 Rosslea and Manor, 
 
 Rossline, 
 
 Rossminogc Ch., 
 
 Rossmore, 
 
 Rossmore Cott., 
 
 Rossmore Ho., 
 
 Rossmore Is., 
 
 Rossmore Lo., 
 
 Rosnaree Ho., 
 
 Rossnowla^h, 
 
 Rossole L., 
 
 Rosstrcvor and Quay, 
 
 Rossnakill, 
 
 Rostellan Cas., 
 
 Rothescar, 
 
 Roths Mt., 
 
 Rough Is., 
 
 Rough Pt., 
 
 Roughly R., 
 
 Round O Rath, 
 
 Round Tower, 
 
 Round Tower, 
 
 Round Tower and Cas., 
 
 Roundfort, 
 
 Roundstone, 
 
 Roundwood and Park, 
 
 Roundwood Ho., 
 
 Rousky, 
 
 Rowan L., 
 
 Rower, The, 
 
 Rowesraount Ho., 
 
 Rowlestown Ho., 
 
 Roxborough, 
 
 Rox borough, 
 
 Roxborough, 
 
 Roxborough Cas., 
 
 Roxborough Ho., 
 
 Roxborough Ho., 
 
 Rox ton Ho., 
 
 Roy L., 
 
 RoyR. 
 
 Cork F 2 
 Donegal A 3 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Kerry B 2 
 Cork D 4 
 Cork E 4 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 Kerry C 3 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Mayo D 
 Sligo E 
 Fennanagh D 
 Kilkenny D 
 Tipperary C 
 Donegal IC 
 Fermanagh B 
 Wexford D 
 Fennanagh G 
 Cork E 
 Wexford D 2 
 Cork E 3 
 Monaghan C 2 
 Limerick D 3 
 Kerry C 3 
 Kildare B 2 
 Meath E 2 
 Donegal C 4 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 Down B 5 
 Donegal E 2 
 Cork G 3 
 Louth B 3 
 Cork G 3 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 Kerry C 2 
 Kerry D 3 
 Carlow D 3 
 Antrim D 4 
 Louth B 1 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 Mayo D 3 
 Galway B 2 
 Wicklow D 2 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 Tyrone F 2 
 Leitrim D 3 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 Wexford D 4 
 Dublin D 3 
 Armagh C 4 
 Galway E 3 
 Roscommon D 4 
 Tyrone H 4 
 Limerick F 2 
 Louth B 3 
 Clare F 2 
 Donegal D 2 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Royal Canal, Dublin C 4, Meath D 4, 
 
 West Meath B 
 
 Royaloak, 
 Ruan, 
 
 Rubane Ho., 
 Ruddan L., 
 Rue Pt,, 
 Runabay Hd., 
 Runnastoat, 
 Rush, 
 
 Rush Hall Court, 
 Rush Harbour, 
 Rushen L., 
 Rushestown, 
 Rushfield, 
 Rushwee, 
 Rusk Ho., 
 Russboroiigh Ho., 
 Russellstown Ho., 
 Russellstown Ho., 
 
 Cariow A 2 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Down G 3 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Antrim D 1 
 
 Antrim E 1 
 
 Rosci^mmon D 8 
 
 Dublin F 2 
 
 Queen's Co, B 3 
 
 Dublin G 2 
 
 Fermanagh C 1 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Russellsto-A-n Lo. and Park, Carlow C 1 
 
 Russellstown R. 
 
 Rutland I., 
 
 Rutland Ho., 
 
 Rutland Lo, and Ho. 
 
 Rye Water, 
 
 Rycficld, 
 
 Kycfield Ho., 
 
 Rychill, 
 
 Rycvalc, 
 
 liylagh, 
 
 HyndviUe, 
 
 Ryston, 
 
 Ryves Cas,, 
 
 Sabine Field, 
 
 Sackinstown, 
 
 Saddle Head. 
 
 5;ftddlc Hill, 
 
 Sadlcirswells Ho., 
 
 Snggart, 
 
 S.igg«rt Hill. 
 
 S* Andrews Well, 
 
 St Anne's, 
 
 St Adds Grave Yd., 
 
 \\'aterford C 2 
 
 Donegal B 8 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Carlow B 1 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Cavan G 4 
 
 GaU-ay E S 
 
 Kildare E 1 
 
 Tyrone E 3 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Limerick G 8 
 
 Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Kilkenny E 3 
 
 Mayo A 1 
 
 Leitrim C 1 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Dublin B 6 
 
 Dublin B 6 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 Wexford C 8 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 
 I
 
 ST ANNS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SLISH. 
 
 St Anns Ho., Dublin E 4 
 
 StAubynsHo., Dublin F 6 
 
 St Braagh'8 Well, W.:xford D 4 
 
 St Bridgets Qi., Carlow B 2 
 
 St Catherines, Clare I 2 
 
 St Cloud Ho., Meath E 3 
 St CoIumb'<;, Londonderry B 2 
 
 St Denis's Well, ' Louth C 3 
 
 St Doalaghs, : Dublin E 4 
 
 St Edans, Wexford C 2 
 
 St Edmonds, W-^xford D 8 
 
 St Edniondsbury Ho., Dublin B 4 
 
 St Finan's Bay, Kerry A 
 
 St Hubert. Fcrm.inagh E 
 
 St Johns Ho., Kildare C 
 
 St Johns L., Lcitrim D 
 
 St Johns Pt., Donegal B 
 
 St Johns Pt., Down F 
 
 St Johnsto'-vn, Donegal E 
 
 St Johnstown Cas., Tipperary D 3 
 
 St Kenny's Well, ' Dublin D 2 
 
 St Macdara's L, Galway B 3 
 
 St Margaret's Ho., Wexford D 4 
 
 St Michaels Ch., Carlow B 
 
 St Mullins and Lock, Carlow B 
 
 St Mullins, Lower Bar., Carlow B 
 
 St Mullins, Upper Bar., Carlow D 
 
 St Nalery, Wicklow E 
 
 St Nicholas Well, Wexford D 
 
 St Patrick's L. Dublin G 
 
 St Patriclcs Well, Down 
 
 St Patricks Well, Carlow 
 
 St Patrickswell, Limerick 
 St Thomas Island (Shannon), Clare 
 
 St Wolstans and Al)bey, Kildare 
 Saintfield and Ho., 
 Saints L. 
 
 Salem Lodge, 
 
 Salem Mt., 
 
 Saltalean, 
 
 Salisbury Ho., 
 
 Salisbury Lo., 
 
 Sallagb L., 
 
 Sallaghan Hrl., 
 
 Sallins and Sta., 
 
 Sallow L, 
 
 Sallowglen, 
 
 Sally Bog, 
 
 Sally Gap, 
 
 Sally Park, 
 
 Sallybrook, 
 
 Sallyfield, 
 
 Sallymount, 
 
 Sallymount, 
 
 Sallymount Ho,, 
 
 Sallymount Ho., 
 
 Sailyvtew, 
 
 Sal rock. 
 
 Salt L., 
 
 Salt Hill. 
 
 Salt Hill, 
 
 Salt Rock, 
 
 Salt, North Barony, 
 
 Salt, South Barony, 
 
 Saltee Islands, 
 
 Salterbridge Ho.| 
 
 Salterstown, 
 
 Saltmills, 
 
 Salville Ho., 
 
 Sand Bay, 
 
 Saod L., 
 
 Sandbrook Ho., 
 
 Sand eel Bay, 
 
 Sandfield Ho.. 
 
 Sandfords Cott., 
 
 Sandhole Ho., 
 
 SandWlle, 
 
 Sandy Ford, 
 
 Sandymount, 
 
 Sandymount, 
 
 Santi^and Ho.. 
 
 Safttry R., 
 
 Sapp^ton Ho., 
 
 Sarah vi lie, 
 
 Sar^hill Ho., 
 
 Saugville Ho., 
 
 Saul, 
 
 Sauls ForS, 
 
 Saunders Bri., 
 
 Saunders Court, 
 
 Saundersville, 
 
 Sawel Mtn., 
 
 Scalp, 
 
 Scalp, 
 
 Scalp, 
 
 Scalp, The, 
 
 Scarawalsh Barony, 
 
 Scardan, 
 
 Scariff, 
 
 Scamagh Cross Roads, 
 
 Scairiff, 
 
 Scarriff Bayi 
 
 Scartaglai), 
 
 Scartana Ho., 
 
 Scarteon Uo., 
 
 Scartieft, 
 
 F 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 I 3 
 D 1 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Longford B 3 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Monaehan A 2 
 
 Gal way C 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 LoHG^ford A 3 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 .Queen's Co. E 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Roscommon F 2 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 West Meath E 1 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Kildare D 
 
 Kildare D 
 
 Wexford C 
 
 W.^terford B 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Wex-ford A 
 
 Wexford C 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Wexford A 5 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Fermanagh F 8 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Dublin E 4 
 
 Waierford B 3 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Clare F 3 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Wicklow A 3 
 
 Londonderry C 4 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Galway F 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 
 WexfoH E 1 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Clare K 2 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Limerick G 3 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Scarva, 
 
 Scarvaand Junct., 
 Scarvy Ho., 
 Scattery L, 
 Scilly Cjve, 
 Scion Kill, 
 Scogh, 
 Scolban L., 
 Scolboa, 
 Scollogs Tn., 
 Scotch Street, 
 Scotch Town, 
 Scotchrath Ho., 
 
 Scotland Bri., 
 
 Scotsborough, 
 
 Scotshouse, 
 
 Scotstown, 
 
 Scottsborough Ho. 
 
 Sera b by, 
 
 Scrabo Hill, 
 
 Scramoge K., 
 
 Scrawtown, 
 
 Screcnagh R., 
 
 Screggand Ho,, 
 
 Scregg, E. and W . 
 
 Screggan, 
 
 Scullaboge Ho., 
 
 Scullane Pt., 
 
 Scur L., 
 
 Scurlocks Leap, 
 
 Seabank Ho., 
 
 Seacor Big, 
 
 Sea field, 
 
 Seafield, 
 
 Seafield Ho., 
 
 Seafield Ho., 
 
 Scafield Ho.i 
 
 Seafield Hoi, 
 
 S':afin, 
 
 Seafin Cas., 
 
 Seaforde, 
 
 Seaforde Ho , 
 
 Sea fort, 
 
 Seal Rocks, 
 
 Sea Park, 
 
 Sea Park, 
 
 Seapark Ho., 
 
 Seasons Ho., 
 
 Sea town Cas.. 
 
 Seaview, 
 
 Sea View, 
 
 Sea View, 
 
 Seaview, 
 
 Seaview Cott., 
 
 Sea View Cott., 
 
 Seaview Ho., 
 
 Seaville Ho., 
 
 Seaweed Pt., 
 
 Seecon L, 
 
 Seefin, 
 
 Seefin Mt., 
 
 Seefmgan Mt., 
 Segiave Cas., 
 SeJloo Ho., 
 
 Seltan L., 
 
 Semlockstovin Cas., 
 
 Sentry Lodge, 
 
 Seskin Ho,, 
 
 Seskinore, 
 
 Sessiagh L., 
 
 Seven Churches, 
 
 Seven Churche-;, 
 
 Seven Heads and Bay, 
 
 Seven Scars, The, 
 
 Shad L., 
 
 Shaen Ho., 
 
 Shallee R., 
 
 Shalwy, 
 
 Shamrock Hill, 
 
 Shamrock Lodge, 
 
 Shamrock Lo. , 
 
 Shanafaraghaup, 
 
 Shanagarry, 
 
 Shanagh, 
 
 Shanaglish, 
 
 Slianagolden, 
 
 Shanbally, 
 
 Shan bally, 
 
 Shanbally Cas.> 
 
 Shanbally Ho., 
 
 Shan bally more, 
 
 Shanderry, 
 
 Shanes Cas., 
 
 Shanganagh Cas., 
 
 Shan.^anny Cas., 
 
 3hantd Barony and Cas., 
 
 ShankillCas., 
 
 Shankill Ho., 
 
 Shankill Riv., 
 
 Shankill Sta., 
 
 Shanlieve, 
 
 Shan lis Ho., 
 
 Sbannagh L., 
 
 Shannon Bridge, 
 
 Shannon Harb., 
 
 Shannon Lawn, 
 
 Down A i 
 
 Armagh E 2 
 
 Monaghan A 8 
 
 Clare C 4 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 KilkcTiny B 4 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 Antnm D 4 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Armagh C 2 
 
 Tyrone F 2 
 
 Quecn'^sCo. C 8 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Konaghan A 3 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Fermanagh G 3 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Kildare C 
 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Roscommon E 
 
 Galway F 
 
 King's Co. E 
 
 We;(ford B 3 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Leitrim D 3 
 
 Wick'low C 1 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Donegal D S 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Louth C 
 
 Clare C 
 
 Sligcj E 
 
 Waterford E 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Meath A 
 
 Down C 
 
 Down E 
 
 Down D 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Sli.^o D 
 
 Antrim G 
 
 Dublin F 8 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 KiWare D 3 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Sligo D 2 
 
 Wicklow E 4 
 
 Waterford D 3 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Sligo B 2 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Limerick F 4 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Leitrim D 4 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 
 Tyrone E 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 King's Co. B 2 
 
 Wicklow C 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Roscommon D 
 
 Queen's Co. D 
 
 Clare F 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Galivay C 
 
 Cork H 3 
 
 Cork E 4 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Tipperary B 4 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Antrim D 4 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Limerick C 2 
 
 Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Wicklow C 1 
 
 Dublin F 6 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Down C 5 
 
 King's Co. B 2 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 ' Shannon R., source. 
 
 Shannon R., mouth. 
 
 Shannon View, 
 
 Shannongrove Ho., 
 
 Shannon vale Ho., 
 
 SImnow R., 
 
 Shantonagh, 
 
 Shanvally, 
 
 Shanvally, 
 
 Sh.iraghan, 
 
 Sharavogue Ho., 
 
 Shark L., 
 
 Shaws L., 
 
 Shean, North, 
 
 Shee Bridge, 
 
 Shee L., 
 
 Sheenamore, 
 Shet^un, 
 SheefTry Mines, 
 Sheehaunrevagh, 
 Sheehills Ho., 
 Sheelin, Lough, 
 Sheen R., 
 Sheep Haven, 
 Sheep L, 
 Sheep L, 
 Sheepland Mar., 
 Sheeptown Cas., 
 Sheeptown Ho., 
 Sheepwalk Ho., 
 Sheerin Street, 
 Sheetrim L., 
 Sheever L., 
 Shefheld Ho., 
 Shehy Mt., 
 Shelbume Baropy, 
 Shelmalicre, East Hr.r.j 
 Shelmaliere, Wesi i'.ir., 
 Shelton Abbey, 
 Shenick's L, 
 Shercock, 
 Shei-iflfhill,' 
 Sherkin L, C.-C 
 Sherky L, 
 Sherlockstown, 
 Sherwood Ho. and Park 
 Sheshia, 
 Sheskirmiore L. 
 
 , S., 
 
 Cavan B 1 
 
 ^ Clare C 4 
 
 Limerick D 2 
 
 Limerick D 1 
 
 1 ippcrary A 2 
 
 Kerry D 1 
 
 Monaghan C3& D 3 
 
 Galway G 8 
 
 Roscommon F 3 
 
 Donegal B 8 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 Down A 4 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Monaghan B 2 
 
 Wicklow C 8 
 
 Galway D 3 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Tipperary D 2 
 
 Civan F 4 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Antnm C 1 
 
 Waterford F 3 
 
 Down F 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 V.'icklov/ D 
 
 Roscommon F 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 West Meath E 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 ^Vexford B 4 
 
 Wifcklow D 4 
 
 I^blin G 2 
 
 CJiyan H 3 
 
 KIMire C 4 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Kerry C 3 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Clar^ F 1 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 ShiHelaghTn., Bar., & Sta., Wicklow B 4 
 
 Shillelogher Barony, 
 
 Sbinan Ho., 
 
 ShifKlUIa L., 
 
 Shingiis Cott., 
 
 Shinina R., 
 
 Shinrone, 
 
 Shippool, 
 
 Shiven R., 
 
 Shortstone Ho., 
 
 Shot Head, 
 
 Shournagh River, 
 
 Shrigley, 
 
 Shrule Barony, 
 
 Shrule, 
 
 Shrule Cas., 
 
 Shuddan, 
 
 Siddan, 
 
 Sigginstown 1 5., 
 
 Silian L., 
 
 Sillees R., 
 
 Silver and Lead Mines, 
 
 Silver Bridge, 
 "Silver Brook, 
 
 Silver Hill, 
 
 Silver Hill. 
 
 Silver Mine, 
 
 Silver R., 
 
 Sllvcrfield, 
 
 Silverfort Ho., 
 
 Silverhijl, 
 
 Silvcrmine Mis., 
 
 Silvermines, 
 
 Silverspring, 
 
 Silverspring Ho., 
 
 Singland Ho., 
 
 Single Street, 
 
 Singleton Fort, 
 
 SI on, 
 
 Sion Ho., 
 
 Sion Mills Sta., 
 
 Si,\milebridge, 
 
 Sixmilebridge, 
 
 SJK Mile Cross, 
 
 Six Mile L., 
 
 Six Mile Pt. and Sta., 
 
 Six Mile Water, 
 
 Six Road Ends, 
 
 Six Towns, The, 
 
 Skady Tower, 
 
 Skahugh, 
 
 Skannivc L., 
 
 Skate L. , 
 
 Skea and Ho., 
 
 Skeagh L., 
 
 Skeaffha t ooree n , 
 
 Skeahoges, 
 
 Skean L., 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 West Meath B 2 
 
 Down D 
 
 King's Co. C 
 
 Cork F 
 
 Galway F 
 
 Louth A 
 
 Cork C 
 
 Cork E 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Longford C 3 
 
 Mayo D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. F 3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Cavan H 2 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Clare G 2 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Tyrone E 1 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 
 Clare D 1 
 
 King's Co. D2& E 2 
 
 Roscommon B 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Monaghan C 1 
 
 Tyrtsne D 2 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Tyrone D 2 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Tyrone F 3 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Antrim E 4 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Londonderry D 4 
 
 Antrim C 4 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Fermanagh D 5 
 
 Cavan H 3 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Leitrim E 4 
 
 Roscommon D 1 
 
 Skehanar;!), 
 
 Skellie Rucks, 
 
 Skenakilla Cross Roads, 
 
 Skerdmorc, 
 
 Skcrnaghan Pt., 
 
 Skerries, llic, 
 
 Skerries and Sta., 
 
 Skerries Ho., 
 
 Skerry Ch., 
 
 Skibbereen, 
 
 Skirk, 
 
 Skreen and Bare v. 
 
 Skrcen, 
 
 Skreen Hi!I, 
 
 Skrecny Ho., 
 
 Skull, 
 
 Slade, 
 
 Slade Bum, 
 
 Slaght Bridg^ 
 
 Slaneny R., 
 
 Slane, 
 
 Slane and Cai?., 
 
 Slane, Lower Barony, 
 
 Slane, Upper Barony, 
 
 Slaney Park and R., 
 
 Slaney R., 
 
 Slaney R., 
 
 Slate Pt., 
 
 Slate R., 
 
 Slea Hd., 
 
 Sleady Cas., 
 
 Slean More, 
 
 Sleatygraigue, 
 
 Slemish Mount, 
 
 Slevins L., 
 
 Slevoir Ho., 
 
 Slevoy Cas., 
 
 Sliddery Bay, 
 
 Siievbingian, 
 
 Slieve, 
 
 Slieve Alf), 
 
 Slieve Anierin, 
 
 Slieve Aughty Mts., 
 
 Slieve Beagh, 
 
 Slieve Beamagh, 
 
 Slieve Bemagh Mts.. 
 
 Slieve Bloom, 
 
 Slieve Eregh, 
 
 Slieve Croob, 
 
 Slieve Daeane, 
 
 Slieve Dart, 
 
 Slieve Elva, 
 
 Slieve Fyagh, 
 
 Slieve Gamph Mts. 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Kerry A 3 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Galway A 3 
 
 Antrim G S 
 
 Antrim B 1 
 
 Dublin F 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Queen's Co. B 3 
 
 Meath E 3 
 
 Wexford D 3 
 
 Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Lcitrim C 2 
 
 Cork C 4 
 
 Wexford A 6 
 
 Dublin C 6 
 
 Antrim C 8 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Antrim E 3 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Wkklow A 8 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Waterford G 8 
 
 KUdare A 2 
 
 Kerry A 
 
 \Vaterford C 
 
 Mayo A 
 
 Queen's Co. F 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 V.'cst Meath D 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 Wexford B 
 
 Down F 3 
 
 Down D 5 
 
 Roscommon C 8 
 
 Mavo B 1 
 
 Leitrim D 3 
 
 Galway F 3 
 
 Tyrone E 4 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Clare I 3 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 DowTi D 8 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Roscommon A 8 
 
 Clare E 1 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Sligo C 3 
 
 Slieve Gadoe or Church Mt., 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Slieve Gallion, 
 
 Slieve Glah, 
 
 Slieve Gullion, 
 
 Slieve Guilion, 
 
 Slieve League, 
 
 Slieve Mish, 
 
 Slieve Miskish Mts., 
 
 Slieve Muck, 
 
 Slieve-na-Calliagh, 
 
 Slieve Naglogh, 
 
 Slieve Rushen, 
 
 Slieve Snaght, 
 
 Slieveanard, 
 
 Slieveanorra, 
 
 Slieveardagh Barony, 
 
 Slieveatooey, 
 
 Slieveavaddy, 
 
 Slieveboy, 
 
 Slievebrack, 
 
 Slievebuck, 
 
 Slievecallan, 
 
 Slievecarran, 
 
 Slievecommedagh, 
 
 Slievecorragh, 
 
 Slievefelim Mts., 
 
 Slievegarran, 
 
 Slieveglass, 
 
 Slievemaan, 
 
 Slievemargy Ear., 
 
 Slievemartin, 
 
 Slievemeel, 
 
 Slievemore, 
 
 Slievcnaboley Mt., 
 
 Slievenaglough,- 
 
 Slievenahanaghan, 
 
 Slisvenakilla, 
 
 Slievenaman, 
 
 Slievenamuck, 
 
 Slievenanee, 
 
 Slievenisky, 
 
 Cavan F 
 Armagh D 4 
 Meath B 2 
 Donegal A 4 
 Kerry C 2 
 Cork B 3 
 Down C 5 
 Meath B 2 
 Louth C 1 
 Fermanagh E 4 
 Donegal E 2 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Antrim D 2 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Donegal B 3 
 Londonderry D 4 
 Wexford D 2 
 Armagh D 4 
 Donegal E S 
 Clare E 
 Clare F 
 Down D 
 Wicklow B 
 Limerick H 
 Down D 
 Kerry B 
 Wicklow C . 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 Down E 6 
 Down C 
 Tyrone F 
 Down C 
 Down D 
 Antrim D 
 Cavan B 
 Tipperary D 4 
 Tipperary A 4 
 Antrim D 2 
 Down D 4 
 
 Slievekimalta or Keeper Hill. 
 
 Tipperary 3 
 Slievekirk, Tyrone E 1 
 
 Shevelamagan, Down D 6 
 
 Slieveroe, Kilkenny D B 
 
 Sligoj Sligo F 2 
 
 Sligo Bay, Sligo D 2 
 
 SliguffLock, Carlow B 3 
 
 Slihaunmore, Galway F 3 
 
 Slish Mt., Sligo F 2
 
 SLYNE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TINHAT.T.A. 
 
 Slyne Head, 
 
 Small County Barony, 
 
 Smarm ore Cas., 
 
 Smearlagh R., 
 
 Smerwtck Harb., 
 
 Smithborough and Sta. 
 
 Smhhstown, 
 
 Smithstown Ho., 
 
 Smythbrook Ho., 
 
 Snave Br., 
 
 Sneem, 
 
 Snowhill, 
 
 Snowhill Ho,, 
 
 Snugboro, 
 
 Snugborou.^h Bridge, 
 
 Siiagboro'J.::jh Ho., 
 
 SnugbuiTow, 
 
 Soaras Hili, 
 
 Sccl<ar, 
 
 Soldiers town, 
 
 Solsborough Ho., 
 
 Saisborough Ho., 
 
 Soaierser, 
 
 So me rt on, 
 
 Somerton Ho., 
 
 Somen-itle Ho., 
 
 Ponna Ho., 
 
 Sonnagh, 
 
 Sopwell Hall, 
 
 Sorrel HiU, 
 
 Sorrel Ho., 
 
 SoiTelhiU Ho., 
 
 Sorrento Pc, 
 
 South HUI, 
 
 South Lodge, 
 
 Southfield Ho., 
 
 Southpark Ho;, 
 
 Sovereign Is., 
 
 SowR,, 
 
 Spa Co:t., 
 
 Spa Hi!!. 
 
 Spancelliill, 
 
 Spanish Pt., 
 
 Spear Vale, 
 
 Spences Mt. and R,, 
 
 Sperrin Mts., 
 
 Spiddle, 
 
 Spike I., 
 
 SpinansCrossRds. and B: 
 
 Spink, 
 
 Spittle, 
 
 Sporihouse Cross Rds., 
 
 Spring Farm, 
 
 Spring Garden Ho., 
 
 Spring Ho., 
 
 Spring L., 
 
 Spring Lodge, 
 
 Spring Mount, 
 
 Spring Mount, 
 
 Spring Park, 
 
 Spring Vale, 
 
 Spring Valley, 
 
 Spring Villa, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Springfield Cos., 
 
 Springfield, East, 
 
 Springfield Ho.,. 
 
 Springfield Ho., 
 
 Springford Ho., 
 
 Springhiil, 
 
 Springhiil, 
 
 SpringJiill Ho., 
 
 Springhiil Ho., 
 
 Springh^Mi, 
 
 Springmount, 
 
 Springmount, 
 
 Springmount Ho., 
 
 •SpringtowTi, 
 
 Springvale Ho., 
 
 Spunkanc, 
 
 Square, 
 
 S'i'jires Hill. 
 
 Sra:;h Bridge, 
 
 Srrih, 
 
 Srali, 
 
 Sral.an Ca*., 
 
 Srahdufr Ho., 
 
 SrahdufTy R., 
 
 Sraid, 
 
 f-'mlri Ho.. 
 
 I 
 
 ^ R., 
 
 , tgbBr.. 
 
 SMDortI Lodge, 
 iilaffcrd* Bri., 
 
 Galway A 2 
 Limerick F 2 
 Louth A 3 
 Kerry D 1 
 Kerry A 2 
 Monaghan B 2 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Clare E 2 
 Longford C 3 
 Cork C 3 
 Kerry C 3 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 Kilkenny D 5 
 Meath F 3 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Wicklow E 3 
 Kildare B 4 
 Antrim E 3 
 Donegal D 3 
 Antrim D 5 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Wexford C 2 
 Londonderry E 2 
 . Sligo E 3 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 Meath E 3 
 West Meath D 2 
 Galway F 2 
 Tipoerary B 2 
 Wicklow C 2 
 Clare E 3 
 Tipperary C 2 
 Dublin G 5 
 West Meath F 2 
 Tipnerary E 4 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 Roscommon C 3 
 Cork F 4 
 Wexford C 3 
 Do\TO D 3 
 Limerick B 2 
 Ciare G 2 
 Clare D 2 
 Cavan G 3 
 Down D 5 
 Londonderry C 4 
 Galway D 3 
 Cork G 3 
 !.. Wicklow B S 
 King's Co. E 3 
 Limerick G 3 
 Waterford F 2 
 Armagh C 2 
 King's Co. 1 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Monaghan D 4 
 Kildare B 4 
 Limerick D 3 
 Monaghan C 1 
 Longford D 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Meath D 4 
 Longford D 2 
 Cavan F 3 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 Kildare D 1 
 Queen's Co- C 2 
 Wicklow B 4 
 Limerick D 3 
 Sligo F 2 
 Kilkenny D 5 
 King's Co. G 2 
 Carlow B 2 
 Londonderry F 4 
 TjTonc D 4 
 Louth A 2 
 Queen's Co. B S & F 4 
 Galway F 2 
 Antrim D 3 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Queen's Co. C S 
 Fermanagh E 8 
 Down G 2 
 Kerry B 8 
 Down C 4 
 Antrim E 5 
 Carlow C 2 
 King's Co. D 2 
 Mayo C 2 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 Tipperary B 1 
 Leitrim C 1 
 Longford C 2 
 Roscommon T> Q 
 Galway C 2 
 Leitrim B 2 
 Waterford B 3 
 Fermanagh C 3 
 Carlow V. 3 
 Louth B 2 
 Meath E 2 
 Kerry D 2 
 Kildare E 1 
 Meath G 3 
 W:,r.-,-ford K 2 
 Meath D 1 , 
 
 n 
 
 Staffordstown Ho., 
 
 StatfordstowD Sta., 
 
 Stagdale. 
 
 Stags of Broad Haven, 
 
 Stahohnog, 
 
 StamuUin, 
 
 Stand Ho., 
 
 Staplestown and Ho., 
 
 Stapletown Lo., 
 
 Starinagh, 
 
 Steamstown Ho., 
 
 Steeple, The, 
 
 Stepaside, 
 
 Stephenstown BrL and Ho. 
 
 Steplienstown Ho., 
 
 Stewart Lodge, 
 
 Stewarts Town, 
 
 Stewartstown, 
 
 StickiSlin Ho., 
 
 Stifyans Cross, 
 
 Stillorgan, Cas., and Sta., 
 
 Stokcstown Ho. and Cas. 
 
 Stone Bridge, 
 
 Stone Ho., 
 
 Stone Park, 
 
 Stonebrook and Cott., 
 
 Stonefield Ho., 
 
 Stonehall, 
 
 Stonehail, 
 
 Stonestown R 
 
 Stoneville Ho. 
 
 Stony R., 
 
 Stonybatter, 
 
 Stonyford, 
 
 Stonyford, 
 
 Ston>'ford R., 
 
 Stormont Cas., 
 
 Stormount, 
 
 Stormount Ho., 
 
 Storren L., 
 
 Strabane, 
 
 Strabane, Lower Barony, 
 
 Strabane, Upper Barony, 
 
 Stracum R., 
 
 Stradarran, 
 
 S trad bally, 
 
 Stradbaliy, 
 
 S trad bally, 
 
 Stradbaliy Barony, 
 
 StTade, 
 
 S trad one, 
 
 Straffan and Ho., 
 
 Straghan's L., 
 
 Stra^R., 
 
 Straid, 
 
 Straid, 
 
 Straid Hill, 
 
 Straid R., 
 
 Straidtilly, 
 
 Stranagal willy, 
 
 Straiifcally Cas. and Ho. 
 
 Strand Bridge, 
 
 Strand L, 
 
 Strandfield, 
 
 Strangford and Lough, 
 
 Stranraore, 
 
 Stranocum, 
 
 Stranorlar, 
 
 Stratford and Lo., 
 
 Straw Hall, 
 
 Strawberry hill Ho., 
 
 Streamhilf Ho., 
 
 Streamstown Ho., 
 
 Streamstown Ho., 
 
 SlTcamstown Ho., 
 
 Streamstown; 
 
 Meath E 3 
 Antrim C 4 
 Limerick H 3 
 Mayo B 1 
 Meath D 2 
 Meath G 3 
 Kildare B 2 
 Kildare C 2 
 Carlow B 2 
 Meath F 2 
 Sligo D S 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Dublin E 5 
 Louth B 2 
 Meath D 2 
 Cariow B 2 
 Cavan G 2 
 Tyrone H 3 
 Louth A 2 
 Louth B 3 
 Dublin E 5 
 Wexford A 3 
 Bioiiaghan A 2 
 Louth B 3 
 Fermanagh F 3 
 Kildare D 3 
 Meath B 2 
 Linerick D 2 
 West Meath D 2 
 West Meath F 2 
 Limerick D 2 
 Leitrim D 3 
 Wicklow C 4 
 Antrim E 5 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 Meath C 3 
 Down E 2 
 Armagh D 2 
 Wicklow B 2 
 Sligo C 2 
 TiTone D 2 
 Tyrone D 2 
 Tyrone F 2 
 Antrim C 2 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Galway E 3 
 Kerry B 2 
 Waterford E 3 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 Mayo D 2 
 Cavan F 3 
 Kildare D 2 
 Armagh B 3 
 Donegal B 3 
 Antrim F 4 
 Donegal E 2 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Donegal F 2 
 Antrim E 3 
 Tyrone F 1 
 , Waterford B 
 Wicklow C 
 Galway C 
 Louth B 
 Down F 
 Down A 
 Antrim C 
 Donegal D 3 
 Wicklow A 3 
 Carlow B 1 
 King's Co. C 2 
 Cork F 2 
 Kildare C 3 
 King's Co. D 3 
 
 Summerhill, 
 Summerhill, 
 Summerhill, 
 Summerhili Ho., 
 Summerhiil Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summerhill Ho., 
 Summers eat, 
 Summerstown Ho., 
 Summerville, 
 SummervLlle, 
 Sun Ville, 
 Suncroft, 
 Sunderlin L., 
 Sunlawn Ho., 
 Sunnyhill Cott., 
 Sutherland, 
 Sutton and Ho., 
 Suttons Bridge, 
 Swallow L., 
 Swan, 
 Swan L., 
 S^vanlibar smd R., 
 
 KiiV:enny D 2 
 
 Meath D 1 & D 4 
 
 Mejth D 4 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Ciare I 3 
 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 
 King's Co. D 4 
 
 Mayo D 1 & D 2 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Roscommon F 5 
 
 Tipperary C 2 
 
 Meath F 4 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Cavan E 4 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Limerick F 3 & G 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 West Meath B 2 
 
 Waterford C 3 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Meath F 3 
 
 Dublin F 4 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Cavan D 3 
 
 Cavan C I 
 
 SwanlibarorCladaghR., Fermanagh D 3 
 
 Swatragh, 
 
 Sweep, The, 
 
 Sweep, The, 
 
 Sweetbank, 
 
 Sweetmount, 
 
 Swiily Burn and R. 
 
 S willy Lough, 
 
 Swineford, 
 
 Swinehill, 
 
 Swine's Head, 
 
 Swords, 
 
 Sybil Hd. and Pi., 
 
 Sydenham, 
 
 Sylvanpark Ho., 
 
 Syngficld, 
 
 Sydnan Cas., 
 
 Londonderry F 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 
 V.'aterford F 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 \Vexford A 3 
 
 Donegal E 3 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Kerry A 2 
 
 Down D 2 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 
 Louth A 2 
 Ho., and Sta., 
 
 West Meath C 3 
 Streamstown Ho., West Meath E 2 
 
 Streedagh Pt. and Ho., SKgo E 1 
 
 Street, 
 Streevc Ho., 
 Strcevc Mt., 
 Strogue, 
 'kest 
 
 Strokestown and Ho., 
 
 Stroove, 
 
 Struell, 
 
 Strulc R., 
 
 Struwaddacon Bay, 
 
 Stuake, 
 
 Stuart Hall, 
 
 Sturrakecn, 
 
 Sturrall, 
 
 Sturrin, 
 
 Suck R., 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sugar HUI, 
 
 Sugar Loaf. Gt. and Lit. 
 
 Sugarloaf Mu, 
 
 Suir Cas., 
 
 Suir Mount, ^.^ ^^ 
 
 SuirU., Tipperary C 4 & Waterford F 
 Sullanc R.. Cork D 
 
 bummer Grove, Queen's Co. C 
 
 Summer Island, Annagh C 
 
 Summer Ville, Cork E 
 
 West Meath C 1 
 Londonderry D 2 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Tipperary C 2 
 Roscommon E S 
 Donegal G 2 
 Do\™ E 4 
 Tyrone E 2 
 Mayo B 1 
 Cork E 3 
 Tyrone I 3 
 Tipperary B 4 
 Donegal A 3 
 Tyrone A 3 
 Roscommon D 6 
 Antrim E 
 Limerick B 3 
 Wicklow E 2 
 Cork C Z 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Waterford C 2 
 
 Summerhill, 
 
 Fcnn.inagh G 3 
 
 Tacker L., 
 
 Tacumshin L., 
 
 Taghadoe, 
 
 Taghboy, 
 
 Taghmon, 
 
 Taghmon Ch., 
 
 Tagh mores, 
 
 Taghshinny, 
 
 Tagoat, 
 
 TahUla, 
 
 Talbot Hall, 
 
 Talbotstown Ho,, 
 
 Talbotsiown, Lower Bar., 
 
 Talbotstown, Upper Bar., 
 
 Tall R., 
 
 Tallaghonght, 
 
 Tallaght, 
 
 Tallanstown, 
 
 Tallow, 
 
 Tallowbridge, 
 
 Tallyho, 
 
 TaltL. andR., 
 
 Tamaghore, 
 
 Tamlaght, 
 
 Tamlaght, 
 
 Tamlaght Ch., 
 
 Tamlaght Finlagan, 
 
 Tamnagh Lo., 
 
 Tamur Lo., 
 
 Tanderagee and Sta., 
 
 Taney Lo., 
 
 Tang R., 
 
 Tankard Ville, 
 
 Tankardstov/n, 
 
 Tankardstawn Ho., 
 
 Tankersley Ho,, 
 
 Tanrego flo.. 
 
 Tap L., 
 
 Tappaghan Mt., 
 
 TarR., 
 
 Tara, 
 
 Tara and Hall, 
 
 lara Cott., 
 
 Tara HUI, 
 
 Taibcrt, 
 
 Tassagh, 
 
 Taughblan©, 
 
 Taiir, 
 
 Tawin L., 
 
 Tawlaght Sta., 
 
 Tawnagh, 
 
 Tawnrush Ho., 
 
 Tawny and Bay, 
 
 Tawnj'ard L., 
 
 Tawnybrack How, 
 
 Tawnyinah, 
 
 Ta\vnylca, 
 
 Tay Lo<Ige, 
 
 Cavan H 2 
 Wexford D 4 
 Kildare D 1 
 Roscommon D 5 
 Wexford C 4 
 West Meath E 
 Londonderry E 
 Longford C 
 Wexford D 
 Kerry C 
 Wexford A 
 Wicklow C 
 Wicklow B 
 Wicklow B 
 Armagh C 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 Dublin C 5 
 Louth A 
 Waterford B 
 Waterford B 
 Wicklow C 
 Sligo C 
 Antrim D 
 Fermanagh E 
 Londonderry F 3 
 Londonderry F 5 
 Londonderry D 2 
 Londonderry C 3 
 Donegal C 3 
 Armagh D 
 Dublin E 
 West Meath B 
 Dublin E 
 Oirlow C 
 Meath E 
 Wicklow C 
 Sligo E 
 Roscommon F 
 Tyrone C 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Down G 3 
 Mcnth E 3 
 Cavan E 4 
 Wexford E 1 
 Kerry D 1 
 Armagh B 3 
 Down C 3 
 Cork D 2 
 Galw.iy D 3 
 Roscommon E 2 
 Roscommon E 3 & E 5 
 Kildare B 3 
 Donegal B 4 & D 2 
 Mayo B 3 
 Antrim )) 4 
 Mayo E 2 
 Leitrim C 2 
 W.itcrford D C 
 
 Tay R., V/atcrford E 3 
 
 Taylor Cas., Galway E 3 
 
 Taylorstown, Down A 4 
 
 Tearaght, Kerry A 2 
 
 Tedavnet, Monaghan C 2 
 
 Teelin Bay, Donegal A 4 
 
 Teerelton Cross Road , Cork E 3 
 
 Teiges Mountain. Fennanagh F 3 
 
 Teltown Ho., Meath D 2 
 
 Temora Ho., King's Co. D 2 
 
 Temple, Louth B 3 
 
 Temple Ho., Sligo E 3 
 
 Temple Mills, Kildare D 2 
 
 Temple Molasha, Carlow B 3 
 
 Templeboy Ch.. Carlow C 1 
 Templecarrig, Upper and Lower, 
 
 Wicklow E 
 
 Templegowran Ho., Down B 4 
 
 Templehouse Lake, SlJgo E 3 
 
 Teraplekieran Abbey, King's Co. E 2 
 
 Templelusk Ho., Wicklow D 3 
 
 Tempielyon Ho., Wicklow E 3 
 
 Templemary Ho., Cork E 2 
 
 Templemichael Ho., Waterford B 
 
 Templenoneen Ch., Carlow C 
 
 Templemore and Sta., Tipperary C 
 Templemoyle Agricultural Seminary, 
 
 Londonderry B 
 
 Templeogue Ho., 
 
 Templeoran, 
 
 Templeorum, 
 
 Templepatrick Sta., 
 
 Templeport L.. 
 
 Templerany Ho., 
 
 Templetouhy, 
 
 Templetown, 
 
 Tempo R. and Ho., 
 
 Templevancy, 
 
 Tents L., 
 
 Tercheen, 
 
 TerenureandHo., 
 
 Termalin, 
 
 Termon, 
 
 Termon Cott., 
 
 Termon R., 
 
 Tennonamongnn, 
 
 Texmonbarry, 
 
 Termon carragh , 
 
 Termoneeny Ch., 
 
 Termon feckin, 
 
 Terpointchurch He, 
 
 Terryglass, 
 
 Tervoe Ho., 
 
 Thistle Lodge, 
 
 Thtstletown, 
 
 Thomas Street 
 
 Thomastown, 
 
 Thomastown, 
 
 Thomastown, 
 
 Thomastown, 
 
 Thomastown and Sta., 
 
 Thomastown Cas., 
 
 Thomastown Cas., 
 
 Thomastown Ho., 
 
 Thomastown Ho., 
 
 Thomastown Ho., 
 
 Thomondtown Ho., 
 
 Thonogc R., 
 
 Thorn Hill, 
 
 Thorn Vale, 
 
 Thomberr^', 
 
 Thomberry Ho., 
 
 Thomfield Ho., 
 
 Thorn ford, 
 
 Thomhill, 
 
 Thornhilt, 
 
 Thornhill Ho., 
 
 Thomhill Ho., 
 
 Thomo^^s, 
 
 Thornton, 
 
 Thomtown Lod.- , 
 
 ThomvilJc Ho., 
 
 Three CaitlcHd.. 
 
 Three Lakes. 
 
 Three Mile W.itcr, 
 
 Three Ko-„-k Mt., 
 
 Three Tops, 
 
 Three Wells, 
 
 Threecacilc'. Ho., 
 
 Thurles zim\ Sla.. 
 
 Tiaguin Ho. and Barony, 
 
 Tibraddcn r.It., 
 
 Tildarg, 
 
 Til tin banc, 
 
 Timahoc, 
 
 Timahoc and Ho., 
 
 Timahoc Bridge, 
 
 Timolcaguc, 
 
 Timolin,. 
 
 Timoncy Park, 
 
 Tinacarm, 
 
 Tinahcly and St.n., 
 
 Tiiiakelly, Uppei, 
 
 Tinarana Ho., 
 
 Tincoora, 
 
 TirjhallaHo.. 
 
 Dublin C 5 
 West Meath D 3 
 Kilkenny C 4 
 Antrim E 4 
 Cavan D 2 
 Wicklow E 4 
 Tipperary D 2 
 Louth D 2 
 Fermanagh F 2 
 Sligo F 3 
 Cavan B 1 
 Wexford D 5 
 Dublin D 5 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Mayo A 1 
 Clare F 1 
 Donegal D 4 
 Tyrone C 2 
 Roscommon F S 
 Mayo A 1 
 Londonderry F 4 
 Louth C 3 
 Kilkenny C 3 
 Tipperary B 1 
 Limericic E 2 
 Louth B 1 
 Wexford A 4 
 Roscommon D 5 
 Kildare B 1 
 Mayo D 2 
 , Meath F 3 
 West Meath F S 
 Kilkenny D 3 
 Louth A 2 
 Tipperary B 4 
 icing's Co. D 3 
 Roscommon K 6 
 Wicklow D 4 
 Dublin E 2 
 Tipperary C 4 
 Tyrone D 1 
 King's Co. C 4 
 Kildare D 2 
 Qu len's Co. D 3 
 Limerick G 1 
 Monaghan D 3 
 Galway E 
 Sligo E 
 Carlow C 
 llonaghan B 
 Louth C 
 Ki Id-ore C 
 Itjblin C 
 Carlow B 
 Cork B 
 WicUow C 
 Wi>;klow E 
 Dublin E 
 Donegal D 3 
 Wic)aow D 3 
 Kilkenny H 2 
 Tipperary C 3 
 G.^lv,■ay F 2 
 Dublin n 
 Antrim E 4 
 Cavan B 1 
 Queen's Co. D 3 
 Kildare C 1 
 Kild.-irc B 1 
 Cork E 4 
 Kildare C 4 
 Tipperary D 2 
 Roscommon C 2 
 Wicklow C 4 
 Wicklow E 3 
 Clare K 2 
 Cork F. 2 
 Waterford E 2
 
 TINKERSLANE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WEST. 
 
 Tinkcrslanc, 
 
 Tinnacr(.>i? Ho., 
 
 Tionaglo^-Ii, 
 
 TinnaKinch, 
 
 Tinnahinch Barony, 
 
 Tinnakelly Ho., 
 
 Tinnakill, 
 
 Tinnakil! Ho., 
 
 Titinapark Ho., 
 
 'l'inna[>ark Ho., 
 
 Tinnaranny, 
 
 Tinnasaggart, 
 
 Tinnashitly Ho., 
 
 Tiiinehinch, 
 
 Tinnock Bridge, 
 
 Tinny Park, 
 
 Tinnypark Ho., 
 
 Tinriland Ho., 
 
 Tintcm Abbey, 
 
 Tintine, 
 
 Tinure Cross, 
 
 Tinvaun, 
 
 Tipper Ho,, 
 
 Tipperari', 
 
 Tiranny Barony, 
 
 Tirawley Barony. 
 
 Tircahan Lo., 
 
 Tireragh Barony, 
 
 Tirerrill Barony, 
 
 lirhugh Barony, 
 
 Tirkeeran Barony, 
 
 Tirkennedy Barony, 
 
 Tirnaneill, 
 
 Tirnaskca Ho., 
 
 Tithewer, 
 
 Tivoli-Ho., 
 
 Tober, 
 
 Tober Ho., 
 
 Tober Patrick, 
 
 Toberanierin Br!., 
 
 ToberaviUer, 
 
 Tobercuny, 
 
 Toberdan, 
 
 Toberlady Ho., 
 
 Tobermore, 
 
 Tobemaskeha, 
 
 Toberogan, 
 
 Toberpatrick Ho., 
 
 Tobirreendoney, 
 
 Toberroe, 
 
 Toberscanavan, 
 
 Tobcrtynan Ho., 
 
 Tobinstown Cross Road 
 
 Toe Head and Bay, 
 
 Togher, 
 
 Togher, 
 
 Togher, 
 
 Togher, 
 
 Togher, The, 
 
 Tolka R., 
 
 Tollymere Park, 
 
 Tomacork Barrack, 
 
 Tombeoia Er., 
 
 I'ombrack, 
 
 Tombreen Ho., 
 
 Tomduff Ho., 
 
 Tomgar Ho., 
 
 Tomgraney, 
 
 Tom haggard, 
 
 Tomies Mt., ; 
 
 Tondufi", 
 
 Tonduff, South, 
 
 Tonet R., 
 
 Tonlegee Ho., 
 
 Tonnagh Ho., 
 
 Toolestown, 
 
 Toom R., 
 
 Toomaline Ho., 
 
 Tooman Ho., 
 
 Mc-ith B 
 
 Wexford D 
 
 Wexford A 
 
 Carlow B 
 
 Queen's Co. C 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 Queen's Co. 15 
 
 Queen's Co. C 
 
 Carlow B 
 
 Wicklow li 
 
 Kilkenny E 4 
 
 Waterford D 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 Wicklow E 
 Wexford E 
 Roscommon C 
 Kilkenny C 
 Carlow B 
 Wexford A 
 Kilkenny K 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 lipperary B 4 
 
 Armagh A 3 
 
 Mayo C 1 
 
 Cavan C 1 
 
 Sligo C 2 
 
 Sligo F 3 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Londonderry B 3 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Monaghan C 2 
 
 Tyrone G 3 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Cavan A 1 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Fermanagh B 2 
 
 .Wexford D 2 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 King's Co. G 2 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 
 Roscommon E 3 
 
 Kildare C 3 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Galway F 2 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 s, Carlow C 1 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Louth C 2 
 
 Meath C 4 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Dublin D 4 
 
 Down D 4 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Wexford E 2 
 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Queen's Co. B 2 
 
 Kildare A 4 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Limerick H 2 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Toome and Toome Bridge Sla., 
 
 Antrim C 
 Toome, Lov/er Barony, Antrim C 
 
 Toome, Upper Barony, Antrim C 
 
 Toomona Ho., Roscommon D 
 
 Toomore Bay and Cottage, Cork C 
 
 Toomour, 
 Toomyvar^ 
 Toonagh Ho.-' 
 Toor, 
 Toor Ho., 
 Tooraneena 
 Tooreen, 
 Tooreendonneli, 
 Toormore Bay, 
 Toorafulla, 
 Topped Mountain, 
 Toppio, 
 Toprass L., 
 Tore Mt., 
 Tomdarragh Ho., 
 Tomoge, 
 Tor pan Beg, 
 Torr and Hd., 
 Torrent R., 
 Torsaghaunmore R, 
 Tory Hiil. 
 
 i- 
 
 Mayo E 
 Tipperary B 
 Clare F 
 Wicklow B 2 
 West Meath D 3 
 Waterford C 2 
 Mayo D 2 
 Limerick B 3 
 Cork C 
 Roscommon E 
 Fermanagh E 
 Antrim F 
 Louth A 
 Kerry D 
 Wicklow D 2 
 Tyrone E 1 
 Roscommon D 6 
 Antrim E 1 
 Tyrone H 3 
 Mayo B 1 
 Limerick E 2 
 
 Tory Isl.ind, 
 
 'Jlourig R., 
 
 Tourin, 
 
 Tourmakcady L., 
 
 Toumorc Ho., 
 
 I'owcr Hill, 
 
 Tower VilLigc, 
 
 Towlerton Ho., 
 
 Town View, - 
 
 Townley Hall. 
 
 7'racarta, 
 
 Tracton, 
 
 Trafalgar Lodge, 
 
 Trahecn Br., 
 
 Traholgan, 
 
 Tralee and Bay, 
 
 Trallie Lodge, 
 
 Tramore and Ij;iy, 
 
 Tranagh, 
 
 Tranarossan Brxy, 
 
 Tranish, 
 
 Traverston Ho., 
 
 Trawbrega Bny, 
 
 Trawenagh Bay, 
 
 Trawmore Bay, 
 
 Trean, 
 
 Trcanlaw, 
 
 Trcanlewis Ho., 
 
 Treantagh, 
 
 Tremblestown R., 
 
 Tremone Bny, 
 
 Triangle, The, 
 
 Triermore Ho., 
 
 Trillick, 
 
 Trillickacurry, 
 
 Trim, 
 
 Trinamadan, 
 
 Triogue R., 
 
 Tristernagh Ho., 
 
 Tromaun, 
 
 Troopers Lane Sta., 
 
 Trooperstown Hill, 
 
 Trory Ch., 
 
 Trostan, 
 
 Trough and Cas. 
 
 Trough Barony, 
 
 Trubley Cas., 
 
 Trudder Ho., 
 
 Truemoy and Sta., 
 
 Trughanacmy Barony, 
 
 Trusk L., 
 
 Trusklieve, 
 
 Trtiskmore, 
 
 Truskmore Mt., 
 
 Trustia, 
 
 Tuam, 
 
 'Tubbrid Cas., 
 
 Tubridd, 
 
 Tuck, 
 
 Tultestown, 
 
 Tulla, 
 
 Tulla Ho., 
 
 Tulla, Lower Barony, 
 
 Tulla, Upper Barony, 
 
 Tullagh Pt., 
 
 Tullaghan, 
 
 Tullaghan, 
 
 Tullaghan Bay, 
 
 Tullagher and Ho., 
 
 Tullaghgarley, 
 
 Tullaghmedan Ho., 
 
 Tullaghoge, 
 
 Tullaghoughi, 
 
 Tullaher L., 
 
 Tullamain Cas., 
 
 Tullamore, 
 
 Tullamore and Riv., 
 
 TuIIaroan, 
 
 Tullaun Bn'., 
 
 Tullig, 
 
 TuUig and Pt., 
 
 Tullighan B., 
 
 Tullira Cas., 
 
 Tullokyne, 
 
 Tullomoy Ho., 
 
 Tullow and Cot:., 
 
 Tullowclay Ho., 
 
 Tully, 
 
 Tully, 
 
 Tully Cas. and Bay, 
 
 Tully Ho., 
 
 Tully Ho., 
 
 Tully Ho., 
 
 Tully Ho., 
 
 Tully L., 
 
 Tully, South L., 
 
 Tullyallen, 
 
 TuUyalien, 
 
 Tu 11 yard, 
 
 Tullyard, 
 
 Tullyboy, 
 
 Tullycanna, 
 
 Tullydonnell Ho., 
 
 Tullydowey Ho., 
 
 Tullyeenta, 
 
 Tiillyclmer Ho.. 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Waterford I! 4 
 
 Waterford li 3 
 
 Mayo C 3 
 
 Waterford U S 
 
 Limerick G 2 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Queen's Co. K S 
 
 Wicklow C 3 
 
 Louth U 4 
 
 Cork D 4 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Galway B 2 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Waterford G 3 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 I'ermanagh F 3 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Donegal B S 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Galway C 2 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Limerick F 8 
 
 Donegal D 2 
 
 Meath C 3 
 
 Donegal F 2 
 
 Mayo C 2 
 
 Meath B 3 
 
 Tyrone D 4 
 
 Longford C 2 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Tyrone E 2 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Roscommon E 4 
 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 
 Antrim E 2 
 
 Clare 1 3 
 
 Monaghan B 1 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Tyrone H 4 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Donegal D 3 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 Sligo F 1 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Galway E 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 2 
 Fermanagh D 1 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 Clare I 3 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Donegal E 2 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Meath D 4 
 
 Tyrone H S 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Clare C 3 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Kerry C 2 
 
 Clare B 4 
 
 Mayo B 1 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Galway D 2 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Carlow C 2 
 
 Wicklow B 4 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Galway A 2 
 Fermanagh X> 2 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Longford C 1 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 ■TjTone G 4 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Meath D 3 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 T>Tone H 4 
 
 Fermanagh C 2 
 
 Armagh B 2 
 
 Tullygarran Ho., 
 
 Tullygarvan, 
 
 Tullygarvcy Earo y, 
 
 Tullyfiaw Barony, 
 
 Tullyhunco Baroiiy, 
 
 Tullylcaguc, 
 
 Tullylcase, 
 
 Tullylish, 
 
 Tully lost, 
 
 Tullymagawly, 
 
 TuIIymore Ho., 
 
 Tully more Lodge, 
 
 Tullymurry Sttu, 
 
 TullynakillCh., 
 
 Tullynawood L., 
 
 Tullyneill, 
 
 TuIIyniskan, 
 
 'I'ullynure, 
 
 'J'ullyree, 
 
 Tullyroan Corner, 
 
 Tullystown, 
 
 Tullyveery Ho., 
 
 Tullyvcllia Loughs, 
 
 Tullyvin and Ho., 
 
 TuUywill, 
 
 Tulsk, 
 
 Tunny, 
 
 Turbot I., 
 
 Turbotstown Ho., 
 
 Ture Lodge, 
 
 Turf Lodge, 
 
 Turkenagh Mt.", 
 
 Turkstown, 
 
 Turlesbeg Bri., 
 
 Turlough, 
 
 Turlough, 
 
 Turlough More and Beg, 
 
 Turloughs Hill, 
 
 Turners Rock and Tunnel 
 
 Turnings Ho., 
 
 Turnings Lower, 
 
 TurtuUa Ho., 
 
 Turvey Ho., 
 
 Twelve Pias, The, 
 
 Two Mile Riv. Eri... 
 
 Twomile Bri., 
 
 Twomileborris, 
 
 Twomileditch, 
 
 Two Rock Mountain, 
 
 Twy L., 
 
 Twyford Ho., 
 
 Tynagh, 
 
 Tynan and Riv., 
 
 Tynan Abbey, 
 
 Tynte Park, 
 
 Tyredagh Cas. , 
 
 Tyrella, 
 
 Tyrellspass, 
 
 Tyrellstown Ho., 
 
 Tyrrelstown Ho., 
 
 Kerry D 2 
 
 Down D 3 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Cavan C 1 
 
 Cavan D 8 
 
 Limerick A 2 
 
 Cork E 2 
 
 Down A 8 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Antrim D 3 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 Down E 2 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Tyrone H 8 
 
 Sligo G 8 
 
 > ' Down C 4 
 
 'Armagh C 2 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Down E 3 
 
 Sligo D 3 
 
 Cavan G 2 
 
 Armagh C 3 
 
 Roscommon D 3 
 
 Antrim D 5 
 
 Galway A 2 
 
 West Meath D 1 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Clare I 2 
 
 Kilkenny C 5 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Clare F 1 
 
 Mayo D 2 
 
 Siigo D 3 
 
 Down D 5 
 
 Kerry D 3 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Tipperary C 3 
 
 Dublin E 3 
 
 Galway B 2 
 
 Louth C 1 
 
 Queen's Co. C 2 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 
 Galway E 3 
 
 Dublin E 6 
 
 West Meath A 3 
 
 West Meath B 3 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 Armagn B 3 
 
 Armagh A 8 
 
 Wicklow A 2 
 
 Clare H 2 
 
 Down E 4 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 West Meath D 3 
 
 Dublin C 3 
 
 u 
 
 Ullal-d Church, 
 
 Ullid, 
 
 Ulster Canal, 
 
 Ultan L., 
 
 Umbra, The, 
 
 Umfin I., 
 
 Umma Ho., 
 
 Ummeracam R., 
 
 Ummeras Bridge, 
 
 Umrygar Ho., 
 
 Unionhall, 
 
 Unna L., 
 
 Unshin L., 
 
 Unshin R., 
 
 Unshinagh, 
 
 Upper Antrim Barony, 
 
 Upper Ards Barony, 
 
 Upper Belfast Barony, 
 
 Upper Castlereagh Barony. 
 
 Upper Court, 
 
 Upper Deece Barony, 
 
 Upper Duleek Barony, 
 
 Upper Dundalk Barony, 
 
 Upper Dungannon Barony, 
 
 Upper Dunluce Barony, 
 
 Upper Fews Larony, 
 
 Upper Glenarm Barony, 
 
 Upper iveagh Barony, 
 
 Upper Kells Barony, 
 
 Upper Lecale Barony, 
 
 Upper L., 
 
 Upper Lough Erne, 
 
 Upper Loughtee Barony. 
 
 Upper Massereenc Barony 
 
 Upper Moyenfenrath Bar., 
 
 Upper Navan Barony, 
 
 Upper Orior Barony, 
 
 Upper Ormond Barony, 
 
 Upper Philipstown Bar., 
 
 Upper St Mulltns Barony, 
 
 Upper Slane Barony, 
 
 Upper Strabane Barony, 
 
 Kilkenny E 
 
 Kilkenny C 
 
 Monaghan A 
 
 Donegal D 
 
 Londonderry D 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 West Meath B 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Kildare A 
 
 Wicklow C 
 
 Cork D 
 
 Donegal B 
 
 Donegal C 
 
 Sligo F 
 
 Leitrim B 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Down G 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Down D 
 
 Kilkenny B 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Meath F 
 
 Louth B 
 
 Tyrone H 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Armagh C 
 
 Antiim F 
 
 Down C 
 
 Meath C 
 
 Down E 
 
 Keiry D 
 
 Fermanagh E 
 
 Cavan E 
 
 , .-\ntrira D 
 
 Meath B 
 
 Meath D 
 
 Armagh D 
 
 Tipperary B 
 
 King's Co, G 
 
 Carlow D 
 
 Meath E 
 
 ■- yrone F 
 
 Upper Tribotstown Bar. 
 
 Upper Third Barony, 
 
 Upper Tooinc Barony, 
 
 Upj'cr Woods Barony, 
 
 Uppcrchurch, 
 
 UpjKTcross Barony, 
 
 Upton Cas., 
 
 Upton Ho., 
 
 Upton Ho., 
 
 Urcgarc Ho., 
 
 Urclands Ho., 
 
 UrLiur L., 
 
 Urlingford, 
 
 Urrin R., 
 
 Usna, 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Antrim C 
 
 Queen's Co. B 
 
 Tipperary U 
 
 Dublin C 
 
 Antrim E 
 
 Carlow B 
 
 Wexford E 
 
 Limerick F 
 
 iVicklow B 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 RoscomiDon D 2 
 
 Valclusa, 
 
 Vale of Glendalough, 
 
 Vale of Glcndasan, 
 
 Valencia I. and Harb.. 
 
 Vartry R., 
 
 Vearty L., 
 
 Velvct:;iown Ho., 
 
 Ventry and Harb., 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Vomer's Bri. Sta., 
 
 Verona Bri. and Ho., 
 
 Vesingstown Ho., 
 
 Vicars Cam, 
 
 Vicarstown Brj., 
 
 Victoria Eri. 5:a., 
 
 View Mount, 
 
 View Mount, 
 
 Viewmount, 
 
 Vilh'erstown, 
 
 Violet Hill, 
 
 VioIetstowD Ho., 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 Virginia Rd. Su., 
 
 w 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 Kerry 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 Fermanagh 
 
 Cork 
 
 Kerry A2& 
 
 Limerick 
 
 Armagh 
 
 Wexford 
 
 Meath 
 
 Armagh 
 
 Queen's Co. 
 
 Tyrone 
 
 Carlow 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 Kildare 
 
 Waterford 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 West Meath 
 
 Cavan 
 
 Meath 
 
 D 2 
 C 2 
 
 C 
 A 
 
 D 2 
 
 B 1 
 
 F 2 
 
 B 2 
 
 E 2 
 
 C 2 
 
 C 8 
 
 E 4 
 
 C 3 
 
 E 2 
 
 D 2 
 
 B 1 
 
 D 2 
 
 C 2 
 
 B 3 
 
 A 2 
 
 E 3 
 
 G 3 
 
 B 2 
 
 Wallaces Hill Hd., 
 
 Wallaces Row, 
 
 Wallers I., 
 
 Walshestown, 
 
 Walshpark Ho., 
 
 Walshtown, 
 
 Walterstown, 
 
 Walworth Ho.. 
 
 War Hill, 
 
 Ward Ho., 
 
 Ward R., 
 
 Wardenstown Ho., 
 
 Waringsford, 
 
 Waringstown, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Warrenpoint, 
 
 Warrenstown Barony, 
 
 Warrenstown Ho., 
 
 Wa.shel L., 
 
 Washing Bay, 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washpin Bri., 
 
 Watch House, 
 
 Watch House Cross Rds., 
 
 Water Cas., 
 Water Foot, 
 Waterfall Ho., 
 Waierfoot R., 
 Waterford, 
 Waterford Harb., 
 Watergrasshill, 
 Waterloo, 
 Waterloo, 
 Waterloo Lodge, 
 Waters Er., 
 Waterside, 
 
 Waterstown Ho- & Lo.j 
 Waterville, 
 Waterville, 
 Watsons L., 
 Weatherstown, 
 Weavers Hall, 
 Webbsborougli Ho., 
 Wee Collin, 
 Wellbank Ho., 
 Wellbrook, 
 Wellbrook Ho., 
 Wellesley Farm, 
 Wellfield Ho., 
 Wellington, 
 Wellington Ho., 
 Wellmount Ho., 
 Wells, 
 Wells Ho. 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Limerick D 1 
 
 Louth C 3 
 
 Tipperary B 1 
 
 Cork G 3 
 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Londonderry C 2 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 DubUn C 3 
 
 Dublin D 3 
 
 West Meath F 2 
 
 Down C 3 
 
 Down B 3 
 
 Donegal G 2 
 
 Down B 5 
 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 Meath E 8 
 
 Donegal B 3 
 
 T)Tone I 3 
 
 Kildare B 
 
 Tipperary C 
 
 V/exford C 
 
 Kildare D 
 
 Queen's Co. C 
 Fermanagh C 
 
 Cork F 3 
 Donegal D 4 
 Waterford G 
 Waterford H 
 Cork F 
 Cavan G 
 Cork E 
 Meath C 
 Wicklow D 
 Londonderry* B 3 
 W. Meath A 3 
 Kerry B 3 
 Limerick C 2 
 Fermanagh E 2 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 Louth C 3 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 Antrim F 4 
 Kildare D 3 
 Tyrone H 2 
 Kilkenny E 2 
 Limerick B 3 
 Kildare D 3 
 Meath D 3 
 Kilkenny B 3 
 Limerick D 2 
 Carlow A 2 
 Wexford D 2 
 
 West Carberj', East Division Bar., 
 
 Cork D 
 
 West Carbery, West Division Bar., 
 
 Cork C 
 
 West Colt., 
 
 J^ilkenny B 3
 
 WEST. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TOUHQSTOWN. 
 
 West Cove, 
 
 Kerry B 3 
 W^t Meath E 8 
 
 Whitefort Ho., 
 
 Wexford C S 
 
 Wmgfield, 
 
 Wicklow E 1 
 
 Woodlawn Su. and Ho 
 
 , Galway F 2 
 
 West Ho., 
 
 Whitegate, 
 
 Cork G S 
 
 Wingfield Ho., 
 
 Wexford D 1 
 
 Woodmount, 
 
 Roscommon D 6 
 
 West Idrone Barony. 
 
 Carlow A 2 
 
 Whitegate, 
 
 Galway G 4 
 
 Windgap, 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Woodw^unt, 
 
 Wicklow C 4 
 
 West InIshow«a Baron 
 
 1. Donegal E 2 
 
 Whitehall Ha, 
 
 Wicklow A 8 
 
 Windgate, 
 
 Wicklow E 1 
 
 Woodmount Ho., 
 
 Clare E 2 
 
 West Longfield, 
 
 Tyrone C 3 
 
 Whitehall or PaulstowD 
 
 , Kilkenny D 2 
 
 Windmill Cron and Lo., Kildare B 1 
 
 Wood Park, 
 
 Mayo D 1 
 
 West Muskerry Earom 
 West Nanagh and Rel 
 
 Cork D 3 
 
 Whitehead and Sta., 
 
 Antrim G 4 
 
 Windy Harbour, 
 
 Dublin E 5 
 
 Woodpark, 
 
 Armagh B 3 
 
 an Barony, 
 
 Whitehill Ho., 
 
 Longford D 2 
 
 Windy Harbo-.ir, 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 Wood park. 
 
 Meath E 4 
 
 
 Kildare A 3 
 
 Whitehouse, 
 
 Antrim F 5 
 
 Winter Lodge, 
 
 Dublin E 1 
 
 Woodpark Ho., 
 
 Dublin E 2 
 
 West Offaly Birony, 
 
 Kildaro A 3 
 
 Whitehouse, 
 
 Kildare B 8 
 
 Woarwoy Bay, 
 
 Wexford A 5 
 
 Woodroofl^Ho., 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Cork F 8 
 
 West Omagh Barony, 
 
 Tyrone C 3 
 
 Whiteleas Ho., 
 
 Kildare D 8 
 
 Wobum Ho., 
 
 Down F 2 
 
 Woodsgift Ho., 
 
 West Shelmalieve Bar. 
 
 Wexford B 4 
 
 Whiterath Cross Rds., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Wolfhill, 
 
 Queen's Co. E 3 
 
 Woodsfde, 
 
 West Town, 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 
 Whites Town, 
 
 Louth D 2 
 
 Wolftrap Mt., 
 
 gueen's Co. B 2 
 
 Woodside Ho., 
 
 Carlow D 1 
 
 West Village, 
 
 Cork F 3 
 
 Whitestown Bridge, 
 
 Wicklow B 8 
 
 Wood, 
 
 King's Co. H 1 
 
 Woodside Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Westaston Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 Whitestown Ho., 
 
 Waterford E 2 
 
 Wood Bank, 
 
 Down A 3 
 
 Woodstock Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny D 4 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 CorkC i 
 
 Whitewell Ho., 
 
 West Meath D 8 
 
 Wood bank. 
 
 Londonderry E 3 
 
 Woodstock Ho., 
 
 Wicklow E 2 
 
 Westland Sta., 
 
 Dublin D i 
 
 Whitewood L. and Ho. 
 
 Meath D 1 
 
 Wood Ho., 
 
 Waterford E 3 
 
 Woodstown, 
 
 Waterford H 2 
 
 Westland Ho., 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Whitfield, 
 
 Waterford F 2 
 
 Wood Lo., 
 
 Cavan F 2 
 
 Woodstown Ho., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Weston park Ho., 
 
 Dublin B 4 
 
 Whiting Bay, 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Wood Vale, 
 
 Wicklow D 3 
 
 Woodstown Slre.im, 
 
 Waterford F 8 
 
 Westown Ho., 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 Wicklow, Tn., Sta., and Head, 
 
 Wood View, 
 
 Monaghan B 3 
 
 Woodtown Ho., 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Westpalstown, 
 
 Dublin D 2 
 
 
 Wicklow E 8 
 
 Wood Ville, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 Woodtown Ho,, 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Westjxjrt Tn., Bay, S Quay, Mayo C 2 
 
 Wicklow Gap, 
 
 Wicklow C 2 
 
 Wood Ville, 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Woodtown Ho., 
 
 Meath B 3 
 
 Wexford and Bay, 
 
 Wexford D 4 
 
 Wildgoose Lo., 
 
 Louth A 2 
 
 Woodberry Ho., 
 
 Roscommon E 6 
 
 Woodvale, 
 
 Armagh C 4 
 
 Wexford Harbour, 
 
 Wexford D 8 
 
 Wilford Ho„ 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Meath D 2 
 
 Woodbine Cotr , 
 
 Kildare A 4 
 
 Woodview, 
 
 Kilkenny C 2 
 
 Wheatfield, 
 
 Londonderry D 2 
 
 Wilklnstown and Sta., 
 
 Woodbine Cotr . 
 
 Louth A 1 
 
 Woodville, 
 
 Down B 4 
 
 Wheelam Ho., 
 
 Kildare B 2 
 
 Willbrook, 
 
 Dublin D 6 
 
 Woodbine Hill, ' 
 
 Waterford C 4 
 
 Woodville, 
 
 Leitrim A 1 
 
 Whiddy I., 
 
 Cork C 3 
 
 Williamson's Bri., 
 
 Cavan H 8 
 
 Woodbrook, 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Woodville, 
 
 Longford D 1 
 
 Whigsborough Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 3 
 Antrim F 4 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 Meath C 2 
 
 Wood brook, 
 
 Wexford B 2 
 
 Woodville, 
 
 Wexford A 3 
 
 White Abbey Sta., 
 White Ball Hd., 
 
 Williamstown Cas., 
 
 Limerick F 2 
 
 Woodbrook Ho., 
 
 Queen's Co. D 2 
 
 Woodville, 
 
 King's Co. C 4 
 Kildare C 2 
 
 Cork A 4 
 
 Williamstown Ho., 
 
 KUdare B 1 
 
 Woodcliff, 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 Woodville Ho., 
 
 White Chapel, 
 White Hali, 
 
 Carlow B 8 
 
 Williamstown Ho., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Wooden Bri., 
 
 King's Co. H 2 
 
 Woodville Ho., 
 
 Sligo E 2 
 
 Kildare B 3 
 
 Williamstown Ho., 
 
 Waterford G 2 
 
 Wooden Bri., 
 
 Wicklow D 4 
 
 Woodville Ho., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 Wicklow E 3 
 
 White HaU, 
 
 Wicklow D 2 
 
 Willinglon Cas., 
 
 Tipperary B 2 
 
 Woodfield,' 
 
 King's Co. F 2 
 
 Woodville Ho., 
 
 White I., 
 
 Fermanagh D 2 
 
 Wlllistown Ho., 
 
 Louth B 2 
 
 Woodfield, 
 
 Wexford C 2 
 
 Wrixon Castle, 
 
 Cork F 2 
 
 White L., 
 
 Cavan H 8 
 
 Willmount, 
 
 Tipperary D 3 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Woodfield Ho., 
 
 Clare H 3 
 
 Wykeham Ho., 
 
 Carlow B 2 
 
 White L., 
 
 Monaehan C 3 
 
 Willmount Ho., 
 
 Woodfield Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 3 & £ 1 
 
 
 
 White Lough, West Meath E 1 & E 2 
 
 Willow Brook, 
 
 Leitrim F 4 
 
 Woodfield Ho., 
 
 Mayo E 2 
 
 
 
 White Mountain, 
 
 Londonderry D 3 
 Louth A 8 
 
 Willowbrook Ho., 
 
 Sligo F 2 
 
 Woodfield Ho., 
 
 Roscommon D 2 
 
 Y 
 
 
 White Mountain, 
 
 Willowfield, 
 
 Leitnm E 8 
 
 Woodford and R.. 
 
 Galway F 8 
 
 
 White Park, 
 
 
 WUU Grove, 
 
 Roscommon C 3 
 
 Woodford R., 
 
 Cavan D 2 
 
 Yearly L., 
 
 Donegal D 4 
 
 \Vhite Park Bay. 
 
 Aotrim C 1 
 
 WiUsborough, 
 
 Roscommon A 8 
 
 Woodfort, 
 
 Meath C 1 
 
 Yellow Furje, 
 
 Meath E 2 
 
 White R., 
 
 Limerick B 2 
 
 WUUbrook Ho., 
 
 Roscommon B 8 
 
 Woodforlj 
 
 West Meath E 2 
 
 Yellow R., 
 
 Donegal C 2 
 King's Co. G 1 
 
 White R., 
 
 Louth B 3 
 
 Willville Ho., 
 
 Louth D 2 
 
 Woodfraigue Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 4 
 
 Yellow R., 
 
 White Strand B , 
 
 Donegal E 1 
 
 WiUybrook, 
 
 Donegal C 4 
 
 Woodmstown H... 
 
 Tipperary C 4 
 
 Yellow R., 
 
 Leitrim D 8 
 
 White Water, 
 
 Down C 6 
 
 Willybrook, 
 
 West Meath C 2 
 
 Woodland Cott,, 
 
 .Waterford C 3 
 
 Yellow R., 
 
 Meath D 2 
 
 White Water, 
 
 Londonderry E 4 
 Cork F 3 
 
 WUmount Ho., Wexford B 2 & D 8 
 
 Woodland Ho., 
 
 King's Co. C 2 
 Carlow D 2 
 
 Yeomanstown Ho., 
 
 Kildare C 4 
 
 Whitechurch, 
 
 Wilson's Bridge, 
 
 Kildare B 4 
 
 Woodlands Ho., 
 
 Yewtree Ho., 
 
 Wicklow B 2 
 
 Whitechurch, 
 
 Wexford A 4 
 Waterfotd C 3 
 
 Wilson's Hosptial, 
 
 West Meath D 2 
 
 Woodlands Ho., 
 
 Dublin B 4 
 
 Youghal, 
 
 Tipperary A 2 
 Cork H 8 
 
 Whitechurch and Ho., 
 
 Wilton Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny A 2 
 
 Woodlands Lodge, 
 
 Odare B 4 
 
 Youghal and Harbour, 
 
 Whitechurch Ho., 
 
 Kilkenny B 4 
 
 Wilton Ho., 
 
 Wexford C 3 
 
 Woodlawn, 
 
 Cavan F 4 
 
 Young Grove, 
 
 Cork G 8 
 
 Whitefon, 
 
 Kildare D 2 
 
 Windgates, 
 
 Kildare D 1 
 
 WoodlawD, 
 
 Longford B 2 
 
 Youogstown Ho.j 
 
 Kildare B 3
 
 \
 
 9 
 
 H 
 
 "2^ 
 
 z 
 K 
 
 in 
 < 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^3
 
 f 
 
 »l
 
 STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. M. SULLIVAN. 
 
 BEING A COMPLETE AND AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF IRELAND FROtt 
 THE EARLIEST AGES TO 1867.
 
 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 This little book is written for youuj^ people. 
 It does not pretend to the serious character of a 
 History of Ireland. It does not claim to be 
 more than a compilation from the many admira- 
 ble works which have been published by pains- 
 taking and faithful historians. It is an effort to 
 interest the young in the subject of Irish his- 
 tory, and attract them to its study. 
 
 I say so much in deprecation of tlie stern 
 judgment of learned critics. I say it further- 
 more and chiefly by way of owning my obliga- 
 tions to those authors the fruits of whose re- 
 searches have been availed of so freely by me. 
 To two of these in particular, Mr. M'Gee and 
 Mr. Haverty, I am deeply indebted. In several 
 instance*, even where I have not expressly re- 
 ferred to my authority, I have followed almost 
 literally the text supplied hy them. If I suc- 
 ceed in my desi^ n of interesting mj' young 
 fellow-countrymea in the subject of Irish his- 
 tory, I recommend them strongly to follow it up 
 by reading the works of the two historiau.s 
 whom I have mentioned. They possess this im- 
 measurable advantage over every other previously 
 published history of Ireland that in them the 
 authors were able to avail themselves of the rich 
 stores of material brought to light by the 
 lamented O'Cun-y and O'Donovan, by Todd, 
 Greaves, Wilde, Meehan, Gilbert, and others. 
 These revelations of authentic history, inaccessi- 
 ble or unknown to previous history writers, not 
 only throw a flood of light upon many periods of 
 our history, heretofore darkened and obscured, 
 but may be said to have given to many of the 
 most important events in our annals an aspect 
 totally new, and in some instances the reverse of 
 that commonly assigned to them. Mr. Haverty's 
 book is Irish history clearly and faithfully 
 traced, and carefully corrected by recent in- 
 valuable archselogical discoveries; Mr. M'Gee's 
 is the only work of the kind accessible to our 
 people whic'a is yet more than a painstaking and 
 reliable record of events. It rises above mere 
 chronicling, and presents to the reader the phil- 
 osophy of history, assisting him to view great 
 movements and changes in their comprehensive 
 totality, and to understand the principles which 
 underlay, promoted, guided, or controlled them. 
 
 In all these, however, the learned and gifted 
 authors have aimed high. They have written 
 for adult readers. Mine is an humble, but I 
 trust it may prove to be a no less useful, aim. 
 I desire to get hold of the young people, and not 
 to offer them a learned and serious "history," 
 which might perhaps be associated in their 
 minds with school tasks and painful efforts to 
 remember ; but to have a pleasant talk with them 
 about Ireland ; to tell them its story, after the 
 manner of simple storytellers; not confusing 
 their minds with a mournful series of feuds, 
 raids, and slaughters, merely for the sake of 
 noting them; or with essays upon the state of 
 agriculture or commerce, religion or science, at 
 particular periods — all of which they will find 
 instructive when they grow to an age to compre- 
 hend and be interested in more advanced works. 
 I desire to do for^our young people that which 
 has been well done for the j'outh of England by 
 numerous writers. I desire to interest them in 
 their country; to convince them that its history' 
 is no wild, dreary, and uninviting monotony of 
 internecine slaughter, but an entertaining and 
 instructive narrative of stirring events, abound- 
 ing in episodes, thrilling, glorious, and beautiful. 
 
 I do not take upon myself the credit of being 
 the first tc remember that "the Child is father 
 of the Man." The Kev. John O'Hanlon's ad- 
 mirable "Catechism of Irish History" has al- 
 readj' well appreciated that fact. I hope there 
 will follow many beside myself to cater for the 
 amusement and instruction of the young people. 
 They dii-jerve more attention than has hithei-to 
 been paid them by our Irish book-writers. In 
 childhood or boyhood to-day, there rapidly 
 approaches for them a to-morrow, bringing man- 
 hood, with its cares, duties, responsibilities. 
 When we who have preceded them shall have 
 passed away forever, they will be the men on 
 whom Ireland must depend. They will make 
 her future. They will guide her destinies. 
 They will guard her honor. They will defend 
 her life. To the service of this "Irish Nation of 
 the future" I devote the following pages, confi- 
 dent my young friends will not fail to read aright 
 the lesson taught by "The Story of Ireland-" 
 
 Dublin, August 15, 1867.
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 How We Learn the Faots of Eablt Histobi. 
 
 It may occur to my young friends, that, be- 
 fore I begin my narration, I ought to explain 
 how far or by what means any one now living 
 can correctly ascertain and narrate the facts of 
 very remote historj'. The reply is, that what 
 we know of history anterior to the keeping of 
 written records is derived from the traditioLi 
 handed down "by word of mouth" from genera- 
 tion to generation. -^We may safely assume that 
 the commemoration of important events by this 
 means was, at first, unguarded or unregulated 
 by any public authority, and accordingly led to 
 much confusion, exaggeration, and corruption; 
 but we have positive and certain information 
 that at length steps were taken to regulate these 
 oral communications, and guard them as far as 
 possible from corruption. The method most 
 generally adopted for perpetuating them was to 
 compose them into historical chants or verse- 
 histories, which were easily committed to 
 memory, and were recited on all public or festive 
 occasions. When written records began to be 
 used, the events thus commemorated were set 
 down in the regular chronicles. Several of these 
 latter, in one shape or another, are still in exist- 
 ence. From these we chiefly derive our knowl- 
 edge, such as it is, of the ancient history of 
 Erinn. 
 
 It is, however, necessary to remember that all 
 history of very early or remote times, unless 
 
 what is derived from the narratives of Holy Writ, 
 is clouded, to a greater or lesser degree, with 
 doubt and obscurity, and is, to a greater or 
 lesser degree, a hazy mixture of probable fact 
 and manifest fable. When writing was un- 
 known, and before measures were taken to keep 
 the oral traditions with exactitude and for a public 
 , purpose, and while yet events were loosely 
 handed down by unregulated "hearsay" which 
 no one was charged to guard from exagg^ation 
 and corruption, some of the facts thus commem- 
 orated became gradually distorted, until, after 
 great lapse of time, whatever was described as 
 marvelously wonderful in the past was set down as 
 at least partly supernatural and the long dead 
 heroes whose prowess had become fabulously 
 exaggerated came to be regarded as demi-gods. 
 It is thus as regards the early history of ancienf 
 Bome and Greece. It is thus with the early 
 history of Ireland, and indeed of all other Euro- 
 pean countries. 
 
 It would, however, be a great blunder for any 
 one to conclude that because some of those old 
 mists of early tradition contain such gross absurd- 
 ities, they contain no truths at all. Investiga- 
 tion is every day more and more clearly estab- 
 lishing the fact that, shrouded in some of the 
 most absurd of those fables of antiquity there 
 are most indisputable and valuable truths of 
 history.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE, 
 AUTHOH'S PREFACIi, V 
 
 Introddctouy — How we 'earn tlie facts of early 
 
 liUtorv xi 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 iKow the Milesians souglit and found "the Promised 
 
 Isle "— an d conquered it 1 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 How Ireland fared under the Milesian dynasty 3 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 How the Unfree Clans tried a revolution; and what 
 came of it — How the Romans thought in vain to 
 attempt a conquest of Ireland ■> 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Bardic tales of Ancient Erinn — " The Sorrowful Fate 
 
 of the Children of Usna " 6 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The deatbof King Conor Mac Nessa 10 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The " GolQon Age " of Pre-Christian Erinn 13 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 How Ireland i«ceived the Christian faith 16 
 
 CHAPTER Vlli. 
 A retrospective glance at pagan Ireland 18 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Christian Ireland — The Story of Columba, the " Dove 
 oftheCell" 19 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Danes in Ireland 28 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 How "Brian of the Tribute" became a High King of 
 Erinn 30 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 How a dark thunder-cloud gathered over Ireland 34 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The glorious day of Clontarf 85 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 " After the Battle " — The scene " upon Ossory's plain" 
 — The last days of national freedom 40 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 flow England became a compact kingdom, while Ire- 
 land was breaking into fragments 41 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 How Henry the Second feigned wondrous anxiety to 
 
 beal the disorders of Ireland 43 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL mm 
 
 The treason of Dijwmid M'Murrogh 44 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. . 
 
 How the Norman adventurers got a foothold on Irish 
 
 soil 4lt 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 IIow Henry recalled the adventurers — How he came 
 over himself to punish them and befriend the 
 Irish 48 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 How Henry made a treaty with the Irish king — and 
 
 did not keep it 51 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 Death-bed scenes 54 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 How the Anglo-Norman colony fared S> 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 " The bier that conquered" — The story of Godfrey of 
 Ty rconnell ffi 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 How the Irish nation awoke from its trance, and flung 
 off its chains — The career of King Edward Bfuce.. 81 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 How this bright day of independence was turned to 
 gloom — How the seasons fought agiinst Ireland, 
 and famine for England &t 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 How the Anglo-Irish lords learned to prefer Irish man. 
 ners, laws, and language, aud were tecoming 
 "more Irish than the Irish themselves" — How 
 the king in London took measures to arrest that 
 dreaded evil 6T 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 How tne vainglorious Richard of England and his 
 overwhelming army failed to " dazzle " or conquer 
 the Prince of Leinster — Career of the heroic Art 
 M'Murrogh OB 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 How the vainglorious English king tried another 
 campaign against the invincible Irish Prince, and 
 was utterly defeated as before It 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 How the civil wars in England left the Anglo-Irish 
 colony to ruin — How the Irish did not grasp the 
 opportunity of easy liberation 7S
 
 via 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. page 
 
 flow a new element of antagonism came into tbe 
 struggle — How tbe English king and nation 
 adopted a new religion, and how the Irish held fast 
 
 by the old 76 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 " Those Geraldinee ! those Geraldines I" 78 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 rhe rebellion of Silken Thomas 81 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 flow tbe " Reformation" was accomplished in England, 
 
 and how it was resisted in Ireland 85 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 How the Irish chiefs gave up all hope and yielded to 
 Henry; and how the Irish clans served the chiefs 
 for such treason S7 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 Henry's successors; Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth 
 
 — The career of "John the Proud " 89 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 How the (feraldines once more leagued against Eng- 
 land under tbe banner of the cross — How "tbe 
 royal Pope " was tbe earliest and the most active 
 aUy of tbe Irish cause 91 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 ft)w Commander Cosby held a "feast" at Mullagh- 
 mast; and bow "Iluari Oge" recompensed that 
 "hospitality" — A viceroy's visit to Qlenmalure, 
 and his reception there 95 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 ' Hugh of Dungannon " — How Queen Elizabeth 
 brought up the young Irish chief at court, with 
 certain crafty designs of her own 98 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 How Lord Deputy Perrot planned a right cunning ex- 
 pedition, and stole away tbe youtlifiil prince of 
 Tyrconnell — How, in tbe dungeons of Dublin 
 Castle, tlie boy chief learned his duty toward Eng- 
 land; and how he at length escaped and commenced 
 discharging that duty 99 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 Bow Hugh of Dungannon was meantime drawing oft 
 
 from England and drawing near to Ireland 103 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 How Red Hugh went circuit against the English in tbe 
 
 North — How the crisis came upon O'Neill 105 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 O'Neill in arms for Ireland — Clontibret and Beal-an- 
 
 aibabuie 106 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 Bow Ilugb formed a great national confederacy and 
 
 b»ilt up a nation once more on Irish aoil 113 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. vtjm 
 How the reconstructed Iiish nation was overborne — 
 How tbe two Hughs "fought back to back" 
 against their overwhelming foes — How the 
 " Spanish aid " ruined tbe Irish cause. Tbe dis- 
 astrous battle of Kinsale 118 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 " The last Lord of Beara " — How Donal of Dunboy 
 was assigned a perilous prominence, and nobly 
 undertook its duties — How Don Juan's imbecility 
 or treason ruined tbe Irish cause 119 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 How the queen's forces set about " tranquillizing " 
 Munster — How Carew sent Earl Tbomond on a 
 mission into Carbery, Bear, and Bantry 123 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 How tbe lord president gathered an army of four thou- 
 • sand men to crush doomed Dunboy, the last hope 
 of the national cause in Munster 123 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 The last days of Dunboy; a tale of heroism 124 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 How tbe fall of Dunboy caused King Philip to change 
 all his plans, and recall tbe expedition for Ireland; 
 and how the reverse broke the brave heart of Red 
 Hugh — How the "Lion of the North" stood at 
 bay, and made bis foes tremble to the last Vl'i 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 Tbe retreat to Leitri m ; "tbe most romantic and gallant 
 achievement of the age" \'6\ 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 How the government and Hugh made a treaty of 
 peace — How England came under tbe Scottish 
 monarchy; and how Ireland hopefully hailed the 
 Gaelic sovereign 13(i 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 "Tbe Flight of the Earls " — How the princes of Ire- 
 land went into exile, menaced by destruction at 
 home 138 
 
 CHAPTER LIII. 
 A memorable epoch — How Milesian Ireland finally 
 disappeared from history; and how a new Ireland, 
 Ireland in exile, appeared for the first time — 
 How "plantations " of foreigners were designed 
 for the "colonization" of Ireland, and the extirpa- 
 tion of the native race 148 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 How the lords justices got up the needful bloody fury 
 in England by a "dreadful massacre" story — How 
 the Confederation of Kilkenny came about 149 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 Something about the conflicting elements of the civil 
 war in 1642-9 — How the Confederate Catholics 
 made good their position, and established a naiir nal 
 goveniriient in Ireland . 16'
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 IX 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. rir.E 
 
 How King Charles opened nej;otiations with the Con- 
 federate Council— How tlie Anplo-Irish party 
 would "have peace at any price," and the "native 
 Irish " party btood out for peace with honor — How 
 Pope Innocent the Tenth sent an envoy, "not 
 empty-handed," to aid the Irish cause 154 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 How the nuncio freed and armed the hand of Owen 
 Roe, and hade him strike at least one worthy blow 
 for God and Ireland — How gloriously Owen struck 
 that blow at Benburb 157 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 How the king disavowed the treaty, and the Irish repu- 
 diated it — How the council by a worse blunder 
 clasped hands with a sacrilegious murderer, and 
 incurred excommunication — How at length the 
 royalists and confederates concluded an honorable 
 peace 1 60 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 How Cromwell led the Puritan rebels into Ireland — 
 How Ireland by a lesson too terrible to be forgotten 
 was taught the danger of too much loyalty to an 
 English sovereign 161 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 
 The agony of a nation 163 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 How King Charles the Second came back on a compro- 
 mise — How a new massacre story was set to work 
 — The martyrdom of Primate Plunkett 167 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 How King James the Second, by arbitrarily asserting 
 liberty of conscience, utterly violated the will of 
 the English nation — How the English agreed, 
 confederated, combined, and conspired to depose 
 the king, and beat up for " foreign emissaries " to 
 come and begin the rebellion for them 169 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII. 
 How William and James met face to face at the Boyne 
 — A plain sketch of the battlefield and the tactics 
 of the day 172 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 " Before the battle " 174 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 The battle of the Boyne 175 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 How James abandoned the struggle; but the Irish 
 would not give up 179 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 Hov William sat down before Limerick and began the 
 siege — Sarsfield's midnight ride — The fate of 
 William's siege train 181 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. p^oe 
 
 How William procured a new siege train and breached 
 the wall — How the women of Limerick won their 
 fame in Irisb history — How the breach was 
 stormed and the mine sprung — How William ttfii 
 from " unconquered Limerick " 184 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 How the French sailed off, and the deserted Irish army 
 starved in rags, but would not give up the right — 
 Arrival of "St. Ruth, the Vain and Brave " 186 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. 
 How Ginckel besieged Athlone — How the Irish "kept 
 the bridge," and how the brave Custume and his 
 glorious companions "died for Ireland" — How 
 Athlone, thus saved, was lost in an hour 187 
 
 CHAPTER LXXI. 
 " TheCullodenof Ireland" — How Aughrim was fought 
 and lost — A story of the battlefield; "the dog of 
 Aughrim," or, fidelity in death 190 
 
 CHAPTER LXXII. 
 How glorious Limerick once more braved the ordeal — 
 How at length a treaty and capitulation were 
 agreed upon — How Sarsfield and the Irish army 
 sailed into exile 195 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIIL 
 How the Treaty of Limerick was broken and trampled 
 under foot by the "Protestant interest," yelling for 
 more plunder and more persecution 198 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIV. 
 "The penal times" — How "Protestant ascendency" 
 by a bloody penal code endeavored to brutify the 
 mind, destroy the intellect, and deform the physical 
 and moral features of the subject Catholics 201 
 
 CHAPTER LXXV. 
 The Irish army in exile — How Sarsfield fell on Landen 
 Plain — How the regiments of Burke and O'.Mahoney 
 saved Cremona, fighting in "muskets and shirts" 
 ■ — The glorious victory of Fontenoy! — How the Irish 
 exiles, faithful to the end, shared the last gallant 
 effort of Prince Charles Edward 202 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVL 
 How Ireland began to awaken from the sleep of slavery 
 
 — The dawn of legislative independence 207 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVIL 
 How the Irish volunteers achieved the legislative in- 
 dependence of Ireland; or, how the moral force of 
 a citizen army effected a peaceful, legal, and con- 
 stitutional revolution 209 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVIIL 
 What national independence accomplished for Ireland — 
 How England once more broke faith with Ireland, 
 and repaid generous trust with base betrayal 213 
 
 l\.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIX. page 
 
 How the Englisli minister saw bis advantage in provok- 
 ing Ireland into an armed struggle; and bow beart- 
 lessly be labored to tliat end 214 
 
 CHAPTER LXXX. 
 How tbe Britisb minister forced on tbe rising— Tbe 
 fate of tbe brave Lord Edward — How tbe brotbers 
 Sbeares died band-in-band — The rising of ninety- 
 eigbt 216 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXI. 
 How tbe government consjiiracy now achieved its pur- 
 pose — How the parliament of Ireland was extin- 
 guished 221 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXII. 
 Ireland after the Union — Tbe storv of Robert Emmet. . 226 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIII. 
 flow tbe Irish Catholics, under the leadership of 
 
 D'Connell, won Catholic emancipation 231 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIV. 
 
 How the Irish people next sought to achieve tbe res- 
 toration of their legislative independence — How 
 England answered them with a challenge to the 
 sword 233 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXV. 
 
 How the horrors of the famine bad their effect on Irish 
 politics — How the French revolution set Europe 
 in a fiame — How Ireland made a vain attempt at 
 insurrection ....... 237 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVI. 
 
 How tbe Irish exodus came about, and tbe English 
 press gloated over the anticipated extirpation of tbe 
 Irish race , 240 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVII. page 
 
 How some Irishmen took to "tbe politics of despair" — 
 How England's revolutionary teachings "came 
 home to roost " — How General .John O'Neill gave 
 Colonel Booker a touch of Fontenoy at Kidgeway. . 342 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVIII. 
 Tbe unfinished chapter of eighteen hundred and sixty- 
 seven — How Ireland, " oft doomed to death," has 
 shown that she is " fated not to die" 245 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIX. 
 The Fenian rising and what followed it — Tbe "sur- 
 prise " of Chester Castle — The " Jacknell" expedi- 
 tion — The Manchester rescue 248 
 
 CHAPTER XC. 
 
 Funeral processions for tbe martyrs — Agitation for 
 amnesty and disestablishment — Clerkenwell and 
 Ballycohey 252 
 
 CHAPTER XCI. 
 The home rule movement — Its defects and failure — 
 
 "Obstruction " — A success — The Land League.. . 257 
 
 CHAPTER XCII. 
 Tbe visions at Knock— The Land League proclaimed 
 —Arrest of the leaders— Tbe "No rent" manifesto 
 —Tbe Arrears Act— The Phoenix Park tragedy- 
 Shooting of James Carey and trial of O'Donnell 
 — The National League 265 
 
 CHAPTER XCIII. 
 
 " Parnellism and Crime "—The Home Rule Bill 272 
 
 CHAPTER XCIV. 
 Coercion — Tbe plan of campaign — Death of Mr. Par- 
 nell — Tbe Home Rule Bill passed — Retirement of 
 Mr. Gladstone 275 
 
 Valedictory 277 
 
 ROBEKT Emmet 5WH
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HOW THE MILESIANS SOUGHT AND FOUND "tHE PROM- 
 ISED isle" and conquered it. 
 
 The earliest settlement or colonization of Ire- 
 land, of which there is tolerably precise and sat- 
 isfactory information, was that by the sons of 
 Miledh or Milesius, from whom the Irish are 
 occasionally styled Milesians. There are abun- 
 dant evidences that at least two or three "waves" 
 of colonization had long previously reached the 
 island; but it is not very clear whence they 
 came. Those first settlers are severally known 
 in history as the Partholanians, the Nemedians, 
 the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha de Danaans. 
 These latter, the Tuatha de Danaans, who im- 
 mediately preceded the Milesians, possessed a 
 civilization and a knowledge of "arts and 
 sciences" which, limited as we may be sure it 
 was, greatly amazed the earlier settlers (whom 
 they had subjected) by the results it produced. 
 To the Firbolgs (the more early settlers) the 
 wonderful things done by the conquering new- ' 
 comers, and the wonderful knowledge they dis- 
 played, could only be the results of supernatural 
 power. Accordingly they set down the Tuatha 
 de Danaans as "magicians," an idea which the 
 Milesians, as we shall presently see, also adopted. 
 
 The Firbolgs seem to have been a pastoral 
 r»ce; the Tuatha de Danaans were more of a 
 manufacturing and commercial people. The 
 soldier Milesian came, and he ruled over all. 
 
 The Milesian colony reached Ireland from 
 Spain,* but they were not Spaniards. They were 
 an eastern people who had tarried in that coun- 
 try on their way westward, seeking, they said, 
 an island promised to the posterity of their an- 
 cestor, Gadelius. Moved by this mysterious 
 purpose to fulfill their destiny, they had passed 
 from land to land, from the shores of Asia across 
 the wide expanse of southern Europe, bearing 
 
 *Tbe settled Irish account ; but tbis is also disputed by 
 tbeorists wbo couteml tbat all tbe waves of colonization 
 reached Ireland from tbe eontioent across Britain. 
 
 aloft through all their wanderings the Sacred 
 Banner, which symbolized to them at once their 
 origin and their missiouj the blessing and th© 
 prom:.-3e given to their race. This celebrated 
 standard, the "Sacred Banner of the Milesians," 
 was a flag on which was represented a dead ser- 
 pent and the rod of Moses; a device to com- 
 memorate forever among the posterity of Ga- 
 delius the miracle by which his life had been 
 saved. The story of this event, treasured with 
 singular pertinacity by the Milesians, is told as 
 follows in their traditions, which so far I have 
 been following : 
 
 While Gadelius, being yet a child, was sleep- 
 ing one day, he was bitten by a poisonous ser- 
 pent. His father — Niul, a younger, son of the 
 king of Scytliia — carried the child to the camp 
 of the Israelites, then close by, where the dis- 
 tracted parent with tears and prayers implored 
 the aid of Moses. The inspired leader was pro- 
 foundly touched by the anguish of Niul. He 
 laid the child down, and prayed over him; ther 
 he touched with his rod the wound, and the boy 
 arose healed. Then, say the Milesians, the man 
 of God promised or prophesied for the poster- 
 ity of the young prince, that they should inhabit 
 a country in which no venomous reptile could 
 live, an island which they should seek and find 
 in tbe track of the setting sun. 
 
 It was not, however, until the third generation 
 subsequently that the descendants and people of 
 Gadelius are found setting forth on their proph- 
 esied wanderings; and of this migration itself 
 — of the adventures and fortunes of the Gadelian 
 colony in its journeyings — the history would 
 make a volume. At length we find them tarry- 
 ing in Spain, where they built a city, Brigantia, 
 and occupied and ruled a certain extent of terri- 
 tory. It is said that Ith (pronounced "Eeh"), 
 uncle of Milesius, an adventurous explorer, had, 
 in his cruising northward of the Brigantian 
 coast, sighted the Promised Isle, and landing to 
 explore it, was attacked by the inhabitants 
 (Tuatha de Danaans), and mortally wounded ere
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 he could regain his ship. He died at sea ou the 
 way homeward. His body was reverentially 
 preserved and brought back to Spain by his son, 
 Lui (spelled Lugaid),* who had accompanied 
 ■ him, and who now summoned the entire Milesian 
 host to the last stage of their destined wander- 
 ings — to avenge the death of Ith, and occupy 
 the Promised Isle. The old patriarch himself, 
 Miledh, had died before Lui arrived; but his 
 sons all responded quickly to the summons ; and 
 the widowed queen, their mother, Scota, placed 
 herself at the head of the expedition, which soon 
 sailed in thirty galleys for "the isle they had 
 seen in dreams." The names of the sons of 
 Milesius who thus sailed for Ireland were, Heber 
 the Fair, Amergiu, Heber the Brown, Colpa, Ir, 
 and Heremon ; and the date of this event is gen- 
 erally supposed to have been about fourteen hun- 
 dred years before the birth of our Lord. 
 
 At that time Ireland, known as Innis Ealga 
 (the Noble Isle) was ruled over by three brothers, 
 Tuatha de Danaan princes, after whose wives 
 (who were three sisters) the island was alternately 
 called, Eire, Banba (or Banva), and Fiola (spelled 
 Fodhla), by which names Ireland is still fre- 
 quently styled in national poems. "Whatever 
 difficulties or obstacles beset the Milesians in 
 landing they at once attributed to the "necro- 
 mancy" of the Tuatha de Danaans, and the old 
 traditions narrate amusing stories of the contest 
 between the resources of magic and the power of 
 valor. When the Milesians could not discover 
 land where they thought to sight it, they simply 
 agreed that the Tuatha de Danaans had by their 
 black arts rendered it invisible. At length they 
 descried the island, its tall blue hills touched by 
 the last beams of the setting sun, and from the 
 galleys there arose a shout of joy ; Innisfail, the 
 
 * Here let me at the outset state, once for all, tliat I 
 liave decided, after mature consideration, to .spell most of 
 the Irish names occurring in our annals according to their 
 correct prununciation or sound, and not according to their 
 strictly correct orthography in the Irish language and typog- 
 raphy. I am aware of all that may fairly be said against 
 this course, yet consider the weight of advantage to be on 
 its side, ^ome of our Irish name.s are irretrievably Angli- 
 cii'dinthe worst form — uncouth and absurd, ('boosing 
 therefore between difnculties and objections, I have de- 
 cided to rescue the correct pronuuciatiun in this manner ; 
 giving, besides, with sutEcient frequency, the correct 
 orthography. 
 
 Isle of Destiny, was found !* But lo, next morn- 
 ing the land was submerged, until only a low 
 ridge appeared above the ocean. A device of 
 the magicians, say the Milesians. Nevertheless 
 they reached the shore and made good their 
 landing. The "magician" inhabitants, however, 
 stated that this was not a fair conquest by the 
 rules of war ; that they had no standing army to 
 oppose the Milesians; but if the newcomers 
 would again take to their galleys, they should, 
 if able once more to effect a landing, be recog- 
 nized as masters of the isle by the laws of war. 
 
 The Milesians did not quite like the proposi- 
 tion. They feared much the "necromancy" of 
 the Tuatha de Danaans. It had cost them 
 trouble enough .already to get their feet upon the 
 soil, and they did not greatly relish the idea of 
 having to begin it all over again. They debated 
 the point, and it was resolved to submit the case 
 to the dacision of Amergin, who was the Ollav 
 (the Learned Man, Lawgiver, or Seer) of the ex- 
 pedition. Amergin, strange to say, decided on 
 the merits against his own brothers and kins- 
 men, and in favor of the Tuatha de Danaans. 
 Accordingl.v, with scrupulous obedience to his 
 decision, the Milesians relinquished all they had 
 
 * In Moore's " Melodies" the event here related is made 
 the subject of the following verses : 
 
 " They came from a laud beyond the sea, 
 And now o'er the western main 
 Set sail, in their good ships, gallantly, 
 
 From the sunny land of Spain. 
 ' Oh, where 's the Isle we've seen in dreams. 
 
 Our destin'd home or grave?' 
 Thus sung they as, by the morning's beams. 
 They swept the Atlantic wave. 
 
 " And, lo. where afar o'er ocean shines 
 
 A sparkle of radiant green. 
 As though in that deep lay emerald mines. 
 
 Whose light through the wave was seen. 
 ' 'Tis Innisfail — 'tis Innisfail 1' 
 
 Rings o'er the echoing sea ; 
 While, bending to heav'n, the warriors bail 
 
 That home of the brave and free. 
 
 "Tlien turu'd they unto the Eastern wave, 
 
 Where now their Day-God's eye 
 A look of such sunny omen gave 
 
 As lighted up sea and sky. 
 Nor frown was seen through sky or ses. 
 
 Nor tear o'er leaf or sod, \ 
 
 When first on their Isle of Destiny ^ 
 
 Our great forefathers trod."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 3 
 
 so far vvuji. They re-embarked in their galleys, 
 aiul, as demanded, withdrew "nine waves off 
 from the shore." Immediately a hurricane, 
 raised, say their versions, by the spells of the 
 magicians on shore, burst over the fleet, dispers- 
 ing it in all directions. Several of the princes 
 and chiefs and their wives and retainers were 
 drowned. The Milesians paid dearly for their 
 chivalrous acquiescence in the rather singular 
 proposition of the inhabitants indorsed by the 
 decision of Amergin. When they did land next 
 time, it was not in one combined force, but 
 in detachments widely separated; some at the 
 mouth of the Boyne ; others on the Kerry coast. 
 A short but fiercely contested campaign decided 
 the fate of the kingdom. In the first great 
 pitched battle, which was fought in a glen a few 
 miles south of Tralee,* the Milesians were vic- 
 torious. But they lost the aged Queen-Mother, 
 Scota, who fell amidst the slain, and was buried 
 beneath a royal cairn in Glen Scohene, close by. 
 Indeed the queens of ancient Ireland figure very 
 prominently in our history, as we shall learn as 
 we proceed. In the final engagement, which 
 was fought at Tailtan in Meath, between the 
 sons of Milesius and the three Tuatha de Danaan 
 kings, the latter were utterly and finally de- 
 feated, and were themselves slain. And with 
 their husbands, the three brothers, there fell 
 upon that dreadful day, when crown and coun- 
 try, home and husband, all were lost to them, 
 the three sisters. Queens Eire, Banva, and Fiola! 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 HOW IRELAND FARED UNDER THE MILESIAN DYNASTY. 
 
 It is unnecessary to follow through their de- 
 tails the proceedingfs of the Milesian princes in 
 the period immediately subsequent to the land- 
 ing. It will suffice to state that in a compara- 
 
 * All that I bave beeu bere relating is a condensation of 
 traditions, very old, and until recently little valued or 
 credited by bistorical theorists. Yet singular corrobora- 
 tions bave been turning up daily, establishing the truth 
 of tfie main facts thus handed down. Accidental excava- 
 tions a few years since in the glen which tradition has 
 handed down as the scene of this battle more than th7'ee 
 thonsand years ago, brought to light full corroboration of 
 this fact, at least, that a battle of great slaughter was 
 ought upon the exact spot some thousands of years ago. 
 
 tively brief time they subdued the country, 
 entering, however, into regular pacts, treaties, 
 or alliances with the conquered but not power- 
 less Firbolgs and Tuatha de Danaans. Accord- 
 ing to the constitution under which Ireland was 
 governed for more than a thousand years, the 
 population of the island were distinguished in 
 two classes — the Free Clans, and the Unfree 
 Clans; the former being the descendants of the 
 Milesian legions, the latter the descendants of 
 the subjected Tuatha de Danaans and Firbolgs. 
 The latter were allowed certain rights and privi- 
 leges, and to a great extent regulated their own 
 internal affairs ; but they could not vote in the 
 selection of a sovereign, nor exercise any other 
 of the attributes of full citizenship without 
 special leave. Indeed, those subject populations 
 occasioned the conquerors serious trouble by 
 their hostility from time to time for centuries 
 afterward. 
 
 The sovereignty of the island was jointly 
 vested in, or assumed by, Heremon and Heber, 
 the Romulus and Remus of ancient Ireland. 
 Like these twin brothers, who, seven hundred 
 years later on, founded Rome, Heber and Here- 
 mon quarreled in the sovereignty. In a pitched 
 battle fought between them Heber was slain, and 
 Heremon remained sole ruler of the island. 
 For more than a thousand years the dynasty 
 thus established reigned in Ireland, the scepter 
 never passing out of the family of Milesius in the 
 direct line of descent, unless upon one occasion 
 (to which I shall more fully advert at the proper 
 time) for the brief period of less than twenty 
 years. The Milesian sovereigns appear to have 
 exhibited considerable energy in organizing the 
 country and establishing what we may call "in- 
 stitutions," some of which have beeu adopted 
 or copied with improvements and adaptations by 
 the most civilized governments of the present 
 day ; and the island advanced in renown for 
 valor, for wealth, for manufactures, and for 
 commerce. 
 
 By this, however, my young readers are not to 
 suppose that anything like the civilization of 
 our times, or even faintly approaching that to 
 which ancient Greece and Rome afterward at- 
 tained, prevailed at this period in Ii-eland. Not 
 so. But, compared with the civilization of its 
 own period in northern and Western Eurooe, and
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 recolli ftmg how isolated and how far removed 
 Irelana was from the great center and source of 
 colonization and civilization in the East, the civ- 
 ilization of iiagan Ireland must be admitted to 
 iave been proudly eminent. In the works re- 
 maining to us of the earliest writers of ancient 
 Rome, we find references to Ii'eland that attest 
 the high position it then held in the estimation 
 of the most civilized and learned nations of an- 
 ti(iuity. From our own historians we know that 
 more than fifteen hundred years before the birth 
 of our Lord, gold mining and smelting, and 
 artistic working in the precious metals, were car- 
 ried on to a great extent in Ireland. Numerous 
 i^acts might be adduced to proTe that a high 
 order of political, social, industrial, and intel- 
 lectual intelligence prevailed in the country. 
 Even in an age which was rudely barbaric else- 
 where all over the world, the superiority of in- 
 tellect over force, of the scholar over the soldier, 
 was not only recognized but decreed bj^ leglisla- 
 tion in Ireland ! We find in the L'ish chronicles 
 that in the reign of Eochy the First (more than 
 a thousand j-ears before Christ) society was clas- 
 sified into seven grades, each marked by the 
 number of colors in its dress, and that in this clas- 
 sification men of learning, i.e., eminent scholars, 
 or savants as they would now be called, were by 
 law ranked next to royalty. 
 
 But the most signal proof of all, attesting the 
 existence in Ireland at that period of a civiliza- 
 tion marvelous for its time, was the celebrated 
 institution of the Feis Tara, or Triennial Parlia- 
 ment of Tara, one of the first formal parliaments 
 or legislative assemblies of which we have record.* 
 This great national legislative assembly was in- 
 stituted by an Irish monarch, whose name sur- 
 vives as a synonym of wisdom and justice, Ollav 
 Fiola, who reigned as Ard-Ri of Erinn about one 
 thousand years before the birth of Christ. To 
 this assembly were regularly summoned : 
 
 Firstly — All the subordinate royal j>rinces or 
 chieftains ; 
 
 Secondly — Ollavs and bards, judges, scholars, 
 and historians; and 
 
 Thirdly — Military commandere. 
 
 •The Ampliictyonic Council did not by any moans par- 
 take to a like extent of the nature and character of a par- 
 liament. 
 
 We have in the old records the most precise 
 accounts of the formalities observed a^ the open- 
 ing and during the sitting of the assembly, from 
 which we learn that its proceedings were regu- 
 lated with admirable order and conducted with 
 the greatest solemnity. 
 
 Nor was the institution of "triennial parlia- 
 ments" the only instance in which this illustri- 
 ous Irish monarch, two thousand eight hundred 
 years ago, anticipated to a certain extent the 
 forms of constitutional government of which the 
 nineteenth century is so proud. In the civil ad- 
 ministration of the kingdom the same enlightened 
 wisdom was displayed. He organized the coun- 
 try into regular prefectures. "Over every can- 
 tred, " says the historian, "he appointed a chief- 
 tain, and over every townland a kind of prefect 
 or secondary chief, all being the officials of the 
 king of Ireland. " After a reign of more than 
 forty years, this "true Irish king" died at an 
 advanced age, having lived to witness long the 
 prosperity, happiness, and peace which his noble 
 efforts had diffused all over the realm. His real 
 name was Eochy the Foui'th, but he is more 
 familiarly known in history by the title or sou- 
 briquet of "Ollav Fiola," that is, the "Ollav," 
 or lawgiver, pre-eminently of Ireland, or "Fiola." 
 
 Though the comparative civilization of Ire- 
 land at this remote time was so high, the annals 
 of the period disclose the usual recurrence of 
 wars for the throne between rival members of 
 the same dynasty, which early and medieval 
 European history in general exhibits. Reading 
 over the history of ancient Ireland, as of ancient 
 Greece, Rome, Assyria, Gaul, Britain, or Spain, 
 one is struck by the number of sovereigns who 
 fell by violent deaths, and the fewness of those 
 who ended their reigns otherwise. But those 
 were the days when between kings and princes, 
 chiefs and warriors, the sword was the ready 
 arbiter that decided all causes, executed all jiidg- 
 ments, avenged all wrongs, and accomplished all 
 ambitious. Moreover, it is essential to bear in 
 mind that the kings of those times commanded 
 and led their own armies, not merely in theory 
 or by "legal fiction," but in reality and fact; 
 and that iiersonal participation in the battle and 
 prowess in the field were expected and were 
 requisite on the part of the royal commander. 
 Under such circumstances one can easily perceive 
 
 *
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 6 
 
 iiow it came to pass, naturally and inevitably, 
 that the battlefield became ordinarily the death- 
 bed of the kiiiji. In those earlj- times the kings 
 who did not fall by the sword, in fair battle or 
 unfair assault, were the exceptions everywhere. 
 Yet it is a remarkable fact, that we find the 
 average duration of the reigns of Irish monarchs, 
 for fifteen hundred or two thousand years after 
 the Milesian dynasty ascended the throne, was 
 as long as that of most European reigns in the 
 seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centu- 
 ries. Several of the Milesian sovereigns enjoyed 
 reigns extending to over thirty years; some to 
 fifty years. Many of them were highly accom- 
 plished and learned men, liberal patrons of arts, 
 science, and commerce ; and as one of them, 
 fourteen hundred years before the Christian era, 
 instituted regularly convened parliaments, so we 
 find others of them instituting orders of knight- 
 hood and Companionships of Chivalry long be- 
 fore we hear of their establishment elsewhere. 
 
 The Irish kings of this period, as well as dur- 
 ing the first ten centuries of the Christian age, 
 in frequent instances intermarried with the royal 
 families of other countries — Spain, Gaul, Britain, 
 and Alba ; and the commerce and manufactures 
 of Ireland were, as the early Latin writers ac- 
 quaint us, famed in all the marts and ports of 
 Europe. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 HOW THE UNFREE CLANS TRIED A REVOLUTION; AND 
 WHAT CAME OF IT. HOW THE ROMANS THOUGHT 
 IT VAIN TO ATTEMPT A CONQUEST OF IRELAND. 
 
 During those fifteen hundred years preceding 
 the Christian era, the other great nations of 
 Europe, the Romans and the Greeks, were pass- 
 ing, by violent changes and bloody convulsions, 
 through nearly every conceivable form of govern- 
 ment — republics, confederations, empires, king- 
 doms, limited monarchies, despotisms, consu- 
 lates, etc. During the like period (fifteen cen- 
 turies) the one form of government, a limited 
 monarchy, and the one dynasty, the Milesian, 
 ruled in Ireland. The monarchy was elective, 
 but elective out of the eligible members of the 
 established or legitimate dynasty. 
 
 Indeed the principle of "legitimacy," as it is 
 
 sometimes called in our times — the hereditary- 
 right of a ruling family or dynasty — seems from 
 the earliest ages to have been devotedly, I might 
 almost say superstitiously, held by the Irish. 
 Wars for the crown, and violent changes of 
 rulers, were always frequent enough; but the 
 wars and the changes were always between mem- 
 bers of the i-uling family or "blood royal;" and 
 the two or three instances to the contrary that 
 occur are so singularly strong in their illustra- 
 tion of the fact to which I have adverted, that I 
 will cite one of them here. 
 
 The Milesians and the earlier settlers never 
 completely fused. Fifteen hundred years after 
 the Milesian landing, the Firbolgs, the Tuatha 
 de Danaans, and the Milesians were still sub- 
 stantially distinct races or classes, the first being 
 agriculturists or tillers of the soil, the second 
 manufacturers and merchants, the third soldiers 
 and rulers. The exactions and oppressions of 
 the ruling classes at one time became so griev- 
 ous that in the reign succeeding that of Creivan 
 the Second, who was the ninety-ninth Milesian 
 monarch of Ii'eland, a widespread conspiracy was 
 organized for the overthrow and extirpation of 
 the Milesian princes and aristocracy. After 
 three years of secret preparation, everything 
 being ready, the royal and noble Milesian fami- 
 lies, one and all, were invited to a "monster 
 meeting" for games, exhibitions, feastings, etc., 
 on the plain of Knock Ma, in the county of Gal- 
 way. The great spectacle had lasted nine days, 
 when suddenly the Milesians were set upon by 
 the Attacotti (as the Latin chroniclers called the 
 conspirators), and massacred to a man. Of the 
 royal line there escaped, however, three princes, 
 children yet unborn. Their mothers, wives of 
 Irish princes, were the daughters respectively of 
 the kings of Scotland, Saxony, and Brittany. 
 They succeeded in escaping into Albion, where 
 the three young princes were born and educated. 
 The successful conspirators raised to the throne 
 Carbry the First, who reigned five years, during 
 which time, say the chronicles, the country was 
 a prey to every misfortune ; the earth refused to 
 yield, the cattle gave no milk, the trees bore no 
 fruit, the waters had no fish, and "the oak *had 
 
 * Such was the deep faith the Irish had in the principle 
 of legitimacy in a dynasty ! This characteristic of nearl/
 
 6 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 but on. , acorn. ' ' Carbry was succeeded by his 
 son, Moien, -whose name deservedly lives in Irish 
 history as "Moran the Just." He refused to 
 ■wear- the crown, which belonged, he said, to the 
 royal line that had been so miraculously pre- 
 served ; and he urged that the rightful princes, 
 who by this time had grown to man's estate, 
 should be recalled. Moran 's powerful pleading 
 commended itself readily to the popular con- 
 science, already disquieted by the misfortunes 
 and evil omens which, as the iieople read them, 
 had fallen upon the laud since the legitimate 
 line had been so dreadfully cut down. The 
 young princes were recalled from exile, and one 
 of them, Faradah the Piighteous, was, amid 
 great rejoicing, elected king of Ireland. Moran 
 was appointed chief judge of Erinn, and under 
 his administration of justice the land long pre- 
 sented a scene of peace, happiness, and content- 
 ment. To the gold chain of office which Moran 
 wore on the judgment seat, the Irish for centu- 
 ries subsequently attached supernatural powers. 
 It was said that it would tighten around the neck 
 of the judge if he was unjustly judging a cause! 
 The dawn of Christianity found the Romans 
 masters of nearly the whole of the known world. 
 Britain, after a short struggle, succumbed, and 
 eventually learned to love the yoke. Gaul, after 
 a gallant effort, was also overpowered and held 
 as a conquered province. But upon Irish soil 
 the Roman eagles were never planted. Of Ire- 
 land, or lerne, as they called it, of its great 
 wealth and amazing beauty of scenery and rich- 
 aess of soil, the all-conquering Romans heard 
 much. But they had heard also that the fruitful 
 and beautiful island was peopled by a soldier 
 race, and, judging them by the few who occasion- 
 ally crossed to Alba to help their British neigh- 
 bors, and whose prowess and skill the imperial 
 legions had betimes to prove, the conquest of 
 
 all the Celtic Dations survives in all its force in the Jacobite 
 Relics of Ireland, the outbursts of Irish national feeling 
 seventeen liundred years subge</uenU!/. Ex.gr. Compare the 
 above taken from an old chronicle of the period, with the 
 well-Unown .Jacobite song translated from the Irish by 
 (lallanan : 
 
 " No more the cuckoo hails the spring ; 
 No more tlie woods with stanch hounds ring ; 
 The «Mn nc/irce Hg?its the norromng day, 
 Binee tlie rightful prince i»far away." 
 
 lerne was wisely judged by the Romans to be a 
 work better not attempted. 
 
 The eai-ly centuries of the Christian era may 
 be considered the period pre-eminently of pagan 
 bardic or legendary fame in Ireland. In this, 
 which we may call the "Ossianic" period, lived 
 Cuhal or Cumhal, father of the celebrated Fin 
 Mac Cumhal, and commander of the great Irish 
 legion called the Fiana Erion, or Ii-ish militia. 
 The Ossianic poems* recount the most marvelous 
 stories of Fin and Fiana Erion, which stories ai'e 
 compounds of undoubted facts and manifest fic- 
 tions, the prowess of the heroes being in the 
 coixrse of time magnified into the supernatural, 
 and the figures and poetic allegories of the earlier 
 bai'ds gradually coming to be read as realities. 
 Some of these poems are gross, extravagant, and 
 absurd. Others of them are of rare beauty, and 
 are, moreover, valuable for the insight they give, 
 though obliquely, into the manners and customs, 
 thoughts, feelings, guiding principles, and mov- 
 ing passions of the ancient Irish. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 BARDIC TALES OF ANCIENT EKINN "tHE SORROWFUI. 
 
 FATE OF THE CHILDREN OF USNA. ' ' 
 
 One of the oldest, and perhaps the most fa- 
 mous, of all the great national history-poems or 
 bai-dic tales of the ancient Irish, is called "The 
 Fate of the Children of Usna, ' ' the incidents of 
 which belong to the period preceding by half a 
 century the Christian era, or anno mundi 3960. 
 Indeed it was always classified by the bards as 
 one of "The Three Sorrowful Tales of Erinn." 
 Singularly enough, the story contains much less 
 poetic fiction, and keeps much closer to the simple 
 facts of history, than do several of the poems of 
 Ossian's time, written much later on. From the 
 highly dramatic and tragic nature of the events 
 related, one can well conceive that, clad in the 
 beautiful idiom of the Irish tongue and told in 
 the fanciful language of poetry, "The Story of 
 the Children of Usnach" was calculated to win a 
 prominent place among the bardic recitals of 
 the pagan Irish. A semi-fanciful version of it 
 has been given in English at great length by Dr. 
 
 •So called from their author, Oisin, or Ossian, the war- 
 rior poet, son of Fin, and grandson of Cuhal.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Ferguson in the "Hibernian Nights' Entertain- 
 ment ;" but the story is variously related by other 
 narrators. As it may, perhaps, be interesting 
 to my young readers, I summarize the various 
 versions here as the only specimen I mean to 
 give of the semi-imaginative literature of the 
 pagan Irish : 
 
 When Conor Mac Nessa was reigning king of 
 TJlidia, and Eochy the Tenth was Ard-Ei of 
 Eriuu, it happened one day that Conor had 
 deigned to be present at a feast which was given 
 at the house of Eelemi, son of the laureate of 
 Ulster. While the festivities were going on, it 
 came to pass that the wife of the host gave birth 
 to a daughter; and the infant being brought 
 into the presence of the king and the other 
 assembled guests, all saw that a beauty more 
 than natural had been given to the cliild. In the 
 midst of remark and marvel on all hands at the 
 circumstance, Kavaiee, the chief Druid of the 
 Dlidians, cried out with a loud voice and proph- 
 esied that through the infant before them 
 there would come dark woe and misfortune to 
 Ulster, such as the laud had not known for years. 
 When the warriors heard this, they all demanded 
 that the child should instantly be put to death. 
 But Conor interposed and forbade the deed. 
 "I," said the king, "will myself take charge of 
 this beautiful child of destiny. I shall have her 
 reared where no evil can befall through her or to 
 her, and in time she may become a wife for me. " 
 Then the chief Druid, Kavaiee, named the child 
 Deirdri, which means alarm or danger. Conor 
 placed the infant under the charge of a nurse or 
 attendant, and subsequently a female tutor, in a 
 residence situated in a district which no foot of 
 man was allowed to tread ; so that Deirdri had 
 grown to the age of woman before sho saw a 
 human form other than those of her female at- 
 tendants. And the maiden was beautiful beyond 
 aught that the eye of man had ever beheld. 
 
 Meanwhile, at the court of the Ulidian king 
 ■was a young noble named Naeisi, son of Usna, 
 whose manly beauty, vigor, activity, and bravery 
 were the theme of every tongue. One day, 
 accompanied only by a faithful deerhound, Naeisi 
 had hunted the deer from the rising of the sun, 
 until, toward evening, he found the chase had 
 led him into a district quite strange to his eye. 
 He paused to think how best he might retrace 
 
 his way homeward, when suddenly the terrible' 
 idea flashed across his mind that he was within 
 the forbidden ground which it was death to enter 
 — the watchfully-guarded retreat of the king's 
 mysterious j^ro/e^K', Deirdri. While pondering 
 on his fatal position, ho came suddenly upon 
 Deirdri and her nurse, who were strolling in the 
 sunset by a running stream. Deirdri cried out 
 with joy to her attendant, and asked what sort 
 of a being it was who stood beyond ; for she had 
 never seen any such before The consternation 
 and embarrassment of the aged attendant were 
 extreme, and she in vain sought to baffle Deirdri '» 
 queries, and to induce her to hasten homeward, 
 Naeisi too, riveted by the beauty of Deirdri, even 
 though he knew the awful consequences of his 
 unexpected presence there, stirred not from the 
 scene. He felt that even on the penalty of death 
 he would not lose the enchanting vision. He 
 and Deirdri spoke to each other ; and eventua'.ly 
 the nurse, perplexed at first, seems to have be- 
 come a confidante to the attachment which on 
 the spot sprung up between the young people. 
 
 It was vain for them, however, to hide from 
 themselves the fate awaiting them on the king's 
 discovery of their affection, and accordingly Naeisi 
 3nd Deirdri arranged that they would fly into 
 Alba .where they might find a home. Now 
 Naeisi was greatly loved by all the nobles of 
 Ulster ; but most of all was he loved by his two 
 brothers, Anli and Ardan, and his affection for 
 them caused him to feel poignantly the idea of 
 leaving them forever. So he confided to them 
 the dread secret of his love for Deirdri and" of the- 
 flight he and she had planned. Then Anli and 
 Ardan said that wherever Naeisi would fly, 
 thither also would they go, and with their good 
 swords guard their brother and the wife for 
 whom he was sacrificing home and heritage. So, 
 privately selecting a trusty band of one hundred 
 and fifty warriors, Naeisi, Anli, and Ardan, tak- 
 ing Deirdri with them, succeeded in making 
 their escape out of Ireland and into Alba, where 
 the king of that country, aware of their noble 
 lineage and high valor, assigned them ample 
 "maintenance and quarterage," as the bards ex- 
 press it. There they lived peacefully and happilj- 
 for a time, until the fame of Deirdri 's unequalled 
 beauty made the Albanian king restless and envi- 
 ous, reflecting that he might, as sovereign, him-
 
 8 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 self claim her as wife, -wbieli demand at length 
 he made. Naeisi and bis brothers were filled 
 ■with indignation at this ; but their difficulty was 
 extreme, for whither now could they fly? Ire- 
 land was closed against them forever; and now 
 they were no longer safe in Alba! The full dis- 
 tress of their position was soon realized : for the 
 iiug of Alba came with force of arms to take 
 Deirdri. After many desperate encounters and 
 adventures, however, any one of which would 
 supply ample material for a poem-story, the 
 exilevl brothers and their retainers made good 
 their retreat into a small island off the Scottish 
 coast. 
 
 '\\'hen it was heard in TJlidia that the sons of 
 TJsna were in such sore strait, great murmurs 
 •went round among the nobles of Ulster, for 
 Kaeisi and his brothers were greatly beloved of 
 them all. Bo the nobles of the province eventu- 
 ally spoke up to the king, and said it was hard 
 and a sad thing that these three .young nobles, 
 the foremost warriors of Ulster, should be lost to 
 their native land and should suffer such difficulty 
 "on account of one woman. " Conor saw what 
 discontent and disaffection would prevail through- 
 out the province if the popular favorites were not 
 at once pardoned and recalled. He consented to 
 the entreaties of the nobles, and a royal courier 
 was dispatched with the glad tidings to the sons 
 of Usna. 
 
 When the news came, joy beamed on everj' 
 face but on that of Deirdri. She felc an unac- 
 countable sense of fear and sorrow, "as if of 
 coming ill." Yet, with all Naeisi's unbounded 
 love for her, she feared to put it to the strain of 
 calling on him to choose between exile with her 
 or a return to Ireland without her. For it was 
 clear that both he and Anli and Ardan longed in 
 their hearts for one glimpse of the hills of Erinu. 
 However, she could not conceal the terrible dread 
 that oppressed her, and Naeisi, though his soul 
 yearned for home, was so moved by Deirdri 's 
 forebodings, that he replied to the royal messen- 
 ger by exi)ressing doubts of the safety promised 
 to him if he returned. 
 
 When this answer reached Ulster, it only in- 
 flamed the discontent against tlie king, and the 
 noVjlcB agreed that it was but right that the most 
 Bolemn guarantees and ample sureties should be 
 given to the sons of Usna on the part of the king. 
 
 To this also Conor assented ; and he gave Fergus 
 Mac Eoi, Duthach del Ulad, and Cormac Colingas 
 as guarantees or hostages that he would himself 
 act toward the sons of Usna in good faith. 
 
 The royal messenger set out once more, accom- 
 panied by Fiachy, a young noble of Ulster, son 
 of Fergus Mac Koi, one of the three hostages ; 
 and now there remained no excuse for Naeisi de- 
 laying to return. Deirdri still felt oppressed by 
 the mysterious sense of dread and hidden danger • 
 but (so she reflected) as Naeisi and his devoted 
 brothers had hiterto uncomplainingly sacrificed 
 everything for her, she would now sacrifice her 
 feelings for their sakes. She assented, therefore 
 (though with secret sorrow and foreboding), to 
 their homeward voyage. 
 
 Soon the gallej'S laden with the returning 
 exiles reached the Irish shore. On landing, they 
 found a Dalariadan legion waiting to escort them 
 to Emania, the palace of the king ; and of this 
 legion the young Fiachy was the commander 
 Before completing the first day's march some 
 misgivings seem occasionally to have flitted 
 across the minds of the brothers, but they were 
 allayed by the frank and fearless, brave and hon- 
 orable Fiachy, who told them to have no fear, 
 and to be of good heart. But every spear's 
 length they drew near to Emania, Deirdri 's feel- 
 ings became more and more insupportable, and 
 so overpowered was she with the forebodings of 
 evil, that again the cavalcade halted, and again 
 the brothers would have turned back but for the 
 persuasions of their escort. Next day, toward 
 evening, they sighted Emania. "O Naeisi," 
 cried Deirdri, "view the cloud that I here see in 
 the sky! I see over Eman Green a chilling cloud 
 of blood-tinged red." But Naeisi tried to cheer 
 her with assurances of safety and pictures of the 
 happy days that were yet befoi-e them. 
 
 Nest day came Durthaeht, chieftain of Fermao 
 (now Farne.v), sa.viug that he came from the 
 king, by whose orders the charge of the escort 
 should now be given to him. But Fiach.y, who 
 perhaps at this stage began to have misgivings 
 as to what was in meditation, answered that to 
 no one would he sun-ender the honorable trust 
 confided to him on the stake of his father's life 
 and honor, which with his own life and honor he 
 would defend. 
 
 And here, iiifcri'upting the summarized text
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 9 
 
 of the story, I may state that it is a matter of 
 doubt whether the king was really a party to the 
 treachery which ensued, or whether Durthacht 
 and others themselves moved in the bloody busi- 
 ness without his orders, using his name and cal- 
 culating that what they iiroposed to do would 
 secretly please him, would be readily forgiven or 
 approved, and would recommend them to Conor's 
 favor. Conor's character as it stands on the 
 page of authentic history, woixld forbid the idea 
 of such murderous perfidy on his part ; but all 
 the versions of the tale allege the king's guilt to 
 be deep and plain. 
 
 Fiachy escorted his charge to a palace which 
 had been assigned for them in the neighborhood ; 
 and, much to the disconcerting of Durthacht of 
 Fermae, quartered his legion of Dalariadans as 
 guards upon the building. That night neither 
 the chivalrous Fiachy nor the children of Usna 
 disguised the now irresistible and mournful con- 
 viction that foul play was to be apprehended ; 
 but Naeisi and his brothers had seen enough of 
 their brave young custodian to convince them 
 that, even though his own father should come at 
 the palace gate, to bid him connive at the sur- 
 render of his charge, Fiachy would defend them 
 while life remained. 
 
 Next morning the effort was renewed to induce 
 Fiachy to hand over the charge of the returned 
 exiles. He was immovable. ""What interest is 
 it of yours to obstruct the king's orders?" said 
 Durthacht of Fermae; "can you not turn over 
 your responsibility to us, and in peace and safety 
 go your way?" — "It is of the last interest to 
 me, "replied Fiachy, "to see that the sons of 
 Usna have not trusted in vain on the word of the 
 king, on the hostage of my father, or on the 
 honor of my father's son." Then all chance of 
 prevailing on Fiachy being over, Durthacht gave 
 the signal for assault, and the palace was stormed 
 on all sides. 
 
 Then spoke Naeisi, touched to the heart by the 
 devotion and fidelity of Fiachy: "Why should 
 you perish defending us? We have seen all. 
 Your honor is safe, noblest of youths. We will 
 not have you sacrifice vainly resisting the fate 
 that for us now is clearly inevitable. We will 
 meet death calmly, we will surrender ourselves, 
 and spare needless slaughter." But Fiachy 
 would not have it so, and all the entreaties of 
 
 the sons of Usna could not prevail upon him to 
 assent. "lam here, " said he, "the representa- 
 tive of my father's hostage, of the honor of 
 Ulster, and the word of the king. To these and 
 on me you trusted. While you were safe you 
 would have turned back, but for me. Now, they 
 who would harm you must pass over the lifeless 
 corpse of Fiachy." 
 
 Then they asked that they might at least go 
 forth on the ramparts and take part in the de- 
 fense of the palace ; but Fiachy pointed out that 
 by the etiquette of knightly honor in Ulidia, this 
 would be infringing on his sacred charge. He 
 was the pledge for their safetj-, and he alone 
 should look to it. They must, under no circum- 
 stances, run even the slightest peril of a spear- 
 wound, unless he should first fall, when by the 
 laws of honor, his trust would have been 
 acquitted, but not otherwise. So ran the code 
 of chivalry among the warriors of Dalariada. 
 
 Then Naeisi and his brothers and Deirdri with- 
 drew into the palace, and no more, even by a 
 glance, gave sign of any interest or thought 
 whatsoever about their fate ; whether it was near 
 or far,-brighteuing or darkening; "but Naeisi 
 and Deirdri sat down at a chessboard and played 
 at the game." 
 
 Meanwhile, not all the thunders of the heavens 
 could equal the resounding din of the clanging 
 of shields, the clash of swords and spears, the 
 cries of the wounded, and the shouts of the com- 
 batants outside. The assailants were twenty to 
 one; but the faithful Fiachy and his Dalariadans 
 performed prodigies of valor, and at noon they 
 still held the outer ramparts of all. By th& 
 assailants nothing had yet been won. 
 
 An attendant rushed with word to Naeisi. H& 
 raised not his eyes from the board, but continued 
 the game. 
 
 But now the attacking party, having secured 
 reinforcements, returned to the charge with in- 
 creased desperation. For an hour there was no 
 pause in the frightful fury of the struggle. 
 
 At length the first rampart was won. 
 
 A wounded guard rushed in with the dark 
 news to Naeisi, who "moved a piece on the 
 board, but never raised his ej-es. " 
 
 The story in this way goes on to describe how, 
 as each fosse surrounding the palace was lost and 
 won, and as the din and carnage of the strife
 
 10 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 drew nearer and nearer to the doomed guests in- 
 side, each report from the scene of slaughter, 
 whether of good or evil report failed alike to 
 elicit the slightest motion of concern or interest 
 one way or another from the brothers or from 
 Deirdri. In all the relics we possess of the old 
 poems or bardic stories of those pagan times, 
 there is nothing finer than the climax of the 
 tragedy which the semi-imaginative stoi-y I have 
 been epitomizing here proceeds to reach. The 
 deafening clangor and bloody strife outside, 
 drawing nearer and nearei-, the supreme equa- 
 nimity of the noble victims inside, too proud to 
 evince the slightest emotion, is most powerfully 
 and dramatically antithesized; the story culmi- 
 nating in the final act of the tragedy, when the 
 faithful Fiachy and the last of his guards having 
 been slain, "the Sons of Usna" met their fate 
 with a dignity that befitted three such noble 
 champions of Ulster. 
 
 "V\'hen Fergus and Duthach heard of the foul 
 murder of the sous of Usna, in violation of the 
 pledge for which they themselves were sureties, 
 they marched upon Emania, and, in a desperate 
 encounter with Conor's forces in which tire king's 
 son was slain and his palace burned to the ground, 
 they inaugurated a desolating war that lasted in 
 Ulster for many a year, and amply fulfilled the 
 dark prophecy of Kavaiee the Druid in the hour 
 of Deirdri 's birth. 
 
 Deirdri, we are told, "never smiled" from the 
 day of the slaughter of her husband on Eman 
 Green. 
 
 In vain the king lavished kindness and 
 favors upon her. In vain he exhausted every 
 resource in the endeavor to cheer, amuse, or in- 
 .terest her. 
 
 One day, after more than a year had been 
 'passed by Deirdri in this settled but placid 
 despair and melancholy, Conor took her in his 
 own chariot to drive into the country. He at- 
 tempted to jest her sarcastically about her con- 
 tinued grieving for Naeisi, when suddenly she 
 Bprang out of the chariot, then flying at the full 
 Hpeed of the steeds, and falling headforemost 
 ngainst a sharp rock on the roadside, was killed 
 upoTi tlie si>ot 
 
 "Well known to most Irish readers, young and 
 old, is Moore's beautiful and passionate "La- 
 BQont for the Children of Usna:" 
 
 "Avenging and bright fall the swift sword ol 
 Erin 
 On him who the brave sons of Usna be- 
 trayed ! — 
 For every fond eye he hath waken 'd a tear in, 
 A drop from his heart-wounds shall weep 
 o'er her blade! 
 
 "By the red cloud that hung over Conor's dark 
 dwelling, 
 When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping 
 in gore — 
 By the billows of war, which so often, high 
 swelling, 
 Have wafted these heroes to victory's shore — 
 
 ""We swear to revenge them! — 
 No joy shall be tasted. 
 The harp shall be silent, the maiden unwed. 
 Our halls shall be mute, and our fields shall 
 lie wasted. 
 Till vengeance is wreak'd on the murderer's 
 head! 
 
 "Yes, monarch, tho' sweet are our home recol- 
 lections; 
 Though sweet are the tears that from tender- 
 ness fall; 
 Though sweet are our friendships, our hopes, 
 our affections. 
 Revenge on a tyrant is sweetest of all!" 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE DEATH OF KINO CONOR MAC NES3A. 
 
 I HAVE alluded to doubts suggested in my 
 mind by the facts of authentic history, as to 
 whether King Conor Mac Ncssa was likely to 
 have played the foul part attributed to him in 
 this celebrated bardic story, and for which, cer- 
 tainly, the "sureties" Fergus, Duthach, and 
 Cormac, held him to a terrible account. All that 
 can be said is, that no other incident recorded 
 of him would warrant such an estimate of his 
 character; and it is certain he was a num of 
 many brave and noble parts. He met his death 
 under truly singular circumstances. The ancient 
 bardic version of the event is almost literally 
 given in the following poem, by Mr. T. D. Sulli- 
 van:
 
 ■COPYRIGHT, I3q8. 
 
 THOMAS MOORH. 
 
 MURPHV & MCCARTH,.
 
 I
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 11 
 
 DEATH OF KING CONOR MAC NESSA. 
 I. 
 
 'Twas a day full of sorrow for Ulster when Conor 
 
 Mac Nessa went forth 
 To punish the clansmen of Connaught who dared 
 
 to take spoil from the North ; 
 For his men brought him back from the battle 
 
 scarce better than one that was dead, 
 AVith the brain-ball of Mesgedra* buried two- 
 thirds of its depth in his head. 
 His royal physician bent o'er him, great Fingen, 
 
 who often before 
 Stanched the war-battered bodies of heroes, and 
 
 built them for battle once more. 
 And be looked on the wound of the monarch, and 
 
 heark'd to his low- breathed sighs. 
 And he said, "In the day when that missile is 
 
 loosed from his forehead, he dies. 
 
 II. 
 
 "Yet lon^ midst the people who love him King 
 
 Conor Mac Nessa may reign. 
 If always the high pulse of passion be kept from 
 
 his heart and his brain ; 
 And for this I lay down his restrictions : — no 
 
 more from this day shall his place 
 Be with armies, in battles, or hostings, or lead- 
 ing the van of the chase ; 
 At night when the banquet is flashing, his 
 
 measure of wine must be small. 
 And take heed that the bright eyes of woman be 
 
 kept from his sight above all ; 
 For if heart-thrilling joyance or anger awhile 
 
 o'er his being have power. 
 The ball will start forth from his forehead, and 
 surely he dies in that hour." 
 
 III. 
 
 Oh! woe for the valiant King Conor, struck down 
 
 from the summit of life, 
 "While glory unclouded shone round him, and 
 
 regal enjoyment was rife — 
 
 * The pagan Irish warriors sometimes took the brai'ns out 
 of champions whom they had slain in single combat, mixed 
 them up with lime, and rolled them into balls, which 
 hardened with time, and which they preserved as trophies. 
 It was with one of these balls, which had been abstracted 
 from his armory, that Conor Mao Nessa was wounded, as 
 ■described in the text. 
 
 Shut out from his toils and his duties, condemned 
 
 to ignoble repose, 
 No longer to friends a true helper, no longer a 
 
 scourge to his foes! 
 He, the strong-handed smiter of champions, the 
 
 piercer of armor and shields. 
 The foremost in earth-shaking onsets, the last 
 
 out of blood-sodden fields — 
 The mildest, the kindest, the gayest, when revels 
 
 ran high in his hall — 
 Oh, well might his true-hearted people feel 
 
 gloomy and sad for his fall ! 
 
 IV. 
 
 The princes, the chieftains, the nobles, who met 
 
 to consult at his board. 
 Whispered low when their talk was of combats, 
 
 and wielding the spear and the sword : 
 The bards from their harps feared to waken the 
 
 full-pealing sweetness of song, 
 To give homage to valor or beauty, or praise to 
 
 the wise and the strong ; 
 The flash of no joj--giving story made cheers or 
 
 gay laughter resound. 
 Amid silence constrained and unwonted the 
 
 seldom-filled wine-cup went round ; 
 And, sadder to all who remembered the glories 
 
 and joys that had been. 
 The heart-swaying presence of woman not once 
 
 shed its light on the scene. 
 
 He knew it, he felt it, and sorrow sunk daily 
 
 more deep in his heart ; 
 He wearied of doleful inaction, from all his 
 
 loved labors apart. 
 He sat at his door in the sunlight, sore grieving 
 
 and weeping to see 
 The life and the motion around him, and nothing 
 
 so stricken as he. 
 Above him the eagle went wheeling, before him 
 
 the deer galloped by. 
 And the quick-legged rabbits went skipping from 
 
 green glades and burrows a-nigh, 
 The song-birds sang out from the copses, the 
 
 bees passed on musical wing. 
 And all things were happy and busy, save Conor 
 
 Mac Nessa the king!
 
 12 
 
 THE STOKY OP IRELAND. 
 
 VI. 
 
 So yeaxs had passed oyer, when, sitting mid 
 silence like that of the tomb, 
 
 A terror crept through him as sudden the noon- 
 light was blackened with gloom. 
 
 One red flare of lighting blazed brightly, illum- 
 ing the landscape ai'ound. 
 
 One thunder-peal roared through the mountains, 
 and rumbled and crashed under ground ; 
 
 He heard the rocks bursting asunder, the trees 
 tearing up by the roots. 
 
 And loud through the horrid confusion the 
 howling of terrified brutes. 
 
 From the halls of his tottering palace came 
 screamings of terror and pain. 
 
 And he saw crowding thickly around him the 
 ghosts of the foes he had slain ! 
 
 vn. 
 
 And as soon as the sudden commotion that shud- 
 dered through nature had ceased. 
 
 The king sent for Barach, his Druid, and said : 
 "Tell me truly, O priest, 
 
 What magical arts have created this scene of vj'.d 
 horror and dread? 
 
 "What has blotted the blue sky above us, and 
 shaken the earth that we tread? 
 
 Are the gods that we worship offended? what 
 crime or what wrong has been done? 
 
 Has the fault been committed in Ei-in, and how 
 may their favor be won ? 
 
 "What rites may avail to appease them? what 
 gifts on their altars should smoke? 
 
 Only say, and the offering demanded we lay by 
 your consecrate oak. ' ' 
 
 vni. 
 
 "O king," said the white-bearded Druid, "the 
 
 truth unto me has been shown. 
 There lives but one God, the Eternal ; far up in 
 
 high Heaven is His throne. 
 He looked ui>on men with compassion, and sent 
 
 from His kingdom of light 
 His Son, in the shape of a mortal, to teach them 
 
 and guide thein aright. 
 Near the time of your birth, O King Conor, the 
 
 Savior of mankind was born, 
 Xnd since then in the kingdoms far eastward He 
 
 taught, toiled, and prayed, till this morn. 
 
 When wicked men seized Him, fast bound Him 
 with nails to a cross, lanced His side. 
 
 And that moment of gloom and confusion was 
 earth's cry of di-ead when He died. 
 
 IX. 
 
 "O king. He was gracious and gentle. His heart 
 
 was all pity and love. 
 And for men He was ever beseeching the grace 
 
 of His Father above; 
 He helped them. He healed them. He blessed 
 
 them. He labored that all might attain 
 To the true God's high kingdom of glory, where 
 
 never comes sorrow or pain ; 
 But they rose in their pride and their folly, their 
 
 hearts filled with merciless rage. 
 That only the sight of His life-blood fast poured 
 
 from His heai't could assuage : 
 Yet while on the cross-beams uplifted. His body 
 
 racked, tortured, and riven. 
 He prayed — -not for justice or vengeance, but 
 
 asked that His foes be forgiven. ' ' 
 
 X. 
 
 With a bound from his seat rose King Conor, thf* 
 
 red flush of rage on his face, 
 Fast he ran through the hall for his weapons, 
 
 and snatching his sword from its place. 
 He rushed to the woods, striking wildly at 
 
 boughs that dropped down with each blow, 
 And he cried: "Were I midst the vile rabble, I'd 
 
 cleave them to earth even so! 
 With the strokes of a high king of Erinn, the 
 
 whirls of my keen-tempered sword, 
 I would save from their horrible fury that mild 
 
 and that merciful Lord." 
 His frame shook and heaved with emotion ; the 
 
 brain-ball leaped forth from his head. 
 And commending his soul to that Savior, King 
 
 Conor Mac Nessa fell dead. 
 
 CHAPTEK VI. 
 
 THE ''GOLDEN AGe" OP PRE-CHRISTIAN ERINN. 
 
 As early as the reign of Ard-Ki Cormac the 
 First — the first years of the third century — the 
 Christian faith had iienetrated into Ireland. 
 Prol)ably in the commercial intercourse betweej^
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 13 
 
 the Irish and continental ports, some Christian 
 converts had been made among the Irish navi- 
 gators or merchants. Some historians think the 
 monarch himself, Cormac, toward the close of his 
 life adored the true God, and attempted to put 
 down druidism. ' ' His reign, ' ' says Mr. Haverty 
 the historian, "is generally looked upon as the 
 brightest epoch in the entire history of pagan 
 Ireland. He established three colleges ; one for 
 War, one for History, and the third for Jurispru- 
 dence. He collected and remodeled the laws, 
 and published the code which remained in force 
 until the English invasion (a period extending 
 beyond nine hundred years), and outside the 
 English Pale for many centuries after! He 
 assembled the bards and chroniclers at Tara, and 
 directed them to collect the annals of Ii-eland, 
 and to write out the records of the country from 
 year to year, making them synchronize with the 
 history of other countries, by collating events 
 ■with the reigns of contemporary foreign i^oten- 
 tates ; Cormac himself having been the inventor 
 of this kind of chronology. These annals formed 
 what is called the 'Psalter of Tara,' which also 
 contained full details of the boiradaries of prov- 
 inces, districts, and small divisions of land 
 throughout Ireland ; but unfortunately this great 
 record has been lost, no vestige of it being now, 
 it is believed, in existence. The magnificence of 
 Cormac's palace at Tara was commensurate with 
 the greatness of his power and the brilliancy of 
 his actions ; and he fitted out a fleet which he 
 sent to harass the shores of Alba or Scotland, 
 until that country also was compelled to acknowl- 
 edge him as sovereign. He wrote a book or 
 tract called Teaguscna-Ri, or the 'Institutions of 
 a Prince, ' which is still in existence, and which 
 contains admirable maxims on manners, morals, 
 and government." This illustrious sovereign 
 died A.D. 2G6, at Cleitach, on the Boyne, a sal- 
 mon bone, it is said, having fastened in his 
 throat while dining, and defied all efforts at ex- 
 trication. He was bui'ied at Ross-na-ri, the first 
 of the pagan monarchs for many generations who 
 was not interred at Brugh, the famous burial 
 place of the pre-Christian kings. A vivid tradi- 
 tion relating the circumstances of his burial has 
 been very beautifully versified by Dr. Ferguson 
 in his poem, "The Burial of King Cormac:" 
 
 " 'Crom Cruach and his sub-gods 'welve, ' 
 Said Cormac, 'are but craven treeue; 
 The ax that made them, haft or helve. 
 Had worthier of our worship been : 
 
 " 'But He who made the tree to grow. 
 And hid in earth tlie iron-stonre. 
 And made the man with mind to know 
 The ax's use, is God alone.' " 
 
 The Druids hear of this fearful speech, and are 
 horrified : 
 
 "Anon to priests of Crom was brought 
 (Where girded in their service dread 
 They ministered on red Moy Slaught) 
 Word of the words King Cormac said. 
 
 "They loosed their curse against the king. 
 They cursed him in his flesh and bones 
 And daily in their mystic ring 
 
 They turned the maledictive stones. 
 
 At length one day comes the news to them 
 that the king is dead, "choked upon the food he 
 ate,'' and they exultantly sound "the praise of 
 their avenging god." Cormac, before he dies, 
 however, leaves as his last behest, a direction 
 that he shall not be interred in the old pagan 
 cemetery of the kings at Brugh, but at Ross- 
 na-ri : 
 
 "But ere the voice was wholly spent 
 
 That priest and prince should still obey. 
 To awed attendants o'er him bent 
 
 Great Cormac gathered breath to say : 
 
 " 'Spread not the beds of Brugh for me. 
 When restless death-bed's use is done; 
 But bury me at Ross-nar-ee, 
 And face me to the rising sun. 
 
 " 'For all the kings who lie in Brugh 
 
 Put trust in gods of wood and stone ; 
 And 'twas at Ross that first I knew 
 One Unseen, who is God alone. 
 
 " 'His glory lightens from the east. 
 
 His message soon shall reach our shore,. 
 And idol-god and cursing priest 
 
 Shall plague us from Moy Slaught no 
 more. ' "
 
 14 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 King Cormac 3ies, and his people one and all 
 are shocked at the idea of burying him anywhere 
 save in the ancient pagan cemetery -where all his 
 ffxeat forefathers repose. They agree that he 
 must have been raving when he desired other- 
 wise; and they decide to bury him in Brugh, 
 where his grandsire, Conn of the hundred Battles, 
 lies armor-clad, upright, hound at foot and spear 
 in hand : 
 
 "Dead Cormac on his bier they laid: 
 'He reigned a king for forty years; 
 And shame it were,' his captains said, 
 'He lay not with his royal peers: 
 
 " 'His grandsire, Hundi-ed Battles, sleeps 
 Serene in Brugh, and all around 
 Dead kings, in stone sepulchral keeps. 
 Protect the sacred burial ground. 
 
 " 'What though a dying man should rave 
 
 Of changes o'er the eastern sea. 
 
 In Brugh of Boyne shall be his grave. 
 
 And not in noteless Ross-na-ree. ' 
 
 "Then northward forth they bore the bier. 
 And down from Sleithac's side they drew 
 "With horseman and with charioteer. 
 
 To cross the fords of Boyne to Brugh." 
 
 Suddenly "a breath of finer air" touches the 
 river "with rustling wings." 
 
 ' Vnd as the burial train came down 
 
 With dirge, and savage doloi'ous shows, 
 
 Across their pathway broad and brown. 
 The deep full-hearted river rose. 
 
 "From bank to bank through all his fords, 
 
 Neath blackening squalls he swelled and 
 boiled. 
 And thrice the wond'ring gentile lords 
 Essay'd to cross, and thrice recoil'd. 
 
 ■'Then forth stepped gray-haired warriors four; 
 They said: 'Through angrier floods than 
 these. 
 On link'd shield once our King we bore 
 From Dread-spear and the hosts of Deece ; 
 
 " 'And long as loyal will holds good. 
 
 And limbs respond with helpful thews. 
 Nor flood nor fiend witliiu the flood 
 Shall bai- him of his burial dues.' " 
 
 So they lift the bier, and step into the boiling 
 surge. 
 
 "And now they slide and now they swim. 
 And now amid the blackening squall. 
 Gray locks afloat with clutchings grim. 
 They plunge around the floating pall. 
 
 "While as a youth with practiced spear 
 
 Through justling crowds bears off the ring-- 
 Boyne from their shoulders caught the bier. 
 And proudly bare away the King!" 
 
 The foaming torrent sweeps the coffin a"vay; 
 next day it is found far down the river, stranded 
 on the bank under Ross-na-ri ; the last behegt of 
 Cormac is fulfilled after all! 
 
 "At morning on the grassy marge 
 
 Of Ross-ua-ree the corjjse was found. 
 And shepherds at their early charge. 
 Entombed it in the peaceful ground. 
 
 "And life and time rejoicing run 
 
 From age to age their wonted way; 
 But still he waits the risen Sun, 
 For still it is only dawning Day." 
 
 In the two centuries succeeding, there flour- 
 ished among other sovereigns of Ireland iless 
 known to fame, the celebrated Nial of the Nine 
 Hostages, and King Dahi. During these two 
 hundred years the flag of Ii-eland waved thi'ough 
 continental Europe over victorious legions and 
 fleets; the Irish monarchs leading powerful 
 armies across the plains of Gaul, and up to the 
 very confines of "the Caesar's domains" in 
 Italy. It was the day of Ireland's military power 
 in Europe ; a day which subsequently waned so 
 disastrouslj', and, later on, set in utter gloom. 
 Neighboring Britain, whose yoke a thousand 
 years subsequent!:"" Ireland was to wear, then lay 
 helpless and abject at the mercy of the Irish 
 hosts ; the Britons, as history relates, absolutely 
 weeping and wailing at the departure ?f the 
 enslaving Roman legions, because nov • there 
 would be naught to stay the visits of the Scoti, 
 or Irish, and the Picts! The courts of the Irisli 
 princes and homes of the Irish nobility were filled 
 with white slave attendants, brought from abroad. 
 
 * This was a sobriquet, 
 the Second. 
 
 His real name was FeredacU
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 15 
 
 fiome from Gaul, but the most from Anglia. It 
 was in this way the youtliful Patriciua, or Pat- 
 rick, was brought a slave iuto Ireland from Gaul. 
 As the power of Imperial Rome began to pale, 
 and the outlying legions were being every year 
 drawn in nearer and nearer to the great city 
 itself, the Irish sunburst blazed over tLe scene, 
 and the retreating Romans found the cohorts of 
 Erinn pushing dauntlessly and vengefully on 
 their track. Although the Irish chronicles of 
 the period themselves say little of the deeds of 
 the armies abroad, the continental records of the 
 time give us pretty full insight into the part they 
 played on the European stage in that day.* Nial 
 of fhe Nine Hostages met his death in Gaul, on 
 the banks of the Loire, while leading his armies 
 in one of those campaigns. The death of King 
 Dahi, who was killed by lightning at the foot of 
 the Alps while marching at the head of his 
 legions, one of our national poets, Davis, has im- 
 mortalized in a poem, from which I quote here: 
 
 "Darkly their gliljs o'erhang, 
 Sharp is their wolf-dog's fang, 
 Bronze spear and falchion clang — 
 
 Brave men might shuu them! 
 Heavy the spoil they bear — 
 Jewels and gold are there — 
 Hostage and maiden fair — 
 How have they won them? 
 
 "From the soft sons of Gaul, 
 Roman, and Frank, and thrall. 
 Borough, and hut, and hall — 
 
 These have been torn. 
 Over Britannia wide. 
 Over fair Gaul they hied. 
 Often in battle tried — 
 Enemies mourn! 
 
 •Haverty the historian says: " It is in the verses of the 
 Latin poet Claiiiiian that we read of the sending of troops 
 by Stilichio, the general of Theodosius the Great, to repel 
 the Scottish hosts led by the brave and adventurous Nial. 
 One of the passages of Claudian thus referred to is that in 
 which th 1 poet says : 
 
 " ' Totam cum Scotus lernem 
 Movit, et infesto spuuiavit remige Tethys.' 
 That is, as translated in Gibson's "Camden :" 
 
 •"When Scots came thundering from the Irish shores 
 The ocean trembled, struck with hostile oars.' " 
 
 "Upon the glacier's snow, 
 Down on the vales below, 
 Monarch and clansmen go — 
 
 Bright is the morning. 
 Never their march they slack, 
 Jura is at their back. 
 When falls the evening black. 
 
 Hideous, and warning. 
 
 "Eagles scream loud on high; 
 Far off the chamois fly ; 
 Hoarse comes the torrent's cry,' 
 
 On the rocks whitening. 
 Strong are the storm's wings; 
 Down the tall pine it flings; 
 Hailstone and sleet it brings — 
 
 Thunder and lightning. 
 
 "Little these veterans mind 
 Thundering, hail, or wind; 
 Closer their ranks they bind — 
 
 Matching the storm. 
 While, a spear-east or more. 
 On, the first ranks before, 
 Dathi the sunburst bore — 
 
 Haughty his form. 
 
 "Forth from the thunder-cloud 
 
 Leajjs out a foe as proud — ■ 
 ' Sudden the monarch bowed — 
 On rush the vanguard ; 
 Wildly the king they raise — 
 Struck by the lightning's blaze — 
 Ghastly his dying.gaze. 
 
 Clutching his standard! 
 
 'Mild is the morning beam, 
 Gentlj' the rivers stream, 
 Happy the valleys seem ; 
 
 But the lone islanders — 
 Mark how they guard their king! 
 Hark, to the wail they sing! 
 Dark is their counselling — 
 Helvetia's highlandera. 
 
 'Gather like ravens, near— 
 Shall Dathi's soldiers fear? 
 Soon their home-path they clear- 
 Rapid and daring;
 
 16 
 
 THE STORY OF lEELAND. 
 
 On through the pass and plain. 
 Until the shore they gain. 
 And, with their spoil, again 
 Landed in Eirinn. 
 
 "Little does Eire care 
 
 For gold or maiden fair — 
 'Where is King Dathi? — where, 
 AVhere is my bravest?' 
 On the rich deck he lies. 
 O'er him his sunburst flies. 
 Solemn the obsequies, 
 Eire! thou gavest. 
 
 "See ye that couutless train 
 Crossing Eos-Comaiu's plain, 
 Crying, like hurricane, 
 
 Uileliuai? 
 Broad is his cairn's base — 
 Nigh the 'King's burial place,' 
 Last of the Pagan race, 
 
 Lieth King Dathi!" 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 HOW IRELAND RECEIVED THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. 
 
 To these foreign expeditions Ireland was des- 
 tined to be indebted for her own conquest by 
 the spirit of Christianity. As I have already 
 mentioned, in one of the military excursions of 
 King Nial the First into Gaul, he captured and 
 brought to Ireland among other white slaves, 
 Patricius, a Romano-Gallic youth of good quality, 
 and his sisters Darerca and Lupita. The story 
 of St. Patrick's bondage in Ireland, of his mirac- 
 ulous escape, his entry into holy orders, his 
 vision of Ireland — in which he thought he heard 
 the cries of a multitude of people, entreating him 
 to come to them in Erinn— his long studies under 
 St. Germain, and eventually his determination 
 to undertake in an esiiecial manner the conver- 
 sion of the Irish,* will all be found in any Irish 
 
 •My young readers will find tliis glorious cbapter in our 
 religious annals, related with great simplicity, beauty, and 
 trutli, in a little publication called, " St. Patrick's : Low it 
 was restored," by the Kev. James GaflFney, of the diocese 
 of Dublin, whose admirable volume on " The Ancient Irish 
 Church," as well as the Rev. S. Malone's " Church History 
 of Ireland," will be found invaluable to students. 
 
 Church History or Life of St. Patrick. Having 
 received the sanction and benediction of the holy 
 pontiff Pope Celestine, and having been conse- 
 crated bishop, St. Patrick, accompanied by a few 
 chosen priests, reached Ii-eland in 432. Chris- 
 tianity had been preached in Ireland long before 
 St. Patrick's time. In 431 St. Palladius, Arch- 
 deacon of Rome, was sent by Pope Celestine as 
 a bishop to the Christians in Ireland. These, 
 however, were evidently but few in number, and 
 worshiped only in fear or secrecy. The attempt 
 to preach the faith openly to the people was 
 violently suppressed, and St. Palladius sailed 
 from Ireland. St. Patrick and his missioners 
 landed on the spot where now stands the fash- 
 ionable watering place called Bray, near Dublin. 
 The hostility of the Lagenian prince and people 
 compelled him to re-embark. He sailed north- 
 ward, touching at Innis-Patrick near Skerries, 
 county Dublin, and eventually landed at Magh 
 Innis, in Strangford Lough. 
 
 Druidism would appear to have been the form 
 of paganism then prevailing in Ireland, though 
 even then some traces remained of a still more 
 ancient idol-worship, probably dating from the 
 time of the Tuatha de Danaans, two thousand 
 years before. St. Patrick, however, found the 
 Irish mind much better prepared, by its com- 
 parative civilization and refinement, to receive 
 the truths of Christianity, than that of any other 
 nation in Europe outside imperial Rome. The 
 Irish were always — then as they are now — pre- 
 eminently a reverential people, and thus were 
 peculiarly susceptible of religious truth. St. 
 Patrick's progress through the island was marked 
 by success from the outset. Tradition state? 
 that, expounding the doctrine of the Holy 
 Trinity, he used a little si)rig of trefoil, or three- 
 leaved grass, whence the Shamrock comes to be 
 the National Emblem, as St. Patrick is the Na- 
 tional Saint or Patron of Ireland. 
 
 Ard-Ri Laori * was holding a druidical festival 
 in Tara, at which the kindling of a great fire 
 formed a chief feature of the proceedings, and it 
 was a crime punishable with death for any one 
 to light a fire in the surrounding country on the 
 evening of that festival until the sacred fiame 
 on Tara Hill blazed forth. To his amazement, 
 
 •Son of Niiil the First.
 
 T.UE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 17 
 
 Jiowevfi, the monarch beheld ou the Hill of 
 Slano, visible from Tara, a bright tire kiudlod 
 early iu the evening. This was the Paschal tire 
 which St. Patrick and his missionaries had 
 lighted, for it was Holy Saturday. The king 
 sent for the chief Druid, and pointed out to him 
 on the distant horiaon the flickering beam that 
 so audaciously violated the sacred laws. The 
 archpriest gazed long and wistfully at the spot, 
 and eventually answered: "O king, there is in- 
 deed a flame lighted on yonder hill, which, if it 
 be not put out to-night will never be yuenched 
 in Erinn. " Much disquieted by this oracular 
 answer, Laori directed that the offenders, who- 
 ever they might be, should be instantly brought 
 before him for punishment. St. Patrick, on 
 being arrested, arrayed himself in his vestments, 
 and, crozier iu hand, marched boldly at the head 
 of his captors, reciting aloud, as he went along, 
 a litany which is still extant, in which he in- 
 voked, "on that momentous day for Erinn," the 
 Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
 Spirit, ever Blessed Mary the Mother of God, 
 and the saints around the throne of heaven. 
 Having arrived before the king and his assem- 
 bled courtiers and druidical high priests, St. 
 Patrick, undismayed, proclaimed to them that he 
 had come to quench the fires of pagan sacrifice 
 in Ireland, and light the flame of Christian faith. 
 The king listened amazed and angered, j-et no 
 penalty fell on Patrick. On the contrary, he 
 made several converts on the spot, and the 
 sermon and controversy in the king's presence 
 proved an auspicious beginning for the glorious 
 mission upon which he had just entered. 
 
 It would fill a large volume to chronicle the 
 progress of the saint through the island. Before 
 iis death, though only a few of the reigning 
 princes had embraced the faith (for many years 
 subsequently pagan kings ruled the countrj-), 
 the good seeds had been sown far and wide, and 
 were thriving apace, and the cross had been 
 raised throughout Ireland, "from the center to 
 the sea. " Ours was the only country in Europe, 
 it is said, bloodlessly converted to the faith. 
 Strictly speaking, only one martyr suffered 
 death for the evangelization of Ireland, and 
 death in this instance had been devised for the 
 saint himself. While St. Patrick was returning 
 from Munster a pagan chieftain formed a design 
 
 to murder him. The plan came to the knowledge 
 of Odrau, the faithful charioteer of Patrick, who, 
 saying nought of it to him, managed to change 
 seats with the saint, and thus received himself 
 the fatal blow intended for his master. 
 
 Another authentic anecdote may be mentioned 
 here. At the baptism of Aengus, King of 
 Mononia or Munster, St. Patrick accidentally 
 pierced through the sandal-covered foot of the 
 king with his pastoral staff,* which terminated 
 iu an iron spike, and which it was the saint's 
 custom to strike into the ground Ijy his side, 
 supporting himself more or less thereby, while 
 preaching or baptizing. The king bore the 
 wound without wiuciug until the ceremony was 
 over, when St. Patrick with surprise and pain 
 beheld the ground covered with blood, and ob- 
 served the cause. Being questioned by the saint 
 as to why he did not cry out, Aengus replied 
 that he thought it was part of the ceremony to 
 represent, though faintly, the wounds our Lord 
 had borne for man's redemption. 
 
 In the year of our Lord 493, on the 17th of 
 March — which day is celebrated as his feast by 
 the Catholic Church and by the Irish nation at 
 home and in exile — St. Patrick departed this life 
 in his favorite retreat of Saul, iu the county of 
 Down, where his body was interred. "His ob- 
 sequies," say the old annalists, "continued for 
 twelve days, during which the light of innumer- 
 able tapers seemed to turn night into day ; and 
 the bishops and priests of Ireland congregated 
 on the occasion." 
 
 Several of the saint's compositions, chiefly 
 prayers and litanies, are extant. They are full 
 of the most powerful invocations of the saints, 
 and in all other particulars are exactly such 
 prayers and express such doctrines as are taught 
 in our own day in the unchanged and unchange- 
 able Catholic Church. 
 
 * " The staff of Jesus " is the ifame by wbicli tbe crozier 
 of St. Patrioli is always mentioned in tbe earliest of our 
 annals; a well-preserved tradition asserting it to have 
 been a rood or staff wLicb our Lord bad carried. It was 
 brougbt by St. Patrick from Rome wben setting fortb by 
 tbe autbority of Pope Celestine to evangelize Ireland. Tbis 
 staff was treasured as one of tbe most precious relics on 
 Irisb soil for more than one thousand years, and was an 
 object of special veneration. It was sacrilegiously de- 
 stroyed in tbe reign of Henry tbe Eigbtb by one of Henry's 
 "reforming" bisbops, wbo writes to the king boasting of 
 tbe deed !
 
 18 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER "VTin. 
 
 A EETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT PAGAN IRELAND. 
 
 "We have now, mj' clear yo-ung friends, arrived 
 at a memorable point in Ii'ish history ; we are 
 about to pass from pagan Ireland to Christian 
 Ireland. Before doing so, it may be well that I 
 should tell you something about matters which 
 require a few words apart from the brief narra- 
 tive of events which I have been relating for you. 
 Let ns pause, and take a glance at the country 
 and the people, at the manners and customs, laws 
 and institutions, of our pagan ancestors. 
 
 The geographical subdivisions of the country 
 varied in successive centuries. The chief subdi- 
 vision, the designations of which are most fre- 
 quently used by the ancient chroniclers, was 
 effected by a line drawn from the hill or ridge 
 on the south bank of the Liffey, on the eastern 
 end of which the castle of Dublin is built, run- 
 ning due west to the peninsula of Marej-, at the 
 head of Galway Bay. The portion of L-eland 
 south of this line was called Leah Moha ("Moh 
 Nua's half"); the portion to the north of it 
 Leah Cuinn ("Conn's half."). As these names 
 suggest, this division of the island was first made 
 between two princes. Conn of the Hundred Bat- 
 tles, and Moh Nua, or Eoghau Mor, otherwise 
 Eugene the Great, the former being the head or 
 chief representative of the Milesian families de- 
 scended from Ir, the latter the head of those de- 
 scended from Heber. Though the primai'y object 
 of this partition was achieved but for a short 
 time, the names thus given to the two territories 
 are found in use to designate the northern and 
 southern halves of Ireland for a thousand years 
 subseiiuently. 
 
 "Within these there were smaller subdivisions. 
 The ancient names of the four jirovinces into 
 which Ireland is still divided were Mononia 
 (Muuster), Dalariada, or Ulidia (Ulster), Lageuia 
 (Leiuster), and Conacia, or Conact Connaught. 
 Again, Moncjuia was subdivided into Thomond 
 and Desmond, i.e., north and south Munster. 
 Beside these names, the territory or district 
 possessed by every sept or clan had a designation 
 of its own. 
 
 The chief palaces of the Irish kings, whose 
 Bplendors are celebrated in Irish history, were : 
 
 the iialace of Emania, in Ulster, founded or built 
 by Macha, queen of Ciubaeth the First (pro- 
 nounced Kimbahe), about the year B.C. 700; 
 Tara, in Meath ; Cruachan, in Conact, built by 
 Queen Maeve, the beautiful, albeit Amazonian, 
 Queen of the "West, about the year B.C. 100; 
 Aileach, in Donegal, built on the site of an an- 
 cient Sun-temple, or Tuatha de Danaan fort- 
 palace. 
 
 Kincora had not at this period an existence, 
 nor had it for some centuries subsequently. It 
 was never more than the local residence, a pala- 
 tial castle, of Brian Boruma. It stood on the 
 spot where now stands the town of Killaloe. 
 
 Emania, next to Tara the most celebrated of 
 all the royal palaces of Ancient Erinn, stood on 
 the spot now marked by a large rath called the 
 Navan Fort, two miles to the west of Armagh. 
 It was the residence of the Ulster kings for a 
 period of 855 years. 
 
 The mound or Grianau of Aileach, upon which 
 even for hundreds of years after the destruction 
 of the palace, the O'Donnells were elected, in- 
 stalled, or "inaugurated," is still an object of 
 wonder and curiosity. It stands on the crown of 
 a low hill by the shores of Lough Swilly, about 
 five miles from Londonderry. 
 
 Royal Tara has been crowned with an imper- 
 ishable fame in song and story. The entire crest 
 and slopes of Tara Hill were covered with build- 
 ings at one time ; for it was not alone a royal 
 palace, the residence of the Ard-Ri (or High 
 King) of Erinn, but, moreover, the legislative 
 chambers, the military buildings, the law courts, 
 and royal universities that stood thereupon. Of 
 all these, naught now remains but the moated 
 mounds or raths that mark where stood the halls 
 within which bard and warrior, ruler and law- 
 giver, once assembled in glorious pageant. 
 
 Of the orders of knighthood, or companion- 
 ships of valor and chivalry, mentioned in pagan 
 Irish history, the two ]irincipal were: the Knights 
 of the (Craev Rua, or) Red Branch of Emania, 
 and the Clanna Morna, or Damnoniau Knights of 
 lorras. The former were a Dalariadan, the latter 
 a Conacian body ; and, test the records how we 
 may, it is incontrovertible that no chivalric in- 
 stitutions of modern times eclipsed in knightly 
 valor and romantic daring those warrior compan- 
 ionships of ancient Erinn.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 19 
 
 Besides these orders of kuightliood, several 
 military legions figure familiarly and prominently 
 in Irish history; but the most celebrated of them 
 all, the Dalcassians — one of the most brave and 
 "glory-crowned" bodies of which there is record 
 in ancient or modern times — did not figure in 
 Irish history until long after the commencement 
 of the Christian era. 
 
 The Fianna Eiriou or National Militia of 
 Erinn, I have already mentioned. This cele- 
 brated enrollment had the advantage of claiming 
 within its own ranks a warrior-poet, Ossian (son 
 of the commander Fin), whose poems, taking for 
 their theme invariably the achievements and ad- 
 ventures of the Fenian host, or of its chiefs, have 
 given to it a lasting fame. According to Ossian, 
 there never existed upon the earth another such 
 force of heroes as the Fianna Eirion ; and the 
 feats he attributes to them were of course unpar- 
 alleled. He would have us believe there were no 
 taller, straighter, stronger, braver, bolder, men 
 in all Erinn than his Fenian comrades; and with 
 the recital of their deeds he mixes up the wildest 
 romance and fable. What is strictly true of them 
 is, that at one period undoubtedly they were a 
 splendid national force ; but ultimately they be- 
 came a danger rather than a protection to the 
 kingdom, and had to be put down by the regular 
 army in the reign of King Cai'bry the Second, 
 who encountered and destroyed them finally on 
 the bloody battlefield of Gavra, about the year 
 A.D. 280. 
 
 Ben Eder, now called the Hill of Howth, near 
 Dublin, was the camp or exercise ground of the 
 Fianna Eirion when called out annually for 
 training. 
 
