(Snirir of 
 
 tlirs, L!ildred Clemens Lewis 
 
INDEX-GUIDE 
 
 TO LIBRARY OF THE 
 
 WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE 
 
 CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER 
 
 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 
 
 HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE, 
 
 GEORGE H. WARNER 
 
 ASSOCIATE EDITORS 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 EDWARD C. TOWNE, B.A. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL 
 
 ' PUBLISHERS 
 

 Copyright 1899 
 By R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill 
 
 All rights Reserved 
 
 GffX 
 
iii /^f^ 
 
 PUBLISHERS' PREFACE 
 
 !he Publishers of the Charles Dudley Warner Library of the 
 World's Best Literature have no more gratifying evidence 
 of popular appreciation than the suggestion made to them 
 from many quarters that readers need a more than ordinary indexical 
 guide to the use of a work so vast in scope and so rich in contents 
 as a whole Library of all Literature. 
 
 The attempt to give in the Library not only a great variety and 
 an immense mass of good reading, but a full story as well of fam- 
 ous authors and of notable books, has resulted in a comprehensive 
 and wonderfully entertaining history of human culture, to the 
 study of which the largest school ever gathered under one standard 
 are already devoting themselves. 
 
 The publication, in fact, is epoch-making, not only in the variety, 
 quality, and immense amount of its entertainment for readers, but in 
 its educational value for every class of students, and its use in aid 
 of all varieties of work depending upon knowledge. 
 
 The Library approves itself to impartial interest as a Universal 
 Text-Book, adequately representing the intellectual, moral, and spirit- 
 ual treasures of the human race, and not less as a mint of wealth 
 for every need of workers for human welfare or seekers of culture. 
 
 Its incalculable service to home-study and self-culture will be 
 appreciated by those who most thoroughly put it to the test of regular 
 and permanent use. It is the book of a life-time and of complete 
 culture. With it alone both the entertainment and the improvement, 
 for which whole libraries are gathered, are provided, in both amount 
 and variety far beyond what any ordinary library would supply. 
 Year after year for any course of years, the eager student or the 
 ordinary reader may take courses of acquisition or enjoyment, as in 
 some vast university whose doors never close and whose resources of 
 spiritual ministry are never exhausted. ^^ 
 
 M723y86 
 
iv PUBLISHERS' PREFACE 
 
 The work of teaching in all its grades, of moral and spiritual 
 ministry from the pulpit, and of daily supply of interest through 
 THE PRESS, — three forms of the labor which secures the progress of 
 mankind, cannot fail to find in the Library an invaluable dependence. 
 
 The TEACHER who will make it a constant study; the preacher 
 who will use it as a handbook of ideas and suggestions and illustra- 
 tions; and the journalist to whom it is a resource for every theme 
 of higher interest, will find incessant satisfaction in help given by it. 
 
 But a difficulty, no doubt, is found, not only by the mass of 
 readers, but by the student and the scholar, in the immense amount 
 and variety of a whole Library of Literature. It is that of finding 
 what one wants at once easily and certainly. Here are brought 
 together all the nations of culture and all the varieties of literature, 
 as in that vast mosque of Arab Spain whose twelve hundred pillars 
 make a wilderness of aisles and vistas. 
 
 To read for a particular purpose, or to a large definite result, 
 requires guidance of no common sort. The usual index, which 
 answers the purpose for an ordinary book, is inadequate for a 
 Library of all books. And not even a thoroughly perfected index 
 will anything like conduct the inquirer along the numberless lines 
 and through the countless points of interest of the whole record of 
 human culture. A combination of expedients has seemed necessary, 
 and has been provided. 
 
 The fundamental feature of this combination, designed to make 
 the Library complete within itself, is a Comprehensive Analytical 
 AND Critical Index, designed to show as completely, clearly, and 
 accurately as possible what the contents of the Library are, and 
 where they can be found. Not only are subjects named with refer- 
 ences, but outlines of all important subjects are given, enabling the 
 reader to take his start in knowledge from the index itself, and to 
 thus see exactly what he will find under any reference. The pos- 
 sessor of this Index will find all the great paths and points of the 
 Library clearly indicated. It is the adequate final feature of the 
 great work. 
 
 But even larger and more adequate help than any Index can be, 
 has been designed and executed, to serve the various purposes of a 
 
PUBLISHERS' PREFACE V 
 
 comprehensive Guide to the whole body of matters covered by the 
 Library. These matters are, first of all, the various national litera- 
 tures found in the whole of human history. To serve as a general 
 guide to these, conspectuses of all the literatures have been pre- 
 pared, on the plan of a chronological catalogue of the authors in 
 each national literature, and a concise critical characterization of 
 each author, sufficient to make the conspectus of any literature an 
 outline history of that literature. Both the chronology and the char- 
 acteristics of literatures are thus given, with proper indexical refer- 
 ences to the Library, for any study or reading desired. 
 
 In the same direction of guidance over the vast field of the litera- 
 tures of the world, an Outline Survey has been added, on the plan 
 of noting, first, parts of the world and nations of culture to which 
 books introduce us, and, second, the cities of note in history as centres 
 of culture. The concise sketches of this Survey constitute a com- 
 plete outline history of culture in all ages and all lands — a 
 framework and background for the Library story of authors and of 
 books; and the references to the Library given under each sketch 
 show what each nation or city has signified in the history of culture. 
 
 The Outline Survey thus presented is continued and completed by 
 a very extended analytic review of the chief forms and manifesta- 
 tions of literature, of the great topics of literature, and of the immense 
 variety of examples of literature which are given in the Library. 
 
 The chief products of intellectual exertion in literature, such as 
 poems, novels, dramas, histories, etc., etc., are classified, with full 
 bodies of references for each class, showing its representation in the 
 Library. 
 
 In the same way the chief matters found in literature to have en- 
 gaged human interest, such as agriculture, education, children, religion, 
 journalism, science, humor, music, woman, etc., etc., are classified 
 with a full body of references for each class, showing how to pursue 
 study of any class through the whole Library. Each of these bodies 
 of references is an outline history of the theme covered by it, and 
 even as an outline marvelously rich in interest. 
 
 And last of all, with in some respects the largest interest of all, 
 the vast mass of Readings in the Library, are grouped in classes. 
 
vi PUBLISHERS' PREFACE 
 
 on the double plan of representing nationalities chronologically and 
 of bringing together readings of the same kind, as humorous, oratori- 
 cal, dramatic, novel, historical, poetical, etc., etc. The reader may- 
 elect any course of readings of interest to him, such as novel read- 
 ings, and pursue it through all the different nationalities, or in any 
 particular one, at his will; and in the same way he may give his 
 attention to different classes of novels, such as historical novels, pur- 
 pose novels, novels of character or of mere story, etc., etc. 
 
 On many large topics of great interest, the complete courses 
 which can thus be taken will lay not only readers but educators 
 and authors under great obligation. By combining the several parts 
 of the Outline Survey in one view of any important topic an outline 
 of knowledge of that topic can be had such as only a Library review 
 makes possible. 
 
 And for the convenience of persons desiring to take comprehensive 
 courses of reading or study, covering the entire field of literature in 
 the four years of a regular School, College, or University course, the 
 final feature of the Guide presents the chief contents ot the Library 
 arranged in four grand divisions, each occupying a year, with nine 
 monthly parts for each year, and four weekly sections for each month. 
 There is thus complete provision for either an extended comprehen- 
 sive course, or for a great variety of elective courses on special topics, 
 with large exhibits of information for those who consult the Library 
 as a vast treasury of knowledge. 
 
 The Publishers, therefore, present this Index-Guide to the Warner 
 Library of the World's Best Literature as an aid to study, to the 
 interest of readers, and to all literary work, at once unique in plan 
 and of incalculable value. 
 
Vll 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 General Review of Library: — Books: A World of Books, 3-10. 
 Four Greatest Names in Literature, 11-12. 
 
 II 
 
 CONSPECTUSES OF LITERATURES: NATIONAL AND 
 CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 Italian Literature 13 
 
 Spanish 
 Portuguese 
 Brazilian 
 Cuban 
 Latin- 
 American 
 Mexican 
 
 24 
 31 
 34 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 French Literature 39 
 
 Provengal 
 
 Russian 
 
 Polish 
 
 Bulgarian 
 
 Roumanian 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Servian 
 
 Turkish 
 
 Armenian 
 
 67 
 67 
 72 
 
 75 
 75 
 76 
 76 
 
 77 
 77 
 
 Swedish Literature 78 
 
 Danish " 81 
 
 Norwegian " .... 85 
 
 Icelandic " 87 
 
 Dutch Literature 
 Flemish 
 
 Austrian Literature 94 
 
 Hungarian " .... 96 
 
 Bohemian " 99 
 
 Croatian " loi 
 
 German Literature loi 
 
 Swiss " f27 
 
 English Literature 129 
 
 Anglo-Saxon " 129 
 
 Celtic " 131 
 
 Scotch " 170 
 
 Tahitian " 173 
 
 American Literature 1 74 
 
 Greek Literature 201 
 
 " 210 
 
 215 
 
 216 
 
 ' 216 
 
 ' 216 
 
 218 
 
 ' 219 
 
 92 
 
 Latin 
 Egyptian 
 Chinese 
 Japanese 
 Indian 
 Persian 
 Arabic 
 Hebrew- 
 Christian 
 Jewish 
 
 221 
 223 
 
Viii CONTENTS 
 
 III 
 
 OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL TOPICS AND 
 CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST, WITH FULL REF- 
 ERENCES FOR SPECIAL COURSES OF 
 READING AND STUDY. 
 
 Parts of the World and Nations of Culture Calling for 
 Particular Note. 
 
 Africa, 227 ; America, 229 ; South America, 239 ; Central America, 241 ; 
 Arabia, 242 ; Armenia, 244 ; Asia, 245 ; Austria, 246 ; Australia, 248 ; Babylonia, 
 249; Belgium, 251; Bohemia, 251; Brazil, 253; Bulgaria, 255; Canada, 255; 
 China, 257; Denmark, 258; Egypt, 259; England, 260; Finland, 270; France, 271; 
 Germany, 279; Greece, 283; Holland, 286; Hungary, 288; Iceland, 289; India, 
 291; Ireland, 294; Italy, 296; Japan, 298; Mexico, 299; Norway, 300; Palestine, 
 301 ; Persia, 303 ; Poland, 305 ; Portugal, 306 ; Provence, 307 ; Roumania, 308 ; 
 Russia, 309; Scotland, 311; Servia, 313; Spain, 313; Sweden, 317; Switzerland, 
 318; Syria, 319; Turkey, 320. 
 
 The Great Cities of the World of Importance for Special 
 
 Mention. 
 
 Alexandria, 323; Amsterdam, 324; Antioch, 325; Antwerp, 326; Athens, 326; 
 Bagdad and Cairo, 328; Baltimore, 329; Berlin, 330; Bokhara, 330; Bologna, 331; 
 Boston, 332; Brussels, 332; Cambridge, England, 333; Cambridge, America, 334; 
 Chicago, 335; Christiania, 336; Constantinople, 336; Copenhagen, 337; Cordova, 
 338; Dublin, 338; Edinburgh, 338; Florence, 340; Geneva, Switzerland, 341; 
 Glasgow, 342; Herat, 342; Leyden, 343; Lisbon, 343; London, 344; Madrid, 347; 
 Manchester, 347; Moscow, 348; Munich, 350; New Haven, 351; New Orleans, 
 352; New York, 352; Oxford, 353; Paris, 355; Philadelphia, 359; Prague, 360; 
 Rome, 361; Samarkand, 363; St. Petersburg, 364; Venice, 365; Vienna, 367; 
 Warsaw, 368 ; York, 369. 
 
 Chief Matters Found in Literature to have Engaged Human 
 Interest: Chief Products of Intellectual and Literary 
 Exertion in Song, or Thought, or Knowledge: 
 And Particular Matters of Special Inter- 
 est TO Various Classes of Persons. 
 
 Agriculture, 370; Anecdotes, 371; Apologues, Aphorisms, and Apothegms, 
 371 ; Art, Architecture, and .^Esthetics, 372 ; Autobiographies and Biographies, 
 373; Children, and for Children, 377; Critics and Criticism, 378; Dramas, 
 Dramatists, and the Theatre, 379; Education and Educators, 383; Epigrams 
 and Epitaphs, 385; Hellenism, 386; Histories and Historians, 386; Human- 
 ism and Humanists, 389; Humor and Humorists, 391; Jewish, 393; Journalism 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 IX 
 
 and Journalists, 394; Law, 397; Literature: Prose and Poetry, 399; Medical 
 Interest, 401 ; Music and Musicians, 402 ; Novels, Tales, Fables, 403 ; Orators 
 and Oratory, 411; Pessimism, 412; Religious: Themes and Thoughts, 413; 
 Sacred Books of the World, 424; Satires, 425; Science and Philosophy, 426; 
 Socialism and Socialists, 429; Spiritism or Spiritualism, 431; Travels, Explora- 
 tions, Adventures, and Discoveries, 432; Vernacular: or Popular Speech, 434; 
 Woman, 435. 
 
 Classified Readings of Prose and Poetry from All 
 Literatures. 
 
 Biographical and Autobiographical Readings, 440; Critical Readings: Art 
 and Literature, 441 ; Dramatic and Dialogue Readings, 443 ; Historical Read- 
 ings, 446; Humorous Readings, 451; Literary Readings, 453; Oratorical Read- 
 ings, 454; Poetical Readings: from Poets and Singers of All Literatures, 456; 
 Religious Thought, Sentiment, and Song, 474; School or Sunday-School Read- 
 ings, 478; School or Entertainment Recitations, 480; Science Readings, 481; 
 Story Readings, Tales, and Fables: from All Literatures, 483; Thought and 
 Philosophy, 496; Travel and Adventure, 501. 
 
 Characters in History Conspicuously Representing the Culture 
 OF Mankind Reflected in Literature, 503-11. 
 
 Dramas of Note, and Dramatic Characters from All Literatures, 
 Ancient and Modern, 512-18. 
 
 Novels of Note, and Characters Created by Novelists, 519-43. 
 
 IV 
 
 The Warner Library Course in Literature, 544, 
 
INTRODUCTORV 
 
 NOTE OF Explanation : — In the pages which follow, the reader 
 will find the entire contents of the World's Library of 
 Best Literature reduced from the alphabetical order of 
 the great work into the separate literatures known in history, 
 and the names under each separate literature noted in chronolog- 
 ical* order, with each name concisely treated, as to dates and 
 some chief points of accurate knowledge, so as to supply a 
 comprehensive short answer in regard to the name. 
 
 There is thus provided a conspectus of all the literatures, to 
 which readers can turn for either one of three purposes: — 
 
 (i) To survey any literature, or any period of a literature, 
 as a section of world culture, or a stage in the development of a 
 section. 
 
 (2) To note in what connection with other names a name 
 appears in any literature, and the relation of the character of 
 that name to the characters of other names among which it is 
 found, 
 
 (3) To definitely and distinctly place any name in the history 
 of the national literature to which it belongs. 
 
 For every name appearing in these national and chronological 
 conspectuses of literatures, an exact reference to voluine and 
 pages of the Library is given, thus supplying a complete and 
 perfect guide for reading or research in the pages of the Library, 
 as well as giving about thirty outline histories of literatures, for 
 the uses just mentioned. In several respects the average reader 
 or student will find it most interesting and instructive to attempt 
 the full survey of a literature, which the conspectus of that liter- 
 ature makes simple and easy. The conspectus is not a mere 
 list of names and dates. Enough is stated under each name to 
 make the conspectus an outline history of the literature, compre- 
 hensively though concisely enumerating the aspects which that 
 
 *The "chronological" order is, in some of the lists, that of the author's birth; in others 
 that of about the dates of literary activity. It is not intended to fix perfectly exact dates, 
 the only object at all important being to group together authors who were together in their 
 lives and their production of writings. 
 
ii INTRODUCTORY 
 
 literature has presented. The conspectus is one of characteriza- 
 tions as well as of names. 
 
 Through comparison of these characterizations, it is easy to 
 quickly note the character of the age in which any name appeared, 
 and what was the galaxy of names of that age. 
 
 And for any one name the reader or inquirer will find a 
 quotable accurate characterization of the author bearing the name, 
 a good short answer to the question who this author was. 
 
 In no existing work of reference, or text -book of literature, is 
 there any such systematic attention to the providing of a quotable, 
 concise yet comprehensive characterization for every name, nor 
 could the ordinary reader or inquirer make such characterizations 
 from the encyclopaedia articles accessible to him. Nor does there 
 exist anywhere else such a definite and distinct intellectual map 
 of the names of literature in all ages and all lands. 
 
INTRODUCTORY {{{ 
 
 * Literature exists to please, — to lighten the burden of men's lives; and those men of letters 
 are the best loved who have best performed literature's truest office.'^ 
 
 '^ Be careful to limit your time for reading, and devote it exclusively to the works of the 
 great minds of all times and countries. These alone really educate and instruct.'" 
 
 BOOKS: A WORLD OF BOOKS 
 
 An Egyptian writer, of about the thirteenth century before 
 Christ, said in an appeal to a young man whose chief care was 
 for pleasure: ^*They tell me that thou forsakest books, and givest 
 thyself up to pleasure. Thou art as a shrine without ij;s god, as 
 a house without bread.** 
 
 John Milton's idea was that books contain a potency of life; 
 the purest efficacy and extraction of the living intellect that bred 
 them; and that a good book is the precious lifeblood of a master- 
 spirit. 
 
 The greatest scholar of the Fathers of the Church, Saint 
 Jerome, gave this injunction, Never let your book escape your 
 HAND OR YOUR EYES. The great Benedictine institutions which 
 followed this rule, and immensely promoted human progress 
 during the seven centuries from 500 to 1200 A. D., always em- 
 braced : — 
 
 (i) A library of books; 
 
 (2) A school of scribes for making manuscript copies of 
 books; and 
 
 (3) A school of instruction open not only to students for the 
 church, but to every one. 
 
 And just in proportion as the best books were multiplied, 
 were preserved and known, and were made accessible to use, 
 was popular progress maintained. The best books were the in- 
 strument of the church. Alcuin of York (735-804), the famous 
 librarian, scholar, and teacher, whose story our Library gives 
 (Vol. i, 295-302), wrote to Charlemagne in the year 796 to sug- 
 gest transplanting from York to France the rarer books of 
 scholastic learning, in order that the flowers of England might 
 give him a graceful garden — the blossoming of Paradise with its 
 abundant fruits. 
 
 «Your gracious zeal,** said Alcuin's letter, <<will not overlook 
 how, upon every page of the Holy Scriptures, we are urged to 
 the acquisition of wisdom; how nothing is more honorable for 
 insuring a happy life, nothing more pleasing in the observance, 
 nothing more efficient against sin, nothing more praiseworthy in 
 
IV INTRODUCTORY 
 
 any lofty station, than that men live according to the teachings 
 of the philosophers. Moreover, nothing is more essential to the 
 government of the people, nothing better for the guidance of 
 life into the paths of honorable character, than the grace which 
 wisdom gives, and the glory of training and the power of learning. ** 
 
 Xing' Alfred the Great (849-901), whose story the Library 
 tells (Vol. i, 389-98), came a century later, with the same high 
 idea of books and of learning; and his chief glory, as the most 
 remarkable man that ever sat on the throne of England, is the 
 pains he took to give his people the best books in their own 
 tongue. He first made England a real kingdom, and first gave 
 her a flag on the sea, but his brightest fame is his care for 
 literature.* 
 
 These are two examples out of a great number which might 
 Tdc cited from the story which our Library gives of the literatures 
 •of the whole world and of all mankind, the lesson of which is 
 the value of knowing what are the best books of all ages and 
 all lands, and what can be quoted from them by way of adequate 
 example of their contents. The thousand years since the age of 
 Alfred and of Alcuin have not altered the principle; they have 
 rather immensely deepened its significance. 
 
