UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO TheDi 3 1822 02509 3857 OF Trade Products ^^f^ D/EGo JOSEPH MCDONOUGH Co SCARCE & I-IN'R HOOKS, A r H A vv M V iimB„^^,?^^V^^f?w^.?-,p.ap 3 1822 02509 3857 /ofl Social Sciences & Humanities Library University of California, San Diego Please Note: This item is subject to recall. Date Due .C.S.D. m QCT a 8 1^ ^ £L If r xrA^o L .| _£EB-iLiU CLJBAKJbJD 11 1 C/ 39 ('5/97J UCSD Lib. Ki I 0> & . 'J'i THE COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY OF TRADE PRODUCTS T H E DICTIONARY OF TRADE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING and TECHNICAL TERMS MONEYS, WEIGHTS, and MEASURES OF ALL COUNTRIES BY P. L. ^MMONDS, F.L.S., F.R.C.I Hon. President of the Acailemie Nationale of Paris, Vice-President of the City of London College, &c., &c., &c. A NEW EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED. LONDON AND NEW YORK GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited TO SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART., M.R, F.R.S,, WHO AS A DISTINGUISHED NATURALIST, BANKER, AND (fljaivman of tbc ^oui^on (Tbaiiikr of Commcrrf, WILL FULLY APriiF.CIATE ITS UTILITY AS A BOOK OF REFERENCE, THIS NEW EDITION IS DEDICATED BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT, TH£ AUTHOR. PREFACE. QiiEAi- works of ready refeicncc are a necessity of the present day, and this one I have endeavoured to make as complete as possible. My long career as a journalist and author of sixty years' experience has afforded me many facilities for acquiring special knowledge on Commerce and Finance. Few, perhaps, have contributed so largely to technical literature and popular encyclop;sdias as I have done, and this, added to an official connection with all the great International Exhibitions which have been held during the last forty years, combined with important official Museum duties, has given me many advantages. That this work has proved useful is evident from the large sale it has had, and its extensive employment in adding new words to the great Dictionaries of America and Europe. The vast expansion of Commerce, and the introduction of new pro- ducts and trades since the work was first published, have, however, rendered additions necessary. Without interfering with the body of the work, I have thought that an Appendix would bring it up to date, by supplementing the few statistics introduced, correcting the fluctuating exchange value of coins in circulation, such as rupees, dollars, tacls, etc., and adding new electrical, chemical, cycling, and other trade terms, and products not hitherto described. As there is really no good Polyglot Dictionary, and a set of the Dictionaries of Continental and other languages is not always at hand for reference, I have thought it desirable to insert the foreign names of many animals and commercial products which are frequently mentioned in prices-current, newspapers, and books of travel. Vlll. I'REFACE. I can speak practically, from my own experience, of the utility of this work, for I have continually to refer to it for some correct delini- tion of a foreign money, weight, or measure, or the natural history identification of an animal or vegetable product. One difficulty I have met with is in the modern change of spelling adopted in most of the East Indian names of products, etc., so that it may be found difficult to refer to them readily. This Dictionary may be considered an " Encyclopedia in brief," and a necessary accessory for the counting-house, or on the library table. P. L. SIMMONDS. i6, Whittingstall Road, FULHAM. A DICTIONARY rCADKF!, TliAriH riWIiUCTS, rOMMHIICIAL, MANUFACTURING, AND OillEI^ TJ'lCllNICAL Ti:i;lIS: JION'liY, WKIGHTS AND MKASUIIES, &c. C3r /r/a'/.'cfcj' mldilional infoiinntion or further exphmution of a tuonl is r/tucn in Ike StiPrLE.MENT, a * is appemkd. A. Al, an aflix to a vessel's name at Lloyd's, tlic letter (leiiotiiif; the lirst class ctia- raitcf of tlic liiiU lor build ami sea v.urthi- iiess; the fi.u'iiro 1 that she is well-fouml ill rii;KiiiS, j;ear, ic, ; the figure 2 would iiniily that she was iiisulticieiitly lound. Aai,, an Indian imiiie for the root of the Morinda citrifolui, a dycinj,' suhs'.anee. A AM, a Initcli "liiiiiid measure, in (iernian writtrii Ahnio, sometimes Ainio and Aiim, icirres|ioM(liiv,' to tlic Kn^lisli tierce, and raiigiiii; irom 29 to 39 gallons. Ail, the Ilindustanoe name for water. AliA, a woollen stuff made In Turkey. AnAB, the government jn-oportion or share of revenue accounts in the East Indies. Amaca, a name in the Philippines lOr wliat is termed i'\lvooili'ns worn by the ma- jority of the pcoi'le in Turkey. Abbs, a term in the wool-lrade C)r tlic yarn of a weaver's warp. Abda, laud in the East, which is held rent free. Abee, a woven stuff of wool and cottoa made in Aleppo. Abeer, an Indian incense. Abelmosciius, theniusk.seeiIoft!ie Hindoos, the Hibiscus Abel/iwsc/tus, used by the Arabs to flavour coffee. Abici'.moordeep. the Persian name for Ejionge. Abgasos-reciinuno, in German commerce the amount of tare allowed on goods. AnniR, in India one engaj;ed in jiasioral occupations, as herding cattle and tend- ing shec]). AniiuL, an Indian name for the common jnniiier berries. Abi, or Abistani, In the East, land artifi- cially watered. Abir-ubeer, a yellowish red powder, with which the natives in tlie East stain their flesh and clotlics. Abkab, a maker or retailer of spirituous drinks in lndi;i. AnivARy, revenues in the East Indies derived from various duties or licences on spirits, opium, and from gaming-houses. opular phraseology a E.ehool: thus tlicre arc educational academics, dancing academies, ttc. Acajou, the French name for mahogany. AcAJOu-Ni'T, a German name for the ca- shew-nut. AcAYOiBA, a Spanish name for mahogany. Acceptance, in commercial transactions agreeing to the price or tenns proposed ; the acknowledgment of a debt, equiva- lent to a promise to nay; the debtor's name ^Yritten on a bill of exchange, usually with the word accepted. ACCOTDIODATION-MLL, a fictitious bill Of exchange, drawn and accepted to raise money on. and not boua-fide given in payment of a debt. Accommodationladdek, a set of suspen- snry steps fixed at the side of a large ship when lying high out of the water, to faci- litate ascending from or descending to boats. Accos, a small French flat-bottomed boat. Accordion, a small keyed wind instrument l^ved by the hand. AccdiiDtoN Notes, i)rintcd music for the accordion, which is htrgely imported from the continent into London. AccoucHEUK, a man midwife. Accountant, a professional or official calcu- lator, skilled in postini,' and balancing the books of tradesmen or joint-stock associa- tions. AccoDNT.VNT-GENKRAi, a comptroller of ac- counts; superior public officers of the Crown, having charge of the finances of the Navv, i;tuemrnt.s, the tidlitary dress, fittings, and cnni;i.".ge of r. soldier. Accumulator, a.i India-rubber spring, eithir simple or comi)ound; which ac- cumiilates lilting lorco and can be applied to many iiscliil i)ur]ioses in sliips, ma- chinos, work-sliops, .tc. ACEITE, till' Spaiiisli name for oil; also for a resin which exudes from the lir-trces. AcEMiTE, grits; a pottM-c niiidc ol parclicd lialf-gromid w I.e. it in .Spain. ACENE, an ancient Greek measure of length; the Olympic acenc being equal to 3J Eng- lish yards. Acero, the Spanish name for steel. Acetabulum, an ancient Uoman dry and liquid measure, t he lormer = 001'Jl bushel, the latter to 00173 gallon. Acetates, crystallisable salts, formed by the combination of any salifialjle base witti acetic acid; thus there are acetates of copper, of lead, of potash, &c., which bear other names in commerce, as verdigris, sugar of load, Ac. Acetic Acid, or pyroligneous acid, a con- centrated vinegar obtained by distillation from wood. AcETifrER, an apparatus for acidifying fermented hquors. Acetometeb, a species of liydrometer, for testing the strength ofaciiis. Acetone, a name tor pyro-.acctic spirit. ACH, an Indian name lor the Moriiida tiii(>- toria, which lurnishes a red dye-stuli. AcHANA, an ancient Greek ^'rain measure, equal to rather more than IJ English bushel. AcHAR, the Malay name for pickles. AcuAKi, skilled artisans, mechanics, smiths, &c., in the East; masters or teachers ot the arts. Achat, the French name for a purchase. AcHCiiA, a name in parts of India for a printer, or pressman, and for the mould or press for taking impressions. Acheteur, the I'rench name for a purchaser. ACHiAR, tlie young shoots of the bamboo pickled, ini])orted into Holland fnan the Eastern Archipelago. AcHiDArrAN, the Tamil name for a bar- ber. ACHioTE, an American name for the sccaa of ilie arnotto plant, JJijra oreUana. ACIIIRA, a plant with a large esculent root, a species ot ('anna, which yields a quan- tity of starch superior to the ordinary arrow root, or Marania arundinacca. Achita, in the East a cartload of ten bharas, or about two tons. AcuRA, the Bengalee name for rico-straw. ACHiio, an Indian drug. Achromatic Glasses, object lenses which collect light without producing coloured images. Achtel, in Germany, the eighth part of a weight or measure; also a grain measure equal to lO'J imperial bushel; in Austria and llolUmd it is occasionally known as acUteling. ACT [3 J A D II AcHTRNPKRL, nil oKI (try measure of llol- laiul. about 8 f.Mll(in<;; tlie name was also applied to tlic old schepcl or biislicl of the Dutch towns. AiMiTEBLi, a dry measure in Switzerland, the eighth part of a maess, and etiual to rather more llian tliree Knslish pints. AcilL'-KAVAi.l, a grant or allowance glTcn in India to one >vho watclies growing crops. AcicuL.'VR, nordle-shapcd, a Cornish mining term for slender, straiglit crystals. AciDlsiETEK, an instrument for testing the strcns-'lh I if acids. AciDiMETRY. ttie iirocess for measuring the str>n{;tti of acids Acms, cliemicd prcpanitions of a sliarp and sour taste, of which tlu' iiuniher is very large, but those of coiiiuurcial ini[ior- tanee will be found in their alphabetical order. It may ho here stateil, however, that the termination o( the suffix denotes the strength of the acid, ic being applied to the stronger acids and ous to those of a weaker kind. Acroui.ois Waters, mineral waters which cmitain fnc acids in solution. AciKR, the French name for steel; in France Kino kilograniines of steel go to the ton of Ireight. AciNo, the twentieth part of the Neapolitan trapcso, which is the tliirtieth part of their ounce, and ( qual to 0-G87 English grains. AciTOMETRY, the Chemical process of ascer- taining the quantity of acid in a sample by weight. Acker, a German superficial me.isnre of variable proportions in different states, ranging Ironi half an Englisli aero to rather more than two acres. AcKiE, an African monetary term, the equi- valent of 1600 cowry shells, and worth about 4s. 2d. EngUsli. See Ake. Acknowledgment, a receipt, an admission. AcKRooT. or AliKOOT, the Indian name for walnuts. AcoRi, AcoRUS, an African blue coral. Acorn, the seed or fruit of the oak, flrc- quentlv used for food. Acorn Cups, a large article of import for the use of tanners. /Se« Valonta. Acorn Oil, an oil expressed from the seed of the oak. AcoRi'S Calamds, the aromatic root of the sweet tiap, imported as a drug, and also in repute in the bazaars in India. ACOTARS, pieces of wood tilled in between the liooring timber under the kelson in French ships. AcouMETER, an instrument for measuring the extent of hearing power. Acow, a name in some of the I'acific islands for wood. Ac*jtnTTANCE, a release, a written discharge or receipt in full for money due. Acre, aland measure; the English standard acre is 4840 square yards. Acrospike. a name Kivcn by the maltstcrto the sprout or plumule of barley when germinating. [coated black. AcRDSiTE, a crystal of carbonate of lead ACTiNOMETEit, an instrument for measuring the intensity of the rays of the suu. ACTION, a suit of law; also llie name frr shares in French and other Coiitincrtal coinpaiiics, hence the owner is stykd the aitionnaire — cquivalenttoourti rm share- holder. .\CTOR, a player; one who takes a part. Actuary, a skilled calculator, an ollicer t'l an insurance company. AcTf.s, an ancient Koman superficial mea- sure ajiplied to a ulip of ground, ]20 Ho , man feet long by lour broad =38 r,.5 yards AcUELico, the iSpanish name for u ball of coca leaves, &c.. prepared lormasiication AcuMBRE. See Azump.re. [giiigri Ada, the Hindoo and IJenpalee name foj Adada, the Indian name for a bark canoi made in Demerara. See Wood-.skin. Adauaki, the Hindoo name lor an unLirokri steer. .Vdamantine .Si'AR, a brown species of cor- undum. See Corundum. Adam's Needle, a name for the dagger- plant (I'l/cca aloi/oliaet gloriosa), uselul lor its tibre. Adarjie, or Arienzo, the sixteenth jiart ol the Spanish ounce, agreeing very nearly with the i;u;;lish draclim, although onli half a Spanish drachm. Adas-manis, the Malay name for aniseed. Adat, the Bengalee name for a wholesale store or monopoly warehouse. Adda, a measure in India, equal to 8} pints also a station where people assemble fo! business or pleasure. In some places it i» applied to a salt-heap. Addaca, a name lortietel-nut in Travancore Addana, an Indian measure equal to half i pint. Adda-scnka, a duty collected in India Iron those who sell slieep. Adde. an Indian name in some locaUties fo' rent or wages. .\DDE>rDUM, something added to. Addi, a Bengalee money-changer. ADEI.ANTADILLO, red Wine, made of the firs ripe grapes in Spain. Ademadok, the Spanish name for a carpen ter, or workman employed in lining thi sides of mines with ]ilanks. ACENANTHERA, the Small red seeds of a leguminous tree, weighing aluiost uni formly four grains, whicli are frequeiitlj employed by jewellers in the east a.' weights; so&V6tho&t:ofAbrusprecatoriUi. Adenos, the Spanish name for a kind o' cotton. Al'EPS, a concrete oily matter contained ir the cells of the aiiipose ti?sue; the lal about the loins and kidneys of animals. Adiiaca, ah ancient Hindoo measure or capacity, equivalent to 'J English pints. Adhak, an Indian dry measure, the IGth part of a khari; of variable capacity; foi grain ranging from 71bs. to 71bs. lloi avoirdupois. It is also called a marcal. Adheli, an Indian term for half, as half a rupee. Aduelo, a name for the half pice, a petty Indian cojipcr coin less than a lartliiiiL'. Adhesi\t; I'LASTER, a jiicparation for hold- ing the edges of wounds together. ABiiEsrv'E Slate, a yellow or gray mais found in the gyi.'suin beds of Paris. ADU L4 J A F it Auiu, or AM, a BcuKnluc dry incasin-e onilMl lo two lli;\liiuls, 15G to Kit lbs. ; libo llio 'I'aiuil short loot, C(iu;a to iiboul loj Inclu's. Adholy. (See Anowi.v. AuiKK, a R:ini;Uic. ii.uno (or th« bctol-mit. AoiKor,. iui Iiutiaii uicasurinK-roil. ADHXAii, jm imaaiiinrv mmu'y of MfWi'- the iKiU'of apicc, 01- IcssthaiialuUhmg Adinolb, a fusible honi-sloiic, or compact AmrosK!Vatin!;cnernl,tlicfatofthcUi(hi(>ys. Adit, a horizontal Shalt or sousli fur ih-am- hii; or ventilating amine.* , . ,., Adjali, an undctinod oil obtanied m the ICast Indies. ^ ^ . AwJOUUNOT'.xT, the postponement of a mcct- inc: piittint; oil idl ai'.olher tune. Adjudication, a le^jal drcision or sentence. Adjutaoic, the tube through which a toun- tain is played. AdjuT/IMT, .^.DJ^J•TA^-T-QE^n■:RAL, officers ^vho have chart,'e of the discipline of an army. Adl, an castcru term for a stamp or impres- sion. , [stone. ADLKR-RTF.iy, the Cernian name for caKle- Admimsttiator, a iicr-;on empowered by tlie l',,|c'-i i^;iral Court tn manage the cstuto .,1 ., il,. ,■,.;, ■..'>! MulivuUial. Ii a.lMiL,' or direetinpt ship in a irhantineu; also a superior . Hoval Navy. jiiiT. a supremo marine tnbu- luhls jmis.liction over causes ■ ' id coasts. * of wreck and AOMIl'Al., till fleet of 111 olliccr oltl Admiraj.tv 1 nal wliirli arisini; on the U'VA Admiualtt Dkoits, p otiicr articles witlKuit o^vner, found atsea, clainiea by the Admiralty. ADOBADO, tlio Spanish narao for picKled Adobes, nnhnrnt bricks made of straw, e irth and iluiii,' dried in the sun. Adowta- Aiuioi.Y, an Indian dry measure, v.liich varies Ixith as a weight and mea- sure in dilVereut localities; as a weight it ranges from 4 to ni lbs. avoirdupois. AnPAO, Adpowe, a weiglit in the Bombay iiresi.lcncv, the half of the pao seer, and eiliial lo '1725 sralns; in Bangalore and Slvsiirc it is 18-19 grains. Aurm: the vernacular name In Bengal and ni'iny i.arts of the Kast for ginger, winch is siiid cither rough or scraped. Adrian, the Spanish name for corn. ADRIATIC Oak, the Qnercus cerris. Adruck. See Avrxk. , ,, . Adseer, or AsiiwA, the half of a seer in Bombay, and equal to nearly one pound avoirdupois. , . Adu, or ATTCT, an Indian name for goats .■md sheep. ..,..„ ^ , Aducar, a coarse kind of silk stuff fonncrly used in Spain. Adularia, a name for the moon stone ; a transparent gem u^ed for oniamcnts. Adltl Oil, a medicinal oil obtained in fra- vaiicore and shown at the Great Exhi- bilien in 1851; the botanical name ot the plant producing it is not yet given. ^ Adulteration, the injuring or dchasing bv loreign and spurious admixtures. In commerce there are several kinds of ftdulteration : conventional, to suit the taste and demands of llio puhlic; fraudu- lent, lor deceptive and gaiiinu purposes; niid accidental or unintentional adultera- tion, arising from carelessness in the pre- paration of the staple or commodity at the place of growth or shipment. Ai>-VAl.oiiEM, according to the value, on assessment by the Customs for duty. Advance, a sum of money jraid on acxoiml of goods, or before receiving tlie work to he done, , a celebrated wood of the ancients, the lign aloes, calambak, or eagle-wood of Eastern commerce ; the best is supi'O-'-ed to be obtained from Aqui- laria Malaccensix, wliile tho Aloexylum aijallochiim of Loureiro and the Excce- caria aijallocha, also furnish other kinds of aloe wood. It is used medicinally, and also for inlaying cabinet work. Agai'iiite, a "mineralogical term for tur- (|uoise. AoAK, an Eastern name for a salt-pit; also an orchard or plantalion of palms. Aoar-Agau, a sea-Weed fl)rmiiig a large article of commerce in the Eastern seas, being used tor making jellies, and lor stif- feniUK purposes. « Agauic. a generic name for many fungi, ineludhig the I'olyporus iijiiiai'iu.i, grow- ing on the larch, oak, ecembcr. Act, Aji, a name for the Guinea or red Indian dwarf bird-]ie|)per, a species of capsicum, grown in Peru; also a sort of sauce niado of it in America. Agilla \Vood, the name iu Siam for the ^oe-\vopd. Agio, a term on the <'onlirienl lor the prc- nimm or perccnta(;e allowed between two sorts of money, one being of a superior niintat;e value to the other, or between paper and specie. Agiotai>qi:, the .Sjianish name for a bill- broker. Agiotage, stack-jobbing, speculation 09 the lise or fall of the public funds. AoioTEUR, the French name tor a stock- jobber. Aoiraque, a weight on tho Guinea coast of Alriea equal to sixty-two grains. Agistment, taking in cattle to pasture. Aoito, the fourth part of a vis. a weight used in Pegu, and equal to 5937} grains; it is sometimes called a giro. Agnei., an ancieiit French coin worth less than Is. Agnfsite, a namcforcarbonateof bismnth. Agound, in Bengal the tiowering shoot or upper part of the sugar cane. Agrees, certain special advocates, employ- ed in pleading before the tribunals of cominerce iu some of the largo cities of France. Agkes, the French name for the rigging and tackle of a ship. Agkiaz, the Spanish name for cinnamon. Agricultural Agent, one who attends to the business of farmers, receiving and executing orders lor purchases and sales. Agi:icultural Chemist, one skilled in tho chemistry of agricultural ])roducts, and Avho makes it a business to analyze and repoituiion soils manures, the component parts ol plants, Ac. Agricultural Implements, various me- chanical implements and tools for tillage, &c., as ploughs, harrows, horse-hoes, thrashing-machines, &c., made for home use and export. Aoricultiirist, a fanner or hush.andmau. Agroi'ila, a Spanish name for the German bezoar. Agtendeel. See Achtendeel. Aguajaque, the .Spanish name for a kind of gum ammoniac. Aguamiel, Htdromel, a name given to I lie sa|) of the American aloe, as it flows from tho loaves, which has the flavour of honey-water. Aguanafa, orange -flower water made in Spain. Agual>ii;nte, a name for alcohol, princii)::lly applied to brandy in Spaiii. * AGUARRA.S, the Spanish name for spirits o! turpentine. Aguila, tho Spanish term for a gold coin —the American eagle, worth nearly £2, L'i Agdstite, a scientific term for the emerald. AiiAK, in India slaked lime. Ahan, an Eastern name' for iron. Ah AR, in BengiU a small pit ; also a channoi for irrigation. Am, a name in the Pacific islands for sandal- wood. Ahila \Vooi>, a name for the ,aloe-wood. Ahku, an Eastern name for the sugar-cane Ahm. See AuM. Ahmedi, an old Indian gold coiu of five liagoilas, value £2 5s. [Ac Aiguette, a pointed tuft of featlier?, jewels. AKU [6] ALB Aix, rxlnrge Frciioli fiMiiiifr-lumk. AiPi, n Brazilian cdilili- rma, Hum wlilctli a. Iti'veniKC Is iilsoexir.ii'lcd. Aiu-BKU, nil lnilian-nilil)i'i- or other Rlr proof cast' or mattr«ss iiillatoil wiUi iilr for tliu use of invalids. AIR-BLADDER, tlic (loMtlii',' orL'.iii of many tislies. See IsiNOi.Asa anil KisiiMAW. Air-case, usually an atmusplieric yun llttcd in a walkiiin-stiek. AIR-CUSHION, an niMati'd scat for railway cttrri!it;es, chairs, .to. Am-FUNSKL, a cavity formed in tlie open- ings 01 the timbers of a sliii> to admit the free passage of air. Aiii-Giw, a i)neunintic macliinc, wliose i>ro- pelliii},' force is condensed air. AiKisH Mow, a loiitrivanee for the preser- vation of corn 111 rainy seasons. AiK-i'iri:s, tuhfs of iron or -wood for vcn- lilatiiii,' a mine. Aiit-POMP. a pnoiiinatic m.ichino for produ- cin;,' a vacuum ; part of a ste.'im-engiiie which draws oir the water from the con- denser. .' iR-vALVE, the safety valve fixed at the top ot the boilrr of a steain-euiiiue. A J I. See A 01. * , , . Ajina, ill India a tiger's or antelopes skin dressed lor a seal. Ajir, Ajuua, a slave or liired servant in India. Ajmod, the Hindoo name for a species of Apium, Apium incolucratuni. Ajonjoi.i, an oily purgin;: grain, in Central America; the small seeds closely resi.-m- hletheteel seed of India, Sesame urientalis. Ajouan, Ajowan, one of the vernacular names in India for the I'tychotis Ajoicaii of Koxburgh, a useful umbelliterous planL The fruiis have an aromatic smell and warm pungent taste, and are used medi- cinally. It IS alfo called lovace. Ak, oneoftlie Hindoo names oftliemudar, Calotropis gigantca, a large shrub, the roots and milky juice of wliich have me- dicinal properties. A'< vj! vKAiitiM. the vernacular n.nme in India for the pellitory root (Anthemis pyrelh- rum), which is esteemed as a masticatory, and lor itsexcitaiit properties i also written AkiiiUnira. Akb, an abbreviation of Ackie or Akey, the monetary stanilard of tlie Gold coast of Alrica. As a weight lor gold dust it is con- sidered to be equal to 20 grains. See ACKIE. AKEEii, an Indian name for carnelian. Akena, an ancient Greek superficial mea- sure equal to 00023 acre. Akha, water-bags or panniers carried by a horse or bullock in the East. Akici, husked rice for boiling in India. AiUJA, a twining grass, the v.-tcli (Viciasa- tiva), used in India for fodder. Arrot, AciiROOT, an Indian name for wal- nuts. Akshata, coloured grains of rice, prescntea by way of compliment to guests in India. Aku, the Eastern name for a leaf, as of the betel, iMc. ^ ,, Akund, a Sanscrit name for themudar, Ca- kitropis (ov Asclepiiis) gigantea. See Ak. At,, or Aai» See Aw^. Alada.ndine, u name for sulphurct of I'lun- panese. A i.AiiASTER, n species of granular gypsum, or massive sulphate of lime, semi-trans- parent and lesembling niatJjle, used for statuary and ornamental imrposcs, of which we Import several liundred tons. Also the name of an ancient liquid mea- sure, eontaiiiing 9 oz. of oil, or 10 of wine. .\i.AOA, a species of Spanisli yellow wheat. -Vi.AGAl, a kind of silk with a little cotton illter^vovcll, imported into Turkey from the Ulack-Sea ports. Ai.AM, the Hindoo name for sticks or sup- ports for climbing plants. Al.AMODE— fashionable; the name of a thin glossy black silk, tornierly made, used chielfy lor women's hoods and men's scarls. Alamodk r.KEE, a thick gravy soup or bou- il:i made from shins of beef Ai.\Ri.its, a large sort o( grajies In the I'e- ninsula. Alarum, an alarm-bell or warning applied to watches, timepieces, bell.s, l into one hundred parts for nicasu rim,' anil dctcrniinin>,'tlic quantity and streugtli of free alkali in the potash and alkali of commerce, first invented by M. Des- croizelk'S; much more simple instru- ments, such as Dr. Uro's and Mr. GriHlu's, are now in general use. Alkaluk, astripcd shawl material of ^'ash- nicre wool, worn by the nobles of Luck- nciw in the cold season in India. Alkanet, the coumiereial name for the root of Anchusa tinctoria, a species ot bugloss, from the Suuth of Kuropeandthe Levant, which imparts an elegant red colour to oiKs and is used for staining wood. Ai.KEUMES, a confection of kermes berries (Coccus tlicis), used in Tuscany, also im- ported as a liqueur. Alkool, a black dye used by females In eastern countries to tinge their eyelids. See Henna. Allege, the French term for a tender or lighter for a ship. Alligator Pear, a vulgar name for the Avocado pear, thesucculentfruit ofPersea grati,'!sima. Alligazant, a kind of black rosewood. Allmichi.ee, an old Turkish silver coin worth 35. Allodial Tenure, a free tenure of land among onr ancestors, by which the tenant had no quit-rent to pay. Allotment Note, an order for periodical payment of a jiortion of a seaman's wages to some socoud party. Allottee, one to whom an allotment is made, as in the case of the holder of an allotment note of newly issued shares in a joint-stock company, (fee. Allot, in coinage a mixture of baser metal added to gold or silver; there are other alloys also in trade manufactures, consist- ing of the fusion of metals, such as bronze, brass, and printing-type. * Allspice, the popular name for the dried berries of Eugenia piment a of UecandoUe, used as a spice in cookery. Allu, an Indian name for a handful of grain or merchandise, taken as a cess or paj'inent. Alliibodan, a common building wood of Ceylon, obtained from the Calyptrantlies jamholana. Alluvium, the earthy deposits left by rivers. AJ.MACEN,the Spanish name for a waVehonst! or store-room. AiiiACENAGE, housage or warehouse rent ALMAor.TA, one of the .Spanish names tbr mastic. * Almaduaha, a general name In the Penin- sula tor the tunny lisliirv. Almady, a liark canoe, cir fishing vessel of Africa; a lar^ir boat, bearing the samo name, iscemmim in Southern India. Almagba, a purplish red oi^hro, formerly used in medicine and as a pigment. Almanac, a l)ook or sliect containing a calendar for the year, with other use.ul details for relerence. Almancebe, a Spanish fishing-boat. .\lmandine, a name for the carbuncle or precious garnet ol mineralogv. Almaiu, the Hindoo name lor a cabinet or wardrobe, probaldy derived from tlie I'or- tuguese ulmaria. AlmajuliVes, combing instruments in th Spanish colonies by which the cotton wool is separated from the seed. Almab, the Arabic name lor tlie diamond. Almatrero, a fisherman in the I'eniiisnlar ports who fishes with nets lor shad. ALMAi;AUA, an oil-milt in Spain. Almecua, the Spanish name for shell, and for some shell- lish. AL5LENDUO, Almendron, woods Of Central America, the |)roduce of varieties of tha almond-tree. Almens, an Indian weight of about 21bs., formerly used for weighing saffron. Ai.mibab, the Spanish name for syrup, and for succades or fruits preserved in sugar. Almidon, the Spanisli name for feculas or starches. Almiraii, an Indian name for .a wardrobe or clothes' i)ress. See Almara. Almizcle, the .Spanish terra for music Almockate, the Spanish name for sal- ammoniac. Almojaba, smoked tunny fish. Almojabana, akind of omelet or cakemaue in Spain, of cheese and flour, or of butter, eggs, and sugar. Almo.na, the Spanish term for the shad fishery, also for a soap manufactory. Almond, Country, a name in the East for a kindof myrobalan, the fruit ot Termina- lia catappa, useil for tanning and dyeing. .(Vlmont), Java, a name in the east for Canufiiim comniune. Almond-oil is obtained both from the bitter and sweet almonds, but the former are chielly turned to .account lor that pur- pose; on "the Continent, sweet almond oil is largely used for its medicinal pro- perties. Almonds, the fruit of some varieties of Amygdalus, which enter largely into commerce, and are ranged under two great classes, the sweet and the bitter. Ai.MUDE, variable measure forliqnid-i and grain In the Peninsula, raiiKinglbr liquids from 'A\ to 5J English gidlons; for grain from 3i to 11 pints. * Almudada, in Spain, a piece of ground which takes half a fanegaof'-'raiii to sow it ; the fanega weiiihs about half a hundred- weight. See Eanec.a. ALJrODO, a Spanish dry measure containing six caliiccs or bushels. [pints. Almut, a grain measure of Majorca, of 3J ALU [9] ASIA Aln. the Swedish oil, or aune of two feet; equal to 23J iiichis. Ai-NAGE, a toll or due paid for measuring clotli. AL.tAGEB, a continental term for an ell mea- sure. Alo, a name iu the Pacific islands for hogs' lard. * Aloes, a drastic drug of large consumption, obtnincd from the inspissated juice ol the leaves ot several varieties of the aloe plant in Asia, Africa, and tlie West Indies: the drug is, however, usually classed un- der four commercial denomination;;, So- cotrine, Barbados, Cape, and Hepatic. Aloe- WOOD. See Agallochcm Wood. Aluja, the Spanish name for \nctlieglin, a toinnion sweet beverage. * Aloo, the Persian name for prunes, Alosa, the generic name for the shad fish. See Shad. [wood. Ali'Sna, the Spanish name for worm- Ali'aca, the wool of tlie llani.i, or goat of Peru and Chile; also a liibric made froi:i a mixture df the silk}- goat's hair with the barsner fibre of sheep's wool. * ALPAMisQCA, a kind of honey made in some of the districts of the river Plate by a very sniixll bee. Ali'akgata, a light kind of sandal or shop, made of rushes (Microcliloa tenacissima' , worn by the Vakntian peas.'.nlry. ALriiAiiET, a set 01 letters or types; the index to a ledger. Ali'iste, the Spanish name for canary seed. Alquiere, a Portuguese wine measure, of 2J to 3f gallons, but varying considerably in different parts «t Portugal and Brazil. ALyULFOUX, Aqcikoux, a continental name for an ore of lead, used in glazing pottery. Ai-QCiTiKA, a Spanish name for gum traga- canth. Alrota, in Spain a very coarse sort of tow. Alsi, an Indian name for flax. Alta, an Indian name for cotton steeped in lac dye. Altuieter, a quadrant or instrument for taking altitudes, or measuring heights geometrically. Altin, a Kussian money equal to three co|)eck3, worth about threepence and 3-5tus of a penny sterUng. ALi.;n .11 iLi.K, a silver 'I'urlush coin of the v.ih.ei t2s. 6d. ALToiiETER, a name for tlie theodolite, an instrument lor measuring heights and dis- tances, [relief. Alto-relievo, sculptured works in high Alubo, a Ceyloncse name for the wood of the Calypiranthes jambolana, used for common house buildings. Aluchi, a resin obtained fiuni Madagascar, believed to be the produce of )yi7itera aro- matica. ALrDEL.-a name in Ceylon for the wood of the Artocarpus pubescens, used for boats and buildings; also an earthen vessel without a bottom, used In chemical ope- rations. Alcm, an efflorescence found in aluminous rocks and lava, used in medicine, and in various manuliictures of leather, paper, dyeing, <&& AnT.v.FACTrriors, a pnwcrlul .islriivjcntsa't in crystals, a bisnlphale .if alumina .-nd potash, used iu nieiiieiJK' and dyeing; ot which many thousand tons are ammally maimfactured. AxuMiNA, a kind of earth, which consists of pure clay or argil; in its crystalline lonn it is the base of corundum, emery, and other liard iiolishing substances used in the arts; combinations of it yield fuller's earth, pipeclay, ochres, Ac; a dye for calico-printers is procured from it, and it enters into the manui.icture of porcelain. Aluminium, anewmetal, on which much ex- perimcjital research has recciuly been ex- pended in France, by JI. Deville, at tiie chemical works at J.ivel. * Alum Meal, the granular alum which oc- curs in the manufacture of salt. Alum Slate, a bituminous slate of a dark colour. Alum Stone, a crystalline rock from which alum was formerly made. Alu.site, a hanl variety of .alum stone, which in Uunt'ary is used lor millstones Alva, a conserve of quinces, forming an article of commerce in the East. Alva-mamna, a commercial name for cer- tain dried sea-weedsused forstuUlng beds, &c. Ai,veiua, the Spanish name for the common vetch or tare. Amada, a vernacular name in Bengal for the root of Curcuma amada, also known as mango ginger. Amadou, a species of fungus, Polyporus igni- artus, which, alter having been beaten with a mailer, and dijiped in a solution of saltpetre, forms the spunk or German tinder of commerce; it is also used as a st.vptic, and made into razor strops. AMvIdum, a vernacular name in some parU or India for the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis. Amalaca, the Sanscrit name for tlie Emblic myrobalan, or fruit of the Emhlica offici- nalis. Amaxdar, an Indian revenue or tax collector. Amaxqagah, the Hindoo name lor a govern- ment revenue otticer. Amalgam, a mixture of metals, as of quick- silver with gold or silver, zinc, sulphur, tal- lized starcli ol wheat. Ana, an Indian name for tlie sixtcentli part of any tliinc as the link of a mcasiuiiif; chain ; the IGtli of the gouta, a land mea- sure, or 7J square yards. Anabasses, a coarse blanltetiuK fonnorly made in France for bartering on tli'o Alrican coast. AXACOSTA, a sort of woollen diaper for the Spanish market, made in Holland. Analysis, a close examination. Analyst, one who analyzes articles; an examiner. Anan', an Indian name for the pomegranate. Anapaima, a tree of preat size which abounds in the rocky districts of Uritish (iuiana, and possesses a close-grained wood. Anastatic Printing, a mode of copyinc engravings and printed matter by satu- rating the print or drawing with an acid ; it is then transferred on a plate. Ana.stre. See Akkastre. Anatomist, one who dissects and examines animal bodies. Anatto, one of the modes of spelling the (lye-stuff Annottn. Anayan, the Malay name for a herdsman or shepherd. Anbauer, the German name for a cultivator or planter. [of a crop. Anchara, an Indian term for the estimate Ancheta, in Spain a shipment on private adventure of goods to India. Asniois. the French inudo of spelling an- chovies. AfiCHORAGE, aroadstead or suitable holding- ground where ships can cast anchor. Anchorage Dues, charges payable by ships in certain ports for anchoring. Anchors, wrought iron holdlasts (or ships, which rani;c in weight Iroiii a iinarter of a ion to live tons, according to ilie size of the vc-sel to be held or setnrcil by them. A Vessel of twenty tons bnrdrii rrcpiires an anchor of a cwt., and so uu in )}ropui'- tioii ; the largest ships have as many as seven anchors, which bcardiflercnt names as sheet, bower, stream, kedge, itc. There arc abiiut six coniinercial varieties of anchors, many thousands of tons weight 01 which are annually cxportid. ANCHOR-SMITH, One engaged in the forging of ships' anchors. Anchor-si ocK, the cross bar of wood or iron at the uppi r end of the shank. .\NCHovT. a small and delicale pirklcd fish 01 ciinnncrce, the Jiiif/raulis eiicrii.in worth IJd.: also a salt measura in the East, weigliing 2) tons. Annealing, a process of tempering or sea- soning glass and metals, by graduating the heal to whieli tbey are suhje.ted. Annotto, a dye-stnll prr|iarcil Irom the red pulp of the seeds ol the J'>i.va orelhtna, wliieh enters inti,\ -a name m India (or the myrohalau- II-,.,.,' Ill tlie 'I'enninalia; the fruits of I be 'i:inl'lii-(t ii/ficinalis are used as a tun- ning siili-liuiee. ANouriiiTE, a variety of feldspar. ANor a name in Sumatra lor the coarse bhic'k bristly ejoo or gomutu filirc ob- tained I nun i he ,-1 ren^t/.MCc/ii/rJAra palm, the Sdf/ucnix rwnphn ot soma authors. Ant, the' native name ill some parts ol India for a creilit aecount. ANrAiiiis medicines used to correct aenlily in tb<: stomach ; alkalies are those ehietly used • but erabs'-eyes, calcareous concre- tions of the cray-tish, cuttle bones, &c., are sometimes vended for the purpose. Antal, a wine measure used in the Tokay distriet of Hungary, about IIG imperial gallons. J J , , Ante, the Spanish name for a dressed buck or buffalo skin. Anthal. .See Antal. , , ^ Antiihacite, a valuable kind of .stone coal, for steam fuel, obtained in Wales, and largely in Pennsylvania and other parts of America, being there used for other purposes; it is .also called blind or glance coal. ^ . Anthuakometeb, an instrument for mea- suring the carbonic acid in tlie air. Antiah, a poison obtained in Java from tho acrid juice of the upas tree, Antiaris toxi- caria. ^ , , , , Antifato, the Spanish name for Wack coraL ANTI-FRICTION GREASE, ft composition for lubricating machinery and wheels. Antioropelos, spatterdashes, long riding i.n- walking boots for wet weather. Anti- MACASSAR, au opeii worked napkin or loose fancy covering, to preserve a chair or coucli. Antimeter, an optical instrument for mea- suring angles with precision. Antiiiomal-wcje, a preparation of tartar- cmrtic. , , . „, Antimonite, the grey ore or sniphuret of antimony, which is largely used for com- niereial purposes. v.- . „ Antimony, a mineral substance which en- ters into commerce, in the form of reguliis or ore, crystals, powder, &c ; the ore is imported to a considerable extent now from Borneo. APO L 13] AQU ANTIMOKT-TEI.L0W, a preparation of anti- mony, ot a durable colour, used In enamel and porcelain i>ainting. Antiquarian, a lavRekind of drawing paper, meas urins 56 by 38 hulie 3. Antiqob- BRONZE, an alloy of copper and tin, used lor statuary, casts, &c. Antiseptic, any substance which prevents decomposition, as glycerine, charcoal, chloride of lime, Ac. Antispasmodics, tonics and stimulant reme- dies, used in certain del)ilitatcd states of the nciTous systepi: from the animal kingdom, musli, hyraceum, castoreuni, civet, ambergris, &c", are su|iposed to have properties of this kind; in the vegetable kingdom, asafcctida, galbanum, ainmo- niacuni, myrrh, &c., are employed. Antlkus, the branched horns of a stag. See HOKNS. Ants'-brood, Ants'-eggs, an article of im- port in some of the northern countries, probably for malting formic acid ; dis- solved in water they ser\'e the purpose of vinesar in Norway. Antwerp-blue, a colour rather lighter in tint than Prussian blue. ANrwKBP-BROWN, a painter's colour made from asphaltum ground in drying oil. Anyil, a heavy block of iron with a smooth surface, used by smitlis, farriers, and other workers in metals ; anvils range in weight from 28 lb. to 6 cwt. ; several hundred tons are made yearly in South Staffordshire, and tliey are exported to some extent. Anzeigji, the German term for an announce- ment or advertisement. Apartado, asnielting-house in the Spanish colonies where gold is aeiiarated from silver. Apatite, a fibrous and compact translucent mineral, a compound of phos] hate of lime with fluoride of calcium; the beds of phosphate in Estremadura and in Nor- way, have bcrn largely drawn upon lor apatite, for the use of agriculturists as a miinurc. Apfeljiost, jVpfelwein, the German name for cider. [tria. Aphtee, a name for the wlndgall in Aus- Apiart, a place fir keeping bees. Apilada, the Spanish name lor dry and A peeled chestnuts. Apios, a South American name for the Ar- racacha esculeiita, an edible root largely cultivated for culinary purposes, uniting the flavour of the potato and the pars- nip. Aplome, a mineral of a deep orange colour. Apostai-eo.s, in Spain, planks from live to seven inches thick. Apothecaries' Company, one of the city comiianicsofLondon, incorporated in 1606, whose hall is situated in Water Lane, Blackfriars, where genuine medicines are vended to the iiublic; they have by charter the power of examining and licen- sin;; dispensers of medicines in town and country. APOTHECARTF.s-'^VT'.iaiiT, the weight by which drugs are dispensed, differing only in its subdivisions from the common tro J' weight See AVOIRDUPOIS and Tkoy Weight. AroTiiECART, a compounder and dispenser ot medicinr's. AiTALACiUAN TEA, a name given in North America to the leaves of Vihurvum cas- sirioides, and of J'rinos ijlaher, which are occasionally used as subs'titutcs (or the tea of Cliin.a. ArrALTo, a Turkish licence to sell articles, or an exclusive right to any particular revenue or branch of trade. Appar.\tds, a term usually applied to a complete set of chemical vessels or in- struments for experiments. Apparel, in the official returns of exports numberless small articles of dress are grouped 'under this name; but in trade the term is usually applied to slops and negro clothing. Haberdashery, millinery, ready-made clothing, and otfier items of export, come under this general classifica- tion, although treated of under other heails. APPARITOR, a public officer in a law court in France. APPASAM, a name in the northern Circars, India, tor a water channel. Apples, a well-known fruit, the numerous varieties of which are obtained by grafting on \.\\Q Pyrus mains; apples lorm an im- portant article of commerce in most tem- perate countries, both in their green and dried state, and for the cider made from them. Apphque Lace, a name given to lace when the patterns have been cut out and sewn on a foundation of net ; by tliis means the same patterns may be tr.ansterred from a veil to a scarf or lappet, and they will wear out several foundations. Appointe, tlie French name for a cabin or state passenger in a ship. Appraiser, a sworn licensed valuer to esti- mate and fix the value of goods. Apprentice, a lad uniler' ago bound by indenture to serve anotlier, at sea or in trade, lor a term of years. Apricot, the fruit of the Armeniaca vul- garis, not a common Iruit in F-ngland, but bearing more iilcntifully in warmer climates ; oil of the finest kind is made in India by expression from the kernels; the wood of the apricot-tree is used by the Freneli tor turning. Apron, a platform raised at the entrance of a dock, the sill of a window, a lady's or workman's covering for the person; the Apron of a Ship, is a false or in- ncr stem above the foremost part of the keel. * Aquafortis, the common name for a valuable rliemical acid, known .as dilute nitric aciil-; when mon^ concentrated, it is called sweet spirits of nitre. Aquamarine or Beryl, a gem named from its resemblance to the colour of the sea ; it is found in shades of green, blue, and pale yellow. AQUATL^^T, a kind of engraving or etching on Cupper, obtained l)y the combined ac- tion ot dilute acid and powdered resin. Aqua-vit.e, an nlil n:'.mf for alcohol, still occasionally used u>r uliisky, gin, and Other homC'-mauulactui'cd spirits. ARC [ 1^ J ARO AQUA-TiVAninH, a plass globe or tnnk for kii'iiiiiK iiisocls, plants, iVc, tii order to w:\tcli closfly their giowtit am! tn\iislor- m:\l\of\s. Aiit'KbUCT, a raised channel for water car- ried over a valley, or a conduit or tunnel llirou^di tlic eartli. AQ'JILa, an ecclesiastical reading-desk in tlic form of an eagle with extended wings AquiKiUiAtcir, an undefined gum obtained in the tstatcs of the Argeiitine confede- ration. Ara, the Hindoo name for a saw; also the Malay nanie fur a river. AR/VHA, an Indian and Turkish cart. AKABtAN-BEUSTKAi), a modern half tester, with carved loot-ljDaril. pillars, ifec. AUAUic, an exiensively used ;;uni of coin nierce, obtained in Aliica and the East from various species of acacia; Arabic is tlie type of true gum, being readily soluble in water. AuABixE, the mucilage of gum Arabic and guin Senegal; it is also contained in lin- seed. Araciiis Oil, a fine limpid oil expressed from tlie seeds of tlie Arachis hypogcea, generally known in coniinerce as nut oil Arad, an Indian name for Hour. Abaui, the Arabic name lor alcohol or brandy. [tal. Aragonite, a snow-white columnar crys- Araqu, crude stick-lac taken Irom tlie tree. ARAJ.E, tlie Kariiatie name lor cotton. Araloo, the Sin'.;lialese name for the Che- biilic myrobalan. See JIykobalans. Abancada, Arbanzada, a superficial mea- sure of ."^pain used for vineyard pur- poses, and generally estimated at 43,400 square feet Arang, a Malay name for charcoal. Arangoes, large East Indian beads made of carnelians, whicli are much in request on the coast of Africa. Arapende, an ancient Spanish measure of 120 square feet Arar, a name in Nortliern .\fiica for tlie Tliuja articulata, a valuable wood ot which the Mohammedan mosques are built; it also furnishes gum saiidarac. Arastre. See Akrastre. Arat, a wholesome warehouse in India. Arata, a name in some parts of I'ortugal for the arroba. ARiiACXJio. a coarse woollen cloth made in .Sardinia from the wool of the .Nuoro sheep, an inferior breed. Arbalest, a cross-bow. Arbitoatio.v, a mode of scttlin? dilTcrcn- ces in mercantile affairs, by relerence for adjudication to one or more impartial but well-informed parties. Arbitrator, a judge ; one chosen to decide dillercnces between disputants. Arbol-a-brea, a resin ot a greenish-gray coluur, obtained Irom the Canarium album 111 the I'hilii'piiies. Arboo.v, au Arabic term (or earnest -money. Arbor, a term used by walehmakeis aiiJ otiiers for an axis or spindle. Arcade, an arched avenue or enclosure. With shops or stalls. Ap.canson, a French name for cotnmoi) dark rosin or colopjiony. Ar.i'ii, ill the mining districts, a piece o! gniiiiid left uinvorked mar a shaft. AncuiEEN, aliusaian linear measure equal to '28 inches. Aruiikrv ISow.s, yew, lanccwood, or othcz bows used for archery. Archii,, a violet red paste prenared from various lichens, such as /twcelht liiicloria aniX/iin't'onnis. The iiuisl csleeiiicd coine.^ from the (!anaries and the r.-ipc de Vcnle islands; it is extensively used Ibr dyeing silks and woollens, but, although it im- parls a beautilnl colour, it lacks perma- nence; other jirodncts are called jjersi* iind cudbear. See ()Raiii,i.A. Arciiimkiiean Sci;i:\v, a iiibe wound round Jl c\liiid(r like the Ihivad ol a screw used to raise Avater; named after its in- Vtiitcr. Abcuitect, a dosigncrof buildings, one who jilans or superintends the erection of workj. Abciiiti!Ave, in building the principal beam which rests on a culunm: also the en- tablature or wave moulding in a cor- nice, [records Archive, a record, a chamber for prescrvint AuciuvoLT, in building a curve formed bj the upper sides of the voussoirs or arct stones. ARCii.t.A. the Spanish name for clay. Arcot-rui'ee. .See Rupee. Arctic, any thing relating to the nortliert regions. Ardasas, .\rdasses, the coarsest sort of Per- sian silk; Ardasinas beiiis tlic finest kind Auiiawa, the Indian name for ground pulse given to horses, or a nii.vturo of chick- pease and baiie.v. Ardeii, an ICgyptian corn measure contain- ing 7} to '.•; Kiiu'lisli bushels, but it varies considerably, in some parts of Alf ica being only one-third of a bushel. Akdel, a qn.antity more than eight bushels Ardent .Si'Irit.s, alcoholic liquors. AuiiEP. &'e Ardeb. AuUEsiA, tlie Italian name for roofing slates Ardite, an ancient .Spani.sh coin. AiiDOisE, the French name for slate. Aruruka, or Arurokum, a Hmduo naim for ginger. Are, the unity of surface in French mea- sures: a squan^ of ten metres on a side, oquivalcnt tol07(! English feet. Area, the superficial contents. Areca Nut. .See Betei, Nut. AREJOURS.a .Spanish name for dried peaches. Arkl, a kind of large cribble used to sift corn. Arena, the Spanish name for sand; arenilla being fine sand or line ore. Arendi, an Indian name for the castor-oil plant. Areometer, an instrument for mensuriiia tlie dcn-iiy or gravity of gaseous lluids. See 1Ivm;mmi;i I'll. Ai;nAl.l. the wild aburi^inal sheep which inhabittliehiglimoiiiuanisufcentr.d .\six Aeqana, the .Spaiii.~h naii.e tor a crane or machine for raising stones and heavy weights. AllM L 15 J ARR Abqand Lamp, a burner or lam]) in common use, witli a ciri-ular wick toaiimita ciouble current o( air. * Arqel, or Arghel, the leaf of the Cynan- chum arghel. whicli is much used abroad f(ir adulterating Alexandrian senna. Argent, the French name lor silver metal or coined money. [silver. Akgentifekous, containing or yielding Abgentine, white metal coated with silver. Akqentite, sulphuret of silver. Abgol, an acidulous concrete salt, the crust or sediment of wine vats and casks, which when purilled is denominated cream of tartar; it is white or red, according to the wine of whicli it is the deposit, and largely used in medicine and the arts; also a Tartar name for the dried excrements ot animals moulded into cakes and sold as fuel Argoddan, a kind of raw cotton. Ajiguajaque, a Spanish name for gum am- nion iacum. Argus Pheasant, a rare hird (Argus yiganleus), who.sc beaulilul plumage is liiglily valued in the East; the large wing feathers, nearly three feet long, marked with eyes, are used for tiaras fur the head, and the smaller ones for plumes. Aruar, the Hindoo name of the hoUchos caljan, a common pulse ot India. Arhat, an Indian revolving wlieel for rais- ing water. Aki, ail Indian name for a bunch or handful of rice, corn, or other grain. AuiENZO, a Spanish weight the same as the adarme, about one drachm, or 60 grains; also an old coin of Castile. Aeindi, an Indian agent or broker. Aripo, the Singhalese name for expressed giiigelly seed. Arisch, Aricii, a measure of length in Persia, equal to .OSJ English inches. Aristolociua. See Serpentary Hoot. Akjaka, the Sanscrit name lor a species of basil, Ocymum sanctum, sacred to Vishnu. Arjuna, a Sanscrit name lor the fruit of the Terminalia alata. 4.RKA, a Sanscrit name for the rnudar, Calo- tropis or Asclejnas gigantea. Arlet, the name lor cumin seed in some parts ot India. Aruenanse, a sort or Spanish linen. ARi.oTA, the Sjiaiiish name for tow of flax or lu'iiip. Armadillo, the armour plates of this animal form an article of export from isiani, the (lesli is eaten in South America. Armateur, the French name for a ship- owner, or one who fits out a ship for a voyage. Arjuture, a French term for the various iron holdfasts used by carpenters. « Armenian Bole, a soft earth of a red colour, found in some parts of the Continent, and also in India, where it forms an article of the materia meilica, and is employed in native painting and gilding, and for red lead. Arming PnKss, a Ion) nsrd by bonkbindcr.'. Ariiurek, a -uiiMiiiili, (iiir who has the cbar.;e in a vessel "I ivar, or armory, of the olleusivc and delcusive weapons. Armor, defensive weapons and c'othing. Armozeen, Armozine, a thick plain siltc, generally black, used forcieiical robes and funeral purposes. Arm-pad, a protective pad used by tailors. Arms, a term applied to oHeiisive aii.i de- fensive weapons; arms and ammunition form considerable articles of commerce, particularly in times of war. [Russia. Arnaout, a kind of hard wheat grown in Aknoito. See Annotto. Arobe. See Arroba. Arola, a sweet Indian grass, the ripe seeds ot wliich are sometimes used as food by tile poor natives. Aromatic Confection, a medicine for diar- rhoca, composed of chalk and aroma- tics. Aroslatic Vineqar, acetic acid flavoured with aromatics. Akoona, a name in Bengal for Munjeet. Aroospa, a name in Chittagong, India, for the fibre obtained from the Callicarpa carta. Arpent, the French acre or land measure, which varies, hut will average about 1} or 120 of an English acre. Arpent^rio, the Spanish name for a scavenger. Arquebuse, an old-fashioned kind of heavy hand gun. Arrack, a common Indian name for ardent spirits distilled from rice, palm juice, !Ai,, a naval or military storehouse for materials of war. Ar.sENTATK, tlic unioH of abase, as of copper, imtash, itc., tQ arsenic aciJ. A nsENic, a prepared metal, which, in its sub- limated form, is a deadly poison; it is used ill medicine and the arts. Arsenical ikon, silver-white pyrites, work- ed MS an ore ct'Misenic, and furnislung the wliHo iixide 'jf comijicree and realgar. AnsKNiCiTE, arseniate ol lime. A KSEKic- WEIGHT, tile Dutch apothccarics' weight, the pound of which is equal to J of a pound avoirdupois, and, like it, sub- divided into IG ounces. A ii.-i:n 11. us-ACin, white arsenic of commerce. Ai,:-F.Niri'-,, AiiSENiATE, tlio Combination of arsenic acid with a base. Arkolah, an Eastern Rrain measure, rather more than half a pint. Arson, incendiarism, the felonious act of wilfully setting Are to property. AiiTABA, a I'ersian mea-ure of capacity used for grain, from 10 to HJ gallons ; as an .■\rat) weight it is 145* pounds. A KTESiAN-WEix, a well sunk to a great r a Ijlack coitiiiK or varnisli. Aspic, a savoury nient jelly. * AssAL, the nanu' in .Syria and Egypt for tho honey of the bee. Assam, a Jlalay name for the tamarind. AssAjPEE, an Indian name (or the ryot or cultivaior. Assam tka, a valuable kind of tea raised and manufacturer! by tho Assam company in the upper Assam district ot Indix AssARuo, an Indian term for plants sown duiliij; the rainy season. Assay, a chemical analysis for determining the fmeness of bullion or gold. Assay Balance, a very accurate balance used by assaycrs. AssAYioa, one who tests mctal.s and ores, to ascertain their purity or commercial value. Assembly-room, a place for public gather- ings, conceris, balls, &c. Assessed Taxes, certain taxes levied from time to time by tho State, on dogs, car- riages, houses, Ac. Asses Skins, the skins of a well-known beast of burden, which, when prepared, were formerly used for pocket -tablets, and various other purposes; asses' milk was at one time in repute for consumptive people. / ssessor, one whose duty it is to assess the value of property for local or public taxa- tion; usually called a surveyor. Assets, the lunds and proiic-rty of a trader; real and personal estate, debts due, &c. Assette, French, a slater s hammer. AssiGNAT, an obsolete species of national French paper -uioaei', nominally of the value ofato ion francs, issued to a large ex- tent during the great Trench revolution of 1789. Assignee, an offici.al manager aiipointcd to administer an insolvent's estate; trade assignees are appointed by the creditors. Assignment, an absolute transiir of iiro- perty; the makiug over of freight, bill of ladin^,', &c. Assignor, one who assigns or makes over his interest in property to another. Assistant, a servant orclerk ; one emploj'cd, to aid or help anotlier in his trade, busi- ness, or employment. AssizESCENT, a legalized inspection of weights and measures, and of the quality of commodities, &c. Assize of IJread, a legal tariff of bread, re- gulating its weight and price. Ass-load, the pack load lor an .ass ; the average weight of which in South America is 170 lbs. Association, a milon of persons for some common object; a joint-stock company. Assoc fK, a kind of Spanish ship. Assortment, a selection or variety of goods, samples, <&c. Assurance, a money arrangement between p;',nies, by which sicurity against con- tiugLiit loss is guaranteed to tho assurer or lus heirs. /See h^Bxmi^cs. Assl-red, tho party who is secured from logs by a policy elTectcd in an insurance ollicc. AasTA, a name in Kussia for succades or fruits stewed in syrup. A.>aA, the name of a bast obtained in tho Kast Indies, also called I'atoo. AsTAH, a cloth measure of eighteen inches used in renang. AsTERiA, a species of star sapphire, exhibit- ing SIX milk-while rays, radiating from the centre of an hexagonal prism. .\STRAaAL, in building, &c., a semicircular ITOjection or small round moulding. Astringent, a binding medicine. Astrolabe, an astronomical in.strument fof taking the altitude of the stars at sea. Astromara, n concave representation of the heavens. Astronomer, one who studies or describes tho celestial bodies. A3TRUCK, the Indian name for gum aiiimo- niacum. AsuL, a name, in India, for the Tamarix ferax, a tree on which small galls are formed. [34lbs. AsujiBRA, a liquid measure in Paraguay, of Aswattfia, a common Indian name for the I)epul tree, tho Ficus religiosa. AsYKE, Alsike, a species of clover seed irr ported into Scotland from the Continent Atabal, a Moorish kettle-drum or tabor. Atai, an Indian cattle pound. Atap, tho loaves of a stemless plant, th, Mpafruticans, which are largely used foi thatci.iiig in the ICast. Atarijieteii, a philosophical inslruuaeut used in a fixed observatory. Atasee. See Atees. Atctie, an old petty coin of Turkey worth but two-thirds of a farthing. Atees, tho vernacular name in India for linseed. [silk. Atelas, a Malay name for embroidered Atelier, a French workshop, tculjitor's studio, or building dock. Atlas, a largo kind of paper 34 by 26 inches; rich Indian embroidered satin; also a collection of maps in one volume. At.magupta, the Sanscrit name for cowitch, the fine hairs covering tho pods of Mucuna pruriens, which are used as a vermiluge, and also in cases of cholera. Atmometer, anovaporometer, orinstrunicnt to measure vaporous exhalations. Atjiospheric Kailway, a railway over which carriages are propelled by tlio power of air in iron tubes; but which in practice is not lound to answer. Atoll, a coral lagoon island or insular rceC Atomo, a minute measure of length in Italy, the thousandth part of the braccio which is 39J inches. Atkopia, a formidable alkali obtained from the deadly nightshade. Attachment, a summary criminal process; also a judicial imponndnig by a creditor of the money or personal property of his dflitiirin theliandsof a third jiarty, which is ai!thorizc-din London, IJristol, and soma other places. Attak, a nominal money of 200 casn. In the island of Lombok, which is equal to ono Jfva rupee or 23. AUR [ 18 ] AVE ATTAKME, a SinRlmlesc superficial meaMiio %f flOO bai.clera-ba.nl.a9, and equal t.. 4„(K) A^rrtw.ES, the Arabic name for a chcmi.st A^Mi'oF UosV the cssontlal oil of roses, a vcrv iHistlv frannuit perfume. Attksdant; a follower >;r ^93 *^t;'"t- ^ ATTKHAIl-MAI-NP, a Wclgllt USCd .It xSUS s,ii-ili <(iu\l til 2S 11)9. \t' 'F^rATii.N- the legal act of witncssiiis a . nl bv llxiu;,' oiie'9 siBiiatiire thereto A^A a room iuthe uppermost story of a ATTiraT, French, a woman.s head-ilress, ATT iiE, articles of clothi.is or dress. A-rrisE, Freuch, fauots of lire-wood. ATTi'ii'Uit. French, a stoker. 1??"; a luiuiuK term lor rubbish, or stone, containing little or no ore. ArroRKEY, a representative or deputy, one ''"oM-m/'a pofver or =|uthonty to ac , another. The name In the W est l'">'es for the ceneral supervisor or manager of plantati'ons; a solicitor or law agen c,„ ployed to prosecute or defeiul a claun oi A^^;a','aV,S";a^>"-for goats and sheeP ^'or lodging and <^ntertaimng Uayx.ber8. Aotergiste, an mnkeeper, a landlora. :l7:u"sso1f'cABPET, a carpet made in the X^S^^'r^S^'c^petul^ sale by a v'crlaNEEra'vender; one who manages ' a p7.bUc sale and disposes of goods to the AUiJiS»cia,orlegalint.rview AimEO, an ancient Spanish gold coin, also a weight of four scruples. ,„.„„» v AruEiis, a former (Jreek we ght ol wenty ilrachms; also a gold com equal to a crown sterling. , AuBiFEBOUS, containing or ylclJi''K ^ ' '• AURIST, an ear-doetor, one who attends to the cure of disorders of the ears. Ai'uDNQ, an Indian name for the place whi re goods are manulactured. Ai^THOR, a literary writer. AUTOCUBONOonAPn, a machine for the in- stantnneous inarlcing or printing ot time. At:TOGRAPn. a person's own handwriting, an original manuscript. „,.infin,r AiTOORAPHic I'REss. a portahlc prlnt m,- machine for taking copies from a Utho- AuTOMATON?aVelf-moving machine, a name -iven to any cleverly contrived mechanism which performs the actions of animals. AworaoN, a barrel-organ, the tunes o! which aJ-e produced by means of perfo- rated sheets of mill-board. AUTUNITE, a beautiful yellowish-green min- e?al found in granite, also called uranite AuziTE, a dark mineral, a constituent or volcanic rocks. . ^„,. ,,,„ ^^.x. AVA. a long measure m Cadiz, the 16tti ^n^rt of the vara-ratl.er •""w, 1'-''" t"'" nches: also a name liiven to the mt ixi- cating long-pei'ier, the Chavka officma- rwm in tlie Pacific islands. AvaSavat, a small cage bird with prettily imrked plumage, kept by the natives of ludia!and comUnly sold in tljc bazaars AVAU the signing of a draft, note or biU of exchange, a French declaration of responsi- bilitv or guarantee for its payment. AvALAKiii, a Karnatic name for nee beaten or bruised for food. AVANCAGE, a French coach-stiind Audience, an ouiuuii ui .^c— ■••■-■.- ■;- avancage, a f rencn eu.iijii-=i-."'''. Ari> FNCiA in Spanish, a court of law. AvVt^TrnliiiE a vellow or reddish-brown A^ 5 a re ■ular examination of books -^^,f;^™,'^,l=(;ckica with gold spots, used foi ^™ud.e%, or accounts by one or more ^Xrylo' ^^Ich there are artificial A2mTOK,''Sn"'who inspects or examines ^^J;inds ma^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ goldsmith's and certifies accounts; a jud^^^^^^^^ ^, '_ AvellIna, the Spanish name for the 111 bcrt, the fruit of the Corylus avdlaM' the edible nuts of OuevtJia avellana m Avenage, a tithe on oats; oats paid to a lindlorvl histead ot rent. AvKNS-uooT the root of Geum urbanvm, which posses, ng astringent and aromatic propciSasbeen used in medicine, and is alTo said to impart a pleasant clovc-like flavour to wine and beer. Yven-ot', a shady walk or drive between stadium, a measure oi leu^Lu, ..-..-^ — , • ^^^^^ of trees. driucht or Yirds •„„!„ AvuR a provincial name for a uraugui or andcertmesaccouuis, ..j..",,- ,r.nnivot\ AWGE3INGE, tlie money premium rccened with an annrentiee m Germany. AirlrE .a Versian land measure; the d s- ^nnce one c." walk in an hour, usually Ar^S^^Frai^^a'^i-merusedbysalt- ^i^^'^c^nT^y^ -re tVc- '^queiJiy known as a pistole, worth Irom A^?I;s!1;n^h^^ntetbrth._ancieutGr.^ stadium, a measure of length, neari> iJi ^;'4ourone-seventh Of the English tun ^;;i:c\^^^1>e""o?d^"nTm%'fof we1!;-hing by the stoe^yanl? abolished by various sta utes AnvF the Vreocli cloth ell; the old nunc of i- .1 is is equal t . 4(1 and 4 Mhs bnghsh m- . s ■ thr aiine usuell.-, 47i niches. A mAN-nA Wi.NE, a wine made in India and ^■ndiliia from the China orange. CUrus aurantium. ArRAOEfaSce struck, a fair sample; in the com trade, the oflRcia Pnce at which grain is fixed; in inarme insur- ance tbe equitable ad ustmeiit . of tl e proportion ol' loss which is sustau cd y usurers; a general "^ .«ross co ul . on ,„:ub' liv dinerrnt parties touaid= .i loss ^"^'^^'■;;:M;ig^:'od^:;^!um^gi^^u!iu'd ly '^'smp'! m Wowli-gUgo overboard iu BAB '[ 19 ] BAB 11 stomi, Ac. It may be special or particu- lar, and customary or potty average, as expressed in the bill of lading. Average -.STATER, Average - taker, an orticer in a marine insurance ollice, who computes averngrs. [young trees. Averruncator, an instrument" for pruning AviADOR, ttie Spanish name for one who advances money to work a mine, or to carry on mining operations. Aviary, an enclosurefor l^erping and rear- ing birds, made of wire-netting or wooden frame-work. AviGNOX-BEREiES, the Small yellow dyeing berries of commerce, the pVoiluee of the bucktliorn, J\hii?nnus amagdalintu. AviKoN, tlie French name for an oar or scull. Avi.", French, an advertisement. Avocado Pear, tlie pulpy iruit of Persea gratissima, highly esteemed as a vege- table in the tropics; oil has been made from it. [at-law. AvocAT, a French barrister, or counsellor AvoiNE, the name for oats in France. Avoirdupois, the ponderous commercial weight of England The avoirdupois pound of 16oz. contains 70U0 grains, and the troy pound 01 12 oz., 5760 grains. The avoirdu- pois pound is to the pound troy as 17fi to 144. Avos, a monetary division of the Java rupee, 100 going to the rupee of two shillings. AvouE, a French attorney or solicitor. AWA, an Indian potter's kiln or furnace. » AWAK, the Hindoo name for insurance, or for a speculative advance made on a ship- ment of goods. Award, the decision given by an arbitrator ; the amount of salvage or other sum granted by a competent court. [tool. Awl, a shoemaker's and sad'Uer's piercing AWI.-TKEE, the Morinda citri/olia. or Indian mulberry, tlio roots of which are used for dycimi. A'\vndierxs, usually spelt andirons; dogs, rests, or supports of iron for logs of wuod, on a fire hearth. AWNIKG, a canvas canopy or covering fixed to keep off the sun in boats or ships. AwTT, a preparation ot food among the na- tives of the Pacific islands Axayacat, the eggs of species of insects de- posited on rush mats, and sold as caviare and for making bread in Mexico. Axe, a sharp-edged cutting instrument used by carpenters, itc Axe-stone, a name for jade, a speclon d serpentine, of which the Pacific Islanders make hatchets. Axinite, a mineral susceptible of a high polish, but scarcely brilliant enough for an ornamental stone. Axle. Axle-tree, the bar which sup- ports the wheels of carriages, usually made of iron. Axminstee Carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and .solt pile; the worsted being thrown entirely to the surface, instead of appearing on both sides. These carpets are woven in one piece. AxoNGE, French, hog's lard. Ayacut, the reputed measurement of land in India when ready for cultivation. Ayah, a lady's maid or nurse in India. Ayam, the Malay name for fowls. AYiaNATE, a superficial measure used in Perpignan, equal to nearly li English acre. AiTSET, French, a skewer. Ayksto.ve. See Snakestone. Ay^vaz, a scullion who attends at meals in Turkey, usually an Armenian. AzABARA, the Spanish name for the com- mon aloe, from the leaves of which fibre is made. AzABRA, a small Spanish coasting vessel. AzAFiiAN, the .Spanish name for safl^ron. A ZARi A, a kind of coral. [Spain. AZARJA, an instrument for winding silt in AZBE, a black silk Turkish head-dress. AZEN, a subdivision of tlie Netlierlauds troy engel, 32 azeus making one engel, and 20 en?els one English ounce. Azimuth, a nautical instrument for finding the sun's magnetical azimutli. Azoglt;, the Spanish name lor quicksilver; also a market-place. Azda, a beverage made of Indian corn. AzuLEjo, the Spanish name for iJutch glazed tiles painted blue. AzuMBEE, a liquid measure in Spain, the eightli part of the arroba, ranging in dif- ferent lucaUties from 3} to 5 pints. Azure, a pale but clear and hrilliant blue colour; a name for ultramarine, formerly made from lapis lazuli, but now artifi- cially compounded. AzuEE Spab, a variety of lazulite or blue spar. AzuRiTE, blue carbonate of copper, a valu- able ore found in various localities at home and abroad. AZTM£, French, unleavened bread. B. BAARD, a kind of transport-ship. I5AAT, a money of Siam. See liAT. Baazas, a soit 0' guitar. BAiuiAruEE. an Indian cook, often written I'.auniihrr B.UiEURRE, French, buttermilk. Babi, the Malay name for a pig. Baboo, a title of respect given to a mer- chant, head-clerk, or superior person in India Bauooi,, I!Ai;n.A, the Indian name for the AC'icia Anttnca. which lurnislics a use- lul common gum, of properties similar but Inferior to Uiat of the Acacia vera. BAG [ 20 ] BAG Tho Imrk is a powerful .astrinscnt, a ml the rin.l of tlio fruit is used l.y calico printers fur (iyciiif; lu-own. See Is nn-N'CT. lUnoUcnE, a Turliisli slipper. Ur.Y-JUMi-F.u, a suspensory Hoop or frame- work witli el .-lie c.rds, soineliincs fitte to a ivock or dress, to place a young cliua In to keep it on its legs. ,„„..„ Hac, tlic French name lor a ferry-boat, a lu'c-fui"!' lUccALLAO, tlic Frencli and l^panish names tor stockfish, salted l.ng BACAS.SA3, a kind of French ligtiter. llt^^^^o,rM^arf-u™c for the horse- mango; acoarse Variety of the fruil. lUciii.^ tlie French name (or a wlierry, and lor the tilt of a cart. , lUcnEL, a corn measure in the Morea, the third part of the staro, and equal to about Bachoteur, a French boatman, one who BACnoo! The name for a bucket or pail in Bacu-e, a dn- measure in the Ionian islands, about 13 imperial bushel; also a land measuro there of J of an English acre, generally called a misura. . Bacino, a dry measure in Corsica, the twelfth part of a stajo, and equ:il to Zi imperial gallons. „„.,,.;„„ Back a largo vat or cask used m brewei les and distiUeries to lioUl beer, spirits, or water, of from 300 to 600 gallons capacity, 'riicv have been made so large as to hold 1200 barrels. In many breweries a back is simply a very large flat tub used to cool Back and Vat JLaker, a cooper who makes large flat tubs and casks. BACKGA5M0N-B0.U1D, a board or tabic ^ ith two divisions or folding leaves to hold the men, dice and boxes, used for idaying the game of backgammon on certain black aiid white spaces called pomts. It is generally made to imitate the exterior of a bound book. . ., BACiavG, in bookbinding, preparing the l,ack of a book by gluing &c., for receiv- ing the cover or case. Back- kag, a Dutch wine. Baciv RENT, rent paid by a farmer after harvest time. . . ^ i Backs the thickest and stoutest tanned hides, used cliictiy for sole leathers. Bacicshee, Backsheesh, an caslern term ■for a gratuity, fee, or present. Backwardation, a stock- exchange teim for an allowance made lor carrying over stock shares, Ac, to the next account- day, instead of settUiig or delivenng at Back-washed, a manufacturer's tci-m for wool cleansed from the oil alter combing. Back-water, a stream of water employed to scour out harbours, and prevent the accumulation of sand or shnigle; a so a iiautieiil term for reversing the forwaid iiiiitinii of a boat. , Back-woodsman, a settu^r m the uncleared districts of North America. Bacon, the cured and smoked flcsli of the ho" forming a large article of commerce. Ireland and tho United States are tlio i-ountries where the trade m bacon 18 most largely carried on. Sometimes, wlien intoiuleo for home use, bacon is simply salted and dried green instead of smoked. BACON-DuiKit, one who cures porK, anu smokes it for bacon. ,i,„„c.,h Badana, the Spanish name for a dressea BADDAM.^a "species of bitter almond im- ported into some parts of India troiii i er- si;i, and used as money, the geiieial \aluo bciii" about GO baddams per pie, and worth about one f irlhiiig. The baddam is some- times called badan. * Badderlocks, a common name for tho Alaria esculenta, a nutritious sea-weed sometimes used as food. ,„ „„^ Baden KUBBEK.?, coarse rough towels ana gloves, used for drying the skiii after Baderne,' a kind of cable or rope on the continent. , , ,,,,,.. Badger, a carnivorous quadruped {Meles vulgaris) whose hair is made into sliavmg brushes and brushes for painters; the skin dressed with the hair on is some- times used tor trunks, and the hide makes good pistol furniture. In several countries the flesh of the animal cured as hams or bacon is esteemed a delicacy; a ticket porter, one entitled to wear a badge; a licensed carrier; one who buys corn or victuals fur itiiu-rating sale. Badiaga, a small sponge. BADi.uf, an Indian name for star-anlsa (lllicium anisalum). The aromatic cap- sules constitute an important article of commerce in the East, and are so d in aU the native bazaars; they arc also im- ported into this country. •,„„,„„t, Badigeon, the French name for whitewash, gypsum or plaster of I'aris; also a com- position of saw-dust and glue, used by oiners to fill up chinks in wood ; a colour- ing substance or thick mortar tor liuing defects in stone work. BADLA, an Indian name for gold and silve. d'dstub, a commercial term in Kussia foi the refuse of the rakltzer flax. B ADHi-AM, a name in Ceylon lor the Ardisia humilis'a. small shrub, the frmt of which is used medicinally. Baee, a garden in Assam where the culti- vation of tea is carried on. Baei, Bel, a name for the Indian qmnce- trc^ (yEgle Marmeloi). The i.resei yed fruit imported from the East, is valued as a medicine for its mild sub-astringent Bavtas^ a^plain unchecked woollen stufT, manufactured in Spain anrDs,a French moneylender. Bailloque, the French name for ostrich feather.s. Bailment, a legal term for goods delivered in trust to bo taken care of. Bau.s, hoops to support a till hammer. Bakicco. a Vmelian money, .'■''p r.A.iocoo. J'.Aii:, tlie Indian name loV the egg plmii, the fruit ot' Zizyphus jujiibu, whicli are highly esteemed by the natives in India, not only when green and ripe, but also when dried and jireserved in various ways. Bait, food for a horse, hence tiic tcnn '•livery and bait stables;" a lure placed on a hook to entice lish. 'Ihe mackerel fisher cuts a shining strip of the skin from one of the fish to bait his hook. Cajielin and squids are used as bait in the coc- cics 01 poplar, the Fapulus lialsamifera; also an aromatic resin, or lialsam, ob- tained in the East, iiee Oi'OBAisam. Balon. Hee Balloon. ISalonea, a name for the oak of the South of Europe and Grecian Archi(ielag(>, lar^e quantities of the acorn cups ot which are shipped to England for tanners' use. See Halot, a small bundle or package. Balsa, a rafi or llsliiii',' float ot skins M?ed piini.ipaUy ou the I'uciflc coasts of South America. Balsaji Apple, the fruit of the Momordica bahaminn, used medicinally. Balsam Fii:, the Abies balaamea, a North American tree from which the Canadian i)alsam is obtained. Balsams, semi-fluid, aromatic oleo-resins, of which several enter largely into commerce. Balsam Weed, an Americin name for the Qnaphalium polycephalum, which pos- sesses some medicinal properties, and has lately been used lor the manufacture of paper. Baltic Oak, the wood of the Querciis peduiiciilata, imported chiefly for slnp- builduu'. Baluster, a rail, part of a balustrade. See Banister. Balustrade, the name for balu-ters or rails fixed under the coping of the parapet ot a bridge or balcony, &c. Baly, a commercial weight in Sumatra equal to 81 lbs. 6 oz. avoirdupois, divided into 10 gantongs or 60 catties ; also a dry or grain m»asure in several of the other islands ot the Eastern Archipelago, ran- ging from 1 to IJ bushel. Balzarine, alight mixed material of worsted and cotton, for ladies' dresses. Bamba, a Singhalese measure, equal to the length of the extended arms from the tips of the fingers, or about six feet. Bamragello, a Spanish paint. Hamhagin'O, Italian for calico. Bamboo, a variable dry measure in Eastern countries, ordinarily about live English pints. An Indian maund of rice 0175 lbs. contains 21 bamboos; iuiheMolucctis, the bamboo of rice, however, weighs only 1 lb. 10 oz. avoirdupois. -As a measure of length the ancient Hindoo bamboo of Akhbar ■was about fourteen yards; in Burmah it is ratlier more, naiiTely, 14} yanls. Bamboo-chunoah. 5?e Chlngah. Bamboo I'andanus, a name for the Agave in the Bengal presidency. Bamboos, the tall silicious hollow grasses or canes of the Bambusa genus, wliicli are very serviceable for a variety of commercial purposes in the East and West Indies. They are turned to almost every use, forpostsandbuildings. lailders, masts, water-pipes, pitchers, drinking-cups, or cooking utensils. When si)lit tlicy are made into mats and sails; but there is scarcely a domestic article in Cliinu and Asia in which the bamboo is not a whole or component part from tlie cradle to tho coffin. * Bamieis, a culinary vegetable in Egypt. Bammia, a name on the west coast of Africa for a species of Hibiscus; for tlie uses o( which i«e OciiRO. [muslin. Ban, tlie Spanish name for a kind of tine Banana, the imMofMusasapienlum, which when ripe is generally of a sweeter and more luscious character than the plan- tain. It is an article of large consumptioa in all tropical countries, either I'RW, rousted, or Iried^ BAN [24] BAN Banasta, in Spain, a large basket made of twicsdi-Iatiis. Bancal, an Inili;in wciglit of about si'veii- tei'ii ilraclnns avoiriiupois; alsotlic Sp;in- isli name for a tlirown or twisted cariiet. Bancaleko, in Spain a carpet manufac- turer. I;anca-tin, a Taluable kind of tin, equal t" Iliifjlisli refined, olitained in tlic Eustern ArcliipelaRo, originally (roni tlie island of Banca exclusively; but much is now pro- cured in Malacca, and sent to Sint;aporc for shipment. Bancdl, the JIalay name for a carpenter's axe. BAh'co, a word used in many States on the Continent as a prefix to paper money, and also for sums inscribed in the books of the bank opposite the names of tlioae who have deposited money or specie tliere. Banco is worth on an avemse 23 per cent, more tlian ordinary currency; but the premium necessarily varies with tlic nature of the security. Bakd, a tie; a waist-girdle; an ornament; a body of musicians; a weight used on some parts of tlie coast of Western Africa for weighing gold dust, and equal to about two ounces troy. The word is used in Kiga to denote the immber of twenty, or lialf a scliock. Bakdage, a ligature; a linen roll or other supi)ort or protection lor the limbs, sold by elieniists and instrument makers. Bakdal, Bandle, a linear or cloth measure used in tlie southern and western parts of Jrcland, whicli is ratlier more than half a yard. Bam)Ala, a kind of fibre made in Manila from the hard strong outer layers ef the abara or Musa textilis. It is employed in the fabrication of cordage, and tarnishes the well-known Manila white rope. Bandana, a silk or cotton handkerchief, ori- ginally dyed of a bright uniform colour, but with figures or patterns subsequently produced by cliemically discliarging the colour. Bandana-printek, a manufacturer of ban- dana handkerchiefs. Banduox, a thin box ofslight wood, papered. Bandbox-maker, one who manufactures slight boxes tor milliners, and others, &c. Banheau, a fillet, wreath, or veil; a lady's ornament for tlio head. Bandke, the vintage season in France. Bandege, the French name for a round metal tea-tray or waiter; in Spanisli it is bandej.a. Bandera-bajiba, a Singh.alese long measure of about nine feet, estimated by the height a man can reach above his ueaa with his hand. BANi)irER,v, the Nepaulese name for a species of large wild sheep, Oiis Ammonoides, found on the Ilimmalayas. Bandicoot, a marsupial animal (Perameles ■nasiita) which bears a great resemblance to a large overgrown rat, and is an equal de|)rc(lator upon farm-yards and granaries in India. Its flesh is eaten in Australia. BANDfES, a clumsy description of gig or buggy, used in the Madras presidency. Bandikai, a name in the Madras presidency for till' Jlibisats esculeiUus, the okhro of the West Indies, the fruit of which is an esteemed esculent vegetable, and the fibre makes a tough cordage. Banditore, a common crier iu Italy. I'.ANDLE. See Handal. Bandmaster, the leader of a military band. Bandolier, a wooden cartridge-box, or case carried to hoM the charges of powder. Bandoline, a kind of stick ponuitum, or gummy fixature for Keeping the hair smofilli. BiVNUORE, an ancient stringed instrument resonbling a lute. Bandsman, a musician, one who plays in a band. BANDSTRfNG TwisT. Small lashing done up in pai.'crs of about two dozen knols each. The knot is by established practice 32 yards. Bandujo, a large Spanish sausage. Bandy, a bullock cart in the East. Banghy, a bamboo pole carried over the shoulder by an Indian porter, lor slinging baskets or boxes on. Banght-wallah, an Indian porter, who carries the baggage of a dawk or palankin traveller; he is usually the bearer of two light boxes swung on a pole borne over the shoulder. Bangles, anklets and bracelets made of shell, glass, gold. &c, which are often richly ornamented with precious stones, and are much used in India. See L'ii.vnks. Bangra, a species of hempen cloth made in Nepaul from the fibre of a gigantic sting- ing nettle; being hard and stiff it is not suited for cordage and nets. Banister, the handrail of a staircase, a cor- ruption of baluster. Banister-brush, a domestic sweeping brush for the stairs. Banjerce, a kind of perfumed oil in the East Indies. [chielly by negniea. Banjo, a stringed musical instVuiiient, used Bank-book, the book given out ftom a banS to a depositor, to contain a debtor and creditor statement of his account. Bank Clerk, an assistant oflicer employed in a banking-house. Bank Directoe, a shareholder appointed one of a committee of management to conduct the affairs of a bank. Banker, a dealer in money; one who is entrusted with the care of the funds of others; also the name for a vessel em- ploj'cd on the Newfoundlaiul banks in cod fishing. Those fitted out from Nova Scotia are of from 20 to 50 tons ; those from the American ports and Newfoundland are larger. Bank-fishery, the cod fishery on the Banks of Newfoundland. Bank-uours, the time within which money is paid or received at a banking-house, usually between ten and four. Bank-note, a promissory note for money to be paid on demand by a Banking com- pany. In England bank notes under £fi are not allowed to be issued ; but in Scot- land £1 notes are still circulated, and in many of the West India colonies dolloj BAN L 25 J BAR notrs me isaiiod, wliilc even smaller notes ■.iiii ciivuliited on tlio Continent. 'I'tic ay^e!,Mto iiniount of Ii:ink-nnte3 in cir- culation in the United Kiiii-'doni, at oik; time, ranKCs from £32,(i(X),0()0 ti > £42,00«,ixi(>, moru than hall of which are tho-e issued by the Bank of England, and this great estalilishment issues nine classes of notes ranging from £5up toilOOO. About 30,000 notes are printed every day at the Bank, and 9,000,000 issued per annum, represent- ing nearly £300,000,000 of money. The notes are never re-issued from the Bank of England, but are cancelled as fast as they are presented lor payment. ISaxk-pokter, a messenger emploj-ed in a banking-house. Bank Post, a large kind of letter-paper, ranging in weight from 5J to 10 lbs. the ream. Bank-Post-Bill, an order or cheque given by a banker for money deposited with him, forming a safe andconvenient mode of transmitting money from one part of the kingdom to another, or for persons travelling on the Continent. Bank-pbopruetor, the holder of shares or stock in a bank. Bankrupt, a trader who is unable to meet his pecuniar>' engagements, or to pay his creditors their claims in full. BAifKRCPTCY-coiDiissiON'EB, ail Official ap- pointed to investigate and adjudicate upon the affairs of banUrupt traders. Bankritptct CotntT, tlie official place where bankrupts are examined, and their assets collected .and distributed. Bakks, establishments fur lodging money, and for the convenient transaction of monetary operations. They are of two classes, private and joint-stock. A pri- vate bank has not more than six partners; a joint-stock may tiave many hundreds. Tbecapitalofone is fluctuating, of the other permanent. The joint-stock bank's affairs are governed by a board of directors meeting periodically; those of the private bank by its partners. The condition and prosperity of the private bank arc less kno^^^l than those of the joint-stock bank, whose di\idends are publicly announced, and the market price oi its shares, which r.re transferable, affords a fair indication of the character it holds, and the security it offers for investment. In 1856 there were 1100 banks in the United Kingdom, of which 686 were joint-stock banks. In London, there werein the same year fifty- nine private banks, and twcnty-tiiree joiut- f tock-baiiks. Bunks is also a local name for a lai'Ke pottery manufactory. * Bank-stock, the paid-u;i capital of any bank, but chiefly applied to the corporate stock of the Bank of England, a market- ablesecurity, maintainingahigh premium. The stock of other joint- stock-banks is usually divided into shares. Banne, the French name lor a f lit or awning spread over a boat. Banker, a standard or emblematic device carried by hand. Baknette. a French commercial term for a certain number of bides. Bannock, the Scotch name for a cake of oat or other meal baked upon a girdle over the tire. CASQiERorTiEB, thc FrcncU term for a bankrupt or insolvent trader. liANQUETTE ill road-making a raised foot- way or protecting mound of earth at the side of a sloping bank. Banqcier, the name api>lied on the Conti- nent to a merchant, banker, or one who deals in bills of exchange, t. Barley-watkr, a mucilaginous dnnk for mvalida made by boiling pearled barley. Barm, a common name lor yea^^t, the creamy froth of beer. Bar-maid, a female attendant at a tavern, beer shop, or SI irit store. BARUASTEit, UAiiGHMAaxEE, a comptroller of mines. i5ABMiLLL\NS, an old trade-name for a kind of fustian, exported in pieces of about thirty yards. Harmote, Bar moot, Bakghmote, a court held occasionally to carry out certain inspections and privileges connected with mines. Thus a barmcte may be c:illed "for the soke and wapentake of Wirkworth, &c.," old words si>;uityingthe district and hundred, &c., over which the privilege extends. To these motes or meetings there belong a barraaster and a deputy-bamiaster. Barn, a farm building used for a storehouse or granary. Barnacucs" a twitching instrument used by farriers, Ac, to liold horses by the nose that are troublesome; a name given to the cirri|)tdes (Balanus) which are often found adhering to logs of wood in sea water, and to ships' bottoms. Some large kinds as B. psiltacus. turui a common and highly esteemed f(iOd on the Chilian coasts of South America. Another small mollusc, which bores into timber in salt water, is the Beft worm, l^eredo navalis. I'.aen-bay. the thrashing door of a barn. Barx-gaixon, a double gallon o( niilk. Bminiz, the resin of th« juniper-trcci A common Spanish name fur varnisli In general, and for paint and printing-ink. Barocciajo, (Italian) a carter. IJAROGBArir, a French instrument for re- gistering barometrical variations. Barolite. a carbonate of barylcs. Barometer, a pneumatic instrument for measuriiigthe weight of the atmosphire or of its pressure on the surface of the globe, and thus iudicating tlie state of the weather. BAr.r.METER-MAKER, a meteorological in- struuient maker. Barony, an ancient Saxon land measure, which, according to Dugdale, contained 40 hides of land, equivalont to 3840 acres. Baroo, an Indian name for roots. Bakoonee, a large cloak with sleeves, worn by the Turks and Persians, to protect the person from rain. Baroscope, an instrument for testing the weight ot the atmosphere. Barotier, a carter or driver of a vehicle in France Baeotti, a weight in the Molucca islands of U lb. 15 oz. avoirdupois; a grape bas- ket ui. ; orKuiiixnv.lcr, 1 cwt. ; ot candles, 120 lbs. ; of anchovies, 10 to 30 lbs. ; of pilcliards, 41i hnpcrial gal- lons; of herriiiKS, 263 ditto. A barrel of tin for export weighs from 2 to 4 cwt., or about tlie Gtb of a ton. The beer b:irrel is 36 gallons, or 2 kilderkins. In Irel.ind the barrel of culm is 24 cwt., of wheat, pease, beans, and rye, 20 stone, each 14 Ib.s. The barrel of barley, here, or rape-.seed, 16 stone ; the barrel of Oiits generally 14 stone, andofmalt, 12stone. The barrel for liquids in the United States, is 31 '5 wine gallons; the barrel for corn, 5 Winclie.-iter bushels; for salted provisions, 31-9 gallons. The barrel offish in Maryland weighs 220 lbs. ; of wine, 320 lbs. The barrel of Mala;,'a raisins weighs 50'6 lbs; the barrel of houey in the Havana contains 6 gallons. Barrel of a pump, the lioUow cylinder in which the piston moves. Barrel of a wheel, the cylindrical axle round which the rope travels. BARREL-Bm.K, iu shipping phraseology, a measure of capacity for freight, equal to 6 cubic feet ; 8 barrels bulk, or 40 cubic feet making one ton of measurement. BARREL-DR,UN. See t:)tJLVEET. Barrel-organ, a hand-organ, much tisod by itinerant musicians, and playing poim- lar tunes. Barreneko, a Spanish mining name for a boy who attends with boring tools. Barretero, one who works with a pick or crow-bar in the Spanish mines. Barrilejo, the Spanish name for a runlet, Baruillet; the small cylinder of a watch, about which the spring is coiled; the funnel of a sucking pum]). Barriquaut, the French name for a small keg or b.arrel. Barriqite, a large cask or hogshead era- Iiloyed for liquids, of variable capacity, ranging according to the commodity, in ditferent countries, from 40 to 83 gallons. Barrister, a counsellor at law, a pleader at the b.ar. Barrow, a castrated hog; a tray or light carriai;c of several kinds, there being liand-barrows for two persons, wheel- barrows, load-barrows for wheeling sacks and porters' barrows or trucks. See Wheel-baerow. » Barrow-m,\jcer, a manufacturer of liand and wheel barrows. Bar-suoe, a particular kind of hor.'-.e shoe, made to protect the tender frog of u horse from injury. Bar-shot, cannon balls connected by a bar. Bae-silver, fine silver melted into bars or ingots. Barsovite, a massive snow-white mineral, resembling scapolite, which wltli borax fuses into a transparent glass. BArtavelle, a large red partridge met with in Franco. Barter, an exchange of commodities; a rude mode of trade which, since the general dilTusion of coined money, and the precious metals, is almost obsolete, except in a few Kllll uncivilized countries. B.VRU, a naiiio for tlic c.uidy, a measure of 20 niamiils in Maiigalore, which varies fruiii.'-,71 tofiSyjlbs. " Bakuay, a name lor the Hahar, a ponderous weight equal to 482i lbs. avoirdupois. Some authorities, however, estimate it nt from 486i to 500 lbs. ; the latter being the .Madras baruay. ™An, Indian names for quince seed, which Su. Bed and Maituess iniakei!, one ^vho pre- pares these articles for upholsterers and private families. Bed-chamber, a sleeping room. Bed-clothes, the blankets, sheets, and quilts spread upon a bed. Bedding, the furniture and ap|)nrfcnnnce« for a sleeping couch; in mining par- lance a layer of ore placed on the brake sieve. BEDorNO Plants, young plants from a nur- sery, fit to be transplanted into beds. Bed-featiter JlANtTFACTUUEU, a clcanser and preparer of goose or poultry feathers for Ailing beds. Bed-hakoings, the valance and curtains for a bed. Bed-lace-makek, a manufacturer of lasli- iiigs and bindings for bed sackings. Bedlamek, a scaler's name for a year old hood seal, Stemniatopus cristalus. Bedoor, a weiglit in Blalacca, used chiefly for tin, rather less than 2J llis. Bed-pillar- carver, a workman whose business it is to make ornamental corner- posts for bedsteads. Bedpost, the tall upright columns or cor- ner supports of a bed frame, which carry the tester or canopy. Bed-quilt, a covering for a bed. See Cotj» TERPANE. Bed-room, a chamber appropriated to beds; the retiring room for rest. Bed-sacking, the canvas material stretched on the framework of a bedstead, for sup- porting the beds and bedclothes, crmn, the horse- radisli tree iif'tbe \Vi'-.t indli-s. J'ennt, Bennie, ft name for the seed of the &'saniii)n Indicuin, at Sierra Leone, and in some parts of the East and West Indies. Ben. Oil of, a fine colourless limpid oil ol)tainc'rai;ce. Beslic, a petty Turkish mcney etjual to IJ pence; an old Turkish coin worth about Is. BEsojf, a broom. 15ES0X, a liquid measure of Augsburg, equal to about 2i English gallons; S6 besons make one fuder. Besugo, the Spanish name for the bream, a fish; besuguete being the red bream. Bet, a wager, a name in several parts of India for species of Calamus which are used for all the ordinary purposes of cane. Betaorceink, a blue substance obtained from the orchilla weed, or archil of com- merce. Betel Leaf, the leaf of the Piper betel, an ingredientottbebitelmaslicalory, known as Pan in the Kast. where it forms nearly as extensive an article of commerce as tobacco in the We.^t. There are several ppecies of this Rc:mdint plant, which flourishes best in the islands of the Indian archipelago, furnishing leaves fit lor use Ibe second year, ami conlinuing to yield them U'V n;('ii-o ihau thirty. Betel Nlt, the small hard inner seeds or Irult of Areca calechtt, about the size of a nutmeg, which are Largely used as a mas- ticatory throughout Eastern countriea. Ill the Bombay market three kinds are met with ; white from .shevnrdhun, which are three times the value of those from other countries; red — wlneh are h.ilf Uie value of tl:c best white; inid nuts in the Inisk sold by the thou-aiid. The crushed nut is generally u.scd witli the lent c.i the betel pepper .uid < Imnrin or >hcll-lime. About 4,000 Ions of these nuts are shipped annimlly ironi Cej lontodiHeicnt quartirs. See I>ax. Betille. the French name for a thick sort of muslin made in India. Beto.n', a kind ot concrete or liydraullo cement, rendered more eoin])act by being mixed with gravel, pebbles, Ac , which is used in submarine works as a founda- tion fur masonry. It is also called t' "bb- stone mortar. Betterave, the French name for the red beet. Betdlikk, a cn'.ourlrfs resin or camphor extracted from birch bark. IlEUNA, a gold-coloured .Spanish wine. r.EunuE, the French name lor butler. Beut, the Si)anish name for a kind of .^ea- flsh. Bevel, to shape or smooth away to an angle; a carpenter's tool to strike angles wiilj. Bevellkg, a term applied to any deviation from a square or right angle. Bevel I'lliib-kule, a surveyor's instru- ment for adjusting the lace of the slopes in embankments. Bkvel-wueel, a wheel with teeth at an ani.de. Beverage, a common name for any kind of drink. Bevchr Seep, a name in Siam for Siryclinos mix vomica. Bevituka, a large kind offish on the coasts ol Spain. Bezan, white or striped cotton cUdIv * Bezestav, a public market in Turkey. Bezoar. a morbid concretion found in the stomachs of some animals, and possessing many fanciful medicinal properties. Bhaaral, a .species of wild sliee|) lound in the Nepaulese territories; the Otis Am- man. Bhaehlti, a name in the Himalayas for the silky leaves of the cotton grass, EitO]iho. rum cannahinum of Koyle. It is largely used forcorda^'C. and cables forsuspiMsion- bridges are made of it. From the silkv substance clothing the seeds, wicks of candles and paper arc made, and it is used to stuff pilliiws. * liiiAiLAPARASA. ail Indian battle axe. liHANn, the Iiulian name lor an intoxicating drii'-' obtained in the East from ibe Can- nabis satira or hemp plant. BiiARRA. a JIalaynii measure of capacity of about m iiieuls, or4(',fi ihs. lUiAT, liiiAUT, boiled rice, which is much used by Enropeans, and also forms the staple (bod of the bulk of the natives in the E.-ist. BiiAi i;, a Surat weight of UOO lbs. Ste I'.AHAI!. BHAirr. See Bhax. BID [36 J BIL BaEESTT, properly lUhislitoc, an Indian wator-cnriicr, wlio Alls a sheepskin l)ucket or tifiK Irum tlio nearest water rcai'rvoir or river, and supplies domestic establish- ments. Bhel\, or RnELAWAN, one of the Indlati names lor tin; niarkinfr nut friaKC. liiiiLY, till' Indian n inie lor a natiVo car- IJiiDK Mono, or Moong riii.Ll.HH, an Indian name lor tlif^ KToa[u\-n\il Arachis hypogcea^ UnoKU Lr.AVKs. See BuchutLkaves. BlloR-VR, a Bengalee name for trie mangrove. BiioRF.NDA, an Indian name for the ea.stor- oil plant IJnai:RAL, a locnl name for the wild sheep oftlie Himalayas. Bhtangee, a name for sheep's wool, oh- tained In Little Thibet Bia. a Siamese name for the cowry shell, a money of account in minor transactions. Blvsse, a French name fur coarse raw silk Imported trom the Levant; in Spanish, Bias a. Biawak, the Malay name for the iguana. Bm, an European species of cod— the Gadus ItiKus, highly esteemed; an infant's clothes' preserver worn on the breast BiBERGE.ii., the German name for casto- reum. [Testaments. Bible, the book contain in stiif" Old and New BiCA, a sea-tisli ol the Spanish coasts. JilCAItBONATE OF SODA. See SODA, CAK- ItONATE OF. liicHEREE. an old land measure of France, 8 acres, 31 perches; as a superficial mea- sure in Lyons, it was 1547 square yards. I'.iciiET, BicHOT, a Kraln measure of about 2 bushels, formerly used in France, and still empiovcd in some parts of Switzer- land. It was of a most variable character, ran^'hi? from .3i up to US gallon.s. BicnETTi, a kind of French fishing-net BiCHiEiuJO, an Italian class-blower. BiCHOOR, in India, a dagger with more than one blade. BiCHROiiATE OF PoTASU, a beautiful crys- talline salt in large prisms, of a brilliant red color, used in dyeing and calico print- ing, obtained from chromate of iron, and which is tlie source of the chrome pig- ments. Mixed with sulphuric acid, it is a powerful oxidizing agent lor bleaching oils and fats. BiCKERN. See Beak-iron. BicoNCiA, a liquid measure of Venice, the f Hirth part of the amphora, and equal to 28i gallons. BicoN'Girs, .an ancient Roman liquid mea- sure, equal to nearly U imperial gallon. Bid, an offer made, a price tendered lur an article at an auction. BiDAY, a local Eastern name for the Indian black -wood. BiDERT Ware, arti -les made in India of a metallurgical compound, which are greatly admired for the elegance of their form, as well as for the gracefulness of the patterns with which their surface is engr.aved. The alloy appears to consist of sixteen parts of eopiier, four of lead, and two ol tin, to which a large proportion of spelter is .idded. It is inlaid with silver or gold, oad polished. Bidet, a small horse; a close stool. BiENTENANT, a landholder in France. Biffin, a baked and in-, ^s. o Mpple. BiFL'KCATED, divided into two prongs or forks, as in a piece of limber; a river which separates Into two branches, itc. BiGAKADK, a French name for the Seville or bitter orange. BioARREAU, a name for the white-heart cherry, derived from the French. Bigg, a cereal grass which has six rows of seeds on the spike, hence termed Uordeum fiexastichum, sometimes used for malting. It is also known under the name ol here. BiGOAH, a land measure of India. See Beegah. Biggin, a small wooden can; also a metal receiver for making coffee. IUghera, a name for thread lace in Italy. Bight, the slack part of a rope. BiHAi, the Neliconia humilis of Caraccaa, believed to be the wild stock-plant of the cultivated varieties of plantain. BiHtTL, a name in the Itonalayas for tho bark of the Grewia oppo.i'ili/utia, used for making ropes. Bijou, a gem, a small jewel. BiJODTERiE, small articles of vcrtu, jewel- lery, trinkets, toys, 41s and "notes, in favour or against a person or firm. BiLL-BROKEii, one who deals in discounts. Billet, a small clump of fire-wood ; also tho French name for a ticket or note, itc. Billeting, quartering troops on an inn- keeper, or the inhabitants of a town or village, for lodging and accommodation, at the charge of the government Bill-head, a printed form with name, address, or business, used for making out accounts. EiLL-uooK, the colonial name for a small curved hand-chopper, or reaper, for cut- ting sugar-canes, brushwood, &c. in the West Indies. BiLLiABD Balm, red and white globes of ivory with which the game of billiards is played. Billiard Cloths, green woollen broad cloth, manufactured to cover a billiard table, which arc piece dyed, and seventy- two to eighty-oue inches wide. BIL [57] BIR lin.i.iARD-ctrE, tlio roil or sticlcTvith which thL' liilliard I. ails areslrui:k. BiLLiAKD-M.utKEK, ail at tiiiilaiit ataljillianl tabic, wlio marlis tlie stroi^es and score of tlie game lor the iila.vcis. Billiard Table, a table usually made of slate covered witli clotli, having padded cushions and netteil l)ags at the corners, and used lor playing the game of billiards, with ivorj- ballsand a cue or mace. Billiard Table-makek, a manufacturer of tables for playing the game of billiards. Billingsgate, the great tish-market of London, situate on the river just below London Bridge. Bill of Entry, a note of the particulars of goods entered at the Custom House. Bill of Exchange, an order in writing, on a duly stamped form addressed by one person to another, to pay a certain sum on demand, or at a time specified, to a third person or to his order. If payable to order, it must be transferred by indorse- ment and deliver>-. Foreign bills are those drawn ni one country and i)ayable In another. Inland bills are those drawn and made payable in the same country. In 1856 it was calculated that the average amount represented by the bills of ex- change, inland and foreign, in circulation at one time in this countrj', was not less than £200,000,000 sterling. * Bill of Health, an official document re- quired in some countries to be produced by the master of a vessel coming from a port suspected to be unhealthy, and certifying as to the condition of the pas- sengers and the crew; it is either a clean bill of health, or a foul bill. Bill of Lading, a certified document or in- voice from the master of the ship, ac- knowledging the receipt OJi board for transport, of certain goods to be delivered up to tha consignee or producer of the bill of lading, on payment of freight and charges due. Bili. of Parcels, the account of goods sold by one merchant to another, or to a whole- sale-dealer, given to the purchaser, con- taining a specification of the quantities, prices, date, and other iiarticuliirs. Bill of Sale, a registered transfer of goods to a person for some consideration, em- powering him to dispose of them upon non-fulfilment of certain conditions. Biix OF Sight, a temporary form of entry at the Customs, permitting ^oods to be provisionally landed for exammation. Bill of Sufferance, a coasting licence to trade from port to port, without paying customs duty, the dutiable goods being loaded and landed at sufferance wharves. Billon, the French name for gold or silver, which has been coined below the standard v.iluo, alloyed with copper. Billot, a term applied to bulUon before It is coined. Bill-poster, Bill-sticker, an itinerant employed to p.iste placards or announce- ments on boardings and walls. Bills Payable, a title given to notes, bUIfl and other paper claims outstanding afralnst an individual or firm. Rills Receivahle, the unpaid notes, blUfi Ac. clai'iial'li- \y or river barce, a jieculiar kind ol coasting sloop. Bii.sTON-GKiNnsTdTi',, :i varic-ty of sand- stone obtained Irom Stalfordshire. Bilsah, a fine kind oi tobacco, grown in the province of Malwa, India. BiLTONGUE, a name tor sun-dried meat in the Capo colony. Biludu, a Malay name for velvet. BuiAEs. the Spanish name lor a kind of Brazil wood. Buibeloterie, a French term for toys and playthings in various materials,' chil- dren's hand-carriages, &c. Bdibelotier, a Frencli toy-man, a ven- der 01 children's playthiiigs and small fancy wares. BiMBi, a small grain grown at the ilal- dives. But, a box or locker fitted to the side of a stable, store-room and ship, &c. for hold- ing provender, goods, &c. ; an enclosure for bottles in a wine cellar. BrNAUD, a lari:e French cart in which the four wheels are of equal size. Bdtd, in the fish traile, a term applied to 850 eels or ten strikes, each containing a quarter of a hundred. Bimdoos, a name in India for pieces of tim- ber used in building. BmosTEAD, a place near to smelting works, where all the dressed ore is deposited. Bdib, an Annara weight of nearly sixtj'- nino pounds. Bknacle, the ca«e in which the mariner's compass is secured on board ship, within slglit of the helmsman or man at the wheel. BwNACLE CoicpAss, a box compass kept on deck for the helmsman to steer by. BIMOCLE, a dioptrical telescope. BiOLCA, a land measure of Italy ofvery v«in- nble dimensions; in Bologna, equal to 19,600 square feet; in Ferrara to 40,000; In Modena to 10,368 feet. BlQUET, the vulgar name in France for a money scale for weighing gold. Biramb'i, the fruit of a shrub, the Averrhoa Bilimbi from Berbice, which makes an excellent pickle and a delicious |>reservo. Birch, a well-known tree, of which there are many species. The Betula alba, or Norway birch, furnishes an interior timber used for common articles of furniture and in ship-building. Black birch is valuable for floorings and keelsons, and parts of ships which arc constantly under water. Birch wood is used for many economical purposes, as for herring barrels and butter- tnb<, G.ittle-3'okes, turnery-ware, ;t'S for blnls. BiRD-CAi.L, a kind of whistle. Bird-fancier, a dealer in cage -birds, pigeons, (fee. BiuDiNQ-piECE. a lon^ fowling-pkco for shooting wild fowl. BlUD-i.iMK. a glutinous viscid substance, rrtparod in various ways, but chiefly ei- traeled fro n the b.irk of the holly, the mistUtOf, and t lie distaff thistle, used for entaniriin? birds. Btiiu-rErpr.ii, tlic small capsicum or fruit of till' shrub-, C. frutescens and minimum, Ironi wliKtli caycnm- is chiedv made. Bird-seed, canary, hemp, millet, ami other small seeds used Ibr leeding ca^u birds. Bird'b-eve, a fine kind of tobacco partly made Iroai the stalks of the leaves of certain species of A'ico^Kiraa; nrtillclal glass oj-es for stufl'od birds are exteiisivplv sold. BiuD's-ETE C'RAfE, a thin material made for the I'^ast Indian markets. Bird's-eye Diaper, a kind of towcUin?. BiRD's-ETE Maple, an esteemed variegated cabinet wood, arising from an accidental form in the arrangement of the fibre of the rock or sugar maple {Acer sacchari- num) of America. Curled maple con- sists of undulations in tlie same wood. BiRD-SKiN.s. Many skins of foreign birds with bright plumage are importeil to ba stuffed as ornaments or illustrations of natural history in Museums; and some, as of the swan, grebe, si;5:;AfJ».«rxT."°"S«" I -»»'«■- ~ ..». ».ho tools for carpenters, Bl?S.l\fan'liiiiian name for black salt, a sieanc in hi^li repute in the hast. BK-MAKEB, one wl'.o m..kes iron bit» or mouth-pieces for horse-bndles. BiTNOBEN. See Black bALT. RlIck'cattle, a collective name for tlio lander description of domestic animals, worses bulls °a "^ra'Tsh ' ot'bluish black ^sfatv sul-^tance,'a?so a preparation of tyory black and fine clay, used m crayon drawing. Bi"#KB Ai.MONt>.. -S.. .^>-«^r,f-,thesepara- Ind pies, for makin. wine and jam, and lor Bf^roiKfthc"'- Adriatic oak, Q«^c« Late -. V T-rFP-swi-FT a common name i^\}}^^ ^'K^"^;^^----viMhedg. (mm various species ui i'«".>i'."'"" , T^ArK-rLUX. a preparation of cream of tartar ^JJmed in a close crucible; a carbo- Bi:rcK'^£iGEK:avaHKz;«?,;MlV^wUir advantage; also a va BSwJll^acominonm.meforU.^.^^ ?^e^:^u'oV^';v^^h'-~ticand pie of coal. *« ASPHALTKL ilS.T^°o1!f ■^^^ilT^o^. coin worth B^^Acni. S^BiscACHA. [biscuits. ^ii,.%X£S^'''"'='''\^^^'"'"'''- BLA ^sro?e."fc?' -l J"!'sl'i"? niatcial for ir«„ prepansplmnbn^o'lo'va oususe" ""'' tu,vr'of;^:^M!;|i^V"; .^"^"^ « ma;,ufac. [40] BLA Black i'EPPER, tin- .Iri.rt-unripo drupes of ■f^iperjiifjriim. eicosol ,' ,*■ I "\'^- ^'■"•"s- suet, Ac. siKiu; nwsK'l'^s^v«f• spruce dolls of commerce .vhi"!?"'' *"<^ colonies. It is dist n.^niohr^'i" American world. From the" vAnnl^'f ''"•'', "' 'l.e "n^'mr' " """"' '">' b^d li'iuoffv'jfe ''termIfl^i„^'^1,P^'-if,»'varietiesofblack i3|?;;ai^:i^^?^,-----^-a r,,se-noud/j;;:ffe„.^J.^^-^yealea „ packed in salt or pickl2 <^""t,nent, metalhladesatu'efiMvil ""^ ^"'"S""'' tortoise-sViell ' *'"^^'' >"-'''' the bast tef^p''' *'* """" '=°"> at Cologne. J;^.roV ?;e'r=; ?[;/~ - «ome rixd^lar a,,d To%\ Zu^'fi^^S "' " limeVi'dMi^ '"■''" °' <='"°"deol mn<^'fucl!'%r°''''' "f whitenm, any ^^uS;^?r€^''---- sSi]£«-^ts--yj« ^KrV'u^'d\^"S«"-^" '-y^rain. shape for a kev hnVn° ^"'' ^ 'n«ta iotten' which lias druvn T"^"'^ *" « s;!;'ra''?s:;;:JS"v"^^^^" ''j;^v^de^1?r^ir'w^t"hoS^.«'i {^''^--^o "' usually firedCwirnin"'^^ '''I''"'" si'ot^ ^ in exercising troops '=■ °' '*'"""'es- -^nJ BLI [41 ] r. L Blank Cutting-maciiixes; nuicliiiips for cutting th(j bhinks for Uejs; for sliapinj,' or punchiiiff blanks for Ijultous, ifec. Blankeel. Blajjquillo, a small coin and money of account in some parts of Africa, on the Mediterranean sliores. The ounce, worth about 4d., is divided into four blanlieels, and the blankeel again sub- divided into 20 or 24 fluce. Blankets, soft loosely woven woollen stufif pieces.used lor bed-coverings or wrappers. ISesldes those vended at home, five or si.K million yards are annually shipped to various countries. They are cliielly made at Dewsburv, Heckmondwike, and Wake- field. BLANQtJETTE, a delicate sort of white wine, a large variety of pear; the French name for kelp. Blaqi-e, a French tobacco pouch. Blare, a .Swiss coin worth about one penny. Bi^sT, air introduced into a furnace arti- ficially. Blast -FUKNACE, an enclosed flre-place where an extra degree of heat is generated by a powerful forge-bellows. Blasting, a speedy process for removing or dct.ncliing heavy masses of stone, earth, Ac, by exploding charges of gunpowder. Blasting Powder, a coarse kind of powder for mining and quarrying purposes. Blast-Pipe, the tube in a locomotive, which carries off the waste steam, and produces a greater draught for the fire. Blast-Kegulator, a cylinder of iron lor holding and conveying air to a blast fur- nace, [of a liorse, cow, ic. Blaze, a white spot on the forehead or face Ble, the French name lor grain, but chiefly apphed to wheat. Bleacher, one wlio whitens linens, &c., by chemical agency, or by exposure to tlie atmosphere. Bleaching, thechemicil process ofremoving the colour of cloth or vegetable substances. Bleaching Po^vder, chloride of lime, made by exposing s'.aked lime to the action of chlorine, which is used for bleaching linens, calicoes, and paper materials: many thousand tons of it are made annu- ally in the kingdom. Blende, native sulphuretofzinc, the Black Jack of miners, of little value owing to the difficulty of cxtractmgtiie metal trom the ore. Purple or antimony blende is the mineral kermes. Blesbok, in the Cape colony an antelope with a white face. Blet, the German name for lead, bleyglotte being litharge, and bleyweess white lead. Blight, damage or failure of a growing crop. Blind, a sun-screen or shade for a window fitted within or without, and made of dif- ferent kinds. A common inside'window- blind is a plain hanging of union holland or linen; a wire blind is a short transparent frame of woven wire, gauze, or perforated zinc, piiinted, which is either plain, or let- tered and figured. Outside window blinds are known as Spanish, Florentine, Vene- tian, and shutter. Inside blind.-;, Venetian, dwarf, spring patent, or common roller. There ave also spriug-bluiUs for shop-frouts and .sky-Iighls, and iron rolling blinds for shop-windows. Blind Coal. See Anthracite. Blinker-s, square pieces of leather fastened to the head-stall of a horse to make him look before him instead of aside.v Blistering Flt. See Cantuaredes. Blistering Plaster, a preparation of pow- dered cantharides upon adhesive pLaster, to raise a blister on the skin. Blister Steel, wrou'^lit iron which has blisters on the surface, owing to the evolution of gas from the interior ol the bar. Bloater, a commercial name for a slightly cured and smoked hcrrfng; bloaters are made into a paste for a breakfast relish. Blocco, Italian, paper and hair used in paying the seams in a ship's bottom. Block, a solid mass, a square stone placed diagonally on railway tr.icks, as a sup- port for the rails; in colonial parlance a piece of land ; the wooden mould on which hats are formed ; a shaped piece of wood containing a .sheave traversing' on a spindle for passing ropes through. Blocks are of two kinds, made or morticed; the latter consisting of a single block, the former of several pieces. Block is also an interrup- tion or stoppage of vehicular traffic on a thoroughfare. In stereotype printing a wood block, or cut, is an engraved )iiece of box-wood from wliich impressions' can be taken. * Blockade, the official closing of a port or coast during war, by guarding and watch- ing it with vessels of war to prevent com- mercial intercourse. Due notice is always legally given by proclamation to the mer- cantile world of the (.ommencement and raising of a blockade. Block-Machine, a complicated system of raacliinery for making the blocks and sheaves required lor pulleys for naval pur- poses and shore use. The block ma- chinery in Portsmouth dockyard is the most effective and perfect of its kind. Block-majcer, one who makes blocks for pulleys, <&c. Block Tin, tin cast into blocks or ingots; tin ore which h.as been treated with cop- per and sulphuric acid, and is ready lor smelting. Metal reduced from the tin stone or ore is less pure than that made from stream or grain tin. A block ol tin weighs about the sixth of a ton. Blonde, a clioice kind of silk lace, used by ladies. Blood, the fluid which circulates in the heart and blood-vessels of animals, which is used for many commercial purposes: it is stirred and run into casks for the uso of sugar refiners; it is made into animal charcoal; coagulated, it is sold to calico- printers for dyeing Turkey red, and is chemically prepared for printers' use. In some of the agricultural districts it is em- ployed as a fertilizer of land. Albumen is made from Ijlood. See Albliien and Black Pudding. Blood -DRIER, a preparer of blood for the use of sugar refiners and other manufac- turers. c-2 BLU [42 J BOA Bi.oormoL'ND, IIk; sleutli dopr, a viirlcty of tlic (Miiiiie spi'i-ios, useil for traokiiii; iii- (lividii:\ls liy tin' :iiMitonPss nf its sroiit. Bl.OoD-Jim'K, tin' H.ip III' ;i Irri' <.!' Noi-lulli Islftiul, which ia;ilU'Saii luilclible iiiurkiii^' ink, and is s;iid tu be ii-cd as a dyu for calicoes, Ac. 15L00D rUDDlNO. See RL.VCK PODDIKO. lii,o(iD-uo(ir, a popiilnr naiiic tor tlic fleshy • I'i/ 'iiii.'s "f Sniii'iiniiri'i ('mi'idensis, wlilch furnishes an alkaloid, considered to be an acrid emetic, will) siinuilaiit and narcotic powers; also for tlie root of (leum Canadense, wliich lias some reputa- tion as a mild tonic. Bi.dODsTONE, a dark-sreen stone with red spots, miicU nsed for signet-rings; a kind of clialredoMv; also the name for a siie- ciesofhanl hematite used as a burnisher ill several trades. Bi.iiDM. a name j,'iven to the yellowish fAwn- coloiircd (leposit fi'om the taimin(f liiiuor on tlie snrlaeo of the leather, and pene- tratiiiK to a slight depth ; a teclmieal term in the Iron districts for a mass ot metal taken out of the furnace to be hammered. Hi.ooMKTtY, tlie furnace from wiiich a mass of iron is I rouglit, to be subjected to the lor^T huminer. . 15LOOM KaijI.ns, a fine qu.ility of sun-dricd grapes. ^ , KLOrnNQ-BOOK, Br.OTTINO-CASE, R booK or pad with sheets of unsized paper (or drying the ink on newly written docu- ments. , . Blottin'O I'aper, unsized paper used for drying inked manuscripts. It is either white or colored, and some is specially prepared for chemical purposes: Swedish filtering paper is more free Iroin im- purity thr.n anv other. * Blouse, a sort of smock-frock or outer gar- ment, worn by workmen. Blousse, the I''reneii name for short wool. iii.owEU, a smelter of tin; a plate of tin or iron, afHxed to the front of a chim- ney to increase the draught, and prevent its smoking; a fan used on board Ameri- can river .steam-boats, to increase the current of air, and stimulate the combus- tion of the anthracite coal which is burnt. BLOWiNG-MACHtire Makek, a manufacturer ot forge and other large bellows' appa- ratus. . ^ . Blow-pipe, an important instrument, in the shape of a hollow tube, used by chemists, and many workers in metals, to increase the heat of a flame, and concen- trate it on a p.irticular point. Large blow- pipes are blown by a bellows instead of the mouth. Blow-pipe Makek, a manufacturer of blow- pipes for cliomical and other purposes. Blow-tuhes, in the glass manufacture, hollow iron rods, live to six feet long, with which the workmen gather up the fluid metal from the pots, to blow and form it into the desired shape. Bluubeu, the cellular membrane in which the oil or fat of the whale is encased, this name is al-o uiven to the thick fat ca^sing ol other sea-animals, before it is noilcd to extract the train oU. Bluchkii, a kind of strong leather Imlf boot worn by men and boys. I'l.iJE .Vsiil'^STOs, a hydrosilicale of iron, In ilellcale fibres, ofaii indigo him.' col.)r. Blue-backs, a name for the North .Vnieri- cun herring, Clupea elongata ; a variety of the money cowry. Blue (Jloth, an Indian cotton fabric ship- ped from Madras. Blue Copi'eb, an ore of copper, of an indigo blue colour. Blue (Jdm-wood, a fine lofty tne of .\us- traliii, the Eucalyptus ylobuluf, which Is chiefly used tor shipbuilding purposes. Blue-ink. See Ink. Blue-john, a miner's name for fluor-spar, an esteemed variety of Uerliyshire marble, which is worked ui) into vases and other ornaments. Blue Lead. See Galena. Blub Light, a kind of firework or night- sisnal which throws out a vivid light visible at a great distance. Blue Paints; of these some of the recog- nised commercial varieties are celestial, Prussian, common verditer, refiners' ver- diter, and indigo. Blue-peter, a square flag with a white centre and blue border, usually hoisted at the mast-head of a sliip to announce her intended departure for sea. Blue 1'ill, a preparation of mercury with confection of roses, liquorice root in pow- der, and other substances; a common medicine. Blue Polishing- stone, a dark slate im- ported in small lengths for workers in .silver, metal, lied to a managing committee or body cf directors. [tained at fixed rate. Boarder, a pensioner; one who is main- Boarding-clerk, tlie sc:-\-ant of a custoni- liouse agent or shipping firm, wiiose duty it is to communicate with vessels on their arrival in port. Boarding-house, a private hotel or lodging- house where meals are supplied at agreed rates. 