 The laws of pagan Ii-eland, which were col- 
 lected and codified in the reign of Cormac the 
 First, and which prevailed throughout the king- 
 dom as long subsequently as a vestige of native 
 Irish regal authority remained — a space of nearly 
 fifteen hundred years — are, even in this present 
 age, exciting considerable attention among legis- 
 lators and savants. A royal commission — the 
 "Brehon Laws Commission" — appointed by the 
 British government in the year 1856 (chiefly 
 owing to the energetic exertions of Eev. Dr. 
 Graves and Eev. Dr. Todd, of Trinity College, 
 Dublin), has been laboring at their translation, 
 parliament voting an annual sum to defray the 
 
 expenses. Of course only i^ortions of the orig- 
 inal manuscriiits are now in existence, but even 
 these portions attest the marvelous wisdom and 
 the profound justness of the ancient Milesian 
 Code, and give us a high opinion of Irish juris- 
 prudence two thousand years ago! 
 
 The Brehon Laws Commission published their 
 first volume, the "Seanchus Mor, " in 1865, and 
 a most interesting imblication it is. Immedi- 
 ately on the establishment of Christianity in Ire- 
 laud a royal commission of that day was ap- 
 pointed to revise the statute laws of Erinn, so 
 that they might be purged of everything appli- 
 cable only to a pagan nation and inconsistent 
 with the pure doctrines of Christianity. On this 
 commission, we are told, there were appointed 
 by the Irish monarch three chief Brehons or 
 judges, three Christian bishops, and three terri- 
 torial chiefs or viceroys. The result of their 
 labors was presented to the Irish parliament of 
 Tara, and being duly confirmed, the code thence- 
 forth became known as the Seanchus Mor. 
 
 From the earliest age the Ii'ish appear to have 
 been extremely fond of games, athletic sports, 
 and displays of x^J^owess or agility. Among the 
 royal and noble families chess was the chief df 
 mestic game. There are indubitable proofs tha» 
 it was played among the princes of Erinn two 
 thousand years ago ; and the oldest bardic chants 
 and verse-histories mention the gold and jewel 
 inlaid chessboards of the kings. 
 
 Of the passionate attachment of the Irish to 
 music little need be said, as this is one of the 
 national characteristics which has been at all 
 times the most stronglj' marked, and is now 
 most widely appreciated; the harp being uni- 
 versally emblazoned as a national emblem of Ire- 
 land. Even in the pre-Christian period we are 
 here reviewing, music was an "institution" and 
 a power in Erinn. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 CHRISTIAN IRELAND. THE STORY OF COLUMBIA, THB 
 
 "DOVE OF THE CELL." 
 
 The five hundred years, one-half of which pre- 
 ceded the birth of our Lord, may be con.sidered 
 the period of Ireland's greatest power and mili- 
 tary glory as a nation. The five hundred yeara
 
 20 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 which succeeded St. Patrick's mission may be 
 regarded as the period of Ireland's Christian and 
 scholastic fame. In the former she sent her 
 •warriors, in the latter her missionaries, all over 
 Europe. Where her fierce hero-kings cairied the 
 .8T7ord, her saints now bore the cross of faith. 
 It was in this latter period, between the sixth 
 Aud the eighth centuries particularly, that Ire- 
 ^nd became known all over Europe as the Insula 
 Sanctorum et Doctorum — "the Island of Saints 
 and Scholars. " 
 
 Churches, cathedrals, monasteries, convents, 
 universities, covered the island. From even the 
 most distant parts of Europe, kings and their 
 subjects came to study in the Ii-ish schools. 
 King Alfred of Northumberland was educated in 
 one of the Ii-ish universities. A glorious roll of 
 Irish saints and scholars belong to this period: 
 St. Columba or Columcillo, St. Columbanus, St. 
 Gall, who evangelized Helvetia, St. Frigidian, 
 who was bishop of Lucca in Italy, St. Livinus, 
 who was martyred in Flanders, St. Argobast, 
 v.ho became bishop of Strasburg, St. Killian, the 
 apostle of Franeonia, and quite a host of illustri- 
 ous Irish missionaries, who carried the blessings 
 of faith and education all over Europe. The 
 record of their myriad adventurous enterprises, 
 their glorious labors, their evangelizing con- 
 quests, cannot be traced within the scope of this 
 book. There is one, however, the foremost of 
 that sainted band, with whom exception must be 
 made — the first and the greatest of Irish mis- 
 eionary saints, the abbot of lona's isle, whose 
 name and fame filled the world, and the story of 
 ■whose life is a Christian romance — Columba, the 
 "Dove of the Cell."* 
 
 The personal character of Columba and the 
 romantic incidents of his life, as well as his pre- 
 e:;iiuence among the missionary conquerers of 
 he British Isles, seem to have had a powerful 
 t'.tractiou for the illustrious Montalcmbert, who, 
 iu his great work, "The Monks of the West," 
 traces the eventful career of the saint in language 
 of exquisite beauty, eloquence, and feeling. 
 Moreover, there is this to be said further of that 
 Christian romance, as I have called it, the life of 
 St. Columba, that happily the accounts thereof 
 ■which we possess are complete, authentic, and 
 
 * Coluiobkillu ; id Englisli, " Dove of the Cell.'' 
 
 documentary; most of the incidents related we 
 have on the authority of well-known writers, who 
 lived in Columba's time and held personal com- 
 munication with him or with his companions. 
 
 The picture presented to us in these life- 
 portraitures of lona's saint is assuredly one to 
 move the hearts of Irishmen, young and old. In 
 Columba two great features stand out in bold 
 prominence ; and never perhaps were those two 
 characteristics more powerfully developed in one 
 man — devotion to God and passionate love of 
 countrj-. He was a great saint, but he was as 
 great a "politician, " entering deeply and warmly 
 into everything affecting the weal of Clan Nial, 
 or the honor of Erinn. His love for Ireland was 
 something beyond description. As he often de- 
 clared in his after-life exile, the verj' breezes that 
 blew on the fair hills of holy Ireland were to him 
 like the zephyrs of paradise. Our story were in- 
 complete indeed, without a sketch, however 
 brief, of the "Dove of the Cell." 
 
 Columba* was a prince of the royal race of 
 Xial, his father being the third in descent from 
 the founder of that illustrious house, Nial of 
 the Nine Hostages. He was born at Gartan, in 
 Donegal, on Dec. 7, 521. "The Irish legends," 
 says Moutalembert, "which are always distin- 
 guished, even amid the wildest vagaries of fancy, 
 bj' a high and pure morality, linger lovinglj- 
 upon the childhood and youth of the predes- 
 tined saint." Before his birth (according to one 
 of these traditions) the mother of Columba had a 
 dream, "which posteritj' has accepted as a grace- 
 ful and poetical symbol of her son's career. An 
 angel appeared to her, bringing her a veil cc rered 
 with flowers of wonderful beauty, and the sjweet- 
 est variety of colors ; immediately after she saw 
 the veil carried away by the wind, and rolling 
 out as it fled over the plains, woods, and moun- 
 tains. Then the angel said to her, 'Thou art 
 about to become the mother of a sou who shall 
 blossom for Heaven, who shall be reckoned 
 among the prophets of God, and who shall lead 
 numberless souls to the heavenly country.' " 
 
 But indeed, according to the legends of the 
 Hy-Nial, the coming of their great saint was fore- 
 told still more remotely. St. Patrick, the/ tell 
 us, having come northward to bless the teriitor>i 
 
 *His name was pronouuced Creivan or Creivhau.'
 
 THE STOKY OF I ."(ELAND. 
 
 21 
 
 and people, was stopped at the Daol — the modern 
 Deel or Burudale river — by the breaking of his 
 chariot wheels. The chariot was repaired, but 
 again broke down ; a third time it was refitted, 
 and a third time it failed at the ford. Then 
 Patrick, addressing those around him, said: 
 "Wonder no moi'e; behold, the land from this 
 stream northward needs no blessing from me ; 
 for a son shall be born there who shall be called 
 the Dove of the Churches; and he shall bless 
 that land ; in honor of whom God has this day 
 prevented my doing so." The name Ath-an- 
 Charpaid (ford of the chariot) marks to this day 
 the spot memorized by this tradition. Count 
 Montalembert cites many of these stories of the 
 "childhood and youth of the predestined saint." 
 He was, while yet a child, confided to the care 
 of the priest who had baptized him, and from 
 him he received the first rudiments of education. 
 "His guardian angel often appeared to him; and 
 the child asked if all the angels in Heaven were 
 so young and shining as he. A little later, Co- 
 lumba was invited by the same angel to choose 
 among all the virtues that which he would like 
 best to possess. 'I choose,' said the youth, 
 'chastity and wisdom;' and immediately three 
 young girls of wonderful beauty but foreign air, 
 appeared to him, and threw themselves on his 
 neck to embrace him. The pious youth frowned, 
 and repulsed them with indignation. 'What,' 
 they said, 'then thou dost not know us?' — 'No, 
 not the least in the world. ' — 'We are three sis- 
 ters, whom our Father gives to thee to be thy 
 brides.' — 'Who, then, is your Father?' — 'Our 
 Father is God, He is Jesus Christ, the Lord and 
 Savior of the world. ' — 'Ah, you have indeed an 
 illustrious Father. But what are .your names?' 
 — 'Our names are Virginity, Wisdom, and Proph- 
 ecy; and we come to leava thee no more, to 
 love thee with an incorruptible love.' " 
 
 From the house of this early tutor Columba 
 "passed into the great monastic schools, which 
 were not only a nursery for the clergy of the 
 Lrish church, but where also young laymen of 
 all conditions were educated. ' ' 
 
 "While Columba studied at Clonard, being 
 still only a deacon," says his biographer, "an 
 incident took place which has been proved by 
 authentic testimony, and which fixed general 
 attention upon him by giving a first evidence of 
 
 his 8ui)ernatural and prophetic intuiti* ]i. An 
 old Christian bard (the bards were not all Chris- 
 tians) named Germain had come to live near the 
 Abbot Finian, asking from him, in exchange for 
 his poetry the secret of fertilizing the soil. 
 Columba, who continued all his life a passionate 
 admirer of the traditionary poetry of his nation, 
 determined to join the school of the bard, and 
 to share his labors and studies. The two were 
 reading together out of doors, at a little distance 
 from each other, when a young girl apjieared in 
 the distance pursued by a robber At the sight 
 of the old man the fugitive made for him with 
 all her remaining strength, hoping, no doubt, to 
 find safety in the authority exercised throughout 
 Ii-eland by the national poets. Germain, in 
 great trouble, called his pupil to his aid to de- 
 feud the unfortunate child, who was trying to 
 bide herself under their long robes, when her 
 pursuer reached the spot. Without taking any 
 notice of her defenders, he struck her in the neck 
 with his lance, and was making off, leaving her 
 dead at their feet. The horrified old man turned 
 to Columba. 'How long,' he said, 'will God 
 leave unpunished this crime which dishonors 
 us?' 'For this moment only,' said Columba, 
 'not longer; at this very hour, when the soul of 
 this innocent creature ascends to heaven, the 
 soul of the murderer shall go down to hell. ' At 
 the instant, like Ananias at the words of Peter, 
 the assassin fell dead. The news of this sudden 
 punishment, the story goes, went over Ireland, 
 and spread the fame of young Columba far and 
 wide." 
 
 At the comparatively early age of twenty-five, 
 Columba had attained to a prominent position 
 in the ecclesiastical world, and had presided 
 over the creation of a crowd of monasteries. As 
 many as thirty-seven in Ireland alone recognized 
 him as their founder. "It is easy, " says Mon- 
 talembert, "to perceive, by the importance of 
 the monastic establishments which he had 
 brought into being, even before he had attained 
 to manhood, that his influence must have been 
 as precocious as it was considerable. Apart 
 from the virtues of which his after life afforded 
 so many examples, it may be supposed that his 
 royal birth gave him an irresistible ascendency 
 in a country where, since the introduction of 
 Christianity, all the early saints, like the princi-
 
 22 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND, 
 
 pal abbots, belonged to reigning families, and 
 wliere the influence of blood and tbe worship of 
 genealogy still continue, even to this daj-, to a 
 degree unknown in other lands. Springing, as 
 has been said, from the same race as the monarch 
 of all Ireland, and consequently himself eligible 
 for the same high office, which was more fre- 
 quently obtained by election or usurpation than 
 inheritance — nephew or near cousin of the seven 
 monarchs who successive wielded the supreme 
 authority during his life — he was also related 
 by ties of blood to almost all the provincial 
 kings. Thus we see him during his whole 
 career treated on a footing of i>erfect intimacy 
 and equality by all the princes of Ii'eland and of 
 ■Caledonia, and exercising a sort of spiritual sway 
 equal or superior to the authority of secular 
 sovereigns." 
 
 His attachment to poetry and literature has 
 been already glanced at. He was, in fact, an 
 «nthusiast on the subject; he was himself a poet 
 and writer of a high order of genius, and to an 
 advanced period of his life remained an ardent 
 devotee of the muse, ever powerfully moved by 
 whatever aflfected the weal of the ministrel fra- 
 ternity. His passion for books (all manuscript, 
 of course, in those days, and of great rarity and 
 value) was destined to lead him into that great 
 offense of his life, which he was afterward to ex- 
 piate by a penance so grievous. ."He went 
 everywhere in search of volumes which he could 
 borrow or copy; often experiencing refusals 
 which he resented bitterly." In this way oc- 
 curred what Montalembert calls "the decisive 
 event which changed the destinj- of Columba, 
 and transformed him from a wandering poet and 
 ardent bookworm, into a missionary and apostle. " 
 V/hile visiting one of bis former tutors, Finian, 
 he found means to copy clandestinely the abbot's 
 Psalter by shutting himself up at nights in the 
 church where the book was deposited "Indig- 
 nant at what he considered as almost a theft, 
 Finian claimed the copj' when it was finished by 
 Columba, on the ground that a copy made with- 
 out permission ought to belong to the master of 
 the original, seeing that the transcription is the 
 80U of the original book. Columba refused to 
 give up his work, and the question was referred 
 to the king in his palace of Tara. " "What imme- 
 diately follows, I relate in the words of Count 
 
 Montalembert, summarizing or citing almost 
 literally the ancients authors already referred to: 
 
 "King Diarmid, or Dermott, supreme monarch 
 of Ireland, was, like Columba, descended from the 
 great King Nial, but by another son than he 
 whose great-grandson Columba was. He lived, 
 like all the princes of his country, in a close 
 union with the Church, which was represented 
 in Ireland, more completely than anywhere else, 
 by the monastic order. Exiled and persecuted 
 in his youth, he had found refuge in an island 
 situated in one of those lakes which interrupt the 
 course of the Shannon, the chief river of Ireland, 
 and had there formed a friendship with a holy 
 monk called Kierau, a zealous comrade of Columba 
 at the monastic school of Clonard, and since that 
 time his generous rival in knowledge and in aus- 
 terity. Upon the still solitary bank of the riv* 
 the two friends had planned the foundation of ? 
 monastery, which, owing to the marshj- nature o' 
 the soil, had to be built upon piles. 'Plant with 
 me tbe iirst stake, ' the monk said to the exiled 
 prince, 'putting your hand under mine, and soo7\ 
 that hand shall be over all tbe men of Eriun ;' 
 and it happened that Diarmid was very shortly 
 after called to the throne. He immediately used 
 his new power to endow richly the monastery 
 which was rendered doubly dear to him by tbe 
 recollection of his exile and of bis friend. This 
 sanctuary became, under the name of Clonmac- 
 uoise, one of the greatest monasteries and most 
 fre<iuented schools of Ireland and even of West- 
 ern Europe. 
 
 "This king might accordingly be regarded aa 
 a competent judge in a contest at once monastic 
 and literarj-; he might even have been suspected 
 of partiality for Columba, his kinsman — and yet 
 he pronounced judgment against him. His judg- 
 ment was given in a rustic jihrase which has 
 passed into a proverb in Ireland- — To every cow 
 her calf, and, conse<iucntly, to every book its 
 copy. Columba protested loudly. 'It is an un- 
 just sentence,' he said, 'and I will revenge my- 
 self.' After this incident a young prince, son of 
 the provincial king of Connaught, who was pur- 
 sued for having committed an involuntary mur- 
 der, took refuge with Columba, but was seized 
 and put to death by the king. The irritation of 
 tbe i>oet-monk knew no bounds. The ecclesias- 
 tical immunity which he enjoyed in his quality
 
 THK STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 2'i 
 
 !of superior and founder of several monasteries, 
 ought to have, in his opinion, created a sort of 
 sanctuary around bis person, and this immunity 
 liad been scandalously violated bj- the execution 
 of a youth ■whom he protected. He threatened 
 the king with prompt vengeance. 'I will de- 
 nounce,' he said, 'to my brethren and my kin- 
 dred thy wicked judgment, and the violation in 
 my person of the immunity of the Church ; they 
 will listen to my complaint, and punish thee 
 sword in hand. Bad king, thou shalt no more 
 see my face in thy i)rovince until God, the just 
 judge, has subdued thy pride. As thou hast 
 humbled me to-day before thy lords and thy 
 friends, God will humble thee on the battle-day 
 before thine enemies.' Diarmid attempted to 
 retain him by force in the neighborhood ; but, 
 evading the vigilance of his guards, he escaped 
 by night from the court of Tara, and directed his 
 steps to his native province of Tyrconnell. 
 
 "Columba arrived safely in his province, and 
 immediately set to work to excite against King 
 Diarmid the numerous and powerful clans of his 
 relatives and friends, who belonged to a branch 
 of the house of Nial, distinct from and hostile to 
 that of the reigning monarch. His efforts were 
 crowned with success. The Hy-Nials of the 
 north armed eagerly against the Hy-Nials of the 
 south, of whom Diarmid was the special chief. 
 
 "Diarmid marched to meet them, and they 
 met in battle at Cool-Drewny, or Cul-Dreimhne, 
 upon the borders of Ultonia and Connacia. He 
 was completely beaten, and was obliged to take 
 refuge at Tara. The victory was due, according 
 to the annalist Tighernach, to the prayers and 
 songs of Columba, who had fasted and prayed 
 ■with all his might to obtain from heaven the 
 punishment of the royal insolence, and who, be- 
 sides, was present at the battle, and took upon 
 himself before all men the responsibility of the 
 bloodshed. 
 
 "As for the manuscript which had been the 
 object of this sti'ange conflict of copyright ele- 
 vated into a civil war, it was afterward venerated 
 as a kind of national, military, and religious ]ial- 
 ladium. Under the name of Cathach or Fightu, 
 the Latin Psalter transcribed by Columba, en- 
 shrined in a sort of portable altar, became the 
 national relic of the O'Donnell clan. For more 
 than a thousand years it was carried with them 
 
 to battle as a pledge of victory, on the condition 
 of being supported on tlie breast of a clerk free 
 from all mortal sin. It has escaped as by miracle 
 from the ravages of which Ireland has been the 
 victim, and exists still, to the [great joy of all 
 learned Irish patriots."* 
 
 But soon a terrible punishment was to fall 
 upon Columba for this dread violence. He, an 
 anointed priest of the Most High, a minister of 
 the Prince of Peace, had made himself the cause 
 of the inciter of a civil war, which had bathed 
 the land in blood — the blood of Christian men — 
 the blood of kindred! Clearly enough, the vio- 
 lence of political passions, of which this war was 
 the most lamentable fruit, had, in many other 
 ways, attracted upon the youthful monk the 
 severe opinions of the ecclesiastical authorities. 
 "His excitable and vindictive character," we are 
 told, "and above all his passionate attachment to 
 his relatives, and the violent part which he took 
 in their domestic disputes and their continually 
 recurring rivalries, had engaged him in other 
 struggles, the date of which is perhaps later than 
 that of his first departure from Ireland, but the 
 responsibility of which is formally imputed to 
 him by various authorities, and which also ended 
 in bloody battles. " At all events, immediately 
 after the battle of Cool-Drewny, "he was accused 
 by a synod, convoked in the center of the royal 
 domain at Tailte, of having occasioned the shed- 
 ding of Christian blood. ' ' The synod seems to have 
 acted with very uncanonical precipitancy; for it 
 judged the cause without waiting for the defense 
 — though, in sooth, the facts, beyond the power 
 of any defense to remove, were ample and notori- 
 ous. However, the decision was announced — 
 
 * "The Annals of tbe Four Masters report that in a bat- 
 tle waged in 1497, between tbe O'Donnells and M'Dermotts, 
 tbe sacred book fell into tbe bands of tbe latter, who, 
 bowever, restored it in 1499. It was preserved for thir- 
 teen hundred years in tbe O'Donnell family, and at present 
 belongs to a baronet of that name, who bas permitted it to 
 be exhibited in tbe museum of tbe Royal Irish Academy, 
 where it can be seen by all. It is composed of fifty-eight 
 leaves of parchment, bound in silver Tbe learned O'Curry 
 (p. 322) bas given a facsimile of a fragment of this MS., 
 which be does not hesitate to believe is in the handwriting 
 of our saint, as well as that of the fine copy of tbe Gospel? 
 called tbe Book of Kells, of which he bas also given a fao- 
 simile. See Reeves' notes upon Adamnan, p. 250, and the 
 pamphlet upon Marianas Scotus, p. 12." — Count Monta- 
 lembert's note.
 
 24 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 sentence of excommunication was pronounced 
 against him ! 
 
 "Columba was not a man to draw back before 
 his accusers and judges. He presented himself 
 before the sj^nod which had struck without hear- 
 ing him. He found a defender in the famoiis 
 Abbot Brendan, the founder of the monastery of 
 Birr. When Columba made his appearance, this 
 abbot rose, went up to him, and embraced him. 
 'How can you give the kiss of peace to an excom- 
 municated man?' said some of the other members 
 of the synod. 'Tou would do as I have done,' 
 he answered, 'and you never would have excom- 
 municated him, had you seen what I see — a pillar 
 of fire which goes before him, and the angels that 
 accompany him. I dare not disdain a man pre- 
 destined by God to be the guide of an entire 
 people to eternal life. ' Thanks to the interven- 
 tion of Brendan, or to some other motive not 
 mentioned, the sentence of excommunication was 
 withdrawn, but Columba was changed to win to 
 Christ, by his preaching, as many pagan souls as 
 the number of Christians who had fallen in the 
 battle of Cool-Drewny. ' ' 
 
 Troubled in soul, but still struggling with a 
 stubborn self-will, Columba found his life miser- 
 able, unhappy, and full of unrest; yet remorse 
 had even now "planted in his soul the germs at 
 once of a startling conversion and of his future 
 apostolic mission." "Various legends reveal 
 him to us at this crisis of his life, wandering long 
 from solitude to solitude, and from monastery to 
 monastery, seeking out holy monks, masters of 
 penitence and Christian virtue, and asking them 
 anxiously what he should do to obtain the pardon 
 of God for the murder of so many victims. " 
 
 At length, after many wanderings in contrition 
 and mortification, "he found the light which he 
 sought from a holy monk, St. Molaise, famed for 
 his studies of Holy Scripture, and who had 
 already been his confessor. 
 
 "This severe hermit confirmed the decision of 
 the synod ; but to the obligation of converting 
 to the Christian faith an equal number of pagans 
 as there were of Christians killed in the civil 
 war, Jie added a new condition which bore 
 cruelly ujion a soul so passionately attached to 
 country and kindred. The confessor condemned 
 his penitent to perpetual exile from Ireland!" 
 
 Exile from Ireland! Did Columba hear the 
 
 words aright? Exile from j.. eland! Vrhat! 
 See no more that land which he loved with such 
 a wild and passionate love! Part from the 
 brothers and kinsmen all, for whom he felt per- 
 haps too strong and too deep an affection ! Quit 
 for ay the stirring scenes in which so great a 
 part of his sympathies were engaged! Leave 
 Ireland ! 
 
 Oh ! it was more hard than to bare his breast 
 to the piercing sword ; less welcome than to walk 
 in constant punishment of suffering, so that his 
 feet pressed the soil of his worshiped Erinn! 
 
 But it was even so. Thus ran the sentence of 
 Molaise: "perpetual exile from Ireland!" 
 
 Staggered, stunned, struck to the heart, Co- 
 lumba could not speak for a moment. But God 
 gave him in that great crisis of his life the su- 
 preme grace of bearing the blow and embracing 
 the cross presented to him. At last he spoke, 
 and in a voice agitated with emotion he answered : 
 "Be it so; what you have commanded shall be 
 done. " 
 
 From that instant forth his life was one pro- 
 longed act of ijenitential sacrifice. For thirty 
 years — his heart bursting within his breast the- 
 while — yearning for one sight of Ireland — he 
 lived and labored in distant lona. The fame of his 
 sanctity filled the world; religious houses subject 
 to his rule arose in man.v a glen and isle of rug- 
 ged Caledonia; the gifts of prophecy and miracle 
 momentously attested him as one of God's most 
 favored apostles ; yet all the while his heart was 
 breaking ; all the while in his silent cell Colum- 
 ba's tears flowed freely for the one grief that 
 never left him — the wound that only deepened 
 with lengthening time — he was away from Ire- 
 land! Into all his thoughts this sorrow entered. 
 In all his songs — and several of his compositions 
 still remain to us — this one sad strain is intro- 
 duced. Witness the following, which, even in 
 its merely literal translation into the English, 
 retains much of the jioctic beauty and exquisite 
 tenderness of the original by Columba in the 
 Gaelic tongue: 
 
 What joy to fly ui)ou the white-crested sea; and 
 watch the waves break ui)on the Irish shore! 
 
 My foot is in my little boat; but my sad heart 
 ever bleeds!
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 25 
 
 There is a gray eye which ever turns to Erinn; 
 
 but never in this life shall it see Eriun, nor her 
 
 sons, nor her daughters! 
 From the high prow I look over the sea; and 
 
 great tears are in my eyes when I turn to 
 
 Erinn — 
 To Eriun, where the songs of the birds are so 
 
 sweet, and where the clerks sing like the birds : 
 Where the young are so gentle, and the old are 
 
 so wise ; where the great men are so noble to 
 
 look at, and the women so fair to wed! 
 Young traveler! carry my sorrows with you; 
 
 carry them to Comgall of eternal life! 
 Noble youth, take my prayer with thee, and my 
 
 blessing: one part for Ireland — seven times 
 
 may she be blest — and the other for Albyn. 
 Carry my blessing across the sea ; carrj- it to the 
 
 West. My heart is broken in luy breast! 
 If death comes suddenly to me, it will be because 
 
 of the great love I bear to the Gael !* 
 
 It was to the rugged and desolate Hebrides 
 that Columba turned his face when he accepted 
 the terrible penance of Molaise. He bade fare- 
 well to his relatives, and, with a few monks who 
 insisted on accompany him whithersoever he 
 might go, launched his frail currochs from the 
 northern shore. They landed first, or rather 
 were carried by wind and stream, ui^on the little 
 isle of Oronsay, close by Islay ; and here for a 
 moment they thought their future abode was to 
 be. But when Columba, with the early morn- 
 ing, ascending the highest ground on the island, 
 to take what he thought would be a harmless look 
 toward the land of his heart, lo! on the dim hori- 
 zon a faint blue ridge — the distant hills of An- 
 trim! He averts his head and flies downward to 
 the strand! Here they cannot stay, if his vow is 
 to be kept. They betake them once more to the 
 currochs, and steering further northward, event- 
 ually land upon loua, thenceforth, till time shall 
 be no more, to be famed as the sacred isle of Co- 
 lumba! Here landing, he ascended the loftiest 
 of the hills upon the isle, and "gazing into the 
 distance, found no longer any trace of Ireland 
 upon the horizon. " Tn lona accordingly he re- 
 
 * This poeui appeart: to liave been presented as a farewell 
 gift by St. Columba to some of the Irish visitors at lona, 
 when returning home to Ireland It is deservedly classed 
 among the most beautiful of his poetic compositions. 
 
 solved to make his home. The spot from whence 
 St. Columba made this sorrowful survey is still 
 called by tlie islesmeu in the Gaelic tongue, 
 Carn-cul-ri-Erinu, or the Cairu of Farewell — lit- 
 erally. The back turued on Ireland. 
 
 \\'riters without number have traced the glories 
 of loua.* Here rose, as if by miracle, a city of 
 churches ; the isle became one vast monastery, 
 and soon much too small for the crowds that still 
 pressed thither. Then from the parent isle there 
 went forth to the surrounding shores, and all over 
 the mainland, off-shoot establishments and mis- 
 sionary colonies (all under the authority of Co- 
 lumba), until in time the Gospel light was ablaze 
 on the hills of Albyn ; and the names of St. 
 Columba and lona were on every tongue from 
 Rome to the utmost limits of Europe! 
 
 "This man, whom we have seen so passionate, 
 so irritable, so wai'like and vindictive, became 
 little bj- little the most gentle, the humblest, the 
 most tender of friends and fathers. It was he, 
 the great head of the Caledonian Church, who, 
 kneeling before the strangers who came to lona, 
 or before the monks returning from their work, 
 took off their shoes, washed their feet, and after 
 having washed them, respectfully kissed them. 
 But charity was still stronger than humility in 
 that transfigured soul. No necessity, spiritual 
 or temporal, found him indifferent. He devoted 
 himself to the solace of all infirmities, all misery 
 and pain, wepeing often over those who did not 
 weep for themselves. 
 
 "The work of transcription remained until his 
 last day the occupation of his old age, as it had 
 been the passion of his youth ; it had such an at- 
 traction for him, and seemed to him so essential 
 to a knowledge of the truth that, as we have 
 already said, three hundred copies of the Holy 
 Gospels, copied by his own hand, have been 
 attributed to him." 
 
 *" We are now," said Dr. Johnson, "treading that illus- 
 trious island which was once the luminary of the Caledon- 
 ian regions; whence savage clans and roving barbarians 
 derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of 
 religion. .. .Far from me and from my friends be such 
 frigid philosophy as may conduct us indifferent and un- 
 moved over any ground which has been dignified by wis- 
 dom, bravery, or virtue. That man is little to be envied 
 whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of 
 Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among 
 ihe ruins of lona." — Boswell's "Tour to the Hebrides."
 
 36 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 But still Columba carried with liim in his heart 
 the great grief that made life for him a length- 
 ened penance. "Far from having any prevision 
 of the glory of lona, his soul," says Montalem- 
 bert, "was still swayed by a sentiment which 
 never abandoned him — regret for his lost coun- 
 try. All his life he retained for Ireland the pas- 
 sionate tenderness of an exile, a love which dis- 
 playtel itself in the songs which have been 
 preserved to us, and which date perhaps from 
 the fii-st moment of his exile. . . . 'Death 
 in faultless Ireland is better than life without 
 end in Albyn. ' After this cry of despair follow 
 strains more plaintive and submissive." 
 
 "But it was not only in these elegies, repeated 
 and perhaps retouched by Irish bards and monks, 
 but at each instant of his life, in season and out 
 of season, that this love and passionate longing 
 for his native country burst forth in words and 
 musings ; the narratives of his most trustworthy 
 biographers are full of it. The most severe pen- 
 ance which he could have imagined for the guilt- 
 iest sinners who came to confess to him, was to 
 impose upon them the same fate which he had 
 voluntarily inflicted on himself — never to set foot 
 again upou Irish soil! But when, instead of for- 
 bidding to sinners all access to that beloved isle, 
 he had to smother his envy of those who had the 
 right and happiness to go there at their pleasure, 
 be dared scarcely trust himself to name its name ; 
 and when speaking to his guests, or to the monks 
 who were to return to Ireland, he would only say 
 to them, 'you will return to the country that j'ou 
 love.'" 
 
 At length there arrived an event for Columba 
 full of excruciating trial — it became necessary 
 for him to revisit Ireland! His presence was 
 found to be imperatively re<iuired at the general 
 assembly or convocation of the princes and pre- 
 lates of the Irish nation, convened A.D. 573 by 
 Hugh the Second.* At this memorable as- 
 sembly, known in history as the great Conven- 
 tion of Drumceat, the first meeting of the States 
 of Ireland held since the abandonment of Tara, 
 there were to be discussed, among other impor- 
 tant subjects, two which were of deep and pow- 
 erful interest to Columba: firstly, the relations 
 between Ireland and the Argyle or Caledonian 
 
 'Aedh (pronounced Aeli), .son of Aniuire ibe F"irst. 
 
 colony ; and secondly, the proposed decree for 
 the abolition of the bards. 
 
 The country now known as Scotland was, about 
 the time of the Christian era, inhabited by a bar- 
 barous and warlike race called Picts. About the 
 middle of the second centurj-, when Ireland was 
 known to the Romans as Scotia, an Irish chief- 
 tain, Carbry Kiada (from whom were descended, 
 the Dalariads of Antrim), crossed over to the 
 western shores of Alba or Albyn, and founded 
 there a Dalariadan or Milesian colony. The col- 
 onists had a hard time of it with their savage 
 Pictish neighbors; yet they managed to hold 
 their ground, though receiving very little aid or 
 attention from the parent country, to which 
 nevertheless they regularly paid tribute. At 
 length, in the year 503, the neglected colony was- 
 utterly overwhelmed by the Picts, whereupon a 
 powerful force of the Irish Dalariads, under the 
 leadership of Leorn, Aengus, and Fergus, crossed 
 over, invaded Albany, and gradually subjugating 
 the Picts, re-established the colony on a basis 
 which was the foundation eventually of the Scot- 
 tish monarchy of all subsequent history. To the 
 re-established colony was given the name by 
 which it was known long after, Scotia Minor; 
 Ireland being called Scotia Major. 
 
 In the time of St. Columba, the colonj', which 
 so far had continuously been assessed by, and 
 had duly paid its tribute to, the mother country, 
 began to feel its competency to claim independ- 
 ence. Already it had selected and installed a 
 king (whom St. Columba had formally conse- 
 crated), and now it sent to Ireland a demand to 
 exempted from further tribute. The Irish mon- 
 arch resisted the demand, which, however, ii 
 was decided first to submit to a national assembly, 
 at which the Scottish colony should be repre- 
 sented, and where it might plead its case as best 
 it could. 
 
 Many and obvious considerations pointed 
 to St. Columba as the man of men to plead 
 the cause of the young nationalitj'' on thia 
 momentous occasion. He was peculiarly quali- 
 fied to act as umpire in this threatening quarrel 
 between the old country, to which he felt bound 
 by such sacred ties, and the new one, which by 
 adoption was now his hosie. He consented to 
 attend at the assembly. Ho did so the more 
 readily, perhaps, because of his strong feelings
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 27 
 
 in reference to the other proposition named, viz., 
 the ijroscription of the bards. 
 
 It may seem strange that in Ireland, where, 
 from an early date, music and song held so high 
 a place in national estimation such a proposition 
 should be made. But by this time the numerous 
 and absurd immunities claimed by the bardic 
 profession had become intolerable ; and by gross 
 abuses of the bardic privileges, the bards them- 
 selves had indubitably become a pest to society. 
 King Hugh had therefore, a strong public opin- 
 ion at his back in his design of utterly abolish- 
 ing the bardic corporation. 
 
 St. Columba, however, not only was allied to 
 them by a fraternity of feeling, but he discerned 
 clearly that by purifying and conserving, rather 
 than by destroj'ing, the national minstrels^', it 
 would become a potential influence for good, and 
 would entwine itself gratefullj' around the shrine 
 within which at such a crisis it found shelter. In 
 fine, he felt, and felt deeply, as an Irishman and 
 as an ecclesiastic, that the proposition of King 
 Hugh would annihilate one of the most treasured 
 institutions of the nation — one of the most pow- 
 erful aids to patriotism and religion. 
 
 So, to plead the cause of liberty for a young 
 nationality, and the cause of patriotism, religion, 
 literature, music, and poetry, in defending the 
 minstrel race, St. Columba to Ireland would go ! 
 
 To Ireland! But then his vow! His penance 
 sentence, that he should never more see Ireland ! 
 How his heart surged ! O great allurement ! O 
 stern resolve ! O triumph of sacrifice ! 
 
 Yes; he would keep his vow, yet attend the 
 convocation amid those hills oi Ireland which he 
 was never more to see ! With a vast array of at- 
 tendant monks and lay princes, he embarked for 
 the unforgotten land ; but when the galleys came 
 within some leagues of the Irish coast, and before 
 it could yet be sighted, St. Columba caused his 
 eyes to be bandaged with a white scarf, and thus 
 blindfolded was he led on shore! It is said that 
 when he stepped upon the beach, and for the 
 first time during so many years felt that he trod 
 the soil of Ireland, he trembled from head to foot 
 with emotion. 
 
 When the great saint was led blindfold into 
 the convention, the whole assemblage — kings, 
 princes, prelates, and chieftains — rose and un- 
 covered as reverentially as if Patrick himself had 
 
 once more appeared among them.* It was, we 
 may well believe, an impressive scene; and w© 
 can well understand the stillness of anxious at- 
 tention with which all waited to hear once more 
 the tones of that voice which many traditions 
 class among the miraculous gifts of Columba. 
 More than one contemporary writer has des- 
 cribed his personal appearance at this time; and 
 Montalembert says: "All testimonies agree in 
 celebrating his manly beauty, his rematkable 
 height, his sweet aud sonorous voice, the cordial- 
 ity of his manner, the gracious dignity of his 
 deportment and person. ' ' 
 
 Not in vain did he plead the causes he had 
 come to advocate. Long and ably was the ques- 
 tion of the Scottish colony debated. Some ver- 
 sions allege that it was amicably left to the 
 decision of Columba, and that his award of sev- 
 eral independence, but fraternal alliance, was 
 cheerfully acquiesced in. Other accounts state 
 that King Hugh, finding argument prevailing 
 against his views, angrily drawing his sword, 
 declared he would compel the colony to submis- 
 sion by force of arms ; whereupon Columba, ris- 
 ing from his seat, in a voice full of solemnity and 
 authority, exclaimed: "In the pi-esence of this 
 threat of tyrannic force, I declare the cause 
 ended, and proclaim the Scottish colony free for- 
 ever from the yoke!" By whichever way, how- 
 ever, the result was arrived at, the independence 
 of the young Caledonian nation was recognized 
 and voted by the convention through the exer- 
 tions of St. Columba. 
 
 His views in behalf of the bards likewise pre- 
 vailed. He admitted the disorders, irregulari- 
 ties, and abuses alleged against the body ; but 
 he pleaded, and pleaded successfully, for reform 
 instead of abolition. Time has vindicated the 
 far sighted policy of the statesman saint. The 
 national music and poetry of Ireland, thus puri- 
 fied and consecrated to the service of religion and 
 country, have ever since, through ages of perse- 
 cution, been true to the holy mission assigned 
 them on that day by Columba. 
 
 The Dove of the Cell made a comparatively 
 
 * Some versions allege that, altliougb the saint himself 
 was received with reverence, almost with awe, a hostile 
 demonstration was designed, if not attempted, by the 
 king's party against the Scottic delegation who accom- 
 panied St. Columba.
 
 28 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 long stay iu Ireland, visiting with scarf-bound 
 brow tbe numerous monastic establishments sub- 
 ject to his rule. At length he returned to lona, 
 where far into the evening of life he waited for 
 his summons to the beatific vision. The miracles 
 he wrought, attested by evidence of weight to 
 move the most callous sceptic, the myriad won- 
 drous signs of God's favor that marked his daily 
 acts, filled all the nations with awe. The hour 
 and the manner of his death had long been re- 
 vealed to him. The precise time he concealed 
 from those about him until close upon the last 
 day of his life ; but the manner of his death he 
 long foretold to his attendants. "I shall die," 
 said he, "without sickness or hurt; suddenly, 
 but happily, and without accident. " At length 
 one day, while iu his usual health, he disclosed 
 to Diarmid, his "minister," or regular attendant 
 monk, that the hour of his summons was nigh. 
 A week before he had gone around the island, 
 taking le.ive of the monks and laborers ; and 
 when all wept, he strove anxiously to console 
 them. Then he blessed the island and the in- 
 habitants. "And now," said he to Diarmid, 
 "here is a secret; but you must keep it till I am 
 gone. This is Saturday, the day called Sabbath, 
 or day of rest : and that it will be to me, for it 
 shall be the last of my laborious life. ' ' In the 
 evening he retired to his cell, and began to work 
 for the last time, being then occupied in trans- 
 cribing the Psalter. ^Vhen he had come to the 
 thirty-third Psalm, and the verse, " Inquirentes 
 ai'tem Dominiun non deficient omni bono," he 
 stopped short. "I cease here," said he; "Bai- 
 thin must do the rest. " 
 
 Montalembert thus describes for us the "last 
 scene of all:" "As soon as the midnight bell 
 had rung for the matins of the Sunday festival, 
 he rose and hastened before the other monks to 
 the church, where he knelt down before the altar. 
 Diarmid followed him; but, as the chiirch was 
 not yet lighted, he could only find him by grop- 
 ing and crj'ing in a plaintive voice, '"Wliere art 
 thou, my father?' He found Columba lying 
 before the altar, and, jilacing himsolf at his side, 
 raised the old abbot's venerable head upon his 
 knees. The whole community eoou arrived with 
 lights, and wept as one man at the sight of their 
 dying father. Columba opened his eyes once 
 more, and turned them to his children at either 
 
 side with a look full of serene and radiant Joy. 
 Then, with the aid of Diarmid, he raised as best 
 he might his right hand to bless them all. His 
 hand dropped, the last sigh came from his lips, 
 and his face remained calm and sweet, like that 
 of a man who in his sleep had seen a vision of 
 heaven." 
 
 Like the illustrious French publicist whom I 
 have so largely followed in this sketch, I may 
 say that I have "lingered perhaps too long on 
 the grand form of this monk rising uii before us 
 from the midst of the Hebrideau sea." But I 
 have, from the missionary saint-army of Ireland, 
 selected this one — this typical apostle — to illus- 
 trate the characters that illumine one of the most 
 glorious pages of our history. Many, indeed, 
 were the "Columbs" that went forth from Ire- 
 land, as from an ark of faith, bearing blessed 
 olive branches to the mountain tops of Europe, 
 then slowly emerging from the flood of pagan- 
 ism. "Well might we dwell upon this pei'iod of 
 L'ish history ! It was a bright and a glorious 
 chapter. It was soon, alas! to be followed by 
 one of gloom. Five hundred years of military 
 fame and five hundred years of Christian glory 
 were to be followed by five hundred years of dis- 
 organizing dissensions, leading to centuries of 
 painful bondage. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE DANES IN IRELAND. 
 
 The first dark cloud came from Scandinavia. 
 Toward the close of the eighth century the Danes 
 made their appearance in Ireland. They came 
 at first as transitory coast marauders, landing, 
 and sacking a neighboring town, church, or 
 monastery. For this species of warfare the Irish 
 seem to have been as little prepared as any of the 
 other Europeap countries subjected to the like 
 scourge, that is to say, none of them but the 
 Danes possessed at this ]>eriod of history a pow- 
 erful fleet. So when the pirates had wreaked 
 their will uiion the city or monastery, in order 
 to phmdcr which they had landed, they simply 
 re-embarked and sailed away comparatively safe 
 from molestation. 
 
 At length it seems to have occurred to the pro- 
 fessional pirates that in jjlace of making period*
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 29 
 
 ioal dashes ou tLd Irish coast, they might secure 
 a permaiioiit footing? thereupon, and so X'l'epare 
 the way for eventually subjugatiu;^ the entire 
 kingdom. Accordingly, they came iu force and 
 possessed themselves of several spots favorably 
 placed for such purposes as theirs — sites for for- 
 tified maritime cities on estuaries affording good 
 shelter for their fleets, viz. : Dublin, Drogheda, 
 Waterford, Limerick, "Wexford, etc. 
 
 In the fourth year of Nial the Third (about the 
 year a.d. 840), there arrived a monster fleet of 
 these tierce and ruthless savages, under the com- 
 mand of Turgesius. They poured into the coun- 
 try and carried all before them. For nearly 
 seven years, Turgesius exert ised over a consider- 
 able district kingly authority, and the Irish 
 gi'oaned under the horrors of oppression the most 
 heartless and brutal. Turgesius converted the 
 cathedral at Clonmacnoise into a palace for his 
 own use, and from the high altar, used as a 
 throne, the fierce idolater gave forth his tyran- 
 nical command*. Meantime the Christian faith 
 was proscribed, the Christian shrines were plun- 
 dered, the gold and jewels were kept by the 
 spoilers, bus the holy relics were sacrilegiously 
 given to destruction. The schools were dis- 
 persed, the bocis and chronicles burned, and 
 finally the "successor of Patrick," the Archbis- 
 hop of Armagh, was seized, the cathedral sacked, 
 and the holy prelaie brought a captive in«tt *he 
 Danish stronghold. j 
 
 But a day of retribution was at hand. 'l!he 
 divided and disorganized tribes were being bit- 
 terly taught the necessity of union. These laiaet 
 outrages were too much for Christian Irish flesh 
 and blood to bear. Concerting their measures, 
 the people simultaneously rose ou their oppres- 
 sors. Turgesius was seized and put to death by 
 Malachy, Prince of Westmeath, while the Irish 
 Ard-Ri, Nial the' Third, at length able to rally a 
 powerful army against the invaders, swooped 
 .down upon them from the north, and drove them 
 panic-stricken to their maritime fortresses, their 
 track marked with slaughter. Nial seems to 
 have been a really noble character, and the 
 circumstances under which he met his death, 
 sudden and calamitous, in the very midst of his 
 victorious career, afl'ord ample illustration of 
 the fact. His army had halted on the banks of 
 the Callan River, at the moment swollen b.v 
 
 heavy rains. One of the royal domestics or at- 
 tendants, a common Giolla, in endeavoring to 
 ford the river for some i^urpose, was swept from 
 his feet and carried off by the flood. The mon- 
 arch, who happened to bo looking ou, cried aloud 
 to his guards to succour the drowning man, but 
 quicker than any other he himself plunged into 
 the torrent. Ho never rose again. The brave 
 Nial, who had a hundred times faced death in 
 the midst of reddened spears, perished in his 
 effort to save the life of one of the humblest of 
 his followers! 
 
 The power of the Danes was broken, but they 
 still clung to the seaports, where either they 
 were able to defy efforts at expulsion, or else 
 obtained permission to remain by paying heavy- 
 tribute to the Irish sovereign. It is clear enough 
 that the presence of the Danes came, in course of 
 time, to be regarded as useful and profitable by 
 the Irish, so long as they did not refuse tribute 
 to the native power. The history of the succeeding 
 centuries accordingly — the period of the Danish 
 struggle — exhibits a singular spectacle. The 
 Danes made themselves fully at home in the great 
 maritime cities, which they may be said to have 
 founded, and which their commerce certainly 
 raised to importance. The Irish princes made 
 alliances betimes with them, and Danes fre- 
 quentl.v fought on opposite sides in the inter- 
 necine conflicts of the Irish princes. Occasion- 
 ally seizing a favorable opportunity (when the 
 Irish were particularly weakened by internal 
 feud, and when a powerful reinforcement for 
 themselves arrived from Scandinavia) they 
 would make a fierce endeavor to extend their 
 dominion on Irish soil. These efforts were mostly 
 successful for a time, owing to the absence of a 
 strong centralized authority among the Ii-ish; 
 but eventually the Irish, by itutting forth their 
 native valor, and even partially combining for 
 the time, were always able to crush them. 
 
 Yet it is evident that during the three hundred 
 years over which this Danish struggle spreads, 
 the Irish nation was undergoing disintegration 
 and demoralization. Toward the middle of the 
 period, the Danes became converted to Christian- 
 ity ; but their coarse and fierce barbarism re- 
 mained long after, and it is evident that contact 
 with such elements, and increasing political dis- 
 ruption among themselves, had a fatal effect on
 
 30 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the Irsh. They absolutely retrograded in learn- 
 ing and civilization during this time, and con- 
 tracted some of the worst vices that could pave 
 the way for the fate that a few centuries more 
 were to bring upon them. 
 
 National pride may vainly seek to ignore or 
 hide the great truth here displayed. During the 
 three hundred years that preceded the Anglo- 
 Norman invasion, the Ii-ish princes appeared to 
 be given over to a madness marking them for de- 
 struction! At a time when consolidation of 
 national authority was becoming the rule all over 
 Europe, and was becoming so necessary for 
 them, they were going into the other extreme. 
 As the general rule, each one sought only his 
 personal or family ambition or aggrandizement, 
 and strove for it lawlessly and violently. Fre- 
 quently when the Ard-Ki of Erinn was nobly 
 grappling with the Danish foe, and w-as on the 
 point of finally expelling the foreigner, a subor- 
 'iinste prince would seize what seemed to him 
 the golden opportunity for throwing off the 
 authority of the chief king, or for treacherously 
 endeavoring to grasp it himself! During the 
 whole time — three centuries — there was scarcely 
 a single reign in which the Ard-Ei did not find 
 occupation for his arms as constantly in compell- 
 ing the submission of the subordinate native 
 princes, as in combating the Scandinavian foe. 
 
 Religion itself suffered in this national declen- 
 sion. In these centuries we find professedly 
 Christian Irish kings themselves as ruthless de- 
 stroyers of churches and schools as the pagan 
 Danes of a few years previous. The titles of the 
 Irish episcopacy were sometimes seized by lay 
 princes for the sake of the revenues attached to 
 them ; the spiritual functions of the offices, how- 
 ever, being performed by ecclesiastics mean- 
 while. In fine, the Irish national character in 
 ♦hose centuries is to be censured, not admired. 
 It w.ould seem as if by adding sacrilege and war 
 upon religion and on learning to political suicide 
 and a fatal frenzy of factiousness, the Irish 
 princes of that period were doing their best and 
 their worst to shame the glories of their nation 
 in the i>rec(!ding thousand years, and to draw 
 down upon their country the terrible chastise- 
 ment that eventually bofcl it, a chastisement 
 which never could have befallen it but for the 
 •tnte of things I am here pointing out. 
 
 Yet was this gloomy period lit up by some 
 brilliant flashes of glorj', the brightest, if not the 
 last, being that which surrounds the name of 
 Clontarf, where the power of the Danes in Ire- 
 land was crushed totally and forever. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 HOW "BRIAN OF THE TRIBUTE " BECAME A HIGH KllfO 
 OF EEINN. 
 
 Few historical names are more widely known 
 among Irishmen than that of Brian the First — 
 "Brian Boru, or Borumha;"* and the story of 
 his life is a necessary and an interesting intro- 
 duction to an account of the battle of Clontarf. 
 
 About the middle of the tenth century the 
 crown of Munster was worn by Mahon, son of 
 Ceineidi (pr. Kennedy,) a prince of the Dalcas- 
 sian family. Mahon had a young brother, Brian, 
 and by all testimony the affection which existed 
 between the brothers was something touching. 
 Mahon, who was a noble character — "as a prince 
 and captain in every way worthy of his inherit- 
 ance" — was accompanied in all his expeditions, 
 and from an early age, by Brian, to whom he 
 acted not only as a brother and prince, but as a 
 military preceptor. After a brilliant cai'eer, 
 Mahon fell by a deed of deadly treachery. A 
 rival prince of South Munster — "Molloy, son of 
 Bran, Lord of Desmond" — whom he had van- 
 quished, proposed to meet him in friendly con- 
 ference at the house of Donovan, an Eugenian 
 chief. The safety of each person was guaranteed 
 by the Bishop of Cork, who acted as mediator 
 between them. Mahon, chivalrous and unsus- 
 pecting, went unattended and unarmed to the 
 conference. He was seized by an armed band of 
 Donovan's men, who handed him over to a party 
 of Molloy 's retainers, by whom he was put tc 
 death. He had with him, as the sacred and (as it 
 ought to have been) inviolable "safe-conduct" on 
 the faith of which he had trusted himself into 
 the power of his foes, a copy of the Gospels writ- 
 ten by the hand of St. Barre. As t)\e assassins 
 drew their swords upon him, Mahon snatched up 
 the sacred scroll, and held it on his breast, as if 
 ho could not credit that a murderous hand would 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 # 
 
 •That is. " Brian of the 'i'liliiite. "
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 31 
 
 dare to wound him througL such a shield! But 
 the murderers plunged their swords into his 
 heart, piercing right through the vellum, which 
 became all stained and matted with his blood. 
 Two priests had, horror-stricken, witnessed the 
 outrage. They caught up the blood-stained Gos- 
 pels and fled to the bishop, spreading through 
 the country as they went the dreadful news which 
 they bore. The venerable successor of St. Fin 
 Bar, we are told, wept bitterly and uttered a 
 prophecy concerning the fate of the murderers, 
 which was soon and remarkably fulfilled. 
 
 "When the news of his noble-hearted brother's 
 death was brought to Brian at Kincora, he was 
 seized with the most violent grief. His favorite 
 harp was taken down, and he sang the death-song 
 of Mahon, recounting all the glorious actions of 
 his life. His anger flashed out through his tears 
 as he wildly chanted — 
 
 " 'My heart shall burst within my breast. 
 Unless I avenge this great king. 
 They shall forfeit life for this foul deed. 
 Or I must perish by a violent death. ' 
 
 "But the climax of his grief was, that Mahon 
 'had not fallen behind the shelter of his shield, 
 rather than trust the treacherous word of 
 D(movan. "* 
 
 A "Bard of Thomond" in our own day — one 
 not unworthy of his proud pseudonym— Mr. M. 
 Hogan of Limerick, has supplied the following 
 very beautiful version of "Brian's Lament for 
 King Mahon:" 
 
 "Lament, O Dalcassians! the Eagle of Cashel is 
 
 dead! 
 The grandeur, the glory, the joy of her palace is 
 
 fled; 
 Your strength in the battle — your bulwark of 
 
 valor is low. 
 But the fire of your vengeance will fall on th« 
 
 murderous foe ! 
 
 "His country was mighty — his people were blest 
 
 in his reign. 
 But the ray of his glory shall never shine on them 
 
 again ; 
 Like the beauty of summer his presence gave joy 
 
 to our souls. 
 When bards sung his deeds at the banquet of 
 
 bright golden bowls. 
 *M'Gee. 
 
 "Ye maids of Temora, whose rich garmentsi 
 
 sweep the green plain ! 
 Ye chiefs of the Sunburst, the terror and scourge' 
 
 of the Dane ! 
 Ye gray-haired Ard-Fileas! whose songs fire the 
 
 blood of the brave ! 
 Oh! weep, for your Sun-star is quenched in the 
 
 night of the grave. 
 
 "He clad you with honors — he filled your high 
 
 hearts with delight. 
 In the midst of your councils he beamed in his 
 
 wisdom and might; 
 Gold, silver, and jewels were only as dust in his 
 
 hand. 
 But his sword like a lightning-flash blasted the 
 
 foes of his land. 
 
 "Oh! Mahon, my brother ! we've conquer'd and 
 marched side by side, 
 
 And thou wert to the love of my soul as a beauti- 
 ful bride ; 
 
 In the battle, the banquet, the council, the chase 
 and the throne, 
 
 Our beings were blended — our spirits were filled 
 with one tone. 
 
 "Oh! Mahon, my brother! thou'st died like the 
 
 hind of the wood. 
 The hands of assassins were red with thy pure 
 
 noble blood ; 
 And I was not near, my beloved, when thou wast 
 
 o'er power'd. 
 To steep in their hearts' blood the steel of ray 
 
 blue-beaming sword. 
 
 "I stood by the dark misty river at eve dim and 
 
 gray. 
 And I heard the death-cry of the spirit of gloomy 
 
 Craghlea ; 
 She repeated thy name in her caoine of desolatt 
 
 woe. 
 Then I knew that the Beauty and Joy of Clan 
 
 Tail was laid low. 
 
 "All day and all night one dark vigil of sorrow I 
 
 keep. 
 My spirit is bleeding with wounds that are many 
 
 and deep; 
 My banquet is anguish, tears, groaning, and 
 
 wringing of hands. 
 In madness lamenting my prince of the gold- 
 
 hilted brands.
 
 32 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 "O God! give me patience to bear the affliction 
 
 I feel, 
 But for every hot tear a red blood-drop shall 
 
 blush on my steel ; 
 For every deep pang which my grief-stricken 
 
 spirit has known, 
 A thousand death-wounds in the day of revenge 
 
 shall atone." 
 
 And he smote the murderers of his brother 
 with a swift and terrible vengeance. Mustering 
 his Dalcassian legions, which so often with 
 Mahon he had led to victory, he set forth upon 
 the task of retribution. His first effort, the old 
 records tell us, was directed against the Danes of 
 Limerick, who were Donovan's allies, and he 
 slew Ivor, their king, and his two sons. Foresee- 
 ing their fate, they had fled before him, and had 
 taken refuge in "Scattery's Holy Isle." But 
 Brian slew them even "between the horns of the 
 altar." Next came the turn of Donovan, who 
 had meantime hastily gathered to his aid the 
 Danes of South Munster. But "Brian," say 
 the Annals of Innisf alien, "gave them battle, and 
 Auliffe and his Danes, and Donovan and his 
 allies, were all cut off." Of all guilty in the 
 murder of the brother whom he so loved, there 
 now remained but one — the principal, Molloy, 
 son of Brian. After the fashion in those times, 
 Brian sent Molloy a formal summons or citation 
 to meet him in battle until the terrible issue 
 between them should be settled. To this Molloy 
 responded by confederating all the Irish and 
 Danes of South Munster whom he could rally, 
 for yet another encounter with the avenging Dal- 
 cassian. But the curse of the Comharba of St. 
 Barre was upon the murderers of Mahon, and 
 the might of a passionate vengeance "was in 
 Brian's arm. Again he was victorious. The 
 confederated Danes and Irish were overthrown 
 with great slaughter; Brian's son, Morrogh, 
 then a mere lad, "killing the murderer of his 
 uncle Mahon with his own hand." "Molloy was 
 buried on the north side of the mountain where 
 Mahon had been murdered and interred : on 
 Mahon the sun shone full and fair; but on the 
 grave of his assassin the black shadow of the 
 northern sky rested always. Such was the tradi- 
 tion which all Munster piously believed. After 
 this victory Brian was universally acknowledged 
 
 king of Munster, and Hntil Ard-Ri Malachy won 
 the battle of Tara, was justly considered the first 
 Irish captain of his age."* 
 
 This was the opening chapter of Brian's career. 
 Thenceforth his military reputation and his 
 political influence are found extending far be- 
 yond the confines of Munster. 
 
 The supreme crown of Ireland at this time was 
 worn by a brave and enlightened sovereign, 
 Malachy the Second, or Malachy Mor. He ex- 
 hibited rare txualities of statesmanship, patriot- 
 ism, and valor, in his vigorous efforts against the 
 Danes. On che occasion of one of his most 
 signal victories over them, he himself engaged 
 in combat two Danish princes, overcame and slew 
 both of them, taking from off the neck of one a 
 massive collar of gold, and from the grasp of the 
 other a jewel-hilted sword, which he himself 
 thenceforward wore as trophies. To this mon- 
 arch, and to the incident here mentioned, Moore 
 alludes in his well-known lines: 
 
 "Let Erin remember the days of old. 
 Ere her faithless sons betrayed her. 
 When Malachi wore the collar of gold 
 Which he won from her proud invader." 
 
 Whether it was that Ard-Ri Malachy began to 
 fear the increasing and almost overshadowing 
 power and influence of his southern tributary, 
 or that Brian had in his pride of strength refused 
 to own his tributary position, it seems impossi- 
 ble to tell ; but unfortunately for Ii'elaud the 
 brave and wise Ard-Ri Malachy, and the not less 
 brave and wise tributary Brian, became em- 
 broiled in a bitter war, the remote but indubit- 
 able consequences of which most powerfully and 
 calamitously affected the future destinies of L-e- 
 land. For nearly twenty years the struggle 
 between them continued. Any adversary less 
 able than Malachy would have been quickly com- 
 pelled to succumb to ability such as Brian's; and 
 it may on the other hand be said that it was only 
 a man of Brian's marvelous powers whom 
 Malachy could not effectively crush in as many 
 months. Two such men united could accomplish 
 anything with Ireland ; and when they eventuall.v 
 did unite, they absolutely swept the Danes into 
 their walled and fortified cities, from whence 
 
 » M'Gee.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 33 
 
 they had begun once more to overrun the coun- 
 try during the distractions of the struggle be- 
 tween Malachy and Brian. During the short 
 peace or truce between himself and the Ard-Ri, 
 Brian — who was a sagacious diplomatist as well 
 as great general — seems to have attached to his 
 interest nearly all the tributary kings, and subse- 
 quently even the Danish princes ; so that it was 
 easy to see that already his eye began to glance 
 at the supreme crown. Malachy saw it all, and 
 when the decisive moment at last arrived, and 
 Brian, playing Caesar, "crossed the Rubicon," 
 the now only titular Ard-Ri made a gallant but 
 brief defence against the ambitious usurper — for 
 such Brian was on the occasion. After this 
 short effort Malachy yielded with dignity and 
 calmness to the inevitable, and gave up the mon- 
 archy of Erinn to Brian. The abdicated sovereign 
 thenceforward served under his victorious rival 
 as a subordinate, with a readiness and fidelity 
 which showed him to be Brian's superior at least 
 in unselfish patriotism and in readiness to sacri- 
 fice personal pride and personal rights to the 
 public interests of his country. 
 
 Brian, now no longer king of Munster, but 
 Ard-Ri of Erin, found his ambition fully 
 crowned. The power and authority to which he 
 had thus attained, he wielded with a wisdom, a 
 sagacity, a firmness, and a success that made his 
 reign as Ard-Ri, while it lasted, one of almost 
 unsurpassed glory, prosperity, and happiness for 
 Ireland. Yet the student of Irish history finds 
 no fact more indelibly marked on his mind by 
 the thoughtful study of the great page before 
 him than this, namely, that, glorious as was 
 Brian's reign — brave, generous, noble, pious, 
 learned, accomplished, politic, and wise, as he 
 is confessed on all hands to have been — his seiz- 
 ure of the supreme national crown was a calam- 
 ity for Ireland. Or rather, perhaps, it would be 
 more correct and more just to say, that having 
 reference not singly to his ambitious seizure of 
 the national crown, but also to the loss in one 
 day of his own life and the lives of his next heirs 
 (both son and grandson), the event resulted ca- 
 lamitously for Ireland. For "it threw open the 
 sovereignty to every great family as a prize to 
 be won by policy or force, and no longer an in- 
 heritance to be determined by law and usage. 
 The consequences were what might have been 
 
 expected. After his death the O'Connors of the 
 West competed with both O'Neills and O'Brien's 
 for supremacy, and a chronic civil war prpjHired 
 the way for Stronr/how and the Normann. The 
 term 'kings with opposition' is applied to nearly 
 all who reigned between King Brian's time 
 and that of Roderick O'Connor" (the Norman 
 invasion), "meaning thereby kings who were 
 unable to secure general obedience to their 
 administration of affairs."* 
 
 Brian, however, in all probability, as the his- 
 torian I have quoted pleads on his behalf, might 
 have been moved by the great and statesmanlike 
 scheme of consolidating and fusing Ireland into 
 one kingdom ; gradually repressing individuality 
 in the subordinate principalities, and laying the 
 firm foundation of an enduring and compact 
 monarchial state, of which his own posterity 
 would be the sovereigns. For Morrogh, his 
 first-born, and for Morrogh's descendants he 
 hoped to found an hereditary kingship after the 
 type universall}' copied throughout Christendom. 
 He was not ignorant of what Alfred had done for 
 England, Harold for Norway, Charlemagne for 
 France, and Otho for Germany." If any such 
 design really inspired Brian's course, it was a 
 grandly useful one, comprehensive, and truly 
 national. Its realization was just what Ireland 
 wanted at that period of her history. But its 
 existence in Brian's mind is a most fanciful 
 theory. He was himself, while a tributary king, 
 no wondrous friend or helper of centralized 
 authority. He pushed from the throne a wise 
 and worthy monarch. He grasped at the scepter 
 not in a reign of anarchy, but in a period of 
 comparative order, authority, and tranquility. 
 
 Be that as it may, certain it is that Brian was 
 "every inch a king." 'Neither on the Irish 
 throne, nor on that of any other kingdom, did 
 sovereign ever sit more splendidly qualified to 
 rule; and Ireland had not for some centuries 
 known such a glorious and prosperous, peaceful, 
 and happy time as the five years preceding 
 Brian's death. He caused his authority to be 
 not only unquestioned, but obeyed and respected, 
 in every corner of the land. So justly were the 
 laws administered in his name, and so loyally 
 obeyed throughout the kini;dom. that the bards 
 
 * M'Gee.
 
 34 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 relate a rather fanciful story of a young and ex- 
 quisitely beautiful lady, making, without the 
 slightest apprehension of violence or insult, and 
 in perfect safety, a tour of the island on foot, 
 alone and unprotected, though bearing about her 
 the most costly jewels and ornaments of gold! 
 A national minstrel of our own times has cele- 
 brated this illustration of the tranquility of 
 >Brian'8 reign in the well-known poem, "Eich 
 and rare were the gems she wore. 
 
 CHAPTEE Xn. 
 
 HOW A DARK THUNDER-CLOUD GATHERED OVER IRELAND. 
 
 About this time the Danish power all over 
 Europe had made considerable advances. In 
 France it had fastened itself upon Normandy, and 
 in England it had once more become victorious, 
 the Danish prince, Sweyne, having been pro- 
 claimed king of England in 1013, though it was 
 not until the time of his successor, Canute, that 
 the Danish line were undisputed monarchs of 
 England. All these triumphs made them turn 
 their attention the more earnestly to Ireland, 
 which they so often and so desperately yet so 
 vainly, sought to win. At length the Danes of 
 this countrj' — holding several of the large sea- 
 port cities, but yielding tribute to the Irish mon- 
 arch — seem to have been roused to the design of 
 rallying all the might of the Scanian race for one 
 gigantic and supreme effort to conquer the king- 
 dom : for it was a reflection hard for uorthmen 
 to endure, that they who had conquered England 
 almost as often as they tried, who had now 
 placed a Danish sovereign on the 'English throne, 
 and had established a Danish dukedom of Nor- 
 mandy in France, had never yet been able to 
 bring this dearly coveted western isle into sub- 
 jection, and had never once given a monarch to 
 its line of kings. Coincideutly with the victories 
 of Sweyne in England, several Danish expedi- 
 tions appeared upon the Irish coast : now at Cork 
 in the south, now at Lough Foyle in the north ; 
 but these were promptly met and rei)elled by the 
 vigor of the Ard-Ei, or of the local princes. 
 These forays, however, though serious and dan- 
 gerous enough, were but the prelude to the forth- 
 coming grand assault, or as it has boon aptly 
 «tyled, "the last field-day of Christianity and 
 Paganism on Irish 8oil." 
 
 "A taunt thrown out over a game of chess ai 
 Kincora is said to have hastened this memorable 
 day. Maelmurra, prince of Leinster, playing or 
 advising on the game, made or recommended a 
 false move, upon which Morrogh, son of Brian, 
 observed it was no wonder his friends the Danes 
 (to whom he owed his elevation) were beaten at 
 Glenmana, if he gave them advice like that. 
 Maelmurra, highly incensed by the allusion — all 
 the more severe for its bitter truth — arose, or- 
 dered his horse, and rode away in haste. Brian, 
 when he heard it, dispatched a messenger after 
 the indignant guest, begging him to return ; but 
 Maelmurra was not to be pacified, and refused. 
 We nest hear of him as concerting with certain 
 Danish agents, always open to such negotiations, 
 those measures which led to the great invasion 
 of the i'^ear 1014, in which the whole Scanian 
 race, from Anglesea and Man, north to Norway, 
 bore an active share. 
 
 "These agents passing over to England and 
 Man, among the Scottish isles, and even to the 
 Baltic, followed iip the design of an invasion on 
 a gigantic scale. Suibne, earl of Man, entered 
 warmly into this conspiracy, and sent 'the war- 
 arrow' through |_all those 'out-islands' which 
 obeyed him as lord. A yet n^ore formidable 
 potentate, Sigurd, of the Orkneys, next joined 
 the league. He was the fourteenth earl of 
 Orkney, of Norse origin, and his power was at 
 this period a balance to that of his nearest 
 neighbor, the king of Scots. He had ruled since 
 the year 996, not only over the Orkneys, Shet- 
 land, and Northern Hebrides, but the coasts of 
 Caithness and Sutherland, and even Boss and 
 Moray rendered him homage and tribute. Eight 
 years before the battle of Clontarf, Malcom the 
 Second of Scotland had been fain to purchase 
 his alliance by giving him his daughter in mar- 
 riage, and the kings of Denmark and Norway 
 treated with him on equal terms. The hundred 
 inhabited isles which lie between Yell and Man 
 — isles which after their conversion contained 
 'three hundred churches and chapels' — sent in 
 their contingents, to swell the following of the 
 renowned Earl Sigurd. As his fleet bore south- 
 ward from Kirkwall, it swept the subject coast 
 of Scotland, and gathered from every lough its 
 galleys and its fighting-men. The rendezvous 
 was the Isle of Man, where Suibne bad placed hip
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 35 
 
 own forces, imder the command of Brodar, or 
 Broderick, a famous leader against the Britons of 
 Wales and Cornwall. In conjinictiou .with 
 Sigurd, the Manxmen sailed over to Ireland, 
 where they were joined, in the Liffey, by Earl 
 Cauutesou, prince of Denmark, at the head of 
 fourteen hundred champions clad in armor. 
 Sitric of Dublin stood, or affected to stand, neu- 
 tral in these preparations, but Malemurra of 
 Leinster had mustered all the forces he could 
 command for such an expedition. "* 
 
 Here was a mighty thunder-etorm gathering 
 over and around Ireland! Never before was an 
 effort of such magnitude made for the conquest 
 of the island. Never before had the Danish 
 power so palpably put forth its utmost strength, 
 and never hitherto had it put forth such strength 
 in vain. This was the supreme moment for Ire- 
 land to show what she could do when united 
 in self-defence against a foreign invader. Here 
 were the unconquered Northmen, the scourge and 
 terror of Europe, the conquerors of Britain, Nor- 
 mandy, Anglesea, Orkney, and Man, now con- 
 centrating the might of their whole race, from 
 fiord and haven, from the Orkneys to the Scilly 
 Isles, to burst in an overwhelming billow upon 
 Ireland! If before a far less formidable assault 
 England went down, dare Ireland hope now to 
 meet and withstand this tremendous shock? In 
 truth, it seemed a hard chance. It was a trial- 
 hour for the men of Erin. And gloriously did 
 they meet it! Never for an instant were they 
 daunted by the tidings of the extensive and 
 mighty preparations going forward; for the news 
 filled Europe, and a hundred harbors in Norway, 
 Denmark, France, England, and the Channel 
 Isles resounded daj' and night with the bustle 
 preparatory for the coming war. Brian was fully 
 equal to the emergency. He resolved to meet 
 force by force, combination by combination, 
 preparation by preparation ; to defy the foe, and let 
 them see "what Irishmen could do. " His efforts 
 were nobly seconded by the zeal of all the 
 tributary princes (with barely a few exceptions), 
 but most nobly of all by the deposed Malachy, 
 whose conduct upon this occasion alone would 
 entitle him to a proud place in the annals of Ire- 
 land. In one of the preliminary expeditions of 
 
 the Danes a few years previously, he detected 
 more quickly that Brian the seriousness of the 
 work going forward ; ho sent word hurriedly to 
 Kincora that the Danes, who had landed near 
 Dublin, were marching inward, and entreated of 
 Brian to hasten to check them promptly. The 
 Ard-Ri, however, was at that time absolutely in- 
 credulous that anything more serious than a 
 paltry foray was designed ; and he refused, it is 
 said, to lend any assistance to the local prince. 
 But Malachy had ii truer conception of the grav- 
 ity of the case. Hi himself marched to meet the 
 invaders, and in a battle which ensued, routed 
 them, losing, howe /er, in the hour of victory, his 
 son Flann. This engagement awakened Brian 
 to a sense of the danger at hand. He quickly 
 dispatched an auxiliary force, under his son 
 Morrogh to Malachy 's aid; but the Danes, 
 driven into their walled city of Dublin b3'' 
 Malachy, did not venture out ; and so the Dal- 
 cassian force returned southward, devastating the 
 territory of the traitor, Maelmurra, of Leinster, 
 whose perfidy was now openly proclaimed. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE GLORIOUS D.\Y OF CL0NT.\K1 . 
 
 Brian soon became fully aware of the scheme 
 at which the Danes all over Europe were labor- 
 ing, and of the terrible trial approaching for Ire- 
 land. Through all the autumn of that year 1013, 
 and the spring months of the year following, the 
 two powers, Danish and Irish, were working hard 
 at preparations for the great event, each strain- 
 ing every energy and summoning every resource 
 for the crisis. Toward the close of March, 
 Brian's arrangements being completed, he gave 
 the order for a simultaneous march to Kilmain- 
 ham,* usually the camping ground and now the 
 appointed rendezvous of the national forces. By 
 the second week in April there had rallied to the 
 national standard a force which, if numerically 
 unequal to that assembled by the invaders, was, 
 as the result showed, able to compensate by 
 superior valor for whatever it lacked in numbers. 
 
 * M'Gee. 
 
 *The district north and south of the Liffey at this point 
 — the Phoenix Park, Kilmainham, Inchicore, and Chapel- 
 Izod — was the rendezvous.
 
 3i5 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 The lords of all the southern half of the kingdom 
 — the lord of Deoies, Inchiquin, Fermoy, Corca- 
 Baiskin, Kiualnieaky, and Kerry — and the lords 
 of Hy-Manie and Hy-Fiachra in Connaught, we 
 axe told, hastened to Brian's standai-d. O'More 
 and O 'Nolan of Leinster, and Donald, Steward 
 of Mar, in Scotland, continues the historian, 
 "were the other chieftains who joined him before 
 Clontarf, besides those of his own kindred," or 
 the forces proper of Thomond.* Just one faint 
 shadow catches the eye as we survey the picture 
 presented by Ireland in the hour of this great 
 national rally. The northern chieftains, the 
 lords of Ulster, alone held back. Sullen and 
 silent, they stirred not. "They had submitted 
 to Brian; but thvy never cordially supported 
 him." 
 
 The great Danish flotilla, under Brodar, the 
 admiral-in-chief, entered Dublin Bay on Palm 
 Sunday, the 18th of April, 1014. The galleys 
 anchored, some of them at Sutton, near Howth, 
 others were moored in the mouth of the river 
 Liffey, and the rest were beached or anchored in 
 a vast line stretching along the Clontarf shore, 
 ■which sweeps between the two points indicated. 
 Brian immediately swung his army round upon 
 Glassnevin, crossed the Tolka at the point where 
 the Botanical Gardens now stand, and faced his 
 line of battle southward toward where the enemy 
 ■were encamped upon the shore. Meantime, becom- 
 ing aware that Maelnmrra, prince of Leinster, was 
 so eager to help the invader that he had entered 
 the Danish camp with every man of his follow- 
 ing, Brian secretly dispatched a body of Dalcas- 
 sians, under his son Donagh, to dash into the 
 traitor's territory and waste it with fire and 
 sword. The secret march southward of the Dal- 
 cassians was communicated to Maelmurra by a 
 spy in Brian's camp, and, iuaftmuch as the Dal- 
 
 •" Under the standard of Brian Bortiralia iilso fougbt 
 that day the Maermors, or Great Stewards of Ijennox and 
 Mar, with a contingent of the brave Gaels of Alba. It 
 would even appear, from a Danish account, that some of 
 the Northmen who had always been friendly to Brian, 
 fought on his side at Clontarf. A large body of hardy men 
 came from the distant iiiarilime districts of Coiinemara ; 
 many warriors flocked from other territories, and, on the 
 whole, the rallying of tlic men of Ireland in the cause of 
 their country upon that occasion, as much as the victory 
 which their gallantry achieved, renders the event n proud 
 and cheering one in Irish history." — Havertv. 
 
 cassians were famed as the "invincible logion" 
 of the Irish army, the traitor urged vehemently 
 upon his English allies that this was the mo- 
 ment to give battle — -while Brian's best troop* 
 were away. Accordingly, on Holy Thursday, the 
 Danes announced their resolution to give battle 
 nest day. Brian had the utmost reluctance to 
 fight upon that day, which would be Good Fri 
 day, thinking it almost a profanation to engage 
 in combat upon the day on which our Lord died 
 for man's redemption. He begged that the en- 
 gagement might be postponed even one day ; but 
 the Danes were all the more resolute to engage on 
 the next morning, for, saj-s an old legend of 
 the battle, Brodar, having consulted one of the 
 Danish pagan oracles, was told that if he rjave 
 battle upon the Friday Brian would fall. 
 
 With early dawn next daj% Good Friday, 23d 
 of April, 1014, all was bustle in both camps.* 
 The Danish arm3', facing inland, northward or 
 northeast, stretched along the shore of Dublin 
 Bay ; its left flank touching and protected by the 
 city of Dublin, its center being about the spot 
 where Clontarf castle now stands, and its right 
 wing resting on Dollymount. The Irish army, 
 facing southward, had its right on Drumcondra, 
 its center on Fairview, and its extreme left on 
 Clontarf. The Danish forces were disposed of in 
 three divisions, of which the first, or left, was. 
 composed of the Danes of Dublin, under their 
 king, Sitric, and the princes Dolat and Conmael, 
 with the thousand Norwegians already mentioned 
 as clothed in suits of ringed mail, under the 
 
 *Haverty says : "The exact site of the battle seems to 
 be tolerably well defined. In some copies of the Annals it 
 is called ' the Battle of the Fishing-weir of Clontarf :' and 
 the weir in question must have been at the mouth of the 
 Tolka, about the place where Ballybough Bridge now 
 stands. It also appears that the principal destruction of 
 the Danes took place when in their flight they endeavored to 
 cross the Tolka, probably at the moment of high water, when 
 great numbers of them were drowned ; and it is expressly 
 stated that they were pursued with great slaughter 'from the 
 Tolka to Dublin.'" I, however, venture, though with 
 proper diffidence, to suggest that the ' Fishing-weir ' stood 
 a short distance higher up the river, to wit, at Clonliffe, 
 directly below where the College of the Holy Cross now 
 stands. For there is, in my opinion, ample evidence to 
 show that at that time the sea flowed over the flats on the 
 city side, by which Ballybough Bridge is now approached, 
 making a goodly bay, or wide estuary, there ; and that 
 only aliout the point I indicate was a fishing-weir likely to 
 have stood in 1014.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 37 
 
 youthful waiTiors Carlus and AuruJ ; the secoinl, 
 or ccutnil division, was composed chiefly of the 
 Lagenians, commanded by Maehnurra himself, 
 and the piinces of Offaly and of the Liffey terri- 
 tory ; and the third division, or right wing, was 
 made up of the auxiliaries from the Baltic and 
 the Islands, under Brodar, admiral of the fleet, 
 and the earl of Orkneys, together with some 
 iBritish auxiliaries from Wales and Cornwall. To 
 oppose these the Irish monarch also marshaled 
 his forces in three corps or divisions. The first, 
 or right wing, composed chiefly of the dimin- 
 ished legions of the brave Dalcassians, was under 
 the command of his sou Morrogh, who had also 
 with him his four brothers, Tiege, Donald, 
 Conor, and Flann, and his own son (grandson 
 of Bi'iau), the youthful Torlogh, who was but 
 fifteen years of age. In this division also fought 
 Malachy with the Meath contingent. The Lrish 
 center division comprised the troops of Desmond, 
 or South Munster, under the commander of Kian, 
 son of Molloy, and Donel, son of Duv Davoren 
 (ancestor of The O'Donoghue), both of the 
 Eugenian line. The Irish left wing was com- 
 posed mainly of the forces of Connaught, under 
 O'Kelly, prince of Hy-Manie (the great central 
 territory of Connaught); O'Heyne, prince of Hy- 
 Piachra Ahna ; and Echtigern, king of Dalariada. 
 It is supposed that Brian's army numbered about 
 20,000 men.* 
 
 All being ready for the signal of battle, 
 Brian himself, mounted on a richly-caparisoned 
 charger, rode through the Ii-ish lines, as all the 
 records are careful to tell us, "with his sword in 
 one hand, and a crucifix in the other, exhorting 
 the troops to remember the momentous issues 
 that depended upon the fortunes of that day — 
 Keligion and Country against Paganism and 
 Bondage. It is said that on this occasion he 
 delivered an address which moved his soldiers, 
 now to tears, and anon to the utmost pitch of 
 enthusiasm and resolution. And we can well 
 imagine the effect, upon an army drawn up as 
 they were for the onset of battle in defence of 
 "Faith and Fatherland," of such a sight and 
 such an appeal — their aged and venerable mon- 
 arch, "his white hair floating in the wind, " riding 
 through their lines, with the sacred symbol of 
 
 'Oj»!dged from Haverly. 
 
 Rodemption borne aloft, and adjuring them, 
 as the chronicles tell us to "remember that on 
 this day Christ died for us, on the Mount of 
 Calvary." Moreover, Brian himself had given 
 them an earnest, such perhaps as monarch had 
 never given before, of his resolve, that with 
 the fortunes of his country he and his sous and 
 kinsmen all would stand or fall. He had brought 
 "his sons and nephews there, " says the histo- 
 rian, who might have added, and even his grand- 
 children, "and showed that he was prepared to 
 let the existence of his race depend upon the 
 issue of the day." We maybe sure a circum- 
 stance so affecting as this was not lost ujjon 
 Brian's soldiers. It gave force to every word of 
 his address. He recounted, we are told, all the 
 barbarities and the sacrileges perpetrated by the 
 invaders in their lawless ravages on Iris-' soil, 
 the shrines they had plundered, the holy relics 
 they had profaned, the brutal cruelties they had 
 inflicted on unarmed non-combatants — nay, on 
 "the servants of the Altar." Then, raising the 
 crucifix aloft, he invoked the Omnipotent God to 
 look down upon them that day, and to strengthen 
 their arms in a cause so just and holy. 
 
 Mr. William Kenealy (now of Kilkenny) is the 
 author of a truly noble poem which gives with 
 all the native vigor and force of the original, 
 this thrilling "Address of Brian to his Army." 
 
 "Stand ye now for Erin's glory! Stand ye now 
 
 for Erin's cause! 
 Long ye've groaned beneath the rigor of tha 
 
 Northmen's savage laws. 
 What though brothers league against us? What, 
 
 though myriads be the foe? 
 Victory will be more honored in the myriads' 
 
 overthrow. 
 
 "Proud Connacians! oft we've wrangled in our 
 petty feuds of yore ; 
 
 Now we fight against the robber Dane upon our 
 native shore ; 
 
 May our hearts unite in friendship, as our blood 
 in one red tide, 
 
 While we crush their mail-clad legions, and an- 
 nihilate their pride! 
 
 "Brave Eugenians! Erin triumphs in the sight 
 she sees to-day — 
 
 Desmond's homesteads all deserted for the mus- 
 ter and the fray !
 
 d8 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Cluan's vale and Galtees' summit send their 
 
 bravest and their best — 
 May such hearts be theira forever, for the 
 
 Freedom of the West! 
 
 "Caiiefs and Keraes of Dalcassia! Brothers of 
 
 my past career, 
 Oft we've trodden on the pirate-flag that flaunts 
 
 before us here ; 
 Tou remember Inniscattery, how we bounded on 
 
 the foe, 
 As the torrent of the mountain bursts upon the 
 
 plain below ! 
 
 "They have razed our proudest castles — spoiled 
 the Temples of the Lord — • 
 
 Burne'^. to dust tLo sacred relics — put the Peace- 
 ful to the sword — 
 
 Desecrated all things holy^ — as they soon may 
 do again, 
 
 If their power to-day we smite not — if to-day we 
 be not men ! 
 
 "On this day the God-man suffered — look upon 
 
 the sacred si.cn — 
 May we conquer 'neath its shadow, as of old did 
 
 Constantine! 
 May the heathen tribe of Odin fade before it like 
 
 a dream. 
 And the triumph of this glorious day in our 
 
 future annuals gleam! 
 
 "God of heaven, bless our banner — nerve our 
 sinews for the strife! 
 
 Fight we now for all that's holj' — for our altars, 
 land and life — 
 
 For red vengeance on the spoiler, whom the blaz- 
 ing temples trace — 
 
 For the honor of our maidens and the glory of 
 our race 1 
 
 "Should I fall before the foeman, 'tis the death 
 
 I seek to-day ; 
 Should ten thousand daggers pierce me, bear my 
 
 body not away, 
 Till this day of da.\s be over — till the field is 
 
 fouglit and won — 
 Then the holy mass be chanted, and the funeral 
 
 rites be done. 
 
 "Men of Erin! men of Erin! grasp the battle-ax 
 
 and spear! 
 Chase these Northern wolves before you like a 
 
 herd of frightened deer! 
 Burst their ranks, like bolts from heaven ! Down 
 
 on the heathen crew. 
 For the glory of tls Crucified, and Erin's glory 
 
 too!" 
 
 Who can be astonished that, as he ceased, a 
 shout wild, furious, and deafening, burst from 
 the Irish lines? A cry arose from the soldiers, 
 we are told, demanding instantly to be led 
 against the enemy. The aged monarch now 
 placed himself at the head of his guards, to lead 
 the van of battle; but at this point his sons and 
 all the attendant princes and commanders pro- 
 tested against his attempting, at his advanced 
 age, to take part personally in the conflict; and 
 eventually, after much effort, they succeeded in 
 prevailing upon him to retire to his tent, and to 
 let the chief command devolve upon his eldest 
 son Morrogh. 
 
 "The battle, " says a historian, 'then com- 
 menced;- 'a spirited, fierce, violent, vengeful, 
 and furious battle ; the likeness of which was not 
 to be found at that time,' as the old annalists 
 quaintly desaribe it. It was a conflict of heroes. 
 The chieftains engaged at every point in single 
 combat; and the greater part of them on both 
 sides fell. The impetuosity of the Irish was ir- 
 resistible, and their battle-axes did fearful execu- 
 tion, every man of the ten hundred mailed war- 
 riors of Norway having been made to bite the 
 dust, and it was against them, we are told, that 
 the Dalcassians had been obliged to contend 
 single-handed. The heroic Morrogh performed 
 prodigies of valor throughout the day. Eauks of 
 men fell before him ; and, hewing his way to the 
 Danish standard, he cut down two successive 
 bearers of it with his battlo-ax. Two Danish 
 leaders, Carolus and Conmael, enraged at this 
 success, rushed on him together, but both fell 
 in rapid succession by his sword. Twice Mor- 
 rogh and some of his chiefs retired to slake their 
 thirst and cool their hands, swollen from the vio- 
 lent use of the sword; and the Danes observing 
 the vigor with which they returned to the con- 
 flict, succeeded, by a dosiiornto effort in cutting 
 off the brook which had refreshed them. Thus
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 39 
 
 the battle raged from an early hour in the morn- 
 ing — innumerable deeds of valor being performed 
 on both sides, and victory appearing still doubt- 
 ful, until the third or fourth hour in the after- 
 noon, when afresh and desperate effort was made 
 by the Irish, and the Danes, now almost desti- 
 tute of leaders, began to waver and give way at 
 everj' point. Just at this moment the Norwegian 
 prince, Anrud, encountered Morrogh, who was 
 unable to raise his arms from fatigue, but with 
 the left hand he seized Anrud and hurled him to 
 the earth, and with the other placed the point of 
 his sword on the breast of the i>rostrate North- 
 man, and leaning on it plunged it through his 
 body. While stooping, however, for this pur- 
 pose, Anrud contrived to inflict on him a mortal 
 wound with a dagger, and Morrogh fell in the 
 arms of victory. According to other accounts, 
 Morrogh was in the act of stooping to relieve an 
 enemy when he received from him his death 
 ■wound. This disaster had not the effect of turn- 
 ing the fortune of the day, for the Danes and 
 their allies were in a state of utter disorder, and 
 along their whole line had commenced to fly 
 toward the city or to their ships. They plunged 
 into the Tolka at a time, we may conclude, when 
 the river was swollen with the tide, so that great 
 numbers were drowned. The body of young 
 Turlogh was found after the battle 'at the weir of 
 Clontarf, ' with his hands entangled in the hair 
 of a Dane whom he had grappled with in the 
 pursuit. 
 
 "But the chief tragedy of the day remains to 
 be related. Brodar, the pirate admiral, who 
 commanded in the point of the Danish lines re- 
 motest from the city, seeing the rout general, 
 was making his way through some thickets with 
 only a few attendants, when he came upon the 
 tent of Brian Borumha, left at that moment with- 
 out his guards. The fierce Norseman rushed in 
 and found the aged monarch at prayer before 
 the crucifix, which he had that morning held up 
 to the view of his troops, and attended only by 
 his page. Yet, Brian had time to seize his arms, 
 and died sword in hand. The Irish accounts say 
 that the king killed Brodar.and was only overcome 
 bj' numbers ; but the Danish version in the Niala 
 Saga is more probable, and in this Brodar is 
 represented as holding up his reeking sword and 
 crying : 'Let it be croclaimed from man to man 
 
 that Brian has been slain by Brodar. ' It is 
 added, on the same authority, that the ferocious 
 pirate was then hemmed in by Brian's returned 
 guards and captured alive, and that he was hung 
 from a tree, and continued to rage like a beast 
 of prey until all his entrails were torn out — the 
 Irish soldiers thus taking savage vengeance for 
 the death of their king, who but for their own . 
 neglect would have been safe. "* L 
 
 Such was the victory of Clontarf — one of the 
 most glorious events in the annals of Ireland! 
 It was the final effort of the Danish power to 
 effect the conquest of this country. Never again 
 was that effort renewed. For a century subse- 
 quently the Danes continued to hold some mari- 
 time cities in Ireland ; but never more did they 
 dream of conquest. That design was overthrown 
 forever on the bloody plain of Clontarf. 
 
 It was, as the historian called it truly, "a con- 
 flict of heroes." There was no flinching on 
 either side, and on each side fell nearly every 
 commander of note who had entered the battle! 
 The list of the dead is a roll of nobility, Danish 
 and Irish ; among the dead being the brave Cale- 
 donian chiefs, the great Stewards of Mar and 
 Lennox, who had come from distant Alba to fight 
 on the Irish side that day ! 
 
 But direst disaster of all — most woeful in its 
 ulterior results affecting the fate and fortunes of 
 Ireland — was the slaughter of the reigning 
 family : Brian himself, Morrogh, his eldest son 
 and destined successor, and his grandson, "the 
 youthful Torlogh," eldest child of Morrogh — • 
 three generations cut down in the one day upon 
 the same field of battle! 
 
 "The fame of the event went out through all 
 nations. The chronicles of Wales, of Scotland, 
 and of Man ; the annals of Ademar and Marianus ;f 
 the saga of Denmark and the Isles, all record the 
 event. The Norse settlers in Caithness saw ter- 
 rific visions of Valhalla 'the day after the 
 battle.' "J "The annals state that Brian and 
 Morrogh both lived lived to receive the last 
 sacraments of the Church, and that their remains 
 
 * Haverty. 
 
 f " Brian, king- of Hibernia, slain on 6ood Friday, the 
 9th of tLe calends of May {23d April), with his mind and 
 his hands turned toward God." — " Chronicles of Marianus 
 
 Seotus." 
 I M'Gee.
 
 40 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 were conveyed by the monks to Swords (near 
 Dublin), and thence to Armagh by the Arch- 
 bishop ; and that their obsequies were celebrated 
 for twelve days and nights with great splendor 
 by the clergy of Armagh after which the body 
 of Brian was deposited in a stone coffin on the 
 north side of the high altar in the cathedra], the 
 body of his son being interred on the south side 
 of the same church. The remains of Torlogh and 
 of several of the other chieftains were buried in 
 the old churchyard of Kilmainham, where the 
 shaft of an Irish cross still marks the spot. "* 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 "atteb the battle." the scene "upo». ossory's 
 plain." the last days of national freedom. 
 
 Three days after the battle the decimated but 
 victory-crowned Irish legions broke up camp and 
 marched homeward to their respective provinces, 
 chanting songs of triumph. The Dalcassians 
 (who had sufifered terribly in the battle) found 
 their way barred by a hostile prince, Fitzpat- 
 rick, lord of Ossory, whose opposing numbers 
 vastly exceeded their effective force, which in- 
 deed was barely enough to convey or convoy 
 their wounded homeward to Kincora. In this 
 extremity the wounded soldiers entreated that 
 they might be allowed to fight with the rest. 
 "Let stake " they said, "be driven into the 
 ground, and suffer each of us, tied to and sup- 
 ported by one of these stakes, to be placed in his 
 rank by the side of a sound man." "Between 
 seven and eight hundred wounded men," adds 
 the historian, "pale, emaciated, and supported in 
 this manner, appeared mixed with the foremost 
 of the troops! Never was such another sight ex- 
 hibited !"f Keating's quaint narrative of the 
 event is well worthy of quotation. He says: 
 "Donagh then again gave orders that one-third 
 of his host should be placed on guard as a pro- 
 tection for the wounded, and that the other two- 
 thirds sliould meet the expected battle. But 
 •when the wounded men heard of the.se orders, 
 they spranii ui> in such haste that their wounds 
 and HorcH burst open ; but they bound them up 
 in moss, and grasping their lances and their 
 swords, they came thus equipped into the midst 
 
 ' Haverty. 
 
 t O'Halloran. 
 
 of their comrades. Here they requested of 
 Donncadh, son of Brian, to send some men to the 
 forest with instructions to bring them a number 
 of strong stakes, which they proposed to have 
 thrust into the ground, 'and to these stakes,' 
 said they, 'let us be bound with our arms in our 
 hands, and let our sons and our kinsmen be sta- 
 tioned by our sides; and let two warriors, who 
 are unwounded, be placed near each one of us 
 wounded, for it is thus that we will help one 
 another with truer zeal, because shame will not 
 allow the sound man to leave his position until 
 his wounded and bound comrade can leave it 
 likewise.' This request was complied with, and 
 the wounded men were stationed after the man- 
 ner which they had pointed out. And, indeed, 
 that aiTay in which the Dal g-Cais were then 
 drawn, was a thing for the mind to dwell upon 
 in admiration, for .it was a great and amazing 
 wonder. ' ' 
 
 Our national minstrel, Moore, has alluded to 
 this episode of the return of the Dalcassians in 
 one of the melodies : 
 
 "Forget not our wounded companions, who stood 
 In the day of distress by our side : 
 "While the moss of the valley grew red with their 
 
 blood. 
 They stirred not, but conquered and died. 
 The sun that now blesses our arms with his light 
 Saw them fall upon Ossory's plain; 
 Oh! let him not blush, when he leaves us to- 
 night. 
 To find that they fell there in vain!" 
 
 With the victory of Clontarf the day of Ire- 
 land's unity and power as a nation may be said 
 to have ended. The sun of her national great- 
 ness, that had been waning previously, set sud- 
 denly in a brilliant flash of glory. If we except 
 the eight years immediately following Brian's 
 death, Ireland never more knew the blessing of 
 national unity — never more was a kingdom, in 
 the full sense of the word. Malachy Mor — well 
 worthy of his title "the great" — the good, the 
 magnanimous, the patriotic, and brave king, 
 whom Brian had deposed, was unanimously re- 
 called to the throne after Brian's death. The 
 eight years during which Malachy ruled in this 
 the second term of his sovereignty, were marked 
 by every evidence of kingly ability and virtue on
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 41 
 
 his part. At length, finding death approaching, 
 he retired for greater solititude to an island in 
 Lough Ennel (now called Cormorant Island), 
 whither repaired sorrowfully to his spiritual suc- 
 cor "Amalgaid, Archbishop of Armagh, the 
 abbots of Clonmacnoise and of Durrow, and a 
 good train of clergy;" and where, as the old 
 chronicles relate it, "after intense penance, on 
 the fourth of the nones of September, died Ma- 
 lachy, the pillar of the dignity and nobility of 
 the western world." 
 
 He was the last "unquestioned" monarch of 
 Ireland. The interval between his death and the 
 landing of Henry the Second (over one hundred 
 and fifty years) was a period of bloody and 
 ruinous contention that invited — and I had al- 
 most said merited — the yoke of a foreign rule. 
 After Malachy's death, Brian's younger son, 
 Donogh, claimed the throne ; but his claim was 
 scorned and repudiated by a moiety of the 
 princes, who had, indeed, always regarded Brian 
 himself as little better than an usurper, though 
 a brave and a heroic sovereign. Never after- 
 ward was an Ard-Ri fully and lawfully elected or 
 acknowledged. There were frequently two or 
 more claimants assuming the title at the same 
 time, and desolating the country in their contest 
 for sovereignty. Brian had broken the charmed 
 line of regulated succession that had, as I have 
 already detailed, lasted through nearly two thou- 
 sand years. His act was the final blow at the 
 already loosened and tottering edifice of central- 
 ized national authority. While he himself 
 lived, with his own strong hand and powerful 
 mind to keep all things in order, it was well ; no 
 evil was likely to come of the act that supplied a 
 new ground for wasting discords and bloody civil 
 strife. 
 
 But when the powerful hand and the 
 strong mind had passed away ; when the splendid 
 talents that had made even the deposed monarch, 
 Malachy, bow to their supremacy, no longer 
 availed to bind the kingdom into unity and 
 strength, the miseries that ensued were hopeless. 
 The political disintegration of Ireland was ag- 
 gravated a thousand-fold. The idea of national 
 unity seemed as completely dead, buried, and 
 forgotten, when the Normans came in, as if it 
 never had existence among the faction-split 
 people of Erinn. 
 
 'Twas self-abasement paved the way 
 For villain bonds and despot's sway. 
 
 Donogh O'Brien, never acknowledged as 
 Ard-Ili, was driven from even his titular sover- 
 eignty by his own nephew, Torlogh. Aged, 
 broken, and weary, he sailed for Rome, where 
 he entered a monastery and ended his life "in 
 penance," as the old chronicles say. It is stated 
 that this Donogh took with him to Rome the 
 crown and the harp of his father, the illustrious 
 Brian, and presented them to the pope.* This 
 donation of his father's diadem to the pope by 
 Donogh has sometimes been referred to as if it 
 implied a bestowal of the Irish sovereignty ; a 
 placing of it, as it were, at the disposal of the 
 Father of Christendom, for the best interests of 
 faction-ruined Ireland herself, and for the benefit 
 of the Christian religion. Perhaps the pojie was 
 led so to regard it. But the Supreme Pontiff did 
 not know that such a gift was not Donogh's to 
 give! Donogh never owned or possessed the 
 Irish sovereignty ; and even if he had been unan- 
 imously elected and acknowledged Ajrd-Ri (and 
 he never was), th« Irish sovereignty was a trust 
 to which the Ard-Ri was elected for life, and 
 which he could not donate even to his own son, 
 except by the consent of the Royal Electors and 
 Free Clans of Erinn. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 HOW ENGLAND BECAME A COMPACT KINGDOM, WHILE 
 IBELAKD WAS BREAKING INTO FRAGMENTS. 
 
 We now approach the period at which, for the 
 first time, the history of Ireland needs to be read 
 with that of England. 
 
 A quarter of a century after the rout of the 
 Danes by the Irish at Clontarf, the Anglo-Saxons 
 drove them from the English throne, the Anglo- 
 Saxon line being restored in the person of Ed- 
 ward the Confessor. A quarter of a century sub- 
 sequently, however, the Anglo-Saxons were again 
 dethroned, and England was again conquered by 
 new invaders — or the old ones with a new name 
 — the Normans. In this last struggle, the Anglo- 
 Saxons were aided by troops from Ireland, for 
 the Normans were kith and kin of the Norse foes 
 
 'Tliebarp is still in existence. It is ic the Museum et 
 Trinity College, Dublin.
 
 HZ 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 whom Ireland had such reason to hate. An Irish 
 contingent fought side by side with the Saxons 
 in their struggle against William ; and when the 
 brave but unfortunate Harold fell at Hastings, it 
 Was to Ii'eland his children were sent for friendly 
 asylum. 
 
 The Noi-mans treasured a bitter remembrance 
 of this against Ireland; and there is evidence 
 that from the first they meant to essay the sub- 
 jugation of that island also, as soon as they 
 should have consolidated their British conquest. 
 These same Normans were a brave race. They 
 possessed every quality requisite for military 
 conquerors. To the rough, fierce vigor of their 
 Norse ancestors they had added the military dis- 
 cipline and scientific skill which the Gauls had 
 learned from their Roman masters. They con- 
 quered united England in one year. Yet they 
 were five hundred years unsuccessfully laboring 
 to conquer disunited Ireland ! 
 
 During the one hundred and lifty years follow- 
 ing Brian's death (devoted by the Irish princes 
 to every factious folly and crime that could 
 weaken, disorganize, disunite, and demoralize 
 their country), the Normans in England were 
 solidifying and strengthing their power. Eng- 
 land was becoming a compact nation, governed 
 by concentrated national authority, and possessed 
 of a military organization formidable in numbers 
 and in arms, but most of all in scientific mode of 
 wai'fare and perfection of military discipline ; 
 while Ireland, like a noble vessel amid the 
 breakers, was absolutely going to pieces — break- 
 ing up into fragments, or "clans," north, south, 
 east, and west. As a natural result of this 
 anarchy or wasting strife of factions, social and 
 religious disorders supervened ; and as a his- 
 torian aptly remarks, the "Island of Saints" 
 became an "Island of Sinners." The state of 
 religion was deplorable. The rules of ecclesi- 
 astical discipline were in many places over- 
 thrown, as was nearly every other necessary 
 moral and social safeguard ; and, inevitably, the 
 most lamentaV)lo disorders and scandals resulted. 
 The bishops vainly sought to calm this fearful 
 war of factions that was thus ruining the power 
 of a great nation, and destroying or disgracing 
 its Christian faith. They threatened to appeal to 
 the Suijremo Pontiff, and to invoke his interijosi- 
 tion in behalf of religion thus outraged, and civil 
 
 society thus desolated. St. Malachy, the pri- 
 mate of Armagh, the fame of whose sanctity, 
 piety, and learning had reached all Europe, 
 labored heroically amid these terrible afflictions. 
 He proceeded to Eome, and was received with 
 every mark of consideration by the reigning 
 pope. Innocent the Second, who, "descending 
 from his throne, placed his own mitre on the 
 head of the Ii-ish saint, presented him with his 
 own vestments and other religious gifts, and ap- 
 pointed him apostolic legate in the place of Gil- 
 bert, Bishop of Limerick, then a very old man." 
 St. Malachy petitioned the pope for the neces- 
 sary recognition of the Irish archiepiscopal sees, 
 by the sending of the palliums to the archbishops ; 
 but the pope pointed out that so grave a request 
 should proceed from a synod of the Irish Church. 
 The primate returned to Ireland ; and after some 
 time devoted to still more energetic measures to 
 cope with the diificulties created by perpetual 
 civil war, he eventually convened a national 
 synod, which was held at Inuis-Patrick, near 
 Skerries, county Dublin. St. Malachy was 
 authorized again to proceed to the Holy Father, 
 and in the name of the Irish Church beseech him 
 to grant the palliums. The aged primate set out 
 on his journey. But while on his way, having 
 reached Clairvaux, he was seized with his death- 
 sickness, and expired there (November 2, ll^S), 
 attended by the great St. Bernard, between 
 whom and the Irish i)rimate a personal friend- 
 ship existed, and a correspondence passed, a por- 
 tion of which is still extant. Three years after- 
 ward the palliums, sent by Pope Eugene the 
 Third, were brought to Ireland by Cardinal 
 Paparo, and were solemnly conferred on the 
 archbishoi)s the year following, at a national 
 synod held at Kells. 
 
 But all the efforts of the ministers of religion 
 could not compensate for the want of a stable 
 civil government in the land. Nothing eould 
 permanently restrain the fierce violence of the 
 chiefs ; and it is clear that at Borne, and through- 
 out Europe, the opinion at this time began to 
 gain ground that Ireland was a hopeless case. 
 And, indeed, so it must have seemed. It is true 
 that the innate virtue and morality of the Irish 
 national character began to assert itself the 
 moment society was allowed to enjoy the least 
 resi)ite : it is beyond question that, during and 
 
 II 
 
 I I
 
 TlIK STORY OF lUELAND. 
 
 43 
 
 after the time of the sainted primato, Mitlucliy, 
 vigorous and comprehensive efforts were afoot, 
 and great strides made, toward reforming the 
 abuses with which chronic civil war had covered 
 the land. But, like many another reformation, 
 it camo too late. Before the ruined nation could 
 be reconstituted, the Nemesis of invasion arrived, 
 to teach all peoples, by the story of Ireland's 
 fate, that when national cohesiveness is gone, 
 national power has departed and national suffer- 
 ing is at hand. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 ■STOW HENEY THE SECOND FEIGNED WONDEOUS ANXIETY 
 TO HEAL THE DISOEDEKS OF IRELAND. 
 
 The grandson of William of Normandy, Con- 
 queror of England, Henry the Second, was not 
 an inattentive observer of the progressing wreck 
 of the Irish Church and Nation. He inherited 
 the Norman design of one day conquering Ireland 
 also, and adding that kingdom to his English 
 crown. He was not ignorant that at Kome Ire- 
 land was regarded as derelict. An Englishman, 
 Pope Adrian, now sat in the Chair of Peter ; and 
 the English ecclesiastical authorities, who were 
 in constant communication with the Holy See, 
 were transmitting the most alarming accounts of 
 the fearful state of Ireland. It is now known 
 that these accounts were, in many cases, mon- 
 strously exaggerated; but it is true that, at best, 
 the state of affairs was very bad. 
 
 The cunning and politic Henry saw his oppor- 
 tunity. Though his was the heart of a mere con- 
 queror, sordid and callous, he clothed himself in 
 the garb of the most saintly pietj-, and wrote to 
 the Holy Father, calling attention to the state of 
 Ireland, which for over a hundred years had been 
 a scandal to Europe. But oh ! it was the state of 
 religion there that most afflicted his pious and 
 holy Norman heart! It was all in the interests 
 of social order, morality, religion, and civiliza- 
 tion,* that he now approached the Holy Father 
 with a proposition. In those times (when Chris- 
 tendom was an unbroken family, of which the 
 pope was the head), the Supreme Pontiff was, by 
 the voice of the nations themselves, invested with 
 
 * Even in that day — seven hundred years ago — English 
 subjugators had learned the use of these amiable pretexts 
 for invasion and annexation I 
 
 a certain kind of arbitrative civil authority for 
 the general good. And, indeed, even infidel and 
 non-Catholic historians declare to us that, on the 
 whole, and with scarcely a possible exception, 
 the popes exei-ted the authority thus vested in 
 them with a pure, unselfish, and exalted anxiety 
 for the general public good and the ends of jus- 
 tice, for the advancement of religion, learning, 
 civilization, and civil freedom. But this author- 
 ity rested merely on the principle by which the 
 Acadian farmers in Longfellow's poem consti- 
 tuted their venerable pastor supreme lawgiver, 
 arbitrator, and regulator in their little commu- 
 nity ; a practice which, even in our own day, 
 prevails within the realms of fact here in Ireland 
 and in other countries. 
 
 Henry's proposition to the pope was that he, 
 the English king, should, with the sanction of 
 the Holy Father, and (of course) purely in the 
 interests of religion, morality, and social order, 
 enter Ireland and restore order in that region of 
 anarchy. He pleaded that the pope was bound 
 to cause some such step to be taken, and alto- 
 gether urged numerous grounds for persuading 
 the pontiff to credit his professions as to his mo- 
 tives and designs. Pope Adrian is said to have 
 complied by issuing a bull approving of Henry's 
 scheme as presented to him, and with the pur- 
 poses and on the conditions therein set forth. 
 There is no such bull now to be found in the 
 papal archives, yet it is credited that some such 
 bull was issued; but its contents, terms, and 
 permissions have been absurdly misrepresented 
 and exaggerated in some versions coined by 
 English writers. 
 
 The papal bull or letter once issued, Henry 
 had gained his point. He. stored away the docu- 
 ment iintil his other jilans should be ripe ; and, 
 meanwhile, having no longer any need of feign- 
 ing great piety and love for religion, he flung off 
 the mask and entered upon that course of con- 
 duct which, culminating in the murder of St. 
 Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 drew down upon him the excommunication of 
 Rome. 
 
 Meantime events were transpiring in Ireland 
 destined to afford him a splendid opportunity for 
 practically availing of his fraudulently obtained 
 papal letter, and making a commencement in hia 
 scheme of Irish conquest.
 
 44 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 THE TREASON OF DIABMID m'mTJEBOGH. 
 
 About the year 1152, in the course of the inter- 
 minable civil war desolating Ireland, a feud 
 of peculiar bitterness arose between Tiernan 
 O'Ruarc, Prince of Brefni, and Diarmid M'Mur- 
 rogh. Prince of Leinster. While one of the Ard- 
 Righana favorable to the latter was for the 
 moment uppermost, O'Ruarc had been dispos- 
 sessed of his territory, its lordship being handed 
 over toM'Murrogh. To this was added a wrong 
 still more dire. Devorgilla, the wife of O'Ruarc, 
 eloped with M'Murrogh, already her husband's 
 most bitter rival and foe ! Her father and her 
 husband both appealed to Torlogh O'Connor for 
 justice upon the guilty prince of Leinster. 
 O'Connor, although M'Murrogh had been one of 
 his supporters, at once acceded to this request. 
 M'Murrogh soon found his territory surrounded, 
 and Devorgilla was restored to her husband. 
 She did not, however, return to domestic life. 
 Recent researches among the ancient "Manu- 
 script Materials for Irish History," by O'Curry 
 and O'Donovan, throw much light upon this epi- 
 sode, and considerably alter the long-prevailing 
 populiw: impressions in reference thereto. What- 
 ever the measure of Devorgilla's fault in eloping 
 with M'Murrogh — and the researches alluded to 
 bring to light manj' circumstances invoking for 
 her more of commiseration than of angry scorn 
 — her whole life subsequently to this sad event, 
 and she lived for forty years afterward, was one 
 prolonged act of contrition and of penitential 
 reparation for the scandal she had given. As I 
 have already said, she did not return to the home 
 she had abandoned. She entered a religious 
 retreat; and thenceforth, while living a life of 
 practical piety, penance, and mortification, de- 
 voted the immense dower wliich she possessed in 
 her own right to works of charity, relieving the 
 poor, building hospitals, asylums, convents, and 
 churches. 
 
 Thirteen years after this event, Roderick 
 O'Connor, sou and successor of the king who had 
 forced M'Murrogh to yield up the unhappy De- 
 vorgilla, claimed the throne of the kingdom. 
 lV>df'rick was a devoted friend of O'Ruarc, and 
 fnt<Tt.iiinod no very warm feelings toward 
 M'Murrogh. The king claimant marched on his 
 
 "circuit, " claiming "hostages" from the local 
 princes as recognition of sovereignty. M'Mur- 
 rogh, who hated Roderick with intense violence, 
 burned his city of Ferns, and retired to his 
 Wicklow fastnesses, rather than yield allegiance 
 to him. Roderick could not just then delay on 
 his circuit to follow him up, but passed on south- 
 ward, took up his hostages there, and then re- 
 turned to settle accounts with M'Murrogh. But 
 b.y this time O'Ruarc, apparently only too glad 
 to have such a pretext and opportunity for a 
 stroke at his mortal foe, had f»ssembled a power- 
 ful army and marched upon M'Murrogh from the 
 north, while Roderick approached him from the 
 south. Diarmid, thus surrounded, and deserted 
 by most of his own people, outwitted and over- 
 matched on all sides, saw that he was a ruined 
 man. He abandoned the few followers yet re- 
 maining to him, Hed to the nearest seaport, and, 
 with a heart bursting with the most deadly pas- 
 sions, sailed for England (a.d. 1168), vowing 
 vengeance, black, bitter, and terrible, on all that 
 he left behind ! 
 
 "A solemn sentence of banishment was pub- 
 licly pronounced against him by the assembled 
 princes, and Morrogh, his cousin — commonly 
 called 'Morrogh na Gael,' (or 'of the Irish'), to 
 distinguish him from 'Morrogh na Gall' (or 'of 
 the Foreigners') — was inaugurated in his 
 stead."* 
 
 Straightway he sought out the English king, 
 who was just then in Aquitaine quelling a revolt 
 of the nobles in that portion of his possessions. 
 M'Murrogh laid before Henry a most piteous 
 recital of his wrongs and grievances, appealed to 
 him for justice and for aid, inviting him to enter 
 Ireland, which he was sure most easily to reduce 
 to his sway, and finally offering to become his 
 most submissive vassal if his majesty would but 
 aid him in recovering the possessions from which 
 he had been expelled. "Henry, " as one of our 
 historians justl.r remarks, "must have been for- 
 cibly struck by such an invitation to carry out a 
 project which he had long entertained, and for 
 which he had been making grave preparations 
 long befiore. " He was too busy himself, how- 
 ever, just then to enter upon the project; but he 
 gave M'Murrogh a royal letter or proclamation 
 
 *.M'(iee.
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 45 
 
 authorizing such of his subjects as might so 
 desire to aid the views of the Irish fugitive. 
 Diarmid hurried back to England, and had all 
 publicity given to this i)roclamation in his favor; 
 but though he made the most alluring offers of 
 reward and booty, it was a long time before he 
 found any one to espouse his cause. At length 
 Robert Fitzstephen, a Norman relative of the 
 prince of North Wales, just then held in prison 
 by his Cambrian kinsman, was released or 
 brought out of prison by M'Murrogh, on condi- 
 tion of undertaking his service. Through Fitz- 
 stephen there came into the enterprise several 
 other knights, Maurice Fitzgerald, Meyler Fitz- 
 henry, and others — all of them men of supreme 
 daring, but of needy circumstaceeB. Eveuiually 
 there joined one who was destined to take com- 
 mand of them all — Richard de Clare, Earl of 
 Pembroke, commonly called "Strongbow;" a 
 man of ruined fortune, needy, greedy, unscrupu- 
 lous, and ready for any desperate adventure ; 
 possessing unquestionable military skill and 
 reckless daring, and having a tolerably strong 
 following of like adventurous spirits among the 
 knights of the Welsh marches — in fine, just the 
 man for Diarmid's purpose. The terms were 
 soon settled. Strongbow and his companions 
 undertook to raise a force of adventurers, proceed 
 to Ireland with M'Murrogh, and reinstate him in 
 his principality. M'Murrogh was to bestow on 
 Strongbow (then a widower between fifty and 
 sixty years of age) his daughter Eva in mar- 
 riage, with succession to the throne of Leinster. 
 Large grants of land also were to be di^ributed 
 among the adventurers. 
 
 Now, Diarmid knew that "succession to the 
 throne" was not a matter which any king in Ire- 
 land, whether provincial or national, at any time 
 could bestow, the monarchy being elective out 
 of the members of the reigning family. Even if 
 he was himself at the time in full legal posses- 
 sion of "the throne of Leinster, " he could not 
 promise, secure, or bequeath it, as of right, 
 even to his own son. 
 
 In the next place, Diarmid knew that his offers 
 of "grants of laud" struek directly and utterly 
 at the existing land system, the basis of all soci- 
 ety in Ireland. For, according to the Irish con- 
 stitution and laws for a thousand, years, the fee- 
 simple or ownership of the soil was vested in the 
 
 sept,' tribe, or clan ; its use or occupancy (by the 
 individual members of the sept or others) being 
 only regulated on behalf of and in the interest of 
 the whole sept, by the elected king for the time 
 being. "Tribe land" could not be alienated 
 unless by the king, with the sanction of the sept. 
 The users and occupiers were, so to sfieak, a co- 
 operative society of agriculturists, who, as a 
 body or a community, owned the soil they tilled, 
 while individually renting it from that body or 
 community under its administrative official — the 
 king. 
 
 While Strongbow and his confederates were 
 completing their arrangements in Chester, 
 M'Murrogh crossed over to his native Wexford 
 privately to prepare the way there for their re- 
 ception. It would seem that no whisper had 
 reached Ireland of his movements, designs, proc- 
 lamations, and preparations on the other side of 
 the channel. The wolf assumed the sheep's 
 clothing. M'Murrogh feigned great humility 
 and contrition, and pretended to aspire only to 
 the recovery, by grace and favor, of his immedi- 
 ate patrimony of Hy-Kinsella. Among his own 
 immediate clansmen, no doubt, he found a 
 friendly meeting and a ready following, and, 
 more generally, a feeling somewhat of commiser- 
 ation for one deemed to be now so fallen, so help- 
 less, so humiliated. This secured him from very- 
 close observation, and greatly favored the prepa- 
 rations he was stealthily making to meet the 
 Norman expedition with stout help on the shore. 
 
 CHAPTER XVni. 
 
 HOW THE NORMAN ADVENTUKERS GOT A FOOTHOLD ON 
 IRISH SOIL. 
 
 The fatal hour was now at hand. Early in the 
 month of May a small flotilla of strange vessels 
 ran into a little creek on the Wexford coast, near 
 Bannow and disembarked an armed force upon 
 the shore. This was the advanced guard of the 
 Norman invasion ; a partf^ of thirty knights, 
 sixty men in armor, and three hundred footmen, 
 under Robert Fitzstephen. Next day at the same 
 point of disembarkation arrived Maurice de Pren- 
 dergast, a Welsh gentleman who had joined the 
 enterprise, bringing with him an additional 
 force. Camping on the coast, they quickly dis-
 
 46 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 patched a courier to M'Murrogb to say that they 
 had come. Diarmid hastened to the spot -with 
 all the men he could rallj'. The joint force at 
 once marched upon and laid siege to Wexford, 
 which town, after a gallant defence, capitulated 
 to them. Elate with this important victory, and 
 strengthened in numbers, Diarmid now marched 
 into Ossory. Here he was confronted by Eitz- 
 patrick, prince of Ossory, commanding, how- 
 ever, a force quite inferior to M'Murrogb 's. A 
 sanguinary engagement ensued. The Ossorians 
 bravely held their own throughout the day, until 
 decoyed from their chosen position into an open 
 ground where the Norman cavalry had full play, 
 "the poise of the beam" was turned against 
 them ; they were thrown into confusion, pressed 
 by the enemy, and at length overthrown with 
 great slaughter. 
 
 Roderick the Second, titular Ard-Ri, now 
 ■awakened to the necessity of interposing with 
 the national forces ; not as against an invasion ; 
 for at this period, and indeed for some time 
 afterward, none of the Irish princes attached 
 such a character or meaning to the circumstance 
 that M'Murrogb had enlisted into his service 
 some men of England. It was to check M'Mur- 
 rogb, the deposed king of Leinster, in his hostile 
 proceedings, that the Ard-Ri summoned the 
 national forces to meet him at the Hill of Tara. 
 The provincial princes, with their respective 
 forces, assembled at his call; but had scarcelj' 
 done so, when, owing to some contention, the 
 northern contingent, under Mac Dunlevy, prince 
 of Ulidia, withdrew. With the remainder, how- 
 ever, Roderick marched upon Ferns, the Lagen- 
 ian capital, where M'Murrogb bad intrenched 
 himself. Roderick appears to have exhibited 
 weakness and vacillation in the crisis, when bold- 
 ness, i)romptitude, and vigor were so vitally 
 requisite. He began to parley and diplomatize 
 with M'Murrogb, who cunningly feigned willing- 
 ness to agree to any terms; for all he secretly 
 desired wa.s to gain time till Strongbow and the 
 full force from Wales would be at his side. 
 M'Murrogb, with much show of moderation and 
 humility, agreed to a treaty with the Ard-Ri, 
 by which the sovereignty of Leinster was re- 
 stored to him; and he, on the other hand, 
 Bolomnly bound liimsclf by a secret clause, guar- 
 anteed by his own son as hostage, that he would 
 
 bring over no more foreigners to serve in his 
 army. 
 
 No suspicion of any such scheme as an invasion 
 seems even for an instant to have crossed the 
 monarch's mind; yet he wisely saw the danger of 
 importing a foreign force into the country. 
 He and the other princes really believed that 
 the only object M'Murrogb had was to regain the 
 sovereignty of Leinster. 
 
 The crafty and perfidious Diarmid in this 
 treaty gained the object he sought — time. 
 Scarcely had Roderick and the national forces 
 retired, than the Leinster king, hearing that a 
 further Norman contingent, under Maurice Fitz- 
 gerald, had landed at Wexford, marched upon 
 Dublin — then held by the Danes under their 
 prince Hasculf Mac Turkill, tributary to the 
 Irish Ard-Ri — and set up a claim to the mon- 
 archy of Ireland. The struggle was now fully 
 inaugurated. Soon after a third Norman force, 
 under Raymond le Gros (or "the Fat"), landed 
 in Waterford estuary, on the Wexford side, and 
 hastily fortified themselves on the rock of Dun- 
 donolf, awaiting the main force under Strongbow. 
 
 And now we encounter tha evil and terrible 
 results of the I'iven and disorganized state of 
 Ireland, to which I have already sufficiently ad- 
 verted. The hour at last hUd come, when the 
 curse was to work, when the punishment was to 
 fall! 
 
 It was at such a moment as this — just as 
 Roderick was again preparing to take the field to 
 crush the more fully developed designs of Diar- 
 mid — that Donogh O'Brien, Prince of Thomoud, 
 chose to throw off allegiance to the Ard-Ri, and 
 precipitate a civil war in the very face of a for- 
 eign invasion! Meanwhile, Strongbow was on 
 the point of embarking at Milford Haven with a 
 most formidable force, when King Henry, much 
 mistrusting the adventurous and powerful knight 
 — and having, secretly, his own designs about 
 Ii'cland, which ho feared the ambition of Strong- 
 bow, if successful, might thwart — imperatively 
 forbade his sailing. Strongbow disregarded the 
 royal mandate, and set sail with his fleet. He 
 landed at Waterford (August 23, 1171), and 
 joined by the force of Raymond, which had been 
 cooped up in their fort on tlie rock of Dundo- 
 nolf, laid siege to the city. Waterford, like 
 Dublin, was a Dano-Irish city, and was governed 

 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 47 
 
 and commanded by Reginald, a prince of Danieli 
 race. The neighboring Irish under O'Felan, 
 prince of tlie Deisi, patriotically hurried to tlie 
 aasistance of the Danish citizens; and the city 
 ■was defended with a heroism equal to that of the 
 three hundred at Thermopylae. Again and again 
 the assailants were hurled from the walls ; but at 
 length the Norman sieging skill prevailed; a 
 breach was effected ; the enemy poured into the 
 town, and a scene of butchery shocking to con- 
 template ensued. Diarmid arrived just in time 
 to congratulate Strongbow on this important vic- 
 tory. He had brought his daughter Eva 'with 
 him, and amid the smoking and blood-stained 
 ruins of the city the nuptials of the Norman 
 knight and the Irish princess were celebrated. 
 
 Strongbow and M'Murrogh now marched for 
 Dublin. The Ard-Ri who had meantime taken 
 the field, made an effort to intercept them, but 
 he was out-maneuvered, and they reached and 
 commenced to siege the city. The citizens 
 sought a parley. The fate of Waterford had 
 struck terror into them. They disjjatched to the 
 besiegers' camji, as negotiator or mediator, their 
 archbishop, Laurence, or Lorcan O'Tuahal, the 
 first prelate of Dublin of Irish origin. 
 
 "This illustrious man, canonized both by 
 sanctity and patriotism, was then in the thirt}-- 
 ninth year of his age, and the ninth of his epis- 
 coi^ate. His father was lord of Imayle and chief 
 of his clan ; his sister had been wife of Dermid 
 and mother of Eva, the prize bride of Eail 
 Richai'd. He himself had been a hostage with 
 Dermid in his youth, and afterward abbot of 
 Glendalough, the most celebrated monastic city 
 of Leiuster. He stood, therefore, to the besieged, 
 being their chief pastor, in the relation of a 
 father; to Dermid, and strangely enough to 
 Strongbow also, as brother-in-law and uncle by 
 marriage. A fitter ambassador could not be 
 found. 
 
 "Maurice Regan, the 'Latiner, ' or secretary of 
 Dermid, had advanced to the walls and summoned 
 the city to surrender, and deliver up 'thirty 
 pledges' to his master, their lawful prince. 
 Asculph, son of Torcall, was in favor of the sur- 
 render, but the citizens could liot agree among 
 themselves as to hostages. No one was willing 
 to trust himself to the notoriously untrustworthy 
 Dermid. The archbishop was then sent out on 
 
 the part of the citizens to arrange the terms ia 
 detail. He was received with all reverence in 
 the camp, but while he was deliberating with the 
 commanders without, and the townsmen were 
 anxiously awaiting his return, Milo do Cogan 
 and Raymond the Fat, seizing the ojjportunity, 
 broke into the city at the bead of their compa- 
 nies, and began to put the inhabitants ruthlessly 
 to the sword. They were soon followed by the 
 whole force eager for massacre and pillage. The 
 archbishoi) hastened back to endeavor to stay the 
 havoc which was being made of his people. He 
 threw himself before the infuriated Irish and 
 Normans, he threatened, he denounced, he bared 
 his own breast to the swords of the assassins. 
 All to little purpose : the blood fury exhausted 
 itself before peace settled over the city. Its 
 Danish chief Asculph, with many of his follow- 
 ers, escaped to their ships, and fled to the Isle of 
 Man and the Hebrides in search of succor and 
 revenge. Roderick, unprepared to besiege the 
 enemy who had thus outmarched and outwitted 
 him, at that season of the year — it could not be 
 earlier than October- — broke up his encampment 
 at Clondalkin and retired to Connaught. Earl 
 Richard having appointed De Cogan his governor 
 of Dublin, followed on the rear of the retreating 
 Ard-Ri, at the instigation of M'Murrogh, burn- 
 ing and plundering the churches of Kells, Clon- 
 ard, and Slane, and carrying off the hostages of 
 East-Meath. "* 
 
 Roderick, having first vainly notified M'Mur- 
 rogh to return to his allegiance on forfeit of the 
 life of his hostage, beheaded the son of Diarmid, 
 who had been given as surety for his father's 
 good faith at the treaty of Ferns. Soon after 
 M'Murrogh himself died, and his end, as re- 
 cordeel in the chronicles, was truly horrible. 
 "His death, which took place in less than a \'ear 
 after his sacrilegious church burnings in Meath, 
 is described as being accompanied by fearful 
 evidence of divine displeasure. He died intes- 
 tate, and without the sacraments of the church. 
 His disease was of some unknown and loathsome 
 kind, and was attended with insufferable pain, 
 which, acting on the naturally savage violence of 
 his temper, rendered him so furious that his 
 ordinai-y attendants must have been afraid to ap- 
 
 * M'Qee.
 
 48 
 
 THE STORY OF lEELAND. 
 
 preach him, and his body became at once a putrid 
 mass, so that its presence aboveground could not 
 be endured. Some historians suggest that this 
 account of his death may have been the invention 
 of enemies, yet it is so consistent with what we 
 know of M'Murrogh's character and career from 
 other sources, as to be noways incredible. He 
 was at his death eighty-one years of age, and is 
 known in Irish history as Diarmaid-na-Gall, or 
 Dermot of the Foreigners. ' ' 
 
 An incident well calculated to win our admira- 
 tion presents itself, in the midst of the dismal 
 chapter I have just sketched in outline ; an in- 
 stance of chivalrous honor and good faith on the 
 part of a Norman lord in behalf of an Irish 
 chieftain ! Maurice de Prendergast was deputed 
 by Earl "Strongbow" as envoy to Mao Gilla 
 Patrick, prince of Ossory, charged to invite him 
 to a conference in the Norman camp. Prender- 
 gast undertook to prevail upon the Ossorian 
 prince to comply, on receiving from Strongbow 
 a solemn pledge that good faith would be ob- 
 served toward the Irish chief, and that he should 
 be free and safe coming and returning. Belying 
 on this pledge, Prendergast bore the invitation 
 to Mac Gilla Patrick, and prevailed upon him to 
 accompany him to the earl. "Understanding, 
 however, during the conference," says the his- 
 torian, "that treacherj' was about to be used 
 toward Mac Gilla Patrick, he rushed into Earl 
 Strongbow 's presence, and 'sware by the cross 
 of his sword that no man there that day should 
 dare lay handes on the kyng of Ossery. ' " And 
 well kept he his word. Out of the camp, when 
 the conference ended, rode the Irish chief, and 
 by his side, good sword in hand, that glorious 
 type of honor and chivalry, Prendergast, ever 
 since named in Irish tradition and history as 
 "the Faithful Norman" — "faithful among the 
 faithless" we might truly say ! Scrupulously did 
 he redeem his word to the Irish prince. Ho not 
 only conducted him safely back to his own camp, 
 but, encountering on the way a force belonging 
 to Strongbow's ally, O'Brien, returning from a 
 foray into Ossory, ho attacked and defeated them. 
 That night "the Faithful Norman" remained, 
 as the old chronicler has it, "in the woods," the 
 guest of the Irish chief, and next day returned 
 to the Englisli lines. This truly jjleasing 
 episode — this little ouuis of chivalrous honor in 
 
 the midst of a trackless expanse of treacherous 
 and ruthless warfare, has been made the subject 
 of a short poem by Mr. Aubrey De Vere, in his 
 "Lj-rical Chronicle of Ireland:" 
 
 THE FAITHFUL NORMAN. 
 
 Praise to the valiant and faithful foe! 
 
 Give us noble foes, not the friend who lies! 
 We dread the drugged cup, not the open blow: 
 
 We dread the old hate in the new disguise. 
 
 To Ossory 's king they had pledged their word: 
 He stood in their camp, and their pledge they 
 broke ; 
 
 Then Maurice the Norman upraised his sword; 
 The cross on its hilt he kiss'd, and spoke: 
 
 "So long as this sword or this arm hath might, 
 I swear by the cross which is lord of all. 
 By the faith and honor of noble and knight. 
 Who touches you, Prince, by this hand shall 
 
 fall!" 
 
 So side by side through the throng they pass'd; 
 
 And Eire gave praise to the just and true. 
 Brave foe ! the past truth heals at last : 
 
 There is room in the great heart of Eire for 
 you ! 
 
 It is nigh seven hundred years since "the 
 Faithful Norman" linked the name of Prender- 
 gast to honor and chivalry on Irish soil. Those 
 who have read that truly remarkable work, Pren- 
 dergast's "Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland will 
 conclude that the spirit of Maurice is still to be 
 found among some of those who bear his name. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 HOW HENRY KECALLED THE ADVENTURERS HOW HE 
 
 CASIE OVER HIMSELF TO PUNISH THEM AND BEFRIEND 
 THE IRISH. 
 
 Strongbow having now assumed the sovereignty 
 of Leinster, King Henry's jealousy burst into a 
 flame. He issued a proclamation ordering 
 Strongbow and every other Englishman in Ire- 
 land to return forthwith to England on pain of 
 outlawry 1 Strongbow hurriedly dispatched am- 
 bassador after ambassador to soothe Henry's 
 anger; but all was vain. At length he hastened
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 49- 
 
 to England himself, and found the English sover- 
 eign assembling an enormous fleet and army with 
 the intent of himself invading Ireland! The 
 crafty knight humiliated himself to the utmost; 
 yet it was with great difficulty tke king was 
 induced even to grant him audience. When he 
 did, Strongbow, partly by his own most abject 
 protestations of submission, and partly by the 
 aid of mediators, received, the royal pardon for 
 his contumacy, and was confirmed in his grants 
 of land in Wexford. 
 
 Early in October, 1171, Henry sailed with his 
 armada of over four hundred ships, with a power- 
 ful army ; and on the ISth of that month landed 
 at Crooch, in Waterford harbor. In his, train 
 came the flower of the Norman knigkts, captains, 
 and commanders; and even in the day of Ire- 
 land's greatest unity and strength she would 
 have found it difficult to cope with the force 
 which the English king now led into the land. 
 
 Coming in such kingly power, and with all the 
 pomp and pageantry with which he was particu- 
 larly careful to surround himself — studiously 
 polished, politic, plausible, dignified, and cour- 
 tierlike toward such of the Irish princes as came 
 within his presence — proclaiming himself by 
 word and act, angry with the lawless and ruth- 
 less proceedings of Strongbow, Raymond, Fitz- 
 Btephen, and Fitzgerald — Henry seems to have 
 appeared to the Irish of the neighborhood some- 
 thing like an illustrious deliverer! They had 
 full and public knowledge of his strong procla- 
 mation against Strongbow and his companions, 
 calling upon all the Norman auxiliaries of Der- 
 mot to return forthwith to England on pain of 
 outlawry. On every occasion subsequent to his 
 landing Henry manifested a like feeling and pur- 
 pose ; so much so that the Irish of Wexford, who 
 had taken Fitzstephen prisoner, sent a deputation 
 to deliver him up to be dealt with by Henry, and 
 the king imprisoned him forthwith in Reginald's 
 tower to wait further sentence! In fine, Henry 
 pretended to come as an angry king to chastise 
 his own contumacious subjects — the Norman 
 auxiliaries of the Leiuster prince — and to adjudi- 
 cate upon the complicated issues which had 
 arisen out of the treaties of tkat prince with 
 them. This most smooth and plausible hypoc- 
 risy, kept up with admirable skill, threw the 
 Irish utterly ofiE their guard, and made them 
 
 regard his visit as the reverse of hostile or unde- 
 sirable. As I have already pointed out, the idea 
 of national unity was practically defunct among 
 the Irish at the time. For more than a hundred 
 years it had been very much a game of "every 
 one for himself" (varied with "every man against 
 everybody else'.') with them. There was no 
 stable or enduring national government or cen- 
 tral authority in the land since Brian's time. 
 The nakedly hostile and sanguinary invasion of 
 Strongbow they were all ready enough, in their 
 disintegrated and ill-organized way, to confront 
 and bravely resist to the death ; and had Henry 
 on this occasion really appeared to them to come 
 as an invader, they would have instantly encoun- 
 tered him sword in hand ; a truth most amply- 
 proven by the fact that when subsequently (but 
 too late) they found out the real nature of the 
 English designs, not all the power of united, 
 compact, and mighty England was able, for hun- 
 dreds and hundreds of years, to subdue the 
 broken and weakened, deceived and betrayed, 
 but still heroic Irish nation. 
 
 Attracted by the fame of Henry's magnanim- 
 ity, the splendor of his power, the (supposed) 
 justice and friendliness of his intentions, the 
 local princes one by one arrived at his temporary 
 court ; where they were dazzled by the pomp, 
 and caressed by the courtier affabilities, of the 
 great English king. To several of them it seems 
 very quickly to have occurred that, considering 
 the ruinously distracted and demoralized state of 
 the country, and the absence of any strong cen- 
 tral governmental authority able to protect any 
 one of them against the capricious lawlessness of 
 his neighbors, the very best thing they could do 
 — possibly for the interests of the whole country, 
 certainly for their own particular personal or 
 local interests — would be to constitute Henry a 
 friendly arbitrator, regulator, and protector, on 
 a much wider scale than (as they imagined) he 
 intended. The wily Englishman only wanted 
 the whisper of such a desirable pretext. It was 
 just what he had been angling for. Yes; he, the 
 mighty and magnanimous, the just and friendly, 
 English sovereign would accept the position. 
 They should all, to this end, recognize him as a 
 nominal liege lord ; and then he, on the other 
 hand, would undertake to regulate all their 
 differences, tranquillize the island, and guarantee
 
 50 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 to each individual secure possession of his own 
 territory ! 
 
 Thus, by a smooth and plausible diplomacy, 
 Henry found himself, with the consent or at the 
 request of the southern Irish princes, in a posi- 
 tion which he never could have attained, except 
 through seas of blood, if he had allowed them to 
 suspect that he came as a hostile invader, not as 
 a neighbor and powerful friend. 
 
 From "Waterford he marched to Cashel, and 
 from Cashel to Dublin, receiving on the way 
 visits from the several local princes; and now 
 that the news spread that the magnanimous 
 English king had consented to be their arbitra- 
 tor, protector, and liege lore!, every one of them 
 that once visited Henry went away wheedled 
 into adhesion to the scheme. Among the i"est 
 was Donald O'Brien, prince of Thomond, who 
 the more readily gave in his adhesion to the new 
 idea, for that he, as I have already mentioned of 
 him, had thrown off allegiance to Roderick, the 
 titular Ard-Ri, and felt the necessity of protec- 
 tion by some one against the probable conse- 
 quences of his conduct. Arrived at Dublin, 
 Henry played the king on a still grander scale. 
 A vast palace of wicker-work was erected* for 
 his especial residence ; and here, during the 
 winter, he kept up a continued round of feasting, 
 hospitality, pomp and pageantry. Every effort 
 was used to attract the Irish princes to the royal 
 court, and once attracted thither, Henry made 
 them the object of the most flattering attentions. 
 They were made to feel painfully the contrast 
 between the marked superiority in elegance, 
 wealth, civilization — especially in new species of 
 armor and weapons, and in new methods of war 
 and military tactics — presented by the Norman- 
 English, and the backwardness of their own 
 country in each particular; a change wrought, 
 as they well knew, altogether ' or mainly within 
 the last hundred and fifty years! 
 
 Where was the titular Ard-Ri all this time? 
 Away in his western home, sullen and perplexed, 
 scarcely knowing what to think of this singular 
 and unprecented turn of affairs. Henry tried 
 hard to ricrsuade Roderick to visit him; but 
 neither Roderick nor any of the northern princes 
 could be persuaded to an interview with the 
 
 • On the spot where now stands the Protestant church of 
 St. Andrew, St. Andrew Street, Dublin. 
 
 English king. On the contrary, the Ard-Ri, 
 when he heard that Henry was likely to com« 
 westward and visit him, instantly mustered an 
 army and boldly took his stand at Athlone, 
 resolved to defend the integrity and independence 
 of at least his own territory. Henry, however, 
 disclaimed the idea of conflict; and, once again 
 trusting more to smooth diplomacy than to the 
 sword, dispatched two ambassadors to the Irish ? 
 titular monarch. The result was, according to 
 some English versions of very doubtful and sus- 
 picious authority, that Roderick so far came in 
 to the scheme of constituting Henry general 
 suzerain as to agree to offer it no opposition on 
 condition (readily acceded to by the ambassa- 
 dors) that his own sovereignty, as, at least, next 
 in supremacy to Henry, should be recognized. 
 But there is no reliable proof that Roderick made 
 any such concession, conditional or uncondi- 
 tional ; and most Ii'ish historians reject the story. 
 Having spent the Christmas in D.ublin, and 
 devoted the winter season to feasting and enter- 
 tainment on a right royal scale, Henry now set 
 about exercising his authority as general pacifi- 
 cator and regulator ; and his first exercise of it 
 was marked by that profound policy and sagacity 
 which seem to have guided all his acts since he 
 landed. He began, not by openly aggrandizing 
 himself or his followers — that might have excited 
 suspicion — but by evidencing a deep and earnest 
 solicitude for the state of religion in the country. 
 This strengthened the opinion that estimated 
 him as a noble, magnanimous, unselfish and 
 friendly protector, and it won for him the favor 
 of the country. As his first exercise of general 
 authority in the land, he convened a synod at 
 Cashel ; and at this synod, the decrees of which 
 are known, measures were devised for the repres- 
 sion and correction of such abuses and irregulari- 
 ties in connection with religion as were known to 
 exist in the country. Yet, strange to say, we 
 find bj^ the statutes and decrees of this synod 
 nothing of a doctrinal nature requiring correc- 
 tion; notliing more serious calling for regulation 
 tlian what is referred to in the following enact- 
 ments then made : 
 
 1. That the prohibition of marriage within the 
 canonical degrees of consanguinitj' be enforced. 
 
 2. That children should be regularly catechized 
 before the church door in each parish.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 51 
 
 3. That children should be baptized in the 
 public fonts of the parish churches. 
 
 4. That regular tithes should be paid to the 
 clergy rather than irregular donations from time 
 to time. 
 
 5. That church lands should be exempt from 
 the exaction of "livery," etc. 
 
 6. That the clergy should not be liable to any 
 share of the eric or blood-fine, levied off the 
 kindred of a man guilty of homicide. 
 
 7. A decree regulating wills. 
 
 Such and no more were the reforms found to 
 be necessary in the Irish Church under Henry's 
 own eye, notwithstanding all the dreadful stories 
 he had been hearing, and which he (not without 
 addition by exaggeration) bad been so carefulb" 
 forwarding to Rome for years before! Truth 
 and candor, however, require the confession that 
 the reason why there was so little, comparatively, 
 needing to be set right just then, was because 
 there had been during and ever since St. 
 Malachy's time vigorous efforts on the part of 
 the Irish prelates, priests, princes, and people 
 themselves, to restore and repair the ruins caused 
 by long years of bloody convulsion. 
 
 The synod over, Henry next turned his atten- 
 tion to civil affairs. He held a royal court at 
 Lismore, whereat he made numerous civil ap- 
 pointments and regulations for the government 
 of the territories and cities possessed by the 
 Norman allies of the late prince of Leinster, 
 or those surrendered by Irish princes to him- 
 self. 
 
 While Henry was thus engaged in adroitly 
 causing his authority to be gradually recognized, 
 respected and obeyed in the execution of peace- 
 ful, wise and politic measures for the general 
 tranquillity and welfare of the country — for, from 
 the hour of his landing, he had not spilled one 
 drop of Irish blood, nor harshly treated a native 
 of Ireland — he suddenly found himself summoned 
 to England by gathering troubles there. Papal 
 commissioners had arrived in his realm of Nor- 
 mandy to investigate the murder of St. Thomas a 
 Becket, and threatening to lay England under 
 an interdict if Henry could not clear or purge 
 himself of guilty part in that foul deed. There 
 was nothing for it but to hasten thither with all 
 speed, abandoning for the time his Irish plans 
 and schemes, but taking the best means he could 
 
 to i)rovide meantime for the retention of his- 
 power and authority in the realm of Ireland. 
 
 I do not hesitate to express my ojiinion that, 
 as the Normans had fastened at all upon Ireland, 
 it was unfortunate that Henry was called away at 
 this juncture. No one can for an instant rank 
 side by side the naked and heartless rapacity and 
 bloody ferocity of the Normans who preceded and 
 who succeeded him in Ireland with the modera- 
 tion, the statesmanship, and the tolerance ex- 
 hibited by Henry while remaining here. Much 
 of this, doubtless, was policy on his part; but 
 such a policy, though it might result in bring- 
 ing the kingdom of Ireland under the same 
 crown with England manj' centuries sooner than 
 it was so brought eventually by other means, 
 would have spared our country centuries of 
 slaughter, persecution, and suffering unexampled 
 in the annals of the world. There are abundant 
 grounds for presuming that Henry's views and 
 designs originally were wise and comprehensive, 
 and certainly the reverse of sanguinary. He 
 meant simply to win the sovereignty of another 
 kingdom ; but the spirit in which the Normans 
 who remained and who came after him in Ire- 
 land acted was that of mere freebooters — rapa- 
 cious and merciless plunderers — whose sole 
 redeeming trait was their indomitable pluck and 
 undaunted bravery. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 HOW HENRT MADE A TREATY WITH THE iKlSH KEKG 
 
 AND DID NOT KEEP IT. 
 
 Soon the Irish began to learn the difference 
 between King Henry's friendly courtesies and 
 mild adjudications and the rough iron-shod rule 
 of his needy, covetous, and lawless lieutenants. 
 On all sides the Normans commenced to encroach 
 upon, outrage, and despoil the Irish, until, be- 
 fore three years had elapsed, Henry found all he 
 had won in Ireland lost, and the English power 
 there apparently at the last extremity. A signal 
 defeat which Strongbow encountered in one of 
 his insolent forays, at the hands of O'Brien, 
 prince of Thomond, was the signal fur a general 
 assault upon the Normans. They were routed 
 on all sides; Strongbow himself being chased 
 into and cooped up with a few men in a fortified
 
 52 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 tower in "Waterford. But this simultaneous out- 
 break lacked the unity of direction, the reach of 
 purpose, and the perseverance which would 
 cause it to accomplish permanent rather than 
 transitory results. The Irish gave no thought to 
 the necessity of following up their victories; aud 
 the Norman power, on the verj' point of extinc- 
 tion, was allowed slowly to recruit and extend 
 itself again. 
 
 Henry was sorely displeased to find affairs in 
 Ireland in this condition; but, of course, the 
 versions which reached him laid all the blame on 
 the Irish, and represented the Norman settlers 
 as meek and peaceful colonists driven to defend 
 themselves against treacherous savages. The 
 English monarch, unable to repair to Ireland 
 himself, bethought him of the papal letters, and 
 resolved to try their influence on the Irish. He 
 accordingly commissioned William Fitzadelm De 
 Burgo and Nicholas, the prior of Walliugford, to 
 proceed with these documents to Ii'eland, and 
 report to him on the true state of affairs there. 
 These royal commissioners dulj' reached that 
 country, and we are told that, having assembled 
 the Irish prelates, the papal letters were read. 
 But no chronicle, English or Irish, tells us what 
 was said by the Irish bishops on hearing them 
 read. Very likely there were not wanting pre- 
 lates to point out that the pope had been utterly 
 misinformed and kept in the dark as to the truth 
 about Ireland ; and that so far the bulls were of 
 no valid force as such : that as to the authority 
 necessary to King Henry to effect the excellent 
 designs he professed, it had already been pretty 
 generally yielded to him for such purpose by the 
 Irish princes themselves without these letters at 
 all: ih&t, for the pui^)o><es aud 0)i the conditions 
 specified in the papal letters, he was likely to 
 receive every co-operation from the Irish princes; 
 but that it was quite another thing if he expected 
 them to yield themselves up to be plundered and 
 enslaved — that they would resist forever and 
 ever; and if there was to be peace, morality, or 
 religion in the land, it was his own Norman 
 lords aud governors he should recall or curb. 
 
 Very much to this effect was tlio report of the 
 royul commisHionors when they returned, and as if 
 to confirm the conclusion that these were the views 
 of the Irish prelates and princes at the time, we 
 find the Irish monarch, Roderick, sending special 
 
 ambassadors to King Henry to negotiate a formal 
 treaty, recording and regulating the relations 
 which were to exist between them. "In Septem- 
 ber 1175," we are told, "The Irish monarch sent 
 over to England as his plenipotentiaries, Cathol- 
 icus O'Duffy, the archbishop of Tuam ; Concors, 
 abbot of St. Brendan's of Clonfert; and a third, 
 who is called Master Laurence, his chancellor, 
 but who was no other than the holy Archbishop 
 of Dublin, as we know that that illustrious man 
 was one of those who signed the treaty on this 
 occasion. A great council was held at Windsor, 
 within the octave of Michaelmas, and a treaty 
 was agree on, the articles of which were to the 
 effect that Roderick was to be king under 
 Henry, rendering him service as his vassal ; that 
 he was to hold his hereditary territory of Con- 
 naught in the same way as before the coming of 
 Henry into Ireland; that he was to have juris- 
 diction and dominion over the rest of the island, 
 including its kings and princes, whom he should 
 oblige to pay tribute, through his hands, to the 
 king of England; that these kings and princes 
 were also to hold possession of their respective 
 territories as long as they remained faithful to 
 the king of England and paid their tribute to 
 him ; that if they departed from their fealty to 
 the king of England, Roderick was to judge and 
 depose them, either by his own power, or, if that 
 was not sufl[icient, by the aid of the Anglo- 
 Norman authorities; but that his jurisdiction 
 should not extend to the territories occupied by 
 the English settlers, which at a later period was 
 called the English Pale, and comprised Meath 
 and Leinster, Dublin with its dependent district, 
 Waterford, and the country thence to Dungarvan. 
 The treaty between the two sovereigns, Roder- 
 ick and Henry, clearly shows that the mere 
 recognition of the English king as suzerain was 
 all that appeared to be claimed on the one side 
 or yielded on the other With this single ex- 
 ception or qualification, the native Irish power, 
 authority, rights and liberties, were fully and 
 formally guaranteed. What Henry himself 
 thought of the relations in which he stood by 
 this treaty toward Ireland, and the sense in 
 which ho read its stiimlations, is very intelligibly 
 evidenced in the fact that he never styled, 
 signed, or described himself as either king or 
 lord of Ii-eland in the documents reciting and
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 53 
 
 referring to his relations with and toward that 
 country. 
 
 But neither Henry nor his Norman barons kept 
 the treatj'. Like that made with Ireland by 
 another English king, five hundred years later 
 on at Limerick, it was "broken ere the ink where- 
 with 't was writ was dry." 
 
 I am inclined to credit Henry with having at 
 one time intended to keep it. I think there are 
 indications that he was in a certain sense coerced 
 by his Norman lords into the abandonment, or 
 at least the alteration, of his original policy, 
 plans, and intentions as to Ireland, which were 
 quite too peaceful and afforded too little scope 
 for plunder to please those adventurers. In fact 
 the barons revolted against the idea of not being 
 allowed full scope for robbing the Irish ; and one 
 of them, De Courcy, resolved to fling the king's 
 restrictions overboard, and set off on a conquer- 
 ing or freebooting expedition on his own ac- 
 count! A historian tells us that the royal com- 
 missioner Fitzadelm was quite unpopulai' with 
 the colony. "His tastes were not military; he 
 did not afford sufficient scope for spoliation; and he 
 was openly accused of being toofriendly to the Irish. 
 De Courcy, one of his aides in the government, 
 became so disgusted with his inactivity that he 
 set out, in open defiance of the viceroy's pro- 
 hibition, on an expedition to the north. Having 
 selected a small army of twenty-two knights and 
 three hundred soldiers, all picked men, to ac- 
 company him, by rapid marches he arrived the 
 fourth day at Downpatrick, the chief city of 
 TJlidia, and the clangor of his bugles ringing 
 through the streets at the break of day was the 
 first intimation which the inhabitants received of 
 this wholly unexpected incursion. In the alarm 
 and confusion which ensued, the people became 
 easy victims, and the English, after indulging 
 their rage and rapacity, intrenched themselves 
 in a corner of the city. Cardinal Vivian, who 
 had come as legate from Pope Alexander the 
 Third to the nations of Scotland and Ireland, and 
 who had only recently arrived fi'om the Isle of 
 Man, happened to be then in Down, and was hor- 
 rified at this act of aggression. He attempted to 
 negotiate terms of peace, and proposed that De 
 Courcy should withdraw his army on the condi- 
 tion of the TJlidians paying tribute to the English 
 king ; but any such terms being sternly rejected 
 
 by De Courcy, the cardinal encouraged and ex- 
 horted Mac Dunlevy, the king of Ulidia and Dal- 
 ariada, to defend his territories manfully against 
 the invaders. Coming as this advice did from 
 the pope's legate, we may judge in what light 
 the grant of Ireland to King Henry the Second 
 was regarded by the pope himself." 
 
 It became clear that whatever policy or princi- 
 ples Henry might originally have thought of act- 
 ing on in Ireland, he should abandon them and 
 come into the scheme of the barons, which was, 
 that he should give them free and full license for 
 the plunder of the Irish, and they in return 
 would extend his realm. So we find the whole 
 aim and spirit of the royal policy forthwith 
 altered to meet the piratical views of the barons. 
 
 One of Roderick's sons, Murrogh, rebelled 
 against and endeavored to depose his father (as 
 the sons of Henry endeavored to dethrone him a 
 few years subsequently), and Milo de Cogan, by 
 the lord deputy's orders, led a Norman force into 
 Connaught to aid the parricidal revolt! The 
 Connacians, however, stood by their aged king, 
 shrank from the rebellious son, and under the 
 command of Roderick in person gave battle to 
 the Normans at the Shannon. De Cogan and his 
 Norman treaty -breakers and plunder-seekers were 
 utterly and disastrously defeated; and Murrogh, 
 the unnatural son, being captured, was tried for 
 his offence by the assembled clans, and suffered 
 the eric decreed by law for his crime. 
 
 This was the first deliberate rent in the treaty 
 by the English. The next, was by Henry him- 
 self, who, in violation of his kingly troth, under- 
 took to dub his son John, yet a mere child, 
 either lord or king of Ireland, and by those 
 plausible deceits and diplomatic arts in which he 
 proved himself a master, he obtained the appro- 
 bation of the pope for his proceeding. Quickly 
 following upon these violations of the treaty of 
 Windsor, and suddenly and completely changing 
 the whole nature of the relations between the 
 Irish and the Normans as previously laid down, 
 Henry began to grant and assign away after the 
 most wholesale fashion the lands of the Irish, 
 apportioning among his hungry followers whole 
 territories yet unseen by an English ej'e! 
 Naturalists tell how the paw of a tiger can touch 
 with the softness of velvet or clutch with the 
 force of a vice, according as the deadly fangs are
 
 54 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 sheathed or put forth. The Irish princes had 
 been treated with the velvet smoothness ; they 
 were now to be torn jby the lacerating fangs of 
 that tiger grip to which they had yielded them- 
 selves UD so easily. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 _EATH-BED SCENES. 
 
 It is a singular fact — one which no historian 
 can avoid particularly noticing — that every cue 
 of the principal actors on the English side in this 
 eventful episode of the first Anglo-Normau inva- 
 sion, ended life violently, or under most painful 
 circumstances. M'Murrogh the traitor died, as 
 we have already seen, of a mysterious disease, 
 by which his body became putrid while yet he 
 lingered between life and death. Strongbow 
 died under somewhat similar circumstances ; an 
 ulcer in his foot spread upward, and so eat away 
 his body that it almost fell to pieces. Strong- 
 bow's son was slain by the father's hand. The 
 death-bed of King Henry the Second was a scene 
 of horror. He died cursing with the most fear- 
 ful maledictions his own sons! In vain the 
 bishops and ecclesiastics surrounding his couch, 
 horror-stricken, sought to prevail upon him to 
 revoke these awful imprecations on his own 
 offspring! "Accursed be the day on which I 
 was born ; and accursed of God be the sons that 
 I leave after me, "were his last words.* Far 
 different is the spectacle presented to us in the 
 death-scene of the hapless Irish monarch Roder- 
 ick. Misfortunes in every shape had indeed 
 overwhelmed him, and in his last hours sorrows 
 were multiplied to him. "Near the* junction of 
 Lough Corrib with Lough Mask, on the bound- 
 ary line between Mayo and Galwaj', stand the 
 ruins of the once populous monastery and village 
 of Cong. The first Christian kings of Connaught 
 had founded the monastery, or enabled St. 
 Fechin to do so by their generous donations. 
 The father of Roderick had enriched its shrine 
 by the gift of a particle of the true cross, rever- 
 ently enshrined in a reliquary, the workmauship 
 of which still excites the admiration of auti- 
 /luaries. Here Roderick retired in the seventieth 
 
 '"Mandit soil le jour ou j» suis ni; et mandits do 
 DU'ii soK'Ht les Gls qui je laisae." 
 
 year of his age, and for twelve j'ears thereafter 
 — until the 29th day of November, 1198 — here he 
 wept and prayed and withered away. Dead to 
 the world, as the world to him, the opening of a 
 new grave in the royal corner at Clonmacnoise 
 was the laat incident connected with his name 
 which reminded Connaught that it had lost its 
 once prosperous prince, and Ireland that she had 
 seen her last Ard-Ri, according to the ancient 
 Milesian constitution Powerful princes of his 
 own and other houses the land was destined to 
 know for many generations, before its sover- 
 eignity was merged in that of England, but none 
 fully entitled to claim the high-sounding but 
 often fallacious title of Monarch of all Ireland." 
 One other deathbed scene, described to us by 
 the same historian, one more picture from the 
 Irish side, and we shall take our leave of this 
 eventful chapter of Irish history, and the actors 
 who moved in it. The last hours of Roderick's 
 ambassador, the illustrious archbishop of Dublin, 
 are thus described: "From Rome he returned 
 with legatine powers which he used with great 
 energy during the year 1180. In the autumn of 
 that year he was intrusted with the delivery to 
 Henry the Second of the son of Roderick O'Con- 
 nor, as a pledge for the fulfillment of the treaty 
 of "Windsor, and with other diplomatic functions. 
 On reaching England he found the king had 
 gone to France, and following him thither, he 
 was seized with illness as he approached the 
 monastery of Eu, and with a prophetic foretaste 
 of death, he exclaimed as he came in sight of the 
 towers of the' convent, 'Here shall I make my 
 resting place. ' The Abbot Osbert and the monks 
 of the order of St. Victor received him tenderly 
 and watched his couch for the few days he yet 
 lingered. Anxious to fulfill his mission, he dis- 
 patched David, tutor of the son of Roderick, 
 with messages to Henry, and waited his return 
 with anxiety. David brought him a satisfactory 
 response from the English king, and the last 
 anxiety only remained. In death, as in life, bis 
 thoughts were with his country. 'Ah, foolish 
 and insensible people,' he exclaimed in his latest 
 hours, 'what will become of you? Who will re- 
 lieve your miseries? Who will heal you?'. 
 When recommended to make his last will, he 
 answered with apostolic simplicity : 'God knows 
 out of all my revenues I have not a single coin
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 55 
 
 to bequeath. ' And thus on the 11th of Novem- 
 ber, 1180, in the forty -eighth year of his age, 
 under the shelter of a Norman roof, surrounded 
 by Norman mourners, the Gaelic statesman-saint 
 departed out of this life, bequeathing one more 
 canonized memory to Ireland and to Rome." 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 HOW THE ANGLO-NORMAN COLONY FARED. 
 
 I HAVE, in the foregoing pages, endeavored to 
 narrate fully and minutely all the circumstances 
 leading to, and attendant upon, the Anglo-Nor- 
 man landing and settlement in this countrj', A. 
 D. 1169-1172. It transcends in importance all 
 other events in our history, having regard to 
 ulterior and enduring consequences ; and a clear 
 and correct understanding of that event will fur- 
 nish a key to the confused history of the troubled 
 period which immediately succeeded it. 
 
 It is not my design to follow the formal his- 
 tories of Ii-eland in relating at full length, and in 
 consecutive detail, the events of the four centu- 
 ries that succeeded the date of King Henry's 
 landing. It was a period of such wild, confused 
 and chaotic struggle that youthful readers would 
 be hopelessly bewildered in the effort to keep its 
 incidents minutely and consecutively remem- 
 bered. Moreover, the history of those four cen- 
 turies, fully written out, would make a goodly 
 volume in itself; a volume abounding with stir- 
 ring incidents and affecting tragedies, and with 
 episodes of valor and heroism, adventurous 
 daring, and chivalrous, patriotic devotion, not to 
 be surpassed in the pages of romance. But the 
 scope of my story forbids my dwelling at any 
 great length upon the events of this period. 
 Such of mj' readers as may desire to trace them 
 in detail will find them succinctly related in the 
 formal histories of Ireland. "What I propose to 
 do here is to make my youthful readers ac- 
 quainted with the general character, course, and 
 progress of the struggle; the phases, changes, 
 or mutations through which it passed; 'the 
 aspects it presented, and the issues it contested, 
 as each century rolled on, dwelling only upon 
 events of comparative importance, and incidents 
 illustrating the actions and the actors of the 
 period. 
 
 Let us suppose a hundred years to have passed 
 away since King Henry's visit to Ireland — that 
 event which Englishmen who write Irish history 
 affect to regard as an "easy conquest" of our 
 country. Let us see what the Normans have 
 achieved by the end of one hundred years in 
 Ireland. They required but one year to conquer 
 England; and, accordingly, judging by all or- 
 dinary calculations and probabilities, we ought 
 surely, in one hundred times that duration, to 
 find Ireland as thoroughlj- subdued and as com- 
 pletely pacified as England had been in the 
 twelvemonth that sufficed for its utter subjuga- 
 tion. 
 
 The nature of the struggle waged by the 
 Anglo-Normans against Ireland during this 
 period was rather peculiar. At no time was it 
 an open and avowed effort to conquer Ireland as 
 England had been conquered, though, as a mat- 
 ter of fact, the military force engaged against 
 the Irish throughout the period exceeded that 
 which had sufficed the Normans to conquer 
 England. King Henry, as we have already seen, 
 presented himself and his designs in no such 
 hostile guise to the Irish. He seems to have 
 concluded that, broken and faction-split, disor- 
 ganized and demoralized, as the Ii-ish princes 
 were, they would probably be rallied into union 
 by the appearance of a nakedly hostile invasion ; 
 and he knew well that it would be easier to con- 
 quer a dozen Englands than to overcome this 
 soldier race if only united against a common foe. 
 So the crown of England did not, until long after 
 this time, openly profess to pursue a conqicest of 
 Ireland, any more than it professed to pursue a 
 conquest in India in the time of Clive. An 
 Anglo-Norman colony was planted on the south- 
 eastern corner of the island. This colony, which 
 was well sustained from England, was to push its 
 own fortunes, as it were, in Ireland, and to ex- 
 tend itself as rapidly as it could. To it, as ample 
 excitement, sustainment, and recompense was 
 given, prospectively, the land to be taken from 
 the Irish. The planting of such a colony — com- 
 posed, as it was, of able, skillful, and desperate 
 military adventurers — and the endowing of it, so 
 to speak, with such rich pi-ospect of plunder, was 
 the establishment of a perpetual and self-acting 
 mechanism for the gradual reduction of Ireland. 
 Against this colony the Irish warred in their
 
 56 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 own desultory wa.v, very much as they warred 
 against each other, neither better nor worse ; and 
 in the fierce warring of the Irish princes with 
 each other, the Anglo-Norman colonists sided 
 now with one, now with another ; nay, very fre- 
 quently in such conflicts Anglo-Normans fought 
 on each side ! The colony, however, had pre- 
 cisely that which the Irish needed — a supreme 
 authority ever guiding it in the one purpose; 
 and it always felt strong in the consciousness 
 that, at the worst, England was at its back, and 
 that in its front lay, not the Irish nation, but the 
 broken fragments of that once great and glorious 
 power. 
 
 The Irish princes, meantime, each one for him- 
 self, fought away as usual, either against the 
 Norman colonists or against some neighboring 
 Irish chief. Indeed, they maj^ be described as 
 fighting each other with one hand, and fighting 
 England with the other! Quite as curious is the 
 fact that in all their struggles with the latter, 
 they seem to have been ready enough to admit 
 the honorary lordship or suzerainty of the 
 English king, but resolved to resist to the death 
 the Norman encroachments beyond the cities and 
 lands to the possession of which they had at- 
 tained by reason of their treaties with, or suc- 
 cesses under, Dermot M'Murrogh. The fight 
 was all for the soil. Then, as in our own times, 
 the battle crj- was "Land or Life!" 
 
 But the English power had two modes of ac- 
 tion ; and when one failed the other was tried. 
 As long as the rapacious f reebooting of the barons 
 was working profitably, not only for themselves 
 but for the king, it was all very well. But when 
 that policy resulted in arousing the Irish to suc- 
 cessful resistance, and the freebooters were being 
 routed everywhere, or when they had learned to 
 think too much of their own profit and too little 
 of the king's, then his English majesty could 
 take to the role of magnanimous friend, protec- 
 tor, or suzerain of the Irish princes, and angry 
 punisher of the rapacious Norman barons. 
 
 "We have already seen that when Henry the 
 Second visited Ireland it was (pretendedly at 
 least) in the character of a just-minded king 
 ■who came to chastise his own subjects, the Nor- 
 man settlers. "Wlien next an English king vis- 
 ited these shores, it was professedly with a like 
 design, in J210 King John arrived, and during 
 
 his entire stay in this country he was occupied, 
 not in wars or conflicts with the Irish — quite the 
 contrary — in chastising the most powerful and 
 presumptuous of the great Norman lords I What 
 wonder that the Irish princes were confirmed in 
 the old idea, impressed upon them by King 
 Henry's words and actions, that though in the 
 Norman barons they had to deal with savage and 
 merciless spoliators, in the English king they 
 had a friendly suzerain? As a matter of fact, 
 the B'ish princes who had fought most stoutly 
 and victoriously against the Normans up to the 
 date of John's arrival, at once joined their armies 
 to his, and at the head of this combined force 
 the English king proceeded to overthrow the 
 most piratical and powerful of the barons ! Says 
 M'Gee: "The visit of King John, which lasted 
 from 20th of June to the 25th of August, was 
 mainly directed to the reduction of those intrac- 
 table Anglo-Irish princes whom Fitz-Henry and 
 Gray had proved themselves unable to cope with. 
 Of these the De Lacys of Meath were the most 
 obnoxious. They not only assumed an indepen- 
 dent state, but had sheltered De Braos, Lord of 
 Brecknock, one of the recusant barons of Wales, 
 and refused to surrender him on the royal sum- 
 mons. To assert his authority and to strike 
 terror into the nobles of other possessions, John 
 crossed the channel with a prodigious fleet — in 
 the Irish annals said to consist of seven hundred 
 sail. He landed at Crook, reached Dublin, and 
 prepared at once to subdue the Lacys. With 
 his own army, and the co-operation of Cathal 
 O 'Conor, he drove out Walter de Lacy, Lord of 
 Meath, who fled to his brother, Hugh de Lacy, 
 since De Courcy's disgrace, Earl of Ulster. 
 From Meath into Louth John pursued the broth- 
 ers, crossing the lough at Carlingford with his 
 ships, which must have coasted in his company. 
 From Carlingford they retreated, and he pursued 
 to Carrickfergus, and that fortress, being unable 
 to resist a royal fleet and navy, they fled into 
 Man or Scotland, and thence escaped in disguise 
 into France. With their guest De Braos, they 
 wrought as gardeners in the grounds of the 
 Abbey of Saint Taurin Evreux, until the abbot, 
 having discovered by their manners the key to 
 their real rank, negotiated successfully with John 
 for their restoration to their estates. Walter 
 agreed to i)ay a flne of twenty-five hundred
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 67 
 
 marks for his lordship in Meath, and Hugh four 
 thousand for his possessions in Ulster. Of De 
 Braos we have no particulars ; his high-spirited 
 wife and children were thought to have been 
 starved to death by order of the unforgiving 
 tyrant in one of his castles." 
 
 In the next succeeding reign (that of Henry 
 the Third), we find a like impression existing 
 and encouraged among the Irish princes; the 
 king of Connaught proceeding to England and 
 ■complaining to the king of the unjust, oppres- 
 sive, and rapacious conduct of the barons. And 
 we find King Henry ordering him substantial 
 redress, writing to his lord justice in Ireland, 
 Maurice Fitzgerald, to "pluck up by the root" 
 the powerful De Burgo, who lorded it over all 
 the west. There is still in existence a letter 
 written by the Connacian king to Henry the 
 Third, thanking him for the many favors he had 
 conferred upon him, but particularly for this one. 
 
 CHAPTER XXm. 
 
 "the BIEK that conquered" THE STORY OF 
 
 GODFREY OF TYRCONNELL. 
 
 I HAVE remarked that the Irish chiefs may be 
 said to have fought each other with one hand, 
 while they fought the English with the other. 
 Illustrating this state of things, I may refer to 
 the story of Godfrey, Prince of Tj'rconnell — as 
 glorious a character as ever adorned the page of 
 history. For years the Normans had striven in 
 vain to gain a foothold in Tyrconnell. Else- 
 where — in Connaught, in Munster, throughout 
 all Leinster, and in Southern Ulster — they could 
 betimes assert their sway, either by dint of arms 
 or insidious diplomatic strategy. But never 
 could they overreach the wary and martial Cinel- 
 Connal, from whom more than once the Norman 
 armies had suffered overthrow. At length the 
 lord justice, Maurice Fitzgerald, felt that this 
 hitherto invulnerable fortress of native Irish 
 power in the northwest had become a formidable 
 standing peril to the entire English colony ; and 
 it was accordingly resolved that the whole 
 strength of the Anglo-Norman force in Ireland 
 should be put forth in one grand expedition 
 against it; and this expedition the lord justice 
 decided that he himself would lead and command 
 in person ! At this time Tyrconnell was ruled 
 
 by a prince who was the soul of chivalric brav- 
 ery, wise in the council, and daring in the field 
 — Godfrey O'Dounell. The lord justice, while 
 assembling his forces, employed the time, more- 
 over, in skillfully diplomatizing, playing the in- 
 sidious game which, in every century, most 
 largely helped the Anglo-Norman interest in Ire- 
 land — setting up rivalries and inciting hostilities 
 among the Irish princes ! Having, as he thought, 
 not only cut off Godfrey from all chance of alli- 
 ance or support from his fellow-princes of the 
 north and west, but environed him with their 
 active hostility, Fitzgerald marched on Tyrcon- 
 nell. His army moved with all the pomp and 
 panoply of Norman pride. Lords, earls, knights, 
 and squires, from every Norman castle or settle- 
 ment in the land, had rallied at the summons of 
 the king's representative. Godfrey, isolated 
 though he found himself, was nothing daunted 
 by the tremendous odds which he knew were 
 against him. He was conscious of his own mili- 
 tary superiority to any of the Norman lords yet 
 sent against him — he was in fact one of the most 
 skillful captains of the age — and he relied im- 
 plicitly on the unconquerable bravery of his 
 clansmen. Both armies met at Credan-Kille in 
 the north of Sligo. A battle which the Normans 
 describe as fiercely and vehemently contested, 
 ensued and raged for hours without palpable 
 advantage to either side. In vain the mail-clad 
 battalions of England rushed upon the saffron 
 kilted Irish clansmen; each time they reeled 
 from the shock and fled in bloody rout! In vain 
 the cavalry squadrons — long the boasted pride of 
 the Normans — headed by earls and knights whose 
 names were rallying cries in Norman England, 
 swept upon the Irish lines! Riderless horses 
 alone returned, 
 
 "Their nostrils all red with the sign of despair. " 
 
 The lord justice in wild dismay saw the pro&dest 
 army ever rallied by Norman power on Irish soil 
 being routed and hevm piecemeal before his 
 eyes! Godfrey, on the other hand, the very im- 
 personation of valor, was everywhere cheering 
 his men, directing the battle and dealing destruc- 
 tion to the Normans. The gleam of his battle- 
 ax or the flash of his sword was the sure pre- 
 cursor of death to the haughtiest earl or knight 
 that dared to confront him. The lord justice —
 
 58 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 than -nhom no abler general or braver soldier 
 served the king — saw that the day was lost if he 
 could not save it by some desperate effort, and at 
 the worst he had no wish to survive the over- 
 throw of the splendid army he had led into the 
 field. The flower of the Norman nobles had fallen 
 under the sword of Godfrey, and him the Lord 
 Maurice now sought out, dashing into the thick- 
 est of the fight. The two leaders met in single 
 combat. Fitzgerald dealt the Tyrconnell chief a 
 deadly wound; but Godfrey, still keeping his 
 seat, with one blow of his battle-as, clove the 
 lord justice to the earth, and the proud baron 
 was carried senseless off the field by his follow- 
 ers. The English fled in hopeless confusion ; 
 and of them the chroniclers tell us there was 
 made a slaughter that night's darkness alone 
 arrested. The Lord Maurice was done with 
 pomp and power after the ruin of that day. He 
 survived his dreadful wound for some time ; he 
 retired into a Franciscan monastery which he 
 himself had built and endowed at Youghal, and 
 there taking the habit of a monk, he departed 
 this life tranquilly in the bosom of religion. 
 Godfrey, meanwhile, mortally wounded, was 
 unable to follow up quickly the great victory of 
 Credan-Kille ; but stricken as he was, and with 
 life ebbing fast, he did not disband his army till 
 he had demolished the only castle the English 
 had dared to raise on the soil of Tyrconnell. 
 This being done, and the last soldier of England 
 chased beyond the frontier line, he gave the order 
 for dispersion, and himself was borne homewai'd 
 to die. 
 
 This, however, sad to tell, was the moment 
 seized upon by O'Neill, Prince of Tyrone, to 
 wrest from the Cinel-Connal submission to his 
 power! Hearing that the lion-hearted Godfrey 
 lay dying, and while yet the Tyrconnellian clans, 
 disbanded and on their homeward roads, were 
 Buffering from their recent engagement with the 
 Normans, O'Neill sent envoys to the dying prince 
 demanding hostages in token of submission. 
 The envoys, say all the historians, no sooner de- 
 livered this message than they fled for their 
 lives! Dying though Godfrey was, and broken 
 and wounded as were his clansmen by their 
 recent glorious struggle, the messengers of 
 Tyrowen felt but too forcibly the peril of delivc^r- 
 ing this inBolcut demand! And characteristic- 
 
 ally was it answered by Godfrey ! His only reply 
 was to order an instantaneous muster of all the 
 fighting men of Tyrconnell. The army of Tyrowen 
 meanwhile pressed forward rapidly to strike the 
 Cinel-Connal, if possible, before their available 
 strength (such as it was), could be rallied. 
 Nevertheless, they found the quickly reassembled 
 victors of Credan-Kille awaiting them. But alas, 
 sorrowful story! On the morning of the battle 
 death had but too plainly set his seal upon the 
 brow of the heroic Godfrey ! As the troops were 
 being drawn up in line, ready to march into the 
 field, the physicians announced that his last mo- 
 ments were at hand ; he had but a few hours to 
 live ! Godfrey Iiimself received the information 
 with sublime composure. Having first received 
 the last sacraments of the church, and given 
 minute instructions as to the order of battle, he 
 directed that he should be laid upon the bier 
 which was to have borne him to the grave; and 
 that thus he should be carried at the head of 
 his army on their march! His orders were 
 obeyed, and then was witnessed a scene for 
 which history has not a parallel! The dying 
 king, laid on his bier, was borne at the head of 
 his troops into the field! After the bier came 
 the standard of Godfrey — on which was embla- 
 zoned a cross with the words. In hoc signo vincei* 
 
 *0n the banner and shield of Tyrconnell were embla- 
 zoned a cross surrounded by the words /)i hoc aigno vinces. 
 One readily inclines to the conjecture that this was bor- 
 rowed from the Roman emperor Constantine. The words 
 may have been ; but among the treasured traditions of 
 the Cinel-Connal whs one which there is reason for regard- 
 ing as historically reliable, assigning to an interesting cir- 
 cumstance the adoption by them of the cross as the armorial 
 bearings of the sept. One of the earliest of St. Patrick's 
 converts was Conall Crievan, brother of ArdRi Laori and 
 ancestor of the Ciuel-Connal. Conall was a prince famed 
 for his courage and bravery, and much attached to military 
 pursuits ; but on his conversion he desired to become a 
 priest; preferring his request to this effect to St. Patrick, 
 when either baptizing or confirming him. The saint, how- 
 ever, commanded him to remain a soldier ; but to fight 
 henceforth as became a Christian warrior ; " and under this 
 sign serve and conquer," said the saint, raising the iron- 
 poinled end of the "Staff of Jesus," and marking on the 
 shield of Conall a cross. The shield thus marked by St. 
 Patrick's crozier was ever after called " Sciath Bachlach," 
 or tlie " Shield of the Crozier." Mr. Aubrey de Vere very 
 truly calls this the ''.'L.'.iitguration of Irish (Christian) chiv- 
 alry," and ha-'" ' >' JM' ="• ident the subject of the foHow- 
 ing poem :
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 59 
 
 — and next came the charger of the dying king, 
 caparisoned as if for battle! But Godfrey's last 
 fight was fought! Never more was that charger 
 to bear him where the sword-blows fell thickest. 
 Never more would his battle-ax gleam in the 
 front of the combat. But as if his presence, liv- 
 ing, dead, or dying, was still a potential assur- 
 ance of triumph to his people, the Cinel-Connal 
 bore down all opposition. Long and fiercely, 
 but vainly, the army of Tyrowen contested the 
 field. Around the bier of Godfrey his faithful 
 clansmen made an adamantine rampart which no 
 foe could penetrate. Wherever it was borne the 
 Tyrconnell phalanx, of which it was the heart 
 and center, swept all before them. At length, 
 when the foe was flying on all sides, they laid 
 the bier upon the ground to tell the king that 
 the day was won. But the face of Godfrey was 
 marblfe pale, and cold and motionless! All was 
 over! His heroic spirit had departed amid his 
 people's shouts of victory! 
 