 Nearly four hundred years after Alfred of England, and two 
 hundred years before Columbus, Alfonso the Wise of Spain 
 (1221-84) made a great record of benefits to his country, and of 
 honor to himself, through his interest in books and his care for 
 learning. He did not, like the English Alfred, have success 
 either in war or in politics; his reign (1251 to 1284) went out in 
 darkness and storm; yet he had created Spanish law; had with 
 wonderful general knowledge codified the common law; had put 
 aside Latin for the tongue of the people; had established a great 
 school of arts and sciences and literature; and, as the author of 
 the earliest known specimen of Castilian prose, had won the name 
 of ^* father of Spanish literature. ^^ His story in our Library falls 
 next before that of Alfred the Great (Vol. i, 383-88). 
 
 England's younger statesman to-day, Arthur James Balfour 
 (1848-), Lord Salisbury's nephew, spoke not long since to the 
 students of Glasgow University on the enjoyment which may be 
 
 ♦The attentive reader of the story of literatures will note that in every one a new depart- 
 ure of great sig^nificance is made when the employment of the tongue of the people is first 
 attempted, in place of the Latin or some other tongue in use for the making of books and 
 laws. 
 
INTRODUCTORY y 
 
 derived from books by the ordinary reader, with ordinary capac- 
 ities and ordinary leisure, to whom reading ought to be, not a 
 business but a pleasure. To these students he said: "You are 
 just reaching the period when, at the end of your prescribed 
 course of study, the whole field and compass of literature lies 
 outspread before you; you may enter at your leisure into the 
 intellectual heritage of the centuries.^* 
 
 The Library (Vol. iii, 1 287-1 304) offers fifteen pages of Mr. 
 Balfour's admirable talk on the pleasure pure and simple which 
 may be derived from every-day attention to reading. Mr, Balfour 
 criticizes Mr. Frederic Harrison's theory of study of books, 
 which the Library gives in an essay of eight pages, as an example 
 of literature by Mr. Harrison, on * The Use and Selection of 
 Books ^ (Vol. xvii, 6975-84). The two papers make a capital pres- 
 entation of a most interesting subject. There are hundreds of 
 such presentations in the Library, setting themes of extreme 
 interest in a clear light, stimulating to thought and to discussion. 
 Be the reader's desire enjoyment with Mr. Balfour, or strenuous 
 study with Mr. Harrison, the Library shows him the whole field 
 and compass of literature, and opens to him, reader or student 
 or scholar, the intellectual heritage of the centuries. 
 
 Mr. Harrison (183 1-) says of the best books, to the story of 
 which, and substantial satisfying examples from which, the Library 
 is devoted: — 
 
 "The great masterpieces of the world are the master instru- 
 ments of a solid education, quite apart from the charm and solace 
 they give us. '^ 
 
 You may read for enjoyment only, for rest after toil, for 
 pleasure pure and simple, but the educating uplift will come. 
 The story of Gibbon (1737-94) by Lecky, at that great writer's 
 place in the Library (Vol. xvi, 6271-6332), tells us how Gibbon 
 was made one of the master-minds of modern literature, not by 
 study at Oxford, but by free reading during five years at Lau- 
 sanne in Switzerland. It may be that, as Mr. Harrison says, 
 "the reading of great books is a faculty to be acquired, not a 
 natural gift,*' but the acquisition comes readily to those who can 
 have opportunity and guidance such as our Library gives. 
 
 An unexampled treasury of reading of every kind, to meet 
 every taste and give a variety as rich as nature's wealth, is 
 
Vi INTRODUCTORY 
 
 offered to readers, to students, to scholars, for the first time in 
 the world, in our Library. The very idea of doing it is a new 
 idea. It signifies more than the world was ready for until these 
 end-of-the-century advances in knowledge and thought and 
 experience. It is a twentieth-century idea, impossible to have 
 been suggested until the marvelous nineteenth-century knowl- 
 edge of the ends of the earth, and of the origins, developments, 
 and present aspects of human culture in far-away and strange 
 lands had begun to make all mankind of interest one to another. 
 Babylonia, Egypt, India, China, are known now as they were not 
 a generation ago. And now first, since the Roman poet Terence 
 drew the plaudits of the Roman theatre by the grand line, 
 Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto : 
 */ am a man, and everything human interests me,''* 
 the sympathies of faith and thought and hope, in the chief 
 schools of Christian culture, are extended to all mankind.* 
 
 There are no literatures now, of however remote a past, or 
 however distant and strange a land, which are not dealt with 
 according to their essential value. There are no races or nations 
 outside the pale of literary appreciation; no productions of honest 
 worth excluded from the fellowship of books. And to an extent 
 never even approached until the century now coming to a close, 
 the nations of name and place in history, and on the map of the 
 world, have become nations of culture and of brilliant literary 
 production, at once reflecting national characteristics and contrib- 
 uting to the revelations of thought and aspiration and hope, 
 which mark the forward movement of humanity. 
 
 It will, perhaps, surprise, as well as delight, the ordinary reader, 
 to see how immense, reckoned by books of fine character and 
 rare interest, the human family of our own day is, reaching into 
 Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, 
 and Spanish centres of culture, as distinctly as over the more 
 familiar American, English, German, Italian, and French fields. 
 And when the books of all ages and all lands, and the litera- 
 tures even, which survive in but an imperfect record, are brought 
 under inspection and appreciation, — Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit 
 books, which are among the glories of the human mind; and the 
 
 ♦ Tennyson's 'Akbar's Dream,' in the inscription and notes especially, calls attention to 
 a contemporary of Queen Elizabeth, the gfreat Mogul Emperor of India, Akbar (1542-1605), in 
 whom the sentiment of humanity rose above Mohammedanism to thorough acceptance of the 
 spirit of Christ in his Golden Rule. 
 
INTRODUCTORY yjj 
 
 immensely significant remains of the literatures of Babylonia and 
 Egypt; the remarkable tradition, also, of China in literature, and 
 the relation of Japan to that tradition, — we may see with what 
 breadth of meaning a scholar in world -knowledge, like Mr. Bal- 
 four, could speak of ^Hhe whole field and compass of literature; 
 the intellectual heritage of the centuries." 
 
 One comprehensive book of all writers and all writings of 
 rare worth and rich interest, such as the Library is, has a thou- 
 sand aspects of attraction not easy to note. It is in the best 
 possible form the story of human progress, the picture of the 
 mind of man, the autobiography of the human race. Not a man 
 living could pretend to be superior to the service which such a 
 book can render. No man anywhere in the world, who reads 
 English, can fail to find his information in very many fields 
 delightfully augmented as he turns these wonderfully rich pages, 
 not of literature only, but of biography, of history, of science, of 
 everything that is of human interest. Not only is there nothing 
 like it, but there is nothing which even approaches it, as a gen- 
 uine treasury of things interesting and things instructive. It is 
 not merely the character of its fascinations, but their infinite 
 variety. 
 
 No such series of essays on authors, and of appreciative 
 and sympathetic estimates of the most notable writings, with 
 substantial satisfying examples of the work of each writer, is in 
 existence anywhere, or has ever been attempted. The essays 
 tell the story of the author, — the man, or the woman, — not at 
 large, but so far as will show how mind, character, circumstances, 
 and experience, made the writer, and contributed to the character 
 of notable books. In a very large number of cases authors of 
 character and fame are commemorated by writers exceptionally 
 competent, by knowledge and literary skill, to make a perfect 
 portrait, within the limits of a concise essay. The critical 
 appreciation of writers of note, and notices of books in which 
 such writers are at their best, make a body of literary criticism, 
 and history of literary production, not to be found anywhere else. 
 
 But the highest praise of the Library is in its large, substan- 
 tial, satisfying examples of literature, added to critical biograph- 
 ical essays of high character. Under ** Gibbon,* for example, 
 an essay by Mr. Lecky filling eight pages, and admirably 
 portraying the man and the author, is followed by fifty-four 
 pages of substantial and satisfying examples, — nine examples, 
 
viii INTRODUCTORY 
 
 every one of which is a complete reading, rich in interest, 
 thoroughly substantial and satisfying. There are more than five 
 thousand most choice readings of this kind in the Library, selec- 
 tions expressly made for household and general reading, offering 
 constant and varied entertainment, and at the same time of rare 
 educational value. 
 
 Of that delightful thinker, Amiel, in the second volume (479-92), 
 there are twenty-six examples of his work, every one of them a 
 choice setting of a fine thought. Of the inimitable stories of Hans 
 Anderson there are thirty-six pages. Of the ^Arabian Nights* 
 there are forty pages; and close upon this another forty pages, 
 giving twenty-one examples from seventeen Arabic writers. 
 Anglo-Saxon literature appears by nine choice examples, after 
 fifteen pages of the story of its origin and character. These 
 thirty-one pages of story and selections are a magnificent 
 example of the scope and scale of the Library. 
 
 Turn the page from ^Arabic Literature* to ^Arago,* and 
 with the story of that great French scientist we have fifteen 
 pages by him giving his account of Laplace and of ^Hhe principal 
 astronomical discoveries ** in the history of astronomy. It is one 
 of the finest chapters of science ever written. In the same way 
 the example from the writings of Mr. Gladstone is a splendid 
 chapter on Macaulay (Vol. xvi, 6359-72); and next after it comes 
 Mr. E. L. Godkin's ten-page chapter on * The Duty of Criticism 
 in a Democracy.* Such large and rich articles are a frequent 
 feature of the examples of literature in the Library, chapters of 
 science, of history, of biography, of criticism, of thought, and of 
 counsel. 
 
 If we turn from the Gladstone chapter to "Macaulay,** we 
 find sixty pages representing Macaulay's best work. The eleven 
 prose selections are every one admirable chapters on interesting 
 themes. Then two whole poems are given, one of them filling 
 fifteen pages. 
 
 The author of the story of Macaulay, Mr. J. B. McMaster, 
 supplies an example of literature, in one of the excerpts from 
 his pages, which is a fine chapter on *■ Town and Country Life 
 in the United States in 1800.* If we turn the page, to the story 
 of Hungary's great dramatic poet, Madach, we find in one article 
 thirteen pages from his masterpiece *The Tragedy of Man.* 
 Even the strange Flemish name of Maeterlinck, the poet and 
 essayist of mysticism, gives us a ten-page chapter on *The inner 
 Beauty,* besides six pages from one of his dramas, two rich 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 IX 
 
 pages on *The Tragical in Daily Life,* and the account in six 
 pages of the poet himself. 
 
 Taken out of a book of more than eighteen thousand pages, 
 many of the stories of authors, with the appended collection of 
 choice examples of the writer, would make notable books, admir- 
 ably adapted to supply fine entertainment and rarely pleasant 
 instruction. Such a book is R. H. Stoddard's delightful study in 
 twelve pages of Robert Burns, followed by twenty-two pages 
 giving the twelve finest pieces which Burns wrote. Mr. Warner's 
 ^ Byron, * a story of the man and the poet in eight pages, and 
 thirty-four choice examples in fifty-eight pages, makes a fine 
 book of Byron for most readers. Even great Caesar may be fairly 
 known from thirty pages of story and examples of his work. 
 Mrs. Browning in thirty-four pages, and sixteen of her best poems, 
 and Robert Browning in thirty-seven pages, and thirteen fine 
 examples, constitute a substantial Browning book. And our 
 Bryant can be read for knowledge of his finest songs and thoughts, 
 in twenty pages and eleven examples. Even of Bruno, the fam- 
 ous martyr of free thought at Rome, three hundred years ago, 
 one may have quite a book in ten pages. 
 
 Dr. Lounsbury's fourteen-page essay on Pope, with ten ex- 
 amples filling thirty-two pages, makes a rare book for enjoyable 
 reading. The historian Prescott, in thirty-seven pages and five 
 large examples of story told by him, is not inadequately pre- 
 sented. Or if it is Rambaud, the great French authority on 
 Russia, he will be most interestingly known from the twenty 
 pages devoted to him. Sixty pages of Cicero, with twelve ex- 
 amples of his speech, and twenty pages of Demosthenes, with 
 rare examples, one of which fills ten pages, make an admirable 
 book of ancient eloquence. Dr. Lounsbury again gives us a rare 
 book in fifty pages of Chaucer, and it is a rich volume which 
 deals in fifty successive pages with two such poet-thinkers as 
 Clough and Coleridge. But if the reader's mood calls for "Mark 
 Twain >* he is close at hand (Clemens) in thirty-four pages of 
 humorous interest. 
 
 Charles Dickens, in sixty-four pages, ten pages of story of the 
 man and the author, and five grand examples, filling fifty-four 
 pages, would give a six nights' entertainment to a reading circle. 
 Anc' .the interest would not fall off by turning back to thirty-four 
 page5 of Daniel Defoe, or the twenty-four pages of the fascinat- 
 ing essayist, De Quincey. The thirty-nine pages of Fielding, 
 
X INTRODUCTORY 
 
 England's greatest initiator of novel-writing, are a book of 
 knowledge rich in interest, but for the whole story starting from 
 Defoe the twenty-one pages of Richardson, Fielding's predecessor, 
 are specially important; nor must the twenty-five pages of Smol- 
 let be overlooked, before coming to the seventy pages of Thack- 
 eray, the forty-five pages of Charles Reade, the forty-nine pages 
 of Stevenson, the thirty-one pages of Kipling, the twenty-five 
 pages of Anthony Trollope, the twenty-five pages of Meredith, 
 the thirty-four pages of Bulwer, and very many more budgets of 
 knowledge of the immense field of English novels. 
 
 In the exceedingly rich field of French novels the Library 
 admirably covers the whole ground. Balzac fills eighty-four 
 pages, of which nineteen are the account of the man and the 
 author, and sixty-five give four grand examples of his marvelous 
 story-telling power. To Dumas the elder, forty-four pages are 
 given, and to the younger Dumas forty pages. Ten pages by 
 Andrew Lang, and nine pages by Sarcey, are devoted to stories 
 of the two men and authors singularly rich in both human and 
 critical interest. To George Sand, the most remarkable woman 
 whom France has given to literature, the Library devotes forty- 
 six pages. It gives fifty-eight to Victor Hugo, thirty-five to 
 Daudet, twenty-eight to Flaubert, and forty-two to Zola, with 
 very many more to other French writers in the same field. 
 
 In the field of French drama we may trace the modern from 
 Comeille, of whom the Library has fourteen pages. The twenty- 
 six pages on Rabelais are an admirable introduction to the story 
 of French genius, of which the fifty-four pages on Moli^re and 
 the fourteen on Racine carry on the development from Corneille. 
 The great name of Voltaire is celebrated in forty-one pages, and 
 that of Rousseau in twenty-one. There are twenty-one pages for 
 Montesquieu, nineteen for Mirabeau, eleven for Montaigne, thir- 
 teen for Pascal, forty-five for Renan, eighteen for the great 
 critic Sainte Beuve, twenty-four for Musset, eighteen for B^ran- 
 ger, and with like generous breadth through a long list of the 
 masters of story and song and learning, representative of the 
 accomplished and fascinating genius of the French people. 
 
 And these are but examples of the generous and satisfying 
 treatment of the whole range of the world's literatures, to ade- 
 quately bring out on the vast canvas of eighteen thousand pages 
 the illustrious figures and the genius-illuminated pages of The 
 World's Best Literature. 
 
INTRODUCTORY xi 
 
 The world's greatest poets, peaks of genius to which all 
 eyes turn, make in the Library a magnificent book of story and 
 examples. Eleven pages by Professor Seymour of Yale Uni- 
 versity, and twenty-seven pages of examples from the epics and 
 from the Homeric hymns, present a rich Homeric feast, every 
 feature of which will entertain and instruct. 
 
 Homer (about 900 B. €.-825 B. C.) was to the Greeks for 
 hundreds of years the most sacred of scriptures as well as the 
 richest body of song and story ever created. The name stands 
 first on the very highest line of literature, and from it run lines 
 of reference through the Library, all the way to Gladstone and 
 Bryant, and numbers of our finest writers to-day. It is a rich 
 liberal education to any person to have read all that our Library 
 has on Homer (Vol. xix, 7551-78). 
 
 Dante (i 265-1321) stands in the sun for modern literature as 
 Homer does for ancient, the most glorious figure to which our 
 letters look back. The ablest of Dante scholars, Professor Nor- 
 ton of Harvard University, gives in the Library the story of 
 Dante as man and poet and thinker; thirty-four pages of the 
 finest literary instruction; and there follow thirty pages giving 
 fifteen capital examples of Dante's writings, both poetry and 
 prose. Dante is one of the great studies, which an ordinary 
 reader may have in hand for a lifetime, gleaning Dante knowl- 
 edge from many places in the Library, and using what it gives 
 as a guide to look elsewhere. The scholar finds Dante the first 
 great modern man, the precursor of poets and thinkers and 
 statesmen of our own day, a contemporary of Tennyson and 
 Herbert Spencer and Abraham Lincoln. His mighty shadow 
 falls on Westminster Abbey and on Gettysburg's bloody field. 
 He is the splendid symbol of the freedom and progress of man. 
 His place in literature is one of the greatest. To be able to 
 read him intelligently and with enjoyment will be learned readily 
 by use of the Dante lessons in which the Library is so rich 
 (Vol. xi, 4315-78). 
 
 Shakespeare (1564-16 16) is presented in the Library on the 
 same grand scale as Dante; a story of the man, the actor, and 
 the writer of plays and poems, twenty-two pages in length, and 
 fifty-six examples, extending through seventy-six pages, — a Shakes- 
 peare book of close upon a hundred pages, to which references 
 
xii INTRODUCTORY 
 
 to Shakespeare elsewhere in the Library add some most admir- 
 able aids to the study of a character and a poet whose charm 
 and power no other has equaled. *^The most extraordinary and 
 most admirable of all writers,'* says Goethe, in one of the ex- 
 amples from him given in the Library (p. 6425); and another of 
 the Goethe selections consists of eleven pages by Goethe in 
 explanation of the character of Hamlet. Two of the selections 
 from the writings of Professor Dowden (Vol. xii, 4807-12) are on 
 * The Humor of Shakespeare * and ' Shakespeare's Portraiture of 
 Women.* Those who use the Library will find in it ample guid- 
 ance and aid for not only Shakespeare study but for exploring 
 the whole field of literature around Shakespeare (Vol. xxxiii, 13 167- 
 226). In the * Synopses of Noted Books,** twenty-one double- 
 column pages are devoted to a careful analysis and story of each 
 one of the plays of Shakespeare (Vol. xlv, 380-402). 
 