15(>arding-1'ike, an offensive weapon used on board ship. Boauding-scuool, an educational establisii- ment where children are taught iinJ boarded at fixed rates. BOD [43 ] BO I Board of Tr.vbk, tlio Loriis Commissioners ollhv I'livy Council ofTnide. I$OARi)-WAGES, a money allowance Riven to hired servants in litu of ttieir customary meals, in order Uiat they may provide food for themselves. Boat, a small open or decked vessel, usually propelled by oars. There are numerous kinds of boats, the construction and names of which differ, accordin;,' to the service required of them : they will be found described in their alpliabetical order BOAT-BOTLDER, a person Avho designs or as- sists in tlie malcing of boats, wherries, skilfs, and galleys, of various kinds. BoAT-iiooK, a pole with a hook, used by boatmen. Boatman, a river seaman or waterman engaseci in ferrying in harbours, itc. BoAT-PLCG, the stopple in a boat's bottom by whieli the water shipped is let out when required. Boatswain, a warrant officer in a vessel of war; in a meichant ship a subordinate offlcer having cliarge of the sails and ropes and other gear. Boatswain's m-vie, the assistant or deputy of a boatswain — in a man-ot-war this functionary has to administer corporal punishment. Boatswain's Yeoman, the man who issues boatswain's stores in a man-of-war. Bob, a small leather-butf wheel used in Birmingham for polishing the bowls of spoons, &c. ; a mining nams for the beam of an engine. Bobbin, a package or hank of Russian flax, made up according to quality in C, 9 or 12 heads; a wooden pin to wind thread on; thin cord used by semptresses; the brass reel or winder of a lace machine, with a narrow hollow surface lor receiving the thread. Bobbin-net, a machine made lace. Bobbin-net JIachine, a very complicated piece of machinery for making lace net. BoBELlN, a kind of shoe made in France. BoBiNEusE, one engaged in winding silk in France. BoBoi, a preparation of food in the Pacific islands. BoBSTAYS, the rope which confines the bow- sprit of a sliip to the stem. Bocaean, a fine sort of Spanisli buckram. Bocasine, a kind of calamanco or woollen slufT. BoccALE, a liquid measure of Italy equal to about 2 English quarts, but varying in different places from li to 3J pints. Booking, a coarse woollen; also a red- herring. Bocoya, a cask in Cuba, containing 30 imperial wine gallons. As a package for coffee, sugar, &;c., tlie bocoya varies. The coffee cask is either great or small, the bocoya grande containing 40 arrobas, and the bocoya pequino, 28. Tlic sugar cask holds from 50 io 54 arrobas, and the cask for molasses, 110 gallons. HODA, (Hindustani,) a bulTalo. Bodega, a wine vault in Spain. BoDEGAOE, warehouse rent. [coasts. BopiAN, a sea-fish caught on the Spanish Bodice, the upper part of a lady's dress. Bodkin, a prmters tool for picking lettci; out of a column or page in correcting; a .iharp-pointed steel instrumentfor piercing holes, used by book-binders and others ; a large-eyed blunt-pointed threading needle used by tailors, sempstresses, staymakers, and others. BoDLE, a small coin ; a Scotch penny. BoDOCAL, a kind of .Spanish black grapes. Body, thickness; a printer's term for the size of the shank of type. BODT-COAT, a gentleman's swallow-tailed dress-coat. Body-maker, a workman who makes tho bodies of carnages. BoDT-VABNisn, a thick and quick drying copal varnish used for carriages and other objects requiring to be polished. BOERBOON, the Hottentot name for the legumes of a species of ^c/io/ea, which are eaten when young. BoESSE, a French chisel. BoGASSEEKiES, a name in the Danubinn provinces for trimming, hosiery, and other small gooils. BoGETA. the Spanish name for a kind of herring. Boghead Charcoal, the refuse of the Tor- banehill mineral after the gas is extracted, which is used by gardeners and others as an absorbent of gaseous matters and offensive odours. BoG-iBON Oek, a peroxide of iron. BoHAR, an Arab weight about the tenth part of a ton. BoHEA, a kind of black tea. BoHMEN, a niduey of account in Prague equal to three kreutzers, or about one penny. BoiABD, a hand barrow lor fish used in France. Boiled Oil, a drying oil made by boiling a small quantity of litharge in linseed oil, till it is dissolved. Boiler, a pot or caldron ; a cast or wrought iron tank or vessel to hold water for gene- rating into steam. Boilers arc of various shapes, globular, cylindrical, waggon- shaped, or rectangular and tubular ; some- times for chemical and other purposes they are wrought of copper. Also a cooking vessel or culinary sauce-pan. Boiler-maker, a manufacturer of iron boil- ers for steam engines. Boiler Plates, flat sheets of iron used for making boilers, tanks, bridges, vessels, &v. BoiLiNG-HonsE, the building on a su-;ar plantation allotted to the preparation ot the cane juice into sugar. Bois, the French name for wood, bois de briller is fire wood ; bois de construction building timber, bois de teinture dye-wood. Boischene, a name in St. Domingo for the wood of IHgnonia longissima, applieil to ship-building purposes. BoissEAU, the old French bushel or deca- litre, which, by the new measures of France, is 12^ litres, equal to 7G3 English euldc inches, or rather mure than a third of an imperial bushel. As a superficial measure, the boissenu was equal to 004 acre, but it varied in diilerent localities, and also according to the grain measured. BOL [44] BON BoiSBFXEB, an ntjiMiian measure formerly used ill Kraiice, vnrying from C050 square leptof Paris, 10 9375 I'cet. BoissKLiKR, Hie Frcucli name for a turner in wood. BoissoN, a liquid measure in the olJ metrical system of b'rance, the cijjl-.tli part nf a FrciK-h jiint, tlie liiiit beiiiK nearly equal to an English quart; a common draught wine made from the marc or iuisks of lirapi'K, by throwing' water upon them and pressing' them atrush. BoissoNS, the general Freiicli term for drinkahles, as wine, spirits, beer, Ac. BOKA, a leathern bag or buclict for drawing water in the East. Bokhara. Clovf.ii, a name given to Ihe Melilotus arborea, a foddor plant whicli grows so freely :',s to yield live or six cuttiii<;s of green herbage in a season. It also ftiinishcs a strong fibre. BoKiiKNA, the name for a corn-bag in some parts of India. Boij\, a Beiigalcso name for the fibre of JJibiscus tiliaceus, closely allied to the Malioe tree of the West Indies. BoLAS, .'itone or iron balls attached to the ends of a twisted leather cord, used by the Gauchos and Patagoiiians for catcliing cattle and horses by entangling their legs. BoLAUK, a nasal trinket worn by the native women of India. BoLAXiNHAS, small caV;os shipped from Portugal tu the river Gambia and otlier ))arts of Western Africa. Boi.CHEN, the German name for codfish. BoLK, a hydrated silieale of alumina; a friable argillaceous earth, which forms a imsto when moi.stened with water. The red or Armenian bole is used a.s a tooth-powder, and for giving a colour to sprats when pickled as anchovies, or i.citted as paste for a breakfast relish. Powdered bole is used as an absor- bent application sprinkled over ulcers. In time of scarcity this and other uncluous earths have been used in some countries as a mechanical substitute for food. BoLEAH, a small covered boat used on the Ganges. [moulding. Boi.ECTiON, a builder's term for a fancy BoLETA, a Spanish name for cigarettes, or « ut tobacco rolled in small pieces of paper. Roi.KT-OiL, an undefined East Indian oil. Boi.iDE, a native ore of iron. Boll, a measure for corn in Scotland, iirior to the introduction of the imperial system of weights .and measure.^. In the flour measures at present in use the boll or half sack is considered equal to 140 lbs avoir- dupois, and i,? divided into 10 stones or pecks. The boll ofpease and beans weighs 280 lb. ; of oats 264 lb.; of barley about .'320 lbs.; ofoatraeall40Ujs. BoLijutD, a large post to secure hawsers to. Boi-Lioo, a small loaf or cake made in Spain of flour, sugar, milk, and eggs. BotLS are the pericarp seed-vessels of flax, and cotton inclosed in tlie hull or sliell. Kdi.ooNA Stone, a ponderous spar and a iihosphoresccnt variety of sulphate of I)ar>'tc3. Boi.oGNA Sal'Saok, a pi>louy made of bacon, veal, and jiork fit. Boi.or.NiNi, a copper coin of Italy, from 80 to 100 goi)ig [n the seudoor dollar, aeording ti) the Incality. It is al.so colled a soldi! See liAJDc.riib. Boi-SA, ill Spanish a piece of money ; also the exchange or place of business for money-changers and dealers. Bolster, a long pillow or cushion stulTed with Hocks, liair, or fcathiTs, ,tc. a tool fur lainching lioles, .siul making bolts. Boi/r, a compact parci-1 or roll of canvas containing about 40 yards, 24 inches in width, or 28 ells, and weighing about 28'.bs.; a bolt of silk is a long narrow roll; a fastening, an iron or brass bar for secur- ing a door. *. Bolt and Sckew Makeu, a manufacturer of these articles in the hardware districts. Bolt-boat, a strongly built boat, fitted to encounter rough anil .stormy seas. BoLT-CDTTER, a sliajier of bolts. Bolter, the machinery of afiour-niill, set in motion for separating the Hour from the bran. BoLTiNQ-CLOTHS, wirc, hair, and other sieves of different degrees of fineness, used by millers for dressing or sifting flour and meaL BoLT-ROPE, a rope sewed to the edges of sails to strengthen them and prevent their splitting. Bomb, a east-iron projectile or combustible sliell; a mortar vessel. BoMD.iRDE, the Frencli name for a bomb vessel or gun-boat; a Maltese boat. Bombay Cakbt. See t'ANDT. Bombay DncK, a name in India for the Bummalo fish when expiirtod in a dried state ; large quantttleyiire also cousumed fresh. See Bu.mmai,o. Bombat-macnb. See Mattno. Bombay sheli:.s, a name In India for the Cassis rufa imported at Bombay in large quantities from Zanzibar, and re-shipped to England, and to France for cutting cameos. BoMBAZET, a woollen material of various colors, woven, plain, or twilled. BOMBAZIN-E, a dress material for ladies, made of sUk and worsted, the warp being of the former, the weft of the latter. It was firmeriy largely made at Norwich, but has now gone oiitof lashion. BoMBic Acid, a chemical product obtained by distilling silk with sulphuric acid. BoMB-KETCH, a Small vessel strengthened with large beams, for carrying mortars to throw shells in bombarding a town or fort. Bon, the French name for a debenture, bill, or bond. Bonanza, the Spanish name for a dividend. BONBONNIERE, a French sweetmeat box. Bonbons, sugar plilms or small confections. BONT), an engagement in which a party's legal responsibility is involved with pecuniary security ; an executed deed given for a debt. Bonded Store-ivEEPEr, the owner of a warehouse, or store, where exciseable articles, or goods subject to customs duty, are nermitted to be kept In bond. BON [45 J BOO Bonded Warehouse, a storehouse where goniis liable to customs duty may bo lodgea in bond without payment of the duty until they are removed or cleared. IJoN HE Tresor, a French Treasury bond, or government security bearing a varj'ing rate of interest. [stopple. BonDON, the French name for a oung or BoKDONNiERE, a Freucli cooper's tool for boring. Bond-servant, a slave, or one bound to the service of another. Bondsman, one who is bound or gives secu- rity for the fiiithful performance of any contract or nmney payments, due from another. See Bail. BONDUC-NUT-OIL, an East Indian oil, ob- tained from the seed of GuUanilia Bonduc. BONE-Asil, calcined bones reduced to a powder, used for burnt hartshorn, for sugar refining, and formakini,' cupels. Bone-black, a name for animal charcoal, the carl)onaccous substance which re- mains after the calcination of bones in close vessels. Bonk Boiler and Crusher, one who receives and prepares bones for various purposes, for manufacturers' and agricul- turists' use. Bone-ddst, ground bones used for manure. Bone-earth, the phosphate of lime, or resi- due of bones which h.-xve been calcined. Bone - grubber, an itinerant who collects bones from the gutters and ash-heaps, unets. Bonnet-maker, a maker of ladies' bonnets either a modiste or milliner, or a straw- bonnet maker. Bonnet-pepper, a species of capsicum. BoNNET-PREssER, ouc wlio irons and sliapes straw bonnets. BoNNET-sHAPE MAKER, a manufacturer of willow squares;, or of net and otiier foun- dations tor ladies' bonnets. Bonnet- WTRE .Mak-er, a woi-kcr in wire, who prepares shapes and tr.mnimgs for ladies' bonnets. Bonnier, a Dutch and Flemish land mea- sure, of very variable extent, ranging from 81 to 137J French ares. * BonntVis, Bukno Vista, the name in Bar- bados and other parts of the West Indies for varieties of Labial, a kind of pulse. BoNTEN, a nanow woollen stufl'. Booaca, a name in some of the rr.cifie islands lor swine. BooiiOOT, a weight in the Sunda Isles of S catties; the twentieth part o! a picul, or G§lb. avoirdupois. See Bamboo. Book, a bound collection of printed leaves or sheets, or of blank or ruled paper. Book and Card-edge ( ; llder and M akbler, a workman who ornaments and finishes oirthe edges of books, &c. Bookbinder, one who attends to the bind- ing of books in cloth or leather, stitchiug the sheets, covering and lettering Ac. Book-binder's Cloth-maker, one \vlio pre- pares coloured stamped cottons for bind- ing. Book-binder's Material Beai-er, a trades- man who keeps a supply of the tools, fittings, and essentials for the business of book-binding. BOOK-BIN-DER'S ri.OUGH-KNIFE SlAKER, a manufacturer of the shaving plane or cutting tools for trimming or plouj^b- ing the edge;^ of the leaves of books, paper, Ac BooK-BiNDEB's-rREss MAKER, a cariicuter who prepares presses for the use of the book-binder. Book-binder's Tool-cutter and En- graver, a manufacturer of nutal tools for ornamenting book-covers. Book-case, an article of furnituro for a library or sitting room, generally glazed to preserve the books from dust. Book-debt, a charge for goods supplied, or work and labor done, entered in the ledger of a tradesni.an, or professional man. Book-edge Lock and Clasp-maker, a mechanic who preijares locks and fasten- ings for private ledgers, pocket-books, &c. Booking-office, a place where passengers or parcels are booked for sea or land transit. Book-keeper, an accountant, or one who has charge of the books in a bank or busi- ness estaiilishment. Book-marker, a place-marker of ivory bone, ribbon, ic, leit in a book by readers. BooK-MUSLiN, a jilain and clear fabric wov.-n for workin^'in thetamliour; a thin kind of nuislin, ol which there are several kinds made, for dresses, curiains, &c., as saccha- rillo, tarlAtan, leiio, plement. IJoKON, lie.- ba>e of boracic acid. llouJOOKE. See Boorjooice. BouoNA, a sort ol grain t:rown in Spain. BoRONiA, a S])ilm^ll dish made of ajiples, lnniipUins, and treen eapsicinns. BuUKACiiA, ilie rortuguese name for smok- ed Indian rubber. * BoRiiEL, BORELL, a name for the Malabar inch; the kole of 24 borrels answers to about 29 English inches; in Travancore the borrel is nearly \\ English inch. BouRO, a duty laid on sheep in Spain. liquid measure containing 40 vedros, and equal to rather more than 108J imperia; gallons. BoTTA, a vcrv variable liquid measure in the Italian States, in some towns only lofi wine gallons; in others as much as 2i6 gallons. B(,>TrAjo, the Italian name for a cooper. BoTTE, the French name for a boot; a truss or bundle. BoTT-iiAMJiER, a wooden block with a long bent helve or handle, and having clianneh or llutings under its face used to beat flax. Bottle, an earthenware or glass vessel oi various sizes for holding liquors. BoTTLE-BOOTs, Strong leather cases for holding bottles in the process of corliing, Ac. BoTTLE-GLASS, tho comnioiicst kind of green glass. BoTTLE-GouuD, the fruit of the Lagenana vulgaris. The hard and tough rind, cleared of the pulp and seeds, is used like ihe cal.ibash lor ready-made bowls and vessels lor holding water. Bottle-jack, a mechanical clock-work con- trivance for roasting, the machinery of which being wound up, keeps tho sus- Iicnded joint revolving before the fire. BoTTLE-LARELS, suspeiisory name plates for wine or spirit bottles. BOTTLE-MANLTACTURER, a glaSS-blOWCr wllO makes bottles. Bottle-merchant, a wholesale dealer in glass bottles. BoTTLE-MouLD-MAKER, One who manufac- tures iron moulds in wliich bottles are blown to a regular size and shape. Bi)i:si;.\iiAi.LE, a continental exchange hall Bottle-rack, a wooden frame with open or meeting-place for merchants Boksten, the German name for bristles. BoscAUE, the lood obtained by swine and cattle in forests, such as acorns, beech- ni:ist, pig-nut.s, Ac. Bosii, siutT; a trade name for mixed or iidulterated butter. r.dsiun, a kind of silk handkerchief made ill Turkey. Boss, a master in the United States, who tabus in work at his own houso from a manufacturer, and employs others to execute it. * BossE, a liquid measure of Switzerland, equal to 20118 English gallons. BoTANTf Bay Oak, a local name for several species of Casuarina growing in New South Wales, the wood of which is orna- mental, and well adapted for inlaying and marquetry. It is of a light yellowish brown colour often marked with short red veins. shelves to place hollies on to drain. BOTTLE-SfT.EW. Sce COUK-SCREW. BoTTLE-STAND, a liquor franii ; a cruet-stand ; a wooden rest lor draining bottles after they have been washed. BoTTLiNG-PLiERS, a kind of pincers for fastening wire over the corks and necks of bottles. I'.0TT0MiNG. See Ballasting. BoiTOMRi-BOND, 0. mortgage or pledge of a ship as security for the repayment ot money advanced to the master or owner, for the purpose of enabling him to prose- cute his voyage. If the ship be lost the lender loses the whole of his money. See HiPOTHECATION. BoTTU, an Indian name for the husk or ciiafl of grain, also the 64tli part of the coin formerly known as the i)agod.a. BoccANER, a French term for drying and smoking meat, fish, .fee. BouCASsiN, the French name for bunting BoTAirr Bat Gl3I, a name for the gum Boucaut, the French name for a large cask acroides of the druggists, a.vellowish red | or hogshead. resin yielded by Xantliorrhoea hastilis, Bodcharde (French), a sculptor's chisel. and arborea in Australia. j Bodches-a-feu, tlie French name for BoTARGo, the spawn of the mullet cured, cannon or artillery; guns ot all kinds. which is ofa deep reddish brown; the best Bouchin, a French term for tho extreme comes Irora Tunis. breadth of a ship. Botcher, a rough or unskilled workman, BotJcnoN, the French term for a stopple or a bungler. cork ; a low public house. BoTELHO, a small river .ind coasting sloop ' Boudlnier, the French name for a maker used in the Persian Gulf. of sausiiges, black puddings, Ac. BoTscHKA, the butt or pipe of Kussia, a Boueitb, a dustman or scavenger ill Frouoft BOU [ -is ] liOZ Bougie, a surRical instrument ; the French iiniiio for ii wax Ciindle. Bougie and UATiiirrEit-MAKEr., n manu- I'acturer of surgical instniinciits for tlell- cate "porations on tlie un;l!ira, Ac. Bouiixi, a French name lov boiled moat, (,'pni'rally beef. Houi.ANGER, a baker in Franco, one ivho makes or selis bread. lioCT.DERS, a species of rounded (lint stones collected on tlie Sussex sliores, in tlic first instance (or ballast and traMS|iort to tlie northern ports, when they are Ibruarded to the Potteries lioui.i, a Siamese teapot. BouLiciiE, the French name for a large eartlienwaro vessel used at sea. BouNriNG-BET, a common name in America lor tlio soap-wort, (tiaponaria officinalis), which by some is considered superior as an alterative to sar?aparilla. BoiiNTT, a bonus or premium given by some countries on the importation or exporta- tion of certain commodities, in order to oncouraKC and promote special trades and avocations. Franco grants a bounty to her fishermen. Also an advance or sum granted to recruits for the army. Bounty Emigkant, one who receives a pas- sago wholly or partially paid out of the colonial land lunds. Botm-rr Land Waurants, warrants of the United States Government, entitling the holders to selections of land in various western states and territories of the Union. Bouquet, (French), a nosegay or a bunch of tloweraj an agreeable flavor or perfume. The banquet is the pleasant perfume and etheric tlavor of choice wine. BouQUET-i;ou>EK, a lady's ornamental metal hand-support for fibwers. BouRBiNE, a copper coin and money of ac- count in Tunis; the twelfth part of an asper. [France. BouKDiN, a variety of iieacli groun in Bourdon, a Frencl'i prhiting term for an "out." or omission from the copy. * Bourgeois, an intermediate-sized type between brevier and long primer, 102 lines occupying about a foot; a French citi- zen or burgess ; a landlord. BointRELiER, the French name for a col- lar or harness maker. BoDB.SE, a name given in France, and some other iiarts of the Continent, to the money- market or Stock-F,xchange, where the mercliants and agents de' chamje meet for monetary transactions. I!oi;sE, a term for lead ore in some of Its stages of mechanical preparation. BoussoLE, a French marine compass. Boutauguic, caviar or pickled fish spawn. See BoTARGO. BouTELLLAGE, a tax On wine in France. BoDTiyurER, a French shopkeeper ; a trades- man. BODTBE, another name for the dow, an Ara- bian coasting vessel. Bouw, an Eastern land measure of. ^(K) S(niMrc Itlieiiish rods, = 1"76 acre. >Se(; Baiiu, " BovELLO, a Persian coin ot twelve abusliees, about fifteen sliillings. BovEY-coAi,, fossil wood, impregnated witlj liitumen or petroleum and containing pyrites and aUiin. Bow, a bent piece of wood used for archery, made ot lanccwood or yew ; also a small stick funiislied with hair for playing the violin, Ac; the sharp or rounded fnmt part of a vessel. Bower .\ncuor, a working anchor, one lo which the cable is bent; the most elfe*- tive or reliable anchor of a ship. Bowie Knife, a large sharp knifo often nsed as a dagger or offensive wea,)On in (bo United States. Bowline, a particular rope in a ship. Bowi,iNE-KNOT, a kind of l.astening which (onus a loop on a ro|}e that will not slip. Bowls, smooth round heavy wooden balls, used lor playing on a bowling-green. 15ow-i'EN, a metallic ruling pen. BowsriUNO IlEMi', a name given by Dr. Itoxburgh to the strong silky libri'S of the Sanxci'eira zeylanica, a llliacious plant, because the natives ot the Ka.'-t make their best bowstrings of it. B0W.STRING-MAKER. one who makes hatters' bowstrings, strings for archery bows, &C. Bo\vrER, a maker of archery hows. BowTERs' Company, one of'the livery com- panies of the city of London. Box, a receptacle of any kind, large or small, made of various materials, wood, pa|)er, tin, iron, mill-board, Ac. Thus there arc tea-chests, trunks, packing-cases, deed boxes, snuff-boxes, pill-boxes, luciliir- match boxes, Ac. ; a division of a printOT's letter case. Box-coat, a thick over-coat for driving, sometimes with lieavy capes to carry o(t the rain. Box-iron, a laundress's smoothing iron, containing a heater in a case, niTZsiiA, a travelling carriaf;e or chariot. BitOACii, a tool or fitting for iui Aigaiid gas burner. Ekoai>-brim, a particular kind of man's hat 1 ike t hose worn by members of the Society o( Friends. BiiOAD-CAST, seed loosely scattered by hand- luls, instead of being closely sown or drilled. 15noAD-cLOTn, a fine kind of woollen for men's gannents, exceeding twenty-nine inches wide: all of less width are known as narrow cloths. 15R0AD-LEAF, a name in Jamaica for tho Terminalia latifoUa, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, and staves. It is sometimes called the almond-tree from the shape of its fruit. BRo,vi>-OAtrGE, the wide distance between the lines of rails on a railway line; con- tradistinguished from the narrow gauge. Bboapside, a printer's term lor a lull printed page of any sized sheet; also tho full length or side of a ship. r.i:oAD-PENNAKT, a squaro piece of bunting carried at the mast-head of a commo- dore's vessel. [weapon. liKOAD-swoRD, a sabre or short edged Bkocade, a rich atout silk ; a common name for any kind of stuff wrought and enriched wilh raised flowers, (fee; also a cloth of gold and silk, which in eastern countries bears tho name of kinkbobs. IJbocanteur, the French name for a broker. BboCatelle, the French name for linsey- woolsey; a variegated kind of marble artificially made from fragments of other marbles; a silk material for drapery, lin- ings for carriages, i40CKET, a red deer two years old. liitoDEBEi.v. German for emhroider>'. Bkodekers" Company, the embroiderer.?, one of the liverj- companies of the city of London, but which has no hall. Brogans, rough-made shoes used in the North American States chiefly by slaves, and similar to those worn by the miners of South Staflordsliire. Bkogces, the shoes of the Irish peasantry ; also a name for breeches. Brojobasser, an armed watchman in India. Bboken-bacivKD, a term applied to a vessel which is hogged or loosened so as to droop at each end. BiidKEB, an intermediate business agent between buyer and seller in the purchase or disposal of goods, sliares, <&c. ; a dealer on the stock-exchange commissioned to btiy or sell stocks and eborea, vrblcti he does through the intervention of a jobber; also a li( ensed corporate agent in London who transacts the business of merchants, tinvlng andsellingproduce, BOTH, a thin meat soup. Bkougham. a kiml of carriage for general use, ■which is either single or double, fot two or four persons. BRU [53 J BUG r.r.nwNBESs. a name occasionnllj' given to .■1 iimskct with a brown bnrrel. Hko^vn Co.vi., the Gonnan name for a species of lignite. Hr.owN Ebont. See Wxuarx. IJRowN Hemp, a name in Bombay for tlie fibre of (Jrotolaria juncca. Beowk Holland, an unbleaclied linen, useil for various articles of clotliin;i and iililiolsterj'. BuowMN-G, a vaniisliing surface given to nutais as gun barrels, ttc., by clilontle of antimony. Bkown Ochre, a peroxide of iron. Brown Paints, in oil colours we bave the following commercial varieties: English, Turkey, and burnt umbers, T. I). Sienna, and burnt Sienna, Vandyke, purple, washed and Spanish browns. Brown Spar, a crystallized form of carbo- nate of iron. Brown Scgajs, common dark Muscovado sugar. Ueowse, a species of slag which requires re- burning. Beuclata, an Italian name for roasted cliestnuts. Bruclne, an iilkali extracted from the bark of tho Strychnos nux vomica and other species. BuDisEE, a concave griuding tool used in making specula for telescopes. Bruising-machines, crushing machines for breaking or grinding pulsi.', oats, maize, &c., for cattle. Brujul,v, the Spanish name for the mariner's compass. BBU.MANDtrNDoo, a Tamil and Telugi name for a limpid oil obtained from tlie round corrugated seeds of the jirickly p'ppy (Argemone Mexicana). In Madura they arc called Coorookoo Veray. BnuMO, in Spain a term for the finest kind ol [)ees-w;ix. BituNETA, a kind of coarse black Spanish cloth. Brunswick Green, a picrmcnt of various shn(iPso( colour, according to the suliihates added. Bel'sh, a daubing or cleansing instrument, of which tliere are eniiless varieties, for clothes, the hair, swee|)ing, painting, and white-washing, PLE, one. of the native woods of New South Wales, the produce of Achras Atist rails. Brush-cherrt, one of the native woods of -Australia, the produce of Trochocarpa laurina, a very handsome shrub. Brush-maker, one who makes and sells brushes and brooms of various materials. Bedsh-weib, a weir formed ol stakes, driven at regular intervals, and interwoven with twigs, for catching fish in shallow bays, coves, rivers, ifcc. Brush-wheel, a circular revolving brush used by the turner or lapidary lor ji jlish- iiig, A'C. Beussels-cabpeting, a superior kind of car- peting which has a basis composed of a warp and woof of strong linen thread; in the warp liiere. i^ ixlded to ever>- two threads ol linen ten threads of wuolltn of difl'ercnt colours; the use of the linen is to bind the worsted together, and it Is not visible on the upper surface. The woollen threads are from time to time drawn up in loops to form the figures: each row passes over a wire, whieli is withdrawn without cutting the yarn. Brcssels-lace, the nio>t expen'sive and esteemed kind of lace made. " Brussels point" has the network made by the pillow aud bobbins and a pattern of sprigs worked with the needle. " Brussels ground " has a six-sided mcsli, formed by twisting four flaxen threads to a per- pendicular line of mesh. " Brussels wire t;round " is of silk; the meshes are partly straight and partl.v arched, and the pattern is worked separately by the needle. Beussels-si'routs, small delicate cabbage sprouts, used as a pot herb. Brutlv, a kiud of silk. Bbtonia-oil, an oil used for burning in lamps in some parts of India where the fruit abounds. It is extracted by boiling in water, and is procurable commercially only in very small quantities. Buah, a Malay name for fruit. BUAH-PALA, the Malay name for nutmegs. Buaya, a ilalay name for the alligator and crocodile. Bubbles, small glass beads or hollow float- ing globes for testing the strength of spirits. Bucellas, a light French wine. * Bucentoro, the state galley or gondola formerly used bv the Doye of Venice. BccnERON, the I-'reneh name for a wood- cutter, one who fells timber, cleaves fire- wood, (fee. Buchu-leaves, a medicinal product ob- tained from some species of liarosma indigenous to tho Cape colony, which have an aromatic smell, and are esteem- ed in pharmacy for their diuretic proper- ties. Buck, a male rabbit, .ilso ajiplied to deer, and in sonic parts of the United States to a ram aud a male goat, * Buckbeax, a name tor the marsh trefoil (Trifolium paludosuin) which has some medicinal properties, being tonic and cathartic. It is said to cure the rot in sheep. Bucket, a lifting pail or vessel for holding water, of wood, leather, metal, gutta per- cha or other material. Bucking, the process of cleaning or bleach- ing linen and cotton goods in an alkaline lye. Buckingham-lace, a common description of lace resembling Alenson-lace. Bucking-hammer, an instrument for crush- ing ores fine for sampling. Bucking-iron, a tool with which copper ore is pulverized. Buckle-chape, the part by which the buckle is affixed to the band. Buckle-makek, one who mates buckles. Bucklers, blocks of wood made to fit lii tiio hawser holes of a shlD. BUD f SI .1 BUI r.L'CKiJM, links of metal or oIIkt suljst;iiico lined to fiiatcn harness, belts or purls (if (Ircss togttlur. Tlicv are used ^sl.isten- ln«3 for shoes, kiiee-liaiuls, stocks, ladies' waist-belts, itc. lUieltles, as shoe and knee ornaments, have gone out ol fashion of late years. RucK-M/\sT. See Beech-mast. liccK, or 15ocK-i>or, an earthenware pot made tiy the Indians ot a peculiar desfrip- tion of clay found on tlie lianks of the rivers in vaVions parts of British (iuian:i, used for makini,' the inos< tailed popperpot. BucKnA3f, strong' stiffened linen cloth. BlTCKR\ii.\yN"i-PEPPEi£3, a local name for capsicums in Demerara. BfCK-srioT, the seeds of species of Caiina which are used l>y tlie Indians of Guiana for shot. From the rhizonia of tliis plant is ohtained the Tous-ks-mois starch of coiTinifrce. BucK-siCEf, a name often given to the tawed skins ol the kid and goat, sheep, lamb, and deer, and soiuetimcs calf-skins. Buck- skin gloves ou'.'ht to be made of the white tanned skins of the common deer. Buck- skin leather is used for boots and shoes, breeches, saddle-seating, braces, polishing leathers, E-i,iGnT, a powerful concentrated light from many buniers, eaih ol which lias only one circle or cylinder. BuDQKnooK, an obsolete aioney of account on tho Midabar coast. BirFP, a liglit drab colour; an oiled Icatho for polishing. RuFT AND riLAZER M,iKER, a Slipffleld Work- man who prepares glazers of rou<;hcd leather f >r polishing knives. BirpFER, a striking tilock with elastic springs attached to a railway carriage, for deaden- ing the concussion received from the en- gine. lU-FFTJT, a kind of open cupboard or side- l)oard, on wliich plate and glass are kcjit for ready use, or for show. Bttff Leathbk, strong oil-leather prepared for sword belts, army accoutrements, and manufacturing purposes, from the skins of the ox, buffalo, elk, Ac. Bltf-sticks, jiicces of wood with strips of buff leather fastened on, sometimes used for polishing. BuFi, the .Spanish name for a kind of watered camlet. Buqalet, a sort of small French coastinj vessel. BroALLA, tlie Spanish name for nut-galls. BuGQALOW, a crazy ill-built decked vessel, usi'd in the coasting trade of the Penin- sula of India, with one mast and a latteen sail. BcGGARAH, a small Arab vessel used in navigating the Persian Oulf. BtJGOASiNS, an old trade name for calicoes. BuGOT, a sporting dog-cart; in India the name is applied to a kind of gig; al.so a slide-top or phaeton carriage used in America. BcGis, a prahu or boat of the Eastern seas, which trades between .Singapore, Celebej, ami other islands of the Archipelago. BuGUJ, a wind instrument; also a kind of glass bead lormed into pipes, and broken into various lengths, which are chicdy made in the Levant and Austria. BuGLB AND Bead Maker, a manufacturer of glass and other decorative ornaments for the person. BtJHL-ccjTTER, a fancy carver or perforator of wood, &c. Bl'iil-work. Se,e SIarqctetet. Builder, one who superintends and carries out building operations from the plans of an architect. Builders' Measurement, a distinction in the admeasurement of mercantile ton- nage; builders' measurement being nearly double the legal registered tonnage of a ship. Building, an edifice, a raised superstruc- ture. Buildino Slip, the inclined plane in a dock or builder's yard, on %vliich a ship is con- structed upon piles of blocks. ButtDiNQ Societt, a joint-stock benefit society, regulated by the act C and 7 Wm. IV., cap. 3, and of which there are now several thousand established in the United Kingdom and the colonies. They comprise two classes of persons, borrowers and in- vesters. Ostensibly these societies are estalilished to facilitate the acquisition of landed property and houses, by small peri- odical payments. BuiuJiNo-sTANCK, a Scotch term for a piece of building ground. BUL L 55 ] BUG Bottrov. a Spniiisli (i»li-|iot ninde of osiers; alsn a furnace liir smrltiiis silver ore. BujnAU, a round-bottntiied bartre without keel, containing two or three cabins, used on the Uans;es. BuKE MosLix, a plain clear kind of muslin, woven for workin? in the tambour, and used for ladies' dresses. It is generally called "book" muslin. BincKUJi-wooD, a name in Scinde for the C'uesalpina Sapan, a dj'e-wood. BuKSHEE, tlie flinuustanl name for a pay- master from " Bukshish ; " money paid or presented. BuLAN. tlie .Malay term for month. I5ULI0NG, a Malayan axe. Bulk, dimensit.n's; the cargo of a ship when stowed. Bci.ic-IIEADS, the divis'ons or partitions which separate one part of a sliip from another. Bdi.i., a Stock-cxohanf?e term for a Jobber who has an interest in the rise of the mar- ket, and wislies to sell at a higher price thanhebou^'litat; the male of the ox-tribe; a sailor's term for a small keg, holding one or two gallons. BuLLACE, a wild plum, Pninus institia. BtiLLAH, a measure of weivrht for grain In Mysore and Bangalore equal to 4i lbs. In Coinibatore, as a dry measure, it is 181} cubic Inches; in Uaraporan, 216 cubic Inches. [or pistol. Bullet, a small round leaden ball for a gun Bin.iJiT-MOULD, a mould for casting leaden balls lor guns, Ac. BcLLiON, the commercial name for uncoined gold and silver, which is imported in large quantities into the country duty free. See Gou) and Silveis. Bullock, a gelded bull. [by oxen. BULLOCKDRAT.acartorwaggon, ifcc. drawn Bullock Drxver, one in charge of cattle, either at large or yoked. Bullock's Heart, an Indian name for a fruit tree, the Anoua reticulata. Bui.LOCK-YOKE, a woodeu neck-yoke or col- lar for draught cattle. BtnxooT, a name in India for the acorns ol Qtiercus incana, wliicli are sold in the biizaars as a medicine. Bull's Eye, a policeman's lantern; a small thick piece of glass let into the deck of a ship to admit light to a cabin; a ship's block, a wooden thimble without a sheave, having a bole through the centre and a groove round it; the centre of a target. Bully Tree, a fine species of Mimusops wliich is abundant in Demerara and Berbice, and is employed for house frames, posts, floors, &c., and the upper portion of the truLk and branches for making shingles, wlicel-spokes, palinss, '" wool requires more, laiiuur to clean it tor manufacturing purposes. Bt;RATiC3, a thin woollen slulf imported into Venezuela for veils. [value. lUiiiiA, an African money of uiulolined 15ttK-BAJiK, a fibre obtained from the Trium/etta semilriloba, a common weed in the West Indies. BiiRnF.u, a petty copper coin of Suez, the tweiaii part of a mcdine. ItiTuiKi, a money of account at Tunis, twelve liurhocs making the asper, and flfty-two aspers the piastre. lUTODtJTF.E. See Bora. [lighter. HuKCiiio, the Italian name for a wherry or 15URDETT, a cotton stuff. Burdock, Wk Aixtium Lappa; a decoction of tlie jilant is used medicinally as an aperient, diuretic and sudorific, BuREAn, a chest of drawers, or cscrutoire ; also a public post or office. BcKGAGE, a tenure by which town lands are held, in some continental cities and in Si-'dilaad, at a yearly ground-rent. BuRGiE, a kind of small coal, suited for burning in the furnaces of engines; a three- cornered flag or distinguishing pennant used by cutters, yachts, and merchant Burgher, a burgess or free citizen of a Dutch town. BuBGOUASTER, thc mavor or chief magis- trate of a Dutch city or Flemish town. HUROONDT, a light French wine. BruGU^'DY I'lTCU, a rcsiii obtained from thc Norway sprucc-flr, {Abiex excelsa.) liuKHET, the Hindoo name for a carpenter. HURi.v, an engraver's tool. BuKKEK, a Malay name for the snipe. BuRLERs, women employed in the clothing districts in pickingonr, with tweezers. all irregular knots, threads, hairs, dirt, &c., from the web of the labric. Burlesque, a humorous travestied or paraphrased piece at a theatre. BuRMooiiEE, a scented oil or attar in the East IiKlies. Burner, the mouth-piece for a lamp or gas- pipe. Of gas burners there are many kinds, such as lantern burners with jets, fan, star, bats'-wing, fish-tail, imitation candle, Ac. Burnet, a pasture trass. BuitMNG Fluid. See CAiiraraE. Burning-glass, a small glass lens or mirror lor concentrating thc sun's rays to a focus. BuRNisuER, a bockhinder's tool, mounted withagate,blood-stone, or steel,lor smooth- ing ; it; is also used by watchmakers. Burnous, a cloak, or Arab wrapping for the head. BuKNT Sugar, caramel used for darkening the colour of liquors. Burro, in Spanish, a whin or windlass. BuRR-OAK, the Quercus macrocarpa, a use- ful and ornamental tree of North America : the wood is tough and close-grained, and more durable than the white 0!(k. IiLl:i;'.M), an Indian name for country qnilla or peiiH. anil lor those brought to Bombay Irom Mu.soat; tiny are sold by tho hundred. Burrow, the mining name for a heap of rubbish ; a rabbit's hole or covert lii u warren. Burr-stones, rough hard white stones which are imported for millers' grindiiig- stones. BtniSLOcnAN, a vernacular name in India for tabashoer, the siliceous secretion found in the joints of the bamboo, and used medicinally. Burthen, the weight or measure that a sea- going vessel will convey or contain. See Tonnage. Burton, a tackle composed of two or more blocks with a hook in tho bight of one of the running parts. Burton Ale, an ale of great strength brewed at Burton-upon-Trent BtJRUJO, a Spanish name for the marc or dregs of prepared olives or from grapes. Bus, a common abbreviation for omnibus, a street carri.ige. BuscoNES, miners who work on tribute or part proceeds; those who search or pro- spect for ores. Bush, a piece of metal let into the centre of the sheave of a block to strengthen It. Bushel, thc principsl measure for corn and drj- commodities in England and her de- pendencies. It is the eighth of the quarter, and should weigh 80 lbs. avoirdupois of ■water. Bush Strut, a name in the Cape colony for a saccharmo liquid obtained from thc flowers of the Protea melliftora, and which is administered medicinally for diseases of the chest. Bush Tea, thelcafletsofaspeciesofCyc7o/)!'(i, probably C. latifolia, native of the Cape of Good Hope, supposed to possess expec- torant and restorative properties ; a few bags of this drug have been imported into London. Bust, the Malay name for iron, busi branl being a magnet. BusK-M/VKER, a maker of fiat whalebones, steel or wooden supports for the corsets or staj's of females. Buss, the Dutch name for a large decked fishing lugger or cutter-built vessel. BussoLA, In Italy a compass. BussoLO, a small com measure in Florence, equal to 0-336 pint. BussoEAH Gltl, an Indian gum found in irregular white or yellow semi-trans- parent fragments, never very large. It makes a peculiar noise when chewed, and swells in water, hut docs not mix with it completely. Bussu, a Brazilian name for a palm, the Manicaria saccifera of Gaertner, which is applied to many useful purpoEes; tho large leaves for thatch, and the spatlie for making durable cloth and ready-made bags. Bust, a half length statue, the representa- tion of a person above the stomacli. Bustle, a lady's dress-pad. BUT C 57 ] BYL BcsccK, a sniiill \vti;;lit ii-^cd in Borneo for gold and precious stones, the eiglith part of a mace, and equal to 4-80 troy grains. BuTAKOOKH, a name in Irjdia for tlic dried roe of fishes which forms an article of the Eastern Materia Mcdica. The dried roe of a kind of shad of enormous size, constitutes an article of commerce in the Eastern archipelago. See Balachonq and Caviar. BuTCHEK, a slaughterer ol beasts and vender of flesh meat; in Scotland he is called a flesher. Butchers' Company, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is situate in Eastclicap. Butchers' Trat, a long ivooden tray with small projecting handles lor c:irrying meat in, usually home on the shoulder. Butch hoot, .an Indian name for the root of tbi: Zi)iUTEA Kino, a ruby-coloured astringent gum-resin obtained in India from the JJhak-tree {I'-nteafrondosa) which affords a powerful .md permanent dye. Butler, a fauiilj" servant who is entrusted with the cluirge of wines, re as a curic>si:y tlian for use. BvzANT, or r.y/ANTiNK. a Turkish gold coin of the value of Xlj sterling'. c. c ,1 Roman numeral, representing one 1 hundred; CO. two hundred. Caa, an Indian name for the leaves ot the I'araguay tea-plant, a siiecics of holly. Ca-aapia, a Portufiuose name for the emetic root of the Dorstenia brastUeiuia, wliicli is chewed bv the natives of Brazil. Caapiba, a Brazilian name for the Pareira brava root of .South America, tlie product of Cissampelos Pareira, the wild vine or Velvet leaf, which is employed as a tonic and diuretic. Cad, an ancient Hebrew dry measure of 1 J to 2 pints; also a liquid measure; a popular and Kenerally adopted abbreviation for cabriolet, a street carriage, which is either liglit on two wheels, with the driver perched on an elevated seat lieliind, and called a Hansom cab; or a leMVier (nur- wheeled vehicle witli tlie driver si-ated in front, adapted tor carrying more than two persons. Caracalli, a wood of British Guiana im- pregnated witli a bitter principle whirh defends it against worms; it lasts well underwater, ,ind is much used forplanking colonial craft, but requires to be fastened with copper nails. It wdl square 12 to IG inches, or oven more, from 40 to 45 feet long. CAnACixHA, the Portuguese name for the cueiirbitaceous fruit of the Lutfapurfjans of .Martins, nseil medicinally as a drastic purgative in Ur.izil. C.VBAi., a luscious beverage or rich raisin wine made in Portugal. Cabal-hueste, (;abaluste, the Spanish name for a kind of saddle. Cabali.aria, an ancient tenure of land. Caballeria, Cavalleria, a Sp.anish superfi- cial measure equal to about 32 English acres, or as much as may be sown with CO fanegadas of grain. It is usuallv 1000 paces long, by 600 paces broad. See Fane- gad .v. Caballike, any thing belonging to a horse ; heneo coarse .aloes, used in veterinary medicine, are called caballino aloes. Qk^MH, CvvAN, an eastern measure or capa- city. In the Plillippincs the cabnn of rice Weighs 133 lbs. avoird.^ and of cocoa 835 "'S. In 'I'ernate, however, the caban of rice will weigh but lOOJ lbs. avoirdupois; also a French cloak with a c.qie. Cab,u.'er (French), to overturn a boat keel upwards. Cabanil, aherd or keeper of mules and asses employed in carrying corn in Spain. C.\.baret, a Frenei tavern, or tippling and smoking house. * Cabaiietier, ail akhousc or tavern-keeper in France. Cabarre, a small French llat-bottomeU vessel. Cab.vs, Cabat, afrail basket made of rushes; a drum, or small )iaekagc of figs. Cabaza, a large Spanish cloak. Cabbage, a well-known pot-herb, of which there are many cultivated culinary varie- ties, used in a boiled state, salted, or pickled. (.5ee Saitr Krm'T ) Cabbages mco grown extensively for feeding cattle. Also a name for cloth purloined by tailors from the materials furnished to make into gar- ments. CABBAGE-LETTnOE, a specicsof lettuce with leaves foriniug a low full head like the cabbage. Cabbaqe-net, a small net made of twine to hold vegetables in a pot. Cabbage-oil. See Colza-oil. CABBAGE-PAL5I. tlie Oreodoxa deracea, one of the loftiest 01 all palms; the brittle Hakes or young shoots form an esteemed esculent in the West Indies. Gabbling, a process in iron making, which consists in breaking up the flat masses of iron into pieces, to be again heated in a furnace, and wrought or hammered into bar iron. Cabd.v, an Arab name for the palm, a mea- sure which is equal to 315 inches. Cabeca (lifterally a bead), a nominal money of account for small purchases on some parts of the West coast of .\frica, repre- sented by cowry shells. Four large or iiii;ht small cabecas go to the ounce an imaginarv coin, worth twelve tlJ0Hiftn4 cowries, 'See Cowitres. CAB C ^^ J CAC Cabeca, Cabessf., the rortiiKiiesc M;iinc lor till" tiiu'st kinds of silk receivoj iroin IlKli.X Caiiestrili.o, a Spani-sli neck chain, o; gold (.r silver. Cab-fare, the amount paid or demanded for tlic hire of a call. Cabido, CA\'n)0, ollir'rnampsfortliecovado, a measure of length in Portugal. CAiiiLLAUD,aFrench name for fresh cod-fish. Cabin, an apartment or sleeping UL-nli lu a sliip; a small luit or rudely constructed cottage. Cai;in-bot, an attendant in the captain's cabin of a niercliaiit ship. I C'AitiSF.T, a fmall closet or room; a set of dr.iwors; the French name for an olhce. Cajunet-buass-foundeu. a workman who prepares articles fur cabinet woikers. C'ABIXET-CARVER, a Wood worker in the cabimt trade. Cabiket-de-Lecteur, a French reading- room. Cabiset-fcrnitctrf., articles of furniture suited for small rooms. Cabinet-inlaikk, an artisan who veneers or variegates cabinet work with inserted materials; a workman who ornaments ariiclcs o( furniture by inlaying. Cabinet-lead-linek, a wcMkman who linos boxes, cases, ami aniclcs with lead. Cabinet-m.\.ker. a manufacturer or repairer of wooden articles of furniture and np- Imlstery lor rooms, sack as chairs, tables, couchi's. (fee Cabinet-i'iano, a neat compact piano, oc- cupy mg litlle sp:',ce. CAUiNET-i-iciLaiE, a small-sized picture. Cabinkt-woods, ornamental woods suited to the I urposcs ol the cabinet-maker. CvBix-FUTRNiTURE, light. Compact, and fold- ing articles, for the convenience of a pas- feiiL'er at se.i, and occupying little space. See Cami'-furxttuke. Cabin 1'a.ssesger, a voyager at sea who lias the best accomnioilalion the Shi]) af- fords; in contradistinction to the .steerage and intermediate passengers. Cabins, apartments or rooms in ships, ap- portioned to the ollicers and iiassengcrs; in vessels of war, the sc.imcn usually sleep in hammocks. Cajjle, a strong rope or chain for anchoring a ship, Ac; vessels uiKlor 150 tons are bound to have at least 150 (athoins of chain cable; those of 250 to 350 tons, 200 fathoms ; 700 tons and upwards, 300 liithoms; a length of cable generally consists of about fifteen fathoms. Wiien hem))cn ci.bles nre used, one-sixth more in length Is re- qnired. Cables are of various sizes, from one to eighteen inches in circumference, A rope cable is always composed of three strands, every strand of three ropes, and every rope of three twists; the twist is, however, made of more or less threads, according as the cable is to be thicker or thinner. A rope two inches in circum- lerence, and 120 fathoms long, is generally liiund to weigh nearly one cwt. Cable-laid, any thmb twisted after the manner of a cable; thus there are cable- Pfttteni gold ct)ain», dsc; ('abli'.'s Lenotil a mariiime measurement, orilinarily >ignilying IL'O latlionis. or MO yards; but the usual h'uglh of a ship's cable is only about seventy-live fathoms. Cablet, a small cable. Cablk-tiek, the s|i ice on the orlop deck or in the hold of a ship, where the cables are stoweil. Cable-tow, a small stream cable. Cabslvn, the driver of a cab. Cabo (.Spanish), a cape; cordage or thread. Cabob, an oriental dish. Caboche, a French name for hob-nail^. CABOcnox, the French name for a precious stone, iiolished. bui no: cut. Cabooleat, au agreement entori il into by the Zemindars with the Indian eoveni- ment to farm and manage the land reve- nue. C.vboose, a house on deck where the cook- ing is done; a ship's fire-hearth, or stove, fitted with boilers, ovens, Ac, dir cooking meals for those on boarJ. It is generally termed a galley. Cabot, a dry measure in general use in Jersey, III of which are computed equal to one imperial quarter of wheat, and 11 to a quarter of barley. The [lotato cabot is considered to weigh 40 Jersey pounds, 13 local pounds being equal to" U English. The cabot of apples averages 38 lb-;. For other commodities, the cabot diilcrs ac- cording to the spccifiegravity of the article introduced. The French name Ibr the mullet. Cabotage (French), CAnoTTAonio (Ita- lian); names for the coasting-trade. Petit cabotage is a c oastini; voyage carried on in small vessels below 70 tuns, between ports not far distant Irora each other; grand cabotage, coasting voyages to distant ports ot Furope. Cabotier. a French ccxstlug vessel. Cabowxer, a cab propiietor; the inaslcrol a cab. ("abrero, a Spanish goat-herd. Cabbing, agoat-.skln. Cauriole, a Fn'iicli ea.sy chair, fortneily in use, named artcr the inventor. Cabriolet, a carnage on two or four wheels. .See Cab. CABR.'OLET-PriAETOX, a private carriage for giiieral use. Cabkitilla (.Spanish), a tanned or dressed lamb or sheep-skin. Cabrox, the French name for a kid-skin. CAiiitouET, a sort of cart used in sugar plantations. Cab-st,vnd, an apjiointed place where cabs wait to lie hired. Caburns, small lashingj for binding a ca- ble. Cacao, the seeds of the Theobroma Cacao, commonly known in their prepared forms iiS Cocoa and Chocolate. iSee those heads. L'acao-bctteb, a yellowish solid fat, oh- '.ained by exiuosion from the nuts or kc.niels of the Theobi-oma Cacao. Cachalot, the >perm while (Physeter 7it(icrocephalus), wlii.-h fuiiiislics oil and spermaceti; and hence the fishing for il i^ un object ol cc.mmercial importance. Caciusado, a WiqJ o( SpaniHt) Uncn, CAD [GO] CAR Caoiie', a deposit of provisions made in f lin arctic regions by tlio natives iir travel Icis; secured either by Inirj'inK in the Kfonml, or by erectinK a" cairn of stones over it to protect it from llie loxos and t)ears. CACniuoti-nii.siN, a resin olitained (rom the Bursera gummi/cra in llie \Aest Imlios. CAcniCAN, tlie overseer of a farm in S|iain Caciiolono, a kind of clialcedony, a yel- lowish form of quartz. Cachourknas, a kind of soap made in S|iain. CAcnuMBO, the hard cocoa wodtl of a palm. CACHUi'-'DE, a paste liavoured with nnisk and other aromatics in Spain. A Chinese stimulant, considered elllcacious in ner- vous complaints. Cacomite, a species of Tigridia, ftom the bulbs of which a good farina is extracted in Mexico. Cacoon, a name for the seeds of Entuda gigaiobium, which are used for making purses, scent-botlles, &c. Cactine, a name given to the red colouring matter obtained from tlio fruit of some species of Cacti and Opuntia. Cactus, a common name for many of the Opunlia family: an interesting genus of plants, most of^ which are curious and handsome but of little use except as fences in the tropics. Opuntia cochinillif era is, however, of importance, as on it are reared the cochineal insects. The fruit is not much esteemed as an edible, but it is used for feeding pigs in many quarters, and has lately been turned to some ac- count in producing alcohol. Cad, the conductor or attendant of an om- nibus; a hanger-on about coach-yards and railway stations. Cadakp, a liquid measure of some parts of Spain, equal to 3'627 pints. Cadarzo, a name in Spain for coarse silk, which cannot be spun with a wheel. Cadastre, the French and I'eninsular name for a terrier, or ollicial survey and valua- tion of real properly ; a register in which are inscribed the names and particidars of all the landed property of the country, and the owners thereof, with a valuation of their incomes. Caddis, Caddas, on oM name for ribbons of a peculiar make, which were usually imported in pieces of tliirfy-six yards; a kind ot tape lint for dressing a wound. Caddy, an aneient measure tor wine ; also a small tea chest or box for table use. Cade, a keg or small b.irrel ; also a variable fish measure; SOO herrings or 1000 sprats make a cade. Cadi'.e, another name forthecanne or covid of Morocco, along measure of twenty-one inches. Cadenas, the French name for a padlock. Cadene, a kind of common carpet formerly imported from the Levant. Cade-oil, an empyreumatic oil obtained by distillation in a retort, from the wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus. It is much used in France in veterinary medicine. Caderno, the name lor a small quantity of paper In Portugal, usually five or six Sheets. [dairy produce. CADQKn, a beggar; a liuckster, or dealer In Cadm, a French name for a kind of coarse serge. C'AtuAK, an Indian name for the leaves iif the palmyra or fan palm, used (or writing on with an iron style; also lor matting. Cadjaka, a silk horse-elotli or trapping used in Uussix Cadmia, the crust deposited on furnaces in which zinc ore is sublimed, containing from ten to twenty per cent of cadmium. Cadmium, a beautiful white metal, harder than tin, and very ductile and malleable, whieb nequently occurs in zinc ores. Cadmium Yellow, the commercial name for the sulpliiile of cadmium, an artist's paint, the liiiist and most permanent of all the yellow pigments in use. Cado, a corn measure of Santa Maura, one of the Ionian islands, containing about IJ busliel ; but, according to some autho- rities, it reaches to 3J bushels. Cadran, a French name for a dial-plate. Cadt, a street porter in Edinburgh. Caen Stone, a fine white stone trom Nor- mandy, much used for (Jothic structures. Cafa, plait made in the Paciflc islands from coco-nut coir; a cotton stuff in Spain. Cafe' (P'rench), the bean or berry ol colTce; also a coffee-house. CAFETiiJj (French), the keeper of a coffee- house ; a vessel lor holding the beverage. Caffeine, the active nitrogenous princi|ilc giving the flavour to colfce, and which is similar to theine in tea. * CAFrni Corn, a variety of Sorghum culti- vated in parts of Southern Africa for ils seed. Caffise, Caffiso, a measure of capacity for grain and liquids in the Mediterranean ports. In -Messina and Trieste the ('aftiso for fluids is 2} gallons, in Malta 4^. For grain the Calliso ranges from 1 to ii quarters. * Cafilah, Caffila, the Persian name for an official or government caravan ; a com- pany of travellers or merchants. Caftan, a thick quilted cloak or robe of wool or silk used in Arabia and Turkey ; it is generally white with pale flowers and is sometimes lined with tiir. Cag, a small barrel or cask. See Keo. Caoabrache, one who washes the olives in an oil-mill in Spain. Cage, a basket or enclosed frame for as- cending and descending coal mines; a prison for birds. Cage of a Whim, is a mining name for the barrel on which the ro|)e is wound up. [Sardinia. Cacliaeeso, a petty copper coin of Cagmag, an opprobrious term applied to bad meat or poultry. Cauan, a nominal Indian currency, equi- valent to 6d. or the fourth part of a rupee. Caiiier, a term employed in the paper traile on the Continent, signifying a parcel of 5 or 6 sheets, the fourth or fifth ol a quire. CAniz (plural C/UiiCES), a variable dry mea- sure in Spain. Tiie standard cahiz of 12 fanegas used in Cadiz and other places is rather more than 18 imperial bushel-;, and in Valencia 100 cahices are equal to 70J quarters. In some provincial dislricls of Spain the cabiz is only 6 to 6J bushels. CAL [ 61 j CAL CAniZADA, a superficial mcnsure of Spain, consisting of six fanegadas, and tqual to one acre ciplit perclica. What is frcnc- lally uncierstood l.y a caliizada, is the extent of land that can be sowu ■with a eahiz of grain. CAno-OAHO, a local name for a superior kind of yam in the Tonga islands. CAnouN, COHDNE, a plumc-Iike palm, the Atlalea Cohune of Martins, native of Honduras, tjearlng nuts, which grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes; an oil is obtained from them by expression equal to that from the coco-nut. t'AiiUN, a nominal money of Arracan and Calcutta calculated in "cowry shells, and equal to 6il. sterling. Caiaue, the Brazilian name for the American o\\-Yia\m,i:iaismelanococca: and of its very long leaves ropes are made. The oil is locally used in Brazil, but not much ex- ported. Caico (Italian), a small skilT, a jolly bo.at. Caii.cedra, ft bark, obtained from tUeKhaya SenegaJensis, and ■which yields a bitter principle. The bark is much used by the negroes of the Gambia (in infusion and decoction), in the treatment of the violent fevers of that country. Cauian, Catjlan, a South American name for the crocodile. CAiJnsHS, the Turkish nane for the paper currency of the Sultan, 120 piastres in Caimohs being only equal to about 117 specie. Caique, a light hark used on the Bosphorus. Caiun, an erection of stones, of Celtic origin, for monumental or religious uses; but still applied to a heap raised for signal or memorial purposes. C.UKNGORM, a variety of rock-crystal used by the Scotch to ornament their accoutre- ments, and of which seals, necklaces, and other trinkets are made. Caisson, a water-tight box for facilitating the Commencement of the foundations of piers, bridges, Ac. Ca.ikput, an essential oil of a green colour, obtained by distillation from the leaves and twigs of the Melaleuca Leiicadendroii, a native of the East. It is a powerful anti- spasmodic, stimulant, and sudorilic. Cajon, Caxon, the Spanish name for a chest. In the South American mining districts it is applied to a weight of oO quintals of mineral; but in some of the ■western republics of South America it is two montons or 64 quintals. Cake, a kneaded or solid mass of aiiy kind, as a cake of copper, of Indian ink, of ])astry or baked dough, &c. Cake-breaker, a crushing and cutting im- plement lor breaking up oil-cake for the teediiig of stock, and pressing rape-cake for manure. CAKE-MotTLD, a confcctioner's metal pattern for baking fancy pastry in. Cake, Oil. Hee bir.-CAKE. Cake-toasteh, a toasting fork. CjSX. a Coriusli mining name for wolfram; akindofiron gossan; the Spanish name for lime; Calicluros being lime burners. Calab^lsbes, a name in Tunis for the Otto- man red caps; also the fruit of the Cre»- ceiitia cujete, which when young are pickled. The hard rind or covering, when llie jiulp has been taken out, is made into all kinds of domestic utensils by tlieno- gioes — cups and saucerB, baskets and bowls, pepper and salt dishes, made In Tunis, and larj;ely shipped to the Levant for I'urkish use. Calabazate, in Spain, pumpkins preserved in sugar, or steeped in honey. Cai^fatahe (Italian), to caulk a ship or stop her leaks. Calaite, a name for the turquoise. Calamanco, a glossy woollen stuff, che- quered in the ivarp, either ribbed or I'lain, lormerly manufactured in the Nether- lands, now made in Bradlord. Calamandee Wood, a valuable furniture wood of Ceylon, (BiosDurus Mrsuta.) Cai,aju)ak. See Agallocuum 'Wood. * Cai,ambour, a kind of eagle or aloes wood, sometimes used lor inlaying and cabinet work. Calamine, carbonate of zinc, used as a urug. Calamus oil, an oil obtained from the root of the sweet flag, Accrus Calamus. Calanca (Italian), printed collon. Calavance, a name for several kinds of pulse, including the Dolichos JiarbadensU and sinensis. Calcvk, a calcining furnace in a glass- works. Calcareous Cement, an artificial -water cement for building. Calcaheocs Earth, a gritty soil which con- tains a. large percentage of lime. Calcareous Spab. a carbonate of lime. Calcavelu^, a high-flavoured Lisbon white wine. Calcedony. See Chalcedont. Calcination, the reduction of substances to cinders or ash. Calciner, a name given to the burning house, or place where minerals, &c. are pulverized by heat. Calcium, the metallic base of lime, a silver- white met.il obtained by the same method as barium. Fluoride of calcimu is the Derbyshire or fluor sp^ir. Calco, a weight in the Ionian islands, of twenty-four troy grains, twenty Ciilchl making one troy ounce. Calcquin. See Cai.icinq. Calclxatekg Machine, an instrument with toothed wheels, each turning freely on its own centre for automaton calculation. The schwan-pan of the Chinese, and the Konian >ibacus, are also species of count- ing machines for facilitating calculations. CALCUI.ATOR, one who reckons or estimates matters ot figures or detail. Caij)eeaio (Italian), Caidereeo (Spanish), a brazier or tinker. Caldron, a large iron boiler or pot. Caleche, Calash, a lady's hood; also a small hooded carriage running on lo^w wheels. CAL [ r.2 ] CAL CAr,F,KCART, a kind of calico imported Into llaytl. (Jai.endaii, an almnnic. Cm.rndku, u in iclime for smooUilnt; or liol-prcssiii^' l;il)riL--i bitwceii rollers, to i;ivc llu'iii :i Klos-,y or w.wy appear.iiico. Cai.icndbuku, a smootlicr and pressor of f i- Itric^; one cn^'aged la scouring and hot- pressing cloth. Calesi!*, a one-horse cliaise in Spain. (Jajlf, prcp.ireclleatlicrrorl)ook-l)ni>lin^', .fee; thoyouni^ ol'acow. iianallyso tornied until it is |)ast si.\. Mionthsold, when it bfeomos a yearlin.'. Calves eenerally beeome lat cnua','h for ve.il in eight or nine weeks. Calf-i'ES, an oiu-hoiise or enclosure where calves are kept. [.Ii;i.lv. Cai-f'3-koot Jkm.t. See Calvf.s -foot Ualf- SKINS, tlie hide of tlie c.\ll' whi<'.li, when tanned, lorjns tli!' niateriiil (or one of the most vaUuiijle kinds of leather, and is used hy acooutrcment-niakers and boot-makers; calf-skins are also conver- ted into vellinn. Cai.iatour. an Indian red wood. Calibre ([''rcnch), a word now generally ailoptod to exju-ess the hore of a piece of ordn.iiU'O. Cvi.iur.E Compasses. Sfe Cali.ipeus. Cai.ichk, a name lor niirate of soda found in I'eru. Cauco. a frencral term for any plain -white Chith made from cotton, but whicli re- ceives peculiar distinctive names as it im- proves in quiility and strenijtU, and ac- cording to the purposes for wliicli it is used. In the United States the term is restricted hj' popular usa^'c to prints. Dyed calicoes are used for hook-binding. There are suiier calicoes, shirting calicoes, nnhleached calicoes, &c. Calico and Silk Printer, a workman who imprints coloured figures on silks and cottons, by cylindrical machinery, but the term is usually applied to the master- manufacturers or owners of print-works. Calico-glazeu, one who smooths or hot- prcises calicoes. Sec Calenderer. Calico-printer'8 15L0CIC-CCTTER, a maker ot blocks for the use of calico-printers. Calico-pkintinq. tlie process of impressing figured patterns upon cottoii by coloured substances. Calidad, the best kind of Cuba tobacco. California-gold. The gold discoveries in ■ California were made in 1S43; and the total produce of the mines was estimated. on good autliority, up to the close of 18)5, to h.ave amounted to uiiwards ol' £80,000,000 sterlins. The California gold received at tlie United States' mints to the close of IS.!!, was to the amount of £54,000,000; whilst about £6,000,0:10 was circulating locally in coin, or lieM in bul- lion, and used in manufactures, Ac. The officially registered shipments of gold from CalilOniia, in the five years 1851-.55, were to the value of nearly £47.000,000; but much was shipped unregistered. Oai.ioa, a kind of leather half-boots worn hy the Koinan soldiers. Calin-, an alloy of lead and tin, used by th(^ CUiuese lor tea canisters aud other art Icles. (Ialu'er. /S'ee Callipeb.s. Calis, tliC Spanish name for alkanc t root. Calisava-bauk, a v.iluable cin(!liona barl (ibtaiiiod Irom Cinchona Calisaya, u Ilolivlan tree, which is rich in the alka- loid. Calisiiera."?, Insulated deposits or beds of nitrate ol soda In Peru. Cai.istiiexic IssTKUMENT-MAKF.n, a manu- facturer of chest expanders, rocess. Calow, the Polish inch. The old Polish calow was 977 English inch; the new calow, since 1819, is equal to 0-94 inch. In Cracow, however, the calow runs to 117 inch. tlALPizQUE, a rent collector in Spain. Calquinq. See Calking. Calumba. See Colombo-root. Calves'-foot Jelly, a nutritious jelly mada by boiling the feet of calves, and flavouring the extract. Calvia (plural Calvie). a grain measure of Venetian Lombardy, 2-G36 gallons. Calx, an obsolete name for metallic oxides. (,'al/.ado (Spanish), a shoe or sandal of any Kin.i. Calz£ttaio (ItaUau), a hosier. C A M [ 03 ] CAM CALZor.Aio (It!ili:in), a sliocmnkcr. Cam, a substituto for tlio crank movement in weaving. Camaco, an Ionian long moasuro equal to 5J iinporia! yarJs. Camail f French), a domino: a capticliin or s!iort cloak sometimes made of fur. Camanonca, a kind of Spanish stulT for- merly used for lininfjs. Camara, a store-house for grain; a ivood obt.iiiiod in Essequibo from Dipteryx odorata; It is hard, toush, and durable in an eminent degree, and it is said that a portion of its timber, one inch square and of a given length, bears lOOlbs more vciiiht than any oth' r timber in Uuiana of the same dimensions. It is therefore well adapted for sliafts, mill-wheels, or cogs. It will square 18 or 20 iuclics from 40 to 50 feet long. Camauage, rent paid lor a granary. Camaroes, a Portuguese name for largo shrimps or pr.awns. Camaspee, a money of account at ^locha on the Red Sea, the 60th part of a dollar. Casiata, the commereial name for half- grown acorns dried, which are imported Jbr tanning; Camaiina arc incipient acorns used for the same purpose. Cambat Stone, a kind of caruelian obtaine'^ in the East Indies. Cajiber, a rep.urins wet dock or hilct from a harbour. Camber beam, an arched boain used in platforms. Camber-slip, an instrument for drawing arches. CAStBETTA, a provincial dry moasuro of Franco equal to 2^ pints, sometimes called Gombetta. Cambiadou, a banker or money-changer In Spain. Camiu \i,E (Italian), a bill of exchange. Cambio (Spanish), barter, the giving or taking bills of exchange; a rise or fall in the course of exchange. Cambist, a banker; one well versed in ex- changes and foreign moneys; a trafficker in bills. Also applied to a book descriptive of moneys, weights and measures of various countries. The two best known British works on this subject are Kelly's Cambist, and Tate's Cambist ; the former of these however is now obsolete in its definitions. Cambiunte, a kind of Spanish camlet Cambi.et. See Cajh-et. Cambdn, an Indian native name forthe grriin of //ulcus spicatus, the Penicilhiria spicata of Willdcnow. &eCouscoi;s. Cambraton, a Spanish name for coarse cambric. [meat on. Cambrel, an iron with hooks to hang Cambric, a cotton fabric in imitation of fine linen; its varieties are glazed, white, and coloured for linings: twilled, figured, striped, and corded. Cotton cambrics are cither white or printed for dresses, or used as French cambrics. The former are made cl!i;'.dv in Lancashire, the latter in (ilasginv. .Si-otch camlTlc is an imitation cambric made froiQ line hard twistfd cotton. Cambric ml'slin, a very fine and thin linen fabric, an imitation of cambric, and usoti for tlh' same purposes. Came, a name m some parts o. India for the half rupee or Is. Camel, a contrivance for lifting ships over ft bar or shoal that obstructs the navigation of a river; also the well-known beast of burden (Camelus liactrianus) with two humps. The milk of the camel is excel- lent and supplies butter and cheese. The flesh is hard and unsavoury, and little es- teemed even by the Tartars. They use th^ hump cut iiito slices, whicli dissolved in tea servos the purpose of butter. The hide furnishes the .Vrab with sandals and belts, and the dung is an important article 01 fuel in arid countries. Cameleer, a driver or attendant on camels. Camel-hair 1'encil, a small brush nsed by painters in water-colours made of badgers' liair. camels' hair, or other suitable ma- terial. Camellia, a gimus of beautiful evergreen shrubs ; the seeds of the Camellia oleifera, a native of Cliina, yield an excellent table oil. The large, splendid, rose-like flowers of several species of camellia are much prized in the metropolis, being cultivated in private hot-houses, and sold by (loristi. Camel-lo.U), the load a camel w'iU carry. Tlio Bactrian camel can carry a burden of sixcwt. ; but the usual load for a camel, on a short journey, is from 400 to .'lOO lbs.; on longer journeys about 100 lbs. less. Their pace being about two miles and a half per hour, they are the measurers of distance in the East, the mile there bein? equal to two and a half English miles, and called an hour, from the time the camel takes in traversing it. Camelot. See C.\jilet. CAMEr.S'-llAiR, is much longer than sheep's wool, and often as fine as silk. Tlura are three kinds, red, white, and grey. The hair on a camel would weigh about 10 lbs. Camel.s' Hair Pexcil maicer, a manufac- turer of small hair paint-brushes used in water-colour painting. Camels' Hay, a n.ame given to some of the Iragrant grasses of the Andropogon family. CAMRO-cuTrER, an engraver Of camoos, one who cuts and embosses stones, shells, <&c. Cameos, L-ems worked in re/iei'o; small bas- reliefs cut on various substances, as stone, shell, lava, ivory, i&c. They are frequently cut on certain conch shells or strombs, the substance of which consists of two dis- tinct layers of different colours, textures and hardness. The black conch offers the most deciiled contrast of colour in the layeis. Shell cameos are now very com- mon, and some display a great deal of taste in the design, cutting, and ad:ipta- tion of the various layers ot the helmet, and other sliells lo Hv^ required tiiit.i. Camkilv Oi-. • ■' :: \, I't. ; i'lv a dark chamber, oranoiui' ' : iii/in the shape of a box, Ibi- r . li- :,' ' ::.,!it, and exhibiting e:-Lternal objects in their natural colours ou a white surlace. CAM [ti-l ] CAN Cames, rods of cast l(:ul uaocl by ulazlors ill fnimiiif,' church ^viIuiow8 and other /luiirrcls ol'Khiss. Campf.kino, takiii!,' ofT an angle or edge of tiniher.' Camiciotto (Italinii). a hiicii pptticoat. Camico, u nu'asiuv of lcii(;tli in the Ionian islaiiila, (■()n^istil^_' df 5i yards. Camkinnage (From;;), cartnt'o or dray hire. * Cami.sa, an inner linen garment worn in Spain. Camison, a blouse or outer frock worn by •vvoikuion in Spain. Camlet, a .-^tuft made originally of poats hair, now frcr|ucutly of hair and i>ilk, or wool and tlircad. Camomile, Chamomile; the flowers of Anlhemis nobilis in ICurope are employed medicinally as a cheap tonic carminative anodyne; when taken in larKc doses, however, thev prove powcrtully cmeiic. Another species, A. Pi/rcllirum lurnishes the pellitdiy root. Oamoscio (Italian), tanned leather. Camotes, a Spanish name lor the sweet potato. Cami-, the ground on which an army pitches its tents. CAMPANtNO, a variety of Spanish marble. Cami'EACIIT ^VoOD, "a hard red dye-wood from the Hcematoxylon campechianum, better known as logwood. Cami>-bed, a folding iron bedstead, with tester laths, for field use. Camp-equipage JIaker, a maker of portable articles, of licht materials adapted tor easy tran^'port. iSee Camp-Fubnituke. CA3I^-F0LL0^VEKS, the attendants on an army. CAjir-rimNiTUEE, articles of cabinet work made compact, light, and portable, so as to be easily folded and transporied ; such as camp-stools, camp- bedsteads, tables, &c. Cajipiiine, a popidar name for essential resinous oils, such as the purified oilordis- tillcd spirits of turpentine. When intended for a burning flind, it is mixed with al- cohol In various proportions. Camphwe Lamp, a lamp made witli proper precautions for burning caniphine, having a reservoir gcnerallv of glass, placed be- tween the supporting pillar and the buvnjr, to hold the spirit and the cotton wick dips into it. CAMPnoR. a concrete acrid drug, of a liighly I'cnetrating smell, obtained from trees in- digenous to Japan, and the Eastern archi- pelago. Tho China or Japan camphor- tree is the Lnurus camphora of Linnaens, tlio Camphora officinarum of Xees. The canipbor-tree of Sumatra .ind Borneo, is the Drvobalanops camphora. Camphor Jolep, a name in America for camphor water. Camphor Water, a somtion of camphor used as a vehicle for the administration of lever medicines. Campiiou-wood-oil, an oil obtained in the ICast from Drvobalanops camphora, which is largely used at Singapore instead of tiir- poutlne. ("AMPiONn. (Italian), n Journal, ledger, or sliopkeepcr'8 hook. Camp-kettle, an iron pot for the use or soMiers and colonists. Campo, an I taliansnperllcial measure, vary- ing in ditlerent localities from 0C88 acre to 1'285 acre. Campoi, a kind of tea. t'AMP.son, a money-changer. Camp-.stool, a light portable folding stool. Camuoto (Italian), a cabin boy. Camwood, a red dyeing wood, the produce ol Haphia riitida imported from the West coast ol' Africa. Can, a tin vessel fbr milk or beer, for hold- ing (lax and for other purposes; a liquid measure of Slam equal to 4'19 pints ; also an alibreviatcd name for the candureen, a Chinese weight and measure. Cana, a name in some ol the Pacific islands for sponge; a long and superficial niea- .sure used in Italy and sonic part? ol France, whicli is of very variable dimensions. The maximum is 117-68 inches tlie builders' measure in Florence, the minimum Gl-10 inches in Barcelon.a. See Canne. Canaballa, a kind of Spanisli fishing- boat. „ . Canada, Caxado, a liquid measure ol Spain and Portugal; also occasionally used in Ceylon. In Msbon the Canada is equal to nearly 2} pints; in Brazil, a weight of 82 lbs. and 'Tia of a wine gallon, or about four bottles. In Ceylon the Canada pass- es for 2 66 English pints. The Spamsli Canada is much larger, being equal to 8 G8 gallons. , , , Canada-balsam, an oleo-resin, obtained from the American silver-lir, Abies bal- tamea. It is used for medicinal and manufacturing purposes, and makes a fine transparent varni.-^li for water-colour drawings, which does not become darker with time. Canada-kice, a wild species of rice, the /it- zania aquatica, growing in all the shallow streams and swamps of N. West Ame- rica. It is exceedingly prolific of farina- ceous seeds, which afford a very good meal. The plant seems designed by na- ture to become the indigenous bread-corn of the newly settled regions; for its seeea contribute essentially to the sui^port ol the wandering tribes of Indians, and feed immense flocks of wild fowl. Canada-sugar, dark sugar made from tho sap of the sugar-maple tree, Acer saccha- rinum. CaN/\dian CtTRKENCT. The pounds, shdhngs, and pence in the British Xorth American colonies, commonly called Halifax cur- rency, are in value'ten per cent below the same coins in sterling money; hence £100 sterling is equiv.tlent to £110 currency. Tho pound sterling passes under thi: Act Aug. 1, 1854, for £1 . 4 : 6 currency. Canadian Timber. A large trade is carried on with the ports of the river St. Lawrence for timber obtained from the Ottawa dis- trict anil other parts of l.o-.vcr Canada. In ]W>4 the squared timber exported from Quebec amounted to 25,31C,0(» feet, be- sides 3,476,4ionu yrllow dyo. (.'AN'Aiii!, ii iMJiiii iu the I'acilic for tlio niidlct fish. (" ANAKIN, a siiiall can. Canal, an ariiiicialnavisnhle water channel f;/J!Y Seed, the seeds of Phalar'tseanari- erisis, a native grass of Britain, which are given to birds, and of which as much as 500 tons are annually sold for that purpose. Canary Stone, a beauliinl yellow siiecies of carnelian, rather rare, and named from the resemblance of its colour to the plu- mage of a canary bird. Canary Wood, a name given to the wood of the Lauras Indira, a native of Madeira, and Laurus Canariensis, a native of the Canaries. Canaster, C"naster, a kind of American tobacco, which derives its name from a jiarticular kind of rush basket, In which it was formerly imported. Can-buoy, a large floating buoy. Cancha, an ore found in Chile. Cand, a name in the Coruisli mining dis- tricts, for fluor spar. C.vndaca, a dry measure used in the Mysore district of India, equal to 3J bushels. Candagon, a grain measure of Bangalore. See Candy. Candaba, a frame of laths for sifting earth cr sand, used in Spain. Candareen, a Chinese weight, the 100th part of a tael, and containing ten le or ca.sh. In accounts the money value of the can- dareen ranges from te"n to fourteen cop- per cash, but as a weight, whether for silver or any other article, the le or cash continues to be the same integral part of a cand.areen. The candareen ni.ay be es- timated at 5} grains, although in some quarters of the East it weighs 6-38 grains. Candeal, a kind of Spanish wheat. Candee, a measure of length in Cochin China, Cfinal to 1U12 inches English. Candelabrum, an ornamental metal stand with lininchcs for holding lights. Canderkos, an Indian resin of a pellticid white, which, being susccpliiilo of a good polish, has been turned into small orna- ments and toys. C.vndidate, an aspirant or suitor foi a public oflice or business post. Candied, dried with sugar. Candied-peel, preserved lemon or citron peel, used fur pastry and confectionery. Candil, a weight in Sumatra oi about 433J lbs. See Candy. Candiot.i, the name for a barrel or keg In Spain; a large earthen jar. Canditeers, wooden frames or fagots to jirotect workmen. Candleberry JIyi'.tle, a name given to the Mi/rica ccrifera; from the berries a beautiful green wax is obtained in Ame- rica and the Cape colony, which has been found useful for candles. Candle-box, a receptacle for candles usually nailed to the wall ol a kitchen, iE°-TOP-c°t^TEK, a machine for cutting ^U^eupper^rtor sprouting shoots ot the c!^i-TS't\";e'dead or withered leaves stripped irom the stalk to enable the sugar- cane'io ripen ; also the stalk «;ft ^r the ju^o has been expressed, used for fuel and manure, sometimes called mcgass. CfN^iTE, a Uelgiaii liquid measure averag- cr^-woS'-amakerofarticlesinrattans, Spanish and other canes; a basket- aku. Cangan, Kakg.vs, a piece of coarse Cl'i'io-e cloth thinly woven, 19 inches broad, and 6 yards long, which has a tixed currency rANGANT a class of natives employed by the ^clyt^collee planters to hire coolies irom the Indian continent. iilSeHVoritvVra^-fJi^"tlfooksconne^^^^^^ bvroDesforhoistmg barrels or lightcasks CanS a species of wild ciaaamun growing oiSiSTER," a small bo.x or case usually of metal, for holding groceries, &c. UANisTKn-MAKl-.lt, a maker of tin casoB, for holdhig groceries and other articles. Canistuu-shot, small shot iiackcd m t> metal cartridge for charging a piece ot oidnance. , , „ Caxna (Italian). Canne (I'lcnch), C.mja (Sp;iiiiah), a linear and superficial nic^a- sm-e in some parts ot France, Sp.ini, and the Italian States. It varies m leivjtli iiccorthng to the use to which it is applied ; in Barcelona it is 21 inches, in Jlarseilles 7'.i}. The suivevors' canna in Italy Is about 3i yards, for cloth and silk rather more than 24 yards. It is also a Dutch lii|uid measure in the Cajjc colony, 388 Cannes making a leaguer. Canna, the plant which liirmslies the .starch (t conmiene known as Tous-ks-mois. Cannaiunk, a narcotic gum-resin obtained Ironi Cann'ihix siitiva. 0AXNA51ELE (Italian), sugar cane. (Jannata, Casnate, a liquid measure o. Greece equal to 2-82 pints. Canne. See C.vnna. , . , , Cannel-coal, a hard coal wl-.ich does not soil the lingers. Being very solid it is often turned into trinkets and other ornaments in imitation ol jet. Cannelj.e, the Frem h name for cinnamon. Cannequis, a kind of white cotton, formerly made in India, in pieces of about 8 ells, chielly for sale on the West coast of Africa, „. . Cannon, a piece of ordnance of iron or brass for discharging balls, m.ade of many sizes according to the service required ot it. Cannon-ball, Cannon-sho-i, a cast-iron ball to be thrown from cannon. Can>-on-lock, a contrivance to place over the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance to explode the charge. CANN0N-L0CK-5O.KEU, a nianufactuicr of pulley triggersfor flringpieccs ol ordnance. CANNON-MET.U., a brass alloy tor castnig ordnance from, contaiiung 91 per cent ot copper and 9 parts of tin. -, . r Cauoe a rudely formed boat, shaped out ot the trunk of a tree by cutting or burning; also a skin or bark boat usedby uncivilized iiaiives. .See WooDsiON. CANOE-BiRCn, a North American tree the Belula papyracea, from the bark ot \vlnclj the Indians m.-diulacture their celebrated bark canoes. The wood is of a fine glossy grain susceptible of a good flmsli, hut lacks durability and strength, and there- fore is but little used in the manulaeturing arts. Canon, alarge sized printing-type with tins specific name. (Span.) tliesliaftof a inine. Canon-bit, that part of the iron which is in the horse's mouth. ,- , , , Canongoe, Cujoongo, a registrar of land revenue in India; one versed in the customs, tenure, produce, and rental of the district. , , „ j CAUOpy, a covering over head, the decora- tion crowning a pulint, chair, throne, bed, &c. ,, , ^ Canotta (Italian), a small boat. CANT, any thing standing awry, tiinbers ou, of the perpendicular, or not fixed square, 1 .vt.T..T«r>»r (1 sneeip-S Of WOOllCIl Stuft Cantaloon, a species ot woollen stutt CAN C 67 ] CAP Cantau, nn alihioviation for tlie caiitaro. Cantara, Cantaro, .a liriiiiil mcnsure of Spain rangiiK' from 2J t'i4 .i,Mllons ; loo llowiver iTiny bo taUru as uiiual to 0.')G imperial gallons. Tlic name is also some- times Biven to tlie alqiuire or pot ot Portugal. As a commercial woiglit in the Levant the cantaro is sj-nonymons to the quintal of Europe, bein^; employed hi the sale of pumlerons eommndities ; but it varies considerably in dillVrent localities. In Syria tlie (ivilinary eantaro amounts towejibs. ; in Sardinia to 93} lbs. ; and in Cairo to 951lis; Avhile at Home it Is but 74;ilis. Tlie Maltese eantaro ot 100 mttoli i-^ ITJlbs. avoirdupois; in Smyrna it is 127}lbs. Cantahello, the name of the riuintal in Sardinia, equal to S'Ji lbs. avoirdupois; the cantarello of C'a^liari is, liowever, heavier, weighing 9.".} lbs. See C'antaka. Canteen, a tap or public house for the sale of spirituous liquors. In En'4lan, a commercial name for a dyo lichen, tlie Rocella tiiicloria, imiiortcdfruin llic Cape (le Verd islauils. Caiii, an ;incicut .Irwisli liquid measure, llie railaa ol tlir Arabians, which was cipud to nearly lii pints. Capias, a writ or judgment for arrest on execution. CAnciiA. See Capeciia. Capidgi, a Turldsh iiorter or door-keci)er, Bometiracs applied to clianiberlains and superior officers. Capiixaire, a pleasant syrup chiefly made in North America with tlie juice of a spe- cies of fern, and flavoured with orange- flower water. CAiii.y.AiuK AM> Wine and Spirit coloub- iNti-MAKER, a cordial maker, one who pre- pares caramel, ifec. Capin, the eighth part of a bahar, an East- ern measure, about CO lbs. avoirdupois. Capital, tlie amount of money or property subscribed or cm ployed In a joint-stock as- sociation: the money assets invested in business by a trading firm or individual; the net worth of a party; a large letter or type in printing. Capitalist, a man of largo property, one who has a considerable sum invested in the funds or in stock in trade. Capitalize, to convert into capital orshares. Capitation, a poll tax, or imposition upon each person. Capitozza (Italian), the pollard oak. Cai'ivi. See Copaiva. Cap-mauufacturfr, a wholesale maker of caps. CAPoc,afinc short-stapled cotton wool, used in India for .stuffing cushions and lining palanquins, &c. Capon, a young cock gelded to fatten for the table. CAPOOK KITCIIELT, KAPOOR KnCIIREE, aU aromatic drug of the Indian markets, the rhizoma oi IJedychium spicatum. Capote, a long cloak for females ; a great- coat with a hood worn by males on the Continent and by soldiers on guard. Caitaiiine, a sort of silk Hock or waste (iljlaiiKcl iVoui the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off and used for shag. Cap-paper, a coarse kind of brown paper used for making bags. Cap-peak, the front iiartof aman's cap, the shade over the eyes, that part which is ordinarily taken hold of to remove it from the head. Cap-peaic MAKER, a Workman who makes glazed leather fronts or peaks for caps, and cockades, -table. ali-llt folding-toptablecovered CAHD-si;TTrNG->L\CHiNE, a beautiful and erticient piece of mechanism, lor inserting the ends ol forked wires into boles in a leather or other strap and bending them to the required incliuatiou. Cakd-trat, a small salver for a servant to deliver a card on. CAitD-wiRE Cloth, cloth iu wliich fine iron wire is inserted for combing and unbarling the fibres, Ac, o: wool, cotton, flax, and llellip CAf.KtN. to heave a ship down on her side in Older to examine her bottom, lor clean- ing or paviugit with pitch; when aves.sel lies over with the wind in sailing, she is §ald to careen. Careknagk, a careening ground, a place suitable lor placiU'.; a ship high and dry. CAitr.-TAKKit, a perMpi employed at a wharf, quay, or expo-eil store to look after goodg. Cakkv, the .Spauiih ii.iiiie lor tortoise-shell. Car'ia, a standard .Spanish liquid measure, equal In .some parts of that kingdom to .32J gallons, but In others only 27} gallons: also a .Spanish weight, ranging liom 1771 lbs. to 338i llw. In Caiidia and Milan the carga as a grain measure Is equal to 4 l-6th bushels. A commercial weight in Central America equal to 81 llis. Caugador, a Dutch shipbrokcr who ob- tains IVeieht lor vessels. <'Al£(;.\,S(>N, the IVei-'ht or lading of a ship. Cargo, a ship's ladiiu', the merchandise, itee , taken on board lor conveyance. That which ciimot be stowed iu the hold is termi'd deck cargo. Cargoisoat, a luggage-boat or barge for the ( onvey.ir.ce of heavy goods on rivers or ill liai hours. Cariaca, a small and esteemed variety of m.dze grown in British Guiana. Caric.v, a Venitlan weight ol 2G6,t lbs. ; also another name lor the carga a grain or dry measure. C'AJtico (Italian), the cargo of a ship. Caeihi.e, a c.iiriai:e for general use. Ca1!1(>i.i.a. a weijht lor salt iu tue Ionian islands rather iiphc than 104 Ib.s. Casippu, a name in Sontliern India for the refuse cuttin;;s or knotty pieces forming the worst kind (f sandal wood. Cakival, a money of account in the Dcckan, India, worth about a halfpenny; also a Variable grain measure in the same locality. C.vBK, ail old n.ime for a quantity of wool. Carkook, a revenue oflicer. Carl d" or, a gold coin ot Brunswick worth about 10s. 4d. Cablk. a kind of hemp. Carli.v, Carline, a small silver coin cur- rent iu some parts of Italy and worth ah. lit 4d. Carlings, short small square pieces of tim- ber which lie lore and aft in a ship, in tiers from beam to beam, and which receive the ei'ds of the ledges for framing the d -cks. Carlock. a kind of isinglass obtained from the air-liladder ot the stur^'con in Uussia. C.iUMAN, a carter, one who conveys uoods. The fellowship or fraternitj- of carmen has the exclusive privilege of cartage within the city of London. Carmel. a cover for sweetmeats. Cahmenia-maiwd, a weight for wool in Persia of 3 lbs. Carmen's Company, one of the companies of the city of London, not on the livery, which, h.aving no hall of its own, transacts its business at Guildhall. Carmine, a beautiful lake iiigment, a fine bright crimson inclining to scarlet, formed by a combinatioii of cucliineal, aUimiua, aiid o.xidi'of liii In consequence of being more transparent than other colours, it is ehieily used for miniature iiaintiug, arti- flcial-llower tinting, and water-colour (irawing. C A 11 [-1 J CAR t \i-NALn.v, tlio lirnziliaii name for a palm, 'iiif Coi.ernina ccrih-m; llie loaves yield ■1 VI ". tiUilc wiix, w'hii-li is iiiaile into can- ill, s" till' fiuit is LMteii raw or boiled ; a I.MiKi is oljtaiiRd frnm the trunk, and tlio wood is very durivble. r ,„, T.wiin Causeliak, a variety of QW^'tz [[,^f J'" ^^ used for decorative "^nara n » o( I ic p< rson, of whicli the agate and chalcedony ^^;^,aude.naltoratl^..o,.^-a cIrouf.; the small pound or prime lormcrlv ru- n!-»E^, the leiiumiuous po( s ot the c\roD-tret(CVr<,to«!a.i7m»a), wlucli con- ?ai,wx succ\.lent eweeti4 K'i^o^i'^ries often eaten in Siuini and the countries ■Sordertngontl.e^Uoaiterranean ihe^^^ arc a largo article ot import at lagamOj,, are occasionally sold in this country to sin-ers under the impression that hev im- nrovc the voice, and have recently been Fai^eb' imported lor leeding cattle, ^ee AlToARROBO. ' . _ g^^'aSr^S worth about ^s Uiere are also double carohns, and Tnirmid nuarter carolin pieces. . Par OLUS a "ol i one-pound coin struck in the refgn ot Charles I., but subsequently ot the value of 23*. CAROMEL. ' \' 1„ v^ a penny; also a weight m Uaibaij. Cakoon, a kind of cherry. (' vROTEiL. the coiiiniercial name lor a iiei te or c;^sk, i ^vllich dried fruit and some other commodities are packed, which usually averages about 7 cut. cIkp, the Cyprinus ~'V''°- "^ ['Yl ^^,^,- ^l the rivers rmmiiig iino the 151.icl>. >ca, tiie carp sometimes attains CO bs.u weighty There are eighteen or twenty species of caip some of which are verv abundant; ?hevafe caught with nets and dressed in ditlerent ways. /See Cuemke. Paup VTHUN IJALSWi, all olco-resln or es- scnf™ oil distilled tiom the iresh cones and green tops of Finns Cembra, in Gei- VA^fFSTEU, a worker in wood-=, who usii-illy combines the business of a jomer ; a ship ^ Xer Who has Charge otthe^bo^s_im^^ riuw-NTEB's-BEN-cn, the work-uible of a rtntrN'TER's-coMPASV, 0116 of the minor ^twerv companies of Y.«.d^ whose hall i« siiuate in London ^\ all. ciBPEN?ER"-.LvTE, ihc assistant to a car- crK"™'tRULE, a two-reet fielding rule iS ?hc pocket, sub-divided into inches and Dirts for measuring woik. crRrENTEu-s-sQUABE, a tool for squanns crPENTERVTOOLS, plaiics, saws, chisels, liVnmiers kc, used hv can enters. cI^pentuy: the trade bf a carpenter the ^^t of cntiing, iramiiig, mid joining tim- ber, for house or ship building. f vRPET-BAO, a portable sack for travellers, made ot- cirpet, capable of holding ate w cssential.articlesorcluangesollinen. 1 ha name has got to be applied also to > mu-k varnished linen bags resembling le.Uhcr CAUPET-BAG-JlAicf-R, a Workman who sews and flnishes olf carpet-bags. In this as in r my other articles of trade there are ; a y sub-divisions. Some workmen •nako the iron frame-work alone, others sew the handles, &c., on. Caupet-beater, one who takes carpets to shake and beat th. dust <>•?•» tlicm. Parpet-broom, a long-handled still brusii tbr sweeping the carpets of rooms, made of strou" tiin-e, bristle, grass, iBc. Carpet BBooM-iiAKEB, one who makes carnet sweeping brushes. CAKPET-iiAiiMEB, a tool lomaihng dowu a cIrSsg, a general name for the material for cariK^lsr but often applied to small Icmllis or lloor pieces for the sides of beds PARPET-sirRCiiAST, an agent lor carpet- weavers; the keeper of a carpet warc- cIrpemlanseb, a cutter of carpets; .•} workman who measures rooms and mak. s a plan on paper of ihe ^"'JC'd^N doonvays, windows, &c., to ascertain the qSantitv of material required, and Uie best mode of cutting, adapting, and laying it down with the least waste. . cIrpets, ornamental floor coverings of wool en material, woven m fancy pat- terns or devices, of which there are many '^'"* "' ..V. '_ i: . ,lnio,. nt nii« nif kinds The dnlinary descriptions are Kdderminster or Scotch, Brussels ^ur- kev, Velvet-pile, Tapestry, lelt, Dutch, c;tET-cT^A">!G:*the process of scouring and removing grease stains Irom cari.ets. Carpet-i OOM, a franie for weaving carpets. c1rpe?-siippers, easy slippers, covered with carpel ibr indoor use. C u-pet-shcttle, a weaver's implement. C vRPFT-sTRAiNEi. a kind of metal rake or tool for hol.lmg and stretching carpets tight oil the floor of a room, when laying cIrpet^w^ehouse, a wholesale establislj- ment where a large stock ot carpets 18 kept for selection and sale. Carpet-way, an interval of turf oi giabS U ft umiloughed in a field. Pakpi r v-EANTiR, a workman employed iti mTkii ' cTrpets by hand or by machinery. clipME-^ a kind of coarse cloth toriucTly made in the North of England. PmnAciv a large Spanish ship. rARRtcc'KN purprish-white nearly frans- mre.U seA-wc.d the Irish moss ot tlio ■ ^1 ops,obf.uned fi-om the «wnc/n|^ cn.p»«. whicll is used for jellies, lor feeding cattle, for dressing the warp ot webs in the looir., and tor sizing pulp in the paper-makers Cajirat.vto, a name in Brazil for the castor- C^iluvRA-MAiuirji, a fine white marble. I CAr,RARA-WATEB,an aerated beverage. C/\ R f 72 J C AH Caiirata (Italian), a cart - loail, a tmi wiHKlit of iiiarlilo; n soliil measure in ('arrara of 12} cubic feet. CaHRAWAY. /S'Ce C'AHAWAV. Cakiie, a. siiperlicial moaswrc in the Krcnrli West India islands of y l-r.tli acivs; also a former Frencli grain measure. See Carsk. Carhead, a land measure in TIaytl, nearly two acres; also a solid and supcrlicial measure lormcrly usid in France; a car- reau of stone in' I'aris Lieing 63'Gc!-' cubic feet. Carregador (rortusucse), the freiyhterer and chartioces3 of running metal into a sba|ie, the taking impressions from medals, figures, &c. The metal so shaped. Casting-net, a net to be thrown in the water from a boat, and drawn instead of left. Casting -POT, a pot adapted for melting metals. Casting-pot and CnucrDi.E Maker, a spe- cial trade in the iron districts. Casting-up, a printer's term for estimating the number of thousands of letters in a sheet of any work, or in a job, in order to fix the price for composins it. Cast-iron, iron run from the furnace into pigs or ingots, instead of being beaten or wrought. Castle, one of the carved pieces used in playing the game of chess. Castor, Castobeum, an animal substance possessing a disagreeable oilour, ohtained trom the beaver. Castor fiber, and once much used as an antispasmodic in medicine. Castor-oil, a mild purgative fixed oil, ob- tained lr;mi the seeds of Ricinus commu- nis, used in medicine, for lamps, and otiier purposes. Castors, small roller- wheels fixed to the feet ot heavy housulioUl furniture, such as beds, tables", arm-eliairs, couches, &e., to admit of moving them with facility. There are plate castors, square and round, socket castors, claw castors, &c. Cruets or bottles for holding sauces. Castrating, the operation of gelding ani- mals to make tliem more docile, or for fattening. Cast-scissoks Manofacturer, a trade in Sheffield, where cheap and comparatively ■worthless scissors are niade lor sale. Cast-steel, broken 'bars of iron fused la a crucible and poured into moulds. Cat, awild and domestic animal (Feliscatus) v.-bose skin is largely used lor furriers' jiurposes; a kind of tackle used to hoist the anchor to the (ore part of a ship. Ca TACOMU, a cave or grotto for burying the dead. Cat^u-Ogue, a written or printed list of books or articles. Catalogue Kaisonne', a clashed or ar- ranged catalogue, in which the articles are placed under regular heads or divi- sions. Catamaran, a rude surf boat or shaped log lor a single individual, used to reach the shore at Madras in the East Indies. The Madras surf boats consist of thin flattened timbers eight or ten tect long, tied to- gether horizontally, and sharpened a little at the jioint. Also a light ratt used at Bahia and other places on the coast of Brazil lor landing goods through the surf. Cataract, a lock-gate; a contrivance to regulate the number of strokes per minute of an engine. Catasta (Italian), a pile of wood, and a mca-iure by which cord-wood is sold. Catawba Wine, an American wine made from the catawba, a variety of grape . grown in the United Stat'S. Cat-block, a large block with three or four sheaves, used in hoisting up an anchor to the ship's side. Catch-duain. See Catch-work. Catch-penny, any thing worthless or of litth' value, made merely to sell. Catch-wiiki), the first w(>ra oi the ensuing page, lonmrly |.riiited isiilated at the foot of the preceding page, but now seldom used. Catch-work, the process of draining mea- dow lands on hill sides, by a successive series of drain channels. Catechd, an ins|iissateil extract from the wood, u,L, a pulley for hoisting the ancluu- of a shij) to the cat-head. Catgut, tne name applied to strings ma e from the peritoneal coverings of the intes- tines of the Slieep. The greatest care is lU'Cessary to prepare these .stiiii:;s lor Ihe violin, the harp, and similar iiistrinneiits, to secure the strength necessary for tlie great tension required for the high notes, The best strings are made in Naples, bCr cause the Italian sheep, from their lean- ness, afford the best raw material, for it is a well- ascertained fact, tliat the mem- branes of lean anijnals are much tougher than those of animals in high condition. Cathartic Medic^'es, those which have purgative properties. C A T r 'fi 1 CAU CATHAl:INE-^v^I^■^.I„ :i pvio'i. Ihik- wljii'.li revolves ami lliiows i>ut railiaticnis us it turns. Also the circular com|)artiiieiit of a Oothic window with radiating divisions or spokes. Cat-head, a miner's name for a small cap- stan; a projcctingtlnilierorbcamon each side of a sliip's bow, to which a pulley is attached, to assist in heaviuK up the anchor, ;uul sci-nrint; it to the side. Catheduvi. Ci.A.ss, stained or painted slass for church windows sold either in sheets or small sciiiares. Cathetki^ a surgical instrument for reliev- ing obstructions in the bladder, made of various materials. Catjang, the Malabar iiarao for Cajanux Jlavus, a leguminous plant, tlio seed of which is much eaten by the poorer classes, and esteemed a wholesome pulse. Catlings, a commercial iiame for tlie dried twistrtl intestines of animals, usr.l iDrtlie StJ-in^'sol liai-ps tiiiaies, and utli. r musical instiument.s. Indian and Tcrslan cat- lings arc sold liy the lOoO strings. See Catoot. Cat-mint, the Nepeta calaria, which has some stimulating qualities, and is a re- markable frlint- a|iliri«iisiac. Cato, a name U>v baskets in some of the Paciflc islands, winch are very neatly and elegantly made (rom coir and other palm fibres, and grasses. Cat-o'-nmn'k-t,uls, a whip for corpore.il pun- ishmrnt with nine lashes. Catiiitu:. Catoptron, a mirror, a reflect- ing (iptii-al ','lass. CAT-i:i;>rKs. the pulleys employed in hoist- hig a ship's anchor over the bows by the cat-heads. Cat-sai.t, a granulated coarse salt formed from tlie bittern or leach brine, used in the manufacture of hard soup. Cat-skins, the skins of wild or domestic cats, bought by furriers and others. Wild cats with a long .ind valuable fur .abound in the forests of Hungary and are not un- connnon in Wales and .Scotland. Cat's-ey'e, a varietj' of ojial or Clirous quartz, enclosing asbestos. The finest kinds are obtained in Ceylon. Cat's-paw, a kind ot hitch made b3' sailors in a rope. Catsup, Ketchup, a seasoning or sauce for meat, madeofniu-sbrooms, tomatoes, wal- nuts, or other vegetable substances. Cattemu.ndoo. Callemundoo, an elastic gum or hydro-carbon, obtained in India from the Euphorbia antiquorum, aiul other species. Catties, a name given in Ceylon to bill- hooks for cutting down underwood. Cattle, a coHective name for all quadru- peds used by man for lood. or for tilling the ground; they are divided into two principal classes, large or black cattle, which comprises horses and the bovine tribe; and small cattle winch includes sheep and goats, ioixes, strong drastic medicines used by veterinary surgeons, and owners ol livestock. Cattle-punn, an enclosure for folding cattle for the night. CATTi.K-itrN, an extent of grazing ground in thceol.jnies. Cattle-shed, a place for housing cattle. Cattle-show, an assemblage of domestic animals, held periodically to compete for superior breeds .and comlitions. Caitle-tkaix, a set of railway trucks con- veying cattle to market. CA'ri'i.E-TRUCK, an open car or partially closed carriage for conveying live stock on a railway. Cattle w'EiGHraG-siACiiiNE, a weigh-bridge on which cattle and sheep are placed to he weighed. CATtY, an Eastern weight, the hundredth j)art of the picul, and equal to IJ lb. avoir- dupois; .Stcatlies beiii'-' about 1 ewt. The Chinesi' i-attv wri^hs i;i;j Sp.mish dollars, the .Makiyau catty Ut dollais or rather more than 2 lbs. 'J'lie calty of silk in the East is equal to about 2^ ibs. The catty is sometimes called a kin. Caitjle. gruel; a mixture of wine and other ingredients as a drink. Cauf, a perforated chest to keep fisli in un- der water. CAtnc, a mining name for sulphate of barytes; a weight and measure in Sumatra, the filth part of the bamboo, •which is 3 lbs. 10 oz. CaijX, a net for the b.air worn by Ladies; a cabinet maker's term for a piece of solid wood, shaped and sinootlied to fasten veneers on. Cauliflower, a well-known esculent or potherb, the Brassica oleracea botrytis, u variety ot the common cabbage. (}aulkeii. See Snip-cAULiu!B. Caulkino, CociiixG, the process of tilling the seams between the planks of a ship's deck or sides with oakum, and which is alterwards covered with pitch to keep out water. Caulkikg-ii!ON, a kind of cold chisel used bv the caulker. Caulkkg-mallet, a mallet used by the caulker tor driving in the iron to force the oakum between the seams. CAiraTER-LODE. in mining, a lode whicli in- clines at a consideriible angle to the oUier contiguous veins. Causaltt, a mining name for light par- ticles of ore carried away iu the process of washing. Cau.seway, a raised footriath or artificial embankment in low land. Caustic, a corrodiiig substance. Lunar caustic is a nitrate of silver. Caustic Barley, a name for the seeds of the Veratrum album, &c. See Ceba- DILLA. Cautery, a farrier's searing iron. Cauth, a name in ('anara for the Terra Japonica of commerce, which is exten- sively employed in many manufactures. CAV [77 ] CED It is also used in tlie ciist 'with the nan or iK-tel leal instcail of lime, especially by cUlcrlv people, bcini; considered beneficial to the" gums. See Uetel >!ut. CAUTtiEK, a coarse Indian cotton cloth. C'AL'TIONNESEENT, in France a sum lodged by way ot guarantee or security — as by a newsi)aper projirietor to the government as a surety — to be forfeited in case of mis- conduct. Cautioner, in Scotland one who becomes bond or security lor another. Cauz, an ancient Arab measure about an English pint. Cava, a name for an intoxicating beverage made in the I'acitic islands by lirst chew- ing the root of the Afacropiper met/ii/s- tictim, and letting it ferment. Cavai.c.vvia, the Italian name for an arcade or piazza. Cavallako, an Italian carrier or courier. Cavalleuia. Sue Caballeklv. Cavaleo, a very prtty copper coin of Italy worth but the, 24th part of a penny; tlie Italian name lor a horse. Cavaelocchio, a mounted exciseman in Italy. Cavaeuy, a mounted body of troops, either light horse or dragoons. Cav^vn, Cabax, a dry measiire and weight used in the Philippine islands for grain; a cavan of paddy, or rice in the husk, will weigh about 9G lbs., of cleaned rice, 130 to r.io lbs. Cavaxa, the Spanish name for a flock of sheep. Cavaxxa, a name hi Barbados for the logger - head turtle, Carettii cephalo, (Schopil.) Cavation, Cavazton, hollowing the earth lirir the loundation of a building or lor cel- laraiie. Cave, a name for the space under the fnc of a funiace. Caveaciiing, a mode of pickling fish. (•A\TSAR, Ca\t,ki!, a money of account at Jlocha worth about a hall |icnny ; a nomi- nal division of the S|)aiiish dollar, forty oaveers being reckoned equal to one dollar. Caveat, an ndmonitorj' ]}rohibition or pro- test, entered by the holder of a patent, a- gainst the granting of another applied lor, which a)iiiears hkely to infringe his ex- isting rights. CvENDisH, a kind of tobacco. C\TiNGA, a name in the Pacific islands for the burthen or Ireightof a canoe or ves- sel. Cavetto, in building, a simple concave moulding used for cornices, lii,>-liniiding. CEM [78] CEN Cedap. f'liTM, ncmniT.^in fil)tainc(l iiitlioCapo .•..I.iny, lranitlii-l,i:iiichi's:iii,lc..iii-s.irtlic W'lildinijloniii jiiinpcrdi'lfx, inurh rcs'iii- bliiik'Kiiiii (ililjiumm. Il is used lor viirii:us iiR'dlciual purposes, for compuuiKliiis plasters, and preparing varnish. Cedazo fSpanisli), a liair sieve or strainer. Cr.DHA, ( icniiAT, a specifS of Italian citron liavinw a liilelt riml wliicli emitaiiis iiiucli essential oil, ami is nscil lor niiiliing i)er- funies, and lor llavonriU'-,' liriuenrs. Cedriuji, the resin of the cedar tree used to preserve bool;s and to protect otiier articles from insects. Ckii-Int., ilie tipper stnfacc of an apartment, usually torined of latlis and jilastcr; the inside of a roof. CKiLiNO-FLODit, the joists or frame- woric on the lower snrlacc n';TER. Centigramme, the hundredth part of the present French izrain in tiiedeeiina) pound, and equal to 015 English sraiu. CER [79 J CE Y Centilitre, the liuiidrciltli part of the i)iiit nr htie III h'rance— 0017 English pint, also 0617 cubic inch. In IloUand the centi- litre bears the name of vingerhoed or ile. Centime, an existing French copper coin though rarely seen, the tenth part of a penny; 100 centimes making a franc The centime is also used in accounts in Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and Austria, and as a division of the Dutch guilder. Centuietre, a linear measure in Franco and Belgium — the hundredth part of the metre equal to 0.30 inch. In Holland the legal name of the centimetre is duim or pouce; in Venetian Lombardy it is called dito or doight. Centinajo, the Italian (inintal, of varying pi'oportionsinditferrnt towns; in Florence only 751bs., in Milan L'JOJ; a s:dt nir.isure in the Ionian islands ol 4410llis avoirdu- pois. Centinakius. See CENTOTf-roNDinM. Centisteke, the hundredth part of the French store, 0'353 culiic feet. Centlet, a Dalmatian liquid measure, the eighty- fourth part of the. baril, and equal to 16 pint. Cp.ntner, the commercial hundred-weight or quintal of the Continental .States which varies in most. The toll centner of tlie German States is llOJlbs. avoirdupois, tlie trade centnerllSJllis. In Vienna it is 123ilbs.; in Hamburg, 120lbs. Centre-bit, a carpenter's tool for boring circular holes. Centre-piece, a table ornament; also a « orkman's tool. Centres, the )>lain parts of shawls prepared in Bradford, Ac, to winch the Paisley weavers attach ornamental borders. Centkifogal-machine, a whirlirii,' machine for drj'ing sugar or clearing it trom molasses, on tlie principle of trundling a mop. The sugar is enclosed in cylindri- cal strainers, a raj.id rotary motion is im- parted, Ijy which tlie moisture is thrown off more speedily than by the old pro- cess of leaving the molasses to drain away from the sugar gradually in flat coolers and casks. Also, a machine so constructed as to raise water by cuntri- fugal force, aided by the pressure of the atmosphere. Ckntrifugal-pump, an engine for raising water by steam power. Centripetal-press, a mechanical contri- vance lor pressing square in all directions. Centuji, a hundred. CF.NTina-PONDiuM, Centinarius, an ancient Itdinaii weight corresponding to the modern quintal, and equal to about 721bs. avoirdupois. Centuwe, an ancient Roman land measure c'lual to 12:5} acres. Ceol, Chol, a ship or vessel. t'ErnALic, a name applied to snuflTs, or medicines which relieve headache. Ceualacca (Italian), sealing w.ax. Ceramic, a term often ajiplied to orna- mental pottery. Cera.sin, a name given to such gums as clierry-tree gum, whicli swell in water but do not readily dissolve. Cerate, an ointment made of wax and oil, of siiermaceti, or lard and wax; used for outward applications or plasters. Cerbonea (Italian), suur or vapid wine. Cerchuio (Italian), a cooper, one who hoops casks. Cereal, pertaining to edible grain ; the grasses which produce bread- corn and are the object ol a continuous culture for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats, rice, and millet, are calUd cereals. Cerine, the chief constituent of wax; bees' wax containing nearly eiglity per cent, of cerine. Ceroon, the American mode of spelling serooii, a bale or package mnde of skins. Ceroxtline, the resin ot palm-wax. Certificate, a testimony given in writing; apapergranting some particular privilege. A bankrupt's certilicate is the legal docu- ment issued by the Commissioner of the Bankruptcy Court, certifying that he lias surrendered his estate, passeil the exami- nations and forms required, and, being released from his pecuniary obligations, is permitted to recommence his trading operations. A certificate of origin is a Custom -House document, testitying to particular articles being the growth of a British colony. Certificated ISankrltt, one who Is freed from his liabilities, and holds a certificate from the Bankruptcy Court, in contra- distinction to an uncertificated bankruiit, who has no right to trade. Ceruleum, a blue Koman pigment, a sili- cate of copper. Ceruse, a name given to white-lead paint, a |)reparation from thin plates of lead ex- posed to the hot vaporous exhalations of vinegar or other acid. Ceru.ssite, a valuable ore of lead. Cervesa, the Spanish name for beer or ale. Cess, a rate or tax. Cessio Bonorltm, a process in Scotland similar to assignment of the property of a debtor lor the benefit of his creditors, in Kiigland. Cession, a voluntary assignment or surren- der of a person's effects or estate to his creditors, to avoid imprisonment. Cessionnaire (Frencli), an assignee or ro ceiver. Cess-pool, a cavity or receptacle for drain- age ; the name is, however, often applied to the grating which covers the cavity. Cesta (Spanish and Italian), a basket or pannier, ceston being one of large dimen- sions. Cestaio (Italian), a basket-maker. Cet^\'ert, Cetvert. See Tchetweut. Cevadii.la. See Cebadilla. Cevadine, a iKinie lor liordeinc, the starch of barley, llordeum distichon. Ceventeria, a name in Tuscany for rouge, or paint tor the lace. Ceixon Moss, a small rnd delicate fucus, believed to be the Gracelaria lichenoides, obtained in the salt lakes, on the coasts of- Ceylon; Avhich contains a large pro- iMirlion of true starch, and is used for Jellies. CII A [ 90 J CII A C'PTiTON' SroNK, a ;;om'r:il iinino f,'iven to iii.'Uiy tine iiiiuenils anil jewels obtained in tlic island of ('c.vlnn; specially applied, however, to a species olhiaek spineile. CliA, a kind ol" tea n'l'ed mi liUe tubacco, «ldeh goes to the inleiinr Ti-i;.\ (ilinchistani), a nKirUet-plaee, custoni-lioiisc, cr police- station in India. ( ;iiACCAi;, a period of rest for refreshment, accorded three times a day to miners and (ither labonrei-s in .Soulh America. CHACO, ail mictiiiius oaith of La I'az, South America, whieli is made into liltle pats, and eaten witli eliocol;ite. CiiACOE, SHACO, a military cap or helmet. Chad, a name for the yonng of tlie sea bream, Pai-gus centrodontux. Chadam, an nnacinary money of account in some parts of Asia, crpial to one paysa, of the value of twenty-tive cowries, and worth about lialf a farthing in English monev. [or cloth. Chapar, Chudur (Illndustani), a sheet Chafk, to rub or damage llie surtacc of any thing. Chaff, the pericarp or dry calyx of grain removed by thrashing and winnowing, wliich has many medicinal and economi- cal uses, it is occasionally mixed with mortar, and employed as a substitute lor hair in making piaster for rooms, and sometimes used (or stuffing beds. Chaff- CUTTF.R, Chaff-engine, a straw- cutter or chopping machine, with knives for diviiling straw into small lengths, or " dnill " as it is termed, hir feeding cattle. Chaffk.k, a small portalile lurnace. Chaffeuku, one who bargains for wares. Chaffekv, that part of a foundry where the foi'ges are placed for hammering iron Into bars. Chafing dish, a vessel for holding charcoal or coals to give beat. Chagreen, Shagreen, a rough tubcreulaled leatlier; also the prepared skin of tlie dog- tish. Chahar Olahratta), an Indian supcrfieial measure for land, ranging (rom 120 to 150 biggabs. Chahi, a money of Gcorgi.\ and Persia, the fomtli part of an abassi, and the half of an uzaltum. Chahoua (Hindustani), a fine variety of transplanted rice in India. Chahotra, Chahutha (Mahratta), interest taken at four per cent, per month. Chain, a line of connected links ot any kind ; a liritish lineal measure used in survey- ing or iihuting, made of linksof iron wire united tn'.'etlier. 'I'lie sin-vevor's chain contains 22 \arils or 792 inciies. which, being divided into lOh links. Lives 7-92 inches for each link. Tlie sqiiiire chain is tlie tenth of an acre, or -184 squire yards. The ciiaiu as a land measure in Tinnevalley, and some other parts of In- dia, is equal to 3 7-llth acres. In France, lielgium, and Holland, the eliain repre- sents the double decametre, equal to C.5-01 leet, nearly the same as the r.rilisb. Chaina, Ciiena (IliudiistJiii'), an inferior kind of '.^niin or millel, J'liiiirini: /lilosnjn. Chaix-I'.oat, a substantial boat used in bar- bonrs, for getting up mooring chains or anchors. Chain- BOLTS, the hWL'e holt.s ii^ed to soruro to the ship's side tlie liidis. or dead-e; e.s, tlirough which the standing rigging is rove. riiAlN-BiHDGE, a Suspension bridge. Chain-cai'.i.e, a mooring or anchoring cable made ol stout iron rin^'.s. Chain-gahi.e Mantfactckfj!, a maker of inm c.ihles liir sliips and other ]nirpo>^es. ('iiAix-ri.A-n;s, strong Ihiik plates of jion used in iiierehaiit vessels, Ijolted to the ship's side, instead of chains to I he dead- eyes, loi- linldmg the blocks by which the ringing ol the mast is secured. They take tlieir name li-om the mast, and are hence called lore-chains, main-cliains, ormizeu- chains. CiiAiN-rnMr, an hydraulic machine for rais- ing water, employed in ships, and for draining land. CHMN-SHirr, large iron balls or bullets chained together, used in sea-battles to destroy the spars, rigging, &c., of an enemy's vessel. Chain-stitch, work made with open spaces like chain links. Chain- TiMi'.F.n, large joists used in the middle stories of a building, to bind and give it strength. Chain-work, a style of fabric, of which tambouring, net,and hosieri- are examples. Chair, a heavy cast-iron socket lor receiving and securing the bars of a rr.iiroad; a moveable seat of which there are num- berless kinds made to suit special uses, such as light and ornamented drawing- room chairs, heavy and substantial ollice chairs, dining-rooin chairs, and folding, roeking, and reclining chairs, hall chairs, shop cliaiis, garden chairs, &c. * Chair anh Sufa Sxuffer, a workman who fills, pads, and covers seats. CnAii;-CARVER, OHO employed hi carving the upright posts and otherparts of beds, arm- chairs, softs, ifcc. Chair-maker, a workman who makes the frames or parts of chairs, sofas, and other seal s. Chairman, the presiding officer of a com- pany, board of directors, or public meeting, Ch AIR-WEBB, a kind of saw. Chais (French), wine vaults. Chaise, a two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse, of which there are many va- rieties, siicli as headed chaises, pony eb.dses, itc. CiiALSE-i.iiN'GtJE (Fresch), a couch or sofa with one arm or end. Chaka (Bengalee), the upper portion of a salt boiling furnnce. [prcsser. CllAKAN, Chakkai.a (Malabar), an oil Chaki (HeULMlce and lliiidustaiii), a hmidmill or griniling stone; an apparatus for spinning twine suspended Irom the hand. CH A [ 81 ] CHA Chakkara (Jlalabar), conrse siisar made Irnm the tari or juice of the coco nut and other palms. CiiAKKU (Kaniatic), a pack or bale of raw cotton. CnAKiiANT), an luilian measure of length, tlie hah' of a ouliit ; ahout nhie niches. Chakkili (onlhiarily corrupted to(;hucklar by Europeans) ; the Tamil and JIalabar name for a cuirier, slioemaker, or work- er iu hides and leatlier. In tlie Hindus- tani and some otlier Indian dialects, the worker in skins is called a chaniar. CnAKRAMi', a coin fornnrly current in the .South of India, the ICtli part of a pagoda. Chakri, a dealer in oils in India. Chaksoo, an Indian name lor the small flat shining black seeds of Ciissia absiix, Linnseus, which are employed in all parts of the East against iiitlammation of the eyes. CiiALAS, CHiLr.Atisi, Chitlan, a common Indian name lor an invoice, pa.