 Several poems have been written on this tragic 
 yet glorious episode. That from which I take 
 the following passages is generally accounted 
 the best :* 
 
 "All worn and wan, and sore with wounds from 
 Credau's bloody fray. 
 In Donegal for weary months the proud O'Don- 
 nell lay ; 
 ; Around his couch in bitter grief his trusty 
 clansmen wait. 
 And silent watch, with aching hearts, his faint 
 and feeble state." 
 
 ST. PATRICK AND THE KNIGHT. 
 " Thou slialt not be a priest," he said ; 
 
 "Christ hath for thee a lowlier task : 
 Be thou his soldier ! Wear with dread 
 
 His cross upon thy shield an-d casque 1 
 Put on God's armor, faithful knight 1 
 
 Mercy witli justice, love with law ; 
 Nor e'er, except for truth and right, 
 
 This sword, cross-hilted, dare to draw." 
 
 He spake, and with his crozier pointed 
 
 Graved on the broad shield's brazen boss 
 (That hour baptized, confirmed, anointed. 
 
 Stood Erin's chivalry) the Cross: 
 And there was heard a whisper low — 
 
 (Saint Michael, was that whisper thine?) — 
 Thou sword, keep pure thy virgin vow, 
 
 And trenchant thou shalt be as mine. 
 
 •The name of the author is unknown. 
 
 The chief asks one evening to be brought into 
 the open air, that he may gaze once more on the 
 landscape's familiar scenes: 
 
 " 'And see the stai: upon the hills, the white 
 clouds drifting by ; 
 And feel upon my wasted cheek God's sun- 
 shine ere I die.' " 
 
 Suddenly he starts on his pallet, and exclaims ; 
 
 " 'A war-steed's tramp is on the heath, and on- 
 ward Cometh fast. 
 
 And by the rood! a trumpet sounds! hark, it 
 is the Red Hand's blast!' 
 
 And soon a kern all breathless ran, and told a 
 stranger train 
 
 Across the heath was spurring fast, and then 
 in sight it came. 
 
 " 'Go, bring me, quick, my father's sword,' the 
 noble chieftain said; 
 'My mantle o'er my shoulders fling, place 
 
 hslmet on vay head ; 
 And raise me to my feet, for ne'er shall clans- 
 man of my foe 
 Go boasting tell in far Tyrone he saw O'Don- 
 nell low.' " 
 
 The envoys of O'Neill arrive in Godfrey's pres- 
 ence, and deliver their message, demanding 
 tribute : 
 
 " 'A hundred hawks from out your woods, all 
 trained their prey to get ; 
 
 A hundred steeds from off your hills, un- 
 crossed by rider yet ; 
 
 A hundred kine from off your hills, the best 
 your land doth know ; 
 
 A hundred hounds from out your halls, to 
 hunt the stag and roe. ' ' ' 
 
 Godfrey, however, is resolved to let his foes, 
 be they Norman or native, know that, though 
 dying, he is not dead yet. He orders a levy of 
 all the fighting men of Tyrconnell : 
 
 " 'Go call around Tyrconnell 's chief my warriors 
 
 tried and true ; 
 Send forth a friend to Donal More, a scout to 
 
 Lisnahue ; 
 Light baal-fires quick on Esker's towers, that 
 
 all the land maj^ know 
 O'Donnell needeth help and haste to meet his 
 
 haughty foe.
 
 60 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 " 'Ob, could I but my people head, or wield once 
 
 more a spear. 
 
 Saint Augus! but we'd bunt tbeir bosts like 
 herds of fallow deer. 
 
 But vain the wish, since I am now a faint and 
 failing man; 
 
 Tet, ye shall bear me to the field, in the cen- 
 ter of my clan. 
 
 " 'Right in the midst, and lest, perchance, upon 
 the march I die. 
 In my coffin ye shall place me, uncovered let 
 
 me lie ; 
 And swear ye now, my body cold shall never 
 
 rest in clay, 
 Until you drive from Donegal O'Niall's host 
 away. ' 
 
 ^'Then sad and stern, with band on skian, that 
 solemn oath they swore. 
 
 And in a coffin placed tbeir chief, and on a lit- 
 ter bore. 
 
 Tbo' ebbing fast bis life-throbs cams, yet 
 dauntless in his mood. 
 
 He marshaled well Tyrconnell's chiefs, like 
 leader wise and good. 
 
 "Lough Swilly's sides are thick with speai-s, 
 
 O'Niall's host is there. 
 And proud and gay their battle sheen, their 
 
 banners float the air ; 
 And haughtily a challege bold their trumpets 
 
 blowetb free. 
 When winding down the heath-clad hills, 
 
 O'Donnell's band they see! 
 "No answerback those warriors gave, but sternly 
 
 on they stept. 
 And in tbeir center, curtained black, a litter 
 
 close is kept ; 
 And all their host it guideth fair, as did in 
 
 Galilee 
 Proud Judah's tribes the Ark of God, when 
 
 crossing Egypt's sea. 
 
 "Then rose the roar of battle loud, as clan met 
 
 clan in fight; 
 The ax and skian grew red with blood, a sad 
 
 and woeful sight; 
 Yet in the midst o'er all, unmoved, that litter 
 
 black is seen, 
 Like some dark rock that lifts its head o'er 
 
 ocean's war serene. 
 
 "Yet once, when blenching back fierce Bryan's 
 
 charge before, 
 Tyrcounell wavered in its ranks, and all was 
 
 nearly o'er. 
 Aside those curtains wide were flung, and 
 
 plainly to the view 
 Each host beheld O'Donnell there, all pale and 
 
 wan in hue. 
 
 'And to bis tribes he stretch'd his hands — then 
 
 pointed to the foe. 
 When with a shout they rally round, and on 
 
 Clan Hugh they go; 
 And back thej' beat their horsemen fierce, and 
 
 in a column deep. 
 With O'Donnell in their foremost rank, in one 
 
 fierce charge they sweep. 
 
 "Lough Swilly's banks are thick with spears! — • 
 
 O'Niall's host is there, 
 But rent and tost like tempest clouds — dan 
 
 Donnell in the rere ! 
 Lough Swilly's waves are red with blood, as 
 
 madly in its tide 
 O'Niall's horsemen wildly plunge, to reach the 
 
 other side. 
 
 "And broken is Tyrowen's pride, and vanctuished 
 
 Clannaboy, 
 And there is wailing thro' the land, from Bann 
 
 to Aughnacloy ; 
 The Red Hand's crest is bent in grief, upon its 
 
 shield a stain. 
 For its stoutest clans are broken, its stoutest 
 
 chiefs are slain. 
 
 "And proud and high Tyrconnell shouts; but 
 blending on the gale, 
 
 Upon the ear ascendeth a sad and sullen wail ; 
 
 For on that field, as back they bore, from chaf- 
 ing of the foe. 
 
 The spirit of O'Donnell fled! — oh, woe for Uls- 
 ter, woe! 
 
 "Yet died he there all gloriously — a victor in the 
 fight; 
 A chieftain at his people's bead, a warrior in 
 bis might;
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 81 
 
 They dug him there a fittin? grave upon that 
 
 field of pride. 
 And a lofty cairn Jhey raised above, by fair 
 
 Lough Swilly's side." 
 
 In this story of Godfrey of Tyrconnell we have 
 a perfect illustration of the state of affairs in Ire- 
 land at the time. Studying it, no one can marvel 
 that the English power eventually prevailed ; but 
 many may wonder that the struggle lasted so 
 many centuries. What Irishman can contempLite 
 without sorrow the spectacle of those brave sol- 
 diers of Tyrconnell and their heroic prince, after 
 contending with, and defeating, the concentrated 
 power of the Anglo-Norman settlement, called 
 upon to hurriedly re-unite their broken and 
 wounded ranks that they might fight yet another 
 battle against fresh foes — those foes their own 
 countrymen! Only among a people given over 
 to the madness that precedes destruction, could 
 conduct like that of O'Neill be exhibited. At a 
 moment when Godfi'ey and his battle-wounded 
 clansmen had routed the common foe — at a mo- 
 ment when they were known to be weakened after 
 such a desperate combat — at a moment when they 
 should have been hailed with acclaim, and greeted 
 with aid and succour by every chief and clan in 
 Ireland — they are foully taken at disadvantage, 
 and called upon to fight anew by their own fel- 
 low-countrymen and neighbors of Tj'rowen! 
 
 The conduct of O'Neill on this occasion was a 
 fair sample of the prevailing practice among the 
 Irish princes. Faction-split to the last degree, 
 each one sought merely his own personal advan- 
 tage or ambition. Nationality and patriotism 
 were sentiments no longer understood. Bravery 
 in battle, dauntless courage, heroic endurance, 
 marvelous skill, we find them displaying to the 
 last; but the higher political virtues so essential 
 to the existence of a nation — unity of purpose 
 and of action against a common foe — recognition 
 of and obedience to a central national authority — 
 were utterly absent. Let us own in sorrow that a 
 people among whom such conduct as thatof O'Neill 
 toward Godfrey of Tyrconnell was not only pos- 
 sible but of frequent occurrence, deserved sub- 
 jection — invited it — rendered it inevitable. Na- 
 tions, like individuals, must expect the penalty 
 of disregarding the first essentials to existence. 
 "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty." 
 
 Factionism like that of the Irish princes found 
 its sure punishment in subjugation. 
 
 CHAPTER XXTV. ' 
 
 HOW THE iniSH NATION AWOKE FROM ITJi TEAStffi, 
 AND FLUNG OFF ITS CHAINS. THE CAREER OE 
 KING EDWARD BRUCE. 
 
 Early in the second century of the Norman 
 settlement we find the Irish for the first time ap- 
 parently realizing their true position in relation 
 to England. They begin to appreciate the fact 
 that it is England and not the Anglo-Norman 
 colony they have to combat, and that recognition 
 of the English power means loss of liberty, loss 
 of honor, loss of property, alienation of the soil ! 
 Had the Irish awakened sooner to these facts, it 
 is just possible they might have exerted them- 
 selves and combined in a national struggle 
 against the fate thus presaged. But they awoke 
 to them too late : 
 
 The fatal chain was o'er them cast, 
 ^nd they were men no more ! 
 
 As if to quicken within them the strings ot 
 self-reproach, they saw their Gaelic kinsmen ol 
 Caledonia bravely battling in compact national 
 array against this same English power that had 
 for a time conquered them also. When King 
 Edward marched northward to measure swords 
 with the Scottish "rebel" Robert Bruce, he 
 summoned his Norman lieges and all other true 
 and royal subjects in Ireland to send him aid. 
 The Anglo-Norman lords of Ireland did accord- 
 ingly equip considerable bodies, and with them 
 joined the king in Scotland. The native Irish, 
 on the other hand, sent aid to Bruce ; and on the 
 field of Bannockburn old foes on Iri.sh soil met 
 once more in deadly combat on new ground — the 
 Norman lords and the Ii-ish ch ief tains. ' ' Twenty- 
 one clans, Highlanders and Islesmen, and many 
 Ulstermen fought on the side of Bruce an the 
 field of Bannockburn. The grant of 'Kincardine- 
 O'Neill, ' made by the victor-king to his Irish fo:- 
 lowers, remains a striking evidence of their 
 fidelity to his person and their sacrifices in his 
 cause. The result of that glorious day was, by 
 the testimony of all historians, English aa well
 
 03 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 as Scottish, received with enthusiasm on the Irish 
 tiide of the channel. ' '* 
 
 Fired by the glorious example of their Scot- 
 tish kinsmen, the native Irish princes for the first 
 time took up the design of a really national and 
 united effort to expel the English invaders root 
 and branch. Utterly unused to union or com- 
 bination as they had been for hundreds of yeai-s, 
 it is really wonderful how readily and success- 
 fully they carried out their design. The north- 
 ern Irish princes with few exceptions entered 
 into it; and it was agreed that as well to secure 
 the prestige of Bruce 's name and the alliance of 
 Scotland, as also to avoid native Irish jealousies 
 in subraitting to a national leader or king, Ed- 
 ,Tard Bruce, the brother of King Robert, should 
 be invited to land in Ii-eland with an auxiliary 
 liberating army, and should be recognized as 
 king. The Ulster princes, with Donald O'Neill 
 at their head, sent off a memorial to the pope 
 (John the Twelfth), a document which is still 
 extant, and is, as may be supposed, of singular 
 interest and importance. In this memorable let- 
 ter the Irish princes acquaint his holiness with 
 their national design ; and having reference to 
 the bulls or letters of popes Adrian and Alexan- 
 der, they proceed to justify their resolution of 
 destroying the hated English power in their 
 country, and point out the fraud and false pre- 
 tense upon which those documents were obtained 
 by King Henry from the pontiffs named. The 
 sovereign pontiff appears to have been profoundly 
 moved by the recital of facts in this remonstrance 
 or memorial. Not long after he addressed to the 
 English king (Edward the Third) a letter forci- 
 bly reproaching the English sovereigns who had 
 obtained those bulls from popes Adrian and 
 Alexander, with the crimes of deceit and viola- 
 tion of their specific conditions and covenants. 
 To the objects of those bulls, his holiness says, 
 "neither King Henry nor his successors paid any 
 regard ; but, passing the bounds that had been 
 prescribed for them, they had heaped upon the 
 Irish the most unheard-of miseries and persecu- 
 tions, and had, during a long period, imposed 
 on them a yoke of slavery which could not be 
 borne." 
 
 The Irish themselves were now. however, 
 
 'M'Oee. 
 
 about to make a brave effort to break that un- 
 bearable yoke, to terminate those miseries and 
 persecutions, and to establish a national throne 
 once more in the land. On May 25, 1315, Ed- 
 ward Bruce, the invited deliverer, landed near 
 Glenarm in Antrim with a force of six thousand 
 men. He was instantly joined by Donald 
 O'Neill, prince of Ulster, and throughout all thr 
 northern half of the island the most intense ex- 
 citement spread The native Irish flocked to 
 Bruce's standard; the Anglo-Normans, in dis- 
 may, hurried from all parts to encounter thi? 
 truly formidable danger, and succeeded in com- 
 pelling, or inducing, the Connacian prince, 
 O'Connor, to join them. Meanwhile the Scotto- 
 Irish army marched southward, defeating every 
 attempt of the local English garrisons to obstruct 
 its victorious progress. The lord justice, com- 
 ing from Dublin with all the forces he could 
 bring from the south, and Richard de Burgo, 
 Anglo-Norman titular Earl of Ulster, hurrying 
 from Athlone with a powerful contingent raised 
 in the west, came up with the national army at 
 Ardee, too late however, to save that town, which 
 the Irish had just captured and destroj'ed. This 
 Earl Richard is known in Anglo-Irish historj- 
 as "the Red Earl." He was the most prominent 
 character, and in every sense the greatest — tb& 
 ablest and most powerful and influential — man of 
 that century among the Anglo-Norman rulers or 
 nobles. As a matter of fact, his influence and 
 power overtopped and overshadowed that of the 
 lord justice; and, singular to relate, the king's 
 letters and writs, coming to Ireland, were invari- 
 ably, as a matter of form, addressed to him in 
 the first instance, that is, his name came first, 
 and that of the lord justice for the time being 
 next. He was, in truth, king of the Anglo- 
 Normans in Ireland. He raised armies, levied 
 war, made treaties, conferred titles, and bestowed 
 lands, without the least reference to the formal 
 royal deputy — the lord justice in Dublin — whom 
 he looked down upon with disdain. According- 
 ly, when these two magnates met on this occa- 
 sion, the Red Earl contemptuously desired the 
 lord justice to get him back to his castle of Dub- 
 lin as quickly as he pleased, for that he himself. 
 Earl Richard, as befitted his rank of Earl of Uls- 
 ter, would take in hands the work of clearing the 
 province of the Scottish-Irish army, and wouJ'?
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 63 
 
 guarantee to deliver Edward Bruce, liying or 
 dead, into the justice's hands ere many days. 
 Notwithstanding this haughty speech, the lord 
 justice and his forces remained, and the com- 
 bined army now confronted Bruce, outnumber- 
 ing him hopelessly; whereupon he commenced 
 to retreat slowly, his object being to effect, 
 either by military strategy or diplomacy, a 
 separation of the enemy's forces. This object 
 was soon accomplished. When the Connacian 
 king, Felim O'Connor, joined the Ked Eai'l and 
 marched against Bruce in his own principality, 
 his act was revolted against as parricidal treason. 
 Kuari, son of Cathal Eoe O'Conor, head of the 
 Clanna-Murtough, unfurled the national flag, 
 declared for the national cause, and soon struck 
 for it boldly and decisively. Hurriedly dispatch- 
 ing envoys to Bruce, tendering adhesion, and 
 requesting to be commissioned or recognized as 
 Prince of Connaught in place of Felim, who had 
 forfeited by fighting against his country at such 
 a crisis, he meanwhile swept through all the 
 west, tearing down the Norman rule and erecting 
 in its stead the national authority, declaring the 
 penalty of high treason against all who favored 
 or sided with the Norman enemy or refused to 
 aid the national cause. Felim heard of these 
 proceedings before Ruari's envoys reached 
 Bruce, and quickly saw that his only chance of 
 safety — and in truth the course most in conso- 
 nance with his secret feelings — was, himself, to 
 make overtures to Bruce, which he did ; so that 
 about the time Ruari's envoys arrived, Felim 's 
 offers were also before the Scotto-Irish com- 
 mander. Valuable as were Ruari's services in 
 the west, the greater and more urgent considera- 
 tion was to detach Felim from the Norman army, 
 w2iich thus might be fought, but which other- 
 wise could not be withstood. Accordingly, 
 Bruce came to terms with Felim, and answered 
 to Ruari that he was in no way to molest the pos- 
 sessions of Felim, who was now on the right 
 side, but to take all he could from the common 
 enemy the English. Felim, in pursuance of his 
 agreement with Bruce, now withdrew from the 
 English camp and faced homeward, whereupon 
 Bruce and O'Neill, no longer afraid to encounter 
 the enemy, though still superior to them in num- 
 bers, gave battle to the lord justice. A desperate 
 
 the river Bann, nearBallymena. The great Nor- 
 man army was defeated; the haughty Earl Rich- 
 ard was obliged to seek personal safety in flight j 
 his brother, William, with quite a uumijer of 
 other Norman knights and nobles, being taken 
 prisoners by that same soldier-chief whom he had 
 arrogantly undertaken to capture and present^ 
 dead or alive, within a few days, at Dublin Castle 
 gate! The shattered forces of the lord justice 
 retreated southward as best they could. The 
 Red Earl fled into Connaught, where, for a year, 
 he was fain to seek safety in comparative obscu« 
 rity, shorn of all power, pomp, and possessions. 
 Of these, what he had not lost on the battlefield 
 at Connoyr, he found wrested from him by the 
 Prince of Tyrconnell, who, by way of giving the 
 Red Earl something to do near home, had burst 
 down upon the Anglo-Norman possessions in the 
 west, and levelled every castle that flew the red 
 flag of England ! The Irish army now marched 
 southward once more, capturing all the great 
 towns and Norman castles on the way. At 
 Loughsweedy, in West-Meath, Bruce and O'Neill 
 went into winter quarters, and spent their Christ- 
 mas "in the midst of the most considerable chiefs 
 of Ulster, Meath, and Connaught." 
 
 Thus closed the first campaign in this, the first 
 really national war undertaken against the Eng- 
 lish power in Ireland. "The termination of his 
 first campaign on Irish soil, "says a historian, 
 "might be considered highly favorable to Bruce. 
 More than half the clans had risen, and others 
 were certain to follow their example ; the clergy 
 were almost wholly with him, and his heroic 
 brother had promised to lead an army to his ai^ 
 in the ensuing spring." 
 
 In the early spring of the succeeding year 
 (1316) he opened the next campaign by a march 
 southward. The Anglo-Norman armies made 
 several ineffectual efforts to bar his progress. 
 At Kells, in King's County of the present day. 
 Sir Roger Mortimer at the head of fifteen thou- 
 sand men made the most determined stand. A 
 great battle ensued, the Irish utterly routing 
 this the last army of any proportions now op- 
 posed to them. Soon after this decisive victory, 
 Bruce and O'Neill returned northward in proud 
 exultation. Already it seemed that the libera- 
 tion of Ireland was complete. Having arrived at 
 
 engagement ensued at Connoyr, on the banks of | Dundalk, the national army halted, and prepara-
 
 6i 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 tions were commenced for the great ceremonial 
 that was to consummate and commemorate the 
 national deliverance. At a solemn council of the 
 native princes and chiefs, Edward Bruce was 
 elected king of Ireland; Donald O'Neill, the 
 heart and head of the entire movement, formally 
 resigning by letters patent in favor of Bruce such 
 rights as belonged to him as son of the last ac- 
 knowledged native sovereign. After the election, 
 the ceremonial of inauguaration was carried out 
 in the native Irish forms, with a pomp and 
 splendor such as had not been witnessed since 
 the reign of Brian the First. This imposing 
 ceremony took place on the hill of Knocknemelan, 
 within a mile of Dundalk ; and the formal elec- 
 tion and inauguaration being over, the king and 
 the assembled princes and chiefs marched in pro- 
 cession into the town, where the solemn conse- 
 cration took place in one of the churches. King 
 Edward now established his court in the castle of 
 Northburg, possessing and exercising all the pre- 
 rogatives, powers, and privileges of royalty, 
 holding courts of justice, and enforcing such 
 regulations as were necessary for the welfare and 
 good order of the country. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 HOW THIS BRIGHT DAY OP INDEPENDENCE WAS TURNED 
 TO GLOOM. HOW THE SEASONS FOUGHT AGAINST 
 IRELAND, AND FAMINE FOR ENGLAND. 
 
 The Anglo -Irish power was almost extinct. It 
 'vTould probably never more have been heard of, 
 and the newly-revived nationality would have 
 lasted long and jn-ospered, had there not been 
 behind that broken and ruined colony all the 
 resources of a great and powerful nation. The 
 English monarch summoned to a conference with 
 ^himself in London several of the Anglo-Irish 
 ■ barons, and it was agreed by all that nothing but 
 a compact union among themselves, strong rein- 
 forcements from England, and the equipment of 
 an army of groat magnitude for a new camjiaigu 
 in Ireland, could avert the comxilete and final ex- 
 tinction of the English power in that country. 
 Preparations were accordingly made for placing 
 in the field such an army as had never before 
 been assembled by the Anglo-Irish colony. King 
 
 Edward of Ireland, on the other hand, was fully 
 conscious that the next campaign would be the 
 supreme trial, and both parties, English and 
 Irish, prepared to put forth their utmost 
 strength. True to his promise. King Robert of 
 Scotland arrived to the aid of his brother, bring- 
 ing with him a small contingent. The royal 
 brothers soon opened the campaign. Marching 
 southward at the head of thirty-six thousand 
 men, thej' crosstd the Boyue at Slane, and soon 
 were beneath the walls of Castleknock, a power- 
 ful Anglo-Norman fortress, barely three miles 
 form the gate of Dublin. Castleknock was 
 assaulted and taken, the governor, Hugh Tyrell, 
 being made prisoner. The Irish and Scotch 
 kings took up their quarters in the castle, and 
 the Anglo-Normans of Dublin, gazing from the 
 city walls, could see' between them and the set- 
 ting sun the royal standards of L-eland and Scot- 
 land floating proudly side by side! In this 
 extremity the citizens of Dublin exhibited a 
 spirit of indomitable courage and determination. 
 To their action in this emergency — designated 
 by some as the desperation of wild panic, but by 
 others, in my opinion more justly, intrepidity 
 and heroic public spirit — they saved the chief 
 seat of Anglo-Norman authority and power, the 
 loss of which at that moment would have altered 
 the whole fate and fortunes of the ensuing cam- 
 paign. Led on by the mayor, they exhibited a 
 frantic spirit of resistance, burning down the 
 suburbs of their city, and freely devoting to 
 demolition even their churches and priories out- 
 side the walls, lest these should afford shelter or 
 advantage to a besieging army. The Irish army 
 had no sieging materials, and could not just then 
 pause for the tedious operations of reducing a 
 walled and fortified city like Dublin, especially 
 when such a spirit of vehement determination 
 was evinced not merely by the garrison but by 
 the citizens themselves. In fact, the city could 
 not be invested Mithoiit the co-operation of a 
 powerful fleet to cut off supplies by sea from 
 England. The Irish army, therefore, was com- 
 jielled to turn away from Dublin, and leave that 
 formidable position intact in their rear. They 
 marched southward as in the previous cam- 
 paigns, this time reaching as far as Limerick. 
 Again, as before, victory followed their banners. 
 Their course was literally a sucoession of splen-
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 65 
 
 did achievements. The Normans never offered 
 battle that they were not utterly defeated. 
 
 The full strength of the English, however, had 
 not yet been available, and a foe more deadly and 
 more formidable than all the power of England 
 was about to fall upon the Irish army. 
 
 By one of those calamitous concurrences which 
 are often to be noted in history, there fell upon 
 Ii'eland in this year (1317) a famine of dreadful 
 severity. The crops had entirely failed the pre- 
 ■vious autumn, and now throughout the land the 
 dread consequences were spreading desolation. 
 The brothers Bruce each day found it more and 
 more difficult to provision the army, and soon it 
 became apparent that hunger and privation were 
 destroying and demoralizing the national force. 
 This evil in itself was bad enough, but a worse 
 followed upon it. As privation and hunger 
 loosed the bonds of military discipline, the 
 soldiers spread themselves over the country seek- 
 ing food, and soon there sprung up between the 
 Scottish contingent and the Irish troops and 
 inhabitants bitter ill feeling and contention. 
 The Scots — who from the very outset appear to 
 have discriminated nought in plundering castles 
 and churches when the opportunity came fairly 
 in their way — now, throwing off all restraint, 
 broke into churches, and broke open and rifled 
 shrines and tombs. The Ii'ish, whose reverence 
 for religion was always so intense and solemn, 
 were horrified at these acts of sacrilege and 
 desecration, and there gradually' spread through 
 the country a vague but all-powerf Ld popular be- 
 lief that the dreadful scourge of famine was a 
 "visitation of heaven" called down upon the 
 country by the presence of the irreverent Scots ! 
 
 Meanwhile the English were mustering a tre- 
 mendous force in the rear of the wasted Irish 
 army. The Bruces, on learning the fact, quickly 
 ordered a night retreat, and pushed northward 
 by jforced marches. An Anglo-Irish army of 
 thirty thousand men, well appointed and provi- 
 sioned, lay across their path ; yet such was the 
 terror inspired by vivid recollection of the recent 
 victories of the Irish and the prestige of Bruce's 
 name, that this vast force, as the historian tells 
 us, hung around the camp of the half-starved and 
 din,inished Siotto-Irish army, without ever once 
 dar-.ftg to attack them in a pitched battle ! On 
 tiia va« May after a march full of unexampled 
 
 suffering, the remnant of the Irish army safely 
 reached Ulster. 
 
 The famine now raged with such intensity all 
 over Ireland that it brought about a suspension 
 of hostilities. Neither party could provision an 
 army in the field. King Robert of Scotland, 
 utterly disheartened, sailed homeward. His 
 own country was not free from suffering, and in 
 any event, the terrible privations of the past few 
 mouths had filled the Scottish contingent with 
 discontent. King Edward, however, nothing 
 daunted, resolved to stand by the Irish kingdom 
 to the last, and it was arranged that whenever a 
 resumption of hostilities became feasible, Eobert 
 should send him another Scottish contingent. 
 
 The harvest of the following year 1318 was no 
 sooner gathered in and found to be of compara- 
 tive abundance, than both parties ■ sprang to 
 arms. The English commander-in-chief, John 
 de Birmingham, was quickly across the Boyne at 
 the head of twelve thousapj. men, intent on 
 striking King Edward before his hourly expected 
 Scottish contingent could arrive. The Irish 
 levies were but slowly coming in, and Edward 
 at this time had barely two or three thousand 
 men at hand. Nevertheless he resolved to meet 
 the English and give them battle. Donald 
 O'Neill and the other native princes saw the 
 madness of this course, and vainly endeavored to 
 dissuade the king from it. They pointed out 
 that the true strategy to be adopted under the 
 circumstances was to gain time, to retire slowly 
 on their northern base, disputing each inch of 
 ground, but risking no pitched battle until the 
 national levies would have come in, and the Scot- 
 tish contingent arrived, by which time, more- 
 over, they would have drawn Birmingham away 
 from his base, and would have him in a hostile 
 country. There can be no second opinion about 
 the merits of this scheme. It was the only one 
 for Edward to pursue just then. It was identi- 
 cal with that which had enabled him to over- 
 throw the Bed Earl three years before and had 
 won the battle of Connoyr. But the king was 
 immovable. At all times headstrong, self- 
 willed, and impetuous, he now seemed to have 
 been rendered extravagantly over-confident by 
 the singular fact (for fact it was), that never yet 
 had he met the English in battle on Irish soil 
 that he did not defeat them. It is said that
 
 I 
 
 66 
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 some of the Irish princes, fully persuaded of the 
 madness of the course resolved upon, and in- 
 censed by the despotic obstinacy of the king, 
 withdrew from the camp. "There remained 
 with the iron-headed king," says the historian, 
 "the lords Mowbray de Soulis and Stewart, with 
 the three brothers of the latter, Mac Roy, Lord 
 of the Isles, and Mac Donald, chief of his clan. 
 The neighborhood of Duudalk, the scene of his 
 triumphs and coronation, was to be the scene of 
 the last act of Bruce's chivalrous and stormy 
 career." From the same authority (M'Gee) I 
 quote the following account of that scene : 
 
 "On the 14th of October, 1318, at the Hill of 
 Faughard, within a couple of miles of Dundalk, 
 the advance guard of the hostile armies came into 
 the presence of each other, and made ready for 
 battle. Roland de Jorse, the foreign Arch- 
 bishop of Ai-magh, who had not been able to take 
 possession of his see, though appointed to it 
 seven years before, accom]3auied the Anglo- 
 Irish, and moving through their ranks, gave his 
 benediction to their banners. But the impetuos- 
 ity of Bruce gave little time for preparation. At 
 the head of the vanguard, without waiting for 
 the whole of his company to come up, he 
 charged the enemy with impetuosity. The action 
 became general, and the skill of De Birmingham 
 as a leader was again demonstrated. An in- 
 cident common to the warfare of that age was, 
 however, the immediate caijse of the victory. 
 Master John de Maupas, a burgher of Dundalk, 
 believing that the death of the Scottish leader 
 would be the signal for the retreat of his follow- 
 ers, disguised as a jester or a fool, sought him 
 throughout the field. One of the royal es'iuires 
 named Gilbert Harper, wearing the surcoat of 
 his master, was mistaken for him and slain; but 
 the true leader was at length found by Do Maujias, 
 and struck down by the blow of a leaden plummet 
 or slung-shot. After the battle, when the field 
 was searched for his body, it was found under 
 that of De Maupas, who had bravel.v yielded up 
 life for life. The Hiberno-Scottish forces dis- 
 persed in dismay, and when King Robert of 
 Scotland landed, a day or two afterward, he was 
 met by the fugitive men of Carrick, under their 
 leader Thompson, who informed him of his 
 brother's fate. He returned at once into his 
 own country, carrying off the few Scottish sur- 
 
 vivors. The head of the impetuous Edward waa 
 sent to London, but the body was interred in 
 the churchyard of Faughard, where, within liv- 
 ing memory, a tall pillar stone was pointed out 
 by every peasant in the neigborhood as marking 
 the grave of King Bruce. ' ' 
 
 Thus ended the fLrst grand effort of Ireland as 
 an independent nation to expel the Anglo-Norman 
 power. Never was so great an effort so brill- 
 iantly successful, yet eventually defeated by 
 means outside and beyond human skill to avert, 
 or human bravery to withstand. The seasons 
 fought against Ii-elaud in this great crisis of her 
 fate. A dreadful scourge struck down the coun- 
 try in the very moment of national triumph. 
 The arm that was victorious in battle fell lifeless 
 at the breath of this dread destroyer. To the 
 singular and calamitous coincidence of a famine 
 so terrible at such a critical moment for Ireland, 
 and to this alone was the ruin of the national 
 cause attributable. The Irish under the king of 
 their choice had, in three heavy campaigns, 
 shown themselves able to meet and overcome the 
 utmost force that could be brought against them. 
 England had put forth her best energies and had 
 been defeated. Prestige was rapidly multiply- 
 ing the forces and increasing the moral and 
 material resources of the Irish ; and but for the 
 circumstances which compelled the retreat north- 
 ward from Limerick, reducing and disorganizing 
 the national army, and leading in a long train of 
 still greater evils, as far as human ken could see, 
 the independent nationality of Ireland was tri- 
 umphantly consolidated and her freedom securely 
 established. 
 
 The battle of Faughard — or rather the fall of 
 Edward under such circumstances — was a deci- 
 sive termination of the whole struggle. The ex- 
 pected Scottish contingent arrived soon after; 
 but all was over, and it returned home. The 
 English king, some years subsequently, took 
 measures to guard against the recurrence of 
 such a formidable danger as that wliich had so 
 nearly wrested Ireland from his grasp — a Scotto- 
 Irish alliance. On March 17, 1328, a treaty 
 between England and Scotland was signed at 
 Edinburg, by which it was stipulated that, in 
 the event of a rebellion against Scotland in 
 Skye, Man, or the Islands, or against England in 
 Ireland, the respective kings would not assj^t
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 67 
 
 «»ch other's "rebel subjects." Ireland had 
 played for a great stake, and lost the game. The 
 nation that had reappeared for a moment again 
 disappeared, and once more the struggle against 
 the English power was waged merely by isolated 
 chiefs and princes, each one acting for himself 
 alone. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 BOW THE ANQLO-IBISH LORDS LEARNED TO PREFER 
 IRISH MANNERS, LAWS, AND LANGUAGE, AND WERE 
 BECOMING "more IRISH THAN THE IRISH THEM- 
 SELVES." HOW THE KING IN LONDON TOOK 
 MEASURES TO ARREST THAT DREADED EVIL. 
 
 But a new danger arose to the English power. 
 It was not alone fresh armies and a constant 
 stream of subsidies that England found it neces- 
 sary to be pouring into Ireland, to insure the 
 retention of the Anglo-Noi'man Colony. Some- 
 thing more became requisite now. It was found 
 that a constant stream of fresh colonization from 
 England, a frequent change of governors, nay, 
 further, the most severe repressive laws, could 
 alone keep the colony English in spirit, in inter- 
 est, in language, laws, manners, and customs. 
 The descendants of the early Anglo-Norman set- 
 tlers — gentle and simple, lord and burgher — 
 were becoming thoroughly Hibernicized. Not- 
 withstanding the ceaseless warfare waged between 
 the Norman lords and the Irish chiefs, it was 
 found that the former were becoming absorbed 
 into or fused with the native element. The mid- 
 dle of the fourteenth century found the Irish 
 language and Brehon law, native Irish manners, 
 habits and customs, almost universally prevalent 
 among the Anglo-Normans in Ireland; while 
 marriage and "fosterage" — that most sacred 
 domestic tie in Gaelic estimation — were becom- 
 ing quite frequent between the noble families of 
 each race. In fact the great lords and nobles of 
 the Colony became chieftains, and their families 
 and following. Septs. Like the Irish chiefs, 
 whom they imitated in most things, they fought 
 against each other or against some native chief, 
 or sided with either of them, if choice so de- 
 terminer' Each earl or baron among them kept 
 his bard and his brehon, like any native prince ; 
 fcnd, in several instances, they began to drop 
 
 their Anglo-Norman names and take Irish ones 
 instead. 
 
 It needed little penetration on the part of the 
 king and his council in London to discern in 
 this state of things a peril far and away more 
 formidable than any the English power had yet 
 encountered in Ireland. True, the Anglo-Irish 
 lords had always as yet professed allegiance to the 
 English sovereign, and had, on the whole, so far 
 helped forward the English designs. But it was 
 easy to foresee that it would require but a few 
 more years of this process of fusion with the 
 native Irish race to make the Anglo-Ii'ish element 
 Ii'ish in every sense. To avert this dreaded and 
 now imminent evil, the London government 
 resolved to adopt the most stringent measures. 
 Among the first of these was a royal ordinance 
 issued in 1.3-41, declaring that whereas it had 
 appeared to the King (Edward the Third) and his 
 council that thej' would be better and more use- 
 fully served in Ireland by Englishmen whose 
 revenues were derived from England than by 
 Irish or English who possessed estates only in 
 Ireland, or were married there, the king's jus- 
 ticiary should therefore, after diligent inquiries, 
 remove all such officers as were married or held 
 estates in Ireland, and replace them by fit 
 Englishmen, having no personal interest what- 
 ever in Ireland. This ordinance set the Anglo- 
 Irish colony in a flame. Edward's lord-deputy. 
 Sir John Morris, alarmed at its efifect on the 
 proud and powerful barons, summoned them to 
 a parliament to meet in Dublin to i'eason over the 
 matter. But they would have no reasoning with 
 him. They contemptuously derided his sum- 
 mons, and called a parliament of their own, 
 which, accordingly, met at Kilkenny in Novem- 
 ber, 1342, whereat they adopted a strong remon- 
 strance, and forwarded it to the king, complain- 
 ing of the royal ordinance, and recriminating by 
 alleging, that to the ignorance and incapacity of 
 the English officials sent over from time to time 
 to conduct the government of the colony, was 
 owing the fact that the native Irish had possessed 
 themselves of nearly all the land that had ever 
 hitherto been wrested from them by the "gallant 
 services of themselves (the remonstrancers) or 
 their ancestors. " Edward was obliged to tempo- 
 rize. He answered this remonstrance graciously, 
 and "played" the dangerous barons.
 
 68 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 But the policy of the ordinance was not relin- 
 quished. It was to be pushed on as opportunity 
 offered. Eight years subsequent to the above 
 proceedings— in 1360 — Lionel, son of King 
 Edward, was sent over as lord-lieutenant. He 
 brought with him a considerable army, and was 
 io inaugurate the new system with great eclat. 
 He had personal claims to assert as well as a 
 atate policy to carry out. By his wife, Eliza- 
 beth de Burgh, he succeeded to the empty titles 
 ot Earl of Ulster and Lord of Connaught, and 
 the possessions supposed to follow them ; but 
 these were just then held by their rightful Irish 
 owners, and one of Lionel's objects was to ob- 
 tain them by force of arms for himself. Soon 
 after landing he marched against "the Irish 
 enemy," and, confident in the strength of newly- 
 landed legions, he issued a proclamation "for- 
 bidding any of L-ish birth to come near his 
 army." This arrogance was soon humbled. 
 His vaunted English army was a failure. The 
 Irish cut it to pieces; and Prince Lionel was 
 obliged to abandon the campaign, and retreated 
 to Dublin a prey to mortification and humilia- 
 tion. His courtiers plied him with flatteries in 
 order to cheer him. By a process not very 
 intelligible, they argued that he conquered 
 Glare, though, O'Brien had utterly defeated him 
 there, and compelled him to fly to Dublin ; and 
 they manufactured for him out of this piece of 
 adulatory invention the title oi" Clarence." But 
 he only half accepted these pleasant fictions, the 
 falseness of which he knew too well. He recalled 
 his arrogant and offensive proclamation, and 
 besought the aid of the Anglo-Irish. To gain 
 their favor he conferred additional titles and 
 privileges on some of them, and knighted several 
 of the most powerful commoners. After an ad- 
 ministration of seven years it was deemed high 
 time for Lionel to bring the new policy into 
 greater prominence. In 1367 he convened a par- 
 liament at Kilkenny, whereat he succeeded in 
 having passed that memorable statute known 
 ever since in history as "The Statute of Kil- 
 kenny" — the first formal enactment in that "penal 
 code of race" which was so elaborately developed 
 by all subsequent English legislation for hun- 
 dreds of years. The act sets out by reciting that 
 "Whereas, at the conquest of the land of Ii-eland, 
 and for a long time after, the English of the said 
 
 land used the English language, mode of riding, 
 and apparel, and were governed and ruled, both 
 they and their subjects, called Betaghese (villeins) 
 according to English law, etc. ; but now many 
 English of the said land, forsaking the English 
 language, manners, mode of riding, laws, and 
 usages, live and govern themselves according 
 to the manners, fashion and language of the 
 Irish enemies, and also have made divers mar- 
 riages and alliances between themselves and the 
 Irish enemies aforesaid: it is therefore enacted 
 (among other provisions), that all intermarriages, 
 festerings, gossipred, and buying or selling with 
 the enemy shall be accounted treason; that 
 English names, fashions, and manners shall be 
 resumed under penalty of the confiscation of the 
 delinquent's lands ; that March laws and Brehon 
 laws are illegal, and that there shall be no law 
 but English law ; that the Irish shall not pasture 
 their cattle on English lands, that the English 
 shall not entertain Irish rhymers, minstrels, or 
 news men; and, moreover, that no 'mere Irish- 
 man' shall be admitted to any ecclesiastical 
 benefice or religious house situated within the 
 English district." 
 
 The Anglo-Irish barons must have been 
 strangely overawed or overreached when they 
 were brought to pass this statute; several of 
 themselves being at that moment answerable to 
 all its penalties ! Its immediate result, however, 
 wellnigh completed the ruin of the power it was 
 meant to restore and strengthen. It roused the 
 native Irish to a full conception of the English 
 policy, and simultaneously, though without the 
 least concert, they fell upon the colony on all 
 sides, drove in the outposts, destroyed the 
 castles, hunted the barons, and reoccupied the 
 country very nearly up to the walls of Dublin. 
 "O'Connor of Connaught and O'Brien of Tho- 
 mond, " says Hardiman, "laid aside for the 
 moment their private feuds, and united against 
 the common foe. The Earl of Desmond, lord 
 justice, marched against them with a consider- 
 able ai-my, but was defeated and slain (captured) 
 in a sanguinary engagement, fought a.d. 1369 
 in the county of Limerick. 0'1'arrell, the chief- 
 tain of Annaly, committed great slaughter in 
 Meath. The O'Mores, Cavanaghs, ' 'Byrnes, 
 and O'Tooles, pressed upon Leinster, and the 
 O'Neills raised the red arm in the north. The
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 00 
 
 English of the Pale were seized with consterna- 
 tion and dismay, and terror and confusion 
 reigned in their councils, while the natives con- 
 tinued to gain ground upon them in every direc- 
 tion. At this crisis an opportunity offered such 
 as had never before occurred, of terminating the 
 dominion of the English in Ireland ; but if the 
 natives had ever conceived such a project, they 
 were never sufficiently united to achieve it. The 
 opportunity passed away, and the disunion of 
 the Irish saved the colony." 
 
 As for the obnoxious statute, it was found im- 
 possible to enforce it further. Cunning policy 
 did not risk permanent defeat by pressing it at 
 such a moment. It was allowed to remain "a 
 dead letter" for a while; not dead, however, but 
 only slumbering. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII.- 
 
 HOW THE VAINGLORIOUS EICH.UtD OF ENGLAND AND 
 HIS OVERWHELMING ARMY FAILED TO " DAZZLE " 
 OB CONQUER THE PRINCE OF LEINSTER. CAREER 
 OF THE HEROIC ART m'mURROGH. 
 
 The close of the century which witnessed the 
 events I have been mentioning, brought about 
 another "royal visit" to Ireland. The weak, 
 vain, and pomp-loving Richard the Second vis- 
 ited this country twice in the course of his ill- 
 fated career — for the first time 1394. I would 
 not deem either worth more than a passing word 
 (for both of them were barren of results), were 
 it not that they interweave with the story of the 
 chivalrous Art M'Murrogh "Kavanagh," Prince 
 of Leinster, whose heroic figure stands out in 
 glorious prominence on this page of Irish his- 
 tory. 
 
 If theM'Murroghs of Leinster in 1170 contrib- 
 uted to our national annals one character of evil 
 fame, they were destined to give, two centuries 
 later on, another, illustrious in all that ennobles 
 or adorns the patriot, the soldier, or the states- 
 man. Eva M'Murrogh, daughter of Diarmid the 
 Traitor, who married Strongbow the Freebooter, 
 claimed to be only child of her father born in 
 lawful wedlock. That there were sons of her 
 father then living, was not questioned ; but she, 
 or her husband on her behalf, setting up a claim 
 of inheritance to Diarmid's possessions, im- 
 pugned their legitimacy. | However this may 
 
 have been, the sept proceeded according to law 
 and usage under fho Irish constitution, to elect 
 from the reigningfamily a successor to Diarmid, 
 and they raised to the chieftaincy his son Donal. 
 Thenceforth the name of M'Murrogh is heard of 
 in Irish history only in connection with the 
 bravest and boldest efforts of patriotism. When- 
 ever a blow was to be struck for Ireland, the 
 M'Murroghs were the readiest in tlie field — the 
 "first in front and last in rear." They became 
 a formidable barrier to the English encroach- 
 ments, and in importance were not second to any 
 native power in Ireland. In 1350 the sept was 
 ruled by Art, or Arthur the First, father of our 
 hero. "To carry on a war against him," we are 
 told, "the whole English interest was assessed 
 with a special tax. Louth contributed twenty 
 pounds, Meath and Waterford two shillings, on 
 every carucate (one hundred and forty acres) of 
 tilled land; Kilkenny the same sum, with the 
 addition of 6d. in the pound on chattels. This 
 Art captured the strong castles of Kilbelle, Gal- 
 barstown, Rathville; and although his career was 
 not one of invariable success, he bequeathed to 
 his son, also called Art, in 1375, an inheritance 
 extending over a large portion — perhaps one-half 
 — of the territory ruled by his ancestors before 
 the invasion." 
 
 From the same historian* I take the subjoined 
 sketch of the early career of that son. Art the 
 Second. "Art M'Murrogh, or Art Kavanagh, as 
 he is commonly called, was born in the year 
 1357, and from the age of sixteen and upward 
 was distinguished by his hospitality, knowledge, 
 and feats of arms. Like the great Brian, he was 
 a younger son, but the fortune of war removed 
 one by one those who would otherwise have 
 preceded him in the captaincy of his clan and 
 connections. About the year 1375 — while he was 
 still under age — he was elected successor to his 
 father, according to the annalists, who record his 
 death in 1417, 'after being forty-two years in the 
 government of Leinster.' Fortunately he at- 
 tained command at a period favorable to his 
 genius and enterprise. His own and the adjoin- 
 ing tribes were aroused by tidings of snceess 
 from other provinces, and the partial victories of 
 their immediate predecessors, to entertain bolder 
 
 * M'Gee.
 
 ro 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 schemes, and tbey only ■waited for a chief of dis- 
 tinguished ability to concentrate their efforts. 
 This chief they found, where they naturally 
 looked for him, amoog the old ruling family of 
 the province. Nor were the English settlers 
 ignorant of his promise. In the parliament held 
 at Castledermot in 1377 they granted to him the 
 customary annual tribute paid to his house. 
 .... Art M'Murrogh the younger not only ex- 
 tended the bounds of his inheritance and imposed 
 tribute on the English settlers in adjoining dis- 
 tricts during the first years of his rule, but hav- 
 ing married a noble lady of the 'Pale, ' Elizabeth, 
 heiress to the barony of Norragh, in Kildare, 
 Avhich included Naas and its neighborhood, he 
 claimed her inheritance in full, though forfeited 
 under 'the statute of Kilkenny,' according to 
 English notions. So necessary did it seem to 
 the deputy and council of the day to conciliate 
 their formidable neighbor, that they addressed a 
 special representation to King Richard, setting 
 forth the facts of the case, and adding that 
 M'Murrogh threatened, until this lady's estates 
 were restored and the arrears of tribute due to 
 him fully discharged, he should never cease from 
 war, 'but would join with the Earl of Desmond 
 against the Earl of Ormond, and afterward return 
 with a great force out of Munster to ravage the 
 Country.' . . . By this time the banner of 
 Art M'Murrogh floated over all the castles and 
 raths on the slope of the Ridge of Leinster, or 
 the steps of the Blackstair hills ; while the for- 
 ests along the Barrow and the Upper Slaney, as 
 well as in the plain of Carlow and in the south- 
 western angle of Wicklow (now the barony of 
 Shillelagh), served still better his purposes of 
 defensive warfare. 
 
 "S» entirely was the range of country thus 
 vaguely defined under native sway that John 
 Griffin, the English bishop of Leighlin and 
 chancellor of the exchequer, obtained a grant 
 in 1389 of the town of Gulroestown, in the 
 county of Dublin, 'near the marches of O'Toole, 
 seeing ho could not live within his own see for 
 the rebels. ' In 1390, Peter Creagh, Bishop of 
 Limerick, on his way to attend an Anglo-Irish 
 parliament, was taken prisoner in that region, 
 and in consequence the usual fine was remitted in 
 his favor. In 1392, James, the third earl of 
 Ormond, gave M'Murrogh a severe check at Tis- 
 
 coffin, near Shankill, where six hundred of his 
 clansmen were left dead among the hills. 
 
 "This defeat, however, was thrown into the 
 shade by the capture of New Ross, on the very 
 eve of Richard's arrival at Waterford. In a 
 previous chapter we have described the fortifica- 
 tions erected round this important seaport 
 toward the end of the thirteenth century. Since 
 that period its progress had been steadily on- 
 ward. In the reign of Edward the Third the 
 controversy which had long subsisted between 
 the merchants of New Ross and those of Water- 
 ford, concerning the trade monopolies claimed 
 by the latter, had been decided in favor of Ross. 
 At this period it could muster in its own defense 
 363 cross-bowmen, 1,200 long bowmen, 1,200 
 pikemen, and 104 horsemen — a force which 
 would seem to place it second to Dublin in point 
 of military strength. The capture of so impor- 
 tant a place by M'Murrogh was a cheering omen 
 to his followers. He razed the walls and towers, 
 and carried off gold, silver, and hostages." 
 
 From the first sentence in the concluding pas- 
 sage of the foregoing extract it will be gathered, 
 that it was at this juncture the vainglorious 
 Richard made his first visit to L'eland. He had 
 just recently been a candidate for the imperial 
 throne of the Germanic empire, and had been 
 rejected in a manner most wounding to his pride. 
 So he formed the project of visiting Ireland with 
 a display of pomp, power, and royal splendor, 
 such afe had not been seen in Europe for a long 
 time, and would, he was firmly persuaded, 
 enable him to accomplish the complete subjuga- 
 tion of the Irish kingdom after the manner of 
 that Roman general who came and saw and con- 
 quered. Early in October he landed at Water- 
 ford with a force of 30,000 bowmen and 4,000 
 men-at-arms; a force in those days deemed 
 ample to overrun and conquer the strongest king- 
 dom, and far exceeding many that sufficed to 
 change the fate of empires previously and subse- 
 quently in Europe. This vast army was trans- 
 ported across the channel in a fleet of some three 
 hundred ships or galleys. Great pains were 
 taken to provide the expedition with all the ap- 
 pliances and features of impressive pageantry ; 
 and in the king's train, as usual, came the chief 
 nobles of England — his uncle, the duke of Glos- 
 ter, the young earl of March (heir apparent), and
 
 TliE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 71 
 
 oi earls and iords a goodly attendance, besides 
 several prelates, abbots, and other ecclesiastical 
 dignitaries. But with this vast expedition King 
 Eichard accomplished in Ireland just as much as 
 that king in the ballad, who "marched up the 
 hill, and then marched down again." He re- 
 hearsed King Henry and King John on Irish soil. 
 The Irish princes were invited to visit their 
 "friend" the mighty and puissant king of Eng- 
 land. They did visit him, and were subjected, 
 as of old, to the "dazzling" process. They were 
 patronizingly fondled ; made to understand that 
 their magnanimous suzerain was a most power- 
 ful, and most grand, and most gorgeous poten- 
 tate, own brother of the Sun and Moon. They 
 accepted his flattering attentions ; but they did 
 not altogether so clearly understand or accept a 
 proposition he made them as to surrendering 
 their lands and chieftaincies to him, and receiv- 
 ing, instead, royal pensions and English titles 
 from his most gracious hand. Manj' of the Irish 
 princes yielded, from one motive or another, to 
 this insidious proposition. But foremost among 
 those who could not be persuaded to see the ex- 
 cellence of this arrangement was the young 
 prince of Leinster, whose fame had already filled 
 the land, and whose victories had made the Eng- 
 lish king feel ill at ease. Art would not come to 
 "court" to reason over the matter with the bland 
 and puissant king. He was obdurate. He re- 
 sisted all "dazzling. " He mocked at the roj^al 
 pageants, and snapped his fingers at the brother 
 of the Sun and Moon. All this was keenly mor- 
 tifying to the vainglorious Eichard. There was 
 nothing for it but to send a royal commissioner 
 to treat with Art. He accordingly dispatched 
 the earl marshal (Mowbray) to meet and treat 
 with the prince of Leinster. On the jilain of 
 Balligory, near Carlow, the conference took place, 
 Art being accompanied by his uncle Malachi. 
 The earl marshal soon found that he had in Art a 
 statesman as well as a soldier to treat with. Art 
 proudly refused to treat with an inferior. If he 
 was to treat at all, it should be with the king 
 himself! Mowbray had to bend to this humiliat- 
 ing rebuff and try to palaver the stern M'Mur- 
 rogh. In vain! Art's final answer was, that "so 
 far from yielding his own lauds, his wife's patri- 
 mony in Kildare should instantly be restored to 
 him; or — " Of course this broke up the confer- 
 
 ence. The earl marshal returned with the un- 
 welcome news to the king, who flew into rage! 
 What! He, the great, the courtly, the puissant, 
 and gorgeous King Eichard of England, thus 
 haughtily treated by a mere Irish prince! By 
 the toenails of William the Conqueror, this as- 
 tounding conduct should meet a dreadful chas- 
 tisement! He would wipe out this haughty 
 prince! The defiant M'Murrogh should be made 
 to feel the might of England's royal arm! So, 
 putting himself at the head of his grand army,. 
 King Eichard set out wrathfully to annihilate 
 Art. 
 
 But the Legenian chief soon taught him a bit- 
 ter lesson. Art's superior military genius, the 
 valor of his troops, and the patriotism of the 
 population, soon caused the vastness of the in- 
 vading English host to be a weakness, not a 
 strength. Eichard found his march tedious and 
 tardy. It was impossible to make in that 
 strange and hostile country commissariat ar- 
 rangements for such an enormous army. Im- 
 penetrable forests and impassable bogs were 
 varied only by mountain defiles defended with 
 true Spartan heroism by the fearless M'Murrogh 
 clansmen. Then the weather broke into severity 
 awful to endure. Fodder for the horses, food 
 for the men, now became the sole objects of each 
 day's labor on the part of King Eichard's grand 
 army; "but," says the historian, "M'Murrogh 
 swept off everything of the nature of food — took 
 advantage of his knowledge of the country to 
 burst upon the enemy by night, to entrap them 
 into ambuscades, to separate the cavalry from the 
 foot, and by many other stratagems to thin their 
 ranks and harass the stragglers." In fine, King 
 Eichard's splendid army, stuck fast in the Wick- 
 low mountains, was a wreck: while the vengeful 
 and victorious Lagenians hovered around, daily 
 growing more daring in their disastrous assaults. 
 Eichard found there was nothing for it but to 
 supplicate Art, and obtain peace at an3' price. 
 A deputation of "the English and Irish of Lein- 
 ster" was dispatched to him by the king, making 
 humble apologies and inviting him to a confer- 
 ence with his majesty in Dublin, where, if he 
 would thus honor the king, he should be the 
 royal guest, and learn how highly his valor and 
 wisdom were esteemed by the English sovereign. 
 Art acceded, and permitted Eichard to make his
 
 72 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 way in peace northward to Dublin, crestfallen 
 and defeated, with the relics of his grand army 
 and the tattered rags of the gilt silk banners, the 
 crimson canopies and other regal "properties" 
 that were to have "dazzled" the sept of M'Mur- 
 rogh. 
 
 Art, a few months afterward followed, accord- 
 ing to invitation ; but he had not been long in 
 Dublin — where Richard had by great exertions 
 (once more established a royal court with all its 
 splendors — when he found himself in the hands 
 of treacherous and faithless foes. He was seized 
 and imprisoned on a charge of "conspiring" 
 against the king. Nevertheless, Richard found 
 that he daied not carry out the base plot of 
 which this was meant to be the beginning. He 
 had already got a taste of what he might expect 
 if he relied on fighting to conquer Ireland ; and, 
 on reflection, he seems to have decided that the 
 overreaching arts of diplomacy, and the seduc- 
 tions of court life were pleasauter modes of ex- 
 tendirjg his nominal sway than conducting cam- 
 paigns like that in which he had already lost a 
 splendid army and tarnished the tinsel of his 
 vain prestige. So Art was eventually set at lib- 
 erty, but three of his neighboring fellow-chief- 
 tains were retained as "hostages" for him; and 
 it is even said that before he was released some 
 form or promise of submission was extorted from 
 him by the treacherous "hosts" who had so 
 basely violated the sanctity of hospitality to 
 which he had frankly trusted. Not long after, 
 an attempt was made to entrap and murder him 
 in one of the Norman border castles, the owner 
 of which had invited him to a friendly feast. As 
 M'Murrogh was sitting down to the banquet, it 
 happened that the quick eye of his bard detected 
 in the courtyard outside certain movements of 
 troops that told him at once what was afoot. He 
 knew that if he or his master openly and sud- 
 denly manifested their discovery of the danger, 
 they were lost; their jierfidious hosts would slay 
 them at the board. Striking his harp to an old 
 Irish air, the minstrel commenced to sing to the 
 music ; but the words in the Gaelic tongue soon 
 caught the ear of JI'Murrogh. They warned 
 bim to bo calm, circumspect, yet ready and reso- 
 lute, for that ho was in the toils of the foe. The 
 prince divined all in an instant. He maintained 
 a calm demeanor until, seizing a favorable pre- 
 
 text for reaching the yard, he sprang to horse, 
 dashed through his foes, and, sword in hand, 
 hewed his way to freedom. This second instance 
 of perfidy completely persuaded M'Murrogh that 
 he was dealing with faithless foes, whom no bond 
 of honor could bind, and with whom no truce 
 was safe ; so, unfurling once more the Lagenian 
 standard, he declared war a la mort against the 
 English settlement. 
 
 It was no light struggle he thus inaugurated. 
 Alone, unaided, he challenged and fought for 
 twenty years the full power of England; in many 
 a dearly-bought victory proving himself truly 
 worthy of his reputation as a master of military 
 science. The ablest generals of England were 
 one by one sent to cope with him ; but Art out- 
 matched them in strategy and outstripped them 
 in valor. In the second year's campaign the 
 strongly -fortified frontier town and castle of Car- 
 low fell before him ; and in the next year (July 
 20, 1398) was fought the memorable battle of 
 Kenlis. "Here, "says a historian, "fell the heir 
 presumptive to the English crown, whose prema- 
 ture removal was one of the causes which con- 
 tributed to the revolution in England a year or 
 two later. ' '* We can well credit the next suc- 
 ceeding observation of the historian just quoted, 
 that "the tidings of this event filled the Pale with 
 consternation, and thoroughly aroused the vin- 
 dictive temper of Richard. He at once dis- 
 patched to Dublin his half-brother, the Earl of 
 Kent, to whom he made a gift of Carlow castle 
 and town, to be held (if taken) by knight's serv- 
 ice. He then, as much perhaps to give occupa- 
 tion to the minds of his people as to prosecute 
 his old project of subduing Ireland, began to 
 make preparations for his second expedition 
 thither." 
 
 CHAPTER XXVin. 
 
 HOW THE VAINGLORIOUS ENGLISH KING TRIED ANOTHER 
 CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE INVINCIBLE IRISH PRINCE, 
 AND WAS UTTERLY DEFEATED AS BEFORE. 
 
 Of this second expedition of King Richard 
 there is extant an account written by a French- 
 man who was in his train. In all its main fea- 
 tures expedition number two was a singular 
 repetition of expedition number one; vastprepa- 
 
 *M'Gee.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 73 
 
 rations and levies of men and materials, ships 
 and armaments, as if for the invasion and sub- 
 jugation of one of the most povrerful empires of 
 the world ; gorgeous trajipings, courtly attend- 
 ants, and all the necessaries for renewed experi- 
 ments with the royal "dazzling" policy. Land- 
 ing at "Waterford, Richard, at the head of his 
 panoplied host, marched against M'Murrogh, 
 who, to a lofty and magnilociuent invitation to 
 seek the king's gracious clemency, had rudely 
 replied, "that he would neither submit to 
 nor obey him in any way ; and that he would 
 never cease from war and the defense of his 
 country until his death." To the overawing 
 force of the English king. Art had, as the French 
 narrator informs us, just "three thousand hardy 
 men, who did not appear to be much afraid of 
 the English." M'Murrogh's tactics were those 
 which had stood in such good stead on the previ- 
 ous occasion. He removed all the cattle and 
 corn, food and fodder of every kind, as well as 
 the women, children, aged, and helpless of his 
 people, into the interior, while he himself, at the 
 head of his Spartan band, "few, but undis- 
 mayed, " took up a position at Idrone awaiting 
 the invaders. Once more Richard found his 
 huge army entangled in impenetrable forests, 
 hemmed in by bogs, morass, and mountain — 
 M'Murrogh fighting and retiring with deadly 
 craft to draw him deeper and deeper into diffi- 
 culty, "harassing him dreadfully, carrying off 
 everything fit for food for man or beast, surpris- 
 ing and slaying his foragers, and filling his camp 
 nightly with alarm and blood." A crumb of 
 consolation greatly regarded by the mortified 
 and humiliated English king was the appearance 
 one day in his camp of Art's uncle giving in sub- 
 mission, supplicating for himself "pardon and 
 favor. ' ' This Richard only too joyfully granted ; 
 and, allowing the incident to persuade him that 
 Art himself might also be wavering, a royal mes- 
 sage was sent to the Leinster prince assuring him 
 of free pardon, and "castles and lands in abun- 
 dance elsewhere, " if only he would submit. The 
 Frenchman records M'Murrogh's reply: "Mac- 
 Mor told the king's people that for all the gold 
 in the world he would not submit himself, but 
 would continue to war and endamage the king in 
 all that he could." This ruined Richard's last 
 hope of anything like a fair pretext for abandon- 
 
 ing his enterprise. He now relinquished all idea 
 of assailing M'Murrogli, and marched as best ho 
 could toward Dublin, his army meanwhile suffer- 
 ing fearfully from famine. After some days of 
 di'eadful privation they reached the seashore at 
 Arklow, where ships with provisions from Dublin 
 awaited them. The soldiers rushed into the sea 
 to reach at the food, fought for it ravenously, 
 and drank all the wine they could seize. Soon 
 after this timely relief, a still more welcome 
 gleam of fortune fell upon the English host. A 
 messenger arrived from Art exjiressing his will- 
 ingness to meet some accredited ambassador from 
 the king and discuss the matters at issue between 
 them. "Whereupon, says the chronicler, there 
 was great joy in the English camp. The Earl of 
 Gloster was at onqe dispatched to treat with Art. 
 The French knight was among the earl's escort, 
 and witnessed the meeting, of which he has left 
 a quaint description. He describes Art as a. 
 "fine large man, wondrously active. To look at 
 him he seemed very stern and savage and a verj"- 
 able man." The horse which Art i"ode especially 
 transfixed the Frenchman's gaze. He declares, 
 that a steed more exquisitely beautiful, more 
 marvelously fleet, he had never beheld. "In 
 coming down it galloped so hard, that, in my 
 opinion, I never saw; hare, deer, sheep, or any 
 other animal, I declare to you for a certainty, 
 run with such speed as it did." This horse Art 
 rode "without housing or saddle," yet sat like a 
 king, and guided with utmost ease in the most 
 astounding feats of horsemanship. "He and the 
 earl," the Frenchman tells, "exchanged much 
 discourse, but did not come to agreement. They 
 took short leave and hastily parted. Each took 
 his way apart, and the earl returned to King 
 Richard." The announcement brought by his 
 ambassador was a sore disappointment to the 
 king. Art would only agree to "peace without 
 reserve;" "otherwise he will never come to 
 agreement." "This speech," continues the 
 Frenchman, "was not agreeable to the king. It. 
 appeared to me that his face grew pale with 
 anger. He swore in great wrath by St. Bernard 
 that no, never would he depart from Ireland till,, 
 alive or dead, he had him in his power." 
 
 Rash oath — soon broken. Little thought 
 Richard when he so hotly swore against Art in 
 such impotent anger that he would have to quit
 
 74 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Ireland, leaving Art free, unconquered, and defi- 
 ant, while he returned to England only to find 
 himself a crownless monarch, deposed and friend- 
 less, in a few brief days subsequently to meet a 
 treacherous cruel death in Pontefract castle ! 
 
 All this, however, though near at hand, was as 
 yet in the unforeseen future; and Richard, on 
 reaching Dublin, devoted himself once more to 
 "dazzling" revels there. But while he feasted 
 he forgot not his hatred of the indomitabl-e 
 M'Murrogh. "A hundred marks in pure gold" 
 were publicly proclaimed by the king to any one 
 who should bring to him in Dublin, alive or 
 dead, the defiant prince of Leinster; against 
 whom, moreover, the army, divided into three 
 divisions, were dispatched upon a new campaign. 
 Soon the revels and marchings were abruptly in- 
 terrupted by sinister news from England. A 
 formidable rebellion had broken out there, 
 headed by the banished Lancaster. Richard 
 marched southward with all speed to take ship- 
 ping at "Waterford, collecting on the way the 
 several divisions of his armJ^ He embarked for 
 England, but arrived too late. His campaign 
 against Art M'Murrogh had cost him his crown, 
 eventually his life; had changed the dynasty in 
 England, and seated the house of Lancaster upon 
 the throne. 
 
 For eighteen years subsequently the invincible 
 Art reigned over his inviolate territory ; his 
 career to the last being a record of brilliant 
 victories over every expedition sent against it. 
 As we wade through the crowded annals of those 
 years, his name is ever found in connection with 
 some gallant achievement. 
 
 "Wherever else the fight is found going against 
 Ireland, whatever hand falters or falls in the un- 
 broken struggle, in the mountains of "Wicklow 
 there is one stout arm, one bold heart, one glor- 
 ious intellect, ever nobly daring and bravely 
 conquering in the cause of native land. Art, 
 "whose activity defied the chilling effects of age, 
 poured his cohorts through Sculloge Gap on the 
 igarrisons of Wexford, taking in rapid succession 
 in one campaign (1400) the castles of Camolins, 
 Ferns, and Enniscorthy. A few years subse- 
 quently his last great battle, probably the most 
 HeriouB engagement of his life, was fought by 
 him against the whole force of the Palo under 
 the walls of Dublin. The duke of Lancaster, son 
 
 of the king and lord lieutenant of Ireland, issued 
 orders for the concentration of a powerful army 
 for an expedition southward against M'Murrogh's 
 allies. But M'Murrogh and the mountaineers 
 of Wicklow now felt themselves strong enough to 
 take the iniative. They crossed the plain which 
 lies to the north of Dublin and encamped at 
 Kilmainham, where Roderick, when he besieged 
 the city, and Brian before the battle of Clontarf, 
 had i)itched their tents of old. The English and 
 Anglo-Irish forces, under the eye of their prince, 
 marched out to dislodge them in four divisions. 
 The first was led by the duke in person; the sec- 
 ond by the veteran knight, Jenicho d'Artois; 
 the third by Sir Edward Perrers, an English 
 knight ; and the fourth by Sir Thomas Butler, 
 prior of the order of St. John, afterward created 
 by Henry the Fifth, for his distinguished serv- 
 ice, earl of Kilmain. With M'Murrogh were 
 O 'Byrne, O'Nolan, and other chiefs, beside his 
 sons, nephews, and relatives. The numbers on 
 each side could hardly fall short of ten thousand 
 men, and the action may be fairly considered one 
 of the most decisive of those times. The duke 
 wascarried back wounded into Dublin ; the slopes 
 of Inchicore and the valley of the Liffey were 
 strewn with the dying and the dead ; the river at 
 that point obtained from the Leinster Irish the 
 name of Athcroe, or the ford of slaughter ; the 
 widowed city was filled with lamentation and 
 dismay." 
 
 This was the last endeavor of the English 
 power against Ai-t. "While he lived no further 
 attacks were made upon his kindred or country." 
 He was not, alas! destined to enjoy long the 
 peace he had thus conquered from his powerful 
 foes by a forty-four years' war! On January 
 12, 1417, he died at Ross in the sixtieth year of 
 his age, many of the chroniclers attributing 
 his death to jioison administered in a drink. 
 Whether the enemies whom he had so often van- 
 quished in the battlefield resorted to such foul 
 means of accomplishing his removal, is, how- 
 ever, only a matter of suspicion, resting mainly 
 on the fact that his chief brehon, O'Doran, 
 who with him had partaken of a drink given 
 them by a woman on the wayside as they passed, 
 also died on the same day, and was attacked with 
 like symptoms. Leeches' skill was vain to save 
 the heroic chief. His grief-stricken people fol-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 75 
 
 lowed him to the ^ave, well knowing and keenly 
 feeling that in him they had lost their invincible 
 tower of defense. He had been called to the 
 chieftaincy of Leinster at the early age of sixteen 
 years; and on the very threshold of his career 
 had to draw the sword to defend the integrity of 
 his principality. From that hour to the last of 
 his battles, more than forty years subsequent, he 
 proved himself one of the moat consummate mili- 
 tary tacticians of his time. Again and again he 
 met and defeated the proudest armies of Eng- 
 land, led by the ablest generals of the age. "He 
 was," say the Four Masters, "a man distin- 
 guished for his hospitality, knowledge, and feats 
 of arms ; a man full of prosperity and royalty ; a 
 founder of churches and monasteries by his 
 bounties and contributions." In fine, our his- 
 tory enumerates no braver soldier, no nobler 
 character, than Art M'Murrogh "Kavanagh," 
 prince of Leiuster. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 HOV. i'HE CIVIL WAB8 IN ENGLAND LEFT THE ANGLO- 
 IKISH COLONY TO BUIN. HOW THE IRISH DID NOT 
 GRASP THE OPPORTUNITY OF EASY LIBERATION. 
 
 Within the hundred years next succeeding the 
 events we have just traced — the period embraced 
 between 1420 and 1520 — England was convulsed 
 by the great civil war of the White and Red 
 Roses, the houses of York and Lancaster. Irish 
 history during the same period being chiefly a 
 record of the contest for mastery between the 
 two principal families of the Pale — the Butlers 
 and the Geraldines. During this protracted 
 civil sti'uggle, which bathed England in blood, 
 the colony in Ireland had, of course, to be left 
 very much to its own resources ; and, as a nat- 
 ural consequence, its dimensions gradually con- 
 tracted, or rather it ceased to have any defined 
 boundary at all, and the merest exertion on the 
 part of the Irish must have suflBced to sweep it 
 away completely. Here was, in fine, the oppor- 
 tunity of opportunities for the native population, 
 had they but been in a position to avail of it, or 
 had they been capable of profiting by any oppor- 
 tunity, to accomplish with scarcely an effort the 
 complete deliverance of their country. England 
 was powerless for aggreaeion, torn, distracted, 
 wasted, paralyzed, by a protracted civil war. 
 
 The lords of the Pale were equally disunited and 
 comparatively helpless. One-hundredth part oi 
 the exertion put forth so bravely, yet so vainly, 
 by the native princes in the time of Donald 
 O'Neill and Robert Bruce would have more than 
 sufficed them now to sweep from the land everj' 
 vestige of foreign rule. The chain hung so 
 loo.sely that they had but to arise and shake it 
 from their limbs. They literally needed but to 
 will it, and they were free ! 
 
 Yet not an effort, not a movement, not a mo- 
 tion, during all this time — while this supreme 
 opportunity was passing away forever — was made 
 by the native Irish to grasp the prize thus almost 
 thrust into their hand — the prize of national 
 freedom! They had boldly and bravely striven 
 for it before, when no such opportunity invited 
 them ; they were subsequently to strive for it yet 
 again with valor and daring as great, when every 
 advantage would be arrayed against them. But 
 now, at the moment when they had but to reach 
 out their hand and grasp the object of all their 
 endeavors, they seemed dead to all conceptions 
 of duty or policy. The individual chiefs, north, 
 south, east, and west, lived on in the usual way. 
 They fought each other or the neighboring 
 Anglo-Norman lord just as usual, or else they 
 enjoyed as a pleasant diversification a spell of 
 tranquility, peace, and friendship. In the rela- 
 tions between the Pale and the Irish ground 
 there was, for the time, no regular government 
 "policy" of any kind on either hand. Each 
 Anglo-Norman lord, and each Irish chieftain, did 
 very much as be himself pleased ; made peace or 
 war with his neighbors, or took anj' side he 
 listed in the current conflicts of the period. 
 Some of the Irish princes do certainly appear to 
 have turned this time of respite to a good ac- 
 count, if not for national interests, for other not 
 less sacred interests. Many of them employed 
 their lives during this century in rehabilitating 
 religion and learning in all their pristine power 
 and grandeur. Science and literature once more 
 began to flourish ; and the shrines of Rome and 
 Compostello were thronged with pilgrim chiefs 
 and princes, paying their vows of faith, from 
 the Western Isle. Within this period lived Mar- 
 garet of Offaly, the beautiful and accomplished 
 queen of 'Carroll, king of Ely. She and her 
 husband were munificent patrons of literature.
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 tttt, aad iseience. On Queen Margaret's special 
 inyitation the literati of Ireland and Scotland, to 
 the number of nearly three thousand, held a 
 "session" for the furtherance of literary and 
 scientific interests, at her palace, near Killeagh, 
 in Offaly, the entire assemblage being the guests 
 of the king and queen during their stay. "The 
 nave of the great church of Da Sinchell was con- 
 Terted for the occasion into a banqueting hall, 
 where Margaret herself inaugurated the proceed- 
 ing by placing two massive chalices of gold, as 
 offerings, on the high altar, and committing two 
 orphan children to the charge of nurses to be 
 fostered at her charge. Eobed in cloth of gold, 
 this illustrious lady, who was as distinguished 
 for her beauty as for her generosity, sat in 
 queenly state in one of the galleries of the 
 church, surrounded by the clergy, the brehons, 
 and her private friends, shedding a luster on the 
 scene which was passing below, while her hus- 
 band, who had often encountered England's 
 greatest generals in battle, remained mounted on 
 a charger outside the church to bid the guests 
 welcome, and see that order was preserved. The 
 invitations were issued, and the guests arranged, 
 according to a list prepared by O'Connor's chief 
 brehon ; and the second entertainment, which 
 took 'place at Eathangan, was a supplemented 
 one, to embrace such men of learning as had not 
 been brought together at the former feast." 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 HOW THE NEW ELEMENT OP ANT.4a0NISM CAME INTO 
 
 THE STRUGGLE HOW THE ENGLISH KING AND 
 
 NATION ADOPTED A NEW RELIGION, AND HOW THE 
 IRISH HELD FAST BY THE OLD. 
 
 The time was now at hand when, to the exist- 
 ing elements of strife and hatred between the 
 Irish and the English nations, there was to be 
 added one more fierce than all the rest; one 
 bitterly intensifying the issues of battle already 
 knit with such deadly vehemence between the Celt 
 and the Saxon. Christendom was being rent in 
 twain by a terrible convulsion. A new religion had 
 flung aloft the standard of revolt and revolution 
 against the successors of St. Peter; and the 
 Christian world was being divided into two hos- 
 tile camps — of the old faith and the new. This 
 
 was not the mere agitation of new theories of 
 subverting tendencies, pushed and preached with 
 vehemence to the overturning of the old; but 
 the crash of a politico-religious revolution, 
 bursting like the eruption of a volcano, and as 
 suddenly spreading confusion and change far 
 and wide. The political policy and the personal 
 aims and interests of kings and princes gave to 
 the new doctrines at their very birth a range of 
 dominion greater than original Christianity 
 itself had been able to attain in a century. 
 Almost instantaneously, princes and magnates 
 grasped at the new theories according as per- 
 sonal or state policy dictated. To each and all 
 of them those theories offered one most tempting 
 and invaluable advantage — supremacy, spiritual 
 and temporal, unshadowed, unrestrained, unac- 
 countable, and irresponsible on eartn. No more 
 of vexing conflicts with the obstinate Roman 
 Pontiffs. No more of supplications to the Holy 
 See "with whispering breath and bated humble- 
 ness," if a divorce was needed or a new wife 
 sighted while yet the old one was alive. No- 
 more humiliating submissions to the penances or 
 conditions imposed by that antique tribunal in 
 the Eternal City; but each one a king, spiritual 
 as well as temporal, in his own dominions. Who 
 would not hail such a system ? There was pei - 
 haps not one among the kings of Europe who had 
 not, at one time or another, been made to feel 
 unpleasantly the restraint put on him by the 
 pope, acting either as spiritual pontiff or in his 
 capacity of chief arbiter in the disputes of the 
 Christian family. Sometimes, though rarely, 
 this latter function — entirely of human origin 
 and authority — seemed to sink into mere state 
 policy, and like all human schemes, had its vary- 
 ing characteristics of good and ill. But that 
 which most frequently brought the Popes into 
 conflict with the civil r;ilersof the world was the 
 striving of the Holy See to mitigate the evils of 
 villeinage or serfdom appertainins; to the feudal 
 system ; to restrain by the sjiiritual authority- 
 the lawless violence and passion of feudal lords 
 and kings; and, above all, to maintain the sanc- 
 tity and invioliability of the marriage tie, 
 whether in the cottage of the bondman or in the 
 palace of the king. To many of the European 
 sovereigns, therefore, the newly propounded 
 system (which I am viewing solely as it
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 77 
 
 affected the public policy of individual princes, 
 prescinding entirely from its doctrinal aspect) 
 held forth powerful attractions; yet among the 
 Teutonic principalities by the Rhine alone was 
 it readily embraced at first. 
 
 So far, identity of faith had prevailed between 
 England and Ireland; albeit English churchmen 
 — archbishops, bishops, priests, and monks — 
 waged the national war in their own way against 
 the Irish hierarchj;, clergy, and people, as hotly 
 as the most implacable of the military chiefs. 
 With the cessation of the civil war iu England, 
 and the restoration of English national power 
 during the reign of the seventh Henry, the 
 state policy of strengthening and extending the 
 English colony in Ireland was vigorously re- 
 sumed ; and the period which witnessed the out- 
 break of the religious revolution in Germany 
 found the sensual and brutal Henry the Eighth 
 engaged in a savage war upon the Irish nation. 
 Henry early entered the lists against the new 
 doctrines. He wrote a controversial pamphlet 
 in refutation of Luther's dogmas, and was re- 
 warded therefor by an encomiastic letter from 
 the pope conferring on him the title of "De- 
 fender of the Faith. ' ' Indeed, ever since the time 
 of Adrian, the popes had always been wondrously 
 friendly toward the English kings; much too 
 ready to give them "aid and comfort" in their 
 schemes of Irish subjugation, and much too little 
 regardful of the heroic people that were battling 
 so persistently in defence of their nationality. 
 A terrible lesson was now to awaken Rome to 
 remorse and sorrow. The power she had aided 
 and sanctioned in those schemes was to turn 
 from her with unblushing apostasy, and become 
 the most deadly and malignant of her foes ; while 
 that crushed and broken nation whom she had 
 uninquiringly given up to be the prey of merci- 
 less invaders, was to shame this ingratitude and 
 perfidy by a fidelity and devotedness not to be 
 surpassed in the history of the world. 
 
 Henr3'-^a creature of mere animal passions — 
 tired of his lawful wife, and desired another. 
 He applied to Rome for a divorce. He was, of 
 course, refused. He pressed his application 
 again in terms that but too plainly foreshadowed 
 to the supreme pontiff what the result of a re- 
 fusal might be. It was, no doubt, a serious con- 
 tingency for the Holy See to contemplate — the 
 
 defection to the new religion of a king and a 
 nation so powerful as the English. In fact, it 
 would give to the now creed a status and a power 
 it otherwise would not possess. To avert this 
 disaster to Catholicity, it was merely required to 
 wrong one woman ; merely to permit a lustful 
 king to have his way, and sacrifice to his brute 
 passions his helpless wife. "With full conscious- 
 ness, however, of all that the refusal implied, the 
 Holy See refused to permit to a king that which 
 could not be permitted to the humblest of his 
 subjects — refused to allow a wife's rights to be 
 sacrificed, even to save to the side of Catholicity 
 for three centuries the great and powerful Eng- 
 lish nation. 
 
 Henry had an easy wa^' out of the difficulty. 
 According to the Jle^^, system, he would have no 
 need to incur such mortifying refusals from this 
 intractable, antiquated, and unprogressive tribu- 
 nal at Rome, but could grant to himself divorces 
 and dispensations ad libitum. So he threw off 
 the pope's authority, embraced the new religion, 
 and helped himself to a new wife as often as he 
 pleased ; merely cutting off the head of the dis- 
 carded one after he had granted himself a divorce 
 from her. 
 
 In a country where feudal institutions and 
 ideas prevailed, a king who could appease the 
 lords carried the nation. In England, at this 
 period, the masses of the people, though for 
 some time past by the letter of the law freed from 
 villeinage, were still, practically, the creatures of 
 the lords and barons, and depended upon, looked 
 up to, and followed them with the olden stolid 
 docility. Henry, of course, though he might 
 himself have changed as he listed, could never 
 have carried the nation over with him into the 
 new creed, had he not devised a means for giving 
 the lords and barons also a material interest iia 
 the change. This he effected by sharing with 
 them the rich plunder of the church. Fow 
 among the English nobility were proof against 
 the great temptations of kingly favor and princely 
 estates, and the great perils of kingly anger and 
 confiscations. For, in good truth, even at a very 
 early stage of the business, to hesitate was to 
 lose life as well as possessions, inasmuch as- 
 Henry unceremoniously chopped off the heads of 
 those who wavered or refused to join him in the 
 new movement. The feudal system sarried
 
 78 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 England bodily over with the king. Once he 
 was able to get to his side (by proposing liberal 
 bribes out of the plundered abbej' lands) a 
 sufficient number of the nobles, the game was all 
 in his hands. The people counted for nothing 
 in such a system. They went with their lords, 
 like the cattle stock on the estates. The English 
 bishops, mostly scions of the noble houses, were 
 not greatly behind in the corrupt and cowardly 
 acceptance of the king's scheme; but there were 
 in the episcopacy noble and glorious exceptions 
 to this spectacle of baseness. The body of the 
 clergy, too, made a brave struggle for a time; 
 but the king and the nobles made light of what 
 they could do. A brisk application of the ax 
 and the block — a rattling code of penalties for 
 premunire and so forth — and soon the trouble- 
 some priests were all either killed off or ban- 
 ished. 
 
 But now, thought Henry, what of Ireland! 
 How is the revolution likely to be received by 
 the English colony there ? In ti'uth, it was quite 
 a ticklish consideration ; and Henry appears to 
 have apprehended very nearly that which actually 
 resulted — namely, that in proportion as the 
 Anglo-Irish lords had become hibernicized, they 
 would resist that revolution, and stand by the 
 old faith ; while those of them least imbued with 
 Irish sentiment would proportionately be on his 
 side. 
 
 Among the former, and of all others most 
 coveted now and feared for their vast influence 
 and power, were the Geraldines. Scions of that 
 great house had been among the earliest to drop 
 their distinctive character as Anglo-Norman 
 lords, and become Anglo-Irish chiefs — adopting 
 the institutions, laws, language, manners, and 
 customs of the native Irish. For years the head 
 of the family had been kept on the side of the 
 English power, simply by confiding to him its 
 supreme control in Ireland ; but of the Irish .sym- 
 pathies of Clan Gerald, Henry had misgivings 
 sore, and ruefully su.spocted now that it would 
 lead the van in a powerful struggle in Ireland 
 against his politico-religious revolution. In 
 fact, at the very moment in which he was plung- 
 ing into his revolt against the pope, a rebellion, 
 led by a Geraldine chief, was shaking to its 
 foundations the English power in Ireland — the 
 rebellion of "Silken Thomas." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 "those geraldines! those geraldines!" 
 
 The history of the Geraldine family is a per- 
 fect romance, and in many respects outrivals the 
 creations of fiction. From the earliest period of 
 their settlement in Ireland they attained to a 
 position of almost kingly power, and for full five 
 hundred years were the foremost figures in 
 Anglo-Irish history. Yet with what changing 
 fortunes! Now vice-kings reigning in Dublin, 
 their vast estates stretching from Maj'nooth to 
 Lixnaw, their strong castles sentineling the land 
 from sea to sea! Anon captive victims of at- 
 tainder, stripped of every earthly honor and 
 possession; to-day in the dungeon, to-morrow 
 led to the scaffold ! Now a numerous and power- 
 ful family- — a fruitful, strong, and wide-spread- 
 ing ti'ee. 
 
 Anon hewn down to earth, or plucked 
 up seemingly root and branch, beyond the pos- 
 sibility of further existence; yet mysteriously 
 preserved and budding forth from some single 
 seedling to new and greater power! Often the 
 Geraldine stock seemed extinct; frequently its 
 jealous enemies — the English king or his favor- 
 ites — made safe and sure (as they thought) that 
 the dangerous line was extirpated. Yet as fre- 
 quently did they find it miraculously resurgent, 
 grasping all its ancient power and renewing all 
 its ancient glory. 
 
 At a verj' early period the Geraldine line was 
 very nearly cut off forever, but was preserved in 
 the person of one infant child, under circum- 
 stances worthy of narration. In the year 1261 a 
 pitched battle was fought between the justiciary. 
 Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, and the MacCarthy 
 More, at a glen a few miles east of Kenmare in 
 Kerry. It was a formidable engagement, in 
 which each side put forth all its resources of 
 military generalship and strength of levies. The 
 Irish commander completely outgeneraled the 
 Normans. At the close of a i)rotracted and 
 sanguinary battle they were routed with fear- 
 ful slaughter. Lord Thomas being mortally 
 wounded, and his son, beside numerous barons 
 and knights, loft dead upon the field. "Alas!" 
 continues the narrative of O'Daly (who wrote in 
 the year 1()55), "the whole family of the Geral- 
 dines had well-nigh perished ; at one blow they
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 79 
 
 were cut off — father and son; and now there i-e- 
 mained but an infant one year old, to wit, the 
 son of John Fitz-Thomas, recently slain. The 
 nurse, who had heard the dismal tidings at 
 Tralee, ran about here and there distrau!i;ht with 
 grief, and left the cradle of the young Geraldine 
 without a watcher; thereupon an ape which 
 was kept for amusement's sake came and raised 
 the infant out of the cradle and carried him to 
 the top of the castle. There, to the astonish- 
 ment of those who passed by, the ape took off the 
 babe's swaddling clothes, licked him all over, 
 clothed him again, and brought him back to his 
 cradle safe and sound. Then coming to the 
 nurse, as it were in reproof for her neglect, he 
 dealt her a blow. Ever after was that babe 
 called Thomas an' Appa; that is, 'of the Ape;' 
 and when he grew to man's estate he was 
 ennobled by many virtues. Bravely did he 
 avenge his father's and grandfather's murder, 
 and re-erect the fortunes of his house.* He left 
 a son, Maurice Fitz-Thomas, who was the first 
 earl of Desmond." 
 
 Of Lord Thomas, the sixth earl, is related a 
 romantic, yet authentic story, known to many 
 Irish readers. While on a hunting expedition 
 in some of the lonely and picturesque glens in 
 North Kerry, he was benighted on his homeward 
 way. Weary and thirsting, he urged his steed 
 forward through the tangled wood. At length, 
 through the gloom he discerned close b.y an 
 humble cottage, which proved to be the dwelling 
 of one of his own retainers or clansmen, named 
 MacCormick. Lord Thomas rode to the door, 
 halted, and asked for a drink. His summons 
 was attended to and his request supplied by 
 Catherine, the daughter of the cottagei', a young 
 girl whose simple grace and exquisite beauty 
 struck the young earl with astonishment — and 
 with warmer feelings too. He dismounted and 
 rested awhile in the cottage, and became quite 
 charmed with the daughter of its humble host. 
 He bade her farewell, resolving to seek that cot- 
 tage soon again. Often subsequently his horse 
 bore him thither; for Lord Thomas loved Cath- 
 erine MacCormick, and loved her purely and 
 honorably. Not perhaps without certain mis- 
 
 * To this incident is attributed the circumstance that the 
 annurial ensigns of the Qeraldiue family exhibit two apes 
 as supporters. 
 
 givings as to the results did he resolve to make 
 her his wife ; yet never did he waver in that 
 resolve. In due time ho led the beautiful cottage 
 girl to the altar, and brought her home his wife. 
 His worst fears were quickly realized. His 
 kindred and clansmen all rose against him for 
 this Tnemlliance, which, according to their code, 
 forfeited for him lands and title. In vain he 
 pleaded. An ambitious uncle, James, eventually 
 seventh earl, led the movement against him, and 
 claiming for himself the title and estates thus 
 "forfeited," was clamorous and uncompassisn- 
 ate. Lord Thomas at the last nobly declared 
 that even on the penalty thus inexorably decreed 
 against him, he in nowise repented him of his 
 marriage, and that he would give up lands and 
 titles rather than part with his peasant wife. 
 Relinquishing everything, he bade an eternal 
 adieu to Ireland, and sailed with his young wife 
 for France, where he died at Rouen in 1420. 
 This romantic episode of authentic history fur- 
 nished our national melodist with the subject of 
 the following verses : 
 
 "By the Feal's wave benighted. 
 
 No star in the skies, 
 To thy door by love lighted, 
 
 I first saw those eyes. 
 Some voice whispered o'er me. 
 
 As the threshold I cross'd. 
 There was ruin before me; 
 
 If I lov'd, I was lost. 
 
 "Love came, and brought sorrow 
 
 Too soon in his train ; 
 Tet so sweet, that to-morrow 
 
 'Twere welcome again 
 Though misery's full measure 
 
 My portion should be, 
 I would drain it with pleasure 
 
 If poured out by thee ! 
 
 "You, who call it dishonor 
 
 To bow to love's flame, 
 If you've eyes look but on her. 
 
 And blush while you blame. 
 Hath the pearl less whiteness 
 
 Because of its birth? 
 Hath the violet less brightness 
 
 For growing near earth ?
 
 80 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 "No : man for his glory 
 
 To ancestry flies ; 
 But woman's bright story 
 
 Is told in her eyes. 
 "While the monarch but traces 
 
 Through mortals his line. 
 Beauty, born of the graces. 
 
 Banks nest to divine!" 
 
 In the reign of the eighth Henry, as well as 
 for a long time previous thereto, the Geraldine 
 family comprised' two great branches, of which 
 the earl of Desmond and the earl of Kildare were 
 respectively the heads; the latter being para- 
 mount. Early in Henry's reign Gerald, earl of 
 Kildare, or "The Great Earl," as he is called in 
 the Irish annals, died after a long life, illustrious 
 as a soldier, statesman and ruler. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his son. Garret Oge, or Gerald the 
 younger, who was soon appointed by the crown 
 to the high office and authority of lord deputy as 
 vested in his father. Gerald Oge found his 
 enemies at court active and restless in ] plotting 
 his overthrow. He had more than once to pro- 
 ceed to England to make his defence against fatal 
 charges, but invariably succeeded in vindicating 
 himself with the king. With Henry, indeed, he 
 was apparently rather a favorite ; while, on the 
 other hand, Cardinal Wolsey viewed him with 
 marked suspicion. Kildare, though at the head 
 of the English power in Ii'eland was, like many 
 of the Geraldines, nearly as much of an Irish 
 chief as an English noble. Not only was he, to 
 the sore uneasiness of the court at London, in 
 friendly alliance with many of the native princes, 
 but ho was "allied by the closest ties of kindred 
 and alliance with the royal houses of Ulster. 
 So proud was he of this relationship, that, upon 
 one occasion, when he was being reinstated as 
 lord deputy, to the expulsion of Ormond, his 
 accusing enemy, we are told that at Kildare's 
 request "his kinsman, Con O'Neill, carried the 
 sword of state before him to St. Thomas's 
 Abbey, where he entertained the king's commis- 
 Bioners and others at a sumptuous banquet. ' ' 
 
 But soon Gerald's enemies were destined to 
 witness the accomplishment of all their designs 
 against his house. James, carl of Desmond, "a 
 man of lofty and ambitious views, " entered into 
 a correspondence with Charles the Fifth, king of 
 
 Spain, and Francis the First of France, for the 
 purpose, some hold, of inducing one or other of 
 those sovereigns to invade Ireland. "What fol- 
 lows I quote textually from O'Daly's quaint nar- 
 rative, as translated by the Kev. C. P. Meehan : 
 "Many messages passed between them, of all 
 which Henry the Eighth was a long time igno- 
 rant. It is commonly thought that Charles the 
 Fifth at this time meditated an invasion of Ire- 
 land; and when at length the intelligence of 
 these facts reached the king of England, Cardinal 
 "Wolsey (a man of immoderate ambition, most 
 inimical to the Geraldines, and then ruling 
 England as it were by his nod) caused the earl to 
 be summoned to London ; but Desmond did not 
 choose to place himself in the hands of the cardi- 
 nal, and declined the invitation. Thereupon the 
 king dispatched a messenger to the earl of Kil- 
 dare, then viceroy in Ireland, ordering him to 
 arrest Desmond and send him to England forth- 
 with. On receipt of the order, Kildare collected 
 troops and marched into Munster to seize Des- 
 mond; but after some time, whether through 
 inability or reluctance to injure his kinsman, the 
 business failed and Kildare returned. Then 
 did the cardinal poison the mind of the king 
 against Kildare, asseverating that by his con- 
 nivance Desmond had escaped — (this, indeed, 
 was not the fact, for Kildare, however so anxious, 
 could not have arrested Desmond). Kildare was 
 then arraigned before the privy council, as Henry 
 gave willing ear to the cardinal's assertions; but 
 before the viceroy sailed for England, he com- 
 mitted the state and adminstratiou of Ireland to 
 Thomas, his son and heir, and then presented 
 himself before the council. The cardinal accused 
 him of high treason to his liege sovereign, and 
 endeavored to brand him and all his family with 
 the ignominious mark of disloyalty. Kildare, 
 who was a man of bold spirit, and despised the 
 base origin of Wolsey, replied in polished, yet 
 vehement language ; and though the cardinal and 
 court were hostile to him, nevertheless he so well 
 managed the matter that he was only committed 
 to the Tower of London. But the cardinal, de- 
 termining to carry out his designs of vengeance 
 without knowledge of the king, sent private 
 instructions to the constable of the tower order- 
 ing him to behead the earl without delay. When 
 the constable received his orders, although he
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAXD. 
 
 8J 
 
 knew liow dangerous it was to contravene the 
 cardinal's mandate, commiserating the earl, ho 
 made him aware of his instructions. Calmly, 
 yet firmly, did Kildare listen to the person who 
 read his death-warrant; and then launching into 
 a violent invective against the cardinal, he caused 
 the constable to proceed to the king to learn if 
 such order had emanated from him, for he sus- 
 pected that it was the act of the cardinal unau- 
 thorized. The constable, regardless of the risk 
 he ran, hastened to the king, and, about ten 
 o'clock at night, reported to his majesty the 
 order of the cardinal for destroying Kildai-e. 
 Thereon the king was bitterly incensed against 
 "U'olsey, whom he cursed, and forbade the con- 
 stable to execute any order not sanctioned by his 
 own sign-manual ; stating, at the same time, 
 that he would cause the cardinal to repent of his 
 usurped authority and unjust dislike to Kildare. 
 The constable returned, and informed the eai'l of 
 his message ; but Kildare was nevertheless de- 
 tained a prisoner in the tower to the end of his 
 days." 
 
 "There is," says O'Daly's translator, "a chap- 
 ter in Gait's 'Life of Wolsey' full of errors and 
 gross misrepresentations of Ireland and the Irish. 
 It is only fair, however, to give him credit for 
 the spirited sketch he has given of the dialogue 
 between Wolsey and Kildare. 'My Lord,' said 
 Wolsey, 'you will remember how the Earl of Des- 
 mond, your kinsman, sent letters to Francis, the 
 French king, what messages have been sent to 
 you to arrest him (Desmond), and it is not yet 
 done . . . but, in performing your duty in this 
 affair, merciful God! how dilatory have you 
 been! . . . what! the earl of Kildare dare not 
 venture! nay, the King of Kildare; for you reign 
 more than you govern the land.' 'My lord chan- 
 cellor,' replied the Earl, 'if you proceed in this 
 way, I will forget half my defense. I have no 
 school tricks nor art of recollection ; unless you 
 hear me while I remember, your second charge 
 will hammer the first out of my head. As to mj' 
 kingdom, I know not what you mean. ... I 
 would you and I, my lord, exchanged kingdoms 
 for one month ; I would in that time undertake to 
 gather more crumbs than twice the revenues of 
 my poor earldom. While you sleep in your bed 
 of down, I lie in a poor hovel ; while you are 
 served under a canopy, I serve under the cope of 
 
 heaven ; while you drink wine from golden cups, 
 I must be content with water from a shell ; my 
 charger is trained for the field, your jennet is 
 taught to amble. ' O'Daly's assertion that Wol- 
 sey issued the eai'l's death-warrant does not ai>- 
 pear to rest on any solid foundation ; and the 
 contrary appears likely, when such usurpation of 
 royalty was not objected in the impeachment of 
 the cardinal. " 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE REBELLION OF SIL7EN THOMAS. 
 
 When Kildare was summoned to London — as 
 it proved to be for the last time — he was called 
 upon to nominate some one wh.> should act for 
 him in his absence, and for whom he himself 
 would be responsible. Unfortunately he nomi- 
 nated his own son Thomas,* a hot, impetuous, 
 brave, daring, and chivalrous youth, scarce 
 twenty-one years of age. For some time the 
 earl lay in London Tower, his fate as yet uncer- 
 tain ; the enemies of his house meanwhile striv- 
 ing steadily to insure his ruin. 
 
 It was at this juncture that the events detailed 
 in bj'gone pages — Henry's quarrel with the 
 pope, and the consequent politico-religious 
 revolution in England — flung all the English 
 realm into consternation and dismay. Amid 
 the tidings of startling changes and bloody exe- 
 cutions in London brought by each mail to Ii'e- 
 land, came many disquieting rumors of the fate 
 of the Geraldine earl. The effect of these stories 
 on the young Lord Thomas seems to have sug- 
 gested to the anti-Geraldine faction a foul plot 
 to accomplish his ruin. Forged letters were cir- 
 culated giving out with much circumstantiality 
 how the earl his father had been beheaded in the 
 Tower of London, notwithstanding the king's 
 promise to the contrary. The effect of this news 
 on the Geraldine partj', but most of all on the 
 j-oung Lord Thomas, may be imagined. Stunned 
 for an instant by this cruel blow, his resolution 
 was taken in a burst of passionate grief and 
 anger. Vengeance! vengeance on the trebly per- 
 jui'ed and blood-guilty king, whose crimes of 
 
 * Known in history as "Silken Thomas." He was so 
 
 called, we are told, from the silken banners carried br his 
 standard-bearers — others say because of the richness of 
 his personal attire.
 
 82 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 lust, murder, and sacrilege called aloud for pun- 
 ishment, and forfeited for him allegiance, throne 
 and life! The youthful deputy hastily assem- 
 bling his guards and retainers, and surrounded 
 by a crowd of his grief-stricken and vengeful 
 kinsmen, marched to Mary's Abbey, where the 
 privy council was alreadj- sitting, waiting for 
 him to preside over its deliberations. The scene 
 at the council chamber is picturesquely sketched 
 by Mr. Ferguson, in his "Hibernian Nights' 
 Entertainment, ' '* 
 
 "Presently the crowd collected round the gates 
 began to break up and line the causeways at 
 either side, and a gallant cavalcade was seen 
 through the open arch advancing from Thomas' 
 Court toward the drawbridge. 'Way for the 
 lord deputy,' cried two truncheon-bearers, dash- 
 ing through the gate, and a shout arose on all 
 sides that Lord Thomas was coming. Trum- 
 peters and pursuivants at arms rode first, then 
 came the mace-beju'er with his symbol of office, 
 and after him the sword of state, in a rich scab- 
 bard of velvet, carried by its proper officer. 
 Lord Thomas himself, in his robes of state, and 
 surrounded by a dazzling array of nobles and 
 gentlemen, spurred after. The arched gateway 
 was choked for a moment with tossing plumes 
 and banners, flashing arms and gleaming faces, 
 as the magnificent troop burst in like a flood of 
 fire upon the dark and narrow precincts of the 
 city. But behind the splendid cortege which 
 headed their march, came a dense column of 
 mailed men-at-arms, that continued to defile 
 through the close pass long after the gay mantles 
 and waving pennons of their leaders were indis- 
 tinct in the distance. 
 
 "The gate of Mary's Abbey soon received the 
 leaders of the revolt; and ere the last of their 
 followers had ceased to pour into the echoing 
 courtyard, Lord Thomas and his friends were at 
 the door of the council-chamber. The assembled 
 lords rose at his entrance, and way was made for 
 him to the chair of state. 
 
 " 'Keep your seats, my lords,' said he, stop- 
 ping midway between the entrance and council- 
 
 •Tbe lK>ok here alluded to, it may be right to remind 
 yoiing readers, does not purport to be more than a fanciful 
 itory founded on facts ; but the author so closely adheres 
 to llie outlines of authentic history, that we may credit his 
 kkelclies and descriptions as well juslitied a])i>roximatious 
 to U>e literal truth. 
 
 table, while his friends gathered in a body at his 
 back. 'I have not come to preside over this 
 council, my lords; I come to tell you of a bloody 
 tragedy that has been enacted in London, and to 
 give j'ou to know what steps I have thought fit 
 to take in consequence. ' 
 
 " 'What tragedj% my lord?' said Alan, the 
 archbishop of Dublin; 'your lordship's looks and 
 words alarm me : what means this multitude of 
 men now in the house of God? My lord, my 
 lord, I feai- this step is rashly taken ; this looks 
 like something, my lord, that I would be loth 
 to name in the presence of loyal men. ' 
 
 " 'My lord archbishop,' replied Thomas, 
 'when yon pretend an ignorance of my noble 
 father's murder ' 
 
 " 'Murder!' cried the lord chancellor, Cromer, 
 starting from his seat, and all at the council-table 
 uttered exclamations of astonishment in horror, 
 save only Alan and the lord high treasurer. 
 
 " 'Yes, my lord,' the young Geraldine contin- 
 ued, with a stern voice, still addressing the arch- 
 bishop, 'when you pretend ignorance of that foul 
 and cruel murder, which was done by the in- 
 stigation and traitorous procuring of yourself and 
 others, your accomplices, and yet taunt me with 
 the step which I have taken, rashly, as it may 
 be, but not, I trust, unworthily of my noble 
 father's son, in consequence you betray at once 
 your treachery and your hypocrisy.' By this 
 time the tumult among the soldiery without, who 
 had not till now heard of the death of the earl, 
 was as if a thousand men had been storming the 
 abbey. They were all native Irish, and to a man 
 devoted to Kildare. Curses, lamentations, and 
 cries of rage and vengeance sounded from 
 every quarter of the courtyard ; and some who 
 rushed into the council-hall with drawn swords, 
 to be revenged on the authors of their calamity, 
 were with difficulty restrained by the knights 
 and gentlemen around the door from rushing on 
 the archbishop and slaying him, as they heard 
 him denounced by their chief, on the spot. 
 When the clamor was somewhat abated, Alan, 
 who had stood up to speak at its commencement, 
 addressed the chancellor. 
 
 " 'My lord, this unhappy young man says he 
 knows not what. If his noble father, which God 
 forbid, should have come under his majesty's 
 displeasure— if he should, indeed, have suffered
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 83 
 
 — although I know not that he hath — the penalty 
 of his numerous treasons ' 
 
 " 'Bold priest, thou liest!' cried Sir Oliver 
 Fitzgerald; 'my murdered brother was a truer 
 servant of the crown than ever stood in thy satin 
 shoes ! ' 
 
 "Alan and the lord chancellor, Cromer, also an 
 archbishop and primate of Armagh, rose 
 together; the one complaining loudly of the 
 wrong and insult done his order; the other be- 
 seeching that all present would remember they 
 were Christians and subjects of the crown of 
 England; but, in the midst of this confusion. 
 Lord Thomas, taking the sword of state out of 
 the hands of its bearer, advanced up the hall to 
 the council-table with a lofty determination in 
 his bearing that at once arrested all eyes. It 
 was plain he was about to announce his final pur- 
 pose, and all within the hall awaited what he 
 would say in sullen silence. His friends and fol- 
 lowers now formed a dense semicircle at the foot 
 of the hall ; the lords of the council had involun- 
 iarily drawn round the throne and lord chan- 
 cellor's chair ; Thomas stood alone on the floor 
 opposite the table, with the sword in his hands. 
 Anxiety and pity were marked on the venerable 
 features of Cromer as he bent forward to hear 
 what he would say ; but Alan and the treasurer. 
 Lord James Butler, exchanged looks of malig- 
 nant satisfaction. 
 
 " 'My lord,' said Thomas, 'I come to tell you 
 that my father has been basely put to death, for 
 I know not what alleged treason, and that we 
 have taken up arms to avenge his murder. Yet, 
 although we be thus driven by the tyranny and 
 cruelty of the king into open hostility, we would 
 not have it said hereafter that we have conspired 
 like villains and churls, but boldly declared our 
 purpose as becomes warriors and gentlemen. 
 This sword of state, my lords, is yours, not mine. 
 I received it with an oath that I would use it for 
 your benefit ; I should stain my honor if I turned 
 it to your hurt. My lords, I have now need of 
 my own weapon, which I can trust ; but as for 
 the common sword, it has flattered me not — a 
 painted scabbard, while its edge was yet red 
 in the best blood of my house — ay, and is even 
 now whetted anew for further destruction of the 
 Geraldines. Therefore, my lords, save your- 
 selves from ns as from open enemies. I am no 
 
 longer Henry Tudor's deputy — I am his foe. I 
 have more mind to corupier than to govern — to 
 meet him in the field than to serve him in office. 
 And now, my lords, if all the hearts in England 
 and Ireland, that have cause thereto, do but join 
 in this quarrel, as I look that they will, then 
 shall the world shortly be made sensible of the 
 tyranny, cruelty, falsehood, and heresy, for 
 which the age to come may well count this base 
 king among the ancient traitors of most abomi- 
 nable and hateful memory. 
 
 " 'Croom aboo!' cried Neale Eoe O'Kennedy, 
 Lord Thomas' bard, who had pressed into the 
 body of the hall at the head of the Irish soldiery. 
 He was conspicuous over all by his height and 
 the splendor of his native costume. His lega 
 and arms were bare; the sleeves of his yellow 
 cothone, jiarting above the elbow, fell in volumi- 
 nous folds almost to the ground, while its skirts, 
 girded at the loins, covered him to the knee. 
 Over this he wore a short jacket of crimson, the 
 sleeves just covering the shoulders, richly 
 wrought and embroidered, and drawn round the 
 waist by a broad belt set with precious stones 
 and fastened with a massive golden buckle. His 
 laced and fringed mantle was thrown back, but 
 kept from falling by a silver brooch, as broad as 
 a man's palm, which glittered on his breast. He 
 stretched out his hand, the gold bracelets rat- 
 tling as they slid back on the thickness of his 
 arm, and exclaimed in Irish 
 
 " 'Who is the young lion of the plains of 
 Liffey that affrights the men of counsel, and the 
 ruler of the Saxon, with his noble voice? 
 
 " 'Who is the quickened ember of Kildare, 
 that would consume the enemies of his people, 
 and the false churls of the cruel race of clan- 
 London ? 
 
 " 'It is the son of Gerald — the top branch of 
 the oak of Offaly ! 
 
 " 'It is Thomas of the silken mantle — Ard- 
 Righ Eireann!' 
 
 " 'Kigh Tomas go bragh!' shouted the sol- 
 diery; and many of the young lord's Anglo-Irish 
 friends responded — 'Long live King Thomas!' 
 but the chancellor. Archbishop Cromer, who had 
 listened to his insane avowal with undisguised 
 distress, and who had already been seen to wring 
 his hand, and even to shed tears as the misguided 
 nobleman and his friends thus madly invoked
 
 84 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 their own destruction, came down from his seat, 
 and earnestly grasping the young lord by the 
 hand, addressed him : 
 
 " 'Good my lord,' he cried, while his vener- 
 able figure and known attachment to the house 
 Kildare, attested as it was by such visible evi- 
 dences of concern, commanded for a time the at- 
 tention of all present. 'Good my lord, suffer me 
 to use the privilege of an old man's speech with 
 you before you finally give up this ensign of 
 your authority and pledge of your allegiance. ' 
 
 "The archbishop reasoned and pleaded at much 
 length and with deep emotion ; but he urged and 
 prayed in vain. 
 
 " 'My Lord Chancellor,' replied Thomas, 'I 
 came not here to take advice, but to give you to 
 understand what I purpose to do. As loyalty 
 would have me know my prince, so duty compels 
 me to reverence my father. I thank you heartily 
 for j-our counsel ; but it is now too late. As to 
 my fortune, I will take it as God sends it, and 
 rather choose to die with valor and liberty than 
 live under King Henry in bondage and villainy. 
 Therefore, my lord, I thank you again for the 
 concern you take in my welfare, and since you 
 will not receive this sword out of my hand, I can 
 but cast it from me, even as here I cast off and 
 renounce all dutj' and allegiance to your master. ' 
 
 "So saying, he flung the sword of state upon 
 the council-table. The blade started a hand's- 
 breadth out of its sheath from the violence with 
 which it was dashed out of his hands. He, then, 
 in the midst of a tumult of acclamation from his 
 followers, and cries of horror and pity from the 
 lords and prelates around, tore off his robes of 
 oflSce and cast them at his feet. Stripped thus 
 of his ensigns of dignity. Lord Thomas Fitz- 
 gerald stood up, amid the wreck of his fair for- 
 tune, an armed and avowed rebel, equipped in 
 complete mail, before the representatives of Eng- 
 land and L-eland The cheering from his adher- 
 ents was loud and enthusiastic, and those with- 
 out replied with cries of fierce exultation." 
 
 The gallant but hapless Geraldine was now 
 fully launched on his wild and desperate enter- 
 prise. There is no doubt that, had it partaken 
 less of a hasty burst of passionate impetuosity, 
 had it been more deliberately planned and 
 organized, the revolt of Silken Thomas might 
 have wrested the Anglo-Irish colony from 
 
 Henry's authority. As it was, it shook the 
 Anglo-L-ish power to its base, and at one 
 time seemed irresistible in its progress to suc- 
 cess. But, however the ties of blood, kindred, 
 and clanship might draw men to the eide 
 of Lord Thomas, most persons outside the 
 Geraldine party soon saw the fate that surely 
 awaited such a desperate venture, and saw too 
 that it had all been the result of a subtle plot of 
 the Ormond faction to ruin their powerful rivals. 
 Moreover, in due time the truth leaked out that 
 the old earl had not been beheaded at all, but 
 was alive a prisoner in London. Lord Thomas 
 now saw the gulf of ruin into which he had been 
 precipitated, and knew now that his acts would 
 only seal the doom or else break the heart of that 
 father, the news of whose murder had driven him 
 into this desperate course. But it was all too 
 late to turn back. He would see the hopeless 
 struggle through to the bitter end. 
 
 One of his first acts was to besiege Dublin city 
 while another wing of his armj' devastated the 
 possessions and reduced the castles of Ormond. 
 Alan, the Archbishop of Dublin, a prominent 
 enemy of the Geraldines, fled from the city by 
 ship. The vessel, however, was driven ashore on 
 Clontarf, and the archbishop sought refuge in 
 the village of Artane. News of this fact was 
 quickly carried into the Geraldine camp at Dub- 
 lin; and before day's-dawn Lord Thomas and his 
 uncles, John and Oliver, with an armed party, 
 reached Ai-taue, and dragged the archbishop 
 from his bed. The unhappy prelate pleaded hard 
 for his life ; but the elder Geraldines, who were 
 men of savage passion, barbarously miu'dered 
 him as he knelt at their feet. This foul deed 
 ruined any prospect of success which their cause 
 might have had. It excited universal horror, 
 and drew down upon its perpetrators, and all 
 who should aid or shelter them, the terrible sen- 
 tence of excommunication. This sentence was 
 exhibited to the hapless Earl of Kildare in his 
 dungeon in London Tower, and, it is said, so 
 affected him that he never rallied more. He 
 sank under the great load of his aflliotions, and 
 died of a broken heart. 
 
 Meanwhile, Lord Thomas was pushing the re- 
 bellion with all his energies, and for a time with 
 wondrous success. He dispatched ambassadors 
 to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and to the
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 85 
 
 pope, demanding aid in this war against Henry 
 as the foe of God and man. But it is clear that 
 neither the pope nor the emperor augured well of 
 Silken Thomas' ill-devised endeavors. No suc- 
 cors reached him. His fortunes eventually 
 began to pale. Powerful levies were brought 
 against him ; and, finally, he sought a parley 
 with the English commander-in-chief. Lord 
 Leonard Gray, who granted him terms of life for 
 himself and uncles. Henry was wroth that any 
 terms should have been promised to such daring 
 foes ; but as terms had been pledged, there was 
 nothing for it, according to Henry's code of 
 morality, but to break the promise. Accord- 
 ingly, the five uncles of Silken Thomas, and the 
 unfortunate young nobleman himself, were 
 treacherously seized — the uncles at a banquet to 
 which they were invited, and which was, indeed, 
 given in their honor, by the lord deputy Grey — 
 and brought to London, where, in violation of 
 plighted troth, they were all six beheaded at 
 Tyburn, January 3, 1537. 
 
 This terrible blow was designed to cut off the 
 Geraldiue family forever, and to all appearance 
 it seemed, and Henry fondly believed, that this 
 wholesale execution had accomplished that de- 
 sign, and left neither root nor seed behind. Yet 
 once again that mysterious protection which 
 had so often preserved the Geraldiue line in like 
 terrible times saved it from the decreed destruc- 
 tion. "The imprisoned earl (Lord Thomas' 
 father) having died in the Tower on December 
 12, 1534, the sole survivor of this historic house 
 was now a child of twelve years of age, whose 
 life was sought with an avidity equal to Herod's, 
 but who was protected with a fidelity which de- 
 feated every attempt to capture him. Alternately 
 the guest of his aunts, married to the chiefs of 
 Offaly and Donegal, the sympathy everywhere 
 felt for him led to a confederacy between the 
 northern and southern chiefs, which had long 
 been wanting. A loose league was formed, in- 
 cluding the O'Neills of both branches, O'Don- 
 nell, O'Brien, the Earl of Desmond, and the 
 chiefs of Moylurg and Breffni. The lad, the 
 object of so much natural and chivalrous affec- 
 tion, was harbored for a time in Munster, 
 thence transported through Connaught into 
 Donegal, and finally, after four years, in which 
 he engaged more of the minds of statesmen than 
 
 any other individual under the rank of royalty, 
 was safely landed in France." 
 
 The Geraldine line was preserved once more ! 
 From this child Gerald it was to branch out as 
 of yore, in stately strength and princely power. 
 
 CHAPTER xxxrn. 
 
 HOW THE " REFOEMATION " WAS ACCOMPLISHBD IN 
 ENGLAND, AND HOW IT WAS KESISTED IS IRELAND. 
 
 I HAVE SO far called the event, usually termed 
 the Reformation, a politico-religious revolution, 
 and treated of it only as such. With phases of 
 religious belief or the propagandism of new re- 
 ligious doctrines, unless in so far as they affected 
 political events or effected marked national 
 changes, I do not puri^ose dealing in this story. 
 As a matter of fact, however, the Reformation 
 was during the reign of Henry mucl- less of a 
 religious than a political revolution. The only 
 points Henry was particular about were the 
 matters of supremacy and church property. 
 For a long period the idea of adopting the new 
 form of faith in all its doctrinal sequence seemed 
 quite foreign to his mind. The doctrine, firstly, 
 that he, Henrj', was supreme king, spiritual as 
 well as temporal, within his own realms; the 
 doctrine, secondly, that he could, in virtue of 
 such spiritual supremacy, give full rein to his 
 beastly lusts, and call concubinage marriage; 
 and lastly, that whatever property the church 
 possessed, bequeathed for pious uses, he might 
 rob and keep for himself, or divide as bribes be- 
 tween his abetting nobles, legislators, and states- 
 men — these were the "reforms," so-called, upon 
 which the king set most value. Other matters 
 he allowed for a time to have their way ; at least 
 it was so wherever difficulty was anticipated in 
 pulling down the old and setting up new forms 
 of worship. Thus we find the king at the same 
 time sending a "reforming" archbishop to Dub- 
 lin while sanctioning prelates of the old faith in 
 other dioceses, barely on condition of taking the 
 oath of allegiance to him. Doctrine or theology 
 had scarcely any concern for him or his states- 
 men, and it is clear and plain to any student of 
 history that if the Catholic Church would only 
 sanction to him his polygamy, and to them the 
 rich plunder they had clutched, they would never
 
 86 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 have gone further, and would still be wondi-ous 
 zealous "defenders of the faith. " But the Cath- 
 olic Church, which could have avoided the whole 
 disaster at the outset bj' merely sufifering one 
 lawful wife to be unlawfully put away, was not 
 going to compromise, with him or with them, an 
 iota of sacred truth or public morality, much less 
 to sacrifice both wholesale after this fashion. 
 So, in time, the king and his party saw that hav- 
 ing gone so far, they must needs go the whole 
 way. Like the panther that has tasted blood, 
 their thirst for plunder was but whetted by their 
 taste of church spoil. They should go further 
 or they might lose all. They knew right well 
 that of these spoils they never could rest sure as 
 long as the owner, the Catholic Church, was 
 •allowed to live; so to kill the church outright be- 
 came to them as much of a necessity as the sure 
 "dispatching" of a half-murdered victim is to a 
 burglar or an assassin. Had it not been for this 
 question of church property — had there been no 
 plunder to divide — in all human probability 
 there would have been no "reformation" con- 
 summated in these countries. But by the spoils 
 of the sanctuary Henry was able to bribe the 
 nobles to his side, and to give them such an in- 
 terest in the utter abolition of catholicity and 
 the perpetuation of the new system, that no king 
 or queen coming after him would be able perma- 
 nently to restore the old order of things. 
 
 Here the reflection at once confronts us — what 
 a mean, sordid, worldly-minded kennel these 
 same "nobles" must have been! Aj', mean and 
 soulless indeed! If there was any pretense of 
 religious convictions having anything to say in 
 the business, no such reflection would arise ; no 
 such language would be seemly. But few or 
 none of the i)arties cared to get up even a sem- 
 blance of interest in the doctrinal aspect of the 
 Ijassing revolution. One object, and one alone, 
 seemed fixed before their gaze — to get as much as 
 possible of "what was going;" to secure some of 
 the loot, and to keep it. Given this one considera- 
 tion, all things else might remain or be changed 
 a thousand times over for all they cared. If any 
 one question the correctness of this estimate of 
 the conduct of the English and Anglo-Irish lords 
 of the fieriod before us, I need only point to the 
 page of authentic history. They wore a debased 
 and cowardly pack. As long as Henry fed them 
 
 with bribes from the abbey lands, they made and 
 unmade laws "to order" for him. He asked 
 them to declare his marriage with Catherine of 
 Aragon invalid — they did it; his marriage with 
 Anne Boleyn lawful — they did it ; this same mar- 
 riage unlawful and its fruits illegitimate^ they 
 did it; his marriage with Jane Seymour lawful — 
 they did it. In fine they said and unsaid, legiti- 
 matized and illegitimatized, just as he desired. 
 Nor was this all. In the reign of his child, 
 Edward, they enacted every law deemed neces- 
 sary for the more complete overthrow of the 
 ancient faith and the setting up of the new. But 
 no sooner had Mary come to the throne than 
 these same lords, legislators, and statesmen in- 
 stantaneously wheeled around, beat their breasts, 
 became wondrously pious Catholics, whined out 
 repentantly that they had been frightful crimi- 
 nals; and, like the facile creatures that thej' 
 were, at the request of Mary, or to please her, 
 undid in a rush all they had been doing during 
 the two preceding reigns — ^but all on one condi- 
 tion, most significant and most necessary to 
 mark, viz. : that they should not be called upon 
 to give back the stolen property! Again a 
 change on the throne, and again they change! 
 Elizabeth comes to undo all that Mary had re- 
 stored, and lo ! the venal lords and legislators in 
 an instant wheel around once more; they decree 
 false and illegitimate all they had just declared 
 true and lawful ; they swallow their own words, 
 they say and unsa.y, they repeal and re-enact, do 
 and undo, as the whim of the queen, or the neces- 
 sity of conserving their sacrilegious robberies 
 dictates! 
 
 Yes ; the historj- of the world has nothing to 
 parallel the disgusting baseness, the mean, sordid 
 cowardice of the English and Anglo-Irish lords 
 and legislators. Theirs was not a change of re- 
 ligious convictions, right or wrong, but a greedy 
 venality, a facile readiness to change any way 
 or every way for worldly advantage. Their 
 model of policy was Judas Iscariot, who sold our 
 Lord for thirty pieces of silver. 
 
 That Ireland also was not carried over into the 
 new system was owing to the circumstance that 
 the English authority had, so far, been able to 
 secure for itself but a partial hold on the Irish 
 nation. It must have been a curious reflection 
 with the supreme pontiffs that Ireland might in
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 8? 
 
 a cort;iia dense be said to have been saved to the 
 Catholic Church by its obstinate disregard of 
 exhortations addressed to it repeatedly, it not by 
 the popes, under cover or ostensible sanction of 
 papal authority, in support of the English crown ; 
 for bad the Irish yielded all that the English 
 king demanded with papal bull in hand, and be- 
 come part and parcel of the English realm, Ii'e- 
 land, too, was lost to the old faith. At this 
 point one is tempted to indulge in bitter reflec- 
 tions on the course of the Roman pontiffs toward 
 Ireland. "Hitherto" — so one might put it — 
 "that hapless nation in its fearful struggle 
 against x-uthless invaders found Rome on the side 
 of its foes. It was surel.v a hard and cruel thing 
 for the Irish, so devotedly attached to the Holy 
 See, to behold the rapacious and bloodthirsty 
 Normans, Plantagenets, and Tudors, able to 
 flourish against them papal bulls and rescripts, 
 until now when Henry quarreled with Eome. 
 Now — henceforth — too late — all that is to be 
 altered; henceforth the bulls and the rescripts 
 are all to exhort the broken and ruined Irish 
 nation to fight valiantly against that power to 
 which, for four hundred yeai«, the Roman court 
 had been exhorting or commanding it to submit. 
 Surely Ireland has been the sport of Roman 
 policy, if not its victim!" 
 
 These bitter reflections would be not only 
 natural but just, if the facts of the case really 
 supported them. But the facts do not quite sup- 
 port this view, which, it is singular to note, the 
 Irish themselves never entertained. At all times 
 they seem to have most justly and accurately ap- 
 preciated the real attitude of the Holy See toward 
 them, aud fixed the value and force of the bulls 
 and rescripts obtained bj- the English sovereign 
 at their true figure. The conduct of the popes 
 was not free from reproach in a particular sub- 
 sequently to be noted ; but the one thing they 
 had really urged, rightly or wrongly, on the 
 Irish from the first was the acceptance of the 
 sovereignty of the English king, by no means 
 implying an incorporation with the English 
 nation, or an abandonment of their nationality. 
 In this sense the popes' exhortations were always 
 read by the native Irish ; and it will be noted 
 that in this sense from the very beginning the 
 Irish princes very generally were read.v to ac- 
 quiesce in them. The idea, rightly or wrongly. 
 
 appears to have been that thi.s strong sovereignty 
 would be capable of reducing the chaotic ele- 
 ments in Ireland (given up to such hopeless dis- 
 order previously) to compactness and order — a 
 good to Ireland and to Christendom. This was 
 the guise in which the Irish question had always 
 been presented bj- plausible English envoys, 
 civil or ecclesiastical, at Rome. The Irish them- 
 selves did not greatly quarrel with it so far; but 
 there was all the difference in the world between 
 this the theory and the bloody and barbarous 
 fact and practice as revealed in L'cland. 
 
 What may be said with truth is, that the popes 
 inquired too little about the fact and practice, 
 and were always too ready to write and exhort 
 upon such a question at the instance of the Eng- 
 lish. The Irish chiefs were sensible of this 
 wrona; done them ; but in their every act and 
 word they evidenced a perfect consciousness that 
 the rectitude of the motives animating the popes 
 was not to be questioned. Even when the 
 authority of the Holy See was most painfully 
 misused against them, they received it with rev- 
 erence aud respect. The time had at length 
 arrived, however, when Rome was to mourn over 
 whatever of error or wrong had marked its past 
 policy toward Ireland, and forever after nobly 
 and unchangeably to stand by her side. But 
 alas! too late — all too late now for succeeding! 
 All the harm had been done, and was now be- 
 yond repairing. The grasp of England had been 
 too firmly tightened in the past. At the very 
 moment when the pope desired, hoped, urged, 
 and expected Ireland to arise triumphant aud 
 glorious, a free Catholic nation, a recompense for 
 lost England, she sank broken, helpless, and des- 
 pairing under the feet of the sacrilegious Tudor. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 HOW THE IRISH CHIEFS GAVE DP ALL HOPE AND YIELDED 
 TO HENKY; and how the IRISH CLANS SERVED 
 THE CHIEFS FOR SUCH TREASON. 
 
 Henry the Eighth was the first English sover- 
 eign styled King of Ireland, and it must be con- 
 fessed he had more to show for [assuming such a 
 title than his predecessors had for the lesser 
 dignities of the kind which they claimed ; inas- 
 much as the title was "voted" to him in the first 
 formal parliament in which Irish chieftains and
 
 88 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Anglo-Norman lords sat side by side. To be 
 sure the Irish chieftains had no authority from 
 the stepts (from whom alone they derived any 
 authority or power) to give such a vote ; and, as we 
 shall learn presently, some of those septs, instantly 
 on becoming aware of it and the consequences it 
 implied, deposed the chiefs thus acting, and 
 promptly elected (in each case from the same 
 family however) others in their stead. But never 
 previouslj' had so many of the native princes in 
 a manner so formal given in their acknowledg- 
 ment of the English dynastj', and their renunci- 
 ation of the ancient institutions of their nation. 
 Utterly broken down in spirit, reft of hope, 
 ■weary of struggle, they seem to have yielded 
 themselves up to inevitable fate. "The argu- 
 ments, " says one of our historians, "by which 
 many of the chiefs might have justified them- 
 selves to the clans in 1541-2-3, for submitting to 
 the inevitable laws of necessity, in rendering- 
 homage to Henry the Eighth, were neither few 
 nor weak. Abroad there was no hope of an alli- 
 ance sufficient to counterbalance the immense 
 resources of England; at home, life-wasting 
 private wars, the conflict of laws, of languages, 
 and of titles to property had become unbearable. 
 That fatal family pride which would not permit 
 an O'Brien to obey an O'Neill, nor an O'Connor 
 to follow either, rendered the establishment of a 
 native monarchy (even if there had been no other 
 obstacle) wholly impracticable." Another says: 
 "The chief lords of both English and Irish de- 
 scent were reduced to a state of deplorable 
 misery and exhaustion. ... It was high 
 time, therefore, on the one side to think of sub- 
 mission, and prudent on the other to propose 
 concession; and Henry was just then fortunate 
 in selecting a governor for Ireland who knew 
 how to take advantage of the favorable circum- 
 stances. " This was Saintleger, whose politic 
 course of action resulted in the assembling at 
 Dublin, June 12, ISAl, of a parliament at which, 
 beside all the principal Anglo-Norman lords, 
 there attended, Donogh O'Brien, tanist of 
 Thomond, the O'Reilly, O'More, M 'William, 
 Fitzpatrick, and Kavanagh.* The speeches in 
 
 •Son of M'Murrogb who had just previously "submit- 
 ted," renouncing the titleof M'Murrogh, adopting the name 
 of Kavanagh, and undortalting on tlie part of his sept, 
 that no one henceforth would assume the renounced title I 
 
 the English language were translated in the 
 Gaelic tongue to the Irish chiefs by the Earl of 
 Ormond. The main business was to consider a 
 bill voting the crown of Ireland to Henry, which 
 was unanimously passed — registered rather ; for, 
 as far as the native "legislators" were concerned, 
 the assemblage was that of conquered and sub- 
 dued chieftains, ready to acknowledge their sub- 
 jection in any way. O'Neill and O'Donnell 
 refused to attend. They held out sullenly j'et 
 awhile in the North. But in the next year they 
 "came in," much to the delight of Henry, who 
 loaded them with flatteries and attentions. The 
 several chiefs yielded up their ancient Irish 
 titles, and consented to receive English instead. 
 O'Brien was created Earl of Thomond; L'lick 
 M'William was created Earl of Clanrickard and 
 Baron Dunkellin; Hugh O'Donnell was made 
 Earl of Tyrconnell; O'Neill was made Earl of 
 Tyrone ; Kavanagh was made Baron of Ballyann ; 
 and Fitzpatrick, Baron of Ossory. Most of these 
 titles were conferred by Henry in person at 
 Greenwich palace, with extravagant pomp and 
 formality, the Irish chiefs having been specially 
 invited thither for that purpose, and sums of 
 money given them for their equipment and ex- 
 penses. In many instances, if not in all, they 
 consented to receive from Henry royal patents or 
 title deeds for "their" lands, as the English from 
 their feudal standpoint would regard them ; not 
 their lands, however, in point of fact and law, 
 but the "tribe-lands" of their septs. The ac- 
 ceptance of these "patents" of land proprietor- 
 ship, still more than the acceptance of English 
 titles, was "a comxjlete abrogation of the Gaelic 
 relation of clansman and chief." Some of the 
 new earls were moreover apportioned a share of 
 the plundered church lands. This was yet a 
 further outrage on their people. Little need we 
 wonder, therefore, that while the newly created 
 earls and barons were airing their modern digni- 
 ties at the English court, feted and flattered by 
 Henry, the clans at home, learning by dark 
 rumor of these treasons, were already stripping 
 the backsliding chiefs of all authority and power, 
 and were taking measures to arrest and consign 
 them to punishment on their return. O'Donnell 
 found most of his clan, headed by his son, up in 
 arms against him; O'Brien, on his return, was 
 confronted by like circumstances; the new "Earl
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 of Clanrickard" was incontinently attainted by 
 biB people, and a Gaelic "M'WiJliam" was duly 
 installed in his stead. O'Neill, "the first of his 
 race who had accepted an English title," found 
 that his clansmen had formally deposed him, and 
 elected as the O'Neill, his son John, surnamed 
 "John the Proud" — the celebrated "Shane" 
 O'Neill, so called in the jargon of English writ- 
 ers. On all sides the septs repudiated and took 
 formal and practical measures to disavow and 
 reverse the acts of their representatives. The 
 hopelessness that had broken the spirit of the 
 chief found no place in the heart of the clan. 
 
 This was the beginning of new complications 
 in the already tangled skein of Irish affairs. A 
 new source of division and disorganization was 
 now planted in the country. Hitherto the clans 
 at least were intact, though the nation was shat- 
 tered. Henceforth the clans themselves were 
 split into fragments. From this period forward 
 we hear of a king's or a queen's O'Eeilly 
 and an Irish O'Eeilly; a king's O'Neill and an 
 Irish O'Neill; a king's O'Donnell and an Irish 
 O'Donnell. The English government presented 
 a very artful compromise to the septs — offering 
 them a chief of the native family stock, but re- 
 quiring that he should hold from the crown, not 
 from the clan. The nominee of the government, 
 backed by all the English power and interest, 
 was generally able to make head for a time at 
 least against the legitimate chief duly and legally 
 chosen and elected by the sept. In many in- 
 stances the English nominee was able to rally to 
 his side a considerable section of the clan, and 
 even without external aid to hold the chosen 
 chief in check, "^y the internal feuds thus in- 
 cited, the clans were utterly riven, and were 
 given over to a self-acting process of extinction. 
 Occasionally, indeed, the crown nominee, once 
 he was firmly seated in the chieftaincy, threw off 
 all allegiance to his foreign masters, declared 
 himself an Irish chief, cast away scornfully his 
 English earlship, and assumed proudly the an- 
 cient title that named him head of his clan. In 
 this event the government simply declared him 
 "deposed," iiroceeded to nominate another chief 
 in his place, and sent an army to install the new 
 liominee on the necks of the stubborn clan. This 
 was the artful system — copied in all its craft and 
 cruelty by the British in India centuries after- 
 
 ward — pursued toward the native princes and 
 chiefs of Ireland from the reign of Henry the 
 Eighth to the middle of the seventeenth century. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 henry's S0CCESSORS : EDWARD, MARY, AND ELIZABETH 
 
 THE CAREER OF "jOHN THE PROUD." 
 
 The changes of English sovereigns little affected 
 English policy in Ireland. "Whatever meaning 
 the change from Henry to Edward, from Edward 
 to Mary, and from Mary to Elizabeth, may have 
 had in England, in Ireland it mattered little 
 who filled the throne; the policy of subjugation, 
 plunder, and extirpation went on. In Mary's 
 reign, indeed, incidents more than one occurred 
 to show that, though of course bent on complet- 
 ing the conquest and annexation of Ireland, she 
 was a stranger to the savage and cruel i^assions 
 that had ruled her father, and that were so fear- 
 fuUj' inherited by his other daughter, Elizabeth. 
 The aged chief of Offaly, O'Connor, had long 
 lain in the dungeons of London Tower, all efforts 
 to obtain his release having failed. At length 
 his daughter Margaret, hearing that now a queen 
 — a woman — sat on the throne, bethought her of 
 an appeal in person to Mary for her father's life 
 and freedom. She proceeded to London and 
 succeeded in obtaining an audience of the queen. 
 She pleaded with all a woman's eloquence, and 
 with all the fervor of a daughter petitioning for 
 a father's life. Mary was touched to the heart 
 by this instance of devotedness. She treated 
 young Margaret of Offaly with the greatest ten- 
 derness, spoke to her cheeringly, and promised 
 her that what she had so bravely sought should 
 be freely granted. And it was so. O'Connor 
 Faly returned with his daughter to Ireland a free 
 man. 
 
 Nor was this the only instance in which Mary 
 exhibited a womanly sympathy for misfortune. 
 The fate of the Geraldines moved her to compas- 
 sion. The young Gerald — long time a fugitive 
 among the glens of Muskery and Donegal, now an 
 exile sheltered in Rome — was recalled and re- 
 stored to all his estates, honors, and titles; and 
 with O'Connor Faly and the young Geraldine 
 there were allowed to return to their homes, we 
 are told, the heirs of the houses of Ormond and
 
 90 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Upper Ossory, "to the great delight of tlie 
 southern half of the kingdom. " 
 
 To Mary there succeeded on the English 
 throne her Amazonian sister, Elizabeth. The 
 nobles and commoners of England had, indeed, 
 as in Mary's case, at her father's request, de- 
 clared and decreed as the immortal and unchange- 
 able truth that she was illegitimate ; but, accord- 
 ing to their cpde of morality, that was no earthly 
 reason against their now declaring and decreeing 
 as the immortal and unchangeable triith that she 
 was legitimate. For these very noble nobles and 
 most uncommon commoners eat dirt with a hearty 
 zest, and were ready to decree and declare, 
 to swear and unswear, the most contradictory 
 and irreconcilable assertions, according as their 
 venality and servility suggested. 
 
 Elizabeth was a woman of marvelous ability. 
 She possessed abundantly the talents that qualify 
 a statesman. She was greatly gifted indeed ; but 
 nature, while richly endowing her with so much 
 else beside, forgot or withheld from her one of 
 the commonest gifts of human kind — Elizabeth 
 had no heart. A woman devoid of heart is, after 
 all, a terrible freak of nature. She may be gifted 
 with marvelous powers of intellect, and endowed 
 with great personal beauty, but she is still a 
 monster. Such was Elizabeth ; a true Tudor and 
 veritable daughter of King Henry the Eighth ; 
 one of the most remarkable women of her age, 
 and in one sense one of the greatest of English 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Her reign was memorable in Irish history. It 
 witnessed at its opening the revolt of John the 
 Proud in Ulster ; later on the Desmond rebellion ; 
 and toward the close the great struggle that to 
 all time will immortalize the name of Hugh 
 O'Neill. 
 
 John the Proud, as I have already mentioned, 
 ■was elected to the chieftaincy of the O'Neills on 
 the deposition of his father by the clan. He 
 scornfully defied all the efforts of the English to 
 dispute his claim, and soon they were fain to 
 recognize him and court his friendship. Of this 
 extraordinary man little more can be said in 
 praise than that he was an indomitable and, up 
 to the great reverse which suddenly closed his 
 career, a successful soldier, who was able to defy 
 and defeat the best armies of England on Irish 
 soil, and more than once to bring the English 
 
 government very submissively to terms of hiji 
 dictation. But he lacked the personal virtues 
 that adorned the lives and inspired the efforts of 
 the great and brave men whose struggles we love 
 to trace in the annals of Ireland. His was, in- 
 deed, a splendid military career, and his admin- 
 istration of the government of his territory was 
 undoubtedlj' exemplary in many respects, but he 
 was in private life no better than a mere English 
 noble of the time ; his conduct toward the unfor- 
 tunate Calvach O'Donnell leaving a lasting stain 
 on his name.* The state papers of England 
 reveal an incident in his life which presents us 
 with an authenticated illustration of the means 
 deemed lawful bj' the English government often 
 enough in those centuries for the removing of an 
 Irish foe. John had reduced all the north to his 
 swaj% and cleared out every vestige of English 
 dominion in Ulster. He had encountered the 
 English commander-in-chief and defeated him. 
 He had marched to the very confines of Dublin, 
 spreading terror through the Pale. In this strait 
 Sussex, the lord lieutenant, bethought him of a 
 good plan for the effectual i-emoval of this danger- 
 ous enemy to the crown and government. With 
 the full cognizance and sanction of the queen, he 
 hired an assassin to murder O'Neill. The plot, 
 however, miscarried, and we should probably 
 have never heard of it, but that, very awkwardly 
 for the memory of Elizabeth and of her worthy 
 viceroy, some portions of their correspondence 
 on the subject remained undestroyed among the 
 state papers, and ai'e now to be seen in the State 
 Paper Office. The career of John the Proud 
 closed suddenly and miserably. He was utterly 
 defeated (a.d. 1567) in a great pitched battle by 
 the O'Donnells; an overthrow which it is said 
 
 * He invaded tlie O'DDiinell's territory, and acting, it is 
 said, on information secretly supplied by tlie unfaithful 
 wife of tlie Tyrconuell chief, succeeded in surprising and 
 capturing liim. He kept O'Donnell, wbo was Lis fatberin- 
 lavv, for years a close prisoner, and lived in open adultery 
 with the perfidious wife of the imprisoned chief, the step- 
 mother of his own lawful wife 1 " What deepens the hor- 
 ror of this odious domestic tragedy," .'says M'Oee, "is the 
 fact that the wife of O'Neill, the daughter of O'Donnell, 
 thus supplanted by her shameless stepmother under her 
 own roof, died soon afterward of ' horror, loathing, grief 
 and deep anguish' at the spectacle afforded by the private 
 life of O'Neill, and the severities inflicted on hw wretched 
 father 1"
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 »1 
 
 ftfifected his reason. Flying from the field with 
 his guilty mistress, his secretary, and a body- 
 guard of fifty horsemen, he was induced to be- 
 come the guest of some Scottish adventurers in 
 Antrim, upon whom he had inflicted a severe 
 defeat not long previously. After dinner, when 
 most of those present were under the influence of 
 wine — John, it is said, having been purposely 
 plied with drink — an Englishman who was jires- 
 ent designedly got up a brawl, or pretense of a 
 brawl, about O'Neill's recent defeat of his then 
 guests. Daggers were drawn in an instant, and 
 the unfortunate John the Proud, while sitting 
 helplessly at the banqueting board, was sur- 
 rounded and butchered. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 HOW THE GEEALDINES ONCE MORE LEAGUED AGAINST 
 
 ENGLAND UNDER THE BANNER OF THE CROSS 
 
 HOW "the ROYAL POPe" WAS THE EARLIEST 
 AND THE MOST ACTIVE ALLY OF THE IRISH CAUSE. 
 
 The death of John the Proud gave the English 
 power respite in the north; but, respited for a 
 moment in the north, that power was doomed to 
 encounter danger still as menacing in the south. 
 Once more the Geraldines were to put it severely 
 to the proof. 
 
 Elizabeth had not witnessed and studied in 
 vain the events of her father's reign. She very 
 sagaciously concluded that if she would safely 
 push her war against the Catholic faith in Ire- 
 land, she must first get the dreaded Geraldines 
 out of the way. And she knew, too, from all 
 previous events, how necessary it was to guard 
 that not even a solitary seedling of that danger- 
 ous race was allowed to escape. She wrote to 
 Sydney, her lord lieutenant, to lay a right cun- 
 ning snare for the catching of the Geraldines in 
 one haul. That faithful viceroy of a gracious 
 queen forthwith "issued an invitation for the 
 nobility of Ireland to meet him on a given day 
 in the city of Dublin, to confer with him on some 
 matters of great weight, particularly regarding re- 
 ligion. ' ' The bait took. "The dynasts of Ireland, 
 little suspecting the design, hastened to the city, 
 and along with them the Earl of Desmond and his 
 brother John. ' ' They had a safe conduct from 
 Sydney, but had scarcely arrived when they were 
 
 seized and committed to the castle dungeons, 
 whence they W«re soon sliipped off to the Tower 
 of London. This was tlie plan Elizabeth had 
 laid, but it had only partially succeeded. All 
 the Geraldines had not come into the snare, and 
 she took five years to decide whether it would be 
 worth while murdering these (according to law), 
 while so many other members of the family were 
 yet outside her grasp. The earl and his brother 
 appear not to have been imprisoned, but merely- 
 held to residence under surveillance in London. 
 According to the version of the family chronicler, 
 they found means of transmitting a document Or 
 message to their kinsmen and retainers, ai^point- 
 ing their cousin James, son of Maurice — known 
 as James Fitzmaurice — to be the head and leader 
 of the family in their absence, "for he was well- 
 known for his attachment to the ancient faith, no 
 less than for his valor and chivalry. " "Gladly," 
 says the old chronicler, "did the people of Ear] 
 Desmond receive these commands, and inviolable 
 was their attachment to him who was now their 
 aiipointed chieftain." 
 
 This was that James Fitzmaurice of Desmond 
 — "James Geraldine of happy memory," as Pope 
 Gregory calls him — who originated, planned, and 
 organized the memorable Geraldine League of 
 1579, upon the fortunes of which for years the 
 attention of Christendom was fixed. With loftier, 
 nobler, holier aims than the righting of mere 
 family wrongs he conceived the idea of a great 
 league in defense of religion ; a holy war, in 
 which he might demand the sustainment and in- 
 tervention of the Catholic powers. Elizabeth's 
 own conduct at this juncture in stirring up and 
 subsidizing the Huguenots in France supplied 
 Fitzmaurice with another argument in favor of 
 his scheme. Fii-st of all he sent an envoy to the 
 pope — Gregory the Thirteenth — demanding the 
 blessing and assistance of the Supreme Pontiff in 
 this struggle of a Catholic nation against a mon- 
 arch nakedly violating all title to allegiance. 
 The act of an apostate sovereign of a Catholic 
 country drawing the sword to compel his sub- 
 jects into apostasy on pain of death, was not 
 only a forfeiture of his title to rule, it placed 
 him outside the pale of law, civil and ecclesias- 
 tical. This was Henry's position when he died; 
 to this position, as the envoy pointed out, Eliza- 
 beth succeeded "with a vengeance;" and so he
 
 92 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 prayed of Pope Gregorj', "his blessing on the 
 undertaking and the concession of indulgences 
 ■which the church bestows on those who die in 
 defense of the faith." The holy father flung 
 himself earnestly and actively into the cause. 
 "Then," says the old Geraldine chaplain, "forth 
 flashed the sword of the Geraldine ; like chaff did 
 he scatter the host of reformers ; fire and devas- 
 tation did he carry into their strongholds, so 
 that during five years he won many a glorious 
 victory, and carried off innumerable trophies." 
 
 This burst of rhapsody, excusable enough on 
 the part of the old Geraldine chronicler, gives, 
 however, no faithful idea of what ensued ; many 
 bi'illiant victories, it is true, James Geraldine 
 achieved in his protracted struggle. But after 
 five years of valiant effort and of varied fortunes, 
 the hour of reverses came. One by one Pitz- 
 maurice's allies were struck down or fell away 
 from him, until at length he himself with a small 
 foi-ce stood to bay in the historic Glen of Aher- 
 low, which "had now become to the patriots of 
 the south what the valley of Glenmalure had been 
 for those of Leinster — a fortress dedicated by 
 nature to the defense of freedom." Here he held 
 out for a year; but, eventually, he dispatched 
 envoj's to the lord president at Kilmallock to 
 make terms of submission, which were duly 
 granted. "Whether from motives of policy, or in 
 compliance with these stipulations, the impris- 
 oned earl and his brother were forthwith released 
 in Loudon ; the queen making them an exceed- 
 ingly smooth and bland speech against the sin of 
 rebellion. The gallant Fitzmaurice betook him- 
 self into exile, there to plot and organize with 
 redoubled energy in the cause of faith and coun- 
 try; while the Earl of Desmond, utterly dis- 
 heartaned no doubt by the result of James' 
 revolt, and "only too happy to be tolerated in 
 the possession of his five hundred and seventy 
 thousand acres, was eager enough to testify his 
 allegiance by any sort of service. " 
 
 Fitzmaurice did not labor in vain. He went 
 from court to court pleading the cause he had so 
 deeply at heart. He was received with honor 
 and respect everywhere ; but it was only at Rome 
 that he obtained that which he valued bej'ond 
 personal honors for himself — aid in men, money, 
 and arms for the struggle in Ireland. A power- 
 ful t;::pociition was fitted out at Civita Vecchia 
 
 by the sovereign pontiff; and from variouis 
 pi-inces of Europe secret promises of further aid 
 were showered upon the brave Geraldine. He 
 little knew, all this time, while he in exile was 
 toiling night and day — was pleading, urging, 
 beseeching — planning, organizing, and direct- 
 ing — full of ardor and of faithful courageous re- 
 solve, that his countrymen at home — even his 
 own kinsmen — were temporizing and compromis- 
 ing with the lord president! He little knew 
 that, instead of finding L'eland ready to welcome 
 him as a deliverer, he was to land in the midst 
 of a prostrate, dispirited, and apathetic popula- 
 tion, and was to find some of his own relatives, 
 not only fearing to countenance, but cravenly 
 arrayed against him! It was even so. As the 
 youthful Emmett exclaimed of his own project 
 against the British crown more than two hundred 
 years subsequently, we may say of Fitzmaurice 's 
 — "There was failure in every part. " By some 
 wild fatality everything miscarried. There was 
 concert nowhere ; there was no one engaged in 
 the cause of ability to second James' efforts; and 
 what misfortune marred, incompetency ruined. 
 The pope's expedition, upon which so much de- 
 pended, was diverted from its destination by its 
 incompetent commander, an English adventurer 
 named Stukely, knave or fool, to whom, in an 
 evil hour, James had unfortunately confided such 
 a trust. Stukely, having arrived at Lisbon on 
 his way to Ireland, and having there learned that 
 the King of Portugal was setting out on an ex- 
 pedition against the Moors, absolutely joined his 
 forces to those of Dom Sebastian, and accom- 
 panied him,* leaving James of Desmond to learn 
 as best he might of this inexplicable imbecilitj'', 
 if not cold-blooded treason ! 
 
 Meanwhile, in Ireland, the air was thick with 
 rumors, vague and furtive, that James was "on 
 the sea," and soon to land with a liberating ex- 
 pedition. The government was, of course, on 
 the alert, fastening its gaze with lynx-eyed vigi- 
 lance on all men likely to join the "foreign emis- 
 saries," as the returning Irish and their friends 
 were styled ; and around the southwestern coast 
 of Ireland was instantly drawn a line of British 
 cruisers. The government fain would have 
 
 • Stukely, and most of bis force, perished on the bloody 
 field of Alcazarquobir, where Dom Sebastian and twe 
 Moorisb kings likewise fell.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 93 
 
 saized upon the Earl of Desmond and hiw broth- 
 ers, but it was not certain wbethor this would 
 aid or retard the apprehended revolt ; for, so far, 
 these Geraldines i)rote8ted their opposition to it, 
 and to theiu — to the earl in particular — the pop- 
 ulation of the south looked for leadersbij). Yet, 
 in sooth, the English might have relieved the 
 earl, who, hoping nothing of the revolt, yet 
 sympathizing secretly with his kinsman, was in a 
 sad plight what to do, anxious to be "neutral," 
 and trying to convince the lord president that he 
 was well affected. The government party, on 
 the other hand, trusting him naught, seemed 
 anxious to goad him into some "overt act" that 
 would put him utterly in their power. "While all 
 was sxcitement about the expected expedition, 
 fo! three suspicious strangers were landed at 
 Dingle firom a Spanish ship! They were seized 
 aa "foreign emissaries," and were brought first 
 oefore the Earl of Desmond. Glad of an oppor- 
 tunity for showing the government nis zeal, he 
 forthwith sent them prisoners to the lord presi- 
 dent at Kilmallock. In vain they protested that 
 they were not conspirators or invaders. And in- 
 deed they were not, though they were what was 
 just as bad in the eyes of the law, namely. Cath- 
 olic ecclesiastics, one of them being Dr. O'Haly, 
 Bishop of Mayo, and another Father Cornelius 
 O'Rorke. To reveal what they really were would 
 jerve them little ; inasmuch as hanging and be- 
 heading as "rebels" was in no way different 
 from hanging and beheading as "popish ec- 
 •lesiastics. " Yet would the authorities insist 
 that they were vile foreign emissaries. They 
 spoke with a Spanish accent ; they wore their 
 beards in the Spanish fashion, and their boots 
 ■were of Spanish cut. So to force a confession of 
 what was not truth out of t^iem, no effort was 
 spared. They were "put to every conceivable 
 torture," says the historian, "in order to extract 
 intelligence of Fitzmaurice's movements. After 
 their thighs had been broken with hammers they 
 were hanged on a tree, and their bodies used as 
 targets by the soldiery. 
 
 By this time James, all unconscious of Stukely's 
 defection, had embarked from Spain for Ireland, 
 with a few score Spanish soldiers in three small 
 ships. He brought with him Dr. Saunders, papal 
 legate, the Bishop of Killaloe, and Dr. Allen. 
 The little fleet, after surviving shipwreck on the 
 
 coast of Gallicia, sailed into Dingle Harbor July 
 17, l.')79. Here James first tasted disheartening 
 disillusion. His great kinsman the earl, so far 
 from marching to welcome him and summoning 
 the country to rise, "sent him neither sign of 
 friendship nor promise of co-operation." This 
 was discouragement indeed; yet Fitzmaurice 
 was not without hope tliat when in a few days 
 the main expedition under Stukely would arrive, 
 the earl might think more hopefully of the enter- 
 prise, and rally to it that power which he alono 
 could assemble in Munster. So, weighing anchor, 
 James steered for a spot which no doubt he had 
 long previously noted and marked as pre-emi- 
 nently suited by nature for such a purpose as 
 this of his just row — Illan-an-Oir, or Golden 
 Island, in Smerwicic Harbor, on the northwest 
 Kerry coast, destined to be famed in story as 
 Fort del Ore. This was a singular rock, a dimin~ 
 utive Gibraltar, jutting into the harbor or bay of 
 Smerwick. Even previously its natural strength 
 as a site for a fort had been noticed, and a rude 
 fortification of some sort crowned the rock. Hore 
 James landed his small force, threw up an earth- 
 work across the narrow neck of land connecting 
 the "Isle of Gold" with the mainland, and waited 
 for news of Stukely. 
 
 But Stukely never came! There did come, 
 however, unfortunately for James, an English 
 man-of-war, which had little difficulty in captor- 
 ing his transports within sight of the helpless 
 fort. All hope of the expected expedition soon 
 fled, or mayhap its fate became known, and mat- 
 ters grew desperate on Illan-an-Oir. Still the 
 earl made no sign. His brothers John and 
 James, however, less timid or more true to kins- 
 ship, had chivalrously hastened to join Fitz- 
 maurice. But it was clear the enterprise was 
 lost. The government forces were mustering 
 throughout Munster, and nowhere was help be- 
 ing organized. In this strait it was decided to 
 quit the fort and endeavor to reach the old fast- 
 nesses amid the Galtees. The little band in 
 their eastward march were actually pursued by 
 the Earl of Desmond, not very much in earnest 
 indeed — in downright sham, the English said, 
 yet in truth severelj' enough to compel them to 
 divide into three fugitive groups, the papal 
 legate and the other dignitaries remaining with 
 Fitzmaurice. Making a desperate push to reach
 
 94 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the Shannon, his horses utterly exhausted, the 
 brave Geraldine was obliged to impress into his 
 service some horses belonging to Sir William 
 Burke, through whose lands he wae then passing. 
 Burke, indeed, was a relative of his, and Fitz- 
 mauriee thought that revealing his name would 
 silence all objection. On the contrary, however, 
 this miserable Burke assembled a force, pursued 
 the fugitives, and fell upon them, as "few and 
 faint, "jaded and outworn, they had halted at 
 the little river Mulkeru in Limerick county. 
 Fitzmaurice was wounded mortally early in the 
 fray, j'et his ancient prowess flashed out with all 
 its native brilliancy at the last. Dashing into 
 the midst of his dastard foes, at one blow he 
 clove to earth Theobald Burke, and in another 
 instant laid the brother of Theobald mortally 
 wounded at his feet. The assailants, though ten 
 to one, at once turned and fled. But alas! vain 
 was the victory — James Geraldine had received 
 his death wound! Calmly receiving the last 
 rites of the church at the hands of Dr. Allen, 
 and having with his last breath dictated a mes- 
 sage to his kinsmen enjoining them to take up 
 the banner fallen in his hand, and to fight to the 
 last in the holy war — naming his cousin John of 
 Desmond as leader to succeed him — the chival- 
 rous Fitzmaurice breathed his last sigh. "Such," 
 says the historian, "was the fate of the glorious 
 hopes of Sir James Fitzmaurice ! So ended in a 
 squabble with churls about cattle, on the banks 
 of an insignificant stream, a career which had 
 drawn the attention of Europe, and had inspired 
 with apprehension the lion-hearted English 
 
 queen 
 
 Faithful to the dying message of Fitzmaurice, 
 John of Desmond now avowed his resolution to 
 continue the struggle; which he did bravely, and 
 not without brilliant results. But the earl still 
 "stood on the fence. " Still would he fain per- 
 suade the government that he was tiuite averse 
 to the mad designs of his unfortunate kinsmen; 
 and still government, fully believing him a sym- 
 pathizer with the movement, lost no o]>portunity 
 of scornfully taunting him with insinuations. 
 Eventually they commenced to treat his lauds 'as 
 the iiossessious of an enemy, wasting and harry- 
 ing them ; and at length the earl, finding too late 
 that in such a struggle there was for him no 
 neutrality, took the field. But this step on his 
 
 part, which if it had been tak'^n earlier, might 
 have had a powerful effect, ;vas now, as I have 
 said, all too late for any substantial influence 
 upon the lost cause. Yet he showed by a few 
 brilliant victories at the very outset that he was. 
 in a military sense, not all unworthy of his posi- 
 tion as First Geraldine, The Spanish king, too, 
 had by this time been moved to the aid of the 
 struggle. The Fort del Ore once more received 
 an expedition from Spain, where this time there 
 landed a force of seven hundred Spaniards and 
 Italians, under the command of Sebastian Sau 
 Josef, Hercules Pisano, and the Duke of Biscay. 
 They broiight, moreover, arms for five thousand 
 men, a large supply of money, and cheering 
 promises of still further aid from over the sea. 
 Lord Grey, the deputy, quickly saw that prob- 
 ably the future existence of British power in Ire- 
 land depended upon the swift and sudden crush- 
 ing of this formidable expedition ; accordingly 
 with all vehemence did he strain every energy to 
 concentrate with rapidity around Fort del Ore, 
 by land and sea, an overwhelming force before 
 any aid or co-operation could reach it from the 
 Geraldines. "Among the ofiicers of the besieg- 
 ing force were three especially notable men — Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, the poet Spenser, and Hugh 
 O'Neill — afterward Earl of Tyrone, but at thi.s 
 time commanding a squadron of cavalry for her 
 majesty Queen Elizabeth. San Josef surrendered 
 the place on conditions; that savage outrage 
 ensued, which is known in L'ish history as 'the 
 massacre of Smerwick. ' Raleigh and Wingfield 
 appear to have directed the operations by which 
 eight hundred prisoners of war were cruelly 
 butchered and flung over the rocks. The sea 
 upon that coast is deep, and the tide swift ; but 
 it has not proved deep enough to hide that hor 
 rid crime, or to wash the stains of such wanton 
 bloodshed from the memory of its authors!"* 
 
 It may be said that the Geraldine cause never 
 rallied after this disaster. "For four years 
 longer," says the historian whom I have just 
 quoted, "the Geraldine League flickered in the 
 south. Proclamations oilering pardon to all con- 
 cerned, excejit Earl Gerald and a few of his most 
 devoted adherents, had their effect. Deserted at 
 home, and cut off from foreign assistance, th© 
 
 • ilcGee.
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 95 
 
 coudition of Desmond grew more and more intol- 
 erable. On one occasion bo narrowly escaped 
 capture by rushing with his countess into a 
 river, and rcmaiuiug concealed up to the chin in 
 water. His dangers can hardly be paralleled by 
 those of Bruce after the battle of Falkirk, or by 
 the more familiar adventures of Charles Edward. 
 At length on the night of November 11, 1584, he 
 was surprised with only two followers in a lone- 
 some valley, about live miles distant from Tralee, 
 among the mountains of Kerry. The spot is 
 still remembered, and the name of 'the Earl's 
 Road' transports the fancy of the traveler to that 
 tragical scene. Cowering over the embers of a 
 half-extinct fire in a miserable hovel, the lord of 
 a country which in time of peace had yielded an 
 annual rental of 'forty thousand golden pieces,' 
 was dispatched by the hands of common soldiers, 
 without pity, or time, or hesitation. A few fol- 
 lowers watching their creaghts or herds, further 
 up the vallej', found his bleeding trunk flung out 
 upon the highway ; the head was transported 
 over seas to rot upon the spikes of London 
 Tower." 
 
 Such was the end of the great Geraldine 
 League of 1579. Even the youngest of my read- 
 ers must have noticed in its plan and constitu- 
 tion, one singular omission which proved a fatal 
 defect. It did not raise the issue of national in- 
 dependence at all. It made no appeal to the 
 national aspirations for liberty. It was simply a 
 war to compel Elizabeth to desist from her blood.v 
 persecution of the Catholic faith. Furthermore, 
 it left out of calculation altogether the purely 
 Irish elements. It left all the northern half of 
 the kingdom out of sight. It was only a south- 
 ern movement. The Irish princes and chiefs — 
 those of them most opposed to the English power 
 ■ — never viewed the enterprise with confidence or 
 sympathy. Fitzmaurice devoted much more at- 
 tention to foreign aid than to native combina- 
 tion. In truth his movement was simjjly an 
 Anglo-Irish war to obtain freedom of conscience, 
 and never raised issues calculated to call forth 
 the united efforts of the Irish nation in a war 
 against England. 
 
 Before passing to the next great event of this 
 era, I may pause to note here a few occurrences 
 worthy of record, but for whic^i I did not deem 
 it advisable to break in fp^f" the consecutive 
 
 narration of the Geraldine war. My endeavor 
 throughout is to jiresent to my young readerei, in 
 clear and distinct outline, a sketch of the chief 
 event of each period more or less complete by 
 itself, so that it may be easily comprehended and 
 remembered. To this end I omit many minor 
 incidents and occurrences, whicli, if engrafted or 
 brought in upon the main narrative, might have 
 a tendency to confuse and bewilder the facts in 
 one's recollection. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVn. 
 
 HOW COMMANDER COSBY HELD A "fEASt" AT MUL- 
 LAGHMAST; AND HOW "rUARI OGe" RECOMPENSED 
 
 THAT "hospitality" A VICEROy's VISIT TO 
 
 GLENMALURE, AND HIS RECEPTION THERE. 
 
 It was within the period which we have just 
 passed over that the ever-memorable massacre of 
 MuUaghmast occurred. It is not, unhappily, 
 the only tragedy of the kind to be met with in 
 our blood-stained annals; yet it is of all the most 
 vividly perpetuated in popular traditions. In 
 1577, Sir Francis Cosby, commanding the queen's^ 
 troops in Leix and Offaly, formed a diabolical 
 plot for the permanent conquest of that district. 
 Peace at the moment prevailed between the gov- 
 ernment and the inhabitants ; but Cosby seemed 
 to think that in extirpation lay the only effectual 
 security for the crown. Feigning, however,, 
 great friendshiji, albeit suspicious of some few 
 "evil disposed" persons said not to be well 
 affected, he invited to a grand feast all the chief 
 families of the territory; attendance thereat 
 being a sort of test of amity. To this summons 
 responded the flower of the Irish nobility in Leix. 
 and Offaly, with their kinsmen and friends — 
 the O'Mores, O'Kellys, Lalors, O'Xolans, etc. 
 The "banquet" — alas!^ — was prepared by Cosby 
 in the great Rath or Fort of Mullach-Maisten, or 
 MuUaghmast, in Kildare county. Into the great 
 rath rode many a pleasant cavalcade that day ; 
 but none ever came forth that entered in. A 
 gentleman named Lalor who had halted a little 
 way off, had his suspicions in some way aroused. 
 He noticed, it is said, that while many went into 
 the rath, none were seen to reaiii)ea: outside. 
 Accordingly he desired his friends to remain be- 
 hind while he advanced and reconnoitered. He
 
 96 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 entered cautiously. Inside, what a horrid spec- 
 tacle met his sight I At the very entrance the 
 dead bodies of some of his slaughtered kinsmen! 
 In an instant he himself was set upon; but draw- 
 ing his sword, he hewed his way out of the fort 
 and back to his friends, and they barely escaped 
 with their lives to Dysart! He was the only 
 Irishman out of more than four hundred who 
 entered the fort that daj- that escaped with life! 
 The invited guests were butchered to a man ; one 
 hundred and eighty of the O'Mores alone having 
 thus perished. 
 
 The peasantry long earnestly believed and 
 asserted that on the encircled rath of slaughter 
 rain nor dew never fell, and that the ghosts of 
 the slain might be seen, and their groans dis- 
 tinctly heard "on the solemn midnight blast!" 
 
 "O'er the Eath of Mullaghmast, 
 On the solemn midnight blast, 
 What bleeding specters pass'd 
 
 With their gashed breasts bare! 
 
 "Hast thou heard the fitful wail 
 That o'erloads the sullen gale 
 When the waning moon shines pale 
 
 O'er the cursed ground there? 
 
 "Hark! hollow moans arise 
 Through the black tempestuous skies. 
 And curses, strife, and cries, 
 
 From the lone rath swell; 
 
 "For blood.v Sydney there 
 Nightly fills the lurid air 
 "With the unholy pompous glare 
 
 Of the foul, deep hell. 
 
 "False Sydney! knighthood's stain! 
 The trusting brave — in vain 
 Tby guests — ride o'er the plain 
 
 To thy dark cow'rd snare; 
 
 "Flow'r of Offaly and Leix, 
 They have come tliy board to grace — 
 Fools! to meet a faithless race. 
 
 Save with true swords bare. 
 
 "While cup and song abound. 
 The triple lines surround 
 The closed and guarded mound. 
 
 In the night's dark noon. 
 
 "Alas! too brave O 'Moore, 
 Ere the revelry was o'er. 
 They have spill 'd thy j'oung heart's gore. 
 Snatch 'd from love too soon! 
 
 "At the feast, unarmed all, 
 Priest, bard, and chieftain fall 
 In the treacherous Saxon's hall. 
 
 O'er the bright wine bowl; 
 
 "And now nightly round the board, 
 With unsheath'd and reeking sword. 
 Strides the cruel felon lord 
 
 Of the blood-stain'd soul. 
 
 "Since that hour the clouds that pass'd 
 O'er the Eath of Mullaghmast, 
 One tear have never cast 
 
 On the gore-dyed sod; 
 
 "For the shower of crimson i-ain 
 That o'erflowed that fatal plain, 
 Cries aloud, and not in vain, 
 
 To the most high God!" 
 
 A sword of vengeance tracked Cosby from that 
 day. In Leix or Oiifaly after this terrible blow 
 there was no raising a regular force ; yet of the 
 family thus murderously cut down, there re- 
 mained one man who thenceforth lived but to 
 avenge his slaughtered kindred. This was Euari 
 Oge 0'More,the guerrilla chief of Leix and Offaly, 
 long the terror and the scourge of the Pale. 
 While he lived none of Cosby's "undertakers" 
 slept securely in the homes of the plundered 
 race. Swooping down upon their castles and 
 mansions, towns and settlements, Ruari became 
 to them an angel of destruction. When they 
 deemed him farthest away his sword of venge- 
 ance was at hand. In the lurid glare of burning 
 roof and blazing granarj', they saw like a specter 
 from the rath, the face of an O'More; and, aboT© 
 the roar of the flames, the shrieks of victims, or 
 the crash of falling battlements, they heard in the 
 hoarse voice of an implacable avenger — "Remem- 
 ber Mullayhmaal !" 
 
 And the sword of Ireland still was swift and 
 strong to pursue the author of that blood.v deed, 
 and to strike him and his race through two gen- 
 erations. One by one they met their doom : 
 
 }
 
 THE STOIIY OF IRELAND. 
 
 97 
 
 "In the lost battle 
 
 Borne down by tLe flying; 
 Where mingles war's rattle 
 
 With the groans of the dying." 
 
 On the bloody daj' of Glenmalure, when the 
 red flag of England went down in the battle's 
 hurricane, and Elizabeth's proud viceroy, Lord 
 Grey de Wilton, and all the chivalry of the Pale 
 were scattered and strewn like autumn leaves in 
 the gale, Cosby of Mullaghmast fell in the rout, 
 sent swiftly to eternal judgment with the brand 
 of Cain upon his brow. A like doom, a fatality, 
 tracked his children from generation to genera- 
 tion! They too perished by the sword or the 
 battle-ax — the last of them, son and grandson, 
 on one day, by the stroke of an avenging 
 O'More* — until it may be questioned if there 
 now exists a human being in whose veins runs 
 the blood of the greatly infamous knight com- 
 mander. Sir Francis Cosby. 
 
 The battle of Glenmalure was fought August 
 25, 1580. That magnificent defile, as I have 
 already remarked, in the words of one of our his- 
 torians, had long been for the patriots of Lein- 
 ster "a fortress dedicated by nature to the de- 
 fense of freedom;" and never had fortress of 
 freedom a nobler soul to command its defense 
 than he who now held Glenmalure for God and 
 Ireland — Feach M'Hugh O'Byrne, of Ballinacor, 
 called by the English "The Firebrand of the 
 Mountains." In his time no sword was drawn 
 for liberty in any corner of the island, near or 
 far, that his own good blade did not leap respon- 
 sively from its scabbard to aid "the good old 
 cause. ' ' Whether the tocsin was sounded in the 
 north or in the south, it ever woke pealing echoes 
 amid the hills of Glenmalure. As in later 
 years, Feach of Ballinacor was the most trusted 
 and faithful of Hugh O'Neill's friends and allies, 
 so was he now in arms stoutly battling for the 
 Gerakline league. His son-in-law, Sir Francis 
 Fitzgerald, and James Eustace, Viscount Bal- 
 tinglass, had rallied what survived of the clans- 
 men of Idrone, Oflfaly, and Leix, and had effected 
 a junction with him, taking up strong positions 
 
 •■'Ounej', son of Ruari Oge O'More, slew Alexander and 
 Francis Cosby, son and grandson of Cosby of Mullaghmast, 
 and routed tbeir troops with great slaughter, at Stradbally 
 Bridge, May 19, 1597." 
 
 in the passes of Slieveroe and Glenmalure. Lord 
 Grey of Wilton arrived as lord lieutenant from 
 England on August 12th. Eager to signalize 
 his advent to office by some brilliant achieve- 
 ment, he rejoiced greatly that so near at hand — 
 within a day's march of Dublin Castle — an op- 
 portunity presented itself. Yes! He would 
 measure swords with this wild chief of Glenma- 
 lure who had so often defied the power of 
 England. He would extinguish the "Firebrand 
 of the Mountain," and plant the cross of St. 
 George on the ruins of Ballinacor! So, assem- 
 bling a right roj'al host, the haughty viceroy 
 marched upon Glenmalure. The only accounts 
 which we possess of the battle are those con- 
 tained in letters written to England by Sir Will- 
 iam Stanley and others of the lord lieutenant's 
 officials and subordinates; so that W8 may be 
 sure the truth is very scantily revealed. Lord 
 Grey having arrived at the entrance to the glen, 
 seems to have had no greater anxiety than to 
 "hem in" the Irish. So he constructed a strong 
 earthwork or intrenched camp at the mouth of 
 the valley the more effectually to stop "escape." 
 It never once occurred to the vainglorious 
 English viceroy that it was he himself and his 
 royal army that were to play the part of fugitives 
 in the approaching scene! All being in readi- 
 ness. Lord Grey gave the order of the advance; 
 he and a group of courtier friends taking their 
 places on a high ground commanding a full view 
 up the valley, so that they might lose nothing of 
 the gratifying spectacle anticipated. An omi- 
 nous silence i>revailed as the English regiments 
 pushed their way into the glen. The courtiers 
 waxed witty ; they wondered whether the game 
 had not "stolen away;" they sadly thought there 
 would be "no sport;" or they halloedright mer- 
 rily to the troops to follow on and "unearth" the 
 "old fox." After awhile the way became more 
 and more tedious. "We were, " says Sir William 
 Stanley, "forced to slide sometimes three or four 
 fathoms ere we could stay our feet;" the way 
 being "full of stones, rocks, logs, and wood; in 
 the bottom thereof a river full of loose stones 
 which we were driven to cross divers times." 
 At length it seemed good to Feach M'Hugh 
 O'Byrne to declare that the time had come for 
 action. Then, from the forest-clad mountain 
 sides there burst forth a wild shout, whereat
 
 98 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 many of the jesting courtiers turned pale ; and a 
 storm of bullets assailed the entangled English 
 legions. As yet the foe was unseen, but his ex- 
 ecution was disastrous. The English troops 
 broke into disorder. Lord Grey, furious and 
 distracted, ordered up the reserves; but now 
 Feach passed the word along the L-ish lines to 
 charge the foe. Like the torrents of winter 
 pouring down those hills, down swept the Irish 
 force from every side upon the struggling mass 
 below. Vain was all efifort to wrfestle against 
 such a furious charge. From the very first it 
 became a pursuit. How to escape was now each 
 castle courtier's wild endeavor. Discipline was 
 utterly east aside in the panic rout! Lord Grey 
 and a few attendants fled early, and by fleet 
 horses saved themselves ; but of all the brilliant 
 host the viceroy had led out of Dublin a few days 
 before, there returned but a few shattered com- 
 panies to tell the tale of disaster, and to sur- 
 round with new terrors the name of Feach 
 M'Hugh, the "Firebrand of the Mountains." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVin. 
 
 "hOGH of DDNGANSOn" HOW QUEEN ELIZ.\BETH 
 
 BROUGHT UP THE YOUNG IRISH CHIEF AT COURT, 
 WITH CERT.UN CR-VFTY DESIGNS OF HER OWN. 
 