 Goethe (i 749-1832) ranks foremost of all Germans in litera- 
 ture; next to Shakespeare and Dante among poets; the successor 
 of Voltaire and Rousseau, and lofty above them, as a great intel- 
 ligence and a profound soul. The book of his splendid intellect 
 and his noble sentiments makes seventy of the richest pages 
 of the Library (Vol. xvi, 6385-6454). The story of the man, the 
 poet, and the scientist, is told in eleven pages by Professor 
 Dowden. It affords a most admirable aid to the comprehension 
 of Goethe's character and career, and of his masterpiece, the 
 drama of Faust, into the final form of which had gone touches 
 of thought and feeling as they came to the poet during sixty 
 years. Twenty-six pages of Faust are given, nineteen pages of 
 prose, and twelve pages of poems, as examples of the great 
 master's finest writing. The reader of these illustrations of the 
 mind of Goethe cannot fail to see that he is in the presence of 
 an unsurpassed master of the deepest thinking of the modern 
 world. And as the vast wealth of the Library becomes familiar 
 to him, poets and thinkers and scientists and statesmen, not of 
 Germany only, but of all the nations of culture in Europe, he 
 will comprehend amid what a magnificent scene of interesting 
 characters and brilliant minds the grand figure of Goethe stands. 
 
Xlll 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUSES 
 
 OF NATIONAL LITERATURES 
 
 Italian Literature gains a certain headship among the lit- 
 eratures of Europe, from its relation to Latin, the heir, in a 
 sense, to Greek culture; from its being represented so early by 
 the great name of Dante; and from the fact that, when the 
 Revival of Learning occurred, through recovery of Greek studies, 
 it was in Italy that the beginning was made. 
 
 Earlier even than Dante lesser poets had struck notes of Ital- 
 ian song, nor was prose without representatives. These names 
 are worthy of note: — 
 
 Francis d'Assisi (1182-1227), the Italian St. Francis, founder of the 
 Franciscan Friars, was the first poet to use the Italian speech, 
 nearly a hundred years before Dante. It was the Provengal 
 tongue which other poets used in Italy, and St. Francis used 
 one of the common Italian dialects in order to come nearer to 
 the common people 15 5919-24 
 
 Giacomino da Verona, an Italian poet of the thirteenth century; au- 
 thor of crude but striking poems in the Veronese dialect on 
 heaven and hell, which are believed to have suggested the 
 < Divine Comedy^ to Dante 42 215 
 
 Jacopone da Todi (i 230-1 306), an Italian Pietist poet and satirist; 
 author of dialect poems, notable for stinging sarcasm aimed 
 against Pope Boniface VIII 42 286 
 
 Cavalcanti, Guido (1235-1300), one of the earliest Italian poets, author 
 
 of sonnets, ballads, and songs 42 99 
 
 Guinicelli, Guido (1240-76), an Italian poet, author of poems, apostro- 
 phized by Dante as a model of grace and style 42 239 
 
 Polo, Marco (1254-1324), a famous Italian traveler of Venice; from 
 1271 to 1292 in the service of Kublai, the Khan of Tartary, and 
 able thus to collect information which was later given to a 
 friend and brought out as <The Book of Marco Polo> 43 434 
 
 Cecco d' Ascoli (1257-1327), an Italian poet, student of astrology and 
 
 of demonology, burned at the stake for heretical opinions 42 99 
 
 Cino da Pistoja (1270-1337), an Italian jurisconsult, author of a 
 celebrated commentary on the Justinian Code, an intimate friend 
 . of Dante, and one of the lyric precursors of Petrarch 42 no 
 
xiv ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 From Dante Italy looks to her second of four great poets in 
 Petrarch (1304-74), the poet of the passion of love, and of one 
 beautiful woman, Laura, — as the world now knows him, but who 
 was crowned at Rome, laureate of Christendom, on Easter Day, 
 1341, for a Latin heroic poem on ^Africa. ^ A magnificent Latin 
 scholar as well as delightful writer of Italian verse, Petrarch is 
 a grand figure, second only to Dante. The Library makes for 
 him a book of twenty-seven pages (Vol. xxix, 11357-83), giving nine 
 pages of story, and nineteen beautiful examples. Of writers of 
 the age of Petrarch we may note: — 
 
 Boccaccio (1313-75), whose prose * Decameron, > or <Ten Days' Enter- 
 tainment with Novelle, > tales rich in varied charm and de- 
 light, justifies a book of twenty-six pages 5 2089-115 
 
 Catherine, St., of Sienna (1347-80), author of greatly admired letters 
 and treatises, dictated during ecstasy, — a new edition of her 
 writings in 1896 42 98 
 
 Bruni, Leonardo (1369-1444), a noted humanist, translator of Greek 
 
 and Latin classics 42 80 
 
 Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco (1380-1459), an eminent Italian 
 humanist, who contributed greatly to the discovery of manu- 
 scripts of the ancient classics, and made several translations 
 into Greek from the Latin 43 433 
 
 Beccadelli, Antonio (1394-1471), an Italian humanist and poet, rich in 
 
 wit and fancy 42 49 
 
 Alberti, Leone Battista (1404-72), eminent Italian architect; author of, 
 both Latin and Italian poetry, of essays in theology, law, art, 
 and architecture 42 9 
 
 Puici, Luigi (1432-87), author of <Morgante Maggiore> (first printed 
 
 1481) 30 11891-903; 43 444 
 
 Bojardo, M. M. (1434-94), famous for his romantic epic, < Orlando > . .42 66 
 
 Vespucci, Amerigo (1451-1512), a celebi'ated Italian navigator, author 
 of an account of voyages to continental lands discovered apart 
 from Columbus, and much farther south (now Brazil), which 
 occasioned the suggestion that a « New "World ^> had been found 
 and that it should be named after the reporter of the discov- 
 eries 43 546 
 
 Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519), a great Italian painter; one of the 
 greatest artists of the world ; author of works on painting, archi- 
 tecture, and mathematics of great repute 43 549 
 
 Politian, Angelo (1454-94), a celebrated Italian humanist; professor of 
 Greek and Latin literature at Florence; author of translations, 
 from Greek into Latin, of Homer, Hippocrates, Epictetus, Plato, 
 Galen, and Plutarch, and of poems, essays, and sketches in ele- 
 gant Latin, with some stanzas and a lyric drama in Italian. . .43 434 
 
 *Bibbiena>> (Dovizio, Bernardo) (1470-1520), poet, cardinal under 
 
 Leo X., and author of earliest Italian comedy 42 58 
 
ITALIAN LITERATURE XV 
 
 Accolti, Bernardo (1465-1535), a greatly admired Italian poet, bril- 
 liant in improvisation, apostolic secretary to Leo X. , and writer 
 of the papal bull against Luther (1520) 42 3 
 
 Niccolo, Machiavelli (1469-15 27), the greatest prose-writer of the 
 Italian Renaissance and the precursor in his ideas and his 
 patriotic ardor of the united and armed Italy of to-day 24 9479-94 
 
 Bembo, Pietro (1470-1547), celebrated Italian humanist; secretary to 
 
 Pope Leo X. ; author of poems, dialogues, and essays 42 53 
 
 Copernicus (1473-1543). whose life set in motion a complete new 
 departure in human ideas of the place of the world in the 
 universe '. 10 4040-4 
 
 Ariosto (1474-1533), born into the age next after that of Columbus, 
 just a hundred years after the death of Petrarch, came third in 
 Italy's great tradition of poetry. His < Orlando Furioso> is an 
 epic poem longer than Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken to- 
 gether, an endless series of stories of romantic adventure so 
 attractively told as to compel the interest of the reader. The 
 story as told in the Library (Vol. 2, 741-59) shows both the 
 man and the poet. And how Pulci (1431-84), the little-known 
 author of the first romantic poem which Italy produced, had 
 prepared the way for Ariosto, by his grotesquely humerous 
 ridicule of the troubadours, is also told in the Library (Vol. 30, 
 11891-11903), with eleven pages of Pulci's masterpiece, as it 
 was translated by Lord Byron. Of writers to be counted after 
 Ariosto the chief names are these: — 
 
 Michel Angelo (1475-1564), a poet in his sonnets second only to 
 Dante and Petrarch, as well as a grand sculptor, painter, and 
 architect, and one of the grandest men in the history of cul- 
 ture ; fully portrayed in the Library 25 9977-81 
 
 Castiglione (1478-1529), author of <The Courtier,> a prose volume, 
 greatly improved the Italian of the cultivated class, as Boccac- 
 cio had used it 8 3339-46 
 
 Bandello, Matteo (1480-1561), Italian ecclesiastic and novelist, author 
 
 of tales delineating the manners of the times 42 40 
 
 Guicciardini, Francesco (1483-1540), an Italian historian, prominent in 
 the public life of his time, and author of a g^reat work recount- 
 ing the political events of 1492 to 1534 42 238 
 
 Colonna, Vittoria (1490-1547), notable woman and poet, especially 
 
 associated in literary history with Michel Angelo 42 116 
 
 Folengo, Teofilo (1491-1554), an Italian poet; author of comico-heroic 
 poems, the satire of which is directed mostly against the monks ; 
 the first poet to win fame as a writer of macaronic verses 42 193 
 
 Aretino, Pietro (1492-1556), Italian satirical poet and dramatist; 
 author of a tragedy in verse, comedies in prose, and epistles 
 of historical value 42 23 
 
 Firenzuola (1493-1545). author of novels marked by a delightful 
 style. He also wrote comedies, love poems, ballads, and bur- 
 lesque and satirical pieces 14 5755-65 
 
xvi ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Gelli, Giambattista (1493-1563), an Italian literary critic and dram- 
 atist; author of famous comedies, and of very successful 
 studies of Dante and Petrarch. 42 212 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo (1493-1569), an Italian poet of Venice; father of the 
 greater Tasso; author of ^Amadis of Gaul,> of narrative and 
 other poems, and of numerous interesting letters 43 515 
 
 Alamanni, Luigi (1495-1556), Italian poet notable for a work on agri- 
 culture in imitation of Virgil's < Georgics > 42 9 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-71), whose < Memoirs > the . Library cele- 
 brates, by thirty-two pages of story and examples, as one among 
 the three or four best autobiographies of the world's literature. 8 3371-402 
 
 Grazzini, Antonio Francesco (1503-84), Italian poet and humorist; 
 author of highly amusing comedies, literary burlesques, and 
 tales, on the model of Boccaccio; founder of the famous «Ac- 
 cademia della Crusca ^> 42 231 
 
 Giraldi, Giovanni Battista (1504-73), Italian poet, novelist, and dram- 
 atist; a brilliant figure in philosophy and medicine, as well as 
 literature; author of plays of which *Orbecche> is, perhaps, the 
 most powerful tragedy written between the classical period 
 and Shakespeare 42 219 
 
 Vasari (1512-74), a painter and architect of distinction, contemporary 
 with Michel Angelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, gave to 
 Italian literature a permanently valuable work on < Lives of 
 the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects > 37 15248-56 
 
 Vesalius, Andreas (1514-64), a celebrated Italian physician, founder 
 of the modern science of anatomy, author of a great work on 
 the < Structure of the Human Body > 43 546 
 
 Cecchi, Giammaria (1518-87), Italian dramatist, author of many 
 plays and religious dramas, notable for portraiture of character 
 and liveliness of dialogue 42 99 
 
 Beccari, Agostini (1540-90), earliest Italian pastoral poet 42 49 
 
 Zoppio, Melchiore (i 544-1634), Italian dramatist and essayist 43 598 
 
 Zappi, Giovanni Battista (i 540-1600), an Italian writer, author of a 
 remarkable book, prose mixed with verse, in which it was at- 
 tempted to sum up the life and character of Christ 43 594 
 
 Tasso (1544-95), who completes the Italian greatest four of poets, in 
 a book of the Library forty-nine pages in length, — a story of 
 seven pages, and twenty-four fine examples 36 14469-517 
 
 Bruno (i 548-1600), whose singularly brilliant career, through the last 
 quarter of the sixteenth century, ended with his martyrdom 
 February 17, 1600, at Rome 6 2613-22 
 
 Chiabrera, Gabriello (1552-1637), Italian author of odes, Anacreontic 
 
 songs, epic and dramatic poems, and an autobiographical sketch. 42 106 
 
 Campanella, Tomaso (i 568-1639), famous Italian philosopher, victim 
 for twenty-seven years of a Spanish prison, and author of ad- 
 vanced philosophical studies 42 90 
 
 Aleandro, Girolamo (1574-1629), Italian antiquary and poet of taste 
 
 and refinement 42 11 
 
ITALIAN LITERATURE xvii 
 
 Davila, Arrigo (1576-1631), an Italian statesman of distinction, author 
 of a very valuable < History of the Civil Wars in France > from 
 1560 to 1597 42 134 
 
 Basile, G. B. (-1634), Italian poet and writer of fairy tales in Nea- 
 politan dialect 42 46 
 
 Andreini, G. B. (i 578-1650), Italian comedian and poet from whose 
 sacred drama <Adam> (16 13) Milton is by some supposed to 
 have obtained the idea of ^Paradise Lost* 42 19 
 
 Bentivoglio, Guido (i 579-1644), Italian cardinal, historian, and author 
 
 of memoirs 42 54 
 
 Balbi, Gaspare, a Venetian merchant; author of travels in India 
 (1579-88), the first European description of India beyond the 
 Ganges 42 38 
 
 Testi, Fulvio, Count (1593-1646), an Italian statesman and poet; one 
 of the most notable lyric poets of Italy in his time; author of 
 songs, ballads, dramas, an uncompleted epic, and a poem 
 portraying the situation of Italy under the Spanish yoke 43 520 
 
 Filicaia (1642-1707), an Italian poet who achieved European distinc- 
 tion by six famous odes in which he celebrated the deliverance 
 of Vienna from the invading Turks in 1683; he counts among 
 the initiators of the more recent development of poetry in Italy. 1 4 5732-34 
 
 Ceva, Tommaso (1648-1736), Italian Jesuit, a poet and mathemati- 
 cian, notable for promoting knowledge of Newton's discovery 
 of gravitation 42 loi 
 
 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio (1672-1750), an eminent Italian librarian 
 at Milan and at Modena, author of extensive works of the 
 greatest value on Italian history and antiquities 43 397 
 
 Fortiguerri, Niccold (1674-1735), an Italian poet, author of a comico- 
 
 satirical epic in which he lashes the vices of the clergy 42 196 
 
 Forcellini, Egidio (1688-1768), an Italian scholar in Latin; author, 
 with Facciolati, of a ^Dictionary of all Latinity> (1771) of 
 very great and accurate learning 42 195 
 
 Frugoni, Carlo Maria (1692-1768), an Italian poet, professor of rhet- 
 oric, poet laureate at the court of Parma, and author of 
 < History of the House of Farnese > 42 204 
 
 Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (1696-1787), an Italian theologian, founder 
 of the religious congregation of Redemptorists, and author of 
 an elaborate < Moral Theology > 43 342 
 
 Metastasio, Pietro (1698-1782), a celebrated Italian poet; author of 
 lyrical dramas of great repute, and of sonnets, idyls, elegies, 
 criticisms, and letters, probably the most famous Continental 
 poet of his time 43 380 
 
 Goldoni (1707-93)1 the author of one hundred and sixty comedies, 
 and a dramatist of skill and charm in construction, plot, and 
 character-drawing; is counted the father of modern Italian 
 comedy 16 6475-79 
 
 Algarotti, Count Francesco (1712-64), Italian critic, art writer and 
 
 poet ; a count of Prussia 42 13 
 
 2. 
 
xviii ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Gozzi, Count Gasparo (1713-86), eminently successful Italian journal- 
 ist, essayist, and poet; notable for his critical Dante studies. . . .42 228 
 
 Baretti, G. M. (1719-89), distinguished Italian literary journalist and 
 
 author of English-Italian dictionary 42 42 
 
 Gozzi, Count Carlo (i 720-1 806), Italian comedy writer, at first under 
 French influence, but later turning his native folklore into de- 
 lightful comedies, worked up with infinite cleverness 42 228 
 
 Casti, Giambattista (1721-1803), Italian poet, especially successful in 
 
 poetic satires and comic operas 42 98 
 
 Albergati Capacelli, Francesco (1728-1804), Italian dramatist, especially 
 
 excellent as a comedy writer 42 9 
 
 Parini (1729-99), author of satires attacking the corruption of his times, 
 ranks as an Italian satirist of the purest type. His early works 
 in 1763 and 1765 mark improvement in Italian blank verse. 28 11042-46 
 
 Cesarotti, Melchiore (1730-1808), Italian scholar and poet, professor at 
 
 Padua, translator of *Ossian,> and critical essayist 42 100 
 
 Cerretti, Luigi (i 738-1808), Italian poet and rhetorician, celebrated as 
 professor of oratory, and a writer of great purity and elegance 
 of style 42 100 
 
 Meli, Giovanni (1740-1815), the greatest of Sicilian poets; university 
 professor of pharmaceutical chemistry at Palermo; author of 
 songs, witty satires, and fables, two epics, and an heroic-comic 
 poem in the style of < Don Quixote > 43 377 
 
 Bond!, Clemente (1742-1821), Italian liberal Jesuit and humorist poet .. 4 2 67 
 
 Alfieri (i 749-1 803), the founder of Italian tragedy, produced his great 
 dramas in the years 1775-89, with the supreme purpose of arous- 
 ing hatred of the Spanish domination under which Italy lay. . . i 371-S2 
 
 Monti, Vincenzo (1754-1828), a celebrated Italian poet. Napoleon's 
 Italian court historiographer, author of tragedies and of an 
 < Italian Dictionary * 43 389 
 
 Cicci, Maria Luigia (1760-94), Italian woman poet, notably represen- 
 tative of Dante's influence, and author of studies of philosophy, 
 physics, and history 42 109 
 
 Botta, Carlo G. G. (1766-1837), eminent Italian historian 42 69 
 
 Daru, Count Pierre Antoine (1767-1829), poet and historian, notable 
 
 for his < History of Venice ^ 42 132 
 
 Arrivabene, Ferd. (1770-1834), Italian poet and author of works on the 
 
 history of literature 42 27 
 
 Foscolo, Ugo (1778-1827), a celebrated Italian patriot and poet; author of 
 
 tragedies, satires, and poems reflecting intense Italian patriotism . 4 2 197 
 
 Arici, Cesare (1782-1836), Italian author of didactic poetry, of pastor- 
 als and of an incomplete epic on < The Destruction of Jerusalem ^.42 24 
 
 Berchet, G. (1783-1851), a favorite patriot, poet, and political thinker 
 
 of Italy 42 55 
 
 Barbieri, G. (1783-1852), Italian poet and pulpit orator, notable for 
 
 tasteful eloquence 42 42 
 
 Manzoni (1785-1873), a typical Italian patriot and poet, whose best 
 work was done in the years 1810-25; wrote exceedingly fine odes, 
 
ITALIAN LITERATURE xix 
 
 tragedies, religious hymns, and one of the masterpieces of fiction, 
 <The Betrothed. > The story of his brilliant career, with three 
 fine examples from <The Betrothed, > filling twenty pages, and 
 two grand poetical pieces, of three pages each, make up a rich 
 book of modern Italy's greatest poet 24 9671-701 
 
 Balbo, Count Cesare (1789-1853), Italian publicist, statesman, and his- 
 torian 42 38 
 
 Pellico (1789-1854), has a book of fascinating interest in the Library, 
 including seventeen pages of examples. His great work is the 
 story which he told of imprisonment for the ten years, 1822-32, 
 when Austria was the tyrant of Italy 28 1 1263-82 
 
 Giannone, Pietro (1790-18 73), an Italian soldier under Napoleon, and 
 later a poet in Paris and Florence, author of works intensely 
 antagonizing political evils in Italy 42 215 
 