^s, voucher, or way-bill t'HALAND (French), a customer, one who deals with another: a large barge or lighter used on the French rivers for the transport of goods and towed by steam or horses. CnAi.CEDONT, ("AT.CEDONT, a general term for a semi-transparent siliceous mineral, comprising several well-known varieties of stones, as the onyx, sardonyx, &c. See Agate and Caknei.iax. CiiALcoGRATny, the art ofcngraving on brass and co|)per. CuAi.cous, CnAT.CL'.s, an ancient Greek weightof 1-04 to I -44 grains, corresponding to the tassondj o( the Arabs. CiiAi.DEit, a dry measure in the old Scotti.sIi system, containing nearly 8 imperial quar- ters of wheat or flour; for other grain, fruit, potatoes, Ac, lU quarters; an old mode of spelling chaldron. CnAi.DKON, a heaped measure for various drygood.s. formerly in use but now pro- hibited. It is, however, still employed as a weight for coals; the London chaldron being 25i cwt., the Newcastle chaldron of 3 wains 521 cwt, hut for boats estimated at 53 cwt. In the transatlantic ports, the coal chaldron varies — atl'ictou. Nova Sco- tia, it is nominally one tnn and a qnnrter.but the average wei'.;ht or the Picion chaldron is .'J4.1C Ib.s. The ordinarv weight required in tlio markets of the United States, is 2940 lbs., Init at New York the chaldron of coals is only 2500 lbs. CiiALDRON'-WAGON, a wagon which conveys tliC coal fromtlie pit's mouth to the p'ace of slnpment, and holds a chaldron of coals. Chalias, a distinct caste of natives in Cey- lon who are employed as cinnamon peelers, stripping the bark twice annually. They derive their name from chawl the Sanscrit name for bark. CiiAi.Tci:, a sacramental cup tiscd in the cell bration of tlie eucharist. CiiAi.iES, a petty money of account, in Cey- lon the fourth p \rt of a pice. CUALK, the carbonate of liine, a white cal- careous deposit occurring with flint nodules. Chalk forms the basis of whi- ting, crayons, and some white colours, In agriculture, chalk is perhaps the most extensively employed of the limestone species, being added in many instances to the soil to alter the constituents and to fertilize land. In medicine it Is used in the form of iirepared chalk and conipound chalk powder, as an astringent and ant- acid. Cn.vLK-CF.MENT, an h.vdraulic cement made of chalk which hardens under water in a few minutes. CiiAi.K-cuTTEr!, a workman cmploj'cd in digginu chalk. Chalk-drawixo, a drawing sketched and filled in with black and coloured cray- ons. CHAi-K-LurE, the burnt carbonate or chalk from which heat has driven otf the car- bonic acid. Chalk-i.ise. a carpenter's line which is chalked so as to leave a mark lor working by. Chalk-pit, a pit from which chalk is dug. Challenge, in law an exception taken to jurors by a person to be tried, or by liis ....unsel.' Challi.s, a line printed soft woollen fabric, used for ladies' dresses. Challis-peinteii. a printer of challis. CiiALLY. an old Dutch coiper coin still occa- sionally found in circulation in Ceylon. .See l!ii>DT. Cn.4L0N (French), a lighter or barge. Chalot, a mode of spelling the shallot, Allium ascalonicu7n, an article of diet in some countries. [ship. Chaloupe (French), the long-boat of a Chaltee, a dry measure of Stettin, cijual to 84i Winchester busluLs. Chaltick, a native kind of rice grown in Hussia. Chai.u (Telugn), rice cleaned for cooking. CiiAi.niEAU "(French), an ancient rustic flute. CiiAi,YnEATE.s, mineral waters and medi- cines which hold iron. Chalybite, a very valuable sparry iron ore, the Styiian steel is made irom it. Ckama, the JIalabar name for the I'anictcm miliaceimi, the seed of which isspinetime.s used as a subslilutc for rice ; also a viry lar'-c bivalve found in the Indian ocean, the shells of which are used for heititieis. CiiAMAU, CiiuMAi!, a workcr of tkins in India. Sef Chakkii.l CnAMn,u;n rAuiucs, stuffs made from soft worsted yarn in Saxony, by hand weavers at their f.ouses. ChAMiua:, the inside of a piece of ordnance Chambers are also suites of rooms in a house, oc -upied as oflices by gentlemen and members of the learned prol'essior.s. The ;.isi,!e oi a l"ck. a partition in a canal. CiiAMKEia.AiN, a receiver of public rents .nnd revenues; 'he treasurer ot a corporalion. CHA.WiEii-iiAxniNGs, thccuriains or tapestry ofasleeiiiiiu'-room. CHAMBEP.MAID, a servant who hastliPcharge of sleeping apartments, or attends on a lady. CUAMBEB OF CcMMEKcr a committee of CHA [82 ] CitA merchants, or liilhiintlal nmnufiicturcrs mill trailers, apiKiiTitrd In a port or iiilaml town, to take coKiiisancH'ot niatter.saircet- luK the Keneral or 8|)edal interests ol trade, to memnrialjzc the Koveriunoiit, to ililluse uselul iulbrniation, Ac CiiAMKi-.iiKD, eiuvi'd, Krooved, or Inflcxed; any thing of which the edge Is bevelled or Chamois i-KATiiRn, leather made Irom va- rious kinds of skins, dressed wit:i lish- oil. The oil is hannnored or beatin hy a mill into the pores ol' the skin, whieh is al'lerwards partially dried, and washed hi striiii^; alkali, when it heeonics very soft and pllahlo. CiiAMoMiLK, an IndiKonous plant of Britain, (Anthimis noOili-s), cultivated for its Iknvers, wliicli are largely emiiloyed in mcdiclno. [wine. CnAMPAONK, a pleasant elTervcscins In iieli CH/Usipa(;nk-iu)TTi.i;, a stroiii; and |iartiou- lar shiipi'd Imltle, which has Ilie eork secured with wire, when holding' cliain- paKiie. CHAMrAGNE-GL.vss, a lonff, narrow glass, made for drinking eflervescing wines from. CHAMriGSON, an edible mushroom {Aynri- ciLS oieades), whicli is nutritious, stimu- lant, and rather fragrant. Cliampignona are frequently strung on thread, dried iu the shads, and pounded as an addition to rich gravies and sauces. Chajja, a kind of yain grown in Cochin. Chanai'I'AN, a weaver of hempen cordage in some of the Indian districts; a maker of coarse cloth for sacks. [sugar. C^nANCACA, a name in Costa Rica (or coarse Chanuki.ier, Chancellor, the koo|icr ot the records of a consul general. CHANcELLOROFTHEExcHEQUEit, the finance minister of Croat Kritain Chanceut, the olBcial abode of a consul in a foreign country. Chancerv ISarrister, a lawyer who prac- tises in the chancery courts. Chaxdelier, a lianging or fixed lamp with branches, or a frame with branches to hold candles for lighting a room. Chandelier-maker, a manuf^tcturer who makes metal suspensory lamps, for can- dles or gas. Chandler, an old name for a dealer, as corn- chandler, tallow-chandler, ship-chandler, &c. Chandler's shop, a petty huckster's shop; a place where small articles of provisions, ifcc, are vended. CiiANDU, a species of prepared opium. CiiAXGE, to barter; togiveone kind of money for another; also an abbreviated mode of designating an exchaii'„'e or place where merchants and men of business assemble. ChaniwU!!, an Indian grain meas\n-c, the fmrtli of a i liiiuthia; about halt a pound. Chanics, till' Indian nanief.ir llie Ijil,'; w lntc> massive siR'lLsut Tiuiiiiitlla jii/ntiii. \\liich ai'cnuieh prizedandvxlrii-.ivrl\ u>i d in In- dia lor the luanufacture of baiii^k'scuslR'U- braeelets and anklets, &c. Chanks cut In segments of circles form oniainents for the fore arms and wrists of women. The chief supply of these shells Is from Ceylon, and when the volutes turn to tlio rl^ht the shell is held in peculiar estima- tion, and letches a very hi;, li price. When the end is cut olf the shell is used a.s u kind of sounding-horn, both In tlie Kast and the West Imlies; "Shell blow," at the siu'iir jilantation being ihe time (or drawing oil from labour, or tor adjourn- ing lo meals. .SVe ('dn-ch. C11ANNE1.S, Ciiainwalks, strong projecting planks at the sides ot a ship, over which the shrouds are spread, to obtain a greater angle. ;See Chain's. CniVNNEL-i'ii.oT, a skilled olTlcer who takes charge ot the navigalion of ships in the Knglish Cliaimel. Channel-steamer, a steamer employed ia running across the channels around tlio British islands. CiiANTA (.Malabar), a fair or market. Chantech. (French), a male singer; clian- tuuse being a female vocalist. Ch,\ntehellk (French), the Chanta?-clliu ctbarius, one of our best eatable mush- rooms. Chantier (French), a timber yard or naval dockyard. CiLVNTiLLY Lace, a fine and rich Frencli hand-made lace, wliich from its price can only be obtained by the wealthy. Ch-vnvre (French), hemp. [millet. Chanwan (Hindustani), a small sort ol Chap, tlie upper and lower parts of the mouth in animals, the jaw; hence pigs' cheeks smoked and dried arc vended as Bath chaps. CiLU'.vTA (Hindustani), a thin unleavened cake of flour and water, toasted or baked over a fire. Ckape, the back piece or catch by which a buckle is attached to the article or garment; a tlim plate at the point ol a scabbard. Chapeau (Frencli), a bonnet or hat; in maritime commerce a primage. Chapeuer (French), a hatter. Chapel-master, a director of music. Chapel-warden, tlie warden of a chapelry. Chaplain, an lionoi-ary or paid oflSciating clergyman, having no see or incumbency ; thus there are chaplains to regiments, to hospitals, to ships, to masonic lodges, to I.oid Mayors, and to British chapels iu loreign countries. [eoluniw. Chapiter, in architecture, the capital ot a CiLAPLET, a pair of stirrup leathers; a little moulding. Chapji.vn, a pedlar or itinerant dealer. Chapprasser, an Iiulian messenger. Chapra (Hindustani), dried cakes of cow- dung used as fuel. Ch>uiactogr^vph, a philosophical Instru- ment, [niinous fuel. CiiARBON (Frencli), coal, charcoal, bitu- CnARiiONNiF.R (Frencli), a collier; a eoal- maii. one Who supplies or deals in fuel. Ciiaucoal, Animal, a form ol carbon ob- tiimcd by burning bone or the chippings ol hides, leather, &.C., wliich is used lor lillcring or decolorizing vegetable solu- tions. Charcoal-bdrntir, a workman employed ill the preparation of charcoaL CH A [83 J r. IT A Charcoal-filter, a fountain or other filter for water, tilk-d with cliarcoal. Charcoal-maker AND dealer, a trader wlio iiiaiiulactuies aud vends charcoal lor fuel, |irciis of pulse lar;,'cly cullivati'd; also tin' ccri'iHDii.v of tonsure. C'liM'i.i, <'iiA\vAi.i, a small silver coin in the .MaluMttacouulry, worth about.two anna.s, or thrrepenco. C'liAUTUiA, a common Rrain measure in the north - west provinces of India, about equal to a seer, or 2 lbs.; five chautliias ni;il\v coloured; Sullolk, a skini-niilk (In'cse; and Cotleidiam, a broad shaped and superior flavoured Stil- ton. Other prime homi^-tnade cheeses, are Cheddar, Wcnsleydale, cream pine, and loaf cheese. The esteemed foreign cheeses arc I'armesan, Cruyeri', Are. Other kinds of chcew will he found men- tioned in their al|)habetical order. * Chee.se-cake, a sweet custard cake nuide of grated cheese, flour, sugar, Ac. Cheese-colouring. See Annotta. Cheese-dairy, a cool room wliere cheese is made. Cheese-factor, Cheese-monger, a dealer in clieose, a iirovision-merchant. Cheese-knife, a wooden spatula made iiso of in dairies to break down the curd wliilst in the cheese tni). Cheese- i.ep, a bag in which retmet is kept for making cheese. [cheese. CHEESE-MAitER, oiic employed in jnaking Cheese-press, a screw press employed in cheese-dairies to force the whey from the curd in the cheese-vat. Cheese-rennet, a wild flower, the yellow bcdstraw, Galium. ve7'um, sometimes used for curdling milk to make cheese. Cheese-scoop, Cheese -taster, an auger instrument for boring and tasting cheese. Cheese-taster Wauufacturer, a maker of metal scoops or augers for boring cheese, in order to test the quality. Cheese-toaster, an instrument hung at the bars of a grate to toast clicese. Cheese-vat, the case in which the curd is placed to be pressed in cheese making. Cheh, the tenth part ot the Chinese tael. Chel a land measure used in rice culture in Mj'sore equal to 1-322 acre. Chei;i, a jeweller's weight in Persia of ''200 grains. Chekmak, a fiibric of silk and gold thicad, mixed with cotton, made in Turkey. Chellaun (Hindustani), a way-bill for checking the time on a journey between the different rests or stages. ['powder. Chemic, a commercial name for bleaching Chemical-balance, a very accurate balance for assays, and other nice operations. Ciiemical-colour-manufactotier, a maker of artificially compounded pigments. CHEMlCAL-lNSTRU3ti;NT-MAi\i:R, a manufac- turer of apparat\is lor ilannsts, and also occasionally of matlicuiatieal and philoso- phical instruments. CiiEnncAL-PAPER, paper prepared forchemi- cal oiicrations, as filtering paper, paper lor photographs, &a CHE [85] CHE Chemtcals, substances used in clicmistry. Chemioal-stoppekeh, a manutacturer of stoppers tor glass bottles. Chemise, a French name for the lining of a lurnaco ; a female inner garment. Chemisette, a lady's lace or net stomacher. Chemist, a scientific manufacturer of sub- stances used in chemistry; also a drug- seller. Sometimes the business of ojiera- tive and retail chemist is combined. Chemistry, tlie study of the various ele- mentary bodies of nature ; tlieir allinity, properties, hiws and combinations and their useful applications to the arts and manufactures. Chemist's-laboratort, the place where the manipulations and analytical operations of a manufacturing chemist are carried on. Chemist's-shop, a shop where chemicals and phaniiaceutical preparations are re- tailed. Chemittpt, a mode of printing from metal plates with ordinary presses, which is in- tended as a substitute for wood-cutting. The process enables casts in relief to bo taken from an engraving. Chemke, a name given to the razor carp (Cyprinus cuUratus), the young of which are dried and consumed in the Blaclt Sea. See Carp. Chemmaki. See Chamar. Chena, a name in India for millet (Pani- cum miliaceum) ; also ground covered with underwood; abushy thorny jungle of low growth. Chendi, an Eastern name for the fermented juice of the date palm. Chene (French), an oak. Chenevis, a name for hemp seed in France. Chenica, a small dry measure of Persia, tlie half of a capicha. CuuNiLLE, a loose silk trimming. Chenna, corrupted from Chana (Hindus- tani), a kind of pulse {Cicer arietinum), conunonly known as gram ; when parched and mixed with lime juice and pepper chenna forms an esteemed condiment among the Hindoos. Chenvukotti, from Chenva, copper; the Malabar name for a coppersmith or brazier. [1^ inches. Cheoh, a long measure in Sumatra, about Cheque, a written order for payment to bearer of a specified sum of money on 8ome bank or individual, by a depositor or person having the necessary funds or cre- dit. Sometimes the cheque is "crossed," that is, made payable only through a banking firm, instead of on demand by presentation at the counter. Cheqdee, a weight in Turkey; that for precious metals contains 100 drachms, and is equal to 4950 troy grains; that for opium 250 drachms, or IJlb; and the heavy chequee for wool, YS of tlio inains;iil. CiiEssvLiTK, a species of copper ore wlileli is! valuable wlieii foinid in suUleieiit quan- tity. CuKsT, a wooden box or packaKe of no cer- tain diMniisidiis. Tlie chest of opium woit,'hs 1 11 MI>H. the tare allowance for lea'' andclnst hiiji!,' IJIb. Achest of tea varies: the tlu'St of I'ekoe contains but seven catties, of souchong and poucliong 25, and (it hyson CO. Tlie chest of sugar from I'.razil is about 1:! cwt. ; of indigo from ]5engal about 200 lbs. The chest of olive oil contains 60 flasks, or a little over two gallons. Chesterfield, a kind of loose coat. Chest-expander, an application of fixed or jiliable materials for keeping back the sluiulders. Chestnut, the fruit or nuts of the Castanea vesca. In some countries chestnuts con- stitute a considerable part of the general food of the inhabitants. From the horse chestnut excellent flour, starch and ver- micelli have been made ; the wood is cheap, strong, and duraljle, and has a very hand- some natural colour and grain which is greatly Iseightened by varnisliing. Chest of Dka^veks, a set of drawers for keeping clothes or other articles in, made of mahogany, deal, or otlier wood. Chest-protectok, a hare skin or any cover- ing for the chest worn by persons suffer- ing from pulmonary complaints. CHEST-tJPON-CHEST, a double set of drawers that divides in the middle for the con- venience of moving or travelling. Chetterilaiian, the Malabar name for a grass cutter and a drawer of Tari, or the juice of the coco-nut palm. Cheval-glass, a lady's dressing room look- ing-glass, in vfhich the full length figure may be seen. Chevatier Barlet, an esteemed kind of malting barley, named after the gentle- man who first brought it into notice. Cheveril, leather prepared from kid skin. Cheville (French), the peg of a violin, tenor, &c. Che\tiette, an engine for raising pieces of artillery into their carriages. Chevron (French), a rafter; a Gothic architectural ornament, sometimes called a zig-zag. Chew-stick, the branches and twigs of tbe Gouania Domingensis, which are used in the West Indies for cleaning the teeth, and also powdered as a dentitrice. Chewing-ball, a medicinal bolus for a horse. Chhakra (Hindustani), a cart. Chhala (Hengalee), a pair of .sacks or pan- niers slung across the back of a l)uilock. Chhap, Chop (Hindustani), an otticiil mark on weights and measures, to indi- cate their accuracy ; an eastern Custom- house stamp or seal on goods that have been examined and have paid duty Chian Torpentini', a resinous juice ob- tained ill small quantities from the Pis- tdcia Terebinthus. used medicinally, and employed in the East as a masticatory to sweeten the breath and preserve the teeth. ("hiatta (Italian), a kind of flat-bottomed ljo;it. Ciimoinc, a Turkish pipe, usually with an ehciny or cherry-wood stem, and an amber mouth-piece, the bowl being of baked clay. Chica, a fermented intoxicating beverage made in South America, usually from maize steeped in warm water; that most prized is, however, first chewed and then mashed in hot water; sometimes it Is made from other vegetable sub- st ances. CniCK, a name for the inspissated juice of the poppy, three pounds of which will make one of opium. * CnicinsN, CnicRLiNO, a young fowl. Chicken-weed, a name under wliich the dyeing lichen, Rocella fucifarmis, has been imported into Liverpool from Lisbon. Chicki-ing Vetch, the Lathyrus sativus, used in Germany as (bod. Chick-pea, a leguminous plant, the Cicer arietinum, wliicli is a common crop in In- dia, where it is known as gram. It Is also cultivated in the South of Europe. In some places it is roasted as a substitute tor coffee. Chicory, the powdered root of Cichorium intybus, used either alone or with coffee as an infused beverage. Chicoi-y is largely imported from the Continent and the Channel islands, and is also exten- sively grown at home. CmcoRr-cuTTEE, a machine for slicing and preparing the chicory roots previons to drying, roasting, and gi-inding. Chief Trader, the name of certain superior oflScers employed by the Hudson's Bay Company in their North American terri- tories. Chiffonier (French), a collector of rags, bones, and shreds, &c. * Chiffoniere, a neat chest of drawers, a lady's work table. Chik, a bamboo mat to hang at the en- trance of a room in India; they are some- times Uned with cotton. Chikan, the Hindustani name for em- broidering and working flowers on muslin. Chiksa, a fragrant Indian powder composed of sandal wood, andropogon, benzoin, and other aromatic ingredients. Chilgoza, a local Indian name tor the seeds in the cones of Pinus Gerardiana, which form one of the principal articles of sub- sistence for the natives in Kunawur. Chilian Pine, the Araucaria imbricata, a handsome lofty tree, valuable not only for its beauty, but for the large seeds in the pine-cones which supply the natives with a great part of their usual food ; the fruit of one tree being suliicient to support eighteen persons for a year. Chillaw, a Persian name for plain boiled nee cm [87 ] CHI Chillies, a nnniL' siveii to tlie small pun- fr'cnt poilsor fruit ot'tlieC'nMvill. cmv- o iMiidiii- the hiiiuls or a iniino-lui-lo ciiunroDisi', one wlio nMiioves corns, ami o'whicll there are nu.ny kinds ; as ttrn er ^Ssc^il^irhil^parit^g'c&slHp- nimchises blunt chisels, best mort.ee ^ ikt sash Chisels. morti.e-lock ch.seU. Kticket chiscs, &c. ; cold chiscib .uc s?n uer to' is of steel, for cutthig iron. t b^fj^f.^^^liy hlick and quite liard, and then ''"i\!V,i3 lllmoiispipe stone of the Indians ot hew CiVLOKoFonM a valuable ani^sthetic agent, ^"mltl'"''?ore largely prepared as a com- Cui^iimlE'reu!^n ilistrument for determin- ing the relative d.olouring value of sam- pR.s Of bleaching iiowder. CHOADA^a-, CHOKADANr, ■ „^;f^4'" ^^f, !;;^^-S^oi^!3^cuoiS^-'"^^'-- cSo^l^^^i^^^^Shiero^^con as it were, the silver-stick i" waiting. Pho'ca a mixture of collee and chocolate. CHOCk,'CHua., a piece of wood for stopp.na C^^o^K^Ki^Bi^^^anant^c^aiulmming term, signifyingclosely wedged, oi tifehtiy Chock-f'ull. Cnoi^-FULL. any thing q;;ite full and into which no more can be put. Chocolate, pulverized and prepare, cacao beans, flavoured with sugar and other cl?lcolfTfkAK.u, one -Ho grinds and l.repares the cacao beans pf « "™<^'^"=° nto rolls or cakes, termed chocolate CHOCOLATE NnT. a name given to the beans or seeds of Theobroma Cacao ^ff ^ "Coa. Choir that part ofa church or chapcl.'ilioi- ^?ed to the Choristers; a band of musicums. &c., wlio sing in a place of worship. CiioKA, a Hindustani name for uce. C HOKE, to stifle or stop up. „-„,._„ .,,„,,i„ CHOKE-DAMP, a minors name for carbonic acid eas and other dangerous gases. Cho^Ida^. an mton watclnmn, a col- lector of dues .at a Custom House. Choky: CuowKEE, an Indian chair or seat; the Vt.ation ofa kuard or officer appointed to collect customs' dues. «. Chola fHindustiini), a species of gi am, Ucer aHdinZ; also "one who cuts sugar cSou,u a name In some of the Indian dia- lecu for a kind of grain, Cynosurus cora. Cholot, the Tamil name for the great \\\\\\qX, Sorghum vulgare. Chooa anamein Kumaon ^ox AmaranlUus frmnentaceus, called in Bombay razge.ra. Cifooc^Ho^cKt a name for the candareen iu Hooloo, one of the Sunda islamls. CnooLAH, a cooking hearth or firc-place^m CnooN,' a linear measure in Sumatra of ij C oopIh. an Eastern measure of capacity. the fourth of a gantong, and equal to 2i Cnopfa slice of meat ; a trade terin in Cliina for the entire bulk ot a cer am kind of tea brought to m.arket, or the quantity made- usually comprising 600 chests of Coi.'ou but sometimes reaching lOOo cliest" Ttie East India Company ofters a pait of its tea in London ''t a tmie, and this is oaUed a " break." bee CaBAP. CHO [ P^ ] CIIU C'liop-HO0SE, an enting-housc; a place of rel'rcshinent iu towns and cities. Choline, a high Isind ot slioe f'ornioiiy used in Europe; a former French measure o( capacit}', the half of the old pint of Paris. Tlic chupine was also half of a Scotch pint. C'HOPNESS, a kind of shovel or spade. Chopper, an edge tool or small hatchet for domestic use. ClioppiNG-iiLoCK, alarf;esolid block of wood, used liy butchers and others to chop iiie;it, ifec. upon. CnoppiNG-KNiFE. a knife with a handle at each end, for mincing meat and chopping suet, &c. Cjioppixg-machine, a rotary machine for mincing sausage meat. Chop-sticks, small pieces of wood used liy the Chinese to convey food to the mouth, in the i)lace of the kn"ife and fork or spoon ol otiier nations. CuoRiSTEK, a trained public singer; the member of a vocal or ecclesiastical clioir. CiiOROGRAPHEK, One wlio lays down maps or iilans descriptive of a country. tHOKOGRAPHiau.-APPAKATus, a machine for measuring heights, invented by Baron Klein. Chorus, a band or companj' of singers. CliOTANA, an uncertain and variable liquid measure in Malabar. Choua. a vernacular name for Amaranthus oleroceus or frumentaceiis, a plant used as a potherb in some parts of India. In Ghurwal, Kumaon, &c., the small grains are also largely used for food. Choultry, an ornamental stone or other covered building in the East, an inn for acconmiodating trave-llers. Choute, a black mail or tribute levied by the liheels, a predatory race inhabiting the ghauts of peninsular India. Tlie Iburtli l)art of net revenue. Chow, corrupted from Chavcr or Cliau, the nominal weight by whicli pearls are valued in India, the 6th part of the grain as a weight for silver. The chow is nomi- nally divided into 320 fractional parts. The term has also reference to the quality and value of the gem, ascertained by tlie size, colour, and weight, ^ee Kallingee and Manjadt. Chow-chow, a Chinese word applied to any mixture; but in trade circles usually ap|)lied to mixed pickles. CHO^V'DER, a soup made with fish ; a teim sometimes used to signify trash or rubbish. Chowder-beep^ an inlusion of black spruce in water sweetened with molasses, useti by tlie fishermen of Kewlbundlaud as an antiscorbutic. Chowdky, a former I'eccivor of the land revenues in India, now replaced by the Zemindar. Chowicee, a kind of cane chair made in India of rattans, the Calaimis rotang tiwA arborescens. Cuowkeedak, Chokeedar, a custom-Iiouso ofhcer, toll collector, village watchman or policeman in India, Chow-patties, baked cakes of unleavened bread made in India of wlieat or barley meal, mcd by the lower classes. Chow]!i:e, a horse-hair whisk or Indian fly-flapper, the handle of which is made of ivoiy, sandal wood or otlier material. Chretien, Hon Chretien, a variety ot pear. Christian d'or, a Danish gold coin worth aiKJUt 16s. 6d. CiiRiSTMAS-BOX, a gratuity formerly fiven to various classes of servants, by'trades- ineu, cks worked l)y electricity. * Chronometer, an exact time-keeper, any instrument used for determining the lon- gitude at sea or lor other purposes, where great accuracy is required. 'J'lie construc- tion of these time-keepers for marine use has been carried to a high degree of per- fection in this country and some are iiiiide to go without re-winding about a niontli. Chronometer-maker, a maker of very accurate-going watches for scientific pnr- poscs. Chronomiter, Pocicet, an expensive kind of watch noted for its jirccision and superior make. Chrososcope, an instrument for the exaet mensuration of time. CiiRYSAJQnc-ACiD, a newly invented colour- ing matter obtained from aloes, which is also called polyehromate. Chrysoberyl, a hard, green, semi-trans- parent aluminous stone obtained from IJrazil. Chrysolite, a j-ellow gem stone obtained in the l,evant. CiiKYsiii'HUASK, a hig:hly prized species of chak-cdiiiiy, ofa semi-opaque green colour, us<'(I for jeweller}'. Chuck, an ai)pendage to a turner's lathe. Chuckrum, a mone^■ of account in Malabar, 28J going to the rupee of 2s. Cuuckundojee, an Indian name for gold embroidery work. CnuDDER, a wrapper for a female, in India, used to envelop the upper jiart of the person. It is worn in loose folds and the material may be either silk, musUn, or cambric, &c. Chuka, the Malay name for vinegar. CIIU [90] CIM Chc-lan, a n:\mo in Cliina fov tlio spikoa of {lowers (if C/ilnra III liiixiiicoiixpicuus, wliicli nrp. thor(^ iisrd tci scriil Icm. CiiiTMHAM-.K On,, an Imiiiui name lor llm cssciilial oil (.Ijisiiiliio. CiiiiMMV, nil assciciaU' or companion; popn- lar name lor a cliininey swuepcr. CiinMP, a sliort thick Itlock ol ivood, a bony- part of the loin In meat. Chun, Ciioonu (Hindustani), pea-nical; pulse coarsely sruunii. Chunam, an Imliaii name for lime made from sea-sliolls or coral; a small wei;,'lit for sold in Masuliiiatam, nearly G grains. t'lWN'VM-MAKKi!. a limu-ljurucr, a cement maker, in India. C'liUNDiGAR (r.u/.arattee), a bracelet-maker, one who makes armlets of glass or ivory for married women. Chcnuoo, a small dry measure of Ceylon, about a quarter of a pound; tiie fourth liart of a seer. CiinNGAH, a bamboo liquid measure used in Commercolly, India, containing about one-sixth of an" imperial gallon. Ciiuxo, a name in Peru for potatoes frozen and dried. CiiLPAii, a Jlala5-an grain measure, the fourth part of a guntong, 30 chupalis make one bushel of rice, equal to SC lb. See CoTA^f. * CiiuPASST, the Hindustani name for a peon or messenger. CnuPATTiKS, small unleavened calces eaten by the lower classes in Intlia. CnuppA-lvHANEH, an Indian name for a printing-oQice. CiicmAP, a weight of Central Asia about 2i lbs. Church-fitter, a tradesman who attends to tlio interior fittings of places of public worship. CliuiiCH-PLATE, the utensils for the admi- nistration of the Eucharist. CHUitcn-itATE, a tax levied on parishioners tor tlic repairs and maintenance of the Church. CiiUKCH .Service, a book of common prayer, and daily lessons of the chureli. CHURCn-WAiiDES. a parish officer chosen by the vicar or rate-payers to attend to the disbursements and other affairs connected with a church. Churchyard, the area round a church, in many instances set aside for the burial of the dead. Churka, corrupted from the Bengalee clia- raki, a wheel or rotatory madiine; a rude liaiulmill with rollers for cleaning cotton from the seed in India. Churn, an agitating instrument for sepa- rating the butter Irom milk, of which there are several kinds. Chukn-drill, a large drill several feet long, with a chisel point at each end, used in the mining districts. CnuRN-sTATF, the revolving staff of a barrel or other churn. CiitTRRANO, Cheranc, a Small earthenware lamp fcu' luiniini; coeuniit-oil in India. Cnrr.uiis, the Indian name for a crude resinous exudation obtained Irom the In- ^au Uemp plant, Cannabis Indica. Cnisi'A, a U^atheni pourising the towns of Sandwich, Dover, Hvthe, Romney, and Hastings. The Lord Warden of these ports still has special jurisdiction and important marine powers. CiOPFA (Italian), an under-petticoat. CiPHERiNG-iiOOK, a Child's book for work- ing arithmetical questions. Ciphkking-slate, a common framed slate lor .schools or tor the use of cliildren. CiPOLiNO, a variety of green marble with wliite veins; a mixture of talcose schist with white saccharoidal marble. Circuit, the space traversed by a machine, &c., in moving round; a district visited by a Judge. Circular, a printed or litliographcd hand- bill, note, or address, issued by tradesmen to customers, &c. Circular- BOLT, a machine employed by the Nottingham lace manufacturers in making net. CiRCULAji-NOTE, a letter of Credit granted hy London bankers tor the convenience ol travellers, pay able at ditlci-ent Continental or foreign towns, and accom|ianicd by a letter of indication. CiRCULAR-sAW, a Very useful machine tool, a revolving disc of steel with serrated edges or teeth, for cutting wood and metal. CircuLjStino Llbraet, a liljrary from which looks are sent out on loan to sub- scribers. ClRCLXATiNG MEDIUM, cash and hank notes payable on demand. Circulator, one employed in distiibuting bills, CiRCiiLus, an instrument for cutting off the neck of glass. Circumference, the boundary line of a circle or plot; girth of a Ine, &c. CiRCDMFERENTOii, a surveyor's Instrument for measuring angles. Circumnavigation, the act of voyaging round the globe. Circumpolar, lying around the pole. CiRCUMVENTOR, a Surveying instrument, having a compass-box at the top for taking angles. Circus, a building or enclosure in which feats of horsemanship are exhibited. Cire (French), bees-wax. Cist, any tiling for holding, as a bag, basket, case, or chest. Cistern, a reservoir or receptacle for water, or other fluid. Cithara, an old kind of harp. Cithern, an Austrian stringed instrument. CiToLE, an instrument like the dulcimer. Citric Acid, the juice of limes neutralized with chalk, and the citrate of lime thus formed decomposed by sulphuric acid. It is largely made for domestic use and for calico-printing. Citron, the fruit of the Citrus MeJica, a large species of lemon, less acid than that fruit, imported chiefly from Madeira. CiTRONELLA, an essential oil obtained from the grass Andropogon Citratum, and chiefly imported from Ceylon. Another species, A. schoenanthus, or Cymhoyon schxnanlhus, furnishes the lemon-grass oil. See Lemon Grass. CiiTEHN, an ancient musical instrument resembling the lute. City Article, the portion of a newspaper S|)ecially devoted to the consideration of matters of commerce and finance. City Editor, the employee of a daily or weekly London journal, whose special duty it Is to report upon the prices or l)ublic securities, the state of the money market, and other matters of commerce and finance. CiTY-poRTER, ft ticket-porter, one licensed by the Corporation of London. CivAiA (Italian), pulse, beans, pease, Ac. (IVANZO, the name in Italy tor interest. Civet, a perfume analogous to musk, ob- tained from some species of Viverra. * Civil Engineer, a scientific man, one who attends to the business of engineering ai apiilied to the economic or useful pur- poses of civil life. Clack, in mining phraseology the valve of a pump; clack door being the aperture through which it is fixed and removed ; a bell that gives warning of more corn be- ing required in a mill. Clafter, a name given to the fathom of six feet in Germany, Russia, and Swilzerlnnd; in Hamburgh it is only equal to C8 Eng- lish inches. Claie, a long bed or couch of split canes or reeils used in silk-worm establishments in France, to deposit the worms and leaves on. Clam, a large species of shell-fish or eon- chiferous mollusc, which exists only in very deep water. Clams are used on the CLA [92] CLI North Anioriciin coapts ns bait for end, which arc exccoiliiiKlyfonil of them. Some of t lie species arc ol ^MRantic' size, ami the shells arc occasionally used in CJatholie eliurches as receptacles li>r the lioly waler. .S't'i' Kr.NITIKll. Ci.AMi-, an iron liol.llast; a. kiln or pile of bricks placed fi>r liurninu'. * Clami'INO, a nnlon ol iK^irdsat right anplcs. CLAMP-NAII.S, nails suited (urclanii) work. Cl.AMl'-siloRS, lieaw slims lor niUKli work. ClAl-liOAKDS, a kind of thin -wealliei-ljoara used lor the outer covering ol houses; rough cask staves before they arc pro- perly sliapcd. Ci.AP-MATCU, a fisherman s name for an old female seal. Clap-net, a bird catcher s net. Ci.Ari'EU, the tongue or striker of a bell ; a mill clack. Clarence, a kind of carriage. Claket, the name given in England to the red wines of Medoc in France, mostly shipped from Bordeaux. Claret-glass, a large shallow wine glass for drinking claret from. Claret-jdg, a tancy glass decanter with lip and handle for holding claret. Clarichord, Clavichord, an old small keyed musical instrument in the form of a spinnet. Clarift, to clear or fine a liquor by a che- mical process. Clabinet, a inusical reed instrument larger than the ohoe. Clarion (French), Claeino (Italian), a shrill kind of octave trumpet now out of ClarV- water, a spiced and highly perfumed sweet cordial or medicinal drink, made from the flowers of the claiy (Salvia Sdarea), which is a stimulant aromatic hitter. Clasp, afistenin?. , ., ^ ^, Cr^sp-KNiFE, a large folding knife for the pocket, or one to suspend by a cord to the neck. , Clasp-knife manufacturer, a workman who makes clasp knives. Clasp-nail, a nail with a head. CL.VSSE (Italian), a fleet of ships. CLA-\acEMi5ALO (Italian), the harpsichord. Clavichord. See Clarichorp. Clavier, the key-board of an organ or piano. Claviom, a finger keyed viol. Clay, aluminous or argillaceous earth which disintegrates in water and forms a plastic ductile mixture. Clay, from its tenacity, is of great importance both in an agricul- tural and commercial point of view. Va- rious descriptions of clay are used in the it>nnufacture of pipes for smoking, tor pot- tery and porcelain, bricks, crucibles, Ac. ClATED, a term applied to sugars which nave been purified or bleached by water filtered through superimposed clay. Cr.ATiNO, a process of bleaching sugar by water passed through a layer ot cUiy ; also the operation of puddling. Clay-kiln, a stove for burning clay. CLAY-MERCHANT, a dealer in lire and other OlHJ'B. Claymore, a large two-handed double- edged sword formerly used in England and Scotland. Cijvy-pipe, a pipe for smoking tobacco moulded from claj'. Clay-screening machine, a machine for ])re)>anng clay for the uianulacturc ol bricks, tiles, pipes, otatoruin from its property ofcleAring water. CLEjUtinG-SALE, a disposal of stock, TC- mainder, or rummage. Cleae Starcher, a laundress who washes fine linens and stiffens them with starch. Cleats, iiieces of wood used to strengthen, resist, or support great weights; onboard ship cleats are a kind of belaying pins to fasten ropes to. Clea\'er, a name in some places for a hat- chet, but principally applied to a butcher's metal axe or chopper. Cledge, a mining term for the upper stra- tum of fuller's earth. Cleet, a wedge or belaying pin. r&c. Cleft, a space or opening made by a wedge, Clenching, Clinching, the process of fas- tening securely, as in doubling over the point of a nail when it has passed through a plank. Clerestory, the upper part of the nave of a church, the windows in the tower. Clerk, an assistant; a subordinate ofneer in a public or private office. The name Wiisoriginally given tolearnedmen, hence it is still legally applied to clergymen of the established Church. A clerk of tlio court is a judicial officer In law or county courts ; a clerk of the peace, a law officer in counties and at Quarter-Sessions, l'r('s where thit ilothiors aii.l puroliaseis Sf woolUms as.e.ubl« periodically to traus- CLOxSa maker of or dealer in cloth. Cloth P^Eis, coarse papc-rs glazed and un- g°azed for pressing and finishing woollen Cloth-toessek, one engaged in preparing CLOTi'i-SHEAREU, a Workman employe' t" remove the imperfections ot woollen fabrics after weaving; this >^ "O^ '^^."Jl » some extent on the Continent by cloth- shearin" machines. , , „ Cloth WATER-puooFER, a workman who ronders cloth Impervious to ^^;;'te''- , Cloth-workers' Company one of ic tu eh e great livery companies of Loudo.i-%v hose charter dates from. the time ot bdward IV It is tlie last in precedence. Iheir hall is in Mincins Lane. rioiiD-BERRY, a name for the fruit ot tne Rubufchamamorus wljicli is «^<;k ..'^''^ T.ip^snit to the taste. The .Scottish Iligh- ande'ra and the Laplanders esteem it as ll{e'orthr.lst grateful and useiu|nu.3 Cloudkq, an appearance S'v^' to I'bbons nnrt silks in the process ot dj cmg. . Clough an engineering appliance for divid- ing the fall ot^^ater into two parts, appli- cable to drains in tideways, &c Clous, French for nails. Clout, an iron plate on an axle tieo , a CLoS^EtcRSl!""cLOrrED-CREAM. thiek ^c?^in obt:dned on the surface of milk by thp nnnlication of sliKht neat, cioCTED SHOES, heavily nailed shoes worn by agricultural labourers, carters and ri OOTERIE,' a manufactory for nails, cl'o^ an English weight lor wool, equal to seven pounds or tlie half of a stone. CLOVE-BARii, a eonmiercial name given to thi barks of two dillVrent trees, one being the Eastern arc npelago, and the othei tne Itcy^elLm caryophyllatum, lound ui CLOVE-niTcn, two half hitches round a spar CLOVEirone of the most valuable of the anificial grasses for fodder, of which there arc r^any varieties. Clover seed, such as American and French red clover and Gemian white clover, are largely im- cK^ the unexpanded flower bjKis of the Curyophyllas aromaUcus ^s '''^ ' 'o^' "^ woll-liiiown apice. In the i^asi lani-j' models and toys are olteu made with Clot a%veapon of attack, a stout stick; a *^Sefit soc!l-ty ; a place of resort (or dis- cussion and refreahment The weat-ena club-houses of London are of a hlRhly respectable character—ami in many o tlKMii a candidate nui.st be proposed several years before there is a vacancy lor hia CLUi^iNi" uniting together for some object ; a sea term lor a vessel drifimg down a current with an anchor out. Clue, Clew, tlic lower corner of the squaio sail of a ship; hence the ropes by winch it is lilted arc called clue-garnets, or clue- Clump-boots, heavy boots for rough wear, such as shooting, excavators work, &c. Clunch or curl-stone, a local name in StMlTordshire tor a mineral substance liom which tripoli is made. , , ^ . , , Cltsteu-pipe, a medical instrument for iniectinj; into the rectum. , ^, , CNASTER, Kanaster, a coarse kmd oftobacco made from Havana leat, and wli ch derived its name originally from being imported from America in rush or cane CoACiL a pleasure carriage, a vehicle on si.rin'S ot which there are many kinds, as dress coaches, driving coaches, &c. Coach aud Caet Grease-ju-ker, a manu- facturer of fatty compositions lor lubricat- ing the axle-trees of vehicles. Coach anii Harness-makers' Cojipant, oho of the liverv companies of London, whoso hall is in Noble-street, Cheapside. Coach- axle-tkee-makek, a tradesman who supplies axle-trees to carnage-builders. COACII-BEADER. -See COACH-PL^VTER. Coach-blind-maker. &e Coach-joiner. CoAcn-BODY-MAKERS, workmen m a coach ftctorv who constnict the delicate frame- work and panelling of coaches; in contra- distinction to a separate class ot mechanics, who make the heavier and stouter part or carriage to support the body, and to connect it with tlie wheels, pole, &c. _ COACii-BOLT-MAKER, a coach-smith, a m.anu- fictnrer of the iron parts of coaches, &c. COACU-Box, the driver's seat on a coach. Coach-broker, a tradesman who makes a business of dealing in carnages. PoirH-PARVER, a workman who carves the beSdin^Ind mouldings of the body of a carriage, and the foliage and ornamental tiaoery on state coaches and elaborately decorated vehicles. . Coach-cureier, a mechanic who supplies and makes the leather parts ot carnages. CoACH-DRADGHTSMAN, a designer 01 the forms, &c., of carriages. COACU-FOUNDEB, a workman who supplies the iron materials for coach-builders. COACH-HEBALD-PAINTER, ail artlSt WllO paints amis, crests, and devices on tho nanels of carriages. , , CoACH-niRE, the fare or charge for a coach. COACH-HOBSE, a liorsc adapted for car- Coavho prepares and finishes the lace, linings, and other trinmiings for carriage-builders. Coach- wuEELWitiGHT, a maker of carriage- wheels, &c CoAiuxo, in mast-ninking a prjcess of joining or uniting tinilier to the inside spar. Generally the v.urd inii'lies a uiiiun of two pieces of wood, by letting in a small projection of one piece into the hollowed end of the o'.her. Coal, fossil fuel, which enters largely into commerce for domestic, iiianiilaeturiMg, and propelling purposes for steain-rni^ines, on land and on sea. At the present time not less than 40,000,0U0 tons of coal are ammally raised in the United Kingdom. Coal-agent, the manager (or a colliery proprietor. Coal-barge, a flat-bottomed river-boat for transporting coal short distances to wharves, &c. Coal-box, a scuttle to hold coals in a room. CoAL-CELLAB, a vault where coals are kept for convenient access for domestic use. Co.vL-DROP, a staith or contrivance for shooting or lowering coals into the hold of a vessel. Coal-dust, the small broken or fine coal, after the larger masses have been screened. CoAL-DusT-MAEEE, a manufacturer of arti- ficial fuel. CoAL-ExcHAXGE, a Central market in Lon- don, situate near Billingsgate, where coal factors, captains, and others resort, and the wholesale coal business ot the metropolis is carried on. The imports of coal into London in 1856, by sea, railway, and canal, ainountcd to 4,400,000 tons. CoAL-FACTOR, an intermediate agent be- tween the buyers and sellers of coals. Coal Factors' Societt, an association of traders who meet at the Coal Exelian'.;e, London, and arc specially interested in the carrying and vending of coals. 0<'al-fish, a name on the British and Irish coasts'for the pollack. Coal-gas, the common iilimiinating gaa made Irom coal. COAi>UAJtMER, a fcrvatit's instrument for breaking lumps ol coal in a coal cellar. Co.vl-heavf.r, a porter who loads and unloads coal wagons. CoAL-HULii, a vessel kept as a receptacle for coal, usually on some Ibreign station, to supiily steamers. CoAL-METER, a Corporation officer in London, charged with the inspection and weighing of coals sent from a wharf. Coal-jieasl're-jiaxer, one who makes and vends measures for coals. CoAL-iUNEK, a workman engaged in a col- liery. Coal-pit, the mouth of a coal mine, or the descent to a colliery. Coal-porter, a carrier of coals. COAL-SACii-JLUvER, a manutacturcrof coarso stout bags holding 2 cwt., used lor con- veying coals. Coal-scales, a weighing machine which by law is conipulsorily carried by every coal wagon delivering coals. Coal-scoop, a shovel ibr taking coals from a scuttle to throw on a fire. Coal-scottle, a portable metal receptacle for coals in a room. Coal-shed, a retailer's depositor}' for coals. Coal-shoot, a metal scuttle or vase lor holding coals. Coal-shovel, a sm.all shovel for filling a coal scuttle from the cellar ; a larger kind are used by coal-heavers. CoAL-SHO\'EL-MAitER, a manufacturer of iron shovels for unloadingcoals from ships, and Ibr filling coal bags, ac. a pair of buttons or studs joiiiod IVy a link lo close a coat witH Ijutton Con'in mining tlio process of crusl^^^^^^^ ^Titll liaunncrs to separate "'O ^.^ o""'5,^^ narts- tlio liara stalk from wliicli llic K?an'of maize has been removea when clVonued it is t;iven as provender to live- Btock In Ame?lca; a hazel nut; a wicker basket; a name kIvcu in some places to the hard dollar; a kind ot horse. . COBAM a mineral, the oxides ol which are used for colouring glass and porcelam COBALT BLOOM, the red arseniate of cobalt; a beautilul mineral found with the ores ol cobalt, and used in the manulacture of CoHANG, a gold coin of Jm>mi worth about Cs t'ODBiNG, a mining name for old furnace bottoms, pieces of brick, &c., thrown into a smelting furnace. [ol coal. Cobble, a kind of paving stone; small lump COBBLER, a jobbliig shoemaker one who undertakes repairs; a cooling drmk, a mixture of sherry, sugar, ice &c. . Cot-ckushing JUchine, a mill for breaking the cobs of maize for cattle lood. CoBEcni, a stamp made ot stipng dry leaves in the Paciflc islands, marked with patterns for impressing dyes or colours on fibrous materials. COBEDO, another name forthecovid; along measure ol 19 inches in Mosha. CoBENGA, a name m some parts ol tiie Paciflc for a fishing net. OoB-iROtJ, an andiron with knobs. Coble, the name of a kind of pilot and fish- in- boat used on the northern sea-coasts, having a low square stern and little or no keel on the alter body. Cob-nut, an improved variety of tlic com- mon hazel nut, of which there are two or throe 15ritish kinds cultivated. CoBOURG, a thin worsted fabric, a lady s dress material composed either of wool and cotton, or of wool and silk. CoBRE, a name for the covld in China of CoBSI^,"a'Europcan name for the Iniost quality of indigi made in Central America CoB-WAiL, a wall made of straw, lime, and earth, or unburnt clay. Coc\, the leaves of the Erythroxylon Coca, lar<^ely used as a masticatory by the ininer^ and others in the interior ot bouth Cw;co"the Maltese name for a grain, 72 cocchi being equal to one ottavo. CoccuLUS iNDicns, the small berry ol Au(- mirlapaniaxlata, and other species ini- norted from the East. From the bitter pi-inciple which they yield, these bcrriea are sa d to be used to adulterate beer. _ COCHENILLA WOOD, thc heart ot a tree ship^ ped liom St. Domingo, lunushing a hand- some furniture wood. rorai a "rain measure of Siam of faj lbs. Coc^Eli, the dried carcases of the female rnenii cacti, an insect which feeds on Several s e ei '^ .1" Opmithi. Cochineal is r^;^ima;ir^ca,let Colour, aud also (ur. nishes the beautilul canniiie ''^m ' t. In IRM 1375 tons of cochineal, valued at ,€CiW,nO() were imported into the umtea Kingdom. , , , ,,f » Cock, to lift thc ''■}"'>"«' of,^ f.J"'-" " pistol or musket, &c. See 'p<-KS. OocKM'E, an oi-namcnl worn m the nai, which used t., be very common ni many ranks of society, but this reset e is no > confined to men-servants; a bunch ot rmbon worn by recruiting - sergeants, electioneering agents, .and others CocKADE-iLiKER, a Workman who makes cockades. . cnrir-TioAT a very small boat. bocLxfa warrant from the Custom House on entering goods, showing that the duty Co^V^'o-Sn^r^'SI: i„ brass, one who cicSEran''edi'bir mollusc, the Car.Uum S, extensively found in the .sands of CocK-LO^l'^an elevated loft over a barn, COCKS, STOP-COCKS, mctal taps or escapes for gas and fluids, some ol which .o turned on and off by. the hand; otlioi» acted upon by a floating or air ball, me potteries to separate articles .o' P"t ".^ ware, after the process ol glazing, and to nrevent them adhering. cSwAm, CoxwAiN, the steersman of a C0CKUT> a Large flsh of the Indian seas, re- semW ng thejack, which is not unlike cod in^avour. T^hey are brought to in u-ket sometimes weighing 12 lbs. ^ee ^^^i^ifoT Coco, liDDOE, names in the West Indies lor the root of the Colocasta esculenta. Cocoa, the commercial "a!"e f'"" ^' ,« "^"f,^ seeds or beans contained in the fruit pods of the Theobroma Cacao. In commerce these seeds are sold raw or roasted and crushed and powdered, prepared in the form of rock 6r flake cocoa; deprived of the husk as cocoa nibs, or sweetened and flavoured made into cakes under the name CocoA"pLOTi?'a name in the Colonies for the fruit of the (7/irj/so6a;an«/caco. CocoA-wooD, the mottled wood of the cocoa palm, Cocos nudfera, which is occasion- ally used for inlaying. % PoroMA atalian), a tea-kettle or boiler. Coco^OT the well-known edible fruit ot the Cocisnvcifera P-i'm, largely grown in most tropical countries for the milk, the "lip, ami for oil. Blany thousands pi these nuts are imported as dunnage in sWps, and sold by hawkers in the streets, Co^co-nu/coir! ufc outer husk of the coco- nut, which, when macerated, is woven into fibre of various kinds- Coco-nut Fibre, the husk ol the yarn spun and manufactured into rope, lashuig. matting, &c. See Coie. COF [97 ] COH Coco-mn on. oil expressed from tlie ripened kernel of the nut, which contains 71i per cent of oil. The commerce in tliis oil IS very lar^e, more tlian 10,000 tons beinf,' annually importeil. Coco-nut Sheli^, the hard shells of tlio Coeos nuci/era, which, when l\illy ripe, are oltcn carved and niade into drinking cups, ladles, and oilier articles of use or ornament. Cocoon, the nest formed by the silk-worm, as its embryo or chrysalis, which is a hollow envelope of lii;lit tissue-like texture, from which th(^ silk dl' ciinnniTic is uiptained, iniinctiiutiniKius thread, of two filaments, agfjhitiMatoil liy a smnniy liquid. Each cocoon yields about ^00 yards of silk, and 250 average-sized cocoons will weigh about 11 pound. Cocos, Petits (French), cocoa- beans. CocuM-BUTTiiR, i\ i>ale greenish-yellow solid oil, obtained from the seeds of Garcinia pmyurea, and used in India to adulterate ghee or fluid butter. In England it is sometimes mixed with bear's grease in pomatums. Cocus-wooD, a wood obtaineil in Cuba and other West India islands, from Lepido- stachys Jioxbiinjliii, much used in tur- nery lor making flutes and other musical instruments. Cod-fish, the Morrhua vulgaris, a very valuable and esteemed fish of commerce, which is caught largely on the British coasts, and sold extensively boi h fresh and salted. The chief cod fishery is on thebanks of Newfoundland, whence millions of salt- ed fish arc annvially shipped. When cod cannot lie dry- cured, they are salted in pickle, and jiaeked in barrels, and then called pickled cod. About 34 millions cwt. of cod are shipped annualfy from New- found laud, by the British, French, and Americans. CoDiLLA, tlic coarse tow of flax and hemp. CODINIAC, a quince marmalade. Cod-line, an eigliteen-tliread line. Codling, a small cod-fish; a kind of apple suited for cooking. CoD-LmsK Oil, a valuable medicinal oil ob- tained from the liver of the cod, Morrlma vulr/ari.1, of which large quantities are made in Newfoundland and in the United Kingdom. Cod-roes, the melt or spawn of the cod-fish, salted and dried, which are shiiqied Ironi Norway to France, to tlie extent of 2o,000 to 30,000 barrels and used as ground bait, chiefly in the Bay of Biscay. CoD-soiiKDS, the air-bladder of the cod-fish; the picliled tongues and sounds are es- teemed delicacies of food, and are sold by fishmongers. CoESTEAD, a sni;dl building at the mines. Coi'E, a name in the I'aeiric lor the bamboo. CoFEKiNG, in the mining districts, a mode of protecting tlie shaft from an influx of water, by rammed clay, ifcc. CoFF, the waste or oflal in the pilchard fishery. Coffee, tho beans or berries of the Coffea Arabica, in which an immense traflic is carried on among all civilised nations. Our imports annually arc about 60,000,000 lbs. CoFi'EE-cANiSTER, a tinned receptacle for holding ground roasted coflee. Ci ii'FEE-EXTRACTOR, a machine for making colice. CoFFEE-FLLTER, a percolator or straining machine tor clearing coffee when prepared as a beverage. Coffee-house, a place of resort for refresh- ment, wliere coll'ee, tea, and other dietetic beverages are prepared and sold. Coffee-leaves, the leaves of the coflee tree have lately been recommended for use, as affording, by infusion, a beverage like tea, forming an agreeable, refreshing, and imtritlve article of diet. Coffee-mill, a machine for grinding the coflee berries. CoFFEE-PLANTEK, a troplcal agriculturist who attends to the culture and prepara- tion of coffee. Coffee-pot, a metal vessel in wliich ground coflee is boiled or infused. CoFFioE-PDLPER, a machine for preparing coffee berries lor shipment, by removing the pulp and parchment. CoFFEE-ROASTER, a tradesman who pre- pares the raw coffee berries toy use : also the revolving machine in which coffee is roasted. Coffee-stall, a street stall where coffee is vended at night or early in the morning. Coffer, a chest; the lock for a barge. Coffer-dam, a water-tight enclosure, with- in which the construction of hydraulic works, such as the foundations of bridges and sea-walls can be securely carried on. Coffin, a mining term in Derbyshire for oitl exposed workings; a wooden or other shell or receptacle for the dead. Coffins, although usually made of wood or lead, have been made of glass and slate. Coffin-fornituke, tlie handles, metal orna- ments, &e., afhxed to a cofliu for decora- tion, which are usually white or black, though occasionally gilt. Coffln-maker, a carpenter who makes wooden cofiins. CoFFiN-PLATE-ENGRAVEK, a workman who engraves the name, age, &c., of deceased persons on coffin plates. CoFFLE, a gang of negro slaves. CoFFOLA, an Arabian weight, of about 8 jienny weights troy. CoFFRETiER fFreiicli), a trunk-maker. Cog, the tooth of a 'Wheel, rack, or pinion. Cogging. See Caulktoo. Cognac, a name fbrthe best distilled brandy. Cognac-oil. See CEnanthic ether. Cognas.se, a wild quince. CoGNom (French), a printer's wooden mal- let; a shooting stick. Cognovit, a document signed by a defen- dant to an action, in tlie jiresence of bis attorney, admitting the cause of action and his liability thereon. Cogwood, a name for the Lavrus chlor- oxylon, which from its durability in water is "used in the West Indies lor mill-fram- ing and cog-wheels. COHONO, the Chinese name for a comiiany. COL [98] COL Cohosh, one of tlic Amoiicnn names of tlie black sniikc-root (Ciiiiici/i/{/a raeemosa, or Macrot'js serpentariii)y wliicli has some anodyne pVopci lies. COHCNE-PAJ.M. See Cahoitn. Coi (Spanisli), a liaminoi-k; plural, cnyes. Coif, tlic cap of ii sorjeant at law. CoiFFEUSE (Frcueli), a tirc-wonian ; a milliner. CoiFFcntE, a head-dress, coilTeur Ijciiig a hairdresser. Coil, a circle of pipes, ropo, or chahi; to lay a rope up in a ring with one turn or fake above another. Coin, pieces of metal, most commonly puld, silver, or copper, stamped by authority, and in many countries made a leu'al ten- der for their respective values, when not exceedins certain specified amounts. See Legal Tender. Coinage, minted money. ;mies of London which lias no hall. CoMi'.DV, a name in Ceylon for the waist- cloth of the lienlsmiii. It is about three y.irds loiiy, and is wrapped several times round tlie body, being then fastened by a broad hand or strong l>elt. CosimuKiiE (French), a large fisliing-net. COMB-TRAT, a small wooden or otlicr tray for a lady's toilet table. ('OMBUSTIBLE, any thmg that will ignite, but properly applicalile to those dangerous substances which consume spontaneously witli the emission of heat and light, and which railway companies, carriers, and vessels therefore refuse to carry. Combustion, the act ot taking fire or burn- ing. CoJiiiOiAN, one who plays other than tragic parts. (toiiE.STiELES (French), provisions; eatables. COMETAiiY, a macliine or apparatus to show the revolutions of comets. CosiFiT, a dry sweetmeat ; seeds coated or crusted with sugar. CoMFiT-MAKEi;, a coufectioner, a preparer of comlits (riT..visANCR (Krench), accommodation ; I'llli'f de complaisance is an accommodation note or hill. Complement, the full amount; a complete set of any thing. Compo., Roman cement ; concrete or mortar. CoMPONiTORE (Italian), a type-setter or compositor at a priniing-otlice. Composer, a musical author; a tvpe-sctter. Composing, the practical business of pick- ing up and arranging the letter types lor printing, spacing, and justifying the lines, Ac. CosiPosiNG-DEAUGHT, ail Opiate or soothing draught. CoMposixG-FRAME, a printer's elevated working-frame, on wliicli the cases of type are rested obliquely. CoMPOSDCG-MACHlNE, an iiigenious and com- plicated machine, invented tor setting an,'allon ; an ancient measure containing' 10 pounds. t'liNoou, black tea, a superior kind of J'.oliea, larger leaf and less dusty, and lliat wliicli is most extensively imported from Cliiiia, the consumption exceeding 50 million pounds per annum. CoNGREVE-MATCU, n kind of lucifor or phos- phoi'ic match. CoNGUEVE Rocket, a. formidable projectile and missile of war named after its inventor, Kir AV. Cimgreve. CoNicoi'OLY, the name for an accountant orclcrkin someof the Indian presidencies. Comma, a very iragrant guni-r".siu suitalile for pastilles, &c., obtained in JJrltish Guiana from tlie hyawa or inceuie tree, Idea hepiapliiUa. CoNNAissEMENT (French), Conossement (Oennan), a bill of lading. Connecting-rod, part of a steam-engine. CoNQUiN Tay, a Creole name In tlie West Indies for meal prepared from the core of the sun-dried fruit of tlie plantain. CONSEitVAroiuE (freijcli), tlie public school of music at I'aris. [for exotics. CoNSEuvATORV, a large glazed greenhouse CoNSERVATOBY-MAKEK, a builder of green- houses and hothouses. Conserve (French), a tender or convoy; in ordinary parlance a iireserve ; in pharmacy a confection or electuary, a sweetened pulp containing the virtues of flowers, herbs, or fruits. Consideration, a bonus or sum given on account or lor any thing; the motive or material cause of a baryain or contract, expressed or imiilled. Consign, to send goods to an agent or factor for sale. CoNsiGNATDEE, a joiiit Signature. Consignee, a person who receives goods in trust, or to dispose of for .-mother. Consignment, a despatch of goods for sale to a correspondent tor disposal on the best terms; merchandise In a state of transport. Consignor, tlie party who consigns or transmits goods. Console, an elbow trnss or projecting shoulder piece, a br.icket or support mostly lixed between two windows in a building ; a small fancy side-table for a sitting- room with bracket-shaped projecting legs. Consols, the leading Knglish funded go- vernment security; a fund formed by the consolidation of different annuities, and on which a per cent, interest is now paid. It tonus the largest portion of the public funds, amounting at present to £300,000,000, and in it are absorbed from time to time other public securities. It is that stock in which there is most specu- lation and jobbing among the dealers— lience the price at which it stands gene- rally regulates the rise and fall of other public securities. Consols-account. See Account-day. Consols-market, the Stock Exchange, where sales of public securities are trans- acted. Consomme' (French), jelly broth, gravy soup. Consort, a partner or ship sailing in com- pany with another. Constable, a policeman or petty peace olHcer; the otticer of a sherilf. Constantia, a rich sweet Cape wine. Constituency, a body of burgesses or elec- tors who send a member to parliament. Constructor, a builder. CoNsiTL, the commercial represent.ative of a State in a Ibreign country, whose duty it is to protect trade and superintend commercial transactions, of shippers, mer- chants and others. There are Consuls- general, Vice-consuls, and Consular agents. Consular Fees, the privileged fees or per- quisites charged by a consul for his of- ficial certificates and notarial legaliza- tions. CoNSULAJt Seal, the distinctive seal apper- taining to a consul, which is required to be afhxed to commercial and other docu- ments which he attests. Consulate, the office or residence of a consul. Consultation, a council of lawyers, phy- sicians, &c., met to advise or conler to- gether. Consumer, one who uses or expends goods, &c. Consumption, a using up; the quantity consumed. Coxtador (Spanish), a purser. Contagah, an eastern grain measure about , a term applied to vcssch sheathed with copper sheets or yellow composition metal below the water-mark CoppEii-coixAGE, the petty Kritisli coinage lor mercantile transactions, and lor the convenience ot small traders, consisting o' Jiennies, hallpeiiiius, and lartliings. Ir the seven jears, eiuling 1854, 371^ tons of copjjer were coined into about 3'J| iniliion pieces. In the six years, ending wiili 18C0, 3G3 tons of copper coin Avere i.-:siii(l. Ill 1800, a bronze coinage was ]iut into circulaiion in the idace of the copper cipiii, 92 tons' weight being coined and issui'il. It is not a legal tender for more than ono shilling. * Coi'PEU-FASTENED, a term applied to vessels or boats which have rivets and bolts of copper to secure the timber and planks, per ore. Poppfr-smTth a worker in coi)po^ who ^Sentlv eon.bin.s the trade ot brazier Co;m!-w'?nf «"e'd"iwn wire of copper, nseflVrr various purpose.. Copper wire "snovv largely in demand for electric tele- ComcE:woOD, small brushwood; under- Cwfit a cone of thread or yarn formed on Coppola measure for oil at Lucca, contain- in'' liearlv 200 11)3. avoirdupois. Z'^^u^ theS cerements of extinct "als!which. from the large quanUty of D osi hate oflinie they contain, .50 to .50 ner cent , wlien digested with sulphuric add form a v.aluable fertilizer for land. rnP spreNEii?an American invention oom- hini ." the qualities of the throstle and m loTn om> franic, wliich, it is asser ed will s7>i 10 . )"er cent, more yarn than the Hyer spilidle with one h.alf the power, compared to the quantitY produced rnpv 1 nriiiter s term for any tnins lur ^SedWmto compose in type, whether manuscript or P"nted mattei j . CoPT-BooK, a ruled book for praouMufe, f "opy'hold'V legal term for manorial lands hpli on a tenure by copv of court-roll. to^nake transcripts of letters and other ^nP.^sS-.NK■ adhesive ink prepared with ° urn and other substances f .r taking one Sr more impressions or copies from the C^p~MAC.nyB. a press for taking du- oHcate or manifold impressions on damped iner from manuscripts by a lever. ropWG MACHINE MAK.KR, a mechanic who manufoctures presses for taking copies of PopYiNG-PAPER, thin unsized paper used dnm^ for taking impressions from writings. r,>PTIS(>PnESS "^S^eCOPYING-MACnWE. CoPYPJ^T the sole legal right o pv'"t'ng iml luiblishing auv thing which belouL'S io tirauthorT unless assigned or made /'.'^°;.rTT» -Wrrr the fruit of the Attalea ^fulffem a S^'uth American palm. These •hframoWed nuts, wtilehtakeafinepolish ire largely imported for the purposes of the .n?ner whosl apesthemintovarioussmall ornamental and useful articles, especially the ha id^3 of bell-pulls, the knobs of wall'ing-sticks, umbrellas, &c. The same pnhn fm-nishes the piassaba fibre ot com- CoQu'ofa kind of sheep met with in Angola Cou a pottle measure; a French horn. COPVCIE a rude boat made of wicker-work mid liide used for sahnon-flshing m llie Coi^uira'measm-e of length In the East varying for dilferent goods from 11 t ..JJ Inelies? an Indian pattern silk handkei- C0RAH*lnRAS\yC:te.Tt,ns. from whicli the corah matting of Madras is made. . CouAit PiiiNTEB, one who prints imitation Indian handkerchiefs. CoRAlLLEDU (French), a coral fi»her. CORVKAN, a name in Ceylon for the meal o( ileusine coracana, the flour of which is bilked and eaten. . COR.^L, the natural skeleton or organ of support of a species of polypi ol which some varieties are imported .for orna- niMits The chief coral fisheries are in the Mediterranean and lied Sea, and the CorIl'Ind Jet Workers, mechanics who carv-e these substances for oriiamental purposes, and for decorations. CoRAi. Wood, a hard, fine red cabinet wood, easily poiislied. ., CoRAMODR, a West Indian name for the Idng-flsh when taken young, which is eg- teemed a deliciicv. CORATCH a sauce made of ketchup, soy, and essence of anchovies. ,, r,„^ CoiiAWA, a strong silky f''''^ obtained from a species of BromeUa, used by the Indians of nemerara to make bow-strings, nets, fishing-lines, cordage, &c. CoRAZzl (Italian), a breast-plate or cuirass. CORBEILLE (French), a li"le.<)sier basket Corbel, a stone or other projection from the face of a wall, to sustain some supeniicuin- bent object; a bolster or support to shorten the bearings on a bridge. CORBLING, in budding, a projection of stones "oversailing" or overlapping each other, out of the vertical direction, the centre of gravity being, however, still preserved. Cord a measure for firewood, equal to mo billets or four loads ; so called because it was formerly measured by a cord. The dimensions of a cord of wood are stated ?i lie eight feet long, four feet .l"gl'; and four feet broad; the weight being about half a ton. Tiie French cord for measur- ing wood is replaced by tlie stere. Cord is also a nameior small rope. Cordage, small rope u^ed lor lashing, cord- ing, or other purposes. CoROELiNE (French), the eagc or hsieie of CoRDELLA (Italian), tape, ribbons, and small cords. , . Cordial Gin, sweetened gin. Cordial Maiceb, a manufacturer of liqueurs, syru|)S, and sweet drinks. Coi;inK.,s, a kind ol woollen felt hat, ov oiiQ covered with camel or goat liair. ContnLLAS, a kind of kersey. COR [107] COR CoRDiNG-QCiRES, tUo outsides of a roam of imper. CoitD- MAKER, a manufacturer of twine or small lasliinf,'. Cordon, a band or wreath; a guarded line or circuit kept by appointed oificers, to prevent the breakinij of quarantine, blockade, smUKSllng, Ac. Cor.DOVNET (Kn-nch), coarse silk. OoRDOXNiEB, a slioi-niaker or cordwainer. Cordovan, leiitluT made in Spain from t'oat skin; the term here is always ap- jilied to leather made from liorse hide. CoKDOvANiEiiE (Italian), a tanner or shoe- maker. Cords. See Checks. * Corduroy, a kind ot ribbed stuff. See Fus- tian. Corduroy-road, the name for a species of pluiik road m .Viiieiic.i, coiisi.>tm^' of trees or logs of wood laid across side by side. CoRDUKOY-TRousERS, male garment* made ot fustian. (^"oRDWAtNER, the old name for a shoe- maker. CoRDWAiNERS' COMPANY, ouo of the livery companies of London, whose hall is in Cannon-street. CoRD-wooD, a name for firewood in many colonies; stacks of firewood were formerly measured by a cord. Core, the interior of any thing; the mould on which a metal pipe is formed ; a miner's name lor the period of labour which extends to six hours. The twenty- four hours are therefore divided into four cores, commencing with the " forenoon core," at 6 a.m., and ending with the "last core by night," which commences at midnight. * Corp, in the mining district a basket for carrying coals; a square frame of wood to load the coals on ; a sledge to carry ore from the miners to the shaft bottom, to be raised to the surface. Corf- bow, the handle of a coal-basket or corf. CoRF-HonsE, a temporary building or shed erected in Scotland for curing salmon and for keeping the nets in. CoRFT-Fisii, a Scotch term for fish boiled with salt and water. CoRGE, from the rortuguose Corja. The common Indian name for a score, by which many kinds of dry goods are vended in the bazaars. CoRGEE, a term in Canara, India, for 212moo- dahs, or rush mat bundles of rice, the mode in which that grain is usually sold there. CoRiAH, a species of Indian canoe. Coriander, an umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, grown for its pun- gent fVuit, used as a seasoning in India, and lor the essential oil expressed from the seeds, which are a warm and agree- able aromatic. Cork, the modified liber of the Quercus tuber, hu'gely used for stoppers of bottles and casks, and many other purposes. Cork-cutter, a manufacturer of cork bark for commercial purposes. Cobk-cutteb's Knife-mareb, a cutler who prepares the particuli'.r cuftlng tools ro- quired in the cork trade. C;ori;ku. a wed^e iL-cd to stretch women'u foots and shoes. CoKK-UAT, a man's hat in which parts o{ tlic body, for lightness, are made of cork. Cork- jacket, a belt of corks, worn to float the person in water. Cork-leg, an artificial leg. Cork-screw, a lever lor extracting the cork from a bottle, which is eitlier simple or complicated. Cork Sock-maiver, a cutter of soles of cork for shoes, Ac. Cork-sole, a thin slice of cork hark, used for the inside of slippers and shoes, and sometimes between the soles of walking- boots, to keep the feet dry; cork-soles are also now placed between the iron shoe and frog of a horse. Corn, a general commercial name for the grain or seed of plants, which is used for human food. In England the bread corn is chiefly wheat ; in the Uinted States the name corn applies siiecially to maize ; in Scotland the name is given to oats before they are ground; in Sweden, Iceland, &c., it denotes barley ; hence it may be iio'orreil that the term is generally a[)plied to that species of grain whicli is most commonly used for food, in any particular region. CoRNAMUSA (Italian), the bagpipe. Corn Bagging, sacking suited for grain bags. Corn-bin, a corn-chandler's deposit for grain; the place in a stable where horse food is kept. Corn-chandler, a retail dealer in grain, meal, and seeds. Corn Cleaning and Dre-S-SING Machine, a mechanical contrivance for preparing grain for market, by removing imperfec- tions. Corn Drying Machine, an aerator or kiln. CoRNE (French), horn. Corned-meat, flesh slishtb' salted, in- tended for early use, and not for keeping for any time. Corni".l, the cornelian cherry, a common tree furnishing a durable wood, used for wheel-work, wedges, pins, &c., obtained from the 6'o;'«;m mas. The austere subacid fruit was formerly fermented for a bever- age; the bark is said to have power in intermittents. Cor;«elian, Carnei.ian, a stone used tut ornaments. ,'See Agate. Corneo, a Spanish ore of ijuicksilver. Corneous, horny, resembling horn in colour or texture. Corner-stone, the union stone of the two angles of a wall; the first or foundation- stone laid of a building. Cornet, a paper bag or cap used by retailors to enclose small wares ; a pipe or flute ; a cavalry officer who bears the colours. * Cornet-a-1'iston, a musical instrument, a kind of brass hoTn, oi' trnmpet with valves. Corn-exchange, a place of meetln? fur tarmers, com-factors, and dealers gener- ally, where business Is transacted by samples COR [ lf8 J COS Cornet, a prain measure in Ceylon, of 4i seers, about 9i Ihs. CORN-FACTOKS, t'ORN-inSRCHANTS, afTCntS who buy and sell grain and meal, i (French), a coating stulT tor paying a ship's bottom. Corrosive, having the power to eat away. CoBROsnTl-sL-BLiMATE, the bichloride rif mercury, an extremely acrid and virulent poison, but not unfrequently used medi- cinally. CoRRnoATED-iRON, iron wrinkled or fluted, with alternate elevations and depressions, used for roofing and other purposes. It is mostly galvanized, but sometimes painted. CoR.sAGE. a lady's waist-dress or bodice. Corsair, a piratical vessel which cruises about, attacking and plundering mer- chant ships. Corsets, stays or supports for the waist worn by females. CoRSiCAN JIoss, a nutritious strong-scented sea-weed, the Plocaria Helminthochm-tos, Ibund on the coasts of the Mediterranean, recommended medicinally lor removing worms. As sold in the shops this moss consists of various marine productions, with a very little Plocaria intermixed. Cortical, belonging to the bark. Cort-stop, tiie name in Scotland for a vessel for holding a (juart. CoRiTiDLiri, a mineral, composed of crystal- line alumina, in great request for grinding and polishing machinery, plate-glass, pebbles, itc. There are several kinas, as conmion corundum, or adamantine spar, obtained in the East, the sapphire and ruby, which are termed precious corundum, and emery. CoRVER, a man who makes and repairs corves or coal baskets. See Corf. C0RVE.S, the mining name for baskets of coal. Corvette, a sloop of war which does not carry more than twenty guns. Cosaques, a French fimcy paper for wrap- ping sweetmeats. Cos-lettuce, an esteemed variety of lettuce with leaves of an oblong shape. Cosmetics, nostrums and preparations for improving the hair and beautifying the skin, many of which are at best of doubt- ful utility. COT [109] COT C!o8S, a corniijtcil term for the Karoh or Krossali, an Itulian itinerary or road iMpasuro, whicli varies in different places, averaiiing however ahont IJ mile. It is pemrally distinguished into the common coss. and the standard coss. The standard coss ranges from 35 to 45 to the degree; the connnon coss, from 1 to 2J British miles. Tlie ISengal coss of 1000 fathoms is 1 British mile, 1 furlong, .3 poles, and 3i yards. JIajor Kenuell estimates 190 sta- tute nnlcs to be equ"l to 100 cosses. In Seringapatam the cC^s or hardary is 3 miles imd 5 l-6th furlongs. CossA, a train measure cf the Dcccan, India, rather less than 1 lb. ; the COth part of the carwar. CossAS. a kind of plain Indian muslin. CO.SSETS, a name on the Continent for slices of beet-root, from which spirit has been distilled. * CossuMBA, safBower ; a red dye much used among the Blalajs. Costal (Spanish), a sack or large bag used in South America ; those for carrying ore are made of pita or aloe fibre. It is also a rannner or beetie. CosTAiiD, an early summer apple, wliich being hawked aiiout, gave to the venders thenameofeostardmongers, now changed to costermongers. Cost-book, an old system on which Cornish mines are conducted, by which the adven- turers can ascertain and determine their liabihty. Meetings are held of the share- holders every two months, anil the accounts andliabilities made up to that time. A shareholder can withdraw when he pleases on paying his fair proportion of the existing liabilities, when liis name is written oft the cost-book. CosTEANiNG, in mining, a search for mineral lodes, by sinking pits, and driving trans- versely in their supposed direction. CoBTKK, a jiiece of arable land in Scotland. CosTKRMONGEi^ ail itinerant hawker or street dealer; originally costardmonger, one who sold apples, but now applied indiscriminately to hawkers of fruit, vege- tables, fish, &C. CosTrERE (Italian), a coasting pilot. CosTKEL, a kind of bottle. Cost-sheet, a statement of the two-monthly expenses of working a mine. Costume, a term usually applied to a fancy or character dress. CosTUMiEB,a dealer in fancy dresses. Costus, a name for the putchuk root, a kind of Indian orris, obtained from Vosttis AraOiciis, used in Clnna as an incense. ■ Cost, the name «iven to a small kind of onmibua recently introduced. Cot, a swinging bedstead covered with can- Tiu ; a cottage or small house. CoTii (i'rencli;, tlie (piotation in a prices- current. CoTGARE, refuse wool. COTHON, a landing quay or dock. Cotillion, a woollen niaterial, made of va- rious cuUmrs, for ladies' skirts. CoTMAX, a term for a fisherm.in in lie- land ; in ScotlauJ a cottager. &e (Joi- TAK. Cotogno (Italian), the quince tree. tUiTONNADK (French), cotton cheek. CoTswoLD-siiEKr, a long-wocilled brcc(t of sheep, so named fmni the cols or shells in which they were housed; whieli at one time were pceuli.ar to the counties of (Jloucester, lierelord, and NV'orcester. Cotta, a measure used in the iMaldives for selling cowries, containing about 1200 o! these shells. .See Cowrt. Corr^iH, an Indian land measure, the 20th part of the beegah or biggah; equal iu Bengal to 720 square feet. Cottar, Cotter, one who inhabits a cottage dependent on a farm. Cottenham-cheese, a name in the London market for new cheese. Cottier, a weaver in Ireland who works for tlie flax manufacturers without hold- ing land. Cotton, the wool or down surrounding the seeds of various species of O'ossijpiiiin, of which the commerce is enormous. Tlie quantities of raw cotton consumed in the chief manufacturing countries iu 1856 were as follows, in millions of pounds : — Great Britain, 920; Russia, Germany, Holland, and Belgium, 256; France. 211; Spain, 48; countries bordering on the Adriatic, 39; United States of North America, 20.5; Jlediterranean and other countries, 5C Total 1795 million pounds. * Cotton-bagging, a coarse vv'rapping mate- rial for baling cotton wool, and for sack- "ing. See Gunnt-bags. Cotton-bkokek, an agent in a seaport town lor the sale of cotton. Cotton-dyer, one who dyes cottoiL Cottonee, a Turkish fabric of cotton and silk satinet. CoTTON-FLOATEKS,an India-rubber en veloiio or casing, in which bales ot cotton are floated down some of the American riv- ers. Cotton-gin, a machine for clearing cotton wool from the seeds, husks, and other im- I)urities : there are several kinds, among which are the Indian churka or foot- roller, the hand-gin, saw-gin, ifec. Cotton, Gdn. &« Gun-cotton. CoTTONlER, a provincial name for the wild asparagus of Canada, the fibre of which is believed to be of importance as a substi- tute for fiax or hemp. CoTTON-MANUFACTDKia!, a maker of cotton fabrics by machineiy. The declared value of our cotton manulactured goods in 1860 was £29,032,713 and of that consumed at • home the value is estimated at £25,000,000. CoTTON-MlLLS, works wlierc cotton wool is spun by machinery into yarn, (l iinil pillow cases, Ac, which iseithcrplaiiuir twilltMl, luul sometimes composud imrUy uC linen, as In union tick. C<)TT()N-w,\STK-DEA.LKii, 0. tfader will) buys the rcfnse Ironi cotton mills ♦ COTTON'-YARN-MKAsuni:. In ilicrottiin trailc a thread is eqn;il to5t iiii-lns; a skein or rap of 80 threads, C(|iial to IM yards; a hank of 7 skeins, 840 yards; a spliidli: of 18 hanks, l.i,l20 yards. Co'iTON-YAUN-MERCiiANT, an agent or doalcr in cotton yarn. In 18.56 we exported about 1871 million pounds of yarn and thread, valued at £.S,6.i2,000, and double that quantity in manulactured articles; while about" 273 million jiounds of yarn were used at home. * CoTTON-YARN-TWisTER, a preparer of yarn for spinrnnj,', Ac. ; the waste of cotton in spinniuj; is about IJ oz. in the pound. CoTTREi,, a hook and trammel to liang a boiler or pot on for cooking purposes. COTWAL. See CUTVIAh. Coi;cn, a fra'me on wliich b.arloy is malted; a kind of sofa or Ions soft reclining seat. CouciiER, a workman in a paper manu- factory. Couch-grass, a name for various creeping roots troublesome to the tanner. Some of these are now employed for paper sfnrt', and as food for cattle in Italy. See GRAMrGNA. Coucou, a wooden clock. Coui.AOE (Krenoh), leakage. CoULEUVRE (French), snakewood. Coulisse, Culms, a groove or cliannel, the !,'ntter in a roof. Coi'LTER, pnrt ofa plough. See Colter. ( 'OULTIIEE, a kind of Indian grain. CoUMATCH, a red twill made in Russia. CouMiA-RESiN, a resin obtained in the West Indies and South America from Jcica Guianensis. CotTNCiL, a civic court. [barrister. Counsellor, an American aiivocato or Counter, part of the stern of a vessel ; a shopboard, a table or bench on wnich money is counted; an imitation money: the back leather or heel part of a boot. CouNTERCHEcic, a plane for working out tlie groove which unites the two saslies of a window in the middle. CoDNTER-JUMi'EB, a contcmptuous name sometimes given to a linendraper's sliop- man. [in transitu. Countermand, a contrary order; a stoppage CoUNTER-PANE,CouNTER- POINT, abed-cover- ing woven with little protuberances of various patterns. A more elegant species is the Marseilles quilts. These have a double cloth with a softer fabric quilted between them in the loom. Countersign, a military watchword or private pass signal. Counter-turner, a workman who ni.akes button moulds, and bone, ivory, shell or other markers. Countervailing-duties, excise duties chargeable ou the receipt of goods from the Isle of Man and other speciflcd places, equal to those which would be paid from other quarters. Ci)iiNTr,.ssEs, a kind of sl;itc measuring 20 inches by 10. .'•'ee .Slatkb. CouNTiNO-iiou.SE, a mercliant's odlce, a |]lacc wliere busijiess is transacted. CouNTUT, a Derbysbirc mining term for a rock tlirough which the mineral vein traverses. CouNTRY-CLOTiLS, a iiame for mat«, and textile fabrics, &c., made in Africa by the natives. Some are made of gr.iss, which look cool and i)relfy but raiinot be washed; others are of long coloured strips of cotton cloth, bhU! iuui red, woven about the breadth of a ribbon, and then sewed loL'ether. County cuURT, a civil district court, presided over by a Judge, lor the summary trial of small causes, where the debt or damage sued for is not above X.TO. Coup, a .Scotch term for exchanging or bartering, buying and selling. Coupe, a Swiss grain measure, in Fribourg equal to 7 gallons, in (Jeneva to 17; iu Lyons the coupe is but IJ gallon. In <;ermany tliis measure bears the name of kopt: Coupee, the glazed front part of a French diligence or otiier carriage. Couplings, the connecting link by which motion is added from one inacliino to another from the same motive power; also tlie roil or cli.nin which unites rail- way carriages. Coupling-box, a connection for joining the ends of sliafts. Coupon, an order or warrant for the pav- ment of iieriodical dividends or public stocks, which is usually attached to foreign bonds. CoupoN-siiEET, a connected series ofcoupons given in advance, which have to bo detacheii from tlmj to time as tlie divi- dends fall duo, and arc paid. CouRP.ARiL, a kind of clear resin. See Anime and (^opal. CouRiDA, a wood obtained in Dcmerara from Avicennia nitiia. It is perishable when much exposed, but is useful as foundations for buildings. The bark i8 used for tanning. Courier, an express or special messenger. Course, a continued range of stones or bricks in the wall of a building. Courses, tlie lower square sails of a ship ; course is also the term for the track or direction a ship is to take in prosecuting her voyage. Course of Exchange, the sum merchants pay to each other for bills to enable them to make remittances from one country to anotlier. Courtage, the business or remuneration of a courtier or broker in France. CouRT-GiHDE, a fiishlouable directory of the names and residences of the gentry and nobility in a town. Courtier, a French broker. On the Con- tinent as in England there are many- kinds, as bill-broker, courtier do change; ship-broker, courtier de navire; share- broker, courtier d'actions; custom-iiouse broker, courtier de douane; and different produce brc!:ers. cow [111] oow ConETi.AGi;, the cmnL or Viinl of a .shup (ir (lnclliii!,'-liiiuse. CdiniT-MARTiAi,. A iiiililiuy Or iiaval t liliu- iiul, t.iliiiiLT ciiu'iii/jiire of olI't'iKH's ciini- initteil hy ollkTi's or nun iji tlio (iiicra's sorvico, niul liaviii^' |ioiial jiirisdiitioii. Coi'RTOFCiiANCEKY, a superior ciniUy court of law, over uliieli the Jioni Chancellor presides, to wliicli \vt;M decisions, or tlie adiiiinislratloii of (hspiUcd property is referred, or, in popular i>arlanoe, "thrown into chancery." CouuT ov Ki.QUESTS, a sunimnry judicial court lor the trial of small causes. Court ri.ASTi;i:, an adhesive plaster of black sareeni't silk, strained and hriished over several times with a fiunnny preparation ol isinglass, hcnzoin, ami tnrrenline. It is used clhetiy lor closiiij; wounds. CouivT-i'LUMK, ' a bunch of white ostrich feathers, worn by ladies on the head on .State visits at Court. CouHY, a superior kind of Catechu, said to be made in Southern India from the areea or betel nut. Couscous, Couz-Conz;, Kors-Kous. African names for the pounded grain oi I'enicillaria spicata, a species of millet. Cous-o-Br.oDEUR, a French sewinj; machine. CousTic, an old Prussian coinofS groschen, and worth rather more than 2d. CouTABAl,Li, a common wood of Rritisli Guiana, principally used Un- house frames. It is very liai'd ami durable when not exposed to the weather. It will sqiiaie 12 inches, from 30 to 40 feet lung. COUTEAU, the French term lor a knife. COUTELIER. tile French name tor a cutler. COUTIL (i^encli), canvas, ticking, drill or duck. CoVA, ill Italian a tortoise shell. CovADo, the I'ortU'-ine^c cubit, and measure of lenu'th lor cloth, containing 3 palms, etiual to 2 15 teet, or2G3 inches. CovEAciiiNO, a mode of marinating Spanish mackerel and other fish in the West Indies, for keeping and e.^port. The fish are cut into junks, tried with onions and oil. and afterwards potted with vinegar, spices, and some of the fried onions and oil. CovED-CEiLiNG, a roof arclicj at the junction ■with the walls. CovEit, a miner's box in which ore is removed from the rock or strata; the moveable top of any thing. CovicuLET, a counterpane or quilt; the upper covering lor a bed. CovETTA, a plane used for moulding frame- work, called also a quarter-rounu. Co'NTD, an eastern clolh measure of variable length; in I'alcutta ami Bombay it is 18 inches; in Madras 18 3-5ths; iuAVabialO; in Malacca isj; and in China 14| inches. Coving, the sides ol'a lirciilace; a projection in houses beyond the foundation or outer wall. Covf, a miner's name for a wedge placed behind a crab or gin-start to prevent it from revolvuig; the female of the bovine tribe of animals. In Scotland this word has a variety of significations. It is applied to a rude shed erected over the mouth of a coal pit; to a besom made of In-ooin ; to the fuel used for a temporary lire; to a .scarecrow, and to the act ol"pruniiig or lopi.iug. ('(IWA'JK. See COWHAOE. Cow.vN, a Scotch lisliing boat; a builder of dry walls, one who does the work of a mason but has not been regularly trained to it. Cowiii'.CK, a mixture of hair and wool for hats. Cow-ni;r,L.s, bells hung round tlic neck of cattle and sheep to notily their locality to the agriculturist, especially in moun- tainous districts, and in low underwood. Cow IJEZOAIt. See liEZOAR. Cow-ULAKKS, dried cow-dung used as fuel, wliich bears dificreiu names in various counties and loreign countries. In parts of Scotland it is "called cow's backrin, cow-plats, and cow-sharn. See Argols. CowDACH, CoWDY, a Small cow or heifer; in some parts a Scotch runt without horns. CowdiePin-e, KowRiE. or KAfiii. the />«/(/ wa- ra australis. ii s\Acnihi\ comterous tree, a native of New Zealand, furnishing valu- able timber, and Irom the lossil deposits of which the kowrie resin of commerce is obtained. CowDUN'G, the excrement of the ox tribe. Hesides its value as manure, and when dried tor fuel, cowdung is much used in the process of calico-nrinting, alter the fabric has been mordanted. Cow-feeder, an atteiulant on cows; In Scotland, a dairyman, who sells milk. Coi^TlAGE, Cow-iTCU, a name given to the small hail-son the pods of Mncuna uren.i and pruricns, climbing plants of the East and West Indies. They arc used in medi- cine as a vermifuge. CowiiAiR, the hair taken from the liidcs of slaughtered cattle which is useful lor various purposes, for making rope, for stuffing, and tor mixing with mortar. The white hair is employed in blanki-t- making, and the brown hair by lelt makers, and lor ship's slieatliing, &c. Cow-heel, the foot of a calf or cow boiled for jelly. Cow-iiiDE, the skins of cattle used for making leather, for rope and for packing bales, r wlieys. C'ows-Mii.K. Tlie Miilk of the cow i'^ that onliiianly sup|ilicd to towns, itc, ; it con- tains by' analysis aliout 87 per cent, ot" water, 4 J oteaseine or curd, 4J of su^'arof milk, about 3 per cent, ot butter, and the remainder is made up of various salts. The proportion of solid matter to that ot water is rather less than in the milk of the ewe and troat. CowsooNG, CoosONG, a kind of uanki en ityed black; an article of trade in the riiilippine and Sunda islands. Coxswain, a steersman or chief boatman; one who has tlie charge of a boat. CoYAN, a dry measure of common use in Asiatic and eastern countries, containing more or less piculs, according to the articles measured and the locality. In some parts it is reckoned 3000 lbs. In Java it is 27 piculs or 3581 lbs. avoirdupois, in Amboyna 25 piculs or 3256J lbs.; in Singapore 40 piculs of 133i lbs. each. Coz, CozBAi'GUES, a small Persian copper coin, worth rather more than a farthing. CoziNHEiEo (Spanish), a ship's cook. (JitAB, a small portable crane or lifting machine, with a single or double pur- chase; a capstan used by miners for raising or lowering pumps in a pit; a wild sour apple; a well-known crustaceous animal (Cancer pagurus). Sea crabs are taken in large quantities for consuiription to towns; land crabs (Gegarcijiarm-icola) are also much esteemed as a delicacy in the West Indies. * Crabs-eyes, concretions found in the stomach of the cray fisli before it casts its shell in July. They were formerly in great repute as antacids, and at Astracan large quantities of crayhsh were bruised with mallets, and allowed to putrify in heaiis, after which the flesh was washed, and the two concretions picked out; but chalk answers every purpose for whicli these stones were used. OitAB-wooD, a light wood obtained in (Juiana from the Cdrapa (luiiiiHnsis, which takes a high poii.-h, ami is used for masts and spars, floorings, partitions, and doors of houses. There are two varieties, the red and the white. It may be cut from 40 to 60 feet in length, with a square of 14 or 16 inches. The bark is used for tanning, and the seeds yield a valuable oil, which is used fortjurning, and is highly esteemed as a hair oil, |ireventing it turn- ing grey, and curing scalpy eruptions. Crack, a flaw or fissure. Cracker, a kind of small dry hard water biscuit chiefly made in the United States; a firework. Ci'.ACKlK, a small low three-leggod stool, with a hole in the middle lor lilting it, used in c-(jltagcs. CitACKi.iNcs, the refuse of tallow when pre- piucd liy llie chandler or caiulle maker. Crack NKi.i.s, a kind of crisp sweet biscuit. CiUDi.K. a stiiiiig frame of limber, ifcc, placed uiubr the bottom of a ship to con- duet her steadily in her wa.ys when being launched ; a cliifd's cot, moving on rockers; a gold sitting machine; a miner's name for a suspended scaffold used in shafts. CRADf.ii-scYTiiE, a rakc or support to h scythe for receiving the straw as it is cut CitAi'T, a trade; a name given to small vessels. Craitsman, a skilled mechanic or artificer. Craig (Scotch), a rock or dill. CRAiG-FLOOfc, a species ofllouiuler. Ci£AiG-HERlii>'G, a Scotch name lor the shad, Craigsman, one who clinilis clills ov<'r- lianging the sea in Shetland for the pur- po.se of procuring sea birds, or their eggs. Ckail-capon, a name in the Lothians for a haddock dried but not split, named from Crail, a town in Fife. Cralls, Crawls, enclosures made with stakes near the shore for confining turtle. Cram, Crame, a Scotch term for a market stall; a pack of goods for sale. Cramboo, a name in some parts of India for cloves. Crami'S, bent irons for holding things to- gether; metal ties or holdfasts tor secur- ing large stones in a wall. Cran, a fish measure, equal to about 37J gallons; as many fresh herrings as will fill a barrel; an iron support for a pot or kettle over a fire; a name in the shoe trade for any secret method of jier- forming work. Cranage, the money hire of a crane for load- ing and unloading ships, and warehousing goods. Cranberries, the acid red fruit of Oxycoccus piilustris, and other species of the same genus, imported preserved in spring water from Newfoundland andthe United States. They are largely used for tarts and pud- dings. Cranberries are cultivatc(l in many parts of North America; they arc sown broadcast on wet land, and on drier soils the jilants are drilled in and beai fruit the third yeiir, yielding on the ave- rage al>out IJO bushels to the acre, whicli sell at 8s. or Qs. the bushel. Crane, a powerful lifting machine, moved by a winch, of great, use on whai ves and docks, Ac., for hoi.sling heavy goods. Small iron cranes are used at private stores and warehouses, and on ship.s. Crane-hodse, the covering or weather- shelter for a crane. CRANE-MANnFACTURKK, a maker of lifting- fuacliines. Crane I'otato, a wild root eaten by the- Indians of the north-west parts of Amo- ricn. Ckakg, a name for the blubber or carcase of the whale. Ceaniometer, an instrument formeasiirint the skuUs of animals. CRE r 113 J Clio Ci:aNK. an ellinw-sliaped jjicci' oliroii; a iiiiiilical term Ibr vcsst-ls wliich liayc not sulliciunt breadth uf hcam, aiul are in liaiiger ol upsetting'; an angular connec- tion or bend lor a bell wire. CiiANK-AXLK, a driving axle. C'liANii-riN, tlie joinini; arm of a crank. (.'i;ap, a name for buck-wlieat, darnol, &.C. Cr.ArE, a liind of tliin gauze made ol raw Bill; woven without crossing and .-itiileued with pum water; mourning crape is bl:n'k-» ai'.rophanes, crapc-lesse, and gauze arc either white or coloured. * CKAi'K A>.D Featuiik Duesskk, onc who crimps and curls those articles, and re- stlllens crape with gum water. CKAi'E-DyKE, a tradesman >vl;o rc-dresscs and improves black crarie. C'RAP-LEATiiER, C'KOi'S, leather made from thin cow hides, used cliiellj' lor pumps and light walkmg-shoes. CuAiiE, a small sea vessel. Ckasii, a heavy low-priced linen fabric; coarse Kussian packing cloth, S'lld in hales and iiieces. Ckai', a Aloclia weight of throe grains. C'KA'iK, a large wicker hamper with strong wooden supports. Ckavali.i, (Javaila, a name in the West Indies .'or several species of Caranx. The green cavalla, C. Uarl/ivloinai, is very good eating, and much in demand, but this fish is sometimes poisonous. Ckavat, a neck tie or kcrcliitt made of various material. Ckawx, Ceaai., a fish-pond or turtle inclo- surc in the \\ est Indies. TiiAY, a small sea vessel. CjtAYFisH, Ckawfish, a well-known crufs- tacean, the AsUicus JiuviatiHs. Crayon Koajcd, thick drawing paper or card board for crayon drawings. Cuayon Makek, a manufacturer ol crayons for artists. Cj;ayons, coloured cylinders of pipe clay, used for drawing on paper. C'liAZE Mill, a crushing or grinding mill for tin ore. CUAZiA, a money, the eighth part of a Tuscan paul, and subdivided into five liards; as a weight the twelfth part of a Tuscan pound ; also a Tuscan measure of length of nearly two inches. CiiEAGHT, a name for herds of cattle. (JiiEAH, a raised dorey, in Honduras; the hollow lug out of which the canoe is shaped, is jjartially decked and rigged for sailing. Ckeam, the oleaginous portion of milk which rises to the surlace. C'UEAji Cheese, a soit easily digested cheese, made entirely Irom the eream ol milk. CIvEAMOfTartab, crystallized supertartrate of potash. CiiEAM Slice, a wooden knife fur parting cream. Ckea^'CE, a book debt in France. Ckeakcier, CKEurrEUR, the French term tor creditor; one to «iiom money is due. Ckeases, in mining, divisions ol buddled work. See Creaze. CREAsote, a product of the distillation of vegctuble and ol most animal substaucbs i a powerful antiseptic. What is usually solil as creasote is a fulso product, ob-. tained from coal tar. CiiEAZE, a mining name for tin, in the wasli- ■ ing tub or huddle. CliEDiT, a giving trust; goods supplied without prepayment; muiiey lent. Clihij., a Il^l.lll^ or i.utatu basket. CltUEiiK, a kind olMiiall j^iapueil for drag giiiK 111 search ol any thing lost iu a har hour or river. Ckicese, lkease. See Ckis. CuEiiEBtt;, a breakfast or rcfrcslimcnt house in French tow ns. Cbesion, the Fiencli name for a new shut- ting piece lor a window. Crejiona, a valuable violin. CiuvNoLLsE, Crinoline, a horsehair and cotton labric used lor ladies' petticoats and bonnets, ic. Creosote. See Creasote. Crequillas, a textile cotton fabric of light and low-priced qualitj-, made lor export. Ckess, the general name of a number of plants possessing pungent and aromatic qualities. The garden ere^s, Leptdium sativum, is a haidy and esteemed salad plant. Cresset, a light shown upon a beacon, watch-tower, w, a circular saw. CK0\VN-^v^IEEL, the upper wheel in the works of a watch. Crow-quills, feathers ofthe crow which are used for pens, where very flue writing is required, as in lithograp'liy and tracing, cfec. ; those of the Hudson's Bay ducivS are used for the same purpose. Crows-xe.st, a look-out house at the main top-gallant mast head in arctic vessei.s consisting of a cask or other screen or shelter for a man. Crot, an enclosure for catching fish; n mound or quay projecting into a river for breaking the force of the stream or pre- venting euoroachuicnts. CUA [115.1 CUD Urozi:, n. cooper's tool. [FraiiLC. CnucuoN, a stone bottle or spouted jug iu CnuciBLE, a siii;ill clicmical melting-pot made ot various sulistanccs. Urue, a sheep pea or small fold in Scot- land. Ckuel-ribband, a kind of caddis or lint for bandaKin.' and dressins; a wound. Cruet-stand, a metal irame for holding bottles 01 sauces and condiments. Cruise, Croize, a short voyage. CiiuivE, Cruv'e, lormerly a box resembling a hen-coop, placed in a dam or dike that runs across a river, for confining the fish that enter it; the term has now a broader application to any thing placed in a river lor stopping fish. CRUsm-BRUsn, a curved shaped brush with short handle for sweeping crumbs from a tablecloth. Cuc.MB-CLOTH, a linen or holland carpet- cover lor a living-room. Ckusipet, a slightly-baked soft thin cake requiring to be toasted at the fire before eating. CRUJtPET AMD JfUFFIV MAKER, OllB AVllO makes and vends such cakes. Crupper, a leather strap from the saddle to the horse's tail. Crusado, Cruzada, a Portuguese gold coin ; the old crusado being worth 400 ruis, and the new 4S0, Ijciiig worth 2s. 4d. There are, however, silver crusadoes or 240, 120, and 60 reis. Cruse, an Arabian money consisting of 40 duanies and worth about Is. 8d. or23. ; a cup or cruet. Cbuset, a goldsmith's crucible. Crushing, in mining the process of pul- verizing or grinding tlie ores witliout Avater. CKCSiUN'O-MTLL, ft mill of Various kinds for crushing ore, malt, or other substance. Crutches, wooden supports made to assist lame persons or cripples in walking ; knees of timber. Crwtii, a Welsh musical instrument with six strings, played upon with a bow. Crtolite. a mineral only found on the west coast of Greenland, lately importeil as a source of aluminium; which it is said can be afforded at a price as low as silver, lie- sides this metal and crystals of soda, a clay is obtainable whicli will be valuable to calico printers as a substitute for a com- pound of alum and sugar of lead. Crtstal, the common name for quartz, or pure crystalline silex. Crvstallogr.vpht, the science which treats of the formation, shape, and peculiarities of crystalline bodies. Cuaue, a quarry of stones. CuARTAL, a dri' measure of Arragon = 0-213 "Winchester bushel. CUARTANE, the twelfth part of the cuartcra, a Spanish weight. CuARTAS, the most valueless kind of tobacco in Cuba, fit only for tilling cigars. CuARTELLA, avariablc dry measure in Spain, ranging from 0077 to 0u83 bushel. As a liquid measure lor wine it is generallv equal to 1-0G3 gallon, and for oil 0-829 gallon; 4 cuartellas make an azumbre. The Arragonese cuartclla as a weight is 0-016 lb. CuARTERA, a .Spanish corn measure ; 21 cuar- teras make one carga ; 100 cu.irteras of IJarcelona = 245 imperial quarters. CUARTERON'. an oil measure of Madrid = 033 gallon. CUAKTO, a Spanish weight = 0-0158 lb.; also a liquid and dry measure of Spain of very variable dimensions; the minimum as a dry measure being 0113 busliei, the ina.ximum, 2-52 bushels; as a liquid mea- sure the minimum is 0085 gallon for wine, and 0-272 gallon for oil, the maximum 0-778 gallon. Cub, theyoungof a wild animal, as of a beat or a seal. Cuba, a liquid measure of Abyssinia, con- taining 62 cubic inches, and rather more than two pints. Cdtsa Sabica, a building wood. ,See Sabicu. CuBEBS, the fruit ofthe Ciibeba officinalis am\ canina, which is used medicinally as a diuretic, and in diseases of tiic genital organs. Cube-yard, a solid British measure of 27 cubic feet. CnniCA, a kind of shalloon or bombazet. CUTJic-FOOT, a solid English measure. The cubic foot of water is the quantity that a vessel a loot square and a foot deep will hold. Cubic Kitp>e, another name for nitiate of soda, or American saltpetre. CuTsiT, a measure oflin^-tli in England equal to 18 inches; a cubit was originally the distance from the elbow to the extremity ofthe middle finger, which is »he fourth part ot a well-proportioned man's stature. The Egyptian cubit is 22} inches; the Turkish 26iinches; the Burmese 19 inches. The common cubit of Per^iia is 25 inches; the royal Persian cubit 37i inclies. CuBSHA, an Indian drug. CuccHiARO, a dry measure of Turin = 00034 bushel. CucuA, a weight in Muscat of about 6 ounces. CuciTRicE, an Italian sempstress. Cucumber, a well-known and extensively cultivated genus (Cucumis), chiefly reared for culinary purposes. C. colocynthis pro- duces the colocynth of the drugi;ist8' shops; Cucumis salivus is the edible cu- cumber; large quantities of cucumbers are pickled for exportation. CucuTMBER-sEED-oiL. a bland Oil obtained in the East from the seeds of idants of Wie cucumber family, which is used as a lamp oil, and for cooking. Cdcup.bit, a chemical vessel of glass, for distillations an;! rectification. CucuTO, a petty Spanish coin of four raara- vedis. Hee MAnA\'EDO. CuDA, a liquid measure of Arabia, equal to 2 gallons. Cudbear, a red powder sometimes called persis, obtained from the Lecanora tarta- rea and other lichens, by steeping in aoi- moniacal liquor, and wiiicli yields a rich puride colour, employed iu dyeing vara. See AucHiL. CiTDDocH, a yearling cow or youug heifer la Scotland. CUL [llfi] CUP Cuddy, properly a cnbiii in the fore part of a boat, liiit (reiiueiitly aii|ilied to an after cahin built under the poop of a sliip; a li(|Uidmcasnre on the Arabian coast of 2 callous, also called a gudda. CuDCEi,, a heavy stick. CuDBEME, CiiUDKEME, in Scotlaiul a stone weight. Cue, a straight rod or stick used by billiard iilayers; the last or catch word of a speech, by which one actor knows he has to follow another in action or discourse. Cueiu-eite, the French name tor a mixed or general cargo in a ship. CuEiujA, a Spanisli long measure of uncer- tain dimensions, in some places represent- ed to be 765 yards, in others as much as 391 yards. CuGNATELLA, an 0)1 measurc of Home, 217 gallor.s. CuiXAGE, the making up of tin into pigs, &c. for carriage. CuiR, in French, leather or hide. CuiuAss, a piece of soldiers' armour, a metal breast-plate which extends also to the back. Cuirassier, a soldier armed with a mPtal breast-plate. CuiRASs-MAiUTR, a manufacturer of soldiers' breast-plates. CuiR DE lAiXE, double -milled cloth in France. CnisiNiER, a cook, an attendant in a kitchen. CuivRE, French for copper. CtTLAH, a drv measure of Sumatra equal to O-0G18 Winchester bushel. CULAKA, CUTAKA, Eastern names for the SQcds of the Strychnos iiux vomica. See Ndx vomica. Cui-BLANE, a name for a variety of wild sheep fouriil in California. CuLiLAiiAN-BARK, an avoniatlc bark obtained in flat pieces from the Cinnamonmm Culilaban, someiimes called Clove bark. CULiNART UTENsn,s, vcssels uscd for cooking, or belonging to the kitchen. Cullender, a sieve or large strainer. Culler, a sampler; a selector of wood, staves, deals, f bone-earth for purifying metals by exposing them to a strong heat and oxidation. Cltellation, a mode of analysing metals by fusing them in a cupel, and oxidizing them with lead. CuPELo, a small furnace. Cuppa, an Indian name lor mat bags sold by the hundred. Cupper, a surgeon, one who uses cupping instruments to let blood. OtTPPiNG-GLASS, a small glass vessel with a wide mouth, mto the neck ofwhich a brass syringe is screwed for the purpose of ex- hausting the air. It is used lor drawing blocd, or milk from the breasts; topiivi nt the absoi |>tion of snake and other poisons from wounds, and for many other purpotts. CUR [117 J cun OCPPRA, the Hindustani iiamo for pieces of clotlu Cupii.E. Thecal) of tlie acorn of the Qiierciis .■E(jilops enters lart;ely into conuneroe as a tanniny sulistaiice, under tlie name of yaioiiia : the iui))orts are from Greece and lurkc3'. CnueOA, a sweet cordial or liqueur. C'LiiANDAlo, tlie Italian name lor a bleaclier. CCRATOK, a guardian ; in Germany a trustee, or assignee; in England the term is usu- ally apiilied to a person in charge of a nuisenni. CuKii, the niouth-plcce of a bridle; the outer edge of a loot p;ivemeMt or wall. CuRBA, a species of tul), basket, or earthen |iot, used by the negroes, on the west coast of Africa, as a measure of capacity in the s.ale of palm oil, grain, pulse, &c., and which varies according to tlie locality. The cuiba of Ajuda, contains 18 gallons, and ofOniin only 7i gallmis. CuRH-ciiAix, a siiinll Chain passing from the bridle under tlie head of a horse ; a kind of gold watch-guard. CuuB-ROOP, a roof with a double slope on each side. CuKBS, Cornish granite or other stone, pre- |.arcd for leaving, Hat or edged, usually 12 inches I'.v G inches; the flag stones at tlie outer edge or roadside of a pavement, are those usually called curbs or kerbs. Curd, the common name for the caseiue of milk, a solid substance separated from milk by acids, which resembles albumen in several of its properties. It is the basis of cheese, contains nitrogen, and is highly nutritious. CuKD-cuTTER, a machine with revolving knives oil a spindle or axis, for cutting the curd, and separating tlie whey from the curd in cheese-making. CuEDEE, an Indian name for safflower seed. CuRD-Mii.L, a cheese press, for forcing the whey from the curd. CmoowEit, a tailor or sempstress who goes from house to house in Scotland to mend old clothes. |ened. Curds and Whet, coagulated milk sweet- CtTRiNG, the process of slightly saltingmeat, (fee; also the operation of freeing sugar from its molasses. CuRiNG-nousE, the building on a sugar estate, where the hogsheads of newly potted sugar are placed to settle, and drain off the molasses prior to shipment. QORLED Hair JIajjufacturee, a trader in 'liorse hair, who bakes and prepai"es the rough material for use by others. Curling, an amusement in Scotland on the ice, in which two contending jiarties pusli or slide forward heavy stones. The ol ject of the player is to lay his stone as near the mark as possible, to guard that of his partner, which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist CuRUNG-rRONs. iron tongs for twisting the liair, requiring first to be heated In the lire. Curling-stones, large stones of a hemi- spherical form, of from 40 to 701bs weight, with iron or wooden handles at the top, used for playing on the ice. CtTRLT-MAPLE, a vnricty of the Acer saccha- rinum, a North American maple. Cltiragii, in Ireland a swamp or marsh; an ancient Celtic boat, still in use for fishing on the north-west coast ol Ire- land. Currant-jelly, a preserve made by boiling down black or red currants with sugar. Clkk.usts, a small seedless vaiiity of the grape, largely consumed for confbctionery and culinary'purposcs. '- Currency, paper money and coin, estab- lished as, and passing for, tlic circulaiing medium of a country. Ir\ the ISiitisii North American provinces and West In- dian colonies, and in some parts of Ger- many, the term currency is ajiplied to tlic moneys of account only. In the Canadian cun'ency, £1 sterling is equal to £1:4:4 currency. The loUowing is a statement of the ordinary currencies of the chief countries: — France, lielgium, and Swit- zerland, fr.ancs o: 100 eentinics; Prussia, thalcrs of 30 silver groschcn, 1 groscheii equal to 12 pfennings; Austria, florins of eokreutzers; Hamburg, marks-current of leshiUings; Russia, roublesol 100 kopecks; East India Co.'s territories, rupees of IG annas; United States, dollars of 100 cents ; Great Britain, sovereigns of 20 shillings. Curricle, an open two-wheeled chaibc, drawn by a pair of horses. Currier, one who dresses skins, and pre- pares leathers after they are tanned. Curriers' Company, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is in Cur- riers'-conrt, London Wall. CuRKT, a seasoned dish, flavoured with curry-powder, and of which boiled rice is a necessary accompaninient. CuKRY-coMB, an Iron scraper for rubbing down and cleaning the coats of horses. CuTiEYiNG, the art of preparing leather and skins for shoes and other maiuifacturing purposes. CunRY Powder, a seasoning or condiment, originally prepared in the East Iiulies, and compounded of various pungent and aro- matic ingredients, coloured yellow by tur- meric root. CuTiRy Stuff, a name for the various con- diments used to form curries, many of whicli are transported from place to iiiace in the East, forming extensive articles of coniinerce. The principal ingredients usetl by tlie lower classes for their rice is red ])epper, salt, lime juice, and the dried skin of the gorka. The components of a more elaborate currj' stuff in Ceylon, are a piece of green ginger, two cloves of garlic, a few coriander and cummin seeds, six small onions, one dry chilli or capsicum, six or eight corns of pepper, a small jiiece ot turmeric, half a dessert spoon of butter, half a coco-nut, and half a lime. CURTALN, the hanging lor a window, a clofli contracted or expanded at pleasure, made of various material, muslin, merino, damask, Ac. CuRTAiN-BAND, a metal rest or support for a curtain. Curtain -MANUFACnniER, a maker of cur- tains and bangiuge. cus [118] CUT CURTAlN-PArF.u, .1 peculiar kind of papor- liuiiRiiigs niaje in tlie Western Stati'S of AnuTiia, about Sj liiclias wide An iiiiia- iii'i.t within a panel Is piinteii, exti'ihliiii; to tlie lin^lli of aljout IJ yard, and llirsi; are cnt oil' and used as sulistitnles lor roller blinds by a large class of people. CiiKTAiN-iUNGS, rhif-'s to Which curtains arc hung by hooks sown to the material. CuuTAiN-Ron, a support on which the rings ot curtains traverse. CuRVAiLA Gum, an Indian name for gum arable. CUKVE, a gradual bend in a railway or canal. Cusco Bakk, a variety of Peruvian hark, with a white epidermis, and orange-red cortical layers, yielding an alkaloid called Aricina. Cuscns KOOT, sometimes written kuskus, a commercial name for the fragrant rhi- zoma obtained irom a grass, the Andro- pogoii muricatus, which, when wetted, ennls a strong, penetrating agreeable odour, and is used for making mats, fans, &c. Cuscus root is occasionally import- ed into London. The leaves, like those of the lemon grass, yield an aromatic stimulant essential oil, known as vitever. CnsH, one of the Indian names for tlie Sorghum vidgare, a species of millet. CnsHlON, the iiadded side of a billiard table ; a pillow or air case for the seat of a chair, sofa, carriage, &.c. Cnsic a name for the torsk (Brosmus vulgaris) , a fish which is sometimes salted and dried. CuSNEE, an Indian drug. CusPAiUA Hakic, a name for tlie Angostura bark, obtained from GaUpea Cusparia, a tree of South America, which is powerfully aromatic and stimulant, and is esteemed for its useful medicinal properties. Custaed, a sweetened cream made of milk, egs-'s, and spice. Custard Apple, the yellowish succulent frutt of the Anona reticulata, a native of tlio West Indies and South America, which is of the consistence of custard, and much esteemed by some persons. CusT^uiD Powder, a dry material for mak- ing custards, used instead of eggs. CusTODE, a chief civil public ollicer in the West Indies, having the custody ol writs, ■warrants, and other county and parochial legal affairs. CnsTODiEE, one who has an}' thing in trust in order to its safe keeping. Custom, a tax or revenue duty levied on goodsexported or imported ; the patronage or support accorded to a tradesman. Customer, the supporter of a tradesman, tteo. ; one who deals with him and pur- chases his goods. Custom House, the place appointed by the Government at each port, lor the receipt of all duties levied under existing tariffs. Custom House Agext, one who attends for firms and individuals, to the business of passing and elearing goods at the custom house and docks. Custom House Entry, a statement made and tees and expenses paid in clearing out a ship. Custom House Officer, n legally appointed officer of the Customs, to examine and nsse*.s goods for duty, itc. Cusroa, a name in th<5 West Indies for the chief civil officer of a county. See Cus- tode. Cut, a Scotch term for a Qnantity of yarn. CuTcir, KuTH. See CvTKciiu. CUTCHA, Kucha, a word apiilied to tempo- rary erections or inferior buildings In India; a weak kind ol lime made in the East by burning kunker, a species of flinty chalk. CuTCHAiL, a kind of Indian snare for fish, made of the stalks of a (dant. Cutcha Maund. See Bombay Maund. CUTCHA Seer, a weight in .Mysore, 0-r>'j lb. Cutcherry, an Indian court of justice. Cut Glass, glass with sliarp edges, which has been shaped by cutting instead of being simply moulded. C'utie-ston'e, a stone used in the amuse- ment of curling. Cutlah, a large Indian river fish, of a dark colour; a Sjiecies of bream. Cutlass, a broad curving sword used chiefly by seamen. Cutler, a dealer in knives and forks; one who makes swin-ds. Cutlers' Company, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is in'Clo.ak- lane. Cutlers'-spring-maicer. a workman who prepares the springs for folding-knives. Cutlery, a general name for all cdged-tools. The British cutlery trade chiefly centres in .Sheffield. Cutlery-manufacturer, a wholesale maker of knives and edged tools. [the leg. Cutlet, a fleshy slice of meat usu.ally from CuTLiN'GS, a name for groats, bruised oat seeds freed of the pericarp, used for gruel, porridge, &c Cut-meats, an American term for certain eured meats, hams, shoulders, (fee. CLT-NAiL-JLANUFACTtTREii, a maker of cut nails from sheets of iron. CuT-NAiLS, nails made by machinery, in- stead of wrought by hand from rods. CUTRA, a weight ia Persia for indigo, of about 139 lbs. Cottee, a box to hold weavers' quills. Cuitemundoo, Cullemundoo, a hydro- carbon, differing somewhat in its physical qualities from the true elastic gums of commerce, but possessing useful proper- ties. It is obtained in tho Peninsula of India, from several species of Euphorbia {E. antiquorum, Tirucalli, andneurifolia.) Cutter, a small boat, a switt-sailing vessel with one mast; a tailor's assistant; a piercing instniinent used in boring for water. CuttePh Revenue, a sloop belonging to the Customs, employed on the coast to prevent smuggling. Cutters, a description of brick, also called firsts or niarle-stocks, 8} inches long, by 4i broad, and 2J tliick, chiefly used for the arches of windows, doorways, quoins, &c. CUTTIE, Cutty, a Scottish term lor sl,ort; hence it is frequently applied aa au adjective, aa cutty-pipe, cutty-stool, &c. . DAH [119] DAK Cutties, an Indian name for blooms uf i ion. Cumis-STOOL, .1 low stool or se.it. (JurriE-STOilP, .1 itewter vessel holilinff the cii;htli part of a .Scotch cliopin or English quart. CurriNO-PLVXE, a carpenter's smoothing tool. Cdttle-bose, a name given to the calcare- ous plate wliicli streiiijtiiens the back of the cuttle fish (Sepiaofficinalh). Itwasfbr- merly much prized in medicine as an absor- bent; it is now almost solely employed lor polishing of paint, varnish, wood, or the sorter metals, ami for making pounce and toolh powder. Large supplies are received at Bombay from the Persian gulf. CuTTORAH, a metal cup used in India. CUTTRA, a weight in use at Bassora equal to 136J lbs. CuiTY-piPE, a short tobacco pipe. CUTWAL, the chief police officer in an Indian city; also asuperintcndantof the markets. Cutwater, the knee of the head of a ship; the foremost part of the prow which pro- jects forward oft the bows. CuvES. See Keaves. CuvuPA, an Indian name for the largo tubers of a species of Leguminosas, discovered in the Upper Essequibo by Sir Kobert Scliom- burgk. CwT., tlie commercial abbreviation for cen- tum and weight. The Hessian hnndred- weigbt is nearly equal to the English, 112 lbs; the Vii nna cwt. is one tenth lieavier, or about 12.Si lbs. A cwt. of pota- toes is 120 lbs. jrbr the centner and hinulred-wcight of the Continent, see 'iUINTAL. CrANiDE roWDER, a Salt of potassium, much used in electro-]iIaling; a briliant wliilo tasteless powder, the cyaniiie of zinc. Cv.vNiTE, a massive and crystallizad mine- ral ; a silicate of alumina, with a Ihice of oxide of iron. CyAXOMETER, an instrument for determining the deepness of the tint of the atmo- sphere. CvANOTTPE, a process of taking solar por- traits in Prussian blue, by a wasli of cyanogen on the jirepared paper, wbenco the name. Cyathls, an ancient Greek and lioman liquid and dry measure of 0.0118 gallon. Cyder, Cider, a beverage made frtnii ap|)le8. Cy'gnet, a young swan. Cylinder, a long round case or body ; a hollow vessel for steam. * CVLINDER-BOX, CYLINDER-PLATE, parts Of a steam cylinder. Cylindrical-Ceiling, a vaulted ceiling. Cymbals, musical clappers, concave brass plates used in military bands for produ- cing a clashing sound. Cypher, a mode of secret writing Cython, Syphon, the name of the largest cane-juice receiver in the boiling Ivouae of a sugar plantation, capable of hoKllng from 300 to 500 gallons. Cypress-tree, the Ciipressus of botanists, a very durable and valuable wood ; tho tree grows to a great size. Cyteds, a thiu stuff; a kind of wine. D. Dthe abbreviation for pence, from tlie • Latin wi.rd denarius, a penny; as a Konuin numeral D represents 500, and with a dash over it, SOOO. U-Tbap, or Val\'E, a trap shaped like a D. Dab, a moist lump, as of butter, ibc. ; a small flat fish about eight or nine inches in length ; the Pleuronectes Umamla. D.4.B0U, a small weight of Masulipatam on the coast of Coromandel, equal to 191 grains. Dabs, refuse foots of suirar. Dace, a river fish, the Cyprinus leuciscus. * Daezajee, a Persian silver coin worth about 3s. Dactylus, a Greek measure of length, the sixteenth part of an English foot. Daffer, Dapper, lu'ovincial names for small crockery ware. Daga (Spanish), tho stove of a brick-kiln. Dagger, a short dirlc or poniard. Daging, tlie Malay name for meat or flesh. Dagueureotype, "a i>rocess of taking sun pictures on plates of iodized silvered copper, highly pulislnd. Daouerreotypist, an arlist who takes pictures by the daguerreotype process. Dahab, a inoney of account of Abyssinia, worth about 2d. Dahlia, a large showy and much esteemed garden flower, of which tliere are uurabcr- less varieties. Daikceees, metal boilers, used in Hindu- stan. Daiker, from the old Swedish deker, a term a|iplied to twelve hides; the long hundred of 120, or six score, is still used in the sale of oysters and many other articles. Dain, the Burman league equal to two mllos and two furlongs. Dainty, a delicacy; in Scotland the term is applied to any thing large or fine. Dairy, part of a fann-building devoted to the making of butter and cheese. In towns the word dairy is applied to milk- hou-es, and places where milch cows are kept. Dairy-farm, a farm chiefly devoted to meadow and pasture. Dairy-maid, a female domestic employed about the business of a dairy, and in mak- ing various kinds of food from milk. Dairymen, Dairy-keepers, persons who keep milch cows for the supply of milk, or who attend to the sale of dairy pro- duce. Dak, Dauk, a post or post-offlce; a relay tf horses or bearers. DAM [120] DAV DALiiT's Cakjiinative, .a popular nostrum givMi as an opiate or sootlimg dranylit to vounc cliiUlrcn. DXli, Daki, a large any some ot the lower classes in Scotland lor fuel. Dalluu, a money of account in bwcden, ot two kinds, the silver and the copper; three ol the latter being eaual to one ot the Ibrmer. See Dollar. DAXMES, a name in Scotland for damask Daji" a\vall or mole built across a river, to coi'iiine or elevate the water tor irri^'a- tion purposes, or forimpelling niilJ-^vlieeU, &c.; the mother, as applied to be.ists or interior animals. .,, .. ^ Dam, Daum, an Indian copper coin, the fortieth part of a rupee and t le eioie worth rather more than a lii»lfl'C"">: Damage, in law inischiet done by collision, Mc ■ anv iniury intlieted or sustained. nAMAGED" Goods, articles of merchandise or Reduce whichhavebeen injured "> transit The Customs make an abatement of the duties on sea-damaged goods. Damages, the amount awarded to a ))lamtiff b" a iury for libel, seduction, false impri- soniniiit, or other injury or grievance. DAMAn-iiATU, the Malay name for rosin. mMlscus-STEEL, a Very choice steel made directly from the ore, prnicipally a led oxide of iron, used chielly lor sword- Dam'vIk: washing damask is a fine-twilled linen fabric much used for table cloths, chiefly made at Dunfermline and in Ire- land Hrown damask is the sair.e article u bleached. SilkdamaskisatwiUedvane- cated fabric made in the same manner as fintm damask with raised flowers, biixs ad other ornaments worked into its texture; it was formerly used for dresses, but is MOW chiefly employed for furniture and upholstery. -Worsted damask is also used for the same purposes. niMASsw a name tor silk damask con- ^tSuhif gold or silver flowers in thefebr.c. DAMMKit. a valuable resin of two kinds "!