 There now appears upon the scene of Irish 
 history that remarkable man whose name will 
 live in song and story as long as the Irish race 
 survives — leader of one of the greatest struggles 
 ever waged against the Anglo-Norman subjuga- 
 tion — Hugh O'Neill; called in English "patents" 
 Earl of Tyrone. 
 
 Ever since the closing years of the eighth 
 Henry's reign — the period at which, as I have 
 already explained, the policy of splitting up the 
 clans by rival chiefs began to be adopted bj' the 
 English power — the government took care to pro- 
 vide itself, by fair means or by foul, with a supply 
 of material from which crown chiefs might be 
 taken. That is to say, the government took care 
 to have in its hands, and trained to its own pur- 
 poses, some member or members of each of the 
 ruling families— the O'Neills, O'Reillys, O'Don- 
 nells, M'Guires, O'Connors, etc., ready to be set 
 up as the king's or queen's O'Neill, O'Reilly, or 
 
 O'Donnell, as the case might be, according as 
 I>olicy dictated and opi^ortunity offered. One of 
 these government proteges was Hugh O'Neill, 
 who, when yet a boy, was taken to London and 
 brought up in the court of Elizabeth. As he 
 was a scion of the royal house of O'Neill, and, 
 in English plannings, destined one daj' to play 
 the most important part as yet assigned to a 
 queen's chief in Ireland, viz., the reducing to 
 subserviency of that Ulster which formed the 
 standing menace of English power, the uncon- 
 querable citadel of nationality, the boy Hugh — 
 the young Baron of Dunganuon, as he was called 
 — was the object of unusual attention. He was 
 an especial favorita with the queen, and as may 
 be supposed the courtiers all, lords and ladies, 
 took care to pay him suitable obeisance. No 
 pains were spared with his education. He had 
 the best tutors to attend upon him, and above all 
 he was assiduously trained into court finesse, 
 how to dissemble, and with smooth and smiling 
 face to veil the true workings of mind and heart. 
 In this way it was hoped to mold the young 
 Irish chief into English shape for English pur- 
 poses; it never once occurring to his royal 
 trainers that nature some day might burst forth 
 and prove stronger than courtly artificiality, or 
 that the arts they were so assiduouslj- teaching 
 the boy chief for the ruin of his country's inde- 
 pendence might be turned against themselves. 
 In due time he was sent into the army to perfect 
 his military studies, and eventually (fully trained, 
 polished, educated, and prepared for the role 
 designed for him by his English masters) he took 
 up his residence at his family seat in Dungannon. 
 Fortunately for the fame of Hugh O'Neill, and 
 for the Irish nation in whose history he played 
 so memorable a part, the life of that illustrious 
 man has been written in our generation by a 
 biographer worthy of the theme. Among the 
 masses of Irishmen, comparatively little would 
 be known of that wondrous career had its history 
 not been poi)ularized by John Mitchel's "Life oi 
 Hugh O'Neill. ' ' The dust of centuries had been 
 allowed to cover the noble picture drawn from 
 life by the master hand of Don Philip O'Sulli- 
 van Beare — a writer but for whom we should now 
 be without any contemporaneous record of the 
 most eventful period of Anglo-Irish history, save 
 the unjust and distorted versions of bitterly
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 partisan English officials.* Don Philip's his- 
 tory, however, was practically inaccessible to 
 the masses of Irishmen ; and to Mr. Mitchel is 
 almost entirely owing the place O'Neill now 
 holds — his rightful prominence — in popular 
 estimation. 
 
 Mr. Mitchel pictures the great Ulster chieftain 
 to us a patriot from the beginning; adroitly 
 and dissemblingly biding his time; learning 
 all that was to be learned in the camp of 
 the enemy ; looking far ahead into the future, 
 and shaping his course from the start with 
 fixed purpose toward the goal of national in- 
 dependence. This, however, cannot well be 
 considered more than a "view, " a "theory, " a 
 "reading." O'Neill was, during his earlier 
 career, in purpose and in plan, in mind, manner, 
 and action, quite a different man from the O'Neill 
 of his later years. It is very doubtful that he 
 had any patriotic aspirations after national inde- 
 pendence — much less any fixed policy or design 
 tending thereto^ — until long after he first found 
 himself, by the force of circumstances, in colli- 
 sion with the English power. In him we see the 
 conflicting influences of nature and nature-re- 
 pressing art. His Irishism was ineradicable, 
 though long dormant. His court tutors strove 
 hard to eliminate it, and to give him instead a 
 "polished" Englishism; but they never more 
 than partially succeeded. They put a court lac- 
 quer on the Celtic material, and the superficial 
 wash remained for a few years, not more. The 
 voice of nature was ever crying out to Hugh 
 O'Neill. For some years after leaving court, he 
 lived very much like any other Anglicized or 
 English baron, in his house at Dungannon. But 
 the touch of his native soil, intercourse with 
 neighboring Irish chieftains, and the force of 
 sympathy with his own people, now surrounding 
 
 * To Don Philip's great work the "Historic CatLoIicae 
 Ibernife," we are indebted for nearly all that we know of 
 this memorable struggle. "He is." says Mr. Mitchel, 
 " the only writer, Irish or foreign, who gives an intelligible 
 account of O'Neill's battles ; but he was a soldier as well as 
 a chronicler." Another writer says, " The loss of this his- 
 tory could not be supplied by any work extant." Don 
 Philip was nephew to Donal, la^ lord of Beare, of whom 
 we shall hear more anon. The " Historite Ibernias " was 
 written in Latin, and published about the year 1621, in 
 Lisbon, the O'SulUvans having settled in Spain after the 
 fall of Dunboj. 
 
 him, were gradually telling upon him. His life 
 then became a curious spectacle of inconsisten- 
 cies, as he found himself i)ulled and strained in 
 opposite directions by opposite sympathies, 
 claims, commands, or impulses ; sometimes in 
 proud disregard of his English masters, behav- 
 ing like a true Irish O'Neill; at other times 
 swayed by his foreign allegiance into acts of very 
 obedient suit and service to the queen's cause. 
 But the day was gradually nearing when these 
 struggles between two allegiances were to cease, 
 and when Hugh, with all the fervor of a great 
 and noble heart, was to dedicate his life to one 
 unalterable puriiose, the overthrow of English 
 rule and the liberation of hia native land! 
 
 -. CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 HOW LORD DEPUTY PERROT PLANNED A RIGHT CUNNTNG 
 EXPEDITION, AND STOLE AWAY THE YODTHFUL 
 
 PRINCE OP TYRCONNELL HOW, IN THE DDNGEONS 
 
 OF DUBLIN CASTLE, THE BOY CHIEF LEARNED HIS 
 DUTY TOWARD ENGLAND ; AND HOW HE AT LENGTH 
 ESCAPED AND COMMENCED DISCHARGING THAT DUTY. 
 
 Meanwhile, years passed by, and another Hugh 
 had begun to rise above the northern horizon, 
 amid signs and perturbations boding no good 
 to the crown and government of the Pale. This 
 was Hugh O'Donnell — "Hugh Roe" or "Red 
 Hugh" — -son of the reigning chief of Tyrconnell. 
 Young O'Donnell, who was at this time "a fiery 
 stripling of fifteen, was already known through- 
 out the five provinces of Ireland, not only 'by 
 the report of his beauty, his agility, and his 
 noble deeds, ' but as a sworn foe to the Saxons of 
 the Pale;" and the mere thought of the possibil- 
 ity of the two Hughs — Hugh of Tyrone and 
 Hugh of Tyrconnell — ever forming a combina- 
 tion, sufficed to fill Dublin Castle with dismay. 
 For already indeed, Hugh O'Neill's "loyalty" 
 was beginning to be considered rather unsteady. 
 To be sure, as yet no man durst whisper a word 
 against him in the queen's hearing; and he was 
 still ready at call to do the queen's fighting 
 against southern Geraldine, O'Brien, or Mac 
 Caura. But the astute in these matters noted 
 that he was unpleasantly neighborly and friendly 
 with the northern chiefs and tanists ; that, so far 
 fi'om maintaining suitable ill-will toward the
 
 100 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 reigning O'Neill (whom the queen meant him 
 some day to overthrow), Hugh had actually 
 treated him with respect and obedience. More- 
 over, "the English knew, "says the chronicler of 
 
 - Hugh Eoe, "that it was Judith, the daughter of 
 O'Donnell, and sister of the before-mentioned 
 Hugh Eoe, that was the spouse and best beloved 
 of the Earl ^O'Neill." "Those six companies of 
 
 - troops also," says Mr. Mitchel, "that he kept on 
 ; foot (in the queen's name, but for his own 
 
 behoof) began to be suspicious in the eyes of the 
 state; for it is much feared that he changes the 
 men so soon as they thoroughly learn the use of 
 arms, replacing them by others, all of his own 
 clansmen, whom he diligentlj' drills and reviews 
 
 - for some unknown service. And the lead he im- 
 i ports — surely the roofing of that house of Dun- 
 
 gannon will not need all these shiploads of lead — 
 lead enough to sheet Glenshane, or clothe the 
 sides of Cairuocher. And, indeed, a rumor does 
 reach the deputy in Dublin that there goes on 
 at Dungannon an incredible casting of bullets. 
 No wonder that the eyes of the English govern- 
 ment began to turn anxiously to the north." 
 
 "And if this princely Ked Hugh should live to 
 take the leading of his sept — and if the two 
 potent chieftains of the north should forget their 
 ancient feud, and unite for the cause of Ireland, ' ' 
 proceeds Mr. Mitchel, "then, indeed, not only 
 this settlement of the Ulster 'counties' must be 
 adjourned, one knows not how long; but the 
 Pale itself or the Castle of Dublin might hardlj' 
 protect her majesty's ofi&cers. These were con- 
 tingencies which any prudent agent of the queen 
 <jf England must speedily take order to prevent; 
 and we are now to see Perrot's device for that 
 end. 
 
 "Near Eathmullan, on the western shore of 
 Lough Swilly, looking toward the mountains of 
 Inniehowen, stood a monastery of Carmelites and 
 a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, the 
 most famous place of devotion in Tyrconnell, 
 ■whither all the Clan-Connell, both chiefs and 
 yjeople, naade resort at certain seasons to pay 
 their devotions. Here the young Eed Hugh, with 
 Mac Swyne of the battle-axes, O'Gallagher of 
 Ballyshannon, and some other chiefs, were in the 
 summer of 1587 sojourning a short time in that 
 part to pay their vows of religion ; but not with- 
 out staghounds and implements of chase, having 
 
 views upon the red deer of Fanad and Innish- 
 owen. One day, while the prince was here, a swift- 
 sailing merchant ship doubled the promontory 
 of Dunaff, stood up the lough, and cast anchor 
 opposite Eathmullan; a 'bark, black-hatched, 
 deceptive,' bearing the flag of England, and 
 offering for sale, as a peaceful trader, her cargo 
 of Spanish wine. And surely no more courteous 
 merchant than the master of that ship had 
 visited the north for many a year. He invited 
 the people most hospitably on board, solicited 
 them, whether purchasers or not, to partake of 
 his good cheer, entertained them with music and 
 wine, and so gained very speedily the good will 
 of all Fanad. Eed Hugh and his companions 
 soon heard of the obliging merchant and his 
 rare wines. They visited the shin, where they 
 were received with all respect, and indeed, 
 with unfeigned joy; descended into the cabin, 
 and with connoisseur discriminatioa tried and 
 tasted, and finally drank too deeply ; and at last 
 when they would come on deck and return to the 
 shore, they found themselves secured under 
 hatches ; their weapons had been removed ; night 
 had fallen ; they were prisoners to those traitor 
 Saxons. Morning dawned, and they looked 
 anxiously toward the shore; but, ah! where is 
 Eathmullan and the Carmelite church? And 
 what wild coast is this? Past Malin and the 
 cliffs of Innishowen ; jiast Benmore, and south- 
 ward to the shores of Antrim and the mountains 
 of Mourne fiew that ill-omened bark, and never 
 dropped anchor till she lay under the towers of 
 Dublin. The treacherous Perrot joyfully re- 
 ceived his prize, and 'exulted,' says an historian, 
 'in the easiness and success with which he had 
 procured hostages for the peaceable submission 
 of O'Donnell.' And the prince of Tyrconnell 
 was thrown into 'a strong stone castle,' and kept 
 in heavy irons three years and three months, 
 'meditating,' says the chronicle, on the feeble 
 and impotent condition of his friends and rela- 
 tions, of his princes and supreme chiefs, of bis 
 nobles and clergy, his poets and professors."* 
 
 Three long and weary years — oh! but they 
 seemed three ages! — the young Hugh pined in 
 the grated dungeons of that "Bermingbam 
 Tower," which still stands in Dublin Castle 
 
 *Mitcliel'8 '■ Life of Hugh 0'N«ill."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 101 
 
 yard. How the fierce hot spirit of the impetu- 
 ous northern youth chafed in this cruel captiv- 
 ity. He, accustomed daily to breathe the free 
 air of his native hills in the pastimes of the 
 chase, now gasped for breath in the close and 
 fetid atmosphere of a squalid cell! He, the joy 
 and the pride of an aged father — the strong hope 
 of a thousand faithful clansmen — was now the 
 helpless object of jailers' insolence, neglect, and 
 persecution! "Three years and three mouths, " 
 the old chroniclers tell us — when hark! there is 
 whispering furtively betimes as young'Hugh and 
 Art Kavanagh, and other of the captives meet on 
 the stone stairs, or the narrow landing, by the 
 warders' gracious courtesy. Yes; Art had a plan 
 of escape. Escape! Oh! the thought sends the 
 blood rushing hotly through the veins of Red 
 Hugh. Escape! Home! Freedom on the Tyr- 
 connell hills once more ! O blessed, thrice blessed 
 words! 
 
 It is even so. And now all is arranged, and 
 the daring attempt waits but a night favorably 
 dark and wild — which comes at last; and while 
 the sentries shelter themselves from the pitiless 
 sleet, the young fugitives, at peril of life or limb, 
 are stealthily scaling or descending bastion and 
 battlement, fosse and barbican. With beating 
 hearts they pass the last sentry, and now through 
 the city streets they grope their way southward ; 
 for the nearest hand of succor is amid the val- 
 leys of Wicklow. Theirs is a slow and toilsome 
 progress; they know not the paths, and they 
 must hide by day and fly as best they can in the 
 night-time through wooded country. At length 
 they cross the Three Rock Mountain, and look 
 down upon Glencree. But alas! Young Hugh 
 sinks down exhausted. Three years in a dungeon 
 have cramped his limbs, and he is no longer the 
 Hugh that bounded like a deer on the slopes of 
 Glenvigh ! His feet are torn and bleeding from 
 sharp rock and piercing bramble ; his strength is 
 gone; he can no further fly. He exhorts his 
 companions to speed onward and save them- 
 selves, while he secretes himself in the copee and 
 awaits succor if they can send it. Reluctantly, 
 and only yielding to his urgent entreaties, they 
 departed. A faithful servant, we are told, who 
 had been in the secret of Hugh's escape, still re- 
 mained with him, and repaired for succor to the 
 house of Felim O 'Tubal, the beautiful site of 
 
 whose residence is now called PowerB-court. 
 Felim was known to be a friend, though he dared 
 not openly disclose the fact. He was too close 
 to the seat of the English power, and was obliged 
 to keep on terms with the Pale authorities. But 
 now "the flight of the prisoners had created 
 great excitement in Dublin, and numerous bands 
 were dispatched in pursuit of them." It was 
 next to impossible — certainly full of danger- — ^for 
 the friendly O'Tuhal, with the English scouring- 
 parties spread all over hill and vale, to bring in 
 the exhausted and helpless fugitive from his 
 hiding-place, where nevertheless he must perish 
 if not quickly reached. Sorrowfully and reluct- 
 antly Felim was forced to conclude that all hope 
 of escape for young Hugh this time must be 
 abandoned, and that the best course was to pre- 
 tend to discover him in the copse, and to make a 
 merit of giving him up to his pursuers. So, 
 with a heart bursting with mingled rage, grief, 
 and despair, Hugh found himself once more in 
 the gripe of his savage foes. He was brought 
 back to Dublin "loaded with heavy iron fetters," 
 and flung into a narrower and stronger dungeon, 
 to spend another year cursing the day that Nor- 
 man foot had touched the Irish shore. 
 
 There he lay until Christmas Day, December 
 25, 1592, "when," says the old chronicle, "it 
 seemed to the Son of the Virgin time for him to 
 escape. Henry and Art O'Neill, fellow-prisoners, 
 were on this occasion companions of Hugh's 
 flight. In fact the lord deputy, Fitzwilliam, a 
 needy and corrupt creature, had taken a bribe 
 from Hugh O'Neill to afford opportunity for the 
 escape. Hugh of Dungannon had designs of his 
 own in desiring the freedom of all three; for 
 events to be noted further on had been occur- 
 ring, and already he was, like a skillful states- 
 man, preparing for future contingencies. He 
 knew that the liberation of Red Hugh would give 
 him an ally worth half Ireland, and he knew that 
 rescuing the two O'Neills would leave the gov- 
 ernment without a "queen's O'Neill" to set up 
 against him at a future day. Of this escape 
 Haverty gives us the following account : 
 
 "They descended by a rope through a sewer 
 which opened into the castle ditch ; and leaving 
 there the soiled outer garments, they were con- 
 ducted by a young man, named Turlough Roe 
 O'Ungan, the confidential servant or emissar)j of the
 
 102 
 
 THE STOKY OF lEELAND. 
 
 Earl of Tyrone, who was sent to act as their 
 gnide. Passing through the gates of the city, 
 which were still open, three of the party reached 
 the same Slieve Bua which Hugh had visited on 
 the former occasion. The fourth, Henry O'Neill, 
 t:trayed from his companions in some way — prob- 
 ably before they left the city — but eventually he 
 reached Tyrone, where the earl seized and im- 
 prisoned him. Hugh Roe and Art O'Neill, with 
 their faithful guide, proceeded on their way over 
 the Wicklow mountains toward Glenmalure, to 
 Feagh Mac Hugh O 'Byrne, a chief famous for his 
 heroism, and who was then in arms against the 
 government. Ai-t O'Neill had grown corpulent 
 in prison, and had beside been hurt in descend- 
 ing from the castle, so that he became quite worn 
 out from fatigue. The party were also exhausted 
 with hunger, and as the snow fell thickly, and 
 their clothing was very scanty, they suffered ad- 
 ditionally from intense cold. For awhile Red 
 Hugh and the servant supported Art between 
 them ; but this exertion could not long be sus- 
 tained, and at length Red Hugh and Art lay 
 down exhausted under a lofty rock, and sent the 
 servant to Glenmalure for help. With all possi- 
 ble speed Feagh O'Byrne, on receiving the mes- 
 sage, dispatched some of his trusty men to carry 
 the necessary succor; but they arrived almost 
 too late at the precipice under which the two 
 youths lay. 'Their bodies,' say the Four Mas- 
 ters, 'were covered with white-bordered shrouds 
 of hailstones freezing around them, and their 
 light clothes adhered to their skin, so that, cov- 
 ered as they were with the snow, it did not 
 appear to the men who had arrived that they 
 were human beings at all, for they found no life 
 in their members, but just as if they were dead. ' 
 On being raised up, Art O'Neill fell back and 
 expired, and was buried on the spot; but Red 
 Hugh was revived with some difficulty, and car- 
 ried to Glenmalure, where he was secreted in a 
 sequestered cabin and attended by a physician." 
 Mr. Mitchel describes for us the sequel. 
 "O'Byrne brought them to his house and revived 
 and warmed and clothed them, and instantly sent 
 a messenger to Hugh O'Neill (with whom he was 
 then in close alliance) with the joyful tidings of 
 O'Donnell's escape. O'Neill beard it with de- 
 light, and sent a faithful retainer, Tirlough 
 Buidhe O'Hagan, who was well acquainted with 
 
 the country, to guide the young chief into Ul- 
 ster. After a few days of rest and refreshment, 
 O'Donnell and his guide set forth, and the Irish 
 chronicler minutely details that perilous journey 
 — how they crossed the Liffey far to the west- 
 ward of Fitzwilliam's hated towers, and rode 
 cautiously through Fingal and Meath, avoiding 
 the garrisons of the Pale, until they arrived at 
 the Boyne, a short distance west of Inver Colpa 
 (Drogheda), 'where the Danes had built a noble 
 city ;' how they sent round their horses through 
 the town, and themselves passed over in a fisher- 
 man's boat; how they passed by Mellifont, a 
 great monastery, 'which belonged to a noted 
 young Englishman attached to Hugh O'Neill,' 
 and therefore met with no interruption there; 
 rode right throiigh Dundalk, and entered the 
 friendly Irish country, where they had nothing 
 more to fear. One night they rested at Feadth 
 Mor (the Fews), where O'Neill's brother had a 
 house, and the next day crossed the Blackwater 
 at Moy, and so to Dungannon, where O'Neill 
 received them right joyfully. And here 'the two 
 Hughs' entered into a strict and cordial friend- 
 ship, and told each other of their wrongs and of 
 their hopes. O'Neill listened, with such feel- 
 ings as one can imagine, to the story of the 
 youth's base kidnapping and cruel imprisonment 
 in darkness and chains ; and the impetuous Hugh 
 Roe heard with scornful rage of the English 
 deputy's atrocity toward Mac Mahon, and at- 
 tempts to bring his accursed sheriffs and juries 
 among the ancient Irish of Ulster. And they 
 deeply swore to bury forever the unhappy feuds 
 of their families, and to stand by each other with 
 all the powers of the North against their treach- 
 erous and relentless foe. The chiefs parted, and 
 O'Donnell, with an escort of the Tyrowen cavalry, 
 passed into Mac Gwire's country. The chief of 
 Fermanagh received him with honor, eagerly 
 joined in the confederacy, and gave him 'a black 
 polished boat, ' in which the prince and his at- 
 tendants rnw^ed through Lough Erne, and glided 
 down that 'pleasant salmon-breeding river' which 
 leads to Ballyshannon and the ancient seats of 
 the Clan-Coiial. 
 
 "We may conceive with what stormy joy the 
 tribes of Tyrconnell welcomed their prince ; with 
 what mingled pity and wrath, thanksgivings 
 and curses, they heard of his chains and wander-
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 103 
 
 ings and sufferings, and beheld the foot that 
 used to bound so lightly on the hills swollen and 
 crippled by that cruel frost, by the crueller flat- 
 ters of the Saxon. But little time was now for 
 festal rejoicing or the unprofitable luxury of 
 cursing; for just then. Sir Eichard Bingham, the 
 English leader in Connaugbt, relying on the ir- 
 resolute nature of old O'Donnell, and not aware 
 of Ked Hugh's return, had sent two hundred men 
 by sea to Donegal, where they took by surprise 
 the Franciscan monastery, drove away the monks 
 (making small account of their historic studies 
 and learned annals), and garrisoned the build- 
 ings for the queen. The fiery Hugh could ill 
 endure to hear of these outrages, or brook an 
 English garrison upon the soil of Tyrconnell. He 
 collected the people in hot haste, led them in- 
 stantlj' into Donegal, and commanded the Eng- 
 lish by a certain day and hour to betake them- 
 selves with all speed back to Connaught, and 
 leave behind them the rich spoils they had taken ; 
 all which they thought it prudent without fur- 
 ther parley to do. And so the monks of St. 
 Francis returned to their home and their books, 
 gave thanks to God, and prayed, as well they 
 might, for Hugh O'Donnell." 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 HOW HUGH OF DCNGAMNON WAS MEANTIME DRAWING 
 OFF FROM ENGLAND AND DRAWING NEAR TO IRELAND. 
 
 During the four years over which the imprison- 
 ment of Red Hugh extended, important events 
 had been transpiring in the outer world ; and 
 amid them the character of Hugh of Dungannon 
 was undergoing a rapid transmutation. We had 
 already seen him cultivating friendly relations 
 with the neighboring chiefs, though most of 
 them were in a state of open hostility to the 
 queen. He, by degrees, went much further than 
 this. He busied himself in the disloyal work of 
 healing the feuds of the rival clans, and extend- 
 ing throughout the north feelings of amity — nay, 
 a network of alliances between them. To some 
 of the native princes he lends one or two of his 
 fullj'-trained companies of foot ; to others, some 
 troops of his cavalry. He secretly encourages 
 some of them (say his enemies at court) to 
 stouter resistance to the English. It is even said 
 
 that he harbors popish priests. "North of Slieve 
 Gullion the venerable brehons still arbitrate un- 
 disturbed the causes of the peojjle ; the ancient 
 laws, civilization, and religion stand untouched. 
 Nay, it is credibly rumored to the Dublin deputy 
 that this noble earl, forgetful apjiarently of his 
 coronet and golden chain, and of his high favor 
 with so potent a princess, does about this time 
 get recognized and solemnly inaugurated as 
 chieftain of his sept, by the proscribed name of 
 'The O'Neill;' and at the rath of Tulloghoge, on 
 the Stone of Royalty, amid the circling warriors, 
 amid the bards and oUamhs of Tyr-eoghain, 're- 
 ceives an oath to preserve all the ancient former 
 customs of the country inviolable, and to deliver 
 up the succession peaceably to his tanist ; and 
 theu hath a wand delivered to him by one whose 
 proper oiSce that is, after which, descending 
 from the stone, he turneth himself round thrice 
 forward and thrice backward,' even as the 
 O'Neills had done for a thousand years; alto- 
 gether in the most un-English manner, and with 
 the strangest ceremonies, which no garter king- 
 at-arms could endure. " 
 
 "While matters were happening thus in Ulster, 
 England was undergoing the excitement of ap- 
 prehended invasion. The Armada of Philip the 
 Second was on the sea, and the English nation — 
 queen and people — Protestant and Catholic — per- 
 secutor and persecuted — with a burst of genuine 
 patriotism, prepared to meet the invaders. The 
 elements, however, averted the threatened doom. 
 A hurricane of unexampled fury scattered Philip's 
 flotilla, so vaur.tingly styled "invincible ;" the 
 ships were strewn, shattered wrecks, all over the 
 coasts of England and Ireland. In the latter 
 country the crews were treated very differently, 
 according as they happened to be cast upon the 
 shores of districts amenable to English authority 
 or influences, or the reverse. In the former in- 
 stances thej' were treated barbarously — slain as 
 the queen's enemies, or given up to the queen's 
 forces. In the latter, they were sheltered and 
 succored, treated as friends, and afforded means 
 of safe return to their native Spain- Some of 
 these ships were cast upon the coast of O'Neill's 
 country, and by no one were the Spanish crews 
 more kindly treated, more warmly befriended, 
 than by Hugh, erstwhile the queen's most 
 favored protege, and still professedly her most
 
 104 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 true and obedient servant. This hospitality to 
 the shipwrecked Spaniards, however, is too much 
 for English flesh and blood to bear. Hugh is 
 openly murmured against in Dublin and in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 And soon formal proof of his "treason" is 
 preferred. An envious cousin of his, known as 
 John of the Fetters — a natural son of John the 
 Proud, by the false wife of O'Donnell — animated 
 by a mortal hatred of Hugh, gave information to 
 the lord deputy that he had not only regaled the 
 Spanish officers right royally at Duugannon, but 
 had then and there planned with them an alliance 
 between himself and King Philip, to whom Hugh 
 — so said his accuser — had forwarded letters and 
 presents by the said officers. Ail of which the 
 said accuser undertook to prove, either upon the 
 body of Hugh in mortal combat, or before a jury 
 well and truly packed or impanneled, as the 
 case might be Whereupon there was dreadful 
 commotion in Dublin Castle. Hugh's reply was 
 — to arrest the base informer on a charge of trea- 
 son against the sacred person and prerogatives 
 of his lawful chief; which charge being proved, 
 John of the Fetters was at once executed. In- 
 deed, some accounts say that Hugh himself had 
 to act as executioner; since in all Tyrone no man 
 could be prevailed upon to put to death one of 
 the royal race of Nial — albeit an attainted and 
 condemned traitor. Then Hugh, full of a fine 
 glowing indignation against these accusing mur- 
 murers in Dublin, sped straightway to London 
 to complain of them to the (lueen, and to con- 
 vince her anew, with that politic hypocrisy 
 taught him (for quite a different use, though) in 
 that same court, that her majesty had no more 
 devoted admirer than himself. And he suc- 
 ceedeii. He professed and promised the most 
 ample loyalty. He would undertake to harbor 
 no more popish priests; he would admit sheriffs 
 into Tyrone ; ho would no more molest chiefs 
 friendly to England, or befriend chiefs hostile to 
 the queen; and as for the title of "The O'Neill," 
 which, it was charged, ho gloried in, while feel- 
 ing quite ashamed of the mean English title, 
 "Earl of Tyrone," he protested by her majesty's 
 most angelic countenance (ah, Hugh!) that he 
 merely adopted it, lost some ono else might pos- 
 sess himself thereof; but if it in the least 
 offended a queen so beautiful and so exalted, 
 
 why he would disown it forever!* Elizabeth was 
 charmed by that dear sweet-spoken young noble 
 — and so handsome too. (Hugh, who was 
 brought up at court, knew Elizabeth's weak 
 points). The Lord of Dungannon returned to 
 L'elaud higher than ever in the queen's favor; 
 and his enemies in Dublin Castle were overturned 
 for that time. 
 
 The most inveterate of these was Sir Henry 
 Bagnal, commander of the Newry garrison. 
 "The marshal and his English garrison in the 
 castle and abbey of Newry," says Mr. Mitchel, 
 "were a secret thorn in the side of O'Neill. 
 They lay upon one of the main passes to the 
 north, and he had deeply vowed that one day the 
 ancient monastery, de viridi ligno, should be swept 
 clear of this foreign soldiery. But in that castle 
 of Newry the Saxon marshal had a fair sister, a 
 woman of rarest beauty, whom O'Neill thought 
 it a sin to leave for a spouse to some churl of an 
 English undertaker. And indeed we next hear 
 of him as a love-suitor at the feet of the English 
 beauty. ' ' Ha verty tells the story of this romantic 
 love-suit as follows : 
 
 "This man — the marshal. Sir Henry Bagnal — 
 hated the Irish with a rancor which bad men 
 are known to feel toward those whom they have 
 mortally injured. He had shed a great deal of 
 their blood, obtained a great deal of their lands, 
 and was the sworn enemy of the whole race. 
 Sir Henry had a sister who was young and ex- 
 ceedingly beautiful. The wife of the Earl of 
 Tyrone, the daughter of Sir Hugh Mae Manus 
 O'Donnell, had died, and the heart of the Irish 
 chieftain was captivated by the beautiful English 
 girl. His love was reciprocated, and he became 
 in due form a suitor for her hand ; but all efforts 
 to gain her brother's consent to this marriage 
 were in vain. The story, indeed, is one which 
 might seem to be borrowed from some old ro- 
 maiH-e, if we did not find it circumstantially de- 
 tailed in the niattor-of-fact documents of the 
 State Paper Office. The Irish prince and the 
 English maiden mutually plighted their vows, 
 
 *Thus, according to the tenor of Knglisli chroniclers, 
 but as a mutter of fact, Hugh had not at tliis time been 
 elected as The O'Neill. This event occurred .suliseciuently; 
 the existing O'Neill having been persuaded or compelled 
 by Hugh Hoe of Tyrconnell to abdicate, that the clans 
 might, as they desired to do, elect Hugh of Duugauaon in 
 liis place.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 105 
 
 and O'Neill presented to the lady a gold chain I 
 worth one hundred pounds; but the inexorable 
 Sir Henry removed his sister from Ncwry to the 
 house of Sir Patrick Barnwell, who was married 
 to another of his sisters, and who lived about 
 seven miles from Dublin. Hither the carl fol- 
 lowed her. He was courteously received by Sir 
 Patrick, and seems to have had many friends 
 among the English. One of these, a gentleman 
 named William "Warren, acted as his confidant, 
 and at a party at Barnwell's house, the earl en- 
 gaged the rest of the company in conversation 
 while Warren rode off with the lady behind him, 
 accompanied by two servants, and carried her 
 safely to the residence of a friend at Drumcondra, 
 near Dublin. Here O'Neill soon followed, and 
 the Protestant bishop of Meath, Thomas Jones, a 
 Lancashire man, was easily induced to come and 
 unite them in marriage the same evening. This 
 elopement and marriage, which took place on 
 August 3, 1591, were made the subject of violent 
 accusations against O'Neill. Sir Henry Bagnal 
 ■was furious. He charged the earl with having 
 another wife living; but this point was ex- 
 plained, as O'Neill showed that this lady, who 
 was his first wife, the daughter of Sir Brian Mac 
 Felim O'Neill, had been divorced previous to his 
 marriage with the daughter of O'Dounell. Alto- 
 gether the government would appear to have 
 viewed the conduct of O'Neill in this matter 
 rather leniently ; but Bagnal was henceforth his 
 most implacable foe, and the circumstance was 
 not without its influence ob succeeding events." 
 
 CHAPTEE XLI. 
 
 how red hugh went circuit against the dnglish 
 
 in the north how the crisis came upon 
 
 o'neill. 
 
 By this time young Hugh Roe O'Donnell had, 
 as we have already learned, escaped from his 
 cruel captivity in Dublin, mainly by the help of 
 that astute and skillful organizer, Hugh of Dun- 
 gannon. In the spring of the year following, 
 "on May 3, 1593, there was a solemn meeting of 
 the warriors, clergy, and bards of Tyrconnell, at 
 the Rock of Doune, at Kilmacrenan, 'the nursing 
 place of Columbcille. ' And here the father of 
 Red Hugh renounced the chieftaincy of the sept, 
 
 and his impetuous son at nineteen years of ago 
 was duly inaugurated by Erenach O'Firghil, 
 and made The O'Donnell with the ancient cere- 
 monies of his race." 
 
 The young chief did not wear his honors idly. 
 In the Dublin dungeons he had sworn vows, and 
 he was not the man to break them ; vows that 
 while his good right hand could draw a sword, 
 the English should have no peace in Ireland. 
 Close by The O'Donnell's territory, in Strabane, 
 old Torlogh Lynagh O'Neill had admitted an 
 English force as "auxiliaries" forsooth. "And 
 it was a heart-break," says the old [chronicler, 
 "to Hugh O'Donnell, that the English of Dublin 
 should thus obtain a knowledge of the country. " 
 He fiercely attacked Strabane, and chased the 
 obnoxious English "auxiliaries" away, "pardon- 
 ing old Torlogh only on solemn promise not to 
 repeat his offense. From this forth Red Hugh 
 engaged himself in what we may call a circuit of 
 the north, rooting out English garrisons, sheriffs, 
 seneschals, or functionaries of what sort soever, 
 as zealously and scrupulously as if they were 
 plague-pests. Woe to the English chief that ad- 
 mitted a queen's sheriff within his territories! 
 Hugh was down upon him like a whirlwind! 
 O'Donnell's cordial ally in this crusade was 
 Maguire lord of Fermanagh, a man truly worthy 
 of such a colleague. Hugh of Dungannon saw 
 with dire concern this premature conflict pre- 
 cipatated by Red Hugh's impetuosity. Very 
 probably he was not unwilling that O'Donnell 
 should find the English some occupation j-et 
 awhile in the north ; but the time had not at all 
 arrived (in his opinion) for the serious and com- 
 prehensive undertaking of a stand-up fight for 
 the great stake of national freedom. But it was 
 vain for him to try remonstrance with Hugh Roe, 
 whose nature could ill bi-ook restraint, and who, 
 indeed, could not relish or comprehend at all the 
 subtle and politic slowness of O'Neill. Hugh of 
 Dungannon, however, would not allow himself at 
 any hazard to be pushed or drawn into open 
 action a day or an hour sooner than his own 
 judgment approved. He could hardly keep out 
 of the conflict so close beside him, and so, rather 
 than be i>reeipitated prematurely into the strug- 
 gle which, no doubt, he now deemed inevitable, 
 and for which, accordingly, he was preparing, 
 he made show of joining the queen's side, and
 
 106 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 led some troops against Maguire. It was noted, 
 however, that the species of assistance whicb he 
 gave the English generally consisted in "moder- 
 ating" Hugh Roe's punishment of them, and 
 pleading with him merely to sweep them away a 
 little more gently; "interfering," as Moryson 
 informs us, "to save their lives, on condition of 
 their instantly quitting the country !" Now this 
 seemed to the English (small wonder indeed) a 
 very queer kind of "help. " It was not what 
 suited them at all ; and we need not be surprised 
 that soon Hugh's accusers in Dublin and in Lon- 
 don once more, and more vehemently than ever, 
 demanded his destruction. 
 
 It was now the statesmen and courtiers of Eng- 
 land began to feel that craft may overleap itself. 
 In the moment when first they seriously contem- 
 plated Hugh as a foe to the queen, they felt like 
 "the engineer hoist by his own petard." Here 
 was their own pupil, trained under their own 
 hands, versed in their closest secrets, and let into 
 their most subtle arts! Here was the steel they 
 had polished and sharpened to pierce tlie heart 
 of Ireland, now turned against their own breast! 
 No wonder there was dismay and consternation 
 in Loudon and Dublin — it was so hard to devise 
 any plan against him that Hugh would not divine 
 like one of themselves! Failing any better resort, 
 it was resolved to inveigle him into Dublin by 
 offering him a safe-conduct, and, this document 
 notwithstanding, to seize him at all hazards. 
 Accordingly Hugh was duly notified of charges 
 against his loyalty, and a roj-al safe-conduct was 
 given to him that be might "come in and ap- 
 pear." To the utter astonishment of the plotters, 
 he came with the greatest alacrity, and daringly 
 confronted them at the council-board in the cas- 
 tle! He would have been seized in the room, 
 but for the nobly honorable conduct of the Earl 
 of Ormond, whose indignant letter to the lord 
 treasurer Burleigh (in reply to the queen's order 
 to seize O'Neill) is recorded by Carte: "My 
 lord, I will never use treachery to any man ; for 
 it would both touch her highness' honor and my 
 own credit too much ; and whosoever gave the 
 queen advice thus to write, is fitter for such base 
 service than I am. Saving my duty to her ma- 
 jesty, I would I might have revenge by my sword 
 of any man that thus persuaded the queen to 
 write to me." Ormond acquainted O'Neill with 
 
 the perfidy designed against him, and told him 
 that if he did not fly that night he was lost, as 
 the false deputy was drawing a cordon round 
 Dublin. O'Neill made his escape, and prepared 
 to meet the crisis which now he knew to be at 
 hand, "News soon reached him in the north," 
 as IMr. Mitchel recounts, "that large reinforce- 
 ments were on their way to the deputy from 
 England, consisting of veteran troops who had 
 fought in Bretagne and Flanders under Sir John 
 Norreys, the most experienced general in Eliza- 
 beth's service; and that garrisons were to be 
 forced upon Ballyshannon and Belleek, com- 
 manding the passes into Tyrconnell, between 
 Lough Erne and the sea. The strong fortress of 
 Portmore also, on the southern bank of the 
 Blackw-ater, was to be strengthened and well 
 manned; thus forming, with Newry and Green- 
 castle, a chain of forts across the island, and a 
 basis for future operations against the north." 
 
 CHAPTER XLH. 
 
 o'nEILL in arms for IRELAND CLONTIBRET AND 
 
 BEAL-AN-ATHA-BHIE. 
 
 There was no misunderstanding all this. "It 
 was clear that, let King Philip send his promised 
 aid, or send it not, ojien and vigorous resistance 
 must be made to the further progress of foreign 
 power, or Ulster would soon become an English 
 province." Moreover, in all respects, save the 
 aid from Spain, Hugh was well forward in organ- 
 ization and preparation. A great Northern 
 Confederacy, the creation of his master-mind, 
 now spanned the land from shore to shore, and 
 waited only for him to take his rightful place as 
 leader, and give the signal for such a war as had 
 not tried the strength of England for two hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 "At last," says Mitchel, "the time had come; 
 and Dunganuon with stern joy beheld unfurled 
 the royal standard of O'Neill, displaying, as it 
 floated proudly on the breeze, that terrible Red 
 Right Hand upon its snow-white folds, waving 
 defiance to the Saxon queen, dawning like a new 
 Aurora upon the awakened children of Heromon. 
 
 "With a strong body of horse and foot, O'Neill 
 suddenly appeared upon the ISlackwator, stormed 
 Portmore, and drove away its garrison, 'as care-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 lor 
 
 fully,' .says an historian, 'as he would have 
 driven poison from his heart;' then demolished 
 the fortress, burned down the bridge, and ad- 
 vanced into O'Reilly's country, everywhere driv- 
 ing the English and their adherents before him 
 to the south (but without wanton bloodshed, 
 slaying no man save in battle, for cruelty is no- 
 where charged against O'Neill); and, finally, 
 with Mac Gwire and Mac Mahon, he laid close 
 siege to Monagban, which was still held for the 
 queen of England. O'Donnell, on his side, 
 crossed the Saimer at the head of his fierce clan, 
 burst into Couuaught, and shutting up Bing- 
 ham's troops in their strong places at Sligo, 
 Ballymote, Tulsk, and Boyle, traversed the coun- 
 try with avenging fire and sword, putting to 
 death every man who could speak no Irish, ravag- 
 ing their lands, and sending the spoil to Tyrcon- 
 nell. Then he crossed the Shannon, entered the 
 Annally's, where O'Ferghal was living under 
 English dominion, and devastated that country 
 so furiously, that 'the whole firmament, ' says the 
 chronicle, 'was one black cloud of smoke.' 
 
 This rapidity of action took the English at 
 complete disadvantage. They accordinglj' 
 (merely to gain time) feigned a great desire to 
 "treat" with the two Hughs. Perhaps those 
 noble gentlemen bad been wronged. If so, the 
 queen's tender heart yearned to have them recon- 
 ciled; and so forth. Hugh, owing to his court 
 training, understood this kind of thing perfectly. 
 It did not impose upon him for a moment ; yet 
 he consented to give audience to the royal com- 
 missioners, whom he refused to see except at the 
 head of his army, "nor would he enter any walled 
 town as liege man of the Queen of England." 
 "So they met," we are told, "in the open plain, 
 in the presence of both armies. " The conditions 
 of peace demanded by Hugh were : 
 
 1. Complete cessation of attempts to disturb 
 the Catholic Church in Ireland. 
 
 2. No more garrisons — no more sheriffs or 
 English officials of any sort soever to be allowed 
 into the Irish territories, which should be unre- 
 stictedly under the .i-irisdiction of their lawfully 
 elected native chiefs. 
 
 3. Payment by Marshal Bagnal to O'Neill of 
 one thousand pounds of silver "as a marriage 
 portion with the lady whom he had raised to the 
 dignity of an O'Neill's bride." 
 
 We may imagine how hard the royal commis- 
 sioners must have found it to even hearken to 
 these i)roi)Ositioiis, esi)eciall}' this last keen touch 
 at Bagnal. Nevertheless, thej' were fain to de- 
 clare them very reasonable indeed; only they 
 suggested — merely recommended for considera- 
 tion — that as a sort of set-off, the confederates 
 might lay down their arms, beg forgiveness, an<I 
 "discover" their correspondence with foreign 
 states. Phew! There was a storm about their 
 ears! Beg "pardon" indeed! "The rebels grew 
 insolent," saysMoryson. The utmost that could 
 be obtained from O'Neill was a truce of a few 
 days' duration. 
 
 Early in June Bagnal took the field with a 
 strong force, and effecting a junction with Nor- 
 reys, made good his march from Dundalk to 
 Armagh. Not far from Monaghan is Clontibret 
 — Cluain-Tuberaid, the "Lawn of the Spring." 
 What befell there, I will relate in the words of 
 Mr. Mitchel: 
 
 "The castle of Monaghan, which had been 
 taken by Con O'Neill, was now once more in the 
 hands of the enemy, and once more besieged by 
 the Irish troops. Norreys, with his whole force, 
 was in full march to relieve it; and O'Neill, who 
 had hitherto avoided pitched battles, and con- 
 tented himself with harassing the enemy by con- 
 tinual skirmishes in their march through the 
 woods and bogs, now resolved to meet this re- 
 doubtable general fairly in the open field. He 
 chose his ground at Clontibret, about five miles 
 from Monaghan, where a small stream runs 
 noi-thward through a valley inclosed by low hills. 
 On the left bank of this stream the Irish, in bat- 
 tle array, awaited the approach of Norreys. We 
 have no account of the numbers on each side, 
 but when the English general came up, he 
 thought himself strong enough to force a pas- 
 sage. Twice the English infantry tried to make 
 good their way over the river, and twice were 
 beaten back, their gallant leader each time 
 charging at their head, and being the last to re- 
 tire. The general and his brother. Sir Thomas, 
 were both wounded in these conflicts, and the 
 Irish counted the victory won, when a chosen 
 body of English horse, led on by Segrave, a 
 Meathian oflicer, of giagntic bone and height, 
 spurred fiercel.y across the river, and charged the 
 cavalry of Tyrowen, commanded by their prince
 
 108 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 in person. Segrave singled out O'Neill, and the 
 two leaders laid lance in rest for deadly combat, 
 •while the troops on each side lowered their 
 weapons and held their breath, awaiting the 
 shock in silence. The warriors met, and the 
 lance of each was splintered on the others' 
 corslet, but Segrave again dashed his horse 
 against the chief, flung his giant frame against 
 his enemy, and endeavored to unhorse him by 
 the mere weight of his gauntleted hand. O'Neill 
 grasped him in his arms, and the combatants 
 rolled together in that fatal embrace to the 
 ground : 
 
 " 'Now, gallant Saxon, hold thine own: 
 No maiden's arms are round thee thrown.' 
 
 There was one moment's deadly wrestle and a 
 death groan: the shortened sword of O'Neill was 
 buried in the Englishman's groin beneath his 
 mail. Then from the Irish ranks arose such a 
 wild shout of triumph as those hills had never 
 echoed before — the still thunder-cloud burst into 
 a tempest — -those equestrian statues become as 
 winged demons, and with their battle-cry of 
 ' ' Lamh-dearg-aboo ! ' ' and their long lances poised 
 in Eastern fashion above their heads, down swept 
 the chivalry of Tyrowen upon the astonished 
 ranks of the Saxon. The banner of St. George 
 wavered and went down before that furious 
 charge. The English turned their bridle-reins 
 and fled headlong over the stream, leaving the 
 field covered with their dead, and, worse than 
 all, leaving with the Irish that proud red-cross 
 banner, the first of its disgraces in those Ulster 
 wars. Norreys hastily retreated southward, and 
 the castle of Monaghan was yielded to the Irish. 
 
 This was opening the campaign in a manner 
 truly worthy of a royal O'Neill. The flame thus 
 lighted sjiread all over the northern land. Suc- 
 cess shone on the Irish banners, and as the his- 
 torian informs us, "at the close of the year 1595, 
 the Irish power predominated in Ulster and 
 Connaught. " 
 
 The proceedings of the next two years — 1590 
 and 1597 — during which the struggle was varied 
 by several efforts at negotiation, occupy too large 
 a portion of history to be traced at length in these 
 pages. The English forces were being steadily 
 though slowly driven in upon the Pale from 
 nearly all sides, and strenuous efforts were made 
 
 to induce O'Neill to accept terms. He invariably 
 professed the utmost readiness to do so ; deplored 
 the stern necessity that had driven him to claim 
 his rights in the field, and debated conditions of 
 peace ; but, either mistrusting the designs of the 
 English in treating with him, or because he had 
 hopes far beyond anything they were likely to 
 concede, he managed so that the negotiations 
 somehow fell through at all times. On one oc- 
 casion royal commissioners actually followed and 
 chased him through the country with a royal 
 "pardon" and treaty, which they were beseech- 
 ing him to accept, but O'Neill continued to 
 "miss" all appointments with them. More than 
 once the English bitterly felt that their quondam 
 pupil was feathering his keenest arrows against 
 them with plumes plucked from their own wing ! 
 But it was not in what they called "diplomacy" 
 alone Hugh showed them to their cost that be 
 had not forgotten his lessons. He could enliven 
 the tedium of a siege — and, indeed, terminate it 
 — by a ruse worthy of an humorist as of a strat- 
 egist. On the expiration of one of the truces, 
 we are told, he attacked Norrey's encampment 
 with great fury, "and drove the English before 
 him with heavy loss till they found shelter within 
 the walla of Armagh." He sat down before the 
 town and began a regular siege; "but the troops 
 of Ulster were unused to a war of posts, and little 
 skilled in reducing fortified places by mines, 
 blockades, or artillery. They better loved a 
 rushing charge in the open field, or the guerrilla 
 warfare of the woods and mountains, and soon 
 tired of sitting idly before battlements of stone- 
 O'Neill tried a stratagem. General Norrej's had 
 sent a quantity of provisions to relieve Armagh 
 under a convoy of three companies of foot and a 
 body of cavalry, and the Irish had surprised 
 these troops by night, captured the stores, and 
 made prisoners of all the convoy. O'Neill caused 
 the English soldiers to be stripped of their uni- 
 form, and an equal number of his own inen to bo 
 dressed in it, whom he ordered to appear by day- 
 break as if marching to relieve Armagh. Then, 
 having stationed an ambuscade before moining 
 in the walls of a ruined monastery lying on the 
 eastern side of the city, he sent another body of 
 troops to meet the red-coated gallow-glasses, so 
 that when day dawned the defenders of Armagh 
 beheld what they imagined to be a strong body
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 109 
 
 of their countrymen in full march to relieve them 
 ■with supplies of provisions, then they saw 
 CNeill's troops rush to attack these, and a furi- 
 ous conflict seemed to proceed, but apparently 
 the English were overmatched, many of them 
 fell, and the Irish -were pressing forward, pour- 
 ing in their shot and brandishing their battle- 
 axes with all the tumult of a deadly fifrht. The 
 hungry garrison could not endure this sight. A 
 strong sallying party issued from the city and 
 rushed to sujiport their friends ; but when they 
 came to the field of battle all the combatants on 
 both sides turned their weapons against them 
 alone. 
 
 "The English saw the snare that had been laid 
 for them, and made for the walls again ; but Con 
 O'Neill and his party issued from the monastery 
 and barred their retreat. They defended them- 
 selves gallantly, but were all cut to pieces, and 
 the Irish entered Armagh in triumph. Stafford 
 and the remnant of his garrison were allowed to 
 retire to Dundalk, and O'Neill, who wanted no 
 strong places, dismantled the fortifications and 
 then abandoned the town." 
 
 Over several of the subsequent engagements in 
 1596 and 1597 I must pass rapidly, to reach the 
 more important events in which the career of 
 O'Neill culminated and closed. My young read- 
 ers can trace for themselves on the page of Irish 
 history the episodes of valor and patriotism that 
 memorize "Tyrrell's Pass" and "Portmore. " 
 The ignis fatuus of "aid from Spain" was still in 
 O'Neill's eyes. He was waiting- — ^but striking 
 betimes, parleying with royal commissioners, and 
 corresponding with King Philip, when he was 
 not engaging Bagnal or Norreys; Red Hugh 
 meanwhile echoing in Connaught every blow 
 struck by O'Neill in Ulster. At length, in the 
 summer of 1598, he seems to have thrown aside 
 all reliance upon foreign aid, and to have 
 organized his countrymen for a still more reso- 
 lute stand than any they yet had made against 
 the national enemy. 
 
 "In the month of July, O'Neill sent messen- 
 gers to Phelim Mac Hugh, then chief of the 
 O'Byrnes, that he might fall upon the Pale, as 
 they were about to make employment in the 
 north for the troops of Ormond, and at the same 
 time he detached fifteen hundred men and sent 
 them to assist his ally, O'More, who was then be- 
 
 sieging Porteloise, a fort of the English in Leix. 
 Then he made a sudden stoop upon the castle of 
 Portmore, which, says Moryson, 'was a great 
 eyesore to him lying upon the cbicfe passage into 
 his country,' hoping to carry it by assault. 
 
 "Ormond now perceived that a powerful effort 
 must be made by the English to hold their 
 ground in the north, or Ulster might at once be 
 abandoned to the Irish. Strong reinforcements 
 were sent from England, and O'Neill's spies soon 
 brought him intelligence of large maHses of 
 troops moving northward, led by Marshal Sir 
 Henry Bagnal, and composed of the choicest 
 forces in the queen's service. Ncwry was their 
 place of rendezvous, and early la August, Bagnal 
 found himself at the head of the largest and best 
 appointed army of veteran Englishmen that had 
 ever fought in Ireland. He si'cceeded in reliev- 
 ing Armagh, and dislodging O'Neill from his 
 encampment at Mullaghbane, where the chief 
 himself narrowly escaped beipg taken, and then 
 prepared to advance with his whole army to the 
 Blackwater, and raise the sfege of Portmore. 
 Williams and his men were by this time nearly 
 famished with hunger; they had eaten all their 
 horses, and had come to feeding, on the herbs and 
 grass that grew upon the wallf« of the fortress. 
 And every morning they gazed anxiously over 
 the southern hills, and strained their eyes to see 
 the waving of a red-cross flag, or the glance of 
 English spears in the rising sun. 
 
 "O'Neill hastily summoned O'Donnell and 
 Mac William to his aid, and determined to cross 
 the marshal's path, and give him battle before 
 he reached the Blackwater. His entire force on 
 the day of battle, including the Scots and the 
 troops of Connaught and Tyrconnell, consisted of 
 four thousand five hundred foot and six hundred 
 horse, and Bagnal 's army amounted to an equal 
 number of infantry and five hundred veteran 
 horsemen, sheathed in corslets and headpieces, 
 together with some field artillery, in which 
 O'Neill was wholly wanting. 
 
 "Hugh RoeO'Donnell had snuffed the coming 
 battle from afar, and on the 9th of August joined 
 O'Neill with the clans of Connaught andTyrcon' 
 nell. They drew up their main body about a 
 mile from Portmore, on the way to Armagh, 
 where the plain was narrowed to a pass, inclosed 
 on one side by a thick wood, and on the other by
 
 110 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 a bog. To arrive at that plain from Armagh tne 
 enemy would Lave to penetrate through wooded 
 hills, divided by winding and marshy hollows, 
 in which flowed a sluggish and discolored stream 
 from the bogs, and hence the pass was called 
 Beal-an-atha-buie,"the mouth of the yellow ford. ' 
 Fearfasa O'Clery, a learned poet of O'Donnell's, 
 asked the name of that place, and when he heard 
 it, remembered (and proclaimed aloud to the 
 army) that St. Bercan had foretold a terrible 
 battle to be fought at a yellow ford, and a glori- 
 ous victory to be won by the ancient Irish. 
 
 "Even so, Moran, son of Maoin! and for thee, 
 wisest poet, O'Clery, thou hast this day served 
 thy country well, for, to an Ii-ish army, auguries 
 of good were more needful than a commissariat; 
 and those bards' songs, like the Dorian flute of 
 Greece, breathed a passionate valor that no blare 
 of English trumpets could ever kindle. 
 
 "Bagnal's army rested that night in Armagh, 
 and the Irish bivouacked in the woods, each war- 
 rior covered by his shaggy cloak, under the stars 
 of a summer night, for to 'an Ii'ish rebel,' says 
 Edmund Spenser, 'the wood is his house against 
 all weathers, and his mantle is his couch to sleep 
 in.' But O'Neill, we may well believe, slept not 
 that night away ; the morrow was to put to proof 
 what valor and discipline was in that Irish army, 
 •which he had been so long organizing and train- 
 ing to meet this very hour. Before him lay a 
 splendid army of tried English troops in full 
 march for his ancient seat of Dungannon, and led 
 on by his mortal enemy. And O'Neill would 
 not have had that host weakened by the deser- 
 tion of a single man, nor commanded — no, not 
 for his white wand of chieftaincy — by any leader 
 but this his dearest foe. " 
 
 To Mr. Mitchel, whose vivid narrative I have 
 so far been quoting, we are indebted for the fol- 
 lowing stirring description of O'Neill's greatest 
 battle — ever memorable Beal-an-atha-buie : 
 
 "The tenth morning of August rose bright and 
 serene upon the towers of Armagh and the silver 
 waters of Avonmore. Before day dawned the 
 English army left the city in three divisions, and 
 at sunrise they were winding tlirough the hills 
 and woods behind the spot where now stands tlie 
 little church of Grange. 
 
 "The Hun was glancing on the corslets and 
 spears of tlieir glittering cavalry, their banners 
 
 waved proudly, and their bugles rung clear in 
 the morning air, when, suddenly, from the 
 thickets on both sides of their path, a deadly 
 volley of musketry swept through the foremost 
 ranks. O'Neill had stationed here five hundred 
 light-armed troops to guard the defiles, and in 
 the shelter of thick groves of fir trees they had 
 silently waited for the enemy. Now they poured 
 in their shot, volley after volley, and killed great 
 numbers of the English ; but the first division, 
 led by Bagnal in person, after some hard fight- 
 ing, carried the pass, dislodged the marksmen 
 from their position, and drove them backward 
 into the plain. The center division under Cosby 
 and "VVingfield and the rearguard led by Cuin 
 and Billing, supported in flank by the cavalry 
 under Brooke, Montacute, and Fleming, now 
 pushed forward, speedily cleared the difficult 
 country, and formed in the open ground in front 
 of the Irish lines. 'It was not quite safe,' says 
 an Irish chronicler (in admiration of Bagnal's 
 disposition of his forces) 'to attack the nest of 
 griffins and den of lions in which were placed the 
 soldiers of London.' Bagnal at the head of his 
 first division, and aided by a body of cavalry, 
 charged the Irish light-^rmed troops up to the 
 very intrenchments, in front of which O'Neill's 
 foresight had prepared some pits, covered over 
 with wattles and grass, and many of the English 
 cavalry rushing impetuously forward, rolled 
 headlong, both men and horses, into these 
 trenches and perished. Still the marshal's 
 chosen troops, with loud cheers and shouts of 
 'St. George for merry England!' resolutely at- 
 tacked the intreuchment that stretched across 
 the pass, battered them with cannon, and in one 
 place succeeded, though with heavy loss, in forc- 
 ing back their defenders. Then first the main 
 body of O'Neill's troops was brought into action, 
 and with bagpipes sounding a charge, they fell 
 upon the English, shoutiugtheir fierce battle-cries, 
 'Lamh-dearg!' and 'O'Donnell aboo!' O'Neill 
 himself, at the head of a body of horse, pricked 
 forward to seek out Bagnal amid the throng of 
 battle, but they never met : the marshal, who had 
 done his devoir that day like a good soldier, was 
 shot through the brain by some unknown marks- 
 man. The division he had led was forced back 
 by the furious onslaught of the Irish, and put to 
 utter rout ; and, what added to their confusion,
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Ill 
 
 a cart of gunpowder exploded amid the English 
 ranks and blew many of their men to atoms. 
 And now the cavalry of Tyrconnell and Tyrowen 
 dashed into the plain and bore down the remnant 
 of Brooke's and Fleming's horse; the columns of 
 Wingfield and Cosby reeled before their rushing 
 charge — while in front, to the warcry of 'Batail- 
 lah-aboo!' the swords and axes of the heavy 
 armed gallowglasses were raging among the 
 Saxon ranks. By this time the cannon were all 
 taken; the cries of 'St. George!' had failed, or 
 turned into death-shrieks ; and once more, Eng- 
 land's royal standard sunk before the Red Hand 
 of Tyrowen." ' 
 
 Twelve thousand gold pieces, thirty-four stan- 
 dards, and all the artillery of 'the vanquished 
 army were taken. Nearly three thousand dead 
 were left by the English on the field. The splen- 
 did army of the Pale was, in fact, annihilated. 
 
 Beal-an-atha-buie, or, as some of the English 
 chroniclers call it, Blackwater, may be classed as 
 one of the great battles of the Irish nation ; per- 
 haps the greatest fought in the course of the war 
 against English invasion. Other victories as 
 brilliant and complete may be found recorded in 
 our annals; many defeats of English armies as 
 utter and disastrous; but most of these were, in 
 a military point of view, not to be ranked for a 
 moment with the "Yellow Ford." Very nearly 
 ail of them were defile surprises, conducted on 
 the simplest principles of warfare common to 
 struggles in a mountainous country. But Beal- 
 an-atha-buie was a deliberate engagement, a for- 
 midable f)itched battle between the largest and 
 the best armies which England and Ireland re- 
 spectively were able to send forth, and was 
 fought out on principles of military science in 
 which both O'Neill and Bagnal were proficients. 
 It was a fair stand-up fight between the picked 
 troops and chosen generals of the two nations; 
 and it must be told of the vanquished on that 
 day, that, though defeated, they were not dis- 
 honored. The Irish annals and chants, one and 
 all, do justice to the daring braverj' and unflinch- 
 ing endurance displayed by Bagnal 's army on 
 the disastrous battlefield of Beal-an-atha-buie. 
 
 4.8 might be supposed, a victory so consider- 
 able as this has been sung by a hundred bards. 
 More than one notable poem ia the native Gaelic 
 has celebrated its glory ; and quite a number of 
 
 our modern bards haTO made \t Mie theme of stir- 
 ring lays. Of these latter, probably the besi 
 known is Drennan's ballad, from which I quote 
 the opening and concluding verses: 
 
 "By O'Neill close beleaguer'd, the spirits might 
 
 droop 
 Of the Saxon three hundred shut up in their 
 
 coop. 
 Till Bagnal drew forth his Toledo, and swore 
 On the sword of a soldier to succor Portmore. 
 
 "His veteran troops, in the foreign wars triod. 
 Their features how bronz'd, and how haughty 
 
 their stride, 
 Step'd steadily on; it was thrilling to see 
 That thunder-cloud brooding o'er Beal-an-atha- 
 
 Buidh! 
 
 "The flash of their armor, inlaid with fine gold. 
 Gleaming matchlocks and cannons that mut- 
 
 teringly roll'd. 
 With the tramp and the clank of those stern 
 
 cuirassiers. 
 Dyed in blood of the Flemish and French cava- 
 liers. 
 
 "Land of Owen aboo! and the Irish rushed on: 
 The foe fir'd but one volley — their gunners are 
 
 gone. 
 Before the bare bosoms the steel coats have fled. 
 Or, despite casque or corslet, lie dying or dead. 
 
 "And brave Harry Bagnal, he fell while he 
 fought. 
 With many gay gallants: they slept as men 
 
 ought. 
 Their faces to Heaven : there were others, alack! 
 By pikes overtaken, and taken aback. 
 
 "And the Irish got clothing, coin, colors, great 
 
 store. 
 Arms, forage, and provender — plunder go leor. 
 They munch 'd the white manchets, they 
 
 champ 'd the brown chine, 
 Fuliluah for that day, how the natives did dine ! 
 
 "The chieftain looked on, when O'Shanagan rose. 
 And cried: 'Hearken, O'Neill, I've a health to 
 
 propose — 
 To our Sassenach hosts, ' and all quaffed in hugs 
 
 glee, 
 With GeadmilefaiUego! Beal-an-atha-Buidh ! "
 
 112 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAXD. 
 
 The same subject has been the inspiration of, 
 perhaps, the most beautiful poem in Mr. Aubrey 
 de Yere's "Lyrical Chronicle of Ireland:" 
 
 THE WAK-SONG OF TTRCONNELL'S BARD 
 AT THE BATTLE OF BLACKWATER. 
 
 Glory to God, and to the Powers that fight 
 
 For Freedom and the Right! 
 We have them then, the invaders! there they 
 stand 
 Once more on Oriel's land! 
 They have pass'd the gorge stream cloven. 
 
 And the mountain's purple bonud; 
 Now the toils are round them woven, 
 
 Now the nets are spread around! 
 Give them time : their steeds are blown ; 
 Let them stand and round them stare. 
 Breathing blasts of Irish air : 
 Our eagles know their own! 
 
 Thou rising sun, fair fall 
 
 Thy greeting on Armagh's time-honored wall 
 
 And on the willows hoar 
 
 That fringe thy silver waters, Avonmore ! 
 
 See ! on that hill of drifted sand 
 
 The far-famed marshal holds command, 
 
 Bagnal, their bravest : to the right. 
 
 That recreant, neither chief nor knight, 
 
 "The Queen's O'Reillj'," he that sold 
 
 His countrj', clan, and church for gold! 
 
 "Saint George for England!" — ^recreant 
 
 crew. 
 What are the saints ye spurn to you? 
 They charge ; they pass yon grassy swell ; 
 They reach our pitfalls hidden well: 
 On! — warriors native to the sod! 
 Be on them, in the power of God! 
 
 Seest thou yon stream, whose tawny waters glide 
 Through weeds and yellow marsh lingeringly 
 
 and slowly ? 
 Blest is that spot and holy ! 
 There, ages past, Saint Beican stood and cried, 
 "This spot shall quell one day th' invader's 
 pride!" 
 
 He saw in mystic trance 
 
 The bloodstain flush yon rill: 
 On! — hosts of God, advance! 
 
 Your country's fate fulfill! 
 
 Hark! the thunder of their meeting! 
 
 Hand meets hand, and rough the greetingJ 
 
 Hark! the crash of shield and brand; 
 
 They mix, they mingle, band with band. 
 
 Like two horn-commingling stags. 
 
 Wrestling on the mountain crags. 
 
 Intertwined, intertangled. 
 
 Mangled forehead meeting mangled! 
 
 See ! the wavering darkness through 
 
 I see the banner of Red Hugh ; 
 
 Close beside is thine, O'Neill! 
 
 Now they stoop and now thej' reel. 
 
 Rise once more and onward sail. 
 
 Like two falcons on one gale! 
 
 O ye clansmen past me rushing. 
 
 Like mountain torents seaward gushing. 
 
 Tell the chiefs that from this height 
 
 Their chief of bai'ds beholds the fight; 
 
 That on theirs he pours his spirit; 
 
 Marks their deeds and chants their merit; 
 
 While the Priesthood evermore, 
 
 Like him that ruled God's host of yore. 
 
 With arms outstretched that God implore! 
 
 Glory be to God on high! 
 
 That shout rang up into the sky! 
 
 The islain lies bare ; the smoke drifts by ; 
 
 Again that cry ; they &y I they fly ! 
 
 O'er them standards thirty -four 
 
 Waved at morn : they wave no more. 
 
 Glory be to Him alone who holds the nations in 
 
 His hand. 
 And to them the heavenly guardians of our 
 
 church and native land! 
 Sing, ye priests, j-our deep Te Deum ; bards. 
 
 make answer loud and long. 
 In your rapture flinging heavenward censers of 
 
 triumphant song. 
 Isle for centuries blind in bondage, lift once 
 
 more thine ancient boast, 
 From the cliffs of Innishowen southward on to 
 
 Carbery's coast! 
 We have seen the right made perfect, seen the 
 
 Hand that rules the spheres. 
 Glance like lightning through the clouds, and 
 
 backward roll the wrongful years. 
 Glory fadeth, but this triumph is no barren mun- 
 dane glory ; 
 Rays of healing it shall scatter on the eyes that 
 
 read our story :
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 113 
 
 Upon aations bound and torpid as they waken it 
 
 shall shine, 
 As on Peter in his chains the angel shone, with 
 
 light divine. 
 Prom th' unheeding, from th' unholy it may 
 
 hide, like truth, its ray; 
 But when Truth and Justice conquer, on their 
 
 crowns its beams shall play : 
 O'er the ken of troubled tyrants it shall trail a 
 
 meteor's glare ; 
 For the blameless it shall glitter as the star of 
 
 morning fair ; 
 "Whensoever Erin triumphs, then its dawn it shall 
 
 renew ; 
 'T*^en O'Neill shall be remember 'd, and Tyrcon- 
 
 nell's chief. Red Hugh! 
 
 The fame of this great victory filled the land. 
 Not in Ireland alone did it create a sensation. 
 The English historians tell us that for months 
 nothing was talked of at court or elsewhere 
 throughout England but O'Neill and the great 
 battle on the Blackwater, which had resulted so 
 'disastrously for "her highness." Moryson him- 
 self informs us that "the generall voyce was of 
 Tyrone amongst the English after the defeat of 
 Blackwater, as of Hannibal amongst the Romans 
 after the defeat at Cannae." The event got 
 noised abroad, too, and in all the courts of 
 Europe Hugh of Tyrone became celebrated as a 
 jnilitary commander and as a patriot leader. 
 
 CHAPTER LXm. 
 
 .HOW HUGH FORMED A GEEAT NATIONAL CONFEDERACY 
 AND BUILT UP A NATION ONCE MORE ON IRISH 
 SOIL. 
 
 If Ulster was Ireland, Ireland now was free. 
 But all that has been narrated so far has affected 
 only half the island. The south all this time lay 
 in the heavy trance of helplessness, suffering, 
 and despair, that had supervened upon the deso- 
 lating Desmond war. At best the south was very 
 unlikelj- to second with equal zeal, energy, and 
 success such an effort as the north had made. 
 Munster was almost exclusively possessed bj^ 
 Anglo-Irish lords, or Irish chiefs in the power 
 :of, and submissive to, the English. Ulster was 
 the stronghold of the native cause; and what 
 
 was possible there might be, and in truth was, 
 very far from feasible in the "colonized" south- 
 ern province. Nevertheless, so irresistible was 
 the inspiration of Hugh's victories in the north 
 that even the occupied, conquered, broken, di- 
 vided, and desolated south began to take heart 
 and look upward. Messengers were dispatched 
 to Hugh entreating him to send some duly 
 authorized lieutenants to raise the standard of 
 Church and Country inMuustcr, and take charge 
 of the cause there. Ho complied by detaching 
 Richard Tyrrell, of Fertullah, and Owen, son of 
 Ruari O'More, at the head of a chosen band, to 
 unfurl the national flag in the southern prov- 
 inces. They were enthusiastically received. 
 The Catholic Anglo-Norman lords and the native 
 chiefs entered into the movement, and rose to 
 arms on all sides. The newly-planted "settlers," 
 or "undertakers" as they were styled — English 
 adventurers among whom had been pareled 
 out the lands of several southern Catholic fami- 
 lies, lawlessly seized on the ending of the Des- 
 mond rebellion — fled pell-mell, abandoning the 
 stolen castles and lands to their rightful owners, 
 and only too happy to escape with life.* The 
 lord president had to draw in every outpost, and 
 abandon all Munster, except the garrison towns 
 of Cork and Kilmallock, within which, cooped up 
 like prisoners, he and his diminished troops 
 were glad to find even momentary shelter. By 
 the beginning of 1599, "no English force was 
 able to keep the field throughout all Ireland." 
 O'Neill's authority wac paramount — was loj-ally 
 recognized and obeyed everywhere outside two 
 or three garrison towns. He exercised the pre- 
 rogatives of royalty; issued commissions, con- 
 ferred offices, honors, and titles; removed or 
 deposed lords and chiefs actively or passively 
 disloyal to the national authority, and appointed 
 others in their stead. And all was done so 
 wisely, so impartially, so patriotically— with such 
 scrupulous and fixed regard for the one great 
 object, and no other — namely, the common cause 
 of national independence and freedom — that even 
 
 "Among them was Spenser, a gentle poet and rapacious 
 freebooter. His poesy was sweet, and full of cliarms. 
 quaint, simple, and eloquent. His prose politics were 
 brutal, venal, and cowardly. He wooed the muses very 
 blandly, living in a stolen home, and philosophically coun- 
 seled the extirpation of the Irish owners of the land, fot 
 the greater security of himself and fellow adventurers.
 
 114 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 men chronically disposed to suspect family or 
 clan selfishness in every act gave in their full 
 confidence to him as to a leader who had com- 
 pletely sunk the clan chief in the national leader. 
 In fine, siace the days of Brian the First, no 
 native sovereign of equal capacity — singularly 
 qualified as a soldier and as a statesman — had 
 been known in Ireland. "He omitted no means 
 of strengthening the league. He renewed his 
 intercourse with Spain; planted permanent 
 bodies of troops on the^Foyle, Erne, and Black- 
 water; engaged the services of some additional 
 Scots from the Western Isles, improved the dis- 
 cipline of his own troops, and on every side made 
 preparations to renew the conflict with his pow- 
 erful enemj-. For he well knew that Elizabeth 
 was not the monarch to quit her deadly gripe of 
 this fair island without a more terribl'^ struggle 
 than had yet been endured.,"* 
 
 That struggle was soon inaugurated. Eng- 
 land, at that time one of the strongest nations in 
 Europe, and a match for the best among them by 
 land and sea, ruled over by one of the ablest, the 
 boldest, and most crafty sovereigns that had ever 
 sat upon her throne, and served by statesmen, 
 soldiers, philosophers, and writers whose names 
 are famous in history — was now about to put 
 forth all her power in a combined naval and mil- 
 itary armament against the almost reconstituted, 
 but as yet all too fragile Irish nation. Such an 
 effort, under all the circumstances, could scarcely 
 result otherwise than as it eventually did ; for 
 there are, after all, odds against which no human 
 effort can avail and for which no human valor 
 can compensate. It was England's good fortune 
 on this occasion, as on others previously and 
 subsequently, that the Irish nation challenged 
 her when she was at peace with all the world — 
 when her hands were free and her resources un- 
 divided. Equally fortunate was she at all times, 
 on the other hand, in the complete tranciuillity of 
 the Irish when desperate emergencies put her on 
 her own defense, and left her no resources to 
 spare for a campaign in Ireland, had she been 
 challenged then. What we have to contemplate 
 in the closing scones of O'Neill's glorious career 
 is the heroism of Thermopylic, not the success of 
 Salamis or Platu>a. 
 
 Elizabeth's favorite, Essex, was dispatched to 
 
 •Mitcbel. 
 
 Ireland with twenty thousand men at his back; 
 an army not only the largest England had put 
 into the field for centuries, but in equipment, in 
 drill, and in armament, the most complete ever 
 assembled under her standard. Against this the 
 Irish nowhere had ten thousand men concen- 
 trated in a regular army or movable corps. In 
 equipment and in armament they were sadly de- 
 ficient, while of sieging material they were alto- 
 gether destitute. Nevertheless, we are told 
 "O'Neill and his confederates were not dismayed 
 by the arrival of this great army and its magnifi- 
 cent leader." And had the question behveen 
 the two nations depended solely upon such issues 
 as armies settle, and superior skill and prowess 
 control, neither O'Neill nor his confederates 
 would have erred in the strong faith, the high 
 hope, the exultant self-reliance, that now ani- 
 mated them. The campaign of 1.599 — the disas- 
 trous failure of the courtly Essex and his mag- 
 nificent army — must be told in a few lines. 
 O'Neill completely out-generaled and overawed 
 or overreached the haughty deputy. In more 
 than one fatal engagement his splendid force was 
 routed by the Irish, until, notwithstanding a 
 constant stream of reinforcements from England, 
 it had wasted away, and was no longer formi- 
 dable in O'Neill's eyes. In vain the queen wrote 
 letter after letter endeavoring to sting her quon- 
 dam favorite into "something notable;" that is, 
 a victory over O'Neill. Nothing could induce 
 Essex to face the famous hero of Clontibret and 
 the Yellow Ford, unless, indeed, in peaceful 
 parley. At length having been taunted into a 
 movement northward, he proceeded tliither reluc- 
 tantly and slowly. "On the high ground north 
 of the Lagan, he found the host of O'Neill en- 
 camped, and received a courteous message from 
 their leader, soliciting a personal interview. At 
 an appointed hour the two commanders rode 
 down to the opposite banks of the river, wholly 
 unattended, the advanced guards of each looking 
 cui-iously on from the uplands."* O'Neill, ever 
 the flower of courtesy, spurred his horse into the 
 stream up to the saddlegirths. "First they had 
 a private conference, in which Lord Essex, won 
 by the chivalrous bearing and kindly address of 
 the chief, became, say the English historians, 
 too confidential with an enemy of his sovereign, 
 
 •M'Qee.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 lit 
 
 spoke without reserve of his daring hopes and 
 most private thoughts of ambition, until O'Neill 
 had suihcieutly read his secret soul, fathomed his 
 poor capacity, and understood the full meanness 
 of his shallow treason. Then Cormac O'Neill 
 and five other Irish leaders were summoned on 
 the one side, ou the other Lord Southampton 
 and an equal number of English officers, and a 
 solemn parley was opened in due form."* 
 O'Neill offered terms: "first, complete liberty of 
 conscience ; second, indemnity for his allies in all 
 the four provinces; third, the principal officers 
 of state, the judges, and one-half the army to be 
 henceforth Irish by birth." Essex considered 
 these very far from extravagant demands from a 
 man now virtually master in the island. He de- 
 clared as much to O'Neill, and concluded a truce 
 pending reply from London. Elizabeth saw in 
 fury how completely O'Neill had dominated her 
 favorite. She wrote him a frantic letter full of 
 scornful taunt and upbraiding. Essex flung up 
 all his duties in Ireland without leave, and hur- 
 ried to London, to bring into requisition the 
 personal influences he had undoubtedly possessed 
 at one time with the queen. But he found her 
 unapproachable. She stamped and swore at 
 him, and ordered him to the tower, where the 
 unfortunate earl paid, with his head upon the 
 block, the forfeit for not having grappled suc- 
 cessfully with the "Red Hand of Ulster." 
 
 The year 1600 was employed by O'Neill in a 
 general circuit of the kingdom, for the more 
 complete establishment of the national league 
 and the better organization of the national re- 
 sources. "He marched through the center of 
 the island at the head of his troops to the 
 south," says his biographer, "a kind of royal 
 progress, which he thought fit to call a pilgrim- 
 age to Holy Cross. He held princely state 
 there, concerted measures with the southern 
 lords, and distributed a manifesto announcing 
 himself as the accredited Defender of the 
 Faith." 
 
 "In the beginning of March," says another 
 authority, "the Catholic army halted at Innis- 
 carra, upon the river Lee, about five miles west 
 of Cork. Here O'Neill remained three weeks in 
 camp consolidating the Catholic party in South 
 
 * MitcheL 
 
 Munster. During that time ho was visited by 
 the chiefs of the ancient Eugouian clans — O'Don- 
 ohoe, O'Donovan, and O'Mahony. Thither also 
 came two of the most remarkable men of the 
 southern province : Florence McCarthy, Lord of 
 Carbery, and Donald O'Sullivan, Lord of Bear- 
 haven. McCarthy, 'like Saul, higher by th* 
 { head and shoulders than any of his house, ' had 
 brain in proportion to his brawn; O'Sullivan, as 
 was afterward shown, was possessed of military 
 virtues of a high order. Florence was inaugu- 
 rated with O'Neill's sanction as McCarthy More; 
 and although the rival house of Muskerry fiercely 
 resisted his claim to superiority at first, a wiser 
 choice could not have been made had the times 
 tended to confirm it. 
 
 "While at Inniscarra, O'Neill lost in single 
 combat one of his most accomplished officers, the 
 chief of Fermanagh. Maguire, accompanied 
 only by a priest and two horsemen, was making 
 observations nearer to the city than the camp, 
 when Sir Warham St. Leger, marshal of Munster, 
 issued out of Cork with a company of soldiers, 
 probablj- on a similar mission. Both were in 
 advance of their attendants when they came un- 
 expectedly face to face. Both were famous as 
 horsemen and for the use of their weapons, and 
 neither would retrace his steps. The Irish chief, 
 posing his spear, dashed forward against his op- 
 ponent, but received a pistol shot which proved 
 mortal the same day. He, however, had strength 
 enough left to drive his spear through the neck 
 of St. Leger, and to effect his escape from the 
 English cavalry. St. Leger was carried back to 
 Cork, where he expired. Maguire, on reaching 
 the camp, had barely time left to make his last 
 confession when he breathed his last. This un- 
 toward event, the necessity of preventing pos- 
 sible dissensions in Fermanagh, and still more 
 the menacing movements of the new deputy, 
 lately sworn in at Dublin, obliged O'Neill to re- 
 turn home earlier than he intended. Soon after 
 reaching Dungannon he had the gratification of 
 receiving a most gracious letter from Pope Cle- 
 ment the Eighth, together with a crown of 
 phojnix feathers, symbolical of the consideration 
 with which he was regarded by the Sovereign 
 Pontiff."* 
 
 ►M'Gee.
 
 116 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 HOW THE RECONSTRUCTED IRISH NATION WAS OVEEBORNE 
 
 HOW THE TWO HUGHS " FOUGHT BACK TO BACK " 
 
 AGAINST THEIR OVERWHELMING FOES HOW THE 
 
 ' ' SPANISH AID ' ' RUINED THE IRISH CAUSE THE 
 
 DISASTROUS BATTLE OF KINSALE. 
 
 There now appear before us two remarkable 
 men whose names are prominently identified with 
 this memorable epoch in Irish history— Mount- 
 joy, the new lord deputy; and Carew, the new 
 lord president of Munster. In the hour in which 
 these men were appointed to the conduct of 
 affairs in Ireland, the Irish cause was lost. Im- 
 mense resources were i)laced at their disposal, 
 new levies and armaments were ordered ; and 
 again all the might of England by land and sea 
 was to be put forth against Ireland. But Mount- 
 joy and Cai'ew alone were worth all the levies. 
 They were men of indomitable energy, masters 
 of subtlety, craft, and cunning, utterly unscru- 
 pulous as to the employment of means to an end ; 
 cold-blooded, callous, cruel, and brutal. Nor- 
 reys and Bagnal were soldiers — able generals, 
 illustrious in the field. Essex was a lordly cour- 
 tier, vain and pomp-loving. Of these men — sol- 
 dier and courtier — the Irish annals speak as of 
 fair foes. But of Mouutjoy and Carew a differ- 
 ent memory is kept in Ireland. They did their 
 work by the wile of the serpent, not by the skill 
 of the soldier. "Where the brave and manly Nor- 
 reys tried the sword, they tried snares, treach- 
 ery, and deceit, gold, flattery, promises, tempta- 
 tion, and seduction in every shape. To split up 
 the confederation of chiefs was an end toward 
 ■which they steadily labored by means the most 
 subtle and crafty that human ingenuity could 
 •devise. Letters, for instance, were forged pur- 
 porting to have been written secretly to the lord 
 deputy by the Earl of Desmond, offering to betray 
 one of his fellows confederates; O'Connor. 
 These forgeries were "disclosed," as it were, to 
 O'Connor, with an offer that he should "fore- 
 stal" the earl, by seizing and giving up the latter 
 to the government, for which, moreover, he was 
 to have a thousand pounds in hand, besides other 
 considerations promised. The plot succeeded. 
 O'Connor betrayed the earl and banded him over 
 a prisoner to the lord deputy, and of course go- 
 ing over himself as an ally also. This rent 
 
 worked the dismemberment of the league in the 
 south. Worse defections followed soon after; 
 defections unaccountable, and, indeed, irretriev- 
 able. Art O'Neill and Nial Garv O'Donnell, un- 
 der the operation of mysterious influences, went 
 over to the English, and in all the subsequent 
 events, were more active and effective than any 
 other commanders on the queen's side! Nial 
 Gary alone was worth a host. He was one of the 
 ablest generals in the Irish camp. His treason 
 fell upon the national leaders like a thunderbolt. 
 This was the sort of "campaigning" on which 
 Mountjoy relied most. Time and money were 
 freelj- devoted to it, and not in vain. After the 
 national confederation had been sufficiently split 
 up and weakened in this way and when, north 
 and south, the defecting chiefs were able of 
 themselves to afford stiff employment for the 
 national forces, the lord deputy took the field. 
 
 In the struggle that now ensued O'Neill and 
 O'Donnell presented one of those spectacles 
 which, according to the language of the heathen 
 classics, move gods and men to sympathy and 
 admiration! Hearts less brave might despair; 
 but they, like Leonidas and the immortal Three 
 Hundred, would fight out the battle of country 
 while life remained. The English now had in 
 any one province a force superior to the entire 
 strength of the national army. The eventful 
 campaign of 1601, we are told, was fought out in 
 almost every part of the kingdom. To hold the 
 coast lines on the north — where Dowcra had 
 landed (at Derry) four thousand foot and four 
 hundred horse — was the task of O'Donnell ; 
 while to defend the southern Ulster frontier was 
 the peculiar charge of O'Neill. "They thus," 
 says the historian, "fought as it were back to 
 back against the opposite lines of attack." 
 Through all the spring and summer months that 
 fight went on. From hill to valley, from pass to 
 plain, all over the island, it was one roll of can- 
 non and musketry, one ceaseless and universal 
 engagement ; the smoke of battle never lifted off 
 the scene. The two Hughs were all but ubiqui- 
 tous ; confronting and defeating an attack to-day 
 at one point; falling upon the foes nest day at 
 another far distant from the scene of the last en- 
 counter! Between the two chiefs the most 
 touching confidence and devoted affection sub- 
 sisted. Let the roar of battle crash how it might
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 117 
 
 on the northern horizon, O'Neill relied that all 
 was well, for O'Donnell was at his post. No 
 matter what myriads of foes were massing in the 
 south, it was enough for O'Donnell to know that 
 O'Neill was there. 
 
 "Back to back," indeed, as many a brave bat- 
 tle against desperate odds has been fought, they 
 maintained the unequal combat, giving blow for 
 blow, and so far holding their ground right nobly. 
 By September, except in Munster, comparatively 
 little had been gained by the English beyond the 
 successful planting of some further garrisons; 
 but the Irish were considerably exhausted, and 
 sorely needed rest and recruitment. At this 
 juncture came the exciting news that — at length 
 — a powerful auxiliary force from Spain had 
 landed at Kinsale. The Anglo-Irish privy coun- 
 cil were startled by the news while assembled in 
 deliberation at Kilkenny. Instantly they ordered 
 a concentration of all their available forces in the 
 south, and resolved upon a winter campaign. 
 They acted with a vigor and determination which 
 plainly showed their conviction that on the quick 
 crushing of the Spanish force hung the fate of 
 their cause in Ireland. A powerful fleet was sent 
 round the coast, and soon blockaded Kinsale ; 
 while on the land side it was invested by a force 
 of some fifteen thousand men. 
 
 This Spanish expedition, meant io aid, effected 
 the ruin of the Irish cause. It consisted of little 
 more than thre ■ thousand men, with a good sup- 
 ply of stores, arms, and ammunition. In all his 
 letters to Spain, O'Neill is said to have strongly 
 urged that if a force under five thousand men 
 came, it should land in Ulster, where it would be 
 morally and materially worth ten thousand landed 
 elsewhere ; but that if Munster was to be the 
 point of debarkation, anything less than eight or 
 ten thousand men would be useless. The mean- 
 ing of this is easily discerned. The south was 
 the strong ground of the English, as the north 
 was of the Irish side. A force landed in Munster 
 should be able of itself to cope with the strong 
 opposition which it was sure to encounter. 
 These facts were not altogether lost sight of in 
 Spain. The expedition as fitted out consisted of 
 six thousand men ; but various mishaps and dis- 
 appointments reduced it to half the number by 
 the time it landed at Kinsale. Worse than all, 
 the wrong man commanded it; Don Juan 
 
 D'Aquilla, a good soldier, but utterly unsuited 
 for an enterprise like this. He was proud, sour- 
 tempered, hasty, and irascible. He had heard 
 nothing of the defections and disasters in the 
 south. The seizure of Desmond and the ensnar- 
 ing of Florence McCarthy — the latter the most 
 influential and powerful of the southern nobles 
 and chiefs — had paralyzed everything there; and 
 Don Juan, instead of finding himself in the midst 
 of friends in arms, found himself suiTounded by 
 foes on land and sea. He gave way to his natural 
 ill-temper in reproaches and complaints ; and in 
 letters to O'Neill bitterly demanded whether he 
 and the other confederates meant to hasten to his 
 relief. For O'Neill and O'Donnell, with their 
 exhausted and weakened troops tc abandon the 
 north and undertake a winter march southward 
 was plain destruction. At least it staked every- 
 thing on the single issue of success or defeat be- 
 fore Kinsale ; and to prevent defeat and to insure 
 success there, much greater organization for co- 
 operation and concert, and much more careful 
 preparations, were needed than was possible now, 
 hurried southward in this way by D'Aquilla. 
 Nevertheless, there was nothing else for it. 
 O'Neill clearly discerned that the crafty and poli- 
 tic Carew had been insidiously working on the 
 Spanish commander, to disgust him with the 
 enterprise, and induce him to sail homeward on 
 liberal terms. And it was so. Don Juan, it is 
 said, agreed, or intimated that if, within a given 
 time, an Irish army did not appear to his relief, 
 he would treat with Carew for terms. If it was, 
 therefore, probable disaster for O'Neill to pro- 
 ceed to the south, it was certain ruin for him to 
 refuse ; so with heavy hearts the northern chief- 
 tains set out on their winter march for Munster, 
 at the head of their thinned and wasted troops. 
 "O'Donnell, with his habitual ardor, was first on 
 the way. He was joined by Felim O'Doherty, 
 MacSwiney-na-Tuath, O'Boyle, O'Rorke, the 
 brother of O'Connor Sligo, the O'Connor Eoe, 
 Mac Dermott, O 'Kelly, and others; mustering in 
 all about two thousand five hundred men." 
 O'Neill, with MacDonnell of Antrim, Mac Gennis 
 of Down, MacMahon of Monaghan, and others of 
 his suffragans, marched southward at the head of 
 between three and four thousand men. Holy 
 Cross was the point where both their forces ap- 
 pointed to effect their junction. O'Donnell was
 
 118 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 first at the rendezvous. A desperate effort on 
 the part of Carew to intercept and overwhelm 
 him before O'Neill could come up was defeated 
 only by a sudden night-march of nearly forty 
 miles by Red Hugh. O'Neill reached Belgoolej-, 
 within sight of Kinsale, on the 21st of December. 
 
 In Munster, in the face of all odds — amid the 
 wreck of the national confederacy, and in the 
 presence of an overwhelming army of occupation 
 — a few chiefs^ihere were, undismayed and unfal- 
 tering, who rallied faithfully at the call of duty. 
 Foremost among these was Donal O 'Sullivan, 
 Lord of Bear, a man in whose fidelity, intrepiditj', 
 and militarj^ ability, O'Neill appears to have re- 
 posed unbounded confidence. In all the south, 
 the historian tells us, "only O'Sullivan Beare, 
 O'Driscoll, and O'Connor Kerry declared openly 
 for the national cause" in this momentous crisis. 
 Some of the missing ships of the Spanish expe- 
 dition reached Castlehaven in November, just as 
 O'Donnell, who had made a detour westward, 
 reached that place. Some of this Spanish con- 
 tingent were detailed as garrisons for the forts of 
 Dunboy, Baltimore, and Castlehaven, command- 
 ing three of the best havens in Munster. The 
 rest joined O'Donnell's division, and which soon 
 sat down before Kinsale. 
 
 When O'Neill came up, his master mind at 
 once scanned the whole position, and quickly 
 discerned the true policy to be pursued. The 
 English force was utterly failing in commissariat 
 arrangements; and disease as well as hunger was 
 committing rapid havoc in the besiegers' camp. 
 O'Neill accordingly resolved to besiege the be- 
 siegers; to increase their difficulties in obtain- 
 ing provisions or provender, and to cut up their 
 lines of communication. These tactics mani- 
 festly offered every advantage to the Irish and 
 allied forces, and were certain to A-ork the de- 
 struction of Carew 's army. But the testy Don 
 Juan could not brook this slow and cautious mode 
 of procedure. "The Spaniards only felt their own 
 inconveniences; they were cut off from escape by 
 sea by a powerful English fleet; and," continues 
 the historian, "Carew was already practicing in- 
 directly on their commander his 'wit and cun- 
 ning' in the fabrication of rumors and the forg- 
 ing of letters. Don Juan wrote urgent appeals 
 to the northern chiefs to attack the English lines 
 without another day's delay; and a council of 
 
 war in the Irish camp, on the third day after 
 their arrival at Belgooley, decided that the attack 
 should be made on the morrow." At this coun- 
 cil, so strongly and vehemently was O'Neill op- 
 posed to the mad and foolish policy of risking an 
 engagement, which, nevertheless, O'Donnell, ever 
 impetuous, as violently supported, that for the 
 first time the two friends were angrily at issue, 
 and some writers even allege that on this occa- 
 sion question was raised between them as to who 
 should assume command-in-chief on the morrow. 
 However this may have been, it is certain that 
 once the vote of the council was taken, and the 
 decision found to be against him, O'Neill loyally 
 acquiesced in it, and prepared to do his duty. 
 
 "On the night of the 2d of January (new style) 
 — 24th of December old style, in use among the 
 English — the Ii-ish army left their camp in three 
 divisions ; the vanguard led by Tyrrell, the cen- 
 ter by O'Neill, and the rear by O'Donnell. The 
 night was stormy and dark, with continuous 
 peals and flashes of thunder and lightning. The 
 guides lost their way, and the march, which even 
 by the most circuitous route ought not to have 
 exceeded four or five miles, was protracted 
 through the whole night. At dawn of day, 
 O'Neill, with whom were O'Sullivan and 
 O'Campo, came in sight of the English lines, 
 and to his infinite surprise found the men under 
 arms, the cavalry in troops posted in advance of 
 their quarters. O'Donnell's division was still to 
 come up, and the veteran earl now found himself 
 in the same dilemma into which Bagnal had 
 fallen at the Yellow Ford. His embarrassment 
 was perceived from the English camp ; the cavalry 
 were at once ordered to advance. For an hour 
 O'Neill maintained his ground alone; at the end 
 of that time he was forced to retire. Of 
 O'Campo 's three hundred Spaniards, forty sur- 
 vivors were with their gallant leader taken pris- 
 oners; O'Donnell at length arrived and drove 
 back a wing of the English cavalry; Tyrrell's 
 horsemen also held their ground tenaciously. 
 But the rout of the center proved irremediable. 
 Fully twelve hundred of the Irish were left dead 
 on the field, and every prisoner taken was in- 
 stantly executed. On the English side fell Sir 
 Richard Graeme ; Captains Danvors and Godol- 
 phin, with several others, were ■pounded; their 
 total loss they stated at two hundred, and the
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 119 
 
 Ant;!:. -Irish, of whom they seldom made count in 
 their reports, must have lost in proportion. The 
 earls of Thomoud and Clanricardc were actively 
 eagaj:od with their followers, and their loss could 
 hardly have been less than that of the English 
 regulars. 
 
 "On the night following their defeat, the Irish 
 leaders held council together at Inuishannon, on 
 the river Bandon, where it was agreed that 
 O'Dounell should instantly take shipping for 
 Spain to lay the true state of the contest before 
 Philip the Third; that O'Sullivan should en- 
 deavor to hold his castle of Dunboy, as com- 
 manding a most important harbor ; that Rory 
 O'Donnell, second brother of Hugh Roe, should 
 act as chieftain of Tyrconnell, and that O'Neill 
 should return into Ulster to make the best de- 
 fense in his power. The loss in men was not ir- 
 reparable; the loss in arms, colors, and reputa- 
 tion was more painful to bear, and far more 
 difficult to retrieve."* 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 "the LAST LORD OF BEAK.i" HOW DONAL OF DUNBOY 
 
 WAS ASSIGNED A PERILOUS PROMINENCE, AND NOBLY 
 UNDERTOOK ITS DUTIES HOW DON JDAN's IMBECIL- 
 ITY OR TREASON RUINED THE IRISH CAUSE. 
 
 Confessedly for none of the defeated chiefs did 
 the day's disaster at Kinsale involve such conse- 
 quences as it presaged for the three southern 
 leaders — O'Sullivan, O'Driscoll, and O'Connor 
 Kerry. The northern chieftains returning 
 homeward, retired upon and within the strong 
 lines of what we may call the vast intrenched 
 camp of the native cause. But the three south- 
 erns — who alone of all their Munster compeers 
 had dared to take the field against the English 
 side in the recent crisis — were left isolated in a 
 distant extremity of the island, the most remote 
 from native support or co-operation, left at the 
 raerc3' of Carew, now master of Munster, and 
 leader of a powerful army flushed with victory. 
 The northerns might have some chance, standing 
 together and with a considerable district almost 
 entirely in their hands, of holding out, or exact- 
 ing good terms, as they had done often before. 
 But for the doomed southern chiefs, if aid from 
 
 Spain came not soon, there was literally no pros- 
 pect but the swift and immediate crash of 
 Carew 's vengeance; no hope save what the 
 strong ramparts of Dunboy and the stout heart 
 of its chieftain might encourage! 
 
 O'Neill, as I have already remarked, had a 
 high opinion of O'Sullivan — of his devotedness 
 to the national cause — of his prudence, skill, 
 foresight, and courage. And truly the character 
 of the "last lord of Beara, " as writ upon the page 
 of history, as depicted by contemporary writers, 
 as revealed to us in his correspondence, and as 
 displayed in his career and actions from the hour 
 when, at the call of duty, with nothing to gain 
 and all to peril, he committed himself to the na- 
 tional struggle — is one to command respect, 
 sympathy, and admiration. In extent of terri- 
 torial sway and in "following" he was exceeded 
 by many of the southern chiefs, but his personal 
 character seems to haT€ secured for him by com- 
 mon assent the position among them left vacant 
 by the imprisonment of Florence MacCarthy, 
 facile princeps among the Irish of Munster, now 
 fast held in London Tower. In manner, temper- 
 ament, and disposition, O'Sullivan was singu- 
 larly unlike most of the impulsive ardent Irish of 
 his time. He was a man of deep, quiet, calm 
 demeanor; grave and thoughtful in his manner, 
 yet notably firm and inflexible in all that touched 
 his personal honor, his duty toward his people,* 
 or his loyalty to religion or country. His family 
 had flung themselves into the struggle of James 
 Geraldine, and suffered the penalties that fol- 
 lowed thereupon. Early in Elizabeth's reign, 
 Eoghan, or Eugene, styled by the English Sir 
 Owen O'Sullivan, contrived to possess himself of 
 the chieftaincy and territory of Bear, on the 
 death of his brother Donal, father of the hero of 
 Dunboy. Eugene accepted an English title, sat 
 in Lord Deputy Perrot's parliament of 1585, in 
 
 •M'Qee. 
 
 * Nothing strikes tbe reader of Donal's correspondence 
 with King Philip and the Spanish ministers more forcibly 
 than the constant solicitude, the deep feeling, and affec- 
 tionate attachment he exhibits toward his " poor people,' 
 as he always calls them. Amid the wreck of all his 
 hopes, the loss of worldly wealth and possessions, home, 
 country, friends, his chief concern is for his " poor peo- 
 ple " abandoned to the persecution of the merciless English 
 foe. In all bis letters it is the same. No murmur, no 
 repining for himself ; but constant solicitude about Ireland, 
 and constant sorrow for his poor people, left "like sheep 
 without a shepherd when the storm shuts out the sky."
 
 120 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the records of which we find his name duly regis- 
 tered, and toot out a "patent" in his own name 
 for the tribe land. His nephew, j'oung Donal — 
 Donal Mac Donal O'Sullivan, as he was called — • 
 vehemently disputed the validity of Sir Owen's 
 title to the lands, and after a lengthy lawsuit, a 
 letter of partition was issued under the great seal 
 in January, 1593, according to which Donal was 
 to have the lordship, castles, and dependencies 
 of Bear, while Sir Owen was to possess those east- 
 ward and northward of the peninsula. It is 
 highly probable that by this decision the Pale 
 authorities hoped to enthral Doual without los- 
 ing Sir Owen, to make both branches of the 
 family, as it were, compete in loyalty to the 
 English powex, aud in any event, by putting 
 enmity between them, cause them to split up 
 and weaken their own influence. In this latter 
 calculation thej' were not disappointed, as the 
 sequel shows; but their speculations or expecta- 
 tions about Donal were all astray. He was in- 
 deed averse to hopeless and prospectless strug- 
 gles against the power of England,'and on attain- 
 ing to the chieftaincy, directed his attention 
 mainly to the internal regulation of his territory, 
 and the bettering of the condition of his people 
 in every respect, not by forays on neighboring 
 clans, but by the peaceful influences of industry. 
 But Donal, grave and placid of exterioi% truly 
 patriotic of heart, watched attentively the rise 
 and progress of O'Neill's great movement in the 
 north. For a time he believed it to be merely a 
 quarrel between the queen's protege and his 
 royal patroness, sure to be eventually adjusted; 
 and accordingly up to a recent period he dis- 
 played no sympathy with either side in the con- 
 flict. But when that conflict developed itself 
 into a really national struggle, O'Sullivan never 
 wavered for a moment in deciding what his atti- 
 tude should be ; and that attitude, once taken, 
 was never abandoned, never varied, never com- 
 promised by act or word or wish, through all 
 that followed of sacrifice and suffering and loss. 
 O'Neill, who was a keen diseerner of character, 
 read O'Sullivan correctly when he estimated all 
 the more highly his accession, because it was 
 that of a man who acted not from hot imjjulse or 
 selfish calculation, but from full deliberation and 
 a pure sense of duty. In fine, it was not lightly 
 the Irish council atlnuishannon selected the lord 
 
 of Dunboy for such honorable but perilous promi- 
 nence as to name him one of the three men to 
 whom was committed, in the darkest crisis of 
 their country, the future conduct of the national 
 cause.* 
 
 "We may imagine the memorable scene of the 
 morn succeeding that night of sleepless consulta- 
 tion at Innishannon over "hapless Erinn's fate" 
 — the parting of the chiefs! Wildly they em- 
 braced each other, and like clutch of iron was the 
 farewell grasp of hand in hand, as each one 
 turned away on the path of his allotted task! 
 O'Neill marched northward, where we shall trace 
 his movements subsequently. O'Donnell took 
 shipping for Spain, and O'Sullivan at the head 
 of his faithful clansmen marched westward 
 for Bautry and Bearhaven. Had Don Juan 
 D'Aquilla been a true and steadfast man — had 
 he been at all worthy and fit to command or con- 
 duct such an enterprise — had he been at all 
 capable of appreciating its peculiar exigencies 
 and duties — the defeat at Kinsale, heavy and full 
 of disaster as it was, might soon have been re- 
 trieved, and the whole aspect of affairs reversed. 
 Had he but held his ground (as not unreasonably 
 he might have been expected to do, with three 
 thousand men within a fortified and well-stored 
 town) until the arrival of the further reinforce- 
 ments which he must have known his royal 
 master was sending, or would quickly send, and 
 thus co-operated in the scheme of operations 
 planned by the Irish chiefs at Innishannon, 
 nothing that had so far happened could be 
 counted of such great moment as to warrant 
 abandonment of the expedition. ButD'Aquilla's 
 conduct was miserably inexplicable. He could 
 not act more despairingly if his last cartridge 
 had been fired, if his last gunner had perished, 
 if his "last horse had been eaten," or if assured 
 that King Philip had utterly abandoned him. 
 After a few sorties, easily repulsed, he offered to 
 capitulate. Carew, who hereby saw that Don 
 Juan was a fool, was, of course, only too happy 
 to grant him any terms that would insure the de- 
 
 *"Tliese liigh Irishmen, namely, O'Neill and O'Donnell, 
 ordered that the chief command and leadership of these 
 (the Minister forces) should be given to O'Sullivan Beare, 
 t. e., Donal, the son of Donal the son of Dermot; for he 
 was at this time the best commander among their allies in 
 Muuster for wisdom and valor." — Annals of the Foui 
 Masters." 
 
 i
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 121 
 
 parture of the Spanish aids. By conceding con- 
 ditions highly flattering to D'Aquilla's personal 
 vanity, the lord president induced that outwitted 
 commander not only to draw off to Spain the 
 entire of the expedition, but to undertake to 
 yield up to the English all the castles and for- 
 tresses of the Irish chiefs in which Spanish gar- 
 risons had been placed, and to order back to 
 Spain any further troops that might arrive before 
 his departure. This imbecility or treason ruined 
 the Irish cause in the south, and ruining it there 
 at such a juncture, ruined it everywhere. Such 
 a capitulation was utter and swift destruction to 
 the southern leaders. It "took the ground from 
 under their feet. ' ' It reft them of bases of opera- 
 tions, and flung them as mere fugitives unshel- 
 tered and unprovisioned into the open field, the 
 forest, the morass, or the mountain, to be hunted 
 and harried, cut off in detail, and pitilessly put 
 to the sword by Carew's numerous, powerful, 
 and well-appointed field corps or scouring 
 parties. 
 
 Don Juan's capitulation was signed January 
 11, 1602 (N.S.). Seven days afterward the lord 
 deputy and the lord president drew off to Cork. 
 "The day follc^ing the captains received direc- 
 tions to repair to sundry towns in Munster ap- 
 pointed for their garrisons ; and the same day 
 Captain Roger Harvie and Captain George Flower 
 were dispatched with certain companies to go by 
 sea to receive the castles of Castlehaven, Don- 
 nashed and Dounelong at Baltimore, and Dun- 
 boy at Bearhaven. " On the 12th of February 
 the Spanish olficer in command at Castlehaven 
 gave up the castle to Harvie. On the 21st he 
 proceeded to Baltimore, the two castles of which 
 the Spanish officers therein gave up in like man- 
 ner; and in a few weeks all the coast district 
 castles of the southwest, those of the Bear prom- 
 ontory alone excepted, were in the han'ds of the 
 English. A month later (March 16th) Don Juan 
 sailed for Spain, most of his forces having been 
 shipped thither previously.* 
 
 O'SuUivan heard with dismay and indignation 
 of Don Juan's audacious undertaking to deliver 
 up to his "cruel, cursed, misbelieving enemies, " 
 
 * "On his return to Spain lie was degraded from bis rank 
 for his too great intimacy with Carew, and confined a pris- 
 oner in his own house. He is said to have died of a broken 
 heart occasioned by these indignities." — M'Qee. 
 
 his castle of Dunboy, the key of his inheritance.* 
 With speed, increased by this evil news, he 
 pushed rapidly homeward, and in due time he 
 appeared with the remnant of his little forcef be- 
 fore the walls of the castle, demanding admit- 
 tance. The Spaniards refused ; they had heard 
 of D'Aquilla's terms of capitulation, they re- 
 gretted them, but felt constrained to abide by 
 them. Donal, however, knowing a portion of 
 the outworks of the i)lace which afforded some 
 facilities for his purpose, availed himself of a 
 dark and stormy night to effept an entrance, 
 mining his way through the outer wall, and sur- 
 prising and overpowering the Spaniards. He 
 then addressed them feelingly on the conduct of 
 D'Aquilla and the present posture of affairs, stat- 
 ing his resolution to hold the castle till Kiag 
 Philip would send fresh aid, and offering a 
 choice to the Spaniards to remain with him or 
 sail for home. Some of them decided to remain, 
 and were among the most determined defenders 
 of Dunboy in the subsequent siege. The rest 
 Donal sent to Spain, dispatching at the same 
 time envoys with letters to King Philip, urg- 
 ently entreating speedy aid. Moreover, in 
 charge of these messengers, he sent to the king, 
 as guarantee of his good faith and perseverance, 
 his oldest son, a boy of tender years. 
 
 "Well knowing that soon he would have the foe 
 upon him, Donal now set about preparing Dun- 
 boy for the tough and terrible trial before it. 
 He had the outworks strengthened in every part ; 
 and another castle of his, on Dursey Island (at 
 the uttermost extremity of the peninsula divid- 
 ing Bantry and Kenmare bays), garrisoned by a 
 trusty band ; designing this latter as a refuge for 
 himself, his family, and clansmen, in the event 
 of the worst befalling Dunboy. 
 
 *" Among other places which were neither yielded nor 
 taken toe the end that they shouU be delivered to the Eng- 
 lish, Don Juan tied himself to deliver my castell and 
 haven, the only key of mine inheritance, whereupon the 
 living of many thousand persons doth rest that live some 
 twenty. leagues upon the sea coast, into the hands of my 
 cruell, cursed, misbelieving enemies." — Letter of Donal 
 O'Sullivan Beare to the Kingof Spain. — " Pacata Hibernia." 
 
 f O'Sullivan's contingent, we are told, "was among 
 those who made the most determined fight on the disas- 
 trous day of Kinsale, and when the battle was lost it 
 bravely protected some of the retreating troops of the 
 northern chieftains, who but for such protection would 
 have suiiered more severely than they did."
 
 122 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XliYI. 
 
 HOW THE queen's FORCES SET ABOUT "TRANQUILLIZING" 
 
 MUNSTER HOW CAREW SENT EARL THOMOND ON 
 
 A MISSION INTO CARBERY, BEAR, AND BANTRT. 
 
 Meanwhile the detachments detailed by Carew 
 were doing their savage and merciless -work 
 throughout Cork and Kerry. According to 
 Carew 's own version, the occupation of these 
 troops, day by day, was the seeking out and 
 murdering in cold blood of all the native inhabi- 
 tants, men, women, and children ; and when 
 they were not murdering they were cow-stealing 
 and corn-burning. How to extirpate the hap- 
 less people — how to blast and desolate the land, 
 rather than it should afford sustenance to even a 
 solitary fugitive of the doomed race — w-as the 
 constant effort of the English commanders. 
 Carew was not the first of his name to signalize 
 himself in such work. It was the process by 
 which Munster had been "pacified" — i.e., deso- 
 lated — barely thirty years before. It was that 
 by which Cromwell, forty years subsequently, 
 pursued the same end. It was a system, the in- 
 famy of which, among the nations of the world, 
 pagan or Christian, is wholly monopolized by 
 England. The impartial reader, be his nation- 
 ality English or Irish, perusing the authentic 
 documents stored in the State Paper Office, is 
 forced to admit that it was not war in even its 
 severest sense, but murder in its most hideous 
 and heartless atrocity, that was waged upon the 
 Irish people in the process of subjugating them. 
 It was not that process of conquest the wounds 
 of which, though sharp and severe for the mo- 
 ment, soon cicatrize with time. Such conquests 
 other countries have passed through, and time 
 has either fused the conqueror and the con- 
 quered, or obliterated all bitterness or hate be- 
 tween them. Had Ireland, too, been conquered 
 thus, like happy results might be looked for; 
 but as the jirocess was woefully different, so has 
 the product been; so must it ever be, till the 
 laws of nature are reversed and revolutionized, 
 and gruiies grow on thorns and figs on thistles. 
 It was not war — which might be forgotten on 
 both sides — but murder which to this day is 
 remembered on one side with a terrible memory. 
 
 A thoroughly English historian— Froude— 
 writing in our day on these events, has found the 
 
 testimony of the State Paper Office too powerful 
 to resist; and with all his natural and legitimate 
 bias or sympathy in favor of his own country, his 
 candor as a historian more than once constitutes 
 him an accuser of the infamies to which I have 
 been referring. "The English nation, " he says, 
 "was shuddering over the atrocities of the Duke 
 of Alva. The children in the nurseries were be- 
 ing inflamed to patriotic rage and madness by 
 the tales of Spanish tyranny. Yet Alva's bloody 
 sword never touched the young, the defenseless, 
 or those whose sex even dogs can recognize and 
 respect. "* 
 
 "Sir Peter Carew has been seen murdering 
 women and children, and babies that had scarcely 
 left the breast; but Sir Peter Carew was not 
 called on to answer for his conduct, and remained 
 in favor with the deputy. Gilbert, who was left 
 in command at Kilmallock, was illustrating yet 
 more signally the same teudencj-.l 
 
 "Nor was Gilbert a bad man. As times went 
 he passed for a brave and chivalrous gentleman ; 
 not the least distinguished in that high band of 
 adventurers who carried the English flag into the 
 western hemisphere, a founder of colonies, an 
 explorer of unknown seas, a man of science, and, 
 above all, a man of special piety. He regarded 
 himself as dealing rather with savage beasts than 
 with human beings, and when he tracked them 
 to their dens he strangled the cubs and rooted 
 out the entire broods. "J 
 
 "The Gilbert method of treatment," says Mr. 
 Froude again, "has this disadvantage, that it 
 must be carried out to the last extremity, or it 
 ought not to be tried at all. The dead do not 
 come back; and if the mothers and the babies 
 are slaughtered with the men, the race gives no 
 further trouble ; but the work must be done thor- 
 oughly ; partial and fitful cruelty lays up only a 
 long debt of deserved and ever-deepening hate." 
 
 The work on this occasion happening not to be 
 "done thoroughly," Mr. Froude immediately 
 proceeds to explain : 
 
 "In justice to the English soldiers, however, 
 it must be said that it was no fault of theirs if 
 any Irish child of that generation was allowed to. 
 live to manhood. "§ 
 
 •Froude's " History of England," vol. x., p. 508. 
 t Ibid., p. 509. } Ibid., p. 508. § Ibid., p. 507.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 123 
 
 The same historian frankly warns his readers 
 against supposing that such work was exceptional 
 on the part of the English forces. From the 
 language of the official documents before him, he 
 says, "the inference is but too natural that work 
 of Jhis kind was the road to preferment, and that 
 this, or something like it, was the ordinary em- 
 ploj-ment of the 'Saxon' garrisons in Ire- 
 land. "* 
 
 Such, then, was the work in which Carew the 
 Second and his garrisons occupied themselves ou 
 the fall of Kinsale. 
 
 Sir Charles "VVilmot at the head of fifteen 
 hundred men was dispatched to desolate the 
 whole of Kerry ; and on the 9th of March Carew 
 formally issued a commission to the Earl of 
 Thomond "to assemble his forces together, con- 
 sisting of two thousand and five hundred foot in 
 list, and fifty horse," for the purpose of wasting 
 Carbery, Bear, and Bantry, and making a recon- 
 naissance of Dunboy.f Thomond accordingly 
 "marched as far as the abbey of Ban trie, and 
 there had notice that Donnell O'Sullivau Beare 
 and his people, by the advice of two Spaniards, 
 an Italian, and a fryer called Dominicke Collins, 
 did still continue their workes about the castle of 
 Dunboy." 
 
 "Hereupon the earl left seven hundred 
 men in list in the Whiddy (an island lying 
 within the Bay of Bantrie) very convenient for 
 the service, and himself with the rest of his 
 forces returned to Corke, where having made 
 relation of the particulars of his journey, it was 
 found necessary that the president, without 
 any protractions or delay, should draw all 
 the forces in the province to a head against 
 them."* 
 
 »Ibid., 
 
 513. 
 
 f " The service you are to performe is to doe all your 
 sndeavour to burne the rebels' Come in Carbery, Bear, and 
 Bantry, take tlieir Cowes, and to use all hostile prosecution 
 upon the persons of the people, as in such cases of rebellion 
 is accustomed. . . .When you are in Beare (if you may with- 
 out any apparent perill). your lordship shall doe well to 
 take a view of the Castle of Dunboy, whereby wee may be 
 the better instructed how to proceed for the taking of it 
 when time convenient shall be afforded."— Instructions 
 given to the Earl of Thomond, Marsh 9th.— "Pacata Hi- 
 bernia." 
 
 i " Pacata Hibernia." 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 HOW THE LOUD 1'rb:sii)knt gathered an army of 
 
 FOUR thousand MEN TO CRUSH IiOOMED DUNBOY, 
 THE LAST HOPE OF THE NATIONAL CAUSE IN 
 MONSTER. 
 
 Carew set out from Cork on the 20th of April, 
 at the head of his army ; on the 30th they reached 
 Dunamark, about a mile north of the town of 
 Bantry, having on the way halted, on the 23d at 
 Owneboy, near Kinsale; 24th, at Timoleague; 
 25th, at Eoscarbery ; 26th, at Gleuharahan, near 
 Castlehaveu; 27th, at Baltimore, where they 
 spent two days, Carew visiting lunisherkin; 
 29th, "on the mountain, at a place called Recar- 
 eneltaghe, neare unto Kilcoa, being a castel 
 wherein the rebell Conoghor, eldest sonne to Sir 
 Finnin O'Drischoll, knight, held a ward." 
 
 Carew spent a month in encampment at Dun- 
 amark, by the end of which time the fleet arrived 
 at the same place, or in the bay close by, having 
 come round the coast from Cork. Meantime his 
 message for a war-muster against O'Sullivan had 
 spread throughout Munster. Ou the other hand, 
 such effort as was possible in their hapless plight 
 was made by the few patriot leaders in the prov- 
 ince ; all perceiving that upon Dunboy now hung 
 the fate of the Irish cause, and seeing clearly 
 enough that if they «ould not keep off from 
 O'Sullivan the tremendous force ordered against 
 him, it must inevitably overwhelm him. Accord- 
 ingly, spreading themselves eastward around the 
 base of the Bear promontory, and placing them- 
 selves on all the lines leading thereto, they desper- 
 ately disputed the ground with the concentrating 
 English contingents, beating them back or ob- 
 structing them as best they could. Above all, the 
 endeavor was to keep Wilmot's Kerry contingent 
 from coming up. Tyn-ell was specially charged 
 to watch Wilmot — to hold him in check at Kil- 
 larnej', and at all hazards and any cost to prevent 
 his junction with Carew at Bantry. Tyrrell 
 posted his force so advantageously in the passes 
 leading southward from Killarney, and held them 
 so firmly, that for weeks "Wilmot's most vehe- 
 ment efforts to force or flank them were vain. 
 At length, by a feat which merits for him, as a 
 military achievement, everlasting praise — a night 
 march over Mangerton Mountain — Wilmot evaded 
 Tyrrell ; pushed on through a mountain district
 
 124 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 scarcely passable at this day for horsemen, until 
 he reached Inchigeela; thence he marched 
 though Ceam-an-Eigh Pass (unaccountably left 
 unguarded), and so onward till he reached 
 Bantry. By this junction Carew's force was 
 raised to nearly four thousand men. "While 
 waiting for "Wilmot, the daily occupation of the 
 army, according to the lord president's account, 
 was sheep-stealing and cow-stealing.* At Duna- 
 mark Carew was joined by the sons of Sir Owen 
 Sullivan, uncle of Donal of Dunboy; and to the 
 information and co-operation given his enemies 
 by these perfidious cousins, Donal most largely 
 cwed the fate that subsequently befell him. 
 
 On the 14th of May a council of war was held 
 in the English camp to determine their course to 
 Bearhaven ; whereat it was decided to march by 
 the southern shore of the bay, called Muinter- 
 varia, to a point nearly opposite Bear Island; 
 from this point, by means of the fleet, to trans- 
 port the whole army across the bay to Bear 
 Island; aud thence across to the mainland close 
 by Dunboy ; this course being rendered neces- 
 sary by the fact that Donal's forces defended the 
 passes of GlengarriKc, through which alone Bear- 
 
 haven could be reached by land from Bantry. 
 On the 31st of May, accordingly, Carew marched 
 from Dunamark to "Kilnamenghe on the sea 
 side, in Mountervarry. " The two next following 
 days were occupied in transporting the army to 
 Bear Island, upon which, eventually, the whole 
 force was landed. A short march across the 
 island brought them to its northern shore, in full 
 view of Dunboy, barely a mile distant across the 
 narrow entrance to Bearhaven Harbor. 
 
 * " The 6rst of May, Captaine Taffe's troop of Horse with 
 certain light foote were sent from the Campe, who returned 
 with three hundred Cowes, many Sheepe, and a great num- 
 ber of Oarrans they got from the Rebels. 
 
 "The second C'aptaiue, John Barry, brought into the 
 Campe five hundred Cowes, three htindred iSheepe, three 
 hundred Oarrans, and had the killing of fve Rebels ; and 
 the same day we procured skirmish in the edge of the 
 Fastnesse with the rebels, but no hurt of our part. 
 
 "The third, Owen Osulevan and his brothers, sonnes to 
 Sir Owen Osulevan (who stands firme, and deserved well 
 of her Majestie, being Competltours with Osulevan Beare) 
 brought some fiftie Cowes and some Sheepe from the enemy 
 into the Campe. 
 
 "The Rebells, receiving also notice that the President 
 was marched so neere to the Countrey of Beare, withdrew 
 themselves out of Desmond (as before) into Glangarve, 
 whereby npportunitie was offered to the Qovernour of per- 
 forming some good service. For Donnell Osulevan More, 
 a malicious Rebell, remained with great store of cattell and 
 certain Kerne in Iverah ; which being made knowen to Sir 
 Charles, upon the fifth of May, hee secretly dispatched a 
 partie of men, which burnt |and spoykd all the Countrey, 
 and returned withfoure thousand Cowes, besides Sheepe and 
 Oarrans." 
 
 "A Sergeant of the Earle of Thomond's with a partie of 
 Lis Company, drew to Uown-Manus, whence hee brought 
 a prey of three-score and sixe Cowes, with a great many of 
 Oarrans." — " Pacata Ilibernia." 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 THE LAST D.«'S OF DUNBOY : A TALE OF HEROISM ! 
 
 Well might consternation fill the breasts of 
 the Bear clansmen on beholding the resources 
 now displayed against them; a well-appointed 
 army of nearly four thousand men on the shore, 
 and hostile warships encircling them by sea! 
 Within the castle O'SuUivan had, according to 
 the English accounts, exactly one hundred and 
 forty-three men; there being besides these not 
 more than five or six hundred of his clansmen 
 available at the moment for fighting purposes. 
 But his was not a soul to be shaken by fears into 
 abandonment of a cause which, failing or gain- 
 ing, was sacred and holy in his eyes — the cause 
 of religion aud country. So Donal, who knew 
 that a word of submission would purchase for 
 him not only safety but reward, undisturbed pos- 
 session of his ancestral rights, aud English titles 
 to wear if he would, quailed not in this nor in 
 still darker hours. He had "nailed his colors to 
 the mast, ' ' aud looked fate calmly in the face. 
 
 It seems to have been a maxim with the lord 
 president never to risk open fight until he had 
 first tried to effect his purpose by secret treason. 
 While staying at Bantry he had addressed a let- 
 ter to the Spanish guuuers in Dunboy, offering 
 them all manner of inducements to betray O'Sul- 
 livau, to desert the castle, first taking care, as he 
 says, "to cloy the ordnance or mayme their car- 
 riages, that when they shall have need of them 
 they may prove useless; for the which I will 
 forthwith liberally recompense you answerable to 
 the qualities of your merit." The infamous 
 proposition was scouted by the meu to whom it 
 was addressed. Carow, unabashed, now resolved 
 to try whether he could not corrupt the Consta-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 125 
 
 pie of Dunooy, O'Sullivan's most trusted friend 
 — a muu wliose memory is to this day held in 
 worship by the people of Bear — Richard Ma- 
 Geoghegau, the impersonation of chivalrous 
 fidelity, the very soul of truth, honor, and brav- 
 ery ! Thomond was commissioned to invite the 
 Constable of Dunboy to a parley. Mac Geoghe- 
 gan acceded to the invitation, came ac»oss to 
 Bear Island (5th of June), and met the eari, in 
 presence of, but apart from, their respective 
 guards, on the shore. Of that memorable inter- 
 view Carew has left us a brief but characteristic 
 description. "All the eloquence and artifice 
 which the earle could use avayled nothing : for 
 Mac Geoghegan was resolved to persevere in his 
 wayes; and, in the great love which he pretended 
 io beare unto the earle (Thomond), he advised 
 him not to hazard his life in landing upon the 
 Maj'ne. . . The earle disdayning both his 
 
 obstinacie and his vaine-glorious advice, broke 
 off his speech, telling Mac Geoghegan that ere 
 many days passed hee would repent that hee had 
 not followed his (the earl's) counsel."* 
 
 Carew had at first designed to cross over and 
 land on the main at what seemed to be the only 
 feasible point, a smooth strana at a spot now 
 ■called Caematrangan. Within a few perches of 
 this spot reaches one end of a small island 
 ("Deenish") which stretches almost completely 
 acroes the mouth of the inner harbor of (modern) 
 Castletown Beare. Cai-ew landed a portion of his 
 army on this small island; but O'Sullivan had 
 erected a battery faced with gabions at Caema- 
 trangan, and had, moreover, his small force 
 drawn up at hand to meet the invaders at the 
 shore Whereupon Carew, while making a feint 
 as if about to attempt the passage there, di- 
 rected the remainder of his force quickly to pass 
 to the other (or eastern) extremity of Deenish, 
 and effect a landing on the main at that point. 
 This they were able to accomplish unopposed, 
 for the distance thereto from O'Sullivan 's strand 
 battery, owing to the sweep of the shore and a 
 narrow arm of the sea intervening, was two or 
 three miles, whereas directly across, by water 
 or on Deenish Island, was a reach of less than 
 half a mile. Nevertheless, O'Sullivan, discern- 
 ing, though all too late, the skillful use made by 
 
 * " Pacata Hibernia." 
 
 Cai'ew of the natural advantages of the ground, 
 hastened with all speed to confront the invaders, 
 and, unawed by the disparity of numbers against 
 him — thousands against hundreds — boldly gave 
 them battle. Carew himself seems to have been 
 quite struck with the daring courage or "audac- 
 ity" of this proceeding. After marveling at 
 such foolhardiness, as he thought it, he owns 
 "they came on bravely," and maintained a very 
 determined attack. It was only when additional 
 regiments were hun'ied up, and utterly over- 
 whelmed them by numbers, that Donal's little 
 force had to abandon the unequal strife, leaving 
 their dead and wounded upon the field. 
 
 That night, however, there reached Dunboy 
 news well calculated to compensate for the gloom 
 of perils so great and so near at hand. A Span- 
 ish ship had arrived at O 'Sullivan's castle of 
 Ardea (in Kenmare Bay, on the northern shori; 
 of the Bear promontory) bringing to Donal letters 
 and envoys from King Philip, and aid for the 
 Munster chiefs in money, arms, and aramrinition 
 committed to his care for distribution. More 
 over, there came by this ship the cheering Intel 
 ligence that an expedition of some fifteen thou 
 sand men was being organized in Spain fa." 
 Ireland when the vessel sailed! Here was glori- 
 ous hope indeed! It was instantly decided that 
 the chief himself should proceed witn all promp- 
 titude to meet the envoys landed at Ardea,* and 
 look to the important duties required of him by 
 their messages; meanwhile intrusting the de- 
 fense of Dunboy to Mac Geoghegan and a chosen 
 garrison. Next morning Donal,- with all his 
 available force, exclusive of a garrison of one 
 hundred and fort.v-three picked men left in the 
 castle, set out for Ardea. The farewell cheers 
 that rang out from the ramparts behind him, 
 gave token of brave resolve to do or die, and 
 doubtless helped to lighten the chieftain's heart 
 
 * These were the Most Rev. Dr. McEagen, Bishop of 
 Ross, and Father Nealon. "They brought," says Carew, 
 "letters to sundry rebels and twelve thousand pounds. 
 The disposition of theinoney by appointmeut in Spaine was 
 left principally to Donnall O'Sulevan Beare, Owen Mc- 
 Fggan, James Archer, and some other."?." This same 
 Bishop McEgan was subsequently killed near Bandon fight- 
 ing gallantly, with his sword in one hand and his beads in 
 the other. His remains were buried in the Abbey of Timo- 
 league. — (See the "Pacata Hibernia;" also, "Dunboy," 
 bv T. D. Sullivan.
 
 126 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 •with whispers of hope. But alas! Donal had 
 taken his last farewell of Dunboy. When next 
 he gazed upon the once proud home of his 
 fathers, it was a smoking and blood-clotted ruin ! 
 
 The halls where mirth and minstrelsy 
 Than Beara's wind rose louder, 
 
 "Were flung in masses lonelily. 
 And black with English powder! 
 
 For eleven da3's Mac Geoghegan fought Dun- 
 boy against Carew and his surrcjnding army of 
 four thousand men ! Eleven days, during which 
 the thick white cloud of smoke never once lifted 
 from battery and trench, and the deafening boom 
 of cannon never once ceased to roll across the 
 bay. By the 17th of June the castle had been 
 knocked into a ruinous condition b.v an incessant 
 bombardment from the well-appointed English 
 batteries. The lord president devotes several 
 pages of his journal to minute and copious de- 
 scriptions of each day's labor in a siege which 
 he declares to be unparalleled for obstinacy of 
 defense ; and his narrative of the closing scenes 
 of the struggle is told with painful particularity. 
 Mr. Haverty condenses the tragic story very 
 effectively as follows: "The garrison consisted of 
 only one hundred and forty-three chosen fight- 
 ing men, who had but a few small cannon, while 
 the comparatively large army which assailed 
 them were well supplied with artillery and all 
 the means of attack. At length, on the 17th of 
 June, when the castle had been nearly shattered 
 to pieces, the garrison offered to surrender if al- 
 lowed to depart with their arms ; but their mes- 
 senger was immediately hanged and the order for 
 the assault was given. Although the proportion 
 of the assailants in point of numbers was over- 
 whelming, tlic storming party were resisted with 
 the most desperate bravery. From turret to tur- 
 ret, and in every part of the crumbling ruins, 
 the struggle was successively maintained through- 
 out the livelong day; thirtj' of the gallant de- 
 fenders attempted to escape by swimming, but 
 soldiers had been posted in boats, who killed 
 them in the water ; and at length the surviving 
 portion of the garrison retreated into a cellar, 
 into which the only access was by a narrow, 
 winding flight of stone steps. Their loader, 
 M:ic riooghega' , being mortally wounded, the 
 
 command wa5 given to Thomas Taj-lor, the son of 
 an Englishman, and the intimate friend of Cap- 
 tain Tyrrell, to whose niece he was married. 
 Nine barrels of gunpowder were stowed away in 
 the cellar, and with these Taj'lor declared that 
 he would blow up all that remained of the castle, 
 burying himself and his companions with their 
 enemies in the ruins, unless they received a 
 promise of life. This was refused by the savage 
 Carew, who, placing a guard upon the entrance 
 to the cellar, as it was then after sunset, re- 
 turned to the work of slaughter next morning. 
 Cannon balls were discharged among the Irish in 
 their last dark retreat, and Taylor was forced by 
 his companions to surrender unconditionally; 
 but when some of the English olScers descended 
 into the cellar, they found the wounded Mac 
 Geoghegan, with a lighted torch in his hand, 
 staggering to throw it into the gunpowder. 
 Captain Power thereupon seized him by the 
 arms, and the others dispatched him with their 
 swords ; but the work of death was not yet com- 
 pleted. Fifty-eight of those who had surren- 
 dered were hanged that daj' in the English camp, 
 and some others were hanged a few days after ; 
 so that not one of the one hundred and forty- 
 three heroic defenders of Dunboy survived. On 
 the 22d of June the remains of the castle were 
 blown up bj^ Carew with the gunpowder found 
 therein." 
 
 Few episodes of Irish history have been more 
 warmly eulogized than this heroic defense of 
 Dunboy ; nor would it be easy to find in the his- 
 tory of any country one more largely calculated 
 to excite sympathy and admiration. Dr. Robert 
 Dwyer Joyce, in his published volume of "Bal- 
 lads, Romances, and Songs," contributes a truly 
 graphic poem on the subject. Subjoined are the 
 concluding stanzas : 
 
 THE SACK OF DUNBUI. 
 
 Nearer yet they crowd and come. 
 With taunting and yelling and thundering drum, 
 With taunting and yelling the hold they environ, 
 And sw'ear that its towers and defenders must 
 fall. 
 While the cannon are set, and their death-hail of 
 iron 
 Crash wildly on bastion and tn'-vct and v.-all;
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 127 
 
 And the ramparts aro torn from their base to 
 
 their brow; 
 Ho! will they not yield to the murderers now? 
 No! its huge towers shall float over Cleena's 
 
 bright sea, 
 Ere the Gael jn'ove a craven in lonely Dunbui. 
 
 Like the iierce god of battle, Mac Geoghegan 
 
 goes 
 From rampart to wall, in the face of his foes ; 
 Now his voice rises high o'er the cannon's 
 
 fierce din, 
 "Whilst the taunt of the Saxon is loud as before. 
 But a yell thunders up from his warriors 
 
 within, 
 And they dash through the gateway, down, down 
 
 to the shore, 
 With their chief rushing on. Like a storm in its 
 
 wrath. 
 They sweep the cowed Saxon to death in their 
 
 path ; 
 Ah! dearly he'll purchase the fall of the free. 
 Of the lion-souled warriors of lonely Dunbui ! 
 
 Leaving terror behind them, and death in their 
 
 train, 
 Now they stand on their walls 'mid the dying 
 
 and slain. 
 And the night is around them — the battle is 
 
 still- 
 That lone summer midnight, ah! short is its 
 
 reign ; 
 For the morn springeth upward, and valley 
 
 and hill 
 Fling back the fierce echoes of conflict again. 
 And see! how the foe rushes up to the breach. 
 Toward the green waving banner he yet may not 
 
 reach, 
 For look how the Gael flings bim back to the sea, 
 From the blood-reeking ramparts of lonely Dun- 
 bui! 
 
 Night cometh again, and the white stars look 
 
 down. 
 From the hold to the beach, where the batteries 
 frown. 
 Night cometh again, but affrighted she flies, 
 Like a black Indian queen from the fierce pan- 
 ther's roar. 
 And morning leaps up in the wide-spreading 
 skies. 
 
 To his welcome of thunder and flame evermore ; 
 For the guns of the Saxon crush feai-fully there. 
 Till the walls and the towers and ramparts are 
 
 bare. 
 And the foe make their last mighty swoop on the 
 
 free. 
 The brave-hearted warriors of lonely Dunbui! 
 
 Within the red breach see Mac Geoghegan stand. 
 With the blood of the foe on his arm and his 
 
 brand, 
 And he turns to his warriors, and "fight we," 
 
 says he, 
 "For country, for freedom, religion, and all: 
 Better sink into death, and for ever be free, 
 Than yield to the false Saxon's mercy and 
 
 thrall!" 
 And they answer with brandish of sparth and of 
 
 glaive : 
 "Let them come: we will give them a welcome 
 
 and grave ; 
 Let them come : from their swords could we 
 
 flinch, could we flee. 
 When we fight for our country, our God, and 
 
 Dunbui?" 
 
 They came, and the Gael met their merciless 
 
 shock — 
 Flung them backward like spray from the lone 
 
 Skellig rock. 
 But they rally, as wolves springing up to the 
 
 death 
 Of their brother of famine, the bear of the snow — 
 He hurls them adown to the ice-fields beneath. 
 Rushing back to his dark norland cave from the 
 
 foe — 
 So up to the breaches they savagely bound, 
 Thousands still thronging beneath and around. 
 Till the firm Gael is driven — till the brave Gael 
 
 must flee 
 In, into the chambers of lonely Dunbui! 
 
 In chamber, in cellar, on stairwa.v and tower. 
 Evermore they resisted the false Saxon's power; 
 Through the noon, through the eve, and the 
 darkness of night 
 The clangor of battle rolls fearfully there. 
 
 Till the morning leaps upward in glory and 
 light. 
 Then, where are the true-hearted warriors of 
 Beare?
 
 128 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 They have found them a refuge from torment and 
 chain, 
 
 They have died with their chief, save the few 
 who remain, 
 
 And that few — oh, fair Heaven ! on the high gal- 
 lows tree, 
 
 They swing by the ruins of lonely Dunbui! 
 
 Long, long in the hearts of the brave and the free 
 Live the warriors who died in the lonely Dun- 
 bui! 
 Down time's silent river their fair names shall 
 go, 
 A light to our race toward the long coming day ; 
 Till the billows of time shall be checked in 
 their flow 
 Can we find names so sweet for remembrance as 
 
 they! 
 And we will hold their memories for ever and ay, 
 A halo, a glory that ne'er shall decay, 
 "We'll set theui as stars o'er eternity's sea. 
 The names of the heroes who fell at Dunbui ! 
 
 During the progress of the siege at Dunboy, 
 Carew had dispatched a force to Dursey Island, 
 which, landing in the night, succeeded in over- 
 powering the small and indeed unwary garrison 
 left there; "so that, " as a historian remarks, 
 "no roof now remained to the Lord of Bear- 
 haven." Donal, collecting his people, one and 
 all, men, women, and children, as well as all the 
 herds and removable property of the clan, now 
 retired eastward upon his great natural strong- 
 hold of Glengarrifl^e. Here he defied and de- 
 feated every attempt to dislodge him.* For 
 
 * On one occasion a fierce and protracted battle ensued be- 
 tween him and the combined forces of Wilmot, Selsby, and 
 Slingsby : "A bitter fight," says Carew, " maintained with- 
 out intermission for sixe bowers ; the Enemy not leaving 
 their pursuit untill they came in sight of the campe; for 
 whose reliefe two regiments were drawne forth to gieve 
 countenance, and Downings was sent with one hundred 
 and twenty choisse men to the succour of liarry and Seiby, 
 wlio in the reare were so hotly charge<l by the Hebels that 
 they came to the Sword and Piko ; and the .skirmish con- 
 tinued <iW nig/U parted them." Notwithistanding tlieir im- 
 mense superiority in numbers, night was a welcome relief 
 to the English ; for it not only saved them from a perilous 
 position, but enabled them to get off an immen.se spoil of 
 cattle, which early in the day they had taken from the 
 Irish. Brilliant a* was the victory for O'Sullivan in other 
 re«p««lH, the loss thus sustained must have been most se- 
 vere- — Iwi) thoDsand cows, four thousand sheep, and one 
 
 three months he awaited with increasing anxiety 
 and suspense the daily-expected news from Spain. 
 Alas! In the words of one of our historians, 
 "the ill-news from Spain in September threw a 
 gloom over those mountains deeper than was 
 ever cast by equinoctial storm." But here we 
 must pause for awhile to trace the movements of 
 O'Donnell and O'Neill after the parting at In- 
 nishannon. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 HOW THE FAXL OF DUNBOY CAUSED KING PHLLIP TO 
 CHANGE ALL HIS PLANS, AND RECALL THE EXPEDI- 
 TION FOR IRELAND ; AND HOW THE REVERSE BROKE 
 
 THE BRAVE HEART OF RED HUGH HOW THE "lION 
 
 OF THE north" STOOD AT BAY, AND MADE HIS FOES 
 TREMBLE TO THE LAST. 
 
 Tehee days after the defeat at Kinsale, O'Don- 
 nell — having deputed his brother Kuari to com- 
 mand the clan in his absence — accompanied by 
 his confessor, his secretary, and some military 
 attaches or aids-de-eamp, sailed from Castlehaven 
 for Corunna, where he arrived on the lith of 
 January. "He was received with high distinc- 
 tion by the Marquis of Cara9ena and other 
 nobles, 'who evermore gave O'Donnell the right 
 hand; which, within his government,' says 
 Carew, 'he would not have done to the greatest 
 duke in Spain.' He traveled through Gallicia, 
 and at Santiago de Compostella was royally en- 
 tertained by the archbishop and citizens ; but in 
 bull-fighting on the stately Alameda he had small 
 pleasure. With teeth set and heart on fire, the 
 chieftain hurried on, traversed the mountains of 
 Gallicia and Leon, and drew not bridle until he 
 reached Zamora, where King Philip was then 
 holding his court. With passionate zeal he 
 pleaded his country's cause; entreated that a 
 greater fleet and a stronger army might be sent 
 to Ireland without delay, unless his Catholic 
 majesty desired to see his ancient Milesian kins- 
 men and allies utterly destroyed and trodden into 
 earth by the tyrant Elizabeth ; and above all, 
 whatever was to be done he prayed it might bo 
 
 thousand horse.s, according to Carew ; a store of sheep and 
 kine which even in these days of "cattle shows" and 
 "agricultural societies," it would be difficult to collect ia 
 the same locality.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 l•^9 
 
 done instantly, while O'Neill still held his army 
 on foot and his banner flying; while it was not 
 yet too late to rescue poor Erin from the deadly 
 fangs of those dogs of England. The king re- 
 ceived him affectionately, treated him with high 
 consideration, and actually gave orders for a 
 powerful force to be drawn together at Corunna 
 for another descent upon Ireland.* 
 
 "He returned to that port, from iv tiich he 
 could every day look out across the western 
 waves that lay between him and home, and where 
 he could be kept constantly informed of what 
 was passing in Ireland. Spring was over and 
 gone, and summer too had passed away, but still 
 the exigencies of Spanish policy delayed the 
 promised expedition, "f "That armament never 
 sailed; and poor O'Donnell never saw Ireland 
 more; for news arrived in Spain, a few months 
 after, that Dun-baoi Castle, the last stronghold in 
 Munster that held out for King Philip, was 
 taken ; and Beare-Haven, the last harbor in the 
 south that was open to his ships, effectually 
 guarded by the English. The Spanish prepara- 
 tions were countermanded, and Eed Hugh was 
 once more on his journey to the court, to renew 
 his almost hopeless suit, and had arrived at 
 Simancas, two leagues from Valladolid, when he 
 suddenly fell sick ; his gallant heart was broken, 
 and he died there on September 10, 1602. He 
 was buried by order of the king with royal 
 honors, as befitted a prince of the Kinel-Conal ; 
 and the chapter of the cathedral of St. Francis, 
 in the stately city of Valladolid, holds the bones 
 of as noble a chief and as stout a warrior as ever 
 bore the wand of chieftaincy or led a clan to 
 battle."! 
 
 "Thus," says another writer, "closed the 
 career of one of the brightest and noblest char- 
 acters in any history. His youth, his early cap- 
 tivity, his princel.v generosity', his daring cour- 
 age, his sincere piety, won the hearts of all who 
 came in contact with him. He was the sword, 
 as O'Neill was the brain, of the Ulster confeder- 
 acy : the Ulysses and Achilles of the war, they 
 fought side by side without jealousy or envy, for 
 almost as long a period as their prototypes had 
 (^pent in besieging Troy." 
 
 One cannot peruse unmoved the quaint and 
 
 ■ Mitchel. 
 
 t M'Gee. 
 
 i Mitchel. 
 
 singular recital of O'Donnell 's characteristic 
 merits and virtues given by the Four Masters. 
 Of him it can with scrupulous truth be said that 
 — unlike not a few others, famed as soldiers, or 
 rulers, or statesmen — his character, in every 
 phase, was pure and noble; and that his private 
 life as well as his public career was worthy of 
 admiration, without stain and without reproach. 
 Meanwhile O'Neill had set out homeward at 
 the head of the shattered Ulster contingent ; and 
 now the lord deputy felt that the moment had 
 come for a supreme effort to pour down upon and 
 overwhelm him. The "Lion of the North" waa 
 struck, and, badly wounded, was retreating to 
 his lair. This was surely the time for pressing 
 him to the death — for surrounding, capturing, 
 or slaying the once dreaded foe. So throughout 
 Leinster, Connaught, and Ulster, the cry was 
 spread for the English garrisons, and all natives 
 who would mark themselves for favor and con- 
 sideration to rise simultaneously and burst in 
 upon the territories of the confederate chiefs; 
 while the deputy swiftly assembled troops to in- 
 tercept, capture, or destroy them on their home- 
 ward way from the south. The Irish cause was 
 down — disastrously and hopelessly. Now, there- 
 fore, was the time for all who "bow the knee and 
 worship the rising sun" to show their zeal on the 
 winning side. Tyrconnell and Tyrowen, as well 
 as the territories of O'Rorke and Maguire, were 
 inundated by converging streams of regular 
 troops and volunteer raiders; while O'Neill, like 
 a "lion," indeed, who finds that the hunter ia 
 rifling his home, made the earth tremble in hia 
 path to the rescue ! With the concentrated pas- 
 sion of desperation he tore through every ob- 
 stacle, routed every opposing army, and marched 
 — strode — to the succor of his people, as if a 
 thunderbolt cleared the way. Soon his enemies 
 were made to understand that the "Lion of the 
 North" was still alive and unsubdued. But it 
 was, in sooth, a desperate cause that now taxed 
 to its uttermost the genius of Hugh. The lord 
 deputy, Mountjoy, proceeded to the north to tak« 
 command in person against him ; while "Dowcra, 
 marching out of Derry, pressed O'Neill from the 
 north and northeast." Mountjoy advanced on 
 Hugh's family seat, Dungannon; but O'Neill 
 could even better bear to see his ancestral home 
 in ashes than to have it become the shelter of his
 
 130 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 foes. The lord deputy "discovered it in the dis- 
 tance, as Norreys had once before done, in flames 
 liindled by the hand of its straitened proprietor. ' ' 
 With vigor and sliill undiminished and spirit un- 
 daunted, Hugh rapidly planned and carried out 
 his measures of defensive operations. In fine, it 
 was in this moment of apparent ■wreck and ruin 
 and despair that O'Neill's character rose into 
 positive grandeur and sublimity, and that his 
 glorious talents shone forth in their greatest 
 4plendor. "Never," says one of our historians, 
 "did the genius of Hugh O'Neill shine out 
 brighter than in these last defensive operations. 
 In July, Mountioy writes apologetically to the 
 council that, 'notvi'ithstanding her majesty's 
 great forces O 'Neil doth still live.' He bitterly 
 complains of his consummate caution, his 'pesti- 
 lent judgment to spread and to nourish his own 
 infection, ' and of the reverence entertained for 
 his person by the native population. Early in 
 August, Mountjoy had arranged what he hoped 
 might prove the finishing stroke in the struggle ; 
 Dowcra from Derry, Chichester from Carrickfer- 
 gus, Danvers from Armagh, and all who could 
 be spared from Mountjoy, Charlemont, and 
 Mountnorris, were gathered under his command, 
 to the number of eight thousand men, for a foray 
 into the interior of Tyrone. Inisloghlin, on the 
 borders of Down and Antrim, which contained a 
 great quantity of valuables belonging to O'Neill, 
 was captured, Magherlowney and Tulloghoge 
 were next taken. At the latter place stood the 
 ancient stone chair on which the O'Neills were 
 inaugurated, time out of mind; it was now 
 broken into atoms by Mouutjoy's orders. But 
 the most effective warfare was made on the grow- 
 ing crops. The eight thousand men spread 
 themselves over the fertile fields, along the val- 
 leys of the Eann and the Roe, destroying the 
 standing grain with fire, where it would bui-n, or 
 with the praca, a peculiar kind of harrow, tear- 
 ing it up by the roots. The horsemen trampled 
 crops into the earth which had generously nour- 
 ished tliem ; the infantry shore them down with 
 their sabers; and the sword, though in a very 
 different sense from that of Holy Scripture, was, 
 indeed, converted into a sickle. The hai'vest 
 moon never shone upon such fields in any Chris- 
 tian land. In September, Mountjoy reported to 
 Cecil, 'that between Tullaghoge and Toome there 
 
 lay unburied a thousand dead, ' and that since 
 his arrival on the Blackwater — a period of a 
 couple of months — there were three thousand 
 starved in Tyrone. In O 'Cane's country the 
 misery of his clansmen drove the chief to sur- 
 render to Dowcra, and the news of Hugh Roe'g 
 death having reached Donegal, his brother re- 
 paired to Athlone, and made his submission to 
 Mountj y. Earlj' in December, O'Neill, unable 
 to maii tain himself on the river Roe, retired 
 with sii hundred foot and sixty horse to Glen- 
 cancean, near Lough Neagh, the most secure of 
 his fastnesses. His brother Cormac, McMahon, 
 and Art O'Neill, of Clandeboy, shared with him 
 the wintry hardships of that asylum, while 
 Tyrone, Clandeboy, and Monaghan, were given 
 up to horrors, surpassing any that had been 
 known or dreamt of in former wars." 
 
 By this time O'Sullivan had bravely held his 
 position in GlengarrifEe for full six months 
 against all the efforts of the Munster army. 
 That picturesque glen, whose beauty is of world- 
 wide fame, was for Doual a camp foi-med by 
 nature, within which the old and helpless, the 
 women and children of his clan, with their kine 
 and sheep, were safely placed, while the fighting 
 force, which, with Tyrrell's contingent, did not 
 exceed eight hundred men, guarded the few 
 passes through which alone the alpine barriers of 
 the glen could be penetrated. Here the little 
 community, as we might call them, housed in 
 tents of evergreen boughs, lived throughout the 
 summer and autumn months, "waiting for the 
 news from Spain." They fished the "fishful 
 river" that winds through that elysian vale, and 
 the myriad confluent streams that pour down 
 from the "hundred lakes"of Caha. They hunted 
 the deer that in those daj's, as in our own, roamed 
 wild and free through the densely wooded craggy 
 dells. Each morning the guards were told off 
 for the mountain watches; and each evening the 
 bugles of the chief, returning from his daily in- 
 spection, or the joyous shouts of victory that 
 proclaimed some new assault of the enemy re- 
 pulsed, woke the echoes of the hills. And per- 
 haps in the calm summer twilight, the laugh and 
 the song went round; the minstrels touched 
 their harps, and the clansmen improvised their 
 simple rustic sports, while the chief and Lady 
 Aileen moved through the groups with a gracious
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 131 
 
 smile for all! For they nothing doubted that 
 soon would come the glad tidings that King 
 Philip's ships were in the bay; and then! — Bear 
 would be swept of the hated foe, and their loved 
 Dunboy 
 
 again would rise 
 
 And mock the English rover! 
 
 Alas! this happy dream was to fade in sorrow, 
 and die out in bitterest reality of despair! News 
 came indeed from Spain at length ; but it was 
 news that sounded the knell of all their hopes to 
 O'SuUivan and his people! O'Donnellwas dead, 
 and on hearing of the fall of Dunboy the Spanish 
 government had countermanded the expedition 
 assembled and on the point of sailing for Ireland ! 
 This was heart-crushing intelligence for Donal 
 and his confederates. Nevertheless they held 
 out still. There remained one faint glimmer in 
 the north ; and while there was a sword un- 
 sheathed anywhere in the sacred cause of father- 
 land, they would not put up theirs. They gave 
 Carew's captains hot work throughout Desmond 
 for the remainder of the autumn, capturing sev- 
 eral strong positions, and driving in his outlying 
 garrisons in Muskerry and the Carberies. But 
 soon even the northern ray went out, and the 
 skies all around were wrapt in Cimmerian gloom. 
 There was room for hope no more! 
 
 What was now Donal 's position ? It is difficult 
 adequately to realize it! Winter was upon him; 
 the mountains were deep in snow ; his resources 
 were exhausted ; he was cooped up in a remote 
 glen, with a crowd of helpless people, the aged 
 and infirm, women and children, and with barely 
 a few hundred fighting men to guard them. He 
 was environed by foes on all hands. The nearest 
 point where an ally could be reached was in Uls- 
 ter, at the other extremity of Ireland — two or 
 three hundred miles away — and the country be- 
 tween him and any such friendly ground was all 
 in the hands of the English, and swarmed with 
 their garrisons and scouring parties. 
 
 The resolution taken by O'SuUivan under 
 these circumstances was one which has ever since 
 excited among historical writers and military 
 ciritics the liveliest sentiments of astonishment 
 and admiration. It was to pierce through his 
 surrounding foes, and fight his way northward 
 inch by inch to Ulster; convoying meantime the 
 
 women and children, the aged, sick, and 
 wounded of his clan — in fine, all who might elect 
 to claim his protection and share his retreat 
 rather than trust the perils of remaining. It 
 was this latter feature which pre-eminently 
 stamjied the enterprise as almost without prece- 
 dent. For four hundred men, under such cir- 
 cumstances, to cut their way from Glengarriffe to 
 Leitrim, even if divested of every other charge 
 or duty save the clearing of their own path, 
 would be sufficiently daring to form an ei)isode 
 of romance ; and had Donal more regard for his 
 own safety than for his "poor people," this 
 would have been the utmost attemjited by him. 
 But he was resolved, let what might befall, not 
 to abandon even the humblest or the weakest 
 among them. W^hile he had a sword to draw, he 
 would defend them ; and he would seek no safety 
 or protection for himself that was not shared by 
 them. His own wife and, at least, the youngest 
 of his children, he left behind in charge of his 
 devoted foster-brother, Mac Swiney, who success- 
 fully concealed them until the chief's return, 
 nearly eight months subsequently, in an almost 
 inaccessible spot at the foot of an immense prec- 
 ipice in the Glengarriffe mountains, now known 
 as the Eagle's Nest. Many other families also 
 elected to try the chance of escape from Carew's 
 scouring parties, and remained behind, hidden 
 in the fastnesses of that wild region. 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 THE RETREAT TO LEITRIM; "tHE MOST ROMANTIO 
 AND GALLANT ACHIEVEMENT OF THE AGE. 
 
 On the last day of December, 1602, was com- 
 menced this memorable retreat, which every 
 writer or commentator, whether of that period or 
 of our own, civil or military, English or Irish, 
 has concurred in characterizing as scarcely to 
 be paralleled in history.* Tyrrell and other of 
 
 * " We read of nothing more like to the expedition of 
 Young Cyrus and the Ten Tliousand Greeks than this 
 retreat of O'SuUivan Beare." — Abbe Mac Geoghegan. 
 
 "One of the most extraordinary retreats recorded in his- 
 tory. " — Haverty . 
 
 "A retreat almost unparalleled." — M'Gee. 
 
 " The most romantic and gallant achievement of the 
 age." — Davis.
 
 133 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the confederates had drawn off some time previ- 
 ously, when sail re qui pent evidently hecume the 
 luaxim with the despair-stricken band; so that 
 O'Snllivan's force when setting out from Glen- 
 garriffe consistetl exactly of four hundred light- 
 ing men, and about sis hundi-ed non-combatants, 
 women, children, aged and infirm people, and 
 servants.* Even in our own day, and in time of 
 peace,- with full facilities of transport and supply, 
 the commissariat arrangements necessary to be 
 made beforehand along the route of such a body 
 — a thousand souls — would require some skill 
 and organization. But O'Sullivan could on no 
 day tell where or how his people were to iind 
 sustenance for the morrow. He had money 
 enough,f it is trut. to purchase supplies; but no 
 one durst sell them to him, or permit him to take 
 them. "Word was sent through the country by 
 the lord president for all, on peril of being 
 treated as O'Sullivan 's covert or open abettors, 
 to fall upon him, to cross his road, to bar his 
 way, to watch him at the fords, to come upon 
 him bj' night; and, above all, to drive off or de- 
 stroy all cattle or other possible means of sus- 
 tenance, so that of sheer necessity his party must 
 perish on the way. Whose lands soever O'Sul- 
 livan would be found to have passed thi-ough 
 unresisted, or whert upon he was allowed to find 
 food of any kind, tho government would consider 
 forfeited. Such weic the circumstances under 
 which the Lord of iJear and his immortal four 
 hundred set out on their midwinter retreat on 
 December 31, 1602. 
 
 That evening, Don Philip tells us, they reached 
 and encamped at "a ; lace on the borders of Mus- 
 kerry, called by the natives Acharis. "J Nest 
 
 •"Historise Catholicae Hiberniae," Haverty, M'Gee, Mac 
 Geogbegan. 
 
 f Even on Uie last day of this terrible retreat, we find 
 biin able to pay a guide vi-ry liberally in gold pieces. 
 
 1 1 am not anare that any cue hitherto ha.s identified this 
 spot ; but it is, nevertheless, plainly to be found. The 
 place is the junction of some mouutaia roads, in a truly 
 wild and solit.-iry locality, about a mile north of the present 
 village of Bealnageary, which is between Gougane Barra 
 and Macrooin. In a little grove the ruined church of 
 Agharii (marked on the Ordnance uiap.s) identifies for us 
 the locality of "Acharis." It is on the road to Kallyvonr- 
 ney by O'Sullivan's route, which was from (JlengarrilTe 
 eastward by hi.s castle of the Fawn's Rock (" Carrick-nii 
 Asa"), where he left a ward; thence through the Pass of 
 the Deer (" Ceam-an eih ") northward to Agharis. 
 
 day, January 1, 1G03, they reached "before 
 noon, " "Balebrunia" (Ballyvourney), famed as 
 the retreat of St. Gubeneta, whose ruined church 
 and penitential stations are still frequented by 
 pious pilgrims. Here O'Sullivan and his entire 
 force halted, that they might begin their journey 
 by offering all their sufferings to God, and sup- 
 plicating the powerful prayers of His saint. 
 Donal and several members of his family made 
 gifts to the altar, and the little army, having 
 prayed for some time, resumed their weary 
 march. The ordeal commenced for them soon. 
 They were assailed and harassed all the way "by 
 the sons of Thadeus Mac Carthy," several being 
 wounded on both sietes. They cleared their road, 
 however, and that night encamped in "O'Kim- 
 bhi" (O'Keefe's country : Duhallow) "but) " says 
 Philip, "they had little rest at night after sneha 
 toilsome daj', for they were constantly molested 
 by the people of that place, and suffered most 
 painfully from hunger. For they had been able 
 to bring with them bitt one day's provisions, and 
 these they had consumed on the tii«t daj-'s 
 march." Nest morning they pushed forward 
 toward the confines of Limerick, designing to 
 reach that ancient refuge of the oppressed and 
 vanquished, the historic Glen of Aherlow, where 
 at least they hoped for rest in safety during a 
 few days' halt, but their path now lay through 
 the midst of their foes — right between the gar- 
 risons of Charleville and Buttevant, and they 
 scarcely hoped to cross the river in ttieir front 
 without a heavy penalty. And truly enough, as 
 the faint and weary cavalcade reached the bank, 
 a strong force under the brotlier of Viscount 
 Barry encountered them at Bellaghy Ford. The 
 women and children were at once put to the rear, 
 and the hunger-wasted compan.v, nevertheless all 
 unflinching, came up to the conflict like heroes. 
 It was a bitter fight, but despair gave energy to 
 that desperate fugitive band. They literally 
 swept their foes before them, and would not have 
 suffered a man to escape them had not hunger 
 and terrible privation told upon them too severely 
 to allow of a pursuit. Dr. Joyce chronicles this 
 combat for us in one of his ballads: 
 "We stood so steady. 
 All under fire, 
 Wo stood so steady, 
 Our long spears ready
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 133 
 
 To vent our ire — 
 To dash on the Saxon, 
 Our mortal foe, 
 And lay him low 
 
 Id the bloody mire! 
 
 '"T was by Blaokwater, 
 When snows were white, 
 
 'T was by Blackwater, 
 
 Our foes for the slaughter 
 Stood full in sight; 
 
 But we were ready 
 
 With our long spears; 
 
 And we had no fears 
 But we'd win the fight. 
 
 "Their bullets came whistling 
 
 Upon our rank. 
 Their bullets came whistling. 
 Their bay 'nets were bristling' 
 
 On th' other bank. 
 Yet we stood steady. 
 And each good blade 
 Ere the morn did fade 
 
 At their life-blood drank. 
 
 "'Hurra! for Freedom!' 
 
 Came from our van ; 
 'Hurra! for Freedom! 
 Our swords — we'll feed 'em 
 
 As but we can — 
 "With vengeance we'll feed 'emi' 
 Then down we crashed. 
 Through the wild ford dashed. 
 
 And the fray began ! 
 
 "Horses to horses 
 
 And man to man — 
 O'er dying horses 
 And blood and corses 
 
 O'Sullivan, 
 Our general, thundered; 
 And we were not slack 
 To slay at his back 
 
 Till the flight began. 
 
 "Oh! how we scattered 
 
 The foemen then — 
 Slaughtered and scattered 
 And chased and shattered. 
 
 By shore and glen. — 
 
 To the wall of Jloyallo, 
 Few fled that da.v — 
 "Will they bar our way 
 "^'hen we come again? 
 
 "Our dead/rercs we buried-^ 
 
 They were but few — 
 Our dead freres we buried 
 "Where the dark waves hurried 
 
 And flashed and flew : 
 Oh ! sweet be their slumber 
 "Who thus have died 
 In the battle's tide, 
 
 Innisfail, for you!" 
 
 Pushing on for Aherlow — the unwounded of 
 the soldiers carrying between them the wounded 
 of the past three days' conflict — after a march of 
 thirty miles they reached at length that "vast 
 solitude," as Don Philip calls it. They were so 
 worn out by travel and hunger, toil and suffer- 
 ing, that the night sentinels posted around the 
 little camp could scarcely perform their duty.* 
 The prospect of recruiting , strength by a few 
 days' repose here had to be abandoned, lest the 
 foes now gathering around them might bar all 
 way to the Shannon. So next morning, at dawn, 
 having refreshed themselves with the only food 
 available, herbs and water, f they set out north- 
 ward. On this day one of their severest battles 
 had to be fought — a conflict of eight hours' dura- 
 tion. O'Sullivan says that, though the enemy 
 exceeded greatly in numbers, they were deficient 
 in military skill, otherwise the men of Bear must 
 have been overpowered. From this forward the 
 march grew every day more painful. Nature it- 
 self could not continue to endure such suffering. 
 The fugitives dropped on the road from utter ex- 
 haustion, or strayed away in the wild, delirious 
 search for food. In many instances the sentries 
 at night died at their posts from sheer privation. 
 Arriving at Dunuohill, the starving soldiery at 
 once occupied the place. The first who arrived 
 ravenously devoured all the food ; those who 
 came next greedil.v ate everything in the way of 
 corn, etc. On by Ballynakill, Sleive Felim, and 
 Lateragh ; each day a prolonged strife with foes 
 on all sides. "It was not only," says Dob 
 Philip, "that they had to fight against superi«: 
 
 * ■' HistoruE Catholicte Ibernise.' 
 
 flljid.
 
 134 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 numbers; but every day O'SuIlivan had fresh 
 enemies, while his soldiers were being worn out 
 by cold, hunger, and incessant fighting. " Still 
 they guarded faithfully the women and children, 
 and such of the aged as could walk without as- 
 sistance; and maintained, though only by the 
 utmost exertion, that strict disciiiline and pre- 
 caution to which O'SuIlivan largely owed his 
 safety on this march. A vanguard of forty men 
 always went in front; next came the sick and 
 wounded, the women and children; next, the 
 baggage and the ammunition; and, last of all, 
 protecting the rear, Donal himself with the bulk 
 of his little force. On the 6th of January, they 
 reached the wood of Brosna (now Portland, in 
 the parish of Lorh;i) ; and here Donal orders the 
 little force to intrench themselves. Their great- 
 est peril is now at hand. The "lordly Shannon, " 
 wide and deep, is in their front; they have no 
 boats; and the foe is crowding behind and 
 around them. Donal's resort in this extremity 
 was one worthy of his reputation as a skillful cap- 
 tain. Of the few horses now remaining in his 
 cavalcade, he directed eleven to be killed. The 
 skins he strained upon a firmly bound boat-frame 
 which he had his soldiers to construct iu the 
 wood close by; the flesh was cooked as a luxury 
 for the sick and wounded. In this boat, on the 
 morning of the 8th of January, he commenced to 
 transport his little force across the Sh.annon, 
 from Redwood. As he was in the act of so do- 
 ing, there arrived on the southern bank, where 
 the women and children, and only a portion of 
 the rearguard remained, the queen's sheriff of 
 Tipperary and a strong force, who instantly 
 "began to plunder tlie baggage, slaughter the 
 camp followers, and throw the women and chil- 
 dren into the river."* One of O'Sullivan's lieu- 
 tenants, iu charge of the small guard which, 
 howevei', yet remained, fell upon them with such 
 vehemence, that they retired, and the last of the 
 fugitives crossed to the Connaught shore. 
 
 But there was still no rest for that hapless 
 company. "The soldiers pressed 1)y hunger 
 divide themseves into two bands, and alternately 
 sustain the attacks of the euemj', and collect pro- 
 visions. " Arriving at Aughrim-Hy-Maine a 
 powerful and well ordered army under Sir 
 Thomas Burke, Lord Clunricarde's brother, and 
 
 * " Uistorio! C'utliolica!." 
 
 Colonel Henry Malby, lay across their route. 
 Even Carew himself informs us that the English 
 force vastly exceeded the gaunt and famished 
 band of O'SuIlivan; though he does not venture 
 into particulars. In truth Donal found himself 
 compelled to face a pitched battle against a force 
 of some eight hundred men with his wasted 
 part.v, now reduced to less than three hundred. 
 Carew briefly tells the story,- so bitter for him to 
 tell. "Nevertheless, when they saw that either 
 they must make their way by the sword or perish, 
 they gave a brave charge upon our men, in which 
 Capain Malby was slaine; upon whose fall Sir 
 Thomas and his troops fainting, with the loss of 
 many men, studied their safety by flight. "* The 
 quaint record in the "Annals of the Four Master*" 
 is as follows: "O'SuIlivan, O' Conor-Kerry, anJ 
 William Burke, with their small party, were 
 obliged to remain at Aughrim-Hy-Mauy to 
 engage, fight, and sustain a battlefield, and test 
 their true valor against the many hundreds op- 
 laressing and pursuing them. O'SuIlivan, with 
 rage, heroism, fury, and ferocity, rushed to the 
 place where he saw the English, for it was against 
 them that he cherished most animosits' and 
 hatred; and made no delay until he reached the 
 siiot where he saw their chief ; so that he quickly 
 and dexterously beheaded that noble English- 
 man, the sou of Captain Malby. The forces there 
 collected were then routed and a countless num- 
 ber of them slain."! Beside Malby and Burke 
 there were left on the field hy the English "three 
 standard bearers and several olBcers. " ^t was a 
 decisive victory for the Prince of Bear ; but it 
 only purchased for him a day's respite. That 
 night, for the first time — terrible aiHiction — he 
 had to march forward, unable to bring with him 
 his sick or wounded ! Next day the English (who 
 could not win the fight) came up and butchered 
 tliesc helpless ones iu cold blood! I summarize 
 from the "Historise Catholicse" the following 
 narrative of the last days of this luemorablo 
 retreat : 
 
 * " Pacata Hibernia." In the nnxt folldwing sentpiice 
 Carcvv gives witb liorriil candor and equanimity, a picture, 
 liardly to be paralleled in the records of savafjery : "Next 
 morning Sir Charles (WiUiiot) coming to .seeke the enemy 
 in their campe, hee entered into their quarter without re- 
 sistance, where he found iiothing but hurt and sick mm, 
 w/wiie pains arid lives by the soldiers were both determined.'' 
 
 f " Annuls of the Four Masters," pare 2319.
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 135 
 
 "Next clay at dawn ho crossed Slieve Muire 
 (Mount Mary) and came down on some villages 
 where he hoped to procure provisions. But 
 he found all the cattle and provisions carried 
 away, and the people of the district arrayed 
 against him, under the command of Mao David, 
 the lord of the place. He withdrew at dusk to 
 some thick woods at Sliebh Iphlinn. But in the 
 night he received information that the people 
 intended to surround him and cut him off. 
 Large fires were lighted to deceive his enemies, 
 and he at once set off on a night march. The 
 soldiers suffered exceedingly. They fell into 
 deep snowdrifts, whence they dragged each other 
 out with great difficulty. 
 
 "Next day they were overtaken by Mac David. 
 But their determined attitude made their foes 
 retire ; and so they were allowed to betake 
 themselves to another wood called Diamhbhrach, 
 or the Solitude. Upon entering this refuge, the 
 men, overpowered with fatigue, lay down and fell 
 asleep. "When O'Sullivan halted, finding only 
 twelve companions with himself, he ordered fires 
 to be lighted, in order that his scattered follow- 
 ers might know whither to turn upon waking. 
 
 "At dawn of next day numbers of the inhabi- 
 tants flocked to O'Sullivan's bivouac, attracted 
 by the unprecedented spectacle of so many fires 
 in such a lonely solitude. They furnished him 
 gratuitously with food, and subsequently in- 
 formed Oliver Lombard, the governor of Con- 
 naught, that the fires had been kindled by the 
 herdsmen. Many of the Catholics were found to 
 suffer very much in their feet, by reason of the 
 severity of the weather and the length of the 
 march. O'Connor, especially, suffered griev- 
 ously. To give as long a rest as possible, they 
 remained all this day in the wood ; but a night 
 march was necessary for all. This was especially 
 severe on O'Connor, as it was not possible that 
 he could proceed on horseback. For, since the 
 enemy occupied all the piiblic routes and the 
 paths practicable for a horse, they were obliged 
 to creep along by out-of-the-way paths, and fre- 
 quently to help each other in places where alone 
 they could not move. 
 
 "A guide was wanted; but God provided one. 
 A stranger presented himself, clad in a linen 
 garment, with bare feet, having bis head bound 
 with a white cloth, and bearing a long pole shod 
 
 with iron, and presenting an appearance well 
 calculated to strike terror into the beholders. 
 Having saluted O'Sullivan and the others, he 
 thus addressed thom : ' I know that you Catholics 
 have been overwhelmed by various calamities, 
 that you are fleeing from the tyranny of heretics, 
 that at the hill of Aughrim you routed the 
 queen's troops, and that you are now going to 
 O'Ruarke, who is only fifteen miles off; but j'ou 
 want a guide. Therefore, a strong desire has 
 come upon me of leading you thither.' After 
 some hesitation O'Sullivan acceiited his offer, 
 and ordered him to receive two hundred gold 
 pieces. These he took, 'not as a reward, but as 
 a mark of our mutually grateful feelings for each 
 other.' The darkness of the night, their igno- 
 rance of the country, and their unavoidable sus- 
 picion of their guide multiplied their fears. The 
 slippery condition of the rocks over which they 
 had to climb, the snow piled up by the wind, 
 their fatigue and weakness, the swelling of their 
 feet, tormented the unfortunate walkers. But 
 O'Connor suffered most of all. His feet and legs 
 were inflamed, and rapidly broke into ulcers. 
 He suffered excruciating pain; but he bore it 
 patiently for Jesus Christ. In the dead of the 
 night they reached a hamlet, Knock Vicar (Mons 
 Vicarii), where they refreshed themselves with 
 fire and food. But when they were again about 
 to proceed, O'Connor could not stand, much less 
 walk. Then his fellow soldiers carried him in 
 their arms in alternate batches of four, until 
 they found a wretched horse, upon the back of 
 which they placed him. At length, when they 
 had passed Cor Sliebh, the sun having risen, 
 their guide pointed out O'Kuarke's castle in the 
 distance, and having assured them that all danger 
 was now passed, he bade them farewell. 
 
 Not unlike the survivors of the Greek Ten 
 Thousand, to whom they have been so often com- 
 pared, who, when they first described the sea, 
 broke from the ranks and rushed forward wildly 
 shouting "Thalatta! Thalatta!" that group of 
 mangled and bleeding fugitives — for now, alas I 
 they were no more — when they saw through the 
 trees in the distance the towers of Leitrim Castle, 
 sank upon the eartii, and for the first time since 
 they had quitted Bear, gave way to passionate 
 weeping, overpowered by strange paroxysms of 
 joy, grief, suffering, and exultation. At last — at
 
 136 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 last! — they were safe! No more days of bloody 
 combat, and nigbts of terror and unrest! No 
 more of hunger's maddening pangs! No more 
 of flight for life, with bleeding feet, over rugged 
 roads, with murderous foes behind ! Relief is at 
 hand! They can sleep — they can rest. They 
 are saved — they are saved! Then, kneeling on 
 the sward, from their bursting hearts they cried 
 aloud to the God of ^their fathers, who through 
 an ordeal so awful had brought them, few as they 
 were, at last to a haven of refuge! 
 
 They pushed forward, and about eleven o'clock 
 in the forenoon reached O'Rorke's castle. Here 
 they were gazed upon as if they were objects of 
 miraculous wonder. All that generous kindness 
 and tender sympathy could devise, was ciuickly 
 called to their aid. Their wounds and bruises 
 were tended by a hundred eager hands. Their 
 every want w«s anticipated. Alas! how few of 
 them now remained to claim these kindlj^ offices. 
 Of the thousand souls who had set out from 
 Glengarriffe, not one hundred entered the 
 friendly portals of Brefny Hall. Only thirty-five 
 came in with O'Sullivan that morning. Of 
 these, but one was a woman- — the aged mother of 
 Don Philip, the historian ; eighteen were attend- 
 ants or camp-followers, and only sixteen were 
 armed men ! About fifty more came in next day, 
 in twos and threes, or were found by searching 
 parties sent out by O'Rorke. All the rest, ex- 
 cept some three hundred in all, who had strayed, 
 perished on the way, by the sword, or by the ter- 
 rible privations of the journey. This retreat 
 ■was the last military achievement of Donal O'Sul- 
 livan. Some of the greatest commanders in his- 
 tory might be proud to claim an enterprise so 
 heroic as their best title to the immortality of 
 fame. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 HOW THE aOVERNMENT AND HUGH MADE A TREATY OF 
 
 PEACE HOW ENGLAND CAME UNDEK THE SCOTTISH 
 
 MONARCH? ; AND HOW IRELAND HOPEFULLY HAILED 
 THE GAELIC SOVEREIGN. 
 
 The succeeding year (1603) opened upon a 
 state of gloom and incertitude on all hands in 
 Ireland. Like a strong man overpowered, 
 wounded, and cast down, after a protracted and 
 exhausting struggle, yet still unsubmitting and 
 
 not totally reft of strength, the hapless Irish 
 nation lay prostrate — fallen but unsubdued — un- 
 willing to yield, but too weak to rise. The Eng- 
 lish power, on the other hand, was not without 
 its sense of exhaustion also. It had passed 
 through an awful crisis; and had come out of 
 the ordeal victorious, it is true, but greatly by 
 happy chance, and at best only by purchasing 
 victory most deai'ly. O'Neill was still uncon- 
 quered; and though the vast majority of the 
 lesser chiefs confederated with him in the recent 
 struggle had been compelled to submit and sue 
 for pardon, O'Donnell, O'Rorke, Maguire, and 
 O'Sullivan remained to him;* and, on the 
 whole, he was still master of elements capable of 
 being organized into a formidable power, per- 
 haps to renew the conflict at some future favor- 
 able opportunity. Elizabeth and her ministers 
 were too wise and prudent to allow exultation 
 over their success to blind them to the fact that 
 so much of it had been due to fortuitous circum- 
 stances, and that 'twere decidedly better, if pos- 
 sible, to avoid having the combat tried over again. 
 Mountjoy was instructed to" sound" the defeated, 
 but unsubdued and still dangerous Tyrone as to 
 terms of peace and submission, lest, being hope- 
 less of "pardon" (as they put it), he might con- 
 tinue to stand out. Negotiations were accord- 
 ingly opened with O'Neill. "Sir William Go- 
 dolphin and Sir Garrett Moore were sent as 
 com'missioners to arrange with him the terms of 
 peace," the latter (ancestor of the present Mar- 
 quis of Drogheda) being a warm personal friend 
 of O'Neill's. "They found him," we are told, 
 'in his retreat near Lough Neagh, early in 
 March, and obtained his promise to give the 
 deputy an early meeting at Mellifont. " "The 
 negotiations," according to another writer, 
 "were hurried on the deputy's part by private 
 information which he had received of the queen's 
 death ; and fearing that O'Neill's views might be 
 altered by that circumstance, he immediately 
 desired the commissioners to close the agree- 
 ment, and invite O'Neill under safe conduct to 
 Drogheda to have it ratified without delay. " On 
 March 30, 1()03, Hugh met Mountjoy by appoint- 
 ment at Mellifont Abbc.v, where the terms of 
 
 i 
 
 * "All that are out doe seeke for mercy excepting O'Korke 
 and O'Sullivan, who is uow with O'Korke." — Ix>rd Deputy 
 Mountjoy to the Privy Council, Feb. 36, 1603.
 