 Belli, G. G. (1791-1863), noted Roman humorist and satirical poet, 
 violently anti-Catholic, but later a zealous convert, and author 
 of translation of Roman breviary 42 52 
 
 Rosmini, Antonio (1797-1855), an Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher, 
 most notable for his work on the origins of ideas: regarded by 
 his disciples as the greatest name in modern metaphysics 43 468 
 
 Leopardi (1798-1837), who wrote poems of remarkable perfection in 
 the years 1819-33, is reputed to have become a perfect Greek 
 in spirit and in style 22 8977-83 
 
 D'Azeglio ( 1 798-1866), son-in-law of Manzoni, a painter of distinction 
 and a statesman in 1849-52, under Victor Emmanuel, wrote 
 novels of patriotism, and a remarkably interesting volume of 
 < Recollections, > from which the Library gives ten pages of 
 examples 3 1 129-40 
 
 Carrer, Luigi (1801-50), Italian poet, author of a poetical history of 
 
 Venice, and of volumes of prose and poetry of great merit. . . .42 95 
 
 Gioberti, Vincenzo (1801-52), an Italian statesman and philosopher, 
 author of writings of strongly liberal tendency, and after 1848 
 Sardinian prime minister 42 218 
 
 Brofferio, Angelo (1802-66), Italian journalist and poet, author of 
 
 <Memoirs> 42 76 
 
 Cantil (1805-95), whom Austrian despotism tried to crush, wrote in 
 prison a novel which was a great success, and after expulsion 
 from a chair of history wrote a < Universal History > in thirty 
 volumes, which went through forty editions, and was translated 
 into many languages. He was hardly less successful in other 
 important historical works 8 3199-205 
 
 Mazzini (1805-72), the celebrated Italian enthusiast for popular free- 
 dom, was a writer of essays and criticisms reflecting his radi- 
 cal views. His story and several pages of his thoughts show 
 him to have been of importance in Italian literature 25 9843-52 
 
 Ruffini (1807-81), one of the band of ardent patriots under Mazzini, . 
 and author of a series of novels depicting Italian life in the 
 revolutionary days of 1833 and 1848, produced in <Dr. Antonio* 
 
XX ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 an exceptionally fine novel, thirteen pages from which are given 
 
 in the Library 31 12471-86 
 
 Dair Ongaro, Francesco (1808-73), a suspended priest; author of 
 poems, dramas, comedies, novels, stories, hymns, and ballads, 
 inspired by extreme liberalism 42 130 
 
 Giusti (1809-50), a thoughtful patriot in the days of Austrian tyranny, 
 
 and a refined poet, achieved the highest distinction as a satirist. 1 6 6355-58 
 
 Regaldi, Giuseppe (1809-83), an Italian poet, author of volumes of 
 popular patriotic verse, and a very successful improvisatore in 
 the principal cities of Italy, France, Germany, and Switzerland . 4 3 454 
 
 Cavour, Count (1810-61), the most eminent of Italian statesmen, 
 creator of Italy's present place in Europe, author of letters and 
 speeches of great interest 42 99 
 
 Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleon (1810-), an Italian publicist and 
 author, London Times's special correspondent; and writer of 
 travels, historical studies, and a valuable Italian drama 42 207 
 
 Farini, Carlo Luigi (1812-66), an Italian statesman of distinction in 
 the development of recent Italy, and author of important con- 
 tributions to Italian history 42 180 
 
 Ferrari, Giuseppe (1812-76), an Italian historian and philosophical writer, 
 
 profoundly influential in shaping the thought of recent Italy. ..42 184 
 
 Aleardi (1812-78), one of the rarest of minor Italian poets, is not less 
 interesting in the passionate patriotism which found brilliant 
 expression in his verse, during the struggle which preceded the 
 liberation of Italy i 349-53 
 
 Carcano, Giulio (1812-84), Italian poet and novelist, extraordinarily suc- 
 cessful in depicting Italian family life; translator also of several 
 of Shakespeare's plays 42 93 
 
 Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (1813-87), an Italian critic, essayist, and 
 Dante scholar; author of invaluable < Handbooks to Dante, > and 
 studies of Torquato-Tasso and Ariosto 42 185 
 
 La Farina, Giuseppe (1815-63), an Italian democratic leader and his- 
 torian, for some time a political refugee, author of < History of 
 Italy Narrated to the Italian People > 43 321 
 
 Fanfiani, Pietro (1815-79), ^^ Italian philologist, humorist, journalist, 
 and novelist; author of works combining high authority with 
 popular interest 42 179 
 
 Botero, G. (1815-85), Italian educator, author of romances and apo- 
 logues 42 68 
 
 Calenz6li, G. (1815-), an Italian dramatist, author of very successful 
 
 comedies 42 88 
 
 Giacometti, Paolo (1816-82), an Italian dramatist of distinction from 
 his twentieth year; an author of prolific genius and astonishing 
 versatility 42 215 
 
 Fusinato, Arnaldo (1817-88), an Italian poet and political humorist, 
 
 author of works widely circulated and permanently popular ... 4 2 206 
 
 Franchi, Ausonio (1821-), an Italian philosophical and religious writer, 
 
 author of works representing extreme rationalism 42 199 
 
ITALIAN LITERATURE Xxi 
 
 De Sanctis, Francesco (1818-83), Italian educator, critic, and literary- 
 historian ; author of a < History of Italian Literature * and < Criti- 
 cal Essays > 42 141 
 
 Minghetti, Marco (1818-86), an Italian statesman of distinction, jour- 
 nalist, and miscellaneous writer; author of recollections, a biog- 
 raphy of Raphael, and of Literary Studies of special Italian 
 interest 43 3S4 
 
 Govean, Felice (1819-), an Italian democratic journalist, dramatist, and 
 
 publicist, of international reputation and immense Italian success. 42 228 
 
 Carutti di Cantogno, Domenico (1821-), an Italian publicist and his- 
 torian of great distinction; author of histories of the reigns of 
 Amadeus II. and Charles Emanuel III 42 96 
 
 Ferrari, Paolo (1822-89), ^''^ Italian dramatist, author of comedies re- 
 ceived with great critical and popular favor 42 184 
 
 Canini, Marco Antonio (1822-91), Italian poet and political agitator, 
 journalist, and author of translations of love songs from nearly 
 150 languages 42 92 
 
 Alberti, Luigi (1822-), Italian dramatist and poet, author of numerous 
 
 comedies 42 10 
 
 Caccianiga, Antonio (1823-), an Italian author of novels in popular 
 
 style, and of studies of French life 42 87 
 
 Ciconi, Teobaldo (1824-63), Italian poet, author of lyrics and of very 
 
 successful comedies 42 109 
 
 Ciampi, Ignazio (1824-80), an Italian jurist; professor of modern his- 
 tory at Rome; author of poems, works on history and litera- 
 ture, biographies, and histories 42 109 
 
 Capecelatro, Alphonse, Cardinal (1824-), an Italian controversialist 
 and biographer, distinguished as Italy's leading contemporary 
 Roman Catholic writer 42 93 
 
 Barattani, Felipe (1825-), Italian poet and dramatist 42 41 
 
 Bonghi, Ruggero (1826-), popular Italian writer on Greek philosophy, 
 
 a life of Jesus, and Italian history 42 67 
 
 Arnaboldi, Alessandro (1827-), an Italian poet of the highest distinc- 
 tion and popularity 42 25 
 
 Fambri, Paul (1827-), an Italian dramatist, story -writer, military and 
 literary essayist and scholar; author of comedies, novels, and 
 criticisms 42 179 
 
 Villari (1827-), author of two great works on Savonarola and Machia- 
 velli, and of other historical studies, is an Italian writer of the 
 highest distinction. Twenty pages of his < Savonarola > are given 
 as an example in the Library 38 15354-76 
 
 Codemo Luigia (1828-), Italian author of numerous sketches and tales 
 marked by insight into and sympathy with the life of the com- 
 mon people 42 1 14 
 
 Bosio, Ferd. (1829-81), Italian educator, historian, poet, and novelist. 4 2 68 
 
 Costetti, Giuseppe (1834-), Italian dramatist of very great fame for 
 his early dramas, and later even more successful with his 
 comedies 42 122 
 
xxii ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Cossa, Pietro (1830-81), Italian dramatist, professor of Italian litera- 
 ture, author of lyric poems, and especially successful in his 
 dramas, <Nero,> <Messalina,> < Julian the Apostate,^ and <Cleo- 
 patra> 42 121 
 
 Bersezio, Vittorio (1830-), author of tales and comedies faithfully de- 
 lineating Piedmontese life 42 57 
 
 Bartoli, Adolfo (1833-), eminent historian of Italian literature 42 45 
 
 Chiarini, Giuseppe (1833-), an Italian poet and critic, literary editor, 
 
 and translator from English and German poets 42 106 
 
 Carrara, Valentino (1834-), an Italian dramatic poet of great orig- 
 inality, especially in comedy and vaudevilles, and notable for 
 historical sketches and delineation of Florentine life 42 95 
 
 << Castelnovo, Leo di » (Count Leopoldo PuUe) (1835-), Italian drama- 
 tist and poet, politically conspicuous, especially in comedies. . . .42 98 
 
 Carducci (1836-), the Italian poet and essayist, and professor in the 
 University of Bologna, enjoys the distinction of being univer- 
 sally recognized by his countrymen as their national prophet 
 and the true representative of Italian literary genius. Twelve 
 pages of his finest poems are given in the Library 8 3206-20 
 
 Ferrigni, Piero (1836-), an Italian journalist, topical and descriptive 
 writer, a prodigious popular favorite for his genius in treating 
 subjects of the day 42 185 
 
 Barrlli, A. G. (1836-), Italian journalist and novelist 42 44 
 
 Castelnuovo, Enrico (1839-), Italian novelist of great popularity, 
 
 specially representing the << novel of the inner life * 42 98 
 
 Betteloni, Vittorio (1840-), a poet and professor of Italian history and 
 
 literature at Verona 42 58 
 
 'Cantoni, Carlo (1840-), an Italian philosopher of international fame 
 for his expositions of the philosophy of Kant and other philo- 
 sophical works 42 93 
 
 'Gubernatis, Angelo de (1840-), an Italian critic, poet, philologist, and 
 historian; author of translations, original dramas, and poems, 
 and literary studies of extreme interest and value 42 237 
 
 "Verga (1840-), an Italian novelist of consummate power, who has 
 especially shown a master hand in his stories of peasant life in 
 Sicily; is represented in the Library by a whole tale fourteen 
 pages in length 38 15297-312 
 
 Milelli, Domenico (1841-), an Italian poet, a prolific writer of ex- 
 tremely realistic literature, author of verses and songs which 
 have been very popular 43 382 
 
 Boito, Arrigo (1842-), Italian poet and musical composer 42 66 
 
 Bonacci-Brunamonti, Maria (1842-), author of popular Italian national 
 
 songs 42 67 
 
 Cavallotti, Felice (1842-), Italian poet, author of political poems, 
 
 tragedies, and lyrics 42 99 
 
 Pitre, Giuseppe (1843-), an Italian collector of folklore, compiler and 
 editor of collections devoted to the popular traditions of Italy 
 and Sicily 43 431 
 
ITALIAN LITERATURE xxiii 
 
 Zerbi, Rocco de (1843-), an Italian journalist, political leader, and 
 writer of both prose and verse; author of notable critical work 
 and of great political influence 4 3 595 
 
 Bicci, Ersilio (1845-), poet and professor of Italian literature at Flor- 
 ence 42 58 
 
 Farina, Salvatore (1846-), an Italian novelist notable for sympathy 
 with lowly life, and for humor in the manner of Dickens, — the 
 best known abroad of all Italian novelists • 42 179 
 
 Giozza, Pier Giacinto (1846-), an Italian critic, poet, essayist, and 
 Dante student; author of writings accounted among the best in 
 recent Italian literature 42 218 
 
 De Amicis (1846-), who attained great popularity in Italy by a vol- 
 ume of short stories in 1869, and by other stories, later, reached 
 extraordinary success in his picturesque reports of travel in 
 Holland, Spain, Morocco, and at Constantinople, Paris, and 
 London. Twenty -three pages of examples are given in the 
 Library , i 453-78 
 
 Lanciani, Rodolfo Amedeo (1847-), an Italian archaeologist, celebrated 
 for investigation of the ruins of classical Rome, and author of 
 works depicting discoveries in Roman history 43 324 
 
 Giacosa, Giuseppe (1847-), an Italian dramatist, author of plays and 
 comedies marked by wit and taste, and irresistibly satirical in 
 his treatment of contemporary Italian social life 42 215 
 
 Colombi, Marchioness, an Italian novelist of to-day noteworthy for her 
 
 powerful description of the miseries of Italian peasant life 42 116 
 
 Graf, Arturo (1848-), an Italian poet, historian of literature, and 
 critic, a university professor since 1882 at Turin, and author of 
 valuable literary studies 42 229 
 
 Arnulii, Alberto (1849-88), a Piedmontese dialect poet; author of a 
 collection of satirical sonnets, and of a drama depicting Roman 
 society 42 26 
 
 Barbiera, Raphael (1851-), an Italian journalist and poet of distinction. 4 2 42 
 
 CiampoU, Domenico (185 5-), Italian novelist; author of stories and 
 romances picturing peasant life in Southern Italy, and of 
 several volumes devoted to special study of Slavic literature ... 4 2 109 
 
 Serao, Madame Matilda (1856-), a woman whose romances and 
 tales represent the most recent literary movement in Italy, 
 began literary work as a reporter, and later became an editor 
 at Naples 33 13133-52 
 
 Antona-Traversi, Camillo (185 7-), an Italian literary historian and 
 
 dramatist; author of comedies and numerous essays and studies. 42 21 
 
 D'Annunzio (1864-), an Italian novelist of bold realism after the 
 most extreme French examples; a poet also. His < Triumph of 
 Death, > a large example from which is given in the Library, 
 Brunetiere pronounces unsurpassed in naturalistic realism 2 574-85 
 
xxiv SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Spanish Literature had no distinct beginning until the 
 period following the breaking up of Arabic Spain, and the con- 
 sequent growth of Christian states, such as Castile. The earliest 
 efforts of learning stnd letters in Spain were to no small extent 
 those of Jewish scholars using Arabic as a learned tongue. The 
 names given under Arabic Literature may be compared with 
 some of the following: — 
 
 Yusuf, Abu Amru (976-1070), a Spanish historian and commentator, 
 profoundly versed in Oriental Mussulman knowledge; author 
 of works of value for knowledge of Mohammedan law 43 591 
 
 The Cid, an historical personage of the last days of Arabic Spain; 
 became later a legendary hero of epic poems, dating from 
 about 1200 A. D., and one, called <The Poem of my Cid, > is 
 probably the earliest monument of Castilian or Spanish litera- 
 ture. A full story with examples is given in the Library.. 9 3725-36 
 
 Ximenes, Rodrigo (died 1249), a Spanish prelate active in the war 
 
 against the Moors, and author of historical works 43 588 
 
 Gonzalo de Berceo (i 196-1270), an early Spanish poet, one of the 
 
 first to write in Castilian 42 225 
 
 Alfonso the Wise (1252-84), who ruled the newly-united kingdoms 
 of Castile and Leon, made himself the father of Spanish liter- 
 ature, by the books of which he was the author, and by his 
 care of the language and of learning i 383-88 
 
 Manuel, Don Juan (i 282-1349), a Spanish prince and famous early 
 writer; author of a collection of fifty tales in which he appears 
 as one of the first and best of Spanish prose-writers 43 366 
 
 Ruiz, Juan (1300-51), a Spanish poet; author of a semi-religious 
 
 lover's text-book; the most original of Spanish mediaeval poets. 43 472 
 
 Ayala, Pedro Lopez de (1332-1407), Spanish historian, poet, and 
 
 statesman 42 32 
 
 Villena (the Marquis of) (1384-1434), made a beginning of improved 
 Castilian poetry in an age when little had been produced ex- 
 cept crude ballads 5 2203 
 
 Santillana, Marques de (1398-1458), a Spanish soldier in the Moorish 
 wars; a poet of much influence for the reform of Castilian 
 poetry, and the development of Spanish drama, — author, also, 
 of a study of great value in the history of Spanish poetry. 43 479 
 
 Ximenes, Francisco (1436-1517), a Spanish churchman, statesman, 
 and cardinal, promoter, at his own expense, of the printing of 
 the < Complutensian Polyglot Bible > 43 588 
 
 Roig, Jaume, a Spanish physician of the fifteenth century; a poet 
 ranked one of the first who followed the troubgidours ; author of 
 a work full of invectives against the fair sex 43 464 
 
SPANISH LITERATURE y^^^^. 
 