>- tained in India, the wldtc f lom the 1- aUi la Jndica and Sliorearobusta, and the blacic from Canarium comnnine: a name some- times given in Scotland to a miner. , DAMM..U1!, a coarse cotton cloih which passes current at a fixed value in Kubia. Damp, a mining name tor noxious and ex- Dlosive gases, the choke-damp being carbonic acid, and the tire-damp car- buretted hydrogen. DAMPER, an iron slidinrr plate or valve for .shutting oil fire in a ehiumey.or lesseninS Ihedraa^'htin 'l'-' '!''<; 'V^'"^''■'';;•n,,? Australian name lor a baked cake of flcnir and water; p:n-tsof the laaMulorte covered with le.itlier acted on by a p' ilal. Damson a small useful black plum, a v.ue !■, <'i tiie i'riinus iloiiicxtica. DAMsiiN-eiir.KM:, a conserve of dried (liinons piessed into a cake. Dan a kind ot small truck or sledgo used in coal mines; a name tor the gram tor weiirhiif-' sdver, ifec, in Calcutta. DANciNG-MASTKii, oiic wlio gives instruction in l)v: steps and figures ot daiiees. Dancing-koom, a iniblic room licensed tor music and dancing; a ball-room in .i public or private budding. ,,• , . DANr.iM(aeorrni.ti..ii of Danndee. llindus- taiii). an Indian name for the boatmen of 1)ANDY-Si, a hard whale-bone bristle DANDT-BiGGED-currKi:, ii peculiarly rigged DANDY-noLLEK, a wovch wirc sieve for a DiSiMra'petty money of r.ussorah, in Persia, the twelttli part of a manioodie, and worth D::^^"^t=^UAS:^'-^..O..EGnnxi>Ino.. Dauaii, the Blalay name for blood Dare, another name for the dace fish. Dargek. a day labourer m bcotlaiuf. dISsing-needle, a long needle lor mending DAiilENA'oSpLuish), a place in a harbour lor laying up and repairing slups. Dash a flourish in writing; aboldelToit, in scotiand a cant term for a hat or wp; on the West coast of Africa, a present i i.ide by traders to heailmeii or native chicts. Date th.at part of a writing or letter which expresses the day of the month and year in which it was written. Dates, the fruit of the date palm (Purmx dadvlifera, Linn.), largely used as food n Aftiea and the fiast. They enler into commerce as a succade ''i-,,'""-'';. ,)\|''''' spirit, and sugar are made from the date by the Arabs. The hard stones are even gromfdtip' as foVd" fljr "their 'canieU ofthele.aves they make baskets and bags. TiiTiTM-LiNE a given level or base from wl™ht^ calculate elevations, &c. In the construction of a plan, as of a railway or canal, the surface points are reckoned or measured from the datum level. . Daub, a smear, or rough covering of pamt Daucus! a name for Cretan birds' nests im- ported into Spain. . . ^. , , Daugh in Scotland a division ot and, cap- abkTof producing 48 bolls of giain ; some- times written Dawaclie. MvuM, an imaginary Indian money, the ' fortieth part of a rupee, wliich is 2s. Daundee (Hindustani), a waterman. Davenport, a piece of furniture in which to keep music books, ifcc. , ,, , _ Davit a. projecting wooden crane at the bow of a ship for hoisting the flukes of the anchor to the gunwales; davits nre also DEA [121] DEjS pieces of timber or iron protriitliiig over a slii|i's side or stern, having slieavos or bloclvS to heist a boat up to. Daw, a calse of coal dross and dried cow's dmif,', used as fuel in Scotland. Dawamese, a contecMon of tlie inspissated juice of hemp and aromatics used by the Arabs. Da\vk, quick Indian travelling by runners, or express. Dat, the interval between two midnights; Ijut in ordinary accejitation the time ot sunUght and period of labour. The period ci a day's labour varies in different trades and countries ; in the British factories by law it must not exceed ten hours. In navisjation, in demurrage clauses the word "day" means working or running days, and "does not comprehend .Sundays or holidays. Day-book, a tradesman's journal of sales and business transactions. fday. Day-laborer, one hired or working by tlie Dayligut-keflectok, a shade or screen with a polished metal surface, placed at or over a window to throw more light into a room. Day's Journey, an eastern mode of com- puting the distance that can be accom- plished in the 24 hours, or in such por- tion of the day as cmi be tairly given to travel. The Day's Journey of a traveller on foot may be estimated at from 20 to 24 English miles by the road or about 18 geographical miles by the direct distance, it for a very few d.ays, but lor many suc- cessive days about ITJ miles. In Turkey and Western Persia, though the Tatar couriers ride fast, yet travellers only wa\k their horses, and their day's journeys may be taken at about 26 to 30 English miles by the road, or as 18 to 23 geogra- phical miles in direct distance. In caravan journeys across the deserts, the day's journey (with camels) is about 16 geographical miles per day, m direct dis- tance for short intervals, but on an ex- tended line, only 15 to 15J; their hourly rate by the road being about 2i English miles or 2J geographical miles. With mules the day's journey is 17 or 18 miles. The mean rate of the daily marches of armies is equal to about 14 Britisli or 12 geographical miles by the road; or, if reduced to direct distance, about 10} geo- grapliical miles on a line of 8 or 10 marches ; but a single march or even 2 or 3 taken togetlier will be equal to about 11 geo- graphical miles per day. Days op Gbace, the period allowed by law or custom, beyond the fixed day of pay- ment, to meet an acceptance or note. In Ensland the daj's of grace extend to tliree days. Day-ticket, a railway o; steam boat pass available for return on the same day. De, auotlier name tor the Dutch vinger- hned, a liquid measure used in Holland and the Netherlands. It is the 100th part of the litron or kan, and contams 00176 imperial piut. Deacon, a church officer ui Scotland; a clergyman of the Estaiillcbed Church, who has not 3'ct taken priest's orders, the master of a Scotch incorporated com- pany- Dkm>kves, oblate solid blocks of wood, with, a groove and three holes bored thidugli them, fixed to tlie channels of a ship, for reeving the lanyards of the shrouds through. Dead-level, a surveyor's term for a flat country, olfering no obstructions to road- niaking. Dead-ligiits, strong shutters cr portii for the stern lights or cabin windows of a ship ill boisterous weather. Dead-keckoning, a nautical computation of a ship's position, by the distance run according to the log line in a given time. De.vd Weight, he.avy merchandise forming part of a sliip's cargo; a name given to an advance made by the Bank of England to Government on account of the half pay and pensions of the retired othcers of the Army and Navy. At the end of the French war in 1815, this sum amounted to nearly five millions per annum ; but (io- vernment wishing to relieve the revenue of this heavy yearly burden, and to spread it more equally over the forty-five years, which it was calculated the average dura- tion of the lives of the claimants would be, proposed to exchange it for annuities, continuing that period, of ^2,800,000 per annum. The bank, after a time, advanced to Government £13,089,410, for which they received an annuity of £585,740 for forty-four years, ending Oct. 10, 18C7. Dead Wool, wool taken from the skin of the carcase instead of being shorn from the live animal. Deal, a plank of fir or pine timber, for car- penters' use, above seven inches wide; difl'ering from a batten, which must not exceed seven inches; a whole deal is usually 1} inch thick, a slit deal half that thickness. Dealder, Daaldee, another name for the Hamburgh thaler, worth about 2s. 7d. Dealer, a trader in goods of any kind, the specialty indicated by the iTeiix, as tea- dealer, wholesale-dealer, retail-dealer, itc. Dei;,u,ler (French), to unpack. Debarquement (French), landing. Debarqcer (French), to unlade. Debase, to lessen in value by adulteration or interior admixtures. Debenture, originally a writ or note drawn upon government; but the term lias now got to be applied to railway companies', municipal, and other bonds or securities for money loaned; a Custom-house cer- tificate. Debit, to charge in an account; a sum due for goods sold on credit. In i'reiieli it implies a sale or market. Debitant (French), a retailor. Debit-side, in book-keeping, the left-hand page of the ledger. Debouche' (French), a market or mart. Deukis, a word adopted Irom Ihj French, signifying rubbish, waste, or reluse. Debt, that which one person owes to another tor goods, or money had, .tc. Debtor, one indebted for money or v.'areo. DEC [122] DEF DrccA, a term derived from the (ireek, sitr- iiifvins ten, and used ns a pre.llx in tljc Krrncli di.'iinial sy.sli'in oi' wcitjlits and ine.'isiiros, lucxiirrss a wi'i^'ht or iiii'a.siin' ten times tin- iiiji"iiMt ol llu' unit wliiili follows it, nsdccayraniMic, ilei.ametre, .tr. Dkcade, a measure of time now api'lied to a oeriod ol ton years. Decagramme, a French wclj;ht rcpreseMfod tiy a centilitre ol pure water. It Is the looili part of a kilograniino, .■iiid Is divided into 10 t'rammes, = ion ddcisiraninn's, = 1000 centigrammes, = 1.5t.i402 Kii^jhsli Rrains. In Holland it bears the name ot iood, and in Venetian Loinbardy gros or (irosso. Dkcautuk, a French moasnrp of c.Tpaclly, of ten litres or 2'201 imperial gallons, the tenth part of the hectolitre. It is the new French busliel for grain, and velto for liquids. As a dry measure it is rather more than the English peck, viz: rio peck. In Holland where the decimal system of measures is adopted, tliey give thonameof schepel (boisseau)to the deca- litre, and in the kingdom of Venetian Lombardy they call it a mina or mine. Decamaleegum, an East Indian gum obtained fiom the Gardenia lucida of Koxhurgh. Decametre, a measure of lensth, the old French porch, also used in sur\'eying. It is still called the rood or perch inllolland. The ddcamfetre is 1.9884 English poles It is the hundredth part of the kilomfetre, and is divided into 10 metres = ITO deci- metres = 1000 centimfetres = 10,000 niilli- mfetres = 10 936389 yards. Decant, to pour off gently. Decanter, a clear glass bottle for holding wine, ifec, forthetahle, oratatavern bar. Decapode, another name for the acene, an ancient measure of length, nearly four yards. Di"'.CARE (French), an agrarian or superficial measure, equal to the tenth part of the hectare, and divided into ten are^. It is never legally used, being considered super- tiuous, and fully expressed by ares, hectares, and centiares. Decastere, a French solid measure, often stferes = 353'1741 cubic feet. Decenniai,, occurring evt ry ten years. Decharger (French), to unload. Decheance (French), a forfeiture. Decl^tine, a Russian land measure, usually containing 117,600 English square feet, 27 acres; but in Kazan it is greater by one half See Desiatix ■ . DEciGBAJniE, a nominal French weight, the tenth part of the gramme = l'J484 grains. Decilitre, a French measure of capacity for liquids, often called a verre, the tenth partof thepint or litre = '704 gill. Asadry measure the difcilitre is equal to '176 Eng- lish pint (C.1028 cubic inghes). Decimal, a tenth part, multiplied by ten. The decimal numeration and division of coins, weights, and measures, is becoming very general now in manj' countries. Decime, a copper coin and money of account in France of ten centimes, ana nearly {equal to one penny. Decimetre, a French measure of length, the palm =3-9;i71 inches. Dkoisteke, the I'n'iich name for the new solwi ^.■i-.'i3174l rnhir Icit. 1)Ki:k, the planked Ihioring of a ship, resting on tlic beams, which is calleil npix'r or lower according to it:< situation; large vessels have several decks. Deck-I!eams, cross beams on which the deck planks are laid. Decked-hoat, a covered Imat wit': a hold or cabin glieltcred from the weather. Deckle, in paper-making, a thin frame of woi.d fitting on the shallow mould in which the paper indp is |)laced; als(j the ron^'li or raw ed;,'e of paper. Deck-passenger, one who goes a short channel journey at a cheaper fare, and has not tlie privilege of the cabins. Declaration, a report of entry; an ofllcial affirmation or statement made before a properly authorized officer; in law that part of" the process or pleadings in which a statement of the plaintllt's complaint agaliLst the defendant is set forth. Declinator, an instrument used in dial- ling, (or taking the declination and inclina- tion of a plane. Declinometer, an Instrument for measur- ing the variation of the magnetic needle. Decoction, a medicinal solution or extract of vegetables, obtained by boiling. Decomposition, a wasting away or spoiling; comi)ounding a second time. DECoitATOB, an ornamenter; one who adorns or pamts and embellishes houses. Decorticate, to peel off the bark. Decoy, a lure ; a place for catching wild- fowl. Dedit (French), a forfeit; a consideration. Dedo (Spanish), a finger's breadth, the forty-eighth part of a Spanish yard or vara. Dee, Det, a name in some parts of Scotland for a dairymaid. Deed, a written or printed legal instrument of agreement between contracting parties, executed under seal. Deed-box, a tin case for keeping deeds in a lawyer's office. Deed-poll, in law a deed made by one iiarty only. Deeds, a name in Scotland for the gravel or coarse soil, &c., which is taken out of the bottom of a ditch. Deemster, Dempster, a judge in the Chan- nel islands and Scotland. Deep-sea-line, a line with a plummet, .shot, or other attachment for taking soundings at great depths at sea. Deer, a general name for animals of the Cervus family, which have deciduous horns or antlers : their flesh is termed venison. Deer's horns enter largely into conmierce. Defaced Coin. On the 20th August, 1&''>3, n new Act, Ifi and 17 Vict, chap. 102, to pre- vent the defacing of the current coin of the realm, came into operation. It enacts that if any person shall deface any of the Queen's current gold, silver, or copper coin, vy stampmg tliereon any name or words, whether such coin shall or shall uot be DEG [ 123 ] DEN thereby dimiiiislied or liu'litoncd, or slmll use any macliiiic or iiistriMiit'iit fur llif purpose of bESIATINE, a Russian land measure, some- times written deeiatine ; 104 desiatiucs make a square vcrst, tliree versts being equal to two Knglish miles. As a super- licial measure it is ordinarily equal to 270 Enelish acres or H7,60o square feet, but in Kazan it is greater by one half As an imperial measure in Russia tlie desiatine is 2400 square sachine or sagene = 21,600 square arsheens = 130C6J square yards. In some districts the domestic desiatine is 3200 square sachine. Desiccation, the process of driving off water by heat or exposure. Design, a draught or plan; an invention; a pattern, drawing, or figure. Designeu, an inventor or draughtsman; one who sketches figures and patterns for enriching stnfls, &c Designer and Stamper, an artist who invents paiterns for lace workers, and cuts them upon wooden blocks, by which lie sruds out the pattern sliglitly stamped on the material with some coloured pig- ment Desire', a kind of dress material imported into Hayti. Desk, a writing-flap or inclined table with enclosures; in counting-houses and offices it is usually fixed ; but in private rooms or studies it is generally moveable. Desk ajjd Dressisg-case Manufacturer, a maker and titter of these portable boxes. Desmarojadob, one who takes oU the glutinous rind from olives in Spain. DespalM/Ojor, the Spanish term for a careening place tor cleaning and paying the bottoms of ships. DespampaN/U^or, a pinner of vines in Spain. Despatch, to transmit or forward goods, invoices, or other advices. Despensero, a Spanish butler; a ship's steward or providore. Dessert, a service of fruit and sweetmeats at the close of an entertainment. Dessert-knife-maker, a inanut'acturer of silver fruit-knives, and other fancy mount- ed dessert knives. Dessert-service, the china or glass requi- sites for the alter-dinner confections. Destrados, a coarse wooUen carpet. Destral (Spanish), a small axe. Detaillant (French), a retailer. Dbtainer, a writ or legal notice lodged with the keeper of a debtor's prison, for continuing a person in custody after a former det)t is discharged. Detective, a police officer. Detkntkur (l-'rench), a holder or possessor of lands, bills, .tc. Detents, stops in clock-work machinery. Deterioration, damage done ; wear and tear. DETif",MA. a native wood of Guiana, wliich is i..>ed for masts, booms, and planking for colonial craft; and as it is not infested by in- sects, it is well adapted lor chests, ward- robes, Ac. It will square from 14 to 16 leet. Detonating-powder, fulminating mercury, silver, or other compounds which explode when struck or heated. Gun-cotton also explodes. Deviation, a departure from a ship's au- thorized course; also applied to an irregu- larity of the compass. Devil, a spiked mill employed in Yorkshire for reducing to fragments woollen rage intended lor the manufacture of shoddy; also a highly seasoned disli; a printer's boy ; a fire-work. Devis, a French word for estimate. Devisee, one entitled to a bequest of re,U estate. Devonsjiire Batts, a valuable fine-grained poroiw sandstone obtained from quarries in the vicinity of Collumpton. Dew-retting, the exposure of flax in the fields to the action of the rain, dew, or snow, to ellect by maceration the decom- position of the gum or resin which coats the fibre. Dextrine, a chemical name for what is termed British gum, the calcined starch of wheat or ))Otatoe3. It is largely used for stitlening fabrics, and also lor the adhesive substance on postage and receipt stamps, and envelopes. About fifty or sixty tons are used weekly in the print-works ol Glasgow and Manchester. Dha, a name lor the bamboo, a long mea- sure of 7 royal cubits, the thousandth part of the Burman league. See Dain. Dhadium, a commercial weight in s<»me l)artsoftlieEastof61Lis5ounees8draclims. Dhal-baat, an Hindustani name fur rice and yellow pease stewed together. DllAN, a vernacular name in parts of Hindus- tan for rice. [equal to 40 grains. DiiARANUM, a weight of Mysore in India DiiAiioos, a Bengalee name for the Hibiscus esculentus, the edible mucilaginous fruits of which are much esteemed in the tropics. Dhenroos, a name in Bengal for the fibre of the Hibiscus esculentus, known in llic West Indies as the ochro, and in parts of Asia as the bayndie. Dhie, Duye, an Indian wet-nurse for a European child ; a lady's attendant. DiioBiE, Dhoby, an Indian washerman Usually attached to a household, and paid a monthly wage according to the number of the establishment. Diioby's-earth, an alkaline earth used in scouring and washing in India. Diuu.i., the Indian name for the pigeon pea, Vylistis Cujan ; an eastern coniniercial term fur a small rull or package ; also beads ol canicliaii made at CamOay m India, DIA [ 120 DIG PiiOM'Cic, n lai-RO Iiiiiiiin (iriiin. DiioN'EY, n iiiiUvo c(.:istint; vps-cl in Indln, sloop-riji'^cil (ir ^vlUl two musts, scliloin nioiv tliiui l.W tcm<. DnooNA, ail Imliaii name for tlm (lamiiinr or rosin obtained fioni tlio S/torea ro- busta. Diioop, an onstcrn rinnio P>r tlie Yalena Indica, a tree tlie (Vuit or nut of wlilol), nl)()Uttlio size ol alarue walnut, Inniislies ft fine solid oil known ns Pincy tallow, wliicli is ■wliolesomc and odiblc, and also used for lamps. Dhotke, DnoTT, a waistflofh or loose wrapiior; a ions narrow strip of cotton or (lau/.o worn liv tlio nial(! Hindoos instead of pantaloons; it is sometimes ornamented witli a silk liordcr. * Piioruiv, an Indian name for wormwood. Diiow, Dow, an Arabian coastin-,' vessel trading between tlie Persian suit, the Ited sea, and the peninsula of India. * Dhurua, a variable eastern measure of capacity; In the Rombay presidency it contains 10 seers, and is equal to 191bs. 11 ounces CH drachms; occasionally it is 12 to 13 see"rs. In some parts of Gnzerat tlie diuirra or dhnrree is only 1211)9. 8 ounces 7J drachms, and in Malwa it is U'lt 3U)S. 12 ounces. Dhttrra, Dourah, a species of Jlokm:, the principal grain crop of Esypt alter wheat, which is largely used there by tlie labour- ins classes for food, and also forms the currency of Nubia. Varieties of this grain arc grown in many parts of Africa, and cargoes often reach tlie London market from the Levant. Dhte. See DniE. DiACHTLOK-PLASTER, a medicinal adhesive plaster used as a strapping, the b.isris of which is litharge and olive oil. DiAClTBON (Spanish), candied lemon-peel. Diagram, a rough delineation, an explana- tory sketcli or drawing. DlAGRiDitTM, an old commercial name for scammony. DiA-, an instrument for registering time by the sun's rays falling upon an index or gnomon, whose shadow marks the pro- gress of the hours. There are a variety of dials, horizontal, oblique, or vertical, and also depending on their aspect with relcr- once to the sun. Dial-plate, the face of a clock or watch, on which the hours are marked, or of a dial on which the lines are drawn. DiAMANTAiRE (French), a diamond cutter. Diameter, width ; measurement across the centre. Diamond, the smallest kind of regular print- ing-type that is cast in British foundries; the hardest and most valuable of gems ; a tup or shearling ram. DiAMOND-iiORT or po^^TiER, the crushed refuse fragments of the gem, wliich is used by lapidaries, se.al-engravers, watch- jewellers, and others. D'iA5ioNi>-cuTTKR, a lapidary ; one who cuts, sets, and works gems. Diamond-pencil, a cutting instrument used by glaziers and glass-cutters. Dlamond-weiqht, Diamonds are weighed by carats, l.'ilj of which make an ouiico troy; Ihiscarat Istherelbre equal to3 l-(Jth troy grains. Diaper, a fabric made of flax; damask o( small size and simpler patterns, used for iiaiikins, towelling, .tc, ischielly made in Dunfermline lu Scotland, and the nortli oUrehind. DlAPliANE, a woven silk stuff witli trans- parent and coloureil figures. DiAi'iioiiKTirs, sweating mi'diclnes. ]>I.\UV, a note-book or journal; a register or record of ilaily business or events. DiA.STASE, a chemical siibstatice extracted by water from crushed malt, whicli |)os- Rcsses the remarkable property of com- verting starch Into sugar in an hour or two. DiASTiMETER, a iiliilosophlcal instrument for measuring distances. Dmni.E, a small B|)ade; a pointed garden Instrument for making holes in the ground for planting. Dins, a sort of treacle made In Syria from pattern; small cubical pieces of ivory or bone, numbered with dots on the sides, for casting in games of cliance. Tlierc is a duty of £1 on each pair of dice. DicE-nox, a leather, bone or other caeo for holding dice to throw at hazard, or games of cliance. Dicker, a commercial term for ten of some things, and for the long hundred of others, as ten skins make a dicker of hides; ten bars a dicker of iron, ten dozen a dicker of gloves; and so on. )S?e Daiker. DiciCEy, a loose shirt front to be worn over a soiled shirt. * DicoTOLi, the eighth part of a gallon in Corfu. Dictionary, a book of reference lor the orthography and definition of words, or for terms of art, science, <&c. Die, a stamp or reversed impression, used for striking medals, coining, ;c ot'l'liy- sieians, cc)ntainini;tliei)roportic'SoliiruK9, anil direct!. ms for tlic use and coiiipoiiiid- iiiu' of nuilirincs. DiM'KXsr.u. line who distributes or admi- nisters; usually aijpliud to niodicines. DispoNicit, a person who le^-ally transfers property from liimseU'to another. Dispose, to sell or .net rid of, to apply to any purpo.se or use. r))s.skcT. to investiSMfe, to cut in picce.«!. Disselhoom, tlie pole of a wagon in the Cape colony. DissEUTixE, an extent of land in Syria, as much as can be jilouglied by a puir of oxen in eight hours. Dis.soLUTioN, a breaking up, as of a contract or pdrtueiship. Di.sTEMPER, a kind of size or body-colour I)aiiiting, with colours to which some unctuous or glutinous matter has been added ; a disease incident to dogs, horses, Ac. Di.sTu,, to cxtnict by heat; to separate .spirit or essential oils from liquor by eva- poration or heat. Plstiller, a manufacturer or preparer of s|)irits, one who distils from malt, or pre- pares perfumes; a rectifier and com- pounder. Distillers' Chejost, a chemist who sup- plies materials used in distillation. Distillers' Cojipant, one of the livery com- panies of the city of London, whicli has no hall, hut transacts its business at Cuitdhall. Distillery, a building in which distillation and the rectification of spirits iscarricd on. DiSTixGuisHENG PENNANT, the special flag of a ship, or a particular pennant hoisted to call attention to signals. Distrain, to seize for debt, or levy upon goods, &,c., for rent or taxes. Distress, a levy or distraint tor rent, &c. Distribution, in printing, the breaking up of a form, or page, &c. of type; and re- placing the letters in their proper cells in the compositor's cases. District Sdkvetor, a local officer legally appointed to superintend repairs, examine buildings, (fee. Distringas, a writ commanding the sherifT to distrain on a person for debt, or for bis appearance at a certain day. Di'STT-jriaDER, in Scotland, the last quantity of meal made of the crops of one year. DiTcn, a trench in the earth made by dig- guig. Ditto (abbreviated to Do., in books of ac- counts and bills), denotes the aforesaid, or the same thing. Diuretics, medicines which operate by increasing the discharge of urine. Diver, a man who descends under water; one employed in fishing for pearl oysters, cliank shells, sponge, or in other subma- rine operations. Dividend, the comnicreial name for the interest allowed on govcrinueut stocks. foreign bonds, and various other publio securities, which arc usually payable half yearly. The dividend on c'on.sols and a lew other government securities is due on January filth, and July filth, and is receivable four or five davs afterward. On tlie Keduced ,3 per cerits. (if Hank Stock, A|inl lilth and Oetolier lenlh. On Kast India Stc.ck, Jamiary sixth and July sixth; and on India Treasury bonds, April first and October first. Dividend is also the proiiorlionate payment made to creditors out ot the estate of a bankrupt, and the profits received by stock and share holders in iiuhlic C(ifii]iaiiics mikI a-^soeiations at stated pcrimls A'v div. is a .Stock Exchange ablircviation, imply- ing that a security is dealt in without the dividend due or accruing. Dividend Wat.r.uit, an order or authority upon which shareholders or stockholders n^eeive their half-yearly interest. Dividers, a trade name for compasses. Divi-Dlvi, a commercial name for the wrinkled pods of the Coesalpina coriaria, used in tanning. Divino-bell, an apparatus for carr.^ing on submarine operations; tlie men who descend being supplied with air irom the surface by means of pipes or tubes worked by a force-i)Uinp. Diving - DBE.SS, a waterproof helmet and clothing, supplied with air lor subma- rine operations. DrviT, Divot, a thin flat oblong turf used in Scotland for covering coltage.s, and also for fuel. [cottage. Divit-seat, a turf bench at the doorot a DnvANi, a name lOr the para in Abyssinia, a petty money, of which five are ■\vortn about a halfpenny. Djung, a large superficial measure lor land in the Eastern archipelago, equal to four bahus or about 284 acres. Do. See Ditto. DoBRA, Dobraon, the doubloon, a Portu- guese ohsidpite gold coin, worth about £G 10s. to £6 14s. Doceno (Sp;inish), a kind of cloth; to cut short, to curtail. Dock, an artificial enclosure or basin for the reception of ships. Wet docks and basins are for loading and unloading cargoes, or laying up vessels; dry docks and shps, for building or repairing ships. Tlie latter are called graving docks. Dock-chaeges, certain dues paj'able on vessels and goods entering or leaving the docks. Dock Cojipant, the corporate body or association ov\Tiing docks. Docket, to label; a memorandum affixed to [lapers implying their meaning; aticket attached to uoods specifying their mea- surement; also what is tied or fastened to a bundle, as a direction where to deliver it. To strike a docket is a term frequently used for entering a declaration of bank- ruptcy against a person. Dock-master, a resident officer who has the superintendence of docks. Dock-rent, charges for storing and ware- housing goods in a dock. DOG [129] DOL DocK-WAUEUousES, storcsaiid sheds witliin tliu ds^lis. DciCK-VAiiD, a private or Rnvcrnnicnt yanl, near a harbour or roadstead, where naval store-i arc kept, and ships built and re- paired. DmitA, a nominal weight in Bombay, of 11! Iiuddams or almonds. DocroR, a local name lor the knife in a |iiint-machine -wliich cleanses the surplus i-i.Idiir Irom tlie snrlaco ot the engraving cylinder; a medical nuiii liolding the decree olJI.D. DocTOKixG, a term applied to injuring or adulterating, as doctoring seed, horses, tfec. ; the operation of removing \vith a Unite the excess of colour Ironi the cylin- der In calico-printing. l)i iciMEXT, an oitieial or authoritative paper containing instructions or proof for infor- mation, and the establishment o( facts. DocuJiENT-iiU.L, an Indian bill of exchange drawn on London, having as collateral security the bill of lading and policy' of hisurance on tlie goods; against a part ol the estimated value of these the bill is drawn. DouD, to cut the ■wool from the tails of sheep. Doudj;r-cake, an oil cake made in Luheek from the marc of the seed of the CanitUnci fiiliva. DonitANTE (.Spanish), a weight of nine ounces; a measure ot twelve inches. Doe, the lemale of the fallow deer, rabbits, itc. ; the wooden ball used iu the game oi shinty in Scotland. DuER, a Scotch name ftir an attorney', manager, or steward; synonymous with factor. DoEsiax, woollen for trowsers; a name for deiTskin prepared lor s;lovus. DoFFKf:, part of a carding machine. * Dog, an iron grab or hook with crooked teeth, used by ship-wrights for driving itito timber, to move or hold it; a name for the andiron which is used to support Jogs of wood on a fire he.irth; a name in the West Indies for the three-halfpenny piece, formerly current there ; a well- known dotnestic animal, in many vari- eties of which there is a considerafjle trade carried on; tlie skin and fat of the dog have also comtiiercial uses. DooAXiERE, a custom-house officer in Italj-. DoG-BiscuiT, coarse waste or broketi bis- cuits sold for feeding dogs. DoG-CART, a sporting carriage with a box for carrying pointers; also a light jaunting car. DoG-FfSH, a species of shark, the Scylhiim catidus. On the North American coasts the catch of tiK-sc fish is large for the oil their livers yield, and other commercial pro- ducts. "If of good size a dog-fi.sh willyield a barrel of oil of SIJ gallons. The dried todies are sold iu jSova Scotia at 2s. 6d. the hundred for feeding |)igs during the winter from November till M.ay : two fish broiled or roasted are given per day to a good-sized store pig. 'the rough skin of the dog-fish is used for poUshing wood and other substances. DOGGAK, coarse iron-stone. DOGGEK, a two-masted Dutch fisliitfg vessel. resembling a ketch, often fitted with a well for fish. DoGGitANE, a kind of cloth known in Scot- hind. DoG-KEXXEi„ a liuilding for housing Iiounds, or other doi^s kept for coursing, iVc. ; a wooden hutch for a house dog or watch dog. DoG-LOAF, the name for the small three- halfpenny loaf or roll of bread in many of the West India islands, whicli varies in weight from 6J to 21 ounces, according to the official assize ol bread, regulated by the price of flour. Dog-shores, short pieces of timber fitted to the ujiper end of the bilgeways on a building-slip, wliich are knocked iiwa^' to facilitate the sliding or launching of a vessel. DoG-sioN, gloves, &c. arc made of the skin of the dog. « Dog's-meat, paunches, boiled horseflesh, ollal, etc. vended as food for dogs. Dog-stones, rough, shaped or hewn pieces of stone imi orted to make millstones. Dog-vane, a small vane on the mast-head to show the direction ol the wind. Doo-WATcn, a sliort watch or sjiell of duty on shipboard of only two hours. Dogwood, the produce of Fiscvha erythrina, a deciduou.- tree imlij^cnnus to tlie tropics ; the bark of tiie roots is used as a narcotic to stupefy fish. The dogwood of America {Corjius flofida) is used lor inlaying by cabinet- makers ; the bark is also an esteemed tonic, and used in the manufao* ture of ink and false quinine. » Don, a name in Java lor tlie horsehair-like filire of the Kjoo or Comuti palm, {Arenga sacchari/era, Labill.). DoiGT, the hundredth part of the Trench metre. Doit, half a bodlc ; the old Scotch copper halfpcniiyLtwelve of which made a penny sterling. Doit or duit was also a iJutcfi copper coin, the eighth part of a stiver, w ortii little more than a fartliini.' ; ii is not current now, except in ilie Kast. DoiADOB (Spanish), a joiner. DoLciNo, Dui.ciNo (Italian), a small bassoon formerly much in use. Dole, to mete out in small quantities. DoLEY, a part, a division of the Kussian pound, 9(5 doley.s making 1 zolotnik, and DG zolotnik s 1 Kussian pomid : 10 Kus- sian pounds are equal to about 9J Eng- lish pounds. Doll, a child's baby toy ; a name for pigeons' dung in Scotland. Dollar, a coin current in the United States of America, parts of South America, China, and some of the Continental .States of Kuroiie. It is usually the largest silver coin of a couutrv. Tlic American dollar is divided into 100 cents, and is valued at 4s. 2d. There are Sicilian, Austrian, and Spanish dollars, which are estimated ac- cording to their weiglits and fineness. The following figures show the relative weight and fineness of some of the prin- cipal dollar coins :— F DOJT L 1^0 ] DOR Wi'iv-llt. FinrMlOF.n. Cirivins. Thousandths. Uniloil Stntcs dollar 17'.i-'-lrt:iii 424 SMJ L'nilcil Ktiitoa iIoMiir ..Iter Iho year 18117... 417 900 Till) new Unlio.l Stales dollar since 18."):) 3% Mexicans of all dates (il)out 41(1} RW Chilian dollars 41iii WU Peruvian, mixed 41.'> 1)11.') lioliviun 1827 to 1*37... 41(iJ 'JOj do. 1810 vary in wdght 41()1 000 Spanl!.li Carolus 177i- 1803 412 8'JJ do. Ferdinand 1803- 1821 liiii^' clnibes. Dot.OMlTE, a variety of magncsiau lime- stone, admirably adapted for mortar, as at, absorbs less carbonic acid than the common limestone; a white variety of dolomite was used by ancient sculptors. Dor.vniN, a spar or buoy, with a large ring in it secured to an anchor, to which vessels may bind their cables.' * DoMHA On., a fragrant fixed oil obtahicd in India from the seeds of the .■V.loxandrian laurel ((htlophyllum inophyUitm). It is used for bmnin'.; and tor me;e. * Domett. Dommet, a mixed cotton and wool- len fabric for baize; also a kind of white ihiimel made in Germany Domicile, a dwelling; a place of permanent residence. Domiciled Bill, a bill not made pny.able at the residence or place of business of the acceptor, but directed for payment by the acceptor at the time of liis acceptance. Do.MiNO, a masquerade dross, a long silk mantle or loose wrapper with a hood and wide sleeves; a marked piece of bone or ivory used in playing a game. Donation, a gilt or bequest. Doxev, a kind of Indian river ferry-boat, ijiade of basket-work of a circular form, eight or ten feet In diameter, covered with h'alher; also a larger coasting vessel. &-C DiioMET. Ddnkev, an assfor the saddle or for draught. Do.NKicv-EN-GiXE, a kind of stcam-i)unii) to lVa:(l boilers. DooDoo, DooDY, an old Indian copper coin theeiL;hth p.irlola fanain, worthless than a halfpenny. DooOA.NV, a petty Indian copper coin of .Vreot ; worth about one; hirllnng. Dooi.oo, a name in r.onian lor the roots ol the small-stalked variety of rhubarb. Dooi.Y, an Indian covered litter or palan- quin, often used for conveying the sick or wounded. [storied house. DooMAiXAil, the Inilian name for a two- lJooM-1'Ai.M, the lltjiilneiie Tlnbaka, wUicli is highly valued in E-ypt lor its fruit. The wood is used for various domestic purposes; the rind of the fruit, which re- Benibles gingerbread in appearance and taste, is eaten, and the kernel turned into beads for rosaries. DooN, an Indian land measure, cqu.al to about G'S.! Knglish acres. Dooi'ADA Kesin, a resin obtained in consi- derable quantities in the I'^ast Indies, from the Valeria Jndica; which is used as a friiKrant incense in the temples, makes an excellent varnish, and is sometimes called East Indian co|ial, or nam I'iney. Doou, any moveable o|)enuigor entrance for access to a bnildins, room, or closet; a Iramc of boards tbatsliuts the opening, &c. DooK AXD Dkaweu Knoi! .'\IaivE1£, atumer, or one who prepares and sells wooden, porcelain, and metal handles for the doors of rooms and for articles of furniture. Doon-FASTENEij, the catch for a door, fdoors. Doou-FURNITURE, the iron work required for Door-handle, the knob of a door. Dooii-niNGE .Maicek, a worker and dealer in hinges for ham:ing doors with. DooRlAii.s, acottoii fabric made in India. Door-keeper, one wlio has the charge oi the entrance-way in a house or public buildinu,'; a gate porter. Doou ki;y, the latch or lock key for a street or other door. [of a iloor. Dooii-KXoii, a handle for turning the lotk DooiiKNOCiCEi;, a hand ra|i|)cr for a street uoor or outer door on a stairway. Doou-LATCii, an iron bolt or catch for fasten- ing a door. DooR-MAT, a coarse rough mat placed at door-ways or entrances from the street, to clean the shoes on. Door-plate, a metallic engraved name |)latc. Door- PLATE jiaker, one who prepares metal name-plates, and gets them en;,'raved. DooR-spRiNo Maker, a maker of elastic and other S(irlngs for doors. DoORVAGEB, a Turkish mason. [in India. DoosooTEE, thick tent cloth of cotton made DOPPIA, another name lor the insiole, an Italian gold coin, worth about 13.s. Gd. In Uome tlio doppia consists of three crowns and thirteen bajoechi, or 313 bajoechi. DoPUTTA, a wrapper or garment of cotton, worn by the n.itives of India. DoREEA, a pelt}' money of account of Bom- bay worth about a halfpenny. DOU [ l.-^l J I) R A DoKEMAL, a kiml of (lowcroil imi.sliii m;ulo ill S;Kiiii. DoitKV, lllC CO'Olli.lI 11:11110, ill tlic Gulf of iMexii'c) .111(1 tin; West liidii'S, tor il ciiuoo llOlloHOcl (Hit Cf U 111!.' (if UcK'll. DuiiMiat. the attic winUow on the sloping roof of a iiouse. DoKMiiUSE 1 Oar CnAliiOT, a UMvelliiii; car- riage. DoR.MirORy, a .slorpinir-pl.-icr'. DORNAS, a small S|iMiii>li tisliiii!j-boat. DOUNICK, a stout ti^'iircd limn niado for tat)le-clotli.'<, ii.sed in .Scutlaiid. DORSOUK, cloth lor liaii.!,'in.; on tlio \\:i\U of .1 linll or cliaiiol in Scotland. Do.SE,a variatilc (iiiantily or portion of medi- cine to bo swallowTil; the pioportion of any thing liquid applied in inaiiufacturc.<. Doss, ill Scotland a toi'acco pouch. Dot, a .small point or spot, made with a pen or otiK'r sharii-iointi'd instiiiniciit. DoTcilis, a Cliincsc pnilalilc balance for wei;,'liin,;,' corns and mcrchaiidise, made somewhat aft<'r tin; pl.iii of the Kn^'Iisli steel-. yard. In lion ; Kong, and other jiorts open to Briti-h trade, it is doubly graduated with circh-s of brass (liiis to mark liritish and Chinese wei;;bts. Dou.VMEi^ a I'"rcnch Cuslom-houso olli- cer. DonBLE-BAItUELLED, a gUll liavill',' two barrels. Double -ENTRY, a mode ol book-kcopin,' which oilers laciliiies lor delecting errors in accounts. DouuLii-MANtjFACTLT.ER, a maker of galloon and double, a kind of silk material for shoe tics and binding. Double I'ica, a typo one size lari-'erthan paragon, and one size smaller than two- line pica. Double Sovereign, a Rritish coin, of which some were minted a few years ago, but none have been coined these ten years past. Doublets, a pair; a name given to couii- 'terfeit gems, crystals in two thicknesses, with a colour between them ; a kind of netted silk; a waistcoat or jacket. Doubloon, a cominon Spanish and South American gold coin, which weighs 41770 troy grains, of which 3(;3'4'J i;raiiisarepiiie. Uy the bullion dealers of London the Spanish doubloon, full weight, is taken at 63s. to 67a. Cd. ; the Mexican, I'atriotic, and South American doubloons, fri<. to 65s. ; the Sun or Tree doubloons, at 583. to Cls. There are also half and quarter doubloons of proportional value. This coin being the form generally given to gold in tlie milling countries of South America, is, like the dollar, extensively circulated as bul- lion. Douceur, a gift or bonus. Dough, flour or meal which lias been kneaded ■with water, and leavened with yeast ready for baking. DouGiir.AGHMAN, the name given to .^n es- culent sea weed, Fucus vesicidosus, which is hold in high estimation by the peasantry on the coast of Donegal. DouoH-NUT, pastry fried or boiled in lard. Douse, a sudden lowering. DouzAis, an old French coin worth a sou; dou/.aine is also .i dozen. Dove cot, a small building or bu.x in which domestic pigeons breed. Dover's 1'owder, a valuable diaphoretic preparation, the compound powder of ipecaiuaiilia. Dovr.-TAiLiXG, a neat and secure method of joining wood-work. Dovetty, a wrapping cloth or garment of silk, or some mixed fabric, woin by rich natives in iMadras. Dow, an Arabian coasting vessel, with one iiiai«t, carrying a lateen sail. Dowel, a pin of wood or iron used at the edges of boards, in laying tloors, to avoid the a|ipearance of nails on the surlace. Dowelung, a method of corking or joining by letting pieces into the solid, or uniting two pieces of timber together by tenons. DOWLA.S, a strong coarse kind ol bleaclud linen for sheeting, &c., made ehirily in Yorkshire, Dundee, and Foriar.ihirc. It is now much superseded by calico. Down, th(! fine short breast plumage of the cider duck and other birds; a large open ))laiii on the top of a hill. Diiwnhaul, a rope attaclied to a staysail or jdi to pull it down by. Down-traih, a departing railway train. Dowsing, a siipprsliiions mode of di-covir- iiig a mineral lode by the iliviniiig rod. DoYLi'.Y, a small laiicy napkin or plate cover, of dillerent materials. Dozen, the number twelve. DR.iAiBoUD, a sort of turn-table to a colo- nial-made wagon in the Cape colony. Drab, a woollen cloth of a dun colour, made in Yorkshire, generally woven thick and double milled, for great coats; a kind of wooden box used in salt-works for hold- ing the salt when taken out of the boiling pans. Drabbets, a coarse linen fabric or duck, made at IJaiiisley, itc. Drach.m, Dram, (ho principal silver coin and money of account in Greece, worth BJ. bterniig. In IJritaiii, the term dram is applied to two weights; in a))otliecaries weight, to the ei^luli part of tlie troy ounce, or CO troy grains; and to tlie one- sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce, or 27 ll-32iid troy grains. Tlie latter, however, is seldom used. In medicine, tlie drachm weight is expressed in prescrip- tions by the symbol 5i equal to 3 scruples, or, in liquids, the eighth part of an ounce measure. In Turkish weight, the drachma is the hundredth part of the ordinary chequee, and = to 49 3-5th grains troy. • Deafp, a coimnon name in Scotland for re^ fuse or drei-'s, and for brewers' grains used for feeding cattle. Draft, a check or order for monev on a banker or other person ; a deiiuction allowed from the gross weight of goods; a plan of a building ; a rough copy of any writing. The dralt of a ship is the num- ber of Icet she sinks in the water. * Draft-net, a seine or hauling net, DRAFfs, Draughts, turned pieces of wood or bone, i,ood, a resinous asUiie^ent <'X- tract, of a deep red ci'lniir, ciliiaim-d ln>iii tlie (Icsliy fruits of tlie Cahtiiiiix Draco, a plant of Snniatra and tlie .Malay i.-land-. It is chielly used as a eolouriiiK ingredient for spirit and turpentine varnishes and paints, for staining' marble, preparmg Kdld larker, (kntilrires, .tc. DRAr.-iiDi'ii, a rope attaelied to a ship, canal boat, or any olij<'et lor traction. DuAiN, to tc. Draw, to haul or pull along; to sketch or design; to raise water from a well, or liquors by a tap. Drawback, an allowance or return of the duty on exporting goods that iiad jirevi- ously been imported. Drawbar, an iron rod used to connect a locomotive with a tender. Drawboys, assistants to the shawl weavers at Paisley. Drawbridge, a bridge that can be lifted or swung, placed over a dry moat or water channel at the gate of a fortified city, over a dock entrance, canal, or na-s-igable river. Drawee, the person upon whom a bill is drawn. Drawer, the person who draws a bill. Drawer-handle, a knob or metal handle for attacliing to drawers. Drawers, sliding Ijoxes, for holding articles which can easily be drawn out and re- turned to their places; light under-cioth- ing for the legs. DRAvnNG-BOARD JI^uiEU, a manufacturer of boards for artists. Drawing-knife. See Knife. DRAwiNG-iNSTRiniENT MAKER, a manufac- turer of the mechanical appliances for painters. DRA-nTNG-jLvsi-ER, ouc wlio teaclics the art of drawing. Dra;vtng-room, the chief apartment or reoeption-rooni of a dwelling-house or mansion. Di;AwiNG-EOoiM-riiAlRS, light fancy and bigblv ornamented chairs, suited for a diawing-rooni. Drawlng-si.ate. See Black Chalk. Draw-link, a contrivance for connecting railwaj' carriages togetlier. Draw-plate, a stout plate of shear steo? pierced with one or more holes, for draw- ing wire through. DTil C 133 J DRU DHAY, a low lipnvy lii^gacc enrt, a Kiiul of brewer's vehicle on wliieli liarreis of beer are transported. PnAYMAN, tlio ilrivrr of a (Irny. Ur.KDc.E, a diafi-iiut for tMluiii,' oysters and otlur nidllnsea; a niacliiiio (or olcarinfr imid in a livir; a mixture of oats and barley sown toi^itlicr. Biii-.ii(;'Ki:, oiu' (_ii;^nf;r(l in working a dredg- ing niarliiiH'; a hali.ist lighter. I>i:i.oi.i.NG-i;ci.\, a tin box "itii iicrforaliuns in llic lid liir sprinkling llonron meat, oM Taisle, a table for a dress- ing glas-: and other conveniences. I)i:i;ss->rAKi-.i:, a niantua-makcr, one who makes laches' dr. sses. Dkeyi.ing, an Austrian liquid mcastne con- taining thirty Vienna wine eimcrs. Priers, a material added to oil paints. See DllYERS. Deiestach, the dross of a turf fnc, which glows when stirred. Di;iFT, a hanleiied steel tool; a horizontal passage in a mine; a drove of cattle. I^riFT-NF.T. a fishing net about twenty feet deep, by 120 feet long, well coiked at the top. bni witlund, lead at the bottom. The size (it llu' mesh is L't inches or u|)Warils; (reipu'iitly a dozen or more of these nets are attached to each other lengthwise by a drilt-rope. llnii.i,, an agricultural implement used for dibbling or sowing grain and seeds. Then^ are many combined machines, as drill-harrows, drill-ploui:hs, &c. ; an in- slrument for boring Ijoies; a stout white linen twill used tot liowscrs; amachine (or cutting circular lioles in metal; the act of training soldiers to tlieir ■ Drop, a machine for lowering coals from railwa}' staitlis into the holds of colliers. Drosiiki, Drosky, Droitska, a liussiaii pleasure carriage or sledge. Drosometer, an instrument for measuring the fall of dew. Dross, the refuse or scales from metals, slag, cinders, <.tc. ; imimre matter. Dnot^i) (Scotch), acodtisli; a kindof-ivattled bo.\ (or catching heniii'-s. Drove, a descriiitiou ot tooling by parallel lier|iendicular flutes on the lace ot hard stones; a narrow h'rigatiiig channel; a herd of cattle, or a number of animals driven in a body; the broadest poinled iron iitstriiment iisetl by a stone-mason in Scotlant] in hewing stones. Drover, one who ilrivcs cattle or sheep to market. Drug rroker, a licensed broker who deals in drugs. Drdgget, a coarse flimsy woollen fabric, jirinted or plain, used (or Ciirpctiiig, pack- ing, and for rough (emalc garments in Scotland. Druggist, properly one who buys or sells drugs; a wholesale dealer; butconnnonly applied to one who combines the retail business of clienilst and druggist, and sells surgical instruments aiut various niiscellaneous articles in common de- mand. DRUG-fiRiNDER, oiic wlio pnlvcrizcs drugs in a mill (or the chemist and druggist. Drug-mti,(,, a mill where drug.s, &c. are crusheil and glouml. Drugs, animal and vegetable prodncis used in idiarmacy; the raw material from which medicines are compounded. DUA L134] DUK DRUJt a well-kmnvii iiuislc.-il iiistniinciit, consisting ot'ii hollow c\ lindcr covercti at tliu end wltli vi:llinn sliiii, tlicre nro side drums, laifjo buss drnins. ani:rMM()Cic, in Scotland meal and water nuxcd. DiU'.MMOyDl.lGiiT, an intense liglit procured by the combustion of coal gas and oxyyen oh lime. DuuM-STicic^, a pair of short sticks with which tlic drummer beats his drum. Dia'-DOCK, a gravuig dock; one which can be laid dry ii. order to e.Kamuie and repair the bottom of a ship. Di'.vicRS, litharge, sugar of load, white copperas, and other desiccatives, added to oil paints to cause them to dry quickly. Dju-cdODS, a commercial name lor textile labiics, cottons, woollens, laces, hanl- waies, anil some kw other articles; in contradistinction to groceries. DuY-GOODS-STOKE, ah American naine for a warcliouse or shop devoted to the sale of cotton and other luaimfactured articles for personal use. Dry-goose, in Scotland a handful of fine meal pressed very close together, di|it in water, and then roasted among the aslies 01 a kiln. Drvixu-oiu. linseed and other oils which having been lieated witli oxide of lead ; dry quickly on exposure to the atmosphere and retain their transparency on solidily- ing. Drying-oils are essential for the pur- posesofi'hepaintorandforthe manufacture of printing-ink; tliey also form the basisof many paints and varnishes. Castor-oil, linseed-oil, poppy-oil and walnut-oil are among the dryiiu'-oil<. Drvixg-stove, a stove u-ed by lanndrcsses; also one employed by founders and othorg. Ditv-iioT, a decay, in timber; a disease which attacks wood, and renders it brittle, by destroying the cohesion of its parts. Dry-salter, a dealer in tlie minerals used in jjickling, salting and preserving various kinds of food. Also in gums, drugs, dye- stulfs, mineral colours, tanning sub- stances, artificial manures, &c. Dry-stove, a place constructed for the plants of dry, arid climates. Pdakie, ail Arubian money, worth about n halfp nny, lij of whicli make up a cruse, .S'c'^DiWAxi. Dint, to reduce the cud of timber; a divU slon of the rupee in .Mangalore also called a dudii, <'(|ual to about 2id; a weiglit in I\Iysin-i:iii lir.iijcr wlin nttoiuls tlie Iiri>K, l)ixi8K, an vxhb\c n\'^:\(R!w,/onieiiia /■■iliiiata), v.hicli is fold in tin; liisl; inai kets, it is o^ ten raw by tlio p. asamiy. Iiri.siirr, the iiaim; lor a Anall Ijiiiidlc In SMii'f |i;'.ils (>( Scotland. DiMAUr.K, a |iit:\' nominal nionov on the JIalaliar coast, ('.14conr.v .vkx, a tin lian^in^jserecn lori'ook- inu Ijeforc u kitcliea ran^c or ordinary lire-urate. DuTCii-l'iNK, njiainter's yellow colour, ob- tained from tile plant AVm,/<( hiln^hi. Dutch rush, a planl ; the horsetail or shave trass, Kqtiiseliiia hvcmcile, whicli Irom it^ hiinl and ront,'h exl'crior snrlnei' is loiuid iiM'Inl lor pi.ll>liiii^' iiiarlilcs, lianl W(]ods, ivcjrv, hrass, and other suljslaiiir.-. Tlio rhiznnies are nutritions, and liave been used as limd in times oi lamine. Dirrcil-l!t:sii li.iriiKTii:, a niereliant wlio receives Dnieh-ruslies Irom the C'ontinenl for sale. DcTc'ii-TlLES, glazed and p.iintcd ornamen- tal tiles; formerly niiieli nsed to plaster up ill tlie jambs of ehimueys. DuTTON, a variety of Indian corn or maizo srown in America, Duty, a tax on goods or mcrcliandisc: the work done by a steam engine; the busi- ness of a soldier or marine on guard. Duvet (French), down or fine feathers. DwANG, a large iron baruseil by blacksmiths in Scotland, lor screwing nuts for bolts, and by quariymeii and others for raising large stones. DwEi.i.rNG-nousE, a tenement intended to be inhabited, as contra-distinguished troni a store or otlice. DwT, the abbreviation for pennyweight. Dye, a colour, .stain, or tinge. DvEiN'o, tlie process of colouring substances by immersion ; tlie art of developing and extracting the colouring particles from any substance, and of uniting and fixing ttiem afterwards upon cloth, stulf, or any othermaterial. Dter, one whose occupation Is to dye fabrics, &c., and who practises tlie art of staining or colouring cloth. Dters' Companv, one of the livery com- panies of l-ondon, whose hall is situate in College-street, Dowgate-hill. Dters'-Weed, the Genistn liiuforia, EcscJa luteola, awd Jsalis tiiiclnnii, native plants wliieh are sometimes u>ed by dyer-:. Dte-sauceu Maker,. a iirepaivr of pink saucers and rouge colouring suhstanres. Dyi-.steu, a Scotch name for a dyer. OYKSTUrRS, a collective trr.ile term for the dyewooils, lichens, jiowdi. rs anil ilye-cake.s entering into conmieice lor dyeing and staining pur|poses. l)ii> WOODS, various foreign woods, used by the dyi'r and stainer, usually cut and ground, io extract colours from. DVKE, a ililih; in ^;eoll,md a .--lone wall ; a ill v-slone (Ivkc is one built without liior- lai ; a tail ih ke is a wall of tiirf. DvKi.n, one who attends to the ditelies; ill the Morth a builder ol stone walls ahout 5 or fi leet high for enclostnes. DiJiMONP. a name in Scotland for a wether ol the second year. Oy.vameti;!!, an instrtiment for ascertaininir by a simple process the magnilying power ot telescopes. liYNAMOMETEit, ail instrument wliich mea- sures any thing to which the name of Cower has been given, whether of animal odics, or machinery, &c. Iteignier's dy- liaiiioiheter consists of two plates of steel of a ( nrved form, inercasiim' in thickness towards tlie ciiils, which unites into solid cjlindncal lo.ips; the riirv. d sides of the plates being placed o|ipo3ite to each other, and the whole lorming an entire elliptic spring. On the a]iplication of this instra- mentas a link in the line of draught, the oval becomes lengthened in proportion to the degrees of loice acting on the loops in opposite directions, and the curved sides approach more nearly towards each other, accordingly. The degree ofapproximation in the plates, is shown on a scale in divi- sions corresponding to half and whole hundred-weights, by means of a cross rod secureii to one plate acting on a craiik attached to- the opposite one, thus communicating its eft'ect to the lever index, wliich, moving over the divisions of the scale, marks the vaiying degrees of force exerted each moment by the drau^dit to wliich the instrument is subjected. Jlessrs. Cottani and ilallen, of I^ondon, and Mr. i;. Olyburn of Uley, have invented dyna- mometers, whicli are improvements on tliose previously in use. as they also regis- ter the space through which the power is oxcrted. ]izi-:kd, an Algcrine measure of length, of which there are two kinds, the dzerd-a- Ti>rky = to 2fi!i0 ICnglish feet, and the d/.crd-a-Raby = to 1-074 leet. E. EAGLE, the principal gold coin of the United States, whicli is a legal tender for 10 dollars. The new eagle, since 18-4.3, weighs 2.08 troy grains, 9-lOtlis fine, and contains 2:!2 l-'stli grains pure; and, esti- mating Uritish standard gold ll-12thsfino at i£3:17:10Jd. per onme, is equal to ^2:1:1 1-fitli sterling. Tlic halt eagle, the most common gold coin of the .States, is of proportional value ; there are also quarter eagles. Eagi.i;.s' Feathetis have a commercial value, being used (or ornament in Scotch bonnets, and the lar^^e quills tor making artists' hair pencils, lire|>, I'i^'S ilogs, and (ilMcr domestic aiiaiKds, tu identity tlicni. J^AiiNicsT, a certain smn ol munoy iJ.Ud to llic seller by a purcliascr, to bind" a verbal tjargain. In France tlie jiartics arc at liberty to withdraw from such a barftaln on tlie Icillowini: condilions: — thcintcnd- iM'4 inircliaser lurlcitins his deposit, and till- iiitendiui.' seller repaying double the aniomit deposited. Eai:j;ings, uajios gained liy servitude, or for work and labour done ; profit made. Eai: i-icK, a s'niall instrmiient for cleansing the ear of tlic cerumen. EAii-i;iN(i, a jewel or ornament suspended fioai I lie ear by a j;old or other ring pass- ing' through "the lobe. Ear-rings are mostly worn by females ; but they are often woru by European or Oriental males. Eai:-siiell, a flattened ui>ivalve, species of I/aliolis, much iirizcd tor the enamelled iridescence of its iimcr nacreous coating, which renders it useful for inlaying papier- mache work, «tc. EAia'ii-BOAnD, the mould-board of a plougli ; that wliich turns over the lurrow. EARTiiiiN-WAKE, the Common name for the ordinai'y classes of cheap crockery and pot- teri' ware for domestic service," which is not so hard as stone ware. Eaiithen-wake Manufactdkee, a potter, a dealer in crockery, ifec. Eauth-flax, a luiuie sometimes given to asbestos. Earth-nut, a name for the seeds of the AraclUs hypo(ji£a, described nnder the head ground-nut. In America it is called pea-nut. Eautii WORK, an engineering term applied t) euttin<'s, cmbanUnients, Ac. Eautii-worm Oil, a green medicinal oil obtained from the common species of Luinbrkus and used as a remedy for car- .ache. Eaii-trltipet, a funnel-shaped tube, made of various sizes, to assist the liearing of (lersons partially deaf. Easei,, a p.iinter's wooden frame or rest, witli a movable ledge, on which the can- vas is supported lor painting. East India Company, an Incorporated association of merchants cstabli.died about two centuries and a half ago. having now the entire political and civil government of India, under the supervision of .the Board of Control. The Court of Directors, consisting of 24 members, holders of not less than £20IX) sti^ek each, arc chosen by the iiroprieiors. 2^0 w broken up. East-chair Maicer, a manufacturer of arm- chairs or reclining couches. Eatciie, Eitch, the Scotch name for an adze. Eating-house, a dining-houso or place of refreshment where cooked provisions are sold. Eau-de-Cologne, an aromatized alcohol, used as a perfume and toilet article ; so named fi'om being originally and princi- pally made at Cologne, isee Colognk- water. Eai-df.-Javelle, chlorine in solution' with wat'-r. p"AU-iiK-LucE a volatile preparation consist- ing of a nii.xtuie of alcohol, caustic ammonia, and u small quantity of oil of amber. Eau-dk-Paris, a substitute for eau-de- Cologne and other similar cosmetics which is soinctimes taken in sweetened water as a cordial and stimulant. It lakes out spots, and prcserws woollens from moths. Tlicre are many other local waters in the commerccol the Continent, as caud'arqiie- busade, eau gazeuse, &c. Eau-de-vie (French), brandy. Eaves, the lowest tiles, slates, ifcc, of the roof of a house; uiiieli usually project over the side walls and throw oil the water. Euanista (Italian), a cabinet-maker. Ebarouissage (French), the separation Of staves or planks. Ebauche (French), a rough draught or sketch. Ebauchoir (French), a large chisel used bv statuaries to rouyh-hew their work; a g'reat halcliel or beating instrument used bv rope-makers. Er.B, the lefiux or return of the tide after it has reached its full flood; ebb-tide being the receding tide towards low water. Eke'niste (French), a cabinet-maker. Ebony, a heavy hard black wood, obtained from the Diospyrus ebeiivs, much used by turners, and tor inlaying work by cabinet- makers. Green ebony is used as a dye- wood, and comes principally Irora the West Indies. Ebony, Brown. See Wamara. Ebouqueuse (French), a burlcr; one who liicks the knots, &c. from new cloth or silk. P'BKouPELT! (French), a wire-drawer. Eeure, Italian for ivory. EcACHEun (French), a gold-beater. ECANGUEUI!, ill Franco a cleaner of flax or heui|) EcARLATiN, a kind of red cider made in France. [cod. EciiAMPEAU (French), a hook for catcbing EcHANDOLE, the French name for a shinglo to cover the roof of a house. Ech,wtillon (French), a sample, pattcru, or specimen. Eciianvroir, in Franco a hatchel or flax- beating instrument. Echarseter (French), to coin money below the standard. EcuE'ANCE (French), a specified day for payment; the lalling due of a bill of ex- change, itc. EciiEi.LE (French), a ladder; a scale. Eoiiets, skeins or hanks of worsted, |i;ipcT iiioney. 'fluis liills on Vii-iina arc griicrally directed to be paid in efffi-tive, to guard against their heing paid in paiier money of a depreci.ated value. EfTectivo money is reduced to paper, by s.aying : As 100 munies, the discount, is to 1011, so is the effective suui to flic sum in paper. Pajier money is reduced to effec- tive I)y reversing this operation. EFFKCT.S, goods or moveable property,- available funds. Effen'di, a Turkish law-ofticcr. Effervescence, a chemical ebullition or ferment in liquids, which is conininii in gaseous or aerated waters and wines. Effervescinq DRAnGBT.s, i)leasant gaseous drinks or sweetened beverages. Effigy, a portrait or likeness; the repre- sentation of the sovereiKh on coins. Effile' fFrench), a kind of trimming; fringed linen. Efflorescence, a powdery coating, which forms on the surface of certain sulistaiices. Efourceau (French), a truck ; a lar;.'c two- wheeled cart to transport heavy burdens. Egg-cup, a small cup of earthenware, glass, metal, ERED - lIUSLIli JlANUFACTLlTlEI!, a wliolesale dealer in fancy nuislin-worlc done by the needle. Embroidei!Ei;, a person who does ornamen- tal or fancy work with the needle. E.^rBROIDERV. variegated needle-work on cloths, stuffs, or muslin, figured in gold, silver, coloured silks or thread. Embroidery-simv JiAMTArTURER, a dcalcr in articles worked with silk. Emerald, a valualile gem for oinamental purposes. The finest stones, which are of a pure green, come either from I'eru or the East Indies; a new kind of printing type, intermediate between minion and nonpareil. Emery, a grey or blackish variety of cor- undum, used to polish hard bodies. Tlio powder is prepared by sieves, Ac, from tlie size of pepjier-corns to superfine flour, or impalpable dust. It is stuck on paper, cloth, and sticks. Emery-paper, a rough scouring paper for brightening metals, stiioothing wood, Ac. Emery-paper Maker, a manufacturer of scouring paper. Emetics, medicinal compounds which cause vomiting, and are therefore given to dis- gorge tlie stomach. Emigrant, one who removes from or quits his country to settle or take nri his resi- dence in another. The emigration from the United Kingdom to the British colo- nics and foreign countries, is always ox- tensive, averaging nearly 1000 a day. Emigrant Ship, a p.assenger ship. Emigrate, to depart from a place perma- nently. Emine', an old French liquid measure, con- taining a little more than 4 gallons. As a dry measure, it was exceedingly variable, ranging in different localities Irom 5| to 1043 gallons. Emissary, a secret agent; a person sent on a private message or business. ENC [141] ENG Emoluments, perquisites, fees, or salary ; tlie protits arising Ironi an oflice or employ- ment. Emottoir, a scufller or clod-crusher, used in France. [nine inclics. Empax, the French name for tlie span o( F.MrEXNEU.E, in France a l;cdf,'e-anclior. ]''.MrESEUi: (Frciicli), a starclier. KMriKic, a quad;, a I'lctiiider; an unedu- cated or irregular iiractitioiicr. I'.Mii i;tte (French), a bar^'ain or purchase. i:>n i.ove', aclerk; oue engaged iutlioservice 111 aiuitlier. l\Mi'HiVEi;, a iiiastor; one who hires and directs llio ialiuur ut otliers. 1;mimi.s, pol:d(i er ulieat stareli. K.Mroi.nEi;, a name in IicnuM'ara for the extension of an estate inland, 3100 yards backwards from a canal or river Irontage. EMPOiiifJi, in a large sense a trading mart, or town of extensive commerce; but in the more conmion and restricted use, a (-■encral shop and depot for various goods. EMrrv-CASE, a composit(>r's case of type, which is deficient in some of the letters; hence lie cannot proceed with his work, until the exhausted sorts .are replenished. Emftyixg, a discharging or pouring out the contents of ft package or vessel. Eju-rv-PACic^GES, returned ca.ses from the purchaser to the sender of the goods, con- sisting, lor the most part, of casks, crates, hampers, sacks, <&c., which are trans- ported Iree, or at avery low charge, by the railway ccimpanies. F.Mi', the AustralianostricIi(Z'romr/(«4- Nova; JldUiiHiliii ) ; its feathers are used (or orna- ment, and tlie skin produces six or seven quarts of oil which is used medicinally. Emui.ski.ss, applications usually made oi bruised oily seeds and fluid. 1-;nact5c;nt, a decree, or legislative measure. Enamel, a thin opaque or partially tran.s- parent coating of glass of various colours on a metallic surface; a porcelaineous surface is thus given to the interior of iron cooking utensils. The white glass for pottery is also called enamel. The process ot painting with coloured glas.s, and with dilterent mineral colours on gold and copper, is termed enamelling. The basis of all kinds ol enamel is a pure glass, which is rendered either transparent or opaque, b}' the admixture of metallic oxides. Wliitc enamel is made by melting the o.\ide ot tin with glass. ENiVMELLED-CAUDs, pieces of pasteboard, one surlace of whicli has bee'.i coated with white lead and size, and tlicn glazed by passing between highly polished rollers. Enamelled-leathek, glazed leather for patent boots and shoes, belts, killed designer, archi- tect, and inatliematician, who delineates plans, and superintends the construction of large industrial buildings and public works. Engine-man, a macliiue man ; one who at- tends to the engine in a mill, steam-boat, locomotive, &c., he is often loosely called an engineer. Engine-oil Maker, a preparer and vender of oil for lubricating machinery. Engine-turner, onewho practises a pecu- liar kind of complex tuniiug. ENT [142 J EQU Enc;i!A1S v'Fi'Pi'^'Oi pastiiro-grouinl; food on wliicli cattlo or poiillry arc IHttcncil ; irmnurc. Ekqiiavek, a carver or cutter of devices: thus llicre are wood-engravers, steel and copper-plate engravers, seal and tool cut- ters, &c. Ei'CiRAVEu's-TOOL CuTTEU, a maker of metal cravers, itc. Enoravin'g, the process of incisingnrcuttincr letters, dosifjus, etc. on metals, stones, or wood, with a chisel or p;ravrr; a drawing; or impression taken from a cnpper-|)late. Enghossing. the act of making a fair copy of a draui,'ht in a bold plain hand. Kxo, the name of a New Zealand tree, the bark of which furnishes a valuable black dye, used by the natives for colouring their grass mats. En-oueu (French), to pick the knots from cloth, &c. ENracHMENT, the builder's name for the figuring and niouldin^'s of a cornice. Ensayador (Spanish), an assaycr. Ensign, a military or naval banner. The regimental cnsiC'U is a piece of silk borne on a stalT, having figures, colours, and arms thori-on. The naval ensign is usually suspended over the poop or stern of a ship, and is used to distinguish vessels of did'ercnt nations. Also the lowest com- missioned officer in a company ol infantrj', who takes his name from having to bear the colours of the regiment. ^ En'simage (French), the oiling of cloth, in order to dress it more freel.y. ENSOtjPLE (French), a weaver's beam or roller. Emstatine, a bisilicate of magnesia, augite in crystallization, and having some resem- blance to scapolite. Ente (French), a grafted free, a scion; the handle of a painter's brush. Enter, to register, to set down in writing; to lodge a manifest of goods at the cus- tom-house. Entekpkise, a projected scheme ; a hazard- ous adventure. Enteutainment, a public dinner; amuse- mciitofany kind, a concert, dancing-room, 3i\ a kind ol hay. ICpars (French), a flagstaff. EPAtn-ET, a shoulder ornament or badge of rank worn by naval and military com- missioned officers. Epaves (Frencli), goods found floating at sea without owner; tlof'^on and.jetson. Epergne, an ornamental stand for a large dish in the centre of a table. Ephah, an ancient Jewish dry measure, of about four gallons. Epicerie (French), grocery wares, spices, cfcc. EpiDEJnc, a murrain among cattle. Epidermis, tlie cuticle or scarfskin ; the membranous or fibrous horny covering of some shells. Epincoir, a pavior's hammer in France. Epingare (French), a small cannon. Epingle (French), a pin ; any small pointed instrument. Epinglier, a maker or dealer in ])ins. Epissom (Frencli), a marline-spike. Epitome, an abstract, abritlginent, or com- pendium. Eplaigneur, a French clotli-dresser. Epoussetoir (French), a soft light brush. Eprouvette, a French instrument for test- ing the strength of gunpowder. Epsom-salts, a popular name for suJphate of magnesia, a well-known cooling pur- gative. It is met with as a bitter saline efflorescence, and is also obtained by chemists from magnesian limestone. Epurb (French), a model; an enlarged plan of a building. Equatorial; an astronomical instrument with a telescope, for taking celestial obser- vations. Equestrian Statue, a mounted figure of a horseman. Equipage, the fittings and furniture used by an ariny in the camp or field. Camp- cquipau'C includes marquees, tents, cfec., fifld equipage artillery, wagons, tumbrils, etc. Equipage is also often applied to a vehicle or carriage of state ; and to the attendants or retinue of a person of rauk« ESO [143] ESQ Equipet (Frcncli). fi small open locker used in a sliip, to prevent things railing t.bout the decks. Kquipmknts, the clothing, accoutrements, arms, &c. ot a soldier; hence tliere are artillery equipment- tor field and garrison, .Tnd engineer eiiuipmeiits, &c. ; also the lit- ting out ol"a sliip tor sea. Eraskk, an instrnmcnt lor scratcliing out writing, and obliterating errors. EnECT, to raise or build up, as a house, pier, &c. Eni:xDA, the Sanscrit name for the castor- oii ))lant. EuF, the Dutch name in the Cape colony for n iiiece of garden land of variable extent, usually about half an acre; plural, er- ven. Eroot. a morbid development of the seed of rye (Secale coniiittiin), and of some other graniineuus plants, produced by the growth upon thi'm uf a microscopic lungus. it is used niedicinally as an agent for acce- lerating parturition. * Eriometer, an instrument for measuring the fibres of wool. Ekmailu. a foreman in a cheese manufac- tory ol Gruyere and Berne. Ermf.llixo (Italian), ermine. EuJiiN, an import duty in the Levant. Ermina. a name sometimes s:iven to the mine or mina, a measure for grain used in Italv; which ran'.'es from about a quarter to half a bushel in ditferent towns. EiutlSE, the short soft silky white fur form- ing the winter clothing of the stoat, Muitela erminea; which is sou^dit for e.Ktensively over northern Europe and America. It is worn by the judges, and for articles of ladies' dress. The idack tult from the tail is sewed to the skin at regu- l.ar intervals. Erminette (French), a plane; an adze. ErQL'OOS, liquorice water sold as a drink in the streets of Alexandria, as colTeeanil tea are in other towns. Erkand-bot, a lad kept to deliver mes- sages, or to do jobs of all kinds. Errata, a published list cf mis-prints or tvpographical errors, w'liioh have escaped the eye of the Author and press Reador- Errhines, sternutatories; medicines which cause sneezing or mucous discharges when snuffed up the nose. Erl'gin'OUS, green with a blue tint ; the colour of verdigris. Eronda, a name for the seed of the castor- oil plant in the Piast. Erva Lenta, the larina or meal of the common lentil (Ervum fyens). EsAGlo, thesi.xth part oftlic Italian ounce. EsaME, Esciame (Italian), a swarm ol bt-es. EsCA, a land measure in use at Bordeaux; the .icro (of three roods six perches,) being dividpd into 210 escas. EscALADOK (French), a small mill for wind- ing silk. EscALiv, a Dutch and Flemish shilling; a base silver coin and money of account, worth about sixpence sterling. EsCAXDAL, a liquid measure of Marseilles ; 400 escandaux ■= 1 millerollc, whicli is about 17 English wine galloiii EscAVDor.E (French), the cabin for the Serjeant ofa row-galley. EscAi'EMENT, part ofa clock or watch move- ment ; a mechanical contrivance in a chronometer, for transmission at equal intervals of the maintaiinng power to the regulator. Its ollice is to allow a tooth of the wheel to escape or pass onward, at such intervals of time as are measured by the regulator. EscAKBALLE (French), a scrivello or ele- phant's tusk under tiOlbs. weight. EscARBiLLES (French), coal cinders. EscAKGATOtRE, a nursery of esculent snails (lltUx pomalia) ; snails are esteemed an edible dainty on the CDiitinent. EscARPiN (Frenrh), a light pump or shoo witli a thin Sdle. EscHEN-, a division of the gold and silver pound weight in Hamburgh; 544 eschens make one troy pound. EsciiEvix, a name formerly given to the elder or warden, the principal of the ancient gudds. Esciiio (Italian), the beccli-trec. EscoMi'TE (French), discount; money de- dufited for interest. Escort, a body of armed men sent for security or convoy, as with a gold freight from the mines to a sea-port for ship- ment. Escritoire, a writing-desk; a clicst of drawers with a flap and convenience for writing. EscROPULo, the 192nd part oftho Portuguese and Spanish marc. The scruple is used in Brazil for weighing precious stones, consisting of 3 carats, or about 9J English grains. Escuno, a money of account in Bilboa; also a gold coin of Spain and Tortugal. See ScuDo. Escui.ENT, something that is wholesome and eatable ; good as food lor man. Escltciieon, a shield for a key-hole on a dour, Ac. ; the part of a merchant vessel's stern where her name is written. EsPADR (French), a wooden bat or beetle used by rope-makers for tewing or teasing the hemp. Espagxolette. a sa«h-window listening. EsfALEMEXT (French), gauge; the difference between the old and new measures. Espalier, a low lattice-work for training dwarfed fniit trees on; the first rower of a French galley. Esparto, a name given in Spain to the herbaceous stalks of the Machrochlea (Stipa) teimcissima, a grass which is used for mats, sandals, cordage, and (or paper pulp. Esi'ato (Spanish), spar. Esplanade, in military parlance, the void space between the i;lacis ofa citadel and the first houses of the town, but now or- dinarily applied to any open level public walk or drive near the sea; a grass plot in a garden. EsPiorrE. a species of rye. EsQuriF (French), a small skiff or ship's bi)at. EsQCTMAN, in France, a boatswain's mate. EsQOTssE (French), a sketcli ; a rougU out- line drawlog. ETA [144 J ETU ES8ENCF.S, n common namo lor tlie volatile or esstntial oils, wliicli iiavc tlie special perfume or oiloiir ol )ilants; ililutctl ila- vouriiiKR for driiil^s, nil>. ETTERLrx (Scotch), acowwliith has a ciiif when only two years old. Etuve'e (French), stewed fish or meat EXC [ 1« ] E X E Eldiomkter, nninstrumpntfornsccrtaininK I he purity or salubrity ot air, or ratlier for dctennining tlie quantity of oxygen in any given bulk of clastic iluid. liupiiORDlHM, a concrete Runi-resin obtained from several S|)ecles of Jiup/wrbia in the East, and used medicinally. EupiON, a product of the destructive distilla- tion of vigetable substances. KvAPORAJiETER, a liygroscope or atmometer, an instrument for ascertaining'the evapo- ration of lluids. KvAroRATiox, the conversion of substances into vapour l)y heat KVEXEH, !i name in the Lothlans for an in- strnnunt used by weavers lor spreading out the yarn; in other parts called a raivel. KvEN KKEt,, a vessel ivhicli is loaded so as to draw the same water abalt as.i"orward. E\EN LINE.S, ilAiiE EVEN. Technical terms m newspaper printing. When copy has to be cut into pieces to be distributed among many compositors, they have fre- quently to space out the words very ir- regularly, so as to lill a line; hence the connnon instruction, from one )iiinter to another who follows or i)recedes him with copy, to "make even." EvENTAiL (Frencli), a fan, a screen. EvENTOlB, a large ozier blower or fan used m France to light coals with instead of bellows. EvEnm that wldeh is obtained by boiling; colil-drawn castor- oil is obtained by expression; so are olive, almond, and coco-uut oils. Extextour (.Scotch), an assessor, one who apportions a general tax ; the word stciit- master is now generally u.sed. KxTF.uioR, the outside. ExTERSAT (French), a day-scliool. ExTixauisHER, an inverted hollow cone for putting out a candle. Extirpation, destroying or removing, as in weeding, v:irp •>"'> r;' ";,,, ,v,t- ^^^^(snhl'nrsimsrsM'ins'Aer'dilier- inn;"ivom those \vincU arc of « plain or FANCY-rAp'ER"'MAKER, a mahnfacturcr of coloured or onmMicutal P^pe'lf- „„-,„„. 1-ANCY-RE1>0SIT0RY, :l sliop "^^ ''«« ) " ""^ iirtieles lor l;uli"s' use are veinlcd, ollcu i.TMipd ;i lloiliu warehouse. fIVi Sfa S aiiish u.easure used for different im poies. AS a dry measure m bpuin t varies from li to 2i bushe s Ii South America, the taneKa of Chile, loi grdn ranges from 153 lbs. weight to ftn wards or200 1bs.; in Central America the f™cRa of maize weighs 400 lbs ; in Monte Video, it is as much as 3i bushels ; but the averapc computation may be taken Its anegas to the Knglish quarter of 8 bushoK AS a land measure the fancga i^ 40 (1(10 varas of about 2} lect each. fIsegada, a Spanish land measure; as much ground as may bo sown witli a faueca of grain; about 153 square yards, = 170 varas. * Faneitu (French), a hay-maker. t^vr the bend of a rope; a long nail. FANcb a nat'i^e name in some parts of the rS? fq^antity of wares, as raw silk, F5;i^trnam;f?.^sol^P«vtsof Scotland, ror a sheep-cot on>cM; to cod a rope fInl GiiT a iramed window shai.cd like ■m oiilspread (an, usually placed over Fan-makeh, a manufacturer of ladies' fans Fan MAKERS' CoMf ANY, One of the imnoi hvery companies of London, which has no fInnfii a revolving instrum(?nt with vancs'which creates whid for winnowing FrKCT toVtu7r with mingled ingredients; a uS'iable or srotesquc dramatic piece. FAitcEr,. Hee Fhazii- FAKCOST, a scotch trading vessc i^t!;:^^'ffr^nc;;ru;:^to,m:^o':^a-sinp. ^tKnErrbmu.!^.rliUlep,;1.;ate^^ used in reckoning,' m ^i'""'.' '>'.'^'i"o . 04 4-, harchcts or p eces of clolli ot -i 01 ~i ells ea(;h; tlic fourth part ot a yard ol Fli'mNG-BEAT., an old term for the fourth FlSE!awo,^"wlde'applieation;foodor to d°simate a bale oi manufactured goods ■iveiiriiintr ISI to IGO lbs. . , rl^iNAtfe flour or meal of any species of corn or starchy root. FiUUNACEODS, contaimng ni(,ai. FAniNA-5iANtnrACTLT!ER, a griiulcr and pre- pai^r ofn.cal, or fine powder Irom gram, FCM..".\'Kn'K-h). acorn-chandler, adealcr Fl\^M:^oV;:^irhiroatacertamraic^ a portion of land wlh '^'■i/;''; l^;.,'.'"; [ ',''°*' etc. devoted to au-nrnltural ' '^ ' i' f • F\RsrEn a tenant; a Icsseis a pcr>on cm- oK' in the cuHivationol land, brecuing ami rearing live-.tocK, and the nianagc- meiit of the commercial products they FaumeH-generai,, a contractor for taxes Fa M-HOUSE, the 'dwelling-house on a larm. FARM-L-VBOuiiER, a pcrsoii employed about FruM-MEAi, (Scotch), meal paid as part of FlRM-YARD-MANbTiE, tlic oxcrcmeiits of cat le and other fertilizing subs ances collected Irom stables, cattle sheds, &c foi sp ea.li.,;,- on land ; and largely u-ed. Faroodeeveii, a turliau for Arab females. Faera, a khul of salmon in Spam. often take the more ambitious title ot F;^mr'3<^5^:-oncoftlK,n.inorliv.MT companies of London which has no fIrro (Spanish), peeled barley; red whent FAUSAKn,' an itinerary measiire of Mocha ot 3 mill's ; the fourth part of a baryd. Fai-tiiino, a land measure representing 30 acres a small English copper com, fourth part of a penny, and wcigbin 4 dwt.: from 1848 to IS-.O the com;,t;e ol farthln"s averaged about niu-nuUinnpRTcs Ki n nuni ; but in 18.-,4, owing to the want t ■; • e'.iiiicr coin, 6.500,000 fn-thniKS wei'e coined. From l&55tol8GO, 12,094,992 "were coined. „ ^«.» Farthingale, fice Fardisg-deal. Fascet, a tool for bottles. l<'Asri\ a bandiigo or fillet. FAsrot'a liquid incasure of Paraguay, equal ,nf ,:'.,, miirts [style f r ""o'lo- F s„ ■ s apeorform; a custom the Fash K. NEK, one who fashions or shapes Fiss"fmca'smo"of capacity used in Ger- man v of a very variAble character, rang- i ; "as ?a dry '''C'l^u'-o ''"'"" ^^ "^^"f '" 1 Gs el.iorn^o lU i" Altona. f o;" ^ '"'; coal it i-i 59 gallons at 'i'reves, in I rnshi.i. A^alinnid measure it is equally variable ^nd Xult to define, and d.iftrs wi 1 the nature ot the contents I \ ;^" J V^l silk, lieinii, iiee Vine. FiRE-AXNiiiiLATOR, au apparatus holding a chemical composition of certain gases, which has the etl'eet of extiii'-'uishiiig tire, and queneliing flame by smolsc. Fire- ARMS, a collective name for the smaller kinds of offensive weapons from which destructive missiles are discharged; sucli as liftcs. nuiskets, and pistols. Fire-ball, a grenade tilled with combus- tibles to bo thrown among enemies. Fire-balloon, a balloon sent up at night with tire-works, which ignite at a regu- l.ated height. Fire-bars, moveable wedge-shaped iron bars in the fire-box of a locomotive engine ; tlie bars of a grate. Fire-b.\.sket, an iron receptacle for holding a small portable grate with coals, &c., for a bed-room. Fire-box, a copper receiver for a locomo- tive engine, in wliicli the fire is|ilaced; having flii ou!>id(' casing of iron, thus lorniing ail intermediate rercplaclc for water. Fire-bricks, bricks 9 inches long, by 41 broad, and ]J tliiek ; used lor lining chini- ueys, ovens, and furnaces, being capable ct r«;sisting ip.tensc heat ; they are known in commerce by the names of I'.ristol, Stourbridge, Newcastle, Welsh, ami Wind- sor In'icUs. FiRE-BRiGAnE, a body of firemen; pcrsoiii- in large towns trained to do doty at con- flagrations, and held in constant readiness to iiioceed with fire engines and buckets, to assist in cxtinguisliiiig lire.s. FiUE-r.iu sii, a luir swiiimig brush for the hearth id a room. I'lRK-nrcKET, a light canvas or leather pail used by firemen to convey water. FiRE-cLAT, a relraetory cla.v, nearly n inuo silicate of alumina, abounding undei the coal-nieasnres, which is used lor the maniilai-1 lire nf fire -hneks and g.-is refer, s. FiRE-coCic, a plug for obtaining water lium the main pipes in a street to cxtiiignisli fires. Fire - CRACirEn.s, a preparation of gtin- jiowder, &c., discliar;;ed for gimisement. A large trade is carried on in lire- crackers from China to the United States. 'J'liey are shipped Irom ('anion, in boxes ot 40 packs each, and sell at about I:is. the box ; the imports Irom (Jhina to New York averaging £50,000 per annum in value. Fii;i:-D,uiR, inipme carburetted hydrogen ; foul air found in coal mines. Fire-dog, an andiron or rest for wood on a liie hearth. Fire-engine, an hydraulicmachinc or force- pump, for raising water to a great heiglit to extinguish conflagrations. Fire-escapes, contrivances of various kinds to facilitate exit from a burning building; as iron chains, link ladders, itc. The most generally adopted public fire-escape is a wheel-carriage, supporting a lolty canvas sheet or trunk, attached to a ladder or frame, which can be raised to the upper story windows of a building, and parties can slide sa;cly down it to the ground. Fu:e-gcard, a wire frame to !)0 hung before a fire-grate to prevent sparks and burning coals, &c. flying out and endangering furniture. Fire-insurance, an indemnity against loss from Are, obtained by iiaymcnt of a small percentage annually to an insurance com- pany. Fire-iron.'?, the utensils for a fire grate ; tongs, poker, and shovel. Fire-kiln, au oven or place for heating any thing. Fire-lock, a mnskct. FlREM.\N, a stoker; the feeder of a furnace, marine or locomotive engine; a nienihcr of a fire-brigade. Fire-office, an oflicc where insurance against loss from lire can be elTccted. FrRE-PLACE, the place within a chinmcy- jiiece where fuel is burnt, usually an open grate. FiiiE-rLUG. See Fire-cock. Fire Touct, the official certificate or docu- ment received from an insurance oflice, guaranteeing the payment of a certain sum in the case of loss of property by fire. FiKE-PBOOF, a vault, safe, or building, so constructed as to be secure from the ra- vaging eflccts of fire, .should it break out. F I S [154] ris FiRE-lMtooF-BdX MAKKit, a iiiaiuUUcUirci- of iron sales fui' securing hooks niul impiM-s. I'lUK scitERN, a wire ki':ii''1 or protection :i-aiiist lii\'. See I'lKE-caAiiD. Fiiuc-siiT, tlip metal iirtii;les, poUcr, sliovel, iiiicl tonu's I'm- a <;nito; usually made ot stiTl nr \vrnir,')it irnii. l'ii,'i'-sini\ II \r, dra-.'-ni't, the trawl and the .seino for si.'a-lisliiag; the casting-net, &c. FiSIIINO-ROD AND -TACKLE .MAKER, amailU- lacturing tradesman who keeps on sale the apiiliances for angling. Fish-kettle, an oblong metal boiler for cooking fish in. Fisii-ICNIFE, a broad flat silver, or plated, knife for serving fish with at table. FiSH-MARKET, tlic place Where fisli is sold; in large towns it is usunllya covered build- ing with arranged stalls, and lias the con- venience ol water for washing tlie fjsli. FIS [lo5] F L A FiSHMAW. the sr.and of a fisli. In the eastern sens, a l:ii>'c tiMilc is c:irricil on in lish- maws, which nru sent tu Ciiinii and used as ^'lllo, ito. * Fish BlKASr-iiKS, the cu-toniarv moasiires used in selluiu' and estiinatnii; fish, wliieh vary Willi till' Uind of li^li. thus:— Snlimm Is sent to iiiirket in liixe-i of 12n;hs to 1301IIS, coiitaMi ii- about It fisti; codfish ill hanvl-;, rniii;uiiin;,' aliont on lisli, and is soid by tlieqiiinlalorcwt. ; aliarivl ol'her- rinss is 'Ji;-! i:,;li,.ns and contains about 700 fresli tisb. i-rf.oo smoked; aliaslud. oCldoa- ters coiilains almiit l.jU ; a rraii ol liernn:.'S is37J !,m1Ioiis; a mac- ,ir in.-aM' ol mci liii'^s is 600 (i.^li ; a cad.- of lieniii-s. .--.iio lisb ; a long hiiiidreii, l.!L>; a cad.> of sprats, loiiO; n barnd of |)i!clianls is 4I3 srd'.uns, and 3000 pilchards wei'.'lialioiu 4(illis; a barrel of liaddocli contains aboui 30il lisli; a stone offish is Ullis; a last ot cod ti-li is fj bar- rels; a last of herrings loo lom,' liundred, or 13,200; a barrel of anchovies, .'iollis. Native oysters are sold in keu's ollfillis., containini,' about 5 score; or in barrels of 1600. Dried sprats are sold in bundles of 30; cockles and whelks wholesale by the bushel; shrimps by the gallon; peri- winkles and mussels by the basket. Fishmonger, Fish - s.\lesman, a general dealer in fish. /'i>H>iON'Gi;ns' Company, one of the princi- pal incorporated companies of Lohdon, llie fourth in order of the 12 ereat liviM-y eompanios, whose hall is in Adelaide-place, London bridge. This company obtained its first charter in the ITtli j'car of tlie reign of Edward I, a.d. 1289. Fish-oil, a general name for the oil obtained from various marine animals and fishes— from the lilack and white porpoise in tlie gulf of .St. Lawrence; from the livers of Bharks in warm regions; from pilchard.s, ray, cod, and other large and small fish ; from the seal, sea-cle|iliant, dugong, &c. Fisii-por, a wicker basket or enclosure sunk witli a cork float attached, for catching crabs, lobsters, &o. Fisii-.SALE.SMAN, one who receives consign- ments offish for sale to retail dealers. Fish-sauces, aneliovy, soy, and other condi- ments, used as flavourings for cooked fish. FISH-SCALE.S, the ciating of some fish: llie liard scales are now fVequeiitly useil lor making brooches, bracelets, and orna- mental flowers, &c. The scales of the bleak are dissolved to coat the inner sur- face of glass beads or artilicial pearls. Fish slice, a silver nerlbraicd table instru- ment Tor serving lisli. FisH-SkW, the covering of the flesh of ma- rine aniin.d-. The rougli skin of tlie dog- fish or shark, is used by the cabinet- maker, type-founder, and others, as an abrasive material for smoothing wood- work and metals. A kind of shagreen is made of fish-skin. The skin of the por- poise, beluga, seal, iti;., are tanned; eel skins are used for making strong ropes. for connecting the swiple and liand-statr of a tiirashiuL'-flail, and lor oilur iiur- poses. Sole skins and some others, are used for clarifying colTeo and liquors. Fisii-socxD, the swimmin^-liladiler of a fish, many of which are p.Tpared lor isin- glass; otiiers. as cod-sounds, are salted for food; some are sold to tiie Chinese under the name of flshmaw.s. * Fish - stuaineu, a metal cullender with handles, for taking fish from a lioiler; an earthenware slab with hole.f, placed at the bottom of a dish, to drain tlie water from cooked fish. Fisii-T.UL liiTUNEn, a gas jet of that sliape. Fisn-VAN, a liuiit spring-cart for transnort- ing fish ; a r.iihvay truck set apart fiir fish. Fisii-\vi;ar, a dam in a river, or on llie sea shore, for stopping fi-h. Fisdi.iERK (Freiieli), a Venetian -sculler. Fir, to join, to dove-tail, to clami) ; Scotch, a custom. Fitch, a common name for the polecat, an animal of tlie weasel tribe, the skin of which is nuieli used for fur; a Scotch term for moving any thing a little way from its jilace. * Firciii;s, another name for vetches or tares. Fit-gang (Scotch), as much ground as one cm move on. Fitter, a coal-broker; a weigher at the mint; atailor, one who triesoiiand adjusts articles of dress; a gas-fitter, is one who lays on pipes to liouse.s, &c. ; an out- fitter, is a shopkeeper who keeps ready- made garments on sale, or procures them properly made to order. Fititi:i:, a |iiece of dammnur or coarse cotton cloth, which is a medium of cur- rency in Niibi.a. [equipment ifec. FiTTi.VGS, shop-fixtures, tackle for a ship; FiXATUUR, a gummy composition for tlio liair. See Bandoline. Fixture -DEALER, a furniture -dealer; n vender ot shop-counters, desks, drawers, &c. Fiz-GiG, a harpoon; a small firework of moistened gunpowder. See Fish-gig. Flack, Fl.\ik (Scotch), a square plaid. Flacket, a barrel-shaiied bottle. Flacicie, a trus< made ol straw for protect- ing a horse's back Irom the creel or bas- ket for carrying fish, potatoes, Ac. Flacon, Flagon, a flask or decanter, a carali'; a vessel with a narrow mouth; a smelling-liott:e. Flag and Comp.vss !\rAKER, a manufac- turer and retailer of tluse articles for ships' use. Flageolet, an Englisli flute; a sm.all wooden musical instrum iit, plaved on liy means of a mouth-piece, and furnished with holes or kevs lor fingering. Flag-officer, tlie eommander of a squad- ron ; an .admiral, of whom there are throe ranks, bearing respectively the distin- guishing fiags of red, while, or blue. Flagon, a jug; a measure of two quart.s. Fl.ags, 1 iree flat tliiii stones lor paving, Irom IJ to 3 inches tliick, and of various lengths and breadths, obtained in the (luarries or tlie north of Scotland, Ycukslnie and Lancashire, and also iinported Irom Ham- burgh, for the foot-walks of streets, the floors of houses and factories, and (or paving yards and wharves, Sc<\. Tlio aggreg.uc excavations of tlags throughout IM.A [ 1^1^ J 1-LE ttifi XTnitf <1 KIiiR'lom havo been oPtiinntfd at Olio iiiilUon Lons por niimiiii. 1' I:'"-""- vtniios :\ri' oi.taiiidt from nil tlic saiiil slo.io'li.n,KitionslMlow the coal lurasr.r m- on a naval stata.n; that nhi.'h hcaib the admiral's llaN' at the "V'st;"''',''-,,, , Fi.\r.-Fim., a Scotch term lor the bond rru!'-'5i\n'I''the''l.olc oV ppar on which a F^uua^oodS,;m"aK"ai or other pocket dram- bottle : a measure for holding gunpowder ; asliallow iron n■anleorcastin^-bo•x. with- out top or bottom, used in totmdr.es lor moulding: the lower "''^k is caod .a dra-; a globular glass vessc for holding li.niids containing about halt a gallon : in Holland IG flasks make an anker. Ihc ti.islvofduicksilverfromCaliioriuais about "rV, * [handles. Vi'i^SKET, a long shallow basket witli two fIIat, a description ol river boat for convey- ^ hv'' morehai'idise, ^vbi.•h usnally can les IV.an 80 to 120 tons; tli.'se "" 1;^,'^\''> , '^ captains ov owiurs aie t. rinro ^;' 1 '■ f;- Also a basket or hainper in which the English farmers usually send their but- ter to market, containing fiom 3. to G dozen pounds;' a rough piece of bone fov a button mould; to preserve gilding by 2ize- a story or floor of a building, some- ?nios constructed so as to accommodate a mmily having the ■Y''=-^^^";>:.^'" '<;,., ', rooms. In Scotland »"'' '"'"^ ' ' . ' ■ -^, towns, houses arc specially Iniilt loi. tti v. in these kinds of flats or floors with one common staircase. , Firr-BOTTOM.cD, a vessel with an even lower surface and but small deiith. Flvt-ibon, Fi.ATTENiNO-ii;qN, a laundress s or workman's smoothmg-iron. FLATTrao, the operation of smoothing a mode of house-painting in which the cXur on the surface is left without gloss. Fi ATTiNT,-jni,T,. a mill for rolling out metals W^^!T'(slX./o;T;iakoofwool,al.and. t'ul • when .applif-d to land, a crolt. . FlAi'cii I, a term in Hcotland haying vari. us significations in difTerentlocalitK;s; h some parts it is a man who f^^fj"^-' in File it is a skinner, one who sciapes sUiiis; in tile Soutli of .Scotland a person 'einoidved in cardhig wool. , »„„i I'l ' I'ciiTKU-si-Ai.E, a long two-hair'.eU tool l^i'-Arri'iTsl'lnstrmneuts for carding wool used in Scotland. Fi,\ini.sT, aplavcron tlieflutc. F \v NE a vegetable extract from tho United States, in the form of a liglit brown or ■'recnish yellow powder, whii-h contains much coKnu-ing matt-r and tannin and takes the place of .piercilron bark it Hives a line olive y.dlow colour to cloth. FiTaw, a crack ; a Iraclurc or defect ni metals, gems, timber, &c. Flwvx custard or nastry. -Seel' LAV. lilZ^ plant ; VhoJJnnn, "V'""-^"'""";""; the textile fibre olitioned ii<.in it. I'lmn i:-^!:^:v;j^/isi::.'ieu'u::iintl;^:| 'our ; -reign .upi.lies ol llax co.nc cbiefi^7 fn.iu .Uissia; we imported m '';■ ''i"';-^-; tons 01 dressed and uiulrcssed ^_ nlant Flax is chiefly grown in Ireland , 1 1850 there were 10C,82G acres under cultiue with flaxlliere, C'-^'c" f, <:'/*" 'i'^; d lice 27,000 tons of fibre valued at i. I,ou0,000, rL^-Miu:°l'l»"where flax is spun Fi:i^si^;S:rboUoff,ax,genen,Jytc^^ linseed. In 185G our imports weic 1,180,1,9 nuarter.s. See Flax. Flay to strip or cut off the skin. I^^Ik% twist or lock ; a hurdle or gra ing. FiEAM a large stron;; mstrimient, used b> veterinary surgeons, tor letting blood from horses and otlier animals horses aiiu ouiei iiui ■>"'•'• . „„^, ,„„„,, Fleasocks (Scotch), the ^ !'Y;"r^/'flLr'-a FleCIvET (Scotch), a small pocket fla»k, a little nortable drain barrel. FuECE^as much wool as is Bhorn l^rom one sheep; the weight varies according to the hveed and the climate. FiEET ai avy; acollectionofshirsorsaihng S; an iiilel or creek; swift, shallow. Fleet DYKE, an embankment lor prevent- ing immdntion. . FiEKTiN-G-msii, a skimming bowl. Fl .; isii-r.uicKS, paving briclvs of a j-ellowish c.^lour harder than the ordinary bricks. FiFMisii-iiousE. in marine parlance, an additional lo-.tropo at the ends ot topsail- F?i'4ciV Fltxcii, to strip off in layers. Flenc l-r't T, the blubber of a wh.ale laid oiit h long slices in the hold before torrelhng^ FiENCiNG, the oiicration ol cuttmg the lilubber from the whale. Fi I sn, butcher's meat; the carcase of mv/ animal killed for fooii. FLO [157] F L Tlesuaky, I'LESiiiXG, ill Scotland the busi- ness or a biitclier. Fi.EsiiEK, tlie comtnon designation of a biitclier ill Hcotlaml. Flesu-uuusii, abrusli foi- rubbing t!io siir- liice ot'lbe body, ofwliicb tlicre are several Uiiuls, made eitlier of horsehair, or line ■\viri', itc. Fi.ESH-FowK, a cook's forlv for trying meat, and takiiif; it from the boiler. Flestoih (French), a small liiuiimor. Flex, Fi.eat, a mat. ol pbiiteil straw for protoctiiiR a horse's b;ick IVooi injury by the luail ; a saucer. .S'cc Fi.ackie. Flexadok (Spaiiisli), the (rci,i;blcr of a ship. Fi.ETCHEU, an old name for an arrow maker. Fi.etcheus' (Company, one of the minor lively ciimpaiiies of London, whose hall is ill St Mary Axe. Flet-milk, skimmed milk. Flette, a French passa^-e boat or wherry. Fi.euk, Flook, a llouiider. Rbr gruel. Fleurage (French), oatmeal or bean iiical Fi.EURET (French), a sort of coarse silk ; a kind of narrow ribbon; f'jrrct-ribbon. Fl-EWS, in Scotland a sluice for letting' off the water Iroin an irrigated meadow. Flies, artirtcial insects which are very dexterously made of bright feathers, silk, ttc., for the use of anglers lor bsh in rivers and lakes. Flight, a .set of stair.'. Fi-LNGiN-TKEE (Scotcli), the lowcr iiart of a flail; that which strikes the grain. Fi.iNKiNO-cOMB, a dressing-table comb for the hair. Flint-glass, common tabic glass, which was originally made of Hint. Flint-lock, a musket- lork, with a flint fixed in the hammer, for striking on the steel pan. Flints, nodules of silica occurring in the chalky strata, which arc largely used for pottery. Flints for guns are now to a great extent superseded by the iierrussion cap, but common nuiskcts for shipment are still supplied with Hint locks. Shar- I'Cncil Hints ap' seldom useil iniw hir pro- ducing lire; cungieve matches, or lucifer.s, having taken the i)lace of the liiiit and steel with tiie tinder bo.K. Flinty Slate, a silicious schist containing about 75 per cent, of silica, wliieli is used under the name of touchstone, for testing gold, by a comparison of colours. Flisk, a large tuuth comb. Fi.ixcii, a side ol bacon. Fi.ixTEBN Bark, the bark of young oak- trees, as disiinguished from that of old oak-trees which is called timber bark and is less valuable to tanners. There is a third sort called coppice bark, which is the b;irk siripprd oil oak grov/n as coppice :)ls. Fi.i TTIM-. (Si(]ti-li), removing from one place ol rusidinee to aiioUicr; a modiiligbl llit- liiiL; :s syiionx in(iii:-i lo moving without paving one's debts in' rent. Float, the watcr-LMUge of a steam-boiler attached to the valve in a feed pipe; the buoy of a fishing line; a plasterer's tool; a coal cart ; a raft ot timber 18 feet square by 1 loot deep. Float-boards. JSce Float.s. Fi.oATiso-iiniDGE, a ilat-bottomod ferry slcain-boat in harbours or rivers, running onilr.iinslaid across the boltoiii, and con- structed for the conveyance of passengers, goods, and vehicles. Floating -LIGHT, a life-buoy carricil nt a ship's stern, with a light or lantlae-n, which can be dropped into the sea, in order to save anj- one fallin,' overboard at ni,^bl; a pvroteelinic; a stationary light-shi|i. Fi,(ia'ting-piek, a landing-stage which rises anil falls with the tide. Fi.o.vrs, the boards fixed on the paddle- wheels of steamers, and to undershot water wheels, by which they act. rLOAT&,VM, goods lound floating on the sea fi-oin a wreck. See Flotsam. Flock, an indclinitc number of sheep, kept togetherundcrone shepherd ; in Vustrali.i a shepherd will manage several thousand sheep. Flock- MANUFACTUREn, a grinder of wool; one who pulverizes and colours it lor the use of the paper stainer wherewilli to make flock jiaper. Flock-mastek, an owner of sheep. Flock-paper, wall hangiims in which finely pulverized and dyed wool is laid on the surlace of jiaper and attached by size. Fi.oCK-RAiiv, a range of pasture-ground for sheep. Flocks, a name given to the refuse or waste of cotton and wool, which is nsi'd lor.-tnlV- ing mattresses, seamen's beddiiij, and common furniture. [thickened. Fi.okkit (Scotch), having the nap rai-cd or Flood-gate, a sluice in rivers, canals, or docks that may be opened or closed at will, to admit or exclude water. Flood-tike, the advancing tide increasing towards high water. Fi.dOK, a poiailar name in Scotland for various kinds of flatfish, hut most gene- rally applied to the common flounder; the broad plate on the arm of an anelior. Flookan, earth or clay of a slimy con;-ist- ence ; in miiiiie^ the shitting ot the vein or lode by a cleft, etc. Floor, the timber, bricks, Ac. of the plat- form Aviiicli forms the ba.se or surface of any story of a house, and on which the phmks or flooring is laid; the name in a general sense applies to all that part of a building on the same level, and varies according to the height from the ground, as ground floor, first floor, second floor, cte. ; the bottom of a vessel on each side of the kelson. Floor-cloth, the name for printed oiled canvas used for c.'vering entrance halls and floors, &c llie material is made partly of hemp and partly of flax. Six or seven coats ol thick oil paint are apjihed on both sides to j;ive it consistence, and the patterns are impressed by machinery or v/itb blocksbv band. 'I'lie value ol tins manufacture is idjout £1,500,000 ammally. Flook-cloth (.'anvas. a coarse fabric manu- factured chiefly at Dundee, and made ot the width of eight yards or more. The oiling. i)ainting, and finished manutacture principally centre in Loudon. FLO [158 J FLU l''i,ooit-cr.OTii MANirKACii'itnu, a maker of oil-(l Danim. Fj.oran, a miiiiiis; term for fliic-srnined tin, oic scarcely pcreciitiblc in tlio stone, or stamped very small. Fi.dUEK, powder blue or indiKO. l''i.iiHEN-cE, a gold coin worth 6s.; a kind of wine. * Fl.ORKNCE-LEAF. ScC LlSAF-MET.U, and r.R0NZE-P0\\1)KU. Fi.oREXCE-oiL, olive oil sold in flasks. Flokentine, meat baked in a dish with a cover of paste; a kind of wrought satin made in Florence; a lake colonr extracted from the shreils of scarlet cloth. Fl.iiKios, acoiiuiHrcial iijs>ilication of indigo, the best (lualily old.vc Irom Kos. 7 to \). Fl.oiiETiiN'NE, a .Spanish wocil. Fi.oKi/n'A, refuse or Uoss silk. Fi.iiiiix, a British silver coin worth 2s., first miiilcd in iSi'J, and since that period six- teen million pieces have been jiut into circulation. Tlio florin is a coin circu- latin;,' in many Continental countries, ranj,'iiig in value from Is. Gd. to 2s. 4d. ■< Flokist, a dealer in flowers ; one who grows or sells them. Floss, fluid glass floating in a puddling furnace. Fi.ciss-siLK, the external soft envelope of the silk worm's cocoon; the ravelled downy silk broken olf in the (ilatiire. It is carded and spun into coarse yarn or thread, suited tor various purposes. Flote-boat, in .Scotland a yawl or pinnace. Flotilla, a fleet of small vessels. Flotsam, the portion of a ship or cargo wrecked which remains floating upon the water. See Jetsam and LAGAN-nooDS. Flol'nce, a loose appendage or trimming to the skirt or lower part of a lady's dress. Flounder, a well known flat fish, thaP/eii- ronectesjlesus, which is obtained on the Bri- tish coasts and large rivers. * Flour, in ordinary parlance the meal of wheat finely ground and sifted, and in which a large trade is carried on by land and by sea. The term flour is, hoWever, also applied to the meal of rice, potatoes, , a liquid or gas, any thing that flows; not solidified. Flukics, the broail, projecting, triangular hooked plates at the extremity of tho arms of an anchor, one or other of which, according as it is tilted, enters the anchorage ground as a holdfast; a name for the plaice flsh. * Flume, a water-channel ; a stream or run for gold washing. Flummert, a food of flour meal. * FlunivIK (Scotch), a livery servant. Fluok-spaji, fluate of lime, used as a flu.t for the metallic ores, whence its name. The coloured specimens arc turned into vases and other ornaments, in Derby- shire. Fluoric Acid, a corrosive liquid prepared from fluor spar, used lor etching upon glass, roughing tho shades of table-lamps &c. Fluse, a copper coin of Morocco. See Floose. Flush (Scotch), full; as afl^ucnt, flush of money; a flow or run of water, as in flushing a sewer ; a workman's term for an even surface ; any thing on the same level. Flush-deck, an even-deck, one running the whole length of the vessel from stem to stern, without a forecastle or poo]). Flute, a pipe or wind Instrument, with lateral holes, made of various material.s hardwood, ivory, glass, metal, and even vulcanized India rubber; a long thin French roll eaten at breakfast; a store- ship. Fluted, grooved, furrowed, or channelled. FLUTE-SLUtER, ouc wlio iiiakcs flutes. FLUTEit, one who grooves or channels metals ; a flautist ; a person who golfers or plaits. Flutlno-machine, a golTcring-iron. Flutings, hollow channels cut in the sliafls of columns; piping or frill ornaments to u lady's cap or dress, &c. Flutter-wheel, a peculiar kind of wheel to a water-uiiil. t- J. p5'.) J FOO Flvx, niiy substniico used to r.m^o tlic liision uiul rctiuclioTi of a inctnliic ore, or (or pot;, ry. Limestone, fliior f lar, i rol- oxiilcol le;i(l, ciirlioiKite of pulnsh, borax iiml cliaicoiil, arc various lliixes used. Kly, that iiart otasln|i's lla^' winch extends Irom the union to tlio extreme end; a public carriaso so named; tlic rcijuiat- mg moving power of .1 maclnne, as tlic weit;lit in a jack. * Fi.v-iiOAT, a long narrow boat used ou canals; also a larger class of Dutch vessel, flat- bottomed, of several lumdred tens. Fl.T-FisniNG, trolling in streams with a rod and line, and artificial (lies. Fi.Y- FLAPPER, a fan or oilier inslrun.oi!. for keeping off flies. Fi.viNG-BniDGE, a temiiorary bridge. Fi.YiXG-FisH, the oceanic variety, Kxocetus vclilaiis, a native of tlic Indian and Ame- rican seas, is esteemed in some parts a culinary delicacy. Fi,v-LE,vp, a spare blank leaf in abound book. Fi.Y-l'KXNiNO, a mode cif manuring land piMclised in Englaml and ill the colonies, by folding cattle or slieep In rotation over dillercnt parts of it. Fi,Y-i"uWDEi!, an iiisect-destroyingpowder. Fly-siiuttle, the sbuttlo impelled by llic weavir. Fly-wheel, a heavy regulating ■wheel, re- Vdlving on an axle, for eqnalizing the inntion, and increasing the ellect ol ma- chines. Foal, the young of the horse kind ; a colt or filly; a Scotch bannock or solt cake. Fob, a small pocket. Fota's. a centre; a hearth or fire-place ; the jioiiit where the ra^s meet or converge, alter passing through a convex glass. FoDDEK, a general name for the dry food given to cattle, or stored for the winter; a weight by which lead is sold, varying from 19J to 25 cwt., according to the cus- tom of the district. FoGE, a name in Cornwall for a forge for smelting tin: Foglietta, an Italian liquid measure vary- ing from haU an Eni;lisli jiiiit to a iiint. Foo-sigxal, a detonating powder placed on a railway, which, when the ensiiie passes over therails, explodes with a loud report, and gives warning to the driver and guard of danger, laeed under artificial gems, to lieigliten their brilliancy; an amalgam of quicksilver and tin at the bai;k\>{ a lookiim-i^lass; guarded swords and Weapons for fencing. >• FoiL-SToNE, au nnitation jewel. FoiRK (French), a stated market in a town or city ; a farm. Fold, a temporary enclosure for sheep or cattle. Foi.niNO, the operation ofdonbling one part ol a substance over another; puttingsheets of printed matter in order fur binding; in agiii'ulture, penning sheep or cattle on land to feed and manure. FoLDiNG-Dooia. a pair of doors to a room Wliich throw back. FoLniNG-MACiiixE, a machine which delivers newsiiapers or printed book-work fblrled. Foi.DiNG-XET, a net for tnipjiing small bird-:. Folding-screen, annpiightiioitabk^sneen, ill several leaves or jiarts, wliirh shuts up, and can be put awaj' when not in u.sc. Folding-stool, a portable or camp stool. Fold-yard, an enclosure for keeping cattle. FoLE, a leather bottle used in Spain. Folilet (French), a sh^uMer of venison. Folio, a volume; a printing term lor tho index letter or number of a sheet ; the right and left 'hand pages of a ledger or acconnt-bonk; a law stationer's term tor 72 wonls of manuscript, but in i xclieqner proceeduigs it runs to 80 words, and in chancery procecdiiU'S, to 110 words. FoLioiNO, the operation of paging or mark- ing a book. Foi.LETA (Spanish), a wine, measure used in Italy, the fourth of the boccale. iSe^ Foglietta. Follower, a law-stationer's name for ti slieet of parchment, which is added to the first, or indenture, &c. sheet. FoNCET (French), a long flat -bottomed barge. Fonda, the Spanish name for an inn or tavern. FoNDiQtE, a hall for merchants, nn ex- change; a customs' warehouse in Spain and Fortugal. FoNG, a coin current in Rinm, the eighth of a tieal, and worth about 4d. FoNoo, a name in some parts of the racific lor the turtle. Font, a stone basin or vessel in a church, lor holding water for the purposes ol bap- tism. Fontaii, an apron fabric of cotton and silk made in Turkey. Fontange, a knot of ribbons on the top of a head-iliess. Foo, the Chinese name for a department. Foociii, or Fooji, a name in the racilic for the idantain. Food, victuals for man or beast; what is taken for nourishment. Foo-FOO, a negro name for dough made from plantains; the fruit being boiled and then pounded in a mortar. Fool, a compound of gooseberries. Foolscap, a long folio writing-paper for ortieial use, about 13} by IG.V inches; a foolscap millboard is 181 by Hi inches. Foot, a lineal measure in tJreat Britain of 12 inches, or the tliird part of a yard. As a measure of length the foot varies in different countries; an ancient measure of two gallons; a weiabt for tm, now merely nominal, of CO lbs. ; a measure- ment for grindstones of 8 inches. The size of a stone is found by adding the dia- meter and thickness together, and divid- ing by 8, which givis the nuniher of " loots ;" the bottom of any thing, as of a shoe or stocking; the lo■.^e'r end of a mast or sail; the rest or sujiport on which u machine or any thing heavy stamls. FooT-iiALL, a large ball to be kicked about. Footman, a man-sei'vant; an iron or bras? stand with feet, or with a hook, foi keeping any thing warm before a fire. FOR [ IGO] l- O li FooT-HATii, a p:\ninwliicli to wash tlio foot. l'"ooT-ii()Aiii), a support Ibr the hot in a lioat. ;;i;.', itc, or at a worlvinan's honch. l'oor-ii;oN, rooT-ri-ATE, u stop lor a carria'-'o. l'"ooT-MUFi'', a receptacle to licop the foot warm in tiavollinj;. l''()()T-i'AN. See Foot-bath. I'"ooT-rASSEN(;iCK, a iicdcstrian. i'ooT-i'ATli, a bealen trade, coiifcrnns lij' loiiK usa'.;o a riylitot' wav Ihr.iu^'li l.uids; tlic i);ivoiiR-ut, or .siilo WMllv ot'a .--tniot. FooT-Kol'K, a n)i)e .stretelicil hiosoly along a s^Wiu'a yanl, fur the soauiou to .stand on in farlinf,' the sails. . KooT-uuLE, a twelvc-incli nieasurnii,' stick. I'00T.s, refuse or sediment, as at tlio bottom ot a .=usar or oil casl;, y a poueilul hellows. FouGE-MAX, a superior class of coach- smith, havins a hannner-man under him. 'i'he torger judges of the quality of the metal, regulates the curvatures, and exerci.-es Ins .skill in combining elegance with slniigtli in the various iron fittings reipiiicd lor the coach. Foiaiii-MANiJFACTUKEi^ a maker of portable forges lor smiths' use. FonoiiR, in the cutlery trade, one who forms or lashions a tool or implement Irom the bar or rod of steel; one who counterfeits coins, or issues false documents. FoKGURY, a iraudulenl or counterfeit imita- tion or deception, practised in the m.iking or utlering a false instrument, or by alter- ing a note, cliequc, or order, with a frau- dulent intent. FoitiNG, an Iceland v.cight of 11 lbs. avoir- dupois. FoKK, a farm-workman's prong; a fable utensil for taking up lood ; a turner's tool ; a piece of steel liltmg into the socket or chuck of a lathe. FoRK-GKixDBUi, a smoother or sharpener and liinsber of fork.s. Fouiv-GUAUD JlAivRi:, a manufacturer of metal pieces fur carving-forks. FouiiM.vNL-FArTUKEii, a biMiicli of the cut- lery trade. FoicK-TAiL, a sabiion four years old. FoiJLO, a small copper coin formerly current in Egypt; a subdivision of the medino, the half of an asper, and worth scarcely a halfpenny. FoRLON, a Spanish chaise or carriage with four seats. Form, shape; a mould in wlilch any thing is wrought; a ma-s of tyjie, in iia;jes or columns, le.iily l"r ]ire,~s; tln' .irrauge- ment ol ui-ws)iiiper enliiiniis (ir the pa'.;es of a book in an iron chase, tor machining or printing; a long wooden bench. Formers, pieces of wood used for shaping cartridges or wads. Formic-acid, the acid of anls, chiefly ob- tained from the red ant; it is also made by distilling tartari- acid, suliihuric aciii, and peroxide of manganese. FouMULA, a prescription ; a set of instruc- tions. FouPET, the fourth part of ,-. Scotch peck ; Gi lippies or torpets make one boll. FoRiUL, a kind ot parchment. Fortagk (French), a manori.il tax on liaving-stones. FouTix, a dry measure of Constantinople, 4 killows ; rather less than 4 bushels. FoKWAJiD, the fore-part of a ship. FoRWAunKU, FouwAKDii.Q AGENT, a mer- chant who attendi to the transmission of goods and produce from one point to an- ■ oilier. FoinVARDINO - HOUSE, FoftWAKDIKG - JlER- ciiANTS, a name assumed by many mer- cantile tiriiis in America, who atteml to the receipt and transmission of inercbau- dise and proiline by railways and canals, from the iiiieilor to the coast, or to mar- ket-towns, :ind rii:e versd. FLi,-AN'CHOK, a term applied when the cable has a turn round the anchor. FoULAKD, a kind of silk material for ladies dresses, plain, dyed, and printed; a silk kerchief or crav.it. FouLEMAKT, a name given to the polecat. FouL-PROOF, an uncorrected printed slip, before the typographical and other errors have been rectified. Fount), artillei-y of molten metal ; hence founder, the designation ofthe tradesman who casts metals. Foundation, the basis on which a super structure rests, as o! a bridge or building. FotJNDATiON-MUSLiN, ail opeii-workod gum- med labric, used for stiflening dresses and bonnets. FouNDATioN-STOXE, tlio first or corner- stone of a building in large erections, usually laid in public, and witli some ceremony. Founder, one who establishes ; a caster of metals; the act of a ship sinking ; Scotch, to fill. Founder:?' Company, one of the livery companies of London, whose hall is situate in Swithin's Lane. Founders' Dust, charcoal powder, and coal and coke dust ground fine, and silted for casting purposes in foundries. FouNDEKS' Sand, a species of sand obtained fromLewishara, Kent, and other districts, for making loimdry moulds. G F U A [1C2] !•■ i; A KouNDKY. tlie pliico ivIuTc iiiassos of metals are iiicltod and inn into nimikls. Fount, I"ont, a couniliio assoitincnt of a particular set of priiitinu'-type. Fountain, an artiiicial Vtceptacle (or water; a rnacliiiic by which water is spouted out, generally cousisling (jf pipes or jets of water llcnvini,' iMin stalnes. vases, ifee., in public sqiiaros, gardens, or private eonservatories, Ac. FoUNTAiN-ncN', a writing pen with a reser- voir for iult larger tlian usual. FoUK (l'"rci)ch), an oven, kdii, or stove. Kouitmssr.tri;, a sword-cutler. KouitciiKTTK (l'"reneli), a table fork. FovinooN, a tinnl)rel or annnunition wauou; a kind of Frencli bajif^ave cart; .1 (ire poker; an oven-lorlc or coal-rake. FouiMN-iiAND, a coach driven with lour hor.scs. FocRNEAU, a stove or kiln in Fiance. FoURNii,. a French bakehouse or oven. Foup.PENCE, a British silver coin {2'.> 1-llth frraius), also known as a groat, of wlULh upwards of jL'(JU.iH)0 worm were co m-d and put into eireulatioii in tlie ten \ e.ns ending wiili ]i»."ifi; biit only a few siiiee. * Foiir.-rosTEn, a large s(]uare bed.stead, wifn upright pillars at each corner, sitpiiorting a canopy or curtains. Foi'i;tii-h"atf.. a vessel of war carrying from no to 70 guns. Fow (.Scotch), a mow or heap of corn in the slieaf. Fowl, a very general name for the denizens of the poultry yard ; but tor the most part restricted to "the cock and hen, Gallus domesticits, of which the breeds are now very numerous. [lowl. FowLEK, one who pursues or traps wild F0WLING-P1ECI2, aliLdit long-barrelled gun. Fox, a seaman's name (or a kind ol straiul ot two or more rope-yarns, twisted to- gether; to put now soles on bt>ots; a carnivorous animal {('cariii;,' various devices, according to the dr^'ree tbc wearer has attained in the cralt, or the office he holds, or has served, in a lodge or chapter. There is also a large business done in jewels and collars for freemasons, both in eratt and arcli masonry, and some of the higher orders. Free rrBi.ic-noisE, one not belonging to a brewer; the landlord has therelore free liberty to brew his own beer, or purchase where he chooses. Fkee-school, a charity school; one open to all. Fkee-stoxe, a kind of oolite or sand-stone, nuieli used in building; having no grain Jt can be easily cut into blocks, and w Dik- ed with the chisel. Free-trade, in a political sense, the liberty of trading with any country for corn, >tc.'; the removal of restrictions compelling the dealing only with certain kingdoms; unrestricted action in banking opera- tions. Free Vintner, a member of the vintners' company ; one wlio can sell wine without a licence. Freezing MncTcmE, a compound of muriate of ammonia, idlrate of ])otasli, and pliospbate of soda, or other salts, used b}' confectioners and others, to produce cold, by the liquefaction of their solid ingre- dients. FnEEziNG-roivDER-ANP-MACiiiNE Makeh, a tradesman who devotes attention to the nianulacture and sale of refrigerators and fieezing mixtures. Freight, a load ; the sum agreed on for the hire of a ship, or tlie carriage of goods by water. ' Freluche (French), a.sm.allsilk tuft. Frexch-bean, a dwart variety ot the Pha- seolus vulgari.1. FuEscn-BERRiES, bcrrics used In dyeing. •See A^^G^■o^•-BERI;IEs. Frknch-cualk, indurated talc; amagncsian mineral used to remove grease, stains, ic FRENcn-F.T.T,, n measure of 4J feet. Frencu-iiorn, a musical wn"id instrument of copper, having several curves. Fbench-i.v.af. See I-eaf-sietal and Bronze- powder. FRExni-MASTKR, a teacher or profess(jr of tlie Fi-eneli iMMgniigi-. FRENiii-ri.i M a t ihle prune, the Cathcrino variety ol the I'runiis iloiin'Mkii. FRENcn-poLisiiRR, a varni-her and cleaner of tallies, chairs, and other articles o! cabinet furniture. FRENcn-poi.isH JfAKER, a iiinnufacturcr of spirit varnish fiir articles of furniture. FRENCn-ROLL, a liglit breakfast milk bread. Frequin, a cask used ;n France lor holdiii,' siignr or treacle. Fresco, a kind of painting upon newlv plastered wall-s, when the colour b' com"- ing incorporated witli the solt stucco, is hence exceedingly durable. Fret, to fray; to unweave; in French, the hire ofasbip; the cargo; the sum paid for the transport of goods. ^ Fret work, car^-ed or open wood-work, in orM.amental devices and patterns. Friars'- BALSAM, a popular specific for >M'Unds, .so named. FniATrs'-ciiirKEXs, I'ried-chickexs, a name in .Scotland for chicken broth with e-'i;s dropped in it, or egvs beat up and mixed with it. Fricandeatj, a slice of veal larded ami stewed. Fricassee, a savouiy dish of cooked meat ; usually chickens, rabbits, ifcc, cut into small pieces and fried. Frickle, a bushel-basket. Friex-dlt-societt, a kind of club or associ- ation among operatives, for affording relief to each other when out of work, or in time of sickness; and also for extend- ing assistance to widows and orphans. Frigard (French), a pickled herring. Frigate, a fast-sailing sliip of war, carrving from 36 to CO guns. Frigatoon, a small Venetian vessel with a square stern, carrying only a main mast, niizen and bowsprit. Fki.ioles, a Spanish name for several varie- ties of pulse. Frii.l, a rulT or edging round the neck, sleeves, &c. of a ladj-'s dress. * Fringe, an ornamental bordering or edg- ing; trimming for articles of dress and drapery; as, to bed-fnrnituic, windoi\- curtains, table-covers; made of various material, silk, worsted, gold, Ac. FRrxGE and Lace Manufacturer, a maker of edging ornaments, of various kinds, accordin-g to the purpose for which they are to be used. Fringer, one who sews on or sells fringe. Friolet, a kind of pear. Friperie (Fiencli), old garments or furni- ture; asecond-hand clothes shop; brokers' trade; brokers' row. Frisado (Spanish), silk plush or shag. Friseur, a bair-ilresser. Frisket, the iron frame of a printing-press, wliich keeps tbc sheet on the tympan. Frit, in glass-making, the caleiiu'd mate- rials; an iniperlectly fused mass of silica, &e. haviiiL' to be re-ineltcd. Fritter, a kind of small pancake. Frizons, a name for silk waste in France. Frizzle (Scotch), the hammer of a gxin or pistol: the fire-steel lor a tinder-box. rue [ U,4 j r u N Frock, a cliild's gown; n monks dicss, p. (iiicinscy lii"k is a sailoi-s oi' l)->:itni!ii n ■iVHisl.il notlcil sliirt. In Scollaiul tlio immo lor a pair of oxen in llic leam ol a iiloiiKli, wliicli arc (listin(,'nlslic(l as tlie lilnil-IVucU, lorc-iroclv, inid-froel!, .tc A jjcntlcnian's surtoiit or siiuaru-lailta long walluim-coat. Fnix: in ScoUand avouns Iiorsc; an ani- isealt'M (inllK' CcnUucnl and in Anu'ULa, ;i iiortion ot tlie loot of a liorsc; a loose trinmnnn or Ijraid tor a gcntleinau s coat ; ;iM (irnanicnt lor a sword liiiU l'i;oM\(;n (Krci. oil), cheese. .,•,,■ iKoMKN-r (Vrencli), wlieat ; t he liest Uind ol l,.r;ul-eorn. [the dickey lor a slirt. ri:..NT, a set of false hair or curls lor a ladj ; FiKiNT-Doon, the entrance dour at the best part of the house. . rAoNTiGNAC, a rich, luscious, muscadine white wine, made in Hcrault, in tlie soutli FBONTmpiECE, the illustration in a book which faces the title-pa!,'e ; in arehitecUire, llie i.riiiciral face of the biiildinK. FiioNTi K.r, a handage for the loreliead. Fk.isiing, loal-sugar prepared to coat pumi FurnVViiOWEn, an instrument for splittinr^ staves ; a tool with whieli to diyive latus. FHOWY-STtrFF, a builder's name lor short, oi brittle and soft, timber. ^ ,,,..