 THE STORY OK IRELAND. 
 
 137 
 
 peace were duly ratified on each side, O'Neill 
 having on his part gone through the necessary 
 forms and declarations of submission. The 
 singularly favorable conditions conceded to 
 O'Neill show conclusively the estimate held by 
 the English council of their victory over him, 
 and of his still formidable influence. He was to 
 have complete amnesty for the past; he was to be 
 restored in blood, notwithstanding his attainder 
 and outlawry ; he was to bo reinstated in his 
 dignity of Earl of Tyrone; he and his people 
 were to enjoy full and free exercise of their relig- 
 ion ; new "letters-patent" were to issue, regrant- 
 ing to him and other northern chiefs very nearly 
 the whole of the lands occuxned by their respec- 
 tive clans. On the other hand, Hugh was to 
 renounce once and forever the title of "The 
 O'Neill," should accept the English title of 
 "earl," and should allow English law to run 
 through his territories.* Truly liberal terms — 
 generous, indeed, they might under all circum- 
 stances be called — if meant to be faithfullj' kept! 
 It is hard to think O'Neill believed in the good 
 faith of men whose subtle policy he knew so well. 
 Tt may be that he doubted it thoroughly, but 
 was powerless to accomplish more than to obtain 
 such terms, whatever their worth for the present, 
 trusting to the future for the rest. 
 
 Yet it seemed as if, for the first time, a real 
 and lasting peace was at hand. James the Sixth 
 of Scotland, son of the beautiful and ill-fated 
 Mary Queen of Scots, succeeded Elizabeth on the 
 English throne ; and even before his express dec- 
 laration of a conciliatory policy was put forth, 
 there ran through Ireland, as if intuitively, a 
 belief in his friendly dispositions. And, in 
 truth, never before did such a happy oppor- 
 tunity ofEer for adjusting, at last and forever, 
 peacefully' and amicably, the questions at issue 
 between Ireland and England. In James the 
 Irish — always so peculiarly swayed by considera- 
 tions of race or kinship — beheld a Gaelic prince, 
 a king of the sister kingdom, Scotland, to whom 
 had reverted the kingdom and crown of England. 
 Kings of England of the now extinct line had 
 done them grievous wrong; but no king of 
 friendly Scotland had broken the traditional 
 kindly relations between Hibernia and Caledonia. 
 
 'Mitchel. 
 
 Taking King James the Gael for a sovereign was 
 not like bowing the neck to the yoke of the in- 
 vading Normans or Tudors. As the son of his 
 persecuted mother, he was peculiarly recom- 
 mended to the friendly feelings of the Irish peo- 
 ple. Mary of Scotland had much to entitle her 
 to Irish sympathy. She was a princess of the 
 royal line of Malcolm, tracing direct descent 
 from the Milesian princes of Dalariada. She was 
 the representative of many a Scottish sovereign 
 who had aided Ireland against the Normans. 
 Moreover, she had just fallen a victim to the 
 tigress Elizabeth of England, the same who had 
 so deeply reddened with blood the soil of Ire- 
 land. She had suffered for the Catholic faith 
 too ; and if aught else were required to touch the 
 Gaels of Ireland with compassion and sympathj', 
 it was to be found in her youth and beauty, 
 qualities which, when allied with innocence and 
 misfortune, never fail to win the Irish heart. It 
 was to the son of such a woman — the martyred 
 Mary Queen of Scots — that the English crown 
 and kingdom had lapsed, and with these, such 
 claim as England might be held to have upon the 
 Irish kingdom. What wonder if among the 
 Irish the idea prevailed that now at last they 
 could heartily offer loyalty to the sovereign on 
 the English thi'one, and feel that he was neither 
 a stranger nor a subjugator? 
 
 It was indeed a great opportunity, apparently 
 — the first that had ever offered^for uniting the 
 three kingdoms under one crown, without en- 
 forcing between any of them the humiliating 
 relations of conqueror and conquered. There 
 can be no doubt whatever, that, had James and 
 his government appreciated the peculiar oppor- 
 tunity, and availed of it in a humane, wise, and. 
 generous spirit, ^ 
 
 " an end was made, and nobly. 
 
 Of the old centennial feud." 
 
 The Irish nation, there is every ground for con- 
 cluding, would cheerfully and happily have come 
 in to the arrangement; and the simxJest measure 
 of justice from the government, a reasonable con- 
 sideration for the national feelings, rights, and 
 interests, might have realized that dream of a 
 union between the kingdoms which the compul- 
 sion of conquest could never — can never — acsom- 
 plish.
 
 138 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 But that accursed greed of plunder — that 
 unholy passion for Ii'ish spoil — which from the 
 first characterized the English adventurers in Ire- 
 land, and which, unhappily, ever proved poten- 
 tial to mar any comparatively humane designs of 
 the king, vrhenever, if ever, such designs were 
 entertained, was now at hand to demand that 
 Ireland should be given up to "settlers," by fair 
 means or by foul, as a stranded ship might be 
 abandoned to wreckers, or as a captured town 
 might be given up to sack and pillage by the as- 
 saulting soldiery. There is, however, slight rea- 
 son, if any, for thinking that the most unworthy 
 and unnatural son of Mary Queen of Scots — the 
 pedantic and pompous James — entertained any 
 statesmanlike generosity or justice of design in 
 reference to Ireland. The Irish expectations 
 about him were doomed to be woefully disap- 
 pointed He became the mere creature of Eng- 
 lish policy; and the Anglo-Irish adventurers and 
 "settlers" yelling for plunder, were able to force 
 that policy in their own direction. They grum- 
 bled outright at the favorable terms of Mount- 
 joy's ti'eaty with O'Neill. It yielded not one acre 
 of plunder; whereas, the teeth of thousands of 
 those worthies had been set on edge by the an- 
 ticipation of the rich spoils of the "confiscated" 
 north, which they made sure would follow upon 
 O'Neill's subjection. "It now seemed as if ]the 
 entire object of that tremendous war had been, 
 on the part of England, to force a coronet upon 
 the unwilling b: ows of an Irish chieftain, and 
 oblige him in his own despite to accept 'letters 
 patent' and broad lands 'in fee.' Surely, if this 
 were to be the 'conquest of Ulster, ' if the rich 
 valleys of the north, with all their woods and 
 waters, mills and fishings, were to be given up to 
 these O'Neills and O'Donnells, on whoso heads a 
 price had so lately been set for traitors ; if, 
 worse than all, their very religion was to be tol- 
 erated, and Ulster, with its verdant abbey-lands, 
 and livings, and termon-lands, were still to set 
 'Reformation' at defiance; surely, in this case, 
 the crowd of esurient undertakers, lay and cler- 
 ical, had ground of complaint. It was not for 
 this they left their homes, and felled forests, and 
 camped on the mountains, and plucked down the 
 Red Hand from many a castle wall. Not for this 
 they ' preached before the State in Christ Church, ' 
 and censured the backsliding of the times, and 
 
 pointed out the mortal sin of a compromise with 
 Jezebel ! ' ' 
 
 Notwithstanding that for a year or two subse- 
 quent to James' accession, the terms of the treaty 
 of Mellifout were in most part observed by the 
 government, O'Neill noted well the gathering 
 storm of discontent, to which he saw but too 
 clearly the government would succumb at an 
 early opportunity. By degrees the skies began 
 to lour, and unerring indications foretold that a 
 pretest was being sought for his immolation. 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 
 "the flight of the EAKLs" HOW THE PRINCES OF 
 
 IRELAND WENT INTO EXILE, MENACED BY DESTRUC- 
 TION AT HOME. 
 
 It was not long wanting. An anonymous let- 
 ter was found, or was pretended to have been 
 found, at the door of the council chamber in 
 Dublin Castle, purporting to disclose with great 
 circumstantiality a conspiracy, of which O'Neill 
 was the head, to seize the castle, to murder the 
 lord deputy, and raise a general revolt.* The 
 most artful means were resorted to by all whose 
 interest it was to procure the ruin of the north- 
 ern chiefs, to get up a wild panic of real or 
 iiffected terror on this most opportune discovery ! 
 O'Neill well knew the nature of the transaction, 
 and the design behind it. The vultures must 
 have prey — his ruin had become a state neces- 
 sity. In the month of May, he and the othei' 
 northern chiefs were cited to answer the capital 
 charge thus preferred against them. This they 
 were ready to do ; but the government plotters 
 were not just yet ready to carry out their own 
 schemes, ao the investigation was on some slight 
 
 * There seems to have been a plot of some kind; but it 
 was one got up by the secretary of state, Cecil himself ; 
 Lord Howth, his agent in this shocking business, inyeig- 
 ling O'Neill and O'Donnell into attendance at some of the 
 meetings. "Artful Cecil," savs Rev. Dr. AndiMson, a 
 Protestant divine, in his "Royal (Jenealogios," a work 
 ])rinted in London in 1736, " employed one St. Lawrence 
 to entrap the Earls Tyrone and Tyrconnell, the Lord of 
 Delvin, and other Irish chiefs, into a sham plot which had 
 no evidence but his. But these chief.s being informed that 
 witnesses were to be heard against them, foolishly Hed 
 from Dublin ; and so taking their guilt upon them, they 
 were declared rebels, and six entire counties in Ulster were 
 at once forfeited to the erown, which wuiiwhat their enemici 
 wanted. "
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 139 
 
 pretext postpoued, and O'Neill and O'Donnell 
 were ordered to appear iu London on their de- 
 fense at Michaelmas. There is little doubt that 
 hereupon, or about this time, O'Neill formed and 
 communicated to his northern kinsmen and fcl- 
 lo-w-victims the resolution of going into exile, 
 and seeking on some friendly shore that safety 
 which it was plain he could hope for in Ireland 
 no longer. They at once determined to share 
 his fortunes, and to take with them into exile 
 their wives, children, relatives, and household 
 attendants; in fine, to bid an eternal farewell to 
 the "fair hills of holy Ireland. " The sad sequel 
 forms the subject of that remarkable work — 
 "The Flight of the Earls; or the Fate and For- 
 tunes of Tyrone and Tyrconnell," by the Eev. 
 C. P. Meehan, of Dublin ; a work full of deep 
 iind sorrowful interest to every student of Irish 
 history. I can but briefly summarize here, as 
 ■closely as possible from various authorities, that 
 mournful chapter in our national annals. "In the 
 beginning of September 1607, nearly four months 
 after the pretended discovery of St. Lawrence's 
 plot, O'Neill was at Slane with the lord deputy. 
 Sir Arthur Chichester; and they conferred rela- 
 tive to a journe}% which the former was to make 
 to London before Michaelmas, in compliance 
 •with a summons from the king. ^'.Vhile here a 
 letter was delivered to O'Neill from one John 
 Bath, informing him that Maguire had arrived in 
 a French ship in Lough Swilly." Sir John 
 Davis, the attorney-general of that day, says : 
 "He, O'Neill, took leave of the lord deputy, in a 
 more sad and passionate manner than was usual 
 with him. From thence he went to Mellifont, 
 and Sir Garrett Moore's house, where he wept 
 abundantly v.hen he took his leave, giving a 
 solemn farewell to every child and every servant 
 in the house, which made them all marvel, be- 
 cause in general it was not his manner to use 
 such compliments." On his w'ay northward, 
 we are told, he remained two days at his own 
 residence in Dungannon — it was hard to quit the 
 old roof tree forever! Thence he proceeded 
 hastily (traveling all night) to Eathmullen, on 
 the shore of Lough Swilly, where he found 
 O'Donnell and several of his friends waiting, 
 and laying up stores in the French ship. Amid 
 a scene of bitter anguish the illustrious partj- 
 Boon embarked ; numbering fifty persons in all. 
 
 including attendants and domestics. With 
 O'Neill, iu that sorrowful company, we are told, 
 went — his last countess, Catherina, daughter of 
 Maginnis ; his three sons, Hugh, Baron of Dun- 
 gannon, John, and Brian ; Art Ogc, the son of 
 his brother Cormac, and others of his relatives; 
 Euari, or Eoderic O'Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell; 
 Caffa or Cathbar, his brother, and his sister 
 Nuala, who was married to Niall Garve O'Don- 
 nell, but who abandoned her husband when he 
 became a traitor to his country ; Hugh O'Don- 
 nell, the earl's son, and other members of his 
 family ; Cuconnaught Maguire, and Owen Eoe 
 Mac "Ward, chief bard of Tyrconnell." "It is 
 certain," say the 'Four Masters,' "that the sea 
 has not borne, and the wind has not wafted in 
 modern times, a number of persons in one ship, 
 more eminent, illustrious, or noble in point of 
 genealogy, heroic deeds, valor, feats of arms, and 
 brave achievements, than they. Would that God 
 had but permitted them," continued the old 
 annalists, "to remain in their patrimonial inheri- 
 tance until the children should arrive at the age 
 of manhood! Woe to the heart that meditated — 
 woe to the mind that conceived — woe to the 
 council that recommended the project of this ex- 
 pedition, without knowing whether thej- should 
 to the end of their lives be able to return to their 
 ancient principalities and patrimonies." "With 
 gloomy looks and sad forebodings, the clansmen 
 of Tyrconnell gazed upon that fated ship, 'built 
 in th' eclipse and rigged with curses dark,' as 
 she dropped down Lough Swilly, and was hidden 
 behind the cliffs of Fanad land. They never saw 
 their chieftains more."* 
 
 They sailed direct to Normandy. On their ar- 
 rival in France the English minister demanded 
 their surrender as "rebels;" but Henry the 
 Fourth would not give them up. Passing from 
 France through the Netherlands, they were re- 
 ceived with marked honors by the Archduke 
 Albert. In all the courts of Europe, as they 
 passed on their way to the Eternal City, they 
 were objects of attention, respect, and honor 
 from the various princes and potentates. But it 
 was in that Eome to which from the earliest date 
 their hearts fondly turned — -"the common asylum 
 of all Catholics, " as it is called in the epitaph on 
 
 * Mitchel.
 
 140 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 young Hugh O'Neill's tomb — that the illustrious 
 fugitives were received with truest, warmest, and 
 tenderest welcome. Everj' mark of affection, 
 every honorable distinction, was conferred iipon 
 them by the venerable pope, Pius the Fifth, who, 
 in common with all the prelates and jirinces of 
 Christendom, regarded them as confessors of the 
 faith. In conjunction with the King of Spain, 
 the holy father assigned to each of them a liberal 
 annual pension for their support in a manner be- 
 fitting their royal birth and princely state in 
 their lost country. Through many a year, to 
 them, or to other distinguished Irish exiles, the 
 papal treasury afforded a generous and princely 
 bounty. 
 
 But those illustrious exiles drooped in the for- 
 eign climes, and soon, one by one, were laid in 
 foreign graves. Euari, Earl of Tyrconnell, died 
 July 28, 1608. His brother, Caffar, died on the 
 17th of the following September. Maguire died 
 at Genoa on his way to Spain, on the 12th of the 
 previous month — August, 1608. Young Hugh 
 O'Neill, Baron of Dungannon (son of O'Neill), 
 died about a year afterward, on September 23, 
 1609, in the twenty-fourth year of his age. 
 Thus, in the short space of two years after the 
 flight from Ireland, the aged Prince of Ulster 
 found himself almost the last of that illustrious 
 company now left on earth. Bowed down with 
 years and sorrows, his soul wrung with anguish 
 as each day's tidings from distant Ireland 
 brought news of the unparalleled miseries and 
 ojipressions scourging his faithful people, he 
 wandered from court to court, "eating his 
 heart, "for eight j'ears.* Who can imagine or 
 describe with what earnest jiassion he pleaded 
 with prelates and princes, and besought them to 
 think ujion the wrongs of Ireland. "Ha!" (ex- 
 claims one of the writers from whom I have been 
 
 * Of all his sons, but two now survived, Conn and Henry. 
 The latter was page to the Archduke Albert in the Low 
 Countries, and, like his father, was beset by English spies. 
 When the old chieftain died at Rome it was quickly per- 
 ceived the removal of Henry would greatly free England 
 from her nightmare apprehensions about the O'Neills. So 
 the youthful prince was one morning found strangled in 
 his bed at Brussels. The murder was enveloped in the 
 profoundest mystery ; but no one wa.s at a loss to divine its 
 cause and design. Henry had already, by his singular 
 ability, and by certain movements duly reported by tlie 
 (Spies, given but too much ground for concluding that if he 
 lived he would yet be dangerous in Ireland. 
 
 summarizing), "if he had sped in that mission of 
 vengeance — if he had persuaded Paul or Philip 
 to give him some ten thousand Italians or Span- 
 iards, how it would have fluttered those Englisli 
 in their dovecotes to behold his ships standing 
 up Lough Eoyle with the Bloody Hand dis- 
 played.* But not so was it written in the Book. 
 No potentate in Europe was willing to risk such 
 a force as was needed." To deepen the gloom 
 that shrouded the evening of his life, he lost his 
 sight, became totally blind and, like another 
 Belisarius, tottered mournfully to the grave ; the 
 world on this side of which was now in every 
 sense all dark to him. On July 20, 1616, the 
 aged and heart-crushed prince passed from this 
 earthly scene to realms — 
 
 " where souls are free; 
 
 Where tyrants taint not nature's bliss." 
 
 It was at Rome he died, and the holy father 
 ordered him a public funeral ; directing arrange- 
 ments to be forthwith made for celebrating his 
 obsequies on a scale of grandeur such as is ac- 
 corded only to royal princes and kings. The 
 world that bows in worship before the altar of 
 Success turns from the falling and the fallen ; 
 but Rome, the friend of the weak and the unfor- 
 tunate, never measured its honors to nations or 
 princes by the standard of their worldly fortunes. 
 So the English, who would fain have stricken 
 those illustrious fugitives of Ireland from fame 
 and memory, as they had driven them from home 
 and country, gnashed their teeth in rage as they 
 saw all Christendom assigning to the fallen Irish 
 princes an exalted place among the martyr- 
 heroes of Christian patriotism ! On the hill of 
 the Janiculum, in the Franciscan church of San 
 Pietro di Montorio, they laid the Prince of Ul- 
 ster in the grave which, a few years before, had 
 been opened for his son, beside the last resting- 
 place of the Tyrconnell chiefs. Side by side 
 they had fought through life ; side by side they 
 
 * In all his movements on the continent he was sur- 
 rounded by a crowd of English spies, whose letters and re- 
 ports, now in the State Paper Office, give minute and sin- 
 gularly interesting information respecting his manners, 
 habits, conversations, etc. One of them mentions that in 
 the evenings, after dining, if the aged prince were " warm 
 witli wine," he had but one topic ; his luce would glow, 
 and striking the table, he would assert that they would 
 "have a good day yet in Ireland." .'Uhs'
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 141 
 
 now sleep in death. Above tho grave where rest 
 the ashes of those heroes many an Irish pilgrim 
 has knelt, and prayed, and wept. In the calm 
 evening, when the sunbeams slant upon the 
 stones below, the fathers of St. Francis often see 
 some figure prostrate upon the tomb, which as 
 often they find wetted by the tears of the 
 mourner. Then they know that some exiled 
 child of Ireland has sought and found the spot 
 made sacred and holy for him and all his nation 
 by ten thousand memories of mingled grief and 
 glory.* 
 
 There is not perhaps in the elegiac poetry of 
 any language anything worthy of comparison 
 with the "Lament for the Princess of Tyrone and 
 Tyrconnell, " composed by the aged and venerable 
 bard of G'Donnell, Owen Roe Mac Ward. In this 
 noble burst of sorrow, rich in plaintive eloqiience 
 and in all the beauty of true poesy, the bard ad- 
 dresses himself to Lady NualaO'Dounell and her 
 attendant mourners at the grave of the i)rinces. 
 Happily, of this peerless poem we possess a trans- 
 lation into English, of which it is not too much 
 to say that it is in every sense worthy of the 
 original, to which it adheres with great fidelity, 
 while preserving all the spirit and tenderness of 
 the Gaelic idiom. I allude to Mangan's admi- 
 rable translation, from which I take the following 
 passages : 
 
 * Some eighteen years ago a horrible desecration well- 
 nigh destroyed forever all identification of the grave so 
 dear to Irishmen. The Eternal City — the sanctuary of 
 Christendom — was sacrilegiously violated by invaders as 
 lawless and abhorrent as Alaric and his followers — the Car- 
 bonari of modern Europe; led by Mazzini and Garibaldi. 
 The churches were profaned, the tombs were rifled, and 
 tfie chureh of San Pietro di Moiitorio was converted bi/ Gari- 
 baldi into cavalry stables! The trampling of the horses de- 
 stroyed or effaced many of the tombstones, and the Irish in 
 the city gave up all hope of safety for the one so sacred in 
 their eyes. Happily, however, when Rome had been res- 
 cued by France on behalf of the Christian world, and when 
 the filth and litter had been cleared away from the dese- 
 crated church, the tomb of the Irish princes was found to 
 have escaped with very little permanent injury. Some 
 there are, who, perhaps, do not understand the sentiment 
 — the principle — which claims Rome as belonging to Chris- 
 tendom — not to "Italy," or France, or Austria, or Naples. 
 But in truth and fact, Rome represents not only " God's 
 acre" of the world, but is the repository of priceless treas- 
 ures, gifts, and relics, which belong in common to all 
 Christian peoples, and which they are bound to 
 guard. 
 
 "O woman of the piercing wail! 
 
 Who mournest o'er yon mound of clay 
 With sigh and groan. 
 Would God thou wert among the Gael ! 
 Thou wouldst not then from day to day 
 Weep thus alone. 
 'Twerc long before, around a grave 
 In green Tyrconnell, one would find 
 This loneliness; 
 Near where Beann-Boirche's banners wave. 
 Such grief as thine could ne'er have iiined 
 Companionless. 
 
 "Beside the wave, in Donegal, 
 
 In Antrim's glens, or fair Drcmore, 
 Or Killilee, 
 Or where the sunny waters fall 
 At Assaroe, near Erna's shore. 
 This could not be. 
 On Derry's plains — in rich Drumclieff — 
 Throughout Armagh the Great, renowned 
 In olden years. 
 No da.v could pass, but woman's grief 
 Would rain upon the burial-ground 
 Fresh floods of tears ! 
 
 "O no! — from Shannon, Boyne, and Suir, 
 From high Dunluce's castle walls, 
 From Lissadill, 
 Would flock alike both rich and poor. 
 
 One wail would rise from Cruachan's halk 
 To Tara's hill; 
 And some would come from Barrow side. 
 And many a maid would leave her home 
 On Leitrim's plains, 
 And by melodious Banna's tide, 
 
 And by the Mourne and Erne, to come 
 And swell thy strains! 
 
 "Two princes of the line of Conn 
 Sleep in their cells of clay beside 
 O'Donnell Eoe; 
 Three royal youths, alas! are gone. 
 Who lived for Erin's weal, but died 
 For Erin's woe! 
 Ah ! could the men of Ireland read 
 
 The names these noteless burial stones 
 Display to view. 
 Their wounded hearts afresh would bieed. 
 Their tears gush forth again, their groans 
 Resound anew!
 
 143 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 "And who can marvel o'er thy grief, 
 Or who can blame thy flowing teai-s, 
 That knows their source? 
 O'Donnell, Duunasava's chief. 
 Cut off amid his vernal years. 
 Lies here a corse. 
 Beside his brother Cathbai-, whom 
 Tyrconnell of the Helmets mourns 
 In deep despair — 
 For valor, truth, and comely bloom. 
 For all that greatens and adorns, 
 A peerless pair. 
 
 *' When high the shout of battle rose 
 
 On fields where Freedom 's torch still burned 
 Through Erinn's gloom. 
 If one — ^if barely one — of those 
 
 Were slain, all Ulster would have mourned 
 The hero's doom! 
 If at Athboy, where hosts of brave 
 Ulidian horsemen sank beneath 
 The shock of spears. 
 Young Hugh O'Neill had found a grave. 
 Long must the North have wept his death 
 With heart-wrung tears! 
 
 •'W^hat do I say? Ah, woe is me! 
 Already we bewail in vain 
 Their fatal fall ! 
 And Erinn, once the Great and Free, 
 Now vainly mourns her breakless chain 
 And iron thrall! 
 Then, daughter of O'Donnell, dry 
 Thine overflowing eyes, and turn 
 Thy heart aside. 
 For Adam's race is born to die, 
 And sternly the seinilchral urn. 
 Mocks human pride ! 
 
 "Look not, nor sigh, for earthly throne, 
 Nor place thy trust in arm of clay; 
 But on thy knees 
 Uplift thy soul to God alone. 
 
 For all things go their destined way 
 As Ho decrees. 
 Embrace the faithful crucifix. 
 
 And seek the path of pain and prayer 
 Thy .Savior trod; 
 Hot let thy spirit intermix 
 
 W^ith earthly hoi)o and worldly care 
 Its groans to God! 
 
 "And Thou, O mighty Lord! whose ways 
 Are far above our feeble minds 
 To understand ; 
 Sustain us in those doleful days. 
 
 And render light the chain that binds 
 Our fallen land ! 
 Look down upon our dreary state, 
 And through the ages that may still 
 Roll sadly on. 
 Watch Thou o'er hapless Erinn's fate. 
 And shield at last from darker ill 
 The blood of Conn!" 
 
 There remains now but to trace the fortunes 
 of O'Sullivan, the last of O'Neill's illustrious 
 companions in arms. The special vengeance of 
 England marked Donal for a fatal distinction 
 among his fellow chiefs of the ruined confeder- 
 acy. He was not included in the amnesty set- 
 tled by the treaty of Mellifout. We maj- be sure 
 it was a sore thought for O'Neill that he could 
 not obtain for a friend so true and tried as O'Sul- 
 livan, participation in the terms granted to him- 
 self and other of the Northern chieftains. But 
 the government was inexorable. The Northerns 
 had yet some power left; from the Southern 
 chiefs there now was nought to fear. So, we are 
 told; "there was no pardon for O'Sullivan." 
 Donal accompanied O'Neill to London the year 
 succeeding James' accession ; but he could obtain 
 no relaxation of the policy decreed against him. 
 He returned to Ireland only to bid it an eternal 
 farewell! Assembling all that now remained to 
 him of family and kindred, he sailed for Spain 
 A.I). 1604. He was received with all honor by 
 King Philip, who forthwith created him a 
 grandee of Spain, knight of the military order of 
 St. lago, and subsequently Earl of Bearhaven. 
 The king, moreover, assigned to him a pension 
 of "three hundred pieces of gold monthly." 
 The end of this illustrious exile was truly tragic. 
 His young sou, Donal, had a quarrel with an 
 ungrateful Anglo-Irishman named Bath, to whom 
 the old chief had been a kind benefactor. Young 
 Donal's cousin, Philip — the author of the "His- 
 toriiB Catholicai Ibernicc" — interfered with niedi- 
 ative intentions, when Bath drew his sword, 
 uttering some grossly insulting observations 
 against the O'Sullivans. Philip aud he at once 
 ' attacked each other, but the former soon over-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 143 
 
 powered Bath, and would have slain him but for 
 the interposition of friends ; for all this had oc- 
 curred at a royal monastery in the suburbs of 
 Madrid, within the precincts of which it was a 
 capital offense to engage in such a combat. The 
 parties were separated. Bath was drawn off, 
 wounded in the face, when he espied not far oft' 
 the old chieftain, O'Sullivan Beare, returning 
 from mass, at which that morning, as was his 
 wont, he had received holy communion. He 
 ■was pacing slowly along, unaware of what had 
 happened. His head was bent upon his breast, 
 he held in his hands his gloves and his rosary 
 beads, and appeared to be engaged in mental 
 prayer. Bath, filled with fury, rushed suddenly 
 behind the aged lord of Bear, and ran him 
 through the body. O'Sullivan fell to earth; 
 they raised him up — he was dead. Thus mourn- 
 fully perished, in the tifty-seventh year of his 
 age, Donal, the "Last Lord of Beare," as he is 
 most frequently styled, a man whose personal 
 virtues and public worth won for him the esteem 
 and affection of all his contemporaries. 
 
 His nephew Philip became an oiScer in the 
 Spanish navy, and is known to literary fame as 
 the author of the standard work of history which 
 bears his name, as well as of several publications 
 of lesser note. Young Donal, son of the mur- 
 dered chieftain, entered the army and fell at Bel- 
 grade, lighting against the Turks. The father of 
 Philip the historian (Dermod, brother of Donal, 
 Prince of Bear) died at Corunna, at the ad- 
 Tanced age of a hundred years, and was followed 
 to the grave soon after by his long-wedded wife : 
 
 "Two pillars of a ruined aisle — two old trees of 
 the land ; 
 Two voyagers on a sea of grief; long suff'rers 
 hand in hand." 
 
 CHAPTER Lin. 
 
 A MEMORABLE EPOCH HOW MILESIAN IRELAND FINALLY 
 
 DISAPPEARED FROM HISTORY; AND HOW A NEW 
 
 IRELAND IRELAND IN ESILE APPEARED FOR THE 
 
 FIRST TIME HOW "PLANTATIONS" OF FOREIGNERS 
 
 WERE DESIGNED FOR THE "COLONIZATION" OF 
 IRELAND, AND THE EXTIRPATION OF THE NATIVE 
 RACE. 
 
 I HAVE narrated at very considerable length the 
 jsyents of that period of Iriah history with which 
 
 the name of Hugh O'Neill is identified. I have 
 done so, because that era was one of most 
 peculiar importance to Ireland ; and it is greatly 
 necessary for Irishmen to fully understand 
 and appreciate the momentous meaning of its 
 results. The war of 1599- 1C02 was the last 
 struggle of the ancient native rule to sustain 
 itself against the conquerors and the jurisdiction 
 of their civil and religious code. Thenceforth — 
 at least for two hundred years subsequeutly — the 
 wars in Ireland which eventuated in completing 
 the spoliation, ruin, and extinction of the native 
 nobility, were wars in behalf of the English sov- 
 ereign as the rightful sovereign of Ireland also. 
 Never more in Irish history do we find the 
 authority of the ancient native dynasties set up, 
 recognized, and obeyed. Never more do we find 
 the ancient laws and judicature undisturbedly 
 prevailing in any portion of the laud. With the 
 flight of the Northern chieftains all claims of 
 ancient native dynasties to sovereignty of power, 
 rights, or privileges, disappeared, never once to 
 reappear; and the ancient laws and constitution 
 of Ireland, the venerable code that had come 
 down inviolate through the space of fifteen hun- 
 dred years, vanished totally and forever ! Taking 
 leave, therefore, of the chapter of history to 
 which I have devoted so much space, we bid 
 farewell to Milesian Ireland — Ireland claiming to 
 be ruled by its own native princes, and hence- 
 forth have to deal with L-eland as a 'kingdom 
 subject to the Scotto-Euglish sovereign. 
 
 The date at which we have arrived is one most 
 remarkable in our history in other respects also. 
 If it witnessed the disappearance of Milesian Ire- 
 land, it witnessed the first appearance in history 
 of that other Iielaud, which from that day to the 
 present has been in so great a degree the hope 
 and the glory of the parent nation — a rainbow 
 set in the tearful sky of its captivity — -Ireland in 
 exile! In the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury "the Irish abroad" are first heaid of as a 
 distinct political element. The new power thus 
 born into the world was fated to perform a great 
 and marvelous part in the designs of Providence. 
 It has endured through the shock of centuries — 
 has outlived the rise and fall of dynasties and 
 states — has grown into gigantic size and shape; 
 and in the influence it exercises at this moment 
 on the coui'se anu policy of England, affords, per-
 
 144 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 haps, the most remarkable illustration recorded 
 outside Holy Writ, of the inevitability of retribu- 
 tive justice. To expel the people of Ireland from 
 their own country, to thrust them out as outcast 
 wanderers and exiles all over the world — to seize 
 their homes and possess their heritage, will be 
 found to have been for centuries the policy, the 
 aim, and untiring endeavor of the English gov- 
 ernment. The scheme which we are about to see 
 King James prosecuting (Munster witnessed its 
 inauguration in the previous reign) has ever 
 since haunted the English mind; namelj', the 
 expulsion of the native Irish race, and the 
 "planting" or "colonizing" of their country by 
 English settlers. The history of the world has 
 no parallel for such a design, pursued so relent- 
 lessly through such a great space of time. But 
 God did not more signally preserve His chosen 
 people of the Old Law than He has preserved the 
 Irish nation in captivity and in exile. They 
 have not melted away, as the calculations oi their 
 evictors anticipated. They have not become 
 fused or transformed bj^ time or change. They 
 have not perished where all ordinary probabili- 
 ties threatened to the human race impossibility of 
 existence. Prosperity and adversity in their 
 new homes have alike failed to kill in their 
 hearts the sentiment of nationality, the holy 
 love of Ireland, the resolution of fulfilling their 
 destiny as the Heraclida: of modern history. 
 They preserve to-day, all over the world, their 
 individuality as markedly as the children of Israel 
 did theirs in Babylon or in Egypt. 
 
 The flight of the earls threw all the hungry ad- 
 venturers into ecstacies! Now, at least, there 
 ■would be plunder. The vultures flapped their 
 wings and whetted their beaks. Prey in abun- 
 dance was about to be flung them by the royal 
 hand. To help still further the schemes of con- 
 fiscation now being matured in Dublin Castle, 
 Sir Cahir O'Doherty — who had been a queen's 
 man most dutifully so far — was skillfully pushed 
 into a revolt which afforded the necessary pretext 
 for adding the entire peninsula of lunishowen to 
 the area of "plantation. " Ulster was now par- 
 celled out into lots, and divided among court 
 favorites and clamoring "undertakers;" the 
 owners and occupiers, the native inhabitants, be- 
 ing as little regarded as the wild grouse on the 
 
 hills! The guilds, or trade companies of Lon- 
 don, got a vast share of plunder; something like 
 one hundred and ten thousand acres of the rich- 
 est lands of the O'Neills and O'Donnells — landa 
 which the said London companies hold to this day. 
 To encourage and maintain these "plantations," 
 various privileges were conferred upon or offered 
 to the "colonists;" the conditions required of 
 them on the other hand being simply to exclude 
 or kill of£ the owners, to hunt down the native 
 population as they would any other wild game; 
 and, above all, to banish and keep out "popery. " 
 In fine, they and their "heirs, executors, admin- 
 istrators, and assigns, ' ' were to garrison the 
 country — to consider themselves a standing army 
 of occupation in the English Protestant interest. 
 
 For two hundred years of history we shall find 
 that "colonized" province, and the "colonists" 
 generally, endowed, nursed, petted, protected, 
 privileged — the especial care of the English gov- 
 ernment — while the hapless native population 
 were, during the same period, proscribed, "dead 
 in law," forbidden to trade, forbidden to edu- 
 cate, forbidden to own property ; for each which 
 prohibition, and many besides to a like intent, 
 acts of parliament, with "day and date, word 
 and letter, ' ' may be cited. 
 
 So great was the excitement created among the 
 needy and greedy of all classes in England by 
 the profuse dispensations of splendid estates, 
 rich, fertile, and almost at their own doors, that 
 the millions of acres in Ulster were soon all gone ; 
 and still there were crowds of hungry adventur- 
 ers yelling for ' ' more, more ! ' ' James soon found 
 a way for providing "more. " He constituted a 
 roving commission of inquiry into "defective 
 titles, "as he was pleased to phrase it — a per- 
 ipatetic inquisition on the hunt for spoil. The 
 commissioners soon reported three hundred and 
 eighty-five thousand acres in Leinster as "dis- 
 covered," inasmuch as the "titles" were not such 
 as ought (in their judgment) to stand in the way 
 of his majesty's designs. The working of this 
 commission need scarcely be described. Even 
 the historian, Leland, who would have been its 
 apologist if ho could, tells us there were not 
 wanting "proofs of the most iniquitous practices, 
 of hardened cruelty, of vile perjury, and scanda- 
 lous subornation, employed to despoil the unfor- 
 tunate proprietor of his inheritance." Old and
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 145 
 
 obsolete claims, we are told, some of them dating 
 as far back as Henry the Second, were revived, 
 and advantage was taken of the most trivial liaws 
 and minute informalities. In the midst of his 
 plundering and colonizing James died, March 27, 
 lt)25, and was succeeded by his son, Charles. 
 Bitterly as the Irish Catholics had been unde- 
 ceived as to James' friendly dispositions, they 
 gave themselves up more warmly than ever to 
 the belief that the young prince now just come to 
 the throne would afford them justice, tolerance, 
 and protection. And here we have to trace a 
 chapter of cruelest deceit, fraud, and betrayal of 
 a too confiding people. The king and his favor- 
 ite ministers secretly encouraged these expecta- 
 tions. Charles needed money sorely, and his 
 Irish representative, Lord Faulkland, told the 
 Catholic lordn that if they would present to his 
 majesty, as a voluntary subsidy, a good round 
 sum of money, he would grant them certain pi'o- 
 tections or immunities, called "royal graces" in 
 the records of the time. "The more important 
 were those which provided 'that recusants should 
 be allowed to practice in the courts of law, and 
 to 3ue out the livery of their lands on taking an 
 oath of civil allegiance in lieu of the oath of 
 supremacy ; that the undertakers in the several 
 plantations should have time allowed them to ful- 
 fill the condition of their tenures; that the 
 claims of the crown should be limited to the last 
 sixty years; and that the inhabitants of Con- 
 naught should be permitted k) make a new enrol- 
 ment of their estates. ' The contract was duly 
 ratified by a royal proclamation, in which the 
 concessions were accompanied by a promise that 
 ae parliament should be held to confirm them. 
 The first instalment of the money was paid, and 
 the Irish agents returned home, but only to learn 
 that an order had been issued against 'the popish 
 regular clergy, ' and that the royal promise was 
 to be evaded in the most shameful manner. 
 When the Catholics pressed for the fulfillment of 
 the compact, the essential formalities for calling 
 an Irish parliament were found to have been 
 omitted by the officials, and thus the matter fell 
 to the ground for the present."* 
 
 In other words, the Iri.sh Catholics were royally 
 swindled. The miserable Charles pocketed the 
 
 ►M'Gee. 
 
 money, and then pleaded that certain of the 
 "graces" were very "unreasonable." He found 
 that already the mere suspicion of an inclination 
 on his part to arrest the progress of persecution 
 and plunder was arousing and inflaming against 
 liim the fanatical Calvinistic section of English 
 Protestantism, while his high-handed assertions 
 of royal prerogative were daily bringing him 
 into more dangerous conflict with his English 
 parliament. To complete the complications sur- 
 rounding him, the attempts to force Episcopalian 
 Protestantism on the Calvinistic Scots led to 
 open revolt. A Scottish rebel army* took the 
 field, demanding that the attempt to extend 
 Episcopacy into Scotland should be given up, 
 and that Calvinistic Presbyterianism should be 
 acknowledged as the established religion of that 
 kingdom. Charles marshaled an army to march 
 against them. The parliament would not vote 
 him supplies — indeed the now dominant party in 
 parliament sympathized with and encouraged the 
 rebels; but Charles, raising money as best he 
 could, proceeded northward. Nevertheless, he 
 appears to have recoiled from the idea of spilling 
 the blood of his countrymen for a consideration 
 of spiritual supremacy. He came to an arrange- 
 ment with the rebel "Covenanters" granting to 
 them the liberty of conscience — nay, religious 
 supremacy — which they denaanded, and even 
 paying their army for a portion of the time it 
 was under service in the rebellion. 
 
 All this could not fail to attract the deepest at- 
 tention of the Irish Catholic nobility and gentry, 
 who found themselves in far worse plight than 
 that which had moved the Calvinistic Scots to 
 successful rebellion. Much less indeed than had 
 been conceded to the rebel Covenanters would 
 satisfy them. They did not demand that the 
 Catholic religion should be set up as the estab- 
 lished creed in Ireland ; they merely asked that 
 the sword of persecution should not be bared 
 against it ; and for themselves they sought noth- 
 ing beyond protection as good citizens in person 
 and property, and simple equality of civil rights. 
 Wentworth, Charles' representative in Ireland, 
 had been pursuing against them a course of the 
 most scandalous and heartless robbery, pushing 
 
 * Often called "Covenanters," from their demands or 
 articles of confederation in the rebellion being called their 
 "solemn league and covenant."
 
 146 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 on the operations of the commission of inquiry 
 into defective titles. "He commenced the work 
 of plunder with Eoscommon, and as a prelimi- 
 nary step, directed the sheriff to select such 
 jurors as might be made amenable, 'in case 
 they should prevaricate;' or, in other words, 
 thej' might be ruined by enormous fines, if they 
 refused to find a verdict for the king. The 
 jurors were told that the object of the commis- 
 sion was tc find 'a clear and undoubted title in 
 the crown to the province of Connaught, ' and to 
 make them 'a civil and rich people' by means of 
 a plantation ; for which purpose his majesty 
 should, of course, have the lands in his own 
 hands to distribute to fit and proper persons. 
 Under threats which could not be misunder- 
 stood, the jury found for the king, whereupon 
 ■Wentworth commended the foreman. Sir Lucas 
 Dillon, to his majesty, that 'he might be remem- 
 bered upon the dividing of the lands,' and also 
 obtained a competent reward for the judges. 
 
 "Similar means had a like success in Mayo 
 and Sligo; but when it came to the turn of the 
 more wealthy and populous county of Galway, 
 the jury refused to sanction the nefarious robbery 
 bj' their verdict. "Wentworth was furious at this 
 rebuff, and the unhappy jurors were punished 
 without mercy for their 'contumacy.' They 
 were compelled to appear in the castle chamber, 
 where each of them was fined four thousand 
 pounds, and their estates were seized and they 
 themselves imprisoned until these fines should be 
 paid, while the sheriff was fined four thousand 
 pounds, and being unable to pay that sum died 
 in prison. Wentworth proposed to seize the 
 lands, not only of the jurors, but of all the gentry 
 who neglected 'to lay hold on his majesty's 
 grace ;' he called for an increase of the army 
 'until the intended plantation should be settled,' 
 and recommended that the counsel who argued 
 the cases against the king before the commis- 
 sioners should be silenced until they took the 
 oath of supremacy, which was accordingly done. 
 'The gentlemen of Connaught,' says Carte ("Life 
 of Orrnond," vol. i.), 'labored under a particular 
 hardship on this occasion ; for their not having 
 enrolled their patents and surrenders of the 1.3th 
 Jacobi (which was what alone rendered their 
 titles defective) was not their fault, but the 
 neglect of a clerk intrusted by them. For they 
 
 had paid near three thousand pounds to the 
 officers in Dublin for the enrolment of these sur- 
 renders and patents, which was never made.' "* 
 
 Meanwhile, as I have already described, the 
 Scots, whose "grievances" were in nowise to be 
 compared with these, had obtained full redress 
 by an armed demonstration. It was not to be 
 expected in the nature of things that events so 
 suggestive would be thrown away on the spoli- 
 ated Catholic nobles and gentry of Ireland. Ac- 
 cordingly, we find them about this period con- 
 ferring, confederating, or conspiring, on the 
 basis of an Irish and Catholic "solemn league 
 and covenant" — of much more modest preten- 
 sions, however, than the Scottish Calvinistic 
 original. Their movement, too, was still more 
 notably distinguished from that demonstration 
 by the most emphatic and explicit loyalty to the 
 king, whom indeed they still credited with just 
 and tolerant dispositions, if freed from the re- 
 straint of the persecuting Puritan faction. They 
 saw, too, that the king and the parliament were at 
 utter issue, and judged that by a bold coup they 
 might secure for themselves royal recognition 
 and support, and turn the scale against their 
 bitter foes and the king's. 
 
 Moreover, by this time the "other Irish na- 
 tion" — "the Irish abroad," had grown to be a 
 power. Already the exiles on the continent pos- 
 sessed ready to hand a considerable military 
 force, and a goodly store of money, arms, and 
 ammunition. For they had "not forgotten Jeru- 
 salem," and wherever they served or fought, 
 they never gave iip that hope of "a good day yet 
 in L-eland. " The English State Paper OflSce 
 holds several of the letters or reports of the spies 
 retained by the government at this time to watch 
 their movements; and, singularly enough, these 
 documents describe to us a state of things not 
 unlike that existing at this day, toward the close 
 of the nineteenth century! — the Irish in exile, 
 organized in the design of retui-ning and liberat- 
 ing their native land, assessing themselves out of 
 their scanty jiay for contributions to the general 
 fund If The Irish abroad had moreover, what 
 
 *Haverty. 
 
 f Mr. Haverty, the bistorian, quotes one of tbese "re- 
 ports" wbich, as be says, was first brought to light in the 
 Nation newspaper of 5tli of February, 185!*, liaviug been 
 copied from the original in the State Paper Office. It is fr
 
 THE STOltY OF IRELAND. 
 
 147 
 
 frreatly enhanced their military iniluencc — pres- 
 tige. Already, they had become honorably 
 
 list or return of the names oC the " dangerous " Irish abroad, 
 supplied by one of the Englisli spies. "The li.st bef,'ins 
 with Don Ricliardo Burlte, ' a man much experienced in 
 martial affairs,' and ' a good inffiniere.' He served many 
 years under the Spaniards in Naples and the West Indies, 
 and was the governor of Leghorn for the Duke of Florence. 
 Next • Phellomy O'Neill, nephew unto old Tyrone, liveth 
 in great respect (in Milan), and is a captain of a troop of 
 horse.' Then come James Rowtho or Rothe, an alfaros or 
 standard-bearer in the Spanish army, and bis brother, Cap- 
 tain John Rothe, ' a pensioner in Naples, who carried Ty- 
 rone out of Ireland.' One Captain Solomon Mac Da, a Ger- 
 aldine, resided at F'lorence, and Sir Thomas Talbot, a knight 
 of Malta, and 'a resolute and well-beloved man,' lived at 
 Naples, in which latter city ' there were some other Irish 
 captains and officers.' The list then proceeds. ' In Spain, 
 Captain Phellomy Cavanagh, son in-law to Donell Spaniagh, 
 servetU under the king by sea ; Captain Somlevayne (O'Sul- 
 livan), a man of noted courage. These live commonly at 
 Ijisbonne, and are sea-captains. Besides others of the Irish, 
 Captain Driscoll, the younger, sonne to old Captain Dris- 
 coll ; both men reckoned valourous. In the court of Spaine 
 liveth the sonne of Richard Burke, which was nephew 
 untoe William, who died at Valladolid ... he is in high 
 favour with the king, and (as it is reported) is to be made 
 a marquis ; Captain Toby Bourke, a pensioner in the court 
 of Spain, another nephew of the said William deceased ; 
 Captain John Bourke M'Shane, who served long time in 
 Flanders, and now liveth on his pension assigned on the 
 Groyne. Captain Daniell, a pensioner at Antwerp. In the 
 Low Countries, under the Archduke, John O'Neill, sonne 
 of the arch-traitor Tyrone, colonel of the Irish regiment. 
 Young O'Donnell, Sonne of the late traitorous Earl of Tir- 
 connell. Owen O'Neill (Owen Roe), serjeant-major (equiv- 
 alent to the present lieutenant-colonel) of the Irish regi- 
 ment. Captain Art O'Neill, Captain Cormac O'Neill, Cap- 
 tain Donel O'Donel, Captain Thady O'Sullivane, Captain 
 Preston, Captain Fit?, Gerrott ; old Captain Fitz Gerrott 
 continues serjeant-major, now a pensioner ; Captain Ed- 
 mond O'Mor, Captain Bryan O'Kelly, Captain Stanihurst, 
 Captain Corton, Captain Daniell, Captain Walshe. There 
 are diverse othfer captaines and officers of the Irish under 
 the Archduchess (Isabella), some of whose companies are 
 oast, and they made pensioners. Of these serving under 
 the Archduchess, there are about one hundred able to com- 
 mand companies, and twenty fit to be colonels. Many of 
 them are descended of gentlemen's families and some of 
 noblemen. These Irish soldiers and pensioners doe stay 
 their resolutions until they see whether England makes 
 peace or war with Spaine. If peace, they have practised 
 already with other soveraine princes, from whom they 
 have received hopes of assistance ; if war doe ensue, they 
 are confident of greater ayde. They have been long pro- 
 viding of arms for any attempt against Ireland, and had 
 in readiness five or six thousand arms laid up in Antwerp 
 for tliat purpose, bought out of the deduction of their 
 monthly pay, as will be proved, and it is thought they 
 have doubled that proportion by these means.'" 
 
 knuv, n as "bravest of tho brave" on the battle- 
 fields of Spain, France, and the Netherlands. 
 
 Communications were at once opened between 
 the exiles and the confederates at home, the chief 
 agent or promoter of the movement being a pri- 
 vate gentleman, Mr. Roger O'More, or O'Moore, 
 a member of the ancient family of that name, 
 chiefs of Leix. With him there soon became as- 
 sociated Lord Maguire, an Irish nobleman, who 
 retained a small fragment of the ancient patri- 
 mony of his famil.v in Fermanagh; his brother 
 Eoger Maguire, Sir Felim O'Neill of Kinnard, 
 Sir Con Magennis, Colonel Hugh Oge Mac Mahon, 
 Very Eev. Heber Mac Mahon, Vicar-General of 
 Clogher, and a number of others. 
 
 About May, Nial O'Neill arrived in Ireland 
 from the titular Earl of Tyrone (John, son of 
 Hugh O'Neill), in Spain, to inform his friends 
 that he had obtained from Cardinal Eichelieu a 
 promise of arms, ammunition, and money for Ire- 
 land when required, and desiring them to hold 
 themselves in readiness. The confederates sent 
 back the messenger with information as to their 
 proceedings, and to announce that they would be 
 prepared to rise a few days before or after All- 
 Hallowtide, according as opportunity answered. 
 But scarcely was the messenger dispatched when 
 news was received that the Earl of Tyrone was 
 killed, and another messenger was sent with all 
 speed into the Low Countries to (his cousin) Col- 
 onel Owen (Eoe) O'Neill, who was the next en- 
 titled to be their leader. "In the course of Sep- 
 tember their plans were matured ; and, after 
 some changes as to the day, the 23d of October 
 was finally fixed upon for the rising."* 
 
 The plan agreed upon by the confederates in- 
 cluded four main features : I. A rising after the 
 harvest was gathered in, and a campaign during 
 the winter months. II. A simultaneous attack 
 on one and the same day or night on all the for- 
 tresses within reach of their friends. HE. To 
 surprise the Castle of Dublin, which was said to 
 contain arms for twelve thousand men. "All the 
 details of this project were carried successfully 
 into effect, except the seizure of Dublin Castle— 
 the most difiicult, as it would have been the most 
 decisive blow to strike, "f The government, 
 which at this time had a cloud of sjiies on the 
 Continent watching the exiles, seems to have 
 
 * Havertv. 
 
 + M'Gee.
 
 148 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 been in utter ignorance of tliis vast conspiracj- at 
 iiome, wrapping nearly the entire of three prov- 
 inces, and which perfected all its arrangements 
 throughout several months of preparation, to the 
 knowledge of thousands of the population, with- 
 out one traitorous Irishman being found, up to 
 the night fixed for the simultaneous movement, 
 to disclose the fact of its existence. 
 
 On the night appointed without failure or mis- 
 carriage at any point, save one, out of all at 
 which simultaneousness of action was designed, 
 the confederate rising w^as accomplished. In 
 one night the people had swept out of sight, if 
 not from existence, almost every vestige of Eng- 
 lish rule throughout three proviuces. The forts 
 of Charlemont and Mountjoy, and the town of 
 Dungannon, were seized on the night of the 22d 
 by Phelim O'Neill or his lieutenants. On the 
 next day. Sir Connor Magennis took the town of 
 Newry; the M'Mahons possessed themselves of 
 Carrickmaei;oss and Castleblayuey ; the O'Han- 
 lons, Tandragee; while Philip O'Eeilly and 
 Eoger Maguire raised Cavan and Fermanagh. A 
 proclamation of the northern leaders appeared 
 the same daj', dated from Dungannon, setting 
 forth their "true intent and meaning" to be, 
 "not hostility to his majesty the king, nor to 
 any of his subjects, neither English nor .Scotch; 
 — but only for the defense and liberty of our- 
 selves and the Irish natives of this kingdom." 
 "A more elaborate manifesto appeared shortly 
 afterward from the pen of O'Moore, in which the 
 oppressions of the Catholics for conscience' sake 
 were detailed, the king's intended graces ac- 
 knowledged, and their frustration by the malice 
 of the Puritan party exhibited : it also endeav- 
 ored to show that a common danger threatened 
 the Protestants of the Episcopal Church with 
 Roman Catholics, and asserted in the strongest 
 terms the devotion of the Catholics to the crown. 
 In the same politic and tolerant spirit. Sir Con- 
 nor Magennis wrote from Newry on the 25th to 
 the officers conimauding at Down. 'We are,' he 
 wrote, 'for our lives and liberties. We desire 
 DO blood to be shed ; but if you mean to shed our 
 blood, be sure we shall bo as ready as you for 
 that purpose.' This threat of retaliation, so 
 customary in all wars, was made on the third day 
 of the rising, and refers wholly to future con- 
 tinfcenciea; the monstrous fictions which were 
 
 afterwai'd circulated of a wholesale massacre 
 committed on the 23d, were not as yet invented, 
 nor does anj- public document or private letter 
 written in Ireland in the last week of October, 
 or during the first days of November, so much 
 as allude to those tales of blood and horror after- 
 ward so industriously circulated and so greedily 
 swallowed. "* 
 
 The one point at which miscarriage occurred 
 was, unfortunately for the conspirators, the chief 
 one in their scheme-:-Dublin ; and here the 
 escape of the government was narrow and close 
 indeed. On the night fixed for the rising, Octo- 
 ber, 23d one of the Irish leaders Colonel Hugh 
 Mac Mahou, confided the design to one Owen 
 Connolly, whom he though to be worthy of trust, 
 but who, however, happened to be a follower of 
 Sir John Clotworthy, one of the most rabid of 
 the Puritanical party. Connoll3% who, by the 
 way, was drunk at the time, instantly hurried to 
 the private residence of one of the lords justices 
 and excitedly proclaimed to him that that night 
 the castle was to be seized, as part of a vast sim- 
 ultaneous movement all over the country. Sir 
 W. Parsons, the lord justice, judging the story 
 to be merely the raving of a half -drunken man, 
 was on the point of turning Connolly out of 
 doors, when, fortunately for him, he thought it 
 better to test the matter. He hurriedly con- 
 sulted his colleague. Sir John Borlase ; they de- 
 cided to double the guards, shut the city gates, 
 and search the houses wherein, according to Con- 
 nolly's story the leaders of the conspiracy were 
 at that moment awaiting the hour of action. 
 Colonel Mac Mahon was seized at his lodgings, 
 near the King's Inns; Lord Maguire was cap- 
 tured next morning in a house in Cooke Street; 
 but O'Moore, Plunkett, and Byrne, succeeded in 
 making good their escajie out of the city. Mac 
 Mahou, on being put to question before the lords 
 justices in the castle, boldly avowed his part in 
 the national movement; nay, proudly gloried in 
 it, telling his iiuostioners that lot them do what 
 they might, their best or their worst, with him, 
 "the rising was now beyond all human jjower to 
 arrest." While the lords justices looked as- 
 tounded, haggard, and aghast, Mac Mahon, his 
 face radiant with exultation, his form appearing 
 
 *M'Uee.
 
 CopVRir.iiT, rSgS. 
 
 REV. TIIHOIiAIJ) MATIIKW. 
 
 MORPHY & MCCARTHV.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 149 
 
 to dilate with ]>roiul defiance of the bloody fate 
 he knew to be inevitable for himKolf, told thcnu 
 to bear him as soon as they pleased to the block, 
 but that alreadj' Ireland liad burst her chains! 
 Next day, they found to tJieir dismay that this 
 was no empty vaunt. Before forty-eight hours 
 the whole structure of British "colonization" in 
 the North was a wreck. The "plantation" system 
 vanished "like the baseless fabric of a vision;" 
 and while the ship was bearing away to England 
 the gallant Mac Mahon and his hapless colleague, 
 Lord Maguire — ■ that an impotent vengeance 
 might glut itself with their blood upon the scaf- 
 fold — from all the towers and steeples in the 
 north, joy bells were ringing merry peals, and 
 bonfires blazed, proclaiming that the spoliators 
 had been swept away, and that the rightful own- 
 ers enjoyed their own again! The people, with 
 the characteristic exuberance of their nature, 
 gave themselves up to the most demonstrative joy 
 and exultation. No words can better enable us 
 to realize the popular feeling at this moment 
 than Mr. Gavan Duffy's celebrated poem, "The 
 Muster of the North:" 
 
 "Joy! joy! the day is come at last, the day of 
 
 hope and pride. 
 And, see! our crackling bonfires light old 
 
 Bann's rejoicing tide! 
 And gladsome bell and bugle-horn, from 
 
 Newry's captured tow'rs. 
 Hark! how they tell the Saxon swine, this land 
 
 is ours — i« oiusl 
 
 "Glory to God! my eyes have seen the ransomed 
 
 fields of Down, 
 My ears have drunk the joyful news, 'Stout 
 
 Phelim hath his own. ' 
 Oh! may they see and hear no more, oh! may 
 
 they rot to clay, 
 "When they forget to triumph in the conquest of 
 
 to-day. 
 
 ■'Now, now, we'll teach the shameless Scot to 
 purge his thievish maw ; 
 
 Now, now, the courts may fall to pray, for Jus- 
 tice is the Law ; 
 
 Now shall the undertaker square for once his 
 loose accounts. 
 
 We'll strike, brave boys, a fair result from all 
 his false amounts. 
 
 "Come, trample down their robber rule, and 
 
 smite its venal spawn, 
 Their foreign laws, their foreign church, their 
 
 ermine and their lawn. 
 With all the specious fry of fraud that robbed 
 
 us of our own, 
 And plant our ancient laws again beneath our 
 
 lineal throne. 
 
 "Down from the sacred hills whereon a saint 
 
 commun'd with God, 
 Up from the vale where Bagnal's blood manured 
 
 the reeking sod. 
 Out from the stately woods of Truagh, M'Ken- 
 
 na's plundered home. 
 Like Malin's waves, as fierce and fast, our 
 
 faithful clansmen come. 
 
 "Then, brethren, on! — O'Neill s dear shade 
 
 would frown to see you pause — 
 Our banished Hugh, our martyred Hugh, is 
 
 watching o'er your cause — • 
 His generous error lost the land — he deemed 
 
 the Norman true. 
 Oh! forward, friends! it must not lose the land 
 
 again in you." 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 HOW THE LORDS JUSTICES GOT DP THE NEEDFUL BLOODY 
 FURY IN ENGLAND BY A "DREADFUL MASSACRE" 
 
 STORY HOW THE CONFEDERATION OF KILKENNY 
 
 CAME ABOUT. 
 
 The Puritanical party, which ever since Went- 
 worth's execution had the government of L'eland 
 in their hands, began to consider that this des- 
 perate condition of their affairs rendered some 
 extraordinary resort necessary, if the island was 
 not to slip totally and forever from their grasp. 
 The situation was evidentl.v one full of peculiar 
 difficulty and embarrassment for them. The na- 
 tional confederacy, which by this time had most 
 of the kingdom in its hands, declared utmost 
 loyalty to the king, and in truth, as time subse- 
 quently showed, meant him more honest and 
 loyal service than those who now surrounded him 
 as ministers and officials. 
 
 Hence it was more than likely to be extremely 
 difficult to arouse against the Irish movement 
 that strong and general effusion of public feeling
 
 150 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 in England wbicli would result in vigorous action 
 against it. For obviously enough (so reasoned 
 the Puritanical executive in Dublin Castle) that 
 section of the English nation which supports the 
 king will be inclined to side with this Irish 
 movement ; they will call it far more justifiable 
 and far more loyal than that of the rebel Scotch 
 Covenanters; they will counsel negotiation with 
 its leaders, perhaps the concession of their de- 
 mands; in any event they will reprehend and 
 prevent any extreme measures against them. In 
 which case, of course, the result must be fatal to 
 the pious project of robbing the native Irish, 
 and "planting" the country with "colonies" of 
 saintly plunderers. 
 
 In this extremity i , was discerned that there 
 was barelj' one way of averting all these dangers 
 and disasters — just one way of preventing any 
 favorable opinion of the Irish movement taking 
 root in England — one sure way for arousing 
 against it such a cry as must render it impossi- 
 ble for even the king himself to resist or refrain 
 from joining in the demand for its suppression 
 at all hazards. This happy idea was to start the 
 story of an "awful, bloody, and altogether tre- 
 mendous massacre of Protestants." 
 
 To be sure they knew there had been no mas- 
 sacre- -quite the contrary; but this made little 
 matter. With proper vehemence of assertion, 
 and suincieut construction of circumstantial 
 stories to that effect, no difficulty was appre- 
 hended on this score. But the real embarrass- 
 ment lay in the fact that it was rather late to 
 start the thing. Several days or weeks had 
 elapsed, and several accounts of the rising had 
 been transmitted without any mention of such a 
 proceeding as a "wholesale massacre," which 
 ordinarily should have been the first thing pro- 
 claimed with all horror. The lords justices and 
 their advisers, who were all most pious men, 
 k)ng and with grave trouble of mind considered 
 this stu7ubling-block ; for it was truly distressing 
 that such a promising project should be thwarted. 
 Eventually they decided to chance the story 
 auj'way, and trust to extra zeal in the use of 
 horror narratives, to get up such a bloody fury 
 in England as would render close scrutiny of the 
 facts out of the question.* 
 
 * Several of our recent historians have gone to great pains 
 citing <>rii;iuul documents, statu papers, and letters of Prot- 
 
 So — albeit long after date — suddenly a terrific 
 outcry arose about the awful "massacre" in Ire- 
 land; the great wholesale and simultaneous mas- 
 sacre of Protestants. Horrors were piled on 
 horrors, as each succeeding mail brought from 
 
 estant witnesses, to expose the baseness and wickedness of 
 tb-is massacre story ; but at this time of day one might as 
 well occupy himself in gravely demonstrating the villainy 
 of Titus Oates' " informations." The great Popish Mas- 
 sacre story has had its day, but it is now dead and gone. 
 The fact that there were excesses committed by the insur- 
 gents in a few cases — instantly denounced and punished as 
 violations of the emphatic orders of their leaders promul- 
 gated to the contrary — has nothing to say to this question 
 of massacre. Let it always be said that even one case of 
 lawless violence or life-taking — even one excess of the laws 
 of honorable warfare — is a thing to abominate and deplore ; 
 as the Irish confederate leaders denounced and deplored the 
 cases reported to them of excesses by some of Sir Phelim 
 O'Neill's armed bands. Not only did the Irish leaders ve- 
 hemently inculcate moderation, but the Protestant chroniclers 
 of the time abundantly testify that those leaders and the 
 Catholic clergy went about putting those instructions into 
 practice. Leiand, the Protestant historian, declares that 
 the Catholic priests "labored zealously to moderate the 
 excesses of war," and frequently protected the English 
 where danger threatened them, by concedling them in their 
 places of worship and even, under their altars ! The Prot- 
 estant Bishop Burnet, in bis life of Dr. Bedel, who was 
 titular Protestant Bishop of Di'omore at the time, tells us 
 that Dr. Bedel, with the tumultuous sea of the " rising" 
 foaming around him on all sides :r '^"avan, enjoyed, both 
 himself and all who sought the shelter of his house, " to a 
 miracle perfect quiet," though he had neither guard nor 
 defense, save the respect and forbearance of the "insur- 
 gents." One fact alone, recorded 'oy the Protestant histo- 
 rians themselves, affords eloquent testimony on this point. 
 This Bishop Bedel died while the "rising" was in full 
 rush around him. He was very ardent as a Protestant ; but 
 lie refused to join in, and, indeed, reprobated the scanda- 
 lous robberies and persecutions pursued against the Catho- 
 lic Irish. The natives — the insurgents — the Catholic nobles 
 and peasants — en masse, attended his funeral, and one of 
 Sir Phelim O'Neill's regiments, with reversed arms, fol- 
 lowed the bier. When the grave was closed (says the 
 Protestant historian whom I am quoting), they fired a fare- 
 well volley over it, the leaders crying out : " Reqiiiescat in 
 pace, ultinius Anr/lonim!" ("Rest in peace, last of the 
 English.") For they had often said that, as he was the 
 best man of the Kngiisli religion, he outrht to be the last I 
 Such was the conduct of the Irish insurgents. In no coun- 
 try, unfortunately, are popular risings unaccompanied by 
 excesses ; never in any country, probably, did a people ris- 
 ing against diabolical oppression, sweep away their plun- 
 derers with KO few excesses as did the Irish in 1G41. But 
 all this, in any event, has nought to say to such a jiroceed- 
 ing as a massacre. T/int was an afterthought of the lords 
 justices, as has already been shown.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 151 
 
 the s^overnment officials in Dublin "further par- 
 ticulai's" of the dreadful massacre which had, 
 they declared, taken place all over Ulster on the 
 night of the rising. Several of the ministers in 
 London were in the secret of this massacre story ; 
 but there is no doubt it was sincerely credited 
 by the bulk of the English people at the time ; 
 and, as might be expected, a sort of frenzy seized 
 the populace. A cry arose against the bloody 
 L'ish popish rebels. Everywhere the shout was 
 to "stamp them out." The wisdom and sagacity 
 of the venerable lords justices — the pre-eminent 
 merits of their device — were triumphantly 
 attested ! 
 
 For a time there was a dan^^er that the whole 
 scheme might be spoiled — shaken in public 
 credulity— by the injudicious zeal of some of the 
 furnishers of "further particulars," by whom 
 the thing was a little overdone. Some thought 
 twenty thousand would suffice for the number of 
 massacred Protestants; others would go for a 
 hundred thousand ; while the more bold and 
 energetic still stood out for putting it at two or 
 three hundred thousand, though there were not 
 that number of Protestants in all Ireland at the 
 time. As a consequence, there were some most 
 awkward contradictions and inconsistencies ; but 
 so great was the fury aroused in England, that 
 happily these little dangers passed away smoothly, 
 and King Charles himself joined in the shout 
 against the horrid popish rebellion ! The Eng- 
 lish soldiers in Ireland were exhorted to slay and 
 spare not; additional regiments were quickly 
 sent over — the men maddened by the massacre 
 stories — to join in the work of "revenge." And, 
 just as might be expected, then indeed massacre 
 in earnest appeared upon the scene. The Irish 
 had in the very first hour of their movement — in 
 the very flush of victory^ — humanely and gener- 
 ously proclaimed that they would seek righteous 
 ends by righteous means; that they would fight 
 their cause, if fight they must, by fair and 
 honorable warfare. They had, with exceptions 
 so rare as truly to "isrove the rule," exhibited 
 marvelous forbearance and magnanimity. But 
 now the English Puritan soldiery, infuriated to 
 the fiercest pitch, were set upon them, and atroci- 
 ties that sicken the heart to contemi^late made 
 the land reek from shore to shore. The Cov- 
 enanters of Scotland also, who had just previously 
 
 secured by rebellion all they demanded for them- 
 selves, were tilled with a holy desire to bear a 
 part in the pious work of stamping out the Irish 
 popish rebellion. King Charles, who was at the 
 time in Edinburgh endeavoring to conciliate the 
 Scottish parliament, was quite ready to gratify 
 them ; and accordingly a force of some two thou- 
 sand Scots were dispatched across the channel, 
 landing at Antrim, where they were reinforced 
 by a recruitment from the remnant of the "colo- 
 nies" planted by James the First. It was this 
 force which inaugurated what may be called 
 "massacres." Before their arrival the Puritan 
 commanders in the south had, it is true, left no 
 atrocity untried ; but the Scots went at the work 
 wholesale. They drove all the native jjopulatiou 
 of one vast district — (or rather all the aged and 
 infirm, the women and children ; for the adult 
 males were away serving in the confederate 
 armies) — into a promontory, almost an island, 
 on the coast, called Island Magee. Here, when 
 the helpless crowd were hemmed in, the Scots 
 fell upon them sword in hand, and drove them 
 over the cliffs into the sea, or butchered them to 
 the last, irrespective of age or sex. "From this 
 day forward until the accession of Owen Eoe 
 O'Neil to the command, the northern wsir 
 assumed a ferocity of character foreign to the 
 nature of O'Moore, O'Kelly, and Mageunis. " 
 Horrors and barbarities on each side made 
 humanity shudder. The confederate leaders 
 had proposed, hoped for, and on their parts had 
 done everything to insure the conducting of the 
 war according to the usages of fair and honorable 
 warfare. The government, on the other hand, 
 so far from reciprocating this spirit, in all their 
 proclamations breathed savage and merciless fui-y 
 against the L-ish ; and every exhortation of their 
 commanders (in strange contrast with the humane 
 and honorable manifestoes of the confederates) 
 called upon the soldiery to glut their swords 
 and spare neither young nor old, child nor woman. 
 The conduct of the government armies soon 
 widened the area of revolt. So far the native 
 Irish alone, or almost exclusively, had partici- 
 pated in it, the Anglo-Irish Catholic Lords and 
 Pale gentry holding aloof. But these latter 
 could not fail to see that the Puritan faction, 
 which now constituted the local government, 
 were resolved not to spare Catholics whether of
 
 Ib-Z 
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 Celtic or Anglo-Irish race, and were moreover 
 bent on strengthening their own hands to league 
 ■with the English parliamentarians against the 
 king. Loyalty to the king, and considerations 
 for their own safety, alike counseled them to 
 take some decisive step. Everything rendered 
 hesitation more perilous. Although they had in 
 no way encouraged, or, so far, sympathized with, 
 the northern rising, their possessions were 
 ravaged by the Puritan armies. Pingal, Santry, 
 and Swords — districts in profound peace — were 
 the scenes of bloody excesses on the part of the 
 government soldiery. The Anglo-Irish Catholic 
 nobility and gentry of these districts in vain 
 remonstrated. They drew up a memorial to the 
 throne, and forwarded it by one of their number. 
 Sir John Read. He was instantly seized, im- 
 prisoned, and put to the rack in Dublin Castle ; 
 "one of the questions which he was pressed to 
 answer being whether the king and queen were 
 privy to the Irish rebellion." In line the Eng- 
 lish or Anglo-Irish Catholic families of the Pale 
 for the first time in history began to feel that 
 with the native Irish, between whom and them 
 hitherto so wide a gulf had yawned, their side 
 must be taken. After some negotiation between 
 them and the Irish leaders, "on the invitation of 
 Lord Gormanstown a meeting of Catholic noble- 
 men and gentry was held on the Hill of Crofty, 
 in Meath. Among those who attended were the 
 Earl of Fingal, Lords Gormanstown, Slane, 
 Louth, Dunsany, Trimleston, and Netterville; 
 Sir Patrick Barnwell, Sir Christopher Bellew, 
 Patrick Barnwell of Kilbrew, Nicholas Darcy of 
 Platten, James Bath, Gerald Aylmer, Cusack of 
 Gormanstown, Malone of Lismullen, Segrave of 
 Kileglan, etc. After being there a few hours a 
 party of armed men on horseback, with a guard 
 of musketeers, were seen to approach. The 
 former were the insurgent leaders, Roger O'More, 
 Philip O'Reilly, MacMahon, captains Byrne and 
 Fox, etc. The lords and gentry rode toward 
 them, and Lord Gormanstown as spokesman de- 
 manded, 'for what reason they came armed into 
 the Pale?' O'Moro answered that 'the ground 
 of their coming thither and taking up arms, was 
 for the freedom and liberty of their consciences, 
 the maintenance of his majesty's prerogative, in 
 which they understood he was abridged, and the 
 making the subjects of this kingdom as free as 
 
 those of England.' "* The leaders then embraced 
 amid the acclamations of their followers, and the 
 general conditions of their union having been 
 unanimously agreed upon, a warrant was drawn 
 out authorizing the Sheriff of Meath to summon 
 the gentry of the county to a final meeting at 
 the Hill of Tara on the 24th of December, "f 
 
 From this meeting sprang the Irish Confedera- 
 tion of 1642, formally and solemnly inaugurated 
 three months subsequently at Kilkenny. 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 SOMETHING ABOUT THE CONFLICTING ELEMENTS OF THE 
 
 CIVIL WAH IN 1642-9 HOW THE CONFEDEKATE 
 
 CATHOLICS MADE GOOD THEIR POSITION, AND ESTAB- 
 LISHED A NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IN IRELAND. 
 
 Few chapters of Irish history are more impor- 
 tant, none have been more momentous in their 
 results, than that which chronicles the career of 
 the Confederation of 1642. But it is of all the 
 most intricate and involved, and the most difficult 
 to summarize with fitting brevity and clearness 
 for young readers. In that struggle there were 
 not two, but at least four or five distinct parties, 
 with distinct, separate, and to a greater or lesser 
 degree conflicting interests and views; partially 
 and momentarily combining, shifting positions, 
 and changing alliances ; so that the conflict as it 
 proceeded was, in its character and component 
 parts, truly "chameleonic." As for the unfor- 
 tunate king, if he was greatly to be blamed, he 
 was also greatly to be pitied. He was not a man 
 of passion, malice, or injustice. He was mild, 
 kindly, and justly disposed ; but weak, vacillat- 
 ing, and self-willed ; and, under the pressure of 
 necessity and danger, his weakness degenerated 
 into miserable duplicity at times. In the storm 
 gathering against him in England, his enemies 
 found great advantage in accusing him of 
 "popish leanings," and insinuating that he was 
 secretly authorizing and encouraging the Irish 
 popish rebels — the same who had just massacred 
 all the Protestants that were and were not in the 
 newly planted province of Ulster. To rid him- 
 self of this suspicion, Charles went into the ex- 
 treme of anxiety to crush those hated Irish 
 papists. He denounced them in proclamations, 
 
 * riaverty. f M'Uee.
 
 
 I 
 
 COPYR»GHl^l8c»8- 
 
 OUVER GOLDSMITH 
 
 MURPHY & MCCARTBBU
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 153 
 
 and applied to parliament for leave to cross over 
 and head an army against them himself. The 
 parliament replied bj' maliciously insinuating a 
 belief that his real object was to get to the head 
 of the Irish popish rebellion, which (they would 
 have it) he only hypocritically affected to 
 denounce. 
 
 The newly-settled Anglo-Irish Protestants be- 
 came from the outset of this struggle bitter 
 Puritans ; the old families of the Pale mostly 
 remaining royalists. The former sided with the 
 parliamentarians and against the king, because 
 they mistrusted his declarations of intolerance 
 against the Catholics, and secretly feared he 
 would allow them to live and hold possession of 
 lands in Ireland; in which case there would be 
 no plunder, no "plantations." The Covenanting 
 Scots — the classes from whom in James' reign 
 the Ulster colonists had largely been drawn, had 
 just the same cause of quarrel against the Irish, 
 whom the English parliamentarians hated with a 
 fierceness for which there could be no parallel. 
 This latter party combined religious fanaticism 
 with revolutionary passion, and to one and the 
 other the Irish vrere intolerably obnoxious; to 
 the one, because they were papists, idolaters, 
 followers of Antichrist, whom to slay was work 
 good and holy; to the other, because they had 
 eided with the "tyrant" Charles. 
 
 The Catholic prelates and clergy could not be 
 expected to look on idly while a fierce struggle 
 in defense of the Catholic religion, and in sus- 
 tainmeut of the sovereign against rebellious foes, 
 •was raging in the land. In such a war they 
 <!ould not be neutral. A provincial sj'nod was 
 held at Kells, March 22, 1642, whereat, after 
 full examination and deliberation, the cause of 
 the confederates — "God and the King," freedom 
 of worship and loyalty to the sovereign — was 
 declared just and holy. The assembled prelates 
 issued an address vehemently denouncing ex- 
 cesses or severities of any kind, and finally took 
 steps to convoke a national synod at Kilkenny 
 on the 10th of May following. 
 
 On that day accordingly (10th of May, 1643), 
 the national synod met in the city of St. Canice. 
 "The occasion was most solemn, and the pro- 
 ceedings were characterized by calm dignity and 
 an enlightened tone. An oath of association, 
 which all Catholics throughout the land were 
 
 enjoined to take, was framed; and those who 
 were bound together by this solemn tie were 
 called the 'Confederate Catholics of Ireland.' A 
 manifesto explanatory of their motives, and con- 
 taining rules to guide the confederation, and an 
 admirable plan of provisional government, was 
 issued. It was ordained that a general assem- 
 bly, comprising all the lords spiritual and tem- 
 poral, and the gentry of their party, should be 
 held ; and that the assembly should select mem- 
 bers from its body, to represent the different 
 provinces and principal cities, and to be called 
 the Supreme Council, which should sit from day 
 to day, dispense justice, appoint to offices, and 
 carry on as it were the executive government of 
 the country. Severe penalties were pronounced 
 against all who made the war an excuse for the 
 commission of crime; and after three days' sit- 
 tings this important conference brought its 
 labors to a close."* 
 
 "The national synod did not break up till 
 about the end of May, and long before that 
 period the proclamations issued by the prelates 
 and lay-lords, calling on the people to take the 
 oath of association, had the happiest results. 
 Agents from the synod crossed over into France, 
 Spain, and Italy, to solicit support and sympathy 
 from the Catholic jsriuces. Father Luke "Wad- 
 ding was indefatigably employed collecting 
 moneys and inciting the Irish officers serving in 
 the continental armies to return and give their 
 services to their own land. Lord Mountgarret 
 was appointed president of the council, and the 
 October following was fixed for a general assem- 
 bly of the whole kingdom, "f ' 
 
 On the 23d of October following the general as- 
 sembly thus convoked, assembled in Kilkenny, 
 "eleven bishops and fourteen lay -lords repre- 
 sented the Irish peerage; two hundred and 
 twenty-six commoners, the large majority of the 
 constituencies. The celebrated lawyer Patrick 
 Darcy, a member of the Commons House, was 
 chosen as chancelor,and everything was conducted 
 with the gravity and deliberation befitting so 
 venerable an assembly and so great an occasion. " 
 A Supreme Council of six members for each prov- 
 ince was elected. The archbishops of Armagh, 
 Dublin, and Tuam, the bishops of Down and of 
 
 * Haverty. 
 
 f Rev. C. P. Meehan's 
 
 Confederation of Kilkenny."
 
 154 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Cloufert, Lord Gormanstown, Lord Mountgarret, 
 Lord Roche, and Lord Mayo, -witli fifteen of the 
 most eminent commoners, composed this council. 
 
 Such was the national government and legisla- 
 ture under which Ii-eland fought a formidable 
 struggle for three years. It was loyally obe.yed 
 and served throughout the land; in fact it was 
 the only sovereign ruling power recognized at all 
 outside of two or three walled cities for the 
 greater part of that time. It undertook all the 
 functions properly appertaining to its high office ; 
 coined money at a national mint; appointed 
 judges who went circuit and held assizes; sent 
 ambassadors or agents abroad, and commissioned 
 officers to the national armies — among the latter 
 being Owen Eoe O'Neill, who had landed at Doe 
 Castle in Donegal in July of that year, and now 
 formally assumed command of the armj' of Ulster. 
 
 While that governing body held together, un- 
 rent by treason or division, the Irish nation was 
 able to hold its crowding foes at bay, and was in 
 fact practically free. 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 HOW KING CHARLES OPENED NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE 
 
 CONFEDERATE COUNCIL HOW THE ANGLO-IRISH 
 
 PARTY WOULD "hAVE PEACE AT ANY PRICE, " AND 
 
 THE "native Irish" party stood out for peace 
 
 WITH honor HOW pope INNOCENT THE TENTH 
 
 SENT AN ENVOY "nOT EMPTY-HANDED " TO AID 
 
 THE IRISH CAUSE. 
 
 "The very power of the confederates," says 
 one of our historians, "now became the root of 
 their misfortunes. It led the king to desire to 
 come to terms with them, not from any intention 
 to do them justice, but with the hope of deriving 
 assistance from them in his difficulties; and it 
 exposed them to all those assaults of diplomatic 
 craft, and that policy of fomenting internal divi- 
 sion, which ultimately proved their ruin." 
 
 The mere idea of the king desiring to treat 
 with them unsettled the whole body of the 
 Anglo-Irish lords and nobles. They would have 
 peace with the king on almost any terms — they 
 would trust everything to him. The old Irish, 
 the native or national party, on the other hand, 
 were for holding tirmly by the power that had 
 caused the king to value and resi>cct them; 
 
 yielding in nowise unless the demands specifically 
 laid down in the articles of confederation were 
 efficientl.y secured. On this fatal issue the 
 Supreme Council and the Confederation were 
 surelj' split from the first hour. Two parties 
 were on the instant created — two bitter factions 
 they became — the "peace party" or "Ormon- 
 dists;" and the "national party" subsequently 
 designated the "nuncionist," from the circum- 
 stance of the Papal nuncio being its firmest sup- 
 porter, if not its leader. 
 
 The first negotiations were conducted on the 
 royal side by a plenipotentiary whom the Anglo- 
 Irish lords not only regarded as a friend of the 
 king, but knew to be as much opposed as they 
 were themselves to the rebel Puritans — the Mar- 
 quis of Ormond, a man of profound ability, of 
 winning manners, and deeply skilled in diplo- 
 macy. To induce the confederates to lay down 
 their arms, to abandon their vantage ground in 
 Ireland, and send their troops across to Scotland 
 or England to tight for Chai'les, was his great 
 aim. In return he would offer little more than 
 "trust to the king, when he shall have put his 
 enemies down." In the very first negotiation 
 the compromise party prevailed. On Septem- 
 ber 15, 1643, a cessation of arms was signed 
 in Ormond's tent at Sigginstown, near Naas. 
 In this the confederates were completely out- 
 witted. They kept the truce ; but they found 
 Ormond either unable or unwilling to compel to 
 obedience of its provisions the Puritan gov- 
 ernment generals, foremost among whom in 
 savagery were Monroe in the north, leader of the 
 covenanting Scotch army, and Morrough O'Brien, 
 Lord Inchiquin (son-in-law of Sentleger, lord 
 president of Munster), in the south. Mean- 
 while Ormond, as we are told, "amused the con- 
 federates with negotiations for a permanent peace 
 and settlement from spring till midsummer;" 
 time working all against the confederates, inas- 
 much as internal division was widening every 
 day. It turned out that the niai'quis, whose 
 prejudices against the Catholics were stronger 
 than his loyalty to the waning fortunes of the 
 king was deceiving both i)arties; for while he 
 was skillfully procrastinating and baffling any 
 decisive action, Charles was really importuning 
 him to hasten the i)eace, and come to terms with 
 the Irish, whose aid was every day becoming
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 155 
 
 more necessary. At this stage, the king privately 
 sent over Lord Glamorgan to conclude a secret 
 treaty with the confederates. Lords Mountgar- 
 ret and Muskerry met the royal commissioner on 
 the part of the confederation, and the terms of 
 a treaty fully acceptable were duly agreed upon : 
 I. The Catholics of Ireland were to enjoy the 
 free and public exercise of their religion. II. 
 They were to hold and have secured for their use 
 all the Catholic churches not then in actual pos- 
 session of the Protestants. III. They were to be 
 exempt from the jurisdiction of the Protestant 
 clergy. IV. The confederates (as the price of 
 being allowed to hold their own churches and to 
 worship in their own faith) were to send 10,000 
 men fully armed to the relief of Chester and the 
 general succor of the king. Lastly, on the 
 king's part it was stipulated that this treaty 
 should be. kept secret while his troubles with 
 English malcontents were pending. The pre- 
 tense was that Ormond (by this time lord lieu- 
 tenant) knew nothing of this secret negotiation ; 
 but he and Glamorgan and the king understood 
 each other well. On his way to Kilkenny the 
 royal agent called upon and had a long sitting 
 with Ormond ; and from Kilkenny, Glamorgan 
 and the confederate plenipotentiaries went to 
 Dublin, where, during several private interviews, 
 the lord lieutenant argued over all the points 
 of the treaty with them. He evidently thought 
 the 10,000 men might be had of the confederates 
 for less concessions. Meanwhile Charles' for- 
 tunes were in the balance. Ormond was well- 
 disposed to serve the king, but not at the risk of 
 danger to himself. After having fully reasoned 
 over all the points of the treaty for several days 
 with Glamorgan and the confederate lords, sud- 
 denly, one afternoon, Ormond arrested Glamor- 
 gan with every show of excitement and panic, 
 and flung him into prison on a charge of high 
 treason, in having improperly treated in the 
 king's name with the confederates! A tremen- 
 dous sensation was created in Dublin by the 
 event; Ormond feigning that only by accident 
 that day had Glamorgan's conduct been discov- 
 ered ! The meaning of all this was, that on the 
 person of the archbishop of Tuam, who had been 
 killed a few days previously, bravely lighting 
 against some of the marauding murderers in the 
 west, there was found a copj- of the treaty which 
 
 thus became pu blic. Ormond saw that as the 
 affair was prematurely disclosed, he must needs 
 affect surprise and indignation at, and disavow 
 it. Of course Glamorgan wuh softly whis7>ered 
 to lie still, if he would save the king, and offer 
 no contradiction of the viceregal falsehoods. 
 With which Glamorgan duly comjilicd. The 
 duped confederates were to bear all the odium and 
 discomfiture! 
 
 It was during the Glamorgan negotiation — 
 toward its close — that there arrived in Kilkenny 
 a man whose name ia indelibly written on the 
 history of this period-, and is deeply engraved in 
 Irish memory — John Baptist Rinuccini, arch- 
 bishop of Fermo, in the marches of Ancona, 
 chosen by the new pope. Innocent the Tenth, as 
 nuncio to the confederated Catholics of Ireland. 
 As the pope, from the first hour when the 
 Irish were driven into a war in defense of reli- 
 gion, never sent an envoy empty-handed, 
 Rinuccini brought with him, purchased by 
 moneys contributed by the holy father, be- 
 sides thirty-six thousand dollars forwarded by 
 Father Luke Wadding, "two thousand muskets, 
 two thousand cartouche belts, four thoiisand 
 swords, two thousand pike-heads, four hundred 
 brace of pistols, twentj' thousand pounds of 
 powder, with match, shot, and other stores." 
 He landed from his frigate, the San Pietro, at 
 Ardtully in Kenmare Bay. He then proceeded 
 by way of Kilgarvan to Macroom, whither the 
 Supreme Council sent some troops of cavalry to 
 meet him as a guard of honor. Thence by way 
 of Kilmallock and Limerick, as rapidly as his 
 feeble health admitted (he had to be borne on 
 a litter or palanquin), he proceeded to Kil- 
 kenny, now practically the capital of the king- 
 dom — the seat of the national government — where 
 there awaited him a reception such as a monarch 
 might envy. It was Catholic Ireland's saluta- 
 tion to the "royal pope." 
 
 That memorable scene is described for us as 
 follows by a writer to whom we owe the only 
 succinct account which we possess in the Eng- 
 lish language of the great events of the period 
 now before us: "At a short distance from the 
 gate, he descended from the litter, and having 
 put on the cope and pontifical hat, the insignia 
 of his officej he mounted a horse caparisoned for 
 the occasion. The secular and regular clergy
 
 156 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 had a;5Sembled iu the cliurcb of St. Patrick, 
 close by the gate, and wlieu it was annoimeed 
 that the nuncio was in readiness, they advanced 
 iuto the city in processional array, preceded by 
 the standard-bearers of their respective orders. 
 Under the old arch, called St. Patrick's gate, he 
 •was met by the vicar-general of the diocese of 
 Ossory, and the magistrates of the city and 
 county, who joined in the procession. The 
 streets were lined by regiments of infautiy, and 
 the bells of the Black Abbey and the church of 
 St. Francis pealed a gladsome chime. The pro- 
 cession then moved on till it ascended the gentle 
 eminence on which the splendid old fane, sacred 
 to St. Canice, is erected. At the trrand entrance 
 he was received by the venerable bishop of 
 Ossory, whose feebleness prevented his walking 
 in procession. After mutual salutations, the 
 bishop handed him the aspersorium and incense, 
 and then both entered the cathedral, which, even 
 in the i^almiest days of Catholicity, had never 
 held W'ithin its precincts a more solemn or 
 gorgeous assemblage. The nuncio ascended the 
 steps of the grand altar, intonated the 'Te Deum, ' 
 which was caught up by a thousand voices, till 
 crypt and chancel resounded with the psalmody ; 
 and when it ceased, he pronounced a blessing on 
 the immense multitude which crowded the aisles 
 and nave. . . . These ceremonies concluded, 
 he retired for awhile to the residence prepared 
 for him in the city, and shortly afterward was 
 waited on by General Preston and Lord Mus- 
 kerry. He then proceeded on foot to visit Lord 
 Mountgarret, the president of the assembly. 
 The reception took place iu the castle. At the 
 foot of the grand staircase he was met by Thomas 
 Fleming, archbishop of Dublin, and Walsh, arch- 
 bishop of Cashel. At the end of the great gal- 
 lery, Lord Mountgarret was seated, waiting his 
 arrival, and when the nuncio approached, he got 
 up from his chair, without moving a single inch 
 in advance. The seat designed for Einuccini 
 •was of damask and gold, with a little more orna- 
 ment than that occupied by the president. . . . 
 The nuncio immediately addressed the president 
 in Latin, and declared that the object of bis 
 mission was to sustain the king, then so peril- 
 ously circumstanced; but, above all, to rescue 
 from pains and penalties the people of Ireland, 
 and to assist them in securing the free and 
 
 public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the 
 restoration of the churches auc' church property 
 of which fraud and violence Lad so long deprived 
 their rightful inheritors. "* From the very first 
 the nuncio discerned the pernicious workings of 
 the "compromise" idea in pai^alyzing the power 
 of the confederacy ; and perceiving all its bitter 
 mischief, he seems to have had little patience 
 with it. He saw that the old English of the 
 Pale were more than anxious for a compromise, 
 and to this end would allow the astute Ormond 
 to fool them to the last, to the utter ruin of the 
 confederate cause. They were, however, the 
 majority, and eventually on the 28th of March, 
 1646, concluded with Ormond a treaty of peace 
 which was a modification of Glamorgan's original 
 propositions. 
 
 On the character and merits of this treaty 
 turns one of the most injurious and mournful 
 controversies that ever agitated Ii'eland. "A 
 base peace, " the populace called it when made 
 public; but it might have been a wise one for 
 all that. In the denunciations put forward 
 against it by all who followed the nuncio's views, 
 full justice has not been done this memorable 
 pact. It contained one patent and fatal defect — 
 it failed to make such express and adequate 
 stipulations for the security of the Catholic re- 
 ligion as the oath of Confederation demanded. 
 Failing this, it was substantially a good treaty 
 under all the circumstances. It secured (as far 
 as a treaty with a double-dealiug and now virtu- 
 ally discrowned king might be held to secure 
 anything), all, or nearly all, that the Irish 
 Catholics expected then, or have since demanded. 
 There can be no doubt that the majority of the 
 Supreme Council honestly judged it the best 
 peace attainable, nay, wondrously advantageous, 
 all things considered; and judging so, it is not 
 to be marveled at that they bittei-ly complained 
 of and inveighed against the nuncio and the 
 party following him, as mad and culpable "ex- 
 tremists, " who would lose all by unreasonably 
 grasping at too much. But the nuncio and the 
 "native party argued that if the confederates 
 wei-e but true to themselves, they would not need 
 to be false to their oaths — that they had it in 
 their power by vigorous and patriotic effort to 
 
 * Rev. C. P. Meelian's " Confederation (if Kilkenny."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 1S7 
 
 -wiu equality and freedom, not merely tolerance. 
 Above all, Rinuccini pointed out that dealing 
 ■with men like Charles the king and Ormond the 
 viceroy, circumstanced as the royalist cause then 
 was, the confederates were utterly without secui-- 
 ity. They were selling their whole power and 
 position for the "promise to pay" of a bankrupt. 
 
 CHAPTER LVn. 
 
 HOW THE NUNCIO FREED AND ABMED THE HAND OP 
 OWEN EOE, AND BADE HIM STRIKE AT LEAST ONE 
 WORTHY BLOW FOB GOD AND IRELAND HOW GLO- 
 RIOUSLY OWEN STKUCK THAT BLOW AT BENBURB. 
 
 It was even so. Two months afterward. May, 
 1646, Charles, all powerless, fled from the dan- 
 gers environing him in England and took refuge 
 with the Scottish parliament. Meanwhile the 
 Scottish covenanting marauders in Ulster had 
 been wasting the land unchecked since the fatal 
 "truce" and "peace negotiations" had tied up 
 the hands of the confederates. The nuncio had 
 early discerned the supreme abilities of Owen 
 Roe O'Neill (the favorite general of the national 
 part}', or "old Irish faction" in the council), and 
 now he resolved to strike a blow which might 
 show the country what was possible to brave 
 men resolved to conquer or die. He sent north- 
 ward to O'Neill the greater part of the supplies 
 which he had brought with him from abroad, 
 and told the Ulster commander that on him it 
 BOW lay to open the eyes alike of Puritan rebels, 
 English loyalists, and half-hearted confederates. 
 
 O'Neill was not slow to respond to this sum- 
 mons. For fhree long years, like a chained 
 eagle, he had pined in weary idleness, ignoble 
 "truces" fettering him. At last he was free; 
 and now he resolved to show weak friend and 
 arrogant foe how he who had defended Arras, 
 could strike for God and liberty at home. 
 
 With the first days of June he was on the 
 march from his late "truce" station on the 
 borders of Leinster, at the head of five thousand 
 foot and four hundred horse, to attack Monroe. 
 "The Scottish general received timely notice of 
 this movement, and setting out with si.\ thousand 
 infantry and eight hundred horse, encamped 
 about ten miles from Armagh. His army was 
 thus considerably superior to that of O'Neill in 
 
 point of numbers, at it must jubo Tiave l»een in 
 eiiuipments; yet he sent word to his brother. 
 Colonel George Monroe, to hasten from Coleraine 
 to reinforce him with his cavalry. He appointed 
 Glasslough, in the south of Monaghan, as their 
 rendezvous; but the march of the Irish was 
 quicker than he expected, and he learned on the 
 ith of June that O'Neill had not only reached 
 that point, but had crossed the Biafkwater into 
 Tyrone, and encamped at Benburl>. O'Neill 
 drew up his army between two small hills, pro- 
 tected in the rear b}' a wood, with the river 
 Blackwater on his right and a bog on his left, 
 and occupied some brushwood in front with 
 musketeers, so that his position was admirably 
 selected. He was well informed of Monroe's 
 plans, and dispatched two regiments to prevent 
 the junction of Colonel George Monroe's forces 
 with those of his brother. Finding that the 
 Irish were in possession of the ford at Benburb, 
 Monroe crossed the river at Kinard, a considera- 
 ble distance in O'Neill's rear, and then by a cir- 
 cuitous march approached him in front from the 
 east and south. The manner in which the 5th of 
 June was passed in the Ii-ish camp was singularly 
 solemn. 'The whole army,' says Rinuccini, 
 'having confessed, and the general, with the 
 other officers, having received the holy commun- 
 ion with the greatest piet.v, made a profession of 
 faith, and the chaplain deputed by the nuncio 
 for the spiritual care of the army, aftei a brief 
 exhortation, gave them his blessing. On the 
 other hand the Scots were inflamed with fierce 
 animosity against their foe, and an ardent desire 
 for battle. ' "* 
 
 "As they advanced," says another writer, 
 "they were met by Colonel Richard O'Ferral, 
 who occupied a narrow defile through which it 
 was necessary for the Scotch troops to pass in 
 order to face the Irish. The fire of Monroe's 
 guns, however, compelled O'Neill's officer to 
 retire." Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham hav- 
 ing thus cleared the pass for the Scotch horse, 
 who were commanded by the Lord Viscount of 
 Ardes, in the absence of Colonel Monroe, "the 
 whole army advanced to dislodge Owen Roe; 
 but a shower of bullets from the 'scrogs and 
 bushes,' which covered O'Neill's infantry. 
 
 *Havert>'.
 
 158 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 checked him ; and then the Scotch cannon opened 
 its fire with little effect; as, owing to the admira- 
 ble position of the Catholic troops, only one man 
 was struck by the shot. In vain did Monroe's 
 cavalry charge; with the river on their right and 
 'a marish bog' on the left, it was hopeless to 
 think of stirring the confederates. For four 
 hours did the Fabius of his country amuse the 
 enemy -with skirmishing. During ail that time 
 the wind rolling the smoke of Monroo's musketry 
 and cannon in the face of the Irish ranks, con- 
 cealed the adverse ranks from their sight, and 
 the sun had shone all day in their eyes, blinding 
 them with its dazzling glare ; but that sun was 
 now descending, and producing the same effect 
 on the Scotch, when Monroe perceived the entire 
 of the Irish army making ready for a general 
 assault with horse and foot. 
 
 "It was the decisive moment. The Irish gen- 
 eral, throwing himself into the midst of his men, 
 and pointing out to them that retreat must be 
 fatal to the enemy, ordered them to pursue vigor- 
 ously, assuring them of victory. 'I myself,' said 
 iie, 'with the aid of heaven, will lead the way ; 
 let those who fail to follow me remember that 
 they abandon their general.' This address was 
 received with one unanimous shout by the army. 
 The colonels threw themselves from their horses, 
 to cut themselves off from every chance of re- 
 treat, and 'charged with incredible impetuosity.' 
 
 "Monroe had given orders to a squadron of 
 horse to break through the columns of the Irish 
 foot as they advanced; but that squadron be- 
 came panic-stricken, and retreated disorderly 
 through their own foot, pursued by O'Neill 'b 
 cavalry. Nevertheless, Monroe's infantry stood 
 firm, and received the Irish, body to body, with 
 push of pike, till at last the cavalry reserve, 
 being routed in a second charge, fell pellmell 
 among his infantry, which, being now broken 
 and disordered, had no w.ay to retreat but over 
 the river which lay in their front." 
 
 "The Scots now fled to the river, " says an- 
 tjther historian ; "but O'Neill held possession of 
 the ford, and the fl.ving masses were driven into 
 the deep water, where such numbers iierished 
 that tradition says one might have crossed over 
 drysbod on the bodies. Monroe himself fled so 
 precipitately that his hat, sword, and cloak, were 
 *inong the spoils, and he halted not till he 
 
 reached Lisburn. Lord Montgomery was taken 
 prisoner, with twenty-one officers and about one 
 hundred and fifty soldiers; and over three thou- 
 sand of the Scots were left on the field beside 
 those killed in the pursuit, which was resumed 
 next morning. All the Scotch artillery, tents, 
 and jarovisions, with a vast quantity of arms and 
 ammunition, and thirty-two colors, fell into the 
 hands of the Irish, who, on their side, bad only 
 seventy men killed and two hundred wounded.''* 
 
 Father Hartigau, one of the army chaplains, 
 was sent to bear the glad news of this victory 
 to the nuncio at Limerick, taking with him the 
 trophies captured from the enemy. He arrived 
 on Saturday, June 13th, and his tidings flung 
 the queen city of the Shannon into ecstacies of 
 jubilation. "On the following day (Sunday) at 
 four oclock P.M., all the troops in garrison at 
 Limerick assembled before the church of St. 
 Francis, where the nuncio had deposited thirty- 
 two standards taken by the Irish general from 
 the Scotch. These trophies were then borne in 
 solemn procession by the chiefs of the nobilityj 
 followed by the nuncio, the archbishop of Cashel, 
 and the bishops of Limerick, Clonfert, and 
 Ardfert. After these came the Supreme Council, 
 the mayor and the magistrates, with the entire 
 population of the city. The procession moved on 
 till it reached St. Mary 's cathedral, where the 'Te 
 Deum' was chanted, and on the next day a mass 
 of thanksgiviag was offered to the Lord, "who 
 fought among the valiant ones, and overthrew 
 the nations that were assembled against them to 
 destroy the sanctuary. ' ' ' 
 
 Mr. Aubrey de Vere, who is never tru<"- noet, 
 never more nobly inspired than when tne vic- 
 tory of an O'Neill is to be sung, gives us tha 
 following splendid chant of Benburb: 
 
 "At midnight I gazed on the moonless skies; 
 There glisten 'd, 'mid other star blazonries, 
 A sword all stars ; then heaven, I knew, 
 Hath holy work for a sword to do. 
 Be true, ye clansmen of Nial 1 Be true I 
 
 "At morning I look'd as the sun uprose 
 On the fair hills of Antrim, late white with 
 snows ; 
 
 • !J('v. C. P. Meeliun's " Confederation of Kilkenuy."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 159 
 
 "Was it morning only that dyed them red? 
 Martyr'd hosts methought had bled 
 On their sanguine ridges for years not few! 
 Te clansmen of Conn, this day be true ! 
 
 "There is felt once more on the earth 
 The step of a kingly man : 
 Like a dead man hidden he lay from his birth 
 Exiled from his country and clan. 
 
 "This day his standard he flingeth forth; 
 He tramples the bond and ban : 
 Let them look in his face that usurp'd his 
 hearth ; 
 Let them vanquish him, they who can! 
 
 "Owen Roe, our own O'Neill^ — 
 He treads onoe more our land ! 
 The sword in his hand is of Spanish steel. 
 But the hand is an Irish hand ! 
 
 "Montgomery, Conway! base-born crew! 
 This day ye shall learn an old lesson anew! 
 Thou art red with sunset this hour, Blackwater ; 
 But twice ere now thou wert red with slaughter ! 
 Another O'Neill by the ford they met; 
 And 'the bloody loaming' men name it yet! 
 
 "Owen Roe, our own O'Neill — 
 He treads once more our land! 
 The sword in his hand is of Spanish steel. 
 But the hand is an Ii'ish hand ! 
 
 "The storm of battle rings out! On! on! 
 
 Shine well in their faces, thou setting sun ! 
 
 The smoke grows crimson : from left to right 
 
 Swift flashes the spleenful and racing light ; 
 
 The horses stretched forward with belly to 
 ground : 
 
 On! on! like a lake which has burst its bound. 
 
 Through the clangor of brands rolls the laugh- 
 ter of cannon ; 
 
 "Wind-borne it shall reach thine old -walls, 
 Dungannon. 
 
 Our window 'd cathedrals an ancient strain 
 
 To-morrow triumphant shall chant again. 
 
 On! on! This night on thy banks, Lough 
 Neagh, 
 
 Men born in bondage shall couch them free. 
 
 On, warriors, launch'd by a warrior's hand! 
 
 four years ye were leaah'd in a brazen band; 
 
 He counted your bones, and he meted your 
 
 might. 
 This hour he dashes you into the fight! 
 Strong Sun of the Battle! — great chief, whose 
 
 eye 
 Wherever it gazes makes victory — 
 This hour thou shalt see them do or diel 
 
 "Owen Roe, our own O'Neill — 
 He treads once more our land! 
 The sword in his hand is of Spanish steel, 
 But the hand is an Lish hand! 
 
 "Through the dust and the mist of the golden 
 west, 
 New hosts draw nigh : ia it friend or foe? 
 They cop:e! They are ours! Like a cloud 
 their vanguard lours! 
 No help from thy brother this day, Monro 1 
 They form ; there stand they one moment, 
 still- 
 Now, now they charge under banner and sign : 
 They breast, unbroken, the slope of the hill: 
 
 It breaks before them, the invader's line! 
 Their horse and their foot are crushed together 
 Like harbor-loCked ships in the winter weather. 
 Each dash'd upon each, the churn'd wave 
 
 strewing 
 With wreck upon wreck, and ruin on ruin. 
 The spine of their battle gave way with a yell : 
 Down drop their standards ! that cry was their 
 
 knell ! 
 Some on the bank, and some in the river. 
 Struggling they lie that shall rally never. 
 
 " 'T was God fought for us! with hands of might 
 From on high He kneaded and shaped the fight. 
 To Him be the praise ; what He wills must be : 
 With Him is the future ; for blind are we. 
 Let Ormond at will make terms or refuse them ; 
 Let Charles the confederates win or lose them ; 
 Uplift the old faith, and annul the old strife. 
 Or cheat us, and forfeit his kingdom and life; 
 Come hereafter what must or may, 
 Ulster, thy cause is avenged to-day! 
 What fraud took from us and force, the sword 
 That strikes in daylight makes ours restored. 
 
 "Owen Roe, our own O'Neill — ■ 
 He treads once more our land ! 
 The sword in his hand is of Spanish stee,\ 
 But ihe hand is an Irish hand!"
 
 160 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER LVm. 
 
 HOW THE KTNG DISAVOWED THE TREATY, AND THE 
 
 rSISH REPUDIATED IT HOW THE COUNCIL BY A 
 
 WORSE BLUNDER CLASPED HAMDS WITH A SACBI- 
 LBOIOUS MURDERER, AND INCURRED EXCOMMUNI- 
 CATION HOW AT LENGTH THE ROYALISTS AND 
 
 CONTEDERATES CONCLUDED AN HONORABLE PEACE. 
 
 Elated by this great victory, that party in the 
 confederation of vphich O'Neill was the military 
 favorite, and the nuncio the head, now became 
 outspoken and vehement in their denunciations 
 of the temporizers. And opportunely for them 
 came the news from England that the miserable 
 Charles, on finding that his commission to 
 Glamorgan had been discovered, repudiated and 
 denied the whole transaction, notwithstanding 
 the formal commission duly signed and sealed by 
 him, exhibited to the confederate council by his 
 envoy! Ormond, nevertheless, as strongly ex- 
 horted the "peace party" to hold firm, and to 
 consider for the hard position of the king, which 
 compelled him to prevaricate ! But the popular 
 spirit was aroused, and Rinucciui, finding the 
 tide with him, acted with a high hand against 
 the "Ormondists, " treating them as malcontents, 
 even arresting and imprisoning them as half- 
 traitors, whereas.howsoever wrong their judgment 
 and halting their action, they were the (majority 
 of the) lawfully elected government of the con- 
 federation. 
 
 New elections vwere ordered throughout the 
 country for a new general assembly, which ac- 
 cordingly met at Kilkenny, January 10, 1647. 
 This body by an overwhelming majority con- 
 demned the peace as invalid ab initio, inas- 
 much as it notably fell short of the oath of 
 federation ; but the conduct of the commissioners 
 and majority of the council was generously, and 
 indeed justly, declared to have been animated by 
 good faith and right intentions. The feuds, 
 however, were but superficially healed; discord 
 and suspicion caused the confederate generals, 
 according as they belonged to the conflicting 
 parties— the "Pale English" or the "Native 
 Irish" — to fear each other as much as the Puri- 
 tan enemy. Meanwhile an Irish Attila was 
 drenching Munstor in blood — Morrough O'Brien, 
 Lord Inchicjuin, called to this day in popular 
 traditions "Morrough of the Burnings," from 
 
 the fact that the firmament over his line of march 
 was usually blackened by the smoke of his burn- 
 ings and devastations.* One monster massacre 
 on his part filled all the land with horror. He 
 besieged and stormed Cashel. The women and 
 children took refuge in the grand cathedral on 
 the rock, the ruins of which still excite the 
 tourist's admiration. "Inchiquin poured in 
 volleys of musket balls through the doors and 
 windows, unmoved by the piercing shrieks of 
 the crowded victims within, and then sent in his 
 troopers to finish with pike and saber the work 
 which the bullets had left incomplete. The floor 
 was incumbered with piles of mangled bodies, 
 and twenty priests who had sought shelter under 
 the altars were dragged forth and slaughtered 
 with a fury which the mere extinction of life 
 could not half appease. ' 'f Ere the horror ex- 
 cited by this hideous butchery had died away, 
 the country heard with consternation that the 
 Supreme Council of the Confederation had con- 
 cluded a treaty with Inchiquin, as a first step 
 toward securing his alliance. In vain the nuncio 
 and the bishops protested against alliance or 
 union with the man whose hands were still wet 
 and red with the blood of anointed priests, mas- 
 sacred at the altar! The majority of the council 
 evidently judged — sincerely, it may be credited 
 -. — that under all the circumstances it was a sub- 
 stantial good to make terms with, and possibly 
 draw over to the royal cause, a foe so powerful. 
 The bishops did not look on the question thus; 
 nor did the lay (native) Irish leaders. The foi^ 
 mer recoiled in horror from communion with a 
 sacrilegious murderer; the latter, to like aver- 
 sion joined an absolute suspicion of his treachery, 
 and time justified their suspicions. The tnice 
 nevertheless was signed at Dungarvan on the 
 
 *This dreadful lunn was one of the first and bitterest 
 fruits of the " C'ourt of Wards " scheme, which in the pre- 
 vious reign was^'appointed for the purpose of seizing the 
 infant children of the Catholic nobility, and bringing them 
 up in hatred and horror of the faith of their fathers. 
 O'Brien had been thus seized when a child, and thus 
 brought up by the "Court of Wards" — to what purpose 
 has just been illustrated. It would hardly be fair to the 
 English to say such a scheme had no parallel ; for history 
 records that the Turku used to seize the children of the 
 subJcL-t Christians, and train them up to be the bloodifcet 
 in fury again.st their ov/u race and creed I 
 
 f Haverty
 
 THE STORY OF lEELAND. 
 
 101 
 
 20th of May, 1648. Fully conscious that the 
 nuncio and the national party would resist such 
 an unholy pact, the contracting parties bound 
 themselves to unite their forces against whomso- 
 ever would assail it. Accordingly Preston, the 
 favorite general of the "Ormondist" Confederates, 
 joined his troops to those of Inchiquin to crush 
 O'Neill, whom with good cause they feared most. 
 Five days after the "league with sacrilege and 
 murder" was signed, the nuncio published a 
 sentence of excommunication against its abettors 
 and an interdict against all cities and towns re- 
 ceiving it. Having posted this proclamation on 
 the gates of the cathedral, he made his escape 
 from the city, and repaired to the camp of 
 O'Neill at Maryboro. ' Four months of wild 
 confused conflict — all the old actors, with barely 
 a few exceptions having changed sides or allies 
 — were ended in September, by the arrival of 
 Ormond at Cork (he had fled to France after an 
 unaccountable if not traitorous surrender of 
 Dublin to the Puritans) expressing willingness 
 to negotiate anew with the confederation on the 
 part of the king and his friends, on the basis of 
 Glamorgan's first treaty. Four months subse- 
 quently — on January 17, 1649 — this treaty, fully 
 acceptable to all parties, was finally ratified and 
 published amid great rejoicings ; and the seven 
 years' war was brought to an end! 
 
 Ormond and his royal master had wasted four 
 years in vain, hesitating over the one clause 
 which alone is may be said was at issue between 
 them and the Irish national party — -that one 
 simply securing the Catholic religion against 
 proscription and persecution, and stipulating the 
 restriction of farther spoliation of the churches. 
 Its simple justice was fully conceded in the end. 
 Too late! Scarcely had the rejoicings over the 
 happj' peace, or rather the alliance between the 
 English, Scotch, and Irish royalists. Catholic 
 and Protestant, ceased in Ireland, when the news 
 of the king's death in London shocked the land. 
 Charles, as already mentioned, had flung himself 
 upon the loyalty of the Scottish parliament, in 
 which the Lowland covenanting element predom- 
 inated. His rebellious subjects on the southern 
 side of the border, thirsting for his blood, offered 
 to buy bim from the Scots. After a short time 
 spent in haggling over the bargain, those canny 
 saints sold the unfortunate Charles for a money 
 
 price of four hundred thousand pounds — an 
 infamy for which the world has not a parallel. 
 The blood-mone.v was duly paid, and the English 
 bore their king to London, where they murdered 
 him publicly at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. 
 
 A few weeks after this event the uncompromis- 
 ing and true-hearted, but impetuous and im- 
 perious nuncio, Rinuccini, bade adieu to the 
 hapless land into whose cause he had entered 
 heart and soul, but whose distractions prostrated 
 his warm hopes. He sailed from Galway for 
 home, in his ship the San Pietro, on February 
 23, 1649. 
 
 And now, while the at-length united confeder- 
 ates and royalists are proclaiming the young 
 Prince of Wales as king throughout Ireland, lo! 
 the huge black shadow of a giant destroyer near 
 at hand is flung across the scene ! 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 HOW CROMWELL LED THE PURITAN REBELS INTO 
 
 IRELAND HOW IRELAND BY A LESSON TOO TERRIBLE 
 
 TO BE FORGOTTEN WAS TAUGHT THE DANGER OP 
 TOO MBCH LOYALTY TO AN ENGLISH SOVEREIGN. 
 
 It is the figure of the great Regicide that 
 looms up at this period like a huge colossus of 
 power and wrath. The English nation caused 
 Oliver Cromwell's body to be disinterred and 
 hung in chains, and buried at the gallows foot. 
 Even in our own day that nation, I believe, re- 
 fuses to him a place amid the statues of its 
 famous public men, set up in the legislative 
 palace at Westminster. If England honored 
 none of her heroes who were not good as well as 
 great, this would be more intelligible and less 
 inconsistent. She gave birth to few greater men, 
 whose greatness is judged apart from virtue; 
 and if she honors as her greatest philosopher 
 and moralist the corrupt and venal lord chancel- 
 lor Bacon, degraded for selling his decisions to 
 the highest bribe, it is the merest squeamishness 
 to ostracize the "Great Protector" because one 
 king was among his murdered victims. 
 
 England has had for half a thousand years 
 few sovereign rulers to compare in intellect with 
 this "bankrupt brewer of Huntingdon." She 
 owes much of her latter-day European prestige 
 to his undoubted national spirit; for though a
 
 163 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 despot, a bigot, and a canting hypocrite, he was 
 a thorough nationalist as an Englishman. And 
 she owes not a little of her constitutional liberty 
 to the democratic principles with which the 
 republican party, on whose shoulders he mounted 
 to power, leavened the nation. 
 
 In 1649 the Puritan revolution had consumed 
 all opposition in England ; but Ii-eland presented 
 an inviting field for what the Protector and his 
 isoldierj- called "the work of the Lord. " There 
 their passions would be fully aroused, and there 
 their vengeance would have full scope. To pull 
 down the throne and cut off Charles' head 
 ■was, after all (according to their ideas), over- 
 throwing only a political tyranny and an episco- 
 pal dominance among their own fellow-country- 
 men and fellow-Protestants. But in Ireland 
 there was an idolatrous people to be put to the 
 Bword, and their fertile country to be possessed. 
 Glory, hallelujah! The bare prospect of a cam- 
 paign there threw all the Puritan regiments into 
 ecstacies. It was the summons of the Lord to 
 His chosen people to cross the Jordan and enter 
 the promised land! 
 
 In this spirit Cromwell came to Ireland, 
 landing at Dublin on August 14, 1649. He 
 remained nine months. Never, perhaps, in the 
 same space of time, has one man more of horror 
 and desolation to show for himself. It is not 
 for any of the ordinary severities of war that 
 Cromwell's name is infamous in Ireland. War 
 is no child's play, and those who take to it must 
 not wail if its fair penalties fall upon them ever 
 so hard and heavy. If Cromwell, therefore, was 
 merely a vigorous and "thorough" soldier, it 
 would be unjust to cast special odium upon him. 
 To call him "savage," because the slain of his 
 enemies in battle might have been enormoiis in 
 amount, would be simply contemptible. But it 
 is for a far different reason Cromwell is execrated 
 in Ireland. It is for such butcheries of the un- 
 armed and defenseless non-combatants — the 
 ruthloH« slaughter of inoffensive women and 
 children — as Drogheda and Wexford witnessed, 
 that he is justly regarded as a bloody and brutal 
 tyrant. Bitterly, bitterly, did tho Irish people 
 pay for their loyalty to the English sovereign ; 
 an error they had just barely learned to commit, 
 although scourged for centuries by England 
 compelling them thereto! I spare myself recital 
 
 of the horrors of that time. Yet it is meet to 
 record the fact that not even before the terrors 
 of such a man did the Irish exhibit a craven or 
 cowardly spirit. Unhappily for their worldly 
 fortunes, if not for their fame, they were high- 
 spirted and unfearing, where pusillanimity would 
 certainly have been safety, and might have been 
 only prudence. Owen Eoe O'Neill was struck 
 down by death eaily in the struggle, and by the 
 common testimony of friend and foe, in him the 
 Irish lost the only military leader capable of 
 coping with Cromwell.* Nevertheless, with that 
 courage which unflinchingly looks ruin in the 
 face, and chooses death before dishonor, the 
 Irish fought the issue out. At length, after a 
 fearful and bloody struggle of nearly three 
 years' duration, "on May 12, 1652, the Leinster 
 ai'my of the Irish surrendered on terms signed 
 at Kilkenny, which were adopted successively 
 by the other principal armies between that time 
 and the September following, when the Ulster 
 forces surrendered. " 
 
 CHAPTEB LX. 
 
 THE AGOin OP A NATION. 
 
 What ensued upon the Cromwellian conquest 
 of Ireland has been told recently in a book writ- 
 ten under most singular circumstances — a com- 
 pilation from state records and official documents 
 — a book which the reader may take in his hand, 
 and challenge the wide world for another such 
 true story. 
 
 About twenty-one years ago an Irish pro- 
 fessional gentleman, a member of the bar, a Prot- 
 estant, educated in England, belonging to one of 
 those noble Anglo-Norman families who early 
 identified themselves in sympathy with Ireland as 
 the country of their adoption, "received a com- 
 mission from England to make some pedigree 
 researches in Tipperary." He was well qualified 
 
 * He died November 6, 1649, at Cloughoughter Castle, 
 county Cavan, on bis way southward to effect a junction 
 with Ormoud for a campaign against Cromwell. He wa« 
 buried in the cemetery of tbe Franciscan convent in the 
 town of Cavan. A popular tradition, absurdly erroneous, 
 to the effect Uiat he died by poison — " having danced in 
 poisoned slippers" — has been adopted by Davis in his "La- 
 uiont for the Death of Owen Roe." The story, howaver, ie 
 quite apocryphal.
 
 THE STOUY OF IRELAND. 
 
 1«3 
 
 for a task which enlisted at once the abilities of 
 a jurist and the attainments of an archwologist. 
 By inclination and habit far removed from the 
 stormy atmosphere of politics, his life had been 
 lartrely devoted to ttie tranquil pursuits of study 
 at liome or in other lands. His literary and 
 philosophic tastes, his legal schooling, and above 
 all his professional experience, which in various 
 occupations had brought him largely into con- 
 tact with the practical realities of life in Ireland, 
 all tended to give him au interest in the subject 
 thus committed to his investigations. His client 
 little thought, however — for a long time he little 
 dreamed himself — that to the accident of such a 
 commission would be traceable the existence 
 subsequently of one of the most remarkable books 
 ever printed in the English language, "The 
 Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland," by Mr. 
 John P. Prendergast. 
 
 It would be hopeless to attempt to abbreviate 
 or summarize the startling romance, the mourn- 
 ful tragedy of history — "the record of a nation's 
 woes" — which Mr. Prendergast, as he tells us, 
 discovered in the dust-covered cell of that gloomy 
 tower in Dublin Castle yard, apparently the 
 same that once was the dungeon of Hugh Eoe 
 O'Donnell.* I therefore relinquish all idea of 
 
 * " I now thought Oif searching the Record Commission 
 ers' Reports, and found there were several volumes of the 
 very date required, 1(550-1659, in the custody of the clerk 
 of the privy council, preserved in the heavily embattled 
 tower which forms the most striking feature of the Castle 
 of Dublin. They were only accessible at that day through 
 the order of the lord lieutenant or chief secretary for Ire- 
 land. I obtained, at length, in the month of September, 
 1849, an ordei It may be easily imagined with what in- 
 terest I followed the porter up the dark winding stone stair- 
 case of this gloomy tower, once the prison of the castle, and 
 was ushered into a small central .space that seemed dark, 
 even after the dark stairs we had just left. As the eye be- 
 came accustomed to the spot, it appeared that the doors of 
 five cells made in the prodigious thickness of the tower 
 walls, opened on the central space. From oue of them 
 Hugh Roe O'Donel is saidtohave escaped, by getting down 
 the privy of his cell to the Poddle River that runs around 
 the base of the tower. The place was covered with the 
 dust of twenty years ; but opening a couple of volumes of 
 the .statutes — one as a clean spot to place my coat upon, the 
 other to sit on — I took my seat in the cell exactly opposite 
 to the one just mentioned, as it looked to the south over the 
 castle garden, and had better light. In this tower I found 
 a series of Order Books of the Commissioners of the Par- 
 liament of the Comu onwealtb of England for the affairs of 
 Ireland, together with domestic correspondence and Boolcs 
 
 following in detail the transactions which imme- 
 diately followed upon the cai)itulation of the 
 Irish armies, "when," says Mr. Prendergast, 
 "there took place a scene not witnessed in 
 Europe since the conquest of Spain by the Van- 
 dals. " "Indeed, " he continues, "it is injustice 
 to the Vandals to equal them with the English of 
 1652 ; for the Vandals came as strangers and con- 
 querors in an age of force and barbarism ; nor 
 did they banish the people, though they seized 
 and divided their lands by lot; but the English 
 of 1652 were of the same nation as half of the 
 chief families in Ireland, and at that time had 
 the i.sland under their sway for five hundred 
 years. 
 
 "The captains and men of war of the Irish, 
 amounting to forty thotisand men and upward, 
 they banished into Spain, where they took service 
 under that king ; others of them with a crowd of 
 orphan girls were transported to serve the Eng- 
 lish planters in the West Indies; and the remnant 
 of the nation not banished or transported were 
 to be transplanted into Connaught, while the 
 conquering army divided the ancient inheritances 
 of the Irish among them by lot." 
 
 James essayed the plantation of Ulster, as 
 Henry and Elizabeth had the colonization of 
 Munster. The republican parliament went much 
 further, "improving" to the full their dreadful 
 "opportunity." They decided to colonize three 
 provinces — Leinster, Munster, and Ulster — con- 
 verting the fourth (Connaught) into a vast en- 
 circled prison, into which such of the doomed 
 natives as were not either transported as white 
 slaves to Barbadoes, kept for servitude by the 
 new settlers, or allowed to expatriate themselves 
 
 of Establishments from 1650 to 1659. They were marked 
 on the back by the letter A over a number, as will be ob- 
 served in the various references in the notes to the present 
 sketch. Here I found the records of a nation's woes. I 
 felt that I had at last reached the liaven I had been so long 
 seeking. There I sat, extracting, for many weeks, until I 
 beo'an to know the voices of many of the corporals that 
 came with the guard to relieve the sentry in the castle yard 
 below, and every drum and bugle call of the regiment 
 quartered in the Ship Street barracks. At length, between 
 the labor of copying and excitement at the astonishing 
 drama performing, as it were, before my eyes, my heart by 
 some strange movements warned me it was necessary to 
 retire for a time. But I again and again returned at inter- 
 vals, sometimes of months, sometimes of years." — Preface 
 to " The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland."
 
 164 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 as a privilege, might be driven on pain of imme- 
 diate death; the calculation being, that in the 
 desolate tracts assigned aa their unsheltered 
 prison they must inevitably perish ere long. 
 
 The American poet Longfellow has, in the 
 poem of "Evangeline," immortalized the story 
 of Acadia. How many a heart has melted into 
 pity, how many an eye has filled with tears, 
 perusing his metrical relation of the "trans- 
 planting" and dispersion of that one little com- 
 mimity "on the shore of the basin of Miuas!" 
 But alas! how few recall or realize the fact — if, 
 indeed, aware of it at all — that not one but hun- 
 dreds of such dispersions, infinitely more tragi- 
 cal and more romantic, were witnessed in Ire- 
 land in the year 1654, when in every hamlet 
 throughout three provinces "the sentence of ex- 
 pulsion was sped from door to door!" Long- 
 fellow describes to us how the English captain 
 read aloud to the dismayed and grief-stricken 
 villagers of Grand Pre the decree for their dis- 
 persion. LTnconsciously, the poet merely de- 
 scribed the form directed by an act of the Eng- 
 lish parliament to be adopted all over Ireland, 
 when, "by beat of drumme and sound of trum- 
 pett, on some markett day, within tenn days after 
 the same shall come unto them within their re- 
 spective precincts," "the governor and commis- 
 sioners of revenue, or any two or more of them 
 within every precinct," were ordered to publish 
 and proclaim "this present declaration:" to wit, 
 that "all the ancient estates and farms of the 
 people of Ireland were to belong to the adven- 
 turers and the army of England, and that the 
 parliament had assigned Connanght (America 
 was not then accessible) for the habitation of the 
 Irish nation, whither they must transplant with 
 their wives and daughters and children before 
 the Ist of May following (1654), under penalty of 
 death if found on this side of the Shannon after 
 that day." 
 
 "Connaught was selected for the habitation of 
 all the Irish nation," we are reminded, "by 
 reason of its being surrounded by the sea and 
 the Shannon all but ten miles, and the whole 
 easily made into line by a few forts.* To further 
 
 •"Marcli 9, 1054-.';.— Order— Passes over tlie Shannon 
 betwnen Janii^sfown and Sligo to be closed, so as to make 
 one entire line lietvreen Connauglit and the adjacent parts 
 of Lclnster and Ulster." 
 
 secure the imprisonment of the nation, and to. 
 cut them off from relief by the sea, a belt four 
 miles wide, commencing one mile west of Sligo, 
 and so winding along the seacoast and the 
 Shannon, was reserved by the act (September 27, 
 1653) from being set out to the Irish, and was 
 to be given to the soldiery to plant." The Irish 
 were not to attempt to pass "the four mile line,", 
 as it was called, or to enter a walled town (or to 
 come within five miles of certain specified towns) 
 "on pain of death."* 
 
 Need we marvel that all over the land the loud 
 wail of grief and despair resounded for daj-s 
 together? It was one universal scene of dis- 
 tracted leave-taking, and then along every road 
 that led toward Connaught, each a via dolorosa, 
 the sorrowing cavalcades streamed, weary, faint- 
 ing, and footsore, weeping aloud! Toward the 
 seaports moved other processions; alas! of not 
 less mournful character — the Irish regiments 
 marching to embark for exile; or the gangs in 
 charge to be transported and sold into slavery in 
 the pestilential settlements of the West Indies I 
 Of young boys and girls alone Sir William Petty 
 confesses six thousand were thus transported ; 
 "but the total number of Irish sent to perish in 
 the tobacco islands, as they were called, were 
 estimated in some Irish accounts at one hundred 
 thousand." Force was necessary to collect 
 them; but vain was all resistance. Bands of 
 soldiery went about tearing from the arms of 
 their shrieking parents young children of ten 
 or twelve years, then chaining them in gangs, 
 they marched them to the nearest port! "Henry 
 Cromwell (Oliver's son), who was most active in 
 the kidnapping of Irish 'white slaves,' writing 
 from Ireland to Secretary Thurloe, says: "I 
 think it might he of like advantage to your affairs 
 there, and ours here, if you should think to send 
 one thousand five hundred or two thousand 
 young boys of twelve or fourteen years of age to 
 the place aforementioned (West Indies). Who 
 
 • " How strict was tbo iiiiprisonrnpnt of tbc transplaiiteil 
 in C'oiiiiaughl may be judged when it required a special 
 order for Lord Trimbleston, Sir Richard Barnwall, Mr. 
 Patrick Xetterville, and others, then dwelling in the sub- 
 urbs of Athlone on the Connaug-ht side, to pass and repass 
 the bridge into the part of tlie town on the Leinster side on 
 llieir business; and only on giving security not to pass 
 without special leave of the governor.'" — "Croinwellian 
 8i-ttleiiieiit ;" with a reference to the Slate Recnr.i
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 165 
 
 knows but it may be the means to make tbein 
 Buglishmen — I mean, rather, Christians. ' Thur- 
 loe answers: 'The committee of the council have 
 voted one thousand ti'irls and as many youths to 
 be taken up for that purpose.' " 
 
 The piety of the amiable kidnapper will ho 
 noted. But it was alwa.rs so with his class; 
 whether confiscating or transplanting, whether 
 robbing the Irish, or selling them into slavery, 
 it was always for their spiritual or temporal good 
 — to sanctify or to civilize them. Accordingly 
 we read that at this period "the parliamentary 
 commissioners in Dublin published a proclamation 
 by which and other edicts any Catholic priest 
 found in Ireland after twenty days, was guilty 
 of high treason, and liable to be hanged, drawn, 
 and quartered; any person harboring such 
 clergyman was liable to the penalty of death, and 
 loss of goods and chattels ; and any person know- 
 ing the place of concealment of a priest and not 
 disclosing it to the authorities might be publicly 
 whipped, and further punished with amputation 
 of ears. 
 
 Any person absent from the parish church on 
 a Sunday was liable to a fine of thirty pence ; 
 magistrates might take away the children of 
 Catholics and send them to England for educa- 
 tion, and might tender the oath of abjuration to 
 all persons at the age of twent.v-one years, who, 
 on refusal, were liable to imprisonment during 
 pleasure, and the forfeiture o.* two-thirds of their 
 real and personal estates. 
 
 "The same price of fiv r^'Jnds was set on the 
 head of a priest, and on that of a wolf, and the 
 production of either head was a sufficient claim 
 for the reward. The military being distributed 
 in small parties over the country, and their vigi- 
 lance kept alive by sectarian rancor and the 
 promise of reward, it must have been difficult 
 for a priest to escape detection ; but many of 
 them, nevertheless, braved the danger for their 
 poor scattered flocks ; and, residing in caverns 
 in the mountains, or in lonely hovels in the bogs, 
 they issued forth at night to carry the consola- 
 tions of religion to the huts of their oppressed 
 and suffering countrymen."* 
 
 "Ludlow," continues the same author, "re- 
 lates in his 'Memoirs' (vol. i., page 422, De Vevay, 
 
 * Haverty 
 
 IfiDl) how, when marching from Dundalk to 
 Castleblaney, probably near the close of 1652, he 
 discovered a few of the Irish in a cave, and how 
 his party spent two days in endeavoring to 
 smother them by smoke. It appears that the 
 jioor fugitives preserved tliemselves from suffoca- 
 tion during this operation by holding their 
 faces close to the surface of some running water 
 in the cavern, and that one of this party was 
 armed with a pistol, with which he shot the fore- 
 most of the troopers who were entering the 
 mouth of the cave after the first day's smoking. 
 Ludlow caused the trial to be repeated, and the 
 crevices through which the smoke escaped having 
 been closed, 'another smoke was made.' The 
 next time the soldiers entered with helmets and 
 breastplates, but the.y found the only armed 
 man dead, inside the entrance, where he was 
 suffocated at his post, while the other fugitives 
 still preserved life at the little brook. Fifteen 
 were put to the sword within the cave, and four 
 dragged out alive ; but Ludlow does not mention 
 whether he hanged these then or not; but one at 
 least of the original number was a Catholic 
 priest, for the soldiers found a crucifix, chalioe, 
 and priest's robes in the cavern. " 
 
 Of our kindred, old or young, sold into slavery 
 in the "tobacco islands," we hear no more in 
 history, and shall hear no more until the last 
 great accounting day. Of those little ones — just 
 old enough to feel all the pangs of such a ruth- 
 less and eternal severance from loving mother, 
 from fond father, from brothers and playmates, 
 from all of happiness on earth — no record tells 
 the fate. "We only know that a few years subse- 
 quently there survived of them in the islands 
 barely the remembrance that they came in ship- 
 loads and perished soon — too young to stand the 
 climate or endure the toil! But at home — in the 
 rifled nest of the parents' hearts — what a memory 
 of them was kept! There the image of each little 
 victim was enshrined ; and fatber and mother, 
 bowed with yews and suffering, went down to 
 the grave "still thinking, ever thinking" of the 
 absent, the cherished one, whom they were never 
 to see on earth again, now writhing beneath a 
 planter's lash, or filling a nameless grave in 
 Jamaican soil! Yes, that army of innocents 
 vanish from the record here ; but the great God 
 who mai'ked the slaughters of Herod has kept a
 
 166 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 reckoning of the crime that in that hour so nota- 
 bly likened Ireland to Eachel weeping for her 
 children. 
 
 But there was another army — other of the ex- 
 patriated — of whom we are not to lose sight, the 
 "Irish swordmen," so called in the European 
 writings of the time ; the Irish regiments who 
 elected to go into exile, preferring to 
 
 Where freedom and their God might lead," 
 
 rather than be bondsmen under a bigot-yoke at 
 home. "Foreign nations were apprised by the 
 Kilkenny Articles that the Irish were to be 
 allowed to engage in the service of any state in 
 amity with the Commonwealth. The valor of 
 the Ii'ish soldier was well known abroad. From 
 the time of the ilunster plantation by Queen 
 Elizabeth, numerous exiles had taken service in 
 the Spanish army. There were Irish regiments 
 serving in the Low Countries. The Prince of 
 Orange declared they were 'born soldiers'; and 
 Henry the Fourth of France publicly called 
 Hugh O'Neill 'the third soldier of the age,' and 
 he said there was no nation made better troops 
 than the Irish when drilled. Agents from the 
 King of Spain, the King of Poland, and the 
 Prince De Conde, were now contending for the 
 services of Irish troops. Don Eicardo White, in 
 Maj', 1652, shipped seven thousand in batches 
 from Waterford, Kinsale, Galway, Limerick, and 
 Bantry, for the King of Spain. Colonel Christo- 
 pher Maj-o got liberty in September, 1652, to 
 beat his drums to raise three thousand for the 
 same king. Lord Mr.skerry took five thousand 
 to the King of Poland. In July, 1654, three 
 thousand five hundred, commanded by Colonel 
 Edmund Droyer, went to serve the Prince De 
 Conde. Sir Walter Dungan and others got 
 liberty to beat their drums in different garrisons, 
 to a rallying of their men that laid down arms 
 with them in order to a rendezvous, and to de- 
 Iiart for Spain. The.v got permission to march 
 their men together to the different ports, their 
 pipers perhaps playing 'Ha til. Ha til. Ha til, 
 mi tulidh' — 'We return, we return no more!'* 
 Between 1651 and 1604, thirty-four thousand (of 
 
 •"The tuno with which the departing Highlanders 
 nKiially bid farewell to theirnntive .shores." — Preface to Sir 
 Walter fcott's " Legend of Montrose." 
 
 whom few ever saw their loved native land again> 
 were transported into foreign parts."* 
 
 While the roads to Connaught were as I have 
 described witnessing a stream of hapless fugitives 
 — prisoners rather, plodding wearily to their 
 dungeon and grave — a singular scene was going 
 on in London. At an office or bureau appointed 
 for the purpose hy government, a lottery was 
 held, whereat the farms, houses, and estates from 
 which the owners had thus been driven were 
 being "drawn" by or on behalf of the soldiers 
 and officers of the armj', and the "adventur- 
 ers" — i.e. pett.v shopkeepers in London, and 
 others who had lent money for the war on the 
 Irish. The mode of conducting the lottery or 
 drawing was regulated by public ordinance. Not 
 unfrequently a vulgar and illiterate trooper 
 "drew" the mansion and estate of an Irish noble- 
 man, who was glad to accept permission to in- 
 habit, for a few weeks merely, the stable or the 
 cowshed^ with his lady and children, pending 
 their setting out for Connaught! This same 
 lottery was the "settlement" (varied a little by 
 further confiscations to the same end forty years 
 sub.sequently (by which the now existing landed 
 proprietary was "planted" upon Ireland. Be- 
 tween a proprietary thus planted and the bulk of 
 the population, as well as the tenantry under 
 them, it is not to be marveled that feelings the 
 reverse of cordial prevailed. From the first they 
 scowled at each other. The plundered and tram- 
 pled people despised and hated the "Cromwellian 
 brood," as they were called, never regarding 
 them as more than vulgar and violent usurpers of 
 other men's estates. The Cromwellians, on the 
 other hand, feared and hated the serf-peasantry, 
 whose secret sentiments and desii-es of hostility 
 they well knew. Nothing but the fusing spirit 
 of nationality obliterates sucii feelings as these; 
 but no such spirit was allowed to fuse the Crom- 
 wellian "landlords" and the Irish tenantry. The 
 former were taught to consider themselves as a 
 foreign garrison, endowed to watch and keep 
 down, and levy a land-tribute off the native 
 tillers of the soil; moreover "the salt of the 
 land," the elect of the Lord, the ruling class. 
 
 • Prendergast's "Cromwellian Settlemeul.' 
 f See the case of the then proprietor of the magnificent 
 place now called Woodlands, county Dublin. — " Crom- 
 wellian Settlement of Ireland."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 167 
 
 alone entitled to be ranked as saints or citizens. 
 So they looked to and leaned all on England, 
 without whom they thought they must be massa- 
 cred. "Aliens in race and language, and in 
 religion," they had not one tie in common with 
 the subject population; and so both classes un- 
 happily grew up to be what they remain very 
 much in our own day — more of taskmasters and 
 bondsmen than landlords and tenants. 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 HOW KING CHARLES THE SECOND CAME BACK ON A 
 
 COMPROMISE HOW A NEW MASSACRE STORY WAS 
 
 SET TO WORK— THE MARTYRDOM OF PRIMATE 
 PLDNKETT. 
 
 Possessed of supreme power, Cromwell, by a 
 bold stroke of usurpation, now changed the 
 republic to what he called a "protectorate," 
 with himself as "Protector" in other words, a 
 kingdom, with Oliver as king, vice Charles, 
 decapitated. This coup d'etat completely dis- 
 gusted the sincere republicans of the Pym and 
 Ludlow school; and on the death of the iron- 
 willed Protector, September 3, 1658, the whole 
 structure set up by the revolution on the ruins 
 of the monarchy in England tottered and fell. 
 
 Communication had been opened with the 
 second Charles, a worthless, empty-headed crea- 
 ture, and it was made clear to him that if he 
 would only undertake not to disturb too much 
 the "vested interests" created during the revolu- 
 tion — that is, if he would undertake to let the 
 "settlement of property" (as they were pleased 
 to call their stealing of other men's estates) alone 
 — his return to the throne might be made easy. 
 Charles was delighted. This proposal only asked 
 of him to sacrifice his friends, now no longer 
 powerful, since they had lost all in his behalf. 
 He acquiesced, and the monarchy was restored. 
 The Irish nobility and gentry, native and Anglo- 
 L-ish, who had been so fearfully scourged for the 
 sin of loyalty to his father, now joyfully expected 
 that right would be done, and that they would 
 enjoy their own once more. They were soon 
 undeceived. Such of the "lottery" speculators, 
 or army officers and soldiers as were actually in 
 possession of the estates of royalist owners, were 
 not to be disturbed. Such estates only as had 
 
 not actually been "taken up" were to be restored 
 to the owners. There was one class, however, 
 whom all the others readily agreed might be 
 robbed without any danger — nay, whom it was 
 loudly declared to be a crime to desist from rob- 
 bing to the last — namely, the Catholics — espe- 
 cially the "Irish Papists. " The reason why was 
 not clear. Everybody, on the contrary, saw that „ 
 they had suffered most of all for their devoted t, 
 loyalty to the murdered king. After awhile a " 
 low murmur of compassion — muttering even of 
 justice for them — began to bo heard about the 
 court. This danger created great alarm. The 
 monstrous idea of justice to the Catholics was 
 surely not to be endured ; but what was to be 
 done? "Happy thought!" — imitate the skillful 
 ruse of the Irish Puritans in starting the mas- 
 sacre story of 1641. But where was the scene of 
 massacre to be laid this time, and when must 
 they say it had taken place ? This was found to 
 be an irresistible stopper on a new ma.ssacre 
 story in the past, but then the great boundless 
 future was open to them : could they not say it 
 was yet to take place ? A blessed inspiration the 
 saintly people called this. Yes ; they could get 
 up an anti-Catholic frenzy with a massacre story 
 about the future, as well as with one relating to 
 the past ! 
 
 Accordingly, in 1678 the diabolical fabrica- 
 tion known as the "Great Popish Plot" made its 
 appearance. The great Protestant historian, 
 Charles James Fox, declared that the Popish plot 
 story "must always be considered an indelible 
 disgrace upon the English nation." Macaulay 
 more recently has still more vehemently de- 
 nounced the infamy of that concoction; and 
 indeed, even a year or two after it had done its 
 work, all England rang with execrations of its 
 concoctors — several of whom, Titus Oates, the 
 chief swearer, especially, suffered the penalty of 
 their discovered perjuries. 
 
 But the plot-story did its appointed work 
 splendidly and completely, and all the senti- 
 mental horror of a thousand Macaulaj-s could 
 nought avail, once that work was done.*^ A 
 proper fury had been got up against the Catho- 
 lics, arresting the idea of compassionating them, 
 giving full impetus to a merciless persecution of 
 popish priests, and above all (crowning merit) 
 effectually silencing all suggestions about restor-
 
 168 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ing to Irish Catliolic royalists their estates and 
 possessions. Shaftesbury, one of the chief pro- 
 moters of the plot-story, was indeed dragged to 
 the Tower as an abominable and pei'jured mis- 
 creant, but not until the scaffold had drunk deep 
 of Catholic blood, and Tyburn had been the 
 scene of that mournful tragedy — that foul and 
 heartless murder — of which Oliver Plunkett, the 
 sainted martyr-primate of Ireland, was the 
 victim.* 
 
 This venerable man was at Eome when the 
 pope selected him for the primacy. A bloody 
 persecution was at the moment raging in Ireland ; 
 and Dr. Plunkett felt that the appointment was 
 a summons to martyrdom. Nevertheless he 
 hastened to Ii'eland, and assumed the duties of 
 his position. Such was his gentleness and purity 
 of chai-acter, his profound learning, the piety, 
 and indeed sanctity, of his life, that even the 
 Protestant officials and gentry round about came 
 to entertain for him the highest respect and per- 
 sonal regard. Prudent and circumspect, he 
 rigidly abstained from interference in the 
 troubled politics of the period, and devoted him- 
 self exclusively to rigorous reforms of such 
 irregularities and abuses as had crept into paro- 
 chial or diocesan affairs during the past century 
 of civil war and social chaos. For the support 
 of the "intended massacre" story it was clearly 
 necessary to extend the scene of the plot to Ire- 
 land (so much more popish than England), and 
 casting about for some one to put down as chief 
 conspirator, the constructors of the story thought 
 the head of the popish prelates ought to be the 
 man, ex-officio. The London government accord- 
 ingly wrote to the Irish lord lieutenant to an- 
 nounce that the "Popish plot" existed in Ireland 
 
 * Few episodes in Iri.sli history are more tragic and touch- 
 ing than that with which the name of the martyr-primate 
 is associated, and there have been few more valuable con- 
 tributions to Irish (Jatholic or historical literature in our 
 generation than the "Memoir" of this illustrious prolate 
 by the Rev. Dr. Moran. In it the learned reverend author 
 has utilized the rich stores of original manuscripts relating 
 to the period — many of them letters in the martyr-primate's 
 handwriting — preserved in Rome, and has made his book 
 not only a "memoir" of the murdered archbishop, but an 
 authentic history of a period momentous in its importance 
 and interest for Iri.shmen. A much briefer work is the 
 " Life and Death of Oliver Plunkett," by the Rev. Oeorge 
 CroUy, a little book which tells a sad story in language full 
 of simple pathos and true elo [uence. 
 
 also. He complied. Next he was to resume 
 energetically the statutory persecutions of the 
 Papists. This also he obeyed. Next he was 
 directed to arrest the popish primate for com- 
 plicity in the plot. Here he halted. From the 
 correspondence it would appear that he wrote 
 back to the effect that this was rather too strong, 
 inasmuch as even among the ultra-Protestants 
 the idea of Dr. Plunkett being concerned in any 
 such business would be scouted. Beside, he 
 pointed out, there was no evidence. He was told 
 that this made no matter, to obey his orders, 
 and arrest the primate. He complied reluctantly. 
 An agent of the Gates and Shaftesbury gang in 
 London, Hetherington by name, was now sent 
 over to Dublin to get up evidence, and soon proc- 
 lamations were circulated through all the jails 
 offering pardon to any criminal^ — murderer, rob- 
 ber, tory, or traitor — who could (would) give 
 the necessary evidence against the primate ; and 
 accordingly crown witnesses by the dozen com- 
 peted in willingness to swear anything that was 
 required. The primate was brought to trial at 
 Drogheda, but the grand jury, though ultra- 
 Protestant to a man, threw out the bill ; the per- 
 jury of the crown witnesses was too gross, the 
 innocence of the meek and venerable man before 
 them too apparent. When the news reached 
 London great was the indignation there. The 
 lord lieutenant was at once directed to send the 
 primate thither, where no such squeamishnesa 
 of jurors would mar the ends of injustice. The 
 hapless prelate was shipped to London and 
 brought to trial there. Macaulay himself has 
 described for us from original authorities the 
 manner in which those "trials" were conducted. 
 Here is his description of the witnesses, the 
 judges, the juries, and the audience in court: 
 
 "A wretch named Carstairs, who had earned a 
 living ia Scotland by going disguised to conven- 
 ticles, and then informing against the preachers, 
 led the way ; Bedloe, a noted swindler, followed ; 
 and soon from all the brothels, gambling-houses, 
 and sponging-houses of London, false witnesses 
 poured forth to swear away the lives of Roman 
 Catholics. . . . Oates, that he might not be 
 eclipsed by his imitators, soon added a large sup- 
 plement to his original narrative. The vulgar 
 believed, and the highest magistrates pretended to 
 believe, even such fictions as these. The chief
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ^69 
 
 judges of the kingdom «ere corrupt, cruel, and 
 timid. The juries partook of the feelings then com- 
 mon throughout the nation, and were encouraged 
 by the bench to indulge those feelings without 
 restraint. The multitude applauded Gates and 
 his confederates, hooted and pelted the witnesses 
 who appeared on behalf of the accused, and 
 shouted with joy when the verdict of guilty was 
 pronounced. " 
 
 Before such a tribunal, on the 8th of June, 
 1681, the aged and venerable Primate was 
 arraigned, and of course convicted. The scene 
 in court was ineffably brutal. In accordance 
 with the law at that time, the accused was 
 allowed no counsel, whereas the crown was repre- 
 sented by the attorney-general and Sergeant 
 Maynard ; the judges being fully as ferocious as 
 the official prosecutors. Every attempt made by 
 the venerable victim at the bar to defend him- 
 self only elicited a roar of anger or a malignant 
 taunt from one side or the other. The scene has 
 not inappropriately been likened rather to the 
 torturing of a victim at the stake by savage 
 Indians, dancing and shouting wildly round him, 
 than the trial of a prisoner in a court of law. 
 At length the verdict was delivered; to which, 
 when he heard it, the archbishop simply an- 
 swered: "Deo gratias!" Then he was sen- 
 tenced to be drawn on a hurdle to Tyburn, there 
 and then to be hanged, cut down while alive, his 
 body quartered, and the entrails burned in fire. 
 He heard this infamous decroe with serene 
 composure. 
 
 "But looking upward full of grace, 
 God's glory smote him on the face. " 
 
 Even among the governing party there were 
 many who felt greatly shocked by this convic- 
 tion. The thing was too glaring. The Protes- 
 tant archbishojj of Dublin (who seems to have 
 been a humane and honorable man) expressed 
 aloud his horror, and fearlessly declared the 
 Catholic primate as innocent of the crimes alleged 
 as an unborn child. But no one durst take on 
 himself at the moment to stem the tide of Eng- 
 lish popular fury. The Earl of Essex, indeed, 
 hurried to the king and vehemently besought him 
 to save the Irish primate by a royal pardon. 
 Charles, terribly excited, declared that he, as 
 ■well as every one of them, knew the primate to 
 
 be innocent, "but," cried he, with passionate 
 earnestness, "ye could have saved him; I canaot 
 — you know well I dare not." "^ 
 
 Then, like Pontius Pilate, he desired "the 
 blood of this innocent man" to be on their heads, 
 not his. The law should take its course. 
 
 "The law" did "take its course." The sainted 
 Plunkett was dragged on a hurdle to TyVjnrn 
 amid the yells of the London populace. There 
 he was hanged, beheaded, quartered, and disem- 
 bowelled, "according to law," July 1, 1681. 
 
 Soon after, as I have already intimated, the 
 popular delirium cooled down, and everybody 
 began to see that rivers of innocent Catholic 
 blood had been made to flow without cause, 
 crime, or offense. But what of that? A most 
 salutary check had been administered to the 
 api)rehended design of restoring to Catholic 
 roj'alists the lands they had lost through their 
 devotion to the late king. The "Popish plot" 
 story of 1678, like the great massacre story of 
 1641, had accomplished its allotted work. 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 HOW KING JAMES THE SECOND, BY ABBITBARILV 
 ASSERTING LIBEETT OF CONSCIENCE, tJTTERLI 
 
 VIOLATED THE WILL OF THE ENGLISH NATION 
 
 HOW THE ENGLISH AGREED, CONFEDERATED, 
 COMBINED, AND CONSPIRED TO DEPOSE THE KINS, 
 AND BEAT OP FOR "FOREIGN EMISSARIES" TO 
 COME AND BEGIN THE REBELLION FOR THEM. 
 
 On February 6, 1685, Charles the Second 
 closed a life the chronicles of which may be 
 searched in vain for a notable act of goodness, 
 wisdom, valor, or virtue. On his deathbed he 
 openly professed the faith which for years past, 
 if not at all times, he had secretly believed in, 
 but dared not publicly avow — Catholicity. The 
 man, however, on whom now devolved the triple 
 crown of England, Scotland, and Ireland — 
 Charles' brother, James, Duke of York — was one 
 who had neither dissembled nor concealed his 
 religious convictions -^He was a sincere Catho- 
 lic, and had endured much of trouble and perse- 
 cution in consequence of his profession of that 
 faith. He was married to the young and beauti- 
 ful Princess Mary of Modena, an ardent Catholic
 
 170 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 like himself,* and tiie ultra-Protestant party wit- 
 nessed his accession to the throne with undis- 
 guised chagrin and sullen discontent. 
 
 All -nTiters have agreed in attributing to James 
 the Second a disregard of the plainest dictates of 
 prudence, if not of the plainest limits of legality, 
 in the measures-he adopted for the accomplishment 
 of a purpose unquestionably equitable, laud- 
 able, and beneficent — ^namely, the abolition of 
 proscription and persecution for conscience' sake, 
 and the establishment of religious freedom and 
 equality. It may be said, and with perfect 
 truth, that though this was so, though James 
 was rash and headlong, it mattered little after 
 all, for the end he aimed at was so utterly op- 
 posed to the will of the English people, so incon- 
 sistent with "vested interests" throughout all 
 three kingdoms, that it was out of all possibility 
 he could have succeeded, whether he were politic 
 and cautious, or straightforward, arbitrary, and 
 rash. For the English nation was too strongly 
 bent on thorough persecution to be barred in its 
 course, or diverted into tolerance or humanity 
 by any power of king or queen ; and already the 
 English people had made it plain that no man 
 should be ruler over them who would not be of 
 their mind on this subject. But James' conduct 
 rendered his overthrow simply inevitable. Before 
 he was well seated on the throne he had precip- 
 itated conflicts with the judges, the bishops, and 
 parliament ; the point of contention, to be sure, 
 being mainly his resolution of granting freedom 
 of conscience to all creeds. It was in Ireland, 
 however, that this startling programme evoked 
 the wildest sensation of alarm on the one hand, 
 and rejoicing on the other ; and it was there that, 
 inevitably, owing to the vast preponderance of 
 the Catholic population, relative equality ap- 
 peared to the Protestant eye as absolute Catholic 
 dominance. Two Catholic judges and one Prot- 
 estant may have been even short of the Catholic 
 proportion ; yet the Protestant colony would not 
 look at the question in this way at all, and they 
 called it intolerable popish ascendency. James 
 
 •Sht! wa.s his second wife, and had been married to him 
 at the age of fifteen. By his first wife, Ann, daughter of 
 Chancellor Hyde, he had two daughters, who were brought 
 np Protestants by their mother. They were married, one, 
 Mary, to Prince William of Orange ; the other, Ann, to 
 Prince Ueorge of Denmark, 
 
 had selected for the carrying out of hie views in 
 Ireland a man whose faults greatly resembled his 
 own, Kichard Talbot, subsequently Earl and 
 Duke of Tyrconnnell. He was devotedly at- 
 tached to the king; a courtier, not a statesman; 
 rash, vain, self-willed ; a faithful and loyal 
 friend, but a famous man to lose a kingdom with. 
 
 If the Irish Catholics had indulged in hopes on 
 the accession successively of James' grandfather, 
 father, and brother, what must have been their 
 feelings now? Here, assuredly, there was no 
 room for mistake or doubt. A king resolved to 
 befriend them was on the throne! The land 
 burst forth into universal rejoicing. Out from 
 hiding place in cellar and garret, cavern and 
 fastness, came hunted prelate and priest, the sur- 
 plice and the stole, the chalice and the patten ; 
 and once more, in the open day and in the public 
 churches, the ancient rites were seen. The peo- 
 ple, awakened as if from a long trance of sorrow, 
 heaved with a new life, and with faces all beam- 
 ing and radiant went about in crowds chanting 
 songs of joy and gratitude. One after one, the 
 barriers of exclusion were laid low, and the bulk 
 of the population admitted to equal rights with 
 the colonist-Protestants. In fine, all men were 
 declared equal in the eye of the law, irrespective 
 of creed or race ; an utter reversion of the previ- 
 ous system, which constituted the "colony" the 
 jailers of the fettered nation. 
 
 Ireland and England accordingly seethed with 
 Protestant disaffection, but there was an idea 
 that the king would die without legitimate male 
 issue* and so the general resolution seemed to be 
 that in a few y«ars all would be right, and these 
 abominable ideas of religious tolerance swept 
 away once more. To the consternation and dis- 
 may of the anti-tolerance party, however, a son 
 was born to James in June, 1688. There was no 
 standing this. It was the signal for revolt. 
 
 On this occasion no native insurrection initi- 
 ated the revolution. In this crisis of their his- 
 tory — this moment in which was molded and 
 laid down the basis of the English constitution 
 as it exists to our own time^ — the English nation 
 asserted by precept and i)ractice the truly singu- 
 lar doctrine that even for the purpose of over- 
 
 * Four children, born to him by his second wife, all died 
 young, and some years had now elapsed without the birth 
 of any other.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 171 
 
 throwing a legitimate native sovereign, conspir- 
 ing malcontents act well and wisely in depending 
 upon "foreign emissaries" to come and begin 
 the work — and complete it too ! So they invited 
 the Dutch and the Danes and the Swedes and 
 tho French Calvinista — and indeed, for that mat- 
 ter, foreign emissaries from every country or any 
 country who would aid them — to come and help 
 them in their rebellion against their king. To 
 the Stadtholder of Holland, William Prince of 
 Orange, they offered the throne, having ascer- 
 tained that he would accept it without anj' 
 qualms, on the ground that the king to be be- 
 headed or driven away was at once his own uncle 
 and father-in-law. 
 
 This remarkable man has been greatly misun- 
 derstood, owing to the fact of his name being 
 made the shibboleth of a faction whose sangui- 
 nary fanaticism he despised and repudiated. 
 William Henry, Prince of Orange, was now in his 
 thirty-seventh year. An impartial and discrimi- 
 nating Catholic historian justly describes him to 
 us as "fearless of danger, patient, silent, imperi- 
 ous to his enemies, rather a soldier than a states- 
 man, indifferent in religion, and personally 
 adverse to pei-secution for conscience' sake," his 
 great and almost his only public passion being 
 the humiliation of France through the instru- 
 mentality of a European coalition. In the great 
 struggle against French preponderance on the 
 continent then being waged by the league of 
 Augsburg, William was on the same side with 
 the rulers of Austria, Germany, and Spain, and 
 €ven with the pope ; James, on the other hand, 
 being altogether attached to France. In his de- 
 signs on the English throne, however, the Dutch 
 prince practiced the grossest deceit on his con- 
 federates of the league, protesting to them that 
 he was coming to England solely to compose in 
 a friendly way a domestic quarrel, one of the 
 results of which would be to detach James from 
 the side of France and add England to the 
 league. By means of this duplicity he was able 
 to bring to the aid of his English schemes men, 
 money, and material contributed for league pur- 
 poses by his continental colleagues. 
 
 On November 5, 1688, William landed at Tor- 
 bay in Devonshire. He brought with him a 
 Dutch fleet of twenty-two men of war, twenty- 
 five frigates, twenty-five fire-ships, and about 
 
 four hundred transports ; conveying in all about 
 fifteen thousand men. If the royal army could 
 have been relied upon, James might easilj' have 
 disposed of these "invaders" or "liberators;" 
 but the army went over wholesale to tho "foreign 
 emissaries." Thus finding himself surrounded 
 by treason, and having the fate of his hapless 
 father in remembrance, James took refuge in 
 France, where he arrived on L^ecember 25, 1088; 
 the Queen and infant Prince of Wales, much to 
 the rage of the rebels, having been safely con- 
 veyed thither some short time previously. The 
 revolutionary party affected to think the escape 
 of the king an abdication, the theory being that 
 by not waiting to be beheaded he had forfeited 
 the throne. 
 
 England and Scotland unmistakably declared 
 for the revolution. Ireland as unquestionably — 
 indeed, enthusiastically — declared for the king; 
 any other course would be impossible to a people 
 among whom ingratitude has been held infamous, 
 and against whom want of chivalry or generosity 
 has never been alleged. In proportion as the 
 Catholic population expressed their sympathy 
 with the king, the "colony" Protestants and 
 Cromwellianite garrisons manifested their adhe- 
 sion to the rebel cause, and began to flock from 
 all sides into the strong places of Ulster, bringing 
 with them their arms and ammunition. Tyrcon- 
 nell, who had vainly endeavored to call in the 
 government arms in their hands (as militia) now 
 commissioned several of the Catholic nobility and 
 gentry to raise regiments of more certain loyalty 
 for the king's service. Of recruits there was no 
 lack, but of the use of arms or knowledge of 
 drill or discipline, these recruits knew absolutely 
 nothing ; and of arms, of equipments, or of war 
 material — especially of cannon • — ■ Tyrconnell 
 found himself almost entirely destitute. The 
 malcontents, on the other hand, constituted that 
 class which for at least forty years past had en- 
 joyed by law the sole right to possess arms, and > 
 who had from childhood, of necessity, been 
 trained to use them. The royalist force which 
 the viceroy sent to occupy Derry (a Catholic 
 regiment newly raised by Lord Antrim), incred- 
 ible as it may appear, had for the greater part no 
 better arms than clubs and skians. It is not 
 greatly to be wondered at that the Protestant 
 citizens — among whom, as well as throughout all
 
 172 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the Protestant districts in Ireland, anonymous 
 letters had been circulated, giving out an "in- 
 tended popish massacre"* of all the Protestants 
 on the 9th of December — feared to admit such a 
 gathering within their walls. "The impression 
 made by the report of the intended massacre, and 
 the contempt naturally entertained for foes 
 armed in so rude a fashion," were as a matter of 
 fact the chief incentives to the "closing of the 
 gates of Derry," which event we may set down 
 as the formal inauguration of the rebellion in 
 Ireland. 
 
 CHAPTER LXni. 
 
 HOW WTLLIAJiI AND JAMES MET FACE TO FACE AT THE 
 
 BOTNE A PLAIN SKETCH OF THE BATTLEFIELD 
 
 AND THE TACTICS OF THE DAY. 
 
 Eighteen months afterward two armies stood 
 >'ftce to face on the banks of the Boyue. King 
 James and Prince William for the first time were 
 to contest in person the issues between them. 
 
 The interval had not been without its events. 
 In England the revolution encountered no oppo- 
 sition, and William was free to bring against Ire- 
 land and Scotland the full strength of his British 
 levies, as well as of his foreign auxiliaries. Ire- 
 land, Tyrconnell was quite sanguine of holding 
 for King James, even though at the worst Eng- 
 land should be lost; and to arouse to the full the 
 enthusiasm of the devoted Gaels, nay, possibly to 
 bring back to their allegiance the rebellious Uls- 
 ter Protestants, he urged the king to come to 
 Ireland and assume in person the direction of 
 affairs. King Louis of France concurred in 
 those views, and a squadron was prepared at 
 Brest to carry the fugitive back to his domin- 
 ions. "Accompanied by his natural sons, the 
 Duke of Berwick and the Grand Prior Fitzjames, 
 by Lieutenants-General De Rosen and De Mau- 
 mout, Majors-General DePersignan and DeLery 
 (or Geraldine), about a hundred officers of all 
 ranks, and one thousand two hundred veterans, 
 James sailed from Brest with a fleet of thirty- 
 three vessels, and landed at Xinsale on the 12th 
 daj' of March (old style). His reception by the 
 southern por)ulation was enthusiastic in the ex- 
 treme. From Kinsale to Cork, from Cork to 
 
 ' The old, old storj-, always uvailablo, always efficacious 1 
 
 Dublin, his progress was accompanied by Gaelic 
 songs and dances, bj- Latin orations, loyal ad- 
 dresses, and all the demonstrations with which a 
 popular favorite can be welcomed. Nothing was 
 remembered by that easily-pacified people bat 
 his great misfortunes, and his steady fidelity to 
 his and their religion. The royal entry into 
 Dublin was the crowning pageant of this delusive 
 restoration. With the tact and taste for such 
 demonstrations hereditary in the citizens, the 
 trades and arts were marshaled before him. 
 Two venerable harpers played on their national 
 instruments near the gate by which he entered ; 
 a number of religieuse in their robes, with a huge 
 cross at their head, chanted as they went; forty 
 young girls dressed in white, danced the ancient 
 'Rinka, ' scattering flowers as they danced. The 
 Earl of Tyrconnell, lately raised to a dukedom, 
 the judges, the mayor and corporation, com- 
 pleted the procession which marched over newly- 
 sanded streets beneath arches of evergreens, and 
 windows hung with 'tapestry and cloth of Arras. ' 
 But of all the incidents of that striking cere- 
 monial nothing more powerfullj- impressed the 
 popular imagination than the green flag floating 
 from the main tower of the castle, bearing the 
 significant inscription: 'Now or never — now and 
 forever.' 
 
 So far well ; but when he came to look into the 
 important matter of material for war, a woeful 
 state of things confronted James. As we have 
 already seen, for forty years past, in pursuance 
 of acts of parliament rigorously enforced, no 
 Catholic or native Irishman had been allowed to 
 learn a trade, to inhabit walled towns, or to pos- 
 sess arms. As a consequence, when the Protes- 
 tants, whom alone for nearly half a century the 
 law allowed to learn to make, repair, or use fire- 
 arms, fled to the north, there was in all the 
 island scarcely a gunsmith or armorer on whom 
 the king could rely. Such Protestant artisans as 
 remained, "when obliged to set about repairing 
 guns or forging spears, threw every possible 
 obstacle in the way, or executed the duty in 
 such a manner as to leave the weapon next to 
 useless in the hour of action ; while night and 
 day the fires blazed and the anvils rang in the 
 propiiration of the best arms for the Williamites. " 
 The want of cannon was most keenly felt on the 
 king's side. At the time of the so-called siege
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 173 
 
 of Derry (progressing when James arrived), 
 "'there was nol a single battering cannon fit for 
 use in Ireland ; and there were only twelve field 
 pieces." As a consequence, there was, as there 
 could have been, no real siege of Derry. The 
 place was blockaded more or less loosely for some 
 months — closely toward the end. The inhabi- 
 tants bore the privations of the blockade with 
 great endurance and heroism ; though certainly 
 not greater than that exhibited by the besieged 
 in severer blockades elsewhere during the war.* 
 It were pitiful and unworthy to deny to the 
 brave rebels of Derry all that such heroic perse- 
 verance as theirs deserves. Such qualities as 
 they displayed — such sufferings cheerfully borne 
 for a cause they judged just and holy^ — deserve 
 honor and acclaim wherever found. But, after 
 all, as I have pointed out, it was a blockade, not 
 a siege, they endured ; and their courage was put 
 to no such test as that which tried the citizens of 
 Limerick two or three years subsequentlj 
 
 "Meanwhile a splendidly appointed ^Yilliamite 
 army had been collected at Chester. It was com- 
 manded by the veteran Duke Schomberg, and 
 amounted to ten thousand men. They landed at 
 Bangor, county Down, August 13, 1689, and on 
 the 17th took possession of Belfast. " Little was 
 accomplished on either side up to the summer 
 following, when the news that William himself 
 had resolved to take the field in Ireland, flung 
 the Ulster rebels into a state of enthusiastic re- 
 joicing, and filled the royalists with concern. 
 All felt now that the crisis was at hand. On the 
 14th of June William landed at Carrickfergus, 
 surrounded by a throng of veteran generals, of 
 continental fame, princes and peers, English and 
 foreign. "At Belfast, his first headquarters, he 
 ascertained the forces at his disposal to be upward 
 of forty thousand men, 'a strange medley of all 
 nations' — Scandinavians, Swiss, Dutch, Prus- 
 
 • Notably, for instance, Fort Cbarlemont, held for the king 
 by the gallant O'Regau with ergUt hundred men ; besieged 
 by Schomberg at the head of more than as many thousands, 
 with a splendid artillery train. The garrison, we are told, 
 were reduced by hunger to the last extremity, and at length 
 offered to surrender if allowed to march out with all the 
 honors of war. Schomberg complied, and then, says a 
 chronicler, " eight hundred men, with a large number of 
 women and children, came forth, eagerly gnawing pieces 
 of dry hides with the hair on ; a small portion of filthy 
 meal and a few pounds of tainted beef being the only pro- 
 visions remaining in the fort," 
 
 sians, Huguenot-Freuih, English, Scotch, 
 'Scotch-Irish,' and Anglo-Irish. " "On the 16th 
 of June, James, informed of AVilliam's arrival, 
 marched northward at the head of twenty thou- 
 sand men, French and Irish, to meet him. On 
 the 22d James was at Dundalk, and William at 
 Newry. As the latter advanced, the Jacobites 
 retired, and finally chose their ground at the 
 Boyne, resolved to hazard a battle (even against 
 such odds) for the preservation of Dublin and 
 the safety of the province of Leinster. "* 
 
 No military opinion has ever been uttered of 
 that resolution, save that it never should have 
 been taken. The wonder is not that William 
 forced the Boyne ; all the marvel and the mad- 
 ness was that such an army as James' (especially 
 when commanded by such a man) ever attempted 
 to defend it. Not merely had William nearly 
 fifty thousand men against James' twenty-three 
 thousand ; but whereas the former force, all save a 
 few thousand of the Ulster levies (and these, skill- 
 ful and experienced sharpshooters), were veteran 
 troops, horse and foot, splendidly equipped, 
 and supported by the finest park of artillery 
 perhaps ever seen in Ii'eland ; the latter army, 
 with the exception of a few thousand French, 
 were nearly all raw recruits hastily collected 
 within a few mouths past from a population un- 
 acquainted with the use of firearms, and who 
 had, of course, never been under fire in the field, 
 and now had of artillery but six tieldpieces to 
 support them. But even if this disparity had 
 never existed, the contrast between the com- 
 manders would in itself have made all the differ- 
 ence possible. William was an experienced mil- 
 itary tactician, brave, cool, prescient, firm, and 
 resolute. James, as Duke of York, had distin- 
 guished himself bravely and honorably on land 
 and sea, so that the charges of absolute cowardice 
 often urged against him can scarcely be just. 
 But his whole conduct of affairs in this Lrish 
 campaign was simply miserable. Weak, vacil- 
 lating, capricious, selfish, it is no wonder one of 
 the French officers, stung to madness by his in- 
 explicable pusillanimity and disgraceful bung- 
 ling, should have exclaimed aloud to him : "Sire, 
 if you had a hundred kingdoms, you would lose 
 them all. " A like sentiment found utterance in 
 
 * M'Gee.
 
 174 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 the memorable words of an Irish officer when 
 brought a prisoner after the battle into the pres- 
 ence of the Williamite council of war : ' ' Exchange 
 commanders with us, gentlemen, and even with 
 all the other odds against us, we'll fight the bat- 
 tle over again." 
 
 But now the die was cast. The resolve, on 
 James' part most falteriugly taken,* was fixed at 
 last. Uncle and nephew, sovereign and invader, 
 were to put their quarrel to the issue of a battle 
 on the morrow- 
 
 CHAPTEE LXrV\ 
 
 ''before the battle.'' 
 
 Early on the morning of June 30, 1690, "Will- 
 iam's army approached the Boyne in three divis- 
 ions. "Such was his impatience to behold the 
 enemy he was to fight, and the ground they had 
 taken up, that by the time the advanced guard 
 ■was within view of the Jacobite camp, he was in 
 front of them, having ridden forward from the 
 head of his own division. Then it was that he 
 beheld a sight which, yet unstirred by soldier 
 shout or cannon shot, unstained by blood or 
 death, might well gladden the heart of him who 
 gazed, and warm with its glorious beauties even 
 a colder nature than his! He stood upon a 
 height, and beheld beneath him and beyond 
 him, with the clearness of a map and the gor- 
 geous beauty of a dream, a view as beautiful as 
 the eye can scan. Doubly beautiful it was then; 
 because the colors of a golden harvest were 
 blended with green fields and greener trees, and 
 a sweet river flowing calmly on in winding 
 beauty through a valley whose banks rose gently 
 from its waters, until in lofty hills they touched 
 the opposite horizon, bending and undulating 
 into forms of beauty. f "To the southeast the 
 
 •Even when tlie whole of such arrausfHinents and dispo- 
 sitions for battle as lie (after innumerable vacillations) had 
 ordered, bad been made, James, at the last moment, on the 
 very eve of battle, once again capriciously changed hi.s 
 mind, said he would fall back to Dublin, and actually sent 
 off thither on the moment the baggage, together with six 
 of the twelve cannon, which constituted his entire ar- 
 tillery, and some portion of his troops ! Then, again, after 
 the^o bad gone ofT beyond recall he as capriciously changed 
 hiH mind once more, and resolved to await battle then and 
 tbero at the Koyne I 
 
 f " VVilliamite and Jacobite Wars in Ireland,' by Pr. 
 Cane. 
 
 steeples and castle of Drogheda, from which 
 floated the flags of James and Louis, appeared in 
 the mid-distance; while seaward might be seen 
 the splendid fleet which attended the motions of 
 the "Williamite army. But of more interest to 
 the phlegmatic but experienced commander, 
 whose eagle eye now wandered over the enchant- 
 ing panorama, were the lines of white tents, the 
 waving banners, and moving bodies of troops, 
 which, to the southwest, between the river and 
 Donore Hill, indicated the position of James' 
 camp."* 
 
 xiaving viewed the ground carefully, William 
 selected the Oldbridge fords for the principal 
 attack, and fixed upon sites for batteries to com- 
 mand the opposite or Jacobite bank. He then 
 rode a short way up the river, and alighted to 
 take some refreshment. On his return he was 
 fired upon by some fieldpieces at the other side 
 of the river, the first shot striking to the earth 
 one of the group beside the jirince. A second 
 shot followed; the ball struck the river bank, 
 glanced upward, and wounded William slightly. 
 He sank upon his horse's neck, and a shout of 
 exultation burst from the Irish camp, where it 
 was believed he was killed. He was not much 
 hurt, however, and rode among his own lines to 
 assure his troops of his safetj' ; and shouts of tri- 
 umph and defiance from the WiTliamite ranks 
 soon apprized the Irish of their error. ' 
 
 That night — that anxious night! — was devoted 
 by William to the most careful ]ilanniug and ar- 
 rangement for the morrow's strife. But ere we 
 notice these plans or approach that struggle, it 
 may be well to describe for young readers with 
 all possible simplicity the battlefield of the 
 Boyne, and the nature of the military operations 
 of which it was the scene. 
 
 The Boyne enters the Irish Sea a mile or more 
 to the east of Drogheda, but for a mile or two 
 above or to the west of that town, the sea-tides 
 reach and rise and fall in the river. Two miles 
 and a half up the river from Drogheha, on the 
 southern bank, is the little village of Oldbridge. 
 About five miles in a direct line due west of Old- 
 bridge (but considerably more by the curve of 
 tlie river, which between these points bends 
 deeply southward), stands the town of SI an e on 
 
 * Thi' Il.n-p for March, 1859 ; The " Battleof the Boyne," 
 by iM. J. M 
 
 i
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 175 
 
 the northern bank. The ground rises rather 
 rapidly from the river at Oldbridge, sloping back- 
 ward, or southward, about a mile, to the Hill of 
 Donore, on the crest of which stand a little 
 ruined church (it was a ruin even ia KJDO) and a 
 graveyard ; three miles and a half further south- 
 ward than Donore, on the road to Dublin from 
 Oldbridge, stands Duleek. 
 
 James' camp was pitched on the northern 
 slopes of Donore, looking down upon the river at 
 Oldbridge. James himself slept and had his 
 headquarters in the little ruined church already 
 mentioned. 
 
 Directly opposite to Oldbridge, on the north- 
 ern side of the river, the ground, as on the south 
 side, rises rather abruptly, sloping backward 
 forming a hill called Tullyallen. This hill is in- 
 tersected by a ravine north and south, leading 
 down to the river, its mouth on the northern 
 brink being directly opposite to Oldbridge. The 
 ravine is now called King William's Glen. On 
 and behind Tullyallen Hill, William's camp was 
 pitched, looking southward, towai'd, but not alto- 
 gether in sight of James', on the other side of 
 the river. 
 
 At this time of the year, July, the Boyne was 
 fordable at several places up the river toward 
 Slane. The easiest fords, however, were at Old- 
 bridge, where, when the sea-tide was at lowe.st 
 ebb, the water was not three feet deep. 
 
 To force these fords, or some of them, was 
 William's task. To defend them was James' 
 endeavor. 
 