 Cota, Rodrigo, Spanish poet of the fifteenth century, author of 
 pieces which are reckoned among the earliest of Spanish com- 
 positions ■ 42 122 
 
 Encina, Juan del (1469-1534), a celebrated Spanish poet and dram- 
 atist; author of lyrics, dramas, shepherd -plays, and pieces for 
 church holy seasons 42 170 
 
 Las Casas (1474-1566), a most notable author of the time of 
 Columbus, is dealt with in the Library and also in the < Syn- 
 opses of Noted Books > 8 3333-38 
 
 Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (1478-1557), a Spanish his- 
 torian, appointed in 1545 historian of the Spanish Indies, and 
 author of a ^General and Natural History of the West Indies'. 43 411 
 
 Castillejo, Christ6val de (1490-1556), Spanish poet, the latest repre- 
 sentative of the earlier traditional styles of Spain 42 98 
 
 Mcntalvo, Garcia Ordonez de, a Spanish romancer at the end of the 
 fifteenth century, author of the earliest existing version of the 
 famous < Amadis of Gaul > 43 388 
 
 Zarate, Agustin de (1492-1560), a Spanish historian, companion to 
 the Viceroy of Peru in 1543, and author of a history of the 
 discovery and conquest of Peru 43 594 
 
 Boscan (1493-1540), whose active career was during the years 1526- 
 40, first wrote Spanish verse in the manner of Petrarch, Ital- 
 ian culture having begun to greatly affect Spain 5 2203-08 
 
 Del Castillo (1498-1593) is of extreme iaterest and importance for 
 his <True History of the Conquest of Mexico, > in which he 
 had participated 11 4613-19 
 
 Cetina, Gutierre de (1500-60), Spanish poet in Mexico, notable for 
 
 his use of Italian poetic forms 42 loi 
 
 Ondegardo, Polo (1500-70), a Spanish historian, author of manuscripts 
 preserved in the archives of Simancas and the Escorial from 
 which Prescott obtained information for his ^History of the 
 Conquest of Peru > 43 409 
 
 Garcilaso de la Vega (1503-36), a Spanish poet of very high rank at 
 the court of Charles V. ; author of poems in great variety, the 
 influence of which introduced Italian finish into Spanish litera- 
 ture 42 208 
 
 Mendoza, Diego Hurtado (1503-75), a Spanish army official, high in 
 public life; author of a famous satiric romance widely trans- 
 lated, and the precursor of <Gil Blas> 43 378 
 
 Xavier, Francisco (1506-52), one of the Spanish founders of the Jesuit 
 order, known as the Apostle of the Indies; author of important 
 letters and other writings 43 587 
 
 Servetus, Michael (1511-53), a Spanish physician ; notable for intellec- 
 tual revolt against popular Protestant dogma, and death by fire 
 procured by the celebrated John Calvin 43 490 
 
 Naharro, Bartolome de Torres, a Spanish dramatist of the sixteenth 
 century whose pieces, one of them condemned by the Inquisi- 
 tion, are among the earliest specimens of Spanish drama 43 4oo 
 
XXvi SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 Zurita, Geronimo (1512-80), Spanish historian, author of a very valu- 
 able < Annals of the Crown of Aragon > 43 599 
 
 Hita, Gines Perez de, a Spanish historian of the sixteenth century, 
 author of an important narrative of the events leading up to 
 the expulsion of the Moors from Spain 42 266 
 
 Xeres, Francisco, a Spanish historian, secretary of Pizarro on his ex- 
 pedition to Peru about 1530, and author of a very valuable ac- 
 count of the Conquest of Peru 43 588 
 
 Montemayor, Jorge de (1520-61), a Spanish musician, poet, and ro- 
 mance writer; author of a pastoral romance, the most popular 
 since <Amadis of Gaul,^ and the model of Sir PhiUp Sidney's 
 < Arcadia > 43 388 
 
 Balboa, Miguel Cabello de (1525-86), Spanish soldier and later priest 
 
 in South America, author of < History of Peru* 42 38 
 
 Padilla, Pedro de (died about 1595), a Spanish poet, a friend of Cer- 
 vantes, and a notable improvisator; author of lyrics, bucolic 
 poems, satires, spiritual songs, and metrical romances, some of 
 them among the best of their time 43 412 
 
 Ponce de Leon, Luis (1527-gi), a great Spanish lyric poet; university 
 professor at Salamanca; author of poems almost exclusively re- 
 ligious which are classed with the highest products of the 
 Spanish muse, and of translations from Latin, Hebrew, Greek, 
 and Italian notably spirited and graceful 43 435 
 
 Alcdzar (i 530-1606), a Spanish poet of fine taste and skill, in the age 
 
 of Shakespeare and Cervantes i 272-75 
 
 Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso de (1533-95), a Spanish poet; author of an 
 epic based on his observation of the Araucanian natives of 
 Chili, and admirable for its portraiture of character 42 172 
 
 Herrera, Fernando de (1534-97), a Spanish poet, author of exquisite 
 
 lyrics and historical poems, and founder of a school of poetry. .42 261 
 
 Perez, Antonio (1539-1611), a Spanish statesman and historian. Secre- 
 tary of State to Philip II., and author of a work of importance 
 revealing the secrets of Philip II. as a king and a man 43 424 
 
 Acosta, Jos6 d' (1540-1600), a Spanish Jesuit, educator, and historian; 
 
 author of a < Natural and Moral History of the Indies > (1590). 42 3 
 
 Cervantes (1547-1616), the creator of <Don Quixote,* the well-seasoned 
 wisdom and enduring charm of which has made it one of the 
 world's great books; he appears in the Library by a story of 
 seven pages and six fine examples, filling forty-five pages. . . .8 3451-502 
 
 Cueva, Juan de la (i 550-1607), a Spanish poet; author of lyrics, sonnets, 
 songs, elegies, tragedies, and comedies; one of the founders of 
 Spanish national drama 42 1 26 
 
 Aleman, Matteo (i 550-1609), Spanish novelist, famous for an example 
 of « picaresque » satirical romance second only to that of Men- 
 doza 42 12 
 
 Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de (1559-1613), a notable Spanish poet; 
 author of tragedies, ballads, and songs, sonnets and epistles of 
 the greatest excellence 42 23 
 
SPANISH LITERATURE XXVii 
 
 Gdngora y Argote, Luis de (i 561-1627), a Spanish poet; author of 
 grotesquely irregular verse which yet influenced a whole gen- 
 eration in both Spain and France 42 224 
 
 Lope De Vega (1562-1635), the most prolific of all known writers, 
 author of a vast series of comedies, and the perfect reflection 
 of the Spain of his day, has a most interesting presentment in 
 the Library 38 15287-96 
 
 Balbuena, Don Bernardo de (i 568-1627), a Spanish poet notable for 
 
 works of Mexican and South American interests 42 38 
 
 Tirso de Molina (Fray Gabriel Tellez, 1570-1648), a Spanish dramatist; 
 author, within fourteen years, of 300 comedies and dramas, of 
 which 65 are extant, a treasury drawn upon by many succeed- 
 ing dramatists 43 527 
 
 Alarcon y Mendoza, Don Juan Ruiz de (i 580-1639), of Mexican birth, 
 noted Spanish dramatist, the last of the old school, and the 
 creator of character comedy 42 9 
 
 Quevedo y Villegas, don Francisco (1580-1645), a Spanish satirist, 
 very witty, very brilliant, and ranking as the greatest satiric 
 writer of his country 43 448 
 
 Rioja, Francisco de (1585-1659), a Spanish scholar and librarian, royal 
 chronicler of Castile; a poet noted for delicacy of style and 
 deep feeling for nature, and regarded as one of the best cf his 
 time 43 459 
 
 Mendoza, Antonio Hurtado de (i 590-1644), a Spanish dramatist and 
 poet; a member of the Inquisition, and private secretary of 
 Philip IV. ; author of dramas, ballads, and lyrics, and a large 
 number of roundelays 43 378 
 
 Calderon (1600-81), Lope de Vega's great successor; author of one 
 hundred and eight dramas and seventy-three autos or religious 
 plays, presents a fine study of the Spain of 1630-80, and of a 
 unique example of literature 7 3071-86 
 
 Montalvdn, Juan P6rez de (1602-38), a Spanish priest at Madrid, and 
 notary of the Inquisition; author of some of the most popular 
 of Spanish dramas, and of a collection of diverting stories and 
 anecdotes 43 388 
 
 Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del, Spanish poet and romancer of the 
 seventeenth century; author of popular stories, comedies, and 
 fables 42 98 
 
 Rojas y Zorilla, Francisco (1607-80), a Spanish dramatist; author of 
 
 twenty-four notable plays which are still extant 4 3 464 
 
 Moreto y Cabana, Agustin (1618-69), a- noted Spanish dramatist 
 whose chief work was one of the four classical masterpieces of 
 the old Spanish stage, and whose later dramas introduced into 
 Spain the comedy of character and manners 4 3 39 1 
 
 Diamante, Juan Bautista (1626-1700), Spanish author of plays, one of 
 which many critics suppose to be the original from which Cor- 
 neille's ^ Cid > was a borrowed production 42 i43 
 
xxviii SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 Molinos, Miguel (1640-97), a Spanish priest at Rome; founder of 
 Quietism, the doctrine that godliness consists in uninterrupted 
 communion with God. He was from 1687 imprisoned for life 
 as a heretic, in spite of recantation of his teaching 43 386 
 
 Canizares, Jose (1676-1750), a notably successful Spanish dramatist .. 4 2 92 
 
 Montiano y Luyando, Agustin de (1697-1764), a Spanish poet and 
 dramatist; director of the Academy of History, Madrid; author 
 of tragedies aiming at Spanish reform by conformity with the 
 rules of the French stage 43 389 
 
 Isla, Jos6 Francisco de (1703-81), a Spanish satirist and wit, sur- 
 passed only by Cervantes; author of a prodigiously popular 
 story of adventures vividly portraying life in the eighteenth 
 century 42 285 
 
 Clavijo y Fajardo, Jose (i 730-1 806), a notable Spanish journalist in 
 Madrid; founder of the Pensador and the Mercurio, and trans- 
 lator of Buffon's ^Natural History > 42 112 
 
 Cruz, Ramon de la (1731-99), a Spanish dramatic poet notable for 
 establishing the native Spanish drama independent of French 
 influence 42 126 
 
 Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez de (1737-80), a Spanish poet; professor 
 in the Imperial College, Madrid; author of one of the best 
 epics in the language, <The Ships of Cortes Destroyed, > and of 
 plays more acceptable to public taste than the usual religious 
 dramas 43 390 
 
 Cadalso, Don Jos6 de (1741-82), a Spanish poet, dramatist, and story 
 
 writer, notable as a humorist 42 87 
 
 Iglesias de la Casa, Jose (1743-91), a Spanish poet; organizer with 
 Melendez of the School of Salamanca, and an important classic 
 of Spanish poetry 42 283 
 
 Melendez Valdes, Juan (i 754-1 81 7), a Spanish poet, one of the most 
 prominent of the eighteenth century; university professor at 
 Salamanca 43 377 
 
 Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (1756-1823), a Spanish priest; general 
 secretary of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789, and author of 
 great works on the history of the Spanish Inquisition, and the 
 political history of the Popes 43 346 
 
 Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de (i 760-1 828), a noted Spanish dram- 
 atist and poet; author of lyrical poems, of studies of the origin 
 of the Spanish stage, and of plays which gave him the name 
 of « the Spanish Moliere » 43 390 
 
 Caldas Pereira de Souza, Antonio (1762-1814), Spanish Brazilian poet 
 
 and ecclesiastic 42 88 
 
 Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de (1764-1809), a Spanish poet at Ma- 
 drid ; author of tragedies, a comedy, songs, odes, and elegies ..42 no 
 
 Duran, Agustin (i 789-1 862), a distinguished Spanish critic; author of 
 a study of the Spanish theatre, and of Spanish romance and 
 ballad writing which greatly helped to liberate Spain from 
 French influence .' 42 157 
 
SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Gil y Zdrate, Don Antonio (1793-1861), a Spanish dramatist widely 
 known from 1832, and author of plays which placed him at the 
 head of the modern Spanish drama 42 216 
 
 Zarate, Antonio Gil y (i 795-1 860), a Spanish dramatic poet; author of 
 
 notable dramas, and of a valuable history of Spanish literature . 4 3 594 
 
 Caballero (1796-1877), a woman author of Spanish novels of high 
 life, who made her first and greatest success in 1849, and by 
 her career created the modem Spanish novel; admirably pic- 
 tures Spain in its conservative aspects 7 3001-16 
 
 Breton de los Herreros, Manuel (1800-73), the most notable Spanish 
 
 poet of the first half of the century 42 74 
 
 Calderon, Don Serafin Estebanez (1801-67), Spanish professor of 
 poetry at Granada; author of valuable historical studies and 
 collector of a vast library of old Spanish literature 42 88 
 
 Mesonero y Romanos, Ramon de (1803-82), a Spanish descriptive 
 writer and historian ; founder and editor of a Spanish Pictorial 
 Weekly ; author of a scholarly history of < Ancient Madrid,* and 
 of valuable sketches and travels 43 380 
 
 Arolas, Juan de (1805-49), Spanish author of poems of chivalry and 
 
 romance 42 27 
 
 Lafuente, Modesto (1806-66), a Spanish historian and satirist; author 
 of a widely circulated series of satirical sketches, and of a 
 < General History of Spain > in thirty volumes 4 3 321 
 
 Escosura, Patricio de la (1807-78), a Spanish poet and novelist; 
 
 author of epics, dramas, historical novels, and histories 42 1 73 
 
 Gaydngos y Arce, Pascual de (1809-), a Spanish scholar and his- 
 torical writer; university professor at Madrid, later a resident 
 of London; author of important contributions to the history of 
 Spain 42 211 
 
 Espronceda (1810-42), a poet whose short career (1830-40) was rich 
 in promise; is compared with Byron, Leopardi, and even 
 Goethe 14 5549-55 
 
 Avellaneda y Arteaga, G. Gomez de (1814-73), distinguished Spanish 
 poet, dramatist, and novelist of Cuban birth; also author of 
 biblical dramas 42 31 
 
 Campoamor y Campoosorio, Don Ramon de (181 7-), one of the 
 most popular and prolific of Spanish poets, and author of 
 stories in verse of fine quality 42 92 
 
 Zorrilla (1817-93), who achieved sudden distinction in 1817, was es- 
 teemed the leading poet of Spain at his death in 1893 39 16325-30 
 
 Rosa Gonzales, Juan de la (1820), a Spanish dramatist, poet, and 
 critic; author of a number of successful dramas and lyrics, and 
 among the first of Spanish contemporary literary criticF 43 466 
 
 Aguilera, Ventura Ruiz (1820-81), Spanish poet, journalist, and archae- 
 ological director; author of works important for knowledge of 
 Spain 42 7 
 
 Canete, Manuel (1822-91), a Spanish poet and dramatist; author also 
 
 of studies in the history of the Spanish theatre 42 92 
 
XXX SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 Balaguer, Victor (1824-), Spanish-Catalan poet, novelist, and his- 
 torian; author of popular historical romances and tales 42 38 
 
 Valera (1827-), a Spanish scholar, poet, and critical essayist; 
 achieved his highest distinction in his <Pepita Ximenez,> 1874, 
 a novel of character, and the first of a series of novels 37 15220-36 
 
 Grassi, Angela (1826-), a Spanish poet, novelist, and playwright; 
 author of successful dramas and of a series of brilliant novels 
 widely read among the Spanish middle classes 42 230 
 
 Cdnovas del Castillo, Antonio (1826-97), distinguished Spanish jour- 
 nalist, statesman, author of literary and historical studies, and 
 editor-in-chief of a < General History of Spain* 42 93 
 
 Barrantes, Vicente (1829-), poet, novelist, and author of a series of 
 
 historical studies of Philippine interest 42 44 
 
 Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (1829-79), eminently successful Spanish 
 dramatist, especially devoted to the modern comedy of man- 
 ners, and author of sonnets 42 32 
 
 Eguilaz, Luis (1830-78), a Spanish dramatist at Madrid; author of a 
 great number of plays very strong in character-drawing, and 
 very successful 42 165 
 
 Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (1826-88), a Spanish poet and novel- 
 ist; author of plays and novels of wide circulation and great 
 popularity 42 184 
 
 Castelar, Emilio (1832-), Spanish orator, democratic political leader, 
 
 and writer of historical and political works 42 97 
 
 Echegaray (1832-), ranks as a Spanish dramatist with Victor Hugo in 
 
 French. He was a scientist and statesman until about 1877. . 13 5101-12 
 
 Alarc6n (1833-gi), a Spanish editor, politician, dramatic critic, poet, 
 and novelist; became famous by a series of remarkable novels 
 of which the first appeared in 1859. His African War Diary 
 netted the publishers a profit of three million pesetas ($600,000) . i 262-67 
 
 Nunez de Area, Caspar (1834-), a Spanish dramatist and poet 
 notable as the « Spanish Tennyson »; author of remarkably 
 popular lyric and patriotic poems, and of popular comedies. . . .43 406 
 
 Pereda (1834-), who began to be known by work of fine quality 
 in 1859, is regarded as the most original of the contemporary- 
 Spanish writers of fiction and the pioneer of the best sort of 
 realism 29 11305-22 
 
 Becquer, G. A. (1836-70), Spanish author of lyrics, tales, and legends 
 
 of exceptional excellence 42 50 
 
 Isaaks, Jorge (1843-), a poet and novelist of Bogota, South Amer- 
 ica, of half Jewish and half Spanish birth, became universally 
 known to Spanish readers by his novel < Maria > published at 
 Bogota in 1867 20 8046-56 
 
 Caro, Miguel Antonio (1843-), a prose-writer and poet of Colombia; 
 author also of a translation into Spanish of Virgil's complete 
 works 42 95 
 
 Cano y Masas, Leopoldo (1844-), distinguished Spanish dramatist, 
 
 Military Academy professor, and poet 42 93 
 
PORTUGUESE LITERATURE XXxi 
 
 Gald6s (1845-), one of the leaders of contemporary Spanish fiction, is 
 best known by a series of historical romances, and, later, by 
 some didactic novels, one of which, <Dona Perfecta,> is regarded 
 as his best work 15 6153-73 
 
 Pardo-Bazdn [Emilia] (1852-), a woman of rare gifts as a critic and 
 
 essayist, is a novelist of the Zola school of realism 28 1 1025-41 
 
 Vald6s (1853), said to be the most entertaining of the later Spanish 
 novelists, and without a Spanish equal in his women char- 
 acters 3 7 15199-219 
 
 Menendez y Pelayo, Marcelino (1855-), a Spanish scholar, historian, 
 and poet; author of odes, epistles, and tragedies, and of a his- 
 tory defending the Spanish Inquisition 43 378 
 
 Diaz de Escobar, Narciso (i860-), a Spanish poet, author of very 
 popular lyric poems, dramas notably successful, and Madrid 
 character sketches 42 143 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Portuguese Literature, is sketched in the Library by way of 
 introduction to the account of Portugal's one supremely great 
 writer, Camoens (viii, 3129-37). 
 
 Lobeira, Joam de (about 1350-1403), a Portuguese troubadour of the 
 thirteenth century, a period of ProveuQal and French influ- 
 ences, probably wrote the work of which the Spanish <Amadis 
 de Gaula> (1480) is a version 8 3129 
 
 Lopes, Fernao (1380-1459), the oldest of the Portuguese chroniclers; 
 author of historical researches of unsurpassed literary and 
 critical value (43, 349), the « father of Portuguese prose » 8 3130 
 
 Gil Vicente (1475-1538), a Portuguese dramatist and actor, father of 
 the drama of his country; author of tragedies, comedies, and 
 farces showing great originality and poetic talent, and of great 
 influence upon theatrical methods in Europe (42, 216), second 
 only to Camoens in his period 8 3130 
 
 Ribeiro, Bernardim (1486-1550), a Portuguese poet, author of lyrics, 
 idyls, and a pastoral romance in prose; and notable as one of 
 those who introduced the Italian pastoral style in Portuguese 
 literature 43 456 
 
 Sa' de Miranda, Francesco (1495-1557), who came from six years' 
 stay in Italy in 1521, attempted to set dramas in the Italian 
 style against those of Vicente 8 3130 
 
 Barros, Joao de (1496-1570), the foremost Portuguese historian; author 
 
 of a history of Portuguese discoveries and conquests 8 3130 
 
 Resende, Garcia de (first quarter of the sixteenth century), a poet 
 of the period of Spanish influence (Castile), made a collection 
 of poems of the time (Lisbon, 1516) 8 3130 
 
xxxii PORTUGUESE LITERATURE 
 
 Falcao, Christovam (first half of the sixteenth century), in Portugal's 
 third period (1521-80), following her great age of discovery, and 
 un4er Italian influence, was the founder of bucolic poetry 8 3130 
 
 Castanheda, Fernao Lopez de (1500-59), Portuguese historian, a visitor 
 to India, and author of < History of the Discovery and Conquest 
 of India by the Portuguese > 42 97 
 
 Mendez-Pinto, Fernam (1510-83), a Portuguese traveler for manj'^ 
 years in the remote East; author of a story of a < Pilgrimage > 
 (1614), which was translated into the principal European lan- 
 guages, and became a Portuguese classic 43 378 
 
 Camoens, Luiz de (1524-80), Portugal's greatest poet, is most famous 
 for his epic, <The Lusiads,^ in which he celebrated great Por- 
 tugfuese deeds, such as Vasco da Gama's discovery of the ocean 
 way round Africa to India. In lyric poems also he was hardly 
 less great than in epic. Twenty-two pages of his finest work 
 are given in the Library with a full sketch of the poet's life. . 8 3129-58 
 
 Ferreira, Antonio (1528-69), a celebrated Portuguese poet and dram- 
 atist; author of sonnets, odes, and epigrams of high literary 
 merit, and of < Inez de Castro, * the second regular tragedy pro- 
 duced in Europe 42 185 
 
 Bemardes, Diogo (1530-1605), a master singer with Sa' de Miranda. .42 57 
 
 Alvarez do Oriente, Fernan (1540-99), a Portuguese poet; author of 
 a pastoral romance containing elegies, sonnets, and idyls of 
 great beauty . 42 16 
 