„ Fkuit, the edible seed of many trees; alaii-c commerce is earned on in green a'"' dric fruit, as well as in nuts, and pickled anu preserved fruit. ,.„„„„.;„ fAuIteber, a ore.;voollen cloths arc cleansed from the grease, by beating with hammers and scouung lu- Fuu.-i' AY, Uie enth-e wages ; not under sloiJ- Fi^MiN.mN^-rowl>''R, the sails of fdhmnio iicid which have di tonalmg prupeitns. IMie falnuiMle of inercmy is largely used tor priming pereiKision caps. ruMIOATiONrHie cmi.loyinent of vapot^l.s or gases, &c. to purify a room or huildm.,. FuJiiER (Freneii). dung or "'•'";"'■•.,,„,,.:,,„ FOMiFic-uiPEi.LKR, a maclime loi .ippl.ynt, elfeclively the hot products ol combus- Fu'v"'another name for the candarcen, a Chinese weight. See Candareen. Fu.NcnoN, an employment ; a duty. FUNCTlONATvY, OUC wlio lloUis all oil CC. F^-B a stock or capital; that by winch any ■xp • se is .suupoited. Kstabhs u-l FuNDUNGi, the African name for the cram of ra^palum exile, grown on the western coast, ^"'iin some places known FuNDOol'an Indian name for Spanish nuts FUNDUNCLEE, thc naiiic of a species of gold sequin, formerly current in i'ucz at HG mediiics. and wo-tli about one guinea. FTOERAL, an interment; a c.mmon name for the c.arri-i'cs or procession attending FUNEK^-CARRLVGE JlASTER, thC OWUCr of heirscs and mourning coaches Willi ck hordes, who lets tbein out tor hue FuNERAL-FEA'riiEn .MEiiniANT a naU r of mourning i>lumes tor hearses '" ■^';p,- ?-''_'i be.arers, who lets them out to UiUler- takftr- FUR [165] FUS Funeral-pall, a lioaise-clotli. /See Taj-L. FuNKUAL-PLBME, iiii elaborately prepared and ex|iL'iisive set of si'raj's of ostrich (latliiTs, inouiited on wires tor lixiiig on Iwrsi's' heads, hearses, or colli n-1 id hoards, lioriic- by unites. I'rNi'.r.ALUNDEUTAKKn. See Undeutakeb. i'cNciHi.ics, a Scotcli law term lor moveable jjuuds, wluch may be valued by weiglit or measure, as grain or money; in con- tradistinction to tliose wliieli must he judged of individually or by number. Fi'NNEL, a hollow conical vessel, usually of tin or earthenware, willi a jiipe at llie apex, I'or pouring liiiuids into small- mouthed visseis; tlie iron eliinniey ol a steamer, or of a stove. FuNT, the Kussian pound weight of 1-t oz. 7J drachni.s. Fii:, the line soft slHMt hair on (lie skin of sdiiie animals, wliicli is wont for warmth ordrnament; a scaly deposit, or calcanoiis incrustation in steam lJoiler.s, to prevent the acouniuiatiou of wliich a boiler com- pound is used ; and a salinometor or gauge lias been adopted tor uuirine boilers. See Salinometer. Tin AND SiUN Dkesseii and I)yek, a tradesman who sottens and prepares rough skins for the use of the furrier. Furbelow, a plaited border; the flouuee for a dress. Fur-cap, a seal or other skin cap. i'UB-coAT, a wrapper for cold weather made of bear-skin, beaver, seal, or other fur. Fuu-CUTTING JIachine, a mechanical con- trivance for shaving peltries at the back o( the sliin, so as to loosen the long hairs, leaving only tlie fine under-fur. FunoiNGAK, FiERDiNGAR, a liquid measure ol Finland, about 7J pints, the fourth part ot the tunna. FuRLiNr., in naval iiarlance, the wrapping or rolling a sail up snugly to the yard or biHini, and binding or securing it. FuiiLONG, an English measure of lengtli, 40 poles, the eighth part of a mile. FuiiLOUGH, a leave of absence given to soldiers. FuEMENTi", a pottage of wheat boiled in milk, flavoured with sugar, spice, &c. Furnace, a large fuel-holder; the enclosed fire-place in which ore is put for the purpose of smelting or reduction. Tliere are many kinds of liu-naces, as reverbera- tory, assay, evaporating, and lorge furnaces. Furnace-feeder, a stoker or fireman ; one who supplies luel to tlie furnace. Furnished, a term apidied to any thing com- pleted or having tlie necessary appurte- nances; a house which is projierly filled with necessary goods, upholstery, cabinet- ware, culinary utensils, and garniture; fit for occupation. FuRNisHiNG-SHOPS, ail ironmonger's, or furniture broker's shop. Furniture, a word of wide signification, butchiefl,v applied to the moveable articles of upholsteiy, decoration, and use in a dwelling-house, as curtains to windows and beds ; tables, chairs, sofas, and ot lier cabinet-work; likewise to the wooden or metallic materials in use among printers lor securing the pages ol type and allow- ing a proper margin lor the book ; also to the masts and rigging of a shi|i; and, among builders, to the metal work of locks, doors, windows, ic. 'I'he v.ilue of the houseliold Uiniitiin- nianiilactiircd in the United Ivingdom has hceii roughly estimated at £15.000,000 per annum. Furniture-broker, a dealer in secoiid- liand goods, shop fixtures, licli- polish. Bees' wax is sometimes used. FuRNiTUKE-PRrNTER, a maker Of fabrics for covering articles used in rooms. Furniture-warehouse, arepository ivliere bou-cbold furniture is sold. FuRNiTtTRE-wooDS, hard ornamental woods, used for cabinet work. Fdrrier, a dealer in skins; a manufacturer and vender of various articles of fur. Furring, fixing tliin scantlings on the edges of timber to make tli.e surfiice even ; double planking the sides of a ship; en- crusting a boiler witli a scaly deposit. Furrow, the trench made by a plough. Furrow-drain, a deep open channel made by a plough to carry off water. Furrow-slice, the narrow slip of earth turned up by a plough. FuRSOCH, another name for the augage, a Persian land measure of 4i miles. FuRSUNG, 1'iiarsak, Other names for the parasang, a Persian land measure of about i English miles, but variable. Fur-tkade, the commerce in the skins of wild animals, which is largely carried on ill several countries. The most valuable furs are chiefly obtained in Kussia and Arctic America, and we import from 3 to 4 million skins of difl'erent kinds aiinuall.v, either to be used here, or to be dressed and prepared for export. Tlie annual value of the fur trade of the workl is estimated, on good data, to be from 5 to () million pounds sterling. Furze, the common gorse or whin (Ulex A'liropceiis). When chopped it is used as lood liir cattle; and in many parts of the kingdom it forms the main dependence tor the supply of fagots for the j.oor man's hearth, and the baker's oven. Fuse. Sec 1'\ze. Fusee, a squib ; the conical part of a watch or clock, round which the ch.iin or cord is wound; a liuliter or slow inatcli, used by smokers lor iu'iiiting tuliaccn. Fusee-engine, a elock-iiiaker's machincfor culling and shaping fusees. Fusel-oil, the refuse from distillation; a deleterious component of alcohol used in tlie manufacture ot various fruit essences. G A D [ICO] G A I r(JSlBLK-MKTAI-, n compound ooiislstiiiK of iilioiit r,0 per vent, hisimitli, 20 per cent. till, mill 30 percent. lc:ul. Fusil, .■! Uulit uui-krt; hence probably tlio tiii-in lusilier, :i lout soldier .iriiicd witli a ni.sll ; tlio lire steel ot a tiniler box. FiisiLiEU, an inl'.intry soKlier, armed with a liiht gun. Fusion, a meltln? ; the eouvcrtm.ii of a soliil into a li'piiil liy lir;it. Fusr, tbeslnillof aeoUunn. Fl-st.\ (.Spanisli),a smiili ve=;-iel witli lateen sails; a kiml of woollen cloth. Fu.STETE (Spanish), tlie red sumach shrub, Rhus cotinus. FusTiAX, a coarse stout twilled cotton t.ibric, includins many varie-ties as corduroy, jean, velveteen. thieUsct, Ae,. used by working men. I'lain fii.stian is called pillow, strong twilled fustian, cropped before dyeing, is known as mole- skin; when cropped after dyeing, beavcr- tecn. FusTlAN-JAOKF.T, a workin;,' man s gar- ment. Fustic, a well-known hard stronu' yellow dye-wood. The old fustic of commerce is obtained from the Macli(ra tindoria, a tree of South America. The wood Is admirably adapted for the felloes of carriage and c.irt wlieels. The young fustic of commerce is procured from Rhus cotinus. Our supplies ol the former come from Cnb.i. Tampico, Puerto Cabello, and the Spanisli Main. Fti.sTo (Italian,) a sort of light galley. Fur, the French name lor a cask, a vessel lor li Gait, a clinrgc made for sliecp ;iiiil cattle t.iken at a iiastiire to gni/.e for the season; sometimes termed agistment; a slioaf of ^'ni.n tied up. G.viTEiiS, leather or cloth wrappings; spat- terdashes, for tlie upper part ot llic loot and ancle. (lAJAii, the Mala)' name for the elephant. llA.iQM, a long measure used liy cloth merchants in parts of the Hast Indies; rather more than an cU, but variable. .SV'« Uuz. (iAi.A, a .Scotch cotton f >bric ; a grand ciili'rtainnKut. CJai.actitic, a newly-named niiitc mineral, found in Perthsliire. GALACTOjnsTER, an .ireoincter or glass instrument, for testing the density of milk, consisting of a stem, enclosing scales; ct a cylinder serving to float it, and of a bulb charged with shot, serving as a ballast, so that the instricnient llo;its upright in the milk. It is centesimady graduated. Gala-gala, the Malay name for pitch. Galage, G.u,oche, Galosh, a shepherd's clog; a shoe worn over another. G A LAM-BUTTER, a reddish white sidid oil olitained iji India and Africa from the Ilussia hutyracea. Galaka (Italian), the sea-tortoise. (.iALANGAL, a connnercialname for the root- stocks of the Alpinia Galanga and A. i-iicfinosa, whicli nave the same properties as ginger. GAr.BANL'M, a yellowish brown fetid resin obtained in I'ersia from Oiioidia yalUiiii- fera^ and used medicinally. (iALEA, a Tartar name for the barbot {Gadus jiibiitus), a fish of an exquisite flavour. Galeac. a French white wine. (iALK'ACE, Gaieasse, a Venetian galley. Galeas, a heavy low-built French galley worked with both sails and oars. Galena, a native sulphuret of lead, called also lead glance. (iALETTE, a thick flat cake made in France of chestnut meal and milk. (iALiOT, Galliot, u light g.allev, a Dutch ship. tiALiPOT, white pine resin ; the residue of tlie turpentine, which has lost its vol.itile oil by spontaneous evaporation; when purified ills called Burgundy pitch. Gall, a small piece of silver with chiiraelers on one side, used as a coin in Cambodia, and worth .about 4d. sterlin.:; the bitter fluid secreted by the liver; ox-gall is used lor scouring cloth; and, when refined, by artists to fix chalk and ]ieiicil drawings belore tinting them. See Galls. Galleon, a large four-deeked vessel for- merly used by the Spaniards in trading to South America. Gallehy, in mining, an under-ground ex- cavation, vertical or liorizontal ; a long narrow room in the wing of a building; the upper pl.aces or seats in a church or theatre; a raised balcony or walk in a room; a railed projection at the stern or quarter of a ship. IGalletta (Italian), a kind of grape; a sea- biscuit. Gallev, a printer's long frame with a Icdga on which the compositor empties the con- tents of his stick as often as it is filled, so that the composed lines, or arranged letters ni.ay bo made up into columns or pages ; there are newspaper, bonk, and job galleys; the place set apart ti.r the fire hearth and the use of the cool; in a ship; a long sharp boat; a low ll.it-bnilt decked vessel used in the Mediterranean. Gallic-acid, a peculiar acid obtained from nut-t'alls, divi divi, .and other vegetable substances, rich in t.annin. It is used in photography and as a test to detect iron : and is well known as an ingredient of black dye and ink. Gallinha, literally a hen ; a nominal money of account on the West coast of Africa represented by cowries. See Cabeca. GALLiroLl-oiL, a general name lor the best olive oilimportedfromGallipoli, in Naples; but much better oil is now made in other- quarters. Gallipot, a small white earthenware pot or jar, used by chemists, Shetfield (or keejiing the macadamized roads in repair. Gant (French), a glove. Gantang, Gantam, (iANTON, 0. Malayan measure of capacity, containing 25G cubic inches. For grain" it is divided into i chupahs. In Malacca the gantang of rice weighs 6J lbs. avoirdupcpis; in Jlaeassar it is 8 lbs. 5 oz. ; and in .Java .and Borneo it is even more. See Coy,vn. G.vnza, a small base coin in some parts of India beyond the Ganges, worth about I'd.; .ilso a name in India for the dried leaves and llowkiiit, a coin current in Vienna for a) kreiitzers, and wortli about 8d. Gaoi-ek, a guardian ol jirisoners. <;Alt sM, the .Malay name for salt. Gakance, CJauancine, powdered madder root; an extract made from it. Garave, a grain mc asure ol Syria, equal to about 6 imperial quarters. Garbage, waste animal substances; the entrails of animals. Garbanzos, the Spanish name for the chick pea, the grain or vetch of the Ciccr arieliinim; largely used as an ingredient in the famous ulla p'odrida. 3ARBE1-LED, u cuuimercial term for sorted or iiicked. Garbelli-.r, originally a sorter of spices ; but garbelling is now applied to any kind of sorting. Garki-ing, a commercial term for picking or sorting, hence the worst or refuse of any staple is called "garblings." Garbure, a cabbage soup with bacon, made in France. Garce, an Indian measure of capacity fur grain, oil, seeds, &c., containing 128 niannds, or 400 marcals, and equal to 925CJ lbs. The garce of Masulipatan is 150} bushels. Garden, a cultivated piece of land, usually near a dwelling-hnuse, for raising fruit, flowers, or vegetables. Garden-engine, a watering machine, with a small hose attached. Garden -LUiELS, wooden, metallic, or por- celain labels for the names ol plants to be - fixed in the earth. Garden-seat, a rustic chair, or cast-iron seat. Garden-tools, spades, liocs, forks, rakes, and other appliances for cultivating and keeping a garden in order. GARDENEii, one who has the charge, and attends to the management, of a garden. Gaudknehs' Company, one of the companies of London which has no hall, and is not on the livery. Gaiigle, a wash for the throat. Gar-fish, a West Indian name for the Belone, esteemed as food nutuitlistaiiding the green colour of the luiiics. Tbu European species, B. vulgaris, is the well- known m.ackerel guide of the fislieniiaii. Gargantiglia (Italian), a necklace. Gari, an Indian term for 4000 rujices or £400. Garland, a large rope or strap lashed to a spar when hoisting it on board a vessel; a wreath ot ilowers. G.\rlic, a jilaiit, the Allium sativum, hav- ing an acrimonious taste ; the small cloves or minute bulbs are used lor lla- vouring food, and also for mediciual pur- poses. Garner, to store up. Garnet, a corn measure of Russia, the C4th part of a chetwert; a purchase or descrip- tion of tackle on the mainstay of a ship. GAS [1G9] G A T for lioisting ciirso in and nut; a )>rocioiis stone (if A licniitilul red colour, like tlio seed of tlie iioniogranatc, wlicicc the nanio. (JAiiNitc, a nunsurn of capacity in use in I'olanil fixed legally at alioutV pints, Uiit ■\vliieh varies in Sdino parts of Kussi.'U (lAKNisii, |o emlii llisli or lieantify; also a Seoleli law term, signilyiii,;; to yive notice (■r warn. ClAHNisiiEK, inlaw, a person in wliose Iiands money or |)r()perty beloni;in,i,' lo a third jicrron is attached ; who is warned by a fjariiislnnent or notice not 'o pay tlie money, but to appear and answer to the suit ol' the plaintill' creditor. Gaiimti :i;k, ornamciitalappcndascs or '.rim- mlnu's; the finnituie or fittings to llnish orembdlish iiny thina. Gaui:afon', the Spanish name for a large stone jar in which sp'rits or cordials arc sometimes shipiied. Gai:i;et, an uppermost room in a house, sometimes termed an atlic. Gai:i:etinc., snndl splinters of stone inserted into Hint walls, or the joints of coarse masonry. Gakuict-masteh, a maker of linuschokl tiMjiitmo on his own account, who sells his goods to the furniture-dealers for the best price he can obtain. Gai:kison, a body ot troops, stationed in a fort or town, lor protection or defence. GAliitiWAN, tli.e driver of a bullock-cart or hackery in India. GAi:Ti-;n, .a knee-band-, a siipjiort fo.' the stocking.s. Gartiie, a weir or enclosure for catching lish in a river. Ga.s, an aeriform, inllnirniahle, clastic fluid, furnishing artificial light : the manu- facture of coal-sas is carried on upon a largo scale in pi>pulous p'accs for illu- minating purposes. Gasalier, a gas-burner fo:- a private room. (;AS-Jiui:NEn. tlio licak or monlli-piex' tor a g.is-pipe, of which there ar<; nnniy kinds: a-i the lomnioi! jet wilh a -Jingle small l.c.'.e, the Mri;anil with a circle ol holes, the lisli-t.iil, the h.ifs-wing, itc. GAS-iiuiiMKi: JlANUFACTUKEn, a metal founder; one who casts .'cts and burners tor gas consumers. Gapki.iek, Gazifere, .an a|)paralus for mak- ing ai rated waters. Gas fitter, a workmar. who lays on riiprs .■uid tits burners lor gas. G.^.^-GLASS JIaker, a manufacturer of up- right glass tubes and globes, »tc. for gas- burners. Gas-holder, a largo reservoir for contaiii- mg gas; a gasometer. Gaskicts, jilaitcd cord.s, or small ropes, used to secure a sail to the yard, or boom, when it is furled. Gaskins, packings of hemp; wide open Iioso. Gxs-laxtern Maker, a manulacturer of glazed frames for enclosing gas-burners at street doors, or tlie fronts of taverns, &c. Gas-liout, a jet of flame from ignited coal gas. Gas-maix.s, the large iron supply pipes, by which the gas is distributed from the manufactory to dillerent localities in a town. Gas-xif.ter, an apparatus for nieasimng and registering ibe volume of gas, which (lasses from the main-pipe to the burners, in any ..;iven period. Those meters arc eitlier on the wet oi' diy principle. Gas-jieter Ihal Makkh," a manuiaelurer of the dial-i>lales and indicators, Ac. lor gas- meters, (iAsojiEiER, a large rccc))tacle suspended in wafer and counter-balanced by weights, for holdin:; the gas made in the retorts vhen lanilinl, lor alter-distritution from ■ iie gas-works through the mains and ser- vice pipes for illumination. Gasoueter-jiakm:. a conslructor of large cirenlar receivers made of iron phitcs for holding gas. Gas-oil RlANLFACTfRER, a purifier of the essential oil obtained in the jirocess ot gas-making. Gasoscoi'E, the name given to an apparatus for indicating the presence ot bicarburct- ted hydrogen gas in buildings, mines, &c. Gaspereaux, a name in Korth America for the alewilc, a .'mall species of shad ex- ported in jiiekle lo the Southern .states of America and the West Indies,, where they are eaten by the negroes. It is very dry when sal:ed, but tolerably good if eaten Ircsh. See Ai.ewife. tlAS-rii'E JIaker, a mannraclurcr of metal tubing to be lixed in buildings for the eoiif.'yanee of ens (nMu room to room ; or of iron service pip( s and mains, for li'old- ing gas in roads and streels. Gas-regulator, a governor or apparatus for equalizing and regulatins the flow of gas. Gass. Gassa, a money of account in Persia, the twentiotli jiart of a mamoodi, and wor'.'i Fiither more than {d. Gassixo, the process ol singeing net, lace. Ac, in order to remove the hairv fila- ments from the cotton. It is perlornn d by passing the material between two rollers, and exposint,' it to the action of a bug,' niiniber ol nuniitr jet- of gas. Gassoit,, a mine/.d snjp cxi.orii.d irom JIo- rocco, io the value ol about ilouo annu- ally. Gas-sto\'e, a stove heated by gas, for cook- ing, or lor other purposes. Gas-tar, the bituminous substance which distils over in the manutacture of coal gas; nhieh, from its oflensive smell, is only used for common purposes. Gas--,vater. "vater tlirongh which illumin.-i- tinggas has jias.-ed from the retorts to the gasometer; sometimes used as ma- nure. Gas- WORKS, the plant and general buildings belonging to a gas-company. Gate, a doorway or entrance, of which there arc T-arious kinds, 'llie term is now chielly apjilied to any light swinging wooden or metal construction, as a park- pate, wickct-gato, garden-gate, tnrnpike- giitc, &c, ; in founding, the gutter or hole through which the molten metal is poured; also a founder's name for a ridge in a cast- ing, which has to be sawn off. G-> GAV [170] GEN Gate, Fexce, and IIijrdi.k Makkb, a m:\nu- factiirar of iron rails iiiul uiiclosiu'es, &c. Uir liclils ami park I.mkU. Oatr-iiinoi;, a lung strong hinge for sus- peiiiliiiu' a '-'ati' hv. Oateman, tliu attriiilaiit at a s win;,'- '.'ate on a railway crossiir,'; tin' Icssin-or c;illc'Ctor at a toll-gate; tiiu i>orter at a parli loil^'O. Gateway, an entrance to some enclosed place. Gatiieueu, In prlntinc; and book-binding, the person wlio collects tlie sliccts to make a perfect book; a sempstress who plaits or folds, Gatixe, a common in France; waste nnin- closed land. GATTrE, tbe name of an East Indian soluble gum, obtained from the common liaboo], or Acacia Ardbica; it is very similar to the Alrican irinn arahic. Gaub, an Indian name for the fruit of hiospyrot eiiibri/iipti-ri!!, which, when expressed, exudes an excessively astrin- gent juice, yielding Oi) iier cent, of pure tannic acid. It is used in medicine as an .astringent and styptic, and is employed in Bengal for paying the bottom of boats. Gaude, GtTALDA, Spaulsli names for weld, tlie yellow dye obtained from Reseda luteola. Gaufres, French cakes or crumpets, made in iron moulds. GAUFREtTR (French), one who figures stulTs. Gauge, to measure the charge of a furnace; in founding, the calibre of a gun ; the size or dimensions of metal wire; a work- m.an's tool : thus there are mortice, cut- ting, and marking gauges; in a printing- otlice, a measuring rule ; on railways the width of the road from rail to rail, which, on the broad-gauge lines, is 7 feet; on the narrow-gauge lines, 4 feet 8} inches. GAnGE-DtSTUUMEST JIaker, a constructor of gauging tools for excisemen, harness- makers, and others. Gauger, an excise-officer; a measurer of the contents of casks, &c. ; an instrument used by leather cutters. Gauging, determining the amount of liquid contained in casks, vats, , a .Scotch name for the pike fish. Geelim, Gillesi, a name in some parts of .Scotland for the joiner's rabliit-piane. Gi'.ii'.A, a land measure of rortagai, about 701)0 square yards. Gelatin, an animal jelly, obtained in con- siderable quantity from iliffereMt parts of a great variety of animals; from the skins, from tlie cartilage, tendons, memljraiies, bones, and horns. Isinglass and glue are examples. Gelatin-capsule ]Maker, a manufacturer of small hollow soluble capsules, enclosing a few drops of nauseous medicines. Gelatin-maker, one who boils and pre- pares glue and gelatin from animal tis- sues. Gelding, a castrated horse. Grlso (Italian), tlie mulberry-tree. Gems, a name given to certain minerals which have become valuable as precious stones, from their colour, hardiu'ss and lustre, or raritj'. Gen, a kind of manna obtained in Persia, Arabia, and other eastern countries, Ironi tlie camel's thorn, JJeJysaruin alhayi of Linn. It is collected from the branches by the Arabs and caravans wdiieh cross the desert, and is used as tooii. Gi:nappe, a worsted yarn or eord used in tlie manufacture of braiils, fringes, ttc; its smootnness enabling it to be well combined with sillc Gendarme (Frencii), a street - official ; a military policeman; a civic and depart- mental gu.ariL iponi'ted an-1 ormcii G E R [171] GIE Gknoa-sino, fin Iiulinu name for the horn (il the rliinoocros. [ooininon. Gkn'Ehal, tlici-liief commandfirof an army; Okneual PosT-Oi-Ficu, the head olhcc in J^omlou, situatcdin St. Martin's-le-Gran.l. for the collection anil transmission of all mailable matter, and fir the t'ont-ral nianajjement of tiie inetrojiolitan, prdvin- cial. and lurei^'ii post-ollirc arran','c.nu'nts ; under the superinteiidcnce of a I'ost- mastcr-general. Secretary, and various suhordiuate ofHcers. Tiie post olUce gives employment to a larger nuinher of per- sons than the customs' and inhmd re- venue departments combined. In 1853, 22,0(X) persons wore employed; and the letters carried, exclusive of ncws|)apers and books, ifec, numliered 4JG,000,000. Okset, a small liorse. * Geneva, a pure rectified grain spirit, with jmiiper berries added; the best is made in Holland, and hence it ollen bears the ai>pellative name of Hollands. Gexevrette, a wine made on the Conti- nent, ot juniper berries. Gentian Koot, the root of several species of Genliana, obtained in the European Alps, used medicinally tor tlieir pure bit- terness. The root contains a good deal of .sugar and mucilage, which enables the Swiss to prepare from it a liquor, held in liigh esteem among tliat people. Geometric 1'ek, an ingenious instrument lor drawing curves. Geijaii, an Indian cloth-measure, the ci'ihth part of a cubit, and equ.il to 2^ inches; an ancient Hebrew coin worth about Id. Geras'ibm. an extensive genus of hand- some flowers, in which a lar^-e trade is carried on by nurserymen. The root of Cf. maculatum is considered-a valuable as- tringent, and G. liobertianum is used in ne;)liritic disorders. Gerant, the respouiilile manager of a joint- stock association, or newspaper establisli- ment, &c. ; tlie actin.' partner. Gekle, a wiuj me.isure of Switzerland, about 16 gallons. Gerloastico, a tine, rare, and rich flesh- coloured marble, used for statuaiy pur- poses in Rome. German-clock Maker, a manufacturer of small cheap hanging clocks largely made in Germany. OeuM-UJ-millet, the Selaria Germanica, a grass cultivated in Southern Europe and India, the seed being employed as food where better grain cannot be had. Gekmas-paste. a food sold for certain kinds of cage birds, as blackbirds, tlirushes, larks, &c. made of pea-meal, hemji-seed, maw-seed, lard, and honey or treacle. German-sarsapakilla, a name for the sweetish rhizomes of the Carex areiiaria, which are used on the ContiiuMit as a substitute for American sarsaparilla. German-sausage, a polony; a bladder or cleaned gut stulfed with meat partly cooked. Geumaksilver, an aUor of aboi t GO per centofcopper, 23ofzinc'and tlie riinainder nickel ; sometimes lead is added. GERMAN'-sir.VEi: Caster, German-.silver 1"i>i;nder, a maker of articles of alloyed metal, passing under the commercial numa of (Jerman silver. German-steel, a metal made of pig or white plate iron in forges where charcoal is used fjr fuel. The on; from which it is olilaiiied Is bog-iron or the sparry car- bonate. German Tinder, a soft amadou, a fungal, I'utijporus fomentarius. growing on old trees, which stanches light wounds, forms small surgical pads, and is used as tinder. See AMADoa. Geera, Jakra, a liquid measure of Minorca; rather more than 2J gallons. Gesciieid, a grain measure ol (Jermany, tlio Ulth part of the malter; and ranging from 3 to 3J pints. GiiAKic, a name in parts of the east for the best descriptions of e.igle-wood, which, after being buried for a time, when dug up, is dark, glossy, and sinks in water. GiiARR, an In lian "name for carnelian in the rough state. GuAititv, Gharie, a native Indian carriage drawn by oxen. Ghausearraii, an Indian grass-cutter. Ghaut, a pass through a mountain ; iu India a chain of hills. Ghaut -SEiiANG, a crimp in the eastern ports. Ghee, liquid butter made from the milk of bulfaloes and claritied ; it is an article of very considerable commerce in various Iiarts of India, and is generally conveyed in dubbers or large bottles made of hide, holding from 10 to 40 gallons each. Ghee will keep sweet a considerable time. GlIERIAIl. See C.ERAH. Gherkin, a small cucumber used for pick- ling. ^ Gherlixo (Italian), a hawser. GiiETCHOo, an Indian name for the Apono- geton moiiostachyon, the roots of wliicli are nearly as good as potatoes, and as much liked by the natives. Ghet-kol, a vernacular name in Bengal for the acrid tubers of Arum orixense, used for poultices, applications to snake-bites, an 1 inwardly as a powerful stimulant. Ghiazzeruola (Italian), a cock-boat. GHOONT, a small surefooted Indian pony, used in the mountain ranges as a pack or saddle-horse. Guurbee, GnuRP.r, a division ol' time in In- dia; 24 minutes. GtARA (Italian), a flagon. Gibelotte, a iricasee of rabbits or chickens. (iiBERNE. a French soldier's cartridge-box. GiBlER (French), game; articles pursued or taken in tlie chase; venison. Giblets, the liver, gizzard, feet, •fee. of geese or ducks, which are often sold separately, for stews or pies. GiDDAH, GiDUAU, an eastern grain mea- sure of £ lbs. 1 oz. 14 drachms: in some places it is only 2 oz., two giddahs mak- ing one arsolah, or the eighth part o( the pucca seer. Gies, strong mats made of bark or horse- hair-looking tibres, worn bv native boat- men in the Pacific to keep off the wet. G IN [172] GIR GIG, a shoarinK-lrnmc used lov ciqiM'inS tl'O ii p m- wool iVoin dotli ; a long li.U'lit I'o: t "light two-wl.cclca rarnagc loi' gc-iicuil G^ff-MiiX, tlic cvlinilor in a doth nianu- mcto'v on wlicU teaslcs or wna tcUh an lixc.i, to card the clulli, which is sti-ctchi'il on beams, flir T(l'rencli), alegofniMttin. . ^^i^SSiF^/'iio^ih^ee'l/e^K^ There are many luiicls ot '^'Mcx^, ']^"'<»^ 2i:i!n^im:r^'FrSKha::i;:'\vate;^j der", screw-giUlers, and giUlcrs o( glass, ru'dv-sJvcyT.iA-1. PEALETi, a vender of "olll-lla" sizet brushes and other articles ciii;.^^ 1^0 IJr^^^othoinsthln gold over Gn-nrfo-sizita pure description of size for rnuTnmlidlHe!mire.the fourth part ofa i^nt ami weighing 5 ounces avoirdupois ^t water In London the giU 't,"^""' > ealled a quartern, but in the North of S"gland iUs a noggin, »V^".Md a ' ra me termed a gill ; a pair ot wlieeb and a U ame on whicli timber is earned. r,l\ OS VNTO a pastel or colouring substance made^f aigul and rhanmus or jeUow gIuZ'ux Scotland, an errand boy or mcs- GimScl™, a ma,u>facturcr of gilded ornaments to n-pn'>'--iit ^'"lu- .„„,.,„,.« GiiT-i.'F,TAr. W l^ ^ o*-';-, =„ GiJicLETTi:, a kind ot hard Hench cake m ^lamner 01 Workmen's small bormg m- etrnou'iits with screw points. cfMMEn a name .iven to a female sheep; \ Rhmner lamb is one nnweaned; shc'rhugginnner, a ewe that has been i-im-'TiYMP Silk thread or twist, usually ^i "er ae, fVi h a metallic wire, used for dress trimmings in coach-lace ma.mg, Giv"\ a.hSame for the catty ; the ma- e^iine by which men, coals, r-r ore are raised f ■ . lie pit of a mine ; a cottou-eleanmg ■I ■•a trap for catching vermin; -^ r isli si.irit <'t large consumption, dis- i,l!:'d iVoin .rain, and ll.avourcd with imii|ier hemes. nixr, M an Indian match-lock. r Kr AS f French), cloth for mattresses. r N-CEUE a a , e in India for the Sesamvm *^o,^'SV?the small seeds of which are It is often largely used for making oil. Given! ^'a' mmgent rondiment obtained ' Vom Ihe rlii/.oines of f ('f"'';'-. -y^';'""'?; grown in Uw Ivi^t and \\„ /tr^, G vKo, a name for the maidenhan--tree (5rt- the fruit of w ncli is said to he cataoR, and the tree is extensively eult.vated m China lor the purpose of procurmg it. GIVNING the operation ol cleaning cotton wool irom the seeds, by an apparatus ,^,'^^EN'c.%l.e-root of the Panax quinqn^fo- /»^mot Vmerica, winch fetches an enor- mous price in China, from its imaginary stiinnlating properties. riNTTNG the Ma ay name for tiles. [uo.^LLA, g'iumeLa (Itnlian), a measure ,.;;'^-c;rT"a'tind of heavy vehicle, in w Idch gii^ey families live, and move from c'p'IndoIe'T branched burner or ehande- Ika .0? as? a stand lor candles or flowers. r -m li bean s .,f %vood or iron for sni.port- ^'in /Ihe superinrumbent . weight in any r~^'a\.eR-acn:^h;rpiSmalleable ^■ol "st hc^i, used in Scotland fortoastmg cakes over a tire. T'lrm E^-s'roMPANV. one of the livery eom- ^ panics of- London, whose hall is in liasing- clnnnxG''' amode of killing trees by cutting drcis round them with a latchet, and M 1 'avin "them to perish by time. Girx GyflxE, in Scotland, a noose, snare, or Gminn^sirument used in Ceylon for G:7'T^'1l"e^'l"umfere;K^ or round mea- smx'mcu? of timber, Ac; the belly strap a niaker of webbini straps fur horses. GLA [17:3] (i L O (lIUN'CATA (Ullli.-lll), crc.-Ull cllCfSC. Glace' Silk, aliiiiil ol'sliadcd silk for hidks' iliTsses. Gr.AiKE, llio vliito of C'^'^s used in booU- liiiuUii;.'. St'e Aluumk.v. Ui.AiRE-iiEAi.Eit, a vender of bruluni eggs, albuincii, itc. Glance, a licli ore of iron. Glance-coal, iniinllaniinable coal; closc- buniing coal. GLAREOts, viscid .iiid transparent, lilic the white o( an c^';;. Glass, a drinking; vps.scl of various .sliapos; a transparent salistanee fornu-d liy tlie lusion of .siliceons and allvaline nutter. Tlic principal connncrcial kinds are, cro\vn-j,'las.s, forineil of silicate (^f potash aiKl liiMi-; window -f^lass, of silicate of .siidaand lime; bottle-jrlaS'^, ot sillc.Ue of soda, lime, alunnna, andiron: flint-.i;lass of silicate ol potasli and lead; perforated glass, colonreil ylass, ,fcc. See I'late-class. Gl,vss-i;e.nder, a workman who moulds s;lass into ecrtain firms by heat. Glass-eloweu, a workman wlio sliapcs glass by binwin',' thnniuh an iron tube into the ductile and plastic material. Glass coach, an old-l.i^bioMcd lour-wheclcd public carriage, now almost obsolete since the introduction of tabs. Glass-cuitei:, a ^la/.ier or dealer in glass, who cuts .-beets of glass to the requisite sizes for wim'.ow-pane-, ied in tile maiui- lactnrc of soap and glass. GLAS.S, AVi:rri;R asd Gili>eb on ; a glass- painter. Glauber-salts, sulphate of soda, a compact massive white mineral, wbicli cllloresces rapidly, originally named after the dis- coverer, Glauber, a (icrman chemist. Glauconite, a green sand of J'Jiciiish Westphali.l. (ii..\i'CoL'.s. having a sea-given coUnir. t;r.AVE, a broad-sword ; a falchion. CiLAZE, a jiowder or liquid applied to tl>e surface of pottery-ware, which vitrifies by heat. (;i..\7.F.T!, a wooden wheel for polishing knives, coaled on tlie edge cither with leather, having a rough snrfiue of emery powder ulned on, or witli a ring of metal, consistiiig of an alloy ol lead and tin; a ealenderer, (M- calico smoother; a workman who ajiplles the vitreous in- crustation to the surfiiee of earthenware. Glaziei!, a wurknian who sets panes of glass in sa-hes or window-frames. Glaziei;s' L'ompaxv. one 'of the minor livery companies of London, wliich has no ball. Glaziers'-diamoxd ]\Iaicer, a manufac- turer of ilie eutling-lool used by glaziers, consisting of a small diamond, mounted in a handle. Glazing, the operation of putting window panes in Iranies; applying u varnish or vitreous coaliii'.' of any kind to articles. Gleaner, one who gathers up the loose ears of wheat in a eurn-tield after it has been naped. Glede, the land belonging to a rectory or Iiarsonage; a piece of earth witli ore. Gi.r.NGARKV, a Scoteli bonnet; a man's cap. Gluni.'Vet, a lino kind of Scotch hinliland if.quebaugli, or wliisky; named liom the district in which it is made. Globe, a ball ; agla.ss shade for lamps; a receptacle for small fish in a room ; a sphere, on which is represented a map or delineation of tlic constellations and celestial bodies, or of the parts of the earth, showing the divisions of land and water, i £ii..-no.nnn. 18.")2 ].-i,.-.OM,(i(i(>. 18o;j 21.(100.000. 1S54 ly.sno.ooo. 1855 _ 17,."0n,000. See California Gold. ^8.J,100,JOO. Gold- amalgam, a yellowish white mineral; amixiure of gold and quicksilver, found in West Mariposa, Caliiornia. Gold and Silver IJeater. a worker in thnse metals, wlio hammers them out into very tldn slieetsor leaves- Gold a>t) Silver Burxisher, a workman Avho polishes and brightens articles made of the precious metals. Gold and Silver Caster, one who moulds, or runs, the precious metals into dillercnt sliapes and articles. Gold and Sil\t;r Chaser, a workman who embosses the precious metals. Gold and Silver Kisu Deai.er, a vender of the smaU ornamental species of car;>, Cuprintis aurntiis, which are kept in tanks, globes, or ponds, fur their beauty and ;;entleness. Gold and Silver Lace-cleaner, a reviver of tarnished lace and bullion. Gold and Silver Lace-man, a dealer in hnllion and articles made of gold aud silver wire. Gold and Silver JloL-NTrr;, one who orna- ments, Irames, or sets aitieles in uold and silver. [paper mamifaeturer. Gold and Silver rAi'En-MAKEic a lancy Gold and Silver Kefiner, one who purifies the precious metals Irom alloy. Gold and SIL^^■;^^ Thkead-jiakek, a maiiu- faetuier of line wire ol those metals. Gold AND Silver Wire-drawer-s' Companx one of tlie minor livery companies of London, which has no hall. (iOLD-beater, a hammeri'r of gold into leaves or sheets. See Gold and Silvek Beater. Gold-beaters' JIat.let, a heavy iron liainmer, weighing from s to IG lbs., used in beating out gold into leaves. GoLD-nEATEi:s' -AIoULD, a eollectlou of about 8o0 leaves ol parchment, vellum, aed gold- beaters' skill, each of duuble thickness, fixed upon a metal mould; between tlio leaves tlattened pieces of gold are placed to bo hammered out to tliC lull size of the leaf. Gold-beaters' Skin, the peritoneal or serous membrane separated from the in- testinal tube ol tlie ox. jircp ired, stretched, varnislied, and guarocd Iroin putreiactiou by gums, spirit, aud s|iice.s. Gold-beaters' Ski.n-manlfacturer, a pre- parer of gut for the use of gold-beaters and others. The trade is limited to a very few persons. One person in London uses the gut ol 10,000 oxen a week in the pro- cess (if Ids manufacture. Gold-chain JLvNUFACTUitER, a maker of watch protectors aud neck chains ot gold, of different patterns. Gold-cloth IManofacturer, a weaver of cloth of gold wire. Gold-coinage, the current gold coins of the realm ; these at present are sovereigns and half sovereigns. Guineas were lormerly current, and a lew double sovcrei;;ns have occasionally been struck; but these are now seldoin met with. The value of the gold coined at the British mint, in the fifteen years ending with 18.54, was £G.5.C.j4,:.;28. * [gold for the use of others. Goi.D-CL'TTER, a workman who i>repare3 Gold-digger, a seeker for gold. Gold-dust, gold ore met with in fine graliLs, as waslicd from the earth and clay in the gold fields. Gold-fields, anrilcrous depos'ts and dig- gings, in Australia, (;alifuriiia and otlier localities where gold is found. GoLD-FisiL See Gold and Silver fish Dealer, [dentists and others. Gold-foil, thin sheets of gnld used by Goi.d-fr.\me JIaker, a mamifaeturer ot gilt picture and looking-gl.iss iranies. Gold-l,\.ce Maicer, a weaver o( silver-gilt wire or lace, and articles of bullion. Goi.D-LEAF, gold beaten into a thm film, varying in thickness according to the use for which it is to bo applied. It is largely employed in giUiiiig frames, cornices, pro- jecting letters, shoji fronts, ct^;., and is sold in bouki cenuiiumg abuut twenty-five ieaveij. G O M [170 J GOO Gold OF I'l.EASbiiE, tlic Caimlina sativn, n i.lant imitli ciiltivatcrt on the CoiiUiicr.t lor its sci'Js, wbicli iirc.ducu n line oil ; the stems also yiel.l a cc.nisc (Ibrc nscd (or making sacUs, sail-i'lolh, cuarso, pacUin^'- paper, anitarc eniployi,il Im- thatolMU!,'. Gold-pen JMakf.k, a nianiilacturer (il pin- with iridium p'>ints lor writnig,oro(gilili.a inclal or imitation-gnlil pens. „f„,,,. GoLD-PLATK, dishes or taliU' service of gold, race cupsoriilateSKivm away as reuauH. GoLD-PUlNTKU, ii printer who does miia- moiital iirinting, leiler-picss, oi lillio- grapliv, ill gold. ^. „ GoLD-uki-iNEU. See Gold and Silver Iu.- Gold-king, a wedding or ornamental ring for tlie finger. ^ , , ,. Gold-size Makek, a mniiufacturer of a lunfl of variiisli lor inaliing gold-leaf adhere. , Goldsmith and .li-.wia.i.Ei:, a worlur in gold: adcalerin articles of go'd and sil- ver, and ornaments and jewellery m GoLDSMrnis' Compant, the liltli in raijk of the twelve great livery companies ot Lon- don. Their first charter was granted in the first year of the reign of tdwaid III. The .skinners' and meiehant tailors' char- ters were also graiiieU in tlie same year; whol, tlio Chloro.ipiza clilorii, wliicli is fiiquoiUly cii^ed, but iu iiotu is nut adiniioil. Gi!KEN-GAG6, a kiiid oi pliun of a grccu colour; tlioClaudiana variety of tlie/V«»!W doitustka. GicKEN'-GiiocEU, a retail dealer m vcg<;;t:iblcs I and Iriiit. GRFENiiF-AnT, a common treeof (luiaiin, the A'ectanilra lioiticci; its timber, squaring' Irom 18 to 24 inches, can be jdocurcd •vvilliout a liiiot from CO to 70 feet long. It is a ^^;c-^'rained hardwood, well adapted for the planliinf,' of vessels, Imiisc frames, wh.-irves, lirid'^'es, and other imrposes, wliere great strength and dural:ility are required. It is the best timber lor resist- ing tensile and compressive strains, and is therefore well adaiited for liclsons of ships, and beams of all kinds. Tlic black preenheart is considered more durable than the common grecuheart, 'I'he bark yields bibcrinc, tiie sulphate of wliicli is used like tl'.c sulphate ot quinine. GREr.x-iiousE, a conservatory or glazed house lor rearing and protecting iilants ti-om clianges of temperature. Green Taints, oil-colours, of which tlie chief varieties are emerald, mineral, green cop;!eras, mountain sap, and lirunswick greens. Gkeex-koom, the actors' retiring or meeting room in a theatre. Gkkexs, a common name for small young cabbages, which have not formed the leaves into full hearts. Gkeex-s.vxd, a silicious stone found in the lilackdown Hills, Devon, used as a whet- stone for scythes, &c. Giieen-.stoxe, a stcne containing native copper, found in Eenfrewshire; an ig- neous rock, in which felspar is combined with hornfjlcnde or augite: stone walls arc made of it in parts of Scotland. * Greens WAED, a grass-plot. Geeen-tea, a commercial variety of tea imported from China, of which there are several kinds; the principal being Twan- kay, an inferior description; Hyson-skin, Ilyson, and young Hyson, imperial, and gunpowder. Green TcaxLic, the Clidoiie midas, im- ported as a luxury for making turtle soup. Tlie imports vary, but may average 15,000 a-year. Green Vitriol, crystallized sulphate of iron used in making ink, Prussian blue, and sulphuric acid; also employed in dye- ing. Gre'eur (French), a ship-rigger. Greffieb, a registrar, or recorder in .n Frencli court of justiee. Gregarious, berMn.g tii'-:ether, or living in lloeks, as domestic cattle, birds, &c. Greoe, a French term applied to raw silk. (JuELET, a mason's hammer in France. Greldj (French), a small cablet or line for a boat. Grenade, a holljwhall or sliol! of metal, filled witli i)Owdcr, h.iviiig a burning fuse attached, thrown bv hand amongst ene- mies; in France a small shrimp used by fishermen lor bait. Grev.vdier, a tall foot-soldier wearing a higli cap; one originally cmidoycd to throw grenades. Gren.vdillo, a tropical fruit. See Gbama- nii.LA. Orexat (French), dried lemon-peel. tJr.ENETiXK, a French iuinic for gelatin. Gi:r.VHi>L'Nr>, a slim-made dog kept lor cours- ing, remarkalile lor swiftness, strength, anil sagacity in pursuing game. (!rii!AXE, asniall French vessel. Uriiu.ette (French), a pork-chop I)roiled. Gridiron, a kind of frame for drawing up a ship on to be docked and repaired; a try- ing and grilling iron grated frame lor cooking chops, stc:;ks, lisli, &c., over a ti re. Griddle, Kiddle, a miner's wire-bottomed sieve lor separathig the ore from the lial- vans. Grigs, a variety of eel found in the Thames. Grilling, the operation of broiling meat over a fire. Grilse, a young salmon. Grimellixo, a small money of account in Tripoli, of 4aspers. Grixder, a sh.'.rpener and polisher of edge- tools; the large teeth that masticate food. K'ephants' grinders are used for making linife handles. Grtndery WAREnousE a shop where tlie materials and tools lor shoeuiakers and other leather workers are kept on sale. Grinding- slips, hones; a kind of oil-stone. Grindstone, a circular-shaped sandstone, moved by a handle, for sharpening and grinding edge-tools. Griotte. the French name for the inorella or black cheriy; a speckled marble. Grip, a small French vessel. ■ Gripes, bars of iron with lanyard rings and claws, by which a large boat is lashed to the ring-bolts of the deck. Gpjppe-sou, a French liouse- agent; a kind of broker. * Grisar, the name in France for a very liard kind of sandstone, like Purbeek stone. fiRiscio, an Egyptian coin ot 30 paras. Grisette, a common lirown French stnfT fabric, worn by females of inferior class; whence the transfer of tlio name to the ■wearer. Grist, wheat-flour divested of the coarse bran onlv. Grist-mill, a name in North America for a flour-mill. Grit, hard sandstone employed for mill- stones, grindstones, p.avemcnt, &c. ; gravel ; the coarse part of meal. Grittv, earthy; containing sand or grit; fl'uir or iiie.al having pieces of stone, &c loixeil i\illi it. Gi.ivi:, (liiiwix, a dcljased coin passing in IJussia lor if! kopecks, about Sid.; the lentil ]iart Ufa rouMe. * Croat, a small English silver coin, equiva- lent to 4')., first minted in the reign of ICilward I. A very large quantity of j,ro:Us were coined in 1854-50, and none since. ,'Sec Foitrpexce. Grovt Manufacturer, a preparer of oats iiito groats; one who removes the husks or shells from the gi'aiii. GltO [ 1^1 ] GRU Groats, dccorticntod oats; Iiullcd nml licelcd barley. In ooiiimcrcc there nre several vavktics. as KiiiIkIcii cronts, ivliiuli are cnisliod oats; pearl liarlcj', &c. See CuTLiNGS. Qrocf.k, a (io.ilor and vender of sa;;ar3, Siiiccs, dried (mils, ai'.dotliorcomestilili'S, or articles of food lor the talile; usually conibiiu'd willi llio sale nl eoffee and tea, «tc. A sreeii-i;io;er ii a vender of veyo- talilc?, ripe fruit, &.r,. (;i;ori;urr,s, the cnMir-liljlc wares, orfjeneral iMiiniiio.litich scild Ijv a t;nieer. Cjidceus' Company, tlie second in rank of the twelve gre:it metropolitan livery com- panies, or ^'uilds; its oriicinal charter dates from artli ICdward III. Their hall is in Grocers' Hall Court, Poultry. OllOCi r.'S SlATERIAL JlANUFACTUr.EK, a niakerof most of the requisites for a grocer's shop. GliOCER'S RlIOP-FITTlKO MAXCTACTLT.r.n, a li.\ture dealer; a maker of tinned canisters, scoops, Ac. for grocers. GuOESCiiEL, a copper coin of Austria, in value one third less than tlic kreutzer. GitoG, a sailor's name for rum, -whisky, or other spirituous liiiuor, diluted with water, and unsweetened. lii:oGKAiis, a fabric made ill Yorkshire of sillc and mohair; also a name lor a silk called f,ros-de-NapIes. GiioiN, a framework of wood across a beach to retain the accumulated shingle; the point of junction in two semi-cylinders or arches. GR05rA, GKt75iA. an ancient measure of leiigtli, about 20 leet. GuojurET, a ring formed of rope, by laying round a .single strand; used to fasten" the upper edge of a sail to its stay. Gkoom, a stable attendan; ; one who has the care of horses ; a gentleman's servant, or outrider. GiioojrEF.Tur. See GooxDOOTriNO. Groofeb, Gnoni'ER, a common name in the West India markrts for several species of Serfdium, tisb belonging to tlie ]ierch family ; the best known is the >S'. chi-ysto- lonias of Cuvicr. Gkoove, a channel or long hollow furrow cut by a tool; a shall or pit sunk by miners. Grooved, furrowed, or channelled. Guos, a money of Venice, the 24th part of the ducat about lid.; also a money in Havaria and other parts of 2 florins and 24 kreutzers; the eislith part of tho old French ounce, 5907 troy grains. Groschen, a small silver coin and money of a( count in various parts of (Jermany, ■worth about Ud.; the gutgroscben is baif as mucli again as the niarien groschen. Gros-de-Naples, a plain siikeu fabric made oforganzinc silk, and woven with nmcb neatness and care. Gross, in merchamlise the whole weight of goods, including box, package, bailing, &e. ; the number of 12 dozen, which istlie small gross, but the great gross is 12 times 12 dozen. GKOS-sotr, a French copper coin of ten centimes, about Id. stcrlins,'. Grot. Groote, a petty money of Germany, woilli abuut a hallpenny. [piastre. Oroitii, Goorocii, a Turkish name for the GnoiTND, land; theenliMir first put on, the surlarc; the privailing colour of a fabric, building, ite. ; the first layer of colour in a painting; dre,^:s; in navigation, to louoh tlie bottom; an Indian land measure, tlie 2ltb part ot a cawuey, Co feet long liy lO bro:;(l, and containing 2,400 square li-c't. Gi:ot:Ni)-BAii.iFF, asu|uiintendant of mine.', wliii makes periodical visits to report upon tluir eoiiiiiliiiii. Gi;oi'Ni>-r.AiT, j'asly bread, or other sub- stances, cast to the bottom of the water to entice fish. GiiouND-FLOoR, the story or floor of a house level Willi the ground. Gi.ouND-ivY. See Ai.E-noop. Grolnd-xuts, the seed ot Arachis hvpogmi, from which oil is expressed. GuouxD-riuVN, the surface representation of tlie divisions of a building. Ground-plot, the land on which a building stands ; the plan of the ground. tiiiouxD-KATTAX. a kind of cane, tho stem of lUiapis JlahelU/ormis. CiRouND-REXT, the relit paid by a lessee to the owner of the freehold, or lor the privi- lege of building on another man's land. Ghoij-nd-kice, pulverized rice; the grain ground into flour or meal. Groundsel, a common wild, plant, the Scnecio vuhjaris; the stalks, containing the young buds, seeds, and leaves, are collected and sold to feed ca'.;c-birds, parti- cularly goldfinches and linnets; the lim- ber or sill of a building resting on the earth. Geouxd.s, the dregs or feculeiicios deposited at tl'.c bottom of liquids. Grouxd-tacivle, a general name for tho appliances and gear used in securing a vessel at anchor, comprising cables, warps, springs, ancliors, &e. Grouxd-tif.r, the lowest tier of casks in a vessel's hold; the pit range of boxes in a theatre. Ground -won I?, the earth-wor'K or founda- tion ; thecommencement of any operation. GiiousE,a large family of bird s,m.any of which are much esteemed, and seeking them af- fords ':?.!utaiy amusement to the keen sportsman in the north. Tho black grouse is the Titras letrix; the red grouse, or moor-cock, \i\.\\c Lagopus Scoticus. There are several species common in North America. For the wood grouse, or cock of the wood, see Capercailzie. Grout, coarse meal; pollard; a thin mor- tar, a mixture of quicklime and line sand, used for mouldings and finishing ceiliims. Grove, a small shady wood; a Derbyshire name lor a mine. GiiowAN, a miner's name for rock, or lor decomposed granite. Groyne, a sea wall, or defence against the encroachments of the tide. See (Jroiv. Gruau (French), oatmeal; water-gruel; a crane (both bird and machine). Gruaux, wooden vessels used in salt manu- factories in France ; ivlieat flour coarsely ground, so as to free it from the Inisk. GUA [182] GUI f ;i:ui'.-AXE, a. lioo or lickl tool for digging up weeds. Cun-.iii'.it, an ngncnltiiral inncliiiio for cii!- tivatiiii;; iin extirpator or scarilier, lor looicniiii; llio oartli. (ji;i:i!i!-sroNE Moutau, a concrete i.ciiieiit. .See liiiTON'. Giu.'KL, a thiclc nutritive porriiljo or food prepired Iroiii o:its or ])eurl barlej', fonn- iiif? an article of diet for invalids and con- valescents. GnuNT, a West-Indian name for various species of Ucemulon, a couunon fish in the markets. * ORtWTER, an iron rod bent like a hook, used by iron founders. GU0TE11E, a kind of Swiss cheese. * GUACHO, a South American mounted lierds- man, or cattli' hunter. flUADE (Italian), a kind of fishinsj-nct. Gqaiacum, an acrid resin obtained from Ihc wood of tlie liLMium vitx {Giiaiaciun offici- nale, aiul G. sanctum), used medicinally. Guana, a comn;on name for a larse species of tree lizard, the Iguana tuberculata, winch is esteemed for its delicate llesh, and the skin is often tanned. G u ANACO, a variety of the alpaca, tlie Auche- nia Ituanaca. Guano, a valuable fertilizer, imported from various quarters, chiefly from I'eru, con- sisting ot the excrements of sea-fowl, and the decomposed carcases of marine ani- mals. In the last sixteen years we have received upwards of two million tons : the average aimual imports of the four years ending with 1856, having been 215,000 tons. Guabana Bread, a name in Brazil for cakes made from the seeds of the FaidUnia sorbi- ns, and used like cocoa for making a bever- a;;e; it contains a bitter principle, identi- cal with cafteine. Goarantf.k Societies, certain joint-stock companies, v/hich, upon p:iyment of an agreed premium, guarantee to tlie em- liloyer tlie honesty of a person employed, or, at least, undertake to make good any defalcations in his accounts. Guarantt, Goakaxtee, an engagement to perlbrm some act, or pay some debt in case another person primarily liable fails to do so. * GuARAPO, a common beverage of the lower orders in Venezuela, made Irom the juice of the sugar-cane, or with sugar and water winch has undergone the vinous fermen- tation. Guard, a watchman or sentinel ; the con- ductor of a coach or railway tram ; an escort or protection ; the part of the handle of a sword which covers the hand. * Guard-boat, a row-boat in a harbour, or :imong vessels at anchorage. G CARD-HOUSE, tlic build:ng where a guard of soldiers is kept. Guardian, a protector; a warden; an oflfi- cer of a poor-law union or workhouse board. Gu.iRD-SHip, a vessel of war stationed in a harbour or river, to superintend marine affairs, and to receive seamen. GUAKNELLO (Italian), fustian. U UASTADA, in Italy, a decanter. Gt'AVA, a connnon name for the Psidium ]i(iiiiihnniiA\]i\ />»ri7(7'«//i,tlielrnit isniiieli e.-lei'ined. ciLlier >ie\ved in wnie or muile Into a jelly. 'I'ho aromatic leaves are used in the Kastorn islands medicinally, aiul as a substitute for the leaf of the betel pep- p r. The wood, when old, is toni-'h and close-grained, taking a good polish: in India it is used lor gun-stocks. GuAVA-JEi.i.v, a favouvite preserve or jam made in the West Indies Irom the hint of the guava. GuDANG, (Jadoxg, the Malay name for .1 storehouse. Anglicised godown. f;tn)DA, an Arabian measure of capacity, of 8 nooslias, and cijual to 1-8 gallon. '.lUDDOK, a ru>tic violin, with three strings, used among the liussian peasantry. Guerilla, an insurgent; a border invader. Guide, a conductor or director; a regula- tor. Guide-post, a finger-post or directing-post at cross roads. Guild, an old commercial association; a fraternity or corporation possessing spe- cial privileges; a company of merchants in Scotland who are freemen of the royal bui'ghs. Guilder, Gulder, a silv(r coin cunent in many of the States of the ZoUverein, and worth about Is. 8d., but variable; in sonic places it is called a llorin. Guildhall, the place ofmeetingof the cor- poration of the city of London; the great court of judicature lor the civic part of the inetroiiolis. GuiLDivTS (French), rum ; a spirit disfiUed from molasses. GuiNDRE, a French reel for winding silk. Guinea, a British gold coin first struck in the reign of Charles II., and worth 21s. It iS'now seldom met with. There were also gold pieces of Iial(-a-guinea, two guineas, and five guineas.— (5 dwt. 9} gr ) Guinea-corn, a name in the West Indies for several species of Panicum, including /•". pyramidale, scabrum, and tenellum, cultivated for their seeds. Guinka-fo"VVL, thu A'umida meleagris, a bird wild in the West Indies, but now domes- ticated in our poultry yards. The flesh is considered by many pe'rsons to cijual that of the plieas'ant. GuiNEA-OR.vixs. See Grains of Paradise. Guinea-grass, a tall strong forage grass, the Panicum maximum of Jaquin ; natu- ralized in the West Indies and Southern States of America, Ii.iving been introduced from the Western const of Africa. GuiNEA-PEPPF.a. iSee Ethiopian-pepper. Guinea-pig, a small tailless quadruped, the Caria cobaya, a native of South America, whicli is often domesticated, and kept as a pet. Guinea -TAsi, a name for the Dioscoi-eci bulbifera. GUTNGUETTE, a Suburban tea-garden In France ; a low public-house out of town, whither the lower classes resort ; a coarse linen made in >forniandy. Guipure, an imitation of antique lace, which is durable, less expensive, and equally beautiful. It is made in Limerick (} L h L 1*^3 J GUN by cutting out the p.iltoni from cambric, the flowers and lieiny parts bciii'jmaUe of llie cambric, ami tin- oiicn parts o( stitclios tlosciy ri'SfUibliM^' fnc- aiuii]iie lace. Ill l-'raiirc a Kaipurc lace, nuuli rr- fipmblin'^' Up- ll^iiiit.rii, i< njadi', wliiili is very line ami wbiie, and ol a moLli rale price; a kind of gimp. QuiTAR^ a nmsiciil strinscd-instrnniont, larger tban the violin, and i)laytd \vith the tinger.s. The modern Spaiush guitar has six strings, three lieing ol silk, covered with silver wire, ami IhrLC of catgut. Guitar- MAJvEB, a manufacturer of stringed iii!^truments. GujoRATZ-CLOTii, bl.ick atid white cloth made in Transylvania. Oll. an Eastern name for the Trovcnce red rose. CiL-LlVANDA, nn Eastern weight; also called a patika, and equal to 2 grains. OfLLiES, a name sometimes {jiveu to iron rads or tram-phitcs. (iuLLV, a worn water-channel. Ut'M AitABic, a general trade name for several descriptions of clear soluble gums. The best, or true white gum, is yielded by Acacia verek of Guillemin, the red gum arable by A. Adansonii: A. vera also yields gum arable and a part of the Senegal gum. Our imiiorls of gum arable are about GOno tons a year. -^^ faM-LAC. See Lac. CrM-MASUFACTUiiER, oiie wlio prepares ■ '.extrine or gum substitutes Irom calcined meal ot difleient kinds. Ou51-i:esixs, substances which are a coiu- puuiul ot gum, oil. and resin. Gums, exudations irom plants which soften in water. The true gums are very few in number. Gmn is consumed in imtnense quantities by dyers and glaziers, and etiters into a great mmdier of pharma- ceutical preparations. The value of the }*.ritish trade in gums, resins, balsams, and other vegetable inspissated extracts, is nearly two millions sterling a year. * Glm-wood, a species uf Eucalyptus. Gcx, a lire-lock a piece of ordnance. &e GirNS. Gun-barrel, the tube of a gun. Gun-barrel Maker, a metal-caster and borer of the tubes lor gun and pistols. GCX-B,\RKEL PROVER, 0110 who tCSts lllO strength of guu-barrels by charges of gun- powder. Gcx-BOAT, a small vessel formerly fitted to carry one or two tuns at the bow; but tliev are now very dilt'erently constructed. Gltc-caskiage, the frame-work or move- able support for a iiiece of ordnance. Gl'x-carriage Majceis, a luaiuifacturcr of wooden or metal supports lor great guns. Gun-case, the box or receptacle for a rille or fowling-piece. GunXha, a weight used in Acheen, the 'enth part of the coyan; about 290 IDs. avoir- dupois. Gun-cotton, purified cotton wool steeped for a short time In equal parts ot nitric and sulphuric a'-iils, and dried, by which it beconus explosive. For gunnery and tire- acius it lias not been found sp useful as predicted, but It is ndmirably adapted for nnning and blasting. i)issofved in ether, gun-cotton lormsa good varnish fur cover- ing w omuls, or giving a thin lilni to any surface, and Is a p'lwcrlal licixldi/er. (JfNiiA, tlie sum 01 lour eowry shells, used by the poorer natlvesol India as a medium ot ciirremy in smaller or fractional pay- ments and purchases. See Cowrij:s. * Guxdaur, the Hindustani name for the rhiiicceros. GuNDucK, the Indian name for brimstone. Gun-fust JIanufactuueb, a Bhaper of Hints for musket-locks. i Gun-flints, shaped flints for fire-locks: since the introduction of percussion caps to rlHcs and pistols, flint-locks are now seldom used, except among a few barbar- ous tribes. Gunjah, a name in India for the dried hemp plant (Cannabis sdtiva), which has flower- ed, but Irom which the resinous juice has not been removed. It is chiefly sold for smoking with tob.icco, and is made up in bundles about 2 feet long and 3 inches iix diameter, containing 24 plants. GuNJE, a bazaar or market in India, GuNJijN, an Indian balsam. St'e Gurjun. Gun-lock Maker, a manufacturer of the percussion or flint-locks for muskets, rifles, pistols, and other small arms. The polishing of these is often another branch ot trade. Gun-maker, a gnnsmiih, a manufacturer of muskets or rilles; a founder or caster of pieces of ordnance. Gun-jiakeu's Compant, one of the livery companies of London, which, having no hall, transacts its business at Guildhall. Gun-metal, an alloy of copper and tin. Gcnna-ash, the ashes of a Gape tree, which contain 50 or CO per cent, of soda. Gu'nnala, au Indian name lor the Cassia fistula. Gunnel. See Gunwale. Gunner, a camionier; an oflScer on land or Sea appointed to manage pieces of artillery. Gunnery, the science of constructing aiid using large and small flre-arms. GON'NT-BAGS, GlTNNY-CLOTH, GUNNIES, a name for coarse strong sacking made in India, and mucli used lor bags and bales for wrapping rice, spices, aiiii other dry goods. In Bengal gunny cloth is made of jute, the produce of species ot Coiclwrus, and is exported either in pieces or inade up into b.igs. The gunny bags of Bombay and Madras are, however, made of dif- ferent kinds of sunn libre, the Crotalaria juncea. GUNTOWDER, a well-known explosive snb- stance prepared from nitre, charcoal, and snliihur: the compound consists usually of 7J parts of saltpetre, 10 of sulphur and 15 ot charcoal, ml.xed and reduced to .i fine powder, then granulated and dried; but the proportion of the ingredients varies in dilTercnt countiies, and accord- ing to the purpose for which it is to be used. Gunpowder-barrel JI.vker, a manufac- tmer of small light casks for securely holding; gunpowder and keeping it dry. GITk [ISl] GY V OnNPOWDKn-FLAfsK Makkti, a mnnuraotiiror dT Riiinll metal casos lor sportsinen, to 1^)1(1 nim-powder. [fjiinpowdcr. CtTM'owni'.R MANiTF.'.rTiTniat, ii iiiakcr of (!iiNro'^vi)f.i:-TUA, a Kiiul ul kioom lea. Ui'N-i:i>ojt, the mess niomol tlio liciitcnaiits ill a lar^c ship iit war. GlTNS, I'xplcisivi^ iiistnimoiits, of din'orciit sizes, coiisistinj; of a liarrel ofr^tniiij,' imtal fixed ill a sloilc or iiioiiiiled on cairia;:cs. Tlio siiialliT and porlalile Itiiulf arc iiaiiu'd nuisket^, lilies, earliiiies, lciulinK-]iiiccs, •fee. The licavy desninlhius nl umis, callr.l caiiimii, ordiiaiiee, lirld-|iieees, .swivels, eaiToiiades, liowitzcr.s, and iiioi'tars. aie (leserilied under tliose^'vcial heads. Tliey iisnallv talvo tlieir distin^inisliini,' uamo (roiii tlio weight of tlie ball that will lit them. GrN-siioT: "within piiii-sliot" is witliin the distance a piece of artillery will carry. GUN-SMITII, an armourer; a malicr of small fire.irms; a repairer of guns. GuN-STOCic, the wood in which the barrel of a RUii is fixed, usnally ^v.■dllllt. GlIN-STOCK Matckii, a ni:iniil:n linrr of llie shaped wooden stocks l.ir t,'iiii-h:incls. Gtnj-TACKLE, tlie blocks and pulhys of a KMii carriairo affixed to the side of a ship, liy svhicli it is run in and out of the port- fiolo. GiTN-TACKi,E ruRCHASE, a purchasG or pulley made by two siiiirle blocks. GirsTANG, an liidian dry mcasuro rather more than 15 lbs. Gunter's Chain, a surveyor's measure named after the inventor, consisting of a scries of iron links, usually KiO, of 7' 92 inclios each. At every tenth link is fastened a small brass plate, with a fif,'ure engraven upon it, orelsecut into different shapes, to show how many links it is from tlie end. The lenjjth of the chain is four poles of .tJ yards each, or (10 feet. GuNTEU's .SCALE, alari^e plane scale, chiefly used by seamen, having various lines rtlatiiigto trigonometry and navigation engraven on it. GuN-WAPijiNG circular pieces of card-hoard, cloth, felt, and eheiuicaliy ]m'parcd sub- stances, used to keep down tin' charircnf ball or shot, ito. in a gun. In large guns rope wads are tiscil. GuN-WADDiNG Maicer, a manufacturer of wads of different kinds for guns. Gunwale, the upper rail of a boat or vessel. GuiiA-NUT, a species oflargo rod bean, with a bitter taste, growing on the West coast of Africa, much prized by the natives of the interior for its tonic prop"rtics. CuiiOE, an old term, signifying a piilf or gorse of water, for the preservation of fishes. GuRjuN, an oleo-resin; a thin balsam or wood oil, ohtaineil in Runnali and the Eastern arcliipelat'o, from Dipterocarpm kevis. and other species. It is used medi- cinally; and forms an excellent substi- tule lor linseed-oil. in the coarser kinds of house and ship painting. Blixed with dammar or rasiii, it jireservcs waiod fl"om 1li(^ attacks ol while ants. « (ii;i:M[i:s, in mining, li'V( is ov workings. (ItiKNET, a |)0|iular naiin' lor the gurnard fish. Several species tit Triijhi are taken on the ISrltish coasts. In Ireland and .Scutlaud they are often called crooners. (iintUAH, a pl.iin coar-se Indian muslin. (JuiiRY, a small foit in India. (.iL'iisAV, a name lor the garco in some parts f this elastic gum. GurrA-TRAP, the inspissated sap of an Ai'locarpus, obtained in the East, which, from its glutinous properties, is u^ed lor making bird-lime. Gutti:r, a channel, or sewer. GuTTEit-spoDT, a spout for carrying olT water from a roof. Gutties, dry cakes of cov-dung, used for fuel and other purposes in India. OuTTO (Italian), a cruet for oil. Guy, a ropo for steadying or guiding any thing that has to he iioistcd or lowered. Guz, ail Indian name for the yard or cloth measure, which varies in hnigth in diller- ent places, from about 2 to 3 feet. * Gviii:, a nautical term fur the shitting over ol the hoom of a forc-and-alt sail in tacking, &c. Gyle, a brewer's vat or utensil; a name given by the vinegar-maker to the (er- meiitedwort which lie uses. Gymnasium, a iniblic place or school-yard, where feats of strength, agility, ite", arc pra' tised, such as climtiiiig, leapiiisr, Ac. GvMXAisT, an athlete; an instructor in exer- cises of the body. GVNAiis, gold and silver oniamcnts used by the natives oflndia. Gy'psum, a well-known mineral, softer than limestone, which, when calcined and pon'derert, forms plaster of Paris. In the cruslied slate it i-i used as manure in North America. The large blocks are wrought into alabaster ornaments. Gyves, fetters or shackles lor the legs. nAC [185] 11 A I H. HAAF-]'.OAT, a doop-soa flslilnit-boat in ticotlaiul, prnhublyiiciiniiptioii of li;\lf- decked ho^it, ()rSc:uidiiiavi:ui "iiiif " .sc:i. Haaf-fisuing, the li.-lury lor coi'. lini.', tusU, tVsc. oil Oiklicy iiiid the Slictlnnds. Hahbie', a Syri:\ii dry nioiisiiro; 100 luib- bics ot Ja(T;i bei'i;; cqit.il to o'J quarters. Habkck, a dothirr's tool. IlABKKD.ism.u, a ilcalcr in small wares, such nssuwiD^'tluiMiIs, lares, and tapes, tringt'S and twists, buttons, hooks -and -eyes, trimmings, sni'(l be- tween 18.02 and ]8.jC wa- ;!..';:!.■;, 770: IStf ha!l-farthings weigh a pound avoirdupois IlALF-Hoi.iD.iV, the half of the day takev Irom work, and devoted to rest or amuse- i;ient. Half-ir-ndred, a weight of 56 lbs. 11 Ai.F Imperial, a kind of inill-bo.iid 23J by IDA iiiehi'^; whole imperial is S2 by 22}. Ualf-hl.sof,, the moiety of the ounce, v/hieh in avoirdupois i.s 218J grains; in troy v.'eight 240 grams. Half-pav, a moiety of the usual paj'. Half-pennv, a piece of two fartliings, tho second in value of the British current copper coins; weighing 146 grains: 48 weigh a pound avoirdupois. The tollow- ing numbers of these pieces have recently been Issued : IMfi 322..'i0n I 1S.'|4 12, 4iii..v:n iNjl 21.0,040 18.V) 7,4.').=.,H',7 1S.V» e37,05« laiO 1,942,(IKII 1853 1,559,040 | 18S7 1,182,720 Half-pike, a boarding-pike used in ships. H.alf-pint, a measure of two gills, the Iburth part of a quart, and =17'a2lW cubic inches. Half-pound, 6 ounces troj-, or 8 ounces avoirdupois. Half-price, half the cost ; a reduced ehargo for admission to a theatre, late in the evening. Half-quarter Day, a period of six weeks, trom till! last rent day. IIalf-rou.nd, hi building, a semi-circular moulding. Half-royal, a kind of mill-board, of which there are two sizes, small 20i by 13 inches, and largo 21 by 14; large whole royal Is 20} by 20}; long royal is 31 by 21, double royal 46 by 21. Half-sovereign, thesecond iji value of the Knglish current gold coins, weighing 2 dwis. 13.63724 grains, and worth 10s. The lullowing Is a return of the number of halt-sovereigns coined at tue British mint since 1848: — Ko. Iio. 1818 410,595 1 1853 'J,7iW,7nfi ISI'1 84.'),112 1«.'j4 1.K'.'i.Hl IS.in 179,.W5 I 18.K l,ll!n.:i(V2 18-'l 773,573 IfMI , „, ,■.,, 18.J2 1,377,671 | 1860/ ,-n."^a Half-stuff, in manufactures any thing half-formed; the name for a partially- prepared pulp for paper-making. Half-way, mid-way; equi-distant from the extremes. Hali, a weight used in Malacca, about 33 lbs. avoirdupois. II A iM [187 J HAN Halibdt, a liU'L'o flat (isli of the (Ifmiiili-r lliinily, tlie UijiprnjlMsiis riihj.iris. ^vllicll often reaches tlie \vei{,'lit of 200 lbs. or more. The tiesli is dry and coar.-e. It is liuhtly salted and smolicd by tlie Nortli American fi-lieniicn. The fins and daps are estfonicd dclicacios. The halibut is also cut intoslirrs and |iickled in barrels, in which state lliry sell at half the price of the best herrings. " Uali,, a lar^'e room ui a to\vn-j,'nikl for pnblio business; a spacious Imilding attached to inns of court; a name usually applied to the first room or open space atler entering the doorway in a largo dwelling-house. llAtx-DOOR, the street door or entrance. Halle, a French market-place. Halliard. See Haltauds. }IallieI!, a birding-net. Hall-lamp, a suspending lamp fur a lobby, liall, or passage, lor burning oil or candles, Ac. Hall- MARK, the official stamp affl.^ed by the Goldsmiths' Company and the assay oflices of particular districts, to articles of gold and silver, as a test of their legal quality. The hall-mark, of Birmingham Is an anchor; ot Chester, three wheat- sheaves or a da--:gcr: Dublin, a harp or figure of Britamiia; Edinburgh, a thistle or castle and linn; Exeter, a castle with two wii!gs, (liasgow, atree and a salmon with n rinu' in its mouth ; London, a leopard's head ; Newcast!e-on-T^ne, three castles; Shetfield, a crown; "i ork, five lions and across. The date mark is a let- ter of the alphabet, which is changed every year, and differs in ditfereut companies. See Standakd-jiahk. Hallow-faik, a market held in November. Halster, a measure of capacity, formerly used in Sweden, ranging from 5i to llj gallon.s. IHalter, ft rope or .strap and headstall for leading a horse ; a rope for hanging male- factors. [I ALVANNEn, a miner who dresses and washes the impurities Irom crude ores. IIalvaks, imimre ores, which require to bo washed and freed from impurities. Halve, to divide or share into equal |)ortions. Halve-net, Haave-net, In .Scotland, a lixed bag-net, placed within water-mark, to prevent fish returning with the tide. Halya, tbeJMalay name for ginger. HALYAiiDs, ropes"or tackles used for hoist- ing and lowering yards and sails on their respective masts. Ham, a cured or smoked leg of pork, mut- ton, LVNUFACTL'P.FR, a collar-uiakcr. Hamlet, a small village. Hamma, the lesser or leeward boat of tho double canoe used in the I'aeidc. IIammel, a small shed with a yanl. Hammki!. a workman's tool; a well-known striking instrument, used in various trades; thus tliere are blacksmiihs' hannners, glaziers', carpenters', and up- holsterers' hammers; claw, rivettin-.', sltilge, smilbs', wrench, and veneer hammers : part of a gunloek. Uammi:u-axk, a double tool, having a hamincr at one side of the handle, ancl an axe at the ether. HA>niEi:-BEAM, a tie-beam. Uammeii-cloth, an ornamental covering to the coachman's seat, principiilly used fur the more elegant kinds of coaclies. Uam.meu-dressed, a term ap|ilied to bniM- ing stone which has been hewn with a pick (H- pointed hammer. Hammeukk, a blacksmith; a worker on nielals at an anvil. Hammeu-iiead, tlie solid shaped piece of iron whicli is fitted to a handle for striking with, and which is sent in large quantities or strings, packed in casks, to different parts. HAMMEK-MAKER.a manufacturer of hammer- heads. Hamme!;>un, a name in Scotland for a smith. Hammeu-rail JfAKEi;, a mannfacfnnr of parts of the machinery for a |iiano-lorte. HjVJIMOCK, a hanging "bed, or a swinging cot; tliose used to sleep in on board ship are strips of canvas sewn together, hung by cords or lines to elects in the upper- deck beams. On shore they are frequently made of phiited or twisted grass. Hamper, a wicker-work pannier. Haji-shop, a provision shop ; an eating- house where cooked victuals are sold. 11a5[-san'Dwicii, a slice of ham between bread and butter. Hamsteu. a small rodent anini.il. the Crice- tusfniiiientarius, the fur of wliich is us^'d fnr in:\ny purposes; the animal is very plentiful in parte of the Continent. Han, a caravansary or inn in the Levant. Haxd, the palm; a measure of lour inches, used for ascertaining the liei;.;ht of horses ; a set of cards; a workman; the tonn of writing or penmanship; a bundle or licadof tobacco-leaves tied together, with- out the stem being stripped. Hand-call, a small stutfed ball for children's amusement. HAND-iiARROw, a frame or tray with handles at each end, carried between two per- sons. Hand-basket, aportable basket with handle. Hand-i;ell, a small portable sounding iii- ,«trunient, rung by the hand, often kept on a table for summonhig serv.nnts. Hand-bill, a chopper or pruning hook; a small printed slieet distribnted by hand to persons, or delivered from house to house, ILvND BOOic, a manual of reference. llANTi-BKACE, an instrument to hold a boriii- tool. [hand. H/VND-BREADTH, the palm; the size of the HAN [188] II A 11 IlAXi>-niJCKKT, a small loatlier Iniekct or wooden pail tli.it is easily litled. IIVNii-cmntN, a box lur iimkiiig butter, workfil l).v the liand. II wn-CKAMC, a crank tuineil by the lianil. IlANiTri-FS, lion shackles or niaiiaclcs lor the wrist. . „ ]l\M>-i-oi!K, a prong; an agricultural im- iiicinciit. II \Ni)iri„ a small quantity of any tlnng; as Mun-li as ran be grasped in ilie liniid. II \Ni> i;at.i.oon ANi> Douiii.r. M sKi'.K, a work- iiiaii who makes those articles hy hand. }1 vND-fiAT.i.OP, an easy pace ot a horse. 11.\xi>-gi;ai:, the contrivances lor working steani-eiiyine valves. II\Nnoi,A.ss, a small glazed frame for shel- tering' and forwarding out-door plants. H \M)-?.uESADE, a grenade to be thrown by the hand. , . . , lIwD-c.iiDE, an instrument for insnniifr to llie player a good position of the liands and aniis on the pianoforte. 11 \ND-nAMMUi!, a workman's tool; a small light hammer. See Hammkiu II AND-iiooK, a smith's tool. Handicap, a kind ot race. llANDiCRAFTSJUN, amecliaiuc or artincer; an artisan or hand-wm;i;ciiii;f, a silk, cotton, or linen cloth to wipe the face, or wear about the neck. llN^NPLK, the haft; the iiart of any thing taken in tlie hand, by which it is used or lilted, as of a saucepan, a knile, a sword, i\iC 11 VND-LEAD, a small lead ntstencd to a line, used lor sounding, in rivers and harbour.s, or Ibi- ascertaining the depth of wells, &c. II.VND-LiGUT, aponablelantern; abluelight. Hand-line, a small flshing-Uiie. llAND-MALLET, a woodcu hammer Or beater. Hand-mill, a quern; a small iron mill lor grinding '-rain, pe|)per, coll'ec, or other articles, worked by the hand. Haxd-tlane, a carpenter's smoothing oi- facing plane. Hand-rail, a leaning support m a ship ; a stair rail supported by balusters. Hand-rail ."Makek, a mauulactnrcr of (latciit sliaped rails for stairs, &c. made by maeliinery. IlAMw, a sea-ierm forthesailors or available force of a ship; factory-workmen; doclv- hibourers, &c. , , , , Hand-saw, the largest saw used by h.and. Handsaw-eile. See 1'ile. Hand-screen, an ornamental screen for keeping off the heat of the tire. Hand-screw, a jack or engine for raising heavy timbers or weights. Hand-screw Maiveb, a manufacturer of lifting jacks. .,^ Handsel, an earnest money paid to close :i bargain. Se? Earnest. Handsomely, in nautical language, dexter- ously, slowly, careiully. Handspike, a long wooden bar used for turning a windlass, &c. IIan-d-staff, a stout walking-stick; the upper or holding part of a flail. Hand-vick, a small jiortable vice. Hand-writing, the cast or lorni of writing peculiar to n person. Handy-Hilly, a wateh-tacklc in a ship. Hangar (Kreiich), a shed; a cart-liouse; coach-house. Hanger, a seaman's cutlass, a short round curved sword. Hangeu-on, a miner employed at the bottom of the shaft, in lixing tlie"skip or bucket to the chain. Hangings, tapestry or curtains; room pa- pers. IlANGiNG-.«irELF, a suspciulcd shelf in a pan- try or room to avoid rats. H.VNGING-SLEEVES, largc loosc sleeves to a ladv's dress. Hangman, a public executioner. Hano-n-et, a net with a large mesh. Hank, a coil ; a skein or head of thread, silk, or cotton, &c. ; two or more threads twisted and tied together; a yarn-mea- sure which, f-ir cotton yarn, consists ot 7 leas, or 480 yards ; for worsted yarn the leas are longer, making the length of the hank 560 yards. Hanks, rings or hoops of wood, rope or iron round a stay in a ship, to secure a sail to. ILvns.u;d, the name of the books which contain the ofticial printed records of the proceedings in rarliament, and named after the printer. Hanse, a trading corporation, anciently sy- nonymous with the tcnii guild. Hansom Cab, a two-wheeled street eairi- ago, named after tlie inventor. IlAon, a name in Claiia fur the tenth p;rrt of a dollar. Hapse. See Hasp. Haque, a French name for herrings prepared for bait. IlAQCETiEn, a French diaynian, the driver of a haquet, a kind of low cart. Harb.ua, a measure of cnpacity, used in Tripoli, Barbary, and other parts of Nor- thern Africa, = about 20} lbs. Harbour, a technical name, in the glass trade, for a chest 6 or 7 feet long, to liold the mixed ingredients, previous to being put in the pot for fusion ; a safe port, or haven, tor ships to lie at anchor in. Harbour-dues, the charges made to ships, lor using a harbour and moorins-'S, &,c. Harbour-light, a light to guide sliiiis on entering a harbour. Harbour-mastep., the officer in charae of a port, who has the superintenaence ot liie shipping. llARDART. See Cobs. Hardbake, a kind of sweetmeat of bake d suuar, sometimes with blanched almoiuls. Hardener, one who brings tools down to tlie proper temper. Haildkr, a kind of mullet about twelve inches long, caught near the coasts of the Cape colony, which are cured in brine, and sent up the country in small casks, for the use of the farmers. Hat.des (French), clothes, luggage, appareL Hard-fish, a name in Scotland lor cod, ling, &c. salted and drieii. Habd-rok, a female fish or spawuer. HAR C 1S9 J II A T Hardwake, Koods inaniif:ictnroil frnin metals; articles of iionnionyiry in l)ar- 1 1 AUDWAnE - DEALER, IlABDWARUJt AN, fi VI lulcruf hardware. , , . , Haudwood-mekcuant, a dealer in malw- uaiiv and turnery woods. llAurnvdolis, in tlio tnnlicr trade, biicli, beech, maple, mahoirany, ebony, .to.: heavy, close-grained woods, chielly "'(-'d by the' turner. ' ,■ » •, »„i Hake, a rodent animal, widely distnhnted, which is hunted and shot for its flesh and for its skin. , , , , 11ai:e-skis, the skin of the hare, veridcd leriis lur, which forms a laife-o article of commerce. , ,. , Hamcot, French or kidney beans; a dish consisting of mutton stewed with turnips and carrot.s. * IIarkem, a Belgian rake or harrow. HAitLE, the reed or Ijnttle .stem of flax, scDarnted from the tilameiit. . . „, IIaiIlequi.n, a male daueer; the principal performer in a pantomime. llAKMONEON. ,Sfe Mr.I,0'JEOX. llAKMONK-ON, a musical mstnnnent, whence the sound is obtained by s-.rduug with a cork on pieces of glass loosely su^penaea. Harmonink, a modern wiud mstrumeut. H AioioxiPiioN, a small instrument with a kev-board, in which the sounds arc pro- .lu'c'd from small metal tongues, acted upon by blowing through a flexible tube. Harmosometek, an instrument lor ascer- taining the harmonic relation ol sounds. Harness, the gear and trai^i'iugs lor a draught -horse; furniture or equipment foi a earria-e ; for a loom, ^ieal instrument, consisting ol a tri'aii"Ular frame, furnished with a set ol strings, and pedals; a scarce or sifting im- plement for cleansing grain, or screenma earth or lime. Harp-lute, a musical instrument. Haup-makei:, a manufacturer nf harps. Haiu'OON, a kind of spear with a barbed point, thrown by the hand, u^cd m whale fishing, and for killing porpoises and other fish It is attached to a line, in order to recover it, and secure the prey to which it becomes fastened. IlARPOOSER. tlie seaman in a whale-boat who uses the harpoon. [*1"';'' =*• HvupooN-JLVKER, amanufaclnrcrol wb^.ling llAi:i"-SEAL, the I'hoca arocnhindtca and 1'. oceanica, about G feet in length. -See Seals. , . , . , ILutPSiciiORD, an old kind of musical instni- nient, jnovided with quills m place of hammers to sdiiid the s. rings, now super- seded by the iiianolorte. IlAiiP-sTRiNr, ."\lAieEr., a manufacturer ol gut and wire strings for the harp. Haki-.X a weight ot Surat about ,8il ibs., avoirdupois. Harrier, a small hound for coursing hares. IlAiiP.ow, an agricultural implemeiit; a frame witli teeth, for scariiying or loosing tlic surface soil; of which there arc two kinds, heavy and light. Harsela, a name sometimes given to tlic oke, a Turkish weight, rather less than HAr.sLET. the pluck of a pig ; the heart, liver, and lights. Hart, the stag or m.ale of the deer. llATiTALL, another name lor orpiment m tuo Eastern markets. Harte-beest, an African antelope. IlAPasiioBN, raspings from the horn of tlie deer, which are used medicinally. When boiled to a jellv it is nutritive, and a pungent volatile spirit was formerly ob- tained bv distillation from the horn, but it is now inade from carbonate of ammonia anil similar products of bone. IlAKTSiioRN-suAVER, a preparer ofhartsliom raspings. Harvest, the time of reaping grain, or gathering in any crop. Harvester, an American machnie lor cutting clover ami timothy seed, Ac. Hakvest-iiojie, the festival of celebrating the comiiletion of the grain harvest. Hash, a ragout ; meat cut up into small pieces and coolicd. H \sp. a fastening; a clasp for a staple. Hassock, a footstool or cushion to kneel on; originallv a rush-mat cushion, but now ol more general signitication. Hassock-mauer, a manulaeturcr of foot- stools. , . , . , , - Hasteser, a metal kitehen-stand lor keeping in the heat of the Are to the iuiiit Willie cooking. . ir\STEP., a Belgian grain measure, contain- ing about 3G0 French bushels. _ IlASTY-PDDDiNG, boilcd dougli wiiieli I'.as been leavened with yeast. , ^ ., IlAT-BAND, a cloth or crape band for the hat, worn in mourning; a gold band wo:ii bv beadles, footintn, .fco. IlAT-R.VNT) 3i.\KEK, a manufacturer ot galloon or binding for the outer edge ot the brim, or the outsiiie of the crown of hats ; a cutter and maker of cloth or crape b'lnds. , ^ , ., „ Hat-block JiAifER, a manufacturer of the solid wooden shapes used in blocking or forming hats. Hat-box, Hat-ca.se, a paper, h ather, or tin box fur a man's hat. . Hat-brush, a soft brush for smoothing the nap of a hat. 11 A U [ I'-'O ] II AY Iat-cask Makku. a iiiiiini(:\ctiirer oftliiii wooil or UMtlipr Iidxcs lor lioUIiin; li.its. 1 VTCil, a i-iiilwny flouJ-K.itoor li.iltdoor; .1 crihorci'uivc iii tlii; woii' ol'ii river to sto|) fish; to iiiciibatp; to rear cliickciis (rum cpprs. See Hatches. lAicii-noAT, ii kind of lialf-drcUod flsliins licMt; OIK,' \vliicli Ikis a lialcli or well lor UrrpniK risli. lATc ]ii;i„ a eomhiii^' iiislrumeiit lor drcss- nii^ Uax. (S'ee IIacklh. Iajiiii.s, lliecivciin^'^ ol'Ihe liatcliwa}- or o|,eiiin;,'s to th(; liold ol a sliiii. iMciur, a i-liopiicr or eloaver. I \ rciiiMi-Ari'AitATUS, an artiricial iiirii- hiiur lor liriM:4in.^' lorlU cliiiUeiis Iroiu cl;-:^, liy steam aiiil hot water. lAiTiiMiisT, ail escutclicoii or iiancl repre- sent iii^' tlie armorial bearings of a lastercr. IlAWK-Bor, a plasterer's assistant. Hawker, a pedlar or petty chapman; a travel, ing vender of small wares, usually holding a licence. * IIawk's-eill Ti;rti,e, the Cliclone imhri- eata, valued for itssludl whicli is employed for manufaeturing purposes. Hawse-block, the wooden plug or stopper fitted into the hawse-holo when the ship is at sea. Hawse-hole, the hole in the bows of a ship through which the cable runs. Hawser, a large rope used for war|iing and other purposes. Hay, dried grass, kept as fodder; a hedge or enclosure ; to lay snares for rabbits. Hat and straw De.u.er. a vender of forage and fodder for horses, -KEEl>ER, a minor who overlooks the cleaning of coal on the surf.ice. Hearse, a funeral carriage lor conveying a corpse to he buried. Hearse-cloth, a coihn pall. Hearth, a floor for a fire. Heai;th-broom, Heaiith-brlsh, a sweep- iin; bni-h tor the hearth or grate. Heai:tii-ki:c.. an ornamental rug of cnrpet- worl; I, lid beloro a lire-hearth. IlEARTH-uuG iMAivEii, a carpet-weaver, one who manufactures omameutal rugs lor rooms. Hearth-stone, soft stone for whitening door steps or paving stones in a yard, &c. Hearth-stoke .MaivEu, a stone worker; a luanufacturer ol the flat stones laid down before fire-grates or stoves in the rooms of dwelling-houses. * Heart-wood, the central part ot the trunk of a tree; timber within the sap-wood. Heater, a triangular mass of iron, which is heated in the fire, and put into a box-iron to Finooth clotlie.s. Heave, to throw; to employ force in lifting or moving resisting substances or weighty goods. Heavers, a class of men employed about docks, taking goods from baries'and flats ; short wooden bars tajiering at each end, used as a purchase or prisiifg lever. Hea\t, weighty; ponderous. Heavy-laden, vessels sitting deep in the water, which have a full cargo; vehicles carrying a large burthen. Heavt-jietal, guns of large size, carrying balls of heavy weight. Heck, a door latch; a fishing-net; an ap- paratus lor warping; a cattle-rack. Hecivlh, a flax-drosser's comh, consisting of several rows of long metal spikes or toetli, fixed into rouudor oblong blocks of wood, for cleaning and subdividing the fibre of flax; also, aflax-dressingmachine of a similar nature, con-isting of combs of iron t' eth arranged on cylinders, which se|iarates, straigliicns, cieaiises. and in Some cases splits the fibres. Heckling, IlACfiLtNG. a rough process of combing flax with a heckle. Hectajie, the principal French land mea- sure or new arpent, cousisting ot a square of 100 uietres on every side, equal to 2 471 English acres, or 2 acres, 1 rood, 35 sriuare iioles.llj square yards : 17 hectares are nearly -12 imperial- acres. Hecto, a Greek prefix to French weights and measures, signifying a hundred times greater. Hi;ctoguamme. the new name for the ounce of the French deeimal pound ; a weight for jewels and precious metals, equal to one bntidred gramiues, or rather more than oJ avoirdupois ounces (3.5277). Hectolitke, a French measure of capacity, the new setter, coiuaining one hundred litres, equal to 2-7." bushels: 2 9-lOth hecto- litres are about one English quarter. The hectolitre of w heat is equal to llj pecks imperial measure. II E L [192] II E M IliicToMKiitH, a rreiu'h incnsmc of loiifjtli 111 loi> inblrcs, contiiiniiis 10!) yards and l". MOlli iiulics, .s. Ili;Di)i.K-MAKr:n, a manufacturer of fl.ax combs, and ol weavers' utensils. IlF.noE. a lenco of bushes or living plants; a baiiU or nionnd. IIi,i>i;Knn(;, a (lreilL,'ini;-maobino, employed in li:u-bc.nr v.-orUs and rivers, for reni'ov- iiif; slio.ds, formed by accumulated nnid or .silt; an anini.al, the JJrinacciis Eui-o- vwus, sometimes kept in bake-houses and kitcliens to eat up cockroaches. IlF.i>cn:R, a, ■workman wlio has the charge of npaii int; hedt;cs and ditches. lli:iKir,scissoRS, shears for trimming quick- set hoilu'es. ] 1 1, 1 M ; 1 N . ;. r ; 1 o Y i:s, strong lonther gloves. liri I, the :ii'ri-iiart of the keel; a nautical trrni liir llir lower end of any thing, as of a rallur, a tool, a mast, boom, stern-post, .te. ; the hinder part of the sole of a boot lli;i:i,-i!M.T, Makkh, a maker of a hard wax or polishing suhsiance, used by shoema- kers, to give a sUinnig black surface to the solo edj;es ol new buols or shoes. IIkki.ino, in navigation, a vessel leaning over; iiutting new heel-pieces to boots. IlEEL-Tif, an iron plate or protection for the heels of boots and shoes. IIken, the Chinese name for a district. JlEER, a y.ani measure; a heer of 24 cuts, or 240 threads, is GOO yards. IIeehabole, an Indi.an name for myrrh. IIEERACUSSICE, a name for copperas or sul- phate of iron in India. llF.ERADACL'N, a name in the r.ombay tariff for dragon's blood. II. E.I. C, the abbreviation for the "lion. East India Company." I-Ieifeu, a young cow. IIelaha, a tree in the Pacific islands, the seed of which is used to make neclclacos. IlKLCEti, .an agricultural seed witli a some- what bitter taste whose (lour is mixed ^vith donrah or dhurra by the labourers of Kgypt. llKLioitETEB, a kind of telescope, with two object gl!i.sses, for measuring thcdiameter of the sun, moon, and planets. Helioscope, a telescope lor viewing the sun through coloured glass without hijury to the eyes. IIELIO.STAT, a philosophical instrument for reflecting an image of the sun into the telescope of a theodolite at a distant sta- tion: a train of clock-work so rotates a mirror that on being once adjusted it follows the sun's motion, requiring onlj' windhig and occasional adjustment to give a constant vivid station-signal when the sun shines. Heliotrope, green quartz with blood-red spots and veins; a flower. See 15lood- STOXE. ' Hkllek, a former money of account at Aix-la-Cbapelle, the fourth part of a buschc, 6 busches making one mark, and m marks the rixdoUar; a German wciylit about 7 grains imperial; tlielialfof a Danlsli denier, and of tlie Austrian pen- iiig; also, the eighth part of a kreutzir of \ieinni. * IIki.mek, a .sinter or tiler. Helm, the tiller of a ship, but also appliid to the collective apparatus or nuichinery by which a vessel is steered, couipriising the rudder, w heel, tiller-rope.s, Ac. Helmet, a horsc-soldicr'.s headpiece, a pro- tection tor the head; the ui)pcr part of a retort. IIi;lmet-maker. a maker of defensive cover- ings for tlio head, worn by soldiers, lire- men, &c. Heljiet-siieli.. a common name lor s ■vcr.'il species ot Cassidcs wliich are used for cutting cameos from ; tlie principal bring Cassis cornuta, C. fv/a, and C. tuhi rosa. Helmsman, the man at the wheel who steers a ship. Help, aid; assistance; an American name lor a hired servant; in Itnssia llie name for an aid or assistant at a furnace. Helpma'J'E, an assistant. llKLVE, the Ion,' handle of a tool. llELVE-li.vsiMER, a largo ponderous black- smith's hammer for manufacturing wrought iron. Hem, the border of a garment doubh-d and S(nved over, to strengthen it and prevent the ravelling of the tliread.s. IIem.vtin, the colouring principle of log- wood. Hematite, a rich ore of iron of which there are several varieties, the red, black, pur- ple, broAvn, &c. Hematosin, the red colouring matter of blood; in its dried state it is sold for making Prussian blue. [fyiiig halt; Hemi, a Greek word used as a prefix, signi- Hemlock .Spruce, tlie Abies Canadensis, tlie Avood ot which is not held in much csthna- tion. It has, however, been n.sed for rail- w.iy sleepers in England, and is much used for laths. The bark is largely used tor tan- ning in the United States, although in- ferior to oak bark. IIemmel, a shed or hovel for cattle. Hemming, HniMiNf), a shoe or sandal made of raw hide. Hemp, a fibre obtained from the Cannabis saliva, which is stronger and coarser than flax. It is used lor making cordage, can- vas for sail-cloth, towelling, &c. The foreign im))orts arc very large. In ISoG, wo received, chielly from Itussia, 777,998 cwts. of dressed and undressed hemp, be- sides 15,233 cwts. of tow or codilla. In previous years we h.ad received much more than this, but jute and several other foreign fibrous substances now come in in immense quantities. Hempen, ni.ade of hemp. Hemp-seed, the seed of the hemp plant, sold for feeding cage birds. A useful oil is obtained from it by expression, which is employed for paint.s, lor lamp.s, and for m.aking soft soap. Hem-stitch, a particular mode of sewing by drawing the threads ol the fabric au IliN.v. the niinic for a gourd or melon in the I'acifii: isliinils. lliXD, the leniale of the red iloor, of wlilch the male is tlio stag; a faiin-servanC; a peasant. Hixo, tlie Iniiian name for a.snfcctiila: hingra bchig the co.irsest khul ol the dru'^. lIixoES, moveable metal liffaments, or con- nected iihites, for thejointayl doors, gales, iii^'-liook. JliNTAM, ininihcr mime for the ochava, the cit;hlh part of the Spanish onnoe. IIip-KNOus, ornaments at tlic gable end of lioiiscs. Hu'POCKAS, an aromatic cordial or spiced whio, furmcrly in hi^di repute in ICngland. HiiTODUOME, a circus for feats of iiorseman- sliip. HippoPOTAMtja-niDES, the tanned sltE-BREWED, becr made at a private house; not purchased from a brewery. Home-farm, tliat part of a t.u-m on which the mansion-house and principal buildings are erected. IImmer. an old measure of about 3 pints. H(>mi>.sixketai;t. a State officer who has tlie manasenient of alTairs connected with tlic civil jurisdiction of the kingdom, sepa- rate from the Colonial or Foreign depart- ments. IIiiME-sptjN, made at one's own dwellin s-i lino, (or i oiler. 'I'liore were, in KsK, nearly "s'.lJUO ;icn',s of liop Hardens uiulfi' cultivation in Iviylnnil, wind! jii'odlicoil iilioiit eo.Vi'l.WK) lij-i. of liops. liop-viucs, abounilin:; in liliiv, li.ive often been proposed to Ije lumod h. iisilui :ipe(jniit for cordiigu or 1 .'vVirr, lint :is .yel In liltlo extent. IIor-HACK, :i fir'euer's vessel. Jior-iiAG, it course heav^- wr:tp)ier for liops : the l)nK of iiops wei^flisiiliout iij cwt. 'J'lie finest descilptlon of hops .ire juit into fine light pockets, weighing iibout li cwt. each. 110P-l>tiTr, a tax of about twopence per pound, levied on hops hv the fjoverinneiit. This dnty netted, in ia)5, £G93,750. lloi'-FACTOK, ii dealer m hops-; a salestnan : the JioroiiKh is tlic cliief location of the hop trade in London. IIor-GAHDKN. a field where hops arc grown. Ilof-IIOUNUEAM, a iiaine lor tlie Ameriean iron-wood (Ostrya V irginica). Ilop-OAST, a kind of kiln for dryinj; hops. IIOPI'EK, in the s'^tss trade, .". conical vessel suspended from the ceiling, containiii},' sand and water for tlie use of the cutter; a kind of cake made of rice Hour in (Jevlon; the trough in a Hour-mill, into whieii the corn is put to be ground; a seed-basket lor carrying grain, used by the sower; a jiopular name for an insect breeding in liains. ••■ IloPPi.K, a mode of fettering the fore-legs of animals to prevent tliem from straying. ITop-POCKET. See Hor-i!AG. llop-Por.E, a su|iport ibr the hop- vine. Hop-setter, an instrument for idanting hop sets; the labourer so employed. Hop-vine, the climbing stem of the hop. ll0i:i)EiNE, the starchy matter of barley. ^lOREiiouND, a wild plant, the Alarrubiiim vulfjare, which is used medicinally for coughs, and in uterine and hepatic alfec- tions. IIOKLOGEU (French), a maker or vender of clocks and watches. IIoiw, the hard pointed bodies growing on the heads of some animals. 'Die horns of the ox, bulT'alo, &c. arc hollow, and never shed. Tlicy are depo-^ited in layers or bony cores, their constituents being albumen with a little gelatin, and a small proportion of lime. They are not brittle like bone, and may be moulded when softened by heat. Tlie antlers of the deer are solid processes Irom the frontal bone, and possess the clicmical and physical pro- perties of true bone, tluy gro'w rapidly and arc periodically sh<;d.' Alsoawind- instrnment originally made of liorii, but now for the most part of brass. UOKN'BEAM, the wood ot the C'arpinus Americana, w hich is used for the cogs of mill wheels, and for agricultural imple- ments; the inner bark dyes yellow. l-I'-C0Mn lilAKEi:, a nianulactiirer of jioi kel, dressing, and mane combs ol linrn. IIoit.N-GUTTrn ANT) -I'lir.s.sEi;, a worker in horn ; an artilieer who niuiildsand shapes liorii into various articles. Ilin:NEl„ a fislierman's ii.ime, in .Scotland, I'lr ilic sand launce, Ajiiiiwdytus 'J'uhianus. Hi)i;sr.R, a worker in Ikm'ii : in olden times an outlaw, one who had been denounced by the tormality of blowing a horn. llonNi.Ks' ('(i.MrANy, one ol tlic minor livery eom|panics ot London, ineoipurated lu IDoS; it lias no hall. IldiiN-Fisii, a name for the gar-fish. IIuitN- LANTERN, a lantern having plates or sheets of thin prcs.sed horn in the frame, instead of glass. IIonN-MAKEit, a workman who moulds horns into drinking-cups. lIoiiN'-MKRcnANT, a dealer in horns. IloJtNO (."Spanish), a lurnaee. IIORN-PiKK, a common tisli in the lilaek Sea, the Esnx itelone, caught every where. Hornpipe, an animated dance. Horn PLATE, a transparent sheet of horn lor lanterns, &c. IIorn-presser, one who softens and pre- pares horn lor working, by heat, .es are kept on sale and view, or put uii at auction periodically. }Iing tluin between heated rollers of polished steel. II ou [ 198 ] II UL IIOTTEAU, a measure of c.ipnclty t'omiei-ly used iu llaiiiault, from .'5 to 1 t^'allons, ac- cording to tlie articles nieasiircLl. IIoT-vvAXEu IJoTTLE, ail cartliciiwarc jar filled witli liot water, lor liociiing tlie I'eet warm in bed. HoT-WATEii Hkatino APPARATUS, n systcm of |)i|)e.s, lor conveying steam or iiot water tov vvarmi II;; ell unties, and otiier puljlic iu- stitutioiH, dwellings, and liorlioultural budding's, &0. Hot- WATER Jno, an eartlienware mug, cap- ped with a metal cover, for bringing boil- ing water to table. Hot-water Plate, a deep metal-covered plate, tilled witli boiling water, to keep victuals warm. IIourrxE (Krencli), pit-coal. lldiisMciN, lIou.ssoiR (Frencli), a whisk; a liaii-hroom; a featlier-broom. IIiiUNDs, |)riijrctions at the mast-head of a ship, on which tiie top or trestle-trees rest; dogs kept for coursing. * HouppELANDE, a kind of' great-coat worn in France; a riding-coat. Hour, a division of time; tlie 24th part of tlie day. HouKCE (French), a small cable ; the vang of a mizeii-yard, in rigging. Hour-glass, a sand-glass running for an hour: this instrument is now chiefly used by seamen, for measuring time by the tall of sand in a glass tube, during the period of heaving the log, and is only constructed to run a certain number of seconds or minutes. Hour-hand, the short index hand of a clock or watcli ; that which points to the hour, while the long hand indicates the minutes. House, a sea term, implying to protect or secure any tiling, as housing a gun, mast, &c. House is also the general name for a dwelling. See Houses and Housing. House-agent, a person entrusted with the letting of houses or apartments, estates, (fee. House-breaking, entering a house for un- lawful purposes in the day-time; a felo- nious entry at night is termed burglary. Housb-decorator, one who combines the business of several trades, painting, paper- hanging, white-washing, &c. House-dog, a terrier, mastiflf, or some other dog kept chained up for the protection of a dwelling. House-factor, an agent in Scotland for the sale or letting of houses. Householder, the occupier and renter of a house. Households, a technical name among millers for the best flour made from red wheat, with a small portion of white wheat mixed. House-joiner, a carpenter who does work for the interior of houses. House-keeper, the head woman-servant or manager of a household; one who has the charge of the manage. House-lamb, a lamb brought up hy hand, and fed at home. House-maid, an indoor domestic, one who attends table, and has the care of the furniture, rooms, &c. House- maids" Cloves, stout, coarse, leather gloves used by servants to clean grates, and iierfonn other dirty work. House of Call, a iiuiilic-house, where jounK'ynien coiiMCcted with a jiarticular trade or calling assemble when out of work; and where the unemployed can be hired by masters, or ihose seelung bands. Each particular trade has one or more spi-cial bouses of call in the metropolis. House-rent, the yearly amount paid for the biro or occupation of a house. Houses, places of residence; buildings of various forms, styles, and dimensions, occupied as dweUiiigs. [government. House-tax, a tax on buildings levied by House-warming, a feast, tntertalnment, or carousal, given to friends or customers, on taking possession ol a new house. House-wipe, a kind oi ncnilc |j*(iic cjr case, for holding thread, iieedlis, buttons, &c., often taken to sea by sailors. Housing, a covering or protection to any thing, as to a vessel laid up in harbour or dock ; a small cord used at sea, made of three small yarns, and used (or seizings, also termed house-line. HowDAn, the body of an Indian carriage ; a small pavilion or car, with trappings, ou the back of an elephant. HovvDY, in Scotland, a midwife. Howitzer, a kind of mortar or short gun, mounted on a flidil carriage, for throwing spherical shells filled with gunpowder and musket-balls. * Howker, a two-masted Dutch vessel; a kind of hulk; also a small fishing-smack, used on the Irish coasts. Hoy, a small passenger sloop employed on the sea-coast, or in conveying cargo from a ship in a roadstead or bay. HP., the abbreviation for "horse-power," and "half-pay." HuBULE-BUBBLE, the bottom of a hookah, or snake-pipe. HUBLA, a weight for pearls and diamonds, used in Sinde; about 2 grains troy. Huckaback, a species of very coarse diaper, made of flax, used for towelling. * HucitsTER, an inferior dealer or minor trader; a hawker or itinerant vender of goods with a pack, box, or tray. The term is very generally used in the We.st Indies, where a licence is imposed for trading. HuDANo, the Malay name for shrimps. Hudson's Bay ('ompant, a trading corpora- tion, liaving jurisdiction and exclusive right of trade over the greater part of Arctic or Northern America. It collects and trades in furs, fi'om which it derives a large annual revenue. [leather. Hupfling, a process of ornamenting gilded HuiLE (French), oil. HoissiER, an usher or door-keeper in a French court; a public officer, a process- server, whose duty it is to draw up and de- liver, at the residence of parties concerned, official legal documents, &o. HoTTRE (French), oyster. HujAUM, an Indiairbarber. HuLDEE, in the East Imlies a name for tur- meric, the Curcuma loiunt. II UN [190] II YD Hin.K, the old luill nf a vessel, eniployiil lor various purposes; in ii;ival liiirhDiiis (or a recoiviiiij-sliip, to wliicli tlic ollicers and crew are tunioilover, uii li; ilieirovvu ves.-iel is rcliltlii,'. IIiillvS aro also usoJ Cor marine police-statioiii, hospitals, coal- ilepots, .iAUj. IIuMMKLEii, an instiuni'iit for clearing barley of the hannis or avcls. See Uaulev AVKLEIl. lIu.MMixG-TOP, a hollow spinning-top; a child's toy. IIUJIMOCK.S, pieces of ice thrown up by pres- sure from large Iragujents comiug in contact. lluM.MmLS, a house where sweating baths can be had. IIUMP-BACKED WHALE, a Spccios of wllale of which there aretwo principal varieties, the Megapteralongimaiia, anti M. Amnri- cana, winch yield some of the wlialebone of commerce. Hltjiulik, the narcotic principle of the hop. IIONDKED, in numeration twice fifty; but in conmicrce, a variable anKuint of difi'erent goods: usually 112l.iis. In liilgiuni, thehuu- ilred(itartiiles>oklat market is invariably 10-l|)ieces. Tlie lumdredolplanl;s or deals in Sweden is 120, in Weste wyeii 124, in Chris- tiana 127, and ni some other norlhern ports l;!2. In liiga and Elsinore the great hun- dred Is 20 gross, or 2880 |)ieces. It is also the name of a district or division of a county. See tir.EAT IIumdp.ed. IIO.VDRED-WEKJHT, the Chief IJritisU mea- sure of weight lor bulky articles, contain- ing 112 lbs. avoirdupois; the 2ijth part ol a ton. It isgenerally written for shortness' sake, cu'l. See CwT. IIuNDUA, a measure In Ceylon equal to a handful. IIUNGARY-WATEit, Water distilled from tho tops of rosemary flowers with some siiirits of wine. Hunt, a cliase with dogs; the portion of country hunted with hounds. Huntek, a pursuer of wild animalsfov sport or sustenance; also a strong he. ivy horse puitcd for the cliasc. HrxTixo-nooT.s, long boots with while to.'S. lluNTixG-iio.x. lIUNTixo-sEAT, a temporary iisiilenee when hunting. II'.'N'Tisfi-coAT, a scarlet or green eont, or soim; particular costume worn by a eom- 11 uiy 111 linnler.s. Ill N rsMAN, the whipper-in or mana','er of a pack of hounds. HuuDA, a name for myrabolams or country g:ills in Indi,i. Hiuoi.E, a moveable wooden fi'ame of split timber, or wattled osiers; an iron feiieo liir|irote. ■ling trees, enclosing land, or fold- ing cattle and slieep. IIUiiDs, the refuse of tla.\; any waste tow or onkiim. IIuRDV-GUUDT, a dioniiig musical in-tru- ment; a kind of rude hand grinding ^trert organ. IIuiiKARU, a running footman in tlie East; a Calcutta daily pajicr so called. Huisler, in Scotland, one emploj-ed in carry- ing stones, peats, &c. on a wiieel-barrow. Hurries, timber stages, having spouts, by which coals are shot into vessels. IIui'.se-skw, a name for the hard tubcr- cnlated skin ofa fish, from whichshagreeii is made, to cover lancet-cases, pocket- books, sword-hilts, Ac. Hurtal, an Indian name for yellow arsenic, ororpimont. See Hartall. Hl'sb.vndage, the agent or managing ow- ner's allowance or commission, for attend- ing to a ship's business. IIlsi!and-land, an old Scotch term for a division of laud containing 20 .icres ; tluit is, as much as could be tilled by a plough, or mowed by a scythe by the huiband- nian. 1 1 1 sBAXDMAN, an agriculturist; a farmer. Husband, Ship's. &« Ship's Husband. llu.ssAR, a light horse-soldier. IIi-'ss.vR-SADDLE, a saddle with holsters and furniture for a liu'htly mounted liorsenian. Hlsset, Huswife, "Housewife, a ease containing a set of sewing materiaLs, thread, needles, buttons, &c. for a man's use. HuTAN, the Malay name for a jungle or wood. Hutch, a box or cistern; a cage for tame ralibits; a basket in which coals are brought from the mines ; a inca-ure ot two Winchester bushels: six luitclies of coal make a cart-load of about 14ewt. Hutte (German), a foundry or smeltiiig- lionse; a kiln. Hwuii, a Chinese nominal weight; the tenth part of a sze. llYAcrN'TH, a kind of gem-stone; also a flower. See Ziuco>f. Hyawaballi, a colonial name for the zebra woiidol' Guiana, which is used lor luriii- tnre; the tree i-* scarce. Hydrangea, a very pretty dwarf shrub, prized for its large flowers. Hydrant, a water plug; a pipe or spout for discharging water at a Are. Hydrate, a compound containing water. Hydraulic-cements, cements wliidi hive the power of hardening under water, and are prepared by the calcination o( argillaceous limestone. ICE [200 J ILL Uydhallic-maciiine Makkr, nn eiiRineti' or iron-loutickr >vlio suiii'iiiitciuls the manufacture ot hyilraulic presses. lliDRAiTLlc-l'KESS, a heavy iron machhic Morkeil by water-power Cor acquirhig ;;rcat pressure. 11YDBALXIC-RA5I, a luiul of lorcC-lMUlll), oii- t'iuallv invented hy iMont^olllcr. U>r rais- ing sn"iall quantitii'S nl' water tn heights ci'iisitlerahly ahovc tlic siiiitre of tiipply- IlVDi;0CYANlc-Ai;iu, prussic aekl, a tc. I. InKX, an animal of the gont kind, of wliich there are several distinct s|>eeies. Ibis, a geims of birds resciiibliiig the storks: the plumage of several is used for orn.a- niental purposes. ICA, a general name for fish in some of tho Pacific islands. Ice, crushed ice flavoured, sold as a confec- tion ; congealed water, w liieh enters into commerce for cooling liquids and for con- fectioners' purposes : large quantities are shipped from America to other countries. The city of Boston is the chief port of ship- ment; 150,000 tons were exported ihenee in 1856, while the large cities of New York and Philadelphia consume more than half a million tons yearly. Icicr.EEG, an insulated mountain of ice. IcEBon>rD, vessels blocked up in the ice. JcR-CREAJf, iced confectionery. Iced, cakes frosted with sugar; waterchillcd with ice. Ice-dealer, a collector and vender of ice. ICED-WATEP., water with ice in it to cool it in summer weather. Ice-house, an underground storehouse or cellar where ice is kept for use in warm weather. IcKi.AND-MOSS, a lichen, the Celraria islan- dica, yielding a nutritious starch, used in medicine, andformingan important article of commerce. It has to ko through a long process before it can be rendered suffl- eieiitly palatable to be used as food ; it is first soaked in water till the bitterness is extracted, and then boiled with milk; a kind of bread is also said to be prepared from it. Iceland Spai!, a transparent calcareous stone, wliieli is beit obtained in Iceland. I Icei'ail JIakep., a maker of metal wine- coolers or buckets for holding ice. ICE-PLANB, an instrument for smoothing I away the rough surface of ice in winter, before cutting and carting it away for j storage. ICE-PLonon, an instrument used in America I tor cutting grooves in the ice on ponds aue introiUiced Ijy sea. Importer, one who receives goods, pro- duce, manulactures, ornjcrchAUdisc from abroad. I»U'osixG-.SToxE, the stono in a printing, olllce on which the paiies or columns are arranged, and locked up in the chases for I ires-. Imposino-table. See Imposing-stone. Imposition, an overcharge; a fraud. Impost, a lax or toll levied on goods im- p(irt(d. iMidSTdR, a cheat ; one who defrauds. iMPiu.s^iNG, taking a copy of any work by printing; stamping, or marking with a die. iMPKKssiiiN, an eHect made on any substance bv a tool; the copv taken from a die or seal; the total iimiiber ol sheets printed ol a book or journal ; the copy of an engraving taken Irom a plate or wood block. Impressment, a compulsory mode of obtain- ing seamen, for service in the navy, by a press-gang; sometimes resorted tointiino of war. Imprest, an advance on loan : n department ot the Admiralty in Somerset House is called the Improt-oflicc, from attending to the business of loans or advances to paymasiers, and other officers. Imprimador (Spanish), one who primes or lays the first colours on a piece of huen or board to be painted. Impkimaiur, a licence to print. Imprint, the printer's name and address attached to the first or last leaf of a book or printed sheet. [liberty. Imprison, to incarcerate; to deprive of Impropriator, a layman who liolds posses- sion of church lands or an ecclesiastical living. iMPitovEMENT, an alteration in any thing for the better; as, an increase in custom ; an advance in jiriccs, &c. ; turning to jirofit or advantage; making land pro- ductive. Improver, a learner; one who shapes or finishes work. Improvident, thoughtless, careless, incon- siderate. I.N. an abbreviation for "Indian Xavy." INAH, an Indian jewel, coiisi.'.ting ol a very .'-mall mirror mounted in a fiiiger-rlng. Inarching, a mode of graltiiig by unit- ing a stock to the parent tree -vvltliout separating it. Inc., Ink, a long measure of Japan, about 4 Chinese cubits, and nearly 6iliiigllsh feet. Inca^tjescence, a white heat; the appear- ance of metals when intensely heated. * Incexdlary, one who sets fire to a dwelling- house, whicli crime in law is termed arson. Incense, a name lor odoriferous resins used to fumigate Hoiuan Catholic churclics. See Frankincense. Inch, in Scotland, an island; to drive or ad- vance by slow de;;rees; the twelfth part of a loot, and the smallest lineal measure to whicli a commonly recognised name is given; but suiidivisions are used formally purposes. Among mechanics, the inch is commonly divided into eighths, liy t he olUceis of llic i e venue and liy sLientilic jirrsons, it is divided into tenths, huii- dreiUhs, itc. Formerly it was made to eoiisistofl2 parts, called lines; and ancient- ly it was subdivided into 3 barleycorns. ]l- IND [ 202 J INI) iNCU-STarp, dual plank sawn to the thickness of an inch. Incinerate, to burn to ashes. Incision, a cutthi^-innrk, or impression made on any tliinL;; tlie separalloa u/ the surface by a sli;ir|) insUunu-nt. Incisou, a cutting-tontli : those of tlie wal- rus, wild boar, hippopntamus, and sonic otlier animals, enter into commerce for ivory. Incline, to loan over; to slope gradually, as an inclined plane. Inclosuhe, commonable or waste land, taken in for culture. See Enclosuke. iNCLUSA(.Spanisli), an hospital forfoundlings. Inclusive, comprehended in the number or sum. Incombustible Cloth, is made either of a.s- bestos fibres, or linen dipped in a solution of alum, or sal-ammouiac. Income, a stipfnd; the receipts or nains derived Irnm labour, business, or property of any kind; as from the produce of a f.irm; the rent of houses or land: tlie pro- ceeds of literary or lu'ofessional business; the profits of commerce or of occupation; the interest on funded property; or joint- stock securities. Income-tax Collector, a government offi- cial, who collects the iiropertj- and in- come tax, levied by the State; receiving a percentage commission for his labours. Income-tax Commissioners, responsible persons appointed to assess incomes for taxation, and to adjudicate upon appeals relating thereto. Incomings, receipts; money paid on entering upon a business, <&o. Incoming Tenant, the person who goes into possession of a house, or who succeeds another on a. farm. Inconvertible, not transmutable or chinueable; some secnrities or invest- ments are convertible into stocli, &c. ; others are not so. Incrustation, a fur or sediment; an ac- cumulation of lime, &c. on the inside of steam-boilers; in building, work fixed with cement or cramp irons into notches made to receive it. Incubator, a machine for hatching eggs by artificial heat. See Hatching App.uia- TUS. Incumbency, the state of holding a bene- fice, or being in possession of an office. Incumbent, the holder of a benefice; a clergvman who is resident on his benefice, liaviiig the spiritual charge of his district or parish. Incumbered Estate, a landed property bur- dened witli mortgage charges, tor which provision has lately been made in com- missions, taking over the management of such from proprietors. Thus there is an Irish Encumbered Estate Commission ; a West Indian Encumbered Estate Com- mission, &c. Indelible, a fast colour; what cannot bo blotted out. Indemnification, securing against loss, damage, or penalty. See iNsua.vNCE and Guarantee. bJOENTATioN, a iiotcli or mark cut in any thing— running in ,ind out like a row of teetli. Indenture, an obligation by writing, a con- tract as of appn iitici'.sliip. Originally thC drcil or wriliiig was stri'lly an indenture; the two copies wuie lac-siinilrs, one being written or indented over the other. Index, an alphalietlcal talile ot reference to the contents of a book ; a pointer or needle which turns on a pivot ; the ex- ponent o( a power; a diieeting post. Index-hands, the iHiiiilers ot a clock, watcli, or other re'.;isteiiiig in.ieliine. Index-maker, one who makes indexes of subjects, or catalogues of convenient re- ference, &c. India-matting, grass or reed mats, made in tlie East from Papyrus corymbosus ; large quantities of whicii arc imported. Indiana (Spanish), chintz. Indian-ink, a black pigment used for water- colour painting. See China- ink. Indian-madder. See Chay. Indian-oak, a name sometimes applied to tlie teak-wood, Tectoiia griirnlis. [oclue. Indian-bed, a imrplc earili; a variety of Indian-shot, a name for tlii^ Carina J iiHica, which furnishes a iisclul fibre. INDIAN-YTSLLOW, a ilvc ofquestionable origin, said to be procureil tVuiii the urine of the cow, after eating decayed and yellow mango leaves; other autliorities refer it to camels' dung. Analysis sliows it to be composed cliiedy ot piirreic acid, com- bined with magnesia. Its name, in somo parts of the East, is Purree. India-rubber Manufacturer. See Caoitt- cHouc Manufacturer. Indicator, an index machine for various purposes; a water-gauge in a steani- eugiiie; a stone-block lor marking boun- daries of land, 04 ] INT iNi \NI.