 The main difficulty in crossing a ford in the 
 face of an opposing army is that the enemy 
 almost invariably has batteries to play on the 
 fords with shot and shell, and troops ready at 
 hand to charge the crossing party the instant 
 they attempt to "form" on reaching the bank, if 
 they succeed in reaching it. If the defending 
 party have not batteries to perform this service, 
 and if the assailants have batteries to "cover" 
 the passage of their fording parties by a strong 
 cannonade, i.e., to prevent (by shot and shell 
 fired over their heads at the bank they rush for) 
 the formation there of any troops to charge them 
 on reaching the shore, the ford is, as a general 
 rule, sure to be forced. 
 
 James had not a single cannon or howitzer at 
 the fords. From fifty splendid fieldpieces and 
 
 mortars William rained shot and shell on the 
 Jacobite bank. 
 
 William's plan of attack was to outflank 
 James' left by sending a strong force up the 
 river toward Slane, where they were to cross and 
 attack the Jacobite flank and rear; while he, 
 with the full strength of his main army (the 
 center under Schomberg .senior, the extreme left 
 under himself), would, under cover of a furious 
 cannonade, force all the fords at and below Old- 
 bridge. 
 
 It was only at the last moment that James was 
 brought to perceive the deadly danger of being 
 flanked from Slane, and he then detailed merely 
 a force of five hundred dragoons under the gal- 
 lant Sir Neal O'Neill to defend the extreme left 
 there. His attention until the mid-hour of bat- 
 tle next day was mainly given to the (Old- 
 bridge) fords in his front, and his sole i-eliance 
 for their defense was on some poor breastworks 
 and farm-buildings to shelter musketry-men ; 
 trusting for the rest to hand-to-hand encounters 
 when the enemy should have come across! In 
 fact, he had no other reliance, since he was with- 
 out artillery to defend the fords. 
 
 All else being settled, ere the anxious council- 
 holders on each side sought their couches, the 
 password for the morning and the distinguish- 
 ing badges were announced. The Jacobite sol- 
 diers wore white cockades. William chose green 
 for his colors. Every man on his side was ordered 
 to wear a green bough or sprig in his hat, and 
 the word was to be "Westminster." 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE BOYNE. 
 
 Tuesday, July 1, 1690, dawned cloudlessly on 
 those embattled hosts, and as the early sunlight 
 streamed out from over the eastern hills, the 
 stillness of that summer morning was broken by 
 the Williamite drums and bugles sounding the 
 generale. In accordance with the plan of battle 
 arranged the previous night, the first move on 
 William's side was the march of ten thousand 
 men (the Scotch foot-guards under Lieutenant- 
 General Douglas, and the Danish horse under 
 Meinhart Schomberg), with five pieces of artil- 
 lery, for the bridge of Slane, where, and at the
 
 176 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 fords between it and Ross-na-ree (two miles 
 nearer to Oldbridge), they were to cross the 
 river, and tui-n the left flank of James' army. 
 The infantry portion of this force crossing at 
 Slane, while the horse were getting over at Ross- 
 na-ree, came upon Sir Neal O'Neill and his five 
 hundred dragoons on the extreme left of the 
 Jacobite position. For fully an hour did the 
 gallant O'Neill hold this force in check, he him- 
 B«lf falling mortally wounded in the thick of the 
 fight. But soon, the Danish horse crossing at 
 Ross-na-ree, the full force of fen thousand men 
 united and advanced upon the Jacobite flank, en- 
 deavoring to get between the royalist army and 
 Duleek. Just at this moment, however, there 
 arrived a force of French and Swiss infantry, 
 and some Irish horse and foot, with six pieces of 
 cannon under Lauzun, sent up hurriedly from 
 Oldbridge by James, who now began to think 
 all the fight would be on his left. Lauzun so 
 skillfully posted his cheeking force on the slope 
 of a hill with a marsh in front that Douglas and 
 Schomberg, notwithstanding their enormous 
 numerical superiority, halted and did not venture 
 en an attack until they had sent for and obtained 
 an additional supply of troops. Then only did 
 their infantry advance, while the cavalry, amount- 
 ing to twenty-four squadrons, proceeded round 
 the bog and extended on toward Duleek, com- 
 pletely overlapping or flanking the Jacobite left 
 wing. 
 
 Meanwhile, about ten o'clock in the forenoon, 
 Schomberg the elder (in charge of the Williamite 
 center), finding that his son and Douglas had 
 made good their way across on the extreme right, 
 and had the Jacobites well engaged there, gave 
 the word for the passage of Oldbridge fords. 
 Tyrconnell's regiment of foot-guards, with other 
 Irish foot (only a few of them being armed with 
 muskets), occupied the ruined breastwork fences 
 and farm buildings on the opposite side; having 
 some cavalry drawn up behind the low hills close 
 by to support them. But the Williamitcs had a 
 way for emptying these breastworks and clearing 
 the bank for their fording parties. Fifty pieces 
 of cannon that lm<l during the morning almost 
 completel.y battered down the temporary defenses 
 on the Bouthcrn bank now opened simultane- 
 ously, shaking this hills with their thunders, 
 and sweeping the whole of the L-ish position 
 
 with their iron storm ; while the bombs from 
 "William's mortar batteries searched everj- part of 
 the field. Under cover of this tremendous fire, 
 to which the Irish had not even a single field- 
 piece to reply,* the van of the splendidly 
 appointed "Williamite infantry issued from King 
 "William's Glen, and plunged into the stream. 
 "Count Solme's Dutch Blue Guards, two thou- 
 sand strong, reputed the best infantry regiment 
 in the world, led the way at the principal ford 
 opposite Oldbridge, followed by the Branden- 
 burghers. Close on their left were the Londonder- 
 ries and Enniskillen foot ; below whom entered a 
 long column of French Huguenots, under the 
 veteran Calimotte. A little below the Huguenots 
 were the main body of the English, under Sir 
 John Hanmer and Count Nassau ; and still lower 
 down, the Danes, under Colonel Cutts. In all 
 about ten thousand of the flower of the infantry 
 of Europe, struggling through a quarter of a 
 mile of the river, and almost hidden beneath 
 flashing arms and green boughs, "f As they 
 neared the southern bank, the roar of cannon 
 ceased — a breathless pause of suspense ensued. 
 Then a wild cheer rung from the Irish lines; 
 and such of the troops as had guns opened fire. 
 An utterly ineffective volley it was; so ill- 
 directed that the "Williamite accounts say it did 
 not kill a man ; and then the veterans of a hun- 
 dred continental battlefields knew they had only 
 raw Irish peasant levies on the bank before them. 
 There being no artillery (as already frequently 
 noted) to play on the fording parties while cross- 
 ing, and there being so little water in the river, 
 the passage of the fords was easily effected. 
 
 The Dutch guards were the first to the bank, 
 where they instantl;.- formed. Here they were 
 charged by the Irish foot; but before the wither- 
 ing fire of the cool and skillful foreign veterans, 
 these raw levies were cut up instantly, and driven 
 
 * Tbe six retained by James had been forwarded to Lau- 
 zun on the extreme left. 
 
 f " Battle of tbe Boyne," by M. J. M'Cann. No one de- 
 siring to trace closely, and fully understand the events of 
 this memorable battle, should omit to read (Sir William) 
 Wilde's beautiful and valuable work the " Boyne and 
 Blackwater." I follow as closely as possible the briefer 
 accounts of the battle by Mr. M'Cann in the Harp, and by 
 Dr. Cane in his " Williamite Wars," with occa-sional cor- 
 rections from "Macarioe Excidium," from Sir William 
 Wilde's work, and other authorities. 

 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 177 
 
 flying behind the fences. The truth became 
 plain after two or three endeavors to bring them 
 to the charge that they were not fit for such 
 work. Now, however, was the time for Hamil- 
 ton, at the head of the only well-disciplined Irish 
 force on the field — the horse — to show what his 
 men could do. The hedges, which had not been 
 leveled for the purpose, did not prevent their 
 charge. The ground literally trembled beneath 
 the onset of this splendid force. Irresistible as 
 an avalanche, they struck the third battalion of 
 Dutch Blues while yet in the stream, and hurled 
 them back. The Brandenburghers turned and 
 fled. The Huguenots, who were not so quick in 
 escape, were broken through, and their com- 
 mander Calimotte cut down. 
 
 Schomberg had remained on the northern bank 
 with a chosen body of foot as a reserve. He saw 
 with excitement the sudden crash of the Irish 
 horse, and its effects ; and was prepared to push 
 forward the reserve, when word reached him that 
 his old friend Calimotte had fallen ! Without 
 waiting for helmet or cuirass he dashed forward, 
 his white hair floating in the wind. In the river 
 he met and strove to rally the flying Huguenots. 
 "Come on, come on, messieurs; behold your 
 persecutors," cried the old warrior, alluding to 
 the French infantry on the other side. They 
 were the last words he ever spoke. Tyrconuell's 
 Irish horse-guards, returning from cue of their 
 charges, again broke clear through and through 
 the Huguenots, cleaving Schomberg 's head with 
 two fearful saber wounds, and lodging a bullet 
 in his neck. When the wave of battle had 
 passed, the lifeless body of the old general lay 
 among the human debris that marked its track. 
 He had quickly followed, not only across the 
 Boyne but to another world, his brave companion 
 in arms whose fall he had sought to avenge. 
 
 All this time William, at the head of some five 
 thousand of the flower of his cavalry, lay behind 
 the slopes of Tullyallen, close by the lowest ford on 
 the extreme left of his armj', waiting anxiously 
 for news of Schomberg 's passage at Oldbridge. 
 But now learning that his center had been re- 
 pulsed, he disengaged his wounded arm from its 
 sling, and calling aloud to his troops to follow 
 him, plunged boldly into the stream. The water 
 was deepest.at this ford, for it was nearest to the 
 sea, and the tide, which was out at the hour 
 
 fixed for crossing in the morning, was now be- 
 ginning to rise. William and his five thousand 
 cavalry reached the south bank witli diffieulty. 
 Marshaling his force on the shore with luarvcJous 
 celei-ity, he did not wait to be charged, but 
 rushed furiously forward upon the Irish right 
 flank. The Ii'ish command at this ])oint was held 
 by the young Duke of Berwick with some squad- 
 rons of Irish horse, some French infantry, and 
 Irish pikemen. The Ii-ish were just starting to 
 charge the Williamites at the back, when the 
 latter, as already noted, dashed forward to antici- 
 pate such a movement by a charge upon thom, 
 so that both bodies of horse were simultaneously 
 under way, filled with all the vehemence and fury 
 which could be imparted by consciousness of the 
 issues depending on the collision now at hand. 
 As they neared each other the excitement became 
 choking, and above the thunder of the horses' 
 feet on the sward could be heard bursting from a 
 hundred hearts the vehement, passionate shouts 
 of every troop-officer, "Close — -close up; for 
 God's sake, closer! closer!" On they came, 
 careering like the whirlwind — and then! — What 
 a crash! Like a thunderbolt the Ii'ish horse 
 broke clear through the Williamites. Those who 
 watched from the hill above say that when both 
 those furious billows met tLere was barely a 
 second of time (a year of agonized suspense it 
 seemed at the moment to some of the lookers-on) 
 during which the wild surges rendered it uncer- 
 tain which one was to bear down the other. But 
 in one instant the gazers beheld the white 
 plumed form of young Berwick at the head of 
 the Irish cavalry far into the middle of the Will- 
 iamite mass; and soon, with a shout — a roar 
 that rose over all the din of battle — a frantic peal 
 of exultation and vengeance — the Irish absolutely 
 swept the Dutch and Enuiskillen cavaliy down 
 the slopes upon the river, leaving in their track 
 only a broken crowd of unhorsed or ridden-down 
 foes, whom the Irish pikemen finished. 
 
 But now the heavy firing from Oldbridge an- 
 nounced that the Williamite center was crossing 
 once more, and soon it became clear that even 
 though the Irish repulsed man for man, there 
 still were enough of their foes to make a lodg- 
 ment on the bank too powerful to be resisted. 
 Bodies of his troops streaming down to him from 
 the center gladly proclaimed to William that
 
 176 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 fords between it and Ross-na-ree (two miles 
 nearer to Oldbridge), they were to cross the 
 river, and turn the left flank of James' army. 
 The infantry portion of this force crossing at 
 Slane, while the horse were getting over at Ross- 
 na-ree, came upon Sir Neal O'Neill and his five 
 hundred dragoons on the extreme left of the 
 Jacobite position. For fully an hour did the 
 gallant O'Neill hold this force in check, he him- 
 self falling mortally wounded in the thick of the 
 fight. But soon, the Danish horse crossing at 
 Ross-na-ree, the full force of ten thousand men 
 united and advanced upon the Jacobite flank, en- 
 deavoring to get between the royalist army and 
 Duleek. Just at this moment, however, there 
 arrived a force of French and Swiss infantry, 
 and some Irish horse and foot, with six pieces of 
 cannon under Lauzun, sent up hurriedly from 
 Oldbridge by James, who now began to think 
 all the fight would be on his left. Lauzun so 
 skillfully posted his checking force on the slope 
 of a hill with a marsh in front that Douglas and 
 Schomberg, notwithstanding their enormous 
 numerical superiority, halted and did not venture 
 on an attack until they had sent for and obtained 
 an additional supply of troops. Then only did 
 their infantry advance, while the cavalry, amount- 
 ing to twenty-four squadrons, proceeded round 
 the bog and extended on toward Duleek, com- 
 pletely overlapping or flanking the Jacobite left 
 wing. 
 
 Meanwhile, about ten o'clock in the forenoon, 
 Schomberg the elder (in charge of the Williamite 
 center), finding that his son and Douglas had 
 made good their way across on the extreme right, 
 and had the Jacobites well engaged there, gave 
 the word for the passage of Oldbridge fords. 
 Tyrconnell's regiment of foot-guards, with other 
 Irish foot (only a few of them being armed with 
 muskets), occupied the ruined breastwork fences 
 and farm buildings on the opposite side; having 
 BOme cavalry drawn up behind the low hills close 
 by to support them. But the Williamites had a 
 way for emptying these breastworks and clearing 
 the bank for their fording parties. Fifty pieces 
 of cannon that Imd during the morning almost 
 completel.y battered down the temporary defenses 
 on the southern bank now opened simultane- 
 ously, shaking tho hills with their thunders, 
 and sweeping the whole of the Irish position 
 
 with their iron storm; while the bombs from 
 William's mortar batteries searched every part of 
 the field. Under cover of this tremendous fire, 
 to which the Irish had not even a single field- 
 piece to reply,* the van of the splendidly 
 appointed "Williamite infantry issued from King 
 William's Glen, and plunged into the stream. 
 "Count Solme's Dutch Blue Guards, two thou- 
 sand strong, reputed the best infantry regiment 
 in the world, led the way at the principal ford 
 opposite Oldbridge, followed by the Branden- 
 burghers. Close on their left were the Londonder- 
 ries and Enniskillen foot ; below whom entered a 
 long column of French Huguenots, under the 
 veteran Calimotte. A little below the Huguenots 
 were the main body of the English, under Sir 
 John Hanmer and Count Nassau ; and still lower 
 down, the Danes, under Colonel Cutts. In all 
 about ten thousand of the flower of the infantry 
 of Europe, struggling through a quarter of a 
 mile of the river, and almost hidden beneath 
 flashing arms and green boughs. "| As they 
 neared the southern bank, the roar of cannon 
 ceased- — a breathless pause of suspense ensued. 
 Then a wild cheer rung from the Irish lines; 
 and such of the troops as had gims opened fire. 
 An utterly ineffective volley it was; so ill- 
 directed that the Williamite accounts say it did 
 not kill a man ; and then the veterans of a hun- 
 dred continental battlefields knew they had only 
 raw Irish peasant levies on the bank before them. 
 There being no artillery (as already frequently 
 noted) to play on the fording parties while cross- 
 ing, and there being so little water in the river, 
 the passage of the fords was easily effected. 
 
 The Dutch guards were the first to the bank, 
 where they instantl;- formed. Here they were 
 charged by the Irish foot ; but before the wither- 
 ing fire of the cool and skillful foreign veterans, 
 these raw levies were cut up instantly, and driven 
 
 * The six retained by James had been forwarded to Lau- 
 zun on tlie extreme left. 
 
 f " Battle of tlie Boyne," by M. J. M'Cann. No one de- 
 .siring to trace closely, and fully understand the events of 
 this memoruble battle, shiiuld omit to read (Sir William) 
 Wilde's beautiful and valuable work the " Boyne and 
 Black water." I follow as closely ns possible the briefer 
 accounts of the battle by Mr. M'Cann in the Harp, and by 
 Dr. Cane in his " Williamite Wars," with occasional cor- 
 rections from "Macaria; Excidlum," from Sir William 
 Wilde's work, and other authorities.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 177 
 
 flying behind the fences. The truth became 
 plain after two or three endeavors to bring them 
 to the charge that they were not fit for such 
 work. Now, however, was the time for Hamil- 
 ton, at the head of the only well-disciplined Irish 
 force on the field — the horse — to show what his 
 men could do. The hedges, which had not been 
 leveled for the purpose, did not prevent their 
 charge. The ground literally trembled beneath 
 the onset of this splendid force. Irresistible as 
 an avalanche, they struck the third battalion of 
 Dutch Blues while yet in the stream, and hurled 
 them back. The Brandenburghers turned and 
 fled. The Huguenots, who were not so quick in 
 escape, were broken through, and their com- 
 mander Calimotte cut down. 
 
 Schomberg had remained on the northern bank 
 with a chosen body of foot as a reserve. He saw 
 with excitement the sudden crash of the Irish 
 
 fixed for crossing in the morning, was now be- 
 ginning to rise. William and his five thousand 
 cavalry reached the south bank with diflQeulty. 
 Marshaling his force on the shore with marvelous 
 celerity, he did not wait to be charged, but 
 rushed furiously forward upon the Irish right 
 fiank. The Ii-ish command at this point was held 
 by the young Duke of Berwick with some squad- 
 rons of Irish horso, some French infantry, and 
 Irish pikemen. The Ii-ish were just starting to 
 charge the Williamites at the back, when the 
 latter, as already noted, dashed forward to antici- 
 pate such a movement by a charge upon them, 
 so that both bodies of horse were simultaneously 
 under way, filled with all the vehemence and fury 
 which could be imparted by consciousness of the 
 issues depending on the collision now at hand. 
 As they neared each other the excitement became 
 choking, and above the thunder of the horses' 
 
 horse, and its effects ; and was prepared to push feet on the sward could be heard bursting from a 
 
 forward the reserve, when word reached him that 
 his old friend Calimotte had fallen! Without 
 waiting for helmet or cuirass he dashed forward, 
 his white hair floating in the wind. In the river 
 he met and strove to rally the flying Huguenots. 
 "Come on, come on, messieurs; behold your 
 persecutors," cried the old warrior, alluding to 
 the French infantry on the other side. They 
 were the last words he ever spoke. Tyrconnell's 
 Irish horse-guards, returning from one of their 
 charges, again broke clear through and through 
 the Huguenots, cleaving Schomberg 's head with 
 two fearful saber wounds, and lodging a bullet 
 in bis neck. When the wave of battle had 
 passed, the lifeless body of the old general lay 
 among the human debris that marked its track. 
 He had quickly followed, not only across the 
 Boyne but to another world, his brave companion 
 in arms whose fall he had sought to avenge. 
 
 All this time William, at the head of some five 
 thousand of the flower of his cavalry, lay behind 
 the slopes of Tullyallen, close by the lowest ford on 
 the extreme left of his army, waiting anxiously 
 for news of Schomberg 's passage at Oldbridge. 
 But now learning that his center had been re- 
 pulsed, he disengaged his wounded arm from its 
 sling, and calling aloud to his troops to follow 
 him, plunged boldly into the stream. The water 
 ■was deepest.at this ford, for it was nearest to the 
 sea, and the tide, which was out at the hour 
 
 hundred hearts the vehement, passionate shouts 
 of every troop-ofiScer, "Close — close up; for 
 God's sake, closer! closer!" On they came, 
 careering like the whirlwind — and then! — What 
 a crash! Like a thunderbolt the Lrish horse 
 broke clear through the Williamites. Those who 
 watched from the hill above say that when both 
 those furious billows met there was barely a 
 second of time (a year of agonized suspense it 
 seemed at the moment to some of the lookers-on) 
 during which the wild surges rendered it uncer- 
 tain which one was to bear down the other. But 
 in one instant the gazers beheld the white 
 plumed form of young Berwick at the head of 
 the Irish cavalry far into the middle of the Will- 
 iamite mass; and soon, with a shout — a roar 
 that rose over all the din of battle — a frantic peal 
 of exultation and vengeance — the Irish absolutely 
 swept the Dutch and Enuiskillen cavalry down 
 the slopes upon the river, leaving in their track 
 only a broken crowd of unhorsed or ridden-down 
 foes, whom the Irish jiikemen finished. 
 
 But now the heavy firing from Oldbridge an~ 
 nounced that the Williamite center was crossing 
 once more, and soon it became clear that even 
 though the Irish repulsed man for man, there 
 still were enough of their foes to make a lodg- 
 ment on the bank too powerful to be resisted. 
 Bodies of his troops streaming down to him from 
 the center gladly proclaimed to William that
 
 178 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 they were across again there. Rallying his left 
 wing wifh these aids he advanced once more. 
 He now had infantry to check the ever-dreaded 
 charges of the Irish horse, and so pressing 
 steadily onward, he drove the Irish back along 
 the lane leading from the river to Sheephouse, a 
 small hamlet halfway between Donore and the 
 Boyne. Here the Irish were evidently prepared 
 to make a stand. William, who throughout this 
 battle exhibited a bravery — a cool, courageous 
 recklessness of personal peril — which no general 
 ever surpassed, now led in person a charge by all 
 his left wing forces. But he found himself 
 flanked by the Irish foot posted in the hedges 
 and cabins, and confronted by the invincible 
 cavalry. He turned a moment from the head of 
 the Enniskillens, and rode to the rear to hurry 
 up the Dutch. The Enniskillens, seeing Ber- 
 wick in front about to charge, allege that they 
 thought the king's movement was to be followed 
 hy them, so they turned, and William coming up 
 with the Dutch, met them flying pellmell. He 
 now handed over the Dutch to Ginckel, and took 
 himself the unsteady Ulstermen in charge. He 
 appealed entreatingly to them to rally and stand 
 by him, and not to ruin all by their weakness 
 at such a critical moment. By this time the 
 Huguenot horse also came up, and the whole 
 combining, William a third time advanced. The 
 Williamite accounts describe to us the conflict 
 that now ensued at this point as one of the most 
 desperate cavalry' combats of the whole war. 
 According to the same authorities the Dutch 
 recoiled, and Ginckel had to throw himself in 
 their rear to prevent a disordered flight.* Will- 
 iam, dauntless and daring, was in the thickest 
 of the fight, cheering, exhorting, leading his 
 men. The gallant Berwick and Sheldon, on the 
 other hand, now assisted by some additional Irish, 
 hurried up from the center, pressed their foes 
 with resistless energy. Brave and highly dis- 
 ciplined those foes were undoubtedly ; neverthe- 
 less, once more down the lane went the William- 
 ite horse and foot, with the Irish cavalry in full 
 pursuit. 
 
 This ti»e, "like Rupert at the battle of Edge 
 Hill," the Irish "i)ursued too far." While all 
 that has been described so far was occurring on 
 
 'Sto.v. 
 
 the Jacobite right, at the center (Oldbridge), 
 overwhelming masses of William's cavalry and 
 infantry had, notwithstanding the best efforts of 
 the French and Irish foot, forced all the fords 
 and mastered everything at that point. In de- 
 tached masses they were now penetrating all the 
 approaches to Donore, in the direction of Sheep- 
 house, driving the Jacobites before them. While 
 the Irish cavalry on the right, as above de- 
 scribed, were in pursuit of the W'illiamites, the 
 lane leading to Sheephouse was left unoccupied. 
 This being observed by two regiments of Will- 
 iamite dragoons, they quickly dismounted ancj 
 lined the hedges of the lane, at the same tim« 
 sending word to Ginckel to take advantage of 
 what they were about to do. The Irish cavalry 
 after their charge now returned slowly through 
 the lane to resume their position. Suddenlj' and 
 to their utter consternation they found them- 
 selves assailed by a close and deadly fusillade 
 from the ambuscade around them, so close, so 
 deadly, the guns almost touched each horseman ; 
 and there was no room for evolution in the nar- 
 row place. While they were thus disordered 
 whole masses of troops were flung upon them; 
 Ginckel in their rear, their lately routed but 
 now rallied foes on the right, and all combining, 
 pressed the overborne but not outbraved heroes 
 up the lane upon Donore. 
 
 Here the Irish turned doggedly for a resolute 
 stand; and William saw that though forced in- 
 deed from the river, they considered themselves 
 far from being beaten yet. After a few ineffec- 
 tual charges, he suspended the attack, in order to 
 re-form his ranks for a grand assault in full 
 force. 
 
 It was at this moment — while his devoted little 
 army, still all undaunted, were nerving them- 
 selves for the crisis of their fate — that James, 
 yielding readily to the advice of Tyrcounell and 
 Lauzun (which quite accorded with his own 
 anxiety), fled precipitately for Dublin ; taking 
 with him as a guard for his person tho indignant 
 and exasr)erated Sarsfield and his splendid cav- 
 alry regiment, at that moment so sorely needed 
 on the field! 
 
 Some Irish writers, embittered against James 
 for this flight, go so far as to contend that had 
 he i-emained and handled his troops skillfully it 
 was still within possibility to turn tho fortunes
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 179 
 
 of the day, and drive William beyond tbo river. ' 
 The point is imtenable. The Jacobite left, ri^ht, 
 and center had been driven in, and the Williaia- 
 ite forces were all now in full conjunction in 
 front. It was possible to hold William in check ; 
 to dispute with him each mile of ground to Dub- 
 lin; but Natioleon himself could not (with only- 
 sis fieldpieces) have beaten William at the 
 Boyne. 
 
 It is certain, however, that the Irish troops 
 themselves were not of this mind; for when they 
 heard that Donore was to be relinquished and 
 that they must fall back on Duleek they 
 murmured and groaned aloud, and passionately 
 declared it was snatching from them a certain 
 victory!* Nevertheless, to fall back was now 
 essential to their safety; for already bodies of 
 Williamite troops were streaming away on the 
 Jacobite left toward Duleek, designing to get in 
 the Irish rear. To meet this movement, the 
 Irish left was swung round accordingly, and 
 inished on also, mile for mile, with the flanking 
 Williamites ; until eventually the struggle in 
 front was virtually abandoned by both parties, 
 and the competition was all as to the maneuvers 
 and counter-maneuvers on the Duleek road ; the 
 Irish falling back, yet facing the enemy, and 
 making their retreat the retiring movement of an 
 overpowered army, by no means the flight of one 
 routed. At Duleek they turned to bay, taking 
 up a strong position on the south of the little 
 stream which iiasses the town. The Williamites 
 came on, and having looked at the ground and 
 the disposition of the Jacobite forces, deemed it 
 well to offer battle no further, but to rest con- 
 tent, as well they might, with the substantial 
 victorj' of having forced the Boyne and van- 
 quished the Stuart king. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 
 HOW JAMES ABANDONED THE STRUGGLE ; BUT THE IBISH 
 
 WOULD NOT GIVE UP. 
 
 With all the odds at which this battle was 
 fought, and imiiortant as were its ultimate con- 
 sequences, the immediate gain for William was 
 simply that he had crossed the Boyne. He had 
 
 not a captured gun, and scarcely a standard,* to 
 show for his victory. The vanquished had, as 
 we have seen, effected a retreat in almost perfect 
 order, bringing off the few guns they jjossessed 
 at the beginning of the fight. In fine, of the 
 usual tokens of a victory — namely, captured 
 guns, standards, baggage, or prisoners — Will- 
 iam's own chroniclers confess he had naught to 
 show ; while, according to the same accounts, his 
 loss in killed and wounded nearly equaled that 
 of the royalists. 
 
 This was almost entirely owing to the Ii'ish 
 and French cavalry regiments. They saved the 
 army. They did more — their conduct on that 
 day surrounded the lost cause with a halo of 
 glory which defeat could not dim. 
 
 Could there have been any such "exchange of 
 commanders" as the captured Ii-ish officer chal- 
 lenged — had the Irish a general of real ability, 
 of heart and courage, zeal and determination, t< 
 command them — all that had so far been lost or 
 gained at the Boyne would have proved of little 
 account indeed. But James seemed imbecile. 
 He fled early in the day, reached. Dublin before 
 evening ; recommended that no further struggle 
 should be attempted in Ii-eland ; and advised his 
 adherents to make the best terms they could for 
 themselves. He had seen a newly-raised and 
 only half-armed Irish foot regiment, it seems, 
 torn by shot and shell, break and fly in utter 
 confusion when charged by cavalry; and the 
 miserable man could talk of nothing but of their 
 bad conduct that had lost him the crown! 
 While he, most fleet at flying, was thus childishly 
 scolding in Dublin Castle, the devoted D'ish were 
 even yet keeping William's fifty thousand men 
 at bay, retreating slowly and in good order from 
 Donore ! 
 
 At five o'clock next morning he quitted Dub- 
 lin; and, leaving two troops of horse "to defend 
 the bridge at Bray as long as the.v could, should 
 the enemy come up," he fled through Yi'icklow 
 to the south of Ireland. At Kinsale he hurriedly 
 embarked on board the Frencli squadron, and 
 sailed for Brest, where he arrived on the 20th 
 of July, being himself the first messenger with 
 the news of his defeat. 
 
 The Irisli army on reaching Dublin found they 
 
 ♦"Macarise Excidium," page 51. 
 
 * Story, the Williamite chaplain, says: " Only one or 
 two," and complains of "the Incompleteness of the victory."
 
 180 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 were without king or captain -general. They had 
 been abandoned and advised to make favor with 
 the conqueror. This, however, was not their 
 mind. James mistook his men. He might fly 
 and resign if he would; but the cause — the 
 country — La Patrie — remained. So the Irish 
 resolved not to surrender. They had fought for 
 James at the Boyne ; they would now fight for 
 Ireland on the Shannon. 
 
 "To Limerick! To Limerick!" became the 
 cry. The superior wisdom of the pla.u of cam- 
 paign advised by Sarsfield from the beginning — 
 defense of the line of the Shannon — was now 
 triumphantly vindicated. Freely surrendering, 
 as indefensible, Dublin, Kilkenny, Waterford, 
 and Dungannon, to Limerick the L'ish now 
 turned from all directions. The chronicles of time 
 the state that the soldiers came to that rallying 
 point from the most distant places, "in com- 
 panies, in scores, in groups ; nay, in twos and 
 threes," without any order or command to that 
 effect. On the contrary, James had directed 
 them all to surrender, and evory consideration 
 of personal safetj' counseled them to disband 
 and seek their homes. But no! They had an 
 idea that on the Shannon Sarsfield would yet 
 make a gallant stand beneath the green fiag; and 
 8o thither their steps were bent. 
 
 All eyes now turned to Athlone ana Limerick. 
 The former place was at this time held by an old 
 hero, whose name deserved to be linked with that 
 of Sarsfield — Colonel Richard Grace, a confed- 
 erate Catholic royalist of 1G41, now laden with 
 years, but as bold of heart and brave of spirit as 
 when first he drew a sword for Ireland. To re- 
 duce Athlone, William detached from his main 
 army at Dublin, Lieutenant-General Douglas 
 ■with twelve thousand men, a train of twelve can- 
 non, and two mortars. The town stood then, as 
 it stands now, partly on the Leinster, and partly 
 on the Connaught side of the Shannon River, or 
 rather of the short and narrow neck of water, 
 which at that point links two of the "loughs" or 
 wide expanses of the river, that like a great chain 
 of lakes runs north and south for fifty miles be- 
 tween Limerick and Lough Allen. That portion 
 of Athlone on the wcHt, or Connaught side of the 
 river, oas called the "Irish town;" that on the 
 east or Leinster side, the "English town." The 
 castle and chief fortifications lay on the wcsf 
 
 side. The governor deemed the English town 
 untenable against Douglas' artillery, so he de- 
 molished that entire suburb, broke down the 
 bridge, and put all defenses on the western side 
 of the river into the best condition possible to 
 withstand assault. 
 
 On July 17, 1690, Douglas arrived before 
 Athlone, and sent an insolent message to the 
 governor demanding immediate surrender. Vet- 
 eran Grace drew a pistol from his belt, and firing 
 over the head of the affrighted envoy, answered 
 to the effect that "that was his answer" this 
 time, but something severer would be his reply 
 to any such message repeated. Next day Douglas 
 with great earnestness planted his batteries, and 
 for two days following played on the old castle 
 walls with might and main. But he received in 
 return such compliments of the same kind from 
 Colonel Grace as to make him more than dubious 
 as to the result of his bombai'dment. After a week 
 had been thus spent, news full of alarm for 
 Douglas reached him. Sarsfield — name of terror 
 already — was said to be coming up from Lim- 
 erick to catch him at Athlone. If old Grace 
 would only surrender now ; just to let him, 
 Douglas, get away in time, it would be a blessed 
 relief. But lo! So far from thinking about sur- 
 rendering, on the 24th the old hero on the Con- 
 naught side hung out the red flag.* Douglas, 
 maddened at this, opened on the instant a furi- 
 ous cannonade, but received just as furious a 
 salute from Governor Grace, accompanied more- 
 over by the most unkind shouts of derision and 
 defiance from the western shore. Douglas now 
 gave up : there was nothing for it but to run. 
 Sarsfield might be upon him if he longer de- 
 layed. So he and his ten thousand fled from 
 Athlone, revenging themselves for their discom- 
 fiture there by ravaging the inhabitants of all the 
 country through which they passed. Old Gov- 
 ernor Grace made a triumphal circuit of Athlone 
 walls, amid the enthusiastic ovations of the gar- 
 rison and townspeople. Athlone was saved — this 
 time. Once again, however, it was to endure a 
 siege as memoi-able, and to make a defense still 
 more glorious, though not, like this one, crowned 
 with victory. 
 
 * Whicb betokens resistance a I'outranee; refusal of ca. 
 
 piuilatiou or quarter.
 
 PATRICK SARSFIKI.D
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 181 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 
 ilOW WILLUM SAT DOWN BEFORE LIMERICK AND BEOAN 
 THE SIEGE SAKSFIELd's MIDNIGHT RIDE TUE 
 
 SATE OF William's siege train. 
 
 Upon Limerick now all interest centered. On 
 the 7th of August William reached Cahirconlish, 
 about seven miles southeast of the city, where he 
 encamped, his force amounting to about twenty- 
 eight thousand men. Ou the evening of the 8th, 
 Douglas, with the ten thousand runaway besieg- 
 ers of Athlone, joined him, raising his force to 
 thirty-eight thousand. At this time there were, 
 on the other hand, in the city barel.v ten thou- 
 sand infantry ; about four thousand cavalry be- 
 ing encamped on the Clare side. "When the 
 courtier commanders, Tyrconnell and Lauzun, 
 had estimated William's forces, and viewed the 
 defenses of the city, they absolutely scoffed at 
 the idea of defending it, and directed its sur- 
 render. Sarsfield and the Irish royalists, how- 
 ever, boldly declared they would not submit to 
 this, and said they would themselves defend the 
 city. In this they were thoroughly and heartily 
 seconded and supported by the gallant Berwick. 
 LiMizun again inspected the walls, gates, bas- 
 tions, etc., and as his final opinion declared that 
 the place "could be taken with roasted apples." 
 Hereupon Tyrconnell, Lauzun, and all the French 
 and S-wiss departed for Galway, taking with them 
 everything they could control of stores, arms, 
 and ammunition. 
 
 This looked like desertion and betrayal indeed. 
 The taking away of the stores and ammunition, 
 after Sarsfield and Berwick, and even the citizens 
 themselves, had declared they would defend the 
 city, was the most scandalous part of the pro- 
 ceeding. Nevertheless, undismayed, Sarsfield, 
 assisted by a French officer of engineers, De 
 Boisseleau, who, dissenting from Lauzun 's esti- 
 mate of the defenses, volunteered to remain, 
 boldly set about preparing Limerick for siege. 
 Happily for the national honor of Ireland, the 
 miserable court party thus cruelly deserted Lim- 
 erick. That base abandonment left all the glory 
 of its defense to the brave heroes who remained. 
 
 De Boisseleau was named governor of the city, 
 and Sarsfield commander of the horse. It was 
 decided that the latter force should be posted on 
 the Clare side of the Shannon, opposite the city 
 
 (with which communication was kept u]^ by the 
 bridges), its chief duty being at all hazards to 
 prevent the Willianiites from crossing to that 
 shore at any of the fords above the city. De 
 Boisseleau meanwhile Mas to conduct the engi- 
 neering operations of the defense. 
 
 It was true enough that Lauzun, when he 
 scoffed at those defenses, saw very poor chance 
 for the city, as far as ramparts of stone and mor- 
 tar were concerned. "The city," we are told, 
 "had neither outworks, glacis, fosses, half- 
 moons, or horn works. An old wall flanked with 
 a few tottering towers, but without either ditch 
 or parapet, was its only defense."* However, 
 De Boisseleau soon set to work to improve ifpon 
 these, mounting batteries, and digging covered 
 ways or counterscarps ; the citizens, gentle and 
 simple, and even the women and children, work- 
 ing from sunrise to sunset at the construction or 
 strengthening of defenses. 
 
 Early on August 9, 1G90, William drew from 
 his encampment at Cahirconlish, and, confident 
 of an easy victory, sat down before Limerick. 
 That day he occupied himself in selecting favor- 
 able sites for batteries to command the city, and 
 in truth, owing to the formation of the ground, 
 the city was at nearly everj- point nakedly ex- 
 posed to his guns. He next sent in a summons 
 to surrender, but De Boisseleau courteously re- 
 plied that "he hoped he should merit his opinion 
 more by a vigorous defense than a shameful sur- 
 render of a fortress which he had been intrusted 
 with. "* 
 
 The siege now began. William's bombard- 
 ment, however, proceeded slowly ; and the Lim- 
 erick gunners, on the other hand, were muck 
 more active and vigorous than he had expected. 
 On Monday, the 11th, their fire compelled him 
 to shift his field train entirely out of range; and 
 ou the next day, as if intent on following up such 
 practice, their balls fell so thickly about his own 
 tent, killing several persons, that he had to shift 
 his own quarters also. But in a day or two he 
 meant to be in a position to pay back these at- 
 tentions with heavy interest, and to reduce those 
 old walls despite all resistance. In fine, there 
 was coming up to him from W'aterfoTd a magnifi- 
 cent battering train, together with immeBse 
 
 * " First Siege of Limerick," M. J. M'Cann. 
 t "Memoirs of King James the Secoud."
 
 182 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 stores of ammunition, and, what was nearly as 
 effective for him as the siege train, a number of 
 pontoon-boats of tin or sheet copper, which 
 ■would soon enable him to pass the Shannon 
 where he pleased. So he took very coolly the 
 resistance so far offered from the city. For in a 
 day more Limerick would be absolutely at his 
 mercy. 
 
 So thought "William ; and so seemed the inevit- 
 able fact. But there was a bold heart and an 
 active brain at work at that very moment plan- 
 ning a deed destined to immortalize its author to 
 all time, and to baffle A^'illiam's now all but ac- 
 complished designs on Limerick. 
 
 On Sunday, the 10th, the battering train and 
 its convoy had reached Cashel. On Monday, the 
 lltb, they reached a place called Ballyneety, 
 within nine or ten miles of the Williamite camp. 
 The country through which they had passed was 
 all in the hands of their own garrisons or patrols; 
 yet they had so important and precious a charge 
 that they had watched it jealously so far; but 
 now they were virtually at the camp — only a few 
 miles in its rear; and so the convoy, when night 
 fell, drew the siege train and the vast line of am- 
 munition wagons, the pontoon-boats and store- 
 loads, into a field close to an old ruined castle, 
 and, duly posting night sentries, gave themselves 
 to repose. 
 
 That day an Anglicized Irishman, ine Manus 
 O'Brien, a Protestant landlord in the leighbor- 
 hood of Limerick, came into the Williamite 
 camp with a piece of news. Sarsfield at the head 
 of five hundred picked men had ridden off the 
 night before on some mysterious enterprise in 
 the direction of Killaloe ; and the informer, from 
 Sarsfield's character, judged rightly that some- 
 thing important was afoot, and earnestlj- assured 
 the Williamites that nothing was too desperate 
 for that commander to accomplish. 
 
 The Williamite officers made little of this. 
 They thought the follow was only anxious to 
 make much of a trifle, by way of securing favor 
 for himself. Beside, they knew of nothing in 
 the direction of Killaloe that could affect thera. 
 William, at length, was [informed of the story. 
 He, too, failed to discern what Sarsfield could be 
 at; but his mind anxiously reverting to his grand 
 battering train — albeit it was now barely a few 
 miles off — be, to make safety doubly sure. 
 
 ordered Sir John Lanier to proceed at once with 
 five hundred horse to meet the convoy. By 
 some curious chance, Sir John — perhaps deem- 
 ing his night ride quite needless — did not greatly 
 hurry to set forth. At two o'clock Tuesday 
 morning, instead of at nine o'clock on Monday 
 evening, he rode leisurely off. His delay of five 
 hours made all the difference in the world, as we 
 shall see. 
 
 It was indeed true that Sarsfield on Sunday 
 night had secretly quitted his camp on the 
 Clare side, at the head of a chosen body of his 
 best horsemen; and, true enough, also, that it 
 was upon an enterprise worthy of his reputation 
 he had set forth. In fine, he had heard of the 
 approach of the siege train, and had planned 
 nothing less than its surprise, capture, and 
 destruction. 
 
 On Sunday night he rode to Killaloe, distant 
 twelve miles above Limerick on the river. The 
 bridge here was guarded by a party of the 
 enemj'; but, favored by the darkness, he pro- 
 ceeded further up the river until he came to a 
 ford near Ballyvallj-, where he crossed the Shan- 
 non, and passed into Tipperary County. The 
 country around him now was all in the enemy's 
 hands; but he had one with him as guide on this 
 eventful occasion whose familiarity with the 
 locality enabled Sarsfield to evade all the Will- 
 iamite patrols, and but for whose services it may 
 be doubted if his ride this night had not been 
 his last. This was Hogan, the rapparee chief, 
 immortalized in local traditions as "Galloping 
 Hogan." By paths and passes known only to 
 riders "native to the sod," he turned into the 
 deep gorges of Silver Mines, and ere day had 
 dawned was bivouacked in a wild ravine of the 
 Keeper Mountains. Here he lay 2^&rdu all day 
 on Mondaj". When night fell there was anxious 
 tightening of horsegirths and girding of swords 
 with Sarsfield's five hundred. They knew the 
 siege train was at Cashel on the previous day, 
 and must by this time have reached near to the 
 Williamite lines. The midnight ride before 
 them was long, devious, difficult, and perilous; 
 the task at the end of it was crucial and momen- 
 tous indeed. Led by their trusty guide, they 
 set out southward, still keeping in byways and 
 mountain roads. Meanwhile, as already men- 
 tioned, the siege train and convoy had that even-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 183 
 
 ing reached Ballyneety, where the guns wore 
 parked and convoy bivouacked. It was three 
 o'clock in the morning when Sarsfield, reaching 
 within a mile or two of the spot, learned from a 
 peasant that the prize was now not far off ahead 
 of him. And here we encounter a fact wliich 
 gives the touch of true romance to the whole 
 story. It happened by one of those coinci- 
 dences that often startle us with their singular- 
 ity that the password with the Williamite 
 eonvoj' that night was "Sarsfield!" That Sars- 
 field obtained the password before he reached 
 the halted convoy is also unquestionable, though 
 how he came by his information is variously 
 stated. The painstaking historian of Limerick 
 states that from a woman, wife of a sergeant in 
 the Williamite convoy, unfeelingly left behind 
 on the road by her own party in the evening, 
 but most humanely and kindly treated by Sars- 
 field 's men, the word was obtained.* Eiding 
 softly to within a short distance of the place in- 
 dicated, he halted and sent out a few trusted 
 scouts to scan the whole position narrowly. 
 They returned reporting that beside the sentries 
 there were only a few score troopers drowsing 
 beside the watch fires, on guard ; the rest of the 
 convoy being sleeping in all the immunity of 
 fancied safety. Sarsfield now gave his final 
 orders — silence or death, till they were in upon 
 the sentries; then, forward like a lightning flash 
 upon the guards. One of the Williamite sentries 
 fancied he heard the beat of horse hoofs approach- 
 ing him ; he never dreamed of foes ; he thought it 
 must be one of thier own patrols. And truly 
 enough, through the gloom he saw the figure of 
 an ofl&cer evidently at the head of a body of cav- 
 alry, whether phantom or reality he could not 
 tell. The sentry challenged, and, still imagin- 
 ing he had friends, demanded the "word." 
 Suddenly, as if from the spirit land, and with a 
 wild, weird shout that startled all the sleepers, 
 the "phantom troop" shot past like a thunder- 
 bolt ; the leader crying as he drew his sword, 
 "Sarsfield is the word, and Sarsfield is the man!" 
 The guards dashed forward, the bugles screamed 
 the alarm, the sleepers rushed to arms, but theirs 
 was scarcely an effort. The broadswords of 
 Sarsfield 's five hundred were in their midst; and 
 
 "Lenihan's History of Limerick," pag;e 232. 
 
 to the affrighted gaze of the panic-stricken vic- 
 tims that five hundred seemed thousands ! Short, 
 desperate, and bloody was that scene ; so short, 
 so sudden, so fearful, that it seemed like the 
 work of incantation. In a few minutes the 
 whole of the convoy were cut down or dispersed ; 
 and William's splendid siege train was in Sars- 
 field's hands! But his task was as yet only half- 
 accomplished. Morning was approaching ; Wil- 
 liam's camp was barely eight or ten miles dis- 
 tant, and thither some of the escaped had hur- 
 riedly fled. There was scant time for the 
 important work yet to be done. The siege guns 
 and mortars were filled with powder, and each 
 muzzle buried in the earth ; upon and around 
 the guns were piled the pontoon-boats, the con- 
 tents of the ammunition wagons, and all the 
 stores of various kinds, of which there was a vast 
 •luautitj" A train of powder was laid to this 
 huge pyre, and Sarsfield, removing all the 
 wounded Williamites to a safe distance,* drew 
 off his men, halting them while the train was 
 being fired. There was a flash that lighted all 
 the heavens and showed with dazzling bright- 
 ness the country for miles around. Then the 
 ground rocked and heaved beneath the gazers' 
 feet, as, with a deafening roar that seemed to 
 rend the firmament, the vast mass burst into the 
 sky ; and as suddenly all was gloom again ! The 
 sentinels on Limerick walls heard that awful 
 peal. It rolled like a thunderstorm away by 
 the heights of Cratloe, and awakened sleepers 
 amid the hills of Clare. William heard it too ; 
 and he at least needed no interpreter of that 
 fearful sound. He knew in that moment that 
 his splendid siege train had perished, destroyed 
 by a feat that only one man could have so 
 planned and executed ; an achievement destined 
 to surround with unfading glory the name of 
 Patrick Sarsfield! 
 
 Sir John Lanier's party, coming up in nowise 
 rapidly, saw the flash that, as they said, gave 
 broad daylight for a second, and felt the ground 
 shake beneath them as if by an earthquake, and 
 then their leader found he was just in time to be 
 too late. Rushing on he sighted Sarsfield's rear- 
 guard ; but there were memories of the Irish 
 cavalry at the Boyne in no way encouraging him 
 
 * Even the Williamite clironiclers malie meatioa of Sars- 
 field's kindness to the wounded at Ballynesty.
 
 184 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 to force an encounter. From the Williamite 
 camp two other powerful bodies of horse were 
 sent out instantly on the explosion being heard, 
 to surround Sarsfield and cut him off from the 
 Shannon. But a'll was vain, and on Tuesday 
 evening he and his five hundred rode into camp 
 amid a scene such as Limerick had not witnessed 
 for centuries. The whole force turned out ; the 
 citizens came with laurel boughs to line the way, 
 and as he marched in amid a conqueror's ova- 
 tion, the gunners on the old bastions across the 
 river gave a royal salute to him whom ^Jiey all 
 now hailed as the savior of the city. 
 
 CHAPTEE LXVm. 
 
 HOW WILLIAM PROCURED A NEW SIEGE TRAIN AND 
 
 BREACHED THE WALL HOW THE WOMEN OF 
 
 LIMERICK WON THEIR TAME IN IRISH HISTORY • 
 
 HOW THE BREACH WAS STORMED AND THE MINE 
 SPEUNG— HOW WILLIAM FLED FROM DNCONQDERED 
 LIMERICK. " 
 
 In the Williamite camp the event caused pro- 
 portionate dismay, depression, and discourage- 
 ment. But "William was not a man easily 
 thwarted or disconcerted. A week later he had 
 another siege train of thirty-six guns and four 
 mortars brought up from Waterford, pouring 
 red-hot shot into the devoted city. A perfect 
 storm of bombs, "fire-balls," "carcasses," and 
 other diabolical contrivances, rained upon every 
 part of the town, firing it in several places. 
 Sarsfield and De Boisseleau now ordered that all 
 the women and children should withdraw into 
 the Clare suburb. The women en mas^e rebelled 
 against the order. They vehemently declared 
 that no terrors should cause them to quit their 
 husbands and brothers in this dreadful hour, 
 fighting for God and country. They had already 
 bravely aided in erecting the defenses; the.v were 
 now resolved to aid in the struggle behind them, 
 ready to die in the breach or on the walls beside 
 their kindi'ed, ore the hated foe should enter 
 Limerick. 
 
 And the women of Limerick were true to that 
 resolve. Then might be seen, say the chroni- 
 clers, da.v after day, women, old and young, full 
 of enthusiasm and determination, laboring in the 
 breaches, mines, and counterscarps, digging the 
 
 earth, filling the gabions, piling the shot, and 
 drawing up ammunition, while around them 
 showered balls, bombs, and grenades. 
 
 By this time the surface of the whole of the 
 surrounding suburbs on the southern side was 
 cut up into a vast maze of "ziz-zags, " trenches, 
 and galleries, by the besiegers. On the 26th 
 their trenchers were within a few feet of the pali- 
 sades, and a breach had been made in the walls 
 at St. John's Gate. "William moreover pursued 
 mining to a great extent. But if he mined, Sars- 
 field countermined, and it turned out that the 
 Irish mines were far beyond anything the siegers 
 could have credited. In fact the scientific skill, 
 the ingenuity and fertility of engineering resorts, 
 appliances, and devices, exhibited bj' the de- 
 fenders of Limerick have seldom been surpassed. 
 The miraculous magic of devoted zeal and earn- 
 est activity transformed the old city wall into a 
 line of defenses such as Toddlebeu himself in our 
 own day might gaze upon with admiration.* 
 Food, however, was lamentably scarce, but in 
 truth none of the besieged gave thought to any 
 privation ; their whole souls were centered in 
 one great object — defense of the walls, defeat of 
 the foe. 
 
 On "Wednesday, the 27th of August, the breach 
 having been still further increased by a furious 
 bombardment,"William gave orders for the assault. 
 Ten thousand men were ordered to support the 
 storming party; and at half-past three in the 
 afternoon, at a given signal, five hundred grena- 
 diers leaped from the trenches, fired their pieces, 
 flung their grenades, and in a few moments had 
 mounted the breach. The Irish were not un- 
 prepared, although at that moment the attack 
 was not expected. Unknown to the besiegers, 
 Boisseleau had caused an intrenchment to be 
 made inside the breach. Behind this intrench- 
 ment he bad planted a few pieces of cannon, and 
 from these a cross fire now opened with murder- 
 ous effect on the assailants, after thej' had filled 
 the space between the breach and the intrench- 
 ment. For a moment they halted — staggered by 
 this fatal surprise; but the next they pushed for- 
 
 * Among numerous other bappy resorts and ingenious 
 adaptations of the means at liand to the purpose of de- 
 fense, we read that, wool stores being nunierou.s in the 
 city, the wool was packi'd into strong sacks and cases, a 
 lining of which was liung out over the weakest of the 
 walls, completely deadening the effect of the enemy's shot.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 185 
 
 ward with the courage and fury of lions. A 
 bloody hand-to-hand struggle ensued. Spear 
 and dagger, sword and butted musket could 
 alone be used, and they wei-e brought into deadly 
 requisition. The instant William found his 
 storming party had fastened well upon the 
 breach, the supports in thousands were flung for- 
 ward. On the Irish side, too, aids were hurried 
 up ; but eventually, with a tremendous rush, the 
 assaulting pai'ty burst through their opponents, 
 and in a moment more poured into the town. 
 
 That feat which usually gives victory to an 
 assault, was, however, in this instance, only the 
 sure occasion of repulse and utter defeat for Will- 
 iam's regiments. The news that the foe had 
 penetrated into the town, so far from causing 
 dismay to inhabitants or garrison, seemed to act 
 like the summons of a magician on the countless 
 hosts of enchantment. Down through street, 
 and lane, and alley, poured the citizens, women 
 and men ; the butcher with his ax, the ship- 
 wright with his adze ; each man with such 
 weapon as he had been able most readily to 
 grasp; the women, "like liberated furies, " fling- 
 ing stones, bricks, glass bottles, delftware, and 
 other missiles, with fury on the foe. Some of 
 the Ii'ish cavalry on the Clare side, hearing the 
 news, dashed across the bridges, "the pavements 
 blazing beneath the horses' hoofs as they gal- 
 loped to Ball's Bridge, where, dismounting and 
 flinging their horses loose, they charged into 
 Broad Street, and sword in hand joined their 
 countrymen in the imlee." Even the phleg- 
 matic William, under whose eye the assault was 
 made, became excited as he gazed on the strug- 
 gle from "Cromwell's Fort," ever and anon 
 ordering forward additional troops to the sus- 
 tainment of his assaulting column. For three 
 hours this bloody hand-to-hand fight in the 
 streets and the breach went on. The women, 
 says Story (the Williamite chaplain), rushed 
 boldly into the breach, and stood nearer to our 
 men than to their own, hurling stones and 
 broken bottles right into the faces of the attack- 
 ing troops, regardless of death by sword or bul- 
 let, which many of them boldly met. Before 
 defenders thus animated it was no disgrace to 
 the assailants to give way. By seven o'clock in 
 the evening they had been completely driven out 
 of the streets and back into the oounterBearp. 
 
 Here the contest was for a moment renewed ; but 
 only for a moment. At the point of sword and 
 pike the assailants were driven into their own 
 trenches, and a shout of victory arose from the 
 besieged as they hurled from the walls, as they 
 thought, the last remnant of the Dutch battalions. 
 But William had yet a grip upon those walls. 
 In the wild confusion of the three hours' struggle, 
 the Brandenburghers, when being pressed back 
 upon the breach, got in at the rear of one of the 
 Irish batteries, into and over which, we are 
 told, they now swarmed in a dense black mass. 
 In a moment, however, the whole struggle was 
 suddenly and decisively terminated by the crown- 
 ing feat of the defense. At the very instant 
 when the Brandenburghers — little knowing that 
 the ground beneath them was every rood a mine 
 — -were exulting over what they thought at least 
 an instalment of success, the earth heaved and 
 yawned under their feet, and with a roar like 
 thunder, mingled with a thousand despairing 
 death-shrieks, batterj' and Brandenburghers 
 went flying into the air. For a moment there 
 was a pause ; sach side alike seeming to feel the 
 awfulness of the fate that had so suddenly anni- 
 hiliated the devoted regiment. Then, indeed, a 
 shout wild and high went up from the walls, 
 wafted from end to end of the city, and caught 
 up on the Thomond shore, and a final salvo from 
 the unconquered battlements, by way of parting 
 salute to the fl3'ing foe, proclaimed that patriot- 
 ism and heroism had won the victory. 
 
 Far more honorable at all times than conquering 
 l^rowess in battle — far more worthj' of admira- 
 tion and fame — is humanity to the fallen and the 
 wounded, generosity to the vanquished. Let 
 the youth of Ireland, therefore, know, when with 
 bounding heart they read or relate so far this 
 glorious story of Limerick, that there remains to 
 be added the brightest ray to the halo of its 
 fame. At the moment when the last overwhelm- 
 ing rush of the garrison and inhabitants swept 
 the assailants from the breach, in the impetuosity 
 of the onset the pursuing Irish penetrated at one 
 point into the Williamite camp, and in the melee 
 the Williamite hospital took fire. What follows 
 deserves to be recorded in letters of gold. The 
 Irish instantaneously turned from all pursuit 
 and ««nflict — some of them rushed into the 
 flames to bear away to safety from the burning
 
 186 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 building its wounded occupants, while others of 
 them with devoted zeal applied themselves to the 
 task of quenching the flames. It was only when 
 all danger from the conflagration was over that 
 they gave thought to their own safety, and 
 fought their way back to the town. 
 
 "William, resolving to renew the assault next 
 day, could not persuade his men to advance, 
 though he offered to lead them in person. 
 "Whereupon," says the Protestant historian who 
 relates the fact, "in all rage he left the camp, 
 and never stopped till he came to Waterford, 
 where he took shipping for England, his army 
 in the meantime retiring by night from Lim- 
 erick."* 
 
 CHAPTEK LXIX. 
 
 HOW THE FBENCH SATLED OFF, AND THE DESERTED 
 IRISH ABMT STARVED IN BAGS, BtTT WOULD NOT 
 
 GIVE UP THE EIGHT AEEITAl, OF "sT. RDTH, 
 
 THE VAIK AND BRAVE. ' ' 
 
 "While "William's cowed and beaten army were 
 flying from Limerick, and the queen city of the 
 Shannon was holding high carnival of rejoicing, 
 a French fleet was anchoring in Galway to take 
 off Lauzun and the French auxiliaries. James 
 had represented in France that all was lost — 
 that the struggle was over — that the Irish would 
 not fight; so King Louis sent a fleet impera- 
 tively to bring away his men. Accordingly, 
 Lauzun and his division embarked and sailed 
 from Galway. Tyrconnell, however, proceeded 
 to France at the same time, to represent to 
 James his error as to the condition of affairs in 
 Ireland, and to obtain from King Louis a new 
 expedition in aid of the struggle. 
 
 An army in the field is a costly engine. "Who 
 was to supply the Irish with a "military chest?" 
 How were the forces to be paid, supported, 
 clothed? And, above all, how were military 
 stores, ammunition, arms, and the myriad of 
 other necessaries for the very existence of an 
 army to be had? The struggle was not merely 
 against so many thousand "Williamites — Dutch, 
 Danish, or English — on Irish soil ; but against 
 so many as a wing of the English nation, or mer- 
 
 •CaBsell's (Qodkin's) " History of Ireland," vol. ii., page 
 114. 
 
 cenaries in its pay, with the constituted govern^ 
 ment, the wealth, the taxes, the levies, the 
 arsenals and foundries of powerful England be- 
 hind them. "We need hardly wonder that while, 
 every day, transports arrived from England with 
 arms, ammunition, and military stores, new uni- 
 forms, tents, baggage and transport appliances 
 for the "W^illiamite army, the hapless Irish gar- 
 risons were literally in rags, unpaid, unsupplied, 
 short of food, and wretchedly off for ammuni- 
 tion. Matters were somewhat mended by the 
 arrival of Tyrconnell at Limerick, in February 
 of the following year (1691) with a small supply 
 of money and some shiploads of provisions, but 
 no men. He brought, however, news, which to 
 the half -famished and ragged garrisons was more 
 welcome than piles of uniform clothing, or chests 
 of gold — the cheering intelligence that King 
 Louis was preparing for Ireland military assist- 
 ance on a scale beyond anything France had yet 
 afforded ! 
 
 On the 8th of May following, a French fleet 
 arrived in the Shannon, bringing some provis- 
 ions, clothing, arms, and ammunition for the Irish 
 troops, but no money and no troops. In this 
 fleet, however, came Lieutenant-General St. 
 Euth, a French officer of great bravery, ability, 
 energy, and experience, sent to take the chief 
 command of the Irish army. This appointment, 
 it may be remarked, in effect reduced to a fifth 
 subordinate position Sarsfield, the man to whom 
 was mainly owing the existence of any army at 
 all in Ireland at this juncture, and on whom dur- 
 ing the past winter had practically devolved all 
 the responsibilities of the chief military and civil 
 authority. 
 
 "Every fortunate accident," says one of our 
 historians, "had combined to elevate that gallant 
 cavalry offioer into the position of national lead- 
 ership. He was the son of a member of the 
 Irish commons proscribed for his patriotism and 
 religion in 1(141 ; his mother being Anna 
 O' Moore, daughter of the organizer of the Cath- 
 olic confederation. He was a Catholic in relig- 
 ion ; spoke Gaelic as fluentl.v as English ; was 
 brave, impulsive, handsome, and generous to a 
 fault, like the men he led. During Tyrconnell 's 
 absence every sincere lover of his country came 
 to him with intelligence and looked to him for 
 direction."
 
 EDMUND BURKE.
 
 THE ISTUKY OF IKELAND. 
 
 18? 
 
 The viceroy had brought him from Frauce the 
 rauk and title of Earl of Lucau ; "a title drawn 
 from that pleusant hamlet in the valley of the 
 Liffey, where he had learned to lisp the cate- 
 chism of a fiatriot at the knee of Anna O'Moore. " 
 But it was not for titles or personal honors Sars- 
 tield fought. More dear to him was the cause he 
 had at heart; and though unquestionably the 
 denial to him of a higher position of command in 
 this campaign led t» the bitterest feelings in the 
 army — with the worst of results ultimately — in 
 his own breast there rested no thought but how 
 to forward that cause, no ambition but to serve 
 it, whether as commoner or earl, as subaltern or 
 as chief. 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. 
 
 how ginokel besieged athlone how the irish 
 
 "kept the bridge," and how the brave 
 
 CDSTUME AKD HIS GL0EI0U8 COMPANIONS "dIED 
 
 FOR Ireland" — sow athlone, thus saved, was 
 LOST IN an hour! 
 
 The Williamite army rendezvoused at Mullingar 
 toward the end of May, under Generals De 
 Ginckel, Talmash, and Mackay. On the 7th of 
 June, they moved westward for Athlone, "the 
 ranks one blaze of scarlet, and the artillerj' such 
 as had never before been seen in Ireland."* 
 They were detained ten days besieging an Irish 
 outpost, Ballymore Castle, heroically defended by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ulick Burke and a force of 
 twelve hundred men against Ginckel's army of 
 thirteen thousand, and that artillery described 
 for us by Macaulay. On the 18th Ginckel was 
 joined by the Duke of Wertembiirg, the Prince of 
 Hesse, and the Count of Nassau, with seven 
 thousand foreign mercenaries. On the 19th 
 their full force appeared before Athlone and sum- 
 moned the town to surrender. 
 
 On the previous occasion, when besieged by 
 Douglas, the governor (Colonel Grace) relin- 
 quished as untenable the Leinster (or "Eng- 
 lish") side of the town, and made his stand suc- 
 cessfully from the Connaught (or "Irish") side. 
 The governor on this occasion — Colonel Fitz- 
 gerald — resolved to defend both the "English" 
 and "Irish" sides, St. Ruth having strongly 
 
 * Macaulay. 
 
 counseled him so to do, and promised to reach 
 him soon with the bulk of the Irish army from 
 Limerick. Colonel Fitzgerald had not more than 
 three hundred and fifty men as a garrison; 
 nevertheless, knowing that all depended on hold- 
 ing out till St. Ruth could come up, he did not 
 wait for Ginckel to appear in sight, but sallied 
 out with his small force, and disputed with the 
 Williamite army the approaches to the town, 
 thus successfullj^ retarding them for five or six 
 hours. But Ginckel had merely to plant his 
 artillery, and the only walls Athlone possessed — 
 on that side at least — were breached and crum- 
 bled like pastry. Toward evening, on the 17th 
 of June, the whole of the bastion at the "Dublin 
 Gate," near the river on the north side, being 
 levelled, the (English) town was assaulted. The 
 storming party, as told off, were four thousand 
 men, headed by three hundred grenadiers, under 
 Mackay, and with profuse supports beside. To 
 meet these Fitzgerald had barely the survivors 
 of his three hundred and fifty men, now ex- 
 hausted after forty-eight hours' constant fight- 
 ing. In the breach, when the assault was de- 
 livered, two hundred of that gallant band fell to 
 rise no more. The remainder, fiercely fighting, 
 fvjll back inch by inch toward the bridge, pressed 
 by their four thousand foes. From the "William- 
 ites shouts now arose on all sides of "the 
 bridge — the bridge!" and a furious rush was 
 made to get over the bridge along with, if not 
 before, the retreating Irish. In this event, of 
 course, all was lost; but the brave Fitzgerald 
 and his handful of heroes knew the fact well. 
 Turning to bay at the bridge end, they opposed 
 themselves like an impenetrable wall to the mass 
 of the enemy; while above the din of battle and 
 the shouts of the combatants could be heard 
 sounds in the rear that to Mackay 's ear needed 
 no explanation — the Irish were breaking down 
 the arches behind, while yet they fought in 
 front! "They are destroying the bridge," he 
 shouted wildlj': "On! on! save the bridge — the 
 bridge!" Flinging themselves in hundreds on 
 the few score men now resisting them, the 
 stormers sought to clear the way by freely giv- 
 ing man for man, life for life, nay four for one; 
 but it would not do. There Fitzgerald and his 
 companions stood like adamant ; the space at the 
 bridge end was small; one man could keep five
 
 188 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND, 
 
 at bay, and a few paces behind, wielding pick 
 and spade and crowbar like furies, .were the 
 engineprs of the Ii-ish garrison. Soon a low, 
 rumbling noise was heard, followed by a crash ; 
 and a shoui of triumph broke from the Irish 
 side ; a yell ot rage from the assailants ; a por- 
 tion, but a portion only, of two arches had fallen 
 into the stream ; the bridge was still passable. 
 Again a wild, eager shout from Mackay. "On! 
 on! Kow! now! the bridge!" But still there 
 stood the decimated defenders, with clutched 
 guns and clinched teeth, resolved to die but not 
 to yield. Suddenl.v a cry from the Irish rear : 
 "Back, back, men, for your lives!" The brave 
 band turned from the front, and saw the half- 
 broken arches behind them tottering. Most of 
 them rushed with lightning speed over the fall- 
 ing mass ; but the last company — it had wheeled 
 round even at that moment to face and keep back 
 the enemj' — were too late.t As thej- rushed for 
 the passage, the mass of masonry heaved over 
 with a roar into the boiling surges, leaving the 
 devoted band on the brink in the midst of their 
 foes. There was a moment's pause, and almost a 
 wail burst from the Irish on the Conuaught side ; 
 but just as the enemy rushed with vengeance 
 upon the doomed group, they were seen to draw 
 back a pace or two from the edge of the chasm, 
 fling away their arms, then dash forward and 
 plunge into the stream. Like a clap of tuunder 
 broke a volley from a thousand guns on the 
 Leinster shore, tearing the water into foam. 
 There was a minute of suspense on each side, 
 and then a cheer rang out — of defiance, exulta- 
 tion, victory — as the brave fellows were seen to 
 reach the other bank, pulled to land by a hun- 
 dred welcoming hands. 
 
 St. £uth, at Ballinasloe, on his way up from 
 Limerick, beard next day that the English town 
 had fallen. "He instantly set out at the head of 
 fifteen hundred horse and foot, leaving the main 
 arm.y to follow as quickly as possible. On his 
 arrival he encamped about two miles west of the 
 town, and appointed Liuutenant-General D'Usson 
 governor instead of the gallant Fitzgerald, as be- 
 ing best skilled in defending fortified places."* 
 Now came the opportunit.v for that splendid 
 artillery, "the like of which," Macaulay has told 
 
 •Mc'Caau. 
 
 us, "had never been seen in Ireland." For 
 seven long days of midsummer there poured 
 against the Irish town such a storm of iron from 
 seven batteries of heavy siege guns and mortars, 
 that by the 27th the place was literally a mass of 
 ruins, among which, we ai'e told, "two men 
 could not walk abreast." On that day "a hun- 
 dred wagons arrived in the Williamite camp from 
 Dublin, laden with a further supply of ammuni- 
 tion for the siege guns." That evening the 
 enemy by grenades set on fire the fascines of the 
 Irish breastwork at the bridge, and that night, 
 under cover of a tremendous bombardment, they 
 succeeded in flinging some beams over the broken 
 arches, and partially planking them. Next morn- 
 ing — it was Sunday, the 28th of June — the Irish 
 saw with consternation that barely a few planks 
 more laid on would complete the bridge. Their 
 own few cannon were now nearly all buried in 
 the ruined masonry, and the enemy beyond had 
 battery on battery trained on the narrow spot — 
 it was death to show in the line of the all but 
 finished causeway. 
 
 Out stepped from the ranks of Maxwell's regi- 
 ment, a sergeant of dragoons, Custume by name. 
 "Are there ten men here who will die with me 
 for Ireland?" A hundred eager voices shouted 
 "Ay." "Then, "said he, "we will save Athlone; 
 the bridge must go down. " 
 
 Grasping axes and crowbars, the devoted 
 band rushed from behind the breastwork, and 
 dashed forward upon the newly-laid beams. A 
 peal of artillery, a fusillade of musketry, from 
 the other side, and the space was swept with 
 grapeshot and bullets. When the smoke cleared 
 away, the bodies of the brave Custume and his 
 ten heroes lay on the bridge, riddled with balls. 
 They had torn away some of the beams, but 
 every man of the eleven had perished. 
 
 Out from the ranks of the same regiment 
 dashed as many more volunteers. "There are 
 eleven men more who will die for Ireland." 
 Again cross the bridge rushed the heroes. 
 Again the spot is swept by a murderous fusil- 
 lade. The smoke lifts from the scene; nine of 
 the second baud lie dead upon the bridge — two 
 survive, but .ho work is done. The last beam is 
 gone ; Athlone once more is saved. 
 
 I am not repeating a romance of fiction, but 
 narrating a true story, recorded b.y lookers-on,
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 189 
 
 and corroborated in all its substance by writers 
 on the Williamite and on tbe Jacobite side. 
 When, therefore, young Irishmen read in Roman 
 history of Horatius Codes and his comrades 
 •who 
 
 "kept the bridge 
 In the brave days of old, " 
 
 let them remember that the authentic annals of 
 Ireland record a scene of heroism not dissimilar 
 in many of its features, not leas glorious in 
 aught. And when they read also of the fabled 
 Roman patriot who plunged into the abyss at the 
 forum to save the city, let them remember that 
 Buch devotion, not in fable, but in fact, has been 
 still more memorably exhibited by Irishmen ; 
 and let them honor beyond the apocryphal Cur- 
 tius the brave Custume and his glorious com- 
 panions who died for Ireland at Athlone. 
 
 The town was saved once more — yet awhile. 
 
 "Ginckel, thus a second time defeated in striv- 
 ing to cross the Shannon, resolved to renew Lis 
 approaches over the bridge by the more cautious 
 method of a covered walk, or 'close gallery,' and 
 to support the new mode of attack by several 
 others in different directions."* The whole of 
 that day he cannonaded the Irish town with 
 great violence, "as I believe never town was," 
 •writes a spectator. Nevertheless, the Irish, bur- 
 rowing and trenching amid the chaotic mass of 
 ruins and piles of rubbish once called the town 
 of Athlone, continued to form new defenses as 
 fast as the old were levelled, and Ginckel was at 
 his wit's end what to rely upon if his "close gal- 
 lery" should fail. A council of war in the Wil- 
 liamite camp decided that on the morning of the 
 29th the passage of the river should be a third 
 time attempted^ and in greater force than ever. 
 A bridge of boats was to be thrown across the 
 river some distance below the old stone structure, 
 and it occurred to some one to suggest that as 
 the summer had been exceedingly dry, and as 
 the water in the river appeared to be unprece- 
 dentedly low, it might be worth while to try 
 sounding for a ford. 
 
 This haphazard thought — this apparently 
 fugitive suggestion — won Athlone. 
 
 "Three Danish soldiers, under sentence of 
 
 * O'Callaghan's "Green Book," page 32. 
 
 death for some crime, were ofifered their pardon 
 if they would undertake to try the river. Tha 
 men readily consented, and, putting on armor, 
 entered at three several places. The English in 
 the trenches were ordered to fire seemingly at 
 them, but in reality over their heads, whence the 
 Irish naturally concluded them to be desertere,- 
 and did not fire till they saw them returning, 
 when the English by their great and small shot, 
 obliged the Irish to be covered. It was discov- 
 ered that the deepest part of the river did not 
 reach their breasts. "* Thereupon it was decided 
 to assail the town nest morning suddenly and bj' 
 surprise at three points ; one party to go oyer 
 the bridge by the "close gallery;" a second to 
 cross by the pontoons or boat-bridge ; the third, 
 by one of the fords. Once more Mackay was to 
 lead the assault, which was fixed for ten o'clock 
 next morning ; again, as at the Boyne, each 
 Williamite soldier Vfa.s to mount a green bough 
 or sprig in his hat; and this time the word was 
 to be "Kilkenny." 
 
 That night a deserter swam the river below the 
 town, and revealed to St. Ruth that an assauii 
 was to be made by a boat-bridge and "close gal- 
 lery" early nest morning; and lo! when day 
 dawned, the Williamites could descry the main 
 army of the Irish defiling into the town, and de- 
 tachments stationed at every point to contest the 
 assault which was to have been "a surprise." 
 To make matters worse, the boats were not ready 
 till ten o'clock, instead of at six. Nevertheless 
 the assault was proceeded with, and the storm 
 of grenades began to fly. It had been decided 
 to begin the conflict at or on the bridge, close to 
 the broken arches, where (on their own side) the 
 English had a breastwork, up to which the "close 
 gallery" had been advanced, and upon the attack 
 at this point the other operations were to de- 
 pended. After an hour's hot work the Irish set 
 on fire the fascines of the English breastwork. 
 There being a strong breeze blo-sving, in a few 
 minutes the flames spread rajiidly; the breast- 
 work had to be abandoned; the "close gallery" 
 was almost destroyed; and the storming columns 
 were called off. The Williamite assault upon 
 Athlone a third time had proved a total failure. 
 
 Great was the exultation on the Irish side of 
 
 * Harris.
 
 IQO 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND 
 
 the river at the triumphant defeat and utter 
 abandonment of this, the final attempt, as they 
 regarded it, on the part of the foe. After wait- 
 ing till near five o'clock to behold the last of the 
 Williamites called to the rear, and every other 
 sign of defeat exhibited on their side, St. Ruth 
 drew ofif the victorious Irish army to the camp 
 three miles distant, and, overconfidently, if not 
 vaingloriously, declaring the siege as good as 
 raised, invited the resident gentry of the neigh- 
 borhood and the officers of the army to a grand 
 ball at his quarters that evening. 
 
 Meanwhile Ginckel, a prey to the most tortur- 
 ing reflections, wavered between a hundred con- 
 flicting resolutions or momentary impulses. At 
 last he decided to raise the siege, but wishing 
 for the decision of a council to shield him some- 
 what from the outcry he apprehended in Dublin 
 and in London, a meeting was held to consider 
 the point. After a hot and bitter disputation, a 
 resolution, at first laughed at by the majority, 
 was adopted — namely, to try that very evening, 
 nay, that very hour, a sudden dash across the 
 river by the fords, as (it was rightly conjectured) 
 the Irish would now be off their guard. As a 
 last refuge from disgrace, Ginckel resolved to try 
 this chance. 
 
 Toward six o'clock the Irish officer on guard 
 on the Athlone side, sent word to the general 
 (St. Ruth) that he thought there was something 
 up on the opposite bank, and begging some de- 
 tachments to be sent in, as only a few companies 
 had been left in the town. St. Ruth replied by a 
 sharp and testy remark, reflecting on the courage 
 of the officer, to the effect that he was fright- 
 ened by fancy. By the time this hurtful answer 
 reached him, the officer saw enough to convince 
 him that infallibly an assault was about to be 
 made, and he sent with all speed to the camp 
 entreating the general to credit the fact. St. 
 Ruth replied by saying that if the officer in 
 charge was afraid of such attacks, he might turn 
 over the command to another. Sarsfield was 
 present at this last reply, and he at once judged 
 the whole situation correctly. He implored St. 
 Ruth not to treat so lightly a report so grave 
 from an officer of undoubted bravery. The 
 Frenchman — courageous, energetic, and highly- 
 gifted as he unquestionably was — unfortunately 
 was short-tempered, imperious, and vain. He 
 
 and Sarsfield exchanged hot and angry words; 
 St. Ruth resenting Sarsfield's interference, and 
 intimating that the latter henceforth should 
 "know his place." While yet this fatal alterca- 
 tion was proceeding an aide-de-camp galloped 
 up all breathless from the town — the English 
 were across the river and into the defenses of 
 Athlone : Even now St. Ruth's overweening 
 self-confidence would not yield. "Then let us 
 drive them back again," was his answer, at the 
 same time directing troops to hurry forward for 
 that purpose. But it was too late. The lodg- 
 ment had been made in force. The English 
 were now in the defenses. The walls of the town 
 on the camp side had been left standing, and 
 only a siege could now dispossess the new oc- I 
 cupants. Athlone was lost !* 
 
 CHAPTER LXXL 
 
 "the culloden of Ireland" — how auOhrim 
 was fought and lost — a story of the 
 battlefield; "the dog of aughrim, or 
 fidelity in death." 
 
 St. Ruth fell back to Ballinasloe, on Ginckel 's 
 road to Galway, which city was now held by the 
 Irish, and was in truth one of their most impor- 
 tant possessions. The Frenchman was a prey to 
 conscious guilty feeling. He knew that Sarsfield 
 held him accountable for the loss of Athlone, 
 and his pride was painfully mortified. How 
 often do dire events from trivial causes spring! 
 This estrangement between St. Ruth and Sars- 
 field was fated to affect the destinies of Ireland, 
 for to it may be traced the loss of the battle of 
 Aughrim, as we shall see. 
 
 At a council of war in the Irish camp it was at 
 first resolved to give battle in the strong position 
 
 *Among the slain on the Irish side in this siege was 
 the glorious old veteran, Colonel Richard Grace, who 
 was governor the preceding year. His great age — he 
 was now nearly ninety years of age — caused him to be 
 relieved of such a laborious position in this siege, but 
 nothing could induce him to seek, either in retirement 
 or in less exposed and dangerous duty, that quiet which 
 all his compeers felt to be the old man's right. He 
 would insist on remaining in the thickest of the fight- 
 ing, and he died "with his harness on his b^ick." He 
 was one of the most glorious characters to be met with 
 in Irish history. The erudite author of the "Green 
 
 Book" supplies 
 and career. 
 
 a deeply interesting sketch of his life
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 191 
 
 which the army had now taken up, hut St. Ruth 
 moved off to Aughrim, about three miles distant, 
 on the road to Galway. The new position was 
 not less strong than that which had just been 
 quitted. In truth its selection, and the uses to 
 which St. Ruth turned each and all of its natural 
 advantages, showed him to be a man of consum- 
 mate ability. 
 
 Close to the little village of Aughrim — destined 
 to give name to the last great battle between 
 Catholic and Protestant royalty on the soil of 
 Ireland — is the Hill of Kilcommedan. The hill 
 slopes gradually and smoothly upward to a height 
 of about three hundred feet from its base, run- 
 ning lengthwaj'S for about two miles from north 
 to south. On its east side or slope, looking to- 
 ward the way by which Ginckel must approach 
 on his march westward to Galway, the Irish 
 armj' was encamped, having on its right flank 
 the pass or causeway of Urrachree, and its left 
 flank resting on the village of Aughrim. A large 
 morass lay at foot of Kilcommedan (on the east, 
 sweeping round the northern end of the hill) 
 which might be crossed in summer by footmen, 
 but was impracticable for cavalry. Through its 
 center, from south to north, ran a little stream, 
 which with winter rains flooded all the surround- 
 ing marsh. Two narrow causeways, "passes," 
 or roads, ran across the morass to the hill ; one 
 at Urrachree, the other at the town of Aughrim; 
 the latter one being defended or commanded by 
 an old ruin, Aughrim Castle, at the hill base.* 
 Along the slopes of the hill, parallel with its 
 base, ran two or three lines of whitethorn hedge- 
 rows, growing out of thick earth fences, afford- 
 ing admirable position and protection for mus- 
 keteers. It may be questioned if the genius of a 
 Wellington could have devised or directed aught 
 that St. Ruth had not done to turn every feature 
 of the ground and every inch of this position to 
 advantage. Yet by one sin of omission he 
 placed all the fortunes of the day on the hazard 
 of his own life; he communicated his plan of 
 battle to no one. Sarsfield was the man next 
 entitled and fitted to command, in the event of ! 
 
 •The most intelligible, if not the only iDtelligible, descrip- 
 tions of this battlefield are those of Mr. M. J. M'Cann, in 
 the harp for June, 1859 ; and in a work recently issued in 
 America, " Battle6elds of Ireland," unquestionably the 
 most attractive and faithful narrative hitherto published of 
 the Jacobite struggle. 
 
 anything befalling the general ; yet he in par- 
 ticular was kept from any knowledge of the 
 tactics or strategj' upon which the battle was to 
 turn. Indeed he was posted at a point critical 
 and important enough in some senses, yet away 
 from, and out of sight of the part of the field 
 where the main struggle was to take place ; and 
 St. Ruth rather hurtfully gave him imyierative 
 instructions not to stir from the position thus 
 assigned him without a written order from him- 
 self. "At Aughrim," says an intelligent Protes- 
 tant literary periodical, "three apparent acci- 
 dents gave the victory to Ginckel. The musket- 
 eers defending the pass at the old castle found 
 themselves supplied with cannon balls instead of 
 bullets ; the flank movement of a regiment was 
 mistaken for a retreat ; and St. Ruth lost his life 
 by a cannon shot. "* The last mentioned, which 
 was really the accident that wrested undoubted 
 victory from the Irish grasp, would have had no 
 such disastrous result had St. Ruth confided his 
 plan of battle to his lieutenant-general, and 
 taken him heartily and thoroBghly into joint 
 command ou the field. 
 
 I know of no account of this battle, which,, 
 within the same space, exhibits so much com- 
 pleteness, clearness, and simplicity of narration 
 as Mr. Haverty's, which accordingly I here bor- 
 row with very little abridgment : 
 
 "The advanced guards of the Williamites came 
 in sight of the Irish on the 11th of July, and the 
 following morning, which was Sunday, July 12, 
 1691, while the Irish army was assisting at mass, 
 the whole force of the enemy drew up in line of 
 battle on the high ground to the east beyond the 
 morass. As nearly as the strength of the two 
 armies can be estimated, that of the Irish was 
 about fifteen thousand horse and foot, and that 
 of the Williamites from twenty to twenty-five 
 thousand, the latter having besides a numerous 
 artillery, while the Irish had but nine field 
 pieces. 
 
 "Ginckel, knowing his own great superiority 
 in artillery, hoped by the aid of that arm alone 
 to dislodge the Irish center force from their ad- 
 vantageous ground ; and as quickly as his guns 
 could be brought into position, he opened fire 
 upon the enemj'. He also directed some cavalry 
 
 JJvblin ViiMerdty Jfagaeine for February, 1867. — "Borne 
 Ep'sodes of the Irish Jacobite Wars."
 
 192 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 movements on his left at the pass of Urrachree, 
 but with strict orders that the Ii-ish should not 
 be followed beyond the 'pass,' lest any fighting 
 there should force on a general engagement, for 
 which he had not then made up his mind. His 
 orders on this point, however, were not punctually 
 obeyed ; the consequence being some hot skir- 
 mishing, which brought larger bodies into action, 
 until about three o'clock, when the Williamites 
 retired from the pass. 
 
 "Ginckel now held a council of war, and the 
 prevalent opinion seemed to be that the attack 
 should be deferred until an early hour next 
 morning, but the final decision of the council 
 was for an immediate battle. At five o'clock, ac- 
 cordingly, the attack was renewed at Urrachree, 
 and for an hour and a half there was consider- 
 able fighting in that quarter; several attempts to 
 force the pass having been made in the interval, 
 and the Irish cavalry continuing to maintain 
 their ground gallantly, although against double 
 their numbers. 
 
 "At length, at half-past six, Ginckel, having 
 previously caused the morass in front of the 
 Irish center to be sounded, ordered his infantry 
 to advance on the point where the line of the 
 fences at the Irish side projectetl most into the 
 marsh, and where the morass was, consequently, 
 narrowest. This, it appears, was in the Ii-ish 
 right center, or in the direction of Urrachree. 
 The four regiments of colonels Erie, Herbert, 
 Creighton, and Brewer were the first to wade 
 through the mud and water, and to advance 
 against the nearest of the hedges, where they 
 were received with a smart fire by the Irish, who 
 then retired behind their next line of hedges, to 
 which the assailants in their turn approached. 
 The Williamite infantry were thus gradually 
 drawn from one line of fences to another, up the 
 -^ slope from the morass, to a greater distance than 
 ' was contemplated in the plan of attack, accord- 
 ing to which they were to hold their ground near 
 the morass until they could be supported by re- 
 inforcements of infantry in the rear, and by cav- 
 alry on the flanks. The Ii'ish retired by such 
 short distances that the Williamites i)ursued 
 what they considered to be an advantage, until 
 they found themselves face to face with the main 
 line of the Irish, who now charged them in front; 
 while by passages cut specially for such a pur- 
 
 pose through the line of hedges by St. Ruth, the 
 Irish cavalry rushed down with irresistible force 
 and attacked them in the flanks. The effect was 
 instantaneous. In vain did Colonel Erie en- 
 deavor to encourage his men by crying ou that 
 'there was no way to come off but to be biave.' 
 They were thrown into total disorder, and fled 
 toward the morass, the Irish cavalry cutting them 
 down in the rear, and the infantry X'ouring in a 
 deadly fire, until they were driven beyond the 
 quagmire, which separated the two armies. 
 Colonels Erie and Herbert were taken prisoners; 
 but the former, after being taken and retaken, 
 and receiving some wounds, was finally rescued. 
 
 "While this was going forwai'd toward the 
 Irish right, several other W^illiamite regiments 
 crossed the bog nearer to Aughrim, and were in 
 like manner repulsed; but, not having ventured 
 among the Ii-ish hedges, their loss was not so 
 considerable, although they were pursued so far 
 in their retreat that the Irish, saj's Story, 'got 
 almost in a line with some of our great guns, ' or, 
 in other words, had advanced into the English 
 battleground. It was no wonder that at this 
 moment St. Ruth should have exclaimed with 
 national enthusiasm, 'The day is ours, mes 
 enfants!' 
 
 "The maneuvers of the Dutch general on the 
 other side evinced consummate ability, and the 
 peril of his present position obliged him to make 
 desperate efforts to retrieve it. His armj' being 
 much more numerous than that of the Ii-jsh, he 
 could afford to extend his left wing considerably 
 beyond their right, and this causing a fear that 
 he intended to flank them at that side, St. Ruth 
 ordered the second line of his left to march to 
 the right, the officer who received the instruc- 
 tions taking with him also a battalion from the 
 center, which left a weak point not unobserved 
 by the enemy. St. Ruth hud a fatal confidence 
 in the natural strength of his left, owing to the 
 great extent of bog, and the extreme narrowness 
 of the causeway near Aughrim Castle. The 
 Williamite commander perceived this confidence, 
 and resolved to take advantage of it. Hence his 
 movement at the opposite extremity of his line, 
 which was a mere feint, the troops which he 
 sent to his left not firing a shot during the day, 
 while some of the best regiments of the Irish 
 were drawn away to watch them. The point of 
 
 1
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 193 
 
 •weakening the Irish left having been thus 
 gained, the object of doing so soon befaiiio ap- 
 parent. A movement of the Williamite cavalry 
 to the causeway at Aughrim was observed. 
 Some horsemen were seen crossing the narrow 
 part of the causeway with great difficulty, being 
 scarcely able to ride two abreast. St. Euth still 
 believed that pass impregnable, as indeed it 
 would have been, but for the mischances which 
 we have yet to mention, and he is reported to 
 have exclaimed, when he saw the enemy's cavalry 
 scrambling over it, 'They are brave fellows, 'tis 
 a pity they should be so exposed.' They were 
 not, however, so exposed to destruction as he 
 then imagined. Artillery had come to their aid, 
 and as the men crossed, they began to form in 
 sciuadrons on the firm ground near the old castle. 
 What were the garrison of the castle doing at 
 this time? and what the reserve of cavalry be- 
 yond the castle to the extreme left? As to the 
 former, an unlucky circumstance rendered their 
 efforts nugatory. It was found on examining the 
 ammunition with which they had been supplied, 
 that while the men were armed with French fire- 
 locks, the balls that had been served to them 
 were cast for English muskets, of which the cali- 
 bre was larger, and that they were consequently 
 useless. In this emergency the men cut the 
 small globular buttons from their jackets, and 
 used them for bullets, but their fire was ineffec- 
 tive, however briskly it was sustained, and few 
 of the enemy's horse crossing the causeway were 
 hit. This was but one of the mischances con- 
 nected with the unhappy left of St. Ruth's posi- 
 tion. We have seen how an Irish oflScer, when 
 ordered with reserves to the right wing, removed 
 a battalion from the left center. This error* was 
 immediately followed by the crossing of the 
 morass at that weakened point by three Will- 
 iamite regiments, who employed hurxUes to 
 facilitate their passage, and who, meeting with a 
 comparatively feeble resistance at the front line 
 of fences, suceeded in making a lodgment in a 
 cornfield on the Irish side." 
 
 It was, however — as the historian just quoted 
 remarks in continuation — still very easy to 
 
 *Many Irish authorities assert it was no "error," but 
 downright treason. The officer who perpetrated it being 
 the traitor Luttrell, subsequently discovered to have long 
 been working out the betrayal of the cause. 
 
 remedy the effects of these errors or mibhaps 
 thus momentarily threatening to render ques- 
 tionable the victory already substantially won by 
 the Irish ; and St. Ruth, for the purpose of so 
 doing — and, in fact, delivering the coup de grace 
 to the beaten foe — left his position of observation 
 in front of the camp on the crest of the hill, and, 
 placing himself in joyous pride at the head of a 
 cavalry brigade, hastened down the slope to 
 charge the confused bodies of Williamite horse 
 gaining a foothold below. Those who saw him 
 at this moment saj' that his face was aglow with 
 enthusiasm and triumph. He had, as he 
 thought, at last vindicated his name and fame; 
 he had shown what St. Ruth could do. And, 
 indeed, never for an instant had he doubted the 
 result of this battle, or anticipated for it any 
 other issue than a victory. He had attired him- 
 self, we are told, in his most gorgeous uniform, 
 wearing all his decorations and costly orna- 
 ments, and constantly told those around him 
 that he was to-day about to win a battle that 
 would wrest Ireland from William's grasp. 
 About halfway down the hill he halted a mo- 
 ment to give some directions to the artillerymen 
 at one of the field batteries. Then, drawing his 
 sword, and giving the word to advance for a 
 charge, he exclaimed to his officers: "They are 
 beaten, gentlemen ; let us drive them back to the 
 gates of Dublin." With a cheer, rising above 
 the roar of the artillery — which, from the other 
 side, was playing furiously on this decisive Irish 
 advance — the squadron made reply ; when, sud- 
 denly, louder still, at its close, there arose a cry 
 — a shriek — from some one near the general. 
 All ej'es were turned upon the sjiot, and for an 
 instant many failed to discern the cause for such 
 a startling utterance. There sat the glittering 
 uniformed figure upon his charger. It needed, 
 with some, a second glance to detect the horrible 
 catastrophe that had befallen. There sat the 
 body of St. Euth indeed, but it was his lifeless 
 corpse — ^a headless trunk. A cannon shot from 
 the Williamite batteries had struck the head 
 from his body, as if the Tyburn ax and block 
 had done their fearful work. St. Ruth, the vain, 
 the brave, was no more! 
 
 The staff crowded around the fallen com- 
 mander in sad dismay. The brigade itself, igno- 
 rant at first of the true nature of what happened. 
 
 I
 
 194 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 bnt conscious that some serious disaster had oc- 
 curred, halted in confusion. Indecision and 
 oonfusion in the face of the enemy, and under 
 fire of his batteries, has ever but one result. 
 The brigade broke, and rode to the right. No 
 one knew on whom the command devolved. 
 Sarsfield was next in rank; but every one knew 
 him to be posted at a distant part of the iield, 
 •and it was unhappily notorious that he had not 
 been made acquainted with any of the lost gen- 
 eral's plan. This indecision and confusion was 
 not long spreading from the cavalry brigade 
 which St. Euth had been leading to other bodies 
 of the troops. The Williamites plainly perceived 
 that something fatal had happened on the Irish 
 side, which, if taken advantage of promptly, 
 might give them victory in the very moment of 
 defeat. They halted, rallied, and returned. A 
 general attack in full force on all points was 
 ordered. "Still the Irish center and right wing 
 maintained their ground obstinately, and the 
 fight was renewed with as much vigor as ever. 
 The Irish infantry was so hotly engaged that 
 they were not aware either of the death of St. 
 Rath, or of the flight of the cavalry, until they 
 themselves were almost surrounded. A panic 
 and confused flight were the result. The cavalrj- 
 of the right wing, who were the first in action 
 that day, were the last to quit their ground. 
 Sarsfield, with the reserve horse of the center, 
 had to retire with the rest without striking one 
 blow, 'although,' says the Williamite captain 
 Parker, 'he had the greatest and best part of the 
 cavalry with him. ' St. Euth fell about sunset ; 
 and about nine, after three hours' hard fighting^ 
 the last of the Irish army had left the field. The 
 cavalry retreated along the high road to Lough- 
 rea, and the infantry, who mostly flung away 
 their arms, fled to a large red bog on their left, 
 where great numbers of them were massacred 
 unarmed and in cold blood ; but a thick misty 
 rain coming on, and the night setting in, the 
 pursuit was soon relinquished." 
 
 The peasantry to this day point out a small 
 gorge on the hillside, still called "Gleaun-na- 
 Fola, "* where two of the Irish regiments, deem- 
 ing flight vain, or scorning to fly, halted, and 
 throughout the night waited their doom in sullen 
 
 *TLe aien of Slaughter.— The Bloody Olen. 
 
 determination. There they were found in the 
 morning, and were slaughtered to a man. Th« 
 slogan of the conqueror was : "No quarter."* 
 
 Above five hundred prisoners, with thirty-two 
 pairs of colors, eleven standards, and a large 
 quantitj' of small arms, fell into the hands of the 
 victors. The English loss in killed and wounded 
 was about three thousand; the Irish lost over 
 four thousand, chiefly in the flight, as the "Will- 
 iamites gave no quarter, and the wounded, if 
 they were not, in comparative mercy, shot as 
 they lay on the field, were allowed to perish 
 unfriended where they fell. 
 
 To the music of one of the most plaintive of 
 our Irish melodies — "The Lamentation of Augh- 
 rim" — Moore (a second time touched by this sad 
 theme) has wedded +he well-known verses here 
 quoted : 
 
 "Forget not the field where they perished — 
 The truest, the last of the brave ; 
 All gone — ^and the bright hope they cherished 
 Gone with them, and quenched in their grave. 
 
 "Oh! could we from death but recover 
 Those hearts, as they bounded before. 
 In the face of high Heaven to fight over 
 That combat for freedom once more — 
 
 "Could the chain for an instant be riven 
 "Which Tyranny flung round us then — 
 Oh! — 'tis not in Man, nor in Heaven, 
 To let Tyranny bind it again! 
 
 * Moore, who seems to have been powerfully affected by 
 the whole story of Aughrim — "the Culloden of Ireland — is 
 said to have found in this mournful tragedy the subject of 
 his exqui'^ite song "After the Battle :" 
 
 " N> Vt closed around the conqueror's way, 
 
 i.jd lightnings showed the distant hill, 
 Where those who lost that dreadful day 
 
 Stood few and faint, but fearless still ! 
 The soldier's hope, the patriot's zeal, 
 
 Forever dimmed, forever crossed — 
 Oh ! who shall say what heroes feel, 
 
 Wlien all but life and honor's lost? 
 
 " The last sad hour of freedom's dieam 
 
 And valor's task moved slowly by, 
 While mute they watched, till morning's beam 
 
 Should rise and give them light to die. 
 There 's yet a world where souls are fre». 
 
 Where tyrants taint not nature's bliss: 
 If death that world's bright op'ning be. 
 
 Oil I who would live a slave in this?"
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 195 
 
 "But 'tis jiast; and though blazoned in story 
 The name of our victor may be, 
 Accurst is the march of that glorj' 
 
 Which treads o'er the hearts of the free! 
 
 "Far dearer the grave or the prison, 
 Illume<;l by one patriot name, 
 Than the trophies of all who have risen 
 On Liberty's ruins to fame!" 
 
 "We cannot take leave of the field of Aughrim 
 and pass unnoticed an episode connected with 
 that scene which may well claim a place in his- 
 tory ; a true story, which, if it rested on any other 
 authority than that of the hostile and unsympa- 
 thizing AVilliamite chaplain, might be deemed 
 either the creation of poetic fancy or the warmly 
 tinged picture of exaggerated fact. 
 
 The bodies of the fallen L'ish, as already men- 
 tioned, were for the most part left uuburied on 
 the ground, "a prey to the birds of the air and 
 the beasts of the field." "There is, " says the 
 "Williamite chronicler, "a true and remarkable 
 story of a greyhound,* belonging to an L-ish 
 officer. The gentleman was killed and strijiped 
 in the battle, f whose body the dog remained by 
 night and day; and though he fed upon other 
 corpses with the rest of the dogs, yet he would 
 not allow them or anything else to touch that of 
 his master. "When all the corpses were con- 
 sumed, the other dogs departed ; but this one 
 used to go in the night to the adjacent villages 
 for food, and presently return to the place where 
 his master's bones only were then left. And 
 thus he continued (from July when the battle 
 was fought) till January following, when one 
 of Colonel Foulkes' soldiers, being quartered 
 nigh at hand, and going that way by chance, the 
 dog fearing he came to disturb his master's bones, 
 flew upon the soldier, who, being surprised at 
 the suddenness of the thing, unslung his piece 
 then upon his back, and shot the poor dog. "J 
 "He expired," adds Mr. O'Callaghan, "with the 
 same fidelity to the remains of his unfortunate 
 
 * It was a wolf-bound or wolf-dog. 
 
 f Meaning to say, killed in the battle and stripped after 
 it by tbe Williamite camp-followers, with wbom stripping 
 and robbing tbe slain was a common practice. They did 
 not spare even the corpse of tbeir own lieutenant colonel, 
 tbe Kigbt Rev. Dr. Walker, Protestant Bisbop of Derry, 
 ■which they stripped naked at tbe Boyne. 
 
 t Story's " Cont. Imp. Hist.," page 147. 
 
 master, as that master had shown deTotion to the 
 cause of his unhappy country. In the history of 
 nations there are few spectacles more entitled to 
 the admiration of the noble mind and the sym- 
 pathy of the generous and feeling heart, than the 
 fate of the gallant men apd the fuithfal dog of 
 Aughrim."* 
 
 CHAPTER LXXn. 
 
 HOW GLORIOUS LIMERICK ONCE MORE BBAVKD THE ©R- 
 
 DEAX HOW AT LENGTH A TREATY AND CAPITULA- 
 
 TION WERE AGREED UPON HOW SARSFIKLD AND THF- 
 
 IRISH ARMY SAILED INTO EXILE. 
 
 "Galway surrendered on favorable terms ten 
 days after the battle. Sligo also, the last west- 
 ern garrison, succumbed soon after, and its gov- 
 ernor, the brave Sir Teige O'Regan, the hero of 
 Charlemont, marched his six hundred survivors 
 southward to Limerick." 
 
 "Thus once more all eyes and hearts in the 
 British Islands were turned toward the well- 
 known city of the lower Shannon, "f 
 
 On the 25th of August, Ginckel, reinforced by 
 all the troops he could gather in with safety, in- 
 vested the place on three sides. It appears he 
 had powers, and indeed urgent directions, from 
 William long previously, to let no hesitation in 
 granting favorable terms keep him from ending 
 the war, if it could be ended by such means, and 
 it is said he apprehended serious censure for not 
 having proclaimed such dispositions before he 
 assaulted Athlone. He now resolved to use with- 
 out stint the powers given to him, in the anxious 
 hope of thereby averting the necessity of trying 
 to succeed where William himself had failed — 
 beneath the unconquered walls of Limerick. 
 
 Accordingly, a proclamation was issued by 
 Ginckel, offering a full and free pardon of all 
 "treasons" (so called — meaning thereby loyalty 
 to the king, and resistance of the foreign emis- 
 saries), with restoration for all to their estates 
 "forfeited" by such "treason," and employment 
 in his majesty's service for all who would accept 
 it, if the L-ish army would abandon the war. 
 
 It is not to be wondered at that this proclama- 
 tion developed on the instant a "peace party" 
 within the L'ish lines. Not even the most san- 
 
 ' Green Book," page 459. 
 
 t M'Gee
 
 IW 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 gaine could now hope to snatch the crown from 
 William's head, and replace it on that of the 
 fugitive James. For what object, therefore, if 
 not simply to secure honorable terms, should 
 they prolong the struggle? And did not this 
 proclamation afford a fair and reasonable basis 
 for negotiation? The Anglo-Irish Catholic 
 nobles and gentry, whose estates were thus 
 offered to be secured to them, may well be par- 
 doned if they exhibited weakness at this stage. 
 To battle further was, in their judgment, to 
 peril all for a shadow. 
 
 Nevertheless, the national party, led by Sars- 
 field, prevailed, and Ginckel's summons to sur- 
 render was courteously but firmly refused. Once 
 more glorious Limerick was to brave the fiery 
 ordeal. Sixty guns, none of less than twelve 
 pounds caliber, opened their deadly fire against 
 it. An English fleet ascended the river, hurling 
 its missiles right and left. Bombardment by 
 land and water showered destruction upon the 
 city — in vain. Ginckel now gave up all hope of 
 reducing the place by assault, and resolved to 
 turn the siege into a blockade. Starvation must, 
 in time, effect what fire and sword had so often 
 and so vainly tried to accomplish. The treason 
 of an Anglo-Irish officer long suspected, Luttrell, 
 betrayed to Ginckel the pass over the Shannon 
 above the city ; and one morning the Ii'ish, to 
 theirlhorror, beheld the foe upon the Clare side 
 of the river. Ginckel again offered to grant 
 almost any terms, if the city would but capitulate, 
 for even still he judged it rather a forloi-n chance 
 to await its capture. The announcement of this 
 offer placed further resistance out of the ques- 
 tion. It was plain there was a party within the 
 walls so impressed with the madness of refusing 
 such terms, that, any moment, they might, of 
 themselvos, attempt to hand over the city. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 23d of September (1691) 
 — after a day of bloody struggle from early dawn 
 — the Irish gave the signal for a parley, and a 
 cessation of arms took place. Favorable as were 
 the terms offered, and even though Sarsfield now 
 assented to accepting them, the news that the 
 struggle was to be ended was received by the 
 soldiers and citizens with loud and bitter grief. 
 They ran to the ramparts, from which they so 
 often had hurled the foe, and broke their swords 
 in pieces. "Muskets that had scattered fire and 
 
 death amid the British grenadiers, were broken 
 in a frenzy of desperation, and the tough shafts 
 of pikes that had resisted "William's choicest cav- 
 alry, crashed across the knees of maddened rap- 
 parees. " The citizens, too, ran to the walls, 
 with the arms they had treasured proudlj' as 
 mementos of the last year's glorious struggle, 
 and shivered them into fragments, exclaiming 
 with husky voices: "We need them now no 
 longer. Ireland is no more!" 
 
 On the 26th of September the negotiations 
 were opened, hostages were exchanged, and Sars- 
 field and Major-General Wauchop dined with 
 Ginckel in the English camp. The terms of 
 capitulation were settled soon after; but the 
 Irish, happily — resolved to leave no pretext for 
 subsequent repudiation of Ginckel's treaty, even 
 though he showed them his formal powers — de- 
 manded that the lords justices should come down 
 from Dublin and ratify the articles. This was 
 done; and on October 3, 1691, the several con- 
 tracting parties met in full state at a spot on the 
 Clare side of the river to sign and exchange the 
 treaty. That memorable spot is marked by a 
 large stone, which remains to this day, proudly 
 guarded and preserved by the people of that city, 
 for whom it is a monument more glorious than 
 the Titan arch for Rome. The visitor who seeks 
 it on the Shannon side needs but to name the 
 object of his search when a hundred eager 
 volunteers, their faces all radiant with pride, 
 will point him out that memorial of Irish honor 
 and heroism, that silent witness of English troth 
 — jmnica fides — the "Treaty Stone of Limerick." 
 
 The treaty consisted of military articles, or 
 clauses, twenty-nine in number; and civil 
 articles, thirteen. Set out in all the formal and 
 precise language of the original document, those 
 forty-two articles would occupy a great space. 
 They were substantially as follows : The military 
 articles provided that all persons willing to ex- 
 patriate themselves, as well officers and soldiers 
 as rapparees and volunteers, should have free 
 liberty to do so, to any place beyond seae, except 
 England and Scotland ; that they might depart 
 in whole bodies, companies, or parties; that, if 
 plundered by the way, William's government 
 should make good their loss; that fifty ships, of 
 two hundred tons each, should be provided for 
 their transportation, beside two men-of-war for
 
 THP] STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 i»r 
 
 the principal officers; that the garrison of Lim- 
 erick might march out with all their arms, guns, 
 and baggage, colora 'flying, drums beating, and 
 matches lighting! The garrison of Limerick, 
 moreover, -were to be at liberty to take away any 
 six brass guns they might choose, with two mor- 
 tars, and half the ammunition in the place. It 
 was also agreed that those who so wished might 
 enter the service of "William, retaining their rank 
 and pay. 
 
 "The civil articles were thirteen in number. 
 Article I. guaranteed to members of that denomi- 
 nation remaining in the kingdom, 'such priv- 
 ileges in the exercise of their religion as are con- 
 sistent with the law of Ireland, or as they enjoyed 
 in the reign of King Charles the Second;' this 
 article further provided that, 'their majesties, as 
 soon as their affairs will permit them to summon 
 a parliament in this kingdom, will endeavor the 
 said Roman Catholics such further security in 
 that particular as may preserve them from any 
 disturbance.'" Article H. guaranteed pardon 
 and protection to all who had served King James, 
 on taking the oath of allegiance prescribed in 
 Article IX., as follows: 
 
 "I, A. B., do solemnly promise and swear that 
 I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their 
 majesties, King William and Queen Mary; so 
 help me God." 
 
 Articles III., lY., V., and VI. extended the 
 provisions of Articles I. and II. to merchants and 
 other classes of men. Article VII. permits 
 "every nobleman and gentleman comprised in 
 the said articles" to carry side arms, and keep 
 "a gun in their houses." Article VIII. gives 
 the right of removing goods and chattels without 
 search. Article IX. is as follows : 
 
 "The oath to be administered to such Roman 
 Catholics as submit to their majesties' govern- 
 ment shall be the oath aforesaid, and no other." 
 
 Article X. guai-antees that "no person or per- 
 sons who shall hereafter break these articles, or 
 any of them, shall thereby make or cause any 
 other person or persons to forfeit or lose the 
 benefit of them." Articles XL and XII. relate 
 to the ratification of the articles "within eight 
 months or sooner. ' ' Article XIII. refers to the 
 
 debts of "Colonel John Brown, commissary of 
 the Irish army, to several Protestants," and 
 arranges for their satisfaction. 
 
 On the morning of October ."S, 1C91, a singular 
 scene was witnessed on the northern shore of the 
 Shannon, beyond the city walls. On that day 
 the Irish regiments were to make their choice 
 between exile for life, or service in the armies of 
 their conqueror. At each end of a gently rising 
 ground beyond the suburbs were planted on one 
 side the royal standard of France, and on the 
 other that of England. It was agraed that the 
 regiments, as they marched out — "with all the 
 honors of war; drums beating, colors flying, and 
 matches lighting" — should, on reaching this 
 spot, wheel to the left or to the right beneath 
 that flag under which they elected to serve. At 
 the head of the Irish marched the foot guards — ■ 
 the finest regiment in the service — fourteen hun- 
 dred strong. All eyes were fixed on this splen- 
 did body of men. On they came, amid breath ■ 
 less silence and acute suspense; for well both the 
 English and Irish generals knew that the choice 
 of the first regiment would powerfully influence 
 all the rest. The guards marched up to the 
 critical spot and — in a body wheeled to the colors 
 of France; barely seven men turning to the Eng- 
 lish side! Giuckel, we are told, was greatly 
 agitated as he witnessed the proceeding. The 
 next regiment, however (Lordlveagh's), marched 
 as unanimously to the Williamite banner, as did 
 also portions of two others. But the bulk of the 
 Irish army defiled under the Fle.ur de lis of King 
 Louis; only one thousand and' forty-six, out of 
 nearly fourteen thousand men, preferring the 
 service of England ! 
 
 A few days afterward a French fleet sailed up 
 the Shannon with an aiding army, and bringing 
 money, arms, ammunition, stores, food, and 
 clothing. Ginckel, affrighted, imagined the 
 Irish would now disclaim the articles, and renew 
 the war. But it was not the Irish who were to 
 break the Treaty of Limerick. Sarsfield, when 
 told that a powerful fleet was sailing up the 
 river, seemed stunned by the news! He was 
 silent for a moment, and then, in mournful ac- 
 cents, replied: "Too late. The treaty is signed; 
 our honor is pledged — the honor of Ireland. 
 Though a hundred thousand Frenchmen offered 
 to aid us now, we must keep our plighted troth!"-
 
 198 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 He forbade the expedition to land, with a 
 scrupulous sense of honor contending that the 
 spirit if not the letter of the capitulation ex- 
 tended to any such arrival. The French ships, 
 accordingly, were used only to transport to 
 France the Irish army that had volunteered for 
 foreign service. Soldiers and civilians, nobles, 
 gentry, and clergy, there sailed in all nineteen 
 thousand and twenty -five persons. Most of the 
 officers, like their illustrious leader, Sarsfield,* 
 gave up fortune, family, home, and friends, re- 
 " fusing the most tempting offers from William, 
 whose anxiety to enroll them in his own service 
 was earnestly and perseveringly pressed upon 
 them to the last. Hard was their choice ; great 
 was the sacrifice. Full of anguish was that part- 
 ing, whose sorrowful spirit has been so faithfully 
 expressed by Mr. Aubrey de Yere, in the follow- 
 ing simple and touching verses — the soliloquy of 
 a brigade soldier sailing away from Limerick : 
 
 "I snatched a stone from the bloodied brook, 
 And hurled it at my household door! 
 No farewell of my love I took : 
 I shall see my friend no more. 
 
 "I dashed across the churchyard bound: 
 I knelt not by my parents' grave: 
 There rang from my heart a clarion's sound. 
 That summoned me o'er the wave. 
 
 "Ho land to me can native be 
 
 That strangers trample, and tyrants stain : 
 When the valleys I loved are cleansed and 
 free. 
 They are mine, they are mine again! 
 
 "Till then, in sunshine or sunless weather. 
 By Seine and Loire, and the broad Garonne 
 My warhorse and I roam on together 
 Wherever God will. On! on!" 
 
 These were not wholly lost to Ireland,' though 
 not a raan of them over saw Ireland more. They 
 served her abroad when thoy could no longer 
 strike for her at home. They made her sad yet 
 glorious story familiar in the courts of Christen- 
 dom. Thej' made her valor felt and respected 
 
 •His patrimonial pptales near Lucan, county Dublin, 
 *er«, even at that day, worth nearly three thousand pounds 
 jgM annam. 
 
 on the battlefields of Europe. And as they had 
 not quitted her soil until they exacted terms 
 from the conqueror which, if observed, might 
 have been for her a charter of protection, so did 
 the.y in their exile take a terrible vengeance upon 
 that conqueror for his foul and treacherous viola- 
 tion of that treaty. 
 
 No! These men were not, in all, lost to Ire- 
 land. Their deeds are the proudest in her story. 
 History may parallel, but it can adduce nothing 
 to surpass, the chivalrous devotion of the men 
 who comprised this second great armed migra- 
 tion of Ii-ish valor, faith, and patriotism. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXm. 
 
 HOW THE TREATY OF LIMERICK WAS BROKEN AND 
 TRAMPLED UNDER FOOT BY THE " PROTESTANT IN- 
 TEREST, ' ' YELLING FOR MORE PLUNDER AND MOKE 
 PERSECUTMN. 
 
 There is no more bitter memory in the Irish 
 breast than that which tells how the Treaty of 
 Limerick was violated ; and there is not probably 
 on record a breach of public faith more nakedly 
 and confessedly infamous than was that viola- 
 tion. 
 
 None of this damning blot touches William — 
 now king defneto of the two islands. He did 
 his part; and the truthful historian is bound on 
 good evidence to assume for him that he saw 
 with indignation and disgust the shameless and 
 dastardly breach of that treaty by the dominant 
 and all-powerful Protestant faction. We have 
 seen how the lords justices came down from 
 Dublin and approved and signed the treaty at 
 Limerick.* The king bound public faith to it 
 still more firmly, formally, and solemnly, by the 
 
 *nere it may be well to note an occurrence which some 
 writers regard as a deliberate and foul attempt to overreach 
 and trick Sarsfield in the treaty, but which might, after 
 all, have been accident. The day after the treaty was 
 signed in " fair copy," it was discovered that one line — 
 containing however one of the most important stipulations 
 in tlie entire treaty — had been omitted in the " fair copy " 
 by the Williamites, though duly set out in the " first draft" 
 signed by both parties. The instant it was discovered, 
 Sarsfield called on Oinckel to answer for it. The latter 
 and all the Williamite "contracting parties," declared the 
 omission purely accidental — inserted the line in its right 
 place, and, by a snippleinental agreement, solemnly cove- 
 nanted that this identical line should have a special eon- 
 firmalicin from the king and parliament. The king honor- 
 ably did so. The parliament tore it into shreds I
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 199 
 
 issue of royal letters patent confirmatory of all 
 its articles, issued from Westminster February 
 24, 1692, in the name of himself and Queen 
 Mary. 
 
 "We shall now see how this treaty was kept to- 
 ward the L-ish Catholics. 
 
 The "Protestant interest" of Ireland, as they 
 called themselves, no sooner found the last of the 
 Irish regiments shijiped from the Shannon than 
 they openly announced that the treaty would 
 not, and ought not to be kept. It was the old 
 story. Whenever the English sovereign or gov- 
 ernment desired to pause in the work of perse- 
 cution and plunder, if not to treat the native 
 Irish in a spirit of conciliation or justice, the 
 "colony," the "plantation," the garrison, the 
 "Protestant interest," screamed in frantic resist- 
 ance. It was so in the reign of James the First; 
 it was so in the reign of Charles the First ; it was 
 so in the reign of Charles the Second ; it was so 
 in the reign of James the Second; it was so in 
 the reign of William and Mary. Any attempt of 
 king or government to mete to the native Catho- 
 lic population of Ireland any measure of treat- 
 ment save what the robber and murderer metes 
 out to his helpless victim, was denounced — abso- 
 lutely complained of — as a daring wrong and 
 grievance against what was and is still called 
 the "Protestant interest," or "our glorious 
 rights and liberties."* Indeed, no sooner had 
 the lords justices returned from Limerick than 
 the Protestant pulpits commenced to resound 
 with denunciations of those who would observe 
 the treaty ; and Dopping, titular Protestant 
 bishop of Meath, as Protestant historians record, 
 preached before the lords justices themselves a 
 notable sermon on "the crime of keeping faith 
 with Papists. " 
 
 The "Protestant interest" party saw with in- 
 dignation that the king me«nt to keep faith with 
 the capitulated Catholics ; nay, possibly to con- 
 solidate the country by a comparatively concilia- 
 
 * An oflcurrence ever "repeating itself." Even so re- 
 cently as the year 1867, on the rumor that the English gov- 
 ernment intended to grant some modicum of civil and 
 religious equality in Ireland, this same "Protestant inter- 
 est" faction screamed and yelled after the old fashion, 
 complained of such an intention as a grievance, and went 
 through the usual vows about "our glorious rights and 
 
 tory, just, and generous policy; which was, they 
 contended, monstrous. It quickly occurred to 
 them, however, that as they were sure to be a 
 strong majority in the parliament, they could 
 take into their own hands the work of "recon- 
 struction," when they might freely wreak fheir 
 will on the vanquished, and laugh to scorn all 
 treaty faith. 
 
 There was some danger of obstruction from the 
 powerful Catholic minority entitled to frit in both 
 houses of parliament; but, for this danger the 
 dominant faction found a specific. By an un- 
 constitutional straining of the theory that each 
 house was judge of the qualification of its mem- 
 bers, they framed test oaths to exclude the minor- 
 ity. 
 
 In utter violation of the Treaty of Limerick 
 — a clause in which, as we have seen, covenanted 
 that no oath should be required of a Catholic 
 other than the oath of allegiance therein set out 
 — the parliamentary majority framed a test oath 
 explicitly denying and denouncing the doctrines 
 of transubstautiation, invocation of saints, and 
 the sacrifice of the mass, as "damnable and idol- 
 atrous. " Of course the Catholic peers and com- 
 moners retired rather than take these tests, and 
 the way was now all clear for the bloody work of 
 persecution. 
 
 In the so-called "Catholic iiarliament" — the 
 parliament which assembled in Dublin in 1690, 
 and which was opened by King James in person 
 — the Catholics greatly preponderated (in just 
 such proportion as the population was Catholic 
 or Protestant) yet no attempt was made by that 
 majority to trample down or exclude the minor- 
 ity. Nay, the Protestant prelates all took their 
 seats in the peers' chamber, and debated and 
 divided as stoutly as ever throughout the session, 
 while not a Catholic prelate sat in that "Catholic 
 parliament" at all. It was the Catholics' day of 
 power, and they used it generously, magnani- 
 mousb', nobly. Sustainment of the king, suppres- 
 sion of rebellion, were the all-pervading senti- 
 ments. Tolerance of all creeds — freedom of con- 
 science for Protestant and for Catholic — were the 
 watchwords in that "Catholic parliament." 
 
 And now, how was all this requited? Alas! 
 We have just seen how! Well might the Catho- 
 lic in that hour exclaim in the language used for 
 him by Mr. De Vere in his poem :
 
 200 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 "We, too, had our day — it was brief: it is 
 ended — 
 When a king dwelt among us, no strange 
 king, but ours : 
 When the shout of a people delivered ascended. 
 And shook the broad banner that hung on 
 his tow'rs. 
 We saw it like trees in a summer breeze shiver, 
 We read the gold legend that blazoned it o'er : 
 'To-day! — now or never! To-day and forever!' 
 O God! have we seen it, to see it no more? 
 
 "How fared it that season, our lords and our 
 masters, 
 In that spring of our freedom, how fared it 
 with you? 
 Did we trample your faith ? Did'we mock your 
 disasters? 
 We restored but his own to the leal and the 
 true. 
 Ye had fallen! 'Twas a season of tempest and 
 troubles. 
 But against you we drew not the knife ye 
 had drawn; 
 In the war-field we met : but your prelates and 
 nobles 
 Stood up mid the senate in ermine and 
 lawn ! ' ' 
 
 It was even so, indeed. But now. What a 
 contrast! Strangers to every sentiment of mag- 
 nanimity, justice, or compassion, the victorious 
 majority went at the work of proscription whole- 
 sale. The king, through lord justice Sydney, 
 offered some resistance ; but, by refusing to vote 
 him adequate supplies, they soon taught William 
 that he had better not interfere with their de- 
 signs. After four years' hesitancy, he yielded in 
 unconcealed disgust. Forthwith ample supplies 
 were voted to his majesty, and the parliament 
 proceeded to practice freely the doctrine of "no 
 faith to be kept with Papists." 
 
 Of course they began with confiscations. 
 Plunder was ever the beginning and the end of 
 their faith and practice. Soon 1,060,792 acres 
 were declared "escheated to the crown." Then 
 they looked into the existing powers of persecu- 
 tion, to see how far they were capable of exten- 
 sion. These were found to be atrocious enough ; 
 
 nevertheless, the new parliament added the fol- 
 lowing fresh enactments: "1. An act to deprive 
 Catholics of the means of educating their chil- 
 dren at home or abroad, and to render them 
 incapable of being guardians of their own or any 
 other i>erson's children; 2. An act to disarm the 
 Catholics; and 3. Another to banish all the 
 Catholic priests and prelates. Having thus vio- 
 lated the treaty, they gravely brought in a bill 
 'to confirm the Articles of Limerick.' 'The very 
 title of the bill,' says Dr. Crooke Taylor, 'con- 
 tains evidence of its injustice. It is styled, "A 
 Bill for the confirmation of Articles (not the 
 articles) made at- the surrender of Limerick." ' 
 And the preamble shows that the little word the 
 was not accidentally omitted. It runs thus : ' That 
 the said articles, or so much of them as may con- 
 sist with the safety and welfare of your majesty's 
 subjects in these kingdoms, may be confirmed,' 
 etc. The parts that appeared to these legislators 
 inconsistent with 'the safety and welfai-e of his 
 majesty's subjects,' was the first article, which 
 provided for the security of the Catholics from 
 all disturbances on account of their religion; 
 those parts of the second article which confirmed 
 the Catholic gentry of Limerick, Clare, Cork, 
 Kerry, and Mayo, in the possession of their 
 estates, and allowed all Catholics to exercise 
 their trades and professions without obstruction ; 
 the fourth article, which extended the benefit of 
 the peace to certain Irish officers then abroad ; 
 the seventh article, which allowed the Catholic 
 gentry to ride armed; the ninth article, whioh 
 provides that the oath of allegiance shall be the 
 only oath required from Catholics, and one or 
 two others of minor importance. All of these 
 are omitted in the bill for 'The confirmation of 
 articles made at the surrender of Limerick. ' 
 
 "The Commons passed the bill without much 
 difficulty. The House of Lords, however, con- 
 tained some few of the ancient nobility and some 
 Ijrelates, who refused to acknowledge the dogma, 
 'that no faith should be kept with Papists, ' as an 
 article of their creed. The bill was strenuously 
 resisted, and when it was at length carried, a 
 strong protest against it was signed by lords 
 Londonderry, Tyrone, and Duncannon, the 
 barons of Ossory, Limerick, Killaloo, Kerry, 
 Howth, Kingston, and Strabane, and, to their 
 eternal honor bo it said, the Protestant bishops
 
 COPYRIGHT, l8q8. 
 
 RICHARD BRTNSLEY SHERTDAN. 
 
 MIlRrHY .* MCCARTHY,
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 201 
 
 of Kildare, Elpbin, Derry, Clonfert, and Kil- 
 lala!"* 
 
 Thus was that solemn pact, which was in truth 
 the treaty of the Irish nation with the newly-set- 
 up English regime, torn and trampled under foot 
 by ft tyrannic bigotry. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIV. 
 
 "the penal times" HOW "PROTESTANT ASCENDENCY" 
 
 BY A BLOODY PENAL CODE ENDEAVORED TO BRUTI- 
 FY THE MIND, DESTROY THE INTELLECT, AND DE- 
 FORM THE PHYSICAL AND MORAL FEATURES OF THE 
 SUBJECT CATHOLICS. 
 
 It was now there fell upon Ireland that night 
 of deepest horror — that agony the most awful, 
 the most prolonged, of any recorded on the 
 blotted page of human suffering. 
 
 It would be little creditable to an Irish Catho- 
 lic to own himself capable of narrating this chap- 
 ter of Irish history with calmness and without 
 all-conquering emotion. For my part I content 
 myself with citing the descriptions of it supplied 
 I by Protestant and English writers. 
 
 "The eighteenth century," says one of these, 
 writing on the penal laws in Ireland, "was the 
 era of persecution, in which the law did the work 
 ai the sword more effectually and more safely. 
 Then was established a code framed with almost 
 diabolical ingenuity to extinguish natural affec- 
 tion — to foster perfidy and hypocrisy — to petrify 
 conscience — to perpetuate brutal ignorance — to 
 facilitate the work of tyranny — by rendering the 
 ■vices of slavery inherent and natural in the Irish 
 character, and to make Protestantism almost irre- 
 deemably odious as the monstrous incarnation 
 of all moral perversions. 
 
 "Too well," he continues, "did it accomplish 
 its deadly work of debasement on the intellects, 
 morals, and physical condition of a people sink- 
 ing in degeneracy from age to age, till all manly 
 spirit, all virtuous sense of personal independence 
 and responsibility was nearly extinct, and the 
 very features — vacant, timid, cunning, and unre- 
 Hective — betrayed the crouching slave within !"f 
 
 » M'Gee. 
 
 f Cassell's (Godkin's) " History of Ireland," vol. ii., page 
 116. 
 
 In the presence of the terrible facts ho is called 
 upon to chronicle, the generous nature of the 
 Protestant historian whom I am quoting warms 
 into indignation. Unable to endure the reflec- 
 tion that they who thus labored to deform and 
 brutify the Irish people are forever reproaching 
 them before the world for bearing traces of the 
 infamous effort, ho Ijursts forth into the follow- 
 ing noble vindication of the calumniated victims 
 of oppression : 
 
 "Having no rights or franchises — no legal pro- 
 tection of life or property — disqualified to handle 
 a gun, even as a common soldier or a gamekeeper 
 — ^forbidden to acquire the elements of knowledge 
 at home or abroad — forbidden even to render to 
 God what conscience dictated as His due — what 
 could the Irish bebut abject serfs? What nation 
 in their circumstances could have been other- 
 wise? Is it not amazing that any social virtue 
 could have survived such an ordeal ?^ — ^that any 
 seeds of good, any roots of national greatness, 
 could have outlived such a long, tempestuous- 
 winter? 
 
 "These laws," he continues, "were aimed not 
 only at the religion of the Catholic, but still more 
 at his liberty and his property. He could enjoy 
 no freehold property, nor was he allowed to have 
 a lease for a longer term than thirty-one years ; 
 but as even this term was long enough to encour- 
 age an industrious man to reclaim waste lands 
 and improve his worldly circumstances, it was 
 enacted that if a Papist should have a farm pro- 
 ducing a profit greater than one-third of the 
 rent, his right to such should immediately cease, 
 and pass over to the first Protestant who should 
 discover the rate of profit!"* 
 
 This was the age that gave to Irish topogra- 
 phy the "Corrig-an-Affrion," found so thickly 
 marked on every barony map in Ireland. "The 
 Mass Rock!" What memories cling around each 
 hallowed moss-clad stone or rocky ledge on the 
 mountain side, or in the deep recess of some 
 desolate glen, whereon, for years and years, the 
 Holy Sacrifice was offered up in stealth and 
 secrecy, the death-penalty hanging over jiriest 
 and worshipper! Not unfrequently mass was in- 
 terrupted by the approach of the bandogs of the 
 law ; for, quickened by the rewards to be earned. 
 
 * Cassell's (Godkin's) "History of Ireland," vol. ii., page 
 119.
 
 202 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 there sprang up in those days the infamous trade 
 of priest-hunting, "five pounds" being equally 
 the government price for the head of a priest as 
 for the head of a wolf. The utmost care was 
 necessary in divulging intelligence of the night 
 on which mass would next be celebrated; and 
 when the congregation had furtively stolen to 
 the spot, sentries were posted all around before 
 the mass began. Yet in instances not a few, the 
 worshippers were taken by surprise, and the 
 blood of the murdered priest wetted the altar 
 stone. 
 
 "Well might our Protestant national poet, 
 Davis, exclaim, contemplating this, deep night- 
 time of suffering and sorrow : 
 
 "Oh! weep those days — the penal days, 
 When Ireland hopelessly complained : 
 Oh ! weep those days — ^the penal days. 
 When godless persecution reigned. 
 
 "They bribed the flock, they bribed the son, 
 To sell the priest and rob the sire ; 
 Their dogs were taught alike to run 
 Upon the scent of wolf and friar. 
 Among the poor. 
 Or on the moor. 
 Were hid the pious and the true — 
 While traitor knave 
 And recreant slave 
 Had riches, rank, and retinue ; 
 
 And, exiled in those penal days, 
 Oizr banners over Europe blaze." 
 
 A hundred years of such a code in active opera- 
 tion, ought, according to all human calculations, 
 to have succeeded in accomplishing its malefic 
 purpose. But again, all human calculations, all 
 natural consequences and probabilities, were set 
 aside, and God, as if by a miracle, preserved the 
 faith, the virtue, the vitality, and power of the 
 Irish race. He decreed that they should win 
 a victory more glorious than a hundred gained 
 ■on the battlefield — more momentous in its future 
 lesults — in tlieir triumiih over the penal code. 
 After three half-centuries of seeming death, Irish 
 Catholicity has rolled away the stone from its 
 guarded sopulcher, and walked forth full of life! 
 It could be no human faith that, after such a 
 crucifixion and burial, could thus arise" glorious 
 
 and immortal! This triumph, the greatest, has 
 been Ireland's; and God, in His own good time, 
 will assuredly give her the fullness of victory. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXV. 
 
 THE IRISH ARMY IN EXILE HOW SAKSFIELD FELL OM 
 
 LANDEN PLAIN HOW THE REGIMENTS OF BDEKE 
 
 AND o'mAHONYS.WED CREMONA, FIGHTING IS "mU8- 
 
 KETS AND shirts" THE GLORIOUS VICTORY OF 
 
 rONTENOY ! HOW THE IRISH EXILES, FAITHFDL TO 
 
 THE END, SHARED THE LAST GALLANT EFFORT OF 
 PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD. 
 
 The glory of Ireland was all abroad in those 
 years. Spurned from the portals of the constitu- 
 tion established by the conqueror, the Irish slave 
 followed with eager gaze the meteor track of 
 "the Brigade." Namur, Steenkirk, Staffardo, 
 Cremona, Ramillies, Fontenoy — each in its turn, 
 sent a thrill through the heart of Ireland. The 
 trampled captive furtively lifted his head from 
 the earth, and looked eastward, and his face was 
 lighted up as by the beam of the morning sun. 
 
 For a hundred years that magnificent body — 
 the Irish Brigade — (continuously recruited from 
 home, though death was the penalty by English 
 law) — made the Irish name synonymous with 
 heroism and fidelity throughout Europe. Sars- 
 field was among the first to meet a soldier's 
 death. But he fell in the arms of victory, and 
 died, as the old annalists would say, with his 
 mind and his heart turned to Ireland. In the 
 bloody battle of Landen, fought July 29, 1693, 
 he fell mortally wounded, while leading a victo- 
 rious charge of the Brigade. The ball had entered 
 near his heart, and while he lay on the field his 
 corslet was removed in order that the wound 
 might be examined. He himself, in a pang of 
 pain, put his hand to his breast as if to stanch 
 the wound. When he took away liis hand it 
 was full of blood. Gazing at it for a moment 
 sorrowfully, he faintly grasped out: "Oh! that 
 this were for Ireland!" He never s]>oke again! 
 
 His place was soon filled from the ranks of the 
 exiled Irish nobles — those illustrious men whose 
 names are emblazoned on the glory roll of France 
 — and the Brigade went forward ia its path of 
 victory. At Cremona, 1702, an Irish regiment, 
 most of the men fighting in their shirts — (the
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 203 
 
 place had been surprised in the dead of night by 
 treachery) — saved the town under most singular 
 circumstances. Duke Villeroy, coinmandinfj the 
 French army, including two Irish regiments 
 under O'Mahony and Burke, held Cremona; his 
 adversary, Prince Eugene, commanding the Ger- 
 mans, being encamped around Mantua. Treason 
 was at work, however, to betray Cremona. One 
 night a partisan of the Germans within the walls, 
 traitorously opened one of the gates to the Aus- 
 trian troops. Before the disaster was discov- 
 ered, the French general, most of the officers, 
 the military chests, etc., were taken, and the 
 German horse and foot were in possession of the 
 town, excepting one place only — the Po Gate, 
 which was guarded by the two Irish regiments. 
 In fact. Prince Eugene had already taken up his 
 headquarters in the town hall, and Cremona was 
 ■virtually in his hands. The Irish were called on 
 to surrender the Po Gate. They answered with 
 a volley. The Austrian general, on learning 
 they were Irish trooxis, desired to save brave 
 men from utter sacrifice — for he had Irish in his 
 own service, and held the men of Ireland in high 
 estimation. He sent to expostulate with them, 
 and show them the madness of sacrificing their 
 lives where they could have no probability of 
 relief, and to assure them that if they would 
 enter into the imperial service, they should be 
 directly and honorably promoted. "The first 
 part of this proposal," says the authority I have 
 been following, "they heard with impatience; 
 the second, with disdain. 'Tell the prince, 'said 
 they, 'that we have hitherto preserved the honor 
 of our country, and that we hope this day to 
 convince him we are worthy of his esteem. 
 While one of us exists, the German eagles shall 
 not be displayed upon these walls.' " The at- 
 tack upon them was forthwith commenced by a 
 large body of foot, supported by five thousand 
 cuirassiers. As I have already noted, the Irish, 
 having been aroused from their sleep, had barely 
 time to clutch their arms and rush forth un- 
 dressed. Davis, in his ballad of Cremona, 
 informs us, indeed (very probably more for 
 "rhyme" than -with "reason") that 
 
 " the major is drest;" 
 
 adding, however, the undoubted fact : 
 
 "But muskets and shirts are the clothes of the 
 rest. 
 
 A bloody scene of street fighting now ensued, 
 and before the morning sun had risen high, the 
 naked Irish had recovered nearly half the city. 
 
 " 'In on them,' said Friedberg — 'and Dillon is 
 
 broke. 
 Like forest flowers crushed by the fall of the 
 
 oak. ' 
 Through the naked liattalious the cuirassiers 
 
 go; 
 But the man, not the dress, makes the soldier, 
 
 I trow. 
 Upon them with grapple, with bay'net, and 
 
 ball. 
 Like wolves upon gaze-hounds the Irishmen 
 
 fall- 
 Black Friedberg is slain by O'Mahony 's steel, 
 And back from the bullets the cuirassiers reel. 
 
 "Oh! hear you their shout in your quarters, 
 
 Eugene? 
 In vain on Prince Vaudemont for succour you 
 
 lean! 
 The bridge has been broken, and mark! how 
 
 pell-mell 
 Come riderless horses and volley and yell ! 
 He's a veteran soldier — he clinches his hands. 
 He springs on his horse, disengages his bands — ■ 
 He rallies, he urges, till, hopeless of aid, 
 He is chased through the gates by the Irish 
 
 Brigade." 
 
 It was even so. "Before evening," we are told, 
 "the enemy were completely expelled the town, 
 and the general and military chests recovered!" 
 Well might the poet undertake to des«ribe as 
 here quoted the effects of the news in Austria. 
 England, France, and Ii-eland : 
 
 "News, news in Vienna! — King Leopold's sad. 
 
 News, news in St. James' — King William is 
 mad. 
 
 News, news in Versailles! — 'Let the Irish Bri- 
 gade 
 
 Be loyally honored, and royall.y paid. ' 
 
 News, news in old Ireland! — high rises her 
 pride, 
 
 And loud sounds her wail for her children wh» 
 died;
 
 204 
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 And deep is her prayer — 'God send I may see 
 MacDonnell and Mahony fighting for me ! ' " 
 
 Far more memorable, however, far more im- 
 portant, -was the ever-glorious day of Fontenoy 
 — a name which to this day thrills the Irish heart 
 ■with pride. Of this great battle — fought May 
 11, 1745 — in which the Irish Brigade turned the 
 fortunes of the day, and saved the honor of 
 France, I take the subjoined account, prefixed to 
 Davis' well-known poem, which I also quote : 
 
 "A French army of seventy-nine thousand 
 men, commanded bj' Marshal Sase, and encour- 
 aged by the presence of both the King and the 
 Dauphin, laid siege to Tournay, early in Maj-, 
 1745. The Duke of Cumberland advanced at the 
 head of fifty-five thousand men, chiefly English 
 and Dutch to relieve the town. At the duke's 
 approach, Saxe and the king advanced a few 
 miles from Tournay with forty-five thousand 
 men, leaving eighteen thousand to continue the 
 siege, and six thousand to guard the Scheldt. 
 Saxe posted his army along a range of slopes 
 thus : his center was on the village of Fontenoy, 
 his left stretched off through the wood of Barri, 
 his right reached to the town of St. Antoine, 
 close to the Scheldt. He fortified his right and 
 center by the villages of Fontenoy and St. 
 Antoine, and redoubts near them. His extreme 
 left was also strengthened by a redoubt in the 
 wood of Barri ; but his left center, between that 
 wood and the village of Fontenoy, was not 
 guarded by anything save slight lines. Cumber- 
 land had the Dutch, under Waldeck, on his left, 
 and twice they attempted to caiTy St. Antoine, 
 but were repelled with heavy loss. The same 
 fate attended the English in the center, who 
 thrice forced their way to Fontenoy, but re- 
 turned fewer and sadder men. Ingoldsby was 
 then ordered to attack the wood of Barri with 
 Cumberland's right. He did so, and broke into 
 the wood, when the artillery of the redoubt sud- 
 denly opened on him, which, assisted by a con- 
 stant fire from the French tirailleurs (light 
 infantry), drove him back. 
 
 "The duke now resolved to make one great and 
 final effort. He selected his best regiments, vet- 
 eran English corps, and formed them into a 
 single column of six thousand men. At its head 
 ■were six cannon, and as many more on the flanks, 
 
 which did good service. Lord John Hay com- 
 manded this great mass. Everything being now 
 ready, the column advanced slowly and evenly 
 as if on the parade ground. It mounted the 
 slope of Saxe's position, and pressed on between 
 the wood of Barri and the village of Fonteno.v. 
 In doing so, it was exposed to a cruel fire of 
 artillery and sharpshooters, but it stood the 
 storm, and got behind Fontenoy. 
 
 "The moment the object of the column was 
 seen, the French troops were hurried in upon 
 them. The cavalry charged; but the English 
 hardly paused to ofifer the raised bayonet, and 
 then poured in a fatal fire. On they went, till 
 within a short distance, and then threw in their 
 balls with great precision, the ofiicers actually 
 laying their canes along the muskets to make the 
 men fire low. Mass after mass of infantry was 
 broken, and on went the column, reduced but 
 still apparently invincible! Due Eichelieu had 
 four cannon hurried to the front, and he literally 
 battered the head of the column, while the 
 household cavalry surrounded them, and in re- 
 peated charges, wore down their strength. But 
 these French were fearful sufferers. The day 
 seemed virtually lost, and King Louis was about 
 to leave the field. In this juncture, Saxe ordered 
 up his last reserve — the Irish Brigade. It con- 
 sisted that day of the regiments of Clare, Lally, 
 Dillon, Berwick, Roth, and Buckley, with Fitz- 
 james' horse. O'Brien, Lord Clare, was in com- 
 mand. Aided bj' the French regiments of Nor- 
 mandy and Vaisseany, thax were ordered to 
 charge upon the flank of the English with fixed 
 bayonets without firing. Upon the approach of 
 this splendid body of men, the English were 
 halted on the slope of a hill, and up that slope 
 the brigade rushed rapidly and in fine order; 
 the stimulating cry of 'Cuimhnigidh ar Lium- 
 neac, agus ar fheile na Sacsanach, ' 'Remember 
 Limerick and British faith,' being re-echoed 
 from man to man. The fortune of the field was 
 no longer doubtful. The English were weary 
 with a long day's fighting, cut up by cannon, 
 charge, and musketry, and dispirited by the ap- 
 pearance of the Brigade. Still they gave their 
 fire well and fatally ; but they wore literally 
 stunned by the shout, and shattered by the Irish 
 charge. They broke before the Irish bayonets, 
 and tumbled down the far side of the hill disor-
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1898. 
 
 THOMAS OSBORNE i-^v'IS. 
 
 MURPHY & MCCARTHY.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 205 
 
 ganized, hopeless, and falling by hundreds. The 
 victory was bloody and complete. Louis is said 
 to have ridden down to the Irish bivouac, and 
 personally thanked them ; and George the Sec- 
 ond, on hearing it, uttered that memorable im- 
 precation on the penal code, 'Cursed be the laws 
 which deprive me of such subjects.' The one 
 English volley and the short struggle on the 
 crest of the hill cost the Irish dear. One-fourth 
 of the olficers, including Colonel Dillon, were 
 killed, and one-third of the men. The capture 
 of Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, and Oudenard, fol- 
 lowed the victory of Fontenoy. ' ' 
 
 "Thrice, at the huts of Fontenoy, the English 
 column failed. 
 
 And thrice the lines of St. Antoine the Dutch 
 in vain assailed ; 
 
 For town and slope were filled with foot and 
 flanking battery. 
 
 And well they swept the English ranks and 
 Dutch auxiliary. 
 
 As vainly, through DeBarri's Wood the British 
 soldiers burst, 
 
 The French artillery drove them back, dimin- 
 ished and dispersed. 
 
 The bloody Duke of Cumberland beheld with 
 anxious eye. 
 
 And ordered up his last reserve, his latest 
 chance to try. 
 
 On Fontenoy, on Fontenoy, how fast his gen- 
 erals ride ! 
 
 And mustering come his chosen troops, like 
 clouds at eventide. 
 
 "Six thousand English veterans in stately column 
 
 tread ; 
 Their cannon blaze in front and flank ; Lord 
 
 Hay is at their head ; 
 Steady they step adown the slope — steady they 
 
 climb the hill. 
 Steady they load- — steady they fire, moving 
 
 right onward still. 
 Betwixt the wood and Fontenoy, as through a 
 
 furnace blast, 
 Through rampsirt, trench, and palisade, and 
 
 bullets showering fast ; 
 And on the open plain above they rose and kept 
 
 their course, 
 "With ready fire and grim resolve, that mocked 
 
 at hostile force. 
 
 Past Fontenoy, past Fontenoy, while thinner 
 
 grow their ranks— 
 They break as broke the Zuyder Zee through 
 
 Holland's ocean banks. 
 
 "More idly than the summer flies, French tirail- 
 leurs rush round ; 
 As stubble to the lava tide, French squadrons 
 
 strew the ground ; 
 Bombshell and grai)e, and round shot tore, still 
 
 on they marched and fired— 
 Fast from each volley grenadier and voltigeur 
 
 retired. 
 'Push on my household cavalry!' King Louis 
 
 madly cried. 
 To death they rush, but rude their shock — not 
 
 unavenged they died. 
 On through the camp the column trod — King 
 
 Louis turns his rein : 
 'Not yet, my liege,' Saxe interposed, 'the Irisb 
 
 troops remain;' 
 And Fontenoy, famed Fontenoy, had been a 
 
 Waterloo, 
 Were not these exiles ready then, fresh, vehe- 
 ' ment, and true. 
 
 " 'Lord Clare,' he says, 'you have your wish: 
 there are your Saxon foes ! ' 
 The Marshal almost smiles to see, so furiously 
 
 he goes! 
 How fierce the smile these exiles wear, who 're 
 
 wont to look so gay ; 
 The treasured wrongs of fifty years are in their 
 
 hearts to-day. 
 The treaty broken ere the ink wherewith 'twas 
 
 writ could dry. 
 Their plundered homes, their ruined shrines, 
 
 their women's parting cry. 
 Their priesthood hunted down like wolves, 
 
 their country overthrown ! 
 Each looks as if revenge for all were staked on 
 
 him alone. 
 On Fontenoy, on Fontenoy, nor ever yet else- 
 where. 
 Pushed on to fight a nobler band than those 
 
 proud exiles were. 
 
 " O'Brien's voice is hoarse with joy, as halting 
 he commands, 
 'Fix bay 'nets — charge!' — Like mountain Btona 
 rush on these fiery bands!
 
 2©6 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Thin is the English column now, and faint 
 
 their volleys grow, 
 Tet must'ring all the strength they have, they 
 
 made a gallant show. 
 They dress their ranks upon the hill to face 
 
 that battle wind! 
 Their bayonets the breakers' foam ; like rocks 
 
 the men behind! 
 One volley crashes from their line, when 
 
 through the surging smoke, 
 "With empty guns clutched in their hands, the 
 
 headlong Irish broke. 
 On Fontenoy, on Fontenoy, hark to that fierce 
 
 huzza! 
 'Revenge! remember Limerick 1 dash down the 
 Sasseuagh!' 
 
 "Like lions leaping at a fold when mad with 
 
 hunger's pang. 
 Eight up against the English line the Irish 
 
 exiles sprang. 
 Bright was their steel, 'tis bloody now, their 
 
 guns are filled with gore ; 
 Through shattered ranks, and severed piles, 
 
 and trampled flags they tore ; 
 The English strove with desperate strength, 
 
 paused, rallied, staggered, fled — 
 The green hillside is matted close with dying 
 
 and with dead. 
 Across the plain and far away passed on that 
 
 hideous wrack, 
 "While cavalier and fantassin dash in upon their 
 
 track. 
 On Fontenoy, on Fontenoy, like eagles in the 
 
 sun, 
 "With bloody plumes the Irish stand — the field 
 
 is fought and won!" 
 
 In the year of Fontenoy, 1745, Prince Charles 
 Edward made his bold and romantic attempt to 
 recover the lost crown of the Stuarts. His expe- 
 dition, we are told, "was undertaken and con- 
 ducted by Irish aid, quite as much as by French 
 or Scottish." His chief of command was Colo- 
 nel O'Sullivan ; the most of the funds were suj)- 
 I-lied by the two "Waters — father and son — L-ish 
 bankers at Paris, "who advanced one hundred 
 and eighty thousand livres between them;" 
 another Irishman, "^'alsh, a merchant at Nantes, 
 putting "a privateer of eighteen guns into the 
 venture." Indeed, one of Charles' English 
 
 adherents, Lord Elcho, who kept a journal of the 
 campaign, notes complainingly the Irish influence 
 under which the prince acted. On the 19th of 
 Julj-, he landed near Moidart, in the north of 
 Scotland. "Clanronald, Cameron of Lochiel, 
 the Laird of M'Leod, and a few others having 
 arrived, the royal standard was unfurled on the 
 19th of August at Glenfinan, where, that even- 
 ing, twelve thousand men — the entire army, so 
 far — were formed into camp under the orders of 
 O'Sullivan. From that day until the day of Col- 
 loden, O'Sullivan seems to h»-ve maneuvered the 
 prince's forces. At Perth, a*^ Edinburgh, at 
 Manchester, at Culloden, he took command in 
 the field or in the garrison ; and e^erv after the 
 sad result, he adhered to his sovereign's son 
 with an honorable fidelity which defied deppah'. ' '* 
 In Ireland no corresponding movement took 
 place. Yet this is the period which has given to 
 native Irish minstrelsy, as it now survives, its 
 abiding characteristic of deep, fervent, un- 
 changeable, abiding devotion to the Stuart cause. 
 The Gaelic harp never gave forth richer melody, 
 Gaelic poetry never found nobler inspiration, 
 than in its service. In those matchless songs, 
 which, under the general designation of "Jacob- 
 ite Relics," are, and e^er will be, so potential to 
 touch the Irish heart with sadness or enthusiasm, 
 under a thousand forms of allegory the coming 
 of Prince Charles, the restoration of the ancient 
 faith, and the deliverance of Ireland by the 
 "rightful prince," are prophesied and apostro- 
 phied. Now it is "Dark Rosaleen;" now it is 
 "Ks,thaleen-na-Houlahan;" now it is the "Black- 
 bird," the "Drimin Don Deelish," the "Silk of 
 the Kine, " or "Ma Chreviu Evin Algan Og. " 
 From this rich store of Gaelic poetry of the 
 eigXiteenth century I quote one specimen, a poem 
 written al)out the period of Charles Edward's 
 landing at Moidart, by William Heffernau "Dall" 
 ("the Blind") of Shronehill, county Tipperary, 
 and addressed to the Prince of Ossory, Michael 
 Mac Giolla Kerin, known as Mehal Dhu, or Dark 
 Michael. The translation into English is by 
 Man g an : 
 
 "Lift up the dooping head, 
 
 Meohal Dhu Mac-Giolla-Kierin ; 
 Her blood yet bouudeth red 
 
 Through the myriad veins of Erin! 
 
 •M'Wee.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 207 
 
 No ! no ! she is not dead — 
 
 Meebal Dhu Mac-Giolla-Kierin! 
 Lo! she redeems 
 The lost years of bygone ages — 
 
 New glory beams 
 Henceforth ou her history's pages! 
 Her long penitential Night of Sorrow 
 Yields at length before the reddening mor- 
 row! 
 
 "You heard the thunder-shout, 
 
 Meehal Dhu Mac-Giolla-Kierin, 
 Saw the lightning streaming out 
 O'er the purple hills of Ei-in! 
 And bide you still in doubt, 
 
 Meehal Dhu Mac-Giolla-Kierin? 
 Oh ! doubt no more ! 
 Through Ulidia's voiceful valleys, 
 
 On Shannon's shore. 
 Freedom's burning spirit rallies. 
 Earth and heaven unite in sign and omen 
 Bodeful of the downfall of our foemen. 
 
 "Charles leaves the Grampian hills, 
 
 Meehal Dhu Mac-Giolla-Kierin. 
 Charles, whose appeal yet thrills 
 
 Like a clarion-blast through Erin. 
 Charles, he whose image fills 
 
 Thy soul too, Mac-Giolla-Kierin! 
 Ten thousand strong 
 His clans move in brilliant order, 
 
 Sure that ere long 
 He will march them o'er the border, 
 "While the dark-haired daughters of the 
 
 Highlands 
 Crown with wreaths the monarch of these 
 Islands." 
 
 But it was only in the passionate poesy of the 
 native minstrels that any echo of the shouts from 
 Moidart resounded amid the hills of Erin. Dur- 
 ing all this time the hapless Irish Catholics re- 
 signed themselves utterly to the fate that had 
 befallen them. For a moment victory gleamed 
 on the Stuart banner, and the young prince 
 marehed southward to claim his own in London. 
 
 Still Ireland made no sign. Hope had fled. 
 The prostrate and exhausted nation slept heavily 
 in its blood-clotted chain! 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVL 
 
 HOW IRELAND BEGAN TO AWAKEN FBOM THE SLXEP OP 
 SLAVERY THE DAWN OK LKOISLATIVE INDEPEND- 
 ENCE. 
 
 Ireland lay long in that heavy trance. The 
 signal for her awakening came across the western 
 ocean. "A voice from America," says Flood, 
 "shouted 'Liberty;' and every hill and valley of 
 this rejoicing island answered, 'Liberty!' " 
 
 For two centuries the claim of the English 
 parliament to control, direct, and bind the Irish 
 legislature, had been the subject of bitter dispute. 
 The claim was first formally asserted and im- 
 posed in the reign of Henry the Seventh, when a 
 servile "parliament," gathered at Drogheda, in 
 November, 1495, by lord deimty Poynings, 
 among other acts of self-degradation, at the bid- 
 ding of the English ofiicial, enacted that hence- 
 forth no law could be originated in the Irish 
 legislature, or proceeded with, until the heads of 
 it had first been sent to England, submitted to 
 the king and council there, and returned with 
 their approbation under seal. This was the cele- 
 brated "Poynings' Act, " or "Poynings' Law," 
 which readers of Grattan's "Life and Times" 
 will find mentioned so frequently. It was im- 
 posed as a most secure chain — a ponderous curb 
 — at a crisis when resistance was out of the ques- 
 tion. It was, in moments of like weakness or 
 distraction, submitted to ; but ever and anon in 
 flashes of spirit, the Irish parliaments repudiated 
 the claim as illegal, unconstitutional, and unjust. 
 On February 16, 1640, the Irish House of Com- 
 mons submitted a set of queries to the judges, 
 the nature of which may be inferred from the 
 question — "Whether the subjects of this king- 
 dom be a free people, and to be governed only 
 by the common law of England and statues 
 passed in this kingdom?" When the answers 
 received were deemed insufficient, the House 
 turned the questions into the form of resolu- 
 tions, and proceeded to vote on them, one by 
 one, affirming in every point the rights, the lib- 
 erties, and the privileges of their constituents. 
 The confederation of Kilkenny still more explic- 
 itly and boldly enunciated and asserted the 
 doctrine that Ireland was a distinct, free, sover- 
 eign, and independent nation, subject only to the 
 triple crown of the three kingdoms. The Crom-
 
 208 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 wellian rebellion tore down this, as it trampled 
 upon so many other of the rights and liberties of 
 all three kingdoms. The "restoration" came; 
 but in the reign •f the second Charles, the Dub- 
 lin parliament was too busy in scrambling for 
 retention of plunder and resistance of restitution, 
 to utter an aspiration for liberty ; it bowed the 
 neck to "Poyuiugs' Law." To the so-called 
 "Catholic Parliament" of L-eland in James the 
 Second's reign belongs the proud honor of mak- 
 ing the next notable declaration of independ- 
 ence; among the first acts of this legislature 
 being one declaring the complete and perfect 
 freedom of the Irish parliament. "Though they 
 were 'Papists,' " says Grattan, "these men were 
 not slaves; they wrung a constitution from 
 King James before they accompanied him to the 
 field. ' ' Once more, however, came successful re- 
 bellion to overthrow the sovereign and the parli- 
 ament, and again the doctrine of national inde- 
 pendence disappeared. The L:ish legislature in 
 the first years of the new regime sank into the 
 abject condition of a mere committee of the 
 English parliament. 
 
 Soon, however, the spirit of resistance began 
 to appear. For a quarter of a century, the Prot- 
 estant party had been so busy at the work of 
 persecution — so deeply occupied in forging 
 chains for their Catholic fellow-countr^'men — 
 that they never took thought of the political 
 thraldom being imposed upon themselves by the 
 English parliament. "The Lrish Protestant," 
 says Mr. Wyse, "had succeeded in excluding the 
 Catholics from power, and for a moment held 
 triumphant and exclusive possession of the con- 
 quest ; but he was merely a locum tenens for a more 
 powerful conqueror, a jackal for the lion, an 
 L:ish steward for an English master. The ex- 
 clusive system was turned against him ; he made 
 the executive exclusively Protestant ; the "Whigs 
 of George the First made it almost entirely Eng- 
 lish. His victory paved the way for another far 
 easier and far more important. Popery fell, but 
 Ireland fell with it."* In 1719, the question 
 came to a direct issue. In a lawsuit between 
 Hester Sherlock, appellant, and Maurice Annes- 
 ley, respondent, relating to some property in the 
 county Eildare, the Irish Court of Exchequer 
 
 '"His. Catb. ABSociotion," pags 27. 
 
 decided in favor of the respondent. On an ap- 
 peal to the Irish House of Peers, this judgment 
 was reversed. The respondent, Annesley, now 
 appealed to the English House of Peers in Eng- 
 land, which body annulled the decision of the 
 Irish peers, and confirmed that of the Ex- 
 chequer Court. The sheriff of Kildare, however, 
 recognizing the decision of the Irish iieers, and 
 declining to recognize the jurisdiction of the 
 English tribunal, refused to obey an order call- 
 ing on him to put Annesley into possession of 
 the estate. The Irish Court of Exchequer there- 
 upon inflicted a fine upon the sheriff. The Irish 
 peers removed the fine, and voted that the sheriff 
 "had behaved with integrity and courage." 
 This bold course evoked the following galling 
 enactment by the English House : 
 
 "Whereas, . . . the lords of Ireland 
 have of late, against law, assumed to themselves 
 a power and jurisdiction to examine and amend 
 the judgments and decrees of the courts of jus- 
 tice in Ireland; therefore, etc., it is declared and 
 enacted, etc. . . . that the king's majesty, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the lords 
 spiritual and temporal and commons of Great 
 Britain in parliament assembled, had, hath, and 
 of right ought to have, full power and authority 
 to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and 
 validity to bind the people of the kingdom of 
 Ireland. And it is further enacted and declared 
 that the House of Lords of Ireland have not, nor 
 of right ought to have, any jurisdiction to judge 
 of, affirm, or reverse any judgment, etc., made in 
 any court in the said kingdom. " 
 
 Here was "Poynings' Law" re-enacted with 
 savage explicitness; a heavy bit set between the' 
 jaws of the restive Irish legislature. 
 
 This rough and insulting assertion of subjuga- 
 tion stung the Protestants to the quick. They 
 submitted ; but soon there began to break forth 
 from among them men who commenced to utter 
 the words (country and Patriotism. These 
 "rash" and "extreme" doctrinaires were long 
 almost singular in their views. Wise men con- 
 sidered them insane when they "raved" of recov- 
 ering the freedom of parliament. "Repeal 
 Poynings' Law! — restore the heptarchy!" cried 
 one philosopher. "Liberate the parliament! — a 
 splendid phantom!" cried another. Neverthe- 
 lesB, the so-called doctrinaires grew in popularity-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 209 
 
 Their lesuler was the Very Rev. Jonathan Swift, 
 Protestant dean of St. Patrick's. His precursor 
 wa.s William Molyneux, member for the Dublin 
 University, who, in 1091, published the first 
 •great argumentative vindication of Irish legisla- 
 tive independence — "The Case of Ireland Stated." 
 Immediately on its appearance, the English par- 
 liament took alarm, and ordered the book to be 
 "burned by the hands of the common hangman." 
 Swift took up the doctrines and argument.s of 
 Molyneux, and made them all-prevalent among 
 the juasses of the people. But the "upper 
 classes" thought them "visionary" and "im- 
 practicable;" nay, seditious and disloyal. Later 
 on, in the middle of the century, Dr. Charles 
 Lucas, a Dublin apothecary, became the leader 
 of the anti-English party. Of course, he was set 
 down as disaffected. A resolution of the servile 
 Irish House of Commons declared him "an 
 enemy to his country;" and he had to fly from 
 Ireland for a time. His popularity, however, 
 increased, and the popular suspicion and detes- 
 tation of the English only required an opportu- 
 nity to exhibit itself in overt acts. In 17.59 a 
 rumor broke out in Dublin that a legislative 
 union (on the model of the Scotto-English amal- 
 gamation just accomplished) was in contempla- 
 tion. "On December 3d the citizens rose en 
 masse and surrounded the houses of parliament. 
 They stopped the carriages of members, and 
 obliged them to swear opposition to such a meas- 
 ure. Some of the Protestant bishops and the 
 chancellor were roughly handled ; a iwivy coun- 
 cilor was thro^vn into the river; the attorney- 
 general was wounded and obliged to take refuge 
 in the college; Lord Inchiquin was abused till 
 he said his name was O'Brien, when the rage of 
 the people was turned into acclamations. The 
 speaker, Mr. Ponsonby, and the chief secretary, 
 Mr. Eigby, had to appear in the por»li of the 
 House of Commons, solemnly to assure the citi- 
 zens that no union was dreamed of, and if it was 
 proposed that they would be the first to oppose 
 it."* 
 
 The union scheme had to be abandoned ; and 
 Lucas soon after returned from exile to wield 
 increased power. The "seditious agitator," the 
 solemnly declared "enemy of his country," was 
 
 triumphantly returned to parliament by the citi- 
 zens of Dublin, having as fellow-laborers, re- 
 turned at the same time, Hussey Burgh and 
 Henry Flood. Lucas did not live to enjoy many 
 years his well-earned honors. In 1770 he was 
 followed to the grave by every demonstration of 
 national regret. "At his funeral the pall was 
 borne by the Marquis of Kildare, Lord Charle- 
 mont, Mr. Flood, Mr. Hussey Burgh, Sir Lucius 
 O'Brien, and Mr. Ponsonby." And the citizens 
 of Dublin, to perpetuate the memory of the once 
 banished "disloyalist," set up his marble statue 
 in their civic forum, where it stands to this 
 day.* 
 
 While the country was thus seething with dis- 
 content, chafing under the "Poyning" yoke, 
 there rolled across the Atlantic the echoes of 
 Bunker's Hill; Protestant domiuancy paused in 
 its work of persecution, and bowed in homage to 
 the divine spirit of Liberty! 
 
 • M'Gee. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXYII. 
 
 HOW THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS ACHIEVED THE LEGISLATIVE 
 INDEPENDENCE OF IRELAND : OR, HOW THE MORAL 
 FORCE OF A CITIZEN AEMV EFFECTED A PEACEFUL, 
 LEGAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION. 
 
 The first effort of the "patriot party," as for 
 some years past they had been called, was to 
 limit the duration of parliaments (at this time 
 elected for the life of the king), so that the con- 
 stituents might oftener have an opportunity — 
 even by such cumbrous and wretchedly ineffec- 
 tive means as the existing electoral system pro- 
 vided — of judging the conduct of their members. 
 In 1760, Lucas and his fellow-nationalists suc- 
 ceeded in carrying resolutions for "heads of a 
 bill, " limiting the parliaments to seven years. 
 In accordance with "Poynings' Law," the 
 "heads" were transmitted to Loudon for sanc- 
 tion, but were never heard of more. In 1763, 
 they were again carried in the Irish house, again 
 
 * Lucas was, politically, a thorough uationalist, but, re- 
 ligiously, a bigot. The Irish nation he conceived to be the 
 Irish Protestants. The idea of admitting the Catholics — 
 the mass of the population — within the constitution, found 
 in him a rabid opponent. Yet the Catholics of Ireland, to 
 their eternal honor, have ever condoned his rabid bigotry 
 against themselves, remembering his labors for the princi- 
 ple of nationality.
 
 210 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 sent to London, again canceled there. Lrish 
 popular feeling now began to be excited. Again, 
 a third time, the "Septennial Bill" was carried 
 through the Irish Parliament, again sent to Lon- 
 don, and again ignominiously vetoed there. 
 But now the infatuation of England had over- 
 leaped itself. A spirit was aroused in L-eland 
 before which the government quailed. A fourth 
 time, amid ominous demonstrations of popular 
 determination, the thrice-rejected "heads of a 
 bill" were sent across. This time they were re- 
 turned approved ; but the seven years were 
 altered to eight years, a paltry and miserable 
 assertion of mastery, even while yielding under 
 fear. But the impartial student will note that 
 by some malign fatality it happens that even up 
 to the present hour every concession granted by 
 England to Irish demands was invariably refused 
 till passion was inflamed, and has been conceded 
 only on compulsion. The concession that, had 
 it been made cheerfully and graciously at first, 
 might have elicited good will and gratitude, has 
 always been denied as long as it durst for safety 
 be withheld, and been granted only when some 
 home or foreign difficulty rendered Irish discon- 
 tent full of danger. 
 
 Concessions thus made are taKen without 
 thanks, and only give strength and determina- 
 tion to further demands. The patriot party fol- 
 lowed up their first decisive victory by cam- 
 paigns upon the pension list, the dependence of 
 the judges, the voting of supply, etc. ; the result 
 being continuous, violent, and bitter conflict be- 
 tween the parliament and the viceroy ; popular 
 feeling rising and intensifying, gaining strength 
 and force every hour. 
 
 Meanwhile America, on issue.^ almost identical, 
 had taken the field, and, aided by France, was 
 holding England in deadly struggle. Toward 
 the close of the year 1779, while Ireland as well 
 as England was denuded of troops, government 
 sent warning that some French or American pri- 
 vateers might be expected on the Ii-ish coast, but 
 confessing that no regular troops could bo spai"ed 
 for local defense. The jieople of Belfast were 
 the first to make a significant answer to this 
 warning by enrolling volunteers corps. The 
 movement sjjread rapidly throughout the island, 
 and in a short time the government with dismay 
 beheld the patriot jjarty in parliament sur- 
 
 rounded by a volunteer army filled with patriotic 
 ardor and enthusiasm. Every additional battal- 
 ion of volunteers enrolled added to the moral 
 power wielded by those leaders, whose utterances 
 grew in boldness amid the flashing swords and 
 bayonets of a citizen army one hundred thou- 
 sand strong. The nation by this time had be- 
 come unanimous in its resolution to be free; a 
 corrupt or timid group of courtiers or placemen 
 alone making a sullen and half-hearted fight 
 against the now all-powerful nationalists. Under 
 the healing influence of this sentiment of patri- 
 otism, the gaping wounds of a century began to 
 close. The Catholic slave, though still outside 
 the pale of the constitution, forgot his griefs and 
 his wrongs for the moment, and gave all his 
 energies in aid of the national movement. He 
 bought the musket which law denied to himself 
 the right to bear, and placing it in the hand of 
 his Protestant fellow-countr'yman, bade him go 
 forward in the glorious work of liberating their 
 common fatherland. 
 
 Free trade became now the great object of en- 
 deavor. The trade of Ireland at this time had 
 been almost extinguished by repressive enact- 
 ments passed by the English parliament in Lon- 
 don, or by its shadow in Dublin in by-gone 
 i years. Immediately on the accession of T\'illiam 
 the Third, the English lords and commons ad- 
 dressed the king, praying his majesty to declare 
 to his Irish subjects that "the growth and in- 
 crease of the wolleu manufacture hath long been, 
 and will ever be looked upon with great jeal- 
 ousy," and threatening very plainly that they 
 might otherwise have to enact "very strict laws 
 totally to abolish the same."* William answered 
 them, promising to do "all that in him lay" to 
 "discourage the woollen manufacture there." 
 'Twsre long to trace and to recapitulate the mul- 
 tifarious laws passed to crush manufacture and 
 commerce of all kinds in Ireland in accordance 
 with the above-cited address and ro.val promise. 
 Englishmen in our day are constantly reproach- 
 ing Ireland with absence of manufactures and 
 commerce, and inviting this country to "wake 
 up" and compete with England in the markets 
 of the world. This may be malignant sarcasm, 
 or it may be the ignorance of defective informa- 
 
 ■ " English Lords' Journal," 1698, pages 314, 316.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 211 
 
 tion. "When one country has been by law for- 
 bidden to engage in manufactures or commerce 
 until the other has jirotected and nursed her own 
 into vigor and maturity, and has secured posses- 
 sion of the world's markets, the invitation to the 
 long-restricted and now crippled country to 
 "compete" on the basis of free trade, is as much 
 of a mockery as to call for a race between a 
 trained athlete and a half-crippled captive, 
 who has, moreover, been forcibly and foully 
 detained till the other has neared the winning 
 post. 
 
 To liberate Irish trade from such restraints 
 was now the resolve of the patriot party in the i 
 
 destined to be the terror of tyrants, the hope of 
 the oppressed, all over the world. 
 
 It was England's day of humiliation and dis- 
 may. By clutching at the right of ojipression in 
 her hour of fancied strength, she bad lost Amer- 
 ica. It was not clear that through the same 
 course she was not about to drive Ireland also 
 from the demand for legislative independence 
 into the choice of complete separation. 
 
 The Ulster volunteers now decided to hold a 
 national convention of delegates from every citi- 
 zen regiment in the province. On the day fixed 
 — Friday, February 15, 1782 — and at the ap- 
 pointed place of meeting — the Protestant church 
 
 Irish parliament. On October 12, 1779, they car- 1 of Dungannon, county Tyrone, the convention 
 ried an address to the viceroy, declaring that 1 assembled ; and there, amid a scene the most 
 "by free trade alone" could the nation be saved j glorious witnessed in Ii-eland for years, the 
 from impending ruin. Again England ungra- ; delegates of the citizen army solemnly swore 
 ciously and sourly complied, and once more j allegiance to the charter of national liberty, de- 
 clogged her compliance with embittering ad- nouncing as "unconstitutional, illegal, and a 
 denda. These concessions, which the secretary ; grievance, " "the claim of any body of men, 
 of state was assuring the Irish jiarliament were other than the king, lords, and commons of Ire- 
 freely bestowed by English generosity, were no ] land to make laws to bind this kingdom." The 
 sooner made public in England than Mr. Pitt Dungannon resolutions were enthusiastically 
 
 had to send circular letters to the manufacturing 
 towns, assuring them "that nothing effectual 
 had been granted in Ireland." 
 
 But the Irish leaders were now about to crown 
 their liberating efforts by a work which would 
 henceforth place the destinies of Irish trade be- 
 yond the power of English jealousy, and beneath 
 the protecting cegis of a free and independent 
 native legislature. On April 19, 1780, Grattan 
 moved that resolution which is the sum and sub- 
 stance in its simple completeness of the Irish 
 national constitutional doctrine : "That no power 
 on earth, save that of the king, lords, and com- 
 mons of Ii'eland, has a right to make laws to bind 
 this kingdom. " 
 
 The motion was unsuccessful ; but this was 
 the commencement of the great struggle ; and 
 over the vital issue now raised — complete legis- 
 lative independence — the government fought with 
 an unscrupulous energy. Throughout two years 
 the contest was pursued with unintermitting 
 severity, when suddenly Europe was electrified 
 by the intelligence that the British armies had 
 capitulated to the "rebel colonists," and the 
 "star-spangled banner" appeared on the western 
 horizon, proclaiming the birth of a new power 
 
 ratified and reasserted by the several volunteer 
 corps, the municipal corporations, and public 
 meetings, all over the island ; and soon, outside 
 the 'circle of corrupt and servile castle placemen, 
 no voice durst be raised against the demand for 
 liberty. 
 
 A conciliatoi 7, that is, a temporizing, ministry, 
 now came into power in London, and in their 
 choice of lord lieutenant for Ii-eland — the Duke 
 of Portland — they found a very suitable man, 
 apparently, for their designs or experiments. 
 But the duke "on his arrival found the nation in 
 a state in which neither procrastination nor eva- 
 sion was any longer practicable. ' ' He reported 
 to England the danger of resistance and the ad- 
 visability of temporizing, that is, of yielding as 
 little as possible, but j'ielding all if necessary. 
 Accordingly, a message was delivered by the 
 king to the British parliament, setting forth 
 "that mistrusts and jealousies had arisen in Ire- 
 land, and that it was highly necessary to take 
 the same into immediate consideration in order 
 to a final adjustment. " Meanwhile the viceroy 
 in Dublin was plausibly endeavoring to wheedle 
 Grattan and the other patriot leaders into pro- 
 crastination, or, failing this, to tone down, to
 
 212 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ■"moderate," the term8 of the popular demand. 
 Happily Grattan was sternly firm. He would 
 not consent to even a day's postponement of the 
 <luestion, and he refused to alter a jot of the na- 
 tional ultimatum. An eyewitness has described 
 for US the great scene of April 16, 1782: 
 
 "Whoever has individually experienced the 
 sensation of ardent expectation, trembling sus- 
 pense, burning impatience, and determined reso- 
 lution, and can suppose all those sensations pos- 
 sessing an entire nation, may form some, but yet 
 an inadequate, idea of the feelings of the Ii'ish 
 people on April 16, 1782, which was the day per- 
 emptorily fixed by Mr. Grattan for moving that 
 declaration of rights which was the proximate 
 cause of Ireland's short-lived prosperity, and the 
 remote one of its final overthrow and annexation. 
 So high were the minds of the public wound up 
 on the eve of that momentous day, that the 
 volunteers flew to their arms without having an 
 enemy to encounter, and, almost breathless with 
 impatience, imiuired eagerly after the probability 
 of events, which the close of the same day must 
 certainly determine. 
 
 Early on April 16, 1782, the great street before 
 the house of parliament was thronged by a multi- 
 tude of people of every class and description, 
 though many hours must elapse before the house 
 would meet, or business be proceeded with. The 
 parliament had been summoned to attend this 
 momentous question by an unusual and special 
 call of the house, and by four o'clock a full 
 meeting took place. The body of the House of 
 Commons was crowded with its members, a great 
 proportion of the peerage attended as auditors, 
 and the capacious gallery which surrounded the 
 interior magnificent dome of the house contained 
 above four hundred ladies of the highest distinc- 
 tion, who partook of the same national fire which 
 had enlightened their parents, their husbands, 
 and their relatives, and by the sympathetic in- 
 fluence of their presence and zeal they communi- 
 cated an instinctive chivalrous impulse to elo- 
 quence and patriotism. 
 
 "A calm but deep solicitude was apparent on 
 almost every countenance when Mr. Grattan 
 entered, accompanied by Mr. Brownlow and sev- 
 eral others, the determined and important advo- 
 cates for the declaration of Irish independence. 
 Mr. Grattan 's preceding exertions and anxiety 
 
 had manifestly injured his health ; his tottering 
 frame seemed barely sufficient to sustain his 
 laboring mind, replete with the unprecedented 
 importance and responsibility of the measure he 
 was about to bring forward."* 
 
 "For a short time," continues Sir Jonah Bar- 
 rington, "a profound silence ensued." It was 
 expected that Grattan would rise; but, to the 
 mortification and confusion of the government 
 leaders, he kept his seat, putting on them the 
 responsibility of opening the proceedings and of 
 fixing their attitude before being allowed to 
 "feel their way," as they greatly desired to do. 
 The secretary of state, resigning himself to the 
 worst, thought it better to declare for conces- 
 sion. He announced that "his majesty, being 
 concerned to find that discontents and jealousies 
 were prevailing among his loj'al subjects in Ire- 
 land upon matters of great weight and impor- 
 tance, recommended to the house to take the 
 same into their most serious consideration, in 
 order to effect such a final adjustment as might 
 give satisfaction to both kingdoms." The secre- 
 tary, however, added that he was not officially 
 authorized to say more than to deliver the mes- 
 sage. 
 