 Faria, Manoel Severim de (1583-1655), a Portuguese biographer, essay- 
 ist, and scholar ; author of thoughtful and valuable literary studies .42 1 79 
 
 Faria y Sousa, Manoel de (i 590-1649), a Portuguese poet of original 
 merit, and author of histories of Portugal and of Portuguese 
 action in Asia and Africa 42 179 
 
 Ceo, Violante do (1601-93), a Portuguese poet; greatly admired and 
 
 styled « the tenth Muse » 42 100 
 
 Melo, Francisco Manuel de (161 1-65), a Portuguese historian and poet; 
 author of poems mostly satirical and comic, and of voluminous 
 historical works of Spanish and Portuguese interest 43 377 
 
 Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (died about 1623), a Portuguese poet of 
 whose life practically nothing is known ; one of the most admired 
 and popular of the poets of his country 43 346 
 
 Ericeira, Francisco (1673-1743), a Portuguese soldier and poet; notable 
 
 for an epic poem, and as a translator of Boileau 42 172 
 
 Gargao, Pedro Antonio Correo (1724-72), a Portuguese poet; author 
 of successful dramas, and of satires, odes, epistles, and lyrics 
 of very high quality 42 208 
 
 Diniz da Cruz e Silva, Antonio (1731-99), a Portuguese lawyer and 
 poet; author of a g^reat variety of poetical writings of very 
 superior quality 42 i45 
 
 Montemor, Jorge de, author of a delightful pastoral poem, is an exampl 
 of a period (i 580-1700) in which Portuguese writers used Span- 
 ish, the influence of Spanish literature was so great 8 3131 
 
PORTUGUESE LITERATURE 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 Nascimento, Francisco Manoel de (1734-1819), a Portuguese poet of 
 great eminence for his <Od.es,> and other poems, and notable 
 for a version of La Fontaine's fables (43, 401); he came near 
 the end of the next or fifth period (i 700-1 825') , nearly the whole 
 of which had been dominated by French classicism 8 3131 
 
 Socage, Manoel Maria Barbosa du (about 1800), stands in the same 
 case precisely, helping to bring to an end a period ruled by 
 French classicism 8 3131 
 
 Almeida, Nicolao T. de (1741-1811), Portuguese poet; author of satires 
 
 keenly ridiculing the manners of the time 42 15 
 
 Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio (1744-1809), Portuguese poet, resident in 
 Brazil, and author of lyrics the most perfect in metre and style 
 of anything in Portuguese literature 42 224 
 
 Gomes, Xoao Baptista (1775-1803), a Portuguese dramatist; author of 
 an effective and highly successful tragedy showing almost per- 
 fect dramatic taste 42 223 
 
 Baena, Antonio (1795-1850), a Portuguese historian and geographer; 
 
 author of explorations in the Amazon valley -...42 35 
 
 Almeida-Garrett, Joao Baptista (1799-1854), a distingfuished Portuguese 
 poet, dramatist, and political leader, notable for efforts to create 
 a purely national drama (42, 15); was the leader of a new 
 Romantic and national literary movement in Portugal, through 
 an epic of patriotism, and national dramas 8 3131 
 
 Castilho, Antonio Feliciano (1800-75), Portuguese poet of deep sytn- 
 
 pathy with nature, and specially excellent in pastorals 42 98 
 
 Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alessandro (1810-77), a Portuguese 
 scholar, editor, poet, and political reformer; author of valuable 
 histories and historical novels 42 260 
 
 Mendes Leal da Silva, Jose (1818-86), an eminent Portuguese official 
 and poet ; author of a large number of plays and songs, and of 
 several romances 43 378 
 
 Palmeirim, Luiz Augusto (1825-93), a Portuguese poet; author of 
 lyrics, patriotic poems, and comedies in verse, and noted as « the 
 Beranger of Portugal >> 43 414 
 
 Castello-Branco, Camillo (1826-90), notable Portuguese novelist and 
 poet ; author of novels and romances presenting genuine pictures 
 of Portuguese life 42 97 
 
 Gomes de Amorim, Francisco (1827-92), a Portuguese poet and ro- 
 mance writer of European reputation as being in the first rank 
 of modern Portuguese poets 42 224 
 
 Blester, Joao Ernesto (1829-80), notable Portuguese dramatist ; author 
 
 of some ninety plays 42 59 
 
 Deus, Joao de (1830-), Portuguese lyric poet; regarded as author of a 
 
 new departure in the poetry of his country 42 142 
 
 Ribeiro, Thomaz Antonio Fereiro (1831-), a Portugfuese poet, and 
 political leader, notable for his patriotism; and author both of 
 
 collections of poems, and of books of travel 43 456 
 
 3 
 
xxxiv BRAZILIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Cordeiro, Joao Ricardo (1836-81), a Portuguese dramatist; author of 
 plays and of translations and adaptations of dramas from the 
 French 42 121 
 
 Diniz, Julio (1839-71), a Portuguese novelist and poet, the first of his 
 
 country to use studies of village life 42 145 
 
 Braga, Theophilo (1843-), scholar and poet, historian in twenty vol- 
 umes of Portuguese literature 42 72 
 
 Queiroz, Jos6 Maria E§a de (1845-), a Portuguese journalist, traveler, 
 and novelist; author of works introducing the style of Zola in 
 Portugal 43 447 
 
 Crespo, Antonio (1846-83), a Portuguese poet of Brazilian birth; au- 
 thor of volumes showing great power of poetic form, expression, 
 and feeling 42 124 
 
 Ennes, Antonio (1848-), a Portuguese dramatist, journalist, and high^ 
 government official ; author of plays extremely successful in both 
 Portugal and Brazil 42 171 
 
 Gomes Leal, Antonio Duarte (1848-), a Portuguese poet, all of whose 
 work is characterized by extreme radical thought, and heterodoxy 
 in matters of religion 42 224 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Brazilian Literature, as an annex to Portuguese, has a large 
 interest as the record in letters of the immense region of South 
 America, the Portuguese discovery of which, independently of 
 Columbus, made Europe aware that continental lands of vast ex- 
 tent, never before known, called for recognition of a ^^New 
 World.** A summary view of what Brazil counts for in literature 
 embraces the following names: — 
 
 Yves d'fivreux, Pierre (1577-1620?), a French-Brazilian historian; a 
 missionary in Brazil, and author of an account of great histor- 
 ical value of events at the time 43 591 
 
 Mesquita, Salvador de (1646-1700?), a Brazilian poet; author of 
 tragedies and of a sacred drama, < The Sacrifice of Jephtha, > 
 by which his first reputation was made 43 380 
 
 Gatna, Jos6 Basilio da (1740-95), a Brazilian poet of Jesuit training; 
 notable for < Uruguay, > a poem exposing alleged Jesuit de- 
 signs 42 207 
 
 Lopes, Caetano (1780-1860), a Brazilian historian; a mulatto edu- 
 cated in Paris, held in high esteem by the Emperor Pedro, 
 and author of numerous works treating of history, biography, 
 and surgery 43 349 
 
 Araujo Porto- Alegre, Manoel de (1806-79), a Brazilian poet, profes- 
 sor at the Academy of Arts, and author of < Colombo,* an epic 
 celebrating the discovery of America 42 22 
 
CUBAN LITERATURE XXXV 
 
 Magalhaens, Domingo Jos6 (1811-), a Brazilian poet, from 1845 to 
 1867; Brazilian minister to Dresden, Naples, Turin, and Vienna; 
 a lyric poet of high rank among his countrymen 43 362 
 
 Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de (1816-78), a celebrated Brazilian 
 diplomatist and historian; author of works characterized by 
 profound research and lucid style ; indisputably the first of Bra- 
 zilian historians 43 543 
 
 Pereira da Silva, Joao Manuel (1818-), a Brazilian historian; au- 
 thor of a series of works on the history of Brazil, including 
 a collection of biographies, and on the past and present of 
 Portuguese literature 43 423 
 
 Macedo, Joaquim Manoel de (1820-), a Brazilian poet, novelist, and 
 historical writer; college professor at Rio Janeiro; greatly es- 
 teemed as a lyric poet, and author of novels, dramas, and 
 comedies 43 359 
 
 Dutra £ Mello, Antonio Francisco (1823-43), a Brazilian poet; author 
 of verses considered among the best of South American pro- 
 duction 42 158 
 
 Diaz, Antonio (1823-66), Brazilian poet, author of dramas, an un- 
 finished epic, and lyric poems marked by feeling, wit, and 
 great originality 42 143 
 
 Alencar, Jos6 M. de (1829-77), Brazilian novelist ; a Cooper of Brazil- 
 ian history and life 42 12 
 
 Azevedo, Manoel A. A. de (1831-52), a prolific and popular Brazilian 
 
 poet 42 32 
 
 Nabuco de Araujo, Jos6 Tito (1836-), a Brazilian historical and 
 dramatic writer ; author of poems and biographies, and of dramas 
 which have been successfully represented in South American 
 cities 43 400 
 
 Taunay, Alfredo D'Escragnolle (1843-), a Brazilian statesman and 
 writer of French origin; author of essays, poems, comedies, 
 and criticisms, and of a series of novels considered the best 
 ever produced by a Brazilian novelist 43 516 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Cuban Literature, in close connection with Spanish, presents 
 names of which the following may be noted: — 
 
 Valdes, Gabriel (1809-44), a Cuban poet (negro) ; author of poems 
 
 which have passed- through many editions at home and abroad ; 
 
 one of the most popular of Spanfsh-American poets 43 541 
 
 Villaverde, Cirilo (1812-), a Cuban writer; a political exile; author of 
 
 novels highly praised by Spanish and Spanish -American critics. 43 547 
 Cdrdenas y Rodrfguez, Jos6 M. de (1812-82), Cuban poet, and 
 
 author of humorous sketches of Cuban life 42 94 
 
XXXvi LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Milan6s, Jos6 Jacinto (1814-63), a Cuban poet; author of very success- 
 ful dramas, of a series of social sketches, and of poems which 
 have been translated into English, French, Italian, and German. 43 382 
 
 Cdrdenas y Rodrfguez, Nicolds de (1814-68), Cuban poet, novelist, 
 
 and miscellaneous writer 42 94 
 
 Orgaz, Francisco (1815-73), a Cuban poet; author of lyrics counted 
 
 among the best of Spanish- America 43 409 
 
 Mendive, Rafael Maria de ( 1821-86), a Cuban poet author of legends 
 and stories in verse, many of which appeared in English, 
 French, and Italian translations; one of the best of Spanish- 
 American poets 43 378 
 
 St. Domingo furnishes these names: — 
 
 Delmonte y Tejada, Antonio ( 1783-1861 ), author of a history of 
 
 Santo Domingo from its discovery .^2 138 
 
 Delmonte, Felix Maria (1810-), author of poems, dramas, and his- 
 torical tales in verse 42 138 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Latin- American Literature (Vol. xxii, 8903-28), which began 
 with the publication of a book in Spanish in 1537, more than a 
 century before anything had been printed in North America, is 
 exhaustively sketched in the Library, in a book of twenty-five 
 pages, describing the Colonial Period, the Revolutionary Period, 
 and the Period of Independence; with special mention of writers 
 on political science, historians, literary critics, poets, dramatists, 
 and novelists. The following names are worthy of note: — 
 
 Antonio de Le6n Pinela, a scholar and poet, royal historiographer of 
 
 the Indies 22 8908 
 
 Francisco Bernardino Sahagtin, a Spanish monk, teacher of the 
 Indians in Mexico from 1529 to 1590, and author of a great 
 work on the history of the affairs of New Spain 22 8909 
 
 Ercilla y Ztiniga, Alonso de (about 1533-95), participant in the con- 
 quest of Chili 1558, and author of <La Araucana, ^ an epic ac- 
 count of the war which has been praised as one of the truly 
 great epics of the world 22 8910 
 
 Ona, Pedro de (1560-1620), a Chilian poet; author among other 
 poetical works of ^Arauco Domado,' an inferior recast of <La 
 Araucana* 22 8910 
 
 Tezozomoc, author (about 1598) of a minute and circumstantial 
 
 history of the Aztec nation from its original starting place .... 2 2 8909 
 
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE XXXvii 
 
 Fernando de Alva (Ixtlilxdchitl, an Indian prince of Texcoco), a 
 scholar of vast knowledge of native languages, songs, tradi- 
 tions, and other memorials; interpreter to the viceroy; and 
 author in Spanish of a history of his race, — a -work very re- 
 markable for its style as well as learning (about 1600) 22 8908 
 
 Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas (1624-88), a South-American prelate 
 and historian of great learning and capacity; author of an 
 invaluable < History of the Kingdom of New Granada > 42 184 
 
 Sebastiao Rocha Pitta (1660-1738), a Brazilian Jesuit; author of a 
 great history in Portuguese of Portuguese America from its 
 discovery to 1724 22 8909 
 
 Juan de Castellanos, one of the original conquerors of Venezuela; 
 author of an extensive rhyming chronicle entitled <Elegias de 
 Varones Illustres > 22 S910 
 
 RoUin, Ambrose Lucien (1692-1749), a West-Indian historian; author 
 of researches, and of authoritative works on the native races 
 affected by Spanish conquests 43 4^5 
 
 Francisco, Xavier Clavijero (1721-93), a Jesuit native of Vera Cruz; 
 many years a missionary among the Indians of Mexico, then 
 an exile in Italy; and author of a great work in Italian on the 
 ancient inhabitants of Mexico 22 8909 
 
 Molina, Juan Ignacio (1737-1829), a Jesuit of Chili, South America, 
 resident after 1774 at Bologna, Italy; and author of valuable 
 historical works on Chili and its history 4 3 386 
 
 Olmedo, Jose Joaquin (1781-1847), a South-American poet of Guay- 
 aquil in Ecuador; author of highly praised poems, and of pop- 
 ular studies in prose 43 4o8 
 
 Lopez y Planes, Vicente (1784-1856), an Argentine lawyer, soldier, 
 educator, and poet; one of the founders of a university in 
 Buenos Ayres; prominent in high political office; and, with 
 other poems, author of the < Argentine National Hymn> 4 3 35o 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco Acuna de (i 791-1862), a Uruguayan poet; author 
 
 of productions characterized by lofty inspiration and noble diction .42 188 
 
 Vega de la Ventura (1807-65), an Argentine (Spanish) poet; con- 
 sidered one of the best modern Spanish poets 4 3 544 
 
 Echeverria, Est6ban (1809-51), a notable Argentine poet; author of 
 
 works showing the influence of Byron and Lamartine 42 162 
 
 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (181 1-88), an Argentine educational 
 writer; president of the Argentine Republic; author of works 
 designed to promote educational interests in his own country. . 43 480 
 
 Baralt, Rafael Maria (1814-60), a Venezuelan poet and historian ... 4 2 41 
 
 Arboleda, Julio (1817-72), South-American journalist, orator, revolu- 
 tionist, and poet of distinction 42 22 
 
 Lorente. Sebastian (1820-84), a Peruvian historian; university pro- 
 fessor; and author of valuable historical studies 43 35<^ 
 
 Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe (1821-86), a Peruvian public official of 
 note; author of geographical and historical works of special 
 South-American interest 4 3 420 
 
XXXVIU MEXICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Marquez, Jos6 Arnaldo (1825-81), a Peruvian journalist: author of 
 travels, and a poet, esteemed the best of modem Peruvian, es- 
 pecially lyric, poets 43 369 
 
 Nunez, Rafael (i825->v a notable South-American writer; president 
 of Colombia; author of poems and of brilliant studies, giving 
 him high rank in Spanish literature 43 406 
 
 Matta, Guillermo (1829-), a Chilian poet and political leader; author 
 
 of short stories and of lyrics that are very popular 43 373 
 
 Vicuna-Mackenna, Benjamin (1831-86), a Chilian journalist, political 
 leader, and historian; author of historical and other works of 
 special Chilian and Spanish interest 43 547 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Mexican Literature has these names of note: — 
 
 Saavedra Guzman, Antonio (i 550-1620), a Mexican poet; notable for 
 an historical poem (1598) describing the glories of the Aztec 
 court, and the conquest of Mexico 43 474 
 
 The Mexican Nun (1651-95), the name in literature of Sister Juana 
 Yiiez, gave Spain a surprise in 1689 in a volume of poems sent 
 from Mexico to Madrid for publication. Fine examples are 
 given in the Library 25 9956-64 
 
 Mota-Padilla, Matias de la (1688-1766), a Mexican lawyer, and later 
 a priest ; author of historical writings including < History of the 
 Conquest of New Galicia,* a work of much importance 43 393 
 
 Hmpciran, Diego de (1718-1807), an eminent Mexican controversial 
 writer; author of critical studies of Catholicism, on account of 
 which he suffered severe persecution 42 1 70 
 
 Castro, Agustin (1728-90), Jesuit scholar in Mexico; poet and teacher 
 of philosophy; and excellent translator from Greek, Latin, Eng- 
 lish, and French 42 98 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco (i 730-1 800), a Franciscan priest of Mexico; au- 
 thor of an extensive compilation of materials for a history of 
 Mexico 42 188 
 
 Ochoa y Acuna, Antonio (1783-1833), a Mexican poet; author of satires, 
 tragedies, and comedies which are greatly admired by his 
 countrymen 43 407 
 
 Gorostiza y Cepeda, Don Manuel Eduardo (1791-1851), a Mexican 
 comedy writer and diplomat ; in later life specially successful as 
 a writer of plays in Paris 42 226 
 
 Alaman, Lticas (1792-1853), a Mexican statesman, notable for public 
 
 services, and author of a valuable < History of Mexico > 42 9 
 
 Alpuche, Wenceslao (1804-41), a Mexican poet of great popularity. . . 42 16 
 
 Calder6n y Beltrdn, Fernando (1809-45), Mexican dramatist and poet; 
 
 very popular throughout South America 42 88 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE xxxix 
 
 Orozco y Berra, Manuel (1816-81), a Mexican historian ; author of an 
 important history of geography in Mexico, and of a famous work 
 on the ancient history of Mexico 43 409 
 
 Iglesias, Jos6 Maria (1823-), a Mexican publicist and historian; 
 notable in Mexican politics; and author of important contribu- 
 tions to the history of Mexico 42 283 
 
 Gallardo, Aurelio Luis (1831-69), a Mexican poet; author of many 
 
 comedies, and of three volumes of poems 42 207 
 
 Aldana, Ram6n (1832-82), a Mexican poet, dramatist, and journalist. .42 11 
 
 Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel (1835-93), a Mexican poet, orator, and 
 
 journalist ; said to be of pure Aztec descent 42 16 
 
 Cuellar, Jos6 T. de (1835-), a Mexican novehst, dramatist, and poet; 
 especially notable for his novel", <The Sin of the Century > 
 (1868) 42 126 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 French Literature had no such high early developments as 
 English. Two-thirds of the time from the days of Caesar had 
 passed away before the speech and thought of France had begun 
 to give promise of the intellectual and literary France of the 
 centuries upon which we to-day look back. The earliest names, 
 however, are notable in interest. The following are of special 
 importance : — 
 
 Alain de Lille (11 14-1203), a celebrated poet of the Middle Ages 
 
 and scholastic philosopher 42 9 
 
 Wace, Robert (1120-80), a Norman-French trouvere; author of two 
 celebrated romances in Norman French, the < Roman de Brut* 
 and the < Roman de Rou > 43 553 
 