-BILIJ, ilnilts ixud bills oi exchange, dr.wn ami payable in the same country. iNt.ANO-TRADK, interior or domestic trace; t e lon.c transport and supply ot «oo.ls over tl.i: country, and wliicli does not pass IsiAY^u,'a mosaic worker; a caliinet-nialcer "wlio (unaments work witli ve"<'ers oi .Icvices in varions-coloi.red ;jyoo'b, 'i inanutncturcrotpapier-macl..5wl o sut» nacreous slicll into a prepared gro nid. l.sLE^aiwntrance; acroekorljay ; Inserted INMATE.' a loiU'cr; an occi.picr:tlm member ot a iiouseliold; one who lives with a In^'at^s (Scotch), those parts of the intes- l4"rtav:;^.";u;i;aplaccoflod.ingand ^'iter ainmcnt; ditVering from a public or ale house, which does not usuallypro- vide beds or food for travellers. LSNHOLDEUS' COMPANY. One Ot t « /'ve y companies of London, whose hall is m CoUese-streot, Dowgate-liill. InningS, in cricket, or other games, the turn to play ; a spell at work. Inn-keeper, a tavern-keeiier. Innovation, a novelty or change; a de- parture Irora old practices, laws, or cus- lNV°iS'^(Scotch), the share in a contribution ; the balance in change 9''""'"'-"^':„,i„^Hnn Inquest, a judicial inquiry or examination. See CoKONEB's Inquest. iNyuiLiNO (Spanish), a tenant. INQOIRT. a scrutiny, or investigation; a close examination. . Inscribe, to write or engrave on any thing , to mark with characters; to addiess oi INSWOTTION. a writing or title on a tomb or on an address; a piece of plate presented, INSERTIONS, narrow strips of Ijice ernbroi- dered muslin or cambric, sold lor inlets in handkerchiefs, dresses, &c. ; work in general, added or joined, to enlarge or ornament ladies' fancy-work. . ^ ^^ IssiDES, passengers in the interior of a ve- il cle; perfect paper, from which the out- sides or faulty sheets have been removed. Insignia, badges of oflice; decorations. Insolvent, incompetent to pay alljust de- 'mands; In pecuniary difficulties. Insolvent Court, a specially appointed law court in London and the provinces, hav- ing jurisdiction over the affairs of iiisol- veTits • and in which causes are heard be- fore acommissioner, who adjudicates ui^oii them, and discharges or remands the in- solvent, according to the features of the case, as brought before him by documents Ivsolvent-petitioner, an insolvent who 'claims to be heard and relieved from Ins Inspan! to voke draught oxen. [tion. Lnspection", a surveillance; an examma- IN.SPECTOR, a superintendant or overseer; "an officer of a public company, as a gas in- spector. There are also inspectors ot schools, of police. ii:Nrs, a debt divided into several parts, and paid at dineient times. Instant, the present or current montli. iNSTiTon (Spanish), a factor or agent. Institution, an establi.shnieiit, public or sockiV; As a ]\Icchaiilcs' institution, a Hanking Company, itc. . iNs'lui ( r.,,-., a leaehrr; one who imparts knowledge or skill of any knid. INSTKUMENT, a law term for a written docu- ment or dJed ; a tool used for anv purpose ; .an avlificial machine, as mathcniatieaL, nautical, philosophical, and t^'^t'';-''';^^^^ netic instruments. Lstrun cnia. INSTRUMENTAL, pertaining to 'nu>;'C'>l "; INSTRUMENT-MAKER, a iiKiiiufacturer ot in- struments of any kmd. e«n.,rnf« INSULATE, to isolate or detach ; to separate orcutofi; as ill elertncity. ,„„,,;„(,„ , INSULATOR, a non-eoii.liKtur "f clectricit.v . INSURANCE, an indemnilleation for loss at sea, obt hied by paying a percentage on ships or goods; also against Are on houses or iNSURANcl-KROKER, ail intermediate agent between the marine insurance-ottices .ina theinsurers,whoenectspoliciesuponships, cargo, and passengers' effei ts &c. iNsuRANCE-cLERK, ail assis^uit Officer cm- uloved in an insurance-office. iNSuiiANCE-coMPANY, a J,9'".>t-stock associa. tion, which grants policies of insurance a"ainst lire, wreck, window-breaking, &c. INSURANCE -OFFICE, the offlcG Or bUlldlllg Where an Insurance Company conducts iNSUR^l^cE-'pbLicT, thc legal document or contract given by an Insurance Com- nanv. to aparty who has paid the premium reauired, as a guarantee against risk. iNTASLio, a name given to small gems in wliich the design is indented, orengr.aved, instead of being raised, as in cameos. INTAN, the Malay n.imc for the diamond. Integer, a whole quantity numljcr, in con- tradistinction to a fractional part. Intelligence Office, a telegraph office; a serviints- registry; an office where information may be obtained. 1" the United States tliere are many of these offices established for different purpo.es; for the transmission ot news; for regis- tering the addresses of individuals; for forw.irdiiig news, advices, Ace. Intendant, in France, .in inspector or supei - iutendaut. ... „„,..,, Inter, to bury, to cover with caitli. Intercourse, communication or corre- spondence; trade. Interdict, a prohibition. Jntorest, a sSm paid lor the use of money lent; a right or share in a business or uii- lNTERii!l'"iiie meantime; the interval be- tween two periods. ■INTERJOIST, a middle joist or cross beam. Interlacing, mixed or joined togetbei. Interleave, to place blank leaves of paper, in binding; between the printed leaves or iNTERLiXTioN^'^-additions or corrections S™.nmiuscript between the pre- viously written lines. INV [205] IRO INTKRLOCDTION, an intermediate act or de- cree before final decision. iNTiCKLtTDE, a farce or li'4lit piece performeil at a theatre between tiie first play and the after-piece. Intekmediate, interposed, lyins between. Interoce^vnic, lyins between two seas; a c mmunication connecting two oceans — as a railway, road, &c. iNTF.iiroLATE, to add to an original; to alter a book or manuscript. Intem'RETEr, a linmiist ; a translator of lanyua^'cs in law courts, or U'V traveller^-, rvEST5iENT. uioucy put out at interest in some public fund or association, or In the purchase of houses or land, Ac. Invoice, a bill of parcels containing parti- culars of (jnality, quantity, and price of goods remitted to an ageiit or factor lor sale, or on approval. Invoice-rook, the book in which are copied or posted the oii,L;iiials of bills and m- voiees of merchandise purchased nr received. [loss. Involve, to embarrass; to render liable to lowDE OF roTAS.siUM. a medicinal prcpara- tinn for scrofulous diseases. Iodine, a valnaMe chemical preparation fiom kel|) or the ashes of sea-weed. I. (>. U., an acknowledgment for money ut goods lent. Ipecacuanha, a medicinal powder, pre- pared from the root of the Cepliaclis J pecacuanha, containing an emetic jirin- ciple. IPLIK, the common Turkish word for thread or yarn. IrsoLA (Spanish), a kind of wool. IRAS.\, a dry measure of Mysore of IG lbs. Iridium, a rare white metal found in com- bination with platinum and osmium : being a very hard substance, it is used for tipping or pointing metallic pens. Irish-jioss, a marine plant brought from Ireland, and obtained from the Chondrus crixpiis, which being nutritive, emnlllcnt, and demulcent, is used medicinally, and lor various economic purposes. iSee Cak- R AGE EN. InisH-STEW, a kind of hash consisting of I'otatoes and meat boiled together. IRLANDA (Spanish), fine Irish linen. Iron, the most cnun"!) and most important of the uselul ne-iaU: of iron there are at least forty kind-' of ores, but the most valuable are the oxides and carbonate. It enters into commerce in its manufac- tmed state under various forms, the principal kinds being bar and bolt iron; iron castings, hoop iron, nails, pig, lube, rivet, plate or sheet, railway, and rod iron. Iron and tin-plate Worker, a worker in malleable iron, who shapes articles from the tliin plates of metal. Iron-hedstead Maker, a manufacturer of bedsteads or frames of iron. Iron-chain Maker, a manufacturer of chain cables tor vessels, or lor suspen- sion purposes. Iron-fastened; vessels whose pl.anks and timbers are rivetted with iron nails and bolts instead of copper, are said to be iron- fastened. Iron-fence and hurdle Maker, a manu- taeturer of articles so named. Iron-founder, .t. metal caster who runs iron into various shapes. lRoN-FouNDEi;b' Pattern-maker, a manu- laeturur of moulds, .n (FrenclO, a liam; a gammon oi liuciii ;— i.imbou (Ic Mayencc, a Wcst- )>lialia liam. jAMiiS, projections; the side or vertical posts of any opening' In a wall, itc. wliicli bear tlio pieces that discharge the superincumbent weight; as tlio posts of a door, llio sides of a fire-place or win- (loiv. Jamdanee, a (lowered Dacca wove muslin. James'-I'OWDEB, a medicinal pic|)aration used in fevers, consisting of 38 per cent, ofantimonious acid ami 62 of hone earth. Jan"AI'A, a name in -Madra-: for the sunn hemp of India, Crvtutiirin jniicea,v;U\c\\ also ftirnisiies a valuable fodder; gunny cloth ami eorilagc is made from it. See Gunny-bags. Januada, a sort of rude log, float, or raft used on tlie Brazilian coasts and rivers. iTvNiToii, a door-keeper. Jasher, a long polo on two -wiiccls, nxtd in .Scotl.md for transporting logs of wood. Jannock, a bannock; oaten broad made into loaves. Jaxton'g, the Malay name for a leaf of the plantain. Japan, a varnish for metallic and other articles, made of linseed oil, iiniljer, and turpentine; another kind isinadeotsecdlac ami spirits of wine with a colouring sub- stance added. Japan-earth, Terha Japosica. /Jll G-vm- BIER. Japan-maker, a manufacturer of the var- nish termed japan. Japanned-leatiieb, enamelled or var- nished leather prepared with several coatings of a mixture, consisting of lin- seed-oil, rrussiaii-bluo and lamp-black, rubbed in witli the hand and then dried in a stove. Japasnee, a varni-sher; one v.ho lays a japan upon substances. Jar, an earthenware pnt or vessel, of variable shape and dimensions: as a measure of capacity fir oil it contains tmm IG up to 30 gallons. JARDINIEK (French), a gardener. Jakee, a name in Hindustan lor the jujube fruit. /AKGOKELLE, a large and e>teemed k'lid of pear; au essence obtained from fusel oil. Jargoox, a gem, constituting a variety of Zircon. Jaseron (French), braid; fine gold chain. JA^EY, a worsted paruke or wig. Jasmine Oil, a yellowish essential oil ob- tained from the flowers of s<'ver,il species of jasmine. The genuine oil of jasmine of the shops, is the produpR of Jasminuni. grantlijlonim and officinale, but a similar perlunie isol)tainedVrom J. Sambac. Jaspeh, a S|>ccics of quartz, apparently coloured by iron; a precious stone, nearly as hard as agate, which occurs of many colours and varieties. The ancient arrow- heads, spcar-hcads, and other Indian im- plements of stone Im- use in war or in tlie chase, were chiefly formed (d native blood- red jasper, exceedingly fine and hard, and often times emulating the ap- pearance of the seini-pelliicid gems. Jatai, a Brazilian name for the locust-trto Jliimeiiivacourbant. Jat'amansi, tlie Indian name lor spike- nard, Nardostach'js .Jatainatisi. Jatee, tlie coimiioii Indian name for .las- milium grand iflor'um. Jatipatri, an I'astern name for mace. Jatiphau, a Sanscrit name for the no; meg. Jatropiia-oii- See I'uy.sic Nut, Jatte (Frcncb), a iiorringer; a wooden bowl. jAUfiEiit (French), a ganger. Jaulingitk, a new mineral resin obtained from the lignite of Jauling. .lAUNTiNG-CAK, a li.;bt car used in Ireland. Java Kcpee, a Uuteh silver coin, )iassiiig current in the Kastcrn Archipelago for about Is. 8d. Javelage (French), laying corn in heaps to dry. Javelin JIak, a slierifT's guard at assizes. Jawatiii, a name in llindiislan fnr maee. Jaw-levek, an iiistrunient lur o.eiiing iho mouth and adminiiiisteriiig iiiedienie to cattle. Jaws, the inner ends of the booms or gafl's of a ship hollowed in. Jean, a twilled cotton made hotli striped and white. Satin jeans are wnvm hko satin, with a smooth glossy surface, .and arc used for stays, shoes, childrcu'a frocks, &LC. Jeudart-jcg, an old brass vessel, holding about 8 Scotch gills, still used as a stan- dard measure, being kept in the custody of the Dean of GuiM. Jeeapootra, a name in ilindustaii for the nuts of Pulraiijiva Roxburtjhii, which are strung by the natives round the necks of their children, as an amulet to keep them in health. Jeera, an Indian name for cnniin-sccd. Jeers, tackles used in a ship, for lioisting the lower yards. Jegget, a sausage. Jelly, a homogeneous mass. The principal animal jellies are gelatin, glue, and ishiglass; the vegetable jellies are tlioso in which the syrujis of fruits arc inad'.- into preserves. Jelly-mould, a confccliuncr's shape for making jellv in. JEMIDAK, a suballcni native officer in India, corresponding to our ensign or lieutenant. Jemmies, a woollen cloth made in Seoilaiid, also called shafts; house-breakers' tools. Jenmy, an owner of slaves in Malabar. Jennet, a .Spanish horse. Jenni;ting, an early apple. Jenny; a spinning macliiiio. jEUCATCnuEE, an Indian name for nux vomica seeds, JerkedBeef, beef hung or dried in the sun. Jermaee, an Indian name lor Coccuius Jmlicus. Jerquek, a custom-house ofScer ; ft beareher. J no [209 ] JOE Jkequinc, the search ofasliipby a custom- housa ofliccr, called a jcrquc-r, to ascertain if tlicre are any unentered goods con- cealed. Jeuset, fine yarn of wool. * JERHSALEM ARTICHOKE, tllO llelianlllUX titberosa : the tutiirs have a culinary value, and the stems abound in uselul fibre. jERCSAi,E5r Oak, a name for the Chenopo- dium Jlotrys, a Iraurant jilant, said to be a powertnl e.x.|iectorant. Jesse, a lar)4e branched cnndlcsllck. Jet, a variety oi solt bituniinous coal, ad- mitting of a fine polish, wliich is worked up into many kinds ot ornaments, such .is brooches, bracelets, earrings, &c. ; a spout of water; a tube lor nielled metal m a mould. Jetee, an Indian name for the Marsdenia tencicissima,a. sm:dl climbins; plant, from the fibres of whieli tlie Kajnialil moun- taineers make tlicir bow-strinps. Jetimadii, a veniatnlar name in Hindustan forliqnorice. [polishiuK .urates. Jet-lustre, a Hohomian black -had (or Jetsam, goods ca>t into the sea fjom a sliip, in stress of wcailKM-, itc.. w bicli sink and remain under water. See Tlotsam and Lagan-goods. Jettimitd, a name in India for liquorice root. jETTi', the projeclinj,' part of a wliarl; a mole or timber pier to land goods and pas- sengers on. *ET-woRKER, a turner who shapes orn.v nieiits Irom jet. Jewel, a precious stone ; a trcm. Jewei.-blocks, blocks at the yard-arms ol a ship, lor the sluddiug halyards to pass through. Jewtjl-casb, a lady's case for keeping gems and ornaments in. Jewellers'-goli), gold with an alli>y of copper or silver in variabU: proportion. For trinkets tlie alloy is about 25 per cent, of copper added to the gold. Jewellers'-kouge, a kind of red imtty powder used lor polishing. ie« ehcry. Jewelleks'-sweeps. a general name for the scra|is, dust, and washings remaining in jewellers' workshops, gold-pen manu- factories, &C, which are collecltd by per- .sons Avho separate the gold and silver from the reluse. Jewellery, a general name for ornaments for the person, of silver, gold, enamels, precious ftones, &c. Jew's-harp, a metal instrument for music, played in the mouth. jEW's-JLiLLOW a name for the plant yi.ld ing the jatc fibre. Jev.l'L, Jingun, the name in Bonsai for a gum-resin that exudes from the bark of Uilina woilier. JUAPEEs, i)ceulinr innbreila-sbapcd hats, worn by the lower class of Assamese, made from the coarse leaves of the Toko- pat palm (/,iri.'.Yo«!(t/(?«A!n4-/((n(i, Grillilli). The leaf of the lalipot palm (Corypha T(dkra) is used lor the same purpose. Jhool, Jool, a kind of white or black blanket, mad^ by tlie natives of Iiidia, worth about Gs. Jhuggery, a mixture of tobacco, molasses, and opium, which is smoked by some of the lower class natives in the K;ist. Jib, the iirojccting frame of a crane; a triangular shii)'s sail set ou a stay, lor- ward. Jii;-i;ooM. the spar rigcrc d out beyond I be bowsprit; the Hying jd)-boom is another added spar. JiB-Dooi;, a door made flush with the wall on liolh siiles. JiGori;, a ]iotter's wheel, by which eartln n- ware vessels are shaped, iCc. by a rapid motion; a small ship- tackle u.sed about decks or alolt; a miner who cleans ores in a wire sieve; a machine to steady a cable; a tool used by coopers for stripping the outside (if staves. « Jigging, in mining, the process of sorting ore, by passin- it through a gridle or wiie- botloine 1 ^iev<■. fClGor. JiGOT, the hip joint of lamb or mutton. .SVt" JiiiUiLrri:, a Spanisli name in Guatemala for the Indigo jjlaiit. JiXGALt., a small portable p'eceof ordiianc<', liredon the ground, wlneli rests on a long sliiider biilt-end and a pair of legs. JiNui.F, (li.NGi.E, a covere.l two-wheeleil public car used in tjiork. 8ce tiiNGi.EMAN. Ji.NGU.N*, a gnin-resin that e.xudes frum tlie bark of Odina wodier, called in Bengal, JewuL JiSTAN, the Malay name for sced.s. Jippo. a kind of women's stays. JiBA, the Hindoo name lor cumin seed. JOANESE, another name for the joe, a I'ortu- gucse gold coin. JOAK, a vernacular name in India for tbe farinaccousseeds of Hoighum vulgare; Ihfe stalks alTord sugar, but in less qnantiiy than the Sorghum saccharatum, which lias recently been introduced into culture in JCurope and North America torextraeting sugar from. Job, a piece of work; casual employment; to buy and sell as a broker; to let out horses and vehicles lor lure. JoBBEit, a person who undertakes small j)ieccs of work; an outside or wholesale dealer on the .Stock Exchange, who makes the price at the market value for joint- stock or public !;ccnritie.5 between the buyer and. seller; being the interniedi.ite a','ent between the stock-broker and llio liublic; a petty-dealer in cattle, &c. Jobbing-office, a printing-oftice, where small jobs arc undertaken, as the printing of hand or posting bills, circulars, cards, &o. JoB-MASTER, a livery stable-keeper; one who lets out horses and carriages. JoB-PRiNTEU, a printer in a small line of business. Jon's Tears, a popular name for the stony beail-like seeds of a grass, the Voix lachry~ ma, used for making necklaces, ttc, and valued for supposed medicinal qualities. jocii, an Austrian land-measure equal to 1 ■41) acre or 6,f;89 square yards. Jockey, a horse-dealer or trainer; one who rides a horse in a race. Joe, a Portuguese aud Bfuzilian gold coin, worth about 36s. JOW L2i0] JUM I Joggles, pieces of lianl stone introiluccii in iijoiiit; |i;irtic-ul:ir liiiiJs of coniicctiiis; jiiiiits ill masonry. Johannes, u Portuguese gold coiu of ciglit dollars. JoiiANNisBERGEB, H uamc for a kind of hock wine. JoiiANNis-Di:oD, a German name for tlie pod ol the carol)-tree. See CAUon-Kuuir. John Douy, an excellent tahle lisli, tlie Zeus faber, common in the European seas. JoiiNNT-CAKE, a West-Indian nameforsraall meal cakes, toasted on the embers. Joiner, a mechanic who does the neat or line woodwork in ships and huildinsis, and is therefore distinguished from the ship- wright and carpenter ; sometimes, how- ever, the trades are combined. JoiNEKs' CoMP.ujy, one of the minor incor- porated livery companies ol London which has.no hall. Joint, a junction of wood, etc,; the limb of an animal cut up by tlie butcher. JoiNiiNG-PLANE, the largest plane used by carpenters and joiners. Joints, places where two parts are united, or where pieces are articul.ited with each other, as in gas-pipes, &c. Joint-stock, a common fund or stcck lormed by the contributions or paid-up shares of different persons. Joint-stock Company, an associ.ation with a capital lormed of shares or contributions, to carry on any undertaking requiring large Kinds. Joists, beams or cross pieces; the timber on whicli the flooring of buildings is laid; tlierc; are bending-joists aud bridging- Joists. JoLLY-oiOAT, a small boat, usually hoisted at a ship's stern, and sometimes termed A yawl. Jolt, to jerk or shake. Jondeland, a land-measure of Denmark, equal to 6527 English square yards. Jongs (i^rench), rushes. JoRNALEROS (Spanish), day-labourers. JoRDJi, a full bowl. Joseph (French), very tliin paper; silver or blotting paper. JoSTiCK, aromatic or fumigating wood, used in China for incense tap^r-s, i5c ■. JosTlES, anarae In Cuddapahandotherparts of India for pastlles. JoocATTE, JucAT, a Scotch liquid measure synonymous with gill. [a;;c. Joui (French), beef tea; a Japanese bevcr- JoUKNAL, a ship's log-book; a day-book; a diary or register of daily transactions in business; a daily newspaper; the bearing portion of the shaft in machinery; that which revolves on a support situated be- tween the power and the resistance. * JouKNALiST, a news' writer; an editor. Journeyman, one who works for hire by the day; a nuclianic employed to work for another in his particular trade. Jow, 11 minute linear measure in the East Indies, represented by a grain of rice; 3 jows making 1 angle of 2 ll-90th inches; a name in India for barley. Jowl, Jole, the cheek or head of a pig ealtcit Judge, a measuring staff for estimating cx- cavaiing work done in coal-mines; a civil olhcer appointed to try causes, or preside over a court ol justice. Judges' Chambeks, the private offices of a judge, in the inns of a court, 'iri:u, a name lor (;in. * JUNii'KR- BicuKiES, tlic He-ihy nalbules of Juiiiperus coiiiniunis. eniiloyed in medi- cine; hut their chief cousiiiuption is for flaviiuria^' the spint called .njin. JUNU'tij-otJM, a name tor African incense, or olihannm resin, connnonly attrihnttd to the Jutnperus Ltjcia; alsi) for i,'um san- darac, the produce ot Thuja articulata. See Arah. JuNTPKU-oii., a volatile oil, ohtalned from the berries iif Jitiiij'Ci'ux eoiiiinunis. It is wiilto or yellowish, liKht, ver3' hquid, of hot and acrid iuni|ier taste, and very stroiij,' smell. It is jircpared on a lar{,'e scale in Holland, and olten adulterated >vitli turpentine. JtWK, luird salted beef supplied to ships: old and condcnmed |iieecs of rope and cordage, cut into short lenstlis, and used for malting mats, swab-;, andoakmn Ac.; a (Jhinese vessel, from the Maliiy" ajong." JlTNTS-DEALEB, a marine Store-dealer ; one who vends old rope. JuNKERiTE, a name given by some minera- logists to spatlnc iron. Junket, a dish of curdled cream and milk. JoNK-EiNG, a steara-tiglit packing round the piston of a steam enyine. JuPE, a Bort of pelisse or slKjrt mantle, for- merly worn Ijy women and children; a tlamiel shirt or J.icket. J UPON (French), an under-petticoat " JCBEF.B, a land measure in Cabul, half an j Knglish acre. JiniEMA-p.AUK, an astringent hark, said to j be obtained from the Acacia jurcma, a native of ISrazil. Juror, a nn luber of a jury; one of a body I summoned to try a cause. ] Jury, a hody of men sworn to decide npon j (.acts according to the evidence produced j before' them : a strand iui y consists of a-t, a sprcialor ])etly jury oi 12. [ajaiy. JuKV.MAN, a persoii summoned to attend on Jury-mast, a temporary spar rigged ns a j mast, in place ot one lost or carried away i jjy storm, &c. Jussi, a delicate fibre produced in Manila I Irom somemidescribed plant, and of which ' dresses, itc. are made. [coat. JusTicoAT, a waistcoat witli sleeves; a close Justine, an Italian coin worth about 5s. Jute, an annual plant common in liengal, the Vorchorus olitorius. There are two varieties of the plant, the green and the reddisli, known by the local names of pat I and bun-pat. Acoarse kind of cloth is I woven Irom tlie jute, and affords the mate- rials of the well-known gunny-bags of India. &e Gunny-bacis. * JuvANEE, a name in India for tlie Ptycliolis ajowain. See Ajouan. JuviA, a South American name for the i lirazil luit (lierthollelia excelsa). JuwANSA, a name for the camels' thorn (Alhiigi maurorum), a thorny slirub used for making tattees or screens, to hang at windows and iloors to keep out the heat and dust. It also furnishes tlie manna of the desert. Jyntee, a name, in India, for the u£schy- 1 noiuene Sesban, which yields an excellent I charcoal used lor making gunpowder. K. KAn.VB, an iim in Russia. Kaban, a weight of Ternate, one of the Slolucca islands. See Caban. Kaijani, an attorney in the Levant. Kamielow, codlish salted and hung for a few days; a name in parts nf .Scotland for a moss ot cabbage and potatoes. Kabob, a Turkish dish. Kabong, a name in Malacca for the Gomuto ))alin, t\\ii Arenga sacc/iari/era, cultivated there chiefly for its sap, to make jaggery or coarse sugar; but which also yields a strong fibre. See Ejoo-fibke. Kabook. a name for cl.ay iron-stone, the decomposition of which forms a produc- tive reddish loam in Ceylon. Kacooica, an African caravan of slaves and merchandise In the Congo, Loaudo, and neighbouring districts. Kaciiaii, the Malay name for glass. Kachel, a Dutch tile; an earthen vessel. Kadi-icane, an Indian name for nnllet, Panicum miUareum. Kaduil,vy, in India, powdered myrabolams. Kafa, a name in tlio Friendly islands for Bianet made from coco-nut coir. Kapfak, a Turkish shoo merchant or dcalci in slippers. Kafilah, an African caravan consisting of Irom 1800 to 2000 camels. Kagne, a kind of vernnceili. Kahawon, See Cahun. Kahoo, an East Indian name for the let! uce. Kai, a Malayan grain measure. See Coyan. Kakn (tiermaii), a boat. Kail-brose. See Kale. Kail-tard, a common term in Scotland for a kitchen-garden. Kaimester (German), a wharfinger. Kai.n-bam, the Malay name for linen; kain- kalandju, being gauze; kain-layer. canvas; kain-kipri, diaper; kain-panas, llantiel. Kajawehs, pamners for a camel in which women ride in Persia. Kakaralli, a common wood of Dcmerara, whicli is very durable in salt water, possessing tlie quality of resisting the depredations of the sea-worm and bar- nacle. It may be had Irom 6 to 14 iuchcu square. Kakoon, one of the Hindoo names for Panicum Jtaticum. KAP [212] KEU Kai-amkaki, the Malay iiaiiir for calico. '.iALANBK, a nativi! ^dldsmith's «fij,'lit in Ceylon, almost (ihsoU'te, rqiiMl to 24 oC a large red seed used lor its siilidivlsioiis. The kalandi' repi-cscnts nlioiit 7;!5 iTains. Kalaky, the ci^litli part ofa paw or seer in the soiitlicru MaliiMlta country, the paw beint,' 1 5-IGllis fjiiarl. Kai.dki, llie .Malay iiaine Tor the ass. Kale, Kail, the Kinorie name lor oolewort, a kitchen plant ; a kind of pottage made with greens. * K.VLEiBOSCOPE, a Ids-'hly ingenious optical instrument, showing:, by the chan^'e of position of small pieces of coloured glass, a great variety of bcautilul designs, wliicli have been found very useful to paltern- drawcr.s. It was iuventcd by Sir David Brewster of Edinburgh. Kalfatereu ((Jeruuui), cue who cnuIUs seams. Kallinqek, a weight in Ceylon used for pearls, supiiosed, like the cliow, to contain 320 fractional parl.s. Onekallingec iscfjuid to 20 manjadics, each containing 7J grains troy. IL\LMUCK, a Kind of shags}' cloth or hr^ar- Hkiu; a coarse cotton fabric made of va- rious colours in Prussia. Kambixg, the Malay name for a sheep or goat. Kambou, a name In the Knrilc i.slands for the Fucus snccJia/'iiius, called by the Itussians sea-cahhage; a favouiile article of food among all classes in Ihc Japanese empire. Kamisol (German), a waistcont or jacket. Kammeuer (German), a clKuuherUdn or treasurer. Kan, a liquid measure in I'atavia of 91 cubic inches: 33 are equal to about ]0g gallons; 388BataviaUans make one leaguer or 160 English gallons. Kanasteke. a rush basket, Kaxgan. /See Cangan. ICangaroo, a marsupial animal peculiar to Australia, which is hunted lor its tlesh and its skin. The tail makes excellent soup, and the skhi when tanned forms a solt and durable shoe leather. Kaninchen (German), a rabbit. Kanna, a diy and liquid mea>ureot Sweden, 4-«i)iiit; 100 IjL-iug equal to 57 00 gallons Kanne, the unit for liquiii measure in tlie Netherlands, corrosnonding to the French litre, and equal to IJ imperial pint ; about 4J go to the imperial gallon. Kaolin, a porcelain earth derived from the decomposition of the feldspathic granites, and much used for fine pottery. This earth is met witli in Assam, Bangalore, Stadras, Ciiin.i, and other parts of Asia, whence the name is derived. Kapak, the JIalay name for a hatchet or axe. ICvPAS, a name in the I'^ast for cotton in the seed, and for the herbaceouseoiton plmit. Kaper, Caper, a name, iu Scotland, for an oat-cake buttered, with a slice of cheese on it. Kai'Itia, a resin or lacqurr obtained in {'.vloii fruPl the :. ip ol' the Crotuu Utcci- /iriiiiL Kapok, a name, in the Eastern archipelago lor the cotton down enveloping the seeds of the silk cotton -tree, Uoiiiba.c pen- laridrum. It is used by the I'oor inliabi- tauts forstuHlng chairs, pillows, jis, the Malay name for cinna- mon. Keatib. a Turkish scribe, who writes letters, petition.s, contracts, &c. Keaves, Cuves, chemical vessels cmiik>yed to contain salts. Keb, a term in Scotland for a premature birth in animals; a slink lamb, itc. Kebabs, small pieces of loasted meat, dressed with liesh )iarsley and celery, . sold in the 'I'lirkish bazaars lor dinner. Kebbuck, acommon name lor cheese in Scot- land. Keckling, a sailor's name for old rope womid round cables to keep them Irom chaling. Kyeici.i-.n-t'iNs, a nam? in Scotland for «iris or needles used in knitting stook- in^s. K E L L Kedgk, a siiinll anclior with an iron stock, usiil lor warpiiit', or lor ruling in a liarbour or river. Keel, the lowest and principal tinilicrofa vessel, running the wliole Uii^'tli and snp- porting the frames and luiU. A ligliter or barge, a Uat-bottomcd vessel used in the Tyne for cnrryinf,' coals to colliers, it contains ahout 8 Newcastle chaldions = 15J London chaldrons or 21 tons 4 cwt; but is commonly taken at 21 tons 1 cwt. 3 quarters ; the keel of coke is 11 tons. Keelage, dues paid ior a sliip cnteriUo' tho port of Haiti epool, &c. K.EELMAN, ouo who manages coal-barges and keels. KiiELKAT, a vessel in which liquor is set to cool. Ki.ia.iNO, a name in some places for the r.i.liisli, Moirhua vulgaris. Ki'KLsos, a timber placed over the keel on the floor timbers, and ruiming parallel. Kf.kn, sharp ; having a line edge. Kixi'tit, a preserver, a ilelender; one who has the custody of prisoners, or of deranged persons; one who has the care of a park or other enclosure, or the custody of beasts; a guard ring worn by married fe- males, above the wedding ring. KeepsaivE, a remembrance or gilt-token. Keeslip, a name in Scotland for the ftoniach of the calf used in curdling milk for cheese ; also for the Galium plant or cheese rennet, used as a substitute. See Keslop. Keeve, a large vat used in the mining districts; a mash-tub or vessel employed in brewing; to tilt a cart, to unload it. Kkfei!, the Turkish name lor a purse of silver, =500 piastres. Keg, a small wooden cask or barrel con- taining 4 or 5 gallons : paint, lard, Dantzic beer, oysters, iream to prevent the ascentof salmon. Kemngoo, an Indian name tor sweet pota- toes, ot which there are mai'y varieties; as velly kelingoo, saruy kehngoo, aividly kelingoo, linevulty keiineoo, ic. Kei.icel, a slice of sole dried and salted. Kella, an Arabian dry measure, the (ortietli liarloltlietomand; and equal to 4 l-5thlbs. Kellach, a kind of sledge or wicker cart used in Scotland. Kellat, a weight at Suez, of four grains, the 15th part of a dram. Kellet, a kind of raft used on the river Euphrates. Kellow, a name for black-lead. Kelonteb, a Persian magistrate. IvELP, the commercial name for the asli obtained by the incineration of vtaioii.-N sea- weeds. Kelp was largely man ii factu red on the nonhern shores ot Scotland until about the year 1817, when the removal of the salt-duty made the manufacture unprofitable. KmeoH. iSee Kkeison. >13] KER Kelt, a name in Scotland for cloth with the nap, generally made with native blaci: wool; a spawning salmon. Kelteii, a wine-press in Germanv. Kemi'LTN, a brewer's vessel. Kemengeh, an Arab violincello with two strings. Kemestei!, the name in Scotland for u wool-c(jniber. Kemo shells, an eastern name for the large heavy shells of TriJacna giijas. See Clam. Keiip, Kemttt, the coarse rough hairs of '..ool, which is avoided by tlie manu- facturer in his pur.-bases of wool, deterior- ating, as it does, the appearance of even common fabrics by its infeiloritv and harshness, and not taking dye readilv. The kemp of Cashmere goat's' wool "is now, however, made into coarse cloth. * Kempeil, a well-known name in Scotland for a competitor among reapers; one who strives to outrun the others in the quantity of work done. Keiiple, in Scotland, 40 wisps or bottles of straw or hay. Kemp-seeds, a Scotch term for the silting or reluse o( oats. In making oatmeal. Ken, a long measure of Siam, the hall ol tho vcuah, and equal to S7J inches. KpXDOo, a vernacular name in Bengal for IniUan ebony, the Diospyros Melanoxylon. The bark is astringent. Kenghel, the seeds of Oundelia Toiirne- fortia, which are roasted and used ;is coileo in parts of Asia ilnuir and Scmde. Kennei, a watcU-dog's house; a building for a pack of hounds; the channel or water- course in a street. Kennel-coal. See Caxnel-coal. Kennel-eakee, u rag-gatherer; a bone- grubber. Kexxets, a coarse cloth made in Wales. Kent, a long shepherd's stall or leaping pole. [ship. ICentledge, pigs of iron used for ballast in a Kjeoka-ou., Ketgee-oil, an essential oil obtaineil in the liast Irom the Pandanus odoratissimtu. Keper, Kopek, a name in Gennany for marsella, a kind of twilled linen. Kepoor, a Hindoo name lor amber. Kepping, a division ot the Spanish dollar in Sumatra, which is divided into4U0kcp- pings; eight thereloro are worth abuut Id. Keban, a Persian silver coin worth about Is. Kebat, the Egyptian name for the carat. Kerbstone, the edge flag-stones ot a paved lootway or causeway. See CtniBS. Kerchief. See Handkekcuief. IvERF, a notch or slit made in wood by cut- ting. Keeieh, a Turkish gold coin of 21 piasters under tho old coinage, but the kcrieh of the reigns of the sultans Mahuiood and Abdul iSlejid is worth only 18 piasters, or the 6th of a pound sterling. Kekmes, an insect produced on the Quer- ciis cocci/era, which I'urnishes a reil col' mr- ing matter. Also the name for a Inick-ied mineral powder, a factitious sulphuret of antimony, for dyeing, and formerly used in mes. a .--iiiall kind of grape, from which the Sliiraz wine is made in Persia. When dried in tlie form of raisins, it constitutes a larjje article of commerce in the Indian markets. KisT (Hindustani), a stated or agreed p.iy- nient or instalment; a portion of a tax paid by tlie ryot. KisTBDNDEE, ail Indian contract or aqree- ment lor payments of rent, duties, debts, &c. by instalments. KisTLER, a trunk-maker in Cicrmany. KiSTXAKAZ-BULLAli, a grain-nipasnre in Bangalore, of 2 pucca seers, or 4 lb. 3 oz. 5i drams. Kit, a small fiddle; a large bottle; a milk, pail or churn; the tools, e over rivors, or fluviitcd liei-^lits for eiiKiiiooriiiK innposi's; a iiaiiieK'Vcu to ;iii iiccomiiioda- tinii hill. KiTivi riiAii, a table-servant in India. Krnvsoi.i.s, paper parasols made in (;innn, wincli arcexipnrte.l to India and tlie. Straits settleinenls, paeUed in boxes ullDO each. KiTZK, tlie 'I'lirkisli name tor a i)iirse ol t;old of 311,00(1 iiiastres. lO^CK, in .Se(jtland, tlshing-groiuul near the shore, as opposed to tbu ball or deep- sea fishinj;. Ki.AFTKn, an Austrian iiioasiire of len;,'!!'-, eontainins,' 6 Vienna feet, and equal to G-2;i imperial feet, used al>o lor timber. * Klai'A, the Malay name lor the coeo-nut. Klein-schmikd (German), a wbite-sniitb. Ki.EiN-wAAUE, Kliscen-w'a^vbe (German), hardware. Klempneh, a German tinker or tinman. Klingensciimied, a German sword-cutler. KLINGEN-WAARE. See KLEIN-WAAJtE. KUPSPKINGEU, a Dutch name in the Cape colony for the Antilopc ormilraija^. Klipp-fisch (German), lub-lish, dried-cod. Klip-sweet, a species ot bitumen oozing from the rocks of the Winterberger in the Gape colony, used by the naiivea to cure convulsions, i&c. Ki-OPi'LER (German), a laco-maker. Knacicer's Yard, a horse-killer's yard ; a place where dead carcases are taken to bo cut u|> for their commercial uses. Knag, tlie slupot of a deer's horns. Knaiting-ilajimer, a stone-breaker's ham- mer in Scotland. Knead, to work off a soft mass, as of dough or clay. Kneading-machine, an apparatus lor work- ing dough by means of a revolving spiral. KNEADiNG-TBonGH, a deep tray in -(vhieh dough is mixed by bakers, and bread- makers. Knecut (German), a man-servant ; a work- man or journeyman. Knee, to elbow or bend In the middle; a crank; a bent piece of timber or metal. Knee-CjVP, a cover or protection for the knee ol a stumbling-horse. Knife. See Knives. Knife-basket, a tray xor holding tablo- Itnives. [the knile. Knife-blade, the metal or cutting part ot Knife-board, a piece ot wood, plain, or cased with leuther for cleaning and polish- ing table-knives. Knife-box, a box witli partitions for kcep- int; superior table or dessert-knives. Knife-cleaning Machine, a labour-saving machine for polishing knives. It consists of a series of brushes or leather pads which are made to revolve verticall.v. The knives are arranged in slits on the circum- ference of the case, and are subjected on each side to the revolving brushes. Knife-handle, the holding jiart of tlie knile; that to which the blade is affixed. Knife-kest, a metal or glass article lor a dinner table to rest carving-knives on. Knd'e-shaivPENER, a steel or tool for giving a cutting edge to knives. KnU'E-tk.vv, a servant's tray lor depositing knives in. Knight, a mounted liorsenian ; one of the pieces used in playing the game of chess. IvNisriR-Goi.D.'a German name lor gold leaf or tmsel. Knit, to weave by the hand. KNiniNG-MACiiiNE, a machine for weaving and making knitted work, as nets, open curtains, itc. Knitting-needle, KxiTrrNG-riN, a metal, wooiliii, or bone pin lor knitting, i Knive.s, cuttin;,' instruments lor table use, I and lor various trades, .tc. as clasp, I drawing, putty, and paliette knives, ; pocket, or spring knives, desk knives, sportsmen's and gardeners' knives, pen- knives, fruit, ham, oyster, bread, buUer, cooks', shoe, pruning, paling, plough knives, anilotherkinds; allot which diller in form or shape. IvNOB, a boss or protuberance; the handle for a door or drawer, Se<; Coble. KoDA, a grain niensiire ol Georgia, about 27 I lis. * KiiDAMA, a money of Japan, consisting of a round, tliick linnii ol silver, passing in tr:iilc, iiiid weiglu'il in payment from one inilividiial to anotlu-r. KoDEE, a name in Sinde for various species of cowry ; tlie sliells :i re calcined, and tlic powder sprinliled over sores. KoDIE, a name in Java lor llie candy or baliar, a weiylit, ot nineli tlieic are two kinds, tlio large = to filO lbs. avoirdupoi.s, and tne small to 407 lbs. [sel. KoFF-BOAT, a small two-masted Dutch ves- KoKFEK-JUCKEi;, alruuk niakcrniCitrmany. Kofi"0-hi-;mi", a name in llie Jlolnecas tor the fibres ol the Jiliisn tcrtilis. a wild species of plantain, wliidi yields the Manila hemp cordage of connnerce. Kohl, the German name lor o'.bbage or eolewort. Koiil-hahi, a curious variety of cabbage, with a bulbed stalk, the rapecole (JJias- sica oleracea, var. gonyylodes. KoiJANQ, a name in Java lor the coyan, equal to about 60 imperial bushels. KoKF, a revenue measure of Japan, of 3,000 bags or bales of rice. [wood. KoKlsA-wooD, another name for cocus- KoKUM-oiL, a concrete oil, obtained in India from the dried fruit of the Garcinia pur- purea. It is used as an article of lood, and as a medicine. See CocuM hotter. Kolas, glazed cartlicnware pans, used in the East by sugar-boilers and sweetmeat- makers. KoLAKUTS, Colas, the la-own seed of the aicrcuUa acuiniiiata, aliout the size of a pi^:eon'3 egg, which are very highly es- teemed in Africa. When chewed or sucked, llie.v are said to enhance the llavour of any thing eaten afterwards, and also to purify putrid water. KoLE, a Malabar long measure for timber, equal to 28} English inches. KosniODE (German), a cliist of drawers. KoMrow, a strong white Chinese linen made of flax, passing as a medium of currency in some of the I'luUppine islands. KoMST (German), curdled milk. KONGPU, CoNGPu, a name for the builders' foot measure in China, about } of an inch more than the English foot. KooDO, a large Alriean antelope, the Da- malts strepsiceros, which has fine long bonis, witli three elongated spiral turns. KooL, a Bengalee name for the liuit of the Zizyphus jujuba. See Ju.ruBE. * KooLiNJ.VN, a name in Hindustan for the Gala U'-! a root. See (iALANgal. KooLTOO, a name in Bengal for a species of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentuin. KOONGOONIE, a name in Bellary for the Ita- lian millet, PaniciimJtalictim. KooNGOO - Tako, an Indian name for the flowers of a species of Tamarix, used in dyeing. KooNKEE, a grain-measure of India, of 6 chittacks. See Chitak. KooRA, a measure of capacity, in the South Alahratta counti-y, of 31 J gaUous. KooBlNOA-FiBRE, a good Substitute for fla2£, jirenared in Tanjore from the Tylophora asthmatica. KoouooMiiA, a name in Ceylon (or tho yonng or green coco-nut. KoosuM, KoosuJliiA, a nmiK^ in India for salUower ; also for the Sclik'iclura Injuga, a tree on which the best lac resin is loi njcd. KooT, KooTii, a name in Lahore and the Bengal bazaars for putehuk or costus rooU Kui', the Hutch unit of measures for dry wares, and the cube of the palm, answer- ing to the French litre. Kopeck. &■« Coim;ok. KopFEN, an .Ausirian liquid measure, 70 of which make up the wnie eimcr. SeeY.l- MER. KoPF-STncK, a silver coin of Bavaria, worth 8}d; also called a siesler; in Branden- burg it passes lor 24 kreuzers. KOPRA. See COITERAIL KoQUERiynE-iiALi.i, a native wood of Demerara, which forms excellent rafters and beams for cottages, growing from 20 to 30 feet long, and Irom 4 to G inches in diameter. KoRB (German), a basket or hamper. KORETZ, a Galician measure equal to SJ bushels. KoRREL, a Flemish weight corresponding to the French decigranune, or rather more than 1 J grain (1-543.) KoRSEO, Korz'ec, a Polish weight equal to nearly' 2 cwt. ; also a corn-mea-ure of about SJ to 3J bushels. KosKOSsoo, in Tunis, a dry prcjiaration of semola, or coarse meal. KossANG, a petty money of account in the Malay [leninsula; the fourth part of tlie mace. KosT (German), board, food, or diet ; hence the compound words kostgan.:;er, a boarder; kostliaus, a boarduig - house; kostschule, a boarding-school, &c. KoTAE, an eastern weight of 15J lbs. Kou, an ancient Chinese measure about 17} gallons. [Uussia. Koup,ANKA, a kind of wheat grown in KoDKAN, an ornamented silver bracelet. Kou-Kou, a Tartar riame for tlie St. K-na- tius bean, the seeds ot a species ol Strych- noa {S. Sancti Igiiatii, the Ignatia ainura of some authors), which enjoys a hii:h re- putation in the Chinese Materia Medica. It is hitter, and believed to be a good vermifuge, but is dangerous from tlie A, a .Malay name for the horii lor pepper. Lai>anum-gum. See Laudanum. Ladder, a liaine of wood or iron with connecting rounds; a flight of wooden or rope steps for climbing. Ladder-maker, a manufiieturer of ladders, ot which there are many kinds, as long round ladders, step ladders, rule-joint ladders, rope ladders, chain ladders, &c. Ladder-work, among artilicers, painting, stuccoing. Ac., which has to be ilone on a ladder, and is generally chargi-d double. Lade, to load ; a freight ; in Germany, a trunk or box. Lademan, in .Scotland, a man who has the charge of a pack-liorse ; the servant of a mill who returns the loads of meal to the cwncrs of the corn sent to bo ground. Laden, a shop or stall in Germany. Laden-meister, ill Germany, the master of a company ; one who has the charge of the chest or funds. Laden-preis, the i)ublication or announced price in Germany. Ladln'G, a Ireiylit or cargo for a ship, barge, ligliter. ati;E.n-sail, a triangular main-sail with a lung inclined yard. Later, a brick or tile. Lateuite, a conglomerate nMiieral si;b- stance used for road-making in Madras, and ground up to form a chief ingredient in hydraulic cements. Lath,' a thin cleft strip of wood, used in house-building; a runner nailed to a i-oof to support tiles. Lath-brick, a long kind of brick, 22 inches by 6, used in hopoasts or kilns instei'.d of laths or spars. Lathe, a revolving machine used for turn- ing, drilling, or burnishing. Latherkin, a glazier's tool; a tringlette. Latiiisg, small wooden bars to fix mortar in ; bed staves for the centre-frame of a bedstead, to rest the bedding on. Lath-bender. Lath-splitter, a cutter of wood into laths. Latu-wood, straight - grained wood, the outside cuttings of fir-trees, used tor splitting into latlis. Lathwood is sold by the fathom, and varies in length from 3 to 8 feet: 4000 to 5000 tons are annually im- ported. Lath-work, thin battened work at the sides of rooms, or at the ceilings, lor re- ceiving plaster. Latitude, in navigation, the distance from the equator north or south. Latta (Italian), tinned iron; tin. Latte (Italian), milk. Latten, sheet or plate brass, or thin plates cf raiied i?jctal: black latten is brass in milled sheets, composed of cop|)er and zinc, used by braziers, and lor drawing into wire, iihaveu latteu is a thinner rvtlclc : roll latten Is polished on both sides ready lor use. LArrEN-wntE, wire made from the plaice. Lattice, a trellis or cross-barred work; ii net-work window. LArncE-MAKEi:, a maUrr of lii;1it cross- baired wooden Iraines lor training creep- ing pl-mts to, { r llie Sid. s of walls or foot|iaths, or of windows |i>r ilairie.s, iVc. Laudanum, a iircparalion of o|iium; a so- pniiiic and anodyne tincture used medi- cinally. fLAU-NCI'-. Launci;. a fish. iSec Hoi'.N-riKE and Sand- LA^;^■C1I, tlie long-lioat, or large boat of a ship; the sending of a new ves.sel intothu water, which is usually attended willi some ceremonj-. Laundehs, in the mining districts, wooden tubes or gutters for the conveyance o( waier; a long shallow trough to receive the powdered ore from the stamiiing-nfill. LAUMm[:.ss, a washerwoman. Lai'.miry, the place where washing is car- ried on ; an ironing-room. Laundrt-maid, a servant who attends to the laundry. Lacok, the Malay name for a curry, stew, &c. Laureate (Sco'.ch), to confer a literary degree. LAUnEL, a handsome and interesiiug genua of trees, lurnlsliing many im|)ortant ar- ticles of commerce, as benzoin, sassa- Iras, &c. See also Hay-berries and IJay- I.EAVES. Laurki.-water, the leaves of the Ca-axiis 'aiiro-cerastii, distilled with water, which is used medicinally, as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid, in palpitation of the heart, ic. Lav.v, the scoria from active volcanoes, wliich is used for several purposes. Lav.v-millstones, hard .and coarse basaltic millstones, obtained from quarries near Andernach on the Khine. Lav.«dara (Italian), a washerwoman. Lavaret, a species of salmon. Lavatory, a washing-place. Lavender, the floral leaves of the Lavan- dula vera, which are very fia,i:rant. 'I'ho compound spirit or tincture ol lavender, is given in faintness or lowness ol spirits, as a stimulant cordial. It is known as red lavender drops. Lavender, French. From the floral leaves of Lavandula spica, the oil of spike is obtained, which is used by painters on porcelain, and by artists in the prepara- tion of varnish. LA\"ENDER-orL, a yellow essential oil, dis- tilled from the leaves and flowers of v^.r.ous s|.ecies of lavender. Layer, the name for an edible sea-weed. /See .Sloke. LAVi.'NCHA,an Indian n.nme fur Aiidropr.yait iiiuricatuin, which is esteemed lor it> medicinal properties. L.\wek, a Polish long measure, equal to 17 inch. Lawn, a species ofvery fine linen, a|i|Udacli- ing cambric in texture; n gias.s-iilot in a garden, or in front of a dweliing-liousc; an open jjrcen space between trees. LEA [ 22-i ] T. E A I,A\v-BoOKSi;i.i.r,i;. ;i vciuler ul' Ijooks relnl- inj,' to jiiris|ini(lrM(;o; ofton also a pub- lisher ()"l k'^al worlvs. Law-stationhk, a shii|ikcop(M- who koops on sale thi' articles rri|iurcil In- Ian yi-is, siicli as parcluiK-iit, tapr, iHninrr, icolsiMp ami brief paper, Ac; oii;> wlio lalies in dralis or writings to Ijc lairly copied for lawyers. Law-wig-maker, a iiiaiiulacturer oi tlie horac-hair powdered wigs worn by bar- risters and judges, &c. Law-wi:iter, an engrosser : a clerk em- ployed iiy a la\v-stationer to make copies of briets, eases, deeds, ito. in a round legil-dc hand. Lawteu, a name indiscriminatelj' applied to any one practising law, whether at- torney or solicitor, barrister or jud.^e. Lawyeu's- CLERIC, an assistant engaged in a lawyer's office, to write or attend to out- door business. Lawyer's-office, the business rooms of a solicitor; thechanibers of a barrister. Lax, a name in Aberdeen for sahnon. Laxar, Luxitr, Lox,U!, a weight used on the coast of I'edir, Aclieen, by wliich betel nuts are sold. It weiglis about 1(;8 lbs., and consists often thousand nuts, with from 10 to 25 per cent, added, according to the bargain previously made, tor nuts which may be worm-eaten or otherwise damaged. Lay, to produce eggs ; a share of the freight of a ship; land in the slate of gra-ss or sward ; a Scotch term for to smear slu cp with a mixture of tar and grease in winter. Lay-dais, a certain number of days allowed to the merchant or charterer to load or unload cargo. Layering, in gardening, binding down Ihe • shoots of shrubs, hi order that they may strike roots. Lay-i'igi;re, an artist's model to hang dia- pery on; a figure made of wood or cloth in imitation of the liuman body. Laying, the process of twisting the strands of hemp into a rope; producing eggs; smearing sheep. See Lay. Laying-on-tool, a bookbinder's tool; a tip. Lay-stai,l, a place where milch cows are kept in London. * Lazaretto, a pest-houso or building, in which quarantine has to be performed in the Mediterranean ; wliere passengers and goods have to be landed: an hos)jita[ ship. L.^ZDLITE, a blue spar, (omul in eiy.~tals, and in masses in Europe and tiie ili.izils. Lazzaroni, a class of beggars and idlers in the Italian States. Lb , the abbreviation for the pound weight. Le (French), the breadth ad, chnimale of lead, and lith- arge. On sliipb.iard the "lead " is a cone 01 pyramid of this metal, with a small hole at ilie Ijasc, attached to a line for taking .-■inindings at sea. The hand lead for .shallow depths weiidis about 7 Ib.s. ; the deep-sea lead two or three times that weiglit. Lead-ash Smelter, a purifier of the slag of lead. Leader, a principal or editorial article in a newspaper ; a branch ol ore leading to the lode. Lead-line, the line attached to a sounding- weight used in shi|)S, whicli is marked or divided into fatlii'Wis. Lead-mill, a ciicular plate of lead, used by the lapidary lor roughing or grind- ing. Lead-pencil, a pencil containing black- lead, or eompresseil plumbago. Lkad-i'ii'e Maker, a manufacturer of lead tubes of various tliickncsses, for convey- in i: water or gas, rliit;nese h a^ue is 6751 yards. The Spanish cnnniein leasue 7419 yards ; ami ihe judicial league 4637 yrtrd.s. Also a conledi racy or uiiicii; for some speciMc object, as the aiiti -corn- law league. LEAGUEit, Lkggeu, ail old Dutch measure lor liiiuids still used in the Dutch eastern colonies; at .Aiiislenlam it was ahunt lliG gallons; in Katavia it is alMiiil l.'i:_! uallon.s. LE..V1C, a hole or breach in a vessel at which tlie water comes in, or goes out. Lkaiv.\ge, an allowance made m the docks, ibc. I'ur waste or loss in liquors. Leam, an artificial cut or drain in a fen dis- trict. Leang, another name for the tael, a Chinese wei^'ht. * Lean-to, a shed attached to another build- ing. Lease, to let for a term upon reirtal. * Leaseuold, a liouse, a landed estate, opular sub- stance vended under the name otlieva- lenta Arabica, Leoi'akd-wood, a fancy wood obtained from one of the palm tribe. Lepta, Lepton, a small Greek copper coin, and money of account, the hundredth part of the drachma. There are pieces of one, two, five and ten lepta. See Lipta. Lesii-pund, a weight used in Orkney, con- taining 30 lbs. Scots Troye, =32C30e lbs. avoirdupois. Lessee, one to whom a lease Is given. Lesson, a piece of instruction. Let, to lease; to put to hire. Letter, a type; an epistle; the transmitted correspondence through the iiost is very large. See General Post-office. Letter-box, a post-oflice box for receivins; letters; a box in a street-door for deposit- ing letters. LETTEii-CARRreit, a post-ofTico distribulor; a postman wlio delivers letler.s. Letter-cape, a box for lioldiiig letters; a compositor's case of type. Letter -ci..\sp. Letter -clip, a kind of sprmg-lile or hold-last, for letters or papers. Letter-copying-iiachine Maker, a manu- facturer of co])yiMg machines. Letter-cutter, a die-sinker; a type-cutter; a maker ot projecting letters in brass, glass, porcelain, or wood. Letter-founder, a founder who cas's printing-type. [letters, Ac. Lettering, marking books or pages with Letter op Advice, a letter giving notice oi any transaction. Letter of Attorney, a power or legal authority to act lor anotiirr, and to |iro- cecd with his affairs. The power may l>e special for a particular purpose, or general. Letter op Credit, an order or circular note from a bank or nK'reantile firm, on some foreign correspondent, given to q LET [227] LIB tmvollcr (wlio requires to be idcntilicil); to advance money to a spccifleil amount, to tlie bearer or a third party n.inied ; usually in return for money deposited, or securitj' l(i(l.;ed. Letters of Hokning, a Scotch law term for a species of outlawry. I.ETTKR OF 1iivatu library; tlioowm-i oi acircidalmi,' library who lets out books on hire to siib- ficriliers. J I iw.AUY, a collection of Itooks ; one or more riHiiiis ai'propriatcd to books, arranged or classitu-d. I,u!i;ktto, Die words of an opera; a small book. LiCEN'CE, a grant ; an olTicial autliority to act; a permission to sell oxciseable arti- cles, or to keep a public-liou-e. Licensed Victualler, an innkeeper who sells wines and spirits. LICEN.SED VictuaIi.ers' Sociictv, an asso- ciation supported by tlie suliscriiitions of the licensed vietuaikis ot London and the Trovinces, which supports a metro- politan daily paper, Ihe Morning Adver- tiser, and large schools lor the children of its nienihors, as well as almsliouses for decayed vicuialkrs, Ac. JLicEN ER, one putliorized to grant licences or permits; an ollicer appointed by the Crown to read plays, and who, if they contain nothinu immoral or objection- able, permits them to be publicly repre- sented. LiCENSiXG-DAT, the annual day on which the county magistrates sit to grant spirit licences to publicans. Licentiate, a graduate; one authorized to follow a profession; a medical man; a barrister. LiCHENiNE, a starch prepared from lichens. LICHEN.S, crvptogamous jilauts, several of which enter into commerce, as the Iceland moss, liverwort and the orchella weeds. LiCHNiTE, a transparent and brilliant white marble obtained in tlie island ot Taros; it issonietinies liiund dosli-eoloured. LiciTEU (Freiicli), to sell a liuusc or an estate by auction. Licorice. See Liquorice. LiENCELLO, the name in Venezuela for a striped cotton handkerchief. LiEUE, the French league; a measure of lellgt^I. See League. Lieutenant, a deputy; as Lieutenant- colonel; l^ieutcnunt-govcrnor; Lieute- nant-general; acommissionedotliccrinthe army or navy next to a captain. LiF, Lief, Loof, a name for the fibre by •which tlie |ietiolcs of the date palm are bound togellier. All sorts of cordage is made of it, and it serves for a rubber or drying towel after the bath. Life-annuity, a pension receivable during life. Life- ASSURANCE, .a money payment secured to relatives or creditors, alter a i)er.son's death, by a yearly premium paid during life to an assurance otlice, varying in per- centage aimmnt according to age, health, or risk ol accidriita! death. LlFE-BKi,T, an air-inllated or cork belt for tloaling in the sea. See Life-pkeservek. Lifebo.vt, a boat constructed to float in a stormy sea, and many of which arc kept at certain parts of the coast to proceed to the assistance of vessels in distress. LiFE-isuoY, an apparatus thrown overboard from a ship to a person in the water, con- sisting of a pair ot liollow copper cylinders with an erert iiolo, hraring a Hag by day and a liglit i.r ni;;lit; and on which a jierson can rest till released by a boat. Life-guard, a heavy mounted soMier; the Queen's houseliold cavalry-guard. Life-lines, ropes carried along yards, booms, arent wintu tliread liand-niadc lace, soniutimes called " clear foundation," taking its name from tlie French town where it is made. It lias a ilianiond- shaped mesh, formed by two llireads plaited to a periicndienlar line. Lima-bean, the I'linsmUis Liiiieiuis, an es- teemed Icind of pulse cultivated in tlio tropics ; the perennial liidney-bean, /'. pirennis. LiMAN, a shallow narrow lagoon, at the mouth ot rivers, where salt is made. Lima-wood, the finest description of Ni- eara;reparcs lime for cement, cfcc, in a kiln. LiMK-jrii.'E. ."^(v Li;mok-.tuioe. LiME-Kii.N, a furnaec- ol itilV.rriit kinds, but nsuiilly a luiinel-sliai" .1 eliamber, in which limestone is mixed witli coal or wood, and ignited, to prepare lime tor mortar and manure, by driving otf the carbonic acid and water which it contains. LiME-MEiicHANT, a wholesale dealer in lime. Lime-quarry, a pit or quarry where lime- stone is dug. Lime-stone, calcareous spar, chalk, or other mineral substance, used for making lime. Lime-tree, LiNDEN-TREE,the TiUa £iiropwa, an ornamental lofty tree. 'I'he white soft wood isfineandclose-grainid, and is used lor harps and piano-lortes, Ac, and is jiarticularly suitable (or carving. The charcoal is'not inferior tothat ot the alder and willow, for making gunpowder. The bark, when slrip|iedolf,ismade into shoes, cordage, sacks lor corn, matting, ifcc. See Bass. Lmre-wASii, a coating given with lime water; whitewash. Lime-water, water impregnated with lime, used as a steep lor skins in t.an-yards, for whitewashing, and (or various other pur- poses. LiMONADlERE. a barmaid at a French eo(Tee- luiuse; a maker or seller ot lemoiuule. Limonite, a name for bog iron ore; the hy- drous oxide ot iron, whieli, containing upwards of 50 per cent ot metal, is much worked in France, and makes excellent iron. LiMOO, a name in some of the I'acinc Islands (or sea-weed. Limpet, a marine edible mollusc, the com- mon species of which. /'ri/eH'i vu/'jaris, is well known on the ISriiish i oasts. LiNiH, a boundary wall; an unploughed ridge of land. LiNCii-riN, a small iron pin put into the end of the axle-tree, tocontine the wheels oil carts, Ac. Linden Tree. See ].,ime. Lixi;, the tenth or twelfth part of an inch ; n row ot tyi>e, or o( soldiers, rine or cold cream ; some softening solution applied to chapped lips. Lifpa, a Greek copper coin, the liuiulredlh part of the silver phoenix; whicli is wortli eightpence halfpenny. See Lepta. LiQUEUR-MANUFACTUUER, a niakcrofcordials or sweet liquors, compounded of alcohol, water, sugar, and difterent aromatic lla- vouring substances. LiQnETiR-STAND, a metal frame for holding spirit bottles. LiQinoATiON, an arrangement or settlement of the alTairs of a merchant or coni])any ; the clearing up or paying off accounts. Liquid-manure, urine; a solution ot guano or some other fertilizer to be applied to land. Liquid-manure Cart, a watering cart, to diffuse liquid manure over a field. Liquor, strong drink; a name among workmen for dyes or solutions used; any thing flowing. Liquorice, the roots of Glycirrhisa glabra, a perennial plant common to the south ot Europe, considerable quantities ol which are imported. Liquorice is much used in the Levant' in making a decoction which is «runk cold in summer, and liquorice water is a favourite beverage in this country with children. See Gooncu. Liquorice-juice, the inspissated Juice of the liquorice root, boiled to a consistency for rcilling into paste, and used for con - lectloiicrv purposes. It is ollen termed Spanisli juice. [pounder of liqueurs. LiQUOKisTK, LiQUEURiSTE (French), a com- LiitA, n Venetian coin worth almiit lOd. LisnoNNiNE, another name for the moldore, a I'orlugueso coin, and wortli about 27s. LisLF.-GLOVES, fine thread gloves lor summer wear. LisLE-LACE. See Lille-lace. Li.-^PFUNU. LispOND. a Dutch weight, also used ill Norway, Sweden, and lJenm;irk, varying from 14 to 18 lbs. ; in llainburgh, tlic eiglitli part of the centner, which is equal to 112 lbs. * LissE' (French), silk ; boiled sugar; "nmnn- des lissdes" is sugared almonds, almond comlits. List, an inventory; detailed particulars; a narrow selvedge strip torn Irom tlio edge ol cloth, used lor various purposes. List-dealer, a piece-dealer, also called a lent dealer; one who vends strips of cloth. List-shoes, a kind of easy slippers made of striiis of cloth woven together. LiTcni, an elegant scarlet fruit, the produce ot Euphoria (pimocarpiis) Litchi. Liter, a name for the rottolo in Abyssinia, rather more than 10 ounces. Litharge, semi-crystalline or fused prot- oxide of lead, obtained in separating silver from lead ore, which enters largely into tlie composition of flint glass. LrriioGRAPHER, a writer or designer on stone; a workman who takes impressions fiom lithographic atones. LiTnoGRAPHic-PAPER, gclatinous or sized paper, tinted with gamboge and rolled very smooth. LiTHOGRAPHic-PEESs MAKER, a manufac- turer of the presses for lithograpliio work. LiTHOGRAPHic-PRiNTER, a workman who takes impressions on paper, from draw- ings, maps, plans, and writings previ- ously traced Ujion stone. LiTHOGRAPHic-uoLLER, an iiikiug roller tor a lithographic press. Lithographic-stone, a fine oolite or granu- lar limestone used in lithography : good stone sliould be of a unilorin yellow- ish gray hue, free from veins and spots, cut by a steel point witli difficulty, and in splintering it should show a conchoidal fracture. Tlie best .stone was long ob- tained exclusively from Germany, but it is now found in other quarters. Lithographic-stone Importer, a merchant who receives for sale the fine yellowish gray limestones suited lor tlie purpose of the lithographer. Lithostrole, a sort of mosaic pavement. Litiiotint, a tint obtained by a brush used on the lithographic stono instead of a crayon. Litmus, cakes of blue dye prepared in Hol- land from the Lecanora , an Iroii lor heating tnr. Log-glass, a lialt-niinute sandglass, used on board ship in tiinins; the spccil ol sailin^', by the quantity of hnu run out in a given time. I.OG-HUT, a settlor's rude cabin in tlie back- woods, .fee; a linio burner's shanty. Log-line, a line thrown over the stern of a ship Willi n float attaclicd, to nuMsiirc llic rate ut whi.li .-l.c is |procr.,liii-. Tli.; line U usuiiilv niMi kud willi :i Uiml ;it r.u h 120111 part ol a mile, and when me:ismcd by a liall-mmiite sandglass, the number oi knots can led iifl' during' that time shows the numbor ol miles the vessel runs in an hour. See Log and Knot. Log-reel, the reel on which the log-line of a ship is wound. Logwood, a dye-wood used by the calico printer and others, obtained IVoin tlio llccmatoxylon Campechiatnnn, which allords the most dnialile deep red and black dye. Our imports liave Ik en on tlie increase of late years, and in IS.'.G we rc- celvetl about on,ooi) tuns. LoHEi: ('Ciorman), a taniKT, LoiiNAUUErrEB, a labourer in Germany. LoLO, the name in some parts oftlic I'acific for coco-nut oil. LoMisAKD, on the Continent a bankei' or money-lender. LoMUAUD-iiousE, a public pawnbroking es- tablishment; a niont de pietc. LoMiiAUD-sTiiEET, the chief street of banks, discount-brokers, and bullion-dealers, in the City ol London ; a term lor the money- market. LoxGAN, an asrecable fruit, the iiroiUice of iVcp/ieliiiin Loiigan, sometinii'S imported Irom China lor the sake ol the sweet sub- acid vinous pull) which covers the seed. LoNG-BEAKD, a name lor a kind of moss or eiiiphUe broufiht down the Mississiiipi. SteV>A]:a.\ IIisi'anica. [sliip. LoNG-iiOAT, the largest boat of n merchant LoxG-now, an archery bow for shooting. LoNO-Bow-STi;iNG Makep.s' Company, one of tlie minor incorporated companies of London, not on the lively, and which has no hall. LoxG-CLOTil, a peculiar kind of fine calico or cotton fabric, which is made milled and plain. LoNG-DOZKV, thirteen articles to the dozen. LoxG-HUNDUED, six score, or 120. LoxGiTL'DE, in iiaYiu'aiioii the distance of a place on tlie earth's surlace east or west from ii meridional j)Oiiit. The lloyal Observatory at Greenwich has been lor many years taken as the point ol depar- ture' in Eiii-lish maps and cliarts. The Freiicli take theirs (rom I'aiis. Long miusL'KE, the measure of length of a ecuiiitry. LoNG-rniMKR, a printing-type intermediate in size between small pica and bourjieois. LoNO-BOOM, the principal room in ilie Lou- don Cusiom- House, where shipping busi- ness is transac ted. LoNC-sii()i:i.5ii-,x, a imnie given in London to a lart;e body ol livtu-ymeii. of the lower class, who have tlia reputation of taking bribes to vote at civic elections. LONO-TOM, a cradle used for washing out wold by niir.ers at the gold lields. Long-vacation, in law tlie intervening period between Trinity and Jlichaehmis term. [palm. LoNTAit, one of the names of the palmyra LontakSugai:, .sugar made from the sap of the Palmyra palm (Uarassus raphisjlabel- li/ormis). l.(">i;s, till slime or sludge coataiiiiiig ore. 1.1 Mil', a i;ussi:ili eoni-iiiea>iirc nearly iqual to the chetwerl. wliieli is now generally used instead; 48 louf are equal to UJ imperial quarters.* LooilES, a name iu Scotland lor mittens for the hands. LooiONG-GLAsa Manufacturek, a maker of looking-glasses and mirrors, &c. Ibr bed- room or parlour use. LooKLNG-GLASs MouNTER, a frame maker and gilder. Looking-glass Sil'V'erer, a workman who covers the back of jilass with quicksilver lor mirrors, &c. Looi., a vissel used in the mining districts to receive the washings of the ore. Loom, one ol the most useful of machines, employed by weavers for crossing and Weaving threads. There are various kinds ot looms according to the pattern and fabric to be worked ; some arc still worked by baud, although the larger number are now niovi d by water or steam power; the part of an oar held in the hand and within the boat, coutradis- tiiiguished Irom the blade. Loom-cards, perforated cards with pattenis b>r jaequard weaving. Lmom-maker, a manuliicturer of frames for weaving, worked either by hand or by steam-power, &c. LooNGiuE, an Indian waist cloth; a mixed labric ol rich-coloured silk and cotton, made in Sinde, about four yards long by two feet wide. Loop, a noose; a double or fold of string; a dry measure ol Kiga — 48 going to the last — . 60 loops being equal to 14 imperial quarters; part of a row of cast iron; in tlie Cape colony sullicient wood to make a wagon out ot, two loops going to a load. Loop-line, a connecting line of railway, with each end joining the liuiik line. Loot, au Indian name for theft or plun- der. Loo-table, a round table for a sitting-room; originally so named Irom its convenient adaptation tor a circle of persons playing the game of loo. Lootaii, a brass water vessel used ill India ot variable dimensions, holding from a pint to lialt a ;:nl!on, Loi", the cuttings or branches from a tree; thus ill ;i sale of standing timber trees they are advertised with their "lop, top, and bark." Lopatny, a description of Russian tallow, known as second candle tallow. Lorcha, a jieculiar class of trading vessel in the Eastern seas. Lord Wayok, the chief magistrate of the cities of London, Dublin, and York, each of whom has the title of lord. 1-2 LOZ [ 234 ] LUM IjOrgnette, n spy-Klass; an opera-glass. LoitiMEit, LouiNEit, a bikllc-cutlur; a bit- maker. LoMNEKS' Company, one of the minor livery companies ofLonilon which has no hall. IjOkuy, a coal tiilcU. [but simply oiled. LosH HIDE, a hiilc! not dres.sed in any way, Lot, a division ; a sliarc, a term much used in the United States, as (or instance, titnher-lot, water-lot, residonee-lut, t;ai'- deii-lot, bnildiiiK-lot, &c. ; a parcel of goods oirered lor sale at an auction, &c. ; a liquid measure of Dunkirk, equal to half a gallon. Loth, a Dutch liaht weight used for qtiills and other small conitnodities, equal to lialfan ounce; the sixteentli part of the Prussian marc = :J25 grs. troy ; in llussia it is tlie tliirty-secoud part of tlie bercheroot. Lotion, a wash. L,OTMA(f, in Scotland, one who thrashes corn for an agreed proportion of the grain. LoTTEitT, an allotment; a dl.stribntion of prizes and blanks by a chance cd house lor the tare 01 insane persons. LtiNcnEoN, a mid-day meal; a refreslnnent taken between breakfast and dinner. LrjNiirri!, tlio rim ofa watch glass : a small oiienins in the roof ot a house ; an eye- tflass. LuNKTTiER, a spectacle-maker. [l'uus. LuNT (German), a match-cord for tiring Lupine, a le^'UiHinous iilant, the seeds of which are eaten in 'I'urkey. LUPPE (German), a microscope or magnify- ing glass. Lurch, the sudden heavy rolling of a yessel at sea to one side. Lurcher, a hunting dog that lies in wait, or watches lor his game. Lustre, a sconce or chandelier. * Lustred Seal, a furrier's name for a dyed and prepared skin nt the far seal. LusTRE-MANUPACTUKKR, a lani]>-makpr. Lustring, a shining silk; oitiii corruptly written and pronounced lutestring. See LUTESTRINO. Lustrous, having a shining or glossy ap- pearance, like silk. [yacht. Lu.ST-scitii'F (tiernian), a pleasnvc-hoat or J..UTE, a cement; a pasty or loamy and fatty matter, used to keep tlie joints of tubes and chemical apparatus, &c. tight. It is made either with pipe-clay and lin- seed-oil, or chalk. Hour, and water; but j the material varies with the substance to be cemented; a nmsieal instrument 80 ! named. LuTEsTniNO, often hut very erroneously so spelled lor lustring, a shining silk; the string 01 a lute. LuTEsTitiNC-MAicER, a silk manufacturer; a maker ol .strings lor lutes or harps. Ly, a Chinese land -moasnre, about the ! third part of an ICiiglish mile. LvANG, another name lor the Chinese tael. Lyceum, a tlieatre; a graminar-scUool; a literary institution. Ltcopodiuji, a siiecies of cryptofanious plants: a dceoctiou is u^ed in Sweden I to destroy vermin in cattle. It is also I emph>yed" for dyeing purposes, to tix the 1 colour of woollen clotli, and also by pyro- I tecluiists. Lydiajj-stoxb, a name for the blood stones, and jaspery varieties of quartz, used by jewellers as burnishing stones, and I also as a touchstone, to determine the I amonnt of alloy in jewellers' gold. The , best iiebblcs are obtained Irom Lydia, ' Hee r.ASANITE. Lye, Ley', water alkalized with wood ashes. Lynx, the skin of this animal is ot a greyish white, with dark spot.s. Being very .soft, warm, and light, it is much used by the I Chinese, Greeks, Persians, and others, for cloaks, linings, facings, Ac. AVheii dyed I and prepared, the skins of the lynx and [ lynx cat, are exported in large numbers to the United .States. Lyre, a musical instrument. Lyspiti I\liLr.-wi!iniiT, an en- gineer ; a coiistrni'tive bnilder, who designs or supplies machines and en- gines to order. MACiiiNE-KUiaa:, a person wholincs or rnles paper, accordiiiji to patterns. JIachinery, engines of all kinds, which are put into action to perlbrm certain ellcc- tive work wliich supersedes manual labour; sucli asfbrspinningand weaving, wire-drawing, making lace, rope, paper- making and printing, sawing, &c. Tliere were stated to be, a lew.vears ago, 15,000 statioiuuy oiii^ines in the kingdom, work- ing' in mines, .te. valued at £L'o,000,nou ; 4000 wind, water, and steam mills, andoOOO liorse, andotlier small nulls. Besides what is nsed at home, weexport machinery and mill-work, to the value of £2,50U,ooo a- year. * Machine- STRAP Maker, a manufacturer of leather and other connecting bands, ursning the mackerel tishcry. MACiiLE, to sell weavers' [jouds to the shopkeepers. Macon, a kind of wine. JilACUQuiNA, a silver cut money of debased quality, circulating in Guatemala. IMaciito, a money of account In Sierra J^eone, cfiuivalent to about 9d. There are silver coins current, circulating for 2 and 10 maeulos. ]\lAi>A, an Indian weight of 1 drachm 20 grains. llAUArota.AM, a kind of line long cloth, sbippi'd to the Kastrrn markets. Maddei:, the root of liubia tiiicloria, which enters largely into commerce, furnishing a fine scarlet colour to dyers and calico- printers. Made(;a, a Spanisli name for a skein 01 hank. JIadeira, an esteemed dry light wine, pro- duced in the i'ortugnesc island Iroiu which it receives its name. Mad-house, an asylum for the ins.mo. JlADIIonsE-KEl'.PKK. the licensed rcizisleri'd ownerof a private lunatic asylum; asnper- intend.aut of insane persons. MadooivA, an Indian name for tlie liassici hilifvlia. See Mowha. Madrepore, a petrilaction, or species of coraT ; a variety of limestone. Madhiers (French), thick boards or planks. Magazine, a warehouse or store-room; a secure place for keeping powder in, ashore or afloat; a periodical publica- tion. Magazine-DAT, the publication-day for monthlies and serials when they are sup- plied to tlie trade; the last day of tlic month. JMagic Lantern, an optical machine, with a lamp and len.ses fo*- rellecting magnified liietures on the wall from painted glass slides. Magistrate, a public civil officer who has legal iurisdietion in certain cases. Maona'niek (French), the manager or pro- prietor of a nursery lor silkw,T in malt. Mai.t-floor, a perforated lloor in the clianiber of a malt-kiln, through which the heat ascends from the turnaee below, and dries the barley laid upon it. Malt-grinder, a machine for crushing or cutting malted barley. MALTHA.mineral pitch; thickened petroleum or rocli oil. Malt-liquors, ale, beer, and porter, which are prepared with malt. Malt-roaster Maker, a manufacturer of machines for roasting barley ou a small scale. Malt-shovel, a large flat wooden shovel for turning over malt. Maltster, a manufacturer of malt from barley; there are about 'JOOO maltsters in the kint'doni. Malt-vinegar, the ordinary kind of vine- gar made lor diiineslic- use'in this eonntry. Malvada, a small Spanish euin, ihirteeiiiif which make an I'^iiKlish farthing, [wine. Malvagia, the Italian fiaine t(jr Jliilmscy Malwa Opium, one of the leading descrip- tions of Indian opinm, which is inlerior in quality to the Benares and Behai' kinds. Mamaliga, a sort of hasty pudding or grout made frotn maize, on which the lower classes in the Danubian provinces almost exclusively subsist. Mammee, a tropical fruit, the Mammea Americana, which has a sweet and very agreeable taste, accompanied with an aro- matic pleasant odour. Mamjiodis, a coarse muslin. Mammott, a road hoe, used in (Icylon. Man, a corrupted name for the Indian maund. Manager, a director; asuperintendant; the lessee or director of a theatre. Manche-ster and Glasgow Warehouse, a sale depository for all kinds of cotton goods. Manchineel, a large tree, the Hippomane Mancinella. a native of the West Indies, the wood of which is hard and durable; very close, yellow-brown, and beautifully elofided. The sap is, however, a most deadly poison. Mandandoo, a mixture of the buds and roots of an aromatic plant, used iu Ceylon in the preparation of betel Mandataiue, a French agent or attorney. Mandats, a national paper-money, issued in the early jparf ol Uti: century, in France^ to repliice ihe as^i^nais winch had becomj wretchedly depiec lated. Mandavalli, an Indian natne for the Convolvolus rcptans, aflording a milky juice, which, when dried, is equal to scammoiiy in puryalive etl'ei t. The to|iS and leaves are eaten in stews by Iho natives. Mandeel, a name In Turkey for black and coloured cotton h.audkerchiefs. Mandel, a term iu Germany for 13 articles of any kind. Mandimon, a loose garment; a sleevcle.-is jacket. j\1'aniiioc, a Brazilian name fm-tlic root and starch of the cassava. I'iee (Cassava. Maniiola (Italian), a cithern, a musical instriunent; an almond. Mandoline, a sort of lute. .Mandore, a fbur-stringcd lute. MandraivK, the root ol Maiidrnqora offici- naruin, an old ingredient in pliiltres, but of (lanL,'erou- jjroperties. See .May-api'LE. !\Iandi;f,l, a imiley in a turner's lathe. * J\I,\Ni;i;i;, a Frciu'li riding school. Maneii, a Scripture weight equal to 2 lbs. 3 ounces, 10 dwts., 3 crahis : when applied to money it consisted of 60 shekels, and was worth £6 1 6s. 7}d. [wax. MiVNEQUlN, an artist's tnodcl of wood or Mangal, a kind of portable copper stove or brasier used in Turkey. Manganese, a black metallic ore, consumed to the amount of 4000 to 5000 tons per annum, being used in glass-making, for glazing black earthenware, giving colour to enjMnels, making chlorine for forming bleaching liqu'ir, as a dryer lor painters' coloLU's, and preparations of it are used in medicifie. Mangel Wdrzel, one of the common names of a variety of the beet-root grown lor feed- ing cattle; the Beta vulgaris, var. mac- rorhiza. Manger, a trough or rack for feeding horses. Mangle, a machine or rolling-press for smootliing linen by pressure. Mangle AND Press Maker, a manufacturer of machines so named. Mangle-keeper, the owner of a mangle; a smoother of linen. Mango, a tropical fruit, the produce of trees ofihaMangifera family, of which there are many cultivated varieties, although only two distinct species of tree. The fruit of the finer kinds have a rich perfumed grateful flavour; while others are so stringy and unpleasant as not to be eatable. The fruit is pickled and preserved, and made into a chutney. Mango-fish, a small fish eight or nine inches in length and two in depth, tho Po/ynemus lonnifilis of Cnvier, the P. paradisius of LinnaBUS, esteemed as a delicacy in India, where it is also called the Tupsee. Isinglass is made of tlie swim- fning-bladder. Mango-ginger, an Indian name for the Curcuma amado, used as au article fur seasoulng food. MAN L 230 ] MAN Mangosteen, a delicious eastern fruit, tlic prochici! of Garcinia Mamjostana. Tlic rind of the fruit furnishes small quantities of {j.iinlHiKP. SIanorovk, a tro]iic.iI tree frequenting the borders of seas and swamps, tlie Rhizo- phera Mangle, tlie harlc of wliich is used for tanniiiK. Tlie mancrove or tree-oyster attaclies itself to the houghs which droop in the water. The wood of this tree is used for making sugar ho^slieads, and for ship-building. Mangueka, a canvas shoot, u.sed at the Chincha islands lor discharging guano into the holds of ships, or into boats. Manhole, an o)ioning in the top of the boiler of an engine or tun, made to admit a persun to clean the interior. JIani, Manidii.i.a. (Set- lU;rK-wAX. * Manicuisto, an Il.alian coniectiou. JlANMFEST, the list ol a ship's c.iri-'n, con- taining the mark, number, aiuldescripiinii of eacli package o£ goods, the shipper's and consi;;nce's name, &c. Mjlntfold-wkiter, a writing apparatus, for taking several copies of a letter or docu- ment at once by a stylus, upon thin tissue or tracing paper interleaved with black oiled sheets. Wanika, Manxikah, an Indian grain- measure ol 2 seers or about 4} pints. ilASiLA-HF.MP, H name given ni commerce to the fibre of the wild plantain, Miisa textilis. brought from the l'hiliiipine.s, and from which the white rope so much prized is made. WA^•II,.\s, a name for a kind of cheroots made in the I'liilippines, so called from the name ol the city from which they are shii)ped. JiANiLLA, a piece of copper, of a horse-shoe shape, passing as money among the natives on parts of the West African coast; a metal ring worn as an ornament on the small part of the leg, or on the thick part of the arm above the elbow, by African chiefs and otliers. Manioc. See Cassava. [France for fish. ManiveaU, a small flat basket, used in MAN.JADy, a Ceylon weight for pearls, of 7J troy grains, and divided into 320 fractional parts. Manjee, the helmsman or superintendant of a boat in the river Ganges. Maxjirika. an Indian name for the small seeds of the sweet bazil, Ocymttm Basili- cum, used in disease of the kidneys, i&c. WAN-jrcLLiNEK, a man who makes or sells millinery. Manna, a sweet gummy exudation from several plants : the Calabrian manna Is produced in tears from a species of ash, the Fraxinus rotundifolia, while some is obtained from another species, the F. florifera. The oriental manna of the desert is from Alhagi Maurorum. Manna is used medicinally. Manna Croup, a preparation of wlieat im- ported from Kussia to compete with semolina. Mannette (French), a small liamper. Man of AVar, an armed vessel belonging to a (Joyernment or State. MAN05IKTKB, an instrmnent Intended to measure the rarefaction and condensa- tion of elastic fluids in confined circum- stances. It is also called a manoscope. MANONijt, a name for wild rice in Minnesota, America. Manoscope. See SfANOMETER, Manovai.e. Manl'ale, a bricklayer's la- bounr in Italy; a hodman. Man-ropes, side ropes to the gangway of a ship. Mansana, a division of land in some of the States of Central America, equal to 100 Spanish or 88 8-91 h English square yards. Mansakde (French), an attic or garret with acurveit roof, so called from Mansard, the architect who introduced them. Manse, a Scotch parsonage ; a farm-lioiUB and land. iMansion, a large dwelling; a manor-house. Mansionnairb, the porter to a Greek church. Man's-mercer, a vender of small articles of men's dress, such as braces, hose, gloves, handkerchiefs, ifec. Mantel-piece, Mantel-shelf, a projecting beam or ledge in a room, resting on the janilis of a fire-place. Mantel-pieces are of wood, marble, slate, or iron. Mantilla, a small mantle. Mantle, a lady's wrapper or cloak. JiANTLB and Cloak Warehouse, a show- room, or repository for ladies' wrapping garments, cloaks, shawls, and mantles. Mantua-maker, a sempstress, a maker of women's dresses and gowns. Manual, a hand-book or instruction-guide; a book of reference. JI.vNUFACTORY, a building where a manu- facture or trade is carried on. Manufacture, to make up goods; to work up raw material. Manltfacturers, fabricators, or makers of goods by hand or with art ; employers ot workmen and machinery. Manufacturing Chejust, a vrorking che- mist; one who has a laboratory and pre- pares chemicals, &c. Manugubu, an Indian weight olSO lbs. Manure, any thing applied to fertilize land. In this and some European countries where the soil has been much exhausted by repeated cropping, a large trade is carried on in natural and artificial manures. Several of these, as guano, super-phos- phate of lime, &&, are noticed under their se|)arate heads. SIanure Manufacturer, a maker of artifi- cial manures, such as super-phosphate of lime and other compounds used as ferti- lizers. Manure Merchant, an agricultural agent; a vender of guano or artificial manures to farmers. Manuscript, a letter or document written by the hand. Mant-1!Oot, a name for the Ruellia tuberosa, a n.itive of Jamaica, the roots of which are emetic. Manzana, a Spanish term for a solid square of buildings formed by the intersection of streets and right angles. It varies in ex- tent from 150 to 350 yards' froutage. MAli [240 J n A n ifAP, .1 delineation of the suiface of the earth, or jiart of a coimiry, witit its position, homularies, and yeoi'rapliical pecniiarities delined. Mai- and Ciiakt Sei.lkh ant) runusHETi, a vender and preparer of maps, cliarts, and plans. Map and Print Coi.ontEK, a person who defines more cle.'irly tlie Ijoundarios, dis- tricts or states on a map by different colonrs ; a tinter and colourer of bhick prints or GngravinKs. MaP-DISSF-CTEB and PuZZt,E-MAKER, a manufacturer of maps and drawing's, art of the dollar : 34maravedi3 make a real, which is tlic legal money of account. Marble, a description of variegated lime- stone used (or ornamental purposes by builders, sculptors, and otlurs. Lar;jo quantities are imported in blocks or slabs, and consist of statuary, vein, and Sicilian. Some ot the commercial varieties used are Sienna, Bardillla, black, and dove, St. Ann's, limperor'sred, andSarpian.lIro- catella, amber, verd antifine, serpentine, rouge royal, blacU, and gold. In Spain three-fourths of the mountains iire com- posed of beautiful marble and alabaster. In Catalonia alone there are 177 kinds. The green marble of Granada and the flesh-coloured, have a brilliancy to tlieeye, and a fineness to the touch, which rank them with the most recheicbe oriental substances. SIarble-cltter, a stone-mason, a worker in marble. BLuiBLE-PAPEE Manufacturer, a maker of veined or marbled paper lor covering boxes, books, wall-hangings, &c. Marbler. one who veins paper, paint-work, or other material in imitation of marble. MARBLEs/or Cluhlren.M-y madeol clay baked and glazed, ot'alalKisti r, ol glass, ol marble, and ot a hard stone loniid near Colinrg in Saxony, which is broken into sm.all pieces with a hammer, and then ground in a mill and reduced to accurate smooth spheres in about a quarter of an hour. Marc, the cake or refuse after expressing the oil or juice from fruits or seeds, as of apples, olives, grapes, &c., mostly used for manure ; the halt pound of 8 ounces in the old weights of France. Makcal, an Indian dry-measure containing 8 measures or pnddies: 400 marcals make one garce of 925(!i Ui.s. Marceline, a tliiii silk tissue called Persiaa Marcella, a qudted cotton fabric. Marchand, a French shopkeeper or dealer. Maechetto, a current money of Venice, 124 making a ducat. AI.vrcite JIeadows, a name for irrigateu fields in Italy. Marco, a weight for silver in South Ame- rica of 8 ounces, or CA oitavos. Marcus, a large iron-headed hammer. Mark, the female of the horse. Marena, a kind of dry salt fish in Turkey. JIarengo, a name for the 20 Iraiic gold piece in Piedmont. Mare's-milk. The milk ofthe m.are is richer in sugar than that of the cow, and is usually employed by the Kalmucks and others for the manufacture of milk beer. By distillation, ardent spirits are obtained from this koumiss, and, when carefully M A.K [241] MAR made, a ^ill^ of liquor will yield Imlf ;in ouiiceof spirit. Totliisniilk-linuHly, ulivii only once distilled, tiny ytvu liu^ cci urn KiLstiTii name lor spirit, of arr:ic%i, and !iiini llin jc'SiiUiu in tlio still u kind o( ha>lv-]ind(lMig is niailo. Mai;i;vki:k (, French), a lish-carricr or lisli- nioiiKcr. [tnsks. Marfii- (French, Ttalinn), an (Icpliant's JlAKOiK, an edKe or Ijurdcr; llie blank un- prlnlod .-.ides of a book |)aj,'e. WAicc.o.sA-dii, a initivo name for the oil cxpiiM-i'd Ml India from the seeds of Ah'tin (iziuiiraclita. JlAK&oTiN (trencli), a small bnndlo of fajjots. JlAKGUir.UKR, a churchwarden in France. JlAKiPMf, a Sanscrit name for peiiiier. JlAUiKi.i.i;, a kind of vessel employed at Naples ni the eoaslmtr or foreign trade. MAiaEN-onosciiK, a coin of llambnrgti worth about Id. JiAUtfioLD, a gentis of showy plants; the well-known common marigold, Calendula ojficinalis, was lormerly used in soups and broths, and employed as a earmma- tive, but is now chielly used to adulterate sail roll. JlAKiGKArn, a French machine forrcsister- inn. III a permanent manner, the heiylit of the tides, uii,DEit, a mechanical en- i.-uieer who makes engines lor steamers. JlAUlNK-KNGINE IJolLElv-MAKEI!, a inallUtaC- mier who contracts lor the construetion ol liollers made of iron plates. I\lAi:iNE-GLUE. jSeeCjLUE. ]\1ai;i.sek, a seaman. JlAKiNEs, soldiers who serve on hoard ship. The Koyal marine corjis has also an artil- lery branch. JIARINE-SOAP, soap suited lor washing in sea-water, which is made chiefly with cocoa-nut oil. JiAKiNE-STOKE, a place where old ships' materials are bouyht and sold, as canvas, junk, iron, . Market- PiACE, an open square or ground, where stalls are i>itclied, or goods exposed for sale in a town. Marking-ink Maker, a maker of indelible inks for linen, the basisof which is iiuiato ot silver, although there are various com- pounds and ingredients used. Makking-nut, a name for the seed of the ISeinicarpus anacardium: the pure black acrid juice ot the pulp is universally em- ployed in the East lor marking cotton cloth, the colour being iniproved aiul pre- vented from running by its being mi.xed with lime water. The fleshy receptacle on which the seeds rest, is roasted and eaten, and tastes very like roasted apples. JIaul, an earthy carbonate ol lime, forming a valuable addition to many soils; a term among sailors to wind or twist a small line or rope round another. Makle-stouks, a builder's name for a kind of brick sometimes called lirots or cutters. iSee (^UTrERS. Mauli (French), Scotch gauze. Maui.ine, a line kind ol spun-yarn; snia 1 two-stranded stuff used for twisting or winding round rope. MAULiNE-spiiiE, a pointed iron pin, suspeml- ed to a lanyard, used by sailors and others to make an opening in rope, Ac. Mauling- HITCH, a kind of hitch used by sailors in winding or twisting spnii-yaiiL JIaumalade, a confection; preserved or sweetened fruit. Scotch marmulaiie is presumed to be of oranges; and tiieie an: also marmalades of lemon, quince, and shaddock. * Mabmalade-tree, the Li/cuma mammosa, which yields a delicious Iruit, like mar- malade. The hard tough wood is used for making pestles. JlAUM,u>A-WATr,i:, a fragrant liquid distilled in Ceylon, from llie lluwers of the ISengal quince, yjirjli; innrmelos, and mueh used as a perfume'lor sprinkling by the natives. Marmoratum, a cement of pounded maihlc. JlARONE, a brownish crimson or claret colour. MAS L 242 ] MAS JIakool, a iKiiiio fill- tlie long fine fibre of the ficmscviera zeylanica. Mauouciiin (l''ri!iicli), :i'i inferior sort of woail, ;i |il;iiil used by livcrs. JlAUQUi'E-JiAKF.R, ii MKUuilactiirer of strong Held booths or tents, of a loii,\' form, dilleriiK,' Iroiii tlie small eircuiar tents. Marqueteuie-m.vj.ufactijkek. See Uuul- CUTTER. Marquetrt, a general name applied to in- laid worlis of various materials, as buld, reisner, parquetry, mosaio, &o. ; a kind of cal)inet work, in wliicli the snrface of tlie wood is ornamented with inlaid jiieces 01 gild, silver, pearl, tortoisesUell, ivory, horn, or rare woods. Marquette, a cake of bee's- wax. BlARQaiES, an Indian coin woitU about 3s. 4d. Marron, a largo chestnut; a work printed clandestinely. [in Italy. Mabroneto, an orchard ■ of cliestnut trees MARiiow, the fat in the long hollow bones of animals. Beef marrow is eaten as a culinary delicacy, and also considered useful as a pomatum for the hair. JlARROW-FAT, a choice but late variety of pea. Marrow-pudding, a pudding made witli beef marrow. Marrow-spoon, a long thin shaped bone or metal spoon, tor scooping out marrow. Marrfat's Signals, a particular code of marine signals, very generally adopted by merchant vessels, as laid down in Marryat's Signal Book. Marsala, a Sicilian light wine. Marseilles Quilt. See Counterpane. Marseilles Soap. Marseilles is the chief ."•eat of the soap manufacture in France, and olive oil is principally used in this manufacture. Marsella, a kind of twilled linen. MAiiSH-MALLOW; the leaves of the AUluca officinalis, being demulcent and pectoral, are used by herbalists, and like those of the common mallow, Maloa syliestris, made into poidtices for use in external in- tlammation. Marsiliane, a Venetian vessel. Martello TowePlS, buildings formerly erected along the coast, within sight of each other, for observation and defence. Martingale, a perpendicular spar under the bowsprit end, for guying down the head-stays of a ship; part of a horse's bridle, a strap from the noseband to the girth, to prevent him tossing up his head and rearing. [Naples. Martingane, a kind of vessel employed at JiARVEL OF Peru, a very handsome flower, the Mirabilis. The roots ot one species, Al. Jalapa, are drastic and purgative, wlieii old. Marzuoto, a kind of Tuscan spring corn, supplying straw for bonnets. Mas, a money of account, by which calcu- lations arc made in Cochin China, equal to about 3d. In Indian numeration, tlie mas is 100 crores of rupees, the crore be- ing one million pounds sterling. Mas is also the Malay name for gold ; mas-urei being gold dust. Mascui.it, a vessel used on shipboard In the East Indies. MASDiiU, a Kind of red wine. Masu, till' llindu.st:ini nanu: for a species oi pulse, I'/mxcolii'! nidiatus; a mixed food ibr horses; malt and water. Masha, an Eastern weight of IS'S'o troy grains, used lor the precious metals by native goldsmiths. M.isu-TUN, one of the most Important ves- sels in the brew- house, made of cast iron, in a circular shape, and provided with an inner iderccd bottom. Mask, a cover for the face in fencing, &c. JiASLiN. &eMESUN. [in stone or brick. Mason, a stone-cutter ; a worker or builder Masons' Company, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is situated in Basinghall-street. Masquerade AND Fancy-dress Warehouse, a shop where dresses, masks, and dis- guises are sold for revels, fancy-dress balls, &c. Massicot, a manufacturing name for a tolerably pure oxide of lead, the protoxide used by Rlass-makers. Massot bark, a bark obtained Irom a lofty tree in New Guinea and Java, which has tonic properties, and is rich in essential oil. Mast, a spar set upright from the deck to support yards, sails, and rigging. See Masts. The fruit or nut of the beech-tree, on which swine are extensively fed in Europe and America, but the pork is not much esteemed. Mastello (Italian), a bucket or pail ; a liquid measure of Italy, in some places 12 gallons; in others 23. Master, a manager or superintendant; as respects vessels, it applies to the person who has the permanent command or charge ; a chief officer in many public departments, as master of the mint, mas- ter of the rolls, &c. ; an employer of labourers; a chief teacher; the head of a shop or scliool; the commander of a trad- ing vessel; a departmental superintendant in a theatre, as a properly-master, chorus- master, ballet-master, &c. Master-baker, JIaster-bkicklater, Mas- ter-builder, &c., iiersons who carry on trades on their own account, and employ workmen. Master-ket, a key that opens many locks. Master - MARINER, the commander of a merchant vessel ; a skilled mariner hold- ing a certiflcato of competency to take charge of a vessel. Master-wort, a common name for the Imperatoria Ostruthiuw, the root of which is acrid and bitter; it has been used for tooth-ache, and commended as a remedy for intermittent fever. Mast-hoose, Mast-lopt, a large roofed building, in which masts are shaped, bound, and fitted, which is usually situa- ted near a mast-pond so that the masts can be easily floated in and out. Mastic, a choice and valuable white resin obtained from the PUtacia lentiscus, which forms the basis of a varnish for paper; a buddingcement made from Portland stone, sand, and a small quantity of litharge. MAT L 2-13 ] MAU JlASTicoT, a light yehow pigment prepared fVdin tin. Mastjiakkr, one wno shapes, joins, nnd )ir<'p:iros spars for musts; often combined ^vitll tlie miinulacture of oars, sculls, and ships' Ijlocks. Masts, the erect spars of a ship or boat on wliicli the yards and sails are suspended, of which a vessel lias one, two, three, or more, accordins lo hcrrif;; and lar^'e vessels have several tiers of masts, risirn,' one above another. For the lnwer-m.ists of ships one spar is seldom thick enougli ; it has, therelore, to lie padded or fitted at the sides with otlier i)ieces of timber fastened and banded togetlicr by iron hoops. [Ciccr Lens. Masui;, Jlusoon, the Hindoo name for the Mai', a lluor-eicitliliir Willi ng the feet, ofyarn, orslieep'sslun, ifcc. ; a texture of flays or rushes ; a protection for yards and shrouds from chafing, made of strands of old rope and oakum. See Mats. Matadork, the (illicer in a Spanish bull- )i'-;ht, wlio kills tlie animal when disabled. 5Iatai>i, the Indian name in (luiana for a cassava squeezer to press the juice from the root. Matar, Mnmii, an Indian name for pease. ilATARA, a Tnrkisli water-bottle made of leather, otten embroidered in gold. Match, a game or contest; as a rowing- r.iateh, a cricket-match; a lucifer ; some- llnng that will readily ignite. JlATcn-BOAKDS, a kind of plank used for flooring. JIatch-box, a box or case to hold matches. JiATCU CLOTH, a coarse kind of cloth. Watculock, a long ttiuskct fired by a mpc- niatch; still used by many ot the natives ol tlic East. JiATE, a helper or companion; in the mer- cantile marine an officer under the master as first-mate, second-mate, rnO-BARK. Matico, the leaves of a rcnivian plant, the .\rt((iil/ie eloiigala of Miquel, used as a ]Hjwerful styptic, and lor other medicinal purposes. Matiks, anamefor the first qualify of Scotch cured lierriii'.;s, being those fish in which flic roes and melts are perfectly but not l.irgely developed. BlAT-MiCKER, a weaver of mats; a worker in rope, yarn, or rushes. See Mats. 5IATR1X, plural Matrices, a mould lor cast- ing, used by type-founders and others; a cavity or sliape iu wliicli any thing is formed. JIatron, a female superintcndant. JNlATs, floor covers, of which various kinds are imported from Africa, India, and China. The grass mats from Airica are of all sizes, and very neatly made of fancy-coloured patterns. Kattau floor mats from China, arc usually made 7 feet long by 5 broad. Those of rushes arc of various sizes and colours, some beautifully checkered. Plain and coloured table mats to stand dishes on are made iu sets of six, of three dilleicut sizes, both piainand coloured. Matt, a name given to the bale of flax ; the Russian matt is about 5 or 6 cwt,, the Dutch matt is only 126 lbs. Mattaro, an oil measure of Tripoli, consi- dered equal to 47 lbs. weight. Matting and Hassock Maker, a manufac- turer of the articles so named. Mattock, a pickaxe with broad ends. Mattoniebo, an Italian brickmaker. Mattress, a liard under-bed filled with floclcs, horsehair, straw, or other stufliuL'. Mattress-maker, a manufacturer of mat- tresses. Matt, a servant of all work in Southern India; usually a native servant is re- quired for each special class of work. JIadd, a species ofwrapping plaid or shawl, made of undyed or natural brown wool, of difTcrent kinds and countries. Mauds are used as a wrapper for the shoulders in walking, or for the knees in driving; also, a gray striiied plaid, worn by shep- henis in the south of Scotland. Maul, a heavy wooden hainmer; also an iron hammer used iu driving bolts. Maulstick, a writing-painter's stick to steady his hand. Maun, a Persian weight of about 7i lbs. MvUND, a hand basket; 8 bushels of apples; a variable Indian weiglit iu different localities, but divided into 40 seers. Tlie ordinary Indian bazaar-mauud is 82 2- 7th lbs. The Bengal tactory-maund is 74 lbs. 10 , oz. 10 drachms. The Madras-maund is only 25 lbs., the Bombay-maund is 2i> lbs., while the Surat-muuud is 41 lbs. M E A [244] M E D JlAUNDUiix, a pick witli two sliaiiUs. Maundy Monkt, a name Bivcn to certain special small silver coins, lilstribiiteii as alms by tlic soveici^ri on Jfniiiuiy Tlmrsday, or tlic day l)ctore Good Friday. Maunky, an Indian lanil-nieasurc of 24110 siinarc feet; tlio 21tli part of a cawncy ; it is also called a gronnd. IlAur.iTius Wkki), a name for the /vore/Za fuciformu, a dye-liclien. jfAwi tlic stomach of an animal : the sto- mach of the calf furnishes rennet; the stomach of fishes enter into conimei'ce in the East, under the name of fishmaws. Maximilian, a gold coin of Bavari;i, worth about 13s. 6d. JlAT-DUiiE, a kind of cheriy. JlAT-FLlEs, the Ephemera vulrjata, which are used in some paits of Jlunpary and Carinthia as manure, many firmers in some seasons using n.oru than tlnrty cart- loads on their farms. Mato, a lirazilian dry measure of 1.5 fane- gas, and ecjual to 22'j bushels; asalitiuiil measure the Siianisli mayo is IC cantaii. Mayor, the chief magistrate of a town. May-pole, a decorated pole, flUiiK, used (or ilryiii!,' the body a.tci batJiiiiL'. &eI{ADEK JtUBr.i;i;s. AlEDiCATED-SriKITS, alcdliol llaviiuiC'il wltli simie stioiit; iiiKrciIlcnt, and permitted to be iiiiiiorted duty Irc-e. JlKl):CI.NAL-W.\li:i:S. >SVfJIlNEnAL-WATKI^S. Medicine, .-ulrug or tincture prescribed, or tidirii, lur uiliiunts of tlic body. Mi.i-ui.-.i'.-(iii.!5r Makek, a inniiinicUircr of cases with bottles, >tc. to liold drugs and clieniicals. lor ship or laniily use. JlEDiD.v, a Portufiuese wine measure, the Canada = '703 of a wine gallon. JlEoixE, an old Turkish money of 3 aspers, worth Isd. See JIeidex. SIedino, another name for the Efryptian ) ara, -10 of which f^-o to the pias'tre in .Vle.xandria and 3.'! in Cairo. M EDio, a .Spanish silver coin, worth about CJ. .Medium-sized, a kind ot paper 22 inches by 17 inches. .Mi.DL,ui, the fruit of the Mespilus Germa- 7iica; the white solt wood of the tree is used lor walking-sticks. SIi:uLEV, a mixture. JIeoleys, a technical term which includes all wool-dyed colours, excepting blue and bkack. Medoc, a French red wine; a shining pebble tound in France. Mi.EKSCiiAUJi, a hydratc'd silicate of mag- nesia, largely used tor making ornamental pipe bowls. 'When found it is usually pressed into moulds, dried by heat, boileli in milk, and alterwards rudely polished with soft leather. Before being moulded into pipe bowls, it is soaked iu a liquefied inigneiit. .Mi;Er, an appointed place for fox-hunters, and a pack of hounds, Ac. to assemble. .Mei;iini;-]iouse, a dissenter's chapel or place of worship. Megametke, a Frcnoh instrument for deter- mining the longitude by measuremeut of the stars. Megascope, nn optical instrument for re- pn sonting objects on a large scale. JlEGASS, a name given to the dried cane stems alter the juice has been ex|>r(ssed, used as fuel in the furnaces of sugar boilers, and also called trash. See Bagazo. MeoissIek, a French leather dresser. JlEiDEN. a former coin of Constantinople, consisting of 3 aspers, .and 30 making a Siiani.-h dollar. See Medixe. Welarancio (Italian), an orange-tree. SlEL.vssES. See ]\Iol,vsses. JIelata, an apple marmalade made in Itah-. JIelave, JIelaze, a TurKish woman's siik veiL Melet, the French name for the sprat. * Melicotoox, a peach gralted on a ([uince stock or tree. Meliga, a name in Italy for millet or dhurra, the corn grown in Turkey. .Mei.ii.ot, a sweet-scented clover. Mei.lagiioo, a common Indian naino for pepper. Mei.i.aimsv, .1 name for tlicberganiotoran^-e, (lie Ctlriis lUjyatiiii oiKisso, which vickls the r>s.,nti,il oil (il licru:iiii,jt. BIei.i.ifeeuUs, produeiiii; honey. Melodeon, a reed organ; the keys open valves,by which the windfrom the bellows, worked by the feet of the performer, is allowed to act on the reeds. .Seraiihine, harmoneon, rced-organ, itc. are names for essentially the same instruincnt. The concertina is much on the same principle, with a different arrangement of details. Mkloduajlv., a play \vitli songs, music, or liantomime. Meeoe, the Indian name for one of the blistering (lies {Mi/labris cickorci), the Telini of the Hindoo's. Melon, a grateful and delicious fruit, tlio Cucumis JJelo, of which there are several cultivated varieties, as the water-melon, musk-melon, &c. [melons. Melon-frame, a glazed frame for raising Melt, to make or become liciuid; the solt roe of a fish; tlie spleen of an animal. Melted-butter, boiling water with butter and flour added, used for s.iuoe. Melter, a soap boiler ; a purifier of lard ; a tallow-chandler. Melting-pot and Cudcible-maker, a manufacturer of the utensils so named. See Crocible. Melton, a kind of broad cloth. Member, one of a fellowship or society; the representative la Parliament lor a borouKli or county. Membrdre, a French frame for measuring cord-wood; a pannel square; the rib or frame of a ship. Memoir, a statement; a biographical notice. Memorandum, a reminder; a note to re- fresh the inemoiy. Memorandltm-book, a note-hook; a com- mon-place book. Mkmoriai., a statement of facts an(} petition. Men-dee, an Indian name for henna See Henna. falms. Mendicant, a beggar; one who solicits Mendicity Society, a society established in London to suppress begging, and to put a stoj) to fraudulent impostors preying u;;OU the charitably disposed. Mexdo, a wild sweet potato of North America. Menial, a hireling; a domestic servant. Mensuration, the art of measuring. Mextooloo, an Indian name for Tngonella Fcenum Grcecum. See FEXUGiiEEii. Mexuisier, a French joiner. Mercai, an Indian grain -measure. See ]\Iarcal. Mercantile, relating to trade. Mercatob's Chart, a chart where the earth is treated as a cylinder or long round body. Mekcer, a dealer iu sillts and cloths, I.aces and small wares. Mercerie, a French commercial Customs classification for a variety of goods, not in- cluding merely small haberdashery wares, as hooks and eyes, kniitiiig-needles, buckles, necklaces of berries, wooden beads, reels, i&c. but comprising under common mercerie, a very wide range of articles, too numerous to particularize, including, for instance, such things as sabots, snnll-boxes, mariners' compasses, spectacles suullers, whips, s-uten.sils, eating and cooking appara- ilKSToLA (Italian), a ladle; a trowel. Mestoup, a name in the silk trade for a package. Met, Met Jangree, a species of fuller's earth found in Sinde, used for scouring the hair, and for clean.sing caUco ciotlis preparatory to dyeing. Metage, the charge made for measuring ^:()ods ill bulk from a vessel. Mktai, a sweetmeat or eiuilectiou in India. Metal, a technical name lor glass in a slate of fusion; a mineral suhstauce; hroUen stone for roads; the ellcctive power of guns borne by a vessel of w.ar. [minerals. Metal-broker, a dealer in nirtals ami Metallic-currency, the coins forming the circulating medium of a country. Metallic-standaud. &'e .Standard. JIetalling, an engineering name for stone and other material applied to give firm- ness and solidity to railways and common roads. Metallurgist, a worker in metals. Metallokgy, the process of separating metals trom their ores, and converting them into articles of commercial value. Metal-perforator, a workman who bores or makes holes in metals. Metal-planer, a smoother ; a polisher ot metallic substances. Metal-refiner, a smelter of ores, one who separates the dross from copper, lead, and other ores. Metal-sash-maker, a constructor of frames of metal for holding panes of glass. Metal-turner, a turner and driller of metals. JMetal-wahehouse, a store where metals are warehoused or sold. [in produce. -Mrtayee, a cultivator who p.iys rent partly Meter, a measurer out ot fruit, corn, ifee. See also Gas-jieter. Methee-seed. au Indian name for Trigo- nella Famum Groecuin seed. See Fe.\u- greek. Metueglin, another name for mead, a sweet drink ot honey. [cation. Method, a plan or system ; order or classifi- Methylated .Spirit, spirit of wine of .5} per cent, over-proof, mi.Ked with not less than one-uinth part of its bulk measure of wood naphtha, or methylic alcohol, for use in manulactures, and to prevent its consumption as a beverage. Metre, the unity of French long measures. = 39-3710 inches. Metrograph, a controller of the speed of railway trains; this apparatus indicatesat every moment ami every mUe the speed of the train, and the lujur of arrival and departure at each station. Meteo.nome, an instrument for beating and dividing the time in music. Mettar, JIataro, a variable liquid measure ot Tunis; lor oil about 4} or 5 gallons; in weight i(\\ lbs; as a measure for wine it is one-half less. Metze, a variable German grain-measure, about the lourth part of a busliel. JlEUBLES (French), furniture. JlELT-ARD, in France, a large grindstone. Meularde (French), a grindstone of a middle size. Mews, a range of stables ; a locality for sta- bling horses. Originally the word meant a coop for hawks; hence, when (itlcoiiry MIL [247] MIL was patronizei! ami practised, there were royal mews, which are, however, now only stables, altlion!,'li the name remains. Mezereon-bauk, the bark o( Daphne Afe- zereum, which is employed medicinally, liavinff acrid, laxative, and poisonous quahties. It is also used as a masti- catory. MEZQuiTR, a soluble gum obtained from the Jiobiina, a species ol acacia in Texas, and other parts of North Americx AlEZZAiuoLo, a farmer in Italy. Mezzanine, a small Intermediate story or floor; the attic story of a house. >1ezzo, an Italian word for half. JlKZZOTisT, a particular mode of ensraving on copper plates by punching and scrap- ing. Mica, a transparent mineral in flakes, large- ly used in America, and, to some extent, in this country, for the openings ofstoves, ill order to atiford a view ot the tire. Itis often cniifnuiidert Willi tnlc. Michaelmas D.\t, one of the usual quarter- d.iys ot the year, falling on the 2yth Sep- tember. MiCHAEUtAS Term, among lawyers the hiterval between November 2nd an liiidrr llif n:iiiii' of Ciunra iv.rn. .Mil.i.i.l' l;i.i,i(, a tliinU inadr (i> frinirntrd lailkd-hi.-id, \iah Mihslanr.s addrd to viMidiT It astnn.cnf, used by tlio C'lini- 'I'ai'tais, and al-o callrd iniirua or bouza. J1ii.i.i;t l:i(jii, a (,'iani y'own in India, tlie I'iiiiiciun colouum. J1ii,i,-(ji;ai;ing, the sliaft. -vvliccls, &o. by wliicli tlio motion o( the lir=t moving power is connnunicateU to any inanufac- lurinj; nniclnne. [torj-. Jliix-iiANu, a woiiiniaii employed in a fae- .Mii.i.ii,rri:u, the tlionsandtli paitof the hue. Mii.i.iMMiiE, a nonnnai Freneh lineal niea- sine, the tlionsandtli paitofa nibtro, and ecpid to(i0.7.i.J71 ineh. M iLi.iNEi: AND DitESsJiAKER, oiie wlio makes bonnets, head-dresses, and yowns, and other artieles of female attii'e. M iLLiNG, a process of rollinj,' steel into bars ; denting the edge of coin.* Mii.L-lUKEu, a constructor of priiulin;,' or pnlveriziii!,' machines of dirlercnt Unids, ehielly of steel. JIii.LOCo, a tuberons phiiit growing in Ecu- ador, which has tile taste and shape oi the liej>t potatoes. MiLSEY, a sieve for straining milk. Mii,i.STO>iE, a stone lor Krindiiii,' corn, mine- rals, paints, drn^s, r, the overseer of a mine. MiNEit, a searcher lor ores; a workman undergroniid. MiNERAJ. t:iiAi:C0Ar,, a combination ofchar- coal and coal, which is- sometimes iiat With. AIiNEKALOGisT, One posscssiiig a know- ledge of minerals. MiNEBAL ScRVKYOR, ail inspector of mines; one who uiidcrsiands the appearance ot lodes, and the prosiiects ot working for ores. MiNERAL-TEETii JiAitER, a manufacturer of artificial teeth ot ground quartz, China clay, and other substances, pressed into moulds, coloured, and llien burnt to harden them. Mineral teeth are largely made in the LTiiiied States. MiNERAL-WATr.u \VAi:i;iiiirsK, a maiiulac- tory or depot o( mineral airaliil waters. MlNEBAL-WATEks, Waters impregnated vvith any mineral, many ot which are iirescrihe.1 medicinally. * MtNESTBA, pottage or soup in Italj-. MiNGEL, a German liquid measure, about 2 piiit.s, 13 of which make a steckan. JIiNiiAEE, a term for unassessed land in India. iSee Maafee. MiNLrrcTRE I'AINTER, ail artist who takes likenesses on a sni.ill scale. JIiNiM, in apothecaries' weight, a division ot the fluid drachm, wliieli is made up of CO minims; a measure ot time in music. Mi.N'iXG AGENT AND BROKER, a dealer in sliar.s; a secretary or manager for mines. .\!ixixG Company, a joint-stock association lor carrying on operations in a mine. JIiNiox, a kind of type intermediate between brevier and nonpareil; a piece of ordnance, the bore of which was 3i inches diameter. JiiNi.STER, a high oflicer of state; a priest; an ambassador. MiNiDJi. a kind of red lead obtained by cx- jiosing lead or its protoxide to heat, till it is converted to a red oxide. MixivER, the white fur of the ermine, pre- parrd spotted with black tails, which is a 'li^liiiuiiishiiig mark of nobility. Mink, Minx, a coiniiiereial name for the fur of tiie MuhIlIu rison. a species of weasel, wliieh is extensively used in the manu- facture of ladies' vicloriiies, inutfs, capes, ito. I''iom 150,000 ty 250,000 skills arc im- ported annually. MIS [249 J MOD MisooMOoi.oo.anliidiniiniuiie (or I'hascnlus Mmign. MiNOT, an old Frencli grain-measure, cliiofly usod ill Lower Canada, equal to r(i7;i Imslicl, l)iit liv some stated to Ije J-81I1 less than a Im-hci. MrNSTRKL, a vocalist who accompanies hini- selt on an instrument. Mint, an oilicial place for coining money. There is a British mint in London, at Cal- cutta, and in Sydney. There is a mint at San Francisco," California, and several other mints in the American States. Al- most every civilized country coins money for local circulation. A plant, the Men- tha mridis, which lias a strong', peculiar, and pleasant odour. Tlie leaves are u.sed as a culinary sauce and salad, and bein^; aromatic and carminative, are prescribed medicinally, and an essential oil is ob- tained from them. MlNT-JtJi,EP, an American drink ; spirit and water flavoured witli mint-leaves. Mint-sauce, mint chojiped up with vin- egar and sugar, used as a flavouring for lamb. MiNDTE, the COth part of an hour. Minute-book, a rough entry-book contain- ing a sketch or note of the proceedings at committee-meetings, or the operations of public companies. [minute. Minute-glass, a sand-glass running tor a Minute-hand, the long hand or pointer of a watch or clock, which registers or indi- cates the minutes and seconds, as the short hand docs the hours. MiNYAK, the Malay name for oil. [gallons. MiRA, an Italian measure lor oil, about 3i MiRABlLiTE, an cfliorescence on the soil among salt springs in some countries, used as a substitute lor soda in the manu- facture ot glass. See Glauber Salt. MinnANE, Essence OF, a mixture of benzole and nitric acid ; an artificial oil of bitter almonds, used for scenting soaps, and tor flavouring confections and cookery. MiiiROR, a looking-glass, usually ot an oval or circular form. Misalta, the name for pickled pork in Italy. MiscAL, an Oriental wciglit used in Arabia, of 73-37 troy grains. Miscu, an Indian tooth-powder. Mise-en-scene, getting up for the stage. MisKit, an instrument for earth-boring. Miserable, a name in the chocolate nianu- faciories ot the Italian ports, tor tlie husk ot the cocoa bean; it is imported thence in large quantities, ami iiartly ground up in the inferior coco^is, and partly dis- patclied to Ireland, where it is said to yield a wholesome and agreeable beverage to the poorer classes. Mishk, an Eastern name for musk. MisiiMEK Teeta, a name in India for the gold thread roots, which are sent to Assam ill neat little open-work rattan baskets, containing about an ounce. See Gold Thread JioOT. MisiiMisii, tlie Arabic name for the apricot. MlsricKKt., a white granulated iron ore; an nIKiy of iron with arsenic. Mi?si:t,to, iMisTi.ETOE, a parasitical plant, the Visciiin ultiuiii, whicli grows on the oak, used at Christmas lor decorating rooms, and from its vi-scid berries bird- lime is made. Missile, a weajion for throwing. MissivK, a letter sent hy a messenger. MissoY - liAiiK, an aromatic bark obtained in the Eastern archipi'lago. Mistacii, a liquid measure in Crete or Can- dia; for oil, it is equal to 3 imperial gal- lons; for wine, it varies from 3 to 6 gallons. Misteca, -Mesteque. a local name for the cocbincal insect in Mexico. MisTic, a kind of sailing-vessel. [liminl. Misi^R.v, a Jlaltese coni-measure, of 10 Mite, a division of the troy-grain, used by moneyers; a small coin. JIiter-box, a joiner's tool. IM1TIIKJU-, a name in Nubia for 4 dollars. Mitre, an angle of 45 degrees; a junction of two boards at an angle by a diagonal fitting; a bishop's croun. Mitre Mushroom, the IJelvella crispa, Scopoli, a nutritious fungus, found in woods, and esteemed a delicate article of food. Mittens, Mitts, thin ladies' gloves without fingers, of silk, net or lace; men's warm wrappers for the hands made of cloth, worsted, &c., differing from gloves in hav- ing no separate divisions for the fingers. Mix, to mingle. Mixture, a compound ; one or more articles combined. Mizen-mast, the aftermost mast of a ship. M.N. I., ''Madras native infantry." MOACHIBO. a name for the cotton plant in some ol the Pacific islands. JIocASSiNS, rough deer-skin sandals. Mocha, a weight iu Abyssinia, equal to a troy grain. Mocha-coffee, the best description of Arabian coffee. Mocha-stone, a species of quartz, witli the appearance of mosses in it. Moche (French), a bale ot raw silk. Mochii.ica, a memorandum or agreement in India. Mock-lead, a miner'.- n.ime for blende. Mock-tcrtle, a soup made with calf's head, veal, and condiments, which, as it solidifies upon cooling, is also soUl in tliat form for private use by confectioners and at cooks' shops. MocuDDUM, the Hindastani name for the head ryot in a village; a collector of government rents; he is sometimes called a mundub in Bengal. MoDEHANDi.tiNG (Cieriiian), a fancy trade; a milliner's shop. Model, a miniature plan of any thing; an original pattern to work from ; a spec'i- men ; a person who stands to a sculptor. Modeller, a designer; a moulder in wax, clay, or plaster; a sculptor in stone; a constructor of models of ships, buildings, &c. Modelling-loft, a place in a dock-yard, or shipwright's yard, where the parts of a ship are laid down. Model Mapitng, a mode of showing the featuresol a district orcountry by acenraie representations on a raised suiiace ot the elevations, depressions, &c. in relief. MOL [250] MON MoDtttloxs, sirmll Inverted consoles form- ing ornaments In a coniloo to support the larmier. Modiste, n milliner. AloDUOA, a name in India for the flowers of tlio Jiutca frondn.ia, nsed to dye led. JIoKt.i.ox (French), rouyli stones lit for hnililln^'. Moi'.T'n (;nA3U'AfiKR. tliR flncst nH'il'fy of ehampauno, named afier the maker. MoKP. a silk stulfmade in Caucasia. iloGGKX a varial)lo Italian dry-measuro, in some places, 3 quarters, in otliers only 4 bushols i a land-measure of Naples, of 37,898 square feet, or 08700 Englisli acre. MoGKEEoiL, a name in Western India lor oil of jasmine. MoHA, a name for the Gorman millet {SetO' ria Jlalica, I'alisot). MoHAiB, tlie Ions sillcy hair or wool of the Antrora ^'oat, Capra Angorensis; also, a fabric made (rom tlie wool dyed. jronAiR-iiANOFACTtjRER,a worker of mohair; tlie manufacture is principally carried on in Bradford by those who weave alpaca wool. Mohair is worked up into jdusli, Iflce, frillies, Ac. MoHAiK-TARV, the wool of the Angora so^'. combed and spun into yarn or thread. MoiisuL, a native form of legal iirocess in India, which consists in sendini; a peon, horse or foot, to demand the revenue ; tlie peon remains until lie receives payment, the defaulter being charged with his sub- sistence. MoHULLA, .MonoLLAn, a ward or district of a city in India. [an Indian city. MoHUi.LAHDAR, the head man or warden of JIoHUH, an East Indian gold coin, equal to 15 rupees : as it contains 165'92 grains pure gold, and 15'08 grains alloy, it is wortii intrinsically £l. 93. 2d. sterling. MoHURiR, an Indian policeman. MoiDORE, a Portuguese gold coin of 6 dol- lars, and worth about 273. It contains 48 testaos, of 100 reis. ]\IoiETr, the half of any thing. Moio, MoYO, a Portuguese grain-measure ol 2} quarters; also a wine measure in Spain, of 56-827 gallons. JIoiRE, watered or clouded silk; mohiir. MoiRE-.\NTlQUE, a species of watered silk. MoisoxNiEU, a tenant-farmer in Krance, wlio divides the produce of tlie land with tlie owner. MoKKA, a vernacular name in Bengal for liulum corn (Zea Mays). Molasses, the drainage from sugar, in the proces-i of grannlation; tlie syrup which will not crystallize lorms the treacle of the shops. JloLE, .a name given in America to the draining plough ; a kind of pier. MoLE-SK.i>j, a .«ul)stitiite for low woollen clotlis; a strong twilled fustian. SeeVv^ TIAV. Mor.i.EB.