 After an interval of embarrassing silence and 
 curiosity, Mr. George Ponsonby rose, and moved 
 a weak and procrastinating reply, "thanking the 
 king for his goodness and condescension." But 
 it would not do. The national determination 
 was not to be trifled with. At length, after a 
 solemn jjause, Grattan, slowly rising from his 
 seat, commenced "the most luminous, brilliant, 
 and effective oration ever delivered in the Irish 
 parliament;" a speech which, "rising in its 
 progress, applied equally to the sense, the pride, 
 and the spirit of the nation." "Amid an uni- 
 versal cry of approbation," he concluded by 
 moving as an amendment to Mr. Ponsonby 's 
 inconsequential motion, the ever-memorable 
 declaration of Irish independence : 
 
 "That the kingdom of Ireland is a distinct 
 kingdom, with a parliament of her own, the sole 
 legislature thereof ; that there is no body of men 
 comjictent to make laws to bind the nation, but 
 the king, lords, and commons of Ireland, nor any 
 
 •Sir Jonah Harrington's " Kise and Fall of the Irish 
 Nation."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 213 
 
 parliament which hath any authority or power of 
 any sort -whatever in this country, save only the 
 parliament of Ireland; to asnro his majesty that 
 we humbly conceive that in this right the very 
 essence of our liberty exists, a rif^ht which we, 
 on the part of all the people of Ireland, do claim 
 as their birthright, and which we cannot yield 
 but with our lives." 
 
 Grattan's amendment was seconded by Mr. 
 Brownlow, member for Armagh County, in point 
 of wealth and reputation one of the first country 
 gentlemen in Ireland. "The whole house, "says 
 Barrington, "in a moment caught the patriotic 
 flame. All further debate ceased ; the speaker 
 put the question on Mr. Grattan's amendment; 
 an unanimous shout of 'ay' burst from every 
 quarter of the house. He repeated the question. 
 The applause redoubled. A moment of tumult- 
 ous exultation followed; and after centuries of 
 oppression, Ireland at length declared herself an 
 independent nation." 
 
 Word of the event no sooner reached the im- 
 patient crowd outside the building than a cry of 
 joy and triumph burst forth all over the city. 
 "The news soon spread through the nation, and 
 the rejoicings of the people were beyond all de- 
 scription ; every city, town, and village in Ire- 
 land blazed with the emblems of exultation, and 
 resounded with the shouts of triumph." 
 
 "Never was a new nation more nobly heralded 
 into existence. Never was an old nation more 
 reverently and tenderly lifted up and restored. 
 The houses adjourned to give England time to 
 consider Ireland's ultimatum. Within a month 
 it was accepted by the new British administra- 
 tion. " The "visionary" and "impracticable" 
 idea had become an accomplished fact. The 
 "splendid phantom" had become a glorious 
 reality. The heptarchy had not been restored; 
 yet Ireland had won complete legislative in- 
 dependence! 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVIII. 
 
 WHAT NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE ACCOMPLISHED FOR IRE- 
 LAND HOW ENGLAND ONCE MORE BROKE FAITH WITH 
 
 IRELAND, AND REPAID GENERO08 TRUST WITH BASE 
 BETRAYAL. 
 
 If mankind needed at so late a period of the 
 world's age as the close of the eighteenth cen- 
 
 tury, any experiment to prove the substantial 
 benefits (jf national freedom, the progress of Ire- 
 land during this brief but bright and glorious 
 era of independence would suffice to establish 
 the fact forever. Happily, when referring to the 
 events of that time, we treat of no remote period 
 of history. Living men remember it. Irishmen 
 of this generation have listened at their parent's 
 knee to reminiscences and relations, facts and 
 particulars, that mark it as the day of Ireland's 
 true, real, and visible prosperity. Statistics — 
 invulnerable — irrefragable — full of eloquence — 
 momentous in their meaning — attest the same 
 truth. Manufacture, trade, and commerce de- 
 veloped to a greater extent in ten years of native 
 rule than they had done in the previous hundred 
 under English masterj', and in a much greater 
 proportion than they have developed in the sixty- 
 seven years of subsequent "union" legislation. 
 
 Ireland's freedom and prosperity did not mean 
 England's injury, nor England's pause in the 
 like onward march. The history of the period 
 we are now treating of disposes of more than one 
 fallacy used by the advocates of Ii'ish national 
 extinction. It proves that Ireland's right does 
 not involve England's wrong. Never before 
 were the two countries more free from jealousy, 
 rivalry, or hostility. Never before was discon- 
 tent banished from Ireland — as never since has 
 disaffection been absent. 
 
 Lust of dominion — sheer covetousness of mas- 
 tery — has in all ages been the source and origin 
 of the most wanton invasions and most wicked 
 subjugations. Not even among Englishmen 
 themselves does any writer now hesitate to char- 
 acterize as nefarious, treacherous, and abomin- 
 able, the scheme by which England invaded and 
 overthrew in 1800 the happily established free- 
 dom of Ireland.* 
 
 * English readers as yet uninformed on the subject, and 
 disposed to receive with hesitation the statements of Irish 
 writers as to the infamous means resorted to by the Eng- 
 lish government to overthrow the Irish constitution in 1800, 
 may be referred to the Castlereagh Papers and the Corn- 
 wallis Correspondence — the private letters of the chief 
 agents in the scheme. Mr. Massey, chairman of commit- 
 tees in the English House of Commons, published a few 
 years ago, a volume which exposes and characterizes that 
 nefarious transaction in language which might be deemed 
 too strong if used by an Irishman feeling the wrong and 
 suffering from it.
 
 -314 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Scarcely had the rusty chain of "Poynings' 
 Act" been wrenched ofif than the English minis- 
 ter began to consider how a stronger one might 
 be forged and bound on the liberated Irish 
 nation. The king's voice characterized the 
 happy and amicable settlement just concluded as 
 "final." The British minister and the British 
 parliament in the most solemn manner declared 
 the same ; and surely nothing but morbid sus- 
 piciousness could discover fair ground for credit- 
 ing that England would play Ireland false upon 
 that promise — that she would seize the earliest 
 opportunity of not merely breaking that "final 
 adjustment," and shackling the Irish parliament 
 ;anew, but of destroying it utterly and forever. 
 Yet there were men among theli-ish patriots who 
 did not hesitate to express such suspicions at the 
 moment, and foremost among these was Flood. 
 He pressed for further and more specific and 
 formal renunciation. Grattan, on the other 
 hand, violently resisted this, as an ungenerous 
 effort to put England "on her knees" — to humil- 
 iate her — to plainly treat her as a suspected 
 blackleg. On this issue the two patriot leaders 
 violently, acrimoniously, and irreconcilably quar- 
 reled ; Flood and his following contending that 
 England would surely betray Ireland on the 
 "final adjustment," and Grattan, with the bulk 
 of the national party, vehemently refusing to put 
 .such ungenerous insult and indignity on Eng- 
 land as to supiiose her capable of such conduct. 
 
 Alas! At that very moment — as the now jiub- 
 lished correspondence of the English statesmen 
 engaged in the transaction discloses — the British 
 ministers were discussing, devising, and direct- 
 ing preparations for accomplishing, by the most 
 iniquitous means, that crime against Ireland of 
 which Grattan considered it ungenero^is and 
 ■wicked to express even a suspicion. 
 
 It was with good reason the national party, 
 soon after the accomplishment of legislative in- 
 dependence, directed their energies to the ques- 
 tion of parliamentary reform. The legislative 
 body, which in a moment of great public excite- 
 ment and enthusiasm, had been made for a 
 moment to reflect correctly the national will, was 
 aStisT all returned by an antique electoral system 
 which was a gross farce on representation. 
 Boroughs and seats were at the time openly and 
 litoraily owned by particular families or persons. 
 
 the voting "constituency" sometimes not being 
 more than a dozen in number. As a matter of 
 fact, less than a hundred persons owned seats or 
 boroughs capable of making a majority in the 
 commons. 
 
 The patriot party naturally and wisely judged 
 that with such a parliament the retention of free- 
 dom would be precarious, and the representation 
 of the national will uncertain ; so the question of 
 parliamentary reform came to be agitated with a 
 vehemence second only to that of parliamentary in- 
 dependence in the then recent campaign. By this 
 time, however, the British minister had equally 
 detected that while with such a parliament he 
 might accomplish his treacherous designs, with 
 a parliament really amenable to the people, he 
 never could. Concealing the real motive and 
 the remote object, the government, through its 
 myriad devious channels of influence, as well as 
 openly and avowedly, resisted the demand for 
 reform. Apart from the government, the 
 "vested interests" of the existing system were 
 able to make a protracted fight. Ere long both 
 these sections were leagued together, and they 
 hopelessly outnumbered the popular party. 
 
 The government now began to feel itself 
 strong, and it accordingly commenced the work 
 of deliberately destroying the parliament of Ire- 
 land. Those whom it could influence, purchase, 
 or corrupt, were one by one removed or bought 
 in market overt. Those who were true to honor 
 and dut}', it insolently threatened, insulted, and 
 assailed. The popular demands were treated 
 with defiance and contumely by the minister 
 and his co-conspirators. Soon a malign oppor- 
 tunity presented itself for putting Ireland utterly, 
 hopelessly, helplessly into their hands — the 
 sheep committed to the grasp ot U>e wolf for 
 security and protection! 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIX. 
 
 now THE ENGLISH MINISTER SAW HIS ADVANT.40B IN PRO- 
 VOKING IHKLANn INTO AN ARMED STRUGOLE . AND 
 HOW HKAUTLESSLY HE LABORED TO THAT END. 
 
 While these events were transpiring in Ireland 
 the French revolution had burst forth, shaking 
 the whole fabric of European society, rending 
 old systems with the terrible force of a newly-
 
 THKHHAT.n \VC)I,FB TONR,
 
 THE STOKY OF IRKLAXD. 
 
 215 
 
 apppaiPil explosive power. Everywhere its ellocts 
 were felt. Everywhere men were struck with 
 wonder. Everywhere the subtle intoxication of 
 the revolutionary doctrines symbolized by the 
 terrible drapeau rouge, fired the blood of polit- 
 ical enthusiasts. Some hailed the birth of the 
 French republic as the avatar of freedom;* 
 others saw in it the incarnation of anarchy and 
 infidelit.v ; an organized war upon social order 
 and upon the Christian religion. It instantly 
 arrayed all Europe in two fiercely hostile camps. 
 Each side spoke and acted with a passionate en- 
 ergy. Old parties and schools of political 
 thought were broken up ; old friendships and 
 alliances were sundered forever, on the question 
 whether the French revolution was an emanation 
 from hell or an inspiration from heaven. 
 
 Ireland, so peculiarly circumstanced, could 
 not fail to be i)owerfully moved by the great 
 drama unfolded before the world in Paris. Side 
 by side with the march of events there, from 
 1789 to 1795, was the revelation of England's 
 treason against the "final adjustment" of Irish 
 national rights, and the exasperating demeanor, 
 
 *Tlie sentiments evoked in the breasts of most Irish pa- 
 triots by the first outburst and subsequent proceedings of 
 the French revolution — enthusiasm, joy, and hope, fol- 
 lowed by grief, horror, and despair — have been truthfully 
 expressed by Moore in the following matchless verses : 
 
 " 'Tis gone and forever — the light we saw breaking 
 
 Like heaven's first dawn o'er the sleep of the dead ; 
 When man from the slumber of ages awaking. 
 
 Looked upward and blessed the pure ray ere it fled. 
 ' 'Tis gone — and the gleams it has left of its burning 
 But deepen the long night of bondage and mourning 
 That dark o'er the kingdoms of earth is returning. 
 And darkest of all, hapless Erin, o'er thee. 
 
 " For high was thy hope when those glories were darting 
 Around thee through all the gross clouds of the world; 
 
 When Truth, from her fetters indignantly starting, 
 At once like a sunburst her banner unfurled I 
 
 Oh ! never shall earth see a moment so splendid. 
 
 Then — then — had one Hymn of Deliverance blended 
 
 The tongues of all nations, how sweet had ascended 
 The first note of liberty, Erin, from thee ! 
 
 " But shame on those tyrants who envied the blessing. 
 And shame on the light race unworthy its good. 
 Who at Death's reeking altar, like furies caressing 
 
 The young hope of Freedom, baptized it in blood I 
 Then vanished forever that fair sunny vision 
 Which, spite of the slavish, the cold heart's derision. 
 Shall long be remembered — pure, bright, and elysian. 
 As first it arose, my lost Erin, on thee !" 
 
 language, and action of the government in its 
 now avowed determination to conquer right by 
 might. At the close of 1791, Tlaeobald Wolfe 
 Tone — a young Protestant barrister of great abil- 
 ity, who had devoted himself to the service of 
 the Catholics in their efforts for emancipation — 
 visiting Belfast (then the center and citadel of 
 democratic and liberal, if not indeed of repub- 
 lican opinions),* met there some of the popular 
 loaders. They had marked the treacherous con- 
 duct of the government, and they saw no hope 
 for averting the ruin designed for Ii-eland save 
 in a union of all Irishmen, irrespective of creed 
 or class, in an open, legal, and constitutional 
 organization for the accomplishment of parlia- 
 mentary reform and Catholic emancipation. 
 Such an organization they forthwith established. 
 Tone, on his return to Dublin, i)ushed its opera- 
 tions there, and it soon embraced every man of 
 note on the people's side in politics. The asso- 
 ciation thus established was called the Society of 
 United Irishmen. For some time it pursued its 
 labors zealously, and, as its first principles ex- 
 acted, openly, legally, and constitutionally 
 toward the attainment of its most legitimate 
 objects. But the government was winning 
 against the United Irish leaders by strides — 
 pandering to the grossest passions and vices of 
 the oligarchical party, now sedulously inflamed 
 against all popular opinions by the mad-dog cry 
 of "French principles. " One by one the popu- 
 lar leaders, tired in the hopeless struggle, were 
 overpowered by despair of resisting the gross 
 and naked tyranny of the government, which was 
 absolutely and designedly pushing them out of 
 constitutional action. Some of them retired 
 from public life. Others yielde d to the convic- 
 tion that outside the constitution, if not within it, 
 the struggle might be fought, and the United 
 Irishmen became an oath-bound secret society. 
 
 From the first hour when an armed struggle 
 came to be contemplated by the United Irish 
 leaders, they ver.v naturally fixed their hopes on 
 France ; and envoys passed and repassed between 
 them and the French Directory. The govern- 
 ment had early knowledge of the fact. It was to 
 them news the most welcome. Indeed they so 
 
 * In July of that year (1791), the French revolution was 
 celebrated with military pomp in Belfast by the armed vol- 
 nnteers and townspeople.
 
 216 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 clearly saw their adrantage — their certain suc- 
 cess — in arraying on their side all who feared a 
 Jacobin revolution, and in identifying in the 
 minds of the property classes auti-Englishism 
 with revolution and iniidelity, that their greatest 
 anxiety was to make sure that the United Irish- 
 men would go far enough and deep enough into 
 the scheme. And the government left nothing 
 undone to secure that result. 
 
 Meanwhile the society in its new character ex- 
 tended itself with marvelous success. Its orga- 
 nization was ingenious, and of course its leaders 
 believed it to be "spy-proof." Nearly half a 
 million of earnest and determined men were en- 
 rolled, and a considerable portion of them were, 
 armed either with pikes or muskets. Indeed, 
 for a moment it seemed not unlikely that the 
 government conspirators might find they had 
 overshot their own purpose, and had allowed 
 the organization to develop too far. Up to 1796 
 they never took into calculation as a serious 
 probability that Prance would really cast her 
 liowerful aid into the scale with Ireland. In the 
 instant when England, startled beyond concep- 
 tion, was awakened to her error on this point by 
 the appearance in Bantry Bay, in December, 
 1796, of a formidable expedition under Hoche* 
 — a sense of danger and alarm possessed her, and 
 it was decided to burst up the insurrectionary 
 design — to force it into conflict at once — the 
 peril now being that the armed and organized 
 Irish might "bide their time." 
 
 To drive the Irish into the field — to goad them 
 into action in the hour of England's choice, not 
 their own — was the problem. Its accomplish- 
 ment was arrived at by proceedings over which 
 the historical writer or student shudders in 
 horror. Early in 1796, an Insurrection Act was 
 passed, making the administration of an oath 
 identical with or similar to that of the United 
 Irishmen punishable with death. An army of 
 fifty thousand men, subsetiuently increased to 
 'eighty thousand, was let loose upon the country 
 on the atrocious system of "free quarters." Ir- 
 
 responsible power was conferred on the militiu-j 
 officers and local magistracy. The yeomanry, 
 mainly composed of Orangemen, were quartered 
 on the most Catholic districts, while the Irish 
 militia regiments suspected of any sympathy 
 with the population were shipped off to England 
 in exchange for foreign troops. "The military 
 tribunals did not wait for the idle formalities of 
 the civil courts. Soldiers and civilians, yeomen 
 and townsmen, against whom the informer 
 pointed his finger, were taken out and summarily 
 executed. Ghastly forms hung upon the thick- 
 set gibbets, not only in the market places of the 
 country towns and before the public prisons, but 
 on all the bridges of the metropolis. The hor- 
 rid torture of picketing, and the bloodstained 
 lash, were constantly resorted to to extort ac- 
 cusations or confessions."* Lord Holland gives 
 us a like picture of "burning cottages, tortured 
 backs, and frequent executions." "The fact is 
 incontrovertible," he says, "that the people of 
 Ireland were driven to resistance (which, possi- 
 bly, they meditated before) by the free quarters 
 and excesses of the soldiery, which were such as 
 ai'e not permitted in civilized warfare even in an 
 enemj''s country. Dr. Dickson, Lord Bishop of 
 Down, assured me that he had seen families re- 
 turning peaceably from mass, assailed without 
 provocation by drunken troops, and yeomanry 
 and their wives and daughters exposed to every 
 species of indignity, brutality, and outrage, 
 from which neither his (the bishop's) remon- 
 strances nor those of other Protestant gentle- 
 men could rescue them, "f 
 
 No wonder the gallant and humane Sir John 
 Moore — appalled at the infamies of that lustful 
 and brutal soldiery, and unable to repress his 
 sympathy with the hapless Irish peasantry — 
 should have exclaimed, "If I were an Irishman, I 
 would be a rebel ! ' ' 
 
 * This expedition liad been obtained from the French 
 Directory by the energy nnd perseverance of Wolfe Tone, 
 who had been obliged to fly from Ireland. It was dispersed 
 by a storm — a hurricane — as it lay in Hautry Bay waiting 
 the arrival of the commander's ship. This storm saved the 
 Knglish power in Ireland. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXX. 
 
 HOW THE BRITISH MINISTER FORCED ON THE RISING 
 
 THE FATE OF THE BRAVE LORD EDWARD HOW THE 
 
 BKOTHEKS SHEAKES DIED HAND IN HAND THE RIS- 
 ING OF NINETY-EIGHT. 
 
 AVhile the government, by such frightful 
 agencies, was trying to force an insurrection, the 
 
 > M'Gee. f Lord Holland, " Memoirs of the Whig Party.'
 
 LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 217 
 
 United Irish leaders were straining every energy 
 to keep the people in restraint until such time as 
 they could strike and not strike in vain. But in 
 this dreadful game the government was sure to 
 win eventually. By a decisive blow at the Soci- 
 ety, on March 12, 170R, it compelled the United 
 Irishmen to take the field forthwith or perish. 
 This was the seizure, on that day, in one swoop, 
 of the Supreme Council or Directory, with all its 
 returns, lists, and muster-rolls, while sitting in 
 deliberation at the house of Mr. Oliver Bond 
 (one of the council) in Bridge Street, Dublin. 
 
 This terrible stroke was almost irreparable. 
 One man, however, escaped by the accident of 
 not having attended, as he intended, that day's 
 council meeting; and him of all others the gov- 
 ernment desired to capture. This was Lord 
 Edward Fitzgerald, son of the Duke of Leinster, 
 commander-in-chief of the LInited Irish military 
 organization. 
 
 Of all the men who have gi»'en their lives in 
 the fatal struggle against the English j'oke, not 
 one is more endeared to Irish popular affection 
 than "Lord Edward. " While he lived he was 
 idolized; and with truth it may be said his 
 memory is embalmed in a nation's tears. He 
 had every quality calculated to win the hearts of 
 a people like the Irish. His birth, his rank, his 
 noble lineage, his princelj' bearing, his hand- 
 some person, his frank and chivalrous manner, 
 his generous, warm-hearted nature, his un- 
 daunted courage, and, above all, bis ardent 
 patriotism, combined to render Lord Edward the 
 beaic ideal of a popular leader. "He was," says 
 a writer whose labors to assure the fame and vin- 
 dicate in history the gallant band of whom the 
 youthful Geraldine was among the foremost 
 should never be forgotten by Irishmen — "as 
 playful and humble as a child, as mild and timid 
 as a lady, and, when necessary, as brave as a 
 lion. "* 
 
 Such was the man on whose head a price of 
 one thousand pounds was now set by the govern- 
 ment. On the arrest of the directory at Bond's, 
 three men of position and ability stepped for- 
 ward into the vacant council-seats ; the brothers 
 John and Henry Sheares, and Dr. Lawless ; and 
 upon these and Lord Edward now devolved the 
 
 * Dr. K. R. Madden, "Lives and Times of the United 
 Iriebmen." 
 
 responsibility of controlling the organization. 
 Lord Edward insisted on an immediate rising. 
 He saw that 1)y the aid of spies and informers 
 the government was in possession of their inmost 
 secrets, and that every day would be ruining 
 their organization. To wait further for aid 
 from France would be utter destructio'i to all 
 their plans. Accordingly, it was decided that on 
 the 23d of May next following, the sti^udard of 
 insurrection should be unfurled, and Ireland 
 appeal to the ultima ratio of oppressed Bfttions. 
 
 The government heard this, through their 
 spies, with a sense of relief and of diabolical sat- 
 isfaction. Efforts to secure Lord Edwwd were 
 now pursued with desperate activity ; yet he 
 remained in Dublin eluding his enemies for 
 eight weeks after the arrests at Bond's, gu.irded, 
 convoyed, sheltered by the people with a devo- 
 tion for which history has scarcely a parallel. 
 The 23d of May was approaching fast, and still 
 Lord Edward was at large. The castle conspira^ 
 tors began to fear that after all their machina- 
 tions they might find themselves face to face with 
 an Irish "Washington. "Within a few days, how^ 
 ever, of the ominous 23d, treason gave them the 
 victorj-, and placed the noble Geraldine within 
 their grasp. 
 
 On the night of the 18th of Maj' he was 
 brought to the house of a Mr. Nicholas Murphy, 
 a feather merchant, of 153 Thomas Street. He 
 had been secreted in this same house before, but 
 had been removed, as it was deemed essential to 
 change his place of concealment very frequently. 
 After spending some short time at each of several 
 other places in the interval, he was, on the night 
 already mentioned, a second time brought to Mr. 
 Murphy's house. On the evening of the next 
 day. Lord Edward, after dining with his host, 
 retired to his chamber, intending to lie down 
 for awhile, being ill with a cold. Mr. Murphy 
 followed him upstairs to speak to him about 
 something, when the noise of feet softly but 
 quickly springing up the stair caught his ear, 
 and instantly the door was thrown open and a 
 police magistrate named Swan, accompanied by 
 a soldier, rushed into the room. Lord Edward 
 was lying on the bed with his coat and vest off. 
 He sprang from the bed, snatching from under 
 the pillow a dagger. Swan thrust his right 
 hand into an inside breast pocket where his pis-
 
 218 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 tols were; but Lord Edward, divining the 
 object, struck at that spot, and sent his dagger 
 through Swan's hand, penetrating his body. 
 Swan shouted that be was "murdered;" never- 
 theless, with his wounded hand he managed to 
 draw his pistol and fire at Lord Edward. The 
 shot missed ; but at this moment another of the 
 police party, named Eyan (a yeomanry captain), 
 rushed in, armed with a drawn cane-sword, and 
 Major Sirr, with half a dozen soldiers, hurried 
 upstairs. Eyan flung himself on Lord Edward, 
 and tried to hold him down on the bed, but he 
 could not, and the pair, locked in deadly combat, 
 rolled upon the floor. Lord Edward received 
 some deadly thrusts from Eyan's sword, but he 
 succeeded in freeing his right hand, and quick 
 as he could draw his arm, plunged the dagger 
 again and again into Eyan's body. The yeo- 
 manry captain, though wounded mortally all 
 over, ■n as still struggling with Lord Edward on 
 the floor when Sirr and the soldiers arrived. 
 Sirr, pistol in jiaud, feared to grapple with the 
 enraged Geraldine ; but, watching his oppor- 
 tunity, took deliberate aim at him and fired. 
 The ball struck Lord Edward in the right shoul- 
 der; the dagger fell from his grasp, and Sirr and 
 •the soldiers flung themselves upon him in a 
 body. Still it required their utmost efforts to 
 hold him down, some of them stabbing and hack- 
 ing at him with shortened swords and clubbed 
 pistols, while others held him fast. At length, 
 weakened from wounds and loss of blood, he 
 fainted. They took a sheet off the bed and 
 rolled the almost inanimate body in it, and 
 dragged their victim down the narrow stair. 
 The floor of the room, all over blood, an eye- 
 witness says, resembled a slaughter-house, and 
 even the walls were dashed with gore. 
 
 Meantime a crowd had assembled in the street, 
 attracted by the presence of the soldiers around 
 the house. The instant it became known that it 
 was Lord Edward that had been captured, the 
 people flung themselves on the military, and 
 after a desi)erate struggle had overpowered them 
 but for the arrival of a large body of cavalry, 
 who eventually succeeded in bringing off Lord 
 Edward to the castle. 
 
 Here his wounds were dressed. On being told 
 by the doctor that they were not likely to prove 
 fatal, he •xclaimed: "I am sorry to hear it. "i 
 
 He was removed to Newgate, none of his friends 
 being allowed access to him until the 3d of June, 
 when they were told that he was dying. His 
 aunt. Lady Louisa Connolly, and his brother, 
 Lord Henry Fitzgerald, were then permitted to 
 see him. They found him delirious. As he lay 
 on his fever pallet in the dark and narrow cell of 
 that accursed bastile, his ears were dinned with 
 horrid noises that his brutal jailers took care to 
 tell him were caused by the workmen erecting 
 barriers around the gallows fixed for a forthcom- 
 ing execution. 
 
 Next day, June 4, 1798, he expired. As he 
 died unconvicted, his body was given up to his 
 friends, but only on condition that no funeral 
 would be attempted. In the dead of night thej' 
 conveyed the last remains of the noble Lord Ed- 
 ward from Newgate to the Kildare vault beneath 
 St. Werburgh's Protestant Church, Dublin, 
 where they now repose. 
 
 A few days after Lord Edward's captfure — on 
 Monday, 21st of May — the brothers Sheares 
 were arrested, one at his residence in Lower 
 Baggot Street, the other at a friend's house in 
 French Street, having been betrayed by a gov- 
 ernment agent named Armstrong, who had 
 wormed himself into their friendship and confi- 
 dence for the purpose of effecting their ruin. 
 On the evening previous to their capture he was 
 a guest in the bosom of their family, sitting at 
 their fireside, fondling on his knee the infant 
 child of one of the victims, whose blood was to 
 drip from the scafifold in Green Street, a few 
 weeks later, through his unequalled infamy! 
 
 On the 12th of July, John and Henry Sheares 
 were brought to trial, and the fiend Armstrong 
 appeared on the witness table and swore away 
 their lives. Two days afterward the martyr- 
 brothers were executed, side by side. Indeed 
 they fell through the drop hand clasped in hand, 
 having, as they stood blindfolded on the trap, in 
 the brief moment before the bolt was drawn, by 
 an instinct of holy affection strong in death, 
 each one reached out as best he could his pin- 
 ioned hand, and grasped that of his brother! 
 
 The capture of Lord Edward, so quickly fol- 
 lowed by the arrest of the brothers Shearee, was 
 a death-blow to the insurrection, as far as con- 
 cerned any preconcerted movement. On the 
 night of the appointed day an abortive rising
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND 
 
 219 
 
 took place in the neighborhood of the metropo- 
 Hs. On the same day Kildare, Lord Edward's 
 county, took the field, and against hopeless dis- 
 advantages made a gallant stand. Meath also 
 kept its troth, as did Down and Antrim in the 
 north keep theirs, but only to a like bloody sac- 
 rifice, and in a few days it seemed that all was 
 over. But a county almost free from complicity 
 in the organization, a county in which no one on 
 eitlter side had apprehended revolt, was now 
 about to show the world what Irish peasants, 
 driven to desperation, defending their homes and 
 altars, could dare and do. Wexford, heroic and 
 glorious Wexford, was now about to show that 
 even one county of Ireland's thirty-two could 
 engage more than half the available army of 
 England ! 
 
 Wexford rose, not in obedience to any call 
 from the United Irish organization, but purely 
 and solely from the instinct of self-preservation. 
 Although there was probably no district in Ire- 
 land so free from participation in the designs of 
 that association (there were scarcely two hun- 
 dred enrolled United Irishmen among its entire 
 population), all the horrors of free quarters and 
 martial law had been let loose on the county. 
 Atrocities that sicken the heart in their contem- 
 plation, filled with terror the homes of that 
 peaceful and inoffensive people. The midnight 
 skies were reddened with the flames of burning 
 cottages, and the glens resounded with shrieks 
 of agony, vengeance, and despair. Homes deso- 
 lated, female virtue made the victim of crimes 
 that cannot be named, the gibbet and the triangle 
 erected in every hamlet, and finally, the temples 
 of God desecrated and given to the torch, left 
 manhood in Wexford no choice but that which 
 to its eternal honor it made. 
 
 Well and bravely Wexford fought that fight. 
 It was the wild rush to arms of a tortured peas- 
 antry, unprepared, unorganized, unarmed. Yet 
 no Irishman has need to "hang his head for 
 shame" when men speak of gallant Wexford in 
 Ninety-eight. Battle for battle, the men of that 
 county beat the best armies of the king, until 
 their relative forces became out of all proportion. 
 Neither Tell in Switzerland nor Hofer in the 
 Tyrol earned immortality more gloriously than 
 that noble band of "the sister counties," Wex- 
 ford and Wicklow — Beauchamp Bagenal Har- 
 
 vey; Colclough of Tintern Abbey; Fitzgerald of 
 Newpark ; Miles Byrne, and Edmond Kyan, in 
 the one ; and the patriot brothers Byrne of Bally- 
 manus, with Holt, Hackett, and "brave Michael 
 Dwyer," in the other. And, as he who studies 
 the history of this country will note, in all its 
 struggles for seven hundred years, the priests of 
 Ireland, ever fearless to brave the anger of the 
 maddened people, restraining them while conflict 
 might be avoided, were ever readiest to die: 
 
 Whether on the scaffold high 
 Or in the battle's van — 
 
 side by side with the people, when driven to the 
 last resort. Fathers John and Michael Murphy, 
 Father Roche, and Father Clinch, are names that 
 should ever be remembered by Irishmen when 
 tempters whisper that the voice of the Catholic 
 pastor, raised in warning or restraint, is the ut- 
 terance of one who cannot feel for, who would 
 not die for, the flock he desires to save. 
 
 Just as the short and bloody struggle had ter- 
 minated, there appeared in Killala Bay the first 
 instalment of that aid from France for which the 
 United Irish leaders had desired to wait. If 
 they could have resisted the government endeav- 
 ors to precipitate the rising for barely three or 
 four months longer, it is impossible to say how 
 the movement might have resulted. On the 22d 
 of August the French general, Humbert, landed 
 at Killala with barely one thousand men. Miser- 
 able as was this force, a few months earlier it 
 would have counted for twenty thousand ; but 
 now, ten thousand, much less ten hundred, 
 would not avail. They came too late, or the 
 rising was too soon. Nevertheless, with this 
 handful of men, joined by a few thousand hardy 
 Mayo peasantry, Humbert literally chased the 
 government troops before him across the island ; 
 and it was not until the viceroy himself, Lord 
 Cornwallis, hurrying from Dublin, concentrated 
 around the Franco-Irish army of three thousand 
 men a force of nearly thirty thousand, envelop- 
 ing them on all sides — and, of course, hopelessly 
 overpowering them — that the victorious march 
 of the daring Frenchman was arrested by the 
 complete defeat and capitulation of Ballinamuck, 
 on the morning of September 8, 1T9S. 
 
 It was the last battle of the insurrection. 
 Within a fortnight subsequently two further and
 
 iiiiO 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 smaller expeditions from France reached the 
 northern coast; one accompanied by Napper 
 Tandy (an exiled United Irish leader), and 
 another under Admiral Bompart with Wolfe 
 Tone on board. The latter one was attacked by 
 a powerfal English fleet and captured. Tone, 
 ihe heroic and indefatigable, was sent in irons to 
 Dublin, where he was tried by court-martial and 
 sentenced to be hung. He pleaded hard for a 
 soldier's death; but bis judges were inexorable. 
 It turned out, however, that his trial and convic- 
 tion were utterly illegal, as martial law had 
 ceased, and the ordinary tribunals were sitting 
 at the time. At the instance of the illustrious 
 Irish advocate, orator, and patriot, Curran, an 
 order was obtained against the military authori- 
 ties to deliver Tone over to the civil court. The 
 order was at first resisted, but ultimately the 
 official of the court was informed that the pris- 
 oner "had committed suicide." He died a few 
 days after, of a wound in his throa*, possibly in- 
 flicted by himself, t© avert the indignity he so 
 earnestly deprecated; but not impixjbably, as 
 popular conviction has it, the work of a murder- 
 ous hand ; for fouler deeds were done in the gov- 
 ernment dungeons in "those dark and evil daj-s. " 
 The insurrection of '98 was the first rebellion 
 on the part of the Ii'ish people for hundreds of 
 years. The revolt of the Puritan colonists in 
 1641, and that of their descendants, the Protes- 
 tant rebels of 1G90, were not Irish movements in 
 any sense of the phrase. It was only after 1G05 
 that the English' governmriut could, by anj- code 
 of moral obligations whatever, be held entitled 
 to the obedience of the Irish people, whose 
 struggles previous to that date were lawful efforts 
 in defense of their native and legitimate rulers 
 against the English invaders. And never, sub- 
 sequently to 1605, up to the period at which we 
 have now arrived — 1798 — did the Irish people 
 revolt or rebel against the new sovereignty. On 
 the contrary, in 1641, thes" fought for the king, 
 and lost heavily by their loyalty. In 1690 once 
 more they fought for the king, and again they 
 paid a terrible penalty for their fidelity to the 
 sovereign. In plain truth, the Irish are, of all 
 jjeople, the most disposed to respect constituted 
 authority where it is entitled to respect, and the 
 most ready to repay even the shortest measure of 
 justice on the part of the sovereign by generous, 
 
 faithful, enduring, and self-sacrificing loyalty. 
 They are a law-abiding people — or rather a jus- 
 tice-loving people ; for their contempt for law 
 becomes extreme when it is made the antithesis 
 of justice. Nothing but terrible provocation 
 could have driven such a people into rebellion. 
 
 Eebellion against just and lawful government 
 is a great crime. Rebellion against constituted 
 government of any character is a terrible respon- 
 sibility. There are circumstances under which 
 resistance is a duty, and where, it may be said, 
 the crime would be rather in slavish or cowardly 
 acquiescence; but awful is the accountability of 
 him who undertakes to judge that the measure of 
 justification is full, that the moral duty of resist- 
 ance is established by the circumstances, and 
 that not merely in figure of speech, but in solemn 
 reality, no other resort remains. 
 
 But, however all this may be, the public cod© 
 of which it is a part rightly recognizes a great 
 distinction in favor of a people who are driven 
 into the field to defend their homes and altars 
 against brutal military violence. Such were the 
 heroic men of Wexford ; and of the United Irish- 
 men it is to be remembered that if they pursued 
 an object unqu6stionably good and virtuous 
 itself, outside, not within, the constitution, it 
 was not by their own choice. They were no 
 apostles of anarchy, no lovers of revolution, no 
 "rebels for a theory." They were not men who 
 decried or opposed the more peaceful action of 
 moral force agencies. They would have pre- 
 ferred them, had a choice fairly been left them. 
 There was undoubtedlj' a French Jacobinical 
 spirit tingeing the views of many of the Dublin 
 and Ulster leaders toward the close, but under all 
 the ch'cumstances this was inevitable. With 
 scarcely an exception, they were men of exemplary 
 moral characters, high social position, of unsul- 
 lied integrity, of brilliant intellect, of pure and 
 lofty patriotism. They were men who honestly 
 desired and endeavored, while it was permitted 
 to them so to do, by lawful and constitutional 
 means, to save and serve their country, but who, 
 by an infamous conspiracy of the government, 
 were deliberately forced u])on resistance as a 
 patriot's duty, and who at the last sealed with 
 their blood their devotion to Ireland. 
 
 "More than twenty years have i)a88ed away,' 
 says Lord Holland; "many of my political opin-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 22/' 
 
 ■ions are softened, my predilections for some men 
 weakened, my prejudices against others re- 
 moved ; but my approbation of Lord Edward 
 Fitzgerald's actions remains unaltered and un- 
 shaken. His country was bleeding under one of 
 the hardest tyrannies that our times have wit- 
 nessed. He who thinks that a man can be even 
 excused in such circumstances by any other con- 
 sideration than that of despair from opposing by 
 force a pretended government, seems to me to 
 sanction a principle which would insure impunity 
 to the greatest of all human delinquents, or at 
 least to those who produce the greatest misery 
 among mankind."* 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXL 
 
 aOW TIsJi GOVERNMENT CONSPIKACY NOW ACHIEVED ITS 
 
 PURPOSE HOW THE P.^HLIAMENT OF IRELAND WAS 
 
 EXTING0ISHED. 
 
 "HoEROES, " says Sir Jonah Barrington, "were 
 everywhere recommenced, executions were multi- 
 piled. The government had now achieved the 
 very climax of public terror on which they had 
 so much counted for inducing L-eland to throw 
 herself into the arms of the 'protecting' country. 
 Mr. Pitt conceived that the moment had arrived 
 to try the effect of his previous measures, to 
 promote a legislative union, and annihilate the 
 parliament of Ireland." 
 
 "On January 22, 1799, the Irish legislature 
 met under circumstances of great interest and 
 excitement. The city of Dublin, alwa.vs keenly 
 alive to its metropolitan interests, sent its eager 
 thousands by every avenue toward College 
 Green. The viceroy went down to the houses 
 with a more than ordinarj' guard, and being 
 seated on the throne in the House of Lords, the 
 Commons were summoned to the bar. The vice- 
 regal speech congratulated both houses on the 
 suppression of the late rebellion, on the defeat 
 of Bompart's squadron, and the recent French 
 victories of Lord Nelson ; then came, amid pro- 
 found expectation, this concluding sentence : 
 
 " 'The unremitting industry,' said the vice- 
 Toy, 'with which our enemies persevere in their 
 avowed design of endeavoring to effect a separa- 
 
 *Lord Holland, " Memoirs of the Whig Party." 
 
 tion of this kingdom from Great Britain must 
 have engaged your attention, and his majesty 
 commands me to express his anxious hope that 
 this consideration, joined to the sentiment of 
 mutual affection and common interest, may dis- 
 Iiose the ijarliaments in both kingdoms to pro- 
 vide the most effectual means of maintaining and 
 improving a connection essential to their com- 
 mon security, and of consolidating, as far as pos- 
 sible, into one firm and lasting iabric, the 
 strength, the power, and the resources of the 
 British empire. ' 
 
 "On the paragraph of the address re-echoing 
 this sentiment (which was carried b.v a large 
 majority in the Lords) a debate ensued in the 
 Commons which lasted till one o'clock of the fol- 
 lowing day — above twenty consecutive hours. 
 The galleries and lobbies were crowded all night 
 by the first people of the city, of both s<xes, and 
 when the division was being taken the most in- 
 tense anxiety was manifested within doors and 
 without."* 
 
 "One hundred and eleven members had de- 
 clared against the Union and when the doors 
 were opened, one hundred and five were discov- 
 ered to be the total number of the minister s 
 adherents. The gratification of the anti-Union- 
 ists was unbounded; and as they walked deliber- 
 ately in, one by one, to be counted, the eager 
 spectators, ladies as well as gentlemen, leaning 
 over the galleries ignorant of the result, were 
 panting with expectation. Lady Castlereagh. 
 then one of the finest women of the court, ap- 
 peared in the sergeant's box, palpitating for her 
 husband's fate. The desponding appearance and 
 fallen crests of the ministerial benches, and the 
 exulting air of the opposition members as they 
 entered, were intelligible. The murmurs of sup- 
 pressed anxiety would have excited an interest 
 even in the most unconnected stranger, who had 
 known the objects and importance of the contest. 
 How much more, therefore, must every Irish 
 breast which panted in the galleries, have experi- 
 enced that thrilling enthusiasm which accom- 
 panies the achievement of patriotic actions, when 
 the minister's defeat was announced from ths 
 chair! A due sense of respect and decorum re- 
 
 * M'Gee.
 
 222 
 
 THE STORY OF lEELAND. 
 
 strained the galleries within proper bounds ; but 
 a low cry of satisfaction from the female audi- 
 ence could not be prevented, and no sooner was 
 the event made known out of doors than the 
 crowds that had waited during the entire night 
 with increasing impatience for the vote which 
 was to decide on the independence of their coun- 
 try, sent forth loud and reiterated shouts of ex- 
 ultation, which, resounding through the corri- 
 dors, and 'penetrating to the body of the house, 
 added to the triuaiph of the conquerors, and to 
 the misery of the adherents of the conquered 
 minister. "* 
 
 The minister was utterly and unexpectedlj' 
 worsted in his first attack ; but he was not 
 shaken from his purpose. He could scarcely 
 have credited that, uotwithutanding his previous 
 laborious machinations of terror and seduction, 
 there could still be found so much of virtue, 
 courage, and independence in the parliament. 
 However, this bitter defeat merely caused him to 
 fall back for the i)urpose of approaching bj^ mine 
 the citadel he had failed to carry bj' assault. 
 The majority against him was narrow. The 
 gaining of twenty or thirty members would make 
 a difference of twice that number on a division. 
 "All the weapons of seduction were in his 
 hands," says Sir Jonah Barrington, "and to 
 acijuire a majority, he had only to overcome the 
 wavering and the feeble." "Thirty-two new 
 county judgeships," says another writer, "were 
 created; a great number of additional inspector- 
 ships were also placed at the minister's disposal ; 
 thirteen members had peerages for themselves or 
 for their wives, with remainder to their children, 
 and nineteen others were presented to various 
 lucrative offices." 
 
 Both parties — Unionists and anti-XJniouists, 
 traitors and patriots — felt that during the parlia- 
 mentary recess the issue would really be decided; 
 for by the time the next session opened the min- 
 ister would have secured his majority if such an 
 end was possible. The interval, accordingl}', 
 was one of painfully exciting struggle, each 
 party straining every energy. The government 
 Lad a jiersuasive story for every sectional inter- 
 est in the country. It secretly assured the 
 Catholic bishops, nay, solemnly pledged itself, 
 
 *Sir Jonah BarringtOD, "Rise and Fall of tlie Irisli 
 Nution." 
 
 that if the Union were carried, one of the first 
 acts of the imperial parliament should be Catholic 
 emancipation. "An Irish parliament will never 
 grant it, can never afford to grant it," said the 
 castle tempter. "The fears of the Protestant 
 minority in this country will make them too 
 much afraid of you. We alone can afford to rise 
 above this miserable dread of your numbers." 
 To the Protestants, on the other hand, the min- 
 ister held out arguments just as insidious, as 
 treacherous, and as fraudulent. "Behold the 
 never-ceasing efforts of these Catholics! Do 
 what you will, some daj- they must overwhelm 
 you, being seven to one against you. There is 
 no safety for j'ou, no securitj- for the Irish Prot- 
 estant Church Establishment, unless in a union 
 with us. In Ireland, as a kingdom, you are in a 
 miserable minority, sure to be some day over- 
 whelmed and destroyed. United to Great Bri- 
 tain, you will be an indivisible pai't of one vast 
 Protestant majority, and can afford to defy the 
 Papists." 
 
 Again, to the landed gentry, the terrors of 
 "French principles," constant plots and rebel- 
 lions , were artfully held forth. "No safety for 
 society, no security for property, except in a 
 union ■fr:',th Great Britain." Even the populace, 
 the peasantry, were attempted to be overreached 
 also, by infiaming them against the landlords as 
 base yeomanry tyrants, whose fears of the people 
 would ever make them merciless oppressors. 
 
 And it is curious to note that in that day — 
 1799 and 1800 — the identical great things that in 
 our own time are still about to happen, and liave 
 always been about to happen (but are never hap- 
 pening) since 1800, were loudly proclaimed as 
 the inevitable first fruits of a union. "English 
 capital" was to flow into Ireland by the million, 
 "owing," as the ministerialists sagaciously put 
 it, "to the stability of Irish institutions when 
 guaranteed by the union." Like infallible 
 arguments were ready to show that commerce 
 must instantaneously expand beyond calculation, 
 and manufactures spring up as if by magic, all 
 over the island. Peace, tranquillity, prosperity, 
 contentment, and loyalty, must, it was likewise 
 sagely argued, flow from the measure; for the 
 Irish would see the uselessness of rebelling 
 U!;ainst an united empire, and would be 80 happy 
 that disaffection must become uttc.lv unknown
 
 V 
 
 HENRY GRATTAN.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 223 
 
 Nay, whosoever consults the journals of that 
 period will find even the "government dockyai-d 
 at Cork," and other stock jobs of promised "con- 
 cession," figuring then just as they figure now.* 
 
 But the endeavor to influence public opinion 
 proved futile, and the minister found he must 
 make uj) his mind to go through with a naked, 
 unsparing, unscrupulous, and unblushing cor- 
 ruption of individuals. Many of the Catholic 
 bishops were overreached by the solemn pledge 
 of emancipation; but the overwhelming majority 
 of the clergy, and the laitj' almost unanimously, 
 scouted the idea of expediting their emancipa- 
 tion by an eternal betrayal of their country. 
 The Orangemen on the other hand were equally 
 patriotic. All the Protestant bishops but two 
 were gained over by the minister; yet the Prot- 
 estant organizations everywhere passed resolu- 
 tions, strong almost to sedition, against the union. 
 
 Most important of all was the patriotic con 
 duct of the Irish Bar. They held a meeting to 
 discuss the proposition of a "union," and not- 
 withstanding the open threats of government ven- 
 geance, and public offers of "reward" or bribe, 
 there were found but thirty-two members of the 
 bar to support the ministerial proposition, while 
 one hundred and sixty-six voted it a treason 
 against the country. 
 
 The nest session, the last of the Irish parlia- 
 ment, assembled on January 1.5, 1800. The 
 minister had counted every man, and by means 
 the most iniquitous secured the requisite major- 
 it.y. Twenty-seven new peers had been added to 
 the House of Lords, making the union project all 
 safe there. In the Commons some thirty or forty 
 seats had been changed by bargain with the 
 owners of the boroughs. It was doubtful that 
 any bona fide constituency in Ireland — even one 
 — could be got to sanction the union scheme ; so 
 the minister had to carry on his operations with 
 what were called "patronage boroughs," or 
 "pocket-boroughs. " 
 
 The patriot party felt convinced that they 
 were outnumbered, but they resolved to fight the 
 battle vehemently while a chance remained. At 
 
 *Tbe vote of Mr. Robert Fitzgerald, of Corkabeg, was 
 secured by "Lord Cornwallis assuring biiu tbat in tlie 
 event of tlie union a royal dockyard would be built at Cork, 
 which would double the value of his estates." — Barring- 
 ton's "Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation." 
 
 the worst, if overborne in such a cause, thej* 
 could exjiose the real nature of the transaction, 
 and cause its illegality, infamj', and fraud, to be 
 confessed ; so that posterity might know and feel 
 tlie right and the duty of aprioaliTig against, and 
 recovering against, the crime of that hour. 
 They persuaded Grattan to re-enter parliament* 
 to aid th(!m in this last defense of his and their 
 country's liberties. He was at the moment lying 
 on a bed of sickness, yet he assented, and it was 
 decided to have him returned for Wicklow town, 
 that borough being the property of a friend. 
 The writ was duly applied for, but the govern- 
 ment withheld its issue up to the last moment 
 allowed by law, designing to prevent Grattan's 
 return in time for the debate on the address to 
 the throne, the first trial of strength. 'Neverthe- 
 less, by a feat almost unprecedented in i>arlia- 
 mentary annals, that object was attained. "It 
 was not until the day of the meeting of parlia- 
 ment that the writ was delivered to the returning 
 officer. By extraordinary exertions, and perhaps 
 by following the example of government in over- 
 straining the law, the election was held immedi- 
 ately on the arrival of the writ ; a suificient num- 
 ber of votes were collected to return Mr. Grattan 
 before midnight. By one o'clock the return was 
 on its road to Dublin ; it arrived by five ; a party 
 of Mr. Grattan's friends repaired to the house of 
 the proper officer, and making him get out of 
 bed, compelled him to present the writ iu parlia- 
 ment before seven in the morning, when the 
 House was iu warm debate on the Union. A 
 whisper ran through ;every party that Mr. Grat- 
 tan was elected, and would immediately take his 
 seat. The ministerialists smiled with incredu- 
 lous derision, and the opposition thought the 
 news too good to be true. 
 
 "Mr. Egan was speaking strongly against the 
 measure when Mr. George Ponsonby and Jlr. 
 Arthur Moore walked out, and immediately re- 
 turned, leading, or rather helping, Mr. Grattan, 
 iu a state of feebleness and debility. The effect 
 was electric. Mr. Grattan's illness and deep 
 chagrin had reduced a form never symmetrical, 
 and a visage at all times thin, nearly to the ap- 
 pearance of a specter. As he feebly tottered 
 into the House, every member simultaneously 
 
 * Three years before, he and many others of tl" pairiot 
 party had quitted parliament in despair.
 
 224 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 rose from his seat. He moved slowly to the 
 table ; his languid countenance seemed to revive 
 as he took those oaths that restored him to his 
 pre-eminent station ; the smile of inward satis- 
 faction obviously illuminated his features, and 
 re-animation and energy seemed to kindle by the 
 labor of his mind. The House was silent. Mr. 
 Egan did not resume his speech. Mr. Grattan, 
 almost breathless, as if by instinct attempted to 
 rise, but was unable to stand; he paused and 
 with difSculty requested permission of the 
 House to deliver his sentiments without moving 
 from his seat. This was acceded to by acclama- 
 tion, and he who had left his bed of sickness to 
 accord as he thought his last words in the parlia- 
 ment of his countr.v, kindled gradually till his 
 language glowed with an energy and feeling 
 which he had seldom surpassed. After nearly 
 two hours of the most powerful eloquence, he 
 concluded with an undiminished vigor miracu- 
 lous to those who were unacquainted with his 
 intellect. " 
 
 The debate lasted for sixteen consecutive 
 hours. It commenced at seven o'clock on the 
 evening of the 15th, continued throughout the 
 entire night, and did not terminate until eleven 
 o'clock of the forenoon on the IGth, when the 
 division was taken. Then the minister's triumph 
 ■was made clear. The patriots reckoned one hun- 
 dred and fifteen votes ; the government one hun- 
 dred and fifty-eight. There were twenty-seven 
 absent from various causes, nearly every man an 
 anti-Unionist; but even these, if present, could 
 not have turned the scale. The discussion clearly 
 showed that Ireland's doom was sealed. 
 
 There now commenced that struggle in the 
 Irish Senate House in College Green over which 
 the Irish reader becomes irresistibly excited. 
 The minister felt that the plunge was taken, and 
 DOW there must be no qualms, no scruples, as to 
 the means of success. Strong in his purchased 
 majority, he grew insolent, and the patriot 
 minority found themselves subjected to every 
 conceivable mode of assault and menace. The 
 houses of parliament were invariably surrounded 
 with soldiery. The debates were protracted 
 throughout the entire night, and far into the 
 forenoon of the next day. In all this, the calcu- 
 lation was, that in a wearying and exhausting 
 struggle of this kind, men who were on the weak 
 
 and losing side, and who had no personal inter- 
 est to advance, must surely give way before the 
 perseverance of men on the strong and winning 
 side, who had each a large money price from the 
 minister. But that gallant band, with Grattan, 
 Ponsonby, Parsons, and Plunkett at their head, 
 fought the struggle out with a tenacity that 
 seemed to experience no exhaustion. In order 
 to be at hand in the House, and to sit out the 
 eighteen and twenty hour debates, the minister- 
 ialists formed a "dining club," and ate, drank, 
 dined, slept, and breakfasted, like a military 
 guard, in one of the committee rooms. The 
 patriot party followed the same course; and 
 through various other maneuvers met the enemy 
 move for move. 
 
 But the most daring and singular step of all 
 was now taken bj' the government party — the 
 formation of a dueling club. The premier (Lord 
 Castlereagh) invited to a dinner party at his own 
 residence a picked baud of twenty of the most 
 noted duelists among the ministerial followers, 
 and then and there it was decided to form a 
 club, the members of which should be bound to 
 "call out" any anti-Unionist expressing himself 
 "immoderatelj'" against the conduct of the gov- 
 ernment. In plain words, Grattan and his col- 
 leagues were to be shot down in designedly pro- 
 voked duels. 
 
 Even this did not appall the patriot minority. 
 With spirit undaunted they resolved to meet 
 force by force. Grattan proposed that they 
 should not give the ministerial "shooting club" 
 any time for choosing its men, but that they 
 themselves should forestall the government by a 
 bold assumption of the offensive. He was him- 
 self the first to lead the way in the daring course 
 he counseled. On the 17th of February the 
 House went into committee on the articles of 
 union, which, after a desperate struggle, as 
 usual, wei'c carried through by a majoritj' of 
 twenty votes ; one hundred and sixty to one hun- 
 dred and forty. It was on this occasion Corry, 
 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, made, for the 
 third or fourth time that session, a virulent 
 attack on the enfeebled and almost prostrate 
 Grattan. But soon Corry found that though 
 physically prostrated, the glorious intellect of 
 Grattan was as proud and strong as ever, and 
 that the heart of a lion beat in the patriot leader's 
 
 I
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 226 
 
 breast. Grattan answered the chancellor by 
 "that famous philippic, unequaled in our lan- 
 guage for its well-suppressed passion and finely 
 condensed denunciation." A challenge passed 
 on the instant, and Grattan, having the choice 
 of time, insisted on fighting that moment or 
 rather that morning, as soon as daylight would 
 admit. Accordingly, leaving the House in full 
 debate, about day dawn the principals and their 
 seconds drove to the Phoenix Park. Before half 
 an hour Grattan had shot his man, terminating, 
 in one decisive encounter, the Castlereagh cam- 
 paign of "fighting down the opposition." The 
 ministerial "dueling club" was heard of no 
 more. 
 
 "Throughout the months of February and 
 March, with an occasional adjournment, the con- 
 stitutional battle was fought on every point per- 
 mitted by the forms of the House." On the 
 25th of March the committee finally reported the 
 Union resolutions, which were passed in the 
 House by forty-seven of a majority. After sis 
 weeks of an interval, to allow the British Parlia- 
 ment to make like progress, the Union Bill was 
 (May 25, 1800) introduced into the Irish Com- 
 mons, and on the 7th of June the Irish Parlia- 
 ment met for the last time. "The closing 
 scene," as Mr. M'Gee truly remarks, "has been 
 often described, but never so graphically as by 
 the diamond pen of Sir Jonah Barrington. ' ' 
 That description I quote unabridged : 
 
 "The Commons House of Parliament on the 
 last evening afforded the most melancholy ex- 
 ample of an independent people, betrayed, 
 divided, sold, and as a state annihilated. Brit- 
 ish clerks and officers were smuggled into her 
 parliament to vote away the constitution of a 
 country to which they were strangers, and in 
 which they had neither interest nor connection. 
 They were employed to cancel the royal charter 
 of the Irish nation, guaranteed by the British 
 government, sanctioned by the British legislature, 
 and unequivocally confirmed by the words, the 
 signature, and the great seal of their monarch ! 
 
 "The situation of the speaker on that night 
 was of the most distressing nature. A sincere 
 and ardent enemy of the measure, he headed its 
 opponents, he resisted it with all the power of 
 his mind, the resources of his experience, his 
 influence, and his eloquence. 
 
 "It was, however, through his voice that it 
 was to be proclaimed and consummated. His 
 only alternative (resignation) would have been 
 unavailing, and could have added nothing to his 
 character. His expressive countenance bespoke 
 the inquietude of his feelings; solicitude was per- 
 ceptible in every glance, and his embarrassment 
 was obvious in every word he uttered. 
 
 "The galleries were full, but the change was - 
 lamentable; they were no longer crowded with ' 
 those who had been accustomed to witness the 
 eloquence and to animate the debates of that de- 
 voted assembly. A monotonous and melancholy 
 murmur ran through the benches, scarcely a 
 word was exchanged among the members, no- 
 body seemed at ease,no cheerfulness was apparent, 
 and the ordinary business for a short time pro- 
 ceeded in the usual manner. 
 
 "At length the expected moment arrived, the 
 order of the day for the third reading of the bill 
 for a 'Legislative Union between Great Britain 
 and Ireland,' was moved by Lord Castlereagh. 
 Unvaried, tame, cold-blooded, the words seemed 
 frozen as they issued from his lips, and as if a 
 simple citizen of the world, he seemed to have no 
 sensation on the subject. At that moment he 
 had no country, no god but his ambition. He 
 made his motion, and resumed his seat, with the 
 utmost composure and indifference. 
 
 "Confused murmurs again ran through the 
 House; it was visibly affected; every character 
 in a moment seemed involuntarily rushing to its 
 index; some pale, some flushed, some agitated; 
 there were few countenances to which the heart 
 did not dispatch some messenger. Several mem- 
 bers withdrew before the question could be re- 
 peated, and an awful momentary silence suc- 
 ceeded their departure. The speaker rose slowly 
 from that chair which had been the proud source 
 of his honors and his high character ; for a mo- 
 ment he resumed his seat, but the strength of 
 his mind sustained him in his duty, though his 
 struggle was apparent. With that dignity 
 which never failed to signalize his official ac- 
 tions, he held up the bill for a moment in 
 silence : he looked steadily around him on the 
 last agony of the expiring parliament. He at 
 length repeated in an emphatic tone, 'As many 
 as are of opinion that this bill do pass, say ay. ' 
 The affirmative was languid but indisputable:
 
 •226 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND, 
 
 another momentary pause ensued, again his lips 
 seemed to decline their office, at length with an 
 eye averted from the object which he hated, he 
 proclaimed with a subdued voice, 'The ayes have 
 it. ' The fatal sentence was now pronounced ; 
 for an instant he stood statue-like, then indig- 
 nantly, and with disgust, flung the bill upon the 
 table, and sank into his chair with an exhausted 
 spirit. An independent country was thus de- 
 graded into a province : Ireland as a nation was 
 extinguished. ' '* 
 
 The subjoined verses, written on the night of 
 that sorrowful scene — by some attributed to the 
 pen of Moore, by others to that of Furlong — 
 immediately made their appearance ; a Dirge and 
 a Prophecy we may assuredly call them ; 
 
 "O Ireland! my country, the hour 
 
 Of thy pride and thy splendor is past; 
 And the chain that was spurned in thy mo- 
 ment of i)Ower, 
 Hangs heavy around thee at last. 
 There are marks in the fate of each clime- 
 There are turns in the fortunes of men ; 
 But the changes of realms, and the chances 
 of time. 
 Can never restore thee again. 
 
 "Thou art chained to the wheel of thy foe 
 By links which the world shall not sever. 
 With thy tyrant, thro' storm and thro' calm 
 shalt thou go. 
 And thy sentence is — bondage forever. 
 Thou art doom'd for the thankless to toil. 
 
 Thou art left for the proud to disdain. 
 And the blood of thy sous and the wealth of 
 thy soil 
 Shall bo wasted, and wasted in vain. 
 
 * In tlieir private correspondence at tli time the minis- 
 ters were very candid as to the villainy of their conduct. 
 The letters of Lord Castlereagh and Lord Corn wallis abound 
 with the most startling revelations and admissions. The 
 former (Lord Castlereagh) writing to Secretary Cook, June 
 21, 1800 (expostulating against an intention of the govern- 
 ment to break some of the bargains of corruption, as too 
 excessive, now that the deed was accomplished), says : "It 
 will be no secret what has been promised, and by what 
 mcann the Union had been carried. Disappointment will 
 encourage, not prevent disclosures, and the only effect of 
 such n proceeding on their (the ministers) part will be to 
 add the weight of their testimony to that of the anti- 
 Unionista in [iroclalming the profliyaey of the means by 
 rohicli the measure was accomplished. " 
 
 "Thy riches with taunts shall be taken. 
 Thy valor with coldness repaid; 
 And of millions who see thee thus sunk and 
 forsaken 
 Not one shall stand forth in thine aid. 
 In the nations thy place is left void. 
 
 Thou art lost in the list of the free. 
 Even realms by the plague or the earthquake 
 destroy 'd 
 May revive: but no hope is for thee." 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXn. 
 
 IRELAND AFTER THE UNION THE STORY OF ROBERT 
 
 EMMET. 
 
 The peasants of Podolia, when no Russian 
 myrmidon is nigh, chant aloud the national 
 hymn of their captivity — "Poland is not dead 
 yet." Whoever reads the story of this westerii 
 Poland — this "Poland of the seas" — will be 
 powerfully struck with the one all-prominent fact 
 of Ireland's indestructible vitalitj-. Under cir- 
 cumstances where any other people would have 
 succumbed forever, where any other nation 
 would have resigned itself to subjugation and 
 accepted death, the Ii'ish nation scorns to yield, 
 and refuses to die. 
 
 It survived the four centuries of war from the 
 second to the eighth Henry of England. It sur- 
 vived the exterminations of Elizabeth, by which 
 Froude has been so profoundly appalled. It sur- 
 vived the butcheries of Cromwell, and the merci- 
 less persecutions of the Penal times. It survived 
 the bloody policy of Ninety-eight. Confisca- 
 tions, such as are to be found in the history of 
 no other country in Europe, again and again 
 tore up society by the roots in Ireland, trampling 
 the noble and the gentle into poverty and ob- 
 scurity. The mind was sought to be quenched, 
 the intellect extinguished, the manners debased 
 and brutified. "The perverted ingenuity of 
 man" could no further go in the untiring en- 
 deavor to kill out all aspirations for freedom, all 
 instinct of nationality in the Irish breast. Yet 
 this indestructible nation has risen under the 
 blows of her murderous persecutors, triumphant 
 and immortal. She has survived even England's 
 latest and most deadly blow, designed to be the 
 final stroke — the Union.
 
 m^ 
 
 COFYRIGHT, 189S. 
 
 JOHN PHILPOT CURRAN.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 227 
 
 Almost on the threshold of the new century, 
 the conspiracy of Robert Emmet startled the land 
 like the sudden explosion of a mine. In the 
 place assigned in Irish memory to the youthful 
 and ill-fated leader of this enterprise, is power- 
 fully illustrated the all-absorbing, all-indulging 
 love of a people for those who purely give up life 
 on the altar of country. Many considerations 
 might seem to invoke on Emmet the censure of 
 stern judgment for the apparently criminal hope- 
 lessness of his scheme. Napoleon once said that 
 "nothing consolidates a new dynasty like an 
 unsuccessful insurrection ;" and unquestionably 
 Emmet's emeute gave all possible consolidation 
 to the "Union" regime. It brought down on 
 Ireland the terrible penalty of a five years' sus- 
 pension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and a con- 
 temporaneous continuance of the bloody "Insur- 
 rection Act, " aggravating tenfold all the miseries 
 of the country. Nevertheless, the Irish nation 
 has canonized his memory — has fondly placed 
 his name on the roll of its patriot martyrs. His 
 3xtreme youth, his pure and gentle ±iature, his 
 lofty and noble aims, his beautiful and touching 
 speech in the dock, and his tragic death upon 
 the scaffold, have been all-efficacious with his 
 countrymen to shield his memory from breath 
 of blame. 
 
 Robert Emmet was the youngest brother of 
 Thomas Addis Emmet, one of the most distin- 
 guished and illustrious of the United Irish lead- 
 ers. He formed the daring design of surprising 
 the castle of Dublin, and, by the seizure of the 
 capital, the inauguration of a rebellion through- 
 out the provinces. Indeed, it was, as Mr. 
 M'Gee remarks, the plan of Roger O'More and 
 Lord Maguire in 1641. In this project he was 
 joined by several of the leaders in the recent in- 
 surrection, among them being Thomas Russell, 
 one of the bravest and noblest characters that 
 ever appeared on the page of history, and 
 Michael Dwyer, of Wicklow, who still, as for the 
 past five years, held his ground in the defiles of 
 Glenmalure and Imall, defying and defeating all 
 attempts to capture him. But, beside the men 
 whose names were openly revealed in connection 
 with the plot, and these comprised some of the 
 best and worthiest in the land, it is beyond ques- 
 tion that there were others not discovered, filling 
 high positions in Ireland, in England, and in 
 
 France, who approved, counseled, and assisted 
 in Emmet's design. 
 
 Although the conspiracy embraced thousands 
 of associates in Dublin alone, not a man betrayed 
 the secret to the last; and Emmet went on with 
 his preparations of arms and ammunition in two 
 or three depots in the city. Even when one of 
 these exploded accidentally, the government 
 failed to divine what was afoot, though their 
 suspicions were excited. On the night of July 
 23, 1803, Emmet sallied forth from one of the 
 depots at the head of less than a hundred men. 
 But the whole scheme of arrangements — although 
 it certainly was one of the most ingenious and 
 perfect ever devised by the skill of man — like 
 most other conspiracies of the kind, crumbled in 
 all its parts at the moment of action. "There 
 was failure everywhere;" and to further insure 
 defeat, a few hours before the moment fixed for 
 the march upon the castle, intelligence reached 
 the government from Kildare that some out- 
 break was to take place that night, as bodies of 
 the disaffected peasantry from that county had 
 been observed making toward the city. The 
 authorities were accordingly on the qui vive, to 
 some extent, when Emmet reached the street. 
 His expected musters had not appeared; his own 
 band dwindled to a score ; and, to him the most 
 poignant affliction of all, an act of lawless blood- 
 shed, the murder of Lord Justice Kilwarden, one 
 of the most humane and honorable judges, 
 stained the short-lived emeute. Incensed beyond 
 expression by this act, and perceiving the ruin 
 of his attempt, Emmet gave peremptory orders 
 for its instantaneous abandonment. He himself 
 hurried off toward "Wicklow in time to counter- 
 mand the rising there and in Wexford and Kil- 
 dare. It is beyond question that his prompt and 
 strenuous exertions, his aversion to the useless 
 sacrifice of life, alone prevented a protracted 
 struggle in those counties. 
 
 His friends now urged him to escape, and sev- 
 eral means of escape were offered to him. He, 
 however, insisted on postponing his departure 
 for a few days. He refused to disclose his rea- 
 son for this perilous delay ; but it was eventually 
 discovered. Between himself and the young 
 daughter of the illustrious Curran there existed 
 the most tender and devoted attachment, and he 
 was resolved not to quit Ireland without bidding
 
 228 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 her an eternal farewell. This resolve cost him 
 his life. While awaiting an opportunity for an 
 interview with Miss Curran, he was arrested on 
 August 25, 1803, at a house on the east side of 
 Harold's Cross Eoad, a few perches beyond the 
 canal bridge. On the 19th of the following 
 month he was tried at Green Street; upon which 
 occasion, after conviction, he delivered that 
 speech which has, probably, more than aught 
 else, tended to immortalize his name. Next 
 morning, September 20, 1803, he was led out to 
 die. There is a story that Sarah Curran was ad- 
 mitted to a farewell interview with her hapless 
 lover on the night preceding his execution ; but 
 it rests ou slender authority, and is opposed to 
 probabilities. Bat it is true that, as he was be- 
 ing led to execution, a last farewell was ex- 
 changed between them. A carriage, containing 
 Miss Curran and a friend, was drawn up on the 
 roadside, near Kilmainham, and, evidently by 
 preconcert, as the vehicle containing Emmet 
 passed by on the way to the place of execution, 
 the unhappy pair exchanged their last greeting 
 on earth.* 
 
 In Thomas Street, at the head of Bridgefoot 
 Street, and directly opjiosite the Protestant 
 Church of St. Catherine, the fatal beam and 
 platform were erected. It is said that Emmet 
 had been led to expect a rescue at the last, either 
 by Russell (who was in town for that purpose), 
 or by Michael Dwyer and his mountain band. 
 He mounted the scaffold with firmness, and 
 gazed about him long and wistfully, as if he ex- 
 pected to read the signal of hope from some 
 familiar face in the crowd. He protracted all 
 the arrangements as much as possible, and even 
 when at length the fatal noose was placed upon 
 his neck, he begged a little pause. The execu- 
 tioner again and again asked him was he ready, 
 and each time was answered : "Not yet, not yet. " 
 Again the same question, and, says one who was 
 present, while the words "Not yet" were still 
 being uttered by Emmet, the bolt was drawn, and 
 he was launched into eternity. The head was 
 severed from his body, and, "according to law," 
 held up to the public gaze by the executioner as 
 the "head of a traitor." An hour afterward, as 
 an eyewitness tells us, the dogs of the street were 
 
 • Madden's " Lives and Times of the United Irislinien." 
 
 lapping from the ground the blood of the pure 
 and gentle Robert Emmet. 
 
 Moore was the fellow-student and companion 
 of Emmet, and, like all who knew him, ever spoke 
 in fervent admiration of the youthful patriot- 
 martyr as the impersonation of all that was virtu- 
 ous, generous, and exalted. More than once did 
 the minstrel dedicate his strains to the memory 
 of that friend whom he never ceased to mourn. 
 The following verses are familiar to most Irish 
 readers : 
 
 "Oh! breathe not his name; let it sleep in the 
 
 shade 
 "Where cold and unhonored his relics are laid. 
 Sad, silent, and dark be the tears that we shed. 
 As the night dew that falls on the grass o'er his 
 
 head. 
 
 "But the night dew that falls, though in silence 
 
 it weeps. 
 Shall brighten with verdure the grave where he 
 
 sleeps ; 
 And the tear that we shed, though in secret it 
 
 rolls. 
 Shall long keep his memory green in our souls ! ' ' 
 
 Soon afterward the gallant and noble-hearted 
 Russell was executed at Downpatrick, and for 
 months subsequently the executioner was busy at 
 his bloody work in Dublin. Michael Dwyer, 
 however, the guerrilla of the Wicklow hills, held 
 his ground in the fastnesses of Luggielaw, 
 Glendalough, and Glenmalure. In vain regi- 
 ment after regiment was sent against him. 
 Dwyer and his trusty band defeated every efifort 
 of their foes. The military detachments, one by 
 one, were wearied and worn out by the priva- 
 tions of campaigning in that wild region of 
 dense forest and trackless mountain. The guer- 
 rilla chief was apparently ubiquitous, always in- 
 visible when wanted by his pursuers, but terribly 
 visible when not expected by them. In the end 
 some of the soldiers* became nearly as friendly 
 to him as the peasantry, frequently sending him 
 word of any movement intended against him. 
 More than a year passed by, and the powerful 
 
 *They were Highland regiments. Through the inswr 
 rections of 1798 and 1803, the Highland regiments behaved 
 with the greatest humanity, and, where possible, kinilt.fs> 
 toward the Irish peasantry.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 239 
 
 British government, that couki suppress the iu- 
 surrection at large in a few months, found itself, 
 so far, quite unable to subdue the indomitable 
 Outlaw of Glenmalurc. At length it was decided 
 to "open up" the district which formed his 
 stronghold hy a series of military roads and a 
 chain of mountain forts, barracks, and outposts. 
 The scheme was carried out, and the tourist who 
 now seeks the beauties of Glencree, Luggielaw, 
 and Glendalough, will travel bj' the "military 
 roads," and pass the mountain forts or barracks, 
 which the government of England found it neces- 
 sary to construct befoi'e it could wrest from 
 Michael Dwyer the dominion of those romantic 
 scenes. 
 
 The well-authenticated stories of Dwyer's hair- 
 breadth escapes by flood and field would fill a 
 goodly volume. One of them reveals an instance 
 of devoted heroism — of self-immolation — which 
 deserves to be recorded in letters of gold. 
 
 One day the Outlaw Chief had been so closely 
 pursued that his little band had to scatter, the 
 more easily to escape, or to distract the pur- 
 suers, who, on this occasion, were out in tremen- 
 dous force scouring hill and plain. Some hours 
 after nightfall, Dwyer, accompanied by only four 
 of his party (and fully believing that he had suc- 
 cessfully eluded his foes), entered a peasant's 
 cottage in the wild and picturesque solitude of 
 Imall. He was, of course, joyously welcomed; 
 and he and his tired companions soon tasted such 
 humble hospitality as the poor mountaineer's hut 
 could afford. Then they gave themselves to 
 repose. 
 
 But the Outlawed Patriot had not shaken the 
 foe from his track that evening. He had been 
 traced to the mountain hut with sleuth-hound 
 patience and certainty ; and now, while he slept 
 in fancied security, the little slieeliug was being 
 stealthily surrounded by the soldiery. 
 
 Some stir on the outside, some chance rattle of 
 a musket, or clank of a saber, awakened one of 
 the sleepers within. A glance through a door- 
 chink soon revealed all ; and Dwyer, at the first 
 whisper springing to his feet, found that after 
 nearly five years of proud defiance and successful 
 struggle, he was at length in the toils! Pres- 
 ently the officer in command outside knocked at 
 the door "In the name of the king." Dwyer 
 answered, demanding his business. The officer 
 
 said he knew that Michael Dwyer the outlaw waa 
 inside. "Ye.s," said Dwyer, "I am the man." 
 "Then," rejoined the officer, "as I desire to 
 avoid useless bloodshed, surrender. This house 
 is surrounded ; we m ust take you, alive or dead. ' ' 
 
 "If you are averse to unnecessary bloodshed," 
 said Dwyer, "first let the poor man wh(;se house 
 this is, and his innocent wife and children, pass 
 through. I came into this house unbidden, un- 
 expectedly. They are guiltless. Let them go 
 free, and then I shall consider your proposition 
 as regards myself. " 
 
 The officer assented. The poor cottager, his 
 wife, and children, were passed through. 
 
 "Now, then," cried the officer, "surrender in 
 the name of the king." 
 
 "Never!" shouted Dwyer; "we defy you in 
 the name of Ireland. ' ' 
 
 The hills echoed to the deafening peals that 
 followed on this response. For nearly an hour 
 Dwyer and his four companions defended the 
 sheeling, keeping their foes at bay. But by this 
 time one of them lay mortally wounded. Soon 
 a shout of savage joy from the soldiery outside 
 was followed by a lurid glare all around. They 
 had set the cabin on fire over the heads of the 
 doomed outlaws! 
 
 Then spoke up Dwyer's wounded companion, 
 Alexander MacAlister: "My death is near; my 
 hour is come. Even if the way was clear, there 
 is no hope for me. Promise to do as I direct, 
 and I will save you all. " Then the poor fellow 
 desired them to prop him up, gun in hand, im- 
 mediately inside the door. "Now, " continued 
 he, "they are expecting you to rush out, and 
 they have their rifles leveled at the door. Fling 
 it open. Seeing me, they will all fire at me. Do 
 you then quickly dash out through the smoke, 
 before they can load again." 
 
 They did as the dying hero bade them. They 
 flung the door aside. There was an instan- 
 taneous volley, and the brave MacAlister fell 
 pierced by fifty bullets. Quick as lightning, 
 Dwyer and his three comrades dashed through 
 the smoke. He alone succeeded in breaking 
 through the encircling soldiers ; and once ont- 
 side in the darkness, on those trackless hills, he 
 was lost to all pursuit. 
 
 Nor was he ever captured. Long afterward, 
 every effort to that end having been tried for
 
 sra 
 
 THE STORY OF lEELAND. 
 
 years ii, »ain. te was offered honorable condi- 
 tions of BuiTender. He accepted them; but 
 when was i treaty kept toward the Irish brave? 
 Its specific terms were basely violated by the 
 government, and he was banished to Australia. 
 
 The mountaineers of "VVicklow to this day keep 
 up the traditions of Michael Dwyer — of his hero- 
 ism, his patriotism — of his daring feats, his mar- 
 velous escapes. But it is of the devoted Mac- 
 Alister that they treasure the most tender 
 memory ; and around their firesides, in the win- 
 tei' evenings, the cottagers of Glenmalure, in 
 rustic ballad or simple story, recount with tear- 
 ful eyes and beating hearts how he died to save 
 his chief in the sheeling of Imall. 
 
 The following ballad, by IVIr. T. D. Sullivan, 
 follows literally the story of the hero-martyr 
 MacAlister : 
 
 " 'At length, brave Michael Dwyer, you and 
 your trusty men 
 Are hunted o'er the mountains and tracked into 
 
 the glen. 
 Sleep not, but watch and listen ; keep ready 
 
 , blade and ball ; 
 "The soldiers know you're hiding to-night in 
 wild Imaal. ' 
 
 '•The soldiers searched the valley, and toward 
 
 the dawn of day 
 Discovered where the outlaws, the dauntless 
 
 rebels lay. 
 Around the little cottage they formed into a 
 
 ring. 
 And called out, 'Michael Dwyer! surrender to 
 
 the king!' 
 
 "Thus answered Michael Dwyer: 'Into this 
 
 house we came, 
 Unanked by those who own it — they cannot be 
 
 to blame. 
 Then let these peaceful people unquestioned 
 
 pass you through. 
 And when they're placed in safety, I'll tell you 
 
 what we'll do.' 
 
 '"Twas done. 'And now,' said Dwyer, 'your 
 
 work 3'ou may begin : 
 You are a hundred outside — we're only four 
 
 within. 
 "We've beard j-our haughty summons, and this 
 
 is our reply : 
 
 We're true United Irishmen, we'll fight untii 
 we die. ' 
 
 "Then burst the war's red lightning, then poured 
 
 the leaden rain ; 
 The hills around re-echoed the thunder peals 
 
 again. 
 The soldiers falling round him, brave Dwyer 
 
 sees with pride; 
 But, ah! one gallant comrade is wounded by 
 
 his side. 
 
 "Yet there are three remaining good battle for 
 to do ; 
 Their hands are strong and steady, their aim 
 
 is quick and true; 
 But hark! that furious shouting the savage 
 
 soldiers raise! 
 The house is fired around them ; the roof is in 
 a blaze ! 
 
 "And brighter every moment the lurid flame 
 
 arose. 
 And louder swelled the laughter and cheering 
 
 of their foes. 
 Then spake the brave MacAlister, the weak 
 
 and wounded man : 
 'You can escape, my comrades, and this shall 
 
 be your plan : 
 
 " 'Place in my hands a musket, then lie upon 
 
 the floor : 
 I'll stand before the soldiers, and open wide 
 
 the door : 
 They'll pour into my bosom the fire of their 
 
 array ; 
 Then, whilst their guns are empty, dash 
 
 through them and away.' 
 
 "He stood before his foemen revealed amidst the 
 
 flame. 
 From out their leveled pieces the wished-for 
 
 volley came; 
 Up sprang the three survivors for whom the 
 
 hero died. 
 But only Michael Dwyer broke through the 
 
 ranks outside. 
 
 "He baffled his pursuers, who followed like the 
 wind ; 
 He swam the river Slaney, and left them far 
 behind;
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ■4^ 
 
 % 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1898. 
 
 DANIKL, O'CONNELL. 
 
 MURPHY & MCCARTHY.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 231 
 
 But many an Englieh soldier he promised soon 
 
 should fall. 
 For these, his gallant comrades, who died in 
 
 wild Imaal. " 
 
 The surrender of Michael Dwyer was the last 
 event of the insurrection of 1798—1803. But, 
 for several years subsequently, the Habeas Cor- 
 pus Act continued suspended and an insurrec- 
 tion act was in full force. Never, up to the hour 
 of Napoleon's abdiction at Fontainebleau, did 
 the specter of a French invasion of Ireland cease 
 to haunt the mind of England. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIII. 
 
 HOW THE IRISH CATHOLICS, UNDEB THE LEADERSHIP OF 
 O'CONNELL, WON CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. 
 
 Emmet's insurrection riveted the Union chain 
 on Ireland. It was for a time the death-blow of 
 public life in the country. When political action 
 reappeared, a startling change, a complete revo- 
 lution, had been wrought. An entirely new 
 order of things appeared in politics — an entirely 
 new phase of national life and effort; new forces 
 in new positions and with new tactics. Every- 
 thing seemed changed. 
 
 Hitherto political Ireland meant the Protestant 
 minority of the population alone. Within this 
 section there were nationalists and anti-national- 
 ists, Whigs and Tories, emancipationists and 
 anti-emancipationists. They talked of, and at, 
 and about the Catholics (the overwhelming mass 
 of the population) very much as parties in 
 America, previous to 1860, debated the theoret- 
 ical views and doctrines relating to negro eman- 
 cipation. Some went so far as to maintain that 
 a Catholic was "a man and a brother. " Others 
 declared this a revolutionary proposition, sub- 
 versive of the crown and government. The 
 parties discussed the matter as a speculative sub- 
 ject. But now the Catholic millions themselves 
 appeared on the scene to plead and agitate their 
 own cause, and alongside the huge reality of 
 their power, the exclusively Protestant political 
 fabric sank into insignificance, and as such dis- 
 appeared forever. In theory — legal theory — no 
 doubt the Protestant minority were for a long 
 tim*- subsequently "The State, " but men ignored 
 
 the theory and dealt with the fact. From 1810 
 to 1829, the politics of Ireland were bound up in 
 the one question — emancipation or no emancipa- 
 tion. The Catholics had many true and stanch 
 friends among the Protestant patriots. Grattan, 
 Curran, Plunkett, Burke, are names that will 
 never be forgotten by enfranchized Catholic Irish- 
 men. But by all British parties and party lead-' 
 ers alike they found themselves in tumldeceivea • 
 abandoned, betrayed. Denounced by the king, ' 
 assailed by the Tories, betrayed by the Whigs; 
 one moment favored by a premier, a cabinet, or 
 a section of a cabinet; the next, forbidden to 
 hope, and commanded to desist from further 
 effort, on the peril of fresh chains and scourges — 
 the enslaved millions at length took the work of 
 their redemption out of the hands of English 
 party chiefs and cliques and resolved to make it 
 a question of national emergency, not of party 
 expediency. 
 
 The great victory of Catholic Emancipation 
 was won outside of the Parliament, but within 
 the lines of constitutional action. It was mainly 
 the work of one man, whose place in the hearts 
 of his countrymen was rarely, if ever before, 
 reached, and probably will be rarelj' reached 
 again by king or commoner. The people called 
 him "Liberator. " Others styled him truly the 
 "Father of his Country" — the "Uncrowned 
 Monarch of Ireland. " All th« nations of Chris- 
 tendom, as the simplest j'et truest homage to his 
 fame, recognize him in the world's history as 
 "O'Connell." 
 
 It may well be doubted if any other man or 
 any other tactics could have succeeded, where 
 the majestic genius, the indomitable energy, and 
 the protean strategy of O'Connell were so 
 notably victorious. Irishmen of this generation 
 can scarcely form an adequate conception of the 
 herculean task that confronted the young barris- 
 ter of 1812. The condition of Ireland was un- 
 like that of any other country in the world in 
 any age. The Catholic nobility and old gentry 
 had read history so mournfully that the soul 
 had quietly departed from them. Thej' had 
 seen nothing but confiscation result from past 
 efforts, and they had learned to foar nothing 
 more than new agitation that might end simi- 
 larly. Like the lotus-eater, their cry was "Let 
 us alone!" By degrees some of them crept out
 
 232 
 
 THE ST.ORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 a little into the popular movement ; but at the 
 utterance of an "extreme" doctrine or "violent" 
 opinion by young O'Connell, or other of those 
 "inflammatoa-y politicians," they fled back to 
 their retirement vpith terrified hearts, and called 
 out to the government that for their parts, they 
 reprobated anything that might displease the 
 king or embarrass the ministry. 
 
 Nor was it the Catholic nobility and gentry 
 alone whose unexampled iiusillanimity long 
 thwarted and retarded O'Connell. The Catholic 
 bishops for a long time received him and the 
 "advanced" school of emancipationists with un- 
 concealed dislike and alarm. They had seen the 
 terrors and rigors of the penal times; and 
 "leave to live," even by mere connivance, seemed 
 to them a great boon. The "extreme" ideas of 
 this j-ouug O'Connell and his party could only 
 result in mischief. Could he not go on in the 
 old slow and prudent way? What could he gain 
 by "extreme" and "impracticable" demands? 
 
 In nothing did O'Connell's supreme tact and 
 prudence manifest itself more notably than in 
 his dealings wi'ih the Catholic bishops who were 
 opposed to and unfriendly to him. He never 
 attempted to excite popular indignation against 
 them as "Castle politicians;" he never allowed a 
 word disrespectful toward them to be uttered ; 
 he never attempted to degrade them in public 
 estimation even on the specious plea that it was 
 "only in the capacity of politicians" he assailed 
 them. Many and painful were the provocations 
 he received ; yet he never was betrayed from his 
 impregnable position of mingled firmness and 
 prudence. It was hard to find the powers of an 
 oppressive government — fines and penalties, proc- 
 lamations and prosecutions — smiting him at 
 every step, and withal behold not only the 
 Catholic aristocracy, but the chief members of 
 the hierarchy also arrayed against him, nega- 
 tively sustaining and encouraging the tyranny 
 of the government. But he bore it all; for he 
 well knew that, calamitous as was the conduct of 
 those prelates, it proceeded from no corrupt or 
 selfish consideration, but arose from weakness of 
 judgment, when dealing with such critical legal 
 and political questions. He bore their negative, 
 if not positive, opposition long and i)atiently, 
 and in tho end had the triumph of seeing many 
 converts from among his early opponents zeal- 
 
 ous in action by his side, and of feeling that no 
 word or act of his had weakened the respect, 
 veneration, and affection due from a Catholic 
 people to their pastors and prelates. 
 
 From the outset he was loyally sustained by 
 the Catholic mercantile classes, by the body of 
 the clergy, and by the masses of the population 
 in town and country. Owing to the attitude of 
 the bishops, the secular or parochial clergy for 
 a time deemed it prudent to hold aloof from any 
 very prominent participation in the movement, 
 though their sentiments were never doubted. 
 But the regular clergy — the religious orders 
 flung themselves ardently into the people's 
 cause. When every other place of meeting, 
 owing to one cause or another, was closed 
 against the young Catholic leaders, the Carmelite 
 church in Clarendon Street became their rally- 
 ing point and place of assembly in Dublin, freely 
 given for the iiurpose by the community. 
 
 O'Connell laid down as the basis of his politi- 
 cal action in Ireland this proposition, "Ireland 
 cannot fight England." From this he evolved 
 others. "If Ireland try to fight England, she 
 will be worsted. She has tried too often. She 
 must not try it any more." That acumen, the 
 prescience, in which he excelled all men of his 
 generation, taught him that a change was com- 
 ing over the world, and that superior might — 
 brute force — would not always be able to resist 
 the power of opinion, could not always afford to 
 be made odious and rendered morally weak. 
 Above all, he knew that there remained, at the 
 worst, to an oppressed people unable to match 
 their oi)pressors in a military struggle, the 
 grand policy of Passive Resistance, by which the 
 weak can drag down the haughty and the strong. 
 
 Moulding all his movements on these princi- 
 ples, O'Connell resolved to show his countrymen 
 that they could win their rights by action 
 strictly within the constitution. And, very 
 naturally, therefore, he regarded the man who 
 would even ever so slightly tempt them outside 
 of it, as their direst enemy. He happily com- 
 bined in himself all the qualifications for guid- 
 ing them through that system of guerrilla war- 
 fare in politics which alone could enable them 
 to defeat the government without violating the 
 law; quick to meet each dexterous evolution of 
 the foe by some equally ingenious artifice ; evad-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 233 
 
 ing the ponderous blow designed to crush bim 
 — disappearing in one guise only to start up in 
 another. No man but himself could have carried 
 the people, as he did, safely and victoriously 
 through such a campaign, with the scanty iioli- 
 tical resources then possessed by Irish Catholics. 
 It was scarcely hyperbole to call him the Moses 
 of the modern Israel. 
 
 His was no smooth and straight road. Young 
 Irishmen can scarcely realize the discourage- 
 ments and difficulties, the repeated failures — • 
 seeming failures — the reverses, that often flung 
 him backward, apparently defeated. But with 
 him there was no such word as fail. The people 
 trusted him and followed him with the docile 
 and trustful obedience of troops obeying the 
 commands of a chosen general. For them — -for 
 the service of Ireland — he gave up his profes- 
 sional prospects. He labored for them, he 
 thought for them, he lived but for them ; and he 
 was ready to die for them. A trained shot — a 
 chosen bravo — D'Esterre — -was set on by the 
 Orange Corporation of Dublin to shoot him 
 down in a duel. O'Connell met his adversary at 
 eighteen paces, and laid him mortally wounded 
 on the field. By degrees even those who for 
 long years had held aloof from the Catholic 
 leader began to bow in homage to the sover- 
 eignty conferred by the popular will ; and Eng- 
 lish ministries, one by one, found themselves 
 powerless to grapple with the influence he 
 wielded. If, indeed, they could but goad or 
 entrap him into a breach of the law ; if they 
 could only persuade the banded Irish millions to 
 obligingly meet England in the arena of her 
 choice — namely, the field of war — then the min- 
 isterial anxieties would be over. They could 
 soon make an end of the Catholic cause there. 
 But, most provokingly, O'Connell was able to 
 baffle this idea— was able to keep the most high- 
 spirited, impetuous, and war-loving people in 
 the world deaf, as it were, to all such challenges; 
 callous, as it were to all such provocations. 
 They would, most vexatiously, persist in choos- 
 ing their own ground, their own tactics, their 
 own time and mode of action, and would not 
 allow England to force hers upon them at all. 
 Such a policy broke the heart and maddened the 
 brain of English oppression. In vain the king 
 stormed and the Duke of York swore. In vain 
 
 the old "saws" of "Utopian dreams" and 
 "splendid phantoms" were flung at the emanci- 
 pationists. Men sagely pointed out that emanci- 
 pation was "inconsistent with the coronation 
 oath;" was "incompatible with the British con- 
 stitution; that it involved "the severance of 
 the countries," "the dismemberment of the 
 empire," and that "England would spend her 
 last shilling, and her la.st man, rather than grunt 
 it." Others, equally profound, declared that in 
 a week after emancipation, Irish .Catholics, and 
 Protestants "would bo cutting each others' 
 throats;" that there would be a massacre of 
 Protestants all over the island, and that it was 
 England's duty, in the interests of good order, 
 civilization, and humanity, not to afford an 
 opportunity for such anarchy. 
 
 There is a most ancient and fish-like smell 
 about these precious arguments. They are, in- 
 deed, very old and much decayed ; yet my j'oung 
 readers will find them always used whenever an 
 Irish demand for freedom cannot be encountered 
 on the merits. 
 
 But none of them could impose upon or 
 frighten O'Connell. He went on rousing the 
 whole people into one mass of fierce earnestness 
 and enthusiasm until the island glowed and 
 heaved like a volcano. Peel and Wellington 
 threatened war. Coercion acts followed each 
 other in quick succession. Suddenly there 
 appeared a sight as horrific to English oppres- 
 sion as the hand upon the wall to Belshazzar — 
 Irish regiments cheering for O'Connell! Then, 
 indeed, the hand that held the chain shook with 
 the palsy of mortal fear. Peal and Wellington 
 — those same ministers whose especial "plat- 
 form" was resistance a I'outrance to Catholic 
 emancipation — came down to the House of Com- 
 mons, and told the assembled Parliament that 
 Catholic emancipation must be granted. "The 
 Man of the People" had conquered! 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIV. 
 
 HOW THE IRISH PEOPLE NEXT SOUGHT TO ACHIEVE THB 
 KESTOKATION OF THEIR LEGISLATIVE INDEPEND- 
 ENCE HOW ENGLAND ANSWERED THEM WITH A 
 
 CHALLENGE TO THE SWORD. 
 
 Emancipation was won ; yet there was a ques- 
 tion nearer and dear even than emancipation to
 
 234 
 
 THE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 O'Connell's heart — the question of national inde- 
 pendence — the repeal of the iniquitous Union. 
 It might be thought that as an emancipated 
 Catholic he would be drawn toward the legisla- 
 ture that had freed him rather than to that 
 which had forged the shackles thus struck off. 
 But O'Connell had the spirit and the manhood 
 of a patriot. While yet he wore those penal 
 chains, he publicly declared that he would will- 
 ingly forfeit all chance of emancipation from the 
 British parliament for the certainty of repeal. 
 His first public speech had been made against 
 the Union ; and even so early as 1812, he con- 
 templated relinquishing the agitation for eman- 
 cipation and devoting all his energies to a move- 
 ment for repeal, but was dissuaded from that 
 purpose by his colleagues. 
 
 No V, however, his hands were free, and 
 scarcely had he been a year in parliamentary 
 harness when he unfurled the standard of re- 
 peal. His new organization was instantaneously 
 suppressed by proclamation — the act of the Irish 
 secretary, Sir Henry Hardinge, The proclama- 
 tion was illegal, yet O'Connell bowed to it. He 
 denounced it however as "an atrocious Poliguae 
 proclamation," and plainly intimated his con- 
 viction that Hardinge designed to force the 
 country into a fight. Not that O'Connell "ab- 
 jured the sword and stigmatized the sword" in 
 the abstract; but as he himself expressed it, the 
 time had not come. "Why," said he, "I would 
 rather be a dog and bay the moon than the 
 Irishman who would tamely submit to so in- 
 famous a proclamation. I have not opposed it 
 hitherto, because that would implicate the peo- 
 ple and give our enemies a triumph. But I will 
 oppose it, and that, too, not in the way that the 
 paltry Castle scribe would wish — bj' force. No. 
 Ireland is not in a state for repelling force by 
 force. Too short a period has elapsed since the 
 cause of contention between Protestants and 
 Catholics was removed — too little time has been 
 given for healing the wounds of factious conten- 
 tion to allow Ireland to use physical force in 
 the attainment of her rights, or her punishment 
 of wrong. " ^^ 
 
 Hardly had his first repeal society been sup- 
 pressed by the "Polignac proclamation" than 
 he established a second, styled "The Irish Vol- 
 unteers for the Eopeal of the Union. " Anotker 
 
 government proclamation as quickly appeared 
 suppressing this body also. O'Connell, ever 
 fertile of resort, now organized what he called 
 "Repeal Breakfasts." "If the government," 
 said he, "think fit to proclaim down breakfasts, 
 then we'll resort to a political lunch. If the 
 luncheon be equally dangerous to the peace of 
 the great duke (the viceroy), we shall have ijoli- 
 tieal dinners. If the dinners be proclaimed 
 down, we must, like certain sanctified dames, 
 resort to 'tea and tracts.' " The breakfasts were 
 "proclaimed;" but, in defiance of the proclama- 
 tion, went on as usual, whereupon O'Connell 
 was arrested, and held to bail to await his trial. 
 He was not daunted. "Were I fated to- 
 morrow," said he, "to ascend the scaffold or go 
 down to the grave, I should bequeath to my 
 children eternal hatred of the Union." 
 
 The prosecution was subsequently abandoned, 
 and soon afterward it became plain that O'Con- 
 nell had been persuaded by the English reform 
 leaders that the question for Ireland was what 
 they called "the great cause of reform" — and 
 that from a reformed parliament Ireland would 
 obtain full justice. Accordingly he flung him- 
 self heartily into the ranks of the English re- 
 formers. Reform was carried; and almost the 
 first act of the reformed parliament was to pass 
 a Coercion Bill for Ireland more atrocious than 
 any of its numerous pi'edecessors. 
 
 All the^ violence of the English Tories had 
 failed to shake O'Connell. The blandishments 
 of the Whigs fared otherwise. "Union with 
 English liberals" — union with "the great liberal 
 party"- — -was now made to appear to him the 
 best hope of Ireland. To yoke this giant to the 
 Whig chariot, the Whig leaders were willing to 
 pay a high price. Place, pension, emolument 
 to any extent, O'Connell might have had from 
 them at will. The most lucrative and exalted 
 posts — positions in which he and all his family 
 might have lived and died in ease and affluence 
 — ^were at his acceptance. But O'Connell was 
 neither corrupt nor selfish, though in his alliance 
 with the Whigs he exhibited a lack of his usual 
 firmness and perspicuity. Ho would accept 
 nothing for himself, but he demanded the nomina- 
 tion in great part of the Irish executive, and ii 
 veto, on the selection of a viceroy. The terms 
 wore granted, and it is unquestioned and uu-
 
 THE STOilY OF IIIELAND. 
 
 a35 
 
 .quosh&'<ianie that tbe Irish executive thus chosen 
 — the admiuistration of Lord Mulgrave — was the 
 only one Ireland had known for uigh two hun- 
 dred years — the first, and the only one, in the 
 present century — that possessed the confidence 
 and commanded the respect, attachment, and 
 sympathy of the Irish people. 
 
 "Men, not measures," however was the sum 
 -total of advantage O'Connell found derivable 
 from his alliance with the great liberal iiarty. 
 Excellent appointments were made, and numer- 
 ous Catholics were, to the horror of the Orange 
 faction, placed in administrative positions 
 throughout the country. But this modicum of 
 good (which had, moreover, as we shall see, its 
 counterbalancing evil) did not, in O'Connell's 
 estimation compensate for the inability or indis- 
 position of the administration to pass adequate 
 remedial measures for the country. He had 
 given the Union system a fair trial under its 
 most favorable circumstances, and the experi- 
 ment only taught him that in Home Rule alone 
 could Ireland hope for just or protective 
 government. 
 
 Impelled by this conviction, on the 1.5th of 
 April, 1840, he established the Loyal National 
 Repeal Association, a body destined to play an 
 important part in Irish politics. 
 
 The new association was a very w*ak and un- 
 promising project for some time. Men were not 
 at first, convinced that O'Connell was in earnest. 
 Moreover, the evil that eventually tended so 
 much to ruin the association was now, even in 
 its incipient stages, beginning to be felt. The 
 appointment by government of popular leaders 
 to places of emolument — an apparent boon— a 
 flattering concession, as it seemed to the spirit 
 of emancipation — opened up to the administration 
 an entirely new field of action in their designs 
 against any embarrassing popular movement. 
 O'Connell himself was a tower of personal and 
 public integritj"-; but among his subordinates 
 were men, who, by no means, possessed his 
 admantine virtue. It was only when the Mel- 
 bourne (Whig) ministry fell, and the Peel (Tory) 
 ministry came into power, that (government 
 places for Catholic agitators being no longer in 
 the market) the full force of his old following 
 raillied to O'Connell's side in his repeal cam- 
 paign. It would have been well for Ireland if 
 
 most of them had never taken such a step. 
 Some of them were at best intrinsically rude, 
 and almost worthless, instruments, whom O'Con- 
 nell in past days had been obliged in sheer neces- 
 sity to use. Others of them, of a better stamp, 
 had had their day of usefulness and virtue, but 
 now it was gone. Decay, physical and moral, 
 had set in. A new generation was just stepping 
 into manhood, with severer ideas of personal and 
 public morality, with purer tastes and loftier 
 ambitions, with more intense and fiery ardor. 
 Yet there were also among the adherents of the 
 great tribune, some who brought to the repeal 
 cause a fidelity not to be surpassed, integrity 
 beyond price, ability of the highest order, and a 
 matured experience, in which of course, the new 
 growth of men were entirely deficient. 
 
 In three years the movement for national 
 autonomy swelled into a magnitude that startled 
 the world. Never did a nation so strikingly 
 manifest its will. About three millions of asso- 
 ciates paid yearly toward the repeal association 
 funds. As many more were allied to the cause 
 hy sympathy. Meetings to petition against the 
 Union were, at several places, attended by six 
 hundred thousand persons; by eight hundred 
 thousand at two places ; and by nearly a million 
 at one — Tara Hill. All these gigantic demon- 
 strations, about forty in number, were held 
 without the slightest accident, or the slightest 
 infringement of the peace. Order, sobriety, 
 respect for the laws, were the watchwords of the 
 millions. 
 
 England was stripiied of the slightest chance 
 of deceiving the world as to the nature of her 
 relations with Ireland. Tbe people of Israel, 
 with one voice, besought Pharaoh to let them go 
 free ; but the heart of Pharaoh was hard as 
 stone. 
 
 O'Connell was not prepared for the obduracy 
 of tyrannic strength which he encountered. So 
 completely was he impressed with the convic- 
 tion that the ministrj' must yield to the array of 
 an almost unanimous people, that in 1843 he 
 committed himself to a specific promise and 
 solemn undertaking that "within six months" 
 repeal would be an accomplished fact. 
 
 This fatal promise — the gigantic error of his 
 life — suggested to the minister the sure means 
 to effect the overthrow of O'Connell and his
 
 236 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 movement. To break tlie spell of his magic in- 
 fluence over the people — to destroy their hitherto 
 unshaten confidence in him — to publicly dis- 
 credit his most solemn and formal covenant 
 ■with them — that if they would but keep the 
 peace and obey his instructions he would as 
 surely as the sun shone on them obtain repeal 
 within six months)— it was now necessary merely 
 to hold out for six or twelve months longer, and 
 by some bold stroke, even at the risk of a civil 
 war, to fall upon O'Connell and his colleagues 
 with all the rigors of the law and publicly de- 
 grade them. 
 
 This daring and dangerous scheme Peel car- 
 ried out. First he garrisoned the country with 
 an overwhelming force, and then, so far from 
 yielding repeal, trampled on the constitution, 
 challenged the people to war, prepared for a 
 massacre at Clontarf — averted only by the utmost 
 exertions of the popular leaders — and, finally, 
 he had O'Connell and his colleagues publicly 
 arraigned, tried, and convicted as conspirators, 
 and dragged to jail as criminals. 
 
 O'Connell's x>romise was defeated. His spell 
 was broken from that hour. All the worse for 
 England. 
 
 All the worse for England, as crime is always, 
 even where it wins present advantage, all the 
 worse for those who avail of it. For what had 
 England done? Here was a man, the corner- 
 etones of whose policy, the first principles of 
 whose public teaching were — loj-alty, firm and 
 fervent, to the throne; respect, strict and 
 scrupulous, for the laws ; confidence in the prev- 
 alence of reasoning force; reliance, complete, 
 and exclusive, upon the efificacy of peaceful, 
 legal, and constitutional action. 
 
 Yet this was the man whom England prose- 
 cuted as a conspirator! These were the teach- 
 ings she punished with fine and imprisonment! 
 
 The Irish peojjle, through O'Connell, had said 
 to England: "Let us reason this question. Let 
 there be an end of resort to force." England 
 answered by a flourish of the mailed hand. She 
 would have no reasoning on the subject. She 
 pointed to her armies and fleets, her arsenals and 
 dockyards, her shotted gun and whetted saber. 
 
 In that hour a silent revolution was wrought 
 in the popular mind of Ireland. Up to that 
 moment a peaceable, an amicable, a friendly 
 
 settlement of the question between the two 
 countries, was easy enough. But now! 
 
 The law lords in the British House of Peers, 
 by three votes to two, decided that the convic- 
 tion of O'Connell and his colleagues was wrong- 
 ful. Every one knew that. There was what the 
 minister judged to be a "state necessity" for 
 showing that the government could and would 
 publicly defy and degrade O'Connell by convic- 
 tion and imprisonment, innocent or guilty; and 
 as this had been triumphantly accomplished. 
 Peel cared not a jot that the full term of punish- 
 ment was thus cut short. O'Connell left his 
 prison cell a broken man. Overwhelming 
 demonstrations of unchanged affection and per- 
 sonal attachment poured in upon him from his 
 countrymen. Their faith in his devotion to 
 Ireland was increased a hundredfold ; but their 
 faith in the efiicacy of his policy, or the surety 
 of his promises, was gone. 
 
 He himself saw and felt it, and marking the 
 effect the government course had wrought upon 
 the new generation of Irishmen, he was troubled 
 in soul. England had dared them to grapple 
 with her power. He trembled at the thought of 
 what the result might be in years to come. Al- 
 ready the young crop of Irish manhood had be- 
 come recognizable as a distinct political element 
 — a distinct school of thought and action. At 
 the head of this party blazed a galaxy of genius 
 — poets, orators, scholars, writers, and organi- 
 zers. It was the party of Youth, with its gener- 
 ous impulses, its roseate hopes, its classic 
 models, its glorious daring, its pure devotion. 
 The old man feared the issue between this hot 
 blood and the cold, stern tyranny that had shown 
 its disregard for law and conscience. Age was 
 now heavily upon him, and, moreover, there 
 were those around him full of jealousy against 
 the young leaders of the Irish Gironde — full of 
 envy of their brilliant genius, their public fame, 
 their popular influence. The gloomiest forbod- 
 ings arose to the old man's mind, or were sedu- 
 lously conjured up before it by those who sur- 
 rounded him. 
 
 Soon a darker shade came to deepen the gloom 
 that was settling on the horizon of his future. 
 Famine — terrible and merciless — fell upon the 
 laud. Or rather, one crop out of the many 
 grown on Irish soil — that one on which th«
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 237 
 
 masses of the people fed — perished ; and it be- 
 came plain the government would let the people 
 perish too. In 1846 the long spell of conserva- 
 tive rule came to a close, and the "Whigs came 
 into oifice. Place was once more to be had by 
 facile Catholic agitators; and now the Castle 
 backstairs was literally thronged with the old 
 hacks of Irish agitation, filled with a fine glowing 
 indignation against those "purists" of the new 
 school who denied that it was a good thing to 
 have friends in oifice. Here was a new source 
 of division between the old and new elements in 
 Irish popular politics. O'Connell himself was 
 as far as ever from bending to the accejitance of 
 personal favor from the government ; but some 
 of his near relatives and long-time colleagues, 
 or subordinates, in agitation, were one by one 
 being "placed" by the viceroy, amid fierce in- 
 vectives from the "Young Ireland" party, as 
 they were called. 
 
 All these troubles seemed to be shaking from 
 its foundations the mind of the old Tribune, who 
 every day sunk more and more into the hands of 
 his personal adherents. He became at length 
 full persuaded of the necessity of fettering the 
 young party. He framed a test declaration for 
 members of the association, repudiating, dis- 
 claiming, denouncing, and abhorring the use of 
 physical force under any possible circumstances, 
 or in any age or countr.y. This monstrous 
 absurdity showed that the once glorious intellect 
 of O'Connell was gone. In his constant brood- 
 ing over the dangers of an insurrection in which 
 the people would be slaughtered like sheep, he 
 stuck upon this resort, apparently unable to see 
 that it was opposed to all his own past teaching 
 and practice — nay, opposed to all law, human 
 and divine — that it would converse and enthrone 
 the most iniquitous tyrannies, and render man 
 the abject slave of power. 
 
 The young i^arty offered to take this test as 
 far as related to the present or the future of Ire- 
 land ; but they refused to stigmatize the patriot 
 brave of all history who had bled and died for 
 liberty. This would not sufSce, and the painful 
 fact became clear enough that the monstrous 
 test resolutions were meant to drive them from 
 the association. On the 27th of July, 1846, the 
 Toung Ireland leaders, refusing a test which was 
 
 treason against truth, justice, and liberty. 
 
 [quitted Conciliation HaH, and Irish Ireland was 
 rent into bitterly ho.stile parties. 
 
 Not long afterward the insidious disease, the 
 approach of which was proclaimed clearly enough 
 in O'Connell's recent proceedings — softening of 
 the brain — laid the old chieftain low. He had 
 felt the approach of dissolution, and set out on 
 a pilgrimage that had been his life-long dream — 
 a visit to Rome. And assuredly a sidendid wel- 
 come awaited him there; the first Catholic lay- 
 man in Euroiie, the Emancipator of seven mil- 
 lions of Catholics, the most illustrious Christian 
 patriot of his age. But heaven decreed other- 
 wise. A brighter welcome in a better land 
 awaited the toil-worn soldier of faith and father- 
 land. At Marseilles, on his way to Rome, it 
 became clear that a crisis was at hand ; yet he 
 would fain push onward for the Eternal City. 
 In Genoa the Superb ho breathed his last; be- 
 queathing, with his dying breath, his body to 
 Ireland, his heart to Rome, his soul to God. All 
 Christendom was plunged into mourning. The 
 world poured its homage of respect above his 
 bier. Ireland, the land for which he had lived 
 and labored, gave him a funeral nobly befitting 
 his title of Uncrowned Monarch. But more 
 honoring than funeral pageant, more worthy of 
 his memory, was the abiding grief that fell upon 
 the people who had loved him with such a deep 
 devotion. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXV. 
 
 HOW THE HORRORS OF THE FAMINE HAD THEIR EFFECT 
 
 ON IRISH POLITICS HOW THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 
 
 SET EUROPE IN A FLAME HOW IRELAND MADE A 
 
 VAIN ATTEMPT AT INSURRECTION. 
 
 Amid the horrors of "Black Forty-seven," the 
 reason of strong men gave way in Ireland. The 
 people lay dead in hundreds on the highways 
 and in the fields. There was food in abundance 
 in the country ;* but the government said it 
 should not be touched, unless in accordance with 
 the teachings of Adam Smith and the "laws of 
 political economy." 
 
 The mechanism of an absentee government 
 utterly broke down, even in carrying out its own 
 
 *The corn exported from Ireland tliat year would, aloni» 
 it is computed, have sufficed to feed a larger populatioo.
 
 238 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 tardy and inefficient measures. The charity of 
 the English people toward the end generously 
 endeavored to compensate for the inefficiency, or 
 the heartlessness of the government. But it 
 could not be done. The people perished in 
 thousands. Ireland was one huge charnel-pit. 
 
 It is not wonderful that amid scenes like these 
 some passionate natures burst into rash resolves. 
 Better, they cried, the people died bravely with 
 arms in their hands, ridding themselves of such 
 an imbecile regime; better Ireland was reduced 
 to a cinder than endure the horrible physical 
 and moral ruin being wrought before men's eyes. 
 The daring apostle of these doctrines was John 
 Mitchel. Men called him mad. Well might it 
 have been so. Eew natures like his could have 
 calmly looked on at a people perishing — rotting 
 away — under the hands of blundering and in- 
 competent, if not callous and heartless, foreign 
 rulers. But he protested he was "not mad, 
 most noble Festus. ' ' An unforeseen circumstance 
 came to the aid of the frenzied leader. In 
 February, 1848, the people rose in the streets of 
 Paris, and in three days' struggle pulled down 
 one of the strongest military governments in 
 Europe. All the continent burst into a flame. 
 North, south, east, and west, the people rose, 
 thrones tottered, and rulers fell. Once again 
 the blood of Ireland was turned to fire. "What 
 nation of them all, it was asked, had such mad- 
 dening wrongs as Ireland? While all around 
 her were rising in appeals to the God of battles, 
 was she alone to crouch and whine like a beggar? 
 Was England stronger than other governments 
 that now daily crumbled at the first shock of 
 conflict? 
 
 Even a people less impulsive and hot-blooded 
 than the Irish would have been powerless to 
 withstand these incitements. The Young Ire- 
 land leaders had almost unanimously condemned 
 Mitchel's policy when first it had been preached; 
 but this new state of things was too much for 
 them. They were swept off their feet by the 
 fierce billows of popular excitement. To resist 
 the cry for war was deemed "cowardly. " Ere 
 long even the calmest of the Young Ireland chiefs 
 yielded to the epidemic, and became persuaded 
 that the time at length had come when Ireland 
 might safely and righteously appeal for justice 
 to God and her own strong right arm. 
 
 Alas ! all this was the fire of fever in the blood, 
 not the strength of health in that wasted, famine- 
 stricken nation: 
 
 Nevertheless, the government was filled with 
 alarm. It fell upon the popular leaders with 
 savage fury. Mit'shel was the first victim. He 
 had openly defied the government to the issue. 
 He had openly said and jireached that English 
 government was murdering the people, and 
 ought to be swept away at once and forever. 
 So prevalent was this conviction — at all events 
 its first propositioni — in Ireland at the time, that 
 the government felt that according the rules of 
 fair constitutional procedure, Mitchel would be 
 sustained in a court of justice. That is to say, 
 a "jury of his countrymen" fairly impaneled, 
 would, considering all the circumstances, declare 
 him a patriot, not a criminal. So the govern- 
 ment was fain to collect twelve of its own crea- 
 tures, or partisans, and send them into a jury 
 bos to convict him in imitation of a "trial." 
 Standing in the dock where Emmet stood half a 
 century before, he gloried in the sacrifice he was 
 about to consummate for Ireland, and, like another 
 Sesevola, told his judges that three hundred com- 
 rades were ready to dare the same fate. The 
 court rang with shouts from the crowding 
 auditors, that each one and all were ready to fol- 
 low him — that not three hundred, but three 
 hundred thousand, were his companions in the 
 "crime" of which he stood convicted. Before 
 the echoes had quite died away in Green Street, 
 John Mitchel, loaded with irons, was hurried 
 on board a government transport ship, and car- 
 ried off into captivity. 
 
 He had not promised all in vain. Into his 
 vacant place there now stepped one of the most 
 remarkable men — one of the purest and most 
 devoted patriots — Ii-eland ever produced. Gen- 
 tle and guileless as a child, modest and retiring, 
 disliking turmoil, and naturally averse to vio- 
 lence, his was, withal, true courage, and rarest, 
 noblest daring. This was "John Martin of 
 
 *So distressingly obvious was the callousness of i lie gov- 
 eminent to the horrors of the famine — so inhuman its ixilicy 
 in declnrinij that the millions slu.ald perish rather than the 
 corn marliet should be ' disturlied" by the action of the 
 State — that coroners' juries in several places, impaneled 
 in the ca.se8 of famine victims, found as their verdict, on 
 oath, "Wilful murder af;ainst Ijord Jolin Russell" (the 
 premier) and his fellow cabinet ministers.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 239 
 
 Loughornc, " a Presbyterian gentleman of 
 Ulster, who now, quitting the congenial tran- 
 quillity and easy independence of his northern 
 home, took his place, all calmly, but lion-hearted, 
 in the gap of danger. He loved peace, but ho 
 loved truth, honor, and manhood, and he hated 
 tyranny, and was ready to give his life for Ire- 
 land. He now as boldly as Mitchel proclaimed 
 that the English usurpation was murderous in 
 its result, and hateful to all just men. Martin 
 was seized also, and like Mitchel, was denied 
 real trial by jury. He was brought before 
 twelve government partisans selected for the 
 purpose, convicted, sentenced, and •'•urried off 
 in chains. 
 
 Seizures and convictions now multiplied 
 rapidly. The people would have risen in insur- 
 rection immediately on Mitchel's conviction but 
 for the exhortations of other leaders, who pointed 
 out the ruin of such a course at a moment when 
 the food question alone would defeat them. In 
 harvest, it was resolved on all sides to take the 
 field, and the interval was to be devoted to ener- 
 getic preparation. 
 
 But the government was not going to permit 
 this choice of time nor this interval of prepara- 
 tion. In the last week of June a bill to suspend 
 the Habeas Corpus Act was suddenly hurried 
 through Parliament, and the Young Ireland lead- 
 ers, scattered through the country in the work 
 of organization, taken utterly by surprise, and 
 without opportunitj' or time for communication 
 or concert, were absolutely flung into the field. 
 
 The result was what might be expected : no 
 other result was possible, as human affairs are 
 ordinarily determined. An abortive rising took 
 place in Tipperai-y, and once more some of the 
 purest, the bravest, and the best of Irishmen 
 were fugitives or captives for "the old crime of 
 their race" — high treason against England. 
 
 The leader in this movement was William 
 Smith O'Brien, brother of the present Earl of 
 Inchiquin, and a lineal descendant of the victor 
 of Clontarf. Like some other of the ancient 
 families of Ii-eland of royal lineage, O'Briens 
 had, generations before his time, become com- 
 pletely identified with the Anglo-Irish nobility 
 in political and religious faith. He was, there- 
 fore, by birth an aristocrat, and was by early 
 education a "conservative" in politics. But he 
 
 had a thoroughly Irish heart withal, and its 
 promptings, seconded by the force of reason, 
 brought him in 184:4 into the ranks of the 
 national movement. This act — the result of 
 pure self-sacrificing conviction and sense of duty 
 — ^sundei-ed all the ties of his past life, and 
 placed him in utter antagonism with his nearest ' 
 and dearest relatives and friends. He was a 
 man endowed with all the qualities of soul that 
 truly ennoble humanity; a lofty integrity, a 
 proud dignity, a perfect inability, so to speak, 
 to fall into an ignoble cr unworthy thought or 
 action. Unfriendly critics called him haughty, 
 and said he was proud of his family; and there 
 was a proportion of truth in the charge. But it 
 was not a failing to blush for, after all, and might 
 well be held excusable in a scion of the royal 
 house of Thomond, filled with the glorious 
 spirit of his ancestors. 
 
 Such was the man — noble by birth, fortune, 
 education, and social and public position — who, 
 toward the close of 1848, lay in an Irish dungeon 
 awaiting the fate of the Irish patriot who loves 
 his country "not wisely but too well." 
 
 In those days the Irish peasantry — the wreck 
 of that splendid population which a few years 
 before were matchless in the world — were endur- 
 ing all the pangs of famine, or the humiliations 
 of "outdoor" pauper life. Amid this starving 
 peasantry scores of political fugitives were now 
 scattered, pui-sued by all the rigors of the gov- 
 ernment, and with a price set on each head. 
 Not a man — not one — of the proscribed patriots 
 who thus sought asylum amid the people was 
 betrayed. The starving peasant housed them, 
 sheltered them, shared with them his own scanty 
 meal, guarded them while they slept, and guided 
 them safely on their way. He knew that hun- 
 dreds of pounds were on their heads ; but he 
 shrank, as from perdition, from the thought of 
 selling for blood-money, men whose crime was, 
 that they had dared and lost all for poor Ireland.* 
 
 * This devotedness, this singular fidelity, was strikingly 
 illustrated in the conduct of some Tipperary peasants 
 brought forward compulsorily by the crown as witnesses 
 on the trial of Smith O'Brien for high treason. They were 
 marched in between files of bayonets. The crown were 
 aware that they could supply the evidence required, and 
 they were now called upon to give it. One and all, they 
 refused to give evidence. One and all, they made answer 
 to the warnings of the court that such refusal would be
 
 240 
 
 THE STOEY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Dillon, Doheny, and O'Gorman made good 
 their escape to America. O'Brien, Meagher, 
 and MacManus, were sent to follow Mitchel, 
 Martin, and O'Doherty into the convict chain- 
 gangs of Van Diemen's Land. One man alone 
 came scathless, as hy miracle, out of the lion's 
 den of British law; Gavan Duffy, the brain of 
 the Young Ireland party. Three times he was 
 brought to the torture of trial, each time defy- 
 ing his foes as proudly as if victory had crowned 
 the venture of his colleagues. Despite packing of 
 juries, the crown again and again failed to obtain 
 a verdict against him, and at length had to let 
 him go free. "Free" — but broken and ruined 
 in health and fortune, yet not in hope. 
 
 Thus fell that party whose genius won the 
 admiration of the world, the purity of whose 
 motives, the chivalry of whose actions, even 
 their direst foes confessed. They were wrecked 
 in a hurricane of popular enthusiasm, to which 
 thej' fatally spread sail. It is easy for us now 
 to discern and declare the huge error into which 
 they were impelled — the error of meditating an 
 insurrection — the error of judging that a famish- 
 ing peasantry, unarmed aud undisciplined, could 
 fight and conquer England at peace with all the 
 world. But it is always easy to be wise after 
 the fact. At the time — ^in the midst of that 
 delirium of excitement, of passionate resolve and 
 sanguine hope — it was not easy for generous 
 natures to choose and determine otherwise thau 
 as they did. The verdict of public opinion — 
 the judgment of their own country — the judg- 
 ment of the world — has done them justice. It 
 has proclaimed their unwise course the error of 
 noble, generous, and self-sacrificing men. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVI. 
 
 HOW THE IRISH EXODUS CAME ABOUT, AND THE ENGLISH 
 PRESS GLOATED OVER THS ANTICIPATED EXTIRPA- 
 TION OF THE IRISH RACE. 
 
 Eighteen hundred and forty -nine found Ireland 
 in a plight as wretched as had been hers for cen- 
 turies. A year before, intoxicated wi^h hope, 
 
 punished by len{,'tli»ined imprisonment : "Take us out and 
 shoot 08 if you like, but a word we won't swear against 
 the noble gentleman in the dock." The threatened ]iun- 
 ishment was inflicted, and was borne without flinching. 
 
 delirious with enthusiasm, now shb endured th» 
 sickening miseries of a fearful reaction. She 
 had vowed daring deeds — deeds beyond her 
 strength — and now, sick at heart, she looked like 
 one who wished for death's relief from a lot of 
 misery and despair. Political action was utterly 
 given up. No political organization of any 
 kind survived IVIr. Birch and Lord Clarendon. 
 There was not even a whisper to disturb the 
 repose of the "Jailer-General:" 
 
 "Even he, the tyrant Arab, slept; 
 Calm while a nation round him wept."* 
 
 The parliament, for the benefit of the English 
 people, had recently abolished the duty on im- 
 ported foreign corn. Previously Ireland had 
 grown corn extensively for the English market ; 
 but now, obliged to compete with corn-growing 
 countries where the land was not weighted with 
 such oppressive rents as had been laid on and 
 exacted in Ireland under the old system, the 
 Irish farmer found himself ruined by "tillage" 
 or grain-raising. Coincidently came an in- 
 creased demand for cattle to supply the English 
 meat market. Corn might be safely and cheajily 
 brought to England from even the most distant 
 climes, but cattle could not. Ii-eland was close 
 at hand, destined by nature, said one British 
 statesman, to grow meat for "our great hives of 
 human industry;" "clearly intended by Provi- 
 dence," said another, "to be the fruitful mother 
 of flocks and herds. ' ' That is to say, if high 
 rents cannot be paid in Ireland by growing corn, 
 in consequence of "free trade," they can by 
 raising cattle. 
 
 But turning a country from grain-raising to 
 cattle-raising meant the annihilation of the 
 agricultural jiopulation. For bullock ranges 
 and sheep runs needed the consolidation of farms 
 and the sweeping away of the human occupants. 
 Two or three herdsmen or shepherds would alone 
 be required throughout miles of such "ranges" 
 and runs," where, under the tillage system, 
 thousands of peasant families found employment 
 and lived in peaceful contentment. 
 
 Thus, cleared farms came to be desirable with 
 the landlords. For, as a consequence of "free 
 trade," either the old rents must be abandoned. 
 
 * Irish Political Associations.
 
 THOMAS FRANCIS MEAGHER
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 241 
 
 or tue agricultural population be swept away 
 en mouse. 
 
 Then was witnessed a monstrous proceediufi. 
 In 1846 and 1847 — the famine years — while the 
 people lay perishing, the land lay wasted. 
 Wherever seed was put in the ground, the 
 hunger-maddened victims rooted it out and ate 
 it raw. No crops were raised, and, of course, 
 no rents wei'e paid. In any other land on earth 
 the first duty of the State would be to remit, or 
 compound with the landowners for iuij- claims 
 advanced for the rents of those famine years. 
 But, alas! in cruelties of oppression endured, 
 Ireland is^ like no other country in the world. 
 "With the permission, concurrence, and sustain- 
 ment, of the government, the landlords now com- 
 menced to demand what they called the arrears 
 of rent for the past three years! And then — 
 the object for which this monstrous demand was 
 made — failing payment, "notices to quit" by 
 the thousand carried the sentence of expulsion 
 through the homesteads of the doomed people! 
 The ring of the crowbar, the crash of the fall- 
 ing I'ooftree, the shriek of the evicted, flung on 
 the roadside to die, resounded all over the 
 island. Thousands of families, panic-stricken, 
 did not wait for receipt of the dread mandate at 
 their own door. With breaking hearts they 
 quenched the hearth, and bade eternal farewell 
 to the scenes of home, flying in crowds to the 
 Land of Liberty in the West. The streams of 
 fugitives swelled to dimensions that startled 
 Christendom; but the English press burst into a 
 psean of joy and triumph : for now at last the 
 Irish question would be settled. Now at last 
 England would be at ease. Now at last this 
 turbulent, disaffected, untamable race would be 
 cleared out. "In a short time," said the Timett, 
 "a Catholic Celt will be as rare in Ireland as a 
 Red Indian on the shores of Manhattan." 
 
 Their own countrymen who remained — their 
 kindred — their own flesh and blood — their pas- 
 tors and prelates — could not witness unmoved 
 this spectacle, unexampled in history, the flight 
 en masse of a population from their own beauti- 
 ful land, not as adventurous emigrants, but as 
 heart-crushed victims of expulsion. Some 
 voices, accordingly, were raised to deplore this 
 calamity — to appeal to England, to warn her that 
 evil would come of it in tb«^ future. But as j 
 
 England did not see this — did not see it then — 
 she turned heartlessly from the appeal, and 
 laughed scornfully at the warning. There were 
 philosopher-statesmen ready at hand to argue 
 that the flying thousands were "surplus popula- 
 tion. " This was the cold-blooded official way of 
 expressing it. The English press, however, 
 went more directly to the mark. They called 
 the sorrowing cavalcade wending their way to 
 the emigrant ship, a race of -isHassins, creatures 
 of superstition, lazy, ignorant, and brutified. 
 Far in the progress of this exodus — even long 
 after some of its baleful effects began to be felt 
 — the London Saturday Review answered in the 
 following language to a very natural expression 
 of sympathy and grief wrung form an Irish pre- 
 late witnessing the destruction of his peoi)le : 
 
 "The Lion of St. Jarlath's surveys with an 
 envious eye the Irish exodus, and sighs over the 
 departing demons of assassination and murder. 
 So complete is' the rush of departing marauders, 
 whose lives were profitably occupied in shooting 
 Protestants from behind a hedge, that silence 
 reigns over the vast solitude of Ireland. "* 
 
 Pages might be filled with extracts of a like 
 nature from the press of England; many still 
 more coai-se and brutal. There may, probably, 
 be some Englishmen who now wish such language 
 had not been used; that such blistering libels 
 had not been rained on a depai'ting people, to 
 nourish in their hearts the terrible vow of ven- 
 geance with which they landed on American 
 shores. But then — in that hour, when it seemed 
 safe to be brutal and merciless — the grief- 
 stricken, thrust-out people — 
 
 "Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe. " 
 
 And so they went into banishment in thou- 
 sands and tens of thousands, with hands uplifted 
 to the just God who saw all this ; and they cried 
 aloud, " Quousque Dominef Quousque?" 
 
 An effort was made in Ireland to invoke legis- 
 lative remedy for the state of things which was 
 thus depopulating the country. A parliamen- 
 tary party was formed to obtain some measure 
 of protection for the agricultural population. 
 For even where no arrears— for "famine years," 
 or any other years — were due, even where the 
 
 '^ Saturday Beview, November 28, 1863.
 
 M2 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 rent was paid to the day, the landlords stepped 
 in, according to law, swept off the tenant, and 
 confiscated his property. To terminate this 
 shocking system, to secure from such robbery 
 the property of the tenant, while strictly protect- 
 ing that of the landlord, it was resolved to press 
 for an act of parliament. 
 
 At vast sacrifices the suffering people, braving 
 the anger of their landlords, returned to the 
 legislatui-e a number of representatives pledged 
 to their cause. But the English minister, as if 
 bent on teaching Ii-ishmen to despair of redress 
 by constitutional agencies, resisted those most 
 just and equitable demands, and deliberately set 
 himself to corrupt and break up that ^arty. To 
 humiliate and exasperate the people more and 
 more, to mock them and insult them, the faith- 
 less men who had betrayed them were set over 
 them as judges and rulers. And when, by means 
 as nefai-ious as those that had carried the union, 
 this last attempt of the Irish people to devote 
 themselves to peaceful and constitutional action 
 was bafiled, defeated, trampled down, when the 
 "Tenant League" had been broken up, and its 
 leaders scattered — when Gavan Duffy had been 
 driven into despairing exile, when Lucas had 
 been sent broken-hearted into the grave, and 
 Moore, the intrepid leader, the unequaled orator, 
 had been relegated to private life, a shout of 
 victory again went up from the press of England, 
 as if a Trafalgar had been won. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVn. 
 
 OW SOME IRISHMEN TOOK TO "tHE POLITICS OF DE- 
 SPAIR"^ — HOW England's revolutionary teach- 
 ings "came home to roost" HOW GENERAL 
 
 JOHN o'neILL GAVE COLONEL BOOKER A TOUCH OF 
 fontenoy at RIDGEWAY. 
 
 All may deplore, but none can wonder, that 
 under circumstances such as those, a considera- 
 ble section of the Irish people should have lent 
 a ready ear to the "politics of despair." 
 
 "In vain the hero's heart had bled. 
 The Sage's voice had warned in vain." 
 
 In the face of all the lessons of history they 
 would consjiire anew, and dream once more of 
 graiipling England on the battlefield! 
 
 They were in the mood to hearken to any 
 
 proposal, no matter bow wild ; to dare any risk, 
 no matter how great; to follow any man, no 
 matter whom he might be, promising to lead 
 them to vengeance. Such a proposal presented 
 itself in the shape of a conspiracy, an oath-bound 
 secret society, designated the "Fenian Brother- 
 hood," which made its appearance about this 
 time. The project was strenuously reprehended 
 by every one of the "Forty-eight" leaders with 
 scarcely an exception, and by the Catholic clergy 
 universally; in other words, by every patriotic 
 influence in Ireland not reft of reason by despair. 
 The first leaders of the conspiracy were not men 
 well recommended to Irish confidence, '*and in the 
 venomous manner in which they assailed all who 
 endeavored to dissuade the people from their 
 plot, they showed that they had not only copied 
 the forms but imbibed the spirit of the con- 
 tinental secret societies. But the maddened 
 people were ready to follow and worship any 
 leader whose project gave a voice to the terrible 
 passions surging in their breasts. They were 
 ready to believe in him in the face of all warn- 
 ing, and at his bidding to distrust and denounce 
 friends and guides whom, ordinarily, they would 
 have followed to the death. 
 
 In simple truth the fatuous conduct of Eng- 
 land had so prepared the soil and sown the seed, 
 that the conspirator had but to step in and reap 
 the crop. In 1843, she had answered to the 
 people that their case would not be listened to. 
 To the jieaceful and amicable desire of Ireland 
 to reason the questions at issue, England an- 
 swered in the well-remembered words of the 
 Times: "Repeal must not be argued with." 
 "If the Union were gall it must be maintained." 
 In other words, England, unable to rely on the 
 weight of any other argument, flung the sword 
 into the scale, and cried out: " Vw Victis!" 
 
 In the same year she showed the Irish people 
 that loyalty to the throne, respect for the laws, 
 and reliance exclusively on moral force, did not 
 avail to save them from violence. When O Con- 
 nell was dragged to jail as a "conspirator" — a 
 man notoriously the most loyal, iicaceable, and 
 law-respecting in the land — the peoi)le unhappily 
 seemed to conclude that they might as well be 
 real conspirators for any distinction England 
 would draw between Irishmen pleading the just 
 cause of their country.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 243 
 
 But there was yet a further reach of infatua- 
 tion, and apparently England was resolved to 
 leave no incitement unused in driving the Irish 
 upon the policy of violence — of hate and hostil- 
 ity implacable. 
 
 At the very time that the agents of the secret 
 society vpere preaching to the Irish people the 
 doctrines of revolution, the English press re- 
 sounded with like teachings. The sovereign 
 and her ministers proclaimed them ; Parliament 
 re-echoed them ; England with unanimous voice 
 shouted them aloud. The right, nay, the duty 
 of a people considering themselves, or fancying 
 themselves, oppressed, to conspire against their 
 rulers — even native and legitimate rulers — was 
 day by day thundered forth by the English 
 journals. Yet more than this. The most blis- 
 tering taunts were flung against peoples who, 
 fancying themselves oppressed, hoped to be 
 righted by any means save by conspiracy, revolt, 
 war, bloodshed, eternal resistance and hostility. 
 "Let all such peoples know, " wrote the Times, 
 "that liberty is a thing to be fought out with 
 knives and swords and hatchets." 
 
 To be sure these general propositions were 
 formulated for the express use of the Italians at 
 the time. So utterly had England's anxiety to 
 overthrow the papacy blinded her that she never 
 once recollected that those incitements were 
 being hearkened to by a hot-blooded and pas- 
 sionate people like the Irish. At the worst, 
 however, she judged the Irish to be too completely 
 cowed to dream of applying them to their own 
 case. At the very moment when William Smith 
 O'Brien was freely sacrificing or periling hif? 
 popularity in the endeavor to keep his country- 
 men from the revolutionary secret society, the 
 Times — blind, stone-blind, to the state of the 
 facts, blinded by intense national prejudice — • 
 assailed him truculently, as an antiquated traitor 
 who could not get one man — no* even one man — 
 in all Ireland to share his ' i'azy dream" of 
 national autonomy. 
 
 Alas! So much for England's ability to 
 understand the Irish people! So much for her 
 ignorance of a country which she insists on 
 ruling! 
 
 Up to 1864 the Fenian enterprise — the absurd 
 idea of challenging England (or rather accepting 
 her challenge) to a war-duel — strenuously re- 
 
 sisted by the Catholic clergy and other patriotic 
 influences, made comparatively little headway in 
 Ireland. In America, almost from tlie outset it 
 secured large support. For England had filled 
 the Western Continent with an Irish population 
 burning for vengeance upon the power that had 
 hunted them from their own laud. On the 
 termination of the great Civil War of 18C1-18C4, 
 a vast army of Irish soldiers, trained, disciplined, 
 and experienced — of valor proven on many a 
 well-fought field, and each man willing to cross 
 the globe a hundred times for "a blow at Eng- 
 land" — were disengaged from service. 
 
 Suddenly the Irish revolutionary enterprise 
 assumed in America a magnitude that startled 
 and overwhelmed its originators. It was no 
 longer the desperate folhnving of an autocratic 
 chief-conspirator, blindly bowing to his nod. 
 It grew into the dimensions of a great national 
 confederation with an army and a treasury at its 
 disposal. The expansion in America was not 
 without a corresponding effect in L-eland ; but it 
 was after all nothing jiroportionate. There was 
 up to the last a fatuous amount of misunderstand- 
 ing maintained by the "Head Center" on this 
 side of the Atlantic, James Stephens, a man of 
 marvelous subtlety and wondrous plausibility; 
 crafty, cunning, and not always overscrupulous 
 as to the employment of means to an end. How- 
 ever, the army ready to hand in America, if not 
 utilized at once, would soon be melted away and 
 gone, like the snows of past winters. So in the 
 middle of 1865 it was resolved to take the field 
 in the approaching autumn. 
 
 It is hard to contemplate this decision or dec- 
 lai-ation without deeming it either insincere or 
 wicked on the part of the leader or leaders, who 
 at the moment knew the real condition of affairs 
 in Ireland. That the enroled members, howso- 
 ever few, would respond when called upon, was 
 certain at any time ; for the Irish are not 
 cowards; the men who joined this desperate 
 enterprise were sure to prove themselves coura- 
 geous, if not either prudent or wise. But the pre- 
 tence of the revolutionary chief — that there was 
 a force able to afford the merest chance of suc- 
 cess — was too uttei'ly false not to be plainly 
 criminal. 
 
 Toward the close of 1865 came almost contem- 
 poraneously the government swoop on the Irish
 
 244 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 reTolutionary executive, and the deposition — 
 after solemn judicial trial, as prescribed by the 
 laws of the society — of O'Mahony, the American 
 "Head Center, ' ' for crimes and ofEenaes alleged to 
 be worse than mere imbecilty, and the election 
 in his stead of Col. William E. Roberts, an Irish- 
 American merchant of high standing and honora- 
 ble character, whose fortune had always gener- 
 ously aided Irish patriotic, charitable, or 
 religious purposes. The deposed official, how- 
 ever, did not submit to the application of the 
 society rules. He set up a rival association, a 
 course in which he was supported by the Ii-ish 
 Head Center ; and a painful scene of factious and 
 acrimonious contention between the two parties 
 thus antagonized caused the English government 
 to hope — nay,, for a moment, fully to believe — 
 that the disappearance of both must soon follow. 
 
 This hope quicklj' vanished when, on reliable 
 intelligence, it was announced that the Irish- 
 Americans, under the Roberts presidency, were 
 substituting for the unreal or insincere project 
 of an expedition to Ireland, as the first move, 
 the plainly practicable scheme of an invasion of 
 British North America in the first instance. 
 The Times at once declared that now indeed 
 England had need to buckle on her armor, for 
 that the adoption of this new project showed the 
 men in America to be in earnest, and to have 
 sound military judgment in their councils. An 
 invasion of Ireland by the Irish in the United 
 States all might laugh at, but an invasion of 
 Canada from the same quarter was quite another 
 matter; the southern frontier of British North 
 America being one impossible to defend in its 
 entirety, unless by an army of one hundred 
 thousand men. Clearly a vulnerable point of 
 the British empire had been discovered. 
 
 This was a grievous hardship on the people of 
 Canada. They had done no wrong to Ireland or 
 to the Irish people. In Canada Irishmen had 
 found friendly asylum, liberty, and protection. 
 It seemed, therefore, a cruel resolve to visit on 
 Canada the terrible penalty of war for the 
 offenses of the parent country. To this the 
 repl.v from the confederate Irish in the States 
 •was, that they would wage no war on the Cana- 
 dian people; that it was only against JBritish 
 !>ower their hostility would be exercised ; and 
 that Canada had no right to expect enjoyment 
 
 of all the advantages without experiencing, on 
 the other hand, the disadvantages of British 
 connection. 
 
 It seemed very clear that England stood a 
 serious chance of losing her North American 
 dependencies. One hope alone remained. If 
 the American government would but defend the 
 frontier on its own side, and cut the invading 
 parties from their base of supplies, the enter- 
 jirise must naturally and inevitably fail. It 
 seemed impossible, however, that the American 
 government could be prevailed upon thus to be- 
 come a British preventive police. During the 
 civil war the Washington executive, and, indeed, 
 the universal sentiment and action of the Ameri- 
 can people, had plainly and expressly encouraged 
 the Fenian organization ; and even so recently as 
 the spring of 1866, the American government 
 had sold to the agents of Colonel Roberts thou- 
 sands of pounds' worth of arms and munitions 
 of war, with the clear, though unofficial, knowl- 
 edge that they were intended for the projected 
 Canadian enterprise. Nevertheless, as we shall 
 see, the American executive had no qualms about 
 adopting the outrageously inconsistent course. 
 
 Bj' the month of May, 18C6, Roberts had 
 established a line of depots along the Canadian 
 frontier, and in great part filled them with the 
 arms and material of war sold to him by the 
 Washington government. Toward the close of 
 the mouth the various "circles" throughout the 
 Union received the command to start their con- 
 tingents for the frontier. Never, probably, in 
 Irish history was a call to the field more enthusi- 
 astically obeyed. From every Staie in the 
 Union there was a simultaneous movement north- 
 ward of bodies of Irishmen ; the most intense 
 excitement pervading the Irish population from 
 Maine to Texas. At this moment, however, the 
 Washington government flung off the mask. A 
 vehement and bitterly-worded proclamation 
 called for the instantaneous abandonment of the 
 Irish projects. A powerful military force was 
 marched to the northern frontier; United States 
 gunboats were posted on the lakes and on 
 the St. Lawrence River ; all the arms and war 
 material of the Irish were sought out, seized, 
 and confiscated, and all the arriving contingents, 
 on mere suspicion of their destination, were 
 arrested.
 
 COPYRIGHT, IS98. 
 
 SIR CHARLES GAVAN DUFFY. 
 
 MURPHY & MCCARTHY.
 
 TUE STOKY OF IRELAND. 
 
 245 
 
 Chis course of proceeding fell like a thunder- 
 bu.t on the Irish. It seemed impossible to 
 credit its reality. Despite all those obstacles, 
 however — a British army on one shore, an 
 American army on the other, and hostile cruis- 
 ers, British and American, guarding the waters 
 between — one small battalion of the Irish under 
 Colonel John O'Neill succeeded in crossing to 
 the Canadian side on the night of the Slst of 
 May, 1866. They landed on British ground 
 close to Fort Erie, which place they at once 
 occupied, hauling down the royal ensign of Eng- 
 land, and hoisting over Fort Erie in its stead, 
 amid a scene of boimdless enthusiasm and joy, 
 the Irish standard of green and gold. 
 
 The news that the Irish were across the St. 
 Lawrence — that once more, for the first time 
 for half a century, the green flag waved in the 
 broad sunlight over the serried lines of men in 
 arms for "the good old cause" — sent the Ii-ish 
 millions in the States into wild excitement. In 
 twenty-four hours fifty thousand volunteers 
 offered for service, ready to march at an hour's 
 notice. But the Washington government stopped 
 all action on the part of the Irish organization. 
 Colonel Roberts, his military chief officer, 
 and other officials were arrested, and it soon 
 became plain the unexpected intervention of the 
 American executive had utterly destroyed, for 
 the time, the Canadian project, and saved to 
 Great Britain her North American colonies. 
 
 Meanwhile O'Neill and his small force were in 
 the enemy's country — in the midst of their foes. 
 From all parts of Canada troops were hurried 
 forward by rail to crush at once, by overwhelm- 
 irg force, the now isolated Irish battalion. On 
 the morning of the 1st of June, 1866, Colonel 
 Booker, at the head of the combined British 
 force of regular infantry of the line and some 
 volunteer regiments, marched against the in- 
 vaders. At a place called Limestone Eidge, 
 close by the village of Ridgeway, the advanced 
 guard of the British found O'Neill drawn up in 
 a position ready for battle. The action forth- 
 with commenced. The Irish skirmishers ap- 
 peared to fall back slowly before their assailants, 
 a arcumstance which caused the Canadian vol- 
 unteer regiments to conclude hastily that the 
 day was going very easily in their favor. Sud- 
 denly, however, the Irish skirmishers halted, and 
 
 the British, to their dismay, found themselvea 
 face to face with the main force of the Irish, 
 posted in a position which evidenced consum- 
 mate ability on the part of O'Neill. Booker 
 ordered an assault in full force on the Irish posi- 
 tion, which was, however, disastrously repulsed. 
 While the British commander was hesitating as 
 to whether he should renew the battle, or await 
 reinforcements reported to be coming up from 
 Hamilton, his deliberations were cut short by a 
 shout from the Irish lines, and a cry of alarm 
 from his own — the Irish were advancing to a 
 charge. They came on with a wild rush and a 
 ringing cheer, bursting through the British 
 ranks. There was a short but desperate strug- 
 gle, when some one of the Canadian officers, 
 observing an Irish aid-de-camp galloping 
 through a wood close by, thought it was a body 
 of Irish horse, and raised the cry of "Cavalry! 
 cavalry!" Some of the regular regiments made 
 a vain effort to form a square — a fatal blunder, 
 there being no cavalry at hand ; others, however, 
 broke into confusion, and took to flight, the 
 general, Booker, it is alleged, being the fleetest 
 of the fugitives. The British rout soon became 
 complete, the day was hopelessly lost, and the 
 victorious Irish, with the captured British stan- 
 dards in their hands, stood on Ridgeway heights 
 as proudly as their compeers at Fontenoy. "The 
 field was fought and won. " 
 
 CHAPTER Lxxxvrn. 
 
 THE UNFINISHED CHAPTEK OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED ANI> 
 
 SIXTY-SEVEN HOW IRELAND, "oFT DOOMED TO 
 
 DEATH," HAS SHOWN THAT SHE IS "fATED NOT TO 
 DIE." 
 
 Judged by the forces engaged, Ridgeway was 
 an inconsiderable engagement. Yet the effect 
 produced b.y the news in Canada, in the States, 
 in England, and, of course, most of all in Ire- 
 land, could scarcely have been surpassed by the 
 announcement of a second Fontenoy. Irish 
 troops had met the levies of England in pitched 
 battle and defeated them. English colors, 
 trophies of victory, were in the hands of an Irish 
 general. The green flag had come triumphant 
 through the storm of battle. At home and 
 abroad the Irish saw only these facts, and these 
 appeared to be all-sufficient for natiojal pride.
 
 246 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 O'Neill, on the morrow of his victory, learned 
 with poignant feelings that his supports and sup- 
 plies had been all cut off by the American gun- 
 boats. In his front the enemy were concentrat- 
 ing in thousands. Behind him rolled the St. 
 Lawrence, cruised by LTnited States war steamers. 
 He was ready to fight the British, but he could 
 not match the combined powers of Britain and 
 America He saw the enterprise was defeated 
 hopelessly, for this time, by the action of the 
 Washington executive, and, feeling that he had 
 truly "done enough for valor," he surrendered 
 to the United States naval commander. 
 
 This brief episode at Eidgeway was fcrj the 
 confederated Irish the one gleam to lighten the 
 page of their history for 1866. That page was 
 otherwise darkened and blotted by a record of 
 humiliating and disgraceful exposures in connec- 
 tion with the Irish Head Center. In autumn of 
 that yeai- he proceeded to America, and finding his 
 authority repudiated and his integrity doubted, 
 he resorted to a course whieh it would be difii- 
 cult to characterize too strongly. By way of 
 attracting a following to his own standard, and 
 obtaining greater influence, he publicly an- 
 nounced that in the winter months close at hand, 
 and before the new year dawned, he would (seal- 
 ing his undertaking with an awful invocation of 
 the Most High) be in Ireland, leading the long- 
 promised insurrection. Had this been a mere 
 "intention" which might be "disappointed," it 
 was still manifestly criminal thus to announce it 
 to the British government, unless, indeed, his 
 resources in hand were so enormous as to render 
 England's preparations a matter of indifference. 
 But it was not an "intention," he announced it, 
 and swore to it. He threatened with the most 
 serious personal consequences any and every man 
 soever, who might dare to express a doubt that 
 the event would come off as he swore. The few 
 months remaining of the year flew by ; his in- 
 timate adherents spread the rumor that he had 
 sailed for the scene of action, and in Ireland the 
 news occasioned almost a panic. One day, 
 toward the close of December, however, all New 
 York rang with the exposui-e that Stephens had 
 never iiuitted for Ireland, but was hiding from 
 his own enraged followers in Brooklyn. The 
 scenes that ensued were such as may well bo 
 omitted from these pages. In that bitter hour 
 
 thousands of honest, impulsive, and self-sacrific- 
 ing L'ishmen endured the anguish of discovering 
 that they had been deceived as never had men 
 been before ; that an idol worshipped with fren- 
 zied devotion was, after all, a thing of clay. 
 There was great rejoicing by the government 
 party in Ireland over this exposure of Stephens' 
 failure. Now, at least, it was hoped, nay, con- 
 fidently assumed, there would be an end of the 
 revolutionary enterprise. 
 
 And now, assuredly, there would have been an 
 end of it had Irish disaffection been a growth 
 of yesterday ; or had the unhappj' war between 
 England and the Irish race been merely a pass- 
 ing contention, a momentary flash of excitement. 
 But it was not so ; and these very exposures and 
 scandals and recriminations seemed only fated to 
 try in the fiery ordeal the strength, depth, and 
 intensity of that disaffection. 
 
 In Ireland, where Stephens had been most 
 implicitly believed in, the news of this collapse 
 — which reached there early in 1867 — filled the 
 circles with keen humiliation. The more dis- 
 passionate wisely rejoiced that he had net 
 attempted to keep a promise the making of 
 which was in itself a crime ; but the desire to 
 wipe out the reproach supposed to be cast on the 
 whole enrolment by his public defection becane 
 so overpowering that a rising was arranged to 
 come off simultaneously all over Ireland on tje 
 5th of March, 1867. 
 
 Of all the insensate attempts at revolution 
 recorded in history, this one assuredly was pre- 
 eminent. The most extravagant of the ancient 
 Fenian tales supplies nothing more absurd. The 
 inmates of a lunatic asylum could scarcely hive 
 produced a more impossible scheme. The one 
 redeeming feature in the whole proceeding was 
 the conduct of the hapless men who engaged in 
 it. Firstly, thoir courage in responding to mch 
 a summons at all, unarmed and unaided as they 
 were. Secondly, their intense religious feelings. 
 On the days immediately preceding the 5<h of 
 March, the Catholic churches were crowdel by 
 the youth of the country, making spiritual prepa- 
 rations for what they believed would 1)6 a 
 struggle in which many would fall and few sur- 
 vive. Thirdly, their noble humanity to the 
 prisoners whom they captured, their scruimlous 
 regard for private property, and their earnest
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 247 
 
 i 
 
 anxiety to carry on their struggle without infrac- 
 tion in aught of the laws and rules of honoi-able 
 warfare. 
 
 In the vicinity of Dublin, and in Tipperary, 
 Cork, and Limerick counties, attacks were made 
 on the police stations, several of which were cap- 
 tui-ed by or surrendered to the insurgents. But 
 a circumstance as singular as any recorded in 
 history intervened to suppress the movement 
 more eifectually than the armies and fleets of 
 England ten times told could do. On the next 
 night following the rising — the Gth of March — 
 there commenced a snowstorm which will long 
 be remembered in Ireland, as it was probably 
 without precedent in our annals. For twelva 
 days and nights, without intermission, a tempest 
 of snow and sleet raged over the land, piling 
 snow to the depth of yards on all the mountains, 
 steets, and highways. The plan of the insurrec- 
 tion evidently had for its chief feature desultory 
 warfare in the mountain districts; but this inter- 
 vention of the elements utterly frustrated the 
 project, and saved Ireland from the horrors of a 
 protracted struggle. 
 
 The last episode of the "rising" was one one, 
 the immediate and remote effects of which on 
 public feeling were of astonishing magnitude, 
 the capture and death of Peter O'Neill Crowley 
 in Kilclooney Wood, near Mitchelstown. Crow- 
 ley was a man highly esteemed, widely popular, 
 and greatly loved in the neighborhood ; a man 
 of respectable position, and of good education, 
 and of character so pure and life so blameless 
 that the peasantry revered him almost as a saint. 
 Toward the close of March the government 
 authorities had information that some of the 
 leaders in the late rising were concealed in Kil- 
 clooney Wood, and it was surrounded with mili- 
 tary, "beating" the copse for the human game. 
 Suddenly they came on Crowley and two com- 
 rades, and a bitter fusillade proclaimed the dis- 
 covery. The fugitives defended themselves 
 bravely, but eventually Crowley was shot down, 
 and brought a corpse into the neighboring town. 
 Around his neck (inside his shirt) hung a small 
 silver crucifix and a medal of the Immaculate 
 Conception. A bullet had struck the latter, and 
 dinged it into a cup shape. Another had struck 
 the crucifix. It turned out that the fugitives, 
 during their concealment in the wood, under 
 
 ' Crowley's direction, never omitted compliance 
 with the customary Lenten devotions. Every 
 night they knelt around the embers of their 
 watchfire, and recited aloud the Rosary, and at 
 the moment of their surprise by the soldiery they 
 were at their morning prayers. All these circum- 
 stances — Crowley's high character, his edifying 
 life, his tragic fate — profoundly impressed the 
 public mind. While government was felicitat- 
 ing itself on the "final" suppression of its pro- 
 tean foe, Irish disaffection, and the English 
 press was commencing anew the old vaunting 
 story about how Ireland's "crazy dream" of 
 nationality had been dispelled forever, a start- 
 ling change, a silent revolution, was being 
 wrought in the feelings, the sentiments, the 
 resolutions of the Irish nation. First came com- 
 passion and sympathy ; then anger and indigna- 
 tion, soon changing into resentment and hostil- 
 ity. Ihe people heard their abstention from the 
 imiiossible project of "Fenianism" construed 
 into an approbation and sustainment of the 
 existing rule — an acceptance of provincialism. 
 They heard the hapless victims of the late rising 
 reviled as "i-uffians, " "murderers," "robbers," 
 "marauders," animated by a desire for plunder. 
 They knew the horrible falseness, the baseness 
 and cruelty of all this, coming as it did, too, 
 from the press of a nation ready enough to hound 
 on revolutionary cutthroats abroad, while vent- 
 ing such brutality upon Irishmen like Peter 
 O'Neill Crowley. Ireland could not stand this. 
 No people with a spark of manhood or of honor 
 left, could be silent or neutral here. In the end 
 proposed to themselves by those slain or cap- 
 tured Irishmen — the desire to lift their country 
 up from her fallen state, to stanch her wounds, 
 to right her wrongs — their countrymen all were 
 at one with them ; and the purity, the virtue of 
 their motives, were warmly recognized by men 
 who had been foremost in reprehending the hap- 
 less course by which they had immolated them- 
 selves. For whatever disorders had arisen from 
 this conspiracy, for whatever there was to 
 reprehend in it, the judgment of the Irish 
 people held English policy and English acts and 
 teachings to account. For who made those men 
 conspirators? Who taught them to look to 
 violence? Who challenged them to a trial of 
 force? When they who had done these thins '
 
 248 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 now turned round on the Tictims of a noble and 
 generous impulse, and caluminated them, as- 
 suredly their fellow-countrymen could not stand 
 by unmoved. And the conduct of "the men in 
 the dock" brought all Ireland to their side. 
 Never in any age, or in any country, did men 
 bear themselves in such strait more nobly than 
 those men of '67. They were not men to blush 
 for. Captured at hazard by the government 
 from among thousands, yet did they one and all 
 demean themselves with a dignity, a fortitude, a 
 heroism worthy of — 
 
 The holiest cause that tongue or sword 
 Of mortal ever lost or gained. 
 
 Some of them were peasants, others were pro- 
 fessional men, others were soldiers, many were 
 artisans. Not a man of them all quailed in the 
 dock. Not one of them spoke a word or did 
 an act which could bring a blush to the cheek 
 of a Christian patriot. Some of them — like Peter 
 O'Neill Crowley — had lived stainless lives, and 
 met their fate with the spirit of the first Chris- 
 tian martyrs. Their last words were of God and 
 Ireland. Their every thought and utterance 
 seemed an inspiration of virtue, of patriotism, 
 or of religion. As man after man of them was 
 brought to his doom, and met it with bravery, 
 the heart of Ireland swelled and throbbed with a 
 force unknown for long years. 
 
 Meanwhile an almost permanent court-martial 
 was sitting in Dublin for the trial of soldiers 
 charged, some with sedition, others simply with 
 the utterance of patriotic sentiments ; and scenes 
 which might be deemed incredible in years to 
 come, had they not public witnesses and public 
 record in the press, were filling to the brim the 
 cup of public horror and indignation. The 
 shrieks of Irish soldiers given over to the knout, 
 resounded almost daily. Bloodclots from the 
 lash sprinkled the barrack yards all over. Many 
 of the Irishmen thus sentenced walked to the 
 triangle stripped themselves for the torture, 
 bore it without a groan, and when all was fin- 
 ished — while their comrades were turning away 
 sickened and fainting — cheered anew for "poor 
 Ireland," or repeated the "seditious" aspiration 
 for which they had just suffered! 
 
 Amid such scenes, under such circumstances, 
 a momentous transformation took place in Ire- 
 
 land. In the fires of such affliction the whole 
 nation became fused. All minor political dis- 
 tinctions seemed to crumble or fade away, all 
 past contentions seemed forgotten, and only two 
 great parties seemed to exist in the Island, those 
 who loved the regime of the blood-clotted lash, 
 the penal chain and the gibbet, and those who 
 hated it. Out of the ashes of "Fenianism," out 
 of the shattered debris of that insane and hope- 
 less enterprise, arose a gigantic power; and 1867 
 beheld Irish nationality more of a visible and 
 potential reality than it had been for centuries. 
 
 Here abruptly pauses the History of Ireland; 
 not ended, because "Ireland is not dead yet. " 
 Like that faith to which she has clung through 
 ages of persecution, it may be said of her that, 
 though "oft doomed to death, "she is "fated not 
 to die. " 
 
 Victory must be with her. Already it is with 
 her. Other nations have bowed to the yoke of 
 conquest, and been wiped out from history. 
 Other peoples have given up the faith of their 
 fathers at the bidding of the sword. Other races 
 have sold the glories of their past and the hopes 
 of their future for a mess of pottage ; as if there 
 was nothing nobler in mans' destiny than to 
 feed and sleep and die. But Ireland, after cen- 
 turies of suffering and sacrifice such as have 
 tried no other nation in the world, has success- 
 fully, proudly, gloriously, defended and retained 
 her life, her faith, her nationality. Well may 
 her children, proclaiming aloud that "there is a 
 God in Israel, ' ' look forward to a serene and 
 happy future, beyond the tearful clouds of this 
 troubled present. Assuredly a people who have 
 survived so much, resisted so much, retained so 
 much, are destined to receive the rich reward of 
 such devotion, such constancy, such heroism. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIX. 
 
 THE FENIAN RISING AND WHAT FOLLOWED IT THe"SDE- 
 
 PRISe" of CHESTER CASTLE THE " JACKNELL" EX- 
 PEDITION — ^THE MANCHESTER RESCUE. 
 
 Seventeen years have sped swiftly by since the 
 author of the foregoing chapter, with the in- 
 stinct of a deep thinker and student of political 
 history, predicted for that land, to which he has 
 proved his deep devotion, a glorious future and
 
 I
 
 m:^v'-. 
 
 COKVRIGHT, 1898. 
 
 JAMKS STEVENS. 
 
 MURPHV & MCCARTHY.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 249 
 
 a deliyerance from the long night of bondage. 
 Thiit hope is not yet realized; the goal is not 
 reached yet; it is still the night; but our eyes 
 are turned toward the East — a little while and the 
 day of freedom shall have dawned upon Erin. 
 
 Before narrating the more important events 
 that have occurred in Ireland within the period 
 indicated, or speaking of that wave of agitation 
 founded on constitutional lines, as laid down by 
 the Liberator, which has passed over the land 
 quite recently, it will bo well, perhaps, to give a 
 phort resume of those incidents of the rising of 
 'G7 that have not been recorded in the la.st 
 chapter. 
 
 The 12th of February had been the day origin- 
 ally fixed for a simultaneous rising throughout 
 the country by the council of delegates in Dub- 
 lin. As the time approached, however, it was 
 decided to postpone the movement until the 5th 
 of March. The Fenian circles in Lancashire, 
 England, had decided to co-operate with the 
 Dublin movement on the day originally fixed, 
 and their project was unquestionably a most 
 daring one, being nothing less than the surprise 
 of Chester Castle, which was known to contain 
 many thousand stand of arms, with ammunition 
 and military equipments ; and which, moreover, 
 had only a small garrison. It was resolved on 
 by the Fenian military council in Liverpool to 
 attack the castle, seize all the arms tnerein, and 
 next, to attach the railway rolling stock, load 
 the same with men and arms, and run the trains 
 to Holyhead. At the latter place, all steamers 
 in port were to be seized and converted into a 
 transport fleet, which was to be headed imme- 
 diately for Dublin Bay! The audacity of this 
 enterprise has scarcely a parallel in military his- 
 tory ; save it be that brief and unfortunate cam- 
 paign that culminated in Ballingarry; yet, 
 astounding as it may appear, it is conceded that 
 its success, so far as regards the seizure of Che.s- 
 ter Castle, might have been effected, were it not 
 for the treachery of John Joseph Corydon, one 
 of Stephens' lieutenants, and deemed to be one 
 of the most reliable men in the conspiracy. 
 Corydon had given information to the Chief 
 Constable of Liverpool, and, so utterly incredu- 
 lous -were the authorities at the intelligence 
 that considerable time was lost before steps were 
 taken to thwart the movement by strengthening 
 
 the garrison of the castlo. Soon, however, 
 mounted messengers hurried ofi in all directions 
 for troops, who reached the scene of expected 
 attack by special trains from Birkenhead and 
 other local points. The an-ival of these troops, 
 and the bustle and stir observable in the vicin- 
 ity of the castle, were not lost on several gruu' 3 
 of men who had lounged all the forenoon around 
 Birkenhead, and whose presence — most of them 
 beging strangers — was, doubtlosH, an object of 
 surprise to the inhabitants. These were the con- 
 tingents from the Fenian circles in Manchester, 
 Bolton, etc., who had come in by the morning 
 trains, and who now departed as quickly, word 
 having reached them that their plans were be- 
 trayed. One party of them who got on board 
 the Dublin boat at Holyhead, were arrested im- 
 mediately on its arrival in North Wall. The rising 
 in Ireland, which occurred a few weeks later, 
 was, if anything, a more abortive attempt at 
 revolution than the expisode of Chester Castle; 
 and its results, as all sane persons could predict, 
 the reverse of what its foolhardy participants 
 had anticipated. In the vicinity of Cork, the 
 more formidable demonstrations took place; but 
 they amounted to nothing more than attacks on 
 constabulary barracks (one of which, Ballynokane, 
 was burned) and a skirmish in the streets of 
 Kilmallock. Two circumstances were parainouufc 
 in rendering the movement wholly futile — the 
 treachery of the arch informer, Corydon, and the 
 tempestuous elements. The severity of the 
 weather has been already spoken of. The travel- 
 ler who is familiar with the aspect of Canadian 
 hills, or the steppes of Russia, when the biting 
 north wind from the pole drifts the cumbering 
 snow, lying deep on the highways and deeper in 
 ravines and mountain gorges, can best judge of 
 the outlook for revolutionary warfare carried on 
 in such a season on the hills of Tipperary or the 
 mountains of Kerry ; yet this was the plan of the 
 Fenian military chiefs. Under more favorable 
 circumstances — with a larger force supplied with 
 arms and a commissariat — it is a moot question 
 ■whether exposure on the bare hills of Ireland at 
 such a season would not have caused its speedy 
 decimation, as surely as the same cause effected 
 the destruction of Napoleon's army retreating 
 from Moscow. While it must be admitted that 
 the Rising, as the outcome of the plans batched
 
 250 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 for long in secret by the Fenian brotherhood, 
 served the National cause in so far as proving 
 (if proof were necessary) the disaffection of the 
 people at large, and as a clear and emphatic pro- 
 test against misrule, j-et it cannot be denied that 
 its immediate consequences were, indeed, very 
 sad. The young men who had taken an active 
 part in the inglorious affair very quickly rea- 
 lized the enormity of conspiring against the 
 British crown when they found themselves 
 dragged off to prison — often out of their beds at 
 night — and there held to await the trial where 
 Justice seldom lent her ear to the plea of Mercy. 
 Terms of ten, fifteen, and twenty years of penal 
 servitude, and sometimes sentence for life, was 
 the reward of those who had loved their country 
 not wisely but too well. 
 
 The next affair in the order of time that fol- 
 lowed after the Rising has acquired notoriety 
 as the " Jacknell expedition." The Jacknell, a 
 brigantine of about 250 tons' burden, formerly 
 engaged in the West Indian trade, was chartered 
 by a party of patriotic Irishmen in New York, 
 who designed to supply the "men in the gap" 
 with arms in the hour of their struggle — so 
 grossly had the Irish-Fenian executive deceived 
 the American contingents as to have left them 
 for weeks under the delusion that the red tide' of 
 war was rolling over the hills of Ireland! The 
 Jacknell was freighted with rifles, bayonets, 
 cartridges, and a few field guns, all packed into 
 ■wine barrels, sewing-machine and piano cases — 
 the latter serving as a safe blind for "contraband 
 of war" against the scrutiny of custom-house 
 officials. The bill of lading was made oat for 
 the domestic articles just mentioned, and the 
 ship cleared for a port in Cuba. Her destina- 
 tion, however, was not Cuba. 
 
 On the 12th of April, 1867, a party of forty or 
 fifty men got on board a steamboat at a wharf in 
 New York, ostensibly for a trip down the harbor. 
 The whole party was composed of ex-ofl&cers and 
 privates of the American army, and as they had 
 •no baggage with them, and presented nothing 
 suspicious in appearance, their departui-e was 
 unnoticed. They reached Sandy Hook in due 
 time, and boarded the Jacknell, which quickly 
 set sail toward the West Indies. The Jacknell 's 
 destination, however, was not the West Indies, 
 but Ireland. The more prominent among the 
 
 party were Gen. J. E. Kerrigan, Col. S. E. Tre- 
 silian. Col. John Warren, Col. Naglc, Lieut. 
 Augustine E. Costello, and Capt. Cavanagh. 
 The Jacknell steered southward for abovit twenl^'- 
 four hours, then changed her course for the "old 
 land." On Sunday, 29th 6f April, the sunburst 
 of Erin was hoisted to the mainmast, and hailed 
 with a salute from the three field pieces carried 
 on board the "Erin's Hope," which was the new 
 and auspicioiis name there and then bestowed on 
 the adventurous brigantine. Sealed orders were 
 then opened, and commissions assigned to the 
 officers and men of the expedition. Sligo Bay, 
 which was their destination, was reached on the 
 20th of May. The ship stood in the offing for a 
 day or two, until boarded by an agent of the 
 Confederates. His account of the real state of 
 affairs in Ireland very quickly dispelled the 
 visions conjured up in the minds of these men 
 by perusal of sensational telegrams in the New 
 York daily papers. A landing in Sligo, they 
 were informed, was cut of the question ; but an 
 effort should be made to land the arms and mili- 
 tary stores somewhere on the southern coast. 
 The government had intelligence of a suspicious- 
 looking vessel hovering on the western coast. 
 British gunboats cruised around, ever on the 
 alert, and the Erin's Hope had a hard time of it, 
 night and day, to escaiae capture. She had 
 been sixty-iwo days at sea, and her stock of pro- 
 visions and water were running short. In this 
 extremity it was decided to laud the bulk of the 
 party and set sail for America with the others, 
 who could be maintained on the meager stock of 
 provisions. Accordingly, a fishing smack was 
 hailed off Helvick Head, near Dungarvan, and 
 when she came alongside, some thirty or more of 
 the party jumped on board and were rowed to 
 the shore. Their landing was not unobserved, 
 as they were seen by a coast guard lookout, 
 who promptlj' notified all the local police sta- 
 tions, and ere many hours, the whole Jacknell 
 jiarty were lodged within prison walls. In the 
 minds of the government officials, the ajjpearance 
 of the suspicious craft iu Sligo Bay had not, up 
 to this time, been connected with the landing of 
 the party of strangers at Helvick Head ; but, as 
 usual, a traitor, Buckley by name, was in the 
 camp, who "blew" on the whole business, and 
 at the next assize-commission every man of them
 
 THE STOKY OF IKELAND, 
 
 251 
 
 was indicted for treason-felony. The Jacknell 
 expedition, though it in nowise helped to attain 
 the grand object in view by the Fenian organiza- 
 tion — to wit, the overthrow of English dominion 
 in Ireland, yet was instrumental in effecting an 
 imiiortant change of law in relation to Irish-born 
 citizens of America : that is to say — persons born 
 in Ireland, and afterward living in, and becom- 
 ing naturalized citizens of, the United States. 
 The issue was raisetl at the trial of the prisoner 
 Warren, on the refusal of the crown to grant 
 him a jui-y mediatoie lingiue, and on his in- 
 structing his counsel thereupon to waive anj' 
 defense as to whether the ancient doctrine of 
 perpetual allegiance held good in law. The 
 presiding judge decided in the affirmative, and 
 Warren and Costello were both sentenced — the 
 former to fifteen, the latter to twelve years' penal 
 servitude. Warren claimed the protection of the 
 United States Government, which, though it 
 had abandoned him on his trial, found it neces- 
 sary to its own status to assert and uphold the 
 rights of American citizenship. Negotiations 
 were entered into between the cabinets of 
 Washington and London, and resulted in an act 
 being passed in 1870 — 33 and 34 Vic, cap. 14 
 (known as the Warren and Costello Act), which 
 finally disposed of the question — making it legal 
 for a British subject to divest himself of his 
 allegiance and become the citizen of another 
 country. 
 
 The one event of this year — the saddesi, per- 
 haps, of all the mishaps that followed jin the 
 train of Fenianism, since this was tragic in 
 almost everj' particular — has already ijassed into 
 history as the "Manchester Eescue. " To under- 
 stand what led to this occurrence, and to the 
 sacrifice of life which it entailed, it is necessarj' 
 to explain that on the deposition of James 
 Stephens from the rank of Head Center of the 
 Fenian organization, he was succeeded by Col. 
 Thomas J. Kelly. It was Kelly planned and 
 directed the rescue of Stephens from Eichmond, 
 and subsequently his flight to France. Some six 
 months after the Rising, Kelly crossed over to 
 Manchester to attend a council of centers there. 
 On the morning of the 11th of September, four 
 men were observed by the police loitering at the 
 corner of Oak Street, in the latter city. From 
 some observations let drop by the former, the 
 
 ofllcers wore led to think that the party were 
 I'lottiug Bomo crime, and jiroeeeded to arrcKt 
 them. A struggle followed, and two of the su:;- 
 pects escaped. The other two had a first hear- 
 ing before a magistrate, and were remanded !;1 
 the request of a detective who "suspected" that 
 thcj' might be connected with Fenianism, and 
 BO the event proved, for they turned out to bo 
 none other than Colonel Kelly, the Fenian chief, 
 and Captain Deasy, his assistant. The arrests 
 excited the local Fenian circles beyond measure, 
 and the daring resolve was taken to rescue the 
 prisoners, come what would. On the 18th of 
 September the prisoners were brought up again 
 i<.nd identified as Kelly and Deasy, and were 
 remanded once more. After the court adjourned, 
 the prison van in which were Kelly and Deasy 
 and four other prisoners — three women and a boj' 
 — drove off for Salford jail, distant about two 
 miles from Manchester. Kelly and Deasy were 
 handcuffed and locked in separate compartments 
 of the van. Twelve policemen, instead of the 
 usual number of three, formed the guard on this 
 occasion. Sergeant Brett sat inside the van, 
 five on the box-seat, two on the step behind, 
 and four followed in a cab. Under the railway 
 arch, which spans the Hyde Koad at Bellevue, a 
 party of about thirty powerfully-built men 
 sprang over the fence and shouted to the driver 
 to stop, which order not being obeyed, one of 
 the party leveled his revolver at the horses and 
 shot one of them. Then the whole party sur- 
 rounded the van and demanded the keys. The 
 police having no arms made scarcely any show 
 of resistance, but took to flight. The rescuers 
 had brought such tools as they deemed neces- 
 sary, hatchets, crowbars, etc., but found that 
 the task of breaking open the van was much 
 slower than they had reckoned. Very soon the 
 police returned, followed by a large crowd. 
 Twenty or more of the rescuing party formed a 
 ring around the van, and with revolvers pointed 
 at the heads of the policemen, kept back both 
 them and the crowd ; while their companions 
 worked might and main to force open the van. 
 Through the ventilator over the door they spoke 
 to Brett, commanding him to give up the keys, 
 if he had them. Brett divined what was occur- 
 ing on the outside, though he could not see the 
 attacking party, and in order to obtain a glimpse
 
 2Si 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 of them, placed his eye to the keyhole. On the 
 instaut some one in command shouted to "blow 
 open the lock," and immediately a ballet 
 ■whizzed through the aperture, and Brett as he 
 -withdrew (but all too late) received the ball in 
 his head and dropped dead within the vehicle. 
 One of the women screamed out, "He's killed." 
 "Take the keys from his pocket, and hand them 
 out;" was the mandate given her from outside. 
 This was done ; and immediatel}' a young man, 
 "William Philip Allen, unlocked the door and 
 released the i>risoners, who were hurried away 
 across the fields o.n the instant. In the struggle 
 •which ensued between the police and crowd on 
 the one hand, and the Fenian party on the other, 
 the latter were roughly handled, and five of 
 them were arrested. Their names were William 
 Philip Allen, Edward Condon, Michael Larkiu, 
 Thomas Maguire, and Michael O'Brien. 
 
 News of the rescue and the shooting of Brett 
 ■was flashed all over the country in an hour, and 
 Taised a storm of indignation in the English 
 public mind — awoke every slumbering prejudice 
 of that hereditary hate of the Irish which is, 
 even to this hour, a darling nursling of the 
 Saxon breast, and boded not only the extreme 
 penalty of the law to the prisoners, but indis- 
 criminate vengeance on the entire Irish popula- 
 tion resident in and around the scene of the 
 outrage. Hounded on by a malignant press, the 
 English executive of that day seems to have lost 
 its head, in the indecent haste with which it 
 ordered a special assize-commission for the trial 
 of the prisoners, and in the mode of conducting 
 the trial which was eminently unfair, and be- 
 trayed a clear intent to satisfy the popular crav- 
 ing for a victim or victims. The testimony in 
 support of the indictment for Brett's murder 
 was altogether of a doubtful nature, and hung 
 c-hicfly on the evidence of a reprobate woman ; 
 "but these men were, of course, foredoomed, and 
 the sentence of death, pronounced on the five 
 above named, could hardly be a surprise under 
 the circumstances. So inconclusive did the evi- 
 dence in the case of one of the prisoners, Ma- 
 guire, appear to the reporters present at the 
 trial, that they took the unusual course of peti- 
 tioning the Home office in his favor; and this 
 resulted in his being pardoned. Soon after, 
 'Condon was reprieved. This was a tacit admis- 
 
 sion of miscarriage of justice in the trial, and 
 brought the public mind from its abnormal state 
 of excitement to a sober second thought as to 
 the guilt or innocence of the prisoners. It was 
 expected, up to the last, that following Maguire 
 and Condon, all the others would be reprieved. 
 Many humane gentlemen exerted themselves for 
 this object, and among the more distinguished 
 may be mentioned Victor Hugo, who wrote a 
 letter on their behalf to Queen Victoria; and 
 Buchanan, the poet, who in pathetic verses pub- 
 lished in a London evening paper pleaded for 
 mercy. But all pleading was in vain — all hope 
 of mercy was disappointed. The government 
 had resolved on satisfying ihe popular thirst for 
 blood. And it did. On the morning of Nov- 
 ember 23, 1867, Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien, 
 were led out to the scaffold of Salford jail sur- 
 rounded by military, and executed in the gaze 
 of such another rabble a? might have gathered 
 around when the Savioi of the world stood 
 contrasted with the infamous Barabbas! 
 
 CHAPTER XC. 
 
 FUNERAL PROCESSIONS FOR THE MARTYRS AGITATION 
 
 FOR AMNESTV AND DISESTABLISHMENT CLERKEN- 
 
 WELL AND BALLYCOHEV. 
 