 Aucassin and Nicolette is the name of a charming tale of mediaeval 
 
 France dating from about 1170-80 3 943-55 
 
 Saint Victor, Adam de (7-1192?), a great hymn writer of the Latin 
 Church; was regarded as the foremost poet of his time in 
 France, and had a great influence on French poetry 32 12727-31 
 
 Bernard de Ventadour (1125-97), French troubadour poeH; notable for 
 
 wealth of delicate verse 42 56 
 
 Chr6tien de Troyes, lyrist of the twelfth centur5^ the greatest of the 
 early French romancers, and specially famous for his King 
 Arthur and Round Table epics 42 108 
 
 Borneil, Giraut de, a Provengal troubadour of the twelfth century ... 42 67 
 
 Benoit de Sainte-Maure, a French trouvere and chronicler of the 
 
 twelfth century; author of < Romance of Troy > 42 54 
 
 Faidit, Gaucelm (i 190-1240), a Provencal troubadour ; author of songs 
 
 notable for tenderness and sweetness 42 178 
 
xl FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Marie de France, a French writer of the first part of the thirteenth 
 century ; author of a collection of narrative poems belonging to 
 the finest specimens of the old French ballad; the earliest 
 French woman poet 43 368 
 
 Guillaume, de Lorris (about 121 1-50), an early French poet; author 
 
 of the first part of the famous < Roman de la Rose > 42 239 
 
 Joinville, Jean, Sieur de (1224-1318), a noted French chronicler; 
 
 author of memoirs embodying the story of Louis IX. 's crusade. 42 291 
 
 Adam de la Hale (1235-87), French poet and composer; author of 
 the earliest comedy in common French and the earliest speci- 
 men of comic opera 42 4 
 
 Adenet Le Roi, French troubadour of the thirteenth century; court 
 
 leader of minstrels for the Duke of Brabant 42 6 
 
 Deschamps, Eustache (i 330-141 5), author [called « Morel »] of a 
 great number of poems, moral or political, and of an <Art of 
 Poetizing,* the earliest mediaeval work of its kind 42 141 
 
 Froissart (1337-1410), a man of Hainault of Chaucer's time, wrote 
 in French a chronicle of the years 1326-94, the picturesque, story- 
 telling pages of which are as fascinating as almost anything 
 in literature, and very instructive for knowledge of humanity 
 in that age. The Library story in six pages and eighteen 
 pages of examples are capital reading 15 6035-58 
 
 Basselin, Olivier (1350-1419), early French poet; author of exquisite 
 
 Bacchanalian songs 42 46 
 
 Chattier, Alain (1386-1449), a French poet; famous for brilliantly 
 
 rhetorical poems of war and patriotism 42 104 
 
 Villon (1431-89?); a story in eight pages and thirteen pages of ex- 
 amples of ballads singularly fine, present him as «the father of 
 French poetry. » It is a richly instructive preface to French 
 literature 38 15392-412 
 
 Comines (1445-15 10), the last in date among the great French chron- 
 iclers of the Middle Ages, wrote between the years 1488 and 
 1493 the story of France from 1464 to 1483. He later added a 
 chronicle of the famous expedition of Charles the Eighth to 
 Italy ID 3923-34 
 
 Champier, Symphorien (1471-1540), a famous French physician; 
 
 author of poems, and historical writings 42 102 
 
 Gringoire, Pierre (1475-1539), a French court poet to Louis XII.; 
 
 notable as the creator of French political dran^a 42 235 
 
 Rabelais (1490-15 53), the grandest historic type of French genius; 
 the great first master of French as Dante was of Italian, and 
 Homer of Greek; he produced, in his diverting, fantastic style, 
 two great epics of ridicule of errors and revelation of ideals 
 which have made him seem the precursor of Voltaire and 
 Diderot, while his style has placed him at the head of all 
 French writers 30 1 2001-26 
 
 Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549), sister of Francis the First, the 
 king of France, has both a personal and a literary story in the 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE ^ ^^[ 
 
 Library, of extreme interest. Her <Heptameron> is a collec- 
 tion of stories . 24 9702-^3 
 
 Marot (1497-1544), a poet of peculiar charm, whose activity was at 
 
 its best about A. D. 1525-35 24 9729^36 
 
 Desp6riers, Bonaventure (1505-44), secretary to Marguerite of Na- 
 varre, author of ninety stories not printed until 1558, and of a 
 violent attack on Christianity 42 142 
 
 Calvin, John (1509-64), the author of < Institutes of the Christian 
 Religion, > written in Latin and published in Switzerland in 
 1536, was of French birth and natural citizenship, and his 
 
 < Institutes ^ appeared with a < Prefatory Address > to Francis 
 First, the French king, whose sister Marguerite had be- 
 friended him. He also wrote works in French, the influence 
 
 of which upon the language was very great 8 3117-28 
 
 Amyot, Jacques (1513-93), a French author famous for elegant trans- 
 lations from the Greek, including both the < Lives > and the 
 <Morals> of Plutarch 42 17 
 
 Ramus, Pierre (1515-72), a French critical philosopher ; author of ex- 
 tremely radical studies of Aristotle, and of a work in French 
 on logic, also treatises on arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. ... 43 451: 
 
 Bellay, Joachim du (1524-60), a prominent «Pleiade» poet and writer 
 
 on the French language 42 52 
 
 Ronsard (1524-85), whose work in poetry in the years 1550-60 had 
 immense success; was as great an originator and creator for 
 French culture and the French language as Rabelais had 
 been 31 12373-83 
 
 Brantome (1527-1614), who was long a brilliant courtier, wrote in re- 
 tirement, during the years 1 594-1614, a series of volumes of 
 
 < Lives > which admirably mirror the Valois period and court in 
 French history 6 2319-27 
 
 Belleau, R6my (1528-77), noted French poet, one of the «Pleiade,» " 
 
 and translator of Anacreon 42 52 
 
 Pasquier, £tienne (1529-1615), a celebrated French jurisconsult; author 
 of a great work of < Researches on France,* and of another of 
 importance known as < Pasquier's Letters* 43 419 
 
 Baif, Jean Antoine de (1532-89), French poet, one of the «Pleiade,» 
 advocate of reform in the language, and translator of Greek 
 and Latin dramas 42 36 
 
 Montaigne (1533-92), whose < Essays* are among the most famous books 
 of the world, published two books of them in 1580, and a third 
 in 1588. The final edition appeared in 1595, with additions 
 made by the author before his death. John Florio's English 
 translation was published early in the seventeenth century, and 
 was used by both Bacon and Shakespeare. The < Essays* of 
 Bacon were a partial imitation only 26 10237-48 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus (i 540-1609), a French critic and classical 
 scholar of great celebrity ; a convert to Protestantism ; and author 
 of works extremely rich in learning 43 482 
 
xlii FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Desportes, Philippe (i 546-1606), a poet noted for rare verse and purity 
 of style; author of elegfies and sonnets, a translation of the 
 Psalms, and < Christian Prayers and Meditations* 42 142 
 
 Aubign6, Theodore Agrippa d' (1551-1630), French author of poem 
 portraying the horrors of wars of religion, and of satires on re- 
 ligious strife; author of a < Universal History > 42 29 
 
 Malherbe, Francois de (i 555-1628), a famous French poet, court- 
 poet in 1605 ; the inaugurator of a French classical style, 
 making Parisian French the standard for the kingdom 43 364 
 
 St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622), author of works of pietism, may 
 be counted the precursor of Fenelon. His greatest activity 
 was in the quarter of a century before his death in 1622 . ..32 12732-42 
 
 Montchrestien, Antoine de (1570-1621), a French dramatist; author 
 of tragedies, and poems of merit, and of a work on political 
 economy said to have been the first to introduce the term in 
 French literature 43 388 
 
 Hardy, Alexandre (i 570-1631), French author of some hundreds of 
 plays; said to be one of the earliest of French authors and 
 adapters of plays 42 247 
 
 Bertaut, Jean (1570-1611), author of poems, songs, and canticles 42 57 
 
 Regnier, Mathurin (1573-1613), a French poet; author of epistles 
 and elegies, and especially famous for his < Satires* in which he 
 imitated Horace, Juvenal, and Martial 43 454 
 
 Rohan, Henri de (1579-1638), a French general and military writer; 
 author of four books of memoirs which rank among the finest 
 of those written in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. ... 43 464 
 
 Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis (1585-1642), a great cardinal- 
 statesman of France, prime minister of great influence; and 
 notable for his interest in literature and art; to small extent a 
 writer of note 43 458 
 
 Gassehdi, Pierre (1592-1655), a French philosopher, scholar, and as- 
 tronomer; author of works broadly representative of thought 
 and science in the seventeenth century 42 210 
 
 Chapelain, Jean (i 595-1674), a French scholar in Greek, Latin, Ital- 
 ian, and Spanish ; a leading founder of the French Academy ; 
 author of twelve cantos of an epic on the Maid of Orleans. . . .42 103 
 
 Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, Jean (1595-1676), a French poet, favorite 
 of Richelieu; one of the first Academicians; author of come- 
 dies, epics, and, in his later years, religious poems 42 141 
 
 Descartes (1596-1650), one of the eminent thinkers of the modern 
 world; worked out a system of new departure in philosophy 
 during a twenty years' residence in Holland, 1629-49 11 4585-95 
 
 Balzac, Jean L. G. de (1597-1654), a French essayist, historian, and 
 author of elaborate epistles of g^reat influence upon French 
 prose 42 39 
 
 Colletet, Guillaume (1598-1659), author of poems and epigrams; a poet 
 favored by Richelieu and one of the original members of the 
 French Academy 42 115 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 xliii 
 
 Billaut, Adam (1600 ?-62), a carpenter-poet of great genius 42 59 
 
 Aubignac, Abb6 d' (1604-76), French essayist and miscellaneous writer; 
 
 author of a work on the theory of the drama 42 29 
 
 Mairet, Jean de (1604-86), a French dramatist, author of pastorals, 
 tragedies, and tragi -comedies ; his < Sophonisbe, > the first regular 
 French tragedy; in the history of French drama, the precursor 
 of Corneille 43 363 
 
 Corneille (1606-84), from whom the history of modern French drama 
 dates, was active in the production of both comedies and trage- 
 dies from 1634 to 1674. Eight pages of examples are given in 
 the Library 10 4065-78 
 
 Mezeray, Frangois Eudes de (1610-83), a French historian, historio- 
 grapher under Richelieu; author of an important < History of 
 France* initiating the modern method of making history refer 
 to the people as well as to governments and public affairs ... .43 381 
 
 Du Cange, Charles Dufresne (1610-88), a celebrated French scholar, 
 
 author of important lexicographical and historical works 42 153 
 
 Rochefoucauld (1613-80), a great figure of old French life and of 
 French literature; wrote his famous < Maxims,* and his equally 
 famous < Memoirs,* after a shot in the head in a battle of 1654 
 had forced him to retire from military life 31 12320-34 
 
 Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien (1619-55), a French writer of literary 
 extravaganzas ; author of letters, comic histories, and notably ef- 
 fective dramas 42 128 
 
 La Fontaine (1621-95), who published his celebrated < Fables* in in- 
 stallments during the years 1664-93 ; has a book of twenty-two 
 pages in the Library, including ten fine examples 22 8779-8800 
 
 MoliSre (1622-73), the greatest of modem comic dramatists, whose 
 best comedies were produced in the years 1662-72; has a book 
 of fifty -three pages in the Library, — eleven pages of the story of 
 his career, and forty-two pages of choice examples from five of 
 the comedies s6 10153-205 
 
 Pascal (1623-62), a master spirit of the world of thought, and a 
 writer who did much to perfect the French language ; produced 
 his famous works in the years 1654-62 28 11 143-56 
 
 Corneille, Thomas (1625-1709), a French dramatist, brother of Pierre, 
 but most notable for his < Dictionary of Arts and Sciences* 
 and other similar works in which he was a forerunner of the 
 French Encyclopedists , 42 121 
 
 S6vign6 [Madame de] (1627-96), the most perfect example of 
 French genius in a woman, is famous for the letters written 
 by her in the years 1670-96 33 13153-66 
 
 Bossuet (1627-1704), who is most notable as a pulpit orator of al- 
 most unequaled power, appears in the Library by a story of 
 nine pages and nine pages of examples 5 2209-26 
 
 Perrault (i 628-1 703), author of famous tales for children, of which six- 
 teen pages are given in the Library ; the first published in 1691. 
 The Mother Goose tales came out in a collection in 1697. ... 29 11323-42 
 
xliv FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Bourdaloue (1632-1704), the powerfully eloquent Jesuit preacher; 
 
 ranks with Bossuet in the history of the French pulpit 25 978o 
 
 F16chier, Esprit (1632-1710), a notable French pulpit orator, and 
 
 author of historical and biographical studies 42 191 
 
 La Fayette [Madame de] (1634-93), author of <The Princess of 
 Cleves,> one of the great classics of French literature; was 
 the first writer of French fiction to base a novel on study of 
 character and truth of feeling 22 8767-78 
 
 Boileau (1636-1711), whose <Epistles> and <Art of Poetry* were 
 written between 1666 and 1674, is a notable new figure in 
 French literature as the first of a long line of critics 5 2141-51 
 
 Dangeau, Marquis de (1638-1720), author of < Memoirs > and a journal 
 
 of value for the period 1684-1720 42 131 
 
 Deshoulidres, Antoinette (1638-94), a woman poet, author of trage- 
 dies, comedies, and operas, and famed as the «Tenth Muse». . .42 141 
 
 Saint-R6al, Abbe de (1639-92), a French historian, called «the French 
 Sallust,^^ author of historical writings of some note, and of an 
 historical novel <Don Carlos > which was the chief source of 
 Schiller's drama of that name 43 477 
 
 Racine (1639-99), most of whose work was done in the years 1664- 
 77, but who added two sacred tragedies, < Esther > and ^Ath- 
 alie,> in 1689 and 1691 ; carried French tragedy to its highest 
 perfection. The Library has ten pages of examples 30 12027-40 
 
 Fleury, Claude (1640-1723), a French churchman, a notable figure at 
 the courts of Louis XIV. and Louis XV. ; author of a most im- 
 portant < Ecclesiastical History > (to A. D. 1414) 42 192 
 
 La Bruyere (1645-96), the great French satirist, brought out his 
 
 < Characters > in 1687 22 8760-66 
 
 Bayle, Pierre (164 7-1706), French philosopher and critic; author of a 
 
 celebrated < Historical and Critical Dictionary > 42 48 
 
 Joly, Guy, a seventeenth-century French writer of memoirs, curious, 
 
 readable, and accurate, although partisan 42 292 
 
 Sagard, Th6odat Gabriel, a French missionary to the Hurons of 
 Canada in the seventeenth century; author of an early < History 
 of Canada> 43 475 
 
 F6nelon (1651-1715), whose literary production was mostly within the 
 years 1687-1708, is notable as a mystic and pietist, and hardly 
 less as a preacher, of eloquence approaching that of Massil- 
 lon 14 5641-48 
 
 Petis de la Croix, Francois (1653-1713), a French Orientalist ; professor 
 of Arabic in Paris; translator from the Persian of <The Thou- 
 sand and One Days,* and author of a great work on the his- 
 tory of Timur from the Arabic 43 426 
 
 Regnard, Jean Francois (1656-1709), a French comic dramatist, by 
 common consent in France second to Moliere only; author of 
 comedies, satires, and poems 43 454 
 
 Campistron, Jean Galbert de (1656-1713), a French dramatist; author 
 
 of tragedies closely imitating those of Racine , 42 91 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE xlv 
 
 Rapin de Thoyras, Paul de (1661-1725), a French historian, notable for 
 a *■ History of England > which is considered one of the most com- 
 plete and impartial expositions of English events ever published. 43 451 
 
 Dancourt, or Florent Carton (1661-1725), author of comedies and 
 
 farces, ranked by Voltaire next to Moliere for low comedy ... 42 131 
 
 Massillon (i 663-1 742), whose greatest pulpit successes in Paris fell in 
 the years 1699-1719, supplies a study in pulpit eloquence un- 
 equaled in the history of Christian culture. The Library de- 
 votes seventeen pages to it 25 97S0-96 
 
 Le Sage (1668-1747), the first great realist in fiction, and the first 
 Frenchman to earn a living by authorship, won his first brill- 
 iant success with two dramas in 1707, and ten years later pro- 
 duced <Gil Blas,^ his epoch-making novel, which was the parent 
 and pattern of Fielding and Smollett. His comedy *Turcaret,> 
 satirizing the financiers, trading classes, and nobility, one of 
 the best comedies in French literature. The Library has seven- 
 teen pages of fine examples 22 8984-9004 
 
 Dubos, Jean Baptiste (1670-1742), a French essayist and critic of 
 
 notable importance for his influence upon criticism 42 153 
 
 Caylus, Marquise de (1673-1729), French writer of memoirs specially 
 
 valuable for the insight they give into the life of Louis XIV. .42 99 
 
 Saint-Simon (1675-1755), whose < Memoirs > are almost unexampled 
 for interest and historical value, describing French life under 
 Louis Fourteenth and the succeeding Regency, executed his 
 great work in the years 1694-1723. Five fine examples fill four- 
 teen pages of the Library 32 12709-26 
 
 Destouches, Philippe (1680-1754), dramatist of distinction, and diplo- 
 mat (to England), author of models of high comedy 42 142 
 
 Montesquieu (1689-1755), whose greatest work, the < Spirit of Laws,> 
 was the text-book of the American Revolution, and of the 
 wiser leaders in the French Revolution, brought out his three 
 chief works within the years 1715-48. The Library has six 
 pages of story, and nine examples filling sixteen pages. . . .26 10249-270 
 
 Piron (1689-1773), who produced a masterpiece in his comedy <La 
 Metromanie,> is chiefly notable for epigram and biting satire 
 during a half century from 1619 29 1 1506-12 
 
 Quesnay, Francois (1694-1774), a French physician and economist, au- 
 thor of famous studies in political economy which founded the 
 Physiocrat school and was very influential on Adam Smith .... 4 3 447 
 
 Voltaire (1694-1778), whose active career covered the sixty years 
 1718-78, and whose immense production of a great variety of 
 works in ideally perfect French contributed the chief protest 
 of the new spirit preparatory to the Revolution, has a book of 
 forty-two pages in the Library, a full story of the man and the 
 author, and thirty-four pages of fine examples 38 15449-90 
 
 Prevost (1697-1763), a prolific writer in the years 1730-60, produced in 
 his novelette ^Manon Lescaut,^ one of the classics of French 
 literature , 3a 11805-19 
 
xlvi FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Du Deffand [Madame] (1697-1780), a woman of rare charm and 
 genius, represented during the years 1730-80 the spirit of free- 
 thinking and revolution characteristic of the age before the 
 Revolution 11 4471-78 
 
 Quesnel, Pierre (1699-1774), a French abb6 and historian; author of 
 a great work which he spent nearly forty years in preparing, 
 the < History of the Jesuits > 4 3 448 
 
 Duclos, Charles Pinot (1704-72), a French historian; author of stories, 
 historical studies, and most valuable memoirs of the reigns of 
 Louis XIV. and Louis XV * . . 42 154 
 
 Crebillon, Claude Prosper Jolyot de (1707-77), French novelist of 
 irreproachable life, but author of stories marked not less by 
 masterly style than by moral impurity 42 124 
 