^ERT, a Flemish agricultural instru- ment, consisting of a kind of larL'c sliovel drawn aloii'jr by a horse and guided by a man. See Mouldebaert. Moi.LETON (French), swanskin; ti kind of blanket or flannel. Woi.uNUHKE, ft salt-maker in Indiii. Momeea, a name in Nepaul for the waxen cliurrus or resinous exudation of the Iiemp plant. * MonCha, a grain-measure for rice, used in Madagascar, containing about 7 pints, or C lbs. weight oltliat <.'r:iin. MoxDKi.i.o, MoDif.i.o, a .Maltese graiii-moa- surc, nearly a ^;.illon. MoNEr, coin" or stamped pieces of metal, the legalized circulating medium of civilized countries, issued from a mint, aiKl usually bearing on tlie face an impres- sion of tho'inonarcli in whose reign it was coined. Ill general acceptation tlie word moiny is nut, however, restricted to coin, but also includes paper money, notes being the chief medium of exchange in some states. See Bank-note and Coin. Money-bag, a small leather or canvas purse for the pocket. Money-box, a child's closed box with a slit at the top for hoarding or saving money. Money-broker, MoxEY-cnANGER, Money- dealer, names lor exchange-brokers and bullion dealers. MosEYERs, workmen employed in the royal mint to forge shear, round, mill, and stamp coin. AIoNEY-MABKET, a gencr.al term for the transactions in Lombard-street, the Stock Exchange, «&c., where discounts, loans, and payments, are transacted. It was estimated, in 1850, tliat there were about 130 millions of money in circulation among tlie London banlis. MONEY-OKDER, a Convenient form of trans- mitting small sums of money, carried on to a great extent by the English (ieneral Post-office through its branches, receiving deposits and granting orders, payable at sight, for any small sums up to Ave pounds, on payment of a graduated fee of threepence lor any sum under one pound, and sixpence beyond. Tills mode of remittance has recently been extended to most of the British colonies and posses- sions abroad, wliere the necessary arrange- ments could be carried into effect. In 1854, the number of money-orders issued in England was five-and-a-half millions, representing nearly £10,500,000 sterling. MONEY-SCRIVENER, one wlio Obtains money on loan for others. Money-taker, a waiter at an hotel, .fee. ; a casli clerk in a retail shop ; a door-keeper at a public place of amusement, who re- ceives the payment for admissions. MoNGEB, a small vessel used by fisliermeii. Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed. MoNiNG, a fine black tea. MoNiTEUE, the official gazette of Paris. Monitor, a school-boy set to teach or watch others. " MoNKELSEB, a name in Persia for tlie royal guz, a measure oflengtii of 37i inches. " JIONKEY, an apparatus for disengaging and securing again the ram of a pile-driving machine. [with a swivel. J\loNKEY-BLOCK, a small single block strapped MoNKEY-BOAT, a boat employed in the docks. MonkEy-bread, a iiiime lor the large fruit of the Adansonia tiigitata, the slightly acid pulp of which is used as an article of food by MOO [251] MOR thenatlvesot Alricn. The leaves dried nini reduced to powder constitute Lalo, n favourite article with the Africans, which theyniix daily "itli tlulrfood, forthepur- pose ot duiiiiiislii]!^,' the excessive persiki- ratioM to which they are snhject. >[ONKKT-JACKET, a slioit spciiccr, OF thick ))ea-jackrt. MoN'KEY-WKENCii, a 9p:iiiiu'r with a movo- ahlc jaw. MonksikmiD. a wild plant, the ./4ro»/;«)n Niipelliis, tim roots o( which yield aconi- tina, an acrid, narcotic poison, the most virulent known. It is, however, used in medicine. The plant is also called wolfs- hane. MoNKs'-SEAM, a seam made by laying the selvages o( sails one over the other. ]MoNOCHOR», a one-strin.i;ed instrument. SIoNOCLE (French), a readini;-slass for one MoNONQAiTELA-wrnsKT, a popular home- made spirit in tlio United .states. Monopolist, one who en^'rosses all; a person who holds exolnsivo possession; an opposer of free-trade. JloNovoLY, the exclusive possession of any thini.', as of a patent rijjlit, a snle licence to manufacture or sell ; a special market, &c. MoN.soo>j, a species of periodical strong trade-wind iu the Eastern seas, blowing for a portion of the year in one direction, and for the remainder ja a contrary direction. Mont de Tie'te', a public pawnbroklng olHce on the Continent, kept In general by the (iovernment. MosTBFiASCo, an Italian wine. MoNTERO, a Spanish horseman's cap. MoNTEURS, a class of French workmen who arrange artldclal flowers into wreaths and trimndngs, Ac. Monthly, a magazine or periodical, i)ub- lislicd every month. JIONTHLY-NUTiSE, an attendant on females during childbirth, and until convalescent. MoNTiLLADO. See Amontillado. JIONTON (Spanish), a nnner's name for a heap of ore; a batch under the process of amalgamation, varying in quantity in different localities, from 15 to 82 quintals.* MONtWENT, a column ; a memorial of the living or ile.id ; a tomb. Moo, a liurmeke weii;bt of two bai. rather more than liall an ounce. [spoii.'o. Mooabadlt,, an Hindustani name tor MoocHEE, an Inilian shoemaker. MoocHEiiCs, a gum-resin obtained In Iiidin from the Boinbajc AJdlnljariciiin, Decand. JIoocilT, a saddler, bookbinder, or any worker in leather in India. MooDAH. a bundle or bale of ricein thcEast, packed in straw or rush-matting, tied with coir. JtooHOOK, a weiglit in the Sunda islands, the ti-nth part of the candareen. JIoojANEE. an Indian name lor the P/i Inches, and that employed bv carpenlcr.s, ,31 1-15 inches. Cotton twist is measuHMl by the inoorab; a bundle in India; in Hond)ay, a weight or measure lor paddy, of 80.) lbs. 12 oz. 12 drs. Moorings, a ship lying with more than one anclior out ; moorings are also buovs in a harbour, securely anehoreil, lor the con- venienee of bliips to make fast to. MooiLSTONE, a niiiier's nann' lor granite. JIoORY, a brown cloth made in India. Moose, a large species of elk, the C'crvui alces: this fine animal furnishes an excel- lent hide for mocassins and snow-shoes, and tlie flesh supplies food to the Indians. Moot, a piece of hard wood, hooped with iron at each end, used In making blocks. MooTEi-., a m.iker of tree-nails or wooden bolts, for fastening the planks of a ship. MooTHAS, an Indian name for species of Cyperus, the roots or rliizomes of which are used there as a dlaplioretic and diu- retic, [greek-seed. MooTiiE, Metha, Indian names for lenu- MoozciNAT. Mouzocnah, a small silver coin current in Morocco, and equivalent to 7-lOths of a penny. Mop, a country lair for hiring servants; pieces of cloth, or rope fastened to a liandle, tor wiping up wet, or cleaning sto\ie3, boards, &c. * Mop-AND-BROOM-STIOK Maiceb, & shapcr of wood for handles. SIop-HEAD, Mop STicic, the ssparate parts of a mop. MoQUETTE, a tapesti-y Brussels carpet of a fine quality ; a species of Wilton carpet. Mou, the Malay name lor myrrh. Mora, a v.iluable South .Vmerican wood, obtained from the Mora excdsa, a tree which, in Cuiana, f^eriuently reaches 100 feet in lieight or upwards. 'It is tough, close, and cross-grained, and is peculiarly adapted for ships' timbers and planks, for which purpose it is extensively used, be- ing recognised .as a first-class wood by Lloyds. When of the height of Irom 40 to 50 feet, the trunk will square from 18 to 20 inches, but when grown to that size it is generally faulty. The bark Is used as a taiming substance. The seeds of the tree contain starch, and are used by the In- dians as food in times of scarcity. MoRAH, a footstool used in India made of rattans, Cahinius rotanfj; a weiglit in Mysore consisting of about 80 llis MoitAiJ, an Indian grain-measure equal to 3456 cubic iHcbes. Moray, an Indian measure of ,S8 seers, about 1 S-lOths bushel, also called a .Madj. Mon [252T M O T MoRCKiXEMKNT, ill I'lniico. .1 coiiipulsory division of lanil iiinuii^' llie soils, on tlie (IfiatU of the lather. MoRCHAT,, an einlik'in of state in Inili.a of rolil and silver tissue, spangles, feathers, roperty. Mortice-chisel, a joiticr's tool of different kinds, square, rouiul, or pointed. Morticed-blook, a single block of wood, morticed ont to receive a sheave. MinjTicK, a hole cut into wood for another pice tn fit info. MoRTisiNGMAfiiiNi?, a machine for cutting boles ill wood. MoRTi.iNG, pell wool; wool from the fleece 01 a dead sbcep. JIOKUNG Saui., a timber, recognised as a ship-building wood by Lloyds; a species of Shorea. See Saul. MosAic-GOLD, a bisulpburet of tin imported from Germany under the name of bronze powder, used Icn- ornamental work, especially i)aper-hangings; an alloy of equal iiroportions of copper and zinc. A common composition for trinkets, is 75 parts gold, 'J5 parts copper, and a little silver. Mosaics, inlaid patterns or pictui-cs. There are several kinds of mosaic, but all of them consist in embedding fragments of different-coloured stones, gems, marbles, and even glass in a cement, so as to pro- duce a fancy pattern, or the effect of a picture. MoscosQUE, a Russian money of account, the half of a copeck, and the 200tli part of a rouh'e. Moselle, a French white wine, and one of the most acid of the light wines imported. MosuNGS, a name for the thin bibulous shreds of leather shaved off by the currier ill dressing skins. Mosque, a Mahometan temple. Moss. 'The New Orleans long moss is the produce of Tillandsiausnoides : it possesses considerable elasticity, is prepared as ii substitute for horse-hair in upholstery purposes, and is used by naturalists for stuffing birds. See Barba HISPA^acA. Moss- AGATE. See Mocha-stone. * Moss-basket, a fancy basket for a room, conservatory, &e., covered with moss. Moss-rose, a choice and esteemed variety of i-ose, extensively cultivated for sale. MosTAHiBA, a Brazilian wood. See Mns- TAiBA. [press. Most-presse (German), a wine or cider Mote, an imperfection in wool, which has to be cleansed of burrs and motes by machine; a name Ibr the nut of the Carapa guineensis, used for extracting oil in Sierra-Leone. Mother, dregs, lees or feculencies; a thick slimy substance found in liquors. Mother-cloves, a name in the East for the fully expanded fiower-buds of the Caryo- phvUvs aroinaticus, which, when thoy thus reach maturity, are only fit for seed or for candying. MoTnER-oF-l'EARL, the commercial name for the iridescent shell of the pearl oyster and other molluscs. MoTHER-OF- Vinegar, a name for the vine- gar jilant (Mycodei-ma aceti). Motion, the moving part of a watcli, or of machinery; the cross-head, &c. in a loco- motive. Motto, a sentence, emblem, or device. MoTTO-KissEs, sweetmeats having poetry, mottoes, etc., rolled up in fancy papers for the amusement of a party. HOU [253] MUF III OTORPHA, an Indian tax on houses, ships, looms, tmdesand prolessions. ilouD, a wooden grain-measure used in Nuljia, hokliiiK about eighteen liaudtuls. JIouLAGE, a Frcncli name tor sfgincnts ol sioiK', cemented tOKetlior and bound by irnn 1ni<>|is, used as niill-stoiics. rj<»ui,i>, a .sliape lor eoiilictioniiy a form tor easting tjiie-nictal, &c. : line eartlu MoULD-BOAiu>. tlie part m a ploUKh aoovc tlic share, wliieli turns over the earth or lays the furrow-slire, JIoiTLDEBAEUT, a faruiin;? imi'lement m Flanders, drawn by a jiair oi horses, for taliinf; upand(lroi>iiin,i; eooipost, earth, &o. Moulder, a tonnder; a tonner or shaper. JMotiLDiNG, a small border or edging to a panel or to a pieture-lrame. JIouLDiNG-MiLL, a saw-nidl or shaping mill for timber. MoumrNG-i'LANE. See Plane. MotJLD-MAKEit, a malicr o! easts or shapes of different kinds: thus there are moulds for making glass bottles, for gold-beaters, for iron-founders, for sugur-reflners, for casting tobacco-pipes, for making tassels and fringes, &,c. WouLD-TuiiNEB, a maker of metal frames or sliapes. ]MoDLE3 (French), mussels. Moulin, a Frencli mill. JIouLiNAGE (Fiench), the last dressing of silk before it is dyed. Mountain, a kind of wine. JlouNTAiN-GREEK, a carbonatc of copper; malachite. JIouNTAiN-PEPPER, a name for the seeds of Capparis sinaica. MOUNTAIN-IUCE, ail Upland description of rice, grown without irrigation, on the edge of the Himalayan range, in Cochin- Ohina, and some parts of Europe and the United States. Mountebank, a cheat or charlatan. Mounter, an ornamenter; a picture or glass Iramer; one who studs and sets up birds and animals. MouNT-GDARD, to do duty as sentry; to be on the watch or look-out. MODNTING, the setting to a gem; the frame to a picture; the harness or tackle used in weaving. IMouRNiNG-BROOCir, ajctbrooch. Mourning-coach, a carriape with black horses and trappings to attend at a luncral. Mousning-reglet, a broad metal bordering for black columns in a newspaper. 5I0URNING-RING Maicer, a manutacturor of finger rings which are worn as mementoes of deceased friends. SIomtNiP, a Tartar name for koumiss or fermented mare's milk, wliich is said to cure consumption. Mouse, to wrap a hook and its standing part with yarn to prevent its slipping. SIocsE-TRAP, a trap baited to catch mica. Moussache, a name lor the tecula of the manioc. MousSELiNE (French), muslin. JIoussELlNE i>B Laine, muiliu made of wool. JI0U.STACIIE. hair worn over the ujiper lip by nudes : artificial niiuistaches are sold lor the use of actors and masqueraders. Mourn, theopeningof a vessel; the inuzzlo ofaKUn; ihehpofajug; the apeiture of a furnace, boiler, or funnel. .Mourii-GLASs, a small liand-mirror lor iu- sp(Mting the teeili and gums, Ac. Mourii-piECK, the part of a bugle or other wind insliunic-nl, applied to tlie lips. ftloi'/.Aii, an l^ast Indian term lor a towii- , sliip, or tract of land, witli known liiiiiis and a separate name. JloviCAHi.Es, dress and personal good,s,lion>e- biild fiiniitine, books, lariniiig-stoek and iiiipleinents; things tliat can be moved. Movement, the train of wheel-work in a clock or watch. MovKMENT-MAKER, a manufacturer of tli< intrnial inaeliiiiery olvvatclies or clocks. Mow, Mau, a Chinese land-measure, equa\ to alKiut a rood; a heap of corn or hay. MowiiA. MnoHWA, the flowers of liassia latir'olia, dried as they fall off, which, aliouiiiling in sacchanne matter, are eaten in I lie East liy tlie natives. .Subjected lo fermentation, they yield a spirit, which forms the common arrack of a great part of India. Its Havour is compared by some to that of wliisky. Mowing, the oiieration of cutting grass with a scythe. MowLOO, the r.eng.alee name for a species of yam, Dioscorea aculeata. Mo^CA, a shrub, the Artemisia mo.ru, I)e- cand.; a native of China, which is used in paralysis of tlie nerves, and other affec- tions. The loose wool or the beaten tops, forms an inflammable substance, em- ployed to produce eschars, instead of the actual cautery. MoTAU.a minute Burmese measure of length, 4 making a flnger's-breadth, or about an inch. :Movn, ali(]nid measureof Spain, 50'827 galls. MiiziNd, an operation in preparing elotli in tllr ^'i'4-mill. M.U.C.S., "Member of tlic Royal College of Surgeons." M.S.A., "Member of the Society of Arts," F.S.A. being "Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. MS.S., abbreviation for "Manuscripts." MuccHERO, an infusion of roses and violets, made in Italy. MoDAR, the Calotropis gigaritea, R. Itrown, which is alterative and sudorific, and used in medicine in the East. MuD-CART, a scavenger's cart for removing filth from the streets. MuDDB, MmD, a Dutch and Belgian grain- measure, corresponding to the French hectolitre, and equal to 2-75-2 imiierial busliels, but variable. It is also called a zak. MuDF. .S^e Moray. MiiFi-, a soft cover of fur or feathers, at-\vr:ippf r, made of tartan, ■wdoUoii, or soiiH' otIuT \v:inii or soft iiiii- t(M-ial; a Tnrl-.i!^h or Arali woman's Veil f(ir tlie lower pi rt at tlie lace. MiFF-MVKKU, a fnrrier; one who malies of skins ladies' case coverings for the hands. Jlrr., properly a in" or vessel without a lip ; lint indifl'iTent'lv a|)|ilied to both. MuGGF-T, tlic cntrnils of a calf. MUGNAio, Moi.iNAiai, an Italian miller. JIi-iD, a Dntcli grain measure. See Miiddr. HIirKE, Meuh, a Uelglan grain-moasure, 4J to 5 gallons. MuKKi, an Indian native name for (;anibo!:e. MuKUF.B, the Hindustani name fur Indian corn or maize. Mni.BP.RRT, a tree, one species of wlilcli, the Morusnirrra, is cultivated fur its frnit; the other, .^/o;-»'.' alha. and its varieties, lor the leaves, wliifh loiin tliefood of silk-worms : the wood, in simn'.ol the varieties, Is es- teemed for Us toui,'hness. Mulch, lialf-rotten straw, litter, .fee. Mulct, to stop wa^es; to inflict a fine or penalty. Mule, a" name for the spinninc-Jenny, a machine for drawing or eloiigatlns,' the fibres ot cotton, and tvvistimr or wiiidiiiR the yarn tor the shuttles of the loom; a hybrid canary; a mongrel animal of any kind; a serviceable cross between the ass and the mare, forming a sure-footed beast of burden. * JlULE-LOAD. the travelling burthen for a nuilc ; in South America the medium pack-load for a mule is 270 lbs. JIule-spinneh, a macliine-spimior. Muleteer, a driver ol mules. Miu.KTTE, a kind olsailin'-r-vosscl. Mri.L, a verv thin and suit muslin, used for dresses aiid trinimini.'3, of which there are si'veral kinds made, under the names of Swi^s-iiuilis, India-mulls, starched-mnlls, itc. A snnlf-box made of a ram's horn. * MULLED-wiNK, wliie heated over the tire, with sugar and spices added. MuLLFK, a hand-stoiie tor grinding down oil paint on a slab, or com by natives; a vessel for heating wine over a tire. Mullet, the rowel of a s|iur; a sea-fish, of which there are several species belonging to two canera, the red and the gray mul- lets. The former (.yiilliis barbiittis) is still as esteemed as it was among the Komans; the latter {Mngil' capita) is nut so fine a fish, being generally taken out of season when it ascends the rivers. Mui.ligatawny, a kind of curry soup, the stock of which is made of veal with ham, vegetables, &c. added. Mullioat.vwnt-paste, a curry paste, used for Havouring mulligatawny->on|). Mri.Liox, the upright bar dividing the lii^hts ofa window. MiiLsic, wine boiled with honey. Mi'LTii'LTixG-GLASS, oiie wliicli icpoats the Bumo object several times at ouce. MuLTrrLYlSG-wiiiirr,, a wlioel which In- creases the number of movements in machinery. Multum, a namo under which a BtuiiefyiriS mixture, of cocculns Iiidicus and other Ingredients, for adulternting beer is S'dil. Mui.TUiiE, a toll fur grinding; grist. Mum, a kind or .<|irnce beer, or tile brewed with wheat, o.it malt, and ground beans, and flavoured with armnatic heil;-i. It reiiuircs to be stored about two years. MuM>n', a dead human body embalmed and preserved, kept in museums, or the cabi- nets of the curious. 5IuN. a local name for tlie mnund In parts of India. JiLNDic, iron or arsenical pyrites. melon. MuNDlKKI, t!ie Jlalaj" name tor tlio water- MUNDII,, an embroidered turban richly ornamented in imitation of gold and silver. MiiNoPAi,!,!, the licngaleo name for the mouiid nut, Ararhis hiipogcea. Mi'.NiMKN'T, a deed or charter; a strong-bold. MirNjANDlE, an Indian weight nearly 4 grains. MuN.rEEr, tlie commercial name for tho root of Hubia munjhtci, largily used for tho same purposes as madder. MuNTEOA, the Malay name for butter. MtrSTz's-METAL, a composition fur shoalli- Ing, itc. consisting of .50 percent, of cop- per, 41 ol zinc, and about 4 of lead, named after its inventor, the late Mr. JIuiitz of IJirmingham. Muii.AL-ciuCLE, a quadrant fixed in a wall. MuiiEX, the handsome shell of a mollusc, many varieties of which are esteemed bv collectors. .Somo species of Murex, and I'lirpura, yielded tho Tyriau purple dyo of the ancients. MuuiATE, a salt formed by muriatic acid, combined with a base. "Muriate of soda and chloride of sodium, are chemical names given to common salt, MuniATic-AciD, hydrochloric acid ; a com- liound of hydrogen and chlorine. MuKLiNS. another name for the Alaria cscu- lenta, also called badderlocks. JIuuRAix, a disease among cattle. MURRATA-WOOD, a namc for boxwood. MURSIB, a liquid measure used in Hntavia, ten making a rand, which is about the third of a gallon. JIuRCTE, a name In Ceylon for the Lager- strcemia rer/i/ia, the wood of which is used for building and makint; casks. JIURWA. See JIlLLET-BEEK. MusADA, a native name in porls of India for the Stri/dinos nux-vomica. Mu.scADEL-wiNE, MuscADiNK, a rich wine of Languedoc in France. MusCARDiNE, a fungus or rot, the liotrutis Bassiana of Jlontagiie, which kills silk- worms in great numbers. Muscatel, a choice species of grape, dried on the vine for fine table raisins. Muscovado, the ordinary dark coloured, raw, unrefined sugar of cbmmcrcc; moist- sugar. .■MuscoviTB, Muscovr-GLASS, a namc for niiea. MuscoVT-DucK, a variety of tlio Uudi- species so named. MUS lIusEUJi, a buildine appropriated to olijpcts connected with science and art, ol wiiicli tlicre are several mixed or special ones in the metropolis: as tlio British Mnsouni, taking in the «liolc ransje of" olijecls of natural liistory, aiitii|iiitics, literature, 55J MUS Mu.sic-SELLEK, a shopkeeper who keeps a stock of popul.ir songs, opera scores, s. The India mus- lins are remarkably fme, and very rich, soft, and durable. JIachinc-made muslins are, however, deficient in some of these properties. WcsLiN AND Lace Printet!, a manutaclnn r . of primed inuslni and lace. JlcsLiN Blind, a thin short curtain for the lower part of a window. Muslin Curtains, long curt.ains of nmslin lor a drawing or sitting room, for sum- mer wear. Muslin-embroiderer, a sempstress who ov. rlays or embroiders muslin with figures or patterns. BIusLiNETS, a kind of muslin of which there are several varieties, as singlu cord, and fancy satin stripes and figures. JlisouR, aconnnon Imiian n.mic lor Ervwn lens and tri'um hiisutum NAC [256] NAI tlnsQijAsn, a tiurrovviiiR animal, tlic fiber zibelhicus, coiiinionly called the iiiiisk-iMt, iKilivc or North America, soukIiI lor its sluii. theliirrcscinhiinntliat ot the l)c:ivcr. Itiscliiclly HSU. I (nr liat-niiikiii},'. Kiidii-r more than :i iiiillioii skins arc aMiiiuilly iinportuil. \vliieli arefor tlic most part hoiit to the Continent. * MusQUASii-itooT, a tulierous-rooted nlaiit, the Vkivloiiia acutifiora. eaten by tne Micmac Indianf, in the British American Lower ProvtnccR. MusQuiTO-cuKTAiN AND NETTING, thin mns- liu hung rcmid be-8ri\ cubic inches ; the foin-ih of the Scotch pint. JiUTlI, an ,\iistrian and an Italian corn- nieasnre consisting ol ."0 inctzen : 100 nietzen = 21 1-Ctli inijierial ijuarlers. MuTUAU, .Ml iTi-K, an Indian nainelorpease {J'isuiu mtiniin). MuTiAUA, tlie -Malav name lor pearl. Mutton, tlie llesh of sheep. 1 MtrrTON-BuoTU. a tliin soup of mutton. ■ Mutton-chop. Mutton- cutlet, pieces from the ribs or leg of a sheep. MuiTON-HAM, a leg of mutton .salted. Mutton-suet, the fat from the vieinily of tlie kidneys of the sheep. Mutty-pal, a resinous e.xndation fioin AUanthus Malabai-icus. Muzzle, a gag or headstall init on do^s to prevent them biting, or on calves to prevent them sucking; the mouth of a gun. Mya, the name for a cord or rope in some of tlie I'acitic islands. BlYAJt, the sixteenth part of the buncal, a weight for gold and silver, used in the East Indies. See Buncal. Myklvgramme, a French weight of 2i'0ISG lbs. MvurALiTKE, a French measure of capacity ; 10,000 litres =34-3901 imperial quarters. Myrluietre, the new French league often thousand mfeires, 10U36-330yards = Uniiles, 1 lurlong, 28i poles. Mtrod.vlons, a "commercial name for the dried wrinkled fruit of various species of 'fenuiiialia, largely imported from India for the use of tanners and dyers. MTRf.n. an aromatic medicinal gum-resin obtained from the Balsamodendron myrrha. Myrtle, a well-known shrub, the Myrtus communis. The fragrant and aroniatic dried fruit and flower-buds were formerly used as a spice, and are said to be so still in Tuscany : a kind of wine is formed of them, and the flowers yield a distilled water called Eau d'.\uge." * Mtktle-wax, a green solid vegetable fSit olitained in the Cape colony and North A merica from the berries of several species of Ms/rica, N. "M" an abbreviation for Korth, one of the •^' • four cardinal points ; nnd for Number, in medical prescriptions. Naartge, a name in the Cape colony for a small kind of orange. Nabee, a powerful poison made in the East Indies from Aconitum ferox, called also BishandBikh. Nabit, powdered sngar-candy. Nacchera, the Italian name for the casta- nets; a kettle-drum. Nacker. See Knackek. Nacodar, the master of au Arab-vessel on the AcUeen coast Nacre, the lustrous substance which lines the interior surface of shells yielding mo- ther-of-pearl. NACREons-SHELLs, iridescent shells; those which have an exterior or interior layer of pearl, of which several kinds arc used for manufacturing purposes, as some .species of Meleagrina, Turbo, Nautili, &c r^f't'cr bred. Nag, a roadster, less than a coach-lior.-c, and NAiioirR, a species of mediiinisized wild sliceji found ill Neivanl, the Vvi'i Nnhooi: Naih, a deputy law-officer in au Indian court of justice. N AI> I 257 J NAl Naif, a stnmjiinj; instriinicnt: a mcasuro of liMifjtli, :;} inches, or tin; 16tli piirt of u jMi-il; a iiiet:il "spike. N:iils are iiiaecilie intervals, and turnisliing the news of the day. Newspaper-agent, News- vender, one who supplies newspapers to the public NeWSPAF-'^.R-CIIASE. See t'HASE. News-writer, a casual icjioner; a contri- I'Utor to a newspaper. New Zealand Flax, the Phormiiim tenar, a plant of New Zealand, the leaf of whicli (urnishes a strong and valuable fibre. NnoN, a minute Burmese measure, equal to ten lines orhairs'-hreadihs, and locally re- presented by a small seed, the Scsa'mum nrienlah'.. Niiut, a nose ornament or jewel worn by women in Hindustan. [scythe. Nib, the point of a pen; the handle of a NiBO. a coarse powder used in some parts of India tor washing sdk, obtained Irom Anticharis Arahica of Endl. Nicai:agua-wood, aninferiorkind of Brazil- wood, the produce of Ccexdlpinia echinata, used to dye a bright fngiiivc fancy red. It is al^o called peach-wood. Niche, a hollow recess in a wall for a statue to stand in, or for otlier purposes. Nick, an incision or mark in the shank of printing-types, which guides the com- jiositor in arranging the letters properly in his composing stick. Nickel, a durable white metal easily malle- able, resembling silver, usually procured from speise, a compound of the metal •with arsenic, found associated with cobalt in Germany, Nickel is used to a very large extent in the arts, being remark- able for the iiccnliar whiteness and silver- like lustre which it communicates to other metals when alloyed with them. NicicSACiiERY, trifles; toys. Nicotine, a colourless limpid oil, the poison- ous principle of tobacco: a single drop of it is sutlicicnt to kill a dog. Nidged Ashlar, hard granite hewn with a pick or pointed hammer instead of a chisel. Ntello, an engraved gold or silver pl.ite, the lines of which are filled permanently with a black enamel. * Nigged. &e Nidged Ashlar. Night-bell, a surgeon's or chemist's door bell leading to a sleeping room, to he rung at n.ight. [night. Night-cab, a cab which plies for hire at Night-cap, a covering for the head to sleep in : many are open-woven of worsted or cotton ; those for females are of dilferent materials trimmed with borders. Night-cart, a covered dung-cart for re- moving human ordure from privies. Night-clothes, a bed-gown and niglit-cap; garments to sleep in. Night-glass, a telescope for use at niirlit. Night-gown, a cluld's or female's long loose garment to sleep in. Night-uocse, a tavern or public-house per- mitted to be opened .at iiisbt. Night-light, a sm.all mortar taper, for burning in a sleeping-room, and whicli stands in water for safety. NIZ [260] NOS KioiiTMAN, one ivlio ciii|>tic3 privies in towns ; jilways pci loriiKd at iiiKlit. KioiiT-PAN, KiGliT-sTOoi., a bcdrudin close- stool or commode ; 11 bod-pan; a portable water-closet. Nir.iiT-poinT.ii, a servant wlio sits up in attendance at an hotel at lli^'Mt. Nkiiit-shirt, a jilaiu loose coarse man's sliirt lor wirepin;,' in. >iir. (Latin), notliini; ; a commonly nscd term forcancellln;:, in aecountsoflioipk-kecpiiif,'; nicaniny to pass it over or take no notice ol it. KiMuooKA, an Indian name for the lemon. KiNE-PiNS, the wooden pins used in tlie game of skittles, which are aimed at witli u heavy wooden ball. NiNziN, a variety of ginseng obtained in C'orea. .Set' Gi.nseno. Kif, a shoit tm-n in a ni|io; a pincli with soniethiii(» sharp; a small cut; a vessel c iu:.;ht between iceberg's; a small cup; a clraufiht ol ardent spirits. h'li'Aii, the leaves of the Nipa fruticans palm, whieli are used generally in the East tor thatching; also called atap. NirPEits, a pair of pincers; instruments for euttin'4nploafsiiBar;tweezcr.*,wire-|'liers; in .ships a nuuilier of yarns twisted togc- tlicr to si'curo a cable to the mcssen;-'er. Js'ii'i'KS (French), clothes; apparel, furni- ture. NiPi'LEsniELD, a protection for the breast worn by lemale-i. NiSKiE, the half ot a z,ermahboub or Turkish sequin. NisnAN-iiL'nDAn, an Tiulian standard-bearer. XiTitATE, an oxygenated base combined Willi nitric acid. KiTKATE OP Lead, crystallized nitric acid and oxide of lead, whicli is much em- ployed in the chrome yellow style of calico-printing. Kitrate of Potash. See Nitke and Saxt- PETRE. >;n'UATE OF SiLVEP,, nitric acid and si.ver, much used as an indelible ink for writuig upon linen witli a pen. NiritATE OF .Soda. See Cubic Nitre. Jf niiATE of Stkontia. crystals wliicli, when mixed with ciiarcoaf and chlorate of potash, afford the brilliant red light of the theatres. Ji'iTiiATiNE, a nitrate ofsoda found in crystals iii I'oru. MiTKE, nitrate of jiotassa, a natural efflores- cence on the sinface of the earth in several countries, which is used as saltpetre in the manufacture of gunpowder and of nitric acid. Krmc-ACID, a preparation from nitrates of potash and soda; wliieli is pupulaily called afpiafortis. Sec Aquafoktis. NiTROJiETEit, a measure to value nil re. In'ittles, in Scotland, thesmall stunted horns ol sliecp. NiVET, in Freneli commerce an abatement, allowance, or connnission. IsivETTE, a kind of peach. iN'iZAM. the governor or admiaistralor of an Indian province. N.N.K., flic nautical abbreviation for tho compass point of "North-north-east;" N.M.W. being " North-north-west." No., the commereial abbreviation for " number." Noiini.Kit, an .\merican slang ierni for a (ham (if spirits. Noiti.E, a fonner gold coin worth Cs. 8d. Nocheu (h'rench), a pilot or .'tccrsman. NocTOGKAPii, a writiiiglranic lor the lilind. Nog, a i)icce of wood .shapeil like a lirick ; S(piare blocks of wooil piled on each otiiel to support tlie root of a mine. NoGiuN. a iiaiiic in the north of England fol tlie ixM or quartern, flie lourth part ol a liquid pint; a little mug. NoGGiNG, brick- work in panels carried bo- tweeii quarters. Noils, the short pieces and knots of wool, left after combing out the " tops" by tho combs, or when the sliver is drawn olf; noils being only fit for coarse woollen yarn or for cloth manutacture. NbisERAiE (French), a plantation of walnut- trees. Noisettes (Krcncli), hazel-nuts. Nolls, Nolissement (Frencli), freight ; the chartering or hiring a vessel. NoMi.NEE, one appointed or chosen by an- other. NoN-coMMissiONED OFFICER, in the army a corporal or sergeant, one imdcr tlie rank of ensign; In the navy a warrant olHcer, a iiaymastcr's clerk, or any one under tlie rank of a lieutenant. Non'nettes, a kind of Frcncli ginger-bread. Nonpareil, a small kind of printing-type; a choice variety of apple; a small sugar plum ; a narrow ribbon. Nonsuit, the relinquishment of a suit or action at law, by reason of the plaintilT failing to prove his case, or not wishing to proceed from doubt of success, Ac. NoosE, a running or slip knot; a lasso. NoosFiA, a liquid measure used in Ar.abia on tho coasts of the Red sea, about a pint. Nopal, the Spanish name for tlie cactus, on which the cochineal insect breeds; the Opuntia Cochiniltifera. NoPALLERiE, a cochineal field where cacti arc cnltivited, and the cochineal insect breil thereon. Nokia (Spanish), a machine for raising water; an endless chain witli buckets attached revolving round a wheel for dis- charging water from a shaft. Norma, a model or pattern; a square for measuring right angles, used by carpenters, masons, and other artificers to make their work rectangular. Norway Ragstone, tlie coarsest variety of the hone-slates, or whetstones. Nosebag, a feeding bag with oats, &c. suspended to a horse's head. Noseband, part of a horse's bridle. Nosegay, abnnehof cut flowers; a bouquet. Nose-piece, the nozzle of a hose or pipe. Nose-ring, a gold or other ornament worn by natives ol the East; a ring lor the snouts of swine. Noses, a name ^iven to some of tlie smaller shell plates from the edges of the carapace of the sea-tortoise. NUG [201] NUT KosFWOKTF., a nnine In Nubia for the half ounce. [step. Nosing, a moHUlinf; on tlie upper edge of a Nostrum, a quack medicine; a secret nnictly. NoTAUiAL Seal, the ofllcinl seal of a notaiy |)l:icud on a writing to icj;alizc it, as in protests and otlicr public anil legal ducu- nients. NoTARV-PUHLic, an oflicer authorized to attest documents and writings, to present dishonoured bills ot exchange, and jirotest and note their non-acceptance or non- pavnient; a rreneli solicitor. Notation, the art of rei.resentinq musical soniids and tlieir various inodilications by notes, signs, terms, &c. NoTK, a brief minute of any business trans- action, , a mass of this desciiiitii^n. weighing 70 lbs. whicli is now in possession ol the Kniperor ofllussia: previous to this, the largest nugget or pejiita did not exceftl III weight 35J lbs. troy. In the Colony of Victoria, many very large masses have been from time to "time discovered, far exceeding In size and value anv previously known. The Daseombe nugget, found a't JJendigo, weighed 27 lbs. 8 oz.; another, ot 28 lbs. weiglit, was discovered in the same locality, and purchased by the local go- vernment for presentation to the Queen. After some interval, a tliini mass, much larger than the others, was discovered, weighing no less than 43 lbs. troy. Seve- ral masses, of even larger diiiiensions, have been found in Canadian (inlly, Ilal- laarat. Tiie largest of these weighed, in gross, upwards of 1.'.4 lbs., of which it was estimated that at least 12G lbs. consisted o( solid gold. Nui.sANCE, any occupation or trade tending to endanger public health. Nui.LAii, a water-course in India. Nu.MBEH, a fignre; a numeral ebaracter; a portion of a serial; the quantity reckon- ed or told. NiiMEicr.iNG-MACiiiSE MAKER, a coustructor ot paging machines. Nu.mismatist, one skilled in coins and medals, and keeping a collection for sale. NuMjruD, a carpet of felt, much used in Persia. Ni:n-buot, a buoy tapering at eacli end. Nunc, a large package or bale, generally nj>- plied to cloves or senna. Nun's Thread, a kind of thread forraeily made to a large extent in Paisley. NuR.SE, a female attendant on children, sick persons, or the insane : the attendant on a lying-in woman is called amoiitlily nurse. NnRSE>LViD, a girl who has the care of eiiildren. NuiisEKr, a plantation for raising shrubs, young trees, and jilants; an apartment in a house set .aside for children. NURSEUY-GARDEN, NURSEUV-GBOUXD, a gar- (Ifn for raising young plants, (lowers, ifcc. tor sale or transplantation, [young children. Nursery - GOVERNESS, one who teaches NURSER«IAN AND Seed.sman, a lloricultiirist and gardener; a cultivator of (lowers and shrubs for sale. NuRSiNG-APRON, an apron of flannel, or mackintosh, worn by lemales who attend to infants. Nushtur, a sharp instrument, consisting of four narrow bars of iron, used in the |ioppy fields of India, to scarily the capsule, and cause the juice to exude. Nut, the fruit or kernel of many trees and shrubs, several of which, being edible, form large articles of commerce; such are almond.'!, cob-nuts and hazel-nuts, tij- bert.s, 35razil-nuts, coco-nuts, pistachio- nuts, hickory-inits, walnuts, itc. /SVetliese respective words. .Also a piece of iron sciewiiig on to secure a bolt. Nut-crackers, a metal wrench, with two handles working on a hinge, for breaking the hard shells ot nuts. Nut- GALLS. l)ic(-, iikkIc olilirr.'ivnt si/.i's; soiin'l iiiies in ~iiiall (jii'V e;isr>; Im,- ih.j |„„-K,.t. Ml, r.Mi.ij-wouLi, aiiolher luiiie lor ji.Uiiiyru- WOOll. XuToiL, a commercial name for oil cx- (irej^seil Iroin the grouiid-imt; but oil is ob- tained from many species of nut strictly sii called, as the almond, walnut, &c. KuT I'INK. a new species of pine, tlie I'inus }iioiiojtli!/llus, inhabiting the Koeky moun- tains, tlie seeds in the eones nt wliieh are oily, agreeable, and nutrituiu-^, and con- Bti'tute the )iriucipal subsistence of some Of the Indian tribes. NurniA, tliocommercinl name for the fur of the coypu (A/i/opotamiis coi/fiiis), -wliich is iMiported from South America, sometimes in large quantities. Formrrly, uiiwards ol a nnlliiin skJJis were reei ived annuallv Inini 11,1- Hivei- Tlale, lint o( l.dr v.^rsthe nnpurts have deelini.'d below :!on,oii'). The sUin is either dressed as a peltry, or shorn as a hatting fm-. NuT-scuEW, a tumbler screw. KuTTOo, a nose-stud or ornament, which is worn by Indian women, often set ■with brilliants, rubles, emeralds, and pearls, [removing the nuts on screws. Ni"r-WKKNCii, an instrument lor fixing or Iv'uK Vomica, a drug, the seeds of the Slrijcli>u>.i mix voinifa. used.for iioi--omii^ rats and adulteralnig beer. 0. OAK, an important genus of forest trees, of which there are a i;reat many species. As a building wood its timber is most valu- able, and for naval arcliiteetuie tbere is no other timber equal to it. Tlie bark, leaves, and fruit ot all the species abound in astringent matter and in taniiin. Under tlie heads of Cork, Quercitron, and Valonia, other products oi oak will be found noticed. OA.K-BARK, the bark of the oak which is largely used for tanning; the inner corti- cal of young trees being preferreil, as containing a larger proportion of tannin, liijides our home supplies of oak-bark, estimated at 200,000 to 300,000 tons per annum, 4000 to 5000 tons more are imported Irom the Continent for use in tlie tan- neries. St'e Fi,iTTEi:N-p..\nK. * Oaiv, Live, the Querciis virens, a native of the .Southern Slates 01 Xorth America, which is used with the red cedar for sliiii-buildiug. Oak-pai'er, paper-hangings stained like oak. Oakum, rope-yarns piclvcd to pieces, used for caulkmg and other purposes. Oakum-mekchant, a collector and dealer in oakum. Oaku.m-picker, a pauper emplo3'ed in a workhouse in separating junk into oakum. Oar, a long wooden paddle with a Hat blade, used for propelling boats. Oak-maker, a manufacturer of oars and sculls for boats. Large quantities of the largest and best kinds of oars are made in the United States. Oast, a drying-kiln or stove for hops. See II OP-OAST. Oat-cake, a thin flat cake made of oatmeal, baked on a girdle. Oatmeal, flour made bj' grinding oats, used lor iiiMking porridge, bread, and poultices. Oats, the seed of the Avena saliva, tiie hardiest of all the cereal grasses, of which tliere are many cultivated varieties: it is extensively iiseil as a horse-food, and alsd Icn- bn ad and (lorridge in the noi'lliern cuimlirs, beinu' hardy and containing a Jarij'e amount of nutritive matter. Oat-straw, the dried stem ofoat-grass. Oi!,vN, liie principal gold coin of Japan, worth about £4 2s. Omxisic, a quadrangular slender stone pyra- mid, raised lor inonnnK'nlal purpose's, or lor ornament; sometimes as a support for lamps in streets; a relereiice mark to u foot-note in printing. OuiT, a i)articular length of slate. Obituary, a register of dcatlis; a detailed account of dead persons. Object-glass, in an optical instrument, the glass at the extreme end which is placed towards the object; the reverse of tlio lens which is placed against the eye. Oblea (Spanish), a water. Oblieu, a .Spanish confectioner. Oblig.\tion, a bond or indenture, an agree- ment; a contract with a penalty attached fur non-fulfilment. Oboe (Italian), the hautboy; a musiejil wind instrument sounded through a leeil. Obole, a small weight of twelve grains; a mite. Obolo, a copper coin worth about a half- penny, circulating in the Ionian islands. Oerada (.Spanish), as much ground as two mults or oxen can plough in a d.ay. Observation, in navigation, a sight of the sun, moon, or stars, in order to determine by their altitude, the latitude, and tho shi|)'s position. OE.SEKVATOBY, a look-out building for carry- ing on astronomical observations. Besides tlic chief one at Greenwich, observatories have been established in many of the principal British colonies. Observer, a watchman; one stationed to look out; an astronomer; a person oc- cupied in an observatory. Obverse, the face of a coin or medal; in a tool, having the smaller end towards the stock. Oc, a Turkish arrow. Oo.i, a Turkish weight equal to 2 l-8tli pounds. Oca, plur.al Ocoes, a kind of tuberous root or pot.-ito, grown in tropical .•\inerica, tlie Caladiuin escukntum. sometimes called ODD [203] OFF taniers: also n iiaine fur the acid tubers of 02cilisaei,ataiiiu\ luberosa, Kiowiii^' in the iiuniiitiiiiis of South America, wliirli, iifti-r cxpofiire to liyht, sweeten and Ijc- coiiii! :i Liscliii food. OcAL (Sp.iiilsli), a cocoon spun by two silk- worni.s ; cuiirsc sill;. OccA, OccHA. See Oke. OccAsioN,\x-OFFiCER. a tomiior.try offlcer employed in the Customs. OcCLTANCr, a possession or tenancj". OCCUPATIOK, .1 business pursuit or liveli- hood; action; settled land. Occupation Biiidge, an engineer's name for a bridge carried over or under a line of railway, to connect the parts of a farm or estate severed by the line. OcEAN-STKAMEB, ft large sea-going steam- ship, carrying passengers to distant quarters. OcHAVA. a ."Spanish liglit weight of 55'47 {.nMiiis, used lor the precious metals; the eiKblh part III the Spanish ounce; and the sixty l.iurth part of the marc. OcHAViLLO, a dry-measure of Spain, the fourth part of the ochavo, a C'astilian measure, and equal to '12505 pint. OcHAVo, a .'^iianish dry-measure, the six- teenth part of the celemin and<=Oj02(3 jiint. It is also called a racion in some localities ; a small brass coin. OcHO, in Spain, the fourth part of a pint of wine. OcHUE, an argillaceous earth of dIfTerent colours, which, when finely ground, is used as a pigment; a name given to the oxides of various metals. J!ed ochre is a form of specular iron ore; brown ochre .1 variety of hematite. OciiRO, a name t'iven in the AVest Indies to the Abelrnoschus esculentus, cultivated in gardens for its mucilage; the young capsules being used to thicken soups. The seeds may also be added like barley to soups, and have been roasted as a substi- tute for cofTee. The bark of the plant furnishes, like all the tribe, a strong fibre. The dried capsules would form a valuable basis for soups on long sea-voyages. The leaves are used as poultices. OciCA, OcQUE. Bee Oke. OcozoL (Spanish), liquidamber; a fragrant gum. OcTAVA, a Spanish long measiu'p, the eighth liartofthe vara, and = 41094 inches. Octave, seven keys on a pianoforte; a small cask for wine, the eightli part of a pipe. OcTAViLLA, an excise of half-a-pmt taken in Spain upon vinegar, oil, and wine retailed. Octavo, a book folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages to tlie sheet; usually writ- ten 8vo. OcTKoi. a grant; a small fi.scal import duty levied in the French towns on all (.'oods enternig the gates or barriers of the city. Orii.isr, a surgeon wlio attends to dis- eases of the eyes. OnD-ir.LLOw, a member of a eharit.ihlo ,-iHiity, which atTords assistance and belief to distressed members. Oiins-AND-ENDS, miscellaneous things; frag- ments; scraps; refuse. OixiMETER. a road measurer to be attached to cnrriaees, for showing the distance over wbiih the wheels pass. Oo'iNTOGiiAi'ii, an iristrunient constructed to measure, ilraw, and design the teeth of wheels. Odour, a scent; a perfume. OnuE, a liquid measure used III Majorca, of about 10C70 gallons, but variable, contain- ing more or fiswer cortans. Odkecili-o (Spanish) a small leather or goat-sUin bag. ffiNANTiiic-AciD, 8 polid resembling butter, found in union with ether in wines, to which it gives the bouquet or pleasant flavour. ffiNANTuic-ETiiER, the name given to tha essential oil, or substance to which tlie smell and a great part of the taste of many wines are due, and which, being volatile, is distilled over in the manufac- ture of brandy Irom such wines, contri- buting largely to the flavour of cognac (EuF (French), an egg. OiuvRE, a land or suiierficial measure used in France, also called a journal, varying from 4 to 5J French ares ; about an Eng- lish acre. Offal, waste meat or refuse; the cntrail* ot an animal. In the cattle trade, applied to the trimmings of the crops, the shoulders, bellies, shanks, heads, tails, and pieces of the carcase. • Offer, a bid or tender; a proposal : a price named. Off-hand, In driving, the right hand; the leit being termed the near side. Office, a counting-house; the place of busi- ness of a merchant, law-agent, broker, or professional man; a departmental branch of government administration. A situation or post of trust; the station or employment of a functionary. The offices of a detached dwelling-house are tlie pantry, scullery, wash-house, store- rooms, and necessaiy out-houses, cou- veiiieiices. and subordinate buildings. Office-copy, an official copy. Officer, a man in command; a person api)ointed to perform some public duty civil, naval, or military. The classes of officers are various, but most of them are mentioned under their sjiecitic designa- tions. Official, an officer; relating to an office; done by virtue of an office. Official AasicxEE, a public officer of the Bankruptcy Court, appointed to manage the estate of a bankrupt. Official Manager, an officer appointed to wind up the affairs of a joint-stoclt company. Officinal, a frequent prefix to the ordinary drugs and preparations of the chemist; implying that they are ready prepared, kcptin the shop tor sale. Offing, a good distance from the shore deep water. Offset, a contra-account or set-off to a demand made; the shoot or sucker of» plant; a surveying statT. OIL [264] OLE Or.i.F or O G„ a species ot niouldinf,' use(\ by c°rpcnler3 ami calmut-inakcrs, con- sisting of iwo parts, "«'"P/'^V!',1' ,;iim ,i VC2C The term is also api.lic.l to a "^ '>'' ^ arch, tlic sides ol winch arc lormcd ol t\% o contrasted curves. ^ ,,„,, „(•,,,• Ohm, another name for tho '^^-'''•'^ *■<;,: nvui liquid measure, V'">:;";:,.. ',,'!, ^'^ localities ; KCiuTa Uy the ■' , ''7 . '' :'-\^'|': talicn atthirly k:'"""« ^jV""-''^ ',*-," i;;,^' ill Duitzic,eiiual to -i-i-'Jl nnpei al gallons. in e"u it is ycuerally written auui. See .\UM. Ohut, a German dry-measure. See Out. OL a greasy liquid; a term appUed com- mercially to twAdistinct and dissimilar or- ganfc pr^oducts, called fixed or lat Is, and volatile or essential oils. 1 ic> are further divided into solid liutteis o fats and fluid fixed oils. The imii.her o oils IK w ciitL-rim; mto commerce •« ^l' y linv 'lioM. ot auv importance will be fomai noticed m f.f.ir ^"P"'>"^'"''f, °';''^';- On, AND Italian Waueiiouse. See Iiali.vn 0,l^i^AS'M^lK;^"nranm.cturereitlu.of oiled-silk bans used lor lioMinj; toil -t s 'on.es. aiuf lor covering the l.air m hitliiu"- or of another kind ot bag ot horse-hair or coco-nut fibre, used to press out the stearine from theoleine inlatsand On-Bi-ETIE, the Meloe proscarabeus, m\ nsecUrom the joints ol the legs ot which exudes a deep yellow oil, used in rheumatic oJ;^kek!-u merchant or agent who re- otZlfZ'm'Trrlu.e after oil U ^ preyed' from "flax-seed, rape-seed coco- lut pulp, &c., which is imported tor teed- ", Sttle, and for manure, to the exent of about 83,000 tons a-year, besides tully as much more made at home. _ O r-CAKE Makek, a preparer and compoun- der ^f slabs of oil-cnke lioin the refuse o;i:^J:'a"hi'v;s^riii^i.oidingoiitosup- Oi'i!-''cl.OTH!a1arpaulin; canvas fV.r flooring having a thick coat of paint. See 1'i.oor- Ou.-cLlyrH Majjufacturee. See Floor- cloth Manufactuuek. _ . OiL-coLouu I'lUNTER, a Pfntef ''>,^° « ^^j! a branch which is now brought to a high state of Derfeci ion. OiL-coLOt;ns, painters' colours or PiS'"-;'''^. formed of imiu-ral ^"i'''^'''''''^'^;, ,'",,,!,!' up with oil, /^''V'"'"'''^'' 1 esi Us' the serving wood, stone, itc. l.esHUs t ic lir"e quantity used at home, pamtei.-, colSur?, to the value of nearly ^^^K^ lion sterliu'', are exported. [s.al.ul-oil. Ol"ET.^%n>allglUs bottle for hoM^^ Oii^cuushek, a prei.arer of oil, a mill or mess lor crushing oil-seeds. O .FD I.EATHEK. See CUAMOIS-LE.VTnE U OLED PAPER, transparent paper u.sed for tnicin" purposes, by surveyors, draughts- olLEu'slirsirprepavcd to prevent per- siiiration from passing, used for lining men's hat.s, ladies' boniietH, .to. O1L-LA11P, a table or other lamp, in which oil is liurncd. ., ... , ^ Oilman one who deals in oils, pickles, ,tc.; ollen termed an Italian waieliouseman. OlL-NUT, a name mr various Imtyraeeous nuts and .-eeds yiehlmg oil, as the but ci- iiut, the ground-nut, coco-nut, oil-palin- Oil'o'f'v'iti;ioi. Manl'FACTuiieu, a maker ot sulphuric acid. . . , •,, „;i Oil-i'ainti.n-g, a picture painted with oil colours and which may be washed and cleaned, which a water-colour drawing cannot be, . ,, - -^ # Oli-rvi-M lUc Elais Guineenn.% tho fruit of which furnishes the palm-oilof coimnerce. OiL-i'KESS, a mill or m.achine for squeezing out oil from seeds or pulp. OiL-itEFiNEB AND seed-cuusuer, a .ii.al-.cr Oi^L-siioP, a place where oil is sold; .an Italian warehouse; an oilman s shop. Oil -SKIN, waterprooled cloth; prepared leatlier or linen lor making garments to keep out tlie rain. , ,, „ Oil-stone, a descriittion of lione slate, o. wliich theiQ are two varieties, black and white, imported from Turkey. Oily-grain, a name lor sesame seed, tho Sesanmni, orienlale. Oing (French), cart-grease. Ointment, an oleaginous compound usnal.y having as its basis lard or suet, tor smear- ing, or for dressing sores. OivAVo, a Brazilian weight of one diachm l'» oi'tavos = llh. , . ,, Okatka, a name for bristles in laissia. Oke. a weight used chiefly in the lAvaiit, of 400 drams, which varies, but may bu taken to be about 2Sll>s. In lurkey the (luintal or cantaro usually consists o •!.> okes, except lorcotton. wool, and tm when it is inly 44 okes ; in E;;ypt it is 36 okes As a measure ot capacity m Ilnn'.;ary and Wallachia tlie oke is about 2^ pints. Okie, a name in parts of Northern Atnca for the ounce. , ^ „j Okthaha, a Burmese long-measure ot iO Olas!' Ollas, the leaves of palnis prepared in the East for writing on with a sly us. Old-clothesman, an itinerant who collects half-worn out garments and old attiie, which, when renovated and mended, are sold to poor persons. Those too o.ad for lur- ther wear ai^ sold to rag dealers for inak- i 1^ into paper pulp; to the Dewsbnry wSoUen manufaeturers tor inakmg into shoddy; or to the hop growers h.rm.u.uie. OldTo-M, a kind of strong Lnndo M • Oleaginous, unctuous ; having the quality OLF-rNi^ER, a fine shrub the ''Pl'rr^J,"";;?' (Nerium Oleander), wliwh has la ge liai -■ some blossoms. The leaves and balk ate used in skin disoas.s, and the charcoal ot the wood 111 tho East lor making guii- OmNEf'the fluid portion of fills and oiK after the stcariiic or solid part has ixiii removed. OMN [265] OPE OUBANUM, a stiiiuilatiiii; siiiu-rpsiii, ob- tained in India Inini liostrdha thurifera, nsod medicinally and us a pcrlume.' Sec KlIANKINCENSK. Olick, Ji name in Shetland for tlic torsk or tusk fisli (/Ijosnnis vulgaris). Olindk (Ficiieh), a lliin sword blade. Olio, a mixture; a medley. Olive, a brownish srecn colour; thfi fruit 01 the Olea Europcva, which is pickled in salt and water, and eaten as a dessert relish with wine, and also crushed lor oil. Olive-oil, oil obtained by expression Ironi the pericarp of the fruit ot Oka Europaa. which (onus an extensive article ol com- merce, and is used largely for food, in liniments, and in calico-printinf;. The average imports of 1855 and 1850 were 23,40ras3 serpent-shapcl instrument, ch:elly used in military music; it lorms the bass wind instrument in a brass baud. Ophthalmic Hospital, an hospital wlicre at- tention is paid to the cure ol diseases of the eyes. Opiate, a soporific; a narcotic. Oplate confection, a medicine given in pursinu, colic, r^Pnic niMMMi.-NT voUow Kiilpliiiii'i lit arsenic. OuiiV -i ,,, culiiir inittP'-n. in which Kold ami silver luce ,s^vullu■a._lhe_ea^^esare^ 01^^ nnmiiit.-ii with c»i,iial figures placed at eauUdst Alices, with spots between theni. O^TiiuooT 'tl.e' in.grant bittensh o^;nd riiiromes ol two siiecies ol Iris {J. oer- mSa and /. Morentina). It is em- ^ "i^ in «-entinsr violet -powder, liair 'po°ider"anr Ses of petfumery, and oSFo^";ea.'n1e{?rBmnetimescalledDutch S iUs iim^rted in small boxes, or m t^apers contaiiiing 5 books, ot about 21 leaves each. 8iS1mncl?^.' t^fcToss weight; .arba«e or refuse; a Horwegian com of 24 skil- Un-s alsi called a mark, and equal o Hid -an Hungarian coin, containing. 12 III .metimes called a^runst^. ORTHOPEDIST, one who cures deformities oi rniifnn From the island of Cypiiii, 4uii risk^ containing about 14,000 ol these btnK are ott"n Shipped yearly, prepared a vibrating cylinder. ., n>iFi I A a Venetian com of tw o kinns, su "ver and gold, the (orm« worth about i« lOil the latter nearly 4ns. OSHAJC the Persian name lor the Dorema A^ioniacum, the stem and fruits ot which yield the fetid gum-resm aui- 0^*a^Xwwithbendtngfl«ibleslK>o^ l°and, is -Sato Forbyana. S. P^^Pff.^'1 also Valuable foibasUet-work aiuf-S^ Hdix u used tor the coarser kinds, the com- mon osie?,iM«»»«'«. and & caprea, are OsTEr^^'asmaUiFlandforgrowingcsiers. OS FR-HOLT a portion of fen or marsh land, nlintcd w^th osier-willows for basket-rods. Os'iEON-.RON, bars of iron specially made lor the manufacture of wire. OsLic, an old Turkish com, the half of a beshi, and worth "bout 4J. „„5cnce OsMAZOJiE, the savoury portion oi essence of meat, soluble in water. OsMiN a kussian grain-measure, the half of Trhetwert -= about 2i bushels. Osnaburg'^hs, coarse ""^n made of f^ax and tow chietl V consumed among the negroes i» the West Indies, BrazU, and Ame- TL \l'^i';g ten orfgiimlly made at Oe- oJ^Sa^Sfu^co-^-l^'t^si^^ to yield one of the best kinds ol Kussiau <)f,Ti'u.ANO, an Italian iniikee|ier O.STRicii-Kc;os, the large eggs of the Aftic.aii hMhtruthiocamHus, which are collected as food by the natives, and the hard strong shell serves tor water-pitchers anJ '' ''«- inL'- vessels. They are sold in most cuii- osity-shops are often mounted as ctips, and sometimes engraved and ornamented. OSTBICH FEATnEKS, the tail, back, and wins flahers of the ostrich, brought l^rom Africa which arc worn as articles of do. forit ion and for dress, and are also used for iSk 'U"e'--''l '""'T^'n^nnred" The native state, and variously coloured, l he feathers ot the American or three-toed otS\cllihea Americana, are extens yely worn oil bonnets, and as military OsCio'sTARCH, a very tine kind of starch made from Indian corn or maizes in the town of Oswego, in the state ot JScw XorK, whence it takes its name. mnian Otaueite Apple, a kind of We=t Indian plum, the Spondias duicis Jovstcr Otaheite Gooseberry, a '» '".V,^*} vJ^„ if,! of an euphorbaceous tree, the Ucca uis- 0TA2ElTE"lS'EP?[he1ecula produced by tlio Itrge flesh^roots of the Tacca pinnatifida, oi'iioIl^S^sifr^oinof. drachmas and woi'th about 3s. 6d ; a gold coin ot 20 do. O'^AVO asmall weight, the eighth of the Maltese ounce. See Otia\. „.„„.,., Otter a name tor two distinct animals, the land -otter, Lutra riiJgans and I Canadensis, and the sea-otter A»;2/rfra niarina. Both are ^auglit n.r tlaii tu i. ot the former we receive about 20.000 ^^'"^ a-vear. The latter, more like the sea in its habits is obtained in much smn Icr numbers b„t being the royal fur ot China "shVghly valued there and m Kussia. OTTO, from the Arab otr, an essence, flee 04^JiVa cS' or sofa ; a slutTed stool or hassock ; a reclining or easy seat. Ottone (Italian), brass. §;:-;5,ru?e^ockeTor setting of a precious OnS'arilgerian land-measure of 2J 0?cS','a var%tyof younghyson; a green n^cE a weight; a common division of Scpound^ derived from the Latin uiieia, a tweffth part. In Great Brita n the troy pon d is twelve ounces, hut the avoirdu- no s or commercial pound contains six- teen ounces; and is so divided m niost of the countries of northern Europe The trov ounce in England weighs 480 grains, but V .r"es considerably in other countries. The avoirdupois ounce is 437i grains. The once; (onza, the eighth part) is a term in OVE [ 269] OXG several Continental countries for Ions, snperflcial, and dry measures. In some parts of the West Coast of Africa, the ounce is a nominal money of aceount, often represented by ](;,(I01) cowry sliells. Out, a printer's term lor an omission Irom the copy, given to Ik' sia in tvpe. OuT-BOii,DiNG, aditm-licd crci'tion; one not connected with tlic iiKiiii-liuiliiing. Out-crop, an exposure of str;da, or a bed or vein of mincrril at the eartli's siirriiic. Outcry, the name in India for a public sale by auction. Outfit, the equipment for a voyaee or journey; tlic liabilinients, kc. of a worli- man, soldier, &e. Outfitter, one wlio supplies ready-made clotlies, packages, cabin- furniture, Ai;, tlic nveriii;e load an animal can carry n lis hack. The load Tor an ass, tor a canis;, and a inulc, liavc already been utatcd. The pack load lor a man is about 1)0 lbs., for a pony 125 lbs., (or a bullock 210 lbs., und for an elephant, 1000 lbs. The loads of pack animals and of carriages, \vdl however necessarily vary, accordi'ri',' to the nature of the goods, ilio road, or the season. rACKMAN, a pedlar; one who carries a pack. rACKMAN-Ricii, in Scotland, a species of here or barley having six rows of grains on the ear. Tack-saddle, the saddle for a pack-liorse. Pack-sheet, a baling material, a large cover for goods in a wagon. Pack-thkead, .strong twine; small cordage that has been thrice twisted. Paco, one of the names given to re«l silver ore. Pacou, arlver fish ofDetnerara (the ^fyletes pacu), which is excellent lood when dried and smoked. Pad, a basket of soles; a fish tr.fa.<'ure, which varies in nuniljcr — eOmaeki-.-cl go to a pad; a soft stuffing; a bolster or saddle; to Impregnate with a mordant; to travel on foot. Padar, groats ; coarse flour. I'ADDixos, a cloth worked out of old rags lorstutling collars and other parts ofcoats. Paddle, a furnace tool ; a small scull, or broad-ended oar for propelling a boat or canoe; the fly of a steamer's wheel; to row. Paddlk-boauds, floats fixed round the circumference of a steamer's paddle-wheel lor propelling her through the water. pADDi.E BOX, the upper case or cover of the paddle-wheels in a steam vessel, .some- times removeabic, and forming a kind of available life-boat. Paddi.e-iiole. in building, a clough arch. I'ADDi.E-SHAFT, the Shalt upon which the paddle-wheel is fixed and connected with the crank shaft. Paddle-wheel Steajier, a steamer pro- pelled by side paddle-wlieels — not a screw propeller. Paddle-wheels, the dipping wheels on each side of a steam boat, armed with floats for propelling her through the water. Paddle-wood, a light, clastic, and very strong wood obtained from Aspidosperma exccUa in Ouiana, which is preferred to any other for octton-gin rollers. The fluted projections of the trunk are used by the Indians for tlie construction of their paddles. Paddock, a small f.eld or fold for a horse or deer, &c. ; in Scotland, a low sledge for re- moving stones. Paddy, unhusked rice. Paddy-bird Feathers, ornamental fea- thers, smaller and finer than those of the ostrich, of a cream colour, imported in limited quantities from the East, obtained from a small species of craiTC which fre- quents the rice fields, whence the name. Paddt-fikld. a field under rice culture. I'Ai>i;riM, a brass siiltlfioii used in Aladuru and other parts of India. I'ADEi.iy, a kind of crueilik!. Padki.la (Italian), a small frying-pan; n kiiul of oven. Padei.laro (Italian), a maker or seller of frying-pans. Paden. See. Baddan. I'AijEsoY, a kind of silk. PAiiLocK, a lock with a link to hold on to a staple. Padoij, a sort of silk ferret or ribbon. rAiKiutv, the Burmese name for the /'iero- carpus Jndicus. a valuable forest tieo I*,VDRA, a black tea. I'Ai>RB, a Itomisli priest. I'ADS AND Pots, a kind offish-hamper. Pae, n grain-measure of some parts of India.. eight of which go to the koora. TLe pae of cleaned rice weighs about 3 lbs. Paffler, one who occupies a small farm In Scotland. Pagack, a measure for ten gallons. Pagare (Spanish), a bond or agreement to pay a certain sum. Pagatore (Italian) a paymaster. Page, a boy servant in livery, who attends on a lady ; one side of the leaf of a book or writing. Page-cord, thin twine used by printers to tie together the pages or columns previous to printing. Pagisg-machixe, a machine for consecutive pa:;ing or impressing numerals on the sheets of blank account and other manu- script books; and also for immbering railway and other tickets. Paglione (Italian), chopped straw. Pagn'on (French), superfina sedan cloth, named after the maker. Pagoda, the name of numerous gold coins formerly current in Indi.a. They mostly weigheil about 5285 troy grains, contain- ing 44'39 troy grains of pure metal; the standard of the star pagoda, the former integer of account at Madras, which passed for 3J Arcot rupees, and was worth 7s. lOd* to 83. Government, the banks, and all the houses of agency, kept their accounts at 42 fanams the star pagoda; the shops and bazaars at 44 or 45. The pagoda is used as a weight in Madras, ten making a pollam. Pail, a bucket; a wooden or tin vessel, carried by a moving handle, for holding water, milk, Ac. Paila, a large metal pan in It.ily. I'AIL-BRUSH, a hard brush to clean the cor- ners of vessels. Paillasse (French), a straw bed; Paill.vs- SON being straw matting. Faille (French), straw or chafl". Paili.et (French), the spring of a door-lock. I'AILLIE, an Indian dry-measure for grain,- &c., equal in weight to 2-057 lbs. Pain (French), bread; a loat; Paina, bracelets of zine worn by the native women of India. Paint, a popular general name for all coloar- ing substances used as pigments; to lay on colours. Paint-box, a child's box containing cakes of water-colours. PAL [272] PAL Paintkr, a workm.m who lays on oll- colmirs, mill who oltoii coiiiblncs tlic trade 01 a glaziiT. J'iiiiitors arc sulxlividcil into iiuinerous classi'S, following separate brandies, and include, aincnis others, coach and chaise iiaintors; home, si^n, and fancy painters; herald painters; ma- rine and ship painters; miniature and ])ijrlrait painters; ornamental and stan- dard painters; gla^s painters, Ae. Tainler is also the name for a rope attached to the bow of a boat to make her fast to a ship or pier wit)i. rAiNTiuiS'-BRUsiiMAKF.r., a manufacturer of liair brushes fur oil-painting. Painteus'-colours. See Oil-coloitrs. I'AINTER-STAINEKS, oiie of the livery com- paines of London, whose hall is situated ill Little Trinity Lane. Taivters' Tools, brushes, pallets, paints, P'.ls, and other utensils and iniplcincnts used in painting. I'AiNi'iNn-irooM, an artist's studio, a larro well-li,L;htcd room tor working in; a gal- lerv of paintings. rAiNTiNGs, pictures worked In oil; those in watcr-rolours are usually styled drawings. Pair, a couple or brace; two articles that ore fellows, as a pair of stockings, gloves, &c. A pair of stairs is one flight ot stairs. Paixhan (iCN, a howitzer of long bore, named after its inventor, which will carry enornious projectiles to a great ransre. Pajack, I'ajock, a Kussian measure for corn of about IJ bushel Eriglisli. Pajole (Italian), straw and rushes woven together to cover fruit-tries and jilants. PaivFOng, the white copper of the Chinese, an alloy of 404 parts of copper, 31'G of nickel, 2!>i ot'zinc, and 2 C of iron. Paku, the Malay name for nails. Pala, X name in India for the Wrifihtici tinctoria, from which a species of iudijro is obtained; in Italy, a wooden shovel ot any kind; a battledore; the blade ot an oar. Palace, a large house; the dwelling of a prince or bishop, fi'HLET, a small unbouiiil book ; stitched printed sheets, generally printed in Svo. Pamimili;ticek, a writer of pamphlets. PAMPUiOLADA, PAriROLAPA, a sauce made in Italy of garlic, bread, and water. Pak, a broad and shallow eartlicn or metal vessel; the hollow part of a gun-lock that holds the priming powder; the name lor the famous eastern masticatory, a narcotic which takes the place of opium and tob.acco in many Asiatic countries. Slices of the aroca nut are wrapped in the fresh leaves of the betel-pepper vine, with a small quantity of quicKllme. The masti- catory has an herbaceous and aromatic but astringent taste. All classes, male and female, chow it, and they allege that it strengthens the stomach, sweetens tlio breath, and preserves the teeth. It Kives the lips, tongue, and teetli a reddish tinge; a general name in llaly lor bread or paste of anv kind, whether of seeds, figs, &c. ; a wafer; a leaf of gold or silver. Panarase, copper ore. Panache (Fieiicli), a plume, a bunch of feathers; amanuracturingnamein I'laiiee for the two outermost brins or radiating sticks of a fan, which are wider and stronger for the protection of the rest. Panada, boiled bread. I'ANADERO (Spanish), a bread maker ; abaker. Panama-hats, very fine plaited bats made IVuin the fan-shaped leaves ot i'liiiKdmicii palmata, which are generally woiii in the West Indies and American Continent, and fetch a high price. In Central .\nierica where they are made, the palin is called Jipijapa. Pancakpea, a garland of various kinds or flowers in Italy. Panconcello (Italian), a lath. Pancone (Italian), a plank or board; a joiner's bench. Pan'cre'a3 (French), the sweet-bread of a calf. [Ceylon. Pandal, a platform ; a stage or erection in Pandean-pipe.s, a mouth reed-organ. Panuore, a rebeck, a kind of lute. Pandowdy, a pastry of bread and apples baked. Pane, a separate sheet or panel of glass in a window; a piece in variegated work. Panel, a square; the space or corapnrt- ment within a margin, as the sunken compartments of wainscoting, ceilings, &c. ; a square of paper; in mining a heap of ore dressed and ready lor sale; the face of a hewn stone; a roll of parchment con- taining the names of jurors; a iirisoner at the bar; a name in Sinde for the leave* and stalks of the Pogostetuon Patchouli of Lepellitier, which are used there, and iu Europe, as a perfume. P A N [i>74] TAP I'ANKIA, a o;iki! made (it Imliaii-coni meal. i'ANKL-wouK, waiiiscoat oak laid out in panels. Tankii (Kroncli), to dross lirollcd or roasted men witli crumlis of bread. r,\Ni(', a monetary crisis; a KUddcii alarm. I'ANii.i.A, a small measure ol oil in Italy. Tanjam, a name In tlie East fur the resinous gum of the /•Jinlirpopteris gluteni/era, useil lor pavin:, l">ats, &c. I'ANJAitoo, an Indian armlet; these arc made soniei Ini' s of silver, of crystal, shell, Ac. .Set' r,AN(;i,i;s. Tanhug, the name of nn earthenware crock, in whicli butter is sometimes sent to market by tarmc-s, and which weighs, when filled, about icwt. Tanne, worsted plusli made in France. I'ANNHAU (French), a panel of thin wood. I'ANNIKU, a liamiier or basi-.et; two large baskets tin-own across a horse's back. Pannieke, a woollen-draper in Italy. Panno (Italian), woven stuffof any kind. Pannocchia (Italian), an ear of Indian corn or maize. Pannuscorium, a name civen to a species of leather cloth, used lor shoes and boots for those who have tender feet. Panorama, a Keneral view; a large cylin- drical painting seen from tlie inside, or rolled along, so as to be seen from the out- side. Panswat, a small boat used on the Ganges, and Ilooghly rivers, with an awning of inattini,' over tlie stern. Pantagraph. See PANTOGn,vpir. Pantaloon, the name lor an old buffoon, an nctor in a pantomime; a kind of trousers tight at the ancles. Pantaloon Stuff, material for men s trou- sers. Pantechnicon, a bazaar in London for the sale of carriages, lurniture, Ac. ; a place where all kinds of workmanship are sold. Panteur, a stretcher lor carding. Pantheon, a large bazaar for light wares in London. Pantierb (French), a draw-net to catch birds. Pantile, a gutter-sbapcd tile, about 13J inelies long, by 9J wide. Pantile Laths, laths of IJ inch wide and one inch thick, sold in bundles of twelve; one bundle being sullicient for a square of pantiling. Pantine (French), a lot of silks tied for dveing. Pantograph, PF.NTOORArn, an instrument for copying maps, charts, and drawings ot all descriptions, on a reduecd scale; also oneforproducing an exquisite embroidery on plain silk goods, after weaving. Pantometek, an instrument lor measuring dimensions. Pantomime, alinniorous or grotesque repre- sentation; buffoonery in dumb show. Pantomimist, a writer or actor of panto- mimes; a buffoon or mimic Pantry, u butler's room ; a closet in a house where provisions arc kejit, or plate and knives are cleaned. Pantala, a name in Behar, India, for the email leaves and shoots of tUo Flacourlia C'llajiliracta, which resemble rluibarb in Ilivonr, and aio Uied as gentle astrin- gents. Pad CitAVO, a name in IJrazil for the Dicrj- jiclliiim caryopliijllatuin, whicli produces clove-bark. Paolo, an Italian silver coin of lObaiocclil, worth alinut fid. The len-paoli piece ot Tusc-my, is worll: rather less than a dollar. There are also (ivc-paoli pieces. Paon (French), a peacock. Pap, a child's food; a piece of whalebone aliout 18 Inches long, used by (Isliermeii In Shetland, to connect the balls of lead with tlie hues to wliicli the books arc attached. I'APAw, a tropical fruit, the produce of Ca- ricii Piipay I. I'AfKETA, ail Indian name for the St. Ig- natius bean. Pai'ek. a material made from flexible fibres, ndiieed to a pulp by minute division, by the cutters of a revolving cylinder. The pnip is bleached by chloride of lime, sniall quantities of wliicli often remain in the paper, .-iiid injure its quality. Writing pajiers are either laid or woven, as cream or blue laid, yellow and bine wove. There are a great variety of papers forming articles of trade, as tissue, blotting, and tracing-papers; stout drawing-papers; gold and silver paper; coloured-papers ; lace-paper; bank-note pajier; China rice- paper; wrapping-paper; printing; fools- cap; pot; demy; and other dillerent sizes. Paper and Bandbox Maker, a maker of wood and paper boxes. PAPr.i;As.sE (Frencli), old dusty writings; waste paper. Paper-bag Maker, a maker of small bags for bakers, conlectioners, meal-men, and other retailers. Paper-rorderer. See P.lack-bordeber. Paper-box Maker, a workman who makes card-board, or light wood papered boxes. Paper cap, a cap worn by some workmen at their labour. Paper-case, a case for holding writing and note paper, &c. on a table. Paper-cutter. See Paper-folder. Paper-currency, the issue of bank notes and bills of exchange. Paper-cutting-machine Maker, a manu- facturer of press ploughs for cutting tho edges of paper even. There are also mill- board and card-cutting machines. See Card- board-cutting-m aciiine. Paper-folder, Paper-knife, a piece of bniie, ivory, wood, shell, or metal, in the shaiie of a knife for lolding shcet.s. See Paper-knife. Paper-glosser, a card liot-presser ; one who gives a smooth surface to paper. Paper-hanger, one who covers rooms with paper, pasting lengths on tlie walls. Paper-hanging Manufacturer, a paper- stainer; a maker of paper-hangings. Paper-hangings, stained or printed paper lor covering tho walls of rooms. A piece of paper contains about C.3 superficial feet, French rooni-p.apers, however, vary In length and breadth, according to quality. Paper-holder, an upright inclined frame to stretch a newspaper for reading. PAR I'-il^l PAR rAPF.it-KNiFE, a knife for smootliinc or fold- ing paper, and fur cutting tlie leaves of bookM. Paper-makei!, a manufacturor of pnpcr. l'Ai'ER-MAi!i;i.i:i!, diio will) vciiis (ir niarliles paper for Ijoukliindin^', luuiKiuf-'s, and oilier ornamental pnrposcs ; a bookbinder who sprinkles tlie edges of books. rAPEK-Mti.L, the works wlicre a papcr- nmniifactory is carried on. Pai'EB-moui.d JiAKEit, a nianufiictnrer of sbajics, or mncbine-wire Iranii s, lor jilac- ing paper pnlp in, wliidi are of varimis kiiKls, according to llic paper to be niiule, ■wliotlier writiM^'-paiK'r, printing-paper, or bank-note pnpcr, &r. r'APEK-iu'EER, a wurknian ■who lines paper by band. Sec Kuler. Paper-shade, n cover or shade for a table- lamp glass, or a paper frame on wire lor a gas-light burner, to moderate the intense light. Paper-stainer, a manufiicturcr of paper- hangings. Paper-stainer's HLOCK-ctrrrER, a cutter of wood blocks lor stanipingcolours on paper- hangings; he often also makes blocks for calico-printers. Paper-wareiiovse, the stores of a paper- maker; a retail shop for the sale of paper, often carried on combined with the trade of bookseller and stationer. Paper-weight, a fancy ornament lor keep- ing loose letters or papers on a table or desk from blowing about. Papeterie (French), a paper-mill ; the sta- tionery trade ; a fancy case with a stock of writing-paper. Papier (Frencli), paper; a book ; a writing. Papier-mache', paper pulp and fancy arti- cles made therelrom. Papier-inach^ Is made in two ways ; one consists in pasting together on a mould dilTcrent thicknesses of paper; the other is by pressing in moulds the paper reduced to a palp. The former produces the best quality, the latter the inferior kinds. It is sized, covered with lamp-black, v.arnished, and placed in a heated oven. Papillotes, a lady's curl-papers ; these arc sold ready for use of leather and other material, to roll the hair on. Pappen (German), paste-board. I'APPIN, a soft paste used by weavers in Scotland ford'cssing their warps or webs; generally, however, called batter. Pap-spoon, a spoon for feeding an infant. Papyrus, a species of C>ipenis, about Id feet high; the exterior t'unio of the stems cut in bands, and pressed, formed the fiaper of ancient Egypt and Europe; the eaves which are several Icet long, served for the same purpose, but were of inferior quality. PAQnAGE (French), packing of fish in barrels. PAQtjEHR (French), a herring packer. Par, a state of equality; the original no- minal price or full v.iluo of a security or money. In stocks and shares, "above par" means at a premium, or above the original value; "below par," at a dis- count lAKA, a nominal Turki-h moiiev, but there are coined paces of five paras. In Con- stantinople and AlcxaiKln.a, 40 paras go to tlie piastre of 22d. sterling, and but 33 in Ciiro. Ill Greece the para p.isse.s for about tlie third of a penny, and luu make a (lr;ii-hiiiii. ,SVo I'lA.STIlK. rARAruuTr, an apparatus shaped like an iiinhreilii, -.vitli a ■nispciidcd c.r. in which iin aeronaut lU'scenils from a b.-Jloon. Parade, military display or procession; a diill ground. I'arahis (French), a wet dock or inner hiirhour: the U|'per gallery in a playhouse. PaR/Vdisk-iiii.t). i'ee Birds" or 1'aii aihse. Paradisk-iisii, a species ol J'iiis, which is e.ni,.iiAM)i.K, tlin stick or support tor thr IniiMf, itc. o!'a parasol, wliicli is made 111 wd.iil, hone, or ivoiry. V,\n \s()i.-MAKnn, a tradesman who employs piTMiiis to make ornamental lianit snn- sliadrs Cor ladies. Parasols are usually sold l>v lincndrapcrs. ]'ai;asi)L-i;ino, a rinR to keep the frame- work ol a parasol closed, made of metal, ivory, or other substance. l'Ai;r.i')ii„ to cook partially. I'AUiwcKi.E, single ropes passed round a sp.ir or cask to hoist or lower it by. I'MHACK (French), ll)e time durin;,' wldch slii'rp arc folilcd. [lot or portion. I'AuijKL, a small paper package or hmulle; a I'au<;ei.-book, a merchant's register book ot tlu^ despatch of parcels. Pakceixino, a nautical term for wrapplns ropes, Ac, with pieces ot tarred canvas, to prntcct tlirm (roni Iriction. pAKi'i'.t.s I)i:i.ivi;i;y (^ijii'Ant, a company in Loudon wjiich receives, and delivers by vans, packages and small parcels over the • metropolis; receiving-houses being ap- pointed in all the principal localities. pAr.ciiMKNT, a writini; material lor lawyers, made from the prepared skins of sheep and i-'oats. pAiiciuiENT AND VELLtTM ftf AKER, a preparer ot the skins of sheep, calves, &c. lor writ- ing and other uses. Pakchment-coffee, coffee stripped from the pulp, and prepared in a particular manner in the West Indies. Parciimknt-cdttings, the trimmings and clippings ol prepared skins, which are used for making size. PARcnuENT-DEALEr^ a law-statiouor ; a vender of parcliments. PARDEssns, a lady's over-garment of fur, Ac. Paudo, a money of account of Uoa, in the East Indies, of 4 or 5 tangas, and worth about 2s. Gd. [gradually. Pare, to peel; to thin down; to cut off Paregoric, a soothing syrup for coughs. Parement (French), free-stone; jjavement on the sides of streets, curb-stones; the facings of garments. PARKriEDS (French), fenders or protections for the s'de ot a sliip. Parere (French), the opinion of merchants on questions ot trade. Parget, gypsum or plaster-stone; rough plaster, "as for the interior of a chimney or roof. Parian, a white marble; a white porcelain. Parian-cement, a fine or coarse cement, according to the purpose for which it is to be us.hI. rARiAN-WAREiiotiSE, a shop Where fme pottery and fancy articles of biscuit-ware are soid. Paring-rnipe. a bookbinder's tool ; a knife for thinning down or pni ing any thing. Parish-cleric, a subordinate officer in a chnrcli, who gives out the responses to the minister, and attends to other oiricial d'ities. PARISn-CLKRKs' (^OMTANT, fmC Of tho LofV. don incorporated companies not on tliO livery. Thcirhallisiu Hilvtr-street, Wood- street. Park, a public or private inclo;i; common property or interest in nialters or things. Part-owner, one who has a share in a ship, house, or other iiroperty. PAS [277] PAT Paktuidge, a well-known khh'c bird, the coininon iiartriJK'<', Perdix cinereus, shot in large quantitits by spoitsmtn, aiij sold ill the London markets to the num- ber of about 150,000 a year. rAKTKiDOE-vrooD, a name for the wood of several t*>;cs coming Irom South America and the West Iiulies. The AVest Indian is the produce of Ilchteria cocciiiea. It is used for walking-sticks, umbrella and parasol handles, and a variety of it in cabinet-work and tuniin?. The colours are variously mingled, and most frequently disposed in fine hair-streaks of two or three shades, which in some of the curly specimens resemble the feathers of the bird ; other varieties are called pheasant-wood. Some authorities believe partridge-wood to be the produce of Amlira inermu. PARTY-WAii, a partition or separation wall between two or more buildings. ParIj-ke (French), a set of pearls and bril- liants; articles of ornament, dress, or attire; in bookbinding, parings or shreds. Pasaminillo, a name for narrow lace in Italy. I'ASAi:, the llnlay name for a market. Pascuep. (German), a smuggler. Pass, a name for the third classification or quality ol llussian hemp; a free journey- ticket on a railway; an unpaid admission to a place of amusement. Passage, a narrow lane or corridor in a house or building; a voyage taken by water. Passage-money, the fare paid for convey- ance by sea. Pass-book, the account-book in which entries and p.iyments are made for the information of depositors, by banking- institutions, saving-banks, &c. * I'Ass-cuECK, a ticket of admission given to some exhibition or place of amusement in exchange for money, or for re-entrance. Passement (French), trimmings, lace, or tape, of gold, silver, silk, or thread. Passementier, a dealer in lace or trimmings in France. Passengeb, a traveller by land or sc.a. Passexgee-agent, a broker, licensed to en- gage passages in ships for emigrants. Passenger-ship, a steamer or merchant- vessel which has accommodation for p.assengers; an emigrant-ship. Pass-holder, one wlio holds a free pass, or a paid season ticket. Pass-ket, one that will open several locks. Pass-note, in the manufacturing districts, a certificate from tlie occupier or manager of a factory, that the bearer has legally left his last employment. Passovek-bread, Passover-cake, a thin unleavened cake, used among the Jews at the festival of the Passover, near Easter. Passport, an official licence or permission to enter or leave a country, required in most of the Continental States of Europe. Paste, flour and water mixed for cooking; a soft, sticky, adhesive substance, pre- pared by boiling wheatcn-flour, largely used in many trades, especially by paper- hangers, bookbinders, Ac. A little alum added, prevents paste tiova. turning sour for some time. A kind of |iasfe, or niac- caroni, is imported into .Malta from Italy, to a large amount. In connnerce, the term paste is applied to the inspissated juice of liquorice, and some other vege- tables. Paste is also tlie technical name for a kind of glass used to manuliicture imitation i)reeious stones. It is composed, according to Professor Ansted, of poumled rock crjstal, melted with alkaline salts, and coloured with metallic oxides. Paste-uoaiu), a woodin board (jii which dough is rolled out for pastry ; thick stiff paper pasted together. Paste-board JIakli^ a manufacturer of card-bo;ird, tnill-board, and other stout paper substances. Paste-brush, a bookbinder's or paper- hanger's brush ; a cook's brush Jor var- nishing pastry. PASTE-CUrrEI!,pA.".T ite-jagger, kitchen uten- sils used in making pastry. Pastel, the colouring pulp obtained from the Jsatis tinctoria. * Pastelliere, Pasticciere (Italian), a pas- try-cook. Paste-roller, a roUing-piii of wood or glass, fur spreading dough. Pasticceria, a pastry-cook's shop in Italy. Pastille, a small fragrant roll ol paste; a small perfumed taper to burn in a room ; an iiromatic lozenge or drop. Pastlng-lace, a narrow kind of coach lace, employed to cover and hide rows of tacks. Past-master, one who has been master of a civic company, or has filled the chair of a freemason's lodge. Past-master's Jewel, a freemason's hono- rary distinction or decoration, worn on the breast in a lodge, by one who has filled the master's chair. Pastoormah, Pasturma, ox, sheep, or goats' flesh salted, with gailic and spi- ces, and dried in the sun for winter food. It Is i)repaied in Waliachia and .'Moldavia, and largely shipped from Varna, liesides providing ;ill Anatolia, Aleppo, and Damascus, COOO cwt. or more ii yearly sent from Kaissariah to Constan- tinople. Pastry, food made of paste, such as pies, puddings, tarts, &c Pastry'-cook, a dealer in tarts and pastries; a confectioner. Pastry- cutter, a cook's or confectiotier's utensil for cutting dough. Pastry-mould, a shape of metal or earthen- ware, for pastry. Pastitkace, grazing-ground. Pasture, meadow; grazing-land for homes and cattle ; food for cattle. Pasturma. See Pastoormah. Pasty, a pie of dough, baked without a dish, and enclosing fueat, potatoes, or the like. Pataca, a copper coin; the Algerine name for the piastre of 24 tomins, which is valued at Is. 6d. Pataciie, alight vessel; a stage-coach. 1'atack. a former silver com of IJiazil, worth about Is. 9ii. Patacoon, a Spanish dollar. PAT [278] PAV rxTAnojj, tlio silver crown-plcce of liunip, worth about is. Od. ; a Spaiilsli coin wortli about 2s. Cii. Tatar, an Egyptian money worth nearly 6d.. 17 bcinu' cfiiinl to 8s. li!. Patakas.sk (Kroncli), a caulking-iron used on t)oard sliij). rATASciA(Italjan), a look-out boat ; asliip's cnttor, Patatks, a name in tlie French colonies for sweet potatoes. See Batatas. Patch, a piece sewed on to repair a hole ; a small pircel, as of l.md. Patch-ice, pieces of ice in the sea overlap- |iini;or nearly joining each other, extend- ing but a short distance. VATcnouLT. an Indian lierb, tlie Por/oste- mon Patchouli: the drit-d tops, with the leaves and flowers, arc imported to distil an essential oil from, which is esteemed by some as a perfume. Patchwork, a union of pieces of different kinds or colours; patchwork quilts and table-covers were formerly in e.-stimation, as displaying the econoniy and t.iste in arrangement of the pieces by the good housewife. Pate (French), paste or dough; a pie or pasty. Patena, a large medal worn by country women in Italy. Patent, a protective right granted to an inventor, against piracy; a writ or jjrivi- legc given by authority for the sole right to a new invention or discovery fur a term of years. The word patent is often pre- lixed to articles vended, as patent sea cot ; patent grease ; patent barley, &c. Patent-agent, a person who acts for in- ventors and patentees ; making searches, enrolling their designs, &c at the patent- olhce, and securing their rights at home or abro.ad. Patentee, one who holds a patent right. I'ATENT-FUEL JIanofactoreb, a maker of compressed coal; a composition-material for burning in fires. Patent-medicine, a secret nostrum, pills, draught, or ointment, &c., these articles requiring to bear a government stamp. Patent-medicine Vender, a dealer in patent medicines, usually a chemist, but tlicre are a few wholesale houses ill London who keep stocks of the different patent medicines, and supply re- tailers. Patent-office, the government office wliere patents are enrolled, and privileges obtained upon payment of certain fees. Paternosteu Kow, the chief locality for the shops of wholesale booksellers and publishers in London ; usually spoken of in brief as " the Eow." Path, a walk in a garden ; a narrow foot- way through a field, ifec Patie, a name in Cambay for a large box. Patina, a basin or bowl ; a name in Ueylon lor grass land, for the most part rock, barely covered with a superstratum of soil, but producing long grass, and here and there a stunted and thorny busli or tree. Like the prairies of America these patinas are burned off every j-ear. , Patissikr, a French pastry-cook, I'ATON, paste with which poultryTs fattened In France. Patroi,, a mounted policeman; a watch- man who goes his rounds. Patron, a protector; tlie owner of a church living; in France, the master of a passage boat; a pattern or model. ring Patronage, custom; favour; support Patten, a clog of wood standing on a of iron, worn to elev.ito the feet Irom tho wet; a socket for a column. PArrEN and Clog Maker, a maker of theso articles for the feet. Patten-maicf-rs' Ccmpant, one of the minor livery companies of tlie city of London which has no hall. Pati-en-ring ILvKER, a maker of the Iron supports for iiattens. P.^ttebn, a model to be copied; needle- work or lace-work marked out to be executed by the needle; a design sub- mitted for imitation; a sample. Pattern-book, a book with designs for selection. 1'atti-;rn-card, a set of samples or pieces. Pattern-deawek, one who designs pat- terns. Pattern-maker, Pattern-reader, one wlio arranges textile patterns for weaving. Pattern-moulder, a designer and maker of models for cast-iron foundries. Pattern-setter, a workman who decides on the manner in which a lace or other pattern, which has been designed and stamped, is to be embroidered or filled up Patty, a httle baked past v. Patty-pan, a small shallow tinned vessel for baking patties in. Pali,, a small tent used in military ramps in India; a Tuscan coin worth about 5d. See Paolo. Paulie, in Scotland, an unhealthy sheep; the smallest Iamb in a flock. PAnrRLLE, a kind ot Frencli barley. Paunch, the first stomach of ruminants, wlucli is sold to feed dogs. Palter, an indigent person ; one unable to obtain liis own livelihood, or who is sup- ported in the workhouse at the expense of tho parishioners. PAvn:, to cover or floor with brick or stone. Pavement, a flagging of flat, smooth, square cut stones, mostly granite, laid on a foot- way or path. Pavement-merchant, a dealer in paving materials, granite, flags, curb stones, ifcc. Paviuon, a large park or lawn tent; a summer-house; a building with a dome; u Dutch boaL * Pavlllon (Frencn), a flai, a tent bed. l'A\TXG Board, a parochial committee or board of commissioners in whom is vested the superintendence and management of the paving, lighting, and cleansing of the streets of a district or parish. Pa\t:ng-bate, a parish rate levied on the househoMers for maintaining or extend- ing the pavements. Pavlng-stones, large flat stones for pave- ments. Pavior, a workman who lays stoLCj au4 bricks In streets and yards, &o. PEA [279] TEA TAVions, abuililiiif; term for bricks uspil for paving', wliicli :iie iiiiidc nine inches loii^', four and a half broad, by one and three quarters thick. pA\ioRS' Company, one of the London in- cor|iorated companies, wliich is nut on the hvery, and has no liall. pAVioii's-RAMMiui, a heavy mallet, or iron- liound wooden ninnl, used by a pavior, for lorcing down pavinji-^^tiines level. Taw, 1'ao, an Indian woi-dsignilyingfourtli; another name in Ihe liast lor the seer, = 1 5-lC quart. See Sr.Elt. I'AWi,, a sliurt bar of iron wliich prevents the capstan or •.vindUiss troni turning back; a piece of money in Guineiu Pawn, a pledi/e; one who has temporarily sold himself as a slave in Africa tor debt, or for money advanced, &c. ; a piece be- longing to the gameof cliess; in Scotland, a narrow hanging or curtain fixed to the roof or to the lower part of a bed. PA>VN-BnOKER, a sliop'teeper licensed to take in goods on pledge, who advances money thereon at a ti.xed rate of interest. * Pawn-ticket, a dated rcceijit of particulars, given by a pawn-broker, for an article re- ceived in pledge. Pat, salary or wages earned; hire; to give what is due, to discharge a debt. Pat-bill, a list of persons to be paid. Pat-clerk, one wlio makes payments, or pays wages. Pat-day, the day fixed for payments to be made; or when wages or salary is receiv- able; on the Stock Exchange, the last day for closing .iiid settling a stock or share account, usually the fifteenth and thirtietU day of the month. pAYEBEE, a measure of cap.icity in the Southern Mahralta country, of 2 adholies and ■= 5i quarts. Patsiasteis, a naval commissioned ofRcer, raMUiiig with a lieutenant, wlio has charge of all cash payments of tlie vessel, and of the victualliiig stores. He keeps all the ship's accounts, and makes whatever dis- bursements are requisite. He w.as for- ineiiy called a imrser. There are also paymasters to regiments. Pe.^-boilek, a peculiar cullender or strainer to boil peas in. Pea-haum, the dry .stalk or stem of pease. Peach, a choice Iruit, the produce of Amugildlus communis, of which there are moi'e tlian 'M) cultivated varieties; a colour; a miner's name for chlorite. Peach-brandy, a spirit made in parts of the United States, especially in Pennsylvania and Indiana. Peach-wood, a iia:;i'! for the Nicaragua- wood {Ctesalpinia echinata), a concentrat- ed decoction ol which is largely used as a dye-stuflf. See Nicaragua-wood. Peacock, a well-known domestic fowl, the Pavo c/-islatus, which has a beautilul spreading tai'. The ocellated feathers are esteemed in the East, being worn by the Chinese niand.arins in their caps, and made into fly-tiappcrs, fans, and other ornaraer IS lE India. [man. 3*b'agep., a j"rench toll-collector; aturnpike- Pjja-BEn, the female of tUe pea-cock. Pea-jacket, a loose, warm short-coat, made ol rough i)ilot-cloth lor use at sea. Peak, the pointed bill of the palm of an anclior m.ade to enter the ground; the upper corner of a sprit-sail; the leather front of a cap; a name Ifir the great Con- stantinople foot, = 073172 English yard; an old word for lace. Pea-meal, ground peas», used for soup, and to make bread in the north. Pea-nut, an American name for the ground- nut, Aracfiis hypogiea. Peau, a choice "iruit, of which there are between COO and 700 varieties grown (or table use. The fruit is sometimes pressed for making perry. P£arl, a kind of printing-type; the seam stitch in a knitted stocking; a well- known nacreous gem, formed by several molluscsofthe mussel and oyster families, and forobtaining which, extensive lisheries are carried on by divers in the Persian Gulf, Bay ofPanama, and coasts of Cey- lon. Imitation pearls are largely mado for ladies' ornaments. Peakl-asii, potashes purified by solution in water, filtration, and ignition. Peakl-baulet Makeu, a preparer of husked barley for soups. See Barley. Pearl-button, a nacreous shell button, made of ditferent sizes and shapes, ac- cording to the use to which it is to be ap- plied. Pearl-diver, one engaged in bringing up oysters, to search them for pearls. Pearled, having a border of l.ice; m.tde in shape and appearance like pearls, as barley, sago, .fee Peakl-edge, a projection at the sides of ribbons, which is lormed by making sortie of the threads of the weft project heyo^id the rest. Pearl-edge is also the name for a narrow kind of thread edging to be sown to lace. Pearl-merchant, a dealer in pearls, [moss. Pearl-moss. See Carrageen, and Irish- Pearl-oyster, a species of Avicula, the Meleagrina margaritifera. Peaul-sago, sago m the form of small hard grains, not larger than a |iin's head. Common sago is in large grains, ab()tku, a siiiall metal tube fur blow- ing iiras lbrnUi;li. I'lCA-soui', a meat soup flavoured or thick- ened witli dried peas boiled. Pea - STICKS, climbing supports for the allies or stems of garden pease. Peat, turf, or the decayiii},' roats and stems of 1>1 nils. In many'lnealities tun is cut and dried for fuel, and Irefiuenlly enntaiu- ing peeuliar resins, various commercial products have been obtained from it. Pkat-moss, the place where peats are dug. Peat-keek, the smoke of peat, as commu- nicated to Highland whisky, distilled by means of peat. [fuel. Peat-rick, a stack of peats piled to diy lor Peat-stone, the corner-stone at the top of the wall of a house, a corruption of peak. PEAirx-BUtn'ES (Freucli), raw hides. Pebbles, a name given to various ornamen- tal stones, worked by the laiiidary, which, though differing much in colour and ap- pearance, may be regarded as varieties of agate. PEBRE, a sauce made in Italy of garlic and spice. Peca, a former gold coin of Brazil, of 6 dollars 400 niilreis, weighing 4 octavas, equal to 9 dwts. 5 grains, and of the (ine- iiess of 22 carats. At the par of exchange of C7Jd. per mil., its intrinsic value was 36s. sterling. Peccan-nut, the seed of the Carya olivce- formis growing in North America. PECii, a British dry-measure of 2 gallons, the fourth part of a bushel ; 4 lbs. of Hour, or a 41b. loaf. There are, however, some local pecks of vari.able dimensions. Pecul, Picol, a Dutch measure ol capacity, the principal hoavj' weight used in most of the markets of the Eastern archipel.igo. At Macao the Portuguese distinguish it into throe kinds, viz :— the pecul balanca of 100 catties, = 133 lbs. 5 oz. 5-333 dwts. avoirdupois: the pecul seda of from 111 to 115 c.itties, = 148-2 lbs. avoird. : the pecul chapa of ISO catties, = 200 lbs. avoird. : at Singapore 16 peculs and 80 catties make a ton, and 40 peculs a coyan. Ninety cat- ties soda = a Canton pecul, or pecul ba- lauca. By the first or p. biilanca are sold cotton, and valuable articles ; by p. seda, alum, pepper, and coarse goods; and by the p. chajia, rice. Pedaoe. a toll paid in crossing a bridge. Pedaggiere (Itali.in), a collector of tolls from foot passengers ; a turnpike-man. Pedal, the lever ol a harp, organ, or piano- forte, moved by the foot. Peddle, to carr^ about goods for retail sale. Pedestal, the (x»ot or base of a column or Btatue. Pedlar, a hawker; one who carries about small wares lor sale in a box or i)ack. * rEi>oMETEB,adlstancc-measurer,inadeintho fnrin of a watch, by the use of which the luimber of steps or paces the wearer takes w hen walking, may be ascertained. When allixcil to a saiUlle, it indicates the num- ber of paces tlie horse makes, and to u curricle, or other carriage, the number of the revolutions of the wheels. Peuoto (Italian), a pilot or helmsman. Pkdhenal, a kind of small firelock. I'EDKiZA, I'ETitiKRA, a quarry in Italy; a heap of loose stones. I'EEL, a baker's wooden slide, with a long handle, for putting loaves in the oven, and taking them out; a broad shovel; a )iriiiter's tool for hanging up damp printed sheets on a lino to dry; the skin or rind of fruit. See Orange i-eel. I'EEN, the sharp point of a mason's ham- mer. PEEBGBnc, an Indian name for the Cis- sampelos glabra, the acrid roots of which are used in meiiicine by the natives. Peetiia, a name in India lur tlie JJenincasa cerifera, a cucurbitaceons plant. Peet'sai,, a name in Bengal for the Plevo- carpusinariit/jiiiiiii, a tree. Irom which a red juice exudes, tlKit liaiileiis into an asiiin- gent, brittle gum-resin, of a dark-red colour. Peg, a wooden nail, a small marker for a cribbage-board ; a pin in a hat rack. A large trade is carried on in North .Vmerica in the manufacture of wooden pegs for shoes; quantities of which are shipped to this country. Pegall, a descriptionof basket made by the Indians of Guiana. Pegged Boots, boots with wooden pegs in the soles, instead of stitches. Pegola (Italian), pitch; tar. PeGOTE, a fricassee with a sauce. PE3-T0P, a child's plaything lor spinning, made of wood. Peigne (French), a comb; a card or weaver's reed. Peik, a lor.g plummet, or piece of lead usod (or ruling paper. PEiLLEit (French), a rr.g-picker. Pejepalo, an Italian name for salted-flsU or stock-fish. Pekoe, a fine black tea, so named. * Pelacanb (Italian), a tanner. Peladilla, a sugared almond in Italy. Pelage, a wild beast's skin. Pelerine, a lady's long capo with ends. Peletero, in Italy a furrier. Pelijot£REE, an Indian name for the root of ThalktrumfoUolosum of Wallich, a native of the Himalayas, which is used as a febrifuge and a tonic aperient. Another species {T./lavum), is common in France, where it is termed " the poor man's rhu- b.arb." Pelisse, a lady's silk elca^ ; a furred robe for men; a dress ol' sheep-skin made at Kabooshan, north of KImrasan, in Persia, sometimes called a postceu. Pelleron (French), a small shovel. Pellet, a name in Sciitland for the skin of a sheep without the wool. »Seel'ELT. i> !•: N [281] r K X ri.i.uciA (Italian), a liir coat. I'l-.i.i.ico (Ituliiiii), a gnniR'nt made of skins or liirs. I'Ki.T.rroiiT, a nnrno for tlio root of Aniliemis J^yi'i l/inoii, wliirli is iiscil asaniastii-ntoiy lu ri-licvc ti.(ilh:ic-iic; it t'lilfrs into tlic composition ulcirt am sniilf-, and tlif pow- der is used in larf;e quantities l)y tlie Mo- hamniedans to excite transiJiratioii, beiuj; nililied upon tlie skin. Pkli.on, a lon^' lur robe. Pei.ijtage, packs or l>ales of Spanisli wool. Peltries, Pelts, tlic connnercial name given 10 tlic .slcin.s of aiunials belore tan- ning. PELTlto (Italian), pewter. I'KLUQUEEO (Italian), ii wig or peruke maker. rEMETTOFono, a machine for carrying heavy burdens. Pemuican, dried and pounded meat, pre- pared with fat and raisins in a concen- trated or portable form, for the use of Arctic voyagers. Pes, a shaped onill or metal instrument lor writing witli; a toop lor poultry; a fold lor cattle; a reservoir of water; a name in Scotland for the dung ot fowls. Penang Lawyers, a connnercial name given to walking-sticks nuule from the stems of a small palm, the Licuala acutifida. Pencvse, a receptacle for keeping pens in. Pencil, a black lead, slate, or other instru- ment, or brush, for writing or drawing. Penxil-case, a small pocket-case holding a pencil point, itc. for ready use. Pencil CASE Maker, a manufacturer of gold, silver, or alloyed metal cases (or holding pencils for the pocket. Some of which, as Mordan's pencils, have reserve cas<'S lor spare leads, and a spiral which sends down the lead to tbe point. Pencil-ruler. See Kuler. Penu, Penock, Eastern names for oil cake. Pendant, a hanging burner for gas. Pendicler, a name in Scotland for an in- ferior tenant. Pe>/d-.stane, in Scotland, a stone suited for building an arch. Pendule, Pendulum, a swinging weiglit or time-regulator to a clock. P'EN-FOLD, a told of hurdles for enclosing cattle. Penguin, a sea-fowl exclusively found in the Antarctic seas, deriving its name Irom its peiiguldity of excessive latness. The skin of the breast oi some species is used for making mulls, and other articles ol ladies' dress ; a species of Broinelia, Ji. Pin- guin, much used in the West Indies, as a lence to gardens anil fields; its sharp spiny leaves keeping out cattle and hogs. Pen-holder, a handle, holdfast, or support for a steel-]ieii, made ot dilTerent materials. Pening, a small money of Holland; the eightli of a denier gros. Penitentlarv, a house of correction for criminals. Pen-knife, a small sharp knife for shaping fiuills into pens. Pen-manifacturkr, a maker of steel or other iimtal pens; a cutter of quill-iiens hy machinery. ri.NN, originally a palisadoed enclosure for c.itlk- in Ihv \Vest Indies, liut now appliert to a pasinrr-iarm lor grazing and eattle- lii'c'cding in the coloui<'s. ri..NN\Nr, a rope to wnicli a purcha.so Is booked; along narrow streamer borne at tile niainina.-t-liead liy Vl•s^els nf war. I'F.NMsToNE, a coarse woollen frieze, [nant. I'l.NNoN, a small banner or Hag. Sec 1'en- I'l-.NNV, tbe largest and most aix-ieiit IJniisli copjier i-oin, wei'jiiing one ounce. It was at liist coinipos.-o cii silver, and minted with a deep cross, wi ighing the L'lntli |iart of a lb. When broken intotwo IJ^iils, each was called a hallpeiiny, and when inlo four, Oiich was called a lourtb- thiiig, or farllhng. It was ijradnallv diniinisbed fill llie time anisli superficial land-measure, COU paces lont:, by 3110 broad; the half of a cahalleria. I'KonnKE. Plt.rek. See Indian Yicllow. pKri.NiEWSTE (French), a nurseryman. PEPlTAS.tiie Spanish termlor small ronsli masses ot gold, as discovered in the mines, and which are called by our luinci-s nu^'f-'ets. See Kugoet. PiU'LAMOOR, an Indian name for the Ions pepper mot. pEPON, PopoNi! (Italian), the water-melon. Pepper, a name for the hot punsent berry ortruit of diflferent plants, used lor sea- sonings. Tlie ordinary kinds of com- merce are, black pepper, the fruit of a climbing plant, the Piper nigrum, grown in the East, of which we import on the average aljout seven million pounds a- year; white pepper made bj' retnoving tlie pericarp; and Cayenne pepper pro- duced by ^cveral species of Capsicum. The common long pepper of the shops is tlio produce of Chavica lioxburyhii and C. ojicinarum. Pimento is sometimes sailed Jamaica pepper. See Cayenne Pepper, and Grains of Paradise. * Pepper, Afiucan, the Iruit of tlie Xylopia aromalica, which is used as pepper in Sierra Leone, and other parts of Alrica. PtiPPER, Bird, the fruit of Capsicum bacca- tum. tlie seeds of which arc grouml to make Cayenne pepper. See I'.ird Pei'im;p.. Pepper-box, a cruet for holding ground popper lor table use. Pepper-brand, a disease in wheat, the Uredo caries. Pepper-corn, the seed of the pepper vine. 'I'hese pass current as money in some parts ot Africa. Pepper-corn-rent, a nominal rent or perpetual lease. Pepper-curn (Scotch), a hand - mill for grinding pepper. Pepper-dredge, a kitchen pepper-box. Pepper-dulse, a pumxent nutritious sea- weed, tlie Laurencia pinnatiJiJa, used as a condiment, when otlier sea-weeds ai'c eaten. Pepper-elder, a species of the pepper tribe, Piper amalago, abundant in Jamai- ca, the aromatic seeds of which atford a good substitute for the black pepper ot the East Indies. [grocers. Pepperei:3, a name formerly given to the Pepper, <.->>at, a name for' the Ci.(psicum frutesc:ii\. Pepper -MILL, a hand-mill for grinding pepper. Peitermint-cordial, Peppermint- water, an aromatic drink, flavoured w ith pepi>er- Peppermixt-oil, n grecnisli essential oil, obtained by distillation from the Meiithu piperita. Pi.ppER-riiT. a mucilaginous soup or stew of vig. iMhl.'s and c:i^sareep, in high re- pute ni the West In.hcs. Pei:aiia, a cun;.crvc made of pears. I'EKAK, the Malay name for silver. Peraleda (Italian), an orchard of pear- trees. I'EiiAMiit'LATOR, a surveying in*truui(-Mt fii measuring distance-^;" n.uned also the pedometer ami survcying-wlieel ; awheel carriage for children, propelled by the hand from behind. Peramblxator-maker, amalicrof tne sur- veying instruments termed perambula- tors; also a coaeh-raaker who constructs children's carriages. Perbends, a building term for stones carried through the whole thickness of a wall. Percaline (French), fine cotton print. Per-cextage, a rate or commission per hundred. Percei'teur, a French tax-gatlierer or rate- collector. Perch, a linear-measure of 5} yards; a square percli is equivalent to the ICOth of an acre, or the 40Ui of a rood; a term ap- I)lied to the French decametre. Also the name of a fish, one spccies.the Sander (,Per- ca Lucio-perca), is very common in the rivers which empty themselves into the Black sea. It Is cured like cod, and might readily sup|ily the place of it. The roe is mucli'in request in the Levant; the oil is also more in esteem than that of other fish, and might very well be used for burning; for purposes of tanning; for the inanulacture of soap ; (or the preparation of common colours, »fcc. Perciia (Italian), a snare for catching par- tridges'; tlie sii;u-post of a barber's shop. Percolator, a (iltercotTee-pot. Pei;cl'ssion-cai's, small detonating copper caps for exploding the charge of a gun or pistol. Besides tlioso made at home, large quantities are imported Irom tlie Continent. Percussion - powder. See Detonating- powder. Peucussion-stop, a piano-forte stop to the harmonium, wJiicli renders the touch precisely like the piano-forte. Perduigon, a kind of French plum. Perelle, a name for the crab's-eye lichen, the Lecanora Parella, found on rocks in mountainous countries, which yields a purple dye equal to that of archil. Perfect, to render complete, as finishiii!; the printing of both sides of a sheet; making the sheets of a quire or ream of paper correct; to elaborate, to finish off. Perfecting-machine, a printing-press for making perfect copies. Perforate, to make lull of holes; to bore or pierce through. Perforated -plates, brass stencil plates tor making letters or figures on paper; or for marking liueu. Perfume, an essential essence; ar agreeable scent. A good perfume shou'.i leave no residue on evaporation, and the iiigre- PER [283] PET (Units slioulil 1)0 ooiiiliiiiod so Iinnno- iiioiislv that no i>;irUful;ir oiiu slinuld lie porcciltitjie. Hence well - iiiv]i:irtxl enu- (Ic-Cologiie may be coiiiiJeiTil llie I'crlec- tion of perfuincry. [ami puifiiiiKS. PKr.l-x'.MEU, one wlio makes or sells essences I'KKGAMF.NA (Italian), a paicliniunt sUiii dressed for writintr. ricRGOLii, Pergoi.ese (Italian), a kind ot late grape ; a gallery or balcony. rERGUJi, an Alrican money. I EUGUXNAH, a certain ninnber of villages in Jiidia ; tlie largest division of land in a zemindaree; a subdivision of a district answerins; to the linglisli hundred. Pi-.uiDOT, a name (;iven by French minera- logists to the chrysolite, a yellow gem, supposed to he the topaz of the ancients; a kind of emerald. Peuiek. a metal-founder's iron rod. Peuigoki), an ore of manganese. PF.i!iGoiu>-riE, an epicurean dish. Pekiixa, a small pear. Pemllo, the Italian name for singerbread. Peuine-viekge, a French name for turpen- tine. Periodical, any imblieation that appears at stated intervals ; a weekly, montUlj-, quarterly, or serial. Periot, a division of the troy grain, for- merly used by moneyers ; tlie ll-520tii part of the grain, and divided into 24 blanks. [liead. Periwig, a peruke; a wi? to cover a bahi Periwinkle, a species of mollusc, the Lito- riiut litorca, largely used as food when boiled, being collected and sold by mea- sure. The quaritity consumed in London has been estimated at TC.OOO baskets, weighing 1900 tons, and valued at £l5,(iOU. Perjury, a wiliul lalse oath, taken in some JLidieial proceeding. I'ERMA, a lUissian weight of 8GG5 lbs. Permagt, a Turkish boat. I'EUMASENT-WAT, the liuislicd ballasted I'oad ot a railway. Peiimatrctie, an Indian name for the Malabarcat-miiit, A rihoineh's Malabarkit; an Infusion of the bitter and somewhat aromatic loaves of the plant, is given in dvsenterv and iutemiittent lever. Peumio (Italian), a kind of hinge for hang- ing doors and windows. Permit, a licence to remove exciseable ar- ticles; a let-pass granted by the exeiso- orticcrs, customs, or other fiscal depart- ment. Permit-writer, an excise-officer. I'ERNAMBiCA-wooD, a name tor the CcF^fi'- vinia echinata. See Brazil-wood, and Peach-wood. Pero. a kind of apple. Perogce, a name in New lirunswiek for a canoe hollowed out of a larue iiine log. Some are made large enough to carry twenty persons. Perol (Italian), a boiler or kettle. Perpendiclt-ar - LIFT, a contrivance on canals lor passing boats from one level to another. PEHriG.vAX-woOD. See Nettle-tree. Pekqcisitk, a privileged prant; au extra 8l)ow4!icd or fee. beyond a salary. I'EUitiER, an engine for throwing stones. l'i;i:i;o.v (French), a lligbt of .steps tjefore tlie doors of a bouse. l'Ei;r.Y, a drink inade of the juice of pears, which, when bottled, makes a very good iniitui ion champagne. Perse (French), chintz. I'KRsiAX, a thill inferior silk cliieliy used for lining garments. Persiana (Italian), a silk with large flowers; Venetian-blinds. Persian-berries, the seeds of Rhamnus in- /eclorius, used as a dye in calico-printin^r, also called yellow berries. Persian - blinds, jalousies or Venetian- blinds. Pei:siax-tobacco, the leaves of Nicotiana I'ersu-ct which are very fragrant and agreeable fur siimking in pipes, but tlie tobacc.i is not suited to cigars from the dittir-ulty of making it burn. Persian-wheel, a revolving wheel with buckets for raising water in a river or stream for irrigating or other purposes. Persicot, a liQueur. * Persis, a colouring matter prepared from lichens, the mass being of a drier character than archil. See CtTDBEAit. Personal-property, money and moveable goods— not landed property or houses. I'ERL'A'iAN-BALSAM, a fragrant oleo-resin, ob- tained from the Myrnryhnn P, riiiferum. Pesada, a variable Spanish wei<;ht, used in tlie River Plate, from 3.U to 4oJlljs. Pes.ante, an Italian weiulit oi half a drachm. Pesata, an Italian measurement for fire wood, equal to 3 cantari. Pesatore (Italian), a weigher. Pescatore, an Italian lishennan. Pescedcova (ItaUan), an omelet; an egg pancake. Peseta, a .Spanish silver coin; a name for the fourth part of the Mexican dollar; the provincial peseta is however only l-oth of the dollar. The peseta v.aries in value according to the purity and weight of the dollar; it may, however, be generally reckoned at about lOJd. * Pesiikar, Paiskkar, in India, a trihutaiy officer or collector; a chief agent, assistant, or manager. Pesillo, small scales used in Italy for weighing gold or silver coin. Pesinalo. a ilry-measure of Venetian Lom- bardy. rather more than 2 gallons. Peso, a Spanish name for the dollar of ex- change; a common name for the pound weight. * Peso-dlt.o. the hard dollar of Spain. PE.S0N (French), a steelyard. Pessai.oo, an Indian naine for ihfi Phaseolus Mini (JO. Pessai;!', a surgical instrument for support- ing the vagina. Pestle, a solid pounder for crushing things in a mortar. Petaquilla (Italian), a small trunk or bamper covered with hide oi- leather. Petard, au explosive lor blcv/'.ng up gates, ifec. Pet ate, a name in Centra) A.xer.ca for dried palm leaves or grass, l.'. 'U tor plot- ting into hilts and mats. PFE [284] riiu Pr.Ti:i!-r.().\T, a Tliiiiiua llsliinii-lioat. rKTEItSIIAM, a rolIKll \V(l(ill(Jll-cll)tll llllldc cliiclly 01 inuiiKo, used f(ir nwid coats. Petit-canon (French) a kmU ul tjiie, two- line English. rKTiTKs-AFFicnr.s, a small French journal ofailveitisenients. rETlT-GUAlN, an essential oil ohtaiiioil fioui the fruit and leaves of Citrus /Si'/iirns fur (li>iK-ii-iiig dniys, eiii:niatiiig lr..iii a ColU-gr i.f rii\siri:uis, aiidiiidi'i-at Britain sanctioned and ailopled by an order in Council. Tin re are dlllereiit ones in use in Heotland, Ireland, and l^iiK'Uiiid —a matter to be rogrelted— liiiiloraiily in prescriptions, &c. being highly desirable. Pharsang. See 1'arasang. Pheasant, a well-known bird, the Phasi- (inu.i Culchkus. preserved as a game-bird ill liritain. Tlie feathers of the gold and silver pheasants, and .\rgns iilieasaiit, have commercial uses for oiiiaiiient and artilicial tly-inaking. Pheasant-wood. .S'ce I'artridgf,-wood. Phiai,, a small bollle chielly used for medi- cine. riiii.ADiCPniA Bark. See Quercitrox. I'liii.iHEQ, the plaid petticoat of a Celt. PiicENix, another name lor the drai-lima, ii Greek silver coin divided into 100 lepti, and wortli about 8d. Phonography, the art of expressing sounds by peculiar abbreviated characters or typos. Phosphate of Lime, a salt obtained from bones; a combination of phosphoric acid and lime. Phosphoric Acid, an acid formed by the combustion of phosphorus, and also made by heating bones in a furnace to white- ness, and by distilling i)liospli()nis with nitric acid, or witli sulpliiiricaeid, or elilo- rine. It is conibiiied with sulphur in dipping lucifer matches. Phosphorus, an elementary substance, a chemical product obtained from bones, which is extensively employed in the manufacture of lucifer niatelies. Photograph, a sun-picture; a daguerreo- type, or talbotype. Photographic- apparatus SIaker, a mami- facturcr of the appurtenances and mate- rials for taking sun-|iictures. Photographic Artist, I'iiotographeb, one skilled in the art and inanijnilations of photography. Photographic "Paper, a chemically pre- pared paper, brushed with a solution of nitrate of silver, for receiving and lixing sun-impressions. Photography, the process of t.aklng fac- simile impressions on paper, by the induence of light upon salts of silrer. Photometer, an instrument for measuring the intensity of light, ' PiiiiRitA, a name for the leaves of the Chniiuvrops lUtchiana, which are brouglit from Beloochistan into Sinde, and made into a variety of articles, bssl-tts, fans, brushes, sieves, sandals, poi cnos, plat- ters, and ropes. riA [285] ri c I'llTslciAN, :i iloctoi- of meiliciiic -vvlio iiolds a iliploina Iroiii a College ol riiysiciaiis or Univeriiity ; one who practises the art ol iR-aliiiK- rHYSic-NLT, n name lor the sccil-capsulcs of Cuicas purrjans ami C. iiiuU'fidus. 'J lie milky juice (it the plant (lyis liin'ii Ijlack. The oiliihtaiiKd l.v cxiins-iiiu iiinii the sceils is )ar;;clv ui^cd in In.lia Pt lamps, and lias hceii iiitroiUicc-a iiilo this cuuntry lor the purpose. It is odourless, colour- less, and limpid, and burns well; when cold it deposits a considerable (luaiitity of stearinc. It has tlie same qualities and uses as the croton-oil, but in large doses is a dangerous poison. PlALLA (Italian), a carpenter's plane. I'lAXEi.LAU), an Italian shoemaker. riANO-FoKiE, a well-known and popular stringed instrument played by keys; it is Keiierally made in one of three forms, urand, scjuare, or upiii,'ht. There .nre, liowever, inaav lanciuil and trade names given to them", as cabinet and co'.ta-c, piccolo, itc. riASOFORTE-FBET CiTTEr., h maker of tlie open, ornamental wood-work for the front of a cabinet or uiaight piano. riANOFOKTE IIaMMEK AND DaMPEE-CLOTH MaIvER, a wmKnian who prepares the interior parts ot the instrument so named. riAXOFomE-KEY Wakee, a turner who shapes and prepares the ivory and ebony keys, w ilh w hieli the instrument is played. riANOFOUTE-MAKEK, a manufacturer who employs workmen to construct and finish pianos. rnxoFor.TEK All. Maker, a woikman who makes the haniincr-rails lor the interior ot the iiistnmieiit. l'iA>-0F0iaE-i;EsrEU3, glass insulators, on wliieh the legs ot a pianolorte are some- times placed. ri.vsoFORTEEiLKER, a Workman who fits the ornamented silk to the front or open part ol cottage and other upright Jjianos. PiAXOFOKTE-STKiNG JiAKER, a preparer of the wires and strings for the interior mechanism of the pianoforte. riANOFoitTE-rUNEU, a person who attends occasionally, or jieriodieally, to tighten the strings, and juit the instrument m tune for the player. PiASSAVA, I'lACABA, the footstalKS of a species of South - American palin, the Attalea funifera, an important article ol commerce in ISrazil, and shipped to this coiiniry in bundles of IClbs., for making brushes and stract-sweeping machines. riASTA (Italian), a thin plate of metal. I'lASTKE, the dollar- of e.xehaii)-:e m Spain, where it is also called the peso de plata: an imaginary money estimated at eight reau.x old plate, or liltel considerably In 177o, it was worth about Is. 8d. ; in 1801, Is. 8d.; in 1818, 9d. ; while in the jire.sent coinage it is only worth about ;;jd. The jiiastrc of Tunis has, however, a higher value, and is divided mto sixteen carabas. or twenty-five aspers. Tlie value of tho Turkish piastre fluctuates, being governed bv the rate at wliieh bills of exchange on lloiulon are sold at (.'onstanlinople. riA'iTA, a flat boat used in Italy. I'lAZZA, a square open space surrounded by buildings, or a walk roofed in ; a market. Tic, I'lK, a variable Turkish clolh-nicasure, ranging from twenty-eight inches tlio long pic, to eighteen inches the short pic. riCA, a species of printing-tyjie, larger than long primer, of which there are several kinds cast, as large and small, lour line, fourteen line, twenty line, double, .=tnd double small. riCA-PEDKEKO, an Italian stone-cutter. I'iCATUNE, an American coin worth three- pence. PiccAi.ir.Li, an imitation Indian pickle of various vegetables, wilh pungent spices. Piccolo, a small pianoforte; a small lliite. PiccoNE (Italian), a jiickaxe. PlccozZA (Italian), a hatchet. Pice, a small East Indian copper coin, the fourth of an anna, iireeiscly an inch in diameter, weighing 100 grains troy, which is a legal tender there lor one fi.\ty-lourili ol theComiiany's rniiee, and the double lixe weighing 200 grains for one thirty-second of the rupee. This name is also applied to a weight, a variable division of the seer, ranging in dilleicnt localities from 15CJ grains up to 27fil grains. [tankard. PicitEi., the Italian name for a pewter PiCiiELA, an Italian winc-meftsure. PicHOUXE, a wine-niensure used in Mar- seilles, the COlh part of the escaiulel, - ' to 0.4C;i5 pint. PiCHURiJi 15EANS, a name for the isolated lobes of the drupe of A'ectuwira J'ldiiiii/ ; the sassafras nuts of eommeree. Pick, I'ick-axe, an implement with two sliuhtly curved points or prongs, used in mining, agriculture, ite. to loosen the soil, or pick out paving stones. PicKAGE, a charge or toll (or breaking up ground to plant booths or stalls at a fair PiciiER-BESDS, pieces of buflalo liidu, limed, but not tanned or otherwise drcs-ed, imported tor the use of power- loom weavers, wl;o attach them to the shuttle. Pickets, small slicks stuck in the ground in lining or surveying. In America the term is applied to stakes or narrow boards of cypress and ether wood ; out- posts or guards placed as watchmen. PicK-iiAMMEK, a pointed hammer lor dress- ing granite. PiciONGs, cullings; pounded oyster-shells tor gravel walks ; hard burnt bricks. ITCKLE, a name for biiue, a liquor used for salting or preserving; also any fruit or vegetable preserved in vinegar or salt. A large trade is carried on in the sale of pickles and preserves. Pie \ 2sr, VtG rif'ici.r,-f.OTn.i-:s, prirticular shnped thin Klass bottles, made for hokliiig pickles for sale. I'lrKi.E-nisn. a small glass or porcelain ilisli fur lioUtiii^' pIcUles at a dinner table. ricKi.KD-Fisn, licrrliiKs, coil, Ac. .salted. ricKi,i>JAH. an earlhi'nware vessel fur prc- siivin;; (ir linliUui; pickl0:i. rirKi,i-.