 The shooting of Sergeant Brett could not, save 
 by overlooking the circumstances of the occur- 
 rence, or by perversion of fact, be construed as 
 murder. Concurrent testimony has shown that 
 there was no intention to kill him, and that his 
 death was accidental. Not so in the case of 
 Allen, Larkin and O'Brien : their execution was 
 murder pure and simple. When the news of the 
 Manchester executions reached Ireland, men 
 gasped for breath in astonishment that that 
 which no man expected had come to pass — that 
 the blind fury of the English populace had been 
 allowed to quench its frenzy in blood — that the 
 rabbid hatred and malicious instigation of a 
 calumniating press had overridden the calm, un- 
 biased judgment which should guide a just ad- 
 ministration, and prompted the Tory ministers 
 to steel their hearts to every appeal for mercy. 
 A wail of grief went up from the people; a cloud 
 seemed to darken the land for days; and the 
 heart of Ireland was wrung with anguish. The
 
 TUE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 253 
 
 stain of deepest degradation attempted to be set 
 on the characters of the Manchester victims while 
 living, by loading them with irons and manacles 
 — the cruel devices of a barbarous, by-gone age — 
 at their preliminary trial, and the ignominy of 
 denying them Christian burial, and confounding 
 them with common murderers, added an addi- 
 tional pang to the shocking outi'age of their 
 execution. But their mother Ireland would pray 
 for, and honor the memory of, her martyred 
 eons. In all the Catholic churches of the land 
 prayers were asked for their souls, and the peo- 
 ple knelt, and prayed, and wept; and when they 
 quitted the churches, and realized in all its grim 
 repulsiveness the tragedy that had been enacted, 
 men knit their brows and clinched their teeth, 
 and the prompting of every patriotic heart was 
 deliance of that despotic power which, through 
 the jiersons of these victims, aimed h blow at the 
 national cause, and smote the manhood of Ire- 
 Jand in the face — thus obeying the dictum of the 
 Tinu's to "stamp out" sedition, and stifle all 
 patriotic aspiration. This feeling soon grew 
 almost universal, and extended even to men who, 
 hitherto, had been ultra-loyal, but who now 
 joined hands with the Nationalists in a resolve 
 to resent the insult offered to the nation in the 
 persons of these victims by a public display ol 
 sentiment which should at once approve the 
 conduct of the latter and do homage to their 
 memory. Then was inaugurated a movement, 
 which may be said to be the parent of every other 
 agitation that arose in the country in recent 
 years — a plant which with truth can be said 
 to have been watered by the blood of martyrs, 
 and grew to immense proportions, namely — the 
 funeral procession, which in every city of Ire- 
 land was a vast and imposing public display of 
 mourning that would do honor to any earthly 
 potentate. At the Dublin demonstration it was 
 estimated sixty thousand persons walked in the 
 procession, w-hich was headed by Mr. John 
 Martin, and Mr. A. M. Sullivan. The proces- 
 sions in Cork, Limerick, Killarney, and other 
 places were proportionately large. 
 
 Then was witnessed a spectacla rarely seen in 
 Ireland, or elsewhere before — viz., a funeral 
 procession of vast proportions, whero all the 
 somber paraphernalia of a burial were prosent — all 
 save the corpse or rather corpses ; for the funeral 
 
 represented the burial of the tliroo men, and 
 comprised three hearses and three coffins, with 
 attendant mourners. The Tivien and other 
 oracles, to which the British ministers had lent 
 a willing ear in giving effect to the dictum of 
 "stanu'iug out" sedition, by such a holocaust 
 as that of Manchester, now sounded the note of 
 alarm by descrying the funeral processions as 
 "seditious demonstrations," and called for their 
 suppression. Then came a proclamation from 
 "His Excellency," and next, the prosecution of 
 the last-named gentlemen and others. Mr. A. 
 M. Sullivan's speech, in his own defense, was 
 a comijlete turning of the tables on the crown, 
 and its myrmidons, past and present. It proved 
 a powerful indictment of the law itself, as 
 framed for, and administered in, Ireland up to a 
 very recent period, and showed that "disesteem 
 for the law" — for brutal laws and penal enact- 
 ments — was not onlj' natural, but inevitable. 
 This speech and that of Mr. John Martin on 
 the same occasion, had a very marked effect on 
 public opinion; and, taken in connection with 
 the sad occurrences which had caused their 
 being uttered — the Manchester executions and 
 the funeral processions — led many men, whose 
 hostility to Feuianism hitherto was well known, 
 to change their views altogether, and join hands 
 with the Nationalists. This newly awakened 
 sympathy with those who had recently suffered 
 martyrdom for their country, extended itself to 
 those poor political prisoners whose Lard fate 
 was to toil unrequited in the convict gangs at 
 Portland and Chatham. , The moment for an 
 appeal to the governmen to pardon these men 
 seemed opportune, as there had been a change 
 of administration, and Gladstone, whose sym- 
 pathies were supposed to be more Christian than 
 his jiredecessors, was at the head of the Cabinet 
 — and so there was started under direction of 
 the CentralAmnesty Commttee in Dublin, a new 
 agitation having this philanthropic object in 
 view. The first great Amnesty meeting was held 
 in the Rotunda, Dublin, on the evening of Janu- 
 ary 2-i, 1896, at which the lord-mayor presided. 
 Letters f^om nearly all the Catholic bishops, 
 and many prominent persons unable to attend 
 were read, expressing entire sympathy with the 
 movement. The first resolution was intrusted 
 to a distinguished man and true patriot — Isaao
 
 254 
 
 THE STORY OP IRELAND. 
 
 Butt. At the mention of this name, and that of 
 two others, snatched since then by the unspar- 
 ing hand of death from Ireland and her cause — 
 George Henry Moore and John Francis Maguire 
 — few true Irishmen can repress a sigh of regret 
 for their loss. Mr. Butt had won his way to 
 distinction, and was the acknowledged leader of 
 the Irish Bar; but won higher esteem as a con- 
 vert to the National cause. He had sat for some 
 years in the House of Commons, elected in the 
 conser\„tive interest for the borough of Youghal, 
 and his political creed, for a period of his life, 
 was directly opposed to Nationalistic views. 
 "When the political prosecutions were com- 
 menced, the government, following out its tradi- 
 tional policy, threw out its bait to enlist the 
 services of Mr. Butt on its side, while at the 
 same time the prisoners bid for his advocacy in 
 their defense. The magnanimity of the man 
 was shown in the readiness with which he 
 espoused the weaker side, and in the fact that he 
 gratuitously defended several of them who were 
 too poor to pay the usual counsel fees. Then 
 the shining abilities of Isaac Butt were given 
 full scope in the legal arena, and were successful 
 in mitigating the full measure of punishment 
 which would otherwise have been the lot of 
 many prisoners; and, notablj% in one case saved 
 a man's neck from the rope. This was the case 
 of Robert Kelly, who shot Head Constable Tal- 
 bot in the streets of Dublin. The latter lingered 
 for some hours with a ball in his spine, and at a 
 council of doctors, some were for extracting the 
 bullet, and others were opposed to the operation. 
 The former had their way, and and the patient 
 died. By a clever piece of legal jugglery, Mr. 
 Butt threw the onus of blame on the doctors, 
 and saved the life of the prisoner, who was sen- 
 tenced to a period of imprisonment. 
 
 Such was the man who stood up to move the 
 first resolution and whose sympathies were alto- 
 gether with those poor fellows for whom he had 
 fought many a legal battle. The resolution ran 
 thus: 
 
 "Resolved, That it is the persuasion of this 
 meeting that the grant of a general amnesty to 
 all persons convicted of political offenses would 
 be most grateful to the feelings of the people of 
 the Irish Nation." 
 
 J.Lr. Butt Bpoke up to the resolution with all 
 
 the energy and impressiveness which character- 
 ised his oratory. The popular demand for 
 amnesty, which hourly increased, he pronounced 
 an indorsement and ratification of the principles 
 for which the prisoners suffered, and a strong 
 protect against English misrule. The resolution 
 was carried with acclamation, and other resolu- 
 tions, pledging the meeting to incessant agita- 
 tion until the desired boon was granted, were 
 adopted. It has been estimated that there were 
 then in prison eighty-one civilians charged with 
 treason-felony; of whom forty-two had been 
 transported to Western Australia, while the re- 
 mainder were divided between Chatham, Port- 
 land, Peutonville, and other English prisons. 
 Beside these, there were several military con- 
 victs,' and person? c^harged with murder. 
 Toward the end of February, 1869, the first con- 
 cession was made, and it was then announced 
 that forty-nine prisoners were to be pardoned — 
 thirty -four of those in Australia, and fifteen who 
 were confined in England. This partial amnesty 
 could not be expected to satisfy the popular 
 demand; and so the agitation for a general 
 amnesty was renewed, early the following sum- 
 mer, by open-air meetings, held near all the im- 
 portant towns and cities, and which, in some 
 places — such as Cabra — assumed vast proportions. 
 At the latter place, George Henry Moore and 
 Isaac Butt addressed the assembled thousands, 
 and at every meeting held to further this move- 
 ment, there were not wanting men of distinction 
 and ability to urge the popular demand. Yet it 
 was not until December, 1870, that the govern- 
 ment announced its intention of pardoning all 
 the non-military treason-felony convicts. The 
 condition imposed was to leave the United King- 
 dom, and not return until the term of their 
 several sentences had expired ; and agreeable to 
 this stipulation, thirty-seven prisoners were set 
 at liberty- Six of the convict soldiers at Swan 
 River, "Western Australia, were rescued from 
 there in April, 1870, chiefly through the exer- 
 tions of "Mr. John J. Breslin, and by means of 
 funds supplied by an Irish-American Society. 
 The few remaining prisoners were released at 
 intervals on tickets-of-leave or otherwise. 
 
 Side by side with the amnesty agitation, another 
 great movement — in which the future prime 
 minister of England was the prime mover — was
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 255 
 
 in progress, viz., the Disestablishment of the 
 Irish Church. This institution — this "upus 
 tree" as Gladstone described it, if it at any time 
 had exhaled poison on the social atmosphere, 
 was at least, no longer formidable. Its exist- 
 ence, or dissolution, was no longer the burning 
 question of the hour, though as a standing marl: 
 of conquest — as the stronghold of the "Ascen- 
 dency" party — its existence in a Catholic land 
 was wholly anomalous, and its position untena- 
 ble on any reasonable grounds. This had been 
 shown long previously by several writers, fore- 
 most among whom may be mentioned Mr. W. J. 
 O'Neill Daunt of Kilcascan Castle, County Cork, 
 and Sir John Gray, M. P., for Kilkenny, and 
 proprietor of the Dublin Freeman's Journal. 
 Mr. Daunt had for a considerable time corre- 
 sponded with Mr. Carvell Williams, Secretary of 
 the Liberation Society, and, in conjunction with 
 the latter gentleman, aroused public opinion 
 against the Irish State Church. Sir John Gray, 
 in a series of exhaustive reports on the history, 
 revenues, and congregational strength of the 
 establishment, entitled, "The Irish Church Com- 
 mission," published in his own journal, made 
 out an unanswerable case against its maintenance. 
 The assault on this ancient stronghold was 
 initiated by what may be called a coalition of 
 political and ecclesiastical power. The Libera- 
 tion Society and that section of English Liberals 
 represented by John Bright, had for some time 
 carried on private negotiations with prominent 
 Irish ecclesiastics and politicians, with a view to 
 an alliance, and for the ulterior object of win- 
 ning some concessions or effecting some needed 
 reforms for the Irish people. Denominational 
 education had been for long the issue raised by 
 the bishops at every election, and the securing 
 of this concession they considered paramount. 
 When, however, the "National Association of 
 Ireland," under the auspices of Cardinal Cullen, 
 was founded in December, 1864, the education 
 question was omitted and Disestablishment sub- 
 stituted as the primary object of the new agita- 
 tion. This was done in accordance with the 
 views of those English Liberals above mentioned, 
 who could not be of one mind with Catholics on 
 the education question, and suggested its post- 
 ponement till other reforms could be won. The 
 Irish Church motion moved by Sir John Gray 
 
 on the 10th of April, 1866, found the Russell- 
 Gladstone ministry more favorable to it than 
 hitherto; but two months later, June, 1866, this 
 ministry, defeated and deserted by the "Adul- 
 lamites" — a section of their own party — lost 
 office, and were succeeded by a conservative ad- 
 ministration, facetiously termed the "DerVjy- 
 Dizzy" ministry — ^that is, the Tory Cabinet of 
 which Earl Derby was the i>remier, and Mr. 
 Disraeli, the chancellor of the exchequer. Dur- 
 ing this administration occurred all the troubles 
 detailed in the last chapter, and its policy toward 
 Ireland for the period may be characterized as 
 one of callous indifference to the grievances of 
 the nation, and of cold unrelenting cruelty to 
 the unfortunate men who had offended [^against 
 its edicts. 
 
 When the storm of angry excitement which 
 the Fenian outbreak and its concomitant inci- 
 dents conjured up in England had subsided — 
 when that grand object, the "vindication of the 
 law," was accomplished — -the better class of 
 Englishmen began to ask themselves whether 
 or not the disaffected nation had any real griev- 
 ance which might be removed — any heavy burden 
 on its shoulders which it was the dutj' of the 
 legislature to lighten. The Liberation Society 
 saw their opportunity in this growing interest 
 manifested on the Irish question, and promptly 
 furnished the answer by pointing to the Irish 
 State Church as the true cause of all the humilia- 
 tion and heartburning that afflicted the nation. 
 Here, too, the leaders of the divided Liberal 
 party saw a chance to form a new platform, 
 where its scattered contingents might combine 
 for a general onslaught on the Irish Establish- 
 ment. 
 
 A debate which was continued for four days 
 commenced in the House of Commons on the 10th 
 of March, 1868, on the motion of Mr. J. F. Ma- 
 guire for a committee to consider the state of 
 Ireland. On the last day of the debate, Mr. 
 Gladstone declared that the time had come when 
 the Irish Church must be disestablished. On 
 the 23d he introduced his "Resolutions." The 
 debate to go into committee on the Resolutions 
 opened on the 30th of March, and was carried 
 by 331 to 270 votes. The debate in committee 
 lasted eleven nghts, and on the 1st of May the 
 first resolution was carried by a vote of 330 to
 
 256 
 
 THE STOEY OF IKELAND. 
 
 265. Four days later the ministers resigned, 
 but it was announced that they would retain 
 office at the request of the queen, until the state 
 of public business admitted of a dissolution. 
 Parliament was prorogued on the 31st of July, 
 1868, and on the 11th of November it was dis- 
 solved, and the ministers "appealed to the 
 country. " 
 
 At the general election which ensued, the 
 Liberals were almost everywhere victorious, and 
 on the 2d of December, Mr. Disraeli (who had 
 succeeded Lord Derby), surrendered the seals, 
 and Mr. Gladstone assumed the reins of power. 
 On the 3l8t of May, 1809, the bill for the Dises- 
 tablishment of the Lrish Church (introduced by 
 Mr. Gladstone on the 1st), passed the third read- 
 ing, and on the 2Gth of July, received the royal 
 assent. Its advantages to Catholics can be 
 summed up in a few words. It throws open all 
 public offices to them, save and except the lord- 
 lieutenancy, and abolishes test oaths hitherto 
 required of them on taking office. 
 
 The last, and perhaps most serious occurrence, 
 in connection with Fenianism — as it was at- 
 tended with heavy loss of life and other fatali- 
 ties — hapi)ened at this period, and is known as 
 the "Clerkenwell Explosion." It excited the 
 indignation of the English people, and the rep- 
 robation of every right-thinking person. Cap- 
 tain Richard Burke was at the time a political 
 convict confined in Clerkenwell Prison, London, 
 and the design was formed by Fenian sympa- 
 thizers in the metropolis to effect his release by 
 making a breach in the outer wall of the prison 
 by means of gunpowder at an hour of the day 
 •when he was supposed to be exercising in the 
 yard inside of this wall; so as he might "bolt" 
 directly after an aperture had been effected by 
 the explosion. In pursuance of this plan, a 
 barrel of gunpowder was placed against the wall 
 on the 13th of December, 1867, and at the 
 appointed hour was exploded by means of a fuse. 
 The effect was fearful : one hundred and fifty 
 feet of the wall was blown in, and a dozen tene- 
 ment houses on the opposite side of the street 
 ■were laid in ruins. There were twelve persons 
 killed, and more than one hundred wounded in 
 these houses. The report of the explosion was 
 heard all over the metropolis, and brought crowds 
 to the scene of the disaster. Utter ignorance of 
 
 the nature and potency of explosives, in the 
 
 minds of some man or men of the laboring class, 
 who had executed this reckless business, is 
 assigned as the true cause of this calamity. 
 
 One other event of this time also attended with 
 fatalities, has a special interest, as it is said to 
 have been the immediate cause — the motive 
 power — which had moved the Gladstone Cabinet 
 to the passing of the Land Act. This tragic affair 
 is known as the "Battle of Ballycohey, " and such 
 it really was, on a small scale. It arose out of 
 the difficulty existing between a landlord — 
 William Scully, and his tenants, occupying hold- 
 ings on the townland of Ballycohey, distant 
 about three miles from the town of Tipperary. 
 It well illustrates the arbitrary power possessed 
 by landlords at this period, and the capricious 
 methods in which these petty despots exercised 
 it. The property in question was formerly 
 owned by an old Catholic family of the same 
 name, but of better principles than the present 
 owner. It came into his possession not by 
 descent, but by purchase. "William Scully 
 owned other property in the country, and a vast 
 estate in the State of Illinois, America. He was 
 known to be an avaricious man ; exacting in his 
 demands, and unsparing where his edicts were 
 not complied with ; and so the sequel will go to 
 prove. His fame had preceded him, and the 
 people of Ballycohey had gloomy apprehensions 
 that his advent boded them no good. The char- 
 acter of the Ballycohey tenantry has been de- 
 scribed as peaceful, industrious, and prompt to 
 pay their rents ; and at the time they were not 
 in arrears for the same. The old leases having 
 expired, a new lease was drawn up, and in the 
 framing of this document, Mr. Scully showed 
 the perversion of landlord ingenuity by tram- 
 meling his tenants with conditions abhorrent to 
 any honest mind, and especially distasteful to 
 the independent spirit which these humble but 
 upright people endeavored to preserve. The 
 tenants were required to pay rent quarterly; to 
 surrender on twenty-one days notice at the end 
 of any quarter ; to forego all claims to their own 
 crops that might be in the soil; to pay all rales 
 and taxes ; and always to have a half-year's rent 
 paid in advance. Befiising compliance with 
 these enactments, they must quit. Mr. Scully 
 was warned of the danurer of attempting to carry
 
 COPYRIGHT, l8q!i 
 
 CHARLES S. PARNELL.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 257 
 
 out this programme, but in vain. He obtained 
 a police guard to attend him, and went forth 
 himself armed cap-a-pie, or almost so, as he is 
 supposed to have worn armor under his clothing. 
 In the summer of 1868, he notified his tenants to 
 meet him personally at Dobbyns' Hotel in Tip- 
 perary, and there to pay him the May rent. 
 Only four tenants responded — the others sending 
 their rents by deputy. This riled Mr. Scully 
 considerably, as the personal attendance was for 
 an important purpose — to obtain their signatures 
 to the lease, or in the event of refusal, to serve 
 them with notice to quit. Mr. Scully now took 
 out ejectment processes, which require to be 
 served personally, or left with some member of 
 the tenant's household at the house. Despite all 
 expostulation he determined on "crossing the 
 Rubicon," so to speak, and at the head of a 
 small army of police and bailiffs, set out to serve 
 the notices on Tuesday the 11th of August. The 
 signal that the invading force was approaching 
 •was passed from house to house, and every dwell- 
 ing was quickly abandoned. Verj' soon an angry, 
 excited crowd had surrounded the Scully party, 
 cursing and threatening the latter vehemently. 
 By the advice of the police officer in command, 
 Mr. Scully abandoned the service of the notices 
 for that day, and retreated ignominiouslj' to his 
 hotel in Tipperary. On the following Friday 
 Mr. Scully and his party set out again on the 
 same mission, and were equally unsuccessful in 
 accomplishing its object. The attitude of the 
 mob, increased in number, and incensed to the 
 highest pitch, menaced the life of Scully, and the 
 police had much difficulty in guarding him on 
 his second retreat toward the railway station. 
 On the way thither they passed close by the 
 house of one of the tenants, named John Dwyer, 
 and Scully, undeterred by his recent experience, 
 resolved on renewing the experiment at this 
 point. A farmyard, flanked with out-offices, 
 faced the byroad which led to the house, and 
 through this farmyard, four of the party, viz., 
 a policeman named Morrow, two of Scully's 
 bailiffs — Gorman and Maher, and Scully himself, 
 approached the door of the house and entered. 
 Immediately a volley fired from within the 
 house, and also from the out-offices, greeted their 
 entrance. Morrow and Gorman were shot dead, 
 and Scully and his bailiff Maher were both 
 
 severely wounded. Scully, undaunted by this 
 bold show of resistance, and unmindful of his 
 wounds, withdrew a few i^aces and fired with 
 his breech-loader and revolver at the house, and 
 the police at the same time poured a volley into 
 the dwelling and out-offices; but no response 
 came from within ; and a search soon revealed 
 the fact that the occupants had effected a retreat 
 through apertures made in the roofs of the 
 houses at the rear. 
 
 The news of the dreadful affair at Ballycohey 
 spread rapidly throughout the kingdom, and an 
 outcry was raised against Scully, not only in the 
 Irish but in the English press, which furnished 
 the one needful impulse — more potent thpn tny 
 amount of argument — to the passint; of the Glad- 
 stone Land Act of 1870. 
 
 CHAPTER XCL 
 
 THE HOME KTJLE MOVEMEKT ITS DEFECTS AND FAFLURB 
 
 "oBSTUUCTIOn" A SUCCESS THE LAND LEAGUE. 
 
 The Home Government Association had its 
 origin at a meeting held at the Bilton Hotel, 
 Dublin, on the evening of the 19th of May, 1870. 
 The meeting was a private one, composed of 
 prominent professional and mercantile gentlemen 
 of the metropolis, and may be said to have been 
 made up of the most heterogeneous elements, as 
 it embraced men of various creeds and of every 
 shade of political opinion — Orangemen, Ultra- 
 montanea. Conservatives, Liberals, Repealers, 
 Nationlists, Fenian sympathizers and sturdy 
 Loyalists. The one object, which for the first 
 time, perhaps, in the history of Ireland, effected, 
 at least, a temporary truce between men of 
 divergent views and conflicting opinions, was 
 the consideration of the condition of their com- 
 mon country, with a view to the amelioration of 
 the present state of things therein. 
 
 The following names with the religious persua- 
 sion and political creed of each person indicated, 
 will exemplify the mixed character of this meet- 
 ing : the Rt. Hon. Edward Purdon, Lord Mayor 
 of Dublin (Protestant and Conservative) ; the ex- 
 Lord Mayor, Sir John Barrington (Protestant 
 and Conservative); Sir "William Wilde (Protes- 
 tant and Conservative, father of the poet, Oscar 
 Wilde); Rev- Joseph Galbraith, F. T. C. D."
 
 258 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 (Protestant and Conservative), Isaac Butt, Q.C. 
 (Protestant and Nationalist, John Martin 
 (Protestant and Nationalist, " '48 man"). Dr. 
 Maunsell, editor of the Evening Mail (Protes- 
 tant and Tory) ; James O'Connor, late of the 
 Truh People (Catholic and Fenian) ; Venerable 
 Archdeacon Gould (Protestant and Tory), A. M. 
 Sullivan (Catholic and Nationalist), Capt. E. 
 E. King-Harman (Protestant and Conservative), 
 iHon. Lawrence Harman King-Harman (Protes- 
 tant and Conservative), and many other leading 
 citizens and representative men. 
 
 The sentiment of the Protestant section of the 
 assembly, as indicated by its spokesmen, was, 
 that they could no longer view with equanimity 
 the uncertain state of things in the country, the 
 insecurity to property, and the dangers insepara- 
 ble from periodical revolutionary outbreaks such 
 as had disturbed the country for the past five 
 years; that the experiment of an alien parliament 
 for Ireland had been tried and found wanting ; 
 and that the time had arrived to demand the res- 
 toration of her rative parliament to legislate her 
 domestic affairs. This proposal, however, was 
 limited by a distinct disavowal of any wish to 
 sever the imperial connection and a profession of 
 unswerving loyalty to the English throne. 
 
 Such a declaration coming from the old "As- 
 cendency" i)arty might well be termed a new 
 departure, and a wonderful stride toward the 
 goal of national aspiration ; and, uttered thirty 
 years previously, and joined by so powerful an 
 ally, O'Connell might have carried Repeal. The 
 objects of the Repeal movement and those aimed 
 at by the speakers at the Bilton Hotel meeting 
 had, however, some points of difference. The 
 popular idea of Repeal in O'Connell's time was 
 the restoration of the national parliament, and 
 the old order of things as existing before the Act 
 of Union in 1800, although O'Connell, for a wise 
 motive, doubtless, never defined in detail the 
 Repeal programme ; not so the new organiza- 
 tion, as will be seen from a perusal of the reso- 
 lutions drawn up by a committee appointed at 
 the meeting held at the Bilton Hotel. They 
 ■were as follows : 
 
 1. This Association is formed for the purpose 
 of obtaining for Ireland the ri^'ht of self-govern- 
 ment by means of a national parliament. 
 
 2. It is hereby declared as the essential prin- 
 ciple of this Association that the objects, and 
 the only objects, contemplated by its organiza- 
 tion are : 
 
 To obtain for our country the right and privi- 
 lege of managing our own affairs, by a parlia- 
 ment assembled in Ireland, composed of her 
 majesty the sovereign, and her successors, and 
 the lords and commons of Ireland. 
 
 To secure for that parliament, under a federal 
 arrangement, the right of legislating for, and reg- 
 ulating all matters relating to, the internsd 
 affairs of Ireland, and control over Irish re- 
 sources and revenues ; subject to the obligation 
 of contributing our just proportion of the im- 
 perial expenditures. 
 
 To leave to an imperial parliament the power 
 of dealing with all questions affecting the im- 
 perial crown and government ; legislation regard- 
 ing the colonies and other dependencies of the 
 crown ; and relations of the United Empire with 
 foreign states; and all matters appertaining to 
 the defense and the stability of the empire at 
 large. 
 
 To attain such an adjustment of the relations 
 between the two countries without any inter- 
 ference with the prerogatives of the crown or 
 any disturbance of the principles of the consti- 
 tution. 
 
 3. The Association invites the co-operation of 
 all Irishmen who are willing to join in seeking 
 for Ireland a federal ari'angement based upon 
 these general principles. 
 
 4. The Association will endeavor to forward 
 the object it has in view by using all legitimate 
 means of influencing public sentiment, both in 
 Ireland and Great Britain ; by taking all oppor- 
 tunities of instructing and informing public opin- 
 ion, and by seeking to unite Irishmen of all 
 creeds and classes in one national movement, in 
 support of the great national object hereby 
 contemplated. 
 
 5. It is declared to be an essential principle 
 of the Association that, while every member is 
 understood by joining it to concur in its general 
 object and plan of action, no person so joining 
 is committed to any political opinion except the 
 advisability of seeking for Ireland tlio amount of 
 self-government contemplated in the objeots of 
 the Association.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 259 
 
 The most conspicuous political figure at this 
 meeting, perhaps, was Isaac Butt, who has been 
 alre;nl.v mentioned in connection with the politi- 
 cal trials, and the Amnesty Association, of which 
 he was now the president. Mr. Butt was dis- 
 tinguished for let;al learning, eloquence, and 
 sterling patriotism; albeit his political bark had 
 been launched on the waters under conservative 
 colors; but the changes of the time had con- 
 verted him from the distorted dogmas of Tory 
 bigotry to National principles. His voice was 
 all-powerful on this occasion in allaying disquiet 
 in the minds of many of his co-religionists, who 
 had come to this meeting full of doubt and 
 apiirehension in regard to the advisability of an 
 alliance with their Catholic fellow-countrymen 
 at such a period. The Irish Church Disestab- 
 lishment Act had been but a short time passed, 
 and this "leveling up'.' of the Catholics, was 
 naturallj' enough viewed with no little concern 
 by the Protestant body, who, many of them, in 
 their blind ignorance of the real state of feeling 
 on the question, conjured up a vision of the 
 Catholic community exulting in triumjih over a 
 fallen foe. Mr. Butt's words to his co-religion- 
 ists were reassuring: "Trust me, we have all 
 grievously wronged the Irish Catholics, priests 
 and laymen." 
 
 The Home Rule movement at the outset en- 
 countered the opposition of the Catholic bishops, 
 whose hopes in regard to their favorite scheme 
 of denominational education were considerably 
 encouraged by the concession — if such it can be 
 called — of disestablishment of the Protestant 
 Church, and who regarded the promoters of the 
 new movement as unreasonable in pursuing what 
 they deemed to be a premature policy. 
 
 A by-election for the county Meath, which 
 occurred in 1871, was the first test of the popu- 
 lar will in its pronouncement on the new policy. 
 John Martin, of " '48" fame, and a Presbyter- 
 ian, was the Home Rule candidate chosen against 
 the Hon. Mr. Plunkett, a Catholic, and brother 
 of Lord Fingall, a nobleman warmly esteemed in 
 the county. Notwithstanding that Mr. Plunkett 
 had the support of the clergy, and the advantage 
 of family influence, he suffered a crushing de- 
 feat, Mr. Martin polling double the number of 
 his votes. This was followed by a succession of 
 Home Rule victories. Mitchell-Henry was 
 
 elected for Galway; P. J. Smyth for "Westmeath; 
 Isaac Butt, the Home Rule president, for Limer- 
 ick ; and lastly, young Blennerhassett, for Kerry, 
 the last, perhaps, the greatest victory; as the 
 landlord jjower of that county was most formida- 
 ble, and put forth all its resources for the strug- 
 gle, but went down in the dust. 
 
 In October, 1873, the council of the Home 
 Rule Association decided on summoning a 
 National conference to consider and debate the 
 question of Home Rule. A requisition, signed 
 with the namcu of twenty-five thousand men of 
 position and mark, was circulated thoughout the 
 country. The conference met in the great hall 
 of the Rotunda, Dublin, on the 18th of Novem- 
 ber, 1873. The attendance was large and the 
 representation complete, as it comprised about 
 nine hundred delegates from all parts of the 
 kingdom, made up of men of various religious 
 denominations, and of every political shade. 
 Mr. William Shaw, M.P. for Cork county, pre- 
 sided. The conference lasted four days, and the 
 proceedings were conducted in the most digni- 
 fied and harmonious manner. 
 
 The principles of the Home Government Asso- 
 ciation were fully confirmed by this National 
 conference, and the Association being then dis- 
 solved, a new organization, "The Irish Home 
 Rule League," was established to control and 
 direct the new movement. 
 
 In January, 1874, Mr. Gladstone dissolved 
 parliament quite unexpectedly. A general elec- 
 tion followed, and now the new organization 
 found its opportunity. The effect of the confer- 
 ence had been undoubtedly good, as it set the 
 seal of national approval on the movement, and 
 the electors showed their faith in the national 
 leaders, for they rallied to the hustings under 
 the Home Rule banner, and the result was a re- 
 turn of sixty Home Rule members to the House 
 of Commons, under the leadership of Mr. Butt. 
 
 The party decided on pursuing the policy of 
 persistent agitation in parliament for moderate 
 concessions, and the securing of at least one 
 annual debate on the question of Home Govem- 
 meut for Ireland. It may be said, in a word, 
 that for some years no concession of any conse- 
 quence was obtained from the Tory ministry in 
 power, and no advance toward the goal of Home 
 Government could be noted.
 
 r:o 
 
 THE STOKY OF IKELAND. 
 
 Meanwhile, there returned an illustrious exile, 
 John Mitchell, to the land of his birth, after an 
 absence of sixteen years. His visit, for such 
 merely it ■was, was due to a cause which hereto- 
 fore would seem to be the last inducement that 
 ' "would prompt his return. Some of his friends 
 in the National party conceived the novel idea of 
 administering a merited rebuke to the British 
 government, which had banished men of ability 
 such as Mitchell, by having him nominated and 
 elected to a seat in parliament. Accordingly he 
 was nominated for Cork City, and also for Tip- 
 perary County, without being apprised of the 
 fact. His well-known scepticism in moral force, 
 made it doubtful whether he would a/ccept the 
 honor were it tendered him, and made the peo- 
 ple uncertain how to actunder the circumstances, 
 and to this cause was due his defeat. 
 
 His arrival in Queenstown on the 25th of July, 
 1874, was unexpected, but when he reached Cork 
 a procession of ten thousand people escorted him 
 to his hotel. Then he repaired to Newry, his 
 native town, where he sojourned for a few months 
 to recruit his health, and await the opportunity 
 of being elected to parliament if a vacancy 
 occurred. This did not happen, however, and 
 Mitchell returned to New York in October. A 
 few months later, February, 1875, a vacancy 
 occurred again for Tipperary, and John Mitchell 
 •was set up as the popular candidate. He sailed 
 from America forthwith, and landed in Ireland 
 on the 16th of February. The day before, he 
 had been elected without opposition, but his 
 election, as every one foresaw, was unavailing. 
 On the motion of Mr. Disraeli, the House of 
 Commons, by a large majority, pronounced him 
 ineligible. John Mitchell survived this, which 
 was to be his last struggle for the land he had 
 loved, but a short while. He died at Dromolane 
 in the house where he was born, on the morning 
 of March 20, 1875. 
 
 Setting out on its career with the purpose of 
 agitating in parliament for minor reforms bene- 
 ficial to Ireland, and an annual motion in favor 
 of Home Government, so as to pave the way to 
 the accomplishment of the latter, and having no 
 well-defined plan of pursuing its objects to their 
 attainment, save by obsolete methods, it is not 
 to bo wondered at that the Home Rule party 
 disappointed the hopes of its supporters, and 
 
 earned the contempt of the British assembly. 
 Mr. Butt, notwithstanding his known ability 
 and his undoubted sincerity in the cause he had 
 espoused, showed no originality in party manage- 
 ment. His early training and conservative predi- 
 lections, inclined him to pursue his policy in 
 a deferential manner, careful not to olfend the 
 susceptibilities of English ministers bj- taking a 
 bold stand, or assuming a menacing attitude on 
 behalf of an oppressed people ; but believing in 
 the potency of calm, unanswerable argument 
 and persistent pleading of his country's cause, 
 he designed to bring the English people to a 
 better mind on the Irish question, and to awaken 
 that mythical adjunct — the conscience of the 
 British ministry ! He must have overlooked the 
 fact that seldom was even a brief hearing vouch- 
 safed to an Irish question, and the shelving and 
 procrastinating process was almost invariably 
 the fate of such bills as were debated. An inde- 
 pendent, uncompromising attitude, and the pres- 
 ervation of its individuality as a distinct body, 
 were necessary to the status of the Home Rule 
 party ; but when division between its leaders 
 showed itself, and defection from its ranks was 
 followed by recrimination and disunion among 
 its members, to the delight of the hostile English 
 majority, its fate was wellnigh foredoomed. An 
 accession to its ranks, however, saved it from 
 total disruption in the person of Charles Stewart 
 Parnell, who had been elected to fill the vacancy 
 for the county Meath, occasioned by the death of 
 John Martin. Mr. Parnell 's fame is world-wide, 
 and his character well known. His most salient 
 traits are courage, coolness of temper and clear- 
 ness of aim ; and that crowning condition of 
 success — perseverance in pursuit of his political 
 ends through all difiSculties, and desi)ite every 
 form of opposition. Mr. Parnell has been 
 accredited with inventing the "Obstruction 
 tactics, which so exasperated the British minis- 
 ters during the sessions of 1877-78, and drove the 
 Commons almost to despair in their efforts to 
 shake off this brake which, by the temerity of 
 one man, had been imposed on the legislative 
 chariot wheels. The idea of obstruction, how- 
 ever, is said to have originated with the late Mr. 
 Joseph Ronayne, formerly member for the city 
 of Cork — "honest Joe Ronayne," as his col- 
 leagues were wont to speak of him. Mr.
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1898. 
 
 JOHN MITCHELL. 
 
 SirRPHY & MCCARTHY.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 261 
 
 Eonayne's suggestion to tho Irish membera was 
 in these words: 
 
 "You will never get. them to listen to you 
 uniil you begin to take as active an interest in 
 English affairs as they take in Irish ones. I am 
 too old to have the necessary energy for tho 
 work. Why don't some of you young fellows 
 try it?" 
 
 Mr. Parnell is said to have pondered frequentlj' 
 on these words, and be that as it may, he was 
 the first to put the theory in practice. This he 
 did with good effect on the English Prisons Bill, 
 which he succeeded in having amended to his 
 desires, and afterward insisted that the Irish 
 Prisons Bill which followed, should be on the 
 same model. 
 
 "Obstruction" — of which a very fair sample 
 was shown at the opening of the session of 187G 
 — may be described as an availing of the privi- 
 leges of the House with a vengeance — that is to 
 say, for the purpose of delaying, rather than of 
 expediting, business. Let it be understood, 
 however, that Mr. Parnell and his confreres had 
 ample cause for adopting a retaliatory course 
 toward the framers of the "half-past twelve rule, " 
 as it was called. This rule was evidently made 
 for the thwarting and indefinite postponement of 
 Irish bills, and the fact that it came into use 
 simultaneously with the appearance of the Irish 
 members united as a party, showed what it was 
 intended for. It ordered that no bill, to which 
 previous notice of objection or amendment had 
 been offered, could be advanced a stage after 
 half-past twelve at night. Notice of opposition 
 ■was, of course, given to every Irish measure, 
 ■while other bills were left unchallenged. 
 
 At the commencement of each session, the 
 Commons elect members to sit on the various 
 committees having duties to discharge in connec- 
 tion with the business of the House. Hitherto, 
 a list of members for each committee, taken im- 
 partially from the Liberal and Tory parties, was 
 ■usually agreed on by their respective leaders. 
 The appearance of a third party — the Home 
 Kulers — disturbed this arrangement; but that 
 difficulty was easily settled by ignoring them 
 altogether. Now it occurred to Mr. Parnell and 
 his co-workers that they would resent this un- 
 fair proceeding by challenging every name on 
 the committees. Such a thing as taking a divi- 
 
 sion on any name proposed had never been heard 
 of. There were l)ut 8i.\ Irish members in the 
 House, but they determined to fight out the 
 matter resolutely. And they did. Every name 
 was challenged, and a division taken on it, -nhich 
 necessitates the adjournment of both parties — 
 the "ayes" and tho "noes" — to tho lobbies, 
 there to be counted by their respective tellers, 
 and a return to the, House. In this w-ay a whole 
 night was consumed to the infinite chagrin and 
 humiliation of the British majority, and the 
 secret joy of Parnell, the Leonidas of this Ther- 
 mopylae. Victory was with the faithful band, 
 for the majority had to give in, and exclusion 
 from committees was no more thought of. Mr. 
 Parnell, always and ably supported by ]\Ir. 
 Biggar, member for Cavan, Mr. O'Donnell, Mr. 
 O'Connor Power, and sometimes others, pursued 
 the obstructive policy throughout the parliamen- 
 tary sessions of 1877 and 1878. 
 
 The obstruction consisted of giving notice of 
 numerous amendments to a bill, which, when it 
 came up for hearing, was thereby delayed in its 
 passage, and an enormous amount of time spent 
 in considering side issues raised by the Obstruc- 
 tionists, and which they claimed their right of 
 speaking on. Many important changes in the 
 Prisons Bill, the Mutiny Bill and others, are 
 due to the activity of the Obstructionists. 
 Motions that "the chairman leave the chair," 
 and "the chairman do report progress" — all in 
 order — were also quite frequent. 
 
 At the outset of his parliamentary career, Mr. 
 Parnell did not at once develop his untried 
 powers as a speaker; but made the Rules and 
 cumbrous procedure of the House his special 
 study: and his ma.stery of these technicalities 
 proved most useful when, after awhile, his novel 
 tactics were put in practice. Mr. Parnell found 
 able supporters of his methods in Messrs. Biggar, 
 Eraiik Hugh O'Donnell, and O'Connor Power. 
 Tilr. Parnell and Mr. Biggar presented a striking 
 contrast, both in appearance and manner. The 
 former of tall, slight, erect figure, and handsome 
 features ; his manner, calm and collected ; an 
 innate self-control seeming to subdue any hasty 
 impulse prompted by exciting episodes of de- 
 bate ; his voice clear and distinct ; and his dic- 
 tion evincing a train of ideas marshaled on the 
 subject, and a store of facts ready for the occa-
 
 262 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 sion. His early training and education iu Eng- 
 land gave him the advantage of knowing that a 
 cool, dignified demeanor, a perfect sang froid, 
 even under provocation, would be as a bag of 
 wool to a bullet in the conflict which he foresaw 
 his policy would provoke. The impending on- 
 slaught he never dreaded ; it would strike, but 
 not annihilate him. Mr. Biggar, in person and 
 voice, had no attractiveness for the assembly 
 be.yond the palpable fact of abundant obtrusive- 
 ness. In the eyes of the English majority, he 
 was an ogre, an Old Man of the Sea sitting on 
 the senatorial Sindbad, and refusing to be 
 shaken off. He is ill-shapen through a personal 
 deformity, and his voice, flavored with the broad 
 Scotch accent that prevails in the North of Ire- 
 land, had no music for the English ear. Mr. 
 O'Donnell is reputed to be a man of varied 
 accomplishments, and had a previous experience 
 which eminently qualified him to enter the lists , 
 as an Obstructive. He had graduated in the 
 Queen's College, Galway, and becoming im- 
 pressed with the evils of the mixed system, set 
 himself to cry it down on every occasion. He 
 attended the annual convocation of the Queen's 
 Colleges every year, and denounced tlie system 
 publicly, undeterred by the taunts and rebTiffs 
 of its supporters. To silence and squelch this 
 small but invincible band, "the first assembly of 
 gentlemen in the world" — as it has been mis- 
 called — lost all self-respect and forfeited their 
 claim to good breeding by the methods they 
 resorted to. The vulgar groaning, jeering, and 
 hooting, were supplemented by imitations of the 
 rooster and of the scream of the locomotive. 
 The cry of obstruction was raised both within 
 and without the House. Efforts were made to 
 trip uj) the Obstructionists by calling them to 
 order for words they never uttered. This was 
 nobtably the case when Sir Stafford Northcote 
 ordered some words of Mr. Parnell to be taken 
 down during the debate on the South African 
 Confederation Bill, and moved his suspension 
 which was voted. This proved merely tempo- 
 rary, however, for there was nothing in his speech 
 to warrant such a penalt.y ; and it became more 
 evident every day that unpleasant as obstruc- 
 tion was to the House — though the "galled jade 
 might wince" — it had to be borne. London 
 and provincial editors were in a white heat, and 
 
 wrote down Parnell and his followers as incen* 
 diaries, and said "something should be done," 
 but could by no means tell what to do. To cur- 
 tail the privileges of the House was so danger- 
 ous an experiment that the Commons, though it 
 chafed and foamed in impotent rage, paused 
 before trying it. 
 
 Mr. Parnell and his supporters, however, went 
 on their way undismayed, and he had the satis- 
 faction to make good his threat for which he had 
 been called to order that "by determined action 
 they (the Irish members) would force the House 
 to treat Irish questions properly." On the Irish 
 Judicature Bill and the County Courts Bill, im- 
 portant amendments were carried by the Irish 
 party; beside effecting improvements in the 
 Local Government Board, and having the Phoenix 
 Park police outrage thoroughly sifted, the Army 
 Discipline Act and the Factories Act, also owe 
 their best provisions to the indefatigable Ob- 
 structionists. Mr. Butt, it is to be regretted, 
 was behind the time in failing to understand the 
 tactics of the only fighting battalion of his party, 
 and committed the uni^ardonable blunder of cen- 
 suring them publicly in the House, which must 
 ever be a blot on his otherwise clear record. 
 Mr. Butt's death occurred in 1879, and Mr. 
 Shaw, M.P., for Cork, succeeded him as Leader 
 of the Home Rule party. 
 
 A monster meeting — memorable as the in- 
 auguration of what subsequently developed into 
 a gigantic movement — was held on a plain a few 
 miles from Claremorris, in the County Mayo, on 
 Sunday, April 20, 1879. It was estimated that 
 there were present from fifteen to twenty thou- 
 sand people, and it included nearly all the 
 farmers of the counties Mayo, Galway, and 
 Roscommon. Five hundred horsemen wearing 
 green emblems formed a conspicuous cavalcade 
 at this concourse. The land and rent questions 
 were discussed by the speakers, chief among 
 whom were O'Connor Power, M.P., John Fergu- 
 son, of Glasgow, and Mr. Landen, Barrister, of 
 Westport. At this time, it should be borne iu 
 mind, three bad harvests in succession had told 
 with dire effect on the farmers, and their distress 
 was becoming extreme ; the wolf of hunger was 
 at their doors, and that sword of Damocles — the 
 ejectment writ — hung over their heads. At this 
 meeting some novel opinions were expressed,
 
 TITSTIX JIcCARTHY.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 263 
 
 and a few strong resolutions taken — the novel 
 doctrine being but the echo of what had been 
 quite recently expounded in the United States 
 by a very remarkable man — Michael Davitt, 
 ■whose name, let me add, will go down in history 
 with that of Hofer and Kossuth and William 
 Tell; for his record is a paradigm of true patriot- 
 ism, and the voluntary sacrifice of his liberty, 
 in his country's cause, not once but often, as 
 great, almost, as that of the noble Roman leap- 
 ing into the gulf to save the city. It was at his 
 instance this meeting was held ; but through the 
 accident of missing a train, he was not present. 
 
 Michael Davitt was a native of a spot close to 
 where this meeting was held. The earliest im- 
 pression indelibly stamped on his memory by 
 the sorrowful circumstances that attended it, was 
 the eviction of himself and his family from their 
 home. They emigrated to England, where in 
 time Michael went to work in a factory, and, 
 unfortunately, lost his arm by an accident. 
 Exile and lapse of time did not efface the recol- 
 lection of that sorrowful scene, where he and his 
 kindred were flung out on the roadside ; on the 
 contrary, the condition of the working classes in 
 England, which contrasted so favorably with 
 that of his own poor countrymen, impressed him 
 more and more that the legalized oppression 
 which executed this wickedness in broad day, 
 invited universal execration, and called to 
 Heaven for vengeance on its jierpetrators. Like 
 Hannibal, but mentally, he registered a vow on 
 his country's altar to devote his life and talents 
 to overturn the oppressive system, and crush the 
 malignant power of Landlordism. 
 
 For his part in the Fenian conspiracy he was 
 tried and sentenced to fifteen years' penal servi- 
 tude, of •which he served eight years. Imme- 
 diately on his release he went to America, and, 
 as before mentioned, promulgated the doctrine 
 of "The land for the people." Returning to 
 Ireland, he caused the above-named meeting at 
 Irishtown to be convened by circular. This was 
 the first of its kind. It was followed by others 
 — nearly all as large — in every part of the coun- 
 try. As the summer advanced, the distress in 
 the Western counties increased. Mr. Parnell 
 and his colleagues repeatedly stated the fact in 
 the House of Commons, and invited government 
 aid, but the premier of the day — the dilettante 
 
 Disraeli — was as the deaf adder to the tale of 
 Irish distress. Mr. Parnell then went to Ireland, 
 and entered heartily into the Land agitation. 
 He told the tenant farmers at a meeting in West- 
 port to "keep a grip of their holdings," and 
 this dictum, to their credit, they obeyed ; and it 
 proved the great distinguishing belligerent 
 feature of this movement; it was no longer 
 words, but a brave defense of their homes and 
 little property against landlord rapacity. In 
 October the Land League was regularly organ- 
 ized in Dublin, with Mr. Parnell as President; 
 Thomas Brennan, Secretary ; and Patrick Egan, 
 •Treasurer. Michael Davitt and others went 
 thi-ough the country and organized local Land 
 League clubs in all the towns of any note, and 
 ere the end of the year, the Land League in 
 strength of niimbers and effective force for a 
 determined struggle, surpassed any movement 
 hitherto attempted in the country. The extreme 
 poverty of the Western farmers excited universal 
 sympathy. Two relief committees, one under 
 charge of the Lady-Lieutenant, the Duchess of 
 Marlboro, the other presided over by the Lord 
 Mayor, sat in Dublin to collect and distribute 
 relief. Mr. Parnell and Mr. John Dillon, went 
 on their memorable mission of charity to the 
 United States in December, where a large sum 
 was raised for the suffering people. The New 
 York HeraM, on this occasion did noble work by 
 opening a relief fund in its columns, which it 
 headed with the magnificent sum of twenty thou- 
 sand dollars. The Irish World, also, for its 
 unceasing efforts on behalf of the famine-stricken 
 people, and the immense sums of money it was 
 instrumental in raising at that period and every 
 week during the existence of the Land League, 
 has merited the undying gratitude of the Irish 
 race. The United States Government gave a 
 warship — the Constitution — to bring over the 
 supplies of provisions collected in the States for 
 the same charitable object. 
 
 Toward the end of 1879, Lord Beaconsfield 
 (Mr. Disraeli having been raised to the peerage 
 with this title) and his cabinet got ousted from 
 office by a combination of adverse circumstances. 
 In April, 1880, a general election was held and 
 the Liberals returned to power, with Mr. Glad- 
 stone at the helm. The new ministry attempted 
 to stem the torrent of agitation in Ireland, which
 
 264 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 had then reached high water, by introducing 
 one of those half-hearted raeasures called the 
 Disturbance Bill ; but that sleepy institution, the 
 House of Lords, when it went up for their con- 
 sideration, saw, perhaps, something in its provi- 
 sions to disturb their normal somnolence, and 
 yetoed it instantly. The Land League may be 
 said to have been in the zenith of its power at 
 this period. In membership it counted by mill- 
 ions, and its treasury was continually replen- 
 ished by large sums transmitted by the treasurer 
 of the American wing of the organization, 
 ihe late Rev. Lawrence T\'alsh, of Waterbury, 
 Conn., and also by the Iriah World, of 'Ne-f 
 York, as well as by money raised in Ireland. 
 The numerous open-air meetings held every 
 ■week chieHy on Sundays — were not surpassed in 
 point of numbers by those of the Repeal or 
 Tithe agitations, and of the intelligence and 
 earnestness of those who attended them, daily 
 proof was afforded by the bold, unyielding oppo- 
 sition offered on almost every occasion to the 
 executive of that loving legal instrument, the 
 ejectment writ. The advent of the sheriff and 
 his posse of "peelers" in the neighborhood was 
 ieralded by the ringing of the local chapel bell, 
 and as at the whistle of Roderick Dhu all his 
 clansmen sprang from the heather, so in a twink- 
 ling all the "boys" — some of them of the mature 
 age of sixty or seventy — and the dear girls 
 swarmed to the rescue. And a rescue it very 
 often proved, when it happened to be a seizure 
 for rent. On such occasions, usually after the 
 seizure had been effected, the crowd surrounded 
 the bailiffs and police, badgered and worried 
 them, drove the confiscated cow in one direction, 
 and the sacrificial pigs in another, and crippled 
 the well-u;eant efforts of the rent-raising expedi- 
 tion. It was at this period that the gentle Mr. 
 Boycott, came into public notice, and earned for 
 himself immortality in the next edition of Web- 
 ster's Dictionary. His crime was not an uncorp- 
 mon one — the taking of an evicted tenant's farm 
 — but he had other bad points, and his reputa- 
 tion was altogether unsavory. The punishment 
 meted out to him was the same as dealt to others, 
 but in an aggravated form. "Boycotting," as 
 it came to be called, was ostracism and worse : 
 it was to be shunned by one's species, even as 
 the rooks take wing at the sight of the scare- 
 
 crow. At this time, also, the English press, 
 quite alarmed at the boldness and progress of 
 the Land League, got up among them the "out- 
 rage" mill, for the manufacture of hideous tales 
 of midnight barbarities by Irish peasants, of 
 the cutting off of cows' tails and men's ears; and 
 these, in most cases, were afterward shown to 
 have been cut out of whole cloth. The follow- 
 ing gentlemen were indicted in October, 1880, 
 for inciting the tenant farmers to pay no rent; 
 Messrs. Parnell, Dillon, Brenuan, Egan, Boyton 
 and some others. A Dublin jury were manly 
 enough on this occasion to do the right thing — 
 they disagreed and the prosecution was dropped. 
 
 Early in the parliamentary session of 1881, 
 Mr. Gladstone, hounded on by the "outrage 
 mill" wing of the press, and his half frightened 
 followers, who began to appreciate the Land 
 League as a formidable organization, introduced 
 the Coercion Bill, and in doing so, held out the 
 promise of a Land Reform measure to follow. 
 The Coercion Act was passed, but not until it 
 encountered all the obstructive tactics of the 
 Irish party, and after the determined resistance 
 offered to its passage had been protracted for a 
 whole month. The Coercion Act was followed 
 by the enactment of a set of stringent rules — 
 substantially a Coercion Act also — for the House 
 of Commons itself. This penal code was, of 
 course, framed for the extinguishment of the 
 obnoxious party in the House — a muzzle for the 
 Obstruction dog, and a clipping of the wings of 
 the Ii'ish oratorical bird. 
 
 On the 7th of April, 1881, Mr. Gladstone in- 
 troduced his Irish Land Bill, which became law 
 on the 22d of August following. The main 
 feature of the bill was the establishment of Land 
 courts throughout the country to arbitrate be- 
 tween landlords and tenants, and with power to 
 adjudicate a scale of fair rents in all cases where 
 lands wore held by tenants-at-will. It also 
 offered facilities for the tenant to become the 
 owner of his holding — the partial creation of a 
 peasant- proprietary — by a government loan of a 
 proportion of the purchase money to be advanced 
 under certain conditions. Though this bill was 
 a wonderful advance on Mr. Gladstone's first 
 concession in this direction in 1870, yet it had 
 some very serious defects rendering it almost 
 practically useless to the majority of tenants who
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 265 
 
 ■were in arrear for rent — in many cases for two 
 or three years' rent. 
 
 This condition of tlio tenant made him invalid 
 in law and put him out of court. An equally 
 grave defect of the bill was the omission — in- 
 tentional or otherwise — to offer any opposition 
 to the eviction crusade which was daily devas- 
 tating the country and depopulating whole dis- 
 tricts. Taken on the whole, however — srantinf? 
 that its benelicial iirovisious could be availed 
 of — it was such a boon as a British ministry 
 never hitherto dreamed of bestowing on Ireland ; 
 but not to them, save to the able and humane 
 statesman at the head of the cabinet, Mr. Glad- 
 stone, is the merit of this measure due. 
 
 The Land Bill was won by the Land League. 
 The goal they had struggled to reach, lay a long 
 way ahead of it, perhaps; but beyond this point, 
 the Leaguers made no perceptible advance, and 
 in a retrospect of their long struggle they can 
 point with pride to this achievement as a signal 
 triumph. 
 
 CHAPTER XCn. 
 
 THE VISIONS AT KNOCK THE LAND LEAGUE PROCLAIMED 
 
 ABEEST OF THE LEADERS THE "nO EENt" 
 
 MANIFESTO THE ARREARS ACT THE PHCENIX 
 
 PARK TRAGEDY SHOOTING OF JAMES CAREY AND 
 
 TRIAL OF o'dONNELL THE NATIONAL LEAGUE. 
 
 There is a remarkable coincidence in the fact 
 that a wild, desolate region of the remote, un- 
 flourishing county of Mayo, should, in the same 
 year, become the scene of the inauguration of 
 a mighty political movement that shook the 
 social foundations to their center, namely the 
 Land League, and also of a supernatural appari- 
 tion the most wonderful. The visions at Knock 
 have a celebrity as wide, and were of a character 
 as mysterious, as those of the Grotto of Lourdes, 
 or of any others on record. 
 
 From a little book entitled, "The Apparition 
 at Knock, " published at Limerick in the year 
 1880, I subjoin a description of Knock Church 
 and its surroundings: 
 
 "We at length reached our destination at 
 Knock, and recognized the parish church from 
 what we had previously heard of it, though we 
 ■were not prepared to see that it is really the 
 handsome, well-proportioned building it is. 
 
 Viewing it as we approach, its cruciform shape, 
 and handsome, S'luare bell-tower, with corners 
 crocketed and pinnacled, and a cross rising from 
 the apex of the roof, disjilays much good taste 
 in its architectural features, not, indeed, to be 
 expected in these remote IMayo LillK. The tower 
 is sixty feet high, and is furnished with a full- 
 toned, sonorous bell, which may be heard a great 
 distance as it calls the people to mass. In the 
 tower there is an aperture inside which opena 
 into the church, and which forms a place for a 
 vocal choir with which the services are supplied. 
 The height of the church is thirty feet to the top 
 of the gable, and about twenty-four feet wide. 
 The gable is topped with a iilain cross of large 
 proportions. It was on the face of the gable- 
 wall the apparition was seen on the 21st of 
 August, 1879. The interior of the church is 
 rather bare; small stations of the cross; no 
 benches, except a few private pews ; one confes- 
 sional, and over the altar a not-very-well-done 
 painting of the Crucifixion. The floor is of 
 cement, but is now all cut up and pitted into 
 holes, the people carrying away the cement, 
 which renders it impossible to keep one's foot on 
 it. The altar is a plain one — the fa9ade sup- 
 ported by two plain pillars at either side ; and a 
 stained-glass window above, which is inserted in 
 the gable. "Gloria in excelsis Deo," is the 
 legend over the altar. A lamp always burns be- 
 fore the tabernacle, in which the Blessed Sacra- 
 ment is constantly preserved for the adoration of 
 the faithful. The writer proceeds to narrate the 
 account of the apparition as related to him by 
 Miss Mary Byrne, and others, who witnessed it 
 on the evening of August 21, 1879 : As my visit 
 was for a twofold purpose, to investigate facts, 
 and to make drawings, etc., I, in the first in- 
 stance, made the acquaintance of Miss Mai-y 
 Byrne, a highly intelligent and respectable 
 young lady, the daughter of the widow Byrne, 
 who, with her two brothers and a sister, lived 
 together in a farmhouse about three hundred 
 yards from Knock Church. There is no mistak- 
 ing the earnestness, truthfulness, and sincerity 
 of Miss Mary Byrne ; and it is evident to every 
 one that she is one of the last persons who could 
 be influenced by imagination, or invent a story. 
 She at once readily entered into a full account 
 of the apparition, when I informed her of the 
 1>
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 nature of my visit and presented my credentials. 
 She stated tbat on the 21st of August, at about 
 8 P.M., there being perfect daylight at the time, 
 before crossing the boundary wall or ditch -which 
 separates the church meadow from their grounds, 
 he saw the apparition against the sacristy gable 
 — about a foot distant from the gable, and about 
 a foot in height from the ground, on a level, in 
 fact, with the meadow grass. She saw three 
 figures — the Blessed Virgin in the middle, St. 
 Joseph to the left, St. John to the right. To 
 the right of St. John was a Lamb, i-ecumbent, 
 •with the cross laid over the shoulder. To the 
 right of the Lamb was what she described to be 
 an altar ; this was in the center of the gable and 
 extended up to the window circle from the 
 ground, to the breadth of seven or eight feet. 
 She was petrified, terrified, transfixed ; but, tak- 
 ing courage, she ran to call her brother, Domi- 
 nick Byrne, a young man of about twenty years 
 of age, as fine a specimen of a Milesian as one 
 could see in a day's walk; highly intelligent, 
 and answering rapidly and clearly every ques- 
 tion. Mary told Dominick to come and see the 
 Blessed Yirgin. "Nonsense, nonsense!" said 
 he. ""What are you dreaming of, girl?"- — ■ 
 "Come, come," she replied. "Come and see 
 and judge for yourself. Come and see what you 
 may see, and believe my word. ' ' He at once 
 proceed to see, followed by his mother, sister 
 and brother. They passed the schoolhouse wall, 
 and stood in utter amazement at the vision 
 ■which they no longer disbelieved in. They were 
 soon joined by others, inchiding another Domi- 
 nick Byrne, a cattle jobber of about thirty years 
 of age, a courageous and powerful mai; As 
 they stood gazing at the apparition in profound 
 astonishment the rain began to fall heavily, and 
 "the wind to blow ; but they remained where they 
 stood, drenched with the downpour, and never 
 leaving the spot. After gazing on it for some 
 time, Dominick Byrne, the cattle jobber, said, 
 "Let us go over the wall, and come nearer and 
 see what it is all about." "No," said Dominick 
 Byrne, Jr., who is clerk of the church, "no, not 
 lill the priest conies down. "We shall send some 
 one for fho priest." "Let us go in at once," 
 said Byrne, the cattle jobber, "what can they or 
 she do to us? Surely no harm; and if harm, 
 why we shall call out. In the name of God, I'll 
 
 go in; here's my hat, take care of it." He then 
 went over the wall, the others followed, gradu- 
 ally approaching nearer to the gable. As they 
 approached, the figures seemed to recede back, 
 closer to the gable. "When they came within 
 two yards of the apparition, though the rain 
 continued to come down in torrents, the ground 
 was perfectly dry, and there was a semicircle 
 around the gable — the rain beat down on the 
 gable wall above the apparition, and stopped 
 when it came Ip the figures; turning on either 
 side it ran down to the ground and formed a 
 pool of water, which was collected next morning 
 in bottles and preserved, by Archdeacon Kava- 
 nagh, the parish priest, but which he has long 
 since distributed to the faithful. ... To the 
 right of the Lamb was what seemed to be an 
 altar; this extended from the ground to about a 
 foot of the window-sill of the sacristy, and like 
 the figures, it seemed to rest on the tops of the 
 grass. It was between seven and eight feet 
 wide. The base of the altar had on it what 
 seemed to be a large, heavy moulding; and on 
 the altar there appeared to be, in rows of three, 
 statuettes of angels or saints — Dominick Byrne 
 could not define which. Mary Byrne could give 
 no description of the altar whatever. The mid- 
 dle row of angels and saints on the altar was 
 more numerous than the low-est, and the upper- 
 most more numerous than the other two. All 
 the figures seemed to have a slight fringe of 
 silvery cloud under them; the figure of St. John 
 was partially concealed, from the knees down, 
 in the cloud ; the position of St. Joseph was that 
 of one in the act of making a profound obesiance, 
 with hands joined, and partly turned toward oui 
 Blessed Lady. The figure of St. Joseph was 
 clothed in one garment, perfectly white, the hair 
 and beard somewhat gray, the flesh had a natural 
 tint. The Blessed Virgin stood facing those 
 who saw the apparition ; the figure was clothed 
 in resplendent white ; on her head was a brilliant 
 crown ; Ler shoulders were covered with a short 
 mantle; the inner garment full, flowing; her 
 eyes directed downward, her hands raised to the 
 shoulders, the palms turned toward each other, 
 somewhat like a priest's when celebrating mass. 
 The hair fell on the shoulders and back in long 
 ringlets ; the feet were visible and covered with 
 a sort of sandal. The figure of St. Johu waa
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 267 
 
 turLdd jiartly toward the altar and partly toward 
 the people. In his left hand ho held a larjjo 
 book ; hiH eyes turned toward it as if reading, 
 and his riijht hand raised as if in the attitude of 
 preaching or continuing his words. The figure 
 of St. John was clothed in one long garment of 
 white, and on his head was a miter of the same 
 color. A brilliant light surrounded all the 
 figures, which light, however, had not the effect 
 of illuminating the places around or outside the 
 circle of the apparition; brilliant lights were 
 seen to coruscate now and again on the gable. 
 Dominick Byrne, Sr. , after gazing intently for 
 some time at the apparition, took courage and 
 gradually approached nearer, so near as to touch 
 the figures, which he made an effort to do. An 
 aged female in the group of those who saw the 
 apparition, endeavored to kiss the feet of the 
 Blessed Virgin, but could feel no substance. 
 Dominick Byrne, when asked did he endeavor to 
 touch the figures, said he endeavored, with the 
 open index and middle fingers of his right hand, 
 to touch the eyes of the figure of the Blessed 
 Virgin, but said he could feel no substance, 
 though he covered the eyes with the tojjs of his 
 fingers. After about two hours from the time 
 the Byrnes first saw the apparition, a messenger 
 came to them stating that an old woman named 
 Campbell, M'ho resided near the church was 
 dying. They ran off to see her; when they re- 
 turned to the church the whole place was in 
 darkness." A second apparition was seen on 
 the 2d of January, 1880, and a third on the Gth 
 of January following, the Feast of the Epiphany. 
 A large number of persons witnessed these later 
 apparitions, including the pastor. Archdeacon 
 Kavanagh and two members of the Koyal Ii'ish 
 Constabulary. The fame of Knock soon spread 
 throughout the land, and numbers of persons 
 aiilicted with bodily ailments and infirmities 
 flocked there. In many cases miraculous cures 
 took place ; and almost every afllicted person who 
 visited the shrine of Knock obtained instant 
 relief. The number of pilgrims steadily in- 
 creased, some from the most remote places ; and 
 many have visited it from England, Scotland 
 and the United States. The authenticity, both 
 of the appiaritions and of the cures effected at the 
 Shrine of Knock has been established beyond all 
 doubt; and it is asserted that a visit to the 
 
 spot, hallowed as the scene of a celestial visita- 
 tion, will inspire even u sceptic with feelings of 
 awe and reverence. 
 
 After the passage of the Land Act of 1881, the 
 government commenced a vigorous persecution 
 of the Laud League, and banned it as an illegal 
 society, giving practical effect to the fierce 
 crusade preached against it in the landlord 
 organs and English press. The argument 
 thought least vulnerable, in voting down a longer 
 toleration of the existence of the Land League, 
 was, that its mission — if it ever had one — was 
 now fulfilled. That the one great grievance of 
 Ireland had been removed. That, in the Laud 
 Act, an inestimable boon had been conferred on 
 the country ; and that it devolved on the people 
 to show their gratitude to that ministry which 
 furnished the long-sought panacea for their ills, 
 and watched over their interests with paternal 
 solicitude. This reasoning was wrong in the 
 premises, for the Land Act, as we have pointed 
 out, though superior to anything that had pre- 
 ceded it, yet was a very imperfect legislative 
 measure ; of no practical benefit to the majorit.v 
 of small tenants, unless they had funds to fight 
 out their newly-acquired rights in the Land 
 courts, and to support their starving families 
 while their suits w-ere pending. And here the 
 Land League gave ample proof that its occupa- 
 tion was not gone, nor its day of usefulness 
 ended. It was the League furnished the legal 
 exisenses of the poorer tenants when they 
 brought forward their claims and grievances in 
 the Land coiirts, and supplied them and their 
 families with the necessaries of life while the 
 struggle lasted. 
 
 The government ran amuck in its raid on the 
 Land League, and grasped the latter with a 
 hand of iron. The executive of the Central 
 Land League Office, in Dublin, were nearly all 
 arrested; but, fortunately, the treasurer, ilr. 
 Patrick Egau, transferred the funds and himself 
 to Paris in time to evade seizure. The police 
 swooped down on League meetings wherever 
 held and dispersed them, sometimes at the bayo- 
 net point. Editors of newspapers, and hundreds 
 of ofiicers and members of local Land League 
 clubs throughout the countrj' were hurried off 
 to prison without warning or trial, there to be 
 detained at the pleasure of the lord lieutenant.
 
 268 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 during part or the whole term of the Coercion 
 Act, which would not expire until Septem- 
 ber 30, 1882. The parliamentary leaders did 
 not escape the general proscription. Jlr. Pax- 
 nell, John Dillon, Mr. O 'Kelly and others were 
 relegated to the retirement of Kilmainham ; and 
 the father of the Land League, as he may well 
 be called — Michael Davitt — on the flimsy pretext 
 of having broken his ticket-of-leave parole, was 
 hurried off to Portland. 
 
 Time was when the brains were out the man 
 would die, and, on the strength of the Shake- 
 sperian aphorism,' perhaps, the government had 
 calculated that when the head was cut off the 
 Land League body would cease to exist. But 
 here it miscalculated. The Land League doc- 
 trine, preached for two years from the platform, 
 and disseminated widely by the press, had made 
 too deep an impression on the popular mind. 
 Every man now knew his duty, and the work of 
 the Laud League went on, though the suppres- 
 sion of the organization was carried out. For- 
 tunately the Land League had been recently 
 supplemented by the Ladies' Laud League; and 
 the society of brave women deserve immortal 
 honor for the sacrifices of time and liberty — 
 some of them also being imprisoned — they offered 
 in the cause ; and the untiring energy they dis- 
 played in distributing relief, and discharging all 
 the duties of the male Land League officials who 
 had beeu arrested. To their exertions, and to 
 the fact that the League funds were safe in the 
 keeping of the treasurer in Paris, is due that the 
 struggle was not relinquished until one other 
 notable concession was gained — namely, the 
 Arrears Bill. This Act met with a stubborn re- 
 sistance in the House of Lords, intensified by 
 some occurrences which preceded it, to which 
 we will briefly allude. 
 
 The immediate effect of the high-handed 
 policy the government had entered on by whole- 
 sale arrests of "suspects," and especially by the 
 imprisonment of Parnell and other members of 
 parliament, was to exasperate the public mind 
 to retaliate on the landlords and their satrajjs. 
 Consc(iuently for a period — happily brief — it 
 was no longer the shadow, but the substance, of 
 agruriau crime that stalked abroad : proving 
 how false the accusation that the Land League 
 leaders bad excited the people to deeds of vio- 
 
 lence; while they were, on the contrary, the pre- 
 servers of peace, and it was the first princijile of 
 their programme. This fact Mr. Parnell and 
 others had repeatedly urged on the government 
 without effect, but now the event verified his 
 words, for a state of things resembling the 
 White-boy period began to prevail in the rural 
 districts. As a retaliatory measure, and proba- 
 bly without designing to sustain so advanced a 
 position, Mr. Parnell at this time issued the 
 famous "No Rent" manifesto, which in its dis- 
 syllabic form, and bearing the signature of all the 
 Land League leaders, was readily interpreted by 
 the people as an injunction to pay no more rent 
 until the "suspects" were all set at liberty. 
 There supervened on this bold stroke of Parnell 
 a regular reign of terror. Buckshot Forster, the 
 modern Cromwell, revelling in the delight of 
 exercising to the utmost the autocratic powers 
 conferred on him by the Coercion Act, poured 
 his bayonetted police and military on every 
 point where a public meeting was announced to 
 be held or a gathering of the people for any pur- 
 pose was expected, and filled the land with 
 spies in the paj^ of the castle. In this Coercion 
 campaign, his satellite, Clifford Lloyd, whose 
 jurisdiction was in the South, seconded him 
 most ably; and between these worthies, the 
 people — the male portion of them, at least — 
 lived in mortal fear of being hurried off to prison 
 at any hour for a lightly spoken word or an in- 
 nocent act, construed by some cutthroat spy 
 into a breach of law. There is a class of men, 
 however, who in excited periods like this cannot 
 be awed into submission by such methods; but 
 who are goaded into madness by the tyrant's 
 lash, and fling defiance in his teeth To this 
 category, doubtless, belonged the desperate band 
 of men known as "Moonlighters," who "made 
 night hideous" in the rural districts of Cork 
 and Kerry at this period by midliight raids on 
 the houses of obnoxious persons and deeds of 
 vindictive cruelty. The English premier could 
 no longer shut his eyes to the serious conse- 
 quences of imprisoning the leaders of the people, 
 or of keeping in custody hundreds of men, the 
 hope and mainstay of many a home, on the 
 shadow of a suspicion, or on strength of some 
 paltry accusation, attested by a perjured police- 
 man or spy. A change of policy was decided on.
 
 THE STOKY OF IRKLAND. 
 
 269 
 
 I 
 
 The suspects were releasocl, and tlio nation at 
 large was also released from tLo iron rule of that 
 monster Buckshot Forster, who was superseded 
 in office by Lord Frederick Cavendish as chief 
 fc-ecretary. These auspicious changes seemed to 
 herald a, reign of peace, or, at least, a period of 
 more harmonious relations between the people 
 and their rulers ; but that evil genius which, in 
 the life of a nation as in that of an individual, 
 steps in to mar its hope and dash to the ground 
 its joyous cuj), intruded early on the scene. 
 The Phoenix Park tragedy, as it may well be 
 called, occurred on the evening of Saturday, 
 May 6, 1882. Its victims were Mr. Thomas H. 
 Burke, the under-secretary, and Lord Frederick 
 Cavendish, the new chief-secretarj'. Under- 
 secretary Burke, on that evening, was walking 
 from the Castle to his lodge or official residence 
 in the Phoenix Park, when he accidentally met 
 Lord Cavendish, who accompanied him in the 
 direction he was going. When near the Phoenix 
 Monument, they were surrounded by five or six 
 men, armed with knives, who attacked them in- 
 stantly. Surprised and unarmed the secretaries 
 made scarcely any resistance, and were stabbed 
 and hurled to the ground where they expired in 
 a few minutes. This awful affair, as might well 
 be expected, aroused a fierce feeling of indigna- 
 tion against Ireland in the sister kingdom, more 
 especially for the murder of Lord Cavendish, 
 who was commissioned to be the bearer of an 
 olive-branch, and the herald of an era of tran- 
 quillity to the oppressed country. Lord Caven- 
 dish's murder, however, it has been almost con- 
 clusively shown, was not planned nor intended. 
 He happened to be in bad company on this occa- 
 sion, and through this accident, shared the fate 
 of his companion — Burke — who, it has been 
 asserted, busied himself unnecessarily in un- 
 earthing Fenian fugitives at the time of the 
 Piising, and indicating to the lord-lieutenant the 
 "Suspects" of the Land League period. This 
 circumstance however, was overlooked in the 
 storm of anger and indignation provoked by the 
 perpetration of the cold-blooded deed ; and a 
 clamor was raised in the press, and from plat- 
 form and puljiit, calling on the government to 
 put a period to the era of assassination and 
 anarchy in Ireland. The English government 
 j responded by framing a measure — the Crimes Act 
 
 — for a model of which they must have searched 
 among the musty records of the Spanish In<juisi- 
 tion, or sought in the archives of the czar. It 
 conferred autocratic powers on judges — trial by 
 j ury being in abeyance — suppressed public meet- 
 ings and gagged the press. In a word, it 
 essayed to extinguish the already faint, flicker- 
 ing light of liberty in the land. 
 
 The enactment of this measure, however, was 
 not accomplished without meeting determined 
 but, of course, unavailing opposition, from Mr. 
 Parnell and his colleagues. The powers con- 
 ferred on the magistrates, the police and the 
 entire Irish executive, were such as afforded the 
 latter facilities for searching any house or 
 premises, at any hour of the day or night; and 
 the Phceuix Park murderers, though for months 
 they eluded search and inquiry, were at length 
 in the toils. It was discovered that they be- 
 longed to a secret society, called the "Irish In- 
 vincibles, " presided over by a man styled "Num- 
 ber One" and tlieir mission was the assassina- 
 tion of Castle and other officials of the Crown in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Soon after the enactment of the Crimes Act, 
 the AiTears Act was introduced, and notwith- 
 standing the attempts of the House of Lords to 
 neutralize its beneficial features by sundry 
 amendments, it finally became law on August 
 11, 1882. The Arrears Act was intended to 
 supplement the Land Act, by remedying a radi- 
 cal defect in the latter. The small tenants, at 
 the time the Land Act was passed, were most of 
 them in arrear for three years' rent. The Land 
 Courts could not hear their cases as they were 
 disqualified, and the landlord might evict them 
 summarily. The Arrears Act was designed to 
 remedy this distressing state of things, and its 
 provisions were, that the tenant should pay one- 
 third the amount he owed the landlord ; that the 
 government should also out of the public treasury 
 pay one-third to the landlords; and that the 
 landlords should forego the remaining one-third. 
 
 The trials of the Phajnix Park prisoners took 
 place in the spring of 1883, and lasted nearly 
 two months. In their midst was a Judas named 
 James Carey, whose treachery was of so black a 
 hue that when the sanctimonious hypocrite — the 
 regular church-attendant and meek Christian — 
 presented his saturnine visage on the witness
 
 270 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 stand, some of the prisoners started back -witli a 
 shudder, incredulous that he of all men, who 
 had plotted the whole infernal business, who 
 had been their guide and counselor and leader, 
 -was there to sell them body and soul. This he 
 did to save his own dirty skin, and he accom- 
 plished his object, so far for awhile — for awhile 
 Low brief the sequel will serve to show. On the 
 evidence of James Carey five of the "Invincible" 
 prisoners were convicted and received the capital 
 sentence. Their names were Joseph Brady, 
 Daniel Curley, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey 
 and Timothy Kelly. Their executions took place 
 in Dublin, in the months of May and June, 1883. 
 Several others received sentence of penal servi- 
 tude for being implicated in the assassination 
 plot. Such a blot on the face of creation as 
 James Carey must needs hide from the light of 
 •daj' like the owl, and of all places on earth the 
 government chose for him a most congenial re- 
 treat — Newgate prison, hoary and begrimed 
 with the dust and sooty London smoke of cen- 
 turies, its atmosphere laden with the muttered 
 curses and despairing blasphemies of condemned 
 criminals. This was the temporary abode of 
 James Carey ; better for him had it been his per- 
 manent residence ; and more appropriate his 
 passage to that higher or lower apotheosis which 
 awaited him by way of the hangman's trap, which 
 on occasion, adorns the courtyard of that gloomy 
 hostlerj-. But the government must needs trans- 
 plant, in one of its distant colonies, this precious 
 sprout, with a view, doubtless, to the propaga- 
 tion of the genus informer, and so they shipped 
 James and his better-half and chicks to Port 
 Elizabeth, in Cape Colony, South Africa. Cape 
 Town was reached iu safety, and here James 
 Carey and family transshipped on board the 
 steamer Melrose, for Port Elizabeth. Nemesis 
 ■was on his track iu the person of Patrick O'Don- 
 nell, a fellow-passenger on board the Melrose. An 
 acquaintance sprang up between the two men; 
 and O'Donnell, from the descriptions he had 
 heard of Carey's personal appearance, was not 
 slow iu recognizing in his eompangon de voyagi', 
 the notorious informer; and his sensibilities 
 were shocked by the discovery that he had given 
 the hand of friendshij) to such a wretch. An 
 altcrration between these men on Sunday, July 
 29, 1883, resulted (according to O'Donuell's 
 
 statement) in Carey drawing his revolver on 
 O'Donnell, whereupon O'Donnell — as he claims 
 in self-defense — fired his own revolver twice at 
 Carey, with fatal efPect. O'Donnell was imme- 
 diately placed under arrest, and on the arrival of 
 the Melrose at Port Elizabeth, was taken before 
 a magistrate, who recommitted him for trial in 
 England, as the shooting had taken place on the 
 high seas. The doom of O'Donnell, tried be- 
 fore an English judge and jury, was a foregone 
 conclusion, and though he had the advantage of 
 the most able counsel that money could procure;, 
 and there was no lack of funds for his defense — 
 the Irish World alone having raised upward of 
 fifty-five thousand dollars for this purpose — his 
 conviction was secured. One of the most 
 eminent lawyers of the New York bar. Gen. 
 Roger A. Pryor, was specially retained and sent 
 to London to assist his English counsel, Mr. 
 Charles Russell, Q.C., and Mi-. A. M. Sullivan. 
 The line of defense adopted was admittedly skill- 
 ful, and the pleading most able ; but reason and 
 rhetoric were alike unavailing to make the least 
 impression on the stolid minds of an English 
 jury, swayed by a strong bias and bound to 
 convict. His execution took place on the morn- 
 ing of December 17, 1883, at Newgate Prison, 
 London. At Derrybeg, iu the county Donegal, 
 where he was born, a requiem mass was cele- 
 brated for the repose of his soul, and a funeral 
 procession in his memory took place on the 2-1 th 
 of January, 1884. In connection with this latter 
 episode of Irish history, two circumstances are 
 particularly noticeable, namely, that the "taking 
 off" of James Carey evoked not one solitary sigh 
 of regret (outside of his family circle) through- 
 out the wide domain of Christendom, nor has 
 the act of Patrick O'Donnell, whether criminal, 
 or as he claimed in self-defense, brought on him 
 public censure, living or dead. And the reason 
 is not far to seek. The lifeless body of the 
 Roman usurper, laid at the foot of Pompey's 
 Pillar, or the blood-drii)ping head of Holofernes, 
 are not historical objects of pity, and never till 
 the men and women who have rid the world of 
 tyranny, treachery, corruption are held up to 
 universal execration, shall the stigma of murder 
 be set on the fame of Patrick O'Donnell. 
 
 The revolutionary "blowing up" idea, which 
 so far back as the year 18G7, at the ClerkenweD
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 271 
 
 ■explosion took practical shape, has been revived 
 again in the present year and following on many 
 abortive attempts, such as those on the Mansion 
 House and elsewhere, has, at length, by the de- 
 cided impression created on the new government 
 Home-Offices in Whitehall, proved to the world 
 at large that it is a factor in Irish politics by 
 no means to be ignored, and since it is no 
 longer the comparatively easy-going gunpowder 
 of our ancestors, but the newly-found dynamite 
 demon, its possibilities of development and 
 destructiveness are quite incalculable. O 'Dono- 
 van liossa, the implacable enemy of England, 
 who, at his trial, bearded the British lion in 
 liis den, is said (with what amount of truth I 
 am unable to say) to be th« guiding spirit of 
 this movement. 
 
 The year 1883 will be memorable for an event 
 ■which brought sorrow to many an Ii-ish heart at 
 home, and the news of which had a mournful sig- 
 nificance for thousands of exiles beyond the bil- 
 lows of the Atlantic, namely, the death of the 
 illustrious orator and divine, Father Burke. 
 Father Burke's sermons and lectures attracted 
 thousands of auditors on almost every occasion 
 of their delivery, and evoked the highest en- 
 comiums, even from the Protestant press of Eng- 
 land. They are marked by profound learning 
 and incontrovertible logic, and in their delivery 
 he possessed a facility of expression and an 
 attractiveness of style which fascinated his 
 hearers. His visit to America was opportune, as 
 it gave to the Irish race in the United States a 
 champion of their character and nation against 
 the libelous slanders of the mercenary historian, 
 James Athony Froude. In Father Burke, Froude 
 encountered a foemau worthy of his steel. The 
 great Dominican, whose ripe scholarship and 
 unerring reasoning powers fully equipped him 
 for such a controversy, scattered to the winds the 
 lies attempted to be foisted on American audi- 
 ences under the guise of history ; and this great 
 public service alone will forever endear him to 
 the grateful remembrance of his countrymen, 
 and has earned for him the admiration of all 
 lovers of truth. His death occurred at Tallaght, 
 in the county of Dublin, en the 2d of July, 1883. 
 
 One other most important political event of 
 this year remains to be noted, namely, the 
 founding of the National League, which has 
 
 merged the Land Lea;?uc8 of Ireland and 
 America and amalgamated with it all other Irish 
 organizations in the United States. The National 
 Conference, which preceded the organization of 
 the National League, was held at the Ancient 
 Concert Rooms, Dublin, on the 7th of October, 
 
 1882. It showed the activity of [the Irish lead- 
 ers, and proved that those at the helm would no 
 longer sit idly on their oai's, for, as the Land 
 League could be no longer be made available for 
 further usefulness, an organization to succeed it, 
 capable of wider expansion and with a broader 
 constitution, was then and there discussed. The 
 programme of the National League was subse- 
 quently drawn up at a convention held in the 
 Rotunda, Dublin, and included National and 
 Local Self-government, Land Law Reform, ex- 
 tension of the parliamentary and municipal 
 franchises, and also the development and en- 
 couragement of the industrial and labor inter- 
 ests of the country. 
 
 The Philadelphia Convention, held in June, 
 
 1883, attended by delegates from all the Irish- 
 American societies, fully indorsed the constitu- 
 tion drawn up by the Dublin Convention. The 
 Land League being then declared dissolved, the 
 National League of America was founded amid 
 the greatest enthusiasm. 
 
 So far runs the record of seventeen years — a 
 brief space in a nation's life — yet fraught with 
 many exciting national events in Ireland, and 
 fruitful of important and beneficial changes in 
 her welfare. The organization of the National 
 League just mentioned, of all other events, war- 
 rants the hope with which this supplementary 
 history set out, namely, that the day of Ireland's 
 independence is not far distant. A United Ire- 
 land, the dream of her poets, and the aim of 
 her patriots and martyrs ; the Celtic race at 
 home and in exile, linked in one great fraternity; 
 this have we seen accomplished in our day. 
 Guided by judicious leaders, and pursuing its 
 course with unflinching fidelity to the policy 
 outlined in its constitution, its power and im- 
 portance must be immense; and may, at any 
 critical juncture, prove irresistible to its ancient 
 foe. Much has been accomplished in a few 
 years, and the possibilities of the future are in- 
 calculable. Let us not sit idly in the market 
 place. Let each man's hand be on the plow. 
 
 I
 
 272 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 and his part in this great struggle be honestlj' 
 performed. Commensurate with the fulfillment 
 of these conditions shall be the success of this 
 great organization ; and in the hope that wisdom 
 will guide its councils, and persistency^ mark its 
 progress, I am not over-sanguine in predicting 
 that the hope of this generation will be fulfilled 
 in the next — a National Parliament again assem- 
 bled in College Green, above which shall wave 
 the green flag of Ireland, and proclaim her a free 
 nation. 
 
 CHAPTER XCin. 
 
 "PARNELLISM AND CKIME" THE HOME RULE BILL. 
 
 Ireland's arch enemy, the London Times, did 
 not miss the opportunity offered by the Phoenix 
 Park tragedy to unmask its batteries of slander 
 against its victim, and singled out the great 
 national leader for special attack in a series of 
 articles entitled "Parnellism and Crime," the 
 purport of which was to show conclusively that 
 Mr. Parnell, Michael Davitt, and all the promi- 
 nent Nationalists were secretly in league with 
 the "Invincibles, " the "Moonlighters," and all 
 the malcontents and miscreants of the period. 
 Not only in league with the latter, but 'had in- 
 stigated and abetted their evil deeds, especially 
 the Phoenix Park murders. That money had 
 been advanced from the Land League fund to 
 James Carey, of the "Invincibles," and others, 
 to forward their nefarious designs, was , also 
 averred. No qualifying doubts or hesitancy 
 characterized the language in which these seri- 
 ous charges against Parnell and his colleagues 
 ■were set down ; but, on the contrary, a solemn, 
 portentous tone pervaded the writer's startling 
 avowal. The underlying motive — to ruin the 
 reputation of the Irish leaders, especially in the 
 eyes of the English electors — was veiled under a 
 ■well-assumed sincerity and pretended sense of 
 duty, impelling the writer to forewarn the public' 
 what manner of men these Nationalists were. 
 To those acquainted with Mr. Parnell's character 
 and methods, those who had watched his public 
 career from his first entry into the arena of poli- 
 tics, and noted the constitutional methods he 
 had invariabl.v pursued, these disclosures were 
 simply incredible. "Yet the persistency with 
 
 which the charges were reiterated was well cal- 
 culated to raise up doubt and apprehension in 
 most men's minds. For three months or more 
 these libels were on the intellectual bill of fare 
 furnished forth daily to John Bull. But the 
 end was not yet. "While the Coercion Bill was 
 under debate (Balfour's first-born, stamped in- 
 delibly with original sin) the "Thunderer" ful- 
 minated a new kind of projectile, calculated to 
 carry conviction to doubting minds and create 
 consternation in the Parnellite constituencies — a 
 forged letter authenticated with Parnell's own 
 signature, and then another, and several others 
 in succession. It will not be out of place to 
 insert here a few of these interesting epistles. 
 
 "May 15, 1882. 
 "Dear Sir: I am not surprised at your friend's 
 anger, but he and you should know that to 
 denounce the murders was the only course open 
 to us. To do that promptly was plainly our best 
 policy. But you can tell him and all others 
 concerned that though I regret the accident of 
 Lord F. Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to 
 admit that Burke got no more than his deserts. 
 You are at liberty to show him this and others 
 whom you can trust also, but let not my address 
 be known. He can write to House of Commons. 
 "Yours very truly, 
 "Chas. S. Parnell." 
 
 Another letter ■was as follows : 
 
 "January 9, 1882. 
 "Dear E. : "What are these fellows waiting 
 for? This inaction is inexcusable; our best 
 men are in prison and nothing is being done. 
 Let there be an end of this hesitancy. Prompt 
 action is called for. You undertook to make it 
 hot for old Forster, etc. Let us have some evi- 
 dence of your power to do so. My health is 
 good, thanks. 
 
 "Yours very truly, 
 "Chas. S. Parnell." 
 
 The following letter purporting to be written 
 by Patrick Egan, treasurer of the Land League, 
 also appeared : 
 
 "I have by this post sent M. £200. He will 
 give .you what you want. "When will you un- 
 dertake to get to work and give us value for cmt 
 money ? 
 
 "Faithfully yours, 
 
 "Patwck Egan. 
 "James Caket, Esq."
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 273 
 
 Subsequent disclosures proved conclusively 
 that the Government was behind the Timfn in 
 the conspiracy to ruin Mr. Parnell ; and the 
 Tory leader of the House of Commons, W. H. 
 Smith, was noticeably active in circulatinji^ these 
 libels, which wore published in pamphlet form 
 and for sale at all his railroad book-stalls. Mr. 
 Parnell was urged to take action against the 
 Times, and clear himself of the odium heaped on 
 his name; but he hesitated for long, and not 
 without good and sufficient reasons. At length, 
 however, he demanded that the charges be tested 
 before a tribunal composed of members of the 
 House. Mr. Smith answered that the Govern- 
 ment would consent to have a criminal prosecu- 
 tion entered against the Times, and that the 
 attorney-general be instructed to act as counsel 
 for the prosecutrou. The duplicity shown in 
 this evasive answer, the mockery of making a 
 show of fighting Parnell 's battle while they were 
 playing into the hands of the Times, could not 
 fail of being detected even by men less wary 
 than the Nationalist members. The offer was 
 declined, and the Times immediately renewed 
 the charges in more aggravated terms, and 
 challenged Mr. Parnell to go before a London 
 jury; but the wise leader hesitated to take what 
 under ordinary circumstances would have been 
 the proper course. The cockney juryman is not 
 remarkable for capacity of intellect, and could 
 hardly be expected to form a just estimate of an 
 Lrish political organization, or determine 
 whether its leaders led, as was charged, double 
 lives in a political sense, pursuing their objects 
 by open and constitutional methods in daytime, 
 but under cover of darkness sending out mur- 
 derous emissaries armed with knives and six- 
 shooters. A London jury would, in all proba- 
 bility, be swayed by their prejudices, as in the 
 case of O'Donnell, who was hurried to his doom 
 even though a grave doubt existed that the 
 charge of murder could be sustained, his plea 
 being that Carey was the aggressor, and that he 
 (O'Donnell) had fired on the informer in self- 
 defence. An unlooked-for incident or precedent 
 occurred at this juncture which precipitated the 
 famous Times prosecution case. Frank Hugh 
 O'Donnell, a writer on the Blaming Post, con- 
 sidering that he also had been libelled, began 
 suit against the Times. In this action the plain- 
 
 tiff was not successful, but the case directed 
 renewed attention to the forged letters, and fur- 
 ther pressure being brought to bear ou the 
 Government, a royal commission, presided over 
 by three judges, was ai)poiuted to hear what 
 proved to be perhaps the most remarkable libel 
 suit of this century Sir Charles Russell's speech 
 for the jjlaintiff — a masterly effort which took 
 several days in delivery — was in reality a histori- 
 cal review of the causes proximate or remote of 
 crime in Ireland, and was in itself not only au 
 indictment of the Times, but also of the Govern- 
 ment back of it. One extract from this remark- 
 able address will reveal piecemeal one phase of 
 Ireland's wrongs. Quoting Lord Dufferiu (late 
 Governor-General of Canada) in his work, "Irish 
 Emigration and the Tenure of Land in L-elaud," 
 Sir Charles read this remarkable passage to the 
 court: "From Queen Elizabeth's reign until 
 within a few years all the known and authorized 
 commercial confraternities of Great Britain never 
 for a moment relaxed their relentless grasp on 
 the trades of Ireland. One by one each of our 
 nascent industries was either [strangled in its 
 birth or handed over gagged and bound to the 
 jealous custody of the rival interest in England, 
 until at last every fountain of wealth was her- 
 metically sealed, and even the traditions of com- 
 mercial enterprise have perished through desue- 
 tude. " Another passage aprojxjs of the Land 
 question was as follows: "The owners of 
 England's jiastures opened the campaign. Aa 
 early as the commencement of the IGth century 
 the beeve? of Roscommon, Tipperary and 
 Queen's County undersold the produce of the 
 English grass counties in their own market. By 
 an Act of the 20th of Elizabeth, L-ish cattle were 
 declared a "nuisance" and their importation was 
 prohibited. Forbidden to send our beasts alive 
 across the Channel, we killed them at home and 
 began to supply the sister country with cured 
 provisions. A second act of Parliament imposed 
 prohibitory duties on salted nieats. The hides 
 of the animals still remained, but the same influ- 
 ence soon put a stop to the importation of 
 leather. Our cattle trade abolished, we tried 
 sheep farming. The sheep breeders of England 
 immediately took alarm, and Irish wool was 
 declared contraband by a parliament of Charles 
 IL Headed in this direction we tried to work
 
 274 
 
 THE STOKY OF IKELAND. 
 
 up the raw material at home, but this created 
 the greatest outcry of all. Every maker of fus- 
 tian, flannel and broadcloth in the country rose up 
 in arms, and by an Act of William III. the •woollen 
 trade of Ireland was extinguished, and twenty 
 thousand manufacturers left the island. The easi- 
 ness of the Irish labor market and the cheapness 
 of provisions still giving us an advantage, even 
 though we had to import our materials, we next 
 made a dash at the silk business ; but the silk 
 manufacturer proved as pitiless as the wool 
 staplers. The cotton manufacturer, the sugar 
 refiner, the soap and candle maker, and any 
 other trade or interest that thought it worth 
 while to petition was received by Parliament 
 with the same partial cordiality, until the most 
 searching scrutiny failed to detect a single vent 
 through which it was possible for the hated in- 
 dustry of Ireland to respire. But, although ex- 
 cluded from the markets of Britain, a hundred 
 harbors gave her access to the universal sea. 
 Alas! a rival commerce on her own element was 
 still less welcome to England, and as early as the 
 reign of Charles II., the Levant, the ports of 
 Europe, and the oceans beyond the Cape were 
 forbidden to the flag of Ireland. The colonial 
 trade alone was in any manner open — if that 
 could be called an open which for a long time 
 precluded all exports whatever, and excluded 
 from direct importation to Ireland such impor- 
 tant articles as sugar, cotton, and tobacco. 
 What has been the consequence of such a system 
 pursued with relentless pertinacity for two hun- 
 dred and fifty years ? This : that, debarred from 
 every other trade and industry, the entire nation 
 flung itself back upon the land with as fatal an 
 impulse as when a river whose current is sud- 
 denly impeded rolls back and drowns the valley 
 it once fertilized." 
 
 In the unraveling of the case was disclosed a 
 vile conspiracy having for its principal agent a 
 man named Houston, the Secretary of the Loyal 
 and Patriotic Union (a landlord brotherhood), 
 and Kichard Pigott, at one time owner of a well- 
 known Dublin paper. The Irishman. Pigott 's 
 baseness was of earlier date. He had offered his 
 wares — forged letters and information relating to 
 the Nationalists — to the late Chief-Secretary 
 Forster — "Buckshot" Forster as he is best 
 known. Forster declined to purchase the let- 
 
 ters, though he helped out Pigott with loans of 
 money until the latter became too importunate 
 in his demands. The end of this remarkable case 
 — the confession of Richard Pigott to Mr. 
 Labouchere in presence of George Augustus Sala 
 that all the libelous letters published in the 
 Times were forged by his own hand- — was fol- 
 lowed by the wretched man's flight and suicide 
 at a hotel in Madi'id. This unlooked-for denoue- 
 ment was a signal triumph for Mr. Parnell and 
 his colleagues, and the scene in the House of 
 Commons on March 1st when ]\Ii-. Parnell rose to 
 speak was altogether unprecedented. Every 
 Liberal — Gladstone, Morley, Harcourt, included 
 — arose and cheered him wildly for several 
 minutes. 
 
 On June 8th, 1885, an amendment to the 
 second reading of Mr. Gladstone's Budget, pro- 
 posed by Sir Michael Hicks Beach, led to a divi- 
 sion that unseated the ministry, and the chief 
 factor in its downfall was the Ii'ish vote, which 
 then numbered only thirty -nine, and was thrown, 
 into the opposition scale. The exultation of the 
 party over the downfall of "Buckshot" Forster 
 and his tyrannical regime was well merited, and 
 Mr. Parnell was heard to _ remai'k : "A united 
 Irish party can hold in its hand the destinies of 
 England's governments. " A bill enlarging the 
 franchise in Ireland so as to equalize it with the 
 franchise in England and Scotland had been, 
 passed while the Gladstone Ministry was in 
 power. In the general election that ensued the 
 effect was seen in an overwhelming majority for 
 the Parnellites. Mr. Gladstone was again, 
 returned to power under a pledge to bring in a. 
 Home Rule bill. Several members of hia 
 cabinet were opposed to the measure and re- 
 signed^ — the Marquis of Hartington, Sir George 
 Trevelyan, and Joseph Chambers. Notwith- 
 standing this desertion by his lieutenants, Mr. 
 Gladstone redeemed his promise on April 
 8, 1886, by introducing his Home Rule bill 
 in a speech which by many is ranked as the mas- 
 terpiece of all his orations. The main features 
 of the bill may be summed up briefly as follows. 
 It provides for the constitution of an Ii-ish Par- 
 liament sitting in Dublin with the queen at ita 
 head. The Parliament, which is to be quinquen- 
 nial, is to consist of three hundred and nine 
 members divided into two "orders;" one hun-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 275 
 
 ired and three ruGmbers iu tlio first and two 
 hundred and sis in the second order. The first 
 order to consist of the twenty -eight Irish repre- 
 sentative peers and its remaining members to be 
 elective. At the end of thirty years the rights of 
 peerage members will lapse and the whole of the 
 first order will be elective. The elective mem- 
 bers will sit for ten years and will be elected by 
 constituencies subsequently to be formed. The 
 elective member must possess a property quali- 
 fication or income of two hundred pounds a year. 
 The franchise is restricted : the elector having to 
 possess or occupy land of the annual value of 
 twenty-five pounds. The second "order" is to 
 be elected on the existing franchise — tile repre- 
 sentation of each constituency being doubled. 
 For the first Parliament the Irish members now 
 sitting iu the House of Commons will constitute 
 one-half the members of the second order. The 
 lord lieutenant has power given him to arrange 
 for the procedure at the first sitting, the election 
 of Speaker and other details. If a bill is lost by 
 the disagreement of the two orders voting sepa- 
 rately, the matter in dispute shall be considered 
 as vetoed, or lost, for three years. After .that 
 time, if the question shall be again raised, it 
 shall be submitted to the legislative body as a 
 whole, both shall vote together and the majority 
 decide. The responsible executive will be con- 
 stituted the same as in England. The leader of 
 the majority will be called upon by the lord 
 lieutenant to form a government responsible to 
 the Irish Parliament. The queen retains the 
 right — to be exercised through the lord lieu- 
 tenant — of giving or withholding her assent to 
 bills and can dissolve or summon Parliament 
 when she pleases. All constitutional questions 
 that may arise as to whether the Irish Parliament 
 has exceeded its powers will be decided by the 
 judicial committee of the privy council. The 
 prerogatives of the crown are imtouched. Im- 
 perial questions — the making of peace or war, all 
 foreign relations, questions of international law 
 or treaties, matters relating to naturalization, to 
 trade, navigation and quarantine; coinage, 
 weights and measures ; copyrights and patents ; 
 all these and others to be controlled by the Im- 
 perial Parliament. For a time, the customs and 
 excise duties are to be levied by officers ap- 
 pointed,. i.s now, by the British treasury. All 
 
 other taxes will be imposed and collected under 
 the authority of the Irish Parliament. We have 
 given merely a few loading features of the bill 
 which on all hands was admitted to bo very defec- 
 tive — in fact, a lame and halting measure and 
 regarded by Mr. Parnell as by no means a final 
 settlement of the Irish question ; but rather as a 
 first instalment of justice, he and his followers 
 supported it. The bill was defeated, however by 
 a majority of thirty on June 7th, and then came 
 another general election. 
 
 CHAPTER XCTV. 
 
 COERCION THE PLAN OP CAMPAIGN DEATH OF MR. PAR- 
 NELL THE HOME RULE BILL PASSED RETIREMENT 
 
 OF MR. GLADSTONE. 
 
 Mb. Parnell early in the last session of Parlia- 
 ment had introduced a bill for the amelioration 
 of small tenants precluded from the benefits of 
 the Land Act, and in distress through arrears. 
 The- bill was defeated, and the prospect before 
 the poorer class of farmers whom it might have 
 saved was wholesale eviction. To combat the 
 horrors implied in that term a distinguished 
 member of the Nationalist party (it is said John 
 Dillon) formulated the famous plan of campaign. 
 In October, 1886, United Ireland published the 
 programme which was laid down for the op- 
 pressed tenantrj', and it is but just to say they 
 proved loyal to it; and so were, in most cases, 
 saved from being utterly crushed under the 
 tyrannical regime that ensued when the new 
 coalition ministry came into oflace. The latter, 
 with Lord Salisbury for i)remier, was composed 
 of true-blue Tories and weak-kneed Liberals who 
 styled themselves "Liberal-Unionists." When 
 Sir Michael Hicks Beach, who was then chief 
 secretary for Ireland, resigned, he was succeeded 
 by the prime minister's nephew, Mr. Arthur 
 Balfour. If history should not give this gentle- 
 man's name prominence and rank him with Lord 
 Arthur Grey and other of Queen Elizabeth's gen- 
 tle lieutenants, such as Carew and Inchiquin, 
 then it is not because the aspiring young states- 
 man has not earned that distinction. First by 
 framing a coercion bill which invested every 
 policeman with judicial powers so that he might 
 arrest whom he pleased as a "suspect." The 
 "suspect" could be held for an. indefinite period 
 
 I
 
 87e 
 
 THE STORY OF IKELAND. 
 
 and •was denied the opportunity of proving his 
 innocence, for by anotlier provision of the bill, 
 trial by jury was iu abej'ance and Justice with 
 her scales was ruled out of court. Crime, or 
 rather the shadow or "suspicion" of crime, 
 against which the measure was to operate con- 
 sisted chiefly in unlawful assemblies, and by its 
 ingenious framers any gathering of people in the 
 open air or behind closed doors could be classed 
 unlawful and dispersed and its leaders locked 
 ■up. Like Caligula, the new secretary evinced a 
 desire — such was the spirit in which the dia- 
 bolical bill was drawn — that the nation collec- 
 tively had but one neck so as he might clutch it 
 by the throat. As it was, nearb' all the promi- 
 nent members of Parliament were caught iu the 
 toils beside the Lord Mayor of Dublin and many 
 other notable jjersons ; and while all these inno- 
 cent men languished in jail a reign of terror was 
 inaugurated outside. One of the saddest occur- 
 rences of this period happened at Mitchelstown, 
 in county Cork. A meeting was being held 
 there on behalf of the tenantry of a local estate 
 at which Mr. "William O'Brien, Mr. Dillon and 
 eeveral English gentlemen sympathizers were 
 present. Without warning of any kind the 
 police burst in upon the crowd and batoned every 
 one in the vicinity of the platform or on the 
 street, and when in retaliation for this gross 
 outrage and supererogation on the part of the 
 "guardians of the peace" a few stones were 
 flung at these brutal hirelings, thoy withdrew to 
 the shelter of their barracks and opened fire on 
 the unarmed people — deadly fire, for, sad to 
 relate, three men and a boy paid the forfeit of 
 their lives to that inhuman savagery. Mr. Bal- 
 four endeavored to shift responsibility from the 
 police and rid himself of the odium this cowardly 
 massacre entailed on the government by lying 
 and prevarication, and utterly ignored the result 
 of the coroner's inquest, which was a verdict of 
 murder against the police. The treatment of 
 Mr. William O'Brien, of poor Mandeville and 
 others while iu prison — brutal and ferocious — 
 brought Balfour's regime under universal con- 
 demnation; but yet had little effect in staying 
 the tyrant's iron hand The pl.an of campaign 
 proved perhaps the most effectual safeguard 
 against the cold-blooded crusade set on foot by 
 this latter-day Cromwell. Notwithstanding the 
 
 fact that the rack-renting landlords were 
 openly backed up by government, since at every 
 eviction large contingents of police and often 
 military were present to aid the sheriffs and his 
 bailiffs ; yet the campaigners won many a vic- 
 tory even from stern, unyielding lords of the soil. 
 The fight was long and bitter and attracted 
 world-wide attention. 
 
 The split which at a mosi inopportune moment 
 divided the Nationalist paity into two hostile 
 camps, cast a gloomy cloud on the horizon of 
 L'eland's rising hopes; and left in doubt for 
 many a day the issue of this unlooked-for and 
 most unnatural antagonism. In reverence to the 
 memory of the great departed leader — de mortuis 
 nil nisi honum — we will do no more than allude 
 to the divorce trial in which his name figured 
 and which caused Mr. Gladstone to disavow all 
 future alliance with Mr. Parnell as leader of the 
 Irish Home Rule party. The secession of many 
 of Mr. Parnell 's own followers, his denounce- 
 ment by the Irish bishops — the contested elec- 
 tions, and all the bitterness and recriminaton 
 and bad blood evoked through this unseemly 
 contention, can only be mentioned with deep re- 
 gret and humiliation that ever such an exhibition 
 was made before the nations by former friends 
 and allies, and comrades in the fight. But a 
 greater affliction was soon to plunge the nation 
 in grief and cast a dark pall over the land, and 
 wring the bitter pang of regret even from those 
 who had lately taunted and vilified him. Par- 
 nell, the high-souled patriot the far-seeing 
 statesman — the fearless, unflinching champion of 
 Erin's rights, who had struggled and battled and 
 led the people to within sight of the promised 
 land of freedom — Parnell was no more ! His 
 death occurred at Brighton, England, on 
 October 6, 1891. The immense funeral cortege 
 that escorted his remains to Glasnevin Cemetery 
 — the entire city of Dublin draped in mourning, 
 but more than that, the sobbing and weeping 
 above his bier and along the route of the funeral 
 procession — attested the universal grief of the 
 people for the loss of Ireland's greatest son. 
 
 The long-wished-for exit of Lord Salisbury's 
 Tory cabinet came itt the expiration of their full 
 term in ofiice, and again Mr. Gladstone and the 
 Liberals returned to powr>r. 
 
 The Liberal premier who had pledged himself
 
 THE STORY (JI- IRELAND. 
 
 277 
 
 to Home Rule as tlic first measure on tlie part}- 
 progranimc, proceeded to redeem his promise 
 soon after the opening of Parliament, which lat- 
 ter took place on January lo, ISiW. The s])eech 
 in which the new bill was introduced was lucid 
 and comprehensive — -going into every detail and 
 providing for every exigency that might con- 
 front the embryo Irish legislature. In his intro- 
 ductory remarks Mr. Gladstone laid it down as 
 a well-proved axiom that Ireland could only be 
 governed in one of two ways — coercion or auton- 
 omy; but coercion was a flagrant breach of the 
 promise on the face of which the Act of Union 
 was obtained. The provisions of the bill showed 
 that many defects in the bill of 188G had been 
 remedied — notably those in regard to the con- 
 tinuity of Irish representation in the English 
 House of Commons, the constitution of a legis- 
 lative council, the equitable adjustment of Ire- 
 land's contribution to the Imperial exchequer, 
 and the fiscal arrangements in general, the grad- 
 ual retirement of the existing police force, and 
 other various details relating to the Irish legis- 
 lature and executive. On the whole, the bill 
 was a long step in advance of its predecessor, 
 and, though not a full realization of the hopes 
 of the Irish Home Rulers, yet it received their 
 cordial support. The bill, after being debated in 
 the House and in committee, passed its third 
 reading and was sent to the House of Lords, 
 where it was rejected by an overwhelming ma- 
 jority and amid contemptuous laughter on Sep- 
 tember 8, 1893. This only showed the Peers 
 true to their traditional instincts and caused little 
 surprise, and Mr. Gladstone was fully prepared 
 for such a contingency. He did not dissolve 
 Parliament, but would continue to hold the reins 
 of power until every measure of reform on the 
 Liberal programme had been passed by the Com- 
 mons. Then he would appeal to the country, 
 with every prospect of receiving a full endorse- 
 ment of his policy, and send back to the Lords 
 the Home Rule bill and several English Reform 
 bills. If the Lords persisted in their antagon- 
 ism to the popular will, then there remained for 
 the Liberal leader that dernier ressort for which 
 a precedent is found so far back as two hun- 
 dred and fifty years ago — namely, to propose 
 
 tiie abolition of the Upj^er Chamber. Or he 
 could fill the House of Lords with new Peers 
 chosen from the ranks of his own followers. 
 
 CHAPTER XCV. 
 
 THE RETIREMENT OF MR. GLADSTONE — THE 
 
 ROSEBERY MINISTRY ITS RENOUNCEMENT 
 
 OF THE PRINCIPLE OF HOME RULE AND ITS 
 SUDDEN FALL LORD SALISBURY'S THIRD AD- 
 MINISTRATION THE IRISH LOCAL GOVERN- 
 MENT ACT AND ITS RESULTS — THE USUAL 
 CONCO.MITANT COERCION POLICY. 
 
 The enforced retirement of ]\Ir. Gladstone 
 from public life in 1894, on account of the im- 
 pairment of his eyesight, caused a feeling of 
 genuine and widespread regret that the House 
 should know no more, perhaps, the Nestor of 
 debate and that the Home Rule movement had 
 lost its brilliant standardbearer. The condition 
 of Mr. Gladstone's health prevented him re- 
 entering the political field, wherein he had been 
 such a commanding figure for more than half 
 a century. In March, 1894, the queen sent for 
 Lord Rosebery, who formed a weak ministry. 
 He also lacked the confidence of the masses of 
 the Liberal party, who regarded him as the rep- 
 resentative of his class rather than of popular 
 interests. 
 
 It soon became evident that the new ministry 
 was not in sympathy with the principle of Home 
 Rule for Ireland, and finally the Prime Minister 
 declared in a speech in Parliament that he could 
 not countenance such a measure so long as the 
 majority of the people of England, "the pre- 
 dominant partner," had pronounced against it. 
 The fact that the representatives of the Scotch, 
 Welsh and Irish people voted almost unani- 
 mously in its favor counted for naught so long 
 as a majority of one of the English members 
 voted to the contrary. In other words, Lord 
 Rosebery's declaration was a bold and unequivo- 
 cal pronouncement that the policy of Home Rule 
 for Ireland had been definitely eliminated from 
 the Liberal party programme. In this, however, 
 he did not represent the will of his party, which
 
 278 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 still adhered to the Gladstone policy of Irish self- 
 government. 
 
 The Rosebery administration was overthrown 
 the following year, and Lord Salisbury for the 
 third time succeeded as Prime Minister. The 
 elections of 1895 gave Lord Salisbury a major- 
 ity of one hundred and fifty-three over the Lib- 
 erals and Irish Nationalists combined, and in the 
 ministry he formed Liberal-L'nionists were in- 
 cluded. It passed another Irish Land Act in 
 1896. whereby the Irish farmers could obtain 
 the credit of the Government to purchase their 
 farms in cases where the landlord was willing 
 to sell, and did somewhat to stimulate and de- 
 velop local industries and agriculture in Ireland; 
 but its most important measure was the estab- 
 lishment of county and district councils in that 
 country, like those that had been set up in Eng- 
 land and Scotland. Thus the Irish were offered 
 local self-government and national prosperity as 
 a substitute for Home Rule. The Government 
 measure took the local government out of the 
 hands of the landlords and the gentry by the 
 ^establishment of County Councils, elected by the 
 people. 
 
 The principal county authority had hitherto 
 been the grand jury, appointed under a British 
 Government act, but by the local government 
 act provision was made for popularly elected 
 councils for counties and districts. The council- 
 ors are chosen for three years,, and the first 
 council in each county and district may choose 
 additional members to hold office until the next 
 triennial election. The councils have taken over 
 the administrative business formerly managed 
 by the grand juries and presentment sessions, 
 especially the business relating to poor rates, 
 roads, asylums, hospitals, corners and public 
 health. The cities of Dublin, Belfast, Cork, 
 Limerick, Londonderry and Waterford, which 
 already had representatives councils, were made 
 county boroughs and are exempt from some of 
 the special provisions of the act. Urban sanitary 
 authorities have become urban district councils, 
 and for which rural polling districts have been 
 created, the councilors, urban and rural, being 
 
 the guardians of their districts. The towns are 
 partly corporate and partly governed by com- 
 missioners. Certain boroughs have a mayor, 
 aldermen and councilors. The ordinary affairs 
 of the borough, such as lighting, watching and 
 cleansing, are administered by the council, which 
 has power to levy rates for these purposes. In 
 such towns as have no charter of incorporation 
 the local affairs are administered by a body of 
 commissioners, who have powers generally to 
 discharge the usual municipal functions and are 
 empowered to levy rates to defray the cost of 
 administration. Such towns having over fifteen 
 hundred of population may be constituted urban 
 sanitary districts. 
 
 The importance of this measure may be esti- 
 mated by the fact that it took the local govern- 
 ment of the county out of the hands of the 
 English foreign garrison in .Ireland, and trans- 
 ferred that power and right to the people. In 
 short, it was the establishment of thirty-two 
 miniature parliaments. Its results, apart from 
 giving the people control over their own expen- 
 ditures, have been marked. It weakened the 
 power and ascendancy of the landlord and gen- 
 try class, and was an excellent preparation in 
 the practice of self-government for a people 
 so long deprived of their national Parliament. 
 No longer can the preposterous charge that the 
 Irish are incapable of self-government be ad- 
 vanced by the adversaries of Irish Home Rule. 
 
 But this act of justice and professed concilia- 
 tion was marred by the usual blundering action 
 of every British administration in legislating for 
 Ireland. In the Local Government bill was a 
 clause prohibiting any man who had suffered im- 
 prisonment with hard labor from holding posi- 
 tion under the act. A beneficent Coercion act 
 was passed about the same time to meet tlie 
 requirments of this clause, and under this Coer- 
 cion Act a number of respected and honored 
 men were, for purely political offenses created 
 by act of Parliament, committed to prison with 
 hard labor, thus depriving them of the right of 
 being elected district councilors and county 
 councilors.
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 279 
 
 CHAPTER XCVI. 
 
 FINANCIAL RELATIUNS OF GRKAT BRITAIN ANB IRE- 
 LAND THE REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMIS- 
 SION HOW IRELAND IS OVERTAXED RE- 
 TIREMENT OF LORD SALISBURY THE IRISH 
 
 LAND PURCHASE ACT — RESULTS OF THE ABO- 
 LITION OF LANDLORDISM ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND 
 OTHER INDUSTRIES — THE BOER WAR AND ITS 
 RELATION TO IRISH AFFAIRS. 
 
 A royal commission on the financial rela- 
 tions with Ireland appointed in 18L»3 by a Lib- 
 eral Government, and presided over by a Liberal 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, published the ac- 
 counts between Ireland and Great Britain for 
 every year since the union, and it reported that 
 Ireland has overpaid her due proportion by 
 something like two and three-quarter millions 
 ($13,750,000) a year for two generations. Upon 
 this report did the British Government hasten 
 to repay Ireland the money she had unjustly 
 been mulcted for Imperial taxes? On the con- 
 trary, it took an exactly opposite course, and 
 added two and three-quarter millions ($13,750,- 
 000) more to the taxation of Ireland within a 
 few years afterward; so that at the present time 
 Ireland is paying about $30,000,000 per annum 
 more than her fair share, admitting it to be 
 fair that she should be paying any Imperial 
 taxes whatever, seeing that she receives no ben- 
 efits in return, and that her population is dimin- 
 ishing in the most tragic manner as a result of 
 the evils of that very union under which Ire- 
 land is so unjustly taxed. 
 
 These figures are not figures given by Irish- 
 men. They are facts reported by English finance 
 experts after a thorough investigation of the 
 entire subject. It is necessary to ask what they 
 signify? Do they not plainly demonstrate that 
 now, as in the time referred to by Froude, 
 England governs Ireland "for what she deems 
 her own interests, making her calculation in the 
 gross balance of her trade ledgers, and leaving 
 her moral obligations to accumulate, as if right 
 and wrong had been blotted out of the statute 
 books of the universe." 
 
 During Lord Salisbury's term of office no 
 
 further measures of importance were passed in 
 relation to Ireland. Owing to ill health, he re- 
 tired from public office in 190^, being succeeded 
 by his nephew, Arthur J. Balfour, who had pre- 
 viously been the leader of the Tory party in the 
 House of Commons. Balfour proved to be the 
 weakest and most incapable Prime Minister 
 England had seen since the days of Lord Ad- 
 dington. Irish needs were ignored and, while 
 the Tory party maintained its large majority, 
 the Irish members could eflfect little else than 
 keep uj) their solid organization and await op- 
 portunities. In the meantime, a national organ- 
 ization, the United Irish League, had been 
 founded, and a revival of the agitation policy 
 was begun in Ireland. The Land question 
 again became acute, and the reduction of forty 
 per cent, in their rents, under the decision of 
 the Land Courts, for two terms impressed on 
 the landlords that they were no longer masters 
 of the soil and that estates were in many in- 
 stances more of a burden than a profit. Owing 
 to the action of the United Irish League, the 
 loss of their power through the Local Govern- 
 ment Act, and the diminishing value of agri- 
 cultural produce, the landlords agreed with the 
 representatives of the people, in a conference 
 called for that purpose, to consent to a sale 
 of their estates to the tenants, provided the 
 British Government would advance the funds 
 requisite for such a measure. With the opposi- 
 tion of the landlords to the establishment of a 
 peasant proprietary eliminated, Mr. Wyndam, 
 Chief Secretary, prepared an act to that end, 
 and introduced it in Parliament. On Novem- 
 ber 14, 1903, the Irish Land Purchase Act went 
 into effect. This is without doubt the most im- 
 portant measure in favor of Ireland ever passed 
 by an English Parliament, vastly more impor- 
 tant than Catholic Emancipation or any of the 
 Gladstone Land acts. It restores the land of 
 Ireland to the Irish people, abolishing forever 
 that nightmare of barbarism and diabolism, 
 Irish landlordism, and all the cruelties and evils 
 of which it was the synonym. According to 
 its terms the Government is to buy the lana 
 from the landlord and sell it to the tenants. 
 The act makes the Government the landlord.
 
 .280 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 and the tenant, by paying a certain annual 
 sum of sixty-eight and one-half years, becomes 
 the owner in fee. He has the privilege of pay- 
 ing all or any part at any time, and can dispose 
 of his interest. The assurance that he will be- 
 come the owner in fee will give meantime to 
 the Irish farmer an ambition that he had there- 
 tofore been wanting, for he will be able to im- 
 prove his land and to save without fear of 
 any increase in rent. The British Government 
 gives the guarantee of the Imperial Exchequer 
 to advances made for land purchase in Ireland 
 up to a sum estimated at five hundred million 
 dollars. .A. bonus of sixty million dollars is 
 also given to the landlords as an inducement 
 to sell their estates. This has been represented 
 as a free gift, and it is, considered as a free gift 
 of other people's property. It is to be paid by the 
 Irish people, under the guise of a curtailment of 
 expenses in the administration of Irish gov- 
 ernment, and hence will not cost the British 
 Government or taxpayers a single penn}'. The 
 bin likewise provides for the re-establishment 
 of all tenants evicted for twenty-five A^ears pre- 
 ceding the passage of the act, the breaking up 
 of the grazing ranches into agricultural farms, 
 and the amelioration of the condition of the 
 laborers. 
 
 The bill has many defects, as all legislation 
 for Ireland coming from a British Parliament, 
 but these are of a character that can be rectified 
 by amendments. The chief advantage of the 
 measure, however, is that it abolishes the sys- 
 tem of Irish landlordism, of which CardinaJ 
 Manning so truly wrote: "The land question 
 means hunger, thirst, nakedness, notice to quit, 
 labor spent in vain, the toil of years seized upon, 
 the breaking up of homes, the misery, sickness, 
 deaths of parents, children, wives, the despair 
 and wildness which spring up in the hearts of 
 the poor when legal force, like a sharp harrow, 
 goes over the most sensitive and vital rights 
 of mankind. All this is contained in the land 
 question." Furthermore, the chief obstacle to 
 the concession of Home Rule had all along been 
 the unsettled condition of the Irish land ques- 
 tion. In ridding the country of landlordism the 
 people were taking the most effective steps to 
 
 secure national self-government. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone's first Home Rule bill was 
 killed by its association with a land bill that 
 proposed to mortgage British credit to the ex- 
 tent of $250,000,000 for the purpose of bring- 
 ing about a settlement. Mr. Gladstone did not 
 wish to leave the solution of the question to an 
 Irish Parliament, and proposed to settle it sim- 
 ultaneously with the national demand. The Mr. 
 Chamberlain of that day had, or pretended to 
 have, all the Radical aversion to class interests, 
 and he had no special love for the Irish land- 
 lords. He declared that he could not approve of 
 mortgaging British credit for the benfit of any 
 particular class, and he urged that there were 
 other questions that were in greater need of at- 
 tention and solution. And then the false and dis- 
 honest cry was raised that an Irish Parliament 
 influenced by the electorate would repudiate its 
 obligations to redeem to the last penny the money 
 voted for the expropriation of the landlords. 
 Most of these libels were believed, and Mr. Glad- 
 stone's great measure was rejected by a half- 
 frightened, half-intimidated and half-bewildered 
 Parliament. Knowing that the land question was 
 the cause of the entire difficulty, realizing that 
 it was responsible for the defeat of his first meas- 
 ure, Mr. Gladstone dropped it altogether in 
 1892, when he introduced his second bill. But 
 yet he found it impossible to get away from the 
 great question of the land. It was still the issue. 
 Mr. Chamberlain, no less radical with the ad- 
 vance of years, and his followers stumped the 
 country, preaching that it would not be safe to 
 entrust the Irish people with a Parliament of 
 their own until a way out was found for the 
 landlords. Was England, he asked, going to 
 abandon their faithful garrison in Ireland, or 
 the men who had done England's work there for 
 centuries, to the tender mercies of an Irish Par- 
 liament? The first act of that Parliament, de- 
 clared the Tories — a Parliament the majority of 
 which would be elected by the Irish tenant farm- 
 ers — would be a measure compelling the land- 
 lords to sell, and at prices that would mean the 
 confiscation and bankruptcy of their properties. 
 But these arguments can no longer be adduced. 
 The Mr. Chamberlain who objected in 1885 to
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 281 
 
 the modest sum of two hundred and fifty million 
 dollars for a land settlement, voted in 1903 foi a 
 measure that provides five hundred millions, 
 witii a free gift of sixty millions, to the landlord 
 class. The opponents of Home Rule have them- 
 selves, in the passage of the Land Act, spiked 
 all their own arguments against that measure. 
 The bogey of repudiation has been abandoned, 
 and it is the leaders of the Tory party who now 
 stand in the House of Commons and declare that 
 the Irish farmers who have purchased their hold- 
 ings under the old land acts, and who fought to 
 the last against extortionate rents, are never late 
 in paying to the State the money advanced to 
 them to buy out their landlords. The confisca- 
 tion argument has also been dropped, as it will 
 not now be necessary for an Irish Parliament to 
 deal with the question of the land. If ever there 
 'was a legitimate reason for the landlord opposi- 
 tion to Home Rule it has now disappeared. The 
 Local Government Act, passed by the Tory 
 party, deprived the landlords of all political 
 power in the country, and their dignity and in- 
 fluence as great territorialists cannot survive the 
 operation of the latest land measure. Their one 
 hope of political salvation now lies in their 
 throwing in their lot with the people and assist- 
 ing- the furtherance of the national demand. 
 And if the refusal of Home Rule by England 
 was due to any generous concern for the fate of 
 the landlord class in a self-governed Ireland, a 
 settled land question should surely now allay all 
 further apprehensions. The coming struggle for 
 Home Rule will be fought under entirely differ- 
 ent and far more favorable conditions for Ire- 
 land than the struggles of the past. 
 
 From the point of view of England, itself it 
 is becoming increasingly clear that her interests 
 lie in the direction of Irish self-government. Her 
 Parliamentary machine has refused to work, 
 legislation is delayed, the control of public ex- 
 penditures, which is one of the real tests of Par- 
 liamentary efficiency, has disappeared, all of 
 which were inevitable in an assembly that tried 
 to be four things at the one time — national, inter- 
 national, parochial and Imperial. And the one 
 remedy for all this lies in the application of the 
 principle of Home Rule. Then the Irish garri- 
 
 son class do not see any great reason why they 
 should continue to defend a system which has 
 taken from them almost everything that formerly 
 attached them to it. So long as England main- 
 tained them in special and privileged positions, 
 appointed them rulers of the Irish counties, dis- 
 pensing all public patronage, declined to pass 
 measures of reform that would give the people 
 justice, their opposition to a change was compre- 
 hensible. But the events that have occurred 
 compel a different viewpoint, and it is that very 
 selfishness that was responsible for their anti- 
 Home Rule policy that will slowly but surely 
 bring the landlords into line with the national 
 movement. For so long as they oppose it or 
 fail to support it, so long will they remain in 
 the mortifying position to which the legislation 
 alluded to reduced them. 
 
 Not only will the Land Act also be productive 
 of the important result of preparing the way to 
 self-government, but it would be an anomaly for 
 people to have a government of their own when 
 they did not even own their own homes. When 
 they own their own homes, and when around 
 these homes various industries flourish, the chief 
 difficulty to the achievement of self-government 
 will be removed, -^nd in the meantime, while 
 awaiting that much desired result, if Ireland 
 does not have freedom, she will at least have 
 peace ; and peace with honor is much. With the 
 land question settled, the landlords and all those 
 classes who depended upon them will have no 
 personal interest in opposing Home Rule. On 
 the contrary, it will become the interest of every 
 class in Ireland to demand it. The chief, indeed, 
 the only, cause of opposition to Home Rule on 
 the part of the land-holding class was the appre- 
 hension that a native legislature would proceed 
 to enact measures that would be tantamount to 
 a confiscation of their property. This fear w-as 
 based on the knowledge of the fact that their 
 right of possession to these lands was founded 
 on no better title than that of plunder and con- 
 fiscation, and on the consciousness of the criminal 
 record of landlordism in Ireland for the past two 
 centuries. They knew that they had exacted 
 from the Irish people the value of the confiscated 
 lands of their fathers a dozen times over, and
 
 282 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 that they were morally entitled to no compensa- 
 tion whatever. With the passage of the Land 
 Act this source of opposition was removed, and 
 incidentally the horde of parasites and vampires 
 that lived on the system of landlordism fell 
 with it. 
 
 It has also tended to nullify the evil of sec- 
 tarian rancor, for with the changed order of 
 things the landlords and the foreign Government 
 have no further use for the Orange and anti- 
 Irish element. With their support withdrawn, 
 the devotees of King William and the descend- 
 ants of the Undertakers will cease to be a malig- 
 nant factor in blocking the progress and prevent- 
 ing the restoration of the rights of the Irish peo- 
 ple. The work, of the County Councils all 
 through Ireland is proving that the Irish people 
 are eminently fit for the arts of self-government ; 
 and every day is proof to the English people that 
 their fears of 1886 and 1893 were false and ill- 
 founded. Hence it may be confidently predicted 
 that if the Irish people and their representatives 
 continue their great movement for Home Rule 
 with firmness, moderation, toleration and sober 
 good sense, and above all with unit)', they will 
 in a comparatively short time see an Irish Par- 
 liament once more sitting in Dublin — an Irish 
 Parliament conceded by the consent of all Eng- 
 lish parties and welcomed with enthusiasm by all 
 classes and creeds of Irishmen. The Government 
 has already gone three-fourths of the way in the 
 direction of Home Rule by conceding to Ireland 
 local government and practically obliterating the 
 landlords. It is only a question of time until it 
 will go the other fourth, for which it is already 
 preparing. 
 
 Not only is the land question in process 
 of settlement, but there have been at tne 
 same time other improvements which make for 
 the permanent progress of the Irish people. 
 There is a constant increase in educational facil- 
 ities, and a large number of co-operative bai;ks 
 have been established. Agricultural societies 
 have been formed for the improvement of crops 
 and stocks, and the trend is distinctly upward. 
 In 1891 a number of Irishmen, having diflferent 
 political views, but all equally interested in the 
 industrial development of the country, agreed 
 
 that a non-political and non-party organization 
 should be established for the purpose of putting 
 into operation among the farming and laboring 
 classes in Ireland the principle of agricultural co- 
 operation, which had met with marked success 
 in many European countries. At first there was 
 considerable difficulty in bringing the people to- 
 gether; the entire absence of the industrial tra- 
 dition and the prejudices begotten of the unfor- 
 tunate history of the country had to be overcome. 
 However, the Irish Catholic priesthood threw 
 themselves into the work of propaganda, so that 
 in a little more than a decade there were estab- 
 lished nearly a thousand societies, with a mem- 
 bership not far short of a hundred thousand. 
 Each of these associations was formed for a 
 definite industrial purpose, with its own consti- 
 tution, incorporated under an act of Parliament, 
 and entirely independent of its fellows, and based 
 on strictly democratic principles. The humblest 
 member had the same right of voting and inter- 
 esting himself in the affairs of the society as the 
 very wealthiest who joined it. These societies 
 undertake that kind of work which appeals im- 
 mediately to the circumstances of their own dis- 
 tricts. The combined trade turnover of the so- 
 ciety for 1903 was nearly $10,000,000, a figure 
 the meaning of which may be appreciated from 
 the fact that most of the associated farmers are 
 in so small a way of business that in England 
 they would scarcely be classed as farmers at all. 
 Having proved themselves capable of self-help, 
 the representatives of the movement believed 
 they had a right, as contributors to the welfare 
 of Ireland, to request the assistance of the Im- 
 perial Government. Accordingly in 1899 Mr. 
 Gerald Balfour, Chief Secretary to the Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, introduced and carried a 
 bill "for establishing a Department of Agricul- 
 ture and other industries and technical instruc- 
 tion in Ireland, and for other purposes connected 
 therewith." The Department of Irish Agricul- 
 ture, which began work in April, 1900, operates 
 tmder two divisions. The fir-st consists of direct 
 aid afforded lo agriculture and to other rural 
 industries, and to sea and inland fisheries. The 
 second consists of indirect aid given to these 
 objects, and also to town manufactures and com-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 283 
 
 merce, as well as to education— a term, in this 
 relation, to be interpreted in its widest sense. 
 Under the head of direct aids to agriculture, 
 rural industries and sea and inland fisheries, the 
 department has set in motion much useful and 
 important work, partly by use of its funds and 
 partly by suggestion and the organization of 
 local efforts. 
 
 But, while the Irish people consider agricul- 
 tural and technical education useful and a neces- 
 sary preliminary for the development of many 
 of their old industries, they by no means regard 
 it as a remedy for their grievances; believing 
 that the solution of the Irish problem lies in the 
 proper adjustment of the land question and in 
 the restoration of a native Parliament, and a 
 system of primary and technical education in 
 harmony with the national instincts. 
 
 In 1898 an event occurred that in its results 
 had a marked effect on Anglo-Irish relations; 
 namely, the South African War. The blunders 
 of incapable English generals were the cause of 
 Boer triumphs, as well as the slaughter of their 
 own troops. To retrieve disaster Irish leaders 
 were put in command, and the war was brought 
 to a successful close. England found it difficult 
 to obtain men for service in South Africa. Cen- 
 turies of national activity had HOt changed the 
 old Anglo-Saxon distaste for warfare. The 
 splendid troops of former years, the peasantry 
 of Ireland and Gaelic Scotland, who had been 
 starved into the ranks of the British army and 
 had carried the flag of the oppressor to victory 
 on every continent, were now superseded by 
 weedy degenerates from the purlieus of English 
 manufacturing cities and stupid yokels from the 
 English agricultural districts, and even of those 
 enough could not be secured to fill the depleted 
 ranks. A conscription act was talked of by the 
 English press when England was battling with 
 only a few thousand farme»s. The physical 
 measurements and requirements for enlistment 
 were lowered, but even then anxiety continued 
 to be felt on account of the scarcity of men. A 
 movement had been established in Ireland with 
 the object of dissuading or preventing Irish 
 young men from enlisting in the British armj- 
 during the war. Enlistments in Ireland practi- 
 
 cally ceased, while the sympathy of the Irish 
 people as displayed by their representatives in 
 Parliament and by the masses throughout the 
 country was pronouncedly for the Boers. The 
 attitude of the Irish was somewhat similar to that 
 of the Hungarians toward the Austrians in tlic 
 war of 18GU. If England should become in- 
 volved in a greater or more dangerous struggle, 
 would she be able to dispense with the support 
 of the most athletic and warlike race in Europe ? 
 To propitiate the Irish the taboo was taken off 
 the shamrock, green ribbons were displayed in 
 the army and in London on St. Patrick's day, 
 the Irish Guards were created, and England's 
 aged queen, who never concealed her dislike of 
 the Irish or her opposition to Home Rule, and 
 who had not touched the Irish shore in nearly 
 forty years, was sent to Ireland to act as recruit- 
 ing agent for the depleted English armies. She 
 was effusive in her prostestations of love for 
 her dear Irish subjects and conciliatory to a 
 degree, altliough her jubilee coercion act was 
 not removed from the statute book. Several 
 legislative and administrative concessions fol- 
 lowed, and the land legislation that was subse- 
 quently granted to Ireland was the result of 
 hard English thinking during the South Afri- 
 can War. Abstention from enlistment in the 
 British army is an argument that will appeal 
 to the English mind in favor of Home Rule. 
 And in any case, it is better for the Irish to 
 emigrate than to enlist. 
 
 CHAPTER XC\TI. 
 
 THE QUESTION OF CATHOLIC HIGHER EDUCATION 
 
 IN IRELAND INJUSTICE TO THE CATHOLIC 
 
 MAJORITY HOW TRINITY COLLEGE WAS 
 
 FOUNDED ITS PRESENT ST.\TUS EFFECTS 
 
 OF PROTESTANT BIGOTRY HOME RULE THE 
 
 REMEDY — THE PERPETUAL COERCION ACT — 
 
 THE REVIVAL OF THE IRISH LANGUAGE THE 
 
 ANTI-EM IGRATION SOCIETY — VALEDICTORY. 
 
 During the session of Parliament in the early 
 part of 1904 a bill was introduced for the estab- 
 lishment of a Catholic university for Ireland, and 
 the placing of the Catholics of Ireland on an
 
 284 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 equal plane, in regard to the facilities for a 
 higher education, as the Protestant minority. 
 The measure was rejected, although the Gov- 
 ernment admitted its justice. English Protestant 
 and Irish Orange bigotry intimidated Mr. Bal- 
 four from removing this grievance. This in- 
 equality of educational facilities in the matter of 
 university education could not subsist for a year 
 in any self-governed country. To have a uni- 
 versity richly endowed by the State for the use 
 of one-sixth of the population of a country, 
 while no provision is made for the higher educa- 
 tion of the remaining five-sixths, is an anomaly 
 for which no parallel can be found in any other 
 civilized country in the world. An Irish national 
 legislature would speedily end the injustice and 
 scandal of monopoly by a small fraction of the 
 people of all the benefits of State endowed uni- 
 versity education. There is no such condition 
 of matters either in England or Scotland. 
 In each of those countries the desires of the 
 majority are recognized and conceded, and 
 their religious sentiments respected in all 
 educational arrangements. But in Ireland the 
 majority have no voice in the question, 
 though, of course, they have to pay the taxes 
 out of which are provided the advantages ex- 
 clusively enjoyed by the minority. The Prime 
 Minister, jNIr. Balfour, Mr. Wyndham, the Chief 
 Secretary for Ireland, and other prominent mem- 
 bers of the Government and the party unreserv- 
 edly admitted that the Catholics of Ireland are 
 entitled to have a university. It was needless 
 to point out the injustice and wrong of the exist- 
 ing state of things, as it was universally ad- 
 mitted. But the Irish were informed that they 
 could not expect the Government to provide a 
 remedy because many English and Scotch mem- 
 bers considered that a question of religion was 
 involved. It was a question of religion when it 
 was decided to banish the teaching of Chris- 
 tianity from the Gordon College in Khartoum, 
 but then British members of Parliament have no 
 active dislike to Mohammedanism, and they both 
 dislike and fear Catholicism. They could see 
 the folly of opening a college in the Soudan and 
 offering Mohammedans education upon terms 
 which their religion made it impossible for them 
 
 to accept. But to do as much for the Catholics 
 of Ireland was held to be out of the question. 
 The majority of the people of Ireland are to be 
 permanently shut out from all the advantages 
 of higher education because British Protestants, 
 who are not concerned, object to their having a 
 college which shall be Catholic in the sense and 
 to the extent that Trinity College is Protestant. 
 3.1 r. Wyndham, in denying this admittedly just 
 demand, brought his shameful and humiliating 
 confession to a close by declaring again that the 
 question should be settled, but went on to argue 
 that in his opinion it must wait for settlement 
 until there was "a general agreement in Ireland." 
 The only people concerned, the Catholics of Ire- 
 land, the overwhelming majority of the nation, 
 were agreed already. So it came to this, that 
 as long as the wretched and contemptible Orange 
 body exists in the northeast corner of Ireland 
 the Catholics of the country must be content to 
 go without higher education and ask in vain 
 for rights which are conceded without a murmur 
 to the Mohammedans of the Soudan. 
 
 There are some Irishmen who seem to hold 
 that the question of university education is the 
 most important of Irish political questions, 
 more important even than Home Rule, and that 
 the Irish party ought to give it foremost place 
 in their Parliamentary programme. It is diffi- 
 cult to understand how or why such an opinion 
 could be seriously entertained by any one famil- 
 iar with Irish history as relating to education. 
 The fact is recognized by all reputable writers 
 on Ireland and her history that a love of learn- 
 ing has ever been a prominent feature in the 
 cliaracter of the Irish race. And, as a natural 
 sequence, stands the further fact, well attested 
 in history, that at all times while Ireland was 
 ruled by its own peojile the fostering of educa- 
 tion and the establishment of educational insti- 
 tutions, schools, colleges and universities were 
 made the particular object and care of kin^^s and 
 Governments in whatsoever form they existed. 
 Home Rule in Ireland always meant and was 
 always accompanied by special attention to learn- 
 ing in all its branches. Even in the pre-Chris- 
 tian period, when all the rest of Europe was in 
 a condition of scmi-barbarisin. there was a na-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 285 
 
 tional system of education and a national uni- 
 versity in Ireland. There is no such condi- 
 tion for the people of Ireland to-day, after 
 seven centuries of British connection and one 
 century of British Parliamentary rule, so that 
 Ireland two thousand years ago under na- 
 tive government was comparatively better 
 conditioned in the matter of education than 
 she has ever been up to the present time 
 under the rule of England. In those re- 
 mote days she was as to education in the front 
 rank among the nations; in modern times, by 
 British law, her people were reduced to a state 
 of enforced ignorance; and even now, by that 
 same law, they are denied the facilities of edu- 
 cation so fully possessed and enjoyed by the 
 people in any civilized country in the world. 
 
 When Ireland refused to renounce the Catho- 
 lic faith, the English seized all the Irish colleges 
 and schools and transferred all the property be- 
 longing thereto to the Protestant colony of Eng- 
 lish they had established in Dublin and a few 
 other Irish towns, and the English Protestant 
 colony gave the Irish Catholic university and 
 college property over to the Protestant univer- 
 sity founded at that time in Dublin, Trinity Col- 
 lege, which still exists and flourishes mainly on 
 the proceeds of the confiscated property of Irish 
 Catholics which it then received. Recently a 
 royal commission was appointed by the British 
 Crown to inquire into university education in 
 Ireland, one of the members of it being Most 
 Reverend Dr. Healy, the present Archbishop of 
 Tuam, then Bishop of Clonfert. Among the wit- 
 nesses examined was Rev. Dr. Mahaffy, a Fel- 
 low of Trinity College, and here are a question 
 and answer from the report of the evidence, 
 the question being put by Bishop Healy and the 
 answer given by Dr. Mahaffy : 
 
 "If the (Catholic) schools in Ireland which 
 existed north, south, east and west at that time 
 (the time of the Reformation) were destroyed 
 by a process of confiscation, and if the funds, as 
 I think you must admit they were, were absorbed 
 by the Government, and to a very considerable 
 extent the lands which supported those monas- 
 tic schools were given to Trinity College and are 
 held by Trinity College to this day — if that be 
 
 so, is it an unreasonable thing for the Catholic 
 majority to say: 'Seeing that you have got so 
 much of what belonged to us in the past, is it 
 not reasonable that you should rather unite with 
 us in giving us some conpensation for all that by 
 way of an endowment now ?' " 
 
 "I will not disagree with you." The distin- 
 guished witness could not disagree with him 
 as to the facts stated, but he was opposed, as 
 was the college he represented, to the claim of 
 the Catholics — a claim not for compensation or 
 restitution of the Catholic property confiscated 
 three centuries ago and now held by Trinity 
 College, but for rights and facilities for the 
 Catholic majority in the matter of university 
 education equal to those possessed and enjoyed 
 by the Protestant minority. That is the reason- 
 able claim of the Catholics of Ireland, and how 
 long have they been making it and been met with 
 a refusal? For more than half a century in 
 recent times. Under rule by the Parliament of 
 England, the Catholics of Ireland have been and 
 are totally excluded from university education, 
 except they consent to receive it in a Protestant 
 institution exclusively under Protestant manage- 
 ment and teaching. More than once since Brit- 
 ish rule began the Catholics of Ireland have 
 tried to found a university of their own. A 
 noteworthy effort and what became of it is thus 
 related by the Protestant historian Lecky in his 
 "History of England in the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury" : 
 
 "Trinity College had been founded by Eliza- 
 beth for the support of Protestantism, and as 
 no students were admitted without taking the 
 oath of supremacy (declaring the king of Eng- 
 land to be head of the Church as well as of the 
 State), the Catholics had established an educa- 
 tional institution of their own. They had also 
 erected churches and monasteries in Dublin, and 
 in one of them the Carmelite monks officiated 
 in their robes. The (Protestant) Archbishop of 
 Dublin and the chief magistrate of the city in- 
 vaded this church at the head of a party of sol- 
 diers and tried to disperse the congregation. 
 .\n angry scuffle ensued, stones were thrown and 
 the Protestants were compelled to retire. The 
 English Council at once issued an order confis-
 
 286 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 eating for the king's use fifteen (Catholic) re- 
 ligious houses, and also the new college which 
 the Catholics had founded, and handed over the 
 latter to its Protestant rival (Trinity College)." 
 
 From that day to this there has been a "uni- 
 versity question" in Ireland, the English rulers 
 of the country refusing to permit the Catholic 
 Irish people to have any university education 
 except of the Protestant kind — the kind estab- 
 lished and conducted in the most anti-Catholic 
 spirit, and with the object of exterminating 
 Catholicity in Ireland. Prime Minister Balfour 
 dared not to propose the concession of this meas- 
 ure of Catholic rights in the British Parliament 
 because of the certainty of opposition of the ma- 
 jority in England. He himself strongl)' favored 
 the Catholic demand, as he felt obliged to recog- 
 nize its justice. In a public letter, in 1899, ad- 
 dressed to one of his constituents in Manchester 
 he thus dealt with the Protestant contention that 
 Irish Catholics ought to be satisfied with Trinity 
 College, which, of course, is always "open" to 
 them: 
 
 "The vast majority of students in that great 
 university are Protestants. Protestant services 
 are exclusively performed in its chapel. The 
 whole of its teaching stafif is Protestant, and the 
 eminent theologian who is at its head is distin- 
 guished ^s a brilliant Protestant champion in 
 the controversy between Protestantism and 
 Rome. Now imagine a university of which this 
 was an accurate description, with the single 
 change that wherever the word 'Protestant' oc- 
 curred the words 'Roman Catholic' were put in 
 its place, would you willingly send there any 
 Protestant youth for whose education you were 
 responsible? For myself, I answer the question 
 unhesitatingly in the negative. Perhaps I am 
 bigoted, but if so I feel assured there are many 
 Protestant parents to be found not less bigoted 
 than I, and to them, at least, I confidently ap- 
 peal, not condemn others for doing what they 
 under like circumstances would do themselves." 
 
 But Mr. Balfour's appeal was in vain. Pro- 
 testant bigotry in England has been and con- 
 tinues to be too strong for him and those who 
 like him are willing to concede redress to some 
 extent of tlie educational wrong inflicted on the 
 
 Catholic Irish people. That it is a wrong, griev- 
 ous and material, all except the most intolerant 
 enemies of the Catholic Church are obliged to 
 admit. ]\Ir. Gerald Balfour, brother of the 
 Prime Minister and Chief Secretary for Ireland, 
 stated in the House of Commons that he was 
 most anxious to appoint Catholics to positions 
 of trust and responsibility in connection with the 
 Irish Government service, but that few of them 
 were sufficiently educated for such appointments. 
 It is, perhaps, no loss to Ireland that Irishmen 
 are not appointed to British Government offices, 
 but Mr. Balfour's statement is noteworthy as il- 
 lustrating the outrage on Catholic Ireland, dem- 
 onstrated by the fact that through the want of 
 opportunities of university training Irish Cath- 
 olic youth are unable to acquire the necessary 
 qualifications for such advancement in life as a 
 good education would open to them in business 
 or professional avocations. Will the grievance 
 ever be adequately redressed by the British Par- 
 liament? Those who believe that it will or can 
 should be prepared to satisfactorily answer an- 
 other question — what Irish grievance has ever 
 been adequately redressed by the British Par- 
 liament? Not one of the various Irish bills or 
 acts passed in London since the union was any- 
 thing more than a mere tinkering with the ques- 
 tion involved — a very partial and imperfect 
 remedying of the evil to be dealt with. Catholic 
 emancipation, which it took thirty years of agi- 
 tation to wrench from England, was not eman- 
 cipation in any general sense. The Catholics 
 of Ireland are not yet emancipated, the best 
 proof of which is to be found in the status of 
 university education. The several bills for Ire- 
 land introduced and passed in the British Par- 
 liament by Mr. Gladstone — the Church Dises- 
 tablishment Act, the land acts — were all very 
 much short of what justice demanded. The 
 plundering alien church that had for three cen- 
 turies been living on confiscated Catholic prop- 
 erty and on an annual tax levied on the Irish 
 Catholic people was permitted by the disestab- 
 lishment and "disendowment" to retire with over 
 forty million dollars' compensation for being 
 stopped in its long career of annual plunder. 
 The Gladstone land acts were so imperfect and
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 287 
 
 inadequate tliat another great league and an- 
 other great agitation were found necessary to 
 force the British I'arhament further in the direc- 
 tion of bringing to a close the system of spolia- 
 tion of the Irish people by the system of land- 
 lordism imposed on Ireland by England. What 
 is the moral of all this in relation to university 
 education for Ireland, and the lesson for those 
 who would make it a paramount subject, on a 
 level with that of self-government? That the 
 question never can and never will be settled in 
 the British Parliament in a manner just and satis- 
 factory to the Irish Catholic people. The bigoted 
 element of England, "the predominant partner," 
 and the Orange ascendancy faction in Ulster will 
 never consent that the Catholic masses in Ireland 
 shall have, as they ought to have, full control 
 over university education as it concerns and af- 
 fects themselves in their own country. Only in 
 an Irish Parliament can this justice for the Irish 
 majority be obtained, and hence the true and wise 
 and patriotic policy for the Irish to pursue is 
 Home Rule first, and, that achieved, everything 
 else needed for the national prosperity and hap- 
 piness will necessarily follow. 
 
 In May, 190-1, a motion was introduced in 
 Parliament by the Irish party for a repeal of the 
 Perpetual Coercion Act passed for Ireland in 
 1887, the year of the celebration of Queen Vic- 
 toria's golden jubilee. The motion was, of 
 course, rejected. Never for one hour since the 
 union have the Irish had the rights of the Brit- 
 ish Constitution. British rule they have had, but 
 the British Constitution never. There have been 
 coercion acts for every year since the union, and 
 each one has deprived them in some shape or 
 form of one or other of their constitutional 
 rights. The Irish leader, Mr. John Redmond, 
 did not hesitate to declare in Parliament on the 
 the occasion "that a law which deprives the peo- 
 ple of the right of trial by jury is a law the 
 existence of which would justify armed rebellion 
 against the Government, and if the Irish people 
 had the means of rebellion against the existence 
 of this law it would be their duty to rebel." 
 
 And at the very moment when the Irish mo- 
 tion for the repeal of a system which is a denial 
 and a suppression of the primary and funda- 
 
 mental essentials of free government, as under- 
 stood anywhere in civilized countries, was being 
 discussed in the House of Commons, King Ed- 
 ward VH. and his queen were on a friendly 
 visit to Ireland— the king in Ireland claiming tiie 
 loyalty of the Irish and at the same time his 
 Government declaring in I'arliament that Ire- 
 land must forever be ruled by coercion. Such 
 is the situation as regards Ireland under British 
 rule in the Twentieth Century. Hence the issue 
 for Ireland at the next electoral battle will be 
 Coercion Forever versus Home Rule; and al- 
 ready the pros])ccts are brighter for Irish vic- 
 tory than they have been at any time for more 
 than a century. 
 
 In the early nineties a movement for the re- 
 vival of the Irish language was inaugurated, 
 which resulted in the establishment of an or- 
 ganization for that purjjose, the Gaelic League. 
 Its most promising feature was that it was 
 somewhat spontaneous in its character, and ac- 
 cordingly spread without artificial or extraor- 
 dinary efl^ort. The condition of the public mind 
 was such, after the years of political agitation 
 and the consequent nationalizing influences at 
 work, that an appeal for the revival and preser- 
 vation of Ireland's ancient tongue was enthusi- 
 astically welcomed by all classes. For a half 
 century previously the use of the language had 
 steadily declined, and it seemed as if one or two 
 more generations would behold it numbered amid 
 the memories of the past. 
 
 The causes of the decay of the national lan- 
 guage were manifold. At the beginning of the 
 Nineteenth Century it was still almost exclu- 
 sively the spoken tongue of the whole Irish 
 people. The speeches of Grattan, Curran and 
 their colleagues would not have been understood 
 by nine-tenths of their countrymen. The na- 
 tional movement of the Grattan era and the 
 debates in the Irish Parliament of that period 
 served largely to diffuse the English language 
 among the more educated class of the Irish 
 population, and as a natural consequence the 
 native tongue was relegated to the second place, 
 and among the masses of the people began to 
 be neglected and regarded as a mark of social 
 inferioritv. The introduction of the so-called
 
 288 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 National School system into Ireland had also 
 a powerful influence on the substitution of ihe 
 alien for the native speech. That system, the 
 idea and fabric of the Protestant Archbishop 
 Whatley, of Dublin, was artfully designed for 
 the denationalization of the youth of Ireland and 
 the conversion of the nation into a west Brit- 
 ish province. It failed of its object and proved, 
 despite the intention of its founders, an inesti- 
 mable boon to the Irish people. It enabled the 
 masses, who had hitherto been held in a condi- 
 tion of enforced ignorance, to read, and once 
 the channels to knowledge are thrown open they 
 will seek the sources that interest them most. 
 But the effect of the National Schools on the 
 Irish language was markedly injurious. That 
 language was rigorously excluded from the 
 schools, though in many localities the children 
 in attendance could not understand a word of 
 English. But in the course of time, in most parts 
 of the country, through the influence of the 
 school system, the English language gradually 
 took the place of the Irish as the spoken lan- 
 guage of the home, and the language of St. 
 Patrick was even banished from the altar and the 
 pulpit to make way for the speech of the in- 
 vader. As a climax to this condition of things, 
 in the middle of the last century came the great 
 famine, one of the most terrible tragedies that 
 ever befel the Irish people.. 'Phere was more 
 than twice a sufficient amount of food in the 
 island to support the population — the product of 
 Irish toil — but the landlords appropriated it, and 
 the English ate it. Through death and emigra- 
 tion, the population was in a few years reduced 
 by over three millions. The weight of the 
 famine fell chiefly in those portions of the isl- 
 and where the Irish tongue was exclusively or 
 very generally spoken. For more than a gener- 
 ation afterward it was feared that the Irish lan- 
 guage was doomed to extinction as a form of 
 living speech. Then it was that the science of 
 Comparative Philology called attention to its im- 
 portance as a link in the Aryan system of speech, 
 to its grandeur, its ancient literature, its great 
 poetic productions, rriany centuries ago, and then 
 arose the spontaneous movement among the 
 Irish people all the world over for the preser- 
 
 vation of their ancient tongue. At the begin- 
 ning of the revival about seven hundred thou- 
 sand persons in Ireland, or over one-sixth of 
 the inhabitants, already spoke and understood 
 the Irish language ; and as it is now being gener- 
 ally taught in the parochial and elementary 
 schools and the institutions of higher education, 
 it will in the relatively near future become gener- 
 ally diffused throughout the island. In a short 
 time hundreds of thousands of books and pam- 
 phlets were yearly published in Irish, an Irish 
 theater was established, and within a generation 
 Ireland will be a bilingual nation. The result 
 cannot be overestimated. Any language is a 
 precious inheritance ; it is the golden deposit 
 that the streams of thought have through ages 
 been carrying down to a people from the moun- 
 tains of the past; and leading European philolo- 
 gists of the present day, as well as days of past, 
 have agreed in acknowledging that in the case 
 of the Celtic race the language which is their 
 inheritance is many times richer than the lan- 
 guage of most peoples of our time. 
 
 The exigencies of commerce will hold the 
 English language in Ireland, but the possession 
 of the beautiful olden tongue as the language of 
 the home, and the intellectualizing and spiritual- 
 izing influence which it will exert over the peo- 
 ple will re-establish amongst them the old traits 
 and the old customs that were passing, or haply 
 had passed, and will re-establish for them the 
 old ideals that were going or gone, and thus 
 counterbalance the materialistic tendencies which 
 the language of commerce must impose upon 
 any people. 
 
 There is a general desire among the leaders 
 of thought in Ireland to check the emigration of 
 the people from that country. They know that 
 Ireland under fair conditions can support a much 
 larger population than she now holds — three or 
 even four times her present population, and 
 then not be so densely peopled as many prosper- 
 ous countries of Europe, such as Belgium or 
 Saxony. Ireland has been drained of its best 
 blood through emigration. 
 
 In addition to certain tendencies and impulses 
 of nature which are an undoubted inheritance 
 of the Celtic race, impelling them to seek ad-
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 289 
 
 venture and change, numberless circumstances 
 in the condition of Ireland urge people to yield 
 to this propensity rather than overcome it. 
 Foremost among them is the perpetual appeal 
 coming from the men and women who left Ire- 
 land in the days of the crowbar brigade, and 
 who think that no temporal good can be hoped 
 for in the land of misery they knew in their 
 infancy and youth. No matter how many emi- 
 grants may have succumbed in the struggle for 
 existence, great numbers have survived and 
 have succeeded in almost every line of human 
 endeavor in acquiring a competence for them- 
 selves. Mindful now of the claims of love and 
 kinship, they call to their side the sons and 
 daughters of those who were nearest and dear- 
 est to them, often providing situations for them 
 in advance, and aiding them in many ways to 
 start on the journey of life in a strenuous but 
 free country. From 1851 to 1903, according to 
 a British Parliamentary return, issued in the 
 last-named year, nearly 4,000,000 Irish men, 
 women and children have emigrated, a number 
 more than eighty-eight per cent, of the present 
 population of Ireland, and being about seventy- 
 four per cent, of the average population of that 
 island in the previous fifty years. During the 
 five census periods included in the return the 
 population of Ireland has shrunk from 6,5.52,- 
 385 to 4,458,775, a loss of 2,093,610. The emi- 
 gration, therefore, absorbed all the natural ex- 
 cess of births over deaths during the fifty years, 
 and took about as many more from those left. 
 In the same period the population of Scotland 
 increased 1,583,361, while the population of 
 England and Wales increased 14,600,334. No 
 more condemning an indictment was ever made 
 against a system of government than is con- 
 tained in these figures against English rule in 
 Ireland. During the last year (1903) more than 
 40,000 emigrants left Ireland, and of these 
 eighty per cent, were between the ages of eigh- 
 teen and thirty. Over ninety-seven per cent, of 
 those who leave Ireland come to the United 
 States, although the benign British Government 
 offers free passage to several of the colonies of 
 the empire. Apart from the loss of the brain 
 and muscle that these young people represent, 
 
 a competent authority, Rev. T. A. Finlay, a 
 leader in the movement for the revival of Irish 
 industries, figures it out that the loss of this 
 many of the population represents a yearly finan- 
 cial drain of $30,000,000 out of Ireland. 
 
 In 1903 the Anti-Emigration Society was 
 established and a vigorous movement inaugu- 
 rated to stem the tide of emigration from Ire- 
 land by means of the industrial revival, which 
 is establishing many factories of various kinds. 
 The people understand that the beautiful and 
 fertile island cannot hope to make much pro- 
 gress while its people rely on agriculture mainly. 
 The competition from other parts of luirope and 
 from America is too great. It is seen that the 
 resources of Ireland in minerals and material 
 for manufacture, and these are abundant, must 
 be developed if the Irish are to remain in the 
 cradle of the race. That this can be done under 
 the sway of a Government which has never ex- 
 hibited any interest in the welfare of the Irish 
 people is doubtful, and that the tide of emigra- 
 tion can be stemmed, while the Irish heart's de- 
 sire for democratic institutions is unsatisfied, is 
 also problematical. And although employment is 
 becoming more and more plentiful in Ireland, 
 and wages of common labor have doubled within 
 the last decade, and old industries are growing 
 and new ones springing up, so that Ireland is 
 now in a more prosperous condition than at any 
 time since the unfortunate union, yet the foster- 
 ing care of a domestic Government which would 
 be solicitous for the interests of Ireland is the 
 only effective means of stopping the exodus. 
 Miserable attempts at makeshift land legislation 
 by the British Government have not helped Ire- 
 land in the least degree in the past, and the last 
 land act seems thus far to have been as ineffec- 
 tive in this direction as former measures. Until 
 the affairs of Ireland are in the hands of its 
 own people it is to be expected that the young 
 and active and ambitious among her people will 
 continue to seek the shores of America. 
 
 VALEDICTORY. 
 Dear Young Fellow Countrymex : The 
 storj' of our country, which I have endeavored 
 to narrate for vour instruction and entertain-
 
 290 
 
 THE STORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ment, terminates here — for the present. Time 
 as it rolls onward will always be adding to its 
 chapters. 
 
 The lesson which "The Story of Ireland" 
 teaches is Hope, Faith, Confidence in God. Trac- 
 ing the struggles of the Irish people, one finds 
 himself overpowered by the conviction that an 
 all-wise Providence has sustained and preserved 
 
 them as a nation for a great purpose, for a glo- 
 rious destiny. 
 
 My task is done, and now I bid farewell to 
 my young friends who have followed my story- 
 telling so far. I trust I have not failed in the 
 purpose, and shall not be disappointed in the 
 hopes which impelled me to this labor of love. 
 
 God save Ireland!
 
 ROBERT EMMETT.
 
 ROBERT EMMET. 
 
 Dying Speech of the Gkeat Patriot of '98 — "Words that will Ever Thrill the Hearts of Freemen. 
 
 "Not in Power, Not in Profit, but in the Glory of the Achievement," his Only Ambition. 
 
 What have I to say why sentence of death should 
 not be pronounced on me, according to law? 
 I have nothing to say which can alter your jirede- 
 termination, nor that it becomes me to say with 
 any view to the mitigation of that sentence which 
 you are here to pronounce, and by which I must 
 abide. But I have that to say which interests 
 me more than life, and which you have labored, 
 as was necessarily your office in the present cir- 
 cumstances of this oppressed country, to destroy. 
 I have much to say why my reputation should 
 be rescued from the load of false accusation and 
 calumny which has been heaped upon it. I do 
 not imagine that, seated where you are, your 
 minds can be so free from impurity as to receive 
 the least impression from what I am about to 
 utter. I have no hope that I can anchor my 
 character in the breast of a court constituted and 
 trammeled as this is. I onlj' wish, and it is the 
 utmost I expect, that your lordships may suffer it 
 to float down your memories untainted by the 
 foul breath of prejudice, until it finds soma more 
 hospitable harbor to shelter it from the rude 
 storm by which it is at present buffeted. Were 
 I only to suffer death, after being adjudged 
 guilty by your tribunal, I should bow in silence, 
 and meet the fate that awaits me without a mur- 
 mur; but the sentence of the law which delivers 
 my body to the executioner will, through the 
 ministry of the law, labor in its own vindication 
 to consign my character to obloquy, for there 
 must be guilt somewhere^ — whether in the sen- 
 tence of the court, or in the catastrophe, poster- 
 ity must determine. A man in my situation, my 
 lords, has not only to encounter the difficulties 
 of fortune and the force of power over minds 
 which it has corrupted or subjugated, but the 
 difficulties of established prejudice. The man 
 dies, but his memory lives. That mine may not 
 perish, that it may live in the respect of my 
 
 countrymen, I seize upon this opportunity to 
 vindicate myself from some of thj charges 
 alleged against me. When my spirit shall be 
 wafted to a more friendly port — when my shade 
 shall have joined the bands of those martyred 
 heroes who have shed their blood on the scaffold 
 and in the fields in defense of their country and 
 of virtue, this is my hope — I wish that my mem- 
 ory and name may animate those who survive me 
 while I look down with complacency on the 
 destruction of that perfidious government which 
 upholds its domination by blasphemy of the 
 Most High ; which displays its power over man, as 
 over the beasts of thefore-st; which sets man upon 
 his brother, and lifts his hand, in the name of 
 God, against the throat of his fellow who be- 
 lieves or doubts a little more or a little less than 
 the government standard — a government which 
 is steeled to barbai'ity by the cries of the orphans 
 and the tears of the widows which it has made. 
 
 Lord Norbury: "The weak and wicked enthu- 
 siasts who feel as you feel are unequal to the ac- 
 complishment of their wild designs." 
 
 I appeal to the immaculate God — I swear by 
 the Throne of Heaven before which I must 
 shortly appear — by the blood of the murdered 
 patriots who have gone before me — that my con- 
 duct has been, through all this peril, and through 
 all my purposes, governed only by the convic- 
 tions which I have uttered, and by no other view 
 than that of the emancipation of my country 
 from the superinhumau oppression under which 
 she has so long and too patiently travailed ; and 
 I confidently and assuredly hope that, wild and 
 chimerical as it may appear, there is still union 
 and strength in Ireland to accomplish this 
 noblest enterprise. Of this I speak with the 
 confidence of intimate knowledge and with the 
 consolation that appertains to that confidence.
 
 ROBERT EMMET. 
 
 Think not, my lords, that I say this for the petty 
 gratification of giving you a transitory uneasi- 
 ness. A man who never yet raised his voice to 
 utter a lie will not hazard his character with 
 posterity by asserting a falsehood on a subject so 
 important to his country and on an occasion like 
 this. Yes, my lords, a man who does not wish 
 to have his epitaph written until his country is 
 liberated will not leave a weapon in the power of 
 envy nor a pretense to impeach the probity which 
 he means to preserve, even in the grave to which 
 tyranny consigns him. 
 
 LordNorbury: "You proceed to unwarrant- 
 able lengths in order to exasperate or delude the 
 unwary, and circulate opinions of the most dan- 
 gerous tendency for purposes of mischief." 
 
 Again I say that what I have spoken was not 
 intended for your lordship, whose situation I 
 commiserate rather than envy ; my expressions 
 were for my countrymen. If there is a true 
 Irishman present, let my last words cheer him in 
 the hour of his affliction — 
 
 Lord Norbury: "What you have hitherto said 
 confirms and justifies the verdict of the jury." 
 
 I have always understood it to be the duty of 
 a judge, when a prisoner has been convicted, to 
 pronounce the sentence of the law. I have un- 
 derstood that judges sometimes think it their 
 duty to hear with patience, and to speak with 
 humanity ; to exhort the victim of the laws, and 
 to offer, with tender benignity, their opinions of 
 the motives by which he was actuated in the 
 crime of which he was adjudged guilty. That a 
 judge has thought it his duty so to have done, I 
 have no doubt; but v. here is that boasted free- 
 dom of your institutions — where is the vaunted 
 impartiality, clemency, and mildness of your 
 courts of justice, if an unfortunate prisoner, whom 
 your policy, and not justice, is about to deliver 
 into the hands of the executioner, is not suffered 
 to exjilain his motives sincerely and truly, and 
 to vindicate the principles by which he was 
 actuated? My lords, it may be a part of the 
 system of angry justice to bow a man's mind by 
 humiliation to the purposed ignominy of the 
 Bcafiold ; but worse to me than the iiurposed 
 Bbame of the scaffold's terror would be the shame 
 of such foul and unfounded imputations as have 
 
 been laid against me in this court. You, my 
 lord, are a judge; I am the supposed culprit. I 
 am a man; you are a man also. By a revolution 
 of power we might change places, though w© 
 never could change characters. If I stand at the 
 bar of this court and dare not vindicate my char- 
 acter, what a farce is your justice? If I stand at 
 this bar and dare not vindicate my character, how 
 dare you calumniate it? Does the sentence of 
 death, which your unhallowed policy inflicts 
 upon my body, also condemn my tongue to 
 silence and my reputation to reproach? If our 
 executioner may abridge the period of my exist- 
 ence, but while I exist I shall not forbear to vin- 
 dicate my character and motives from your asper- 
 sions; as a man to whom fame is dearer than life 
 I will make the last use of that life in doing jus- 
 tice to that reputation which is to live after me, 
 and which is the only legacy I can leave to those 
 I honor and love, and for whom I am proud to 
 perish. As men, my lord, we must appear on 
 the great day at one common tribunal, and it will 
 then remain for the Searcher of all hearts to 
 show a collective universe who was engaged in 
 the most virtuous actions or actuated by the 
 purest motives — my country's oppressor, or — 
 
 Lord Norbury : "Stop, sir! Listen to the sen- 
 tence of the law." 
 
 My lord, shall a dying man be denied the 
 legal privilege of exculpating himself in the eyes 
 of the community from an undeserved reproach 
 thrown upon him during his trial, by charging 
 him with ambition, and attempting to cast away, 
 for a paltry consideration, the liberties of his 
 country? Why did your lordship insult me? 
 Or rather, why insult justice in demanding of me 
 why sentence of death should not be pronounced? 
 I know, my lord, that form prescribes that you 
 should ask the question. The form also presumes 
 the right of answering. This, no doubt, may be 
 dispensed with, and so might the whole cere- 
 mony of the trial, since the sentence was already 
 pronounced at the Castle before your jury were 
 impaneled. Your lordships are but the priests 
 of the oracle. I submit to the sacrifice, but 1 
 insist on the whole of the forms. 
 
 Lord Norbury: "You may proceed, sir. " 
 
 I am charged with being an erois8a:•^ ot fr,,!,.-*
 
 KOBERT EMMET. 
 
 An emissary of France! And for wLat end? 
 It is alleged that I wished to sell the independ- 
 ence of my countrymen; and for what end? 
 Was this the object of my ambition? And is this 
 the mode by which a tribunal of justice reconciles 
 contradictions? No; I am no emissary. My 
 ambition was to hold a place among the deliver- 
 ers of my country — not in power, not in profit, 
 but in the glory of the achievement. Sell my 
 country's independence to France! And for 
 what? A change of masters? No; but for my 
 ambition. Oh, my country! was it personal 
 ambition that influenced me, had it been the soul 
 of my actions, could it not, by my education and 
 fortune, by the rank of my family, have placed 
 myself among the proudest of your oppressors? 
 My country was my idol. To it I sacrificed 
 every selfish, every endearing sentiment; and 
 for it I now offer myself, O God ! No, my lords ; 
 I acted as an Irishman, determined on delivering 
 my country from the yoke of a foreign and unre- 
 lenting tyrann.v, and from the more galling yoke 
 of a domestic faction, its joint partner and per- 
 petrator in the patricide, whose reward is the 
 ignominy existing with an exterior of splendor 
 and a consciousness of depravity. It was the 
 wish of my heart to extricate my country from 
 this doublj'-riveted despotism — I wished to place 
 her independence beyond the reach of any power 
 on earth. I wished to exalt her to that proud 
 station in the world which Providence had des- 
 tined her to fill. Connection with France was, 
 indeed, intended, but only so far as mutual in- 
 terest would sanction or require. Were the 
 French to assume any authority inconsistent 
 with the purest independence it would be the 
 signal for their destruction. We sought their 
 aid — and we sought it as we had assurance we 
 could obtain it — as auxiliaries in war and allies 
 in peace. Were the French to come as invaders 
 or enemies, uninvited by the wishes of the 
 people, I should oppose them to the utmost of 
 iny strength. Yes! my countrymen, I should 
 advise you to meet them on the beach with a 
 sword in one hand and a torch in the other. I 
 would meet them with all the destructive fury of 
 war, and I would animate my countrymen to 
 immolate them in their boats before they had 
 contaminated the soil of my counti\y. If they 
 succeeded in landing, and if forced to retire 
 
 before superior discipline, I would dispute every 
 inch of ground, raze every house, burn every 
 blade of grass; the lust spot on which the hope 
 of freedom should desert me, there would I hold, 
 and the last intrenchment of liberty should be 
 m.v grave. What I could not do myself in my 
 fall, I should leave as a last charge to my coun- 
 trymen to accomplish ; because I should feel con- 
 scious that life, any more than death, is dishon- 
 orable when a foreign nation holds my country 
 in subjection. But it was not as an enemy that 
 the succors of France were to laud. I looked, 
 indeed, for the assistance of France ; I wished to 
 prove to France and to the world that Irishmen 
 deserve to be assisted — that they were indignant 
 at slavery, and ready to assert the independence 
 and liberty of their country ; I wished to procure 
 for my country the guarantee which Washington 
 procured for America — to procure aid which, bv 
 its example, would be as important as its valor; 
 disciplined, gallant, pregnant with science and 
 experience; that of allies who would perceive the 
 good and polish the rough points of our char- 
 acter. They would come to us as strangers, and 
 leave us as friends, after sharing in our trials 
 and elevating our destiny. These were my ob- 
 jects; not to receive new taskmasters, but to ex- 
 pel old tyrants. And it was for these ends I 
 sought aid from France ; because France, even as 
 an enemy, could not be more implacable than the 
 enemy already in the bosom of mj' country. 
 
 Lord Norbury: "I exhort you not to depart 
 this life with such sentiments of rooted hostility 
 to your country as those which you have 
 expressed." 
 
 Let no man dare, when I am dead, to charge 
 me with dishonor ; let no man attaint my memory 
 by believing that I could have engaged in any 
 cause but that of my country's liberty and inde- 
 pendence ; or that I could have become the pliant 
 minion of power in the oppression and misery of 
 my countrymen. The proclamation of the Pro- 
 visional Government speaks my views, no infer- 
 ence can be tortured from it to countenance bar- 
 barity or debasement at home, or objection, 
 humiliation or treachery from abroad. I would 
 not have submitted to a foreign oppressor for the 
 same reason that I would resist the domestic 
 tyrant. In the dignity of freedom I would have
 
 ROBERT EMMET. 
 
 fought upon the threshold of my country, and 
 its enemy should only enter by passing over my 
 lifeless corpse. And am I, who lived but for my 
 country, who have subjected myself to the dan- 
 gers of the jealous and watchful oppressor, and 
 aow the bondage of the grave, only to give my 
 countrymen their rights and my country her 
 independence — am I to be loaded with calumny 
 and not suffered to resent it? No; God forbid! 
 
 Here Lord Norbury told Mr. Emmet that his 
 sentiments and language disgraced his family 
 and his education, but more particularly his 
 father. Dr. Emmet, who was a man, if alive, that 
 would not countenance such opinions. To which 
 Mr. Emmet replied : 
 
 If the spirits of the illustrious dead participate 
 in tue concerns and cares of those who were 
 dear to them in this transitory life, O ! ever dear 
 and venerated shade of my departed father, look 
 down with scrutiny upon the conduct of your 
 suffering son, and see if I have, even for a 
 moment, deviated from those principles of moral- 
 ity and patriotism which it was your care to 
 insHl into my youthful mind, and foi which I am 
 
 now about to offer up my life. My lords, you 
 seem impatient for the sacrifice. The blood for 
 which you thirst is not congealed by the arti- 
 ficial terrors which surround your victim (the 
 soldiery filled and surrounded the Sessions 
 House) — it circulates warmly and unruffled 
 through the channels which God created for 
 noble purposes, but which you are now bent to 
 destroj', for purposes so grievous that they cry 
 to heaven. Be yet patient! I have but a few 
 more words to say. I am going to my cold and 
 silent grave; my lamp of life is nearly extin- 
 guished ; my race is run ; the grave is open to 
 receive me, and I sink into its bosom. I have 
 but one request to ask at my departure from this 
 world ; it is — the charity of its silence. Let no 
 man write my epitaph ; for as no man who knows 
 my motives dare now vindicate them, let them 
 an»d me rest in obscurity and peace, and my 
 name remain uninscribed until other times and 
 other men can do justice to my character. When 
 my country takes her place among the nations of 
 the earth, then, and not till then, let my epitaph 
 be written. I have doae.
 
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