-\VAui:nni-si;, ii wholesale depot where pickles are manufactured and sold. ru'Ki.iNo, preserving llesh or vegetables by brine or vinegar; a workman's name for pl.u-ing any thing in a steep. ricivi.iNT.-Tin, I'lrKi.ixa-PjUj, vessels for keeping sailed meat in. TifK-LorK, an instrument forpickinglockg; a teriii in the wool trade for a sui)erior descriotidii of wool. I'lcKTiiA, I'lAKTiiA, anotlier name for tlie viss, an Jndian and liurmesu weight of 14<» toks, about yj lbs. (3-CJ.) I'lONics, a kind of small sweet fancy biscuit, so named. TiooN, small charcoal burnt in braziers in Italy. ricoTR, the name in Italy for a coarse stuff made of goats' hair, and for a glossy silk f.iiiric. * TicoTiN-R, a name in some parts of the Continent for a peck, a measure used principally to serve out tho quantity of oats, (fee. for a horse's meal. riCTiiHE, a painting; though the word is sometimes applied to a print or en^-rav- ing. Large sums of money are laid out annually on the works of living artists, or ancient masters, and the public e.\liibi- tions of paintings do much good. Picture-book, an illustrated work for children. Picture-cleaner, a restorer of the bright- ness of colours, &c. in oil-paintings. Picture-dealer, a purchaser of pictures for re-sale. PiCTURE-FBAJre, a setting, or frame for a picture, made of dilferent materials, either wood, solid or veneered, leather, papier-maclK?, gutta-percha, metal, &.c. PlcTURE-FBAJlE MAKER, 0. workman who makes square frames for prints or for coking- glasses. Oval frames are either turned, or moulded of some compo- sition. PiCTURE-GALLF.RT, a placc for hanging or exhibiting pictures. PiCTURE-LtNEU, One wlio prepares and fixes the inner canvas of a picture. Picture-restorer and Cle.v>-er. See PICTURE-CLEANT3R. Picture-rod, a kind of brass tubing for adixing to the tops of walls in a room, to suspend pictures from. PicuDELLA, a varjet.v of olive. Picdl: in Batavia it is 135 lbs. 10 oz. ; in Japan, 1.31 Uis; in Manila, IJ cwt. (140 lbs.) See Pecui. X'ie, a dish of baked meat or fruit, with a crust top. Pie, a printer's term for a confused mass of letters or type, broken up by accident ; a small nominal Indian money, the third part of tho pice, 12 of wtucb go to the Anna, of Ijd. Piece, a picture ; a play ; a --fltch ; a part op length of any thing, or tli? whole, of variable dimensions. A piece of muslin Is 10 yards, of calico 28 j'ards, of Irish linen M .yards, of llnnoverlan linen lot) double elK or 128 yards. * Pli-X'E-iiiioicKR, a person who buys shreds and remnants ol wmiilen cfotli from tailors, to soil again to otliers who w.-irit tlicm for mending, or Inr other pui-poses. Piece-goods, tho articles usually classed under tills category are gre.v cotton, inulls, Jaconet.s, shirtings, niadapoilaiis, printers' cambrics, long cloths, sheetings, drills, Ac Pir.cixG, mending; making additions; join- ing two things together. PiKCE-woRK, task-work; work paid for by tliejob. PiE-DisH, an oval, flat deep dish of crockery ware, for baking pies in. PiEDouciin (Krencli), a bracket-pedestal. PiEGGiERiA (Italian), a surety; bail, or security. PncGo (Italian), a packet of letters. Pli:i,, an iron wedge for boring stones. I'iELAGo, a kind of .sailing-vessel. PiK-MAN. one who makes and carries pics about the streets for sale. PlEX.so, a daily allovvance of barley, kc, given to horses and mules in .Spain. Pier, a projecting rpiay, wiiarf, or landing- place; a strong marine erection running out into the sea Iroin the shore, on a shallow coast, for the facility of passen- gers, shipping, ibo. ; a projection or column on which the arch of a bridge is raised. PiFUAGB, money paid by ships for the use of a pier or wharf; a toll demanded of p.as- seugers for walking or landing on certain piers. PiEiiCED-woRK, perforated or filigree- work. Piekcel, Piercer, a kind of awl or gimlet for giving vent to casks of liquor. Piercer, a lady's eyeletteer for lancy-work, made of ivory, bone, pearl, or a poren- puic's quill; an operative in n cotton-mill. liER-GLASs, a large looking-glass between windows. PiERRiER (French), a swivel-gun. Pietra Uura, a name for any bard stone, such as onyx, chalcedonj", and anio peb- bles. &c., lised for cutting, and for rcjire- senting flowers, animals, &c on. PiEZGo, a leatlier bottle or skin, used for carrying liquors. Pig, a well-known domestic animal whose valuable commercial products are noticed under Bacon, Pork, Lard, ines. Tho.se of the Pinus Pinea, are consumed in Italy. In Chile, thoy are considered a great deli- cacy, both' by tlic IncUans and Spaniards. They are sometimes boiled, ground down on a stone Into a kind of paste, and made into pastry. The cone of a magnificent Australian pine, containing as many as 150 edible seeds, furnislies at certam sea- sons, a rich harvest to the aborigines. rii;-xurs, a North American name tor a variety of the hickory-tree, Carya glabra. The nuts are smaller, and not quite so pleasant as those of the shell-bark variety of liickory. Tho hog-nut is tlie Carja porcina. Pig's-face, Pig's-cheek. See T$ATn-ciiArs. I'lo's-FRV, tho entrails of a pig sold for food. Pio's-HEAD, tho head of a pig, sold fresh or salted. PiG-sKiN, tho skin of tho hog prepared as leather for saddles, binding, or other pur- poses. Pig-stye, an enclosure, with a house for pigs to fatten in. Pig-tail, a dark kind of tobacco twisted into a long rope or cord, which is after- wards woimd into a hard close ball. Pi ICE, a long lance; an iron sprig for fas- tening work to a turning-lathe ; a fresh- water fish, the Esnx luciiis; the sea-pike is the gar-fish, E. bi'tone; an abbreviation for a " toll-gate," or "turnpike-gate;" a measure of length used in Egypt, Syria, Servia, and the adjoining countries; about 26J inches; 1 9-24ths pike are, according to Dr. I5(jwring, ] yard. See I'ic. PiicE-HEAD, the spear, or arrow-pointed part of a pike. PiivE-STAFF. the pole of a pike. Pilaster, a square column set in a wall. Pii.cH (Scotch), a gown made of silk; a pet- ticoat open in front, worn by Infants ; an apron or protection for the thighs, worn by men digging peat; a child's flannel napkin. Pir.CHAiiD, a sm.all fish resembling the her- ring, tho Clupea pilchardn.i, which is caught in large numbers on the western coasts of England; the take of the Cor- nish fisheries being, on tho average, 60,000,000 fish, or 21,000 hhds., of which the greater portion aro shipped salted, to the Mediterranean ports. ■ *^ Pile, a pale or pointed stake: a shariiened logof timber driven a considerable depth into tho ground, in tho bed of rivers, or in marshy land, to build upon; an erection or sup'istnirture; tbo shag, nap, or sur- face (ii velvi't, plush, broad-cloth, &e. : a galvanic batteiy. Pile-driver, h workman occupied in sink- ing piles for tho rounilation of a supcr- stnicturo; a machine used for the pur- pose. PiLK-DRivixo Machine, Pile-engine, a lieavy rammer, or mass of iron, raised Ijy a leverage, and descending repeatedly with force by gravity, on tho he.ad of a pile or log of wood, to be driven into the earth. Kasmyth's steam hammer, applied to tlie pile -engine, raises tho rammer again, by tho action of steam. Pii.entum, a liglit vehicle; a combin.ition of the cab and carriage. Pilewout, a common field plant, the Ra- nunculas Ficaria, tho 'eaves of which aro sometimes used as a potherb. Pill, a medicine rolled into a small globule. Pillar, an upriglit column or support of wood, iron, stone. &c. Pillar Dollar, a Spanish silver coin with two columns supporting the royal arms on the obverse, whicli is at a high pre- mium for the Cliinese market. PiLLAU, a Turkish dish of rice with fow! or mutton, raisins, almonds, chillies and cardamoms boiled or stewed together, and served up with sweet gravy and fried onions. PiLL-isox IMakrr, a manufacturer of small roui'.d pasteboard, orthiti wooden, bo.xes of difTercnt sizes, for chemists' and sur- geons' use. PiLLEZ, a kind of naked barley. I'lLLicciAIO (Italian), a furrieV. Pillion, a soft saddle for a woman ; a pad for a horse's back; tin in slags. PiLLJLVKixG-MACHiNi;, a Corrugated metal plate for lohmg lulls on, so as to divide tliem accurately. Pii.LocociA, a purgative pill, so named. Pillow, a bag filled with feathers to rcc,t tile bead on inbed,lands and the \\'est eua.-t ct .\liie.-i. 'i'liere are many distinct kinds now enl- tivatid in but-bon.-ies in this country, .some of which are brought to high ]'ei- iictiun, and being matured are lar snpe- !ior 111 Ilavonr to those imported, which liave to be picked green, orbclore Ihcy aru fully ripe. PiNi;-,UTi,E Cheese, a Uhid of cheese shaped and formed in a mould like a pme-apple, which is principally manufactured for ex- port. Pine-apple Fir.itn. See Pin'a-cloth. PiXK-IiOAKUS, PlXE-PLANliS. /S'le JJEAL."!. PiNEFlsii, a name in tlie Shetlands lor tlsli dried in the open air. PiNE-HonsE, Pinery, a liot-housc or stove tor growing pines. PiNE-KERNELS, the secds of Ibc stone jiiiie (^Pinus pinea), which are coinnioiily sli>wool, Pine Wood-wool, a fibrous vegelable substance obtained in I'russia liy treating the buds and leaves ol coniferous trees with a strong .solution of carbonate of soda. The fibre is used there for upholsleiy purposes, such as stnlliiig lur mattresses, intended as a pro- teetiun against insects, and for waddiii'.; : blankets arc made wiili it; and oil and soap are also obtained from it. PiNEY, an Indian resin or dainnier obtained from the dhoop tree (Valciia Indira). PiNGi.E-i'AN, in Scotland, a small tin gobid with a long handle for preparing children's food. PiNGO, an elastic stick loaded at both ends, poised on the shoulder, used in Ceylon lor carrying burthens. I'INGU.N, I'EN-GWYN, a fcncc plant used in the West Indies for hedge-row.-;, the I-ramelia PiiKjiiin and 1>. Kaialas. I'lX-iiEAD, the wire aildtd to the lop of a pin. Pinion, a pivot; a small toothed wheel, connected with, and receiving motion from a larger one; the quills from the joint farthest from the body of the wing of the goose or swan, used for making pens, also called "firsts." Pink, a painter's colour, a yellowish or Ii.ilc red, or light crinrson. ofwhiuhthe chief varieties arc rose-pink, Dutch, and English-pink; a garden-flower; a vessel with a round stern and bulging sides, capable of carrying a largo cargo; to slash cloth: to work in ej'elet boles. PiNKEi:, one wlio stabs or cuts out flounccE borders, &c. with a machine, for ladies' dresses and shroiuLs. Pinkie, a na.ne in Scotland lor the weakest kind of table-beer. PIP [289 ] PIS I'lNKiNG-ntON, a cuttins instiunicnt for soolloping tlie cdjres of ribljoiis, tluuacfS, |i:ipcr lor cotUii triiiimln^'s, &c. I'iNK-iiooT, a name fcir the worm-grass (Hpigt'lia iiiarilantlica), a ])nisoiious narco- tic aiKl purgative, and a vrrypowerliil vor- milnup; tlic. tresli leaves ami stems of Spi'jelia anthelmia, and i per cent, of alumina with 6IJ silica, which is used lor moulding clay tobacco-pipes for smoker.s, lor making various kinds of eariheiiware, and as a detergent for scouriug cloth. I'roai Kingsteignton, in Devonshire, nearly 20,000 tons arc ol)- taiiied yearly. PiPK- LAYER, a workman who lays gas inain.s, water, or draining pipes. Pipe - MANUFACTURER, a maker of metal tubes, cl.iy, or glass cylinders, or of to- bacco sinciliing-pipes. Piper, one who plays on the bag-pipes. Pipe-staves. See Stave.s. Pl-ri, the legumes of Ccesaljnnia Papax used as a tanning material, but inferior to Divi-divi. Pipian, an Indian fricassee. Piping, a kind of cord trimming or fluting for ladies' dresses. Piping-irons, fluting-irons. I'iPiNG Bullfinch, a bullfinch that whistles tunes. Pipkin, a small earthen saucepan. Pipote (Italian), a keg; a small barrel. Pippin, a name lor some varieties of small choice apples. Pipsissewa, a wild plant of North America, the Chimaphila jtmbellata, which being diuretic, acrid, and narcotic, is used ia medicine. Piquee (French), marccUa; a cotton stuff used for waistcoats. Piquette, sour acid wine ; a drink made in France by pouring water on the husks of grapes. PiRAMETER, the name given to an instru- ment for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads. Pirate, a sea-robber; a vessel which at- tacks others at sea for the sake of plunder. Pirating, counterlciting: copying any thing without permission; stealing the copy- right of a work. Pirl, to twist or fivine, as Informing horse- hair into a fisliing-line. Pirn (Scotch), a quill or reed; yarn wound on a shuttle; the bobbin of a spinning- wheel ; the wheel of a fishing-rod. Pirsie, a woollen nightcap made in Kilmar- nock, of different colours or stri|ies. Pirogue, a rough canoe formed out ot the trunk ot a free. PisANG, one of the JIalay names for tlie plantain. iSce Pinang. Pise, blocks of clay rammed into nionkls; rammed earth, u.sed in some countries to bniW the walls of cottages. PissiiRE, a name in the Orkneys for the steel-yard. PisTACUio-NUTS, the small almonds or nuts in the dru|)c of the Pisiacia vera, and its varieties, natives of .Syria, which are im- ported in small quantities from Messina, Sicily, and other ports in the Jlcditer- ranean, either shelled or unslielled. The kernels are small, pale green, with a fla- vour like sweet almonds. Tliey are used as a dessert fruit, in confectionery, and also to make a sort of cosnutic-fiowder for the face. In 1855, we imported 3210 cu'ts. of these nuts. PiSTAREEN, a Spanish silver coin, worth aliont 8J. or 9d. The " head " pistareen is worth about Id. more. There are also quarter and half pistareen silver pieces. The double pistareen is current for about Is. 6d. PIT [290] I'LA T'lSTKRA, in Italy, a round jiig ivltti ft spont. I'isToi,, a well-known liand weapon ; the smallest flre-arni used, risToi.-CASE, a box lor keeping ono or more ))ist(>ls in. I'lsTOLK, n gold coin of the Kuropcan States, varyiuB in ditTcrent countries, and in dif- ferent coinages. The Spanish pistole Is the fourth of the doubloon. The coinage of 1813 to 1822, weit;liid 4dwts, 8 gr.o., of ■whicli 3d\vt-s. 186 urn. v;cre pure gold. The previous coins of 1745, 1774, and 1782, con- tained 2 to 3 grains more pure gold. The Uoppia, or pistole of Milan, coined In 1783, weiglis 4 dwts. Vo grs., of which 3 dwts. ICJ grs. are pure gold. The later pistoles of Switzerland, weigh 4 dwts. 20 grs., of which 4 dwts. 8 grs. are pure gold. On the average, the pistole may be valued at 163. I'iSTOL-EOUTERS, the nauio for a kind of car- penter's plane. Piston, the sucker, or part of a pump which fits the bore; the sliort cylinder or disk of a steam-engine, acted upon by the air or steam, and causing suction. Piston-rod, the rod by which a piston is forced down and drawn up. riT, a well, or deep hulc; the sunken shaft of a mine: the floor, or chief audience part of a play-liouse; a place for sawing wood. riTA, a name for aloe-fibre, obtained from the leaves o{ U\a Agave Americana, which Is made into a strong and white cordage, and also manufactured into paper in Mexico. * I'lTcn, the rcsin of pine extracted by Arc and inspissation ; or the residuum of boiled tar, made in England, and of which about a thousand tons a year are imported from Kussia ; in mining, the limit of ground set to those who work on tribute ; an inclina- tion or elevation; the sloping side of a roof; the rising or falling of a vessel in a heavy sea; to set in array, as to pitcli a tent; to pave with pebbles. I'lTCu AND Tar Mantttacturer, a maker of those commodities, largely used lor smearing or covering ships'' bottoms, pa- lings, &c. Pitch-back AVheel, a kind of wheel used in a mill, propelled by w.atcr. Pitch-blende, a valuable ore for the porce- lain painter, producing a fine orange colour, and also a black, found in Saxony, Bohemia, and Cornwall. Pitcher, an earthen water-jug. I'lTCH-FORK, a prong with which hay, llcad. Plumb-line, aline with a plummet attached to ascertain whether any work is per- pendicular. Plumb-rule, a narrow board with a plumb- line. Plume, an ornament or bunch of feathers lor the head, or for decorating a hearse or the coffln-Ud borne by nuites. Plume-maker, a feather-dresser; a manu- facturer of luneral plumes. &eFuNEBAL Plume. Plumet, a French coal porter; a feather worn lor ornament. Plumeta, a sort of Spanish woollen cloth. Plummer's-pill, a well-known alterative medicine; a preparation of mercury. Plummet, a pencil of solid lead, a lump of lead for sounding, or for the line oi a plumb rule. Plumper, a vote given at an election lor one candidate only, by a voter who has the right to split his vote, or to give one lor each of the number of candi- dates required to be returned. [in. Plum-pie, Plum-tart, pastries with plums Plum-pudding, a tolid mixed pudding con- taining dried raisins and currants, with suet and flour. Plum-tree, a speciesof Prunus, the wood of which is used principally in turning. Plundersack ((jerman), a knapsack. Plunder-wagon, a lumber or baggage wagon in Germany. Plunger, the piston of a forcing-pump. Plunging-bath, a public bath, where a per- son can dive and swim. Plunket, a blue colour. Plush, a shaggy cloth or velvet ; a fabric of silk and cotton lor upholstery, for making or trimming bonnets, cloaks, lled Gallowav. Piir.i.KGAi.A, a rortngnesc name for the inch. I'oLLEN, a fresh-water herring. I'oi.LEitiA, a poultry market or .shop In Italy. I'oi.LicE, e Maltese linear measure. PoLi.iNABO (Italian), a poulterer. Polling, a process by which copper is changed from a highly crystalline mass into a metal which may be beaten iiuolJiiii leaves. PoLONiCK, a dry measure of Trieste, = CCSSO gallons. I'OLONY, a dried sausage. I'oLPOLTiN, a Russian coin of two denomi- nations, one equal to 25 copecks, worth about lOd., the other of 5 grivcs or 50 copecks. * PoLST, a tenii in the leather trade in Elec- toral Hesse lor the half of a dicker or five pieces. Poi-STER, the German name for a soft cushion or pad; a bolster. [Is. 7d. PoLTiN, a Uussian silver coin worth about PoLTUiiocK, a petty Hungarian coin oMJ kreutzer, less than a haltpenny in value. PoLTUZAC, a small Polish coin, about the same value as the polturock. PoLUscA, a very minute Kussian coin, the hall ot a moscosque or denusca. and worth about the twelfth part of a penny. PoLVERiNE, glass-makers' ashes. PoLYciioiii), having many strings; an aiJiiaratus which couples two octave notes, and can be affixed to any piano-forte or similar instrument with keys. Polyglot, a book in several'languagcs. Polygraph, a copying machine. I'OLTT.scoPE. a multiplyirig glass or lens. Pomace, a builder s name tor pumice-stone. PoMAGE, the refuse of apples or [lears after they have been pressed for cider. Pomade, a scented omtment for the hair pomatum. PoMADE-POT, a porcelain or other orna- mental jar for holding pomatum for tha toilet-table. PoMATL'M-BOTTLE, a bottle for holding po- matum, often enclosed in polished box- wood cases. P01IEGP.ANATE, the fruit rif the Punica Gra- naturn, the juice of which is acidulous and sweet, and makes a pleasant sherbet for fever patients. The tree is common now in almost all warm climates. See Dalim. Pomegranate-bark, a n.ame for the rind of the pomegranate fruit, which is used in medicine, and in dyeing, on account of its astringency. It is also said to be employed for tanning Morocco leather. The bark of the root is emetic and purgative, and ad- ministered for worms. PosiELi.OES, a name under which forbidden fruit is sometimes sold in this country by fruiterers. Po.MERANGE (German), the orange. PoMFRET, an Indian fish, of which there are two kinds, the black and tho wUi(e. * POO [ 206 ] FOR roMFUET-CAKE, a Small liquorice lozcuge. PoMME (Ficiicli)i an apple. Pommel, Oic knob on tlio liilt of a sword ; till! protiibc.niiit piirt of a saddle bow. TOMMELLE (French), a round leaden plate pierced witli holes, placed at tlic end of a tobacco-pipe, to binder tlie dirt Ironi yoinf,' through the bowl. Po>tMES-DE-TERRE (Froncli), potatocs. POMPELMOU.'iK, a name for the shaddoi-k (Citrus Pompehnos Decumana). iSee Pampelmouse, and Pdmplenose. PoMPET, a printer's inUinf;-ball. Pompier (French), a fireman, one who pumps water; a maker of lire-engines. PoMPiav, a name for tlie common gourd, Viicurbita I'epo. Ponceau (French), a deep scarlet. Poncho, a woollen cape, cloak, or outer garment, without sleeves, which is merely a length of cloth with a slit made in it, (or the head of the wearer to pass through ; thus leaving tlie arms at liljert\-. The design was taken from an article oi clotii- Ing used by the natives of .South America ; line i)onchos are tliere made ol vicunna skins. Poncho is now a trade name for camlets, or stout worsted. PONCIRE, a large thick-rinded lemon. Pongee, a wasliing siilt made in China, Poniard, a dagger. I'ONT. Pjnt, a linear measure of China, the tentli iiart of tlie covid, equal to nearly li inch; pont is .also the French name for a bridge, and the deck of a ship. Pontac, akind of Constantia wine, madeiii the Cape colony. PoNTEE, a workman's instrument for taking hot glass out of the pot. Pontoon, a (cny - boat ; a lighter for ca- reening ships; a flat-bottoined boat, covered and lined witii tin or copper, used in forming bridges over rivers, for annirs to cross. [races, the sum of £25. Pony, a small horse; in betting on horse Pony-chaise, a small four-wheel carriage, to be drawn by a pony. PooAii, a local nalne for a species of wild hemp, obtained from the Hcehmeria/nites- cens, in Nepaul, which is used for fishing- nets and twine. Food, a Russian ordinary commercial weight, of which 63 make a ton. A pood contains 40 Kussiau pounds, and is ordi- narily reckoned equal to 36 pounds avoir- dupois; but is 36 lbs. 1 oz. 11 dr.s. PoiiDiNA, PoDEENA, Indian names for Men- tha sativa and viridis. Poodle, a shaggy water-spaniel; a ladj-'s small French lap-dog. Pool-balls, ivory balls, 9 or 12 to the set, about 2 inches in diameter, for playing a Kind of billiards. Pooler, an instrument nsed in a tan-yard, for stirring U|) the vats. PooLOoc-oDiALS, a name in Ceylon for the young shoots of the Palmyra palm boiled, when eaten raw, they are" termed odials; and are also called kf luigoos. PoONAC, a name (or tiie cake left after ex- pressing the oil from the cocoa-nut pulp, which is used as a manure, and for feed- ing stock. PooNAT-on>, Poon.seed-011,, a bitter lamp oil, obtained IVdin the seeds of C'rtfcp/iyWwm inojtIiiiUniii, \vhleli yUld about GO percent, ol lliiir Weight of oil. It is also called Pimiatottay-oil. PooN-wooD, an Indian wood, the produce of one or two species of CalophyUum. used for ship-building, for planks, and also for spars. PooR-iioisE, a work-house ; a house for the reception ot the indigent, supported by the poors-rate. Poor LAW. a law for the support of the poor, those infirm and distressed, or able-bodied out o( employ. Poor-law Hoard, a commission which has the superintendence and regulation of all matters in the kingdom, relating to the rebel of the poor, and the administration of union work-houses. Poor-law Office, the metropolitan office, where the Poor-law Commissioners meet. Poor-rate, a poundage -tax levied, on parishioners who art householders, for tlie relief of the poor. Poose, a name lor a charge of oil ; a mea- sure in Brussels, about 27 gallons. Pop, the name for some varieties of maize in the United States, as red, blue, white, yellow, and mixed pop; parched corn; a vulgar name for pawning. Pop-corn, the grain of a small kind of niaizo parched. Pope Joan Board, a fancy painted board tor a card-table, with marked divisions, for playing tlie game at cards, called Poiie .loan. Pop-gun, a child's plaything; a small wooden tube with a ramrod and pellet. Poplar, a tree, the Pojmlux, of wliii;h there are several species, and the soft wood is used lor carving, lor toys, and common turnery. The wooden polishing wheels of the "glass-?rinder, are made out of hori- zontal slices of the stem. The bark of the white iioplar is used bj' fishermen, for flonts to support their iiels. The buds of the black poplar are arumatic and bittei-, and are considered diuretic and anti- spasmodic. Tacamahac is obtained from the buds of P. balmmi/era, in the United States. Poplin, astuffof silk and worsted, of which there are many varieties, as watered, figured, brocaded, tissued, Ac. The manu- facture chiefly centres at Dublin and Norwich. Poppin. See Pappdt. Poppy-head, the capsule of the poppy. Poppy-seed, the seed ot the Papavei-'somni- ferum, which enters into coniraerce as an oil seed. Poppy-seed Oil, abland dryingoil, obtained from poppy-seed, whicl; is more exten- sivelj' used in the Jladras presidency, and some other parts of India, than any other, both in lamps and for food. Exposed to the rays of the sun, it becomes perlectly colourless. Population-returns, the official details of a census. PORCAL, a kind of large pium srown in Spain. ■; roR [ 297 ] POR PoRCKLAiN. See Pottery. FoiiCKi.AiN-CLAT, a line and wliite clny suited lor pottery and earthenware pur- posea. PoitcEiAix-JAPPKn, bods of clay which Iiavo been partially vitriliod by contact witli trap rocks. POKCiiLiJN-LETTER JlAKF.ii, aprcparcr of the ornamental coloured letters of pottery- w.-nc, tn be aHixed to sliop-lVonts. r(iKci:i.AiN-i'Ai-i.i:, a Uiiul of Krencli-niado tamy pa|iri-, which is souictiines U^'ured, painted and i;ilt. PoncH, a covered way to an entrance, as to a church or dwellintj-boiise; a portico. Porcupine - WOOD, a species ot palm so named, because, when cut horizontally, the markinu'ri ol' tin' woo-JOB-SIASTEU, a person who keeps post-horses, and lets out horses and carriages on job hire. Post-bag, a bag for holding tlie mails. Post-bill, a post-office way-bill placed in the mail bag, or given in charge of tlio guard or driver. PosT-BOT, a postilion ; a person who rides post-horses, and takes charge of them back when arrived at the end of the stage. PosT-CAPTAiy, a common unofficial title given to a captain ot the Koyal Nuvy, to distinguish liim from a commander, who is often styled by courtesy a caiitain. PosT-CHAiSE, a carriage "travelling with post-horses or relays. Post-date, to afterdate, or date a docu- ment in advance of tlie real date. Poster, a large printed hand-bill or pla- card; a legal announcement. Postern, a small gate in a military fortifi- cation ; a back door. PosT-uoKN, a horn or tin tube blown by a mail guard to clear the road lor his vehi- cle, mall carts having the precedence of the roads. [carriers. Post-iioi'lSE, a horse let out to travellers or I'OST-HOL'SE, a house where reliiys of post- hor^^ea are kept for the convenience of travellers; a post-oltice. Postilion, the rider on one of the leading horses of a coach. I'osTM/Of, a letter-carrier. Posr-MAUK. the date and plaeestamp affixed to letters in a post-ollice. PosT-.MASTER Gekeral, tlio chief officer of the Keneral post-ollice, usually a member of the Cabinet, who has the superintend- ence of all matters connected with the interior and exterior postal arrangements of the kingdom, llio transmission of tlie mails, and the appointment to vacant otfices in his department. Post-obit, a contract made by an heir to pay a certain sum on his coining into his property, after the death of the existing possessor. Post-office, a head depot, or branch re- ceiving-house, for the despatch and deli- very of letters. See GENEi:,a,-P0ST-0FFici:. Post-office-cleuk, a subordinate employed ill a post-office. PosT-oFFicE-DiRECTOKT, au old-esfablished London directory, based upon the returns 01 the post letter-carriers, of tlie residents in tlie metropolis, comprising officials, private individuals, traders, eompanies, streets, and a variety of otlier useful information. PosT-oFFiCE-oitDEE. See Money-order. Post-wood, wood suited for gate-posts and other purposes. See Prop-wood. Pot, a mug; a pewter vessel used by publicans for supidying malt liquors to customers; a general vulgar iiaiiie lor the imperial quart measure ; the lourtli of a, gallon; a dry and liquid measure used in manv i)arts of the Continent, ranging, for liquids, from IJ pint in Denmark :uid Korway, to GJ pints in some pans of ]5elgium. As a dry measure it is about 2i to 3 pints. In Sardinia tlie pot lor oil is 17 pints. Asa local liquid measure in Jersey, 200 ])Ots are computed to yield 92 imiierial gallons, equal to a loss of 8 per cent on the gallon. Also a kind ot paper and millboard. 17i by 14} inches. * Potador, an officer in Spain who examines* and marks weights and measures. Potage, broth with vegetables in it; soup; porridue. PoTAGER (French), fi kitchen-garden ; a soup pan ; a stove for cooking. POT^u., distiller's grains. Pot AND Pe.U!L-asii Dealer, a dealer in wood ashes, exported in large quantities from America. Potash, such constituents of burned vegetables as are very soluble in water, and fixed in the tire ; the lixivium of the ashes of wood fuel evaporated in iron pots. These ashes are i)rincipally used in the manulacture of (lint glass, pius- siate of potash, and soft soap. The im- ports of pot and pearl ash range from 4000 to 9000 tons a-year. POT [299 ] rou I'OTATOES, a hislily cstoonipd cJililc root, tUi' tnUer»o(U>uiS'olaniiiHtiiherosiiin,\vhWh enter into commercu in their I'rtsh state, under tlie lorni of jireserved i)Ot:ito(s. dried, and .as starch. Tliere are ab.iut 2} million acre.'! under pot.-ito cultivation in tlic United Kingdom, and the \vei;;lit of food annually raised from these must ha enormons. \Ve also iniiiort 3000 or 4000 tons a-year troni the Continent. * P(jTATO-Fi.oLTi. meal or farina prepared IVnm the potato tiiher.s. I'oTATO-LiPl'KR, a proni,'; also ,i kind of digsin^ machine to save labour in rais- in;; potatoes from tlie srouud. PoT.vTo-MERcnANT, a Wholesale dealer in lifrtatoes. roTAT(i-p,\STT, a pasty made of potatoes and Hour. roTATO-PASTr-PAN, a shallow tinned pan lor hakiuL' pastiesin. I'OTATORE (ItaUan), a pruncr of trees; a vine dresser. Potato-roaster, a tin machine carried ahout hy an itinerant vender, wlio sells hot l)alced potatoes in the streets in cold weather. PoT.VTO-sALESMAU, an agent for potato growers, who receives quantities from the country on sale. Potato-smasher, a cook's wooden utensil for mashing potatoes for the table. Potato STARCH, the tecula prepared from tlie potato root, and forming a gum sub- stitute, used extensively by calico-printers and cotton manufacturei's. See Dex- trine. Pot-ao-feo (French), meat, consisting of gravy sou|i. and bonilli, or boiled meat. Potboy, Potmax, a messenger wlio takes out beer Irom public-houses, and collects the pots and cans again. POTDAR, an Indian money-changer, many of whom sit in the open markets changing cowries for rupees, and vice versa. Pote, Cantaro, or ^Vlquiere, a liquid-mea- sure of Portugal and lirazii, of C canadas, = 1-J 5C47 English pints : the alquie're as a dry measure is ■= C Cy6 gallons imperial. Pote'e, a French liquid-measure, the fourth of a pint. PoTELOT (FrencIO, black lead. PoT-ouM, a small mortar used for firing salutes. Pothangei:, Pot-hook, a liook for sus- pending an iron pot over a fire. PoT-HERB, any culinary vegetable suited for soups or stews, Ac. PoT-HOUSE, a petty public or ale house. Poticho>u..nie, articles of glass ornamented inside in imitation of old china-ware, with paper or linen flowers and devices, and varnished. Pot-metal, a kind of stained glass ; an alloy of lead and copper lor making |)ots. Pot-pi.ant, n name for tlie Lccvlhis oVnria. POT-POL"RKi. hotcli potch; a l.ind of pie; a perlume made of oiris powder, lemon- peel, lavender flowers, rose-petals, and essence of musk. Potstoxe, a magnesian mineral allied to ser- pentMie and steatite, susceptible of a high polish ; it is a coarse and indistinctly gra- nular variety of piism.'itic talc, and, from its softness and tenacity, may be readilv turned. It Is used for the manufacture of cooking utensils and other vessels; for fire stones in furnaces; in a powder, for dinii- nishing friction in maeliincry, and lor re- moving oil stains in cloth. Pottage, soup; a mess of food boiled in a pot. PoTTE, a Danish liquid measure, the krug of 4 pogies: 100 pottes — 21-25 imperial gallons : 1-7010 i^int = 1 potte. Potted-meats, viands preserved by par- boiling, ifcc. in small jars covered witli grease, or enclosed in hermetically sealed tin cases. Potter, a maker of earthen pots and ware. PoiTEii's-CLAT, plastic clay; clay suited for the manufacture of pots or earthenw-are. Potter's-wiieei,, a wheel used by the potter. Pottery, the generic name tor all kinds of clay ware; the manufactory of a potter. Pottery-m^vnufactuker. See Potter. Potting, the operation of pouring soft sugar into earthen moulds, and placing wet clay saturated on the top to refine it; pouring new made muscovado sugar into casks to cure it, or drain off the molasses. Pottinger, an eartlienjar. PorriNG-HonsE, a place where plants are shitted into pots. Pottle, an English dry-measure, contain- ing 2 quai-ts or the half of a gallon. Also a small cone-shaped basket in which fruit is sold, and wiiicli should hold about 12 ounces of strawberries or raspberries. Pou, a linear and itinerary measure in Cliina; tlie former is 5i Icet, the latter 3-5792 miles. PouAii, I'AO, an Indian liquid -measui-o nearly 2-5ths of a pint. PouCE,"tlie French name for the inch. Pouch, a small bag; a shot-belt; a case with tin divisions in which a soldier carries his cartridges. See Cartridge- case. PoucHONG, a black tea ; a superior kind of souchong. Poccii-ROi-LER, a leather pocket-case for holding toilet articles, such as tooth, nail, and shaving hruslies, itc, or for any other article that will roll up. Pou-DE-soiE, a stuff or faraudine of silk ; padesoy. Poudrette, a French artificial manure, con- sisting ot solid excrement dried in the air, and mixed w-itii copperas, gy|isum and charcoal for the i)Urpose of neutralizing the odour; this jiiepared manure, tliough originally manulactured in France, is now also made in New York and other large towns, and consists of about two- thirds night-soil, and one-third decom- posed vegetable matter, finely sifted. PoUL, a copper coin ol liokiiara worth rather more th.ni a farthing; in Georgian money it is the lOtli part ol a chalii. PouLAiiDE (Freneh), a pullet. PouLOU, a close woollen fabric manufacturej in Thibet, ol various qualities andcoloni-s, used for garments. Poult, a young chicken: a pullet. rou [ 300 ] PR A Poulterer, a dcalor In eprg?, poultrv, nml game, who usuiilly sells other iii'ticlcs, such as saiisajjos, butter, rabbits, .to. PouLTEREBS' CuMPANT, one of llie iniuor livery companies of Loiiilon, which, liaviuf; no ball ot Its own, conducts its business at Guildhall. Poultice, an external application for pro- moting the suppuration of tumours, or abating painful inflammation : poultices are niaile of hre.ml, of liiiseeil-nieal, nius- tiird-nical, &r.. .^ee .Si'ciMao-i'n.iMK. PoL'i.TUV, a general name fnr every Uiinl of domesticated Ibwls, reared about a hims(> or farm, embraciiiga larye variety of birds which are eaten as food. PotJLTRr-SALEsilAN, a Wholesale poulterer, who receives hampers of poultry from the country on consignment for salo. PorLTRY-sHow, a competitive exhibition of poultry for prizes. Pounce, a resinous powder used to sprinkle over frcsli written documents, consisting of gum sandarac, pounded and silted very fine, and mixed with the calcareous bone or the cuttle-llsh crushed. PoiTNCE - BOX, a receptacle for holding pounce. Poi'XCE-PAPER, a transparent paper for drawing, or tracing, &a. made in Carls- ruhe ; it is free from oily, greasy, or other objectionable substance, and will therefore liear sketching and painting on. Pound, the sovereign of 20s., the principal current gold coin of Groat Britain; a place where cattle which have been dis- trained, or taken trespassing, are lodged and kept till redeemed: a weight of many countries. Two different pounds are used iu Eufjlund ; the troy and the .avoirdupois. The avoirdupois is divided into 16 ounces (each 437o (grains) ; each ounce into 16 drachms ; each drachm is 2734 grains, consequently the avoirdupois pound con- tains 7(>00 grains. The troy pound, used in weighing the jirecious metals, drugs, ifec. contains 90 drachms and 5760 grains; the B.aden pound is equal to 1-lOth lb. avoir- (iupoia ,'-ee Ai'otiikcakies - weichi, AvoiBiupibs, aiid Tiioy-weight. Poundage, a commission allowed to collec- tors and assessois, to tlie clerks of the local commissioners of taxes, to distriliu- tors and subdistributors of stamps, etc. under various acts ol Tarliament ; a charge for penning stray cattle. Pound-beads, a kind of bead, white or rod, used in West African trade «ith tlie n.Ttivcs. I'ouND-CAKE, a rich sweet cake, so named, from a pound or an equal quantity of dif- ferent ingredients being used in making it. Pounder, a term usotl to express the weight of a shot, as a six-pounder, or to distin- guish the size of a cannon, asa32-pouuder. Pound-keeper, one who has the charge of a cattle-pound. [cake. PouPELiv, a kind of French pastry or pan- PouPETiKit, a doll-maker in J ranee. PouPEToN (I'reiich), hashed meat. PouRiE, a jug with a S|)Out. PouRPiEP., a French name for pur.slain. Pout, the young of some fish and birds, as a chicken, a young partridge, a whiting- pout, a caller-pout, a small haddock. I'ouT-NET. See Plout-net. I'oWDEit, any thing ground down to dust; pe.rfmned dust tor the hair or skin; pul- verize.) drugs; an explosive compound. »S'c? ( ;i-NPoWDElt. l'ii\viii;i:-];.M;ia.i, .Maiu.u, a coojn r who makes snbstanli^il wooden barrels for hol.liii'.- i;ini|io\vder, capable of containing 8, 10, 12*, 20, 2.), ,10, ;')0, or loo ll)s., wliicli is the m.ixiniuin weight .-dlowed by (io- vorninent to be contained in a "siuL'le pnel,aL.'e. [powder iu. r(_)Wiii;i:-i!ELT, a leather belt to carry gun- I'owDi-.R-BLUE, a name lor smalts. Powl)Ei:-BOX, a lady's toilet-table box for holding violet-powder and a puff. PowDER-CART, a Carriage for conveying gun- powder and shot for artillery. I'owDKR-ii.A,SK, Po\\'DER-iiORV, a metal or other e:ise with a spring, carried by sports- men, hc.lding gunpowder to charge a rido or fowling-])icce. Powder- MAGAZINE. See Magazine. Powder-mill, the place in which gun- powder is Mi.ide, of which tliere are about two (ti)zeii ill the I'niteil Kingdom. PoWDKii-MnxiiKv, a boy emplo.M (i in carry- ing powder from the magazine to tiie gunner. Powder-puff, a pad of swan's down used by ladies to powder the skin. P0WDER.S. pulverized drugs, as rhubarb, jala|), or mixtures, Ac, sold as medicines by chemists and surgeons. PowE, an Indian weight and measure. As .1 weight for the precious metals it is 105G0 grains troy; for merchandise, 2i ounces avoirdupois; as a dry-measure, it is equal to 30081 grains. See Adpao. Power LOOM, a weaving machine worked by steam or water power. See Loom. Power of Attorney, a letter or warrant, forming a legal authority to act for another. Por, a rope-dancer's balancing pole ; a steering pole. [in a public oven. Poya, a duty paid in Spain lor baking bread PoYAJ,, a kind oi striped stull with which benches and seats are covered. PorsniNO. a .Scotch law term lor distraining. l'ozi;i:o, a Spanish well-digger. I'ozo, a S|ianish mining term. PozZciLVNA, a eenieiit niaieii.d lor building and stucco-work. See 1'lzzolana. Praam, 1'rame, a French lighter or small barge; a flat-bottomed vessel, on which cannon are mounted, to fi.nu a lloaliiis battery; a boat in the r:uiiic. ruAcriCE, to carry on a )irnlesslon ; thocni- ployment of a'medic.il man or lawyer. The good-will of .a medical man's practice or patients, is often sold. [coins. Pragkr (German), one who stamps or Pkahu, Proa, a Malay ship or lugger. Prairie, undulating grass land in North America; a large natural meadow with- out trees. I'RAiss (French), tobacco juice. Praline, burnt almonds ; sugared almonds. pRALL-sTEiN (German), a curb or corner- stone. Prammekant (German), .i subscriber. PRE [301] PRI rRAssF.NTinTEi.LER (Gcriiiaii), a waiter or s:ilver. Pkatiqlk, a certificate of having performed qunraiitiiie. ]'i;a\v>;, a kind of larsc shrimp. I'RAVA, an cniLianlicd road or |iiil)lic walk. l'i;,\YEU-BOOK, a book coiitaimii^' the funiis ot prayer and services of tlic lOstablished t'hiirch, authorized to bo used in cliurclics niul cliapcls, by the State. I'KEPKNDAKT, a prle.st liolding a stipend or stall in a Catlicdral church. ritECEXTOit, a church clerk; a jirlcst who kads a clioir, next to tho dean in a catlicdral. PuECErT, the n.auiiate or ofllci.nl summons of a mayor, sheriU', ikc. riMXElTiin, a head master or teacher. I'liia-ious .'Metals, i'oUl and silver coin and bullion, in which there is a considerabie ini|pori and export trade, the bulk ot the supplies of gold coming pii»lia vulgaris, which is occasion- ally imported ironi the South of Europe and the West Indies, but not much es- teemed, being flat and insipid. ri:n-,-DiF.u, a kneelin?-dcslv for prayers. ]'];ii.i„ a solid lump of metal from ore. I'Kii.t.ioN, tin extracted from the slag. rniMACE, a stipulated allowance jiaid l)y slup)iers and consignees to nia«ti.-rs of ves- sels for the u.se o( cables and ropes, and to niariiuas for their assistance in loading and unloading carcoes. PiuMK, superior, excellent; in French, a pri'inium, money advanced; a small nominal weight, the 24th part of the troy grain; in Germany the tenth part of the inch, the 100th part of the lachttr or fathom; a variable dry and liquid mea- sure used in Switzerland; to charge the pan of a gun witli loose powder; to lay a train to iiznite a mine, etc.; to give a first coat of paint. TEiMEit, a name for some varieties of type, larger than bourgeois, as long primer, grn;it primer, &c. ; a child's first book. ri;nnrnoN (Spanish), a skein of flue, soft silk used for embroidering. riu.MiNG. See PRDfE. I'RuriNG-wiKE, an iron pricker for the vent- hole of a gun to pierce the cartridge. rRiNCE's-JiETAi, an alloy of copper and zinc in the ijroportion of 72 parts of tlie former to 28 of the latter, or sometimes consisting of 75 per cent, of copper and 25 of zinc. rr.iN'CE's-MixTUEE, a dark kind of snuff so called, which is scented with otto ot roses. rniNCE's-woOD, a light-veined brown-wood, the produce of Cordia Gerascanlhus, ob- tained in Jamaica, and principally used for turning. Princettas, a worsted fabric, which is sometimes made with a cotton warp. Prisceza-snuff, a choice light-coloured snuff made at Bahia, of which many thousand pounds are annually shipped; but it is seldom imported here, owing to the heavv dutv. PrJxniPAi„"the head of a school or business; capital laid out at interest; a main tim- ber in a building. [light eaiiilct. PRiNCirELA, the name in Spain lor a kind of Principesa, a kind of cigar so named. Principiera (Spanisli), a small metal saucepan in which broth is warmed. Print, to stamp or impress; any thing printed, as a newspaper, engraving, calico stained with flgiiros, Ac; a stamp for butter; to publish. PmxT coi.ouRER, an artist who tints or paints black engraving's or ])riiits. PRiNT-ciJTTEH.a workman who carves blocks olWood with fi.'Urcs, tor printing calico, ])apcr-hangings, &c., or who makes butter- prints, or other moulds. Printer, one who prints with letter-press or copper-plates, or who stains calico. Printers' - Ai'CTioxr.ER, an agent who values stock for printers, and disposes of the nood-will of their linsincss, type. itc. Prixters'-hlanket .Maker, a m.muiacturer of stout plate rollcr-clotlis and swanskins, used by copper-plate and letter-press printers, and of tlie plain and twilled laii|iings and machine blankets used by calico-printers. PiiiNTERS'-FRAMES, nprl'.dit woodcn frames on whicli the letter-cases of type for com- positors are placed. Pbinters'-ixk JIaker, a manufacturer of printing-ink. See Ink. Printers'-joiner, a workman wlio makes the wood-work, (fee., required in printing, such as frames, cases. tc. Pro FouMA-ACCOXTNT, a model or sketcli ac- count ; a pattern bill of particulars. Prog, a slang sea-term for provisions. Programme, a detail or outline guide of any thing to be done, as ol a tlieatrical per- forinance, mu?ical entertainment, review public procession or festivity, ^l;il(iil calcn- latioii, (l('trnniiiiiigtlic(iii:uitily wliicli tlic « liole stMcIv contains. PHOOK-SIIF.KT. See I'ltOOF. rjtooK-spiuiT, is oriiinarily equal parts of alcoliol anil water; all over tliat st.ui- (laiil, iK'in;,' loss in S|)Cci(io gravity, is coii-iilercd aliove jirootl Tlio iiropor- tious (if alcoliol per cent., in .■•oinc of tlie (.oniinon varieties o( commercial spirit, are ns tbllows (at 02 clci;rees Falirenlieit) : Biitisli proof spirit, by wei-jlit 50, by measiiro, 57 per cent.; Cognac, 50 to 51; mm, 72 to 77; (k'lieva, "ill; wliisUy, 51). So tliat, on ail avera;;c, tin' aiilciil spirits consniiird (■(luiaiii only liall'tlieir weiLilit, or tlifee-lilLhs of their bulk of absolute al- cohol. Puop, a support or pole for any purpose, as supporting' a clothes-rope, Ac. PUOPAGATING-GLASSES, small hRlKl-RlaSSCS to cover youn? seedliiif-'s or growin;,' plants, cucmiibers, &c. in a garden or nursery-ground. Proi'KLLEU, a screw for driving a steam- vessel ; hence screw-stcainers are termed screw-propellers. PitopEmr-MAN, one having charge of the loose articles of furnitui'e, table-nttings, itc. in a theatre, wliicli are technically termed " properties." Pi!oi>Ei!Tr-TAX, a duty on the annual value of houses, land, &c. payable to govern- ment by the owner. [cake. Prophet (German), a sort of thin cracknel Pkoprietcr, an owner or possessor of pro- perty ; a holder of stock or shares in a public company. I'ltop-wooD, Post-wood, small saplings and copsc-timbcr, suited for cutting into props; also short lengths of lir and other round pieces of timber, used in the colli- eries to prop the coal. Pbo-kata, an equitable division, or fair pro- portional distribution of profit and loss. Proscexium, the front of the stage ; belbre the scenes. Prospecting, a miner's term for searching or examining for gold, preliminarily to settled or continuous operations. Prospectus, in commercial p.irl.u-.c?, the preliminary announcement, first ibnails, or outline sketch ofconstitutioi:, iim-ii.iel plans and operations of a new company, or a joint-stock association. Prote, the foreman in a French printlng- oflice. Protection, a passport, permit, or exemp- tion ; a freedom I'roin arrest granted to a bankrupt, pending the adjustment of his accounts, and previous to obtaining his certiticate. Protest, an official notice or remonstrance from a notary-public, preliminary to legal proceedings. Protesting a bill of exchange, or note, secures to the possessor a title 01 immediate claim on the parties concerned, and renders an oath or witness unnecessary, in further substantiating' it. rRdTUONOTAUV, a cliicf notary ; the clerk or registrar of a court. PiioTocoi,, a record or rcgi.stry; a first rough draft; the iiicliiiiinarics li/r a treaty. PitoTRACToi^ a thin l'r,i--s, ivory, or wooden instrument for laying down and measur- ing angles on p;ipcr with accuracy and despatch, and by wliich the use ol the line of chords is superseded. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, and cir- cular. Proved, fully tried or tested ; as metals for strength, tliinpowdcr, fire-arms, pieces of ordnance, anchors, chain-cables, iron girilers, or pillars, ikc. arc always jiroved, to test their cfliciency or strength. A will which has l»eon published or registered in the proper court is also said to he proved. l'nuvi;iii)i;i;, Providore, a purveyor or steward; one who supplies provisions in large steaniers, &c. Pkovicxce-oil, an esteemed variety of olive- oil, the produce of Aix. Provence Hose, a varict.v of rose esteemed for its beauty and Iragrance, of which there arc several varieties. Provender, hay, chopped straw, or other dry food tor cattle. PROVING-PRES.S, an apparatus for testing thestrcngtli ol irof.gii'der.s, and other c.tst- ings, by pressure. Pkovisiosax, holding office or place tempo- rarily. Pkovisional Registration, a jirelimiiiary and conditional rcLristratinn, nf a new pub- lic company, or Joint-stock association, at the projier government ollici'. Provision-dealer, a grocer or slio|ikecper; a retailer of h.ims, bacon, butter, cheese, and such articles. Provision-merchant, a general dealer in articles of food. Provisions, food and victuals of all kinds, live stock collected^ the stores laid in for the crew and passengcrsof a ship. Provost, the mayor of a royal burgh in Scotland; the head of a college, chapter, or other liody. Pr.iiV(isi-MAi;.snAL, the sheriff of an army. Pkoxy, a deputy; a stamped power of attorney, or authority to vote or act for another. Pbunelet, a liquor made from sloes or wild plums. Prunella Salt, Sal Prtjnell, fused nitre or saltpetre, moulded into cakes or balls and used for chemical purposes. Prunes, I'riineli.obs, dried plums, which are imported, to the extent ot about 1000 tons a-year, from France, as a table fruit, lor pies and puddings ; also for medicinal uses, their proiierties being laxative when stewed. The largest and finest kind, the French plum or table prune, is the Catharine variet3' of the Prunus do- mestica, and is usually packed in car- toons ; the common kind, the Julian variety, being packed in barrels. ■ Prunello, a thin woollen or mixed stuff, formerly used for clergymen's gowns, but now chiefly employed for covering stioes, wcru by elderly females. PUB [305 J ruE I'liUNiso- KNIFE, a ciiiileiier's or nrlioricul- tiirisl's knilo (or l()|ip'"S o" t'"' sujicr- tluous brandies of trees iiiid shrubs. ruissLVN - BLUE, .1 wcll-kiiown liij;itive colour, iiscil ju ilyciii;,', Inr tinting' paper, and by wasberwuiiieii. U is obtained by nii.xin),' a sohition ol" sulpliate ol iron and yellow prussiatc oCpotasli. Prussian- Bi.nE JIanufacturer, a mann- facluriiig chemist who prepares this pi>;- mciit, wliieh is chiefly iiiado at New- castle, 15iriiiin-;hani, Hull, and I^ondon. rKUSsiAN-Doi.i.An, a Clerniau money, worth about 3s. See TiiALi.K. FnussiATE OF I'OTASH, a chemical substance consisting' o( cyanogen united to iron and potassium, with animal refuse added to supply nitrogen. Tliis salt is remarkable for tb(^ beauty of its crystals, and the brilliant colours of many of its eoin|iounds. rBussic-ACiD, a name for liydroeyanic-acid, one of the most powerful of poisons. PsvcHE (French), a cheval dressing-glass. r. S., a theatrical abbreviation for the "prompter's side "of the stage; also for " postscriptum," thi^ postscript to a letter ; "(last steward," . Pucka-seer, an Indian weight for silk and other commodities, 1-8666 lbs. PuDANG, the Malay name for a sword. I'lDDALUM, a weight of Masulipatam, of IJli). Pui)DiE, a kind of cloth. Pudding, a mixed pastiy of flour and dried fruit, Ac, or a casingof dough en- closing meat or fruit, boiled. PUDDING-BAG, PUDDISG-CLOTH, a Cloth tO boil a pudding in. PuDDiNG-MouLD, a tin or earthenware shape for boiling puddings in. PuDDMG-PAN, a flat tin dish, for baking batter puddings, or dough under meat in an oven. Pudding-pipe Tree, a name for the Cassia fistula. See Cassia Flstula. Pudding - stone, a conglomerate, com- pounded of rounded stones, imbedded in a paste. Puddle, a mi^ture of tempered clay and sand, used for engineering purposes. Puddle-rolls, a pair of large heavy rollers with grooved surfaces, between which iron is passed, to be flattened into bars. Puddling, a mode of applying heat to the broken slabs of refined iron to drive off the remaining carbon and slag, and it is then turned out of the furnace in balls or blooms, weighing sixty or seventy pounds each. PuDDT, an Eastern dry-moasure for grain, consisting of eight ollucks, and forming the eighth part of a niarcal. The puddy contains IJ English quart, and the heaped puddy weighs about 3 lbs. 8 oz. 12 drachms. In the Carnatic the puddy is = 3J pints; in JIadras, only 2J pints; as a weight it is nearly 51bs. "iS'te JIeasurb and Maiical. PcniuiDou (Spanish), a vessel in which rags are steeped for making paper. PuER, a tanner's name ior dogs' dung, used as an alkaline steep in some of the pro- cesses, to remove the lime from the pores, and destroy the grease in the skin, iu order to ftt it for receiving the tannin. r u L [ 30G ] ruN I'l'FFisG, civinj; a iiotcirious publicity, Ijy.nd- vfi'llsMmnt or otherwise, of a man's Ijusi- ness or wnrps. ■puGARKE, ail Iiiilinn turban-pipcc of muslin. riiGGtNO, working u|) clay (or bricks; a coarse kind of mortar laid on tlie boards bi>t\vcen joists. Pifiir,, a liandliil, as much as can be con- vciiR'ntly taken up botwecn the two fir.it (iiiKLM's and tbo tluunb. PuG-jiiLL, a mill for grinding and mixing clay, Ac, for forming bricks, wliich are afUMwa.rds pressed into moulds. I'UKAT, a Chinese trading' vessel employed in the Eastern seas. PUKEO, a money of account in the island of Lombok, equal to 5 attaks or 1000 cash ; aliout 9s. Tur.AS, a name in India for the Buteafron- dosa, and B. superha. Tliolr fibre is used lur cordage, or beaten to a kind of oakum, for caulking boats. It is also called dhak. The flowers are used lor dyeing. PrLGADA, the Spanish name for the inch, the twelfth part of the Burgos foot. rni-LAii, a commercial weight in India, ranging, in dillcront localities, from ]3S} lbs. to 325} lbs. There is a ditTcrence in liuying and selling : for instance, a selling pullah will be 120 seir.s, or 240 lbs. 6 oz. U drachms; and a purchasing pullah, 126 seers, or 252 lbs. G nz. 14 drachms. Pulled Oitku, otter skins from which tlie external or long hair lias been pulled oir, leaving the soft fine wool or down under- neath. See Otter. PcLLET, a young hen. Pullet, a general name for tackle or ropes moving on grooved blocks, for lilting or moving weights; a grooved wheel move- able about an axle, for carrying a line and wci'jht for window sashes, &o. [cheeked. Pullicate, a silk or gingham handkerchief, PuLLiruTs-TA, a name in Peru for the small palm whicli produces the vegetable ivory- nut (P/ujtelephas viacrocarpa). PuLLOJiU a name on the African const for tlie Bombax Cciba, or silk cotton-tree, tlio trunk ot which is converted into canoes. Pulp, the sou part of fruit; the covering of a coffee-berry; half stulf, or the mace- rated materials for making paper. PuLPERO (Spanish), a chandler; one who keeps a retail shop tor provisions. Pulpit, a clergvman's rostrum in a church or chapel of wood, iron, or stone. PuLPiT-BCiLDER, a wood-car\T3r, or stone- mason, who constructs the elevated ros- trums for ministers. PuLP-sTRAiNER, a kind of sieve used in paper-making. Pulqueria, a shop where pulque, or the fermented beverage made from the sap ot the aloe, is sold. Pu-LD. a .species ot brown tern stipe, im- ported from t!ie yniuhvich islands, to mix with silk in the niaiiufacture of hats. PuLVER (German), powder. PuLVERlNE, barilla ashes. Pulverizer, aquartz-cnisher; any machine for pounding substances to dust. PuL^'ERTON^lE (German), a barrel of gun- powder. I'UMK'E-.sToxE, a vesicui.ir species of lav.i which floats on water ; a volcanic product obtained principally from oneof the Liparl i.sl.inds. It is employed in various branches of the arts. Tlie doine of the church or mosque of St. Sophia is built of puinice- stniie for liL'htness. PuMiciN (Ficnrli), palm-oil. PuM.MKL, Un: knob of a saddle. [pump. ruMP-BUAKE, the handle or arm of a ship's I'UMP-DALE, a waste jiipc for carrying ofl water pumped up. PuMpiNG-EXGiNE, a steam-cnginc applied for draining fens or lilting water from mines, and tor supplying towni Pumpkin, a species of gourd (the Cucwhita I'epo) of which there are numerous varie- ties, varying in the shape and colour of the (ruit. See Gourd. PuMPi.Exo.sE, a name for the .shaddock, Citrus Decumana. See Pompelmouse. Pump-maker, a manufacturer of pumps of different kind.s, as of the sucking or com- mon bouseliold-pump, the forcing-pump, tlieliftiii'-'-punip, therliain-|iinii|]|()rslii|is. PuMP-KOOM. a place f.ir drinkiir,' iniiifial w.ilers, where tlii'ie is a mineral .spring. PuMP.s. maoliines for raising fluids either upim the lifting or forcing principle; men's thin slices with single solos or without welts, worn by sailors or for dancing. Pu.MP-STOCK, the solid body of a pnnip. 1'ump-valve, the moveable interior part or lid of a pump. Pump- WOOD Bark, a tanning bark, obtained from an undescribed tree in Briti.sll Guiana; also called Baramill.a. Pux, a name in Siiide for the leaves ofTyplia elephaiitiiia, u. exposure to a strong heat. Quickset, a name given to white-thorn, 6iQ. hedges. * QUI [310] QUO QmcKSiLVKit, the comiiiercial iinino for lu.iciiiy: our inipdn.s average iij to ;!J iiiillioii ixiiiiiils a ye:ir, cliielly Irom Cali- Ibiiiiii iUiil S|iaiii. Allo.VL'd witli tin-toil, quicUsilvor (onus tlie reilcctiiif,' surliico, of looUln^-.^hiS'^i-'S, iiiKl by its roaily solution ut fiuiil or bilveT, anil siilisciimMit iUs.si|ia- tioii by a moderate beat, it Iccouus the Kl'eat iMStrimieiit in tlie arts ol't^ililin^' aiiping tlieni. Quii.L-BiTS, instruments lor boring wood. Quii.LlXG, a narrow bordering of net. QuiLL-NiiiS, small pens lor placing in holders. Quii.or, a v.ariablc grain-measure in use in the Levant. At .Salonica, it is nearly double that of Smyrna and Constanti- nople. Quilt, an outer bed- covering, of which there are many kinds, as Marseilles sum- mer quilts, white or coloured, Uaiuask quilts, cot or crib quilts, &c. Quilting, a kind ot figured material, made plain or coloured, for bed covers, toilet quilts, and vestiiigs; a padding or lining. QuiNCAiLLE (French), hardware; articles ol copper, brasH, and iron. Quince, the liuit of the Ctjdonia vulgaris, which, when stewed, lorms an agreeable lood, and is used to flavour apple i)ies. Quince-seed, the seeds of the quince, which are sold to some extent lor making a gummy fi.xature for the hair, and for a mucilage to be applied to cracked lips, •fee. Quince-tart, a pastry made or flavoured with quinces. Quince-wine, a pleasant beverage made of tlie fermented .juice of the quince. Quinine, a valutible alkaloid, extracted from tJinclioiia bark, and used as a stinui- lant and tonic in intermitteiUs. The sul- phate i>t(iuiiiine is used to a gi'eat extent in iiiedieine, for a medicinal wane, and in other lorms. (iciNiTE, a kind of Spanish camlet. Qt iNoN (Spanish), tine printed cotton. QuiKo.i. See Petty-eice. QuiNCjuiLi.ERO, a hawker of iroiiiiKjiigei v aiiish, orlOri.'Javoirdnpois. 'J'heinetii- cal quintal of fiance is 100 kiloL'rummes or 220-49 lbs., in IJrazil, U'tli lbs. QufNTALADA, a commission of L'} jier cent, on the freight, paid to masters ol Spanisli Vessels. Quintekia, a farm or grange in Spain. Quinterno, a Spanish and Italian name for tlie liftli of a quire ol paper, about.'; sheets. QuiXTiN (Spanisli), a kind of fine cloth of a loose texture ; the quintin or quiiitcheu is also tlie fourth part of tlie loth, a weight ill Denmark. QuiKATE, a name for tlie carat in Egypt. QuiRi:, a deHiied quantity of jiaper, of out- sides, 20 sheets ; hut, if perfect, 24 sheets; in ]iriming-paper 25 sheets. QuiiiK, in building, a narrow angular in- dentation in a moulding; a moulding in- creased by an additional twist. QuiTANZA (Spanish), a receipt. QuiTASOL (Spanish), a parasol. Quitch, a name for couch grass, the Trili- cum fepens, a common weed, the rhizomes of which are, however, dia|)horetic, ape- rient, and retrcshing, and are made into diet drinks, and used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. For otlier uses See Coucu- GKASS and Gkamigna. Quit- KENT, a rent paid by the tenant of a Ireehold, discharging him from any other rent. Quittance, a recompence, release, or re- ceipt. Quitte (German), the quince. QuoDDY, a kind of scaled herrings, which are smoked or salted in the Nortli Ameri- can provinces. Quoins, wedge-like pieces of wood, used by printers to block up tlie forms in the chase, and keep the type firmly secured ; ;dso a name among builders lor the cor- ners of stone and brick walls ; a wooden wedge for the breech of a gun to rest U|)011. Quoit, a flat iron ring for throwing at a mark in the game of quoits. QuouuM, a legal or sutficient number of a committee, or board of directors, to hold a ineetnig and transact business. Quotations, current prices for stock and shares, or for articles of produce in the market for sale; printers' marks, as fol- lows, " ", showing passages have been cited or quoted. (Juor, a name in Scotland for enclosed common land. QuoYANK, a measure used in Jliilacca of 800. gantoiiS; each Ollbs. For rice, the quoy- aue is 40 Chinese peculs, and is supposed to weigh 5,400 lbs. EAC [311] JtAG E. 11 A., anabhroviation for "Knyal Aoiidc- -i»- niicLm Kc:ir- AcliK.ial, or Jtoyal Arlil- lery." K.' stuuds Um ■■ JteuiiJi.-," &c. Uab\ (.Spiuilsli;, bait used iii the piioliard fishery. Eabadan, the principal of a shcop-walk in Spain. 15ABANO (SpanislO, a raciisli. K.UiATO, a necli-l>aMcl or niir. KABA'iTA(iE (Frencli), a (Jcduction or tare; the picUin!,' ol \v<]ol. liABAZii/, a .Spanish nLiino for the inspis- saleil jiiicci 01 liipioiicc'. Rabbet, a part or tliu kuel, stern, and storn- post of ashij); a yroovc in tho eclye of a board. Kabbkt- PLANE, atarpcntt-r's tool for cutting down tlic edge of ajoin.t square. Rabbit-hutch, a box or cage for 'keeping tame rabbits in. Rabbits and Hares, prolific rodents, spe- cies of Lepiis, winch, besides their em- ployment as food, furnish to commerce usetnl articles in their skins. In Spain the hair of tho skins is shaved off, and pnt to the same purpose as down. Nearly a million rabbits are sold amuially in Lon- don, and we export about a niilhon and a half rabbit and hare skins yearly ; while about a f|nartcr of a million hare skins are received from the Continent. * Kabbit-wakkek, an open common or pre- served enclosure for wild rabbits to breed in. Rabble, a furnace tool; an iron rake for skimmins olfthe slaj; in calcinintr metals. Racahou, Uacauout, an .Vrahi.m substitute for chocolate; a jireiiaration of ro.istod acorns, powdered, witli su^'ar and aroma- tics. See Palamoud. Rack, a distinct or particular breed of animals: a contest tor speed between horses, tial bodies. Radish, a small well-known esrnlint npdt, file liaphanus siiticiis, and its vaiiclies, which are sub-acrid, succulent, and tender, when young. Raedera (Spanish) a scraper; a cylinder for reducing lead into slieets. Raffes (French), the cuttiiK's or clippings ol leather in glove-makiiii:, lcst nature, but it is made of a varietj' of sliapes. Kain-water-cask, Kain-water tank, a receptacle for I'ain-water, for domestic washing purposes. Kain-water-head, a hollow receptacle of iron at the top of a rain water pipe, receiv- ing tlie water from the gutter. KAiN-WATER-PirE, a luilluw tube of cast or wrouglit iron, made in lengths, (or carry- ing olf rain water from the caves of a ruiif. Kaised Pie, a solid meat pie, baked without a dish, served at suppers, dejeuners, &c. See Pork Pie. liAisiNs, dried grapes, imported cln'ofly fioni JIalaga and Smyrna, to tlie extent of 12,000 or 13,000 tons annually, as a dessert fruit, and lor puddings. Raisin-wine, a Britisli home-made sweet wine from raisins. Rajadillo (Spanish), a comfit of sliced almonds crusted with sugar. Kajeta, a kind of Spani3h coarse cloth of mixed colours. Rajiica, a Sanscrit name for black mustard seed. Rake, a gardenins or agricultural tool with teeth and a handle; several of these, as horse-rakes, stubble-rakcs, liay-rakes, and drag-rakes, are drawn by horses; the in- clination or slope of a mast from the per- pendicular. Rakee, a conunon Russian brandy. Rakitzer, a first-quality flax in some of the provinces of Russia. Ram, tlie male of the sheep. Rajia (Spanish), a rack; achasefor holding printing-type. Ramasseuu (French), the driver of a moun- tain sledge termed a ramasse. Ramberge, a kind of galley. Rambiya, a Malay name lor the sago-palm. Ramboose, a mixed drink 01 ale, milk, &,c. Rambour, a large French baking apjile. Rambut. a Malay nam* lor hair. Rame (French), a scull or oar; a stick for pease ; a ream of paper. Rahiequin (French), a Welsh rabbit, or toasted cheese. Ramillete (Spanish), a nosegay ; a pyramid of sweetmeats and fruits. Rammer, a heavy pavior's hammer. Ramonedr (French), a chimney-sweeper; acontrivance for sweeping chimneys witli- out the necessity of climbing- bojs. UisxROD, an iron or wooden slick for ramming down the load or charge of a gun. Ramsawmt, an Indian silver cigar lighter. Ram's-horn, the crooked horn of a ram, olten mounted lor a mull or snulf-box. Ram -TIL, black til, the Guizotia olei/era of JJecaniloUe ; the Verbesina saliva ul Kox- burgh; grown in liombay and Madras, Which yields a large quantity of bland oil like olive oil. i;.uiTURAJ, a name in Ilindustau for the ocliro. liANCiiER (French), a ladder. I;an(juei:ia (Spanish), a hut or cottage. Kanciieko (Spanish), the steward of a moss. liANciio, a Spanish cattle station. • forsour. Kancid, applied to fat that has become rank Kancio, Spanish red wine turned yellow by age. Rand, a border or shred; a slKHinakcr's name for a tliin inner sole or cover o! cork, leatlier, i(brm varieties of Brassica, as the summer rape, 11. cam- pcsCris; the winter rape, B. napus; and otbi is, cultivated for their seed, Irom which oil is expressed. * See -Colza-oil. A debased coin current in Basle, Switzer- land, for 2 penings. Rape-cake, the mass left after rape seed has been pressed fur oil, dried, and pre- pared as food for cattle and lor manure. See Oil-cake. R,u>E-oiL. See Colza-oil. Rape-seed, the seed of jilants of the cole kind, threshed out lor making oil, or (or planting. Ill 1855, wo imported from tlie Continent 162, 353 quarters of rape-seed. Rape-wine, a poor thin wine from the last dregs of raisins, which have been jircssed. Rapid, the fall of a river: "shooting the rapids," is descending the stream over these strong rirer currents. Rapier, a long thin fencing sword. Kappadura, a very coarse kind of sugar made in jlexico; it is met with in long cylindrical pieces of about one pound weight, each piece carsfully covered with flag leaves. Rappee, a kind of siuiflTof cither abionn or black colour, wh'ch is sometimes scented. It is made from the darker and ranker kind of tobacco leaves moistened. Kappel, the beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. Rappen, a Swiss money, the U'Oth part of a Iraiic, the saineasabatzeii, about J of aid. RAT [314] RAZ Rarak, the Malay name for tne soap-bcrrj-, •^iipindus emarginatiis. JtASA, the Malay name for quiclcsllvcr. llASAMALA, an Eastern name for the Limiiil- ambar altingia, which atTords the balsam calleil liquid storax. IlA^F. (Frfiuli), pitch for caulkint' scams. liANI'.lF. (S|iaiiisli). satinet. liAsKiric (I'lviirlo.arocd-sprinRliinnorgan. liA.sii. a measure of caiiacity lor salt u.^cd ill Bombay, weisliing about 40 tons; nearly 1-ti lasts. Kashek, a thin slice of bacon forfryinfr, <&c. ItASiKRE, a heaped corn-measure formerly used iu Belsium and Flanders, U to 8 Ijushelsin different localities; in Sardinia 3i starelli, very nearly 4} bushels. The French rasiore (now 2 licctolitres) was 5i bushels. Raso, (Spanish), satin; a Ion? measure of I'iedmont and Sardinia, 2U to 2:ii inches. Rasp, a larye rou<:li coarse file. See File. Uaspberrt, the fra«raiit subacid fruit of the Kubus IdcEus, employed for the dessert, and also in very general use for j.ims and tarts : it is liicewise converted into a kind of vinegar. UASPBERRY-NaNEOAR, a pleasant acid bever- ase or tiavourin,' liqueur, made from the juice of raspberries ; diluted with water it lorms a refreshing drink in fevers. Rasper, a kind of scraping^r kitchen gra- ter fur rasping loaves, &c. Rasping-mill, a species of saw-mill. Ra.«p-maker, a manufacturer of rough flies. Rassade (French), hollow glass beads or bugles. Rasst, a kind of boiled coarse rice in India. Ratafia, a kind of liqueur flavoured with apricot kernels; cherry or raspberry bran- dy; a sweet fancy wine-bisoult. Rat-bane, a poison sold to kill rats. Rat-catcher, a man who makes a business of trapping and clearing premises of rats. Ratch, a bar containing small angular teeth; a ratchet-wheel being a circular ratch, with teeth like a saw. Ratchell, loose stones. Rat-dealer, one who buys and sells rats to be baited by dogs; or for their skins. Rate, a tax levied rateably on persons assessable to it; a standard or com- parative price. Rateeanuj, an Indian name for tar and colophony. Ratego (Spanish), articles or goods car- ried in carts. Ratline.'?, pieces of small rope fastened across the shrouds, forming steps where- by to ascend the rigging. ItATMARA, a vernacular name for a dyeing lichen in India. Ratc)on, a colonial name for a fresh shoot from the stool of the sugar cane; which is called first or second ratoons, according as it is the first or second year's sprout, after the crop, from the first planting of the cane, has lieen reaped. * Rattail-file. See File. Kattanas, a species of co.arso sacking, made of a long stout fibre in Madagascar, about five (cet square, and largely used, in the island of Mauritius, to dry sugar on. Rattax-dealer, a stick merchant, or dealer in canes, &c. Rattans, a commerci.nl name for the Innu' trailing stems of the Calamtis RoyUam-s and Roxbiirghii, and various other species of palms, wliich form aconsiderable article of Imiiort from India and the Kasterii archipelago. They are extensively used, when split, forcan'ing chairs, and lor mail- ing rough brooms, and, when dyed black as a substitute for whalebone lor umbrella ribs, and for stiffening bonnets. The im- ports, in 1855 exceeded Stf.OOO bundles, of 100 canes each, besides one million reeds, canes, and other sticks. Rattant-uoot, Rh.vtant, a powerful as- tringent root, the produce of Kramernt triandra; used medicinally, and lor tooth- powder and mouth washes. Ratteen, a kind of woollen stuff. Rattle, a policeman's or watohinan's alarm, made doable or single; a ehiUl's toy of diffei-ent kinds; a division of the maund or commercial weight in Huiig.i- lore, where 24 rattles make 1 niuund ot 251bs. ; iu Travancore 25 rattles or rautuU = the maund of 181bs. 12 oz. 13 grs.; an Arab weight. See Uottolo. Ratureuu (French), an eraser for parch- "leiit- „ . ^ ,. . Raughah, the name in Persia for butter made from sheep's milk; and preserved ill a liquid state. Ravelled, thread tangled or twisted. Kavencheeny, au Indian name lor gam- boge. RAVENSARA-NUT3, the producc of Amtho- phyllum aroiimlicum, found in Mada- gascar, where they are used as a .•-pice, and from tlience occasionally exported to France. Ravensduck, a kind of canvas or sail-cloth. RAVEiiDOin (French), a brewer's oval vat. Ravigote (French), a sauce made of slia- lots and other seasonings. Raw materials, a cominerci.al name for goods and articles in their rough or un- dressed state, previous to manufiicture; sucli as raw silk, raw cotton, raw or unrefined sug.aT, raw hides, &e. RAwnND, Rewund, Indian names for rhu- barb. • Ray (French), a quantity ot woo! from 30 to 401bs.; a kind of net; a genus of cartila- ginous fish, the Kaia, some of which are edible. Raza, a salt-measure used in Portugal; nearly IJ bushel. Razago, coarse cloth made of low in Spain. Razchive, a small vessel employed in Kus- siau trade, on tlie Caspian sea, of 70 to 140 tons burthen. Raze, an old dry-measure of Brittany; 1-370 bushel. Razee, a vessel of war whicli has had one deck cut down. Razor, a kind of scraping-knife or sharp- edged instrument for shaving. Razor-blade Maker, a forger and manu- facturer of the metal part of razors. Razor-case Maker, a workman who makes the small cases to hold oj^e or more sets of razors. REA [315 J 11 E C Kazor-fish, tlie Solen siliijua, a bivalve, whoso slull is sliapcd like a razor. It is very common on the sands and dug up for sale as food and for bait. Kazor-grinder, a knife-grinder; one who sets eilge tools. llAZORJiAKER, a manufacturer and finisher of razors for sale; ttie trade is cliieHy carried on at Slicffield and HirniiiiKliani. Eazor-scale I'resskr, a nialvor o( the side pieces of liorn, bone, tortoise-shell, &c., used for the haiulhs of razors. Kazor-steop Maker, a manufacturer of leather or other strops for setting and sharpening razors. Razou-sti'.op-paste ]Maker, .1 maker of a composition for rubliiiis on razor-strops. Keactiom Water-wheel, the wheel of a mill where the water reacts on the curved vanes or buckets, producing a backward rotatory motion. Reader, a corrector of the press m a print- in,'-olBce. Readi.ng-boy, one who reads the copy to a press corrector. Readixg-desk, a clen;ynian's rostrum ; a stand for reading at in a library. Reading-hook, a book-marker, made of bone or ivory, plain or carved. Reading-room, a public room where news- papers and periodicals, .fee. are consulted; the principal room of jiublic reference for books in tne British Museum. Ready-made, articles prepared beforehand, and kept in stock; not made to order or pattern. Ready-made Linex Warehouse, an outfit- ter's or shirt-maker's shop; a juvenile warehouse for baby-linen, &c. Ready JIoney, a prompt payment for articles; not credit. Ready-reckoner, a book of tables and lifiures, giving the prices of articles or quantities, without the trouble of arithme- tical calculation. Real, Rial, plural Reaux, a silver coin of tlie southern and central American States, worth from 3d. to 6d. The pure 8 real pieces are wortli a dollar, those of base, or alloyed metal, less. In Mexico, there are quarter reals worth about 3 cents ; the twenty-fourth part of the piastre divided into 34 maravedi. Realejo, a chamber-organ in Spain ; a small reaL Realgar, one of the names of bisulphide of arsenic ; red orpiment. Realillo, a small Spanish silver coin of tlie value of 2Jd. Real Property, Real Estate, property in houses and land,contra-distinguished from money or goods, which are termed perso- nal or moveable property. Ream, a package of paper containing 20 quires, 3C0 sheets of damaged oroutsides; 480 of writing-paper; and .'51G of printing paper; a bale is ten reams; a leather rope or strap. See Reims. Reaper, a labourer employed in cutting corn; also the name for a machine used for harvesting grain; a building lath in the East. See Reepers. BSAKMe-HOOK. a sicme for cutting corn. Reaping-machine, a machine which cuts and lays corn, and thus economizes hand labour. Rear-admiral, a naval officer ranking be- low a vice-admiral. Reas, a former subdivision of the rupee at Bombay; 100 reas were = 1 quarter; and 4 quarters = 1 rupee ; also a Portuguese coin. Rehano (Spanish), a flock of sheep. Remate, a discount; a groove or channel sunk on an edge; a kind of free-stone; a tool to beat up mortar. Rehate-plane. a c.irpenter's cutting tooL See Kabbet-plane. REBENyi'E, a name in Cuba for thin pieces ot jerked beef cured in Central .Vmerica. Rebocino, a short cloak worn in .Spain. Rebotadera, an iron ])late or card used in Spain lor raising the nap on cloth to be shorn. Rebotica, the back room behind an apothe- cary's shop in Spain. Recamo (Spanish), embroidery of raised work. Recaudador, a collector of rents and taxes in Spain. Receipt, an acquittance; an acknowledg- ment of money or other articles, handed over from one person to another. Receipt-book, a book containing instruc- tions or iirescriptions. Receipt-stamp, apenny government stamp, affixed to settled accounts, which is either adhesive or impressed on the paper; when the lormer is used, it nmst be cancelled by the written initials of the partj' receiving the money. Receiver, a cashier: one who knowingly takes stolen goods from a thief. Receiving-house, a depot or store; a place where parcels are left to be collected lor transport. Recel (Spanish), a kind of striped tapestry. Recipe, a medical prescription; a receipt for cooking. Reciprocity Treaty, a treaty concluded be- tween two countries, conlerring equal privileges, whether for Customs' charges on imports, or other purposes. Reckoning, the settlement at an inn or tavern ; the estimated position of a ship at sea. Reclining-chaus, an easy chair for invalids. Record, a state paper; an offlcial register. Recorder, a chief law-officer of the corpora, tion of London ; a local judge in aborough or municipality; the Chief Justice of an East Indian settlement; also a tlagcolet. Record-office, a place for keeping state papers and official government docu- ments. Recruit, a newly enlisted soldier; one who has taken the government fee or boinity. Recruiting-sergeant, a non-commissioned officer deputed to enlist recruits. Rectified-spirits, alcohol which has been re-distilled and flavoured. Rectifier, one who concentrates, com- pounds, and flavours spirits lor the market. Rector, a clergyman of the Established church holding the great tithes of a parish; the bead of a scholastic estabUsbmeat. liEE L3JGJ REG Ekcuage (Spanish), a Customs' charge or duty lor tliu passage otcattle. liKCL'Riio, a muleteer in Spain. llEi), one of tlie iiriiuitive eolciurs, of ^vilich tlie cliief couimereial variclifs aru lino Venetian, red lead, orange, linluinreil,and vermilion. Ekd-chalk, TtEDDLE, a soft form of sesqui- oxiilc of iron used as a crayon in draw- ing. KKO-cintKANT, tlie fruit of the Ribes rubra, largely cultivated for tlie dessert and for cooking. The juice is refrigerant and gratetul to persons sutfering Iroiu fever, and is made into wine. Eeddle. See I!ed-chalk. Ked-kk. See. Ink. Red-lead, a pigment See 'Mii^ivu. Kei) Ochbe. See Hed-ciialk. UeD-KOOT. See liLOOD-llOOT. ilED SANDEK.S-WOOD, an East Indian dye- wood, the produce of the Pterocar'pvs santalinus, a liard heavy wood imported from Madras and Calcutta. In 185C 117,901 Indian mauiids (86-426 tons) of tins wood were shipped froni Madras. Besides its use as a dye-wood it is employed as tlie basis of various deiitilrice mixtures. Kedstupf, a name among watclimakers for some kinds of crocus, or the prepared powder from oxide of iron. Red-vitriol, sul|iliate of iron. Red- WARE, one of the names of a nutritious alga, tlie Laminariadigitata, which, when young, is employed as food both for man and cattle. Red-wood. See Red .Sakders-wood. Reed, part of a loom; tliatch; a musical iiilie. Reed-maker, a manufacturer of the metal dents or whalebone reeds for looms. Reed-okgan. See Melodeon. Reed-i'en, a writing stylus made in India from the Saccharum Sara. Reef, a coral b.anU; a led^e of rocks; to re- duce the dimensions of a ship's or boat's . sail, by lashing it up. Reef-cuingle, the ring of a sail. See Ceingij:. EEEF-iiNOT, a mode of joining the ends of ropes together by two overhand knots. Reef-point, Hat pieces of cordage on a sail for tying it up, or reefing the sail in stormy weather. Reel, a turning frame for winding thread; a wooden roller or bobbin for cotton, of wood, ofivory, or pearl, with metal steins, phiin or carved for a lady's work box; a yarn-measure; a cotton or linen reel is fit inches m circuit; a worsted reel, 30 inches. REEL-coTTON,sewing cotton wound on reels, not made up into balls. Reel-stand, a holder tor cotton reels for ladies' use, madeofebony or rosewood, &c. RKEMiNGlopenlngthe seams between planks with a caulking iron. Reefers, laths or longitudinal .sections of the palmyra palm, used for building jiur- poses in the East; the trunk of the tree is Bplit into 8 lor reepers, and these are dressed ■with an adze. In Ceylon they are made of the kittool palm, and known as Nipera rorpcrs; these are dearer than any other kind, they last, in many instances, for SOo.' 60 years. Reeve, a steward; the head of a township; in nautical parlance, to ))ass the end ol u rope throimh a block or a loop. Re-excuange, to re-barter; the second cx- cli.inge. llE-ExroKT, to ship again what lias been brought in from abroad; a re-transit. Referee, an arbitrator; one selei ted to give an opinion, or to settle i)oints in dispute Refinek. See Cold and Sii.vku Kefinkk. Refiners'- SWEEPS, tliereluse tilings or dust collected from the worksliops of silver- smitlis and jewellers to be re-smelted. Refining, the process of purilying, as sugar, minerals, saltpetre, spermaceti, &c. Refit, a putting in order; as the repairs of a ship; restoring damage or wear and tear; a renovatingoftliat which isdecayed. REFLECTiNoTELEScorE, a spyglass, in which tlie rays from the object to be viewed are tirst received on a speculum. Reflector, any tiling that throws back an image, as a looking-glass; apolislied metal plate lor rellecting the liglit in light- houses, ifee. ; a reliecting telescope. Sie Day-j.ight reflector. REFLEUicET (Fieuoli), tlic second quality of Spanisli wool. Refrigerator, a cooling or freezing ma- chine; an apparatus for icing drinks, etc. Reg^vlia, a kind of cigar; the onianieutal clothing, jewels, &c. worn by members of the masonic order, odd-fellows, knights- templar, and other societies, and by higli officers and dignitaries. Reganada, a kind of cake made in Spain. Regaton, a Spanish huckster; one who keeps a retail shop. Regatta, a contest of row-boats or sailing vessels lor prizes. Regents, a choice variety of potato. Regiment, a body of troops, cavalry, foot, or artilleiy, usually 1000 strong, com- manded by a colonel. Regimentals, the official clothing, or uni- Ibrni, worn by a regiment. Register, a record; the title to a ship, indi- cating to whom she tielongs, and at what port she is registered; a kind of door-lilt or iron plate for regulating the draught in a stove or parlour grate ; the correspon- dence of pat'es in printing a sheet. Registered Company, a joint-stock associ- ation, not possessing a charter or special act of incorporation, but registered under the Joint-stock Act. Registered Letter, a letter or packet on which a fee of 6d. is paid to the General Post-office to insure its safe transmission. Registering, a rope-maker's phrase for twisting yarns into a strand ; entering names or documents officially at some proper office, as when electors, or sea- men, are registered. Registering-instruments, machines or in- struments wliich register or record, sucU as gauges, indicators, and tell-tales. Register-office, a record-office; a place for registry, as a register for seamen, for servants, &c. 11 E M [ 317 J 11 ES ItKGlSTRAK, one who kcojis a record or Dooks of public i-v;!cren(X;; im oflicer ol the Customs. Kkolstrar's-office, a district oflico for re- Kisteriiig births and deaths, iinil coU'hrat- iiigmarriaRes, &c. ; a central oflice lor the registration o( seamen of the merchant navy. The registrar-general, in London who is under the Hoard of Trade, has his (ifilce on Tower-hill. IJkglet, a Hat narrow moulding; a ledge of wood, which printers use to separate the lines in posters and pages widely printed; a black border for columns of tyne. Re'glisse, the French name for liquorice- root. RtGULUS, a metallic .sulphide, or the pure metal separated from the ore, as rcgulus of arsenic, ot antiniony, iKc. Keiiabilitatiox, tlie restoration of a l]ank- rupt or other person to his former civil rights. IJEi. Kea, a small moneyof account in Portu- gal and Brazil, t he thousnndth part of a mil- rca, which is 4s. 2(1. ; the rei is thorelorc worth about the twentietli ot a iioniiy. Tlie dollar is sometimes, however, worth more than a thousand reis, and sometimec less. See Milrea. Reims, a name in the Cape colony for strips of ox -hide, unliaircd, and rendered pliable by grease, wliich are used for t\\ isling into rope, and for various other purposes. See Ox-REfM8, and Tbek-tow. Rein, a leatlicr strap to guide a horse ; the part of a bridle connected to the bit. Reix-deek, the Cervus Tarandm, one of the most useful animals to the La])landers and Norwegians, serving as a beast of burden, and supplying them with food and clotliing, while of its milk they make cheese. [green-gage plum. Rkine- CLAUDE, the French name for the JtEis Effendi, a secretary or Turkish officer of state. REisNER-wonit, a kind of inlaid work. KwoiNDER, a law term for an answer put in by a defendant to the replication of a plaintiff. froad to relieve otiiers. Relay, a supply of fresh horses kept on the Release, the remission of a claim or penaltj'; an acquittance or full discharge in law; an extinguishment ot right or title; the dis- charge of a debtor from custody. Relief, a relay; replacing a sentinel; assistance given to the poor in money or food, by the parish authorities. Relieuk, a French bookbinder. Relievisg-officer, a poor-law officer to whom paupers apply for casual assistance. Relojero, a Spanish watchmaker. Kemembrancer, a recorder of the exche- quer; a parliamentary agent of the corpo- ration of London. Remission, a Ibrgiveness of fine, penalty, or punishment. [transmitted. Remittance, a sum of money or funds Remnants, the ends of pieces ol linen, cloth, ribbon, &c. Remolar, a master carpenter in Spain, who makes oars. Remoktista, a commissioner for the pur- chase of cavalry horses in bpain. Kemouqueur, a French tug-boat, employed. on the Heine. Remove, a dish to be changed wliile llio rest ol the course remains. Remplisseuse (Flench), a mcnderof point- Ince. Rempl'jo, the Spanish name for a sewing thimble of irini or bras.s. Render, to lin-nish an account; to give up; a sed. Bent, an income; a payment made to an- other for the use or occupation of house or lands. KKNT-tnAi:OE, a tax paid for tithes. Kent-collector, an agent who demands or receives rents for an ouner of house inoperty. Rentes, perpetual annuities in the French f-'overnnient funds. * Rentier, a French fundholder; oi;e whohas an income from an estate or invested capital. Rento, a country residence with a farm- yard in Spain. Rent-roll, the income of an estate; a list of occupiers or lessees paying rent. Reojar (Spanisli), to bleach wax. Repassette (French), a very fine card for combing wool. Rei'EAL, to annul or abolish laws, kc Repeater, a watch tluit strikes tiic lime upon pressing a spring. Replication, In law, an answer put in by a plaintiff to a defendant's plea. •Report, an account given of proceedings; the result of an inspection or examination made. * Reporter, a short-hand writer; one who gives in a report. Repository, a depot; a name very generally applied now to several kinds of ware- houses, as horse and carriage repository, goods repository, fancy repository, &c. Repous (French), mortar made with brick- dust. Kepoi'sse, a kind of ornamental silver de- signing, produced by the hammer and stamps on either side ot the metal. Reree, a name for the Typlia aiigustifolia. used in the North-Westi'rovinces of India for making mats. Rescatador (.Spanish), a purchaser of the ores from working miners, who refines them at reduction works. Keservoib, a store ; a fish-pond ; a water enclosure lor canals, or wuter compauice. REV [318] KIB Restns, various nlknline bases, or oxides of essential oils. Tlic aciil resins comprise rosin, dammar, gambORC, sandarac, ben- zoin, lac, i-o.NDENTiA, money raised upon the sccu- ri;y of ibe cart;o or lading oi a ship upon the master's responsibility. fshoes. ItiiSSEMELER (French), to new sole boots or Kest, a name given to a surplus or guaran- tee fund held in reserve hy a bank, to equalize its dividends, when the profits made fall below the amount required lor paying the usual dividend to shareholders. Hestaurateuk (French), the keeper of a restaurant, an eating-house or Fcfresh- mei\t saloon. [second-hand. Ketaii, selling by small quantities, or at Ketainer, a fee paid to a lawyer or coun- sellor to enaagc him to plead in a cause. Keticule. a lady's small hand-bag. Retorsoir (French), a rope-spinner's twisting-wlicel. liETORT, an iron cylinder in a gas-works for charging with coal to convert into gns: an apparatus for distilling; a chemical glass vessel with a bent neck. Eetort-hol'Se, the portion of gas-works, where tlie gas is manufactured, and the retorts arc situated. Retratista, a Spanish portrait-painter. Return-chaise, a carriage going back empty from a post station. Returninq-officer, a presiding officer at an election. Returns, a llght-colonred kind of tobacco, of a milder character than some of the other qualities vended ; tabulated govern- ment statistics Issued for general infor- mation; profits or receipts in business; the figures or state of the poll at an election. Retuhn-TICKET, a ticket by Bteain-bont or railwii}-, taken for the journey out and home, usually at a reduction of charu'e. Rev., an abbreviation for "reverend," an honorary prefix to the names of clergy- men. Revalenta Arabica, the farina of the len- til freed from the outer bu«k, and sold as food for infants and invalids. Reveche (French), woollen baize. Revendage goods sold lor the benefit of creditors in Frapce. Revente (French), a second sale. Revenue, an income, the general receipts of a htate; a French name for young shoots of coppice-wood. Revenue-cutter, a Custom-house v^ossel stationed in the Channel to prevent smug- gling, and commanded by a naval offloor. Revenue-officer, an officer In the service ol the Customs; an excisemuo. Reverreratort - FURNACE, a furnace, In which the heat is applied, to the body heated, by a flame playing on Us surface. Reverse, the back of a coin or medal. Reversible-coat, a coat which may bo turned anD, nn upright holder for rings made ot wood, metal, "ofl =()uare yards of stone, lirick, or slate work ; a nul or poK; measmin^ JGileet. As si linear measure tlie rood varies from 21 feet in some parts of Lancashire, to IM feet hi Wrexham, and 36 yards in tlie vaie of Xjcven. EoDF, a covering ol timber, slate, or metal, Ac. to a building; the part in a mine above the miner's head; the top ol a coacli or carriage of any kind. KooF-TKEE, a beam or timber for a roof. Book, a name for the castle, one of the jiieces oi a chess-board; a common bird, the Corvusfrugilegus, the youn;,' of which are sometimes made into pics. lioOKERT, the crowded and poorer parts of a town; the haunt of birds; the name is applied by sailors to rocks and islets fre- qtunted by sea-birds for laying their eggs, and also to a resort for seals for breed- ing purposes. KooM, a fishing station In the British North American Provinces; an apartment hi a dwelling-house or other building. KoojiAN, a local name in India for the pome- granate. ItoOM-I'APEU. See PAPEIt-HANGINGS. KdosA-GRAss Oil, a volatile oil, extracted in India from the Andropogon Iwaraiidiusa. KooT, the part of a plant striking into the earth ; very many bulbs and tubers are edible, and enter largely into commerce. KooT-CROPS, turnips, beet, potatoes, yams, and other edible roots and tubers. KooT-cuTTER, a iiiacliiiie for slicing turnips, &e. for cattle. [pery. RorAGE (Spanish), wearing-apparel; dra- KoPE, a large cord or cable of either twisted hemp, hide, or wire, above an inch in circumlerence; a row of things tied toge- ther, as a rope of onions. Koi'F.-LADDEit. a suspensory ladder made of ropes for a ship's side, or for descending from a height. UoPE-MAKER-s' MAT, a Strong iron chain- ■work protection, worn by rope-makers. KOPE-SIAT, a door or other mat made of oakum or cordage. KoPE-WALK, a Dlace where rope-spinners arc emiiloyed in twisting and lormiug small rojio from yarn. EoyciLLE, a gill ; the ibitrth part of the poisson, an old liquid measure of France. KosADE. a I'reiich name for the large rose- apple, the Jambosa Mataccensis. RoSAlty, a string or cliaplet of beads. Ko.SE, a choice garden flower, of which there are numerous varieties, peculiarly Ifagrant in consequence of containing an essential oil; a red colour; the perlor- ated noz/k- of a watering-pot. BOSE-DKOF, >'.n earring; a lozenge flavoured with rooe essence. Ud.sh-ENGlNi;, a tlcseription oflurning latho for engraving a variety of curved Imee or intricate patterns. It is also used ill machinery lor spinning, and for lace- making. I'.osK-Fisir, a Xonvay haddock. Ko.sE-LiCAVics, petals ot ro.scs which are im- ))orted dried, or preserved in salt lor extracting the aroma, or distilling into rose-water; they are also laxative. Those of the French or I'rovence rose are gathered bilore. hi coming quite ripe, de- jirivcd of the I'alyx ami eciitr.il aitach- inents, and dried in the .^nn, or in a stove. Alter being sifted, in order to separate tho stamens and pistil, they are gently com- pressed, and kept in a dry place. Fi oni the cabbage-rose a iragraiu distilled water is prepared; the petals liirnish essential oil or attar in small quiuilities. RoSELLE, a name lor tlie lliOiscimcannnbinus in India, also lor U. saiidarijf'a. lis calyxes, as they ripen, become lleshy, are of a pleasantly aeid taste, and are much emjiloyed lOr making tarts, jellies, and relresriing drinks : a libre, also known aa gayal fibre is obtained from the stem. EosE-MALOES, a name in the East for the liquid stora.K obtained in rersia from the Liqiikhiiiiliar orieiitale of Miller. KosKMABY, a bush, the Hosmarinus ojici- nutis, which yields an oil used in tho prejiaration ol unguents for the hair. RosE-NOELE, an ancient gold coniol 22 carats fineness, ranging from 108 to nearly 140 troy grains in weight, and passing current in its time lor Cs. 8d. Rose-pink, a delicate and fugitive colour. RosE-QUAKTZ, niassive quaiiz of a rose-red colour, common in Ceylon and some other localities. EosEn'A-wooD, an East Indian wood, hand- somely veined, of a lively red orange colour, and of a close and liard texture. EosETTE, a bunch of ribbons, or other mate- rials, sometimes worn at weddings or elec- tions ; an ornament lor a horse's head-stall. RosEWATEK,a liquid sceiitdistilled from roses. Rose-wood, RaoDES-wooD, a name for the candle wood of the West Indies, the Ami/- ris balsandjera, or gum elemi tree. Rose-wood is a term as generally applied as iron wood, and to as great a variety of trees in diSercnt countries; sometimes from the colour, and sometimes from the smell of the wood. The rose-wood, im- ported in such large quantities from Brazil, is the Jacaranda JUrasUiana, and some other species. * EosDf, the mass lelt alter distilling off the volatile oil from turpentine, forming a large article of commerce. Yellow ro.siii contains some water, while black rosin does iifit. See Colophont. RosiN-oiL, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine-tree, used by painters, for lubri- cating machinery, and lor other purposes, and in France for making printing-inic Rosiii.To, a reil liqueur wine if the Adriatic, Roster, a list showing the turn or rotation of service or duty, as in the case of police- magistrates, military officers, and others. Who reheve or succeed each other. M ROU [322] RUE UoTAiiYExr.iNK, oiio for obtaiuing direct rotary luoUoii. RoT-STKEP, a wcnk nlkaliiiclyc iiscil in calico- printing to remove tlio weaver's ilrcss- 1ns. Rotten-stone, a variety of Enslish tripoli, founil in large qiinnlitios in Derl)y.sliirc and Soutli Wales, and used lor polisliin,^', .tc. RoTToi.o, a measure iised in parts of the Mediterranean. In Malta, it is 2 .Maltese pounds, or ."() ounces, =tol-]2oz. avoinlu- pois. In Alepiio the ordinary riUtolo is nearly Bibs., hut tliat lor weighing silk varies Irom IJ to 1 l-7th 11). RoBANNE, a marking or branding iron. KouBB, the fourth part of a piastre, a coin current in Tnikoy for 10 paras, [iii.astre. KouimiE, a gold coin of Turkey, equal to a RouiiLE, a Uussian silver coin of 100 copecks, which is the legal standard of silver currency by which accounts are kPiit. It contains 4 zolotniks, 21 parts. Russian weiglit, of pure silver, with Gl 14 25th ■parts of alloy, and is wortli from about ."?<. ija. to3s.7d. according to tile coinage. The coined gold rouble contains 27 parts of pure gold, in coined pieces of 10, 5, 3 and 1 rouble cacli : 100 roubles of gold are enacted to be equal to 103 roubles of silver. Roubles of platina are current in Russia. The coined pieces are of 12, 6, and 3 roubles each, equivalent to the same number of silver roubles : a platina piece of 3 roubles ccmtaius 2 zolotniks, 41 parts of pure platina. * RoucHE, RccnE, a goffered quilling of net, rii)bon, blonde, or any otlier material. RoiTcou, RoucouTER, Spanish names for aruutto, the liixa orellioia. Rouge, a scarlet powder made from crystals of sulphate of iron, and used for polishing gold or silver; a colouring substance used by females for painting their faces, con- sisting of carthamine, tlie colouring principle of safliower, mixed with pow- dered talc. See CROcns. KoncE AND Cakiune Maker, a preparer of those colours. RODOE Royal, a kind of marble. Rough-shod, a horse wliicli has its shoes roughed or caulked to prevent slipping on icy or frosted roads. RoDGH Stucco, stucco floated and brushed In a small degree witli water. RotiLiEit, (French), a wagoner or carrier. RODNCE, a wooden cylinder, to which is attached a belt and "handle, tor rolling in and out the bed or coffin of a printing- press. Rounds, brewers" vessels in the tun-room, which are filled with beer Irom the fer- menting squares. Round-trade, a term on the river Gaboon and neighbourhood for a description of barter, comprising a large assortment of miscellaneous articles, also called the bundle trade. [by auction. Roup, a name in Scotland for a public sale RousEU, a rotating machine for stirring hops in the brewer's copper. RoussABLE (French), a place for curing and smoking herrings. BoussiLLON, a wino made in the Pyrenees. RouT-CAKE, a rich sweet cake for eveninc parties. RouT-SEATS, slight cane-top benches let out to hire for dances and evening parties. Rove, a roll of wool drawn out and slightly twisted. RoviNG-MAcniNE, a machine for hoisting of winding the slubblngs on smallei bobbins for the creels of the s(iinning maclilne. Kow-BAM,, a name tor some species of J'oli/neiniis in India, wliieh are esteemed cxc.'llenttable-ll':h. Row-BOAT, a liariiour guard boat ; a river police boat; a coast-guard boat keeping watch along the shore. Rowel, the wheel of a spur; the flat ringin a horse's bit. Rowers, RouonRRS, workmen employed in certain processes of tlie woollen manu- facture. Rowlock, the hole or rest for an oar on the gunwale of a boat. See Rollock.s. Royal, a very small mortar, or bomb gun ; a large kind of paper. 21 inches by II); a light upper sail set above the top-gallant sail. [Royal Acaileiny. Royal AcADEJaciAN, a ineniber of the ItOYAL Academy, the principal exhibition or public school of lirst-class painting. RoTAL Society, the oldest, most learned, and scienti lie incoriiorated society of the metro- polis, instituted fertile proriMtiou of philo- sophy and science, and distii .'Uished above all others lor its high ret; lability and learning. [iluee. ilOYALTT, a due claimed on minujiii pro- 1; 'Yal-tard, the fourth yard from the deck "1 which the royal is set. RuBA. an Eastern measure, tlie 20tli of an ardeb. iSee Ardeb. RuBBiiR, n polishing substance of various kinds, as glass and emery paper and cloth, &c. ; caoutchouc, for erasing pencil- marks; a coarse file or whetstone; a coarse towel. * RuBBiE, a name in India for a winter crop. RUBBio, an Italian oil-measure, which weighs 47J lbs. avoirdupois; also agrain- iiipasure, equal to about eisht bushels Englisli: 104i rnbbia are = 100 quarters iu Ancona; a laud-measure. RuBisisii-CARTBU, a Scavenger. Rubble, in building phraseology, unhewii stone ; brickbats and small stones. Rubbles, a miller's name in some counties lor the whole of the bran or outside skin of the wheat, before being sorted into pollard, bran, sharps, Ac. Ruby, a term applied to various minerals; but chiefly to varieties of spinelle or sapp'aire; a small-size printing-type, witli which this Dictionary is printed. Ruby-wood, a name for red sanders-wood. Ruche. See Rouen?, Rudder, the moving projecting piece or machine at the stern, by which a vessel is steered. Ruddle, red ochre. Rue, a common herb; the Kuta graveolens, which lias acrid antispasmodic proper- ties, and is used medicinally as a stimu- lant and anodyne in flatulent cholio, iu hysteria, and infantile convidsions. RUN t323] IIUS lirFFLES, piifT'DCS (ir wrist sloovos of l;icc. IU"G, ii coarse ■.vtinllcii «Tiiii|icr; a covcrli't f(ir a bed; an oriKiiiiciitiil Imidi-nd s(|ii:iro of carpet, for the front ot a lirc-iil:irc or hearth. [clotli. KrcGixo, a coarse ■wrapping or bianlcet Bui.E, printers' metal rc.'let, or diviflinf? lines lor type, and for forniinj; diau-nuns ; u worliinaii's nieasnre, niailc in ssiz'' a lix^t, a foot and a half, or 2 feet, itc , strai^lit or foldlnfr, in Ijox-wood, or plnin \Miod, or in ivory, and divided and ornamented; a formal regulation laid down for guid- ance. Kfi.E-ctJTTEit, a printcrs'-smith who pre- jiare.-^ bras-! colnnui anil pat;e-rule3 for printers. ,s>t' r.uAss-rj'i.R. Rui.ER, a stick used in drawins lines, made flat or ronnd, from 9 to 24 inclics, anct of different materials, usually some hard ■wood, as ijreen or Idack ebony, &c. Eui.ES, a double jointed -workman's mea- sure, of two leet, or throe feet in four joints. iSee Pau.\li,ei, Gotdes. RiTLiN'O and Dotting Pens, a kind of metal pen for writiuf; mu.sic. Rui.ixG-MACHlNE, a machine constructed for rulint; systematically, neaily, and speed- ily, pnper, account .and otlier books RcM, aspiritdistilled in tlie West Indicsfrom the fermented saccharine wash left in the process of sugar manufacture. Our im- ports in 1855 were 8,714.337 gallons of proof spirit, of which 3,224,264 gallons were entered for home consumption. RcMBlTA, a Malay name fur the sa;;o-p.ilm. RiTMiii.K, a revolvini; cask or shaking machine, usiil to clean small -works of cast iron, which soon scrub each other brisht by friction ; the hind seat of a tra- vellinsr carriajje. RtTMlNANT-ANiMAia, fhosc which chcw the cud, orinasticate their food. Jtostofthe cloven-footed animals are ruminant. Rummage-sale, a clearance sale of un- claimed poods at the docks, or of odds and ends left in a warehouse. RrMMEU, a glass drinking vessel on a foot. KirMi'AT-KUMPAT, tlio JIalay name for spices in general. RrtMP-STEAK, a tender slice of beef cut from the thiLch. Ri'M-swizzLE, the name given to a fabric made In Dublin from midycd foreign wool, which, while preserving its natu- ral property of resisting wet, possesses the qualities of common cloth. Run, a range or extent of ground for feeding cattle in the colonies. RUNDLE, the step of a ladder. Rung, a spoke ; any long piece of wood. RuNG-HEADs, the Upper ends of the floor- timbers of a ship. Runlet, a small ca.sk, which may contain an undellned quantity, usually about HJ gallons. RuNNiNQ-DATS. a chartering term for con- secutive days occupied on a voyage, if^'i: tcTSburg^m one liave an agent at bt. 1 ' ^\'^,^^"',^' ' .ye j,,. at Elsiuore, l"'"' V;''" ,\);^f, rt u>o t " srriivr^M:^''i.^:^^'^:^v:^iJ^^ ^^^i^^';i:.^;^:;ri;;,r;;!aiisV^c!:.i ^Xv , iom ll.i>^ appoint uient. Tl.e Coin- nanv CO t > butc to ll.o nmintcnance of Cronsta^lt, and seyor.il " ' ' ;";^^;^, RUSSIA-DUCK, a wluli^ lV,';'..tl. which KussiA-LEATHER,fineou 1 .t ^^^mc^^^^ * ' ,.; I, ,,, rni.ivrcmuatico ot)tamea ^ihieir About 20,0()0 lbs. were imported BusT^f hydrous red oxide formed on iron ■vvhfii exposed to tlic atnu*plic;re; the carh nkf add of the air niixuiB with tho "ciquioxido of the iron; a name tor i;r''nl'"nA.>fa%at of twisted wood, &c. ' lor ■! "iirdcn or shnihlicry. , Kunu!, an oxide -I titannun, < vaii.ible colour, used in nanitnig l'."";^;' '''":„-, ,,.„„ RUTTEE, a small Indian weight ol 1 87o Hoy Ryder,' a Dut.Oi coin worth about 2r.s. uVf the seed of the liccnle cercaU. Al- thoi -h vc^ little used in Great Un am foi° fool in the north of Europe andHan- °ersTt iorms a principal «rtiele of subs.s- tonce irenerally mixed with wheat, and lomcttmes with barley. The '"^a ; n.jxed with wheat-flour, is somelnnes use 1 here to make bread and uiuKerbrcad. In 1856 weTmported as nmch as 28,000 quarteis of Rtnd a piece of iron in the upper millstone. Ryo?; a peasant in the East; an luduiu cultivator of the soiL s. Q stands as an iibbrcylaliou for "south," Oi and for " shidinj;-" SAA SuiA an Al^-erian dry-measure. = 1^9(5 bushel; in Tripoli, it is nearly 2 bushels! The oil saa is, however, but2i iSr^AT'j'uS'an'ancientHcbrew iti HP, 'irv mcisuro. = 05432 English mile. Sab cu is ip-building wood of Cuba, tho nrodJcc liLysiloma Sabicu, Benth. sfiiLE I mucl.-prized fur; that from the Rissiim marten is so costly that it is rirelv used, except by monarchs and high fuSonar es. The hair ot the tail is used fo?artTsts' brushes or pencils. The Amen- o^n «nhlP has a fur varying in colour from ?aw..y lo bfack: it is^olteu coloured to siSJifa wooden -shoe; an ironeap; a skid; SABRE "a long heavy sword for cavalry use. siBUDiNA, a name in Hindustan lor sago. itcAK^a 'weight used In Madagascar, ol 20 RacatIlLos. a Spanish name for the dried carcises of thl cochineal coccus winch perishi'tg on the plant, ?";} -V-f;^;;^^ ""' little dve, are comparative!} vahieiess. SArcA a Tuscan co n-measure, containing 3 stljU eacb of 2 mine, or 4 qu.arti, and cftiiil to about 2 bushels. slccATO. a superficial measure of l< lorence, = ^6-iy7 French ares. .SAOciiAKtrxA, a kind of muslin. SAcciiAUiNE sweet, relating to sugar. alcci^iOMETER, an instrument for teslmg ^Ue^S gravity of saccharine solutions. Saciifx, Satchel, n small bag. SACHET a scent-bag, or l'e>'"'"c <="■■;' .^'V,,„ SACniNE, SASHEN, Other names ' >' J"e Sic, a Russian linear-measure ol about slcif a general name for a large bag, scry, ^Ing'as a measure of capacity lor gram and drv coods, which is common to all the languages of Europe, and some of t o»e of fsia ; a dry-measure of varying capa- city, according to the article and country The minimum sack ot 1 ranee is 2 01 J Whic ester bushels ; the maximum, i"2.>r. ditto The sack at Brussels is as much a fi-qo Winchester bushels. The American sick ofsalt, 215 lbs. The millers sack of wlicat in the United States, is 2 Winchester Imshcls A sack of wool in England is 2 ^^^e^'l'orl3 tods, =364 ll.s; ol flour corn, nr meal 2><0 lbs., or 2 cwt., 2 qis., nett • but the foreign sacks of flour nn- nn -1.'.! are very irregular in size, varying t'^^oin HO S 200 lbs. The old sack of coals was equal to three bushels; it is "ow 2 rwt bv weifbt; a sack of dry goods is 3 'busiieYs oThiiped "■', o^ f liu^'-^//^^^^ ifhfe^^lze Sl^ornofoVs^lbTit flnnr- at Liverpool 8 sacks, or 10 barre s, ^f "lour go to°the tou. In France the uii'k ofUour we gbs about lo7 kilogram- mes;o wheat, t?ont 100 to 120 k>lo«i;ara- mcs of rye, 150 kilogranmies; of barley and oats, 100 kilogramnies. Also a oose mhp or coat; a kind of Spanish wine. sIcic-aSu-bag MAKER, o niaiiutacturer o the ^ars4 canvas bags used for holding different commodities. SAF [325] SAG Backbdt, atrninbone, a musical instrument. Sack-cloth Makkh, a tarpaulin manuiac- turer; a maker of large coarse baiiug or wrapping slieets. Sack-collector, an agent for millers, who collects the Hour sacks from bakers and others. Sack-hoij)EK, an apparatus fur holiliiig sack*, to facilitate tlic lillint; tlium \villi corn or other materials; a small hand- barrow for moving bays of coals, corn, itc. to or Irom a wagon. Sacking, a coarse kind of (laxen oi- hempen fabric used for bagging, and for the frames of bedsteads, made chicUy in Dundee and Ireland. .5ee Hagging. Sacking and I'ack-sheet Wakeuocse, a place where these articles are sold whole- sale. SACK-MANtJFACTuaEH, a tradesman who em- ploys women to make sacks. Sack-tuee, a name given to the Lepuianda sacciclora, the bark of which is lormed into natural sacks in India, and used by the villagers for carrying rice. * Sacoleve, a kind of sailing vessel. Sacked-bean, the yeltimbiuin speciosiini. Sacristan, a keeper of church lurniturc. Sadano, Saondang, a measure of length in I'ecu, ■= 0-COl yard. Saddle, a leather seat or pad for the back of a saddle-horse; a joint of moat with the ribs on each side. Saddle-back, the tiame for a kind of seal. iSaddle-bags, bags carried across a horse. Saddle-cloth, a rug put under a saddle on a horse's back. Saddler asu Harness Maiceb, a worker in leather; one who makes up various articles for horses, as bridles, saddles, traces, reins, collars, harness, n>. S.1M IS 11111^11 on tlic Coutuient in smiillcr giun BlGoVromNG^a balu'.l pastry made with s.ij;o, milK. suijnr, umi spun. SAIIF.BA, an In.liaii nanio for woim-sccd, tlie produce ol Artciiiifiajintnica. Sa M a measure lor charcoal used m Aus triaand Hungary, = G7C8 Ijusliels. iAlL-c'-Lom a''™e flax or hempen fabric tor sails, mi^^le to an immense extent m nundeo. See Canvas. SAILING-MATCH, a regatta; a race or contest for sp"ed between yachts or sailmg- Sai°i^loft, the workshop of a sail-maker ; a place Where breadths of canvas are sewed into ship's-sails. „„, .,,,,1 Sail-maker, a workman who shapes and sews saiU; one of a ship's crew wlio has the chn-'.'.' and repair of tlie sails. «iiT (,i- I hired skdlod seaman; one who assists in the navigation of a sliip. Sails, shaped pieces of canvas lor boats, sliips, and windmills. _ onobrychis. sl^^^^f^oSS^rthebastavdpurpJe. heart tree, used in Demerara as a furni- tii'-e wood; a Turkish water-cairier. Saicachera, tlie Sanscrit name lor henna. sIkes the Turkish name lor gum mastic. ^Ikhalat, the Malay name lor woollen Sakur' an Indian name for small rounded •istri i''ent galls, formed on some species Qtrumarix, which are u^ed 111 mcdicme siiAD?^lcmices. endive; and other herbs ^ileu raw, dressed with vinegar, oil, and S^l!l^^o^uT^? crockery-ware bowl used for mixing salad ill. Salad-cueam, a prc|iareddrcss,n-for sa aus. SALADING, vegetables for inaknig a >■ !• '• Sai AD-OIL. Florence or olive-nil, usuaiiv retailed in wicker-cased flasks, lur iuixin„ with salads. . , „„ ^(i,o,. Salad-spook, a wooden, ivory, or otiiei spoon, for mixing and serving salad. SAi..«:RATns. a name m '"« U" U^J S'^tf/" for prepared carbonate of soda and s.alt. Ot this chemical product there are t«o h^iiids, one a bi-earbonatc of soda, and t he 00? of potash. Salisratus is used by bakers and housekeepers with cream of tartar' for mixing with flour, so«r im U, .fee to evolve the carbonic acid gas on ihe addition of water, the dough exp.and- f g fuVlie oven, and rendering H-e P'-'f '<; light and spongy. It is also used lor bleaching purposes. ItJlSlNnf^! a veTsd-ror cooking; a kind ofaliblaze. Salvmanbeb-saiks, an American name for patent fire-prool' iron sales. Su.AMANiE, a Turki.sli flute. ^AI \MTV .'fee ('EI.KMIN. su" .IONIA.-, tl.e hvdroclilorate of amm»- , ia. oiitaine.l hy saUiratiMg the animonia. ..Hioiior of .-as-worlis with munalic acid, ami iltcrwards sublimating it. It has ni!mv commercial uses ; as for medicine. in.'tAllurgic operations, tiimiug ami solder- sIl'Volatile. a smelling salt, the car- bonate of ammonia. . !,„„„,»„,» Salanhi, a small cured herring iinportea into the Ionian islands. Sai'anic, a Neapolitan name for salted pro- SvLARAs' a native Indian name for tlio b"te? stalks of the OiMU,e!eg,Y'^, which is often confounded with <-'"i,'^'"''. ..^.,,,„ Salary, a stipend ; wages paid peiiodically SATE^T.aiiction; the disposal of goods to public or private bidders; a wicker- Sale, Hn.L OF. See Bill of Sale. s U.I' !• tlie f irinaceous portion of the tubers tiie Orchis morio, formerly in inuc i depute as a diet drink, but now less used Twenty-seven cwt. were imported 111 18.>a. SALESMAN, a vender; a wholesa e dea er c^f whom there are various kinds in the metropolis and elsewhere; as butci, cat poultry, cattle, and sheep, hide, oi^^er, game; fruit, hay and straw, potato and otlier salesmen. „otivn SAL-GEM, a commercial name for natuo rock-salt or chloride o'' sodium. Salibrekos (Spamsli), a inakei of nitrate of SaucIne, an alkaloid; the crystalline bitter princip e of the bark of the wilow which is used medicinally as a febnluge. Be- sides what is made at home, we ""Ported, SALiSt'sfLicoT (French), a >awn or sIl cSK,^he ash of Ihe Salicornu^a,mua which is often employed 111 t';|."^",»' a source of carbonate of soda, ol «liich it freouently contains 15 per cent. SaIiS!^ a name for salt marshes or salt nonds ineiosed from tlie sea. . sriraoMETER, a salt gauge for ndicating t he densitv of the sea-water in.the marine steam-boiier, and tor keeping it free from sal? "r incrustation, by blowing off wlien Sai'lot^ a name for species of Salix, which ire not flexible like the osier but iurmsH tlie best charcoal for gunpowder. SALLY LUNN, the common name for a kind o^- sweet tea-cake, which is toasted and Sallttom, a postern gate, or passage under sSv"a'ine""u?e''^of capa'c^f used in the ^M^^lom'Tf the TWO Sicilfes, and other localities in the Mediterranean of a vari- able char.'icter, ranging fr'"i 1; '» »' g Ions; in Malta it is nearly 7 J bushels. T ts likewise a Maltese land-measure, eaual to four acres, 1 rood, 28i poles 1 nearly; in Sicily it is 5 J acres- 8 A L [327 ] SAN Salm^vjunki, a mixed lUsls of iniiicL'd niciit and ooMiliiuiMits. Palmis, (I'lciicii), jiif-'-vil hare. Sai.mdx, u cli>)iLi' iiliblo lisli freriuoiitiii!; the Niiitlici-ii si.M.s i\iul nvcis, of wliioli as imicli as 40U0 t'jiis' \V(/i.L;ht lias SDiiiftiiiii^s bouii taken in a season, in tlie Irish and ScDtcli rivers, and tlie greater part sent to London lor sale. Salmi>,\-frv, tlie Sitlmo Sfimiiliis. Sai.M(ix-1'Ki;i,, a youn^' salmon. SALMijx-ruoLT, a line I'resli-water fisli, Uie Saliiio Initta. Saloon, a large room used as a place of tnleiiainmeiri ; the state-room or main cahin of a passen.ger-ship or steamer; the retVeshment-room in a theatre. Sai-ooi". Hee Salicr Sai.pico.v, a suillliitj or lardihj; put, into beei; Sal-i'kuxeli.a. See PitiixKi.i.A Salt. Salsafv, a name lor the 'J'raijopogon porri- fu/nis : lUi3 nutritious ami suh-aromalic roots are sweet and tender, and miicli cstemied as an eseulent. Sal-Soda, an American commercial name fur the earhoiiate ol soda. Salt, chloride of soda, an efflorcsccnco, also louiid 111 lieds and ma>ses. Its Uies lea' culinary purposes, lor manui'c, for cattle, and for iin tallurgic operations, are well known. It also enters lari;i !y into the manulactnre of soda, soap, earthenware, ito. 'J'he principal coininercial varieties are rock-salt, common white salt, and stoved salt. Sec Salts. Salt and Cuued I'ltovisioxs, beef and pork prepared in pickle, or smoke-dried, for use as food. A large trade is carried on in these articles, the estimated eon^unlption ill the kiiiKdom heing 103,CilO tons, valued at £3,. '■,0(1, 000 sierliiifj. The ;,'ener.il weight of the paeUages may he stated as follows : Irish baeoii is usnally paekeil in matted bales of 3 cwt. nett; American iiacon in boxes weiKhiiiif about the same. Ame- rican shoulders, hams, ite., in hogsheads of about 8 cwt. each, nett. I'.eef and pork, ill tierces ot 318. 3l'0, and 33U lbs. nett, or in barrels ol 200 lbs. nett. Salt-box, a wooden box for a kitchen to keep salt in for ordinary purposes. Saltcaice, a name for sulphate of soda made at alkali works, for the use of crown-glass manufacturers and soap makers. The consuniption is about 12,000 tons a year. SALT-CELL.UI, a Small vessel for holding salt at table. S.\.lter, a dealer in salt, a liiy-salter ; one who cures meat or hsh with salt. Saltei;s' CojirANY, the Dili in rank oftlie 12 great livcrv coiiiiianics of London, whose hrst cii.irter liears dale .,7 Kdward 111., A.D. 13G3: their hall is in St. Swithin's Lane. [salted. Salt-fish, cod or ling, which lias been Salting-pan, an earihenware vessel to stand meat in pickle. Saltino-tuil See I'icklixg-tud. Salt-junk, hard, dry, cured beef SALT-MAiiiin, a prep.aer of salt in salinas or salt ponds; a salt boiler. .. Salt-mei:ciiant, an exporter or wholesale dealer in salt. Sai.U'Ltki;, the niti-ato of potash, import- ed eliicllylroni India, totheexleiilol aboiit 2U,0U0 tons a year; used in medicine, ill making gunpowder, iiiekliiig, and other purposes. Saltpetre-kefixeh, a purifier of the crude nitrate of potash. Salt-uaicici:, a collector of salt in untnral salt-pomls, or enclosures from the Sim. Salts, coinbinatiohs of acids with oxide his.'S, IJiglish s.iit is chloride of soda; Kp>.. II ~,i t. -jli'tMle of luaeiiesia; (Jlan- lier's -1,1 shi- ,; i;r of soda; I'ulvclirest or tihiMT .,,,11, .viirlMt.' ol potash. Saltis. an ancient Iloman land-mcastire, = 4y3 4-5tli acres. Salt-wo1!T, the Salicornia annua, a source of soda. The shoots when young are pickled and sold under the false name of samphire. See Salicoi!.» Salung, !i money of account in Siam. the lourtli ot a bat or tical. worth about 7}d. Salup, a weight used in Sumatra of 2 lbs. avoirdupois. Salute, a certain number of guns fired as a mark of respect or rejoicmi,': a royal salute is 21 guns. Salvage, an allowance made for saving .i sliip or goods from danger of any kind; goods saved Irom a lire. Sal\'e-5Iakek, a manuiacturer of ointments. Salver, a silver or plated tray. Sa.madu, ail Indian name lor corutuluin. Samar, a grain-measure, used in (Jeorgia, of 81 bushels. S-AjiRoic, aeountry riding-whip of hide, coiii- nioiily used ill ilie Caiie colony. • SiVMESTHE, a variety ot coral. Samoreux, a long Dutch boat. Samp, a preparation of Indian corn, largely used in the United States in preference to rice. •Sami'AN', a boat used in tlie Eastern seas. SAMi'iiiiii:, the nroniatio, saline lleshy l> af of the CrUhnii:in ;/«ir/^;»«//(, aplant iiiliablt- iiig rocky dills ol the sea cuasis, which is a favourite iir^redient in pirkles. Sami'lei;, a wareliouseiiiaii, Ac. wlio .selects samples Irom bales, cask,-, or packages; it child's workpicce. Sampling, taking small quantities of wiiio, spirits, etc. at the docks, or of inercliaiidiso from the hulk, to exhibit at public sales or privately. SAMiM.ixG-r.oTTLE, a Small glass bottle for bunging away sam))les of w iiu's or spirits from tlie vatift.s, il. The odour is very stronf;, roso-liko, and enduring. The essential oil, to which this odour is due, is extensively used for the adulteration of attar of roses. Sandal- wood is vcr.y hard, heavy, andsusceptihlo of a fine polish, and extensively used hy cabinet - makers, in the lahrieation ol various articles of ornannntal Uinnture. Sandal-wood_ is also a name anions; the Russians (or the red woo