 Crebillon (1674-1762), whose literary activity covered the years 1705-55, 
 
 produced tragedies of interest to the student 10 4167-80 
 
 Bufibn (1707-88), whose monumental < Natural History,* published 
 1749-89, first brought the subject of natural history into popular 
 literature, was the most widely read and quoted French writer 
 of his time after Voltaire and Rousseau 6 2689-96 
 
 La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (1709-51), a French army surgeon; au- 
 thor of studies comparing the body and the miiid, and advo- 
 cating, from his observations, a system of extreme atheistic 
 materialism 43 323 
 
 C0II6, Charles (1709-83), a French dramatist; author of very effective 
 comedies, of songs, and lyrics, almost equal to those of B6ranger 
 and of an < Historic JournaP notable for its calumnies 42 115 
 
 Rousseau (1712-78), who made an immense impression, first of suc- 
 cess, and then of offense, during the years 1749-69, was es- 
 pecially eflFective as a precursor of the Revolution by three 
 works, <The New Heloise,* <The Social Contract,* and <fimile.> 
 The Library has six pages of story and fifteen of examples. 31 12435-56 
 
 Diderot (1713-84), whose most important work was done in the years 
 1746-66, was the moving spirit and master-hand in conceiving 
 and executing the famous < Encyclopedic * 12 4689-4703 
 
 Helv6tius, Claude Adrien (1715-71), a French economic and philo- 
 sophic writer of interest in connection with the movement 
 represented by the great French < Encyclopedic > 42 259 
 
 Condillac, fitienne de (1715-80), a French philosopher of international 
 note as the originator of the theory that all knowledge comes 
 through the senses 42 117 
 
 Barth61emy, Jean Jacques (1716-95), French antiquarian; author of a 
 
 fascinating work on domestic and social life in ancient Greece. 42 45 
 
 Daubenton, Louis (1716-99), naturalist and botanist, contributor of im- 
 portant anatomical supplements to Vols, i-v of Bufifon's < Natural 
 History * 42 133 
 
 D'Alembert (1717-83), one of the greatest representatives of modem 
 science, from 1739 to 1783, is most notable for the leading 
 part which he took with Diderot in executing his scheme for a 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 xlvii 
 
 work embodying all knowledge. The Library has his eulogy of 
 Montesquieu in the <Encyclopedie,> filling fourteen pages i 354-70 
 
 Cazotte, Jacques (1719-92), French poet and humorist, of extraordinary 
 skill in versifying; author of poems of chivalry and tales of 
 wonder 42 99 
 
 Sedaine, Michel Jean (1719-97), a French playwright, author of suc- 
 cessful comedies and comic operas, regarded as the originator 
 of comic opera 43 488 
 
 Holbach, Paul Heinrich (1723-89), a French philosopher and writer 
 closely associated with the eminent French freethinkers of his 
 time, and author of works expounding materialistic and atheis- 
 tic views 42 269 
 
 Casanova (1725-1803), whose ^Memoirs* were his chief literary achieve- 
 ment, was a most unique figure through the last half of the 
 eighteenth century, at once brilliant in genius and disreputable 
 in character. The Library gives an example ten pages in 
 length from one of his stories 8 3321-32 
 
 £pinay, Madame d' (1726-83), a notable French woman writer; author 
 
 of memoirs of value, and of an interesting autobiogfraphy 42 171 
 
 Turgot, Baron de I'Aulne (1727-81), an eminent French statesman 
 and political economist, a chief representative of the Physiocrat 
 economical school 43 534 
 
 Beaumarchais (1732-99), author of the famous comedies, <The Barber 
 of Seville, > and <The Marriage of Figaro,* 1775 and 1784, was 
 an energetic disciple of Voltaire and promoter of revolution. . ,4 1657-73 
 
 Ducis, Jean Frangois (1733-1816), a French dramatist, very successful 
 
 in his adaptations of Shakespeare to the French stage 42 154 
 
 Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736-93), a distingfuished French astronomer 
 and statesman, first president of the National Assembly (1789) 
 and author of < History of Astronomy > 42 36 
 
 Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (1736-94), a French historical writer 
 of great note for his < History of the Age of Alexander,* his 
 ^Judiciary Memoirs,* and other numerous works on law, poli- 
 tics, and science 43 344 
 
 Saint-Pierre (1737-1814), whose romance, <Paul and Virginia,* brought 
 
 out in 1788, is a classic of universal literature 32 12695-708 
 
 Boufflers, Marquis de (1738-1815), poet, story-writer, and soldier. ;.. .42 69 
 
 Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel (1739-1817), a French economist 
 following Quesnay's theory, that all value is derived from 
 land — the idea revived later by Henry George 42. 157 
 
 Chamfort, S6bastien (1741-94), author of comedies, poems, political 
 articles, and literary criticisms — his < Maxims and Thoughts* 
 of high rank 42 102 
 
 CharriSre, Isabelle (i 740-1805), one of the most accomplished women 
 
 of her day, author of novels, dramas, and studies 42 104 
 
 Rollinat, Andrd- (1741-93), a French historian, author of works on the 
 early navigators credited with the discovery of America before 
 Columbus 43 465 
 
xlviii FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Condorcet, Marquis de (1743-94), French mathematician, philosopher, 
 and economist; a conspicuous figure in the Revolution; author 
 of < Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind>. . . .42 117 
 
 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-94), a celebrated French chemist, 
 discoverer of the true character of oxygen gas, and author in 
 1789 of a treatise on chemistry which is the foundation of the 
 modern science 4 3 33o 
 
 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste (1744-1829), a celebrated French naturalist, 
 author of treatises of great importance on natural history, and 
 originator in his < Zoological Philosophy* of the idea of develop- 
 ment of new species 43 322 
 
 Boisard, F. M. (1744-1833), notably original author of < Fables* 42 65 
 
 Beaunoir, Alexandre (i 746-1 823), author of more than two hundred 
 
 popular French comedies 42 49 
 
 Mirabeau (1749-91), the almost incomparable orator of the opening 
 
 of the French Revolution, has twenty pages in the Library. 25 10077-96 
 
 Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827), a famous French mathematician 
 and physical astronomer, author of some of the most famous 
 researches in the history of science 4 3 327 
 
 Lacretelle, Pierre Louis (i 751-1824), French author of legal works, 
 and of < Portraits and Pictures > containing masterly descriptions 
 of Napoleon, Mirabeau, and Lafayette. Jean Charles (1766- 
 1855), noted French historian, university professor in Paris, au- 
 thor of important French historical studies and memoirs 43 320 
 
 Bertin, Antoine (1752-90), an elegiac and epistolary poet 42 57 
 
 Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette (1752-1822), French author of mem- 
 oirs, recollections, and essays on education 42 90 
 
 Rivarol, Antoine (1754-1801), a French publicist, scholar, and satirist, 
 author of a French dictionary, of a volume of satires against 
 authors of his day, and one of the most brilliant wits of the 
 eighteenth century 43 460 
 
 Joubert (1754-1824), whose fine volume of < Thoughts* represents the 
 half century of his reflections and observations from 1774 to 1824, 
 has ten pages of examples and four of story in the Library. .21 8385-98 
 
 Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), a French economic writer to whom 
 
 Thomas Jefferson accorded special praise in his Letters 42 142 
 
 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de (1754-1838), a celebrated 
 French diplomat, author of < Memoirs* and < Correspondence * of 
 great value for French history 43 514 
 
 Collin .d'Harleville, Jean Francois (1755-1806), French dramatist, 
 
 author of comedies notable for excellent moral feeling ........ 4 2 115 
 
 Brillat-Savarin (1755-1826), a member of the bar, and judge in Paris 
 from 1796 to 1826, brought out in 1825 a work of inimitable wit 
 and reminiscence entitled <The Physiology of Taste,* which ap- 
 pears in the Library by thirteen pages of examples 6 2365-80 
 
 Florian (1755-94), author of < Fables * which have become classic with 
 those of La Fontaine, was a poet, 1782-94, who barely escaped 
 being a victim of the bloody tyranny of Robespierre 14 5849-52 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 xlix 
 
 Cabanis, Pierre J. G. (1757-1808), French physician and philosophical 
 
 writer, author of an account of Mirabeau's death 42 87 
 
 Andrieux, Fran9ois Jean Stanislas (1759-1833), French dramatist 
 
 and poet, noted especially for his comedies and poetical tales. .42 19 
 
 Saint-Simon, Count de (i 760-1 825), a French socialist reformer, author 
 of works proposing a scientific reconstruction of society, includ- 
 ing improved industrial arrangements 4 3 477 
 
 Babeuf, Francois Noel (1760-1797), founder in Paris (1794) of a com- 
 munist journal and advocate of extreme communism 42 33 
 
 Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph (i 760-1 836), an officer of engineers 
 at Strasburg, who composed on the night of April 25, 1792, 
 both the words and the music of the < Marseillaise > ; author 
 also of other songs, and of poems and stories 43 469 
 
 Raynouard, Frangois Juste-Marie (1761-1836), a French poet and 
 philologist of Provence; author of tragedies produced with 
 great success, and of books on the Provengal language and lit- 
 erature, including a < Dictionary of the Language of the Trou- 
 badours > 43 452 
 
 Ch6nier (1762-94), a victim July 25, 1794, of the French Revolution, 
 
 appears in his poetry a precursor of Byron and De Musset .... 9 3601-08 
 
 Talma, Joseph Fran9ois (i 763-1 826), a great French actor, as a tra- 
 gedian notable for many improvements in stage production, 
 author of memoirs and theatrical studies 43 514 
 
 Bouilly, Jean Nicholas (i 763-1 842), author of comedies, comic operas, 
 
 and stories for children 42 69 
 
 Ch6nier, Marie Joseph de (1764-1811), a French poet and dramatist, 
 a Jacobin in the Revolution, author of popular tragedies, 
 songs and satires; his success and fame due largely to his polit- 
 ical radicalism ; author of the famous < Partant pourla Syrie > 
 (Parting Song) 42 105 
 
 De Maistre (1764-1852), notable for the one small book, <A Journey 
 Round My Room > ; wrote also some stories premonitory in 
 their realism of later fiction 24 9617-22 
 
 De Sta6l [Madame] (1766-1817), a woman of rare strength of mind 
 and power of thought, rendered to France from about 1810 the 
 great service of making known the value of German learn- 
 ing and literature. The Library has eighteen pages of ex- 
 amples 35 13823-44 
 
 Chaussard, Pierre (i 766-1 823), a French poet and historian, ardently 
 devoted to the Revolution, and author of odes and other writ- 
 ings marked by intense patriotism 42 105 
 
 Maine de Biran, Marie Francois (1766-1824), a noted French philos- 
 opher, founder of philosophic spiritualism in modern French 
 literature 43 363 
 
 Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin (1767-1830), a French pub- 
 licist, author of works on political history and theories, and on 
 religion historically considered; author also of a romance of , 
 
 great European influence 42 iiS 
 
 4 
 
1 FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832), a noted French economist, author of 
 widely-read works which popularized the theories of Adam 
 Smith in France 43 481 
 
 Michaud, Joseph Fran9ois (1767-1839), a French journalist, poet, and 
 historian; author of < History of the Crusades,' and editor with 
 his brother of the < Biographic Universelle > 43 381 
 
 Duval, Alexandre (i 767-1 842), French soldier in the American Rev- 
 olution; author of plays notable for fine dialogue, interesting 
 situations, and skillful constructions 42 158 
 
 Chateaubriand (i 768-1 848), whose < Genius of Christianity > had an im- 
 mense success to revive religion in France in the years 1800-10, 
 and whose < Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem > (1811) is an 
 ideal book of travels, was the foremost man of letters of his 
 day in France, and a landmark of the last days of the old 
 classical style 9 3531-38 
 
 Cuvier (i 769-1 832), who cooperated with Lamarck and Saint-Hilaire 
 in the development of zoological and biological study before 
 Darwin, gave to this work the years 1788-1832 10 4251-66 
 
 Jacotot, Jean Joseph (1770-1840), a French educational authority of 
 distinction, author of special system of instruction still worthy 
 of educational attention 42 286 
 
 S6nancour (i 770-1 846), whose <Obermann,> published in 1804, was es- 
 pecially commended by Matthew Arnold, is a representative of 
 the feeling which came after Voltaire and Rousseau and which 
 influenced Byron 33 13111-18 
 
 Jay, Antoine (1770-1855), a French journalist, literary critic, and essay- 
 ist; author of numerous important historical and biogfraphical 
 studies 42 288 
 
 D^saugiers, Marc Antoine (1772-1827), a noted song-writer — hardly 
 second even to Beranger — and dramatist, author of remarkably 
 successful vaudevilles 42 141 
 
 Courier, Paul Louis (i 772-1 825), a French-Greek scholar, and author 
 
 of political pamphlets notable as masterpieces of style 42 122 
 
 Fourier, Fran9ois (1772-1837), a French social economist, author of 
 works designed to promote an industrial and social revolu- 
 tion 42 198 
 
 Fauriel, Claude (1772-1844), a French historian, author of exceedingly 
 
 valuable studies in the history of European literature 42 181 
 
 Baour-Lormian, Louis Pierre (i 772-1 854), French poet and dram- 
 atist, and translator of the Book of Job 42 41 
 
 Ch6zy, Antoine Leonard de (1773-1832), distinguished French Orient- 
 alist, occupant from 1815 of the first chair of ancient Indian 
 languages in France, translator of KS,lid§,sa's <Sakuntala> 
 ( 1830) 42 106 
 
 Sismondi (1773-1842), who wrote also on economic questions, brought 
 out a < History of the Italian Republics* in 1803-19, and a 
 'History of the French > for nearly thirteen centuries in 1818- 
 42 34 13471-86 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 li 
 
 £tienne, ^Charles Guillaume (1778-1845), an eminent French dram- 
 atist and journalist; was censor under the first empire, editor- 
 in-chief of the Journal of the Empire; was expelled from the 
 Academy at the Restoration, and thereafter, as editor of the 
 Constitutionnel, was a strong leader on the side of the opposi- 
 tion; author of comedies which had very great success 4* 173 
 
 Quesn6, Jacques Salbigoton (1778-1859), a French man of letters, 
 
 from 1800 devoted to literary pursuits after service in the army, ** 
 
 and notable for his < Confessions > 43 447 
 
 R6musat, Claire filisabeth Jeanne de (1780-1821), a French woman 
 of intellectual distinction, companion to Josephine, the wife of 
 Napoleon; author of memoirs very depreciatory of Napoleon, 
 and of an Essay on the Education of Women 43 455 
 
 Nodier (1780-1844), who began modestly in 1802, and published a 
 small volume of lyric verse in 1827, is best known by his fic- 
 tion, in which his gift was remarkable. The Library has, in 
 ten pages, a fine example, < The Golden Dream * 27 10672-84 
 
 B6ranger (1780-1857), perhaps the most popular French writer of his 
 time from 1815 to 1857, was also ranked among the greatest 
 of French poets. The Library has ten of his song^ 4 1783- 1800 
 
 Lamennais (1782-1854), whose literary activity extended from 1807 
 to 1854, was a conspicuous representative of change from old 
 views to new and of energetic prosecution of new departure in 
 reHgious and related matters. The Library g^ves a full story 
 and twelve pages of examples 22 8845-60 
 
 Barante, Baron de (i 782-1 866), French statesman and author of his- 
 torical writings 42 41 
 
 Ducange, Victor Henri (i 783-1 833), French poet and story-teller; au- 
 thor of novels vividly dramatic and descriptive, and of numer- 
 ous plays 42 153 
 
 Beyle [also called Stendhal] (i 783-1 842), a novelist especially notable 
 for four stories of high merit, wrote also biographies, travels, 
 and criticism, but is especially important in his relation to 
 the development of modern fiction. The Library has eight 
 pages of story and fifteen pages of examples 4 1861-83 
 
 Chambray, Georges (1783-1848), French soldier and military writer, 
 served with Napoleon, and wrote the history of the campaign 
 of 1812 in Russia 42 102 
 
 Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline (1785-1859), author of several volumes 
 
 of poems marked by great pathos and sweetness 42 141 
 
 Barridre, J. F. (1786-1868), French historical writer and editor of 
 
 numerous memoirs 42 44 
 
 Guizot (1787-1874), a statesman and philosophic historian of distinc- 
 tion, was active in literary production from 1828 to 1874 17 6771-80 
 
 R6musat, Jean Pierre Abel (1788-1832), a French Orientalist, especially 
 devoted to the study of Chinese, and author of essays of re- 
 search, and of translations of great value 43 455 
 
lii FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Arago (1786-18 53), whose brilliant activity in science made him one 
 of the glories of France from 1809 to 1853, was especially notable 
 in literature for scientific biographies which are masterpieces of 
 style and of clear scientific exposition. The. Library gives fifteen 
 pages of his account of astronomical discoveries down to the 
 time of Laplace 2 704-22 
 
 Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de (1790-1857), French novelist and author 
 
 " of travels in England, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Russia. ... 42 127 
 
 Lamartine (1790-1869), whose < Meditations > in 1820 were the first note 
 of French poetry after Chenier, was a prolific writer of poetry 
 and of history, and an actor in public affairs, until 1869 22 8801-16 
 
 Villemain, Abel Francois (1790-18 70), a French writer, one of a noted 
 trio with Cousin and Guizot, author of works of great literary 
 and historical value 4 3 548 
 
 Scribe (1791-1861), for about forty years, 1821-61, the master play- 
 wright of France, invented the vaudeville and was most pro- 
 lific in production of laugh-provoking comedies. He also at- 
 tempted serious dramas successfully, and wrote charming tales. 
 The Library has fourteen pages of examples 33 13083-98 
 
 Deschamps de Saint Amand, £mile (1791-1871), French poet, a 
 leader in the romantic school, author of comedies, dramas, 
 poems, stories, and critical essays; also founder with Victor 
 Hugo of La Muse Frangaise 42 141 
 
 Cousin (1792-1867), a most interesting character and brilliant lecturer, 
 was especially influential in the history of French culture from 
 1828 to 1867 10 4079-88 
 
 Delavigne (i 793-1 843), a lyrical poet and dramatist, was a notable 
 
 figure in French literature for the thirty years 1813-43 11 4528-34 
 
 Ancelot, Jacques (1794-18 54), a French dramatist and novelist, and 
 
 author of satires of great elegance of style 42 iS 
 
 Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre (1794-1867), an eminent French writer 
 on physiology, with particular reference to the connection be- 
 tween the physical, intellectual, and ethical states .42 192 
 
 Thierry (1795-18 56), celebrated not only as a historian but for his 
 improvement of the methods of historical research, showed his 
 rare genius for historical science in works published in 1827, 
 1840, ^nd 1845. Three fine examples of his work, filling sixteen 
 pages, are given in the Library 37 14803-20 
 
 Empis, Adolphe (1795-1868), a French dramatist; author of comedies 
 
 of true humor, keen observation, and a wholesome moral tone. 42 170 
 
 Bayard, J. F. A. (1796-1853), prolific and popular author of plays for 
 
 the theatres of Paris 42 47 
 
 Debraux, Paul Emile (i 796-1 831), author of ardently Republican 
 
 ballads and songs, known as «the Beranger of the rabble ^>.. .42 136 
 
 Cahen, Samuel (i 796-1 862), eminent French translator of the Jewish . 
 
 Scriptures (1841-53) 42 88 
 
 Buchez, P. B. J. (1796-1865), one of the projectors of < Parliamentary 
 
 History of the French Revolution* 42 81 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE IJij 
 
 Barth61emy, Auguste (i 796-1 867), author of satirical epics against the 
 
 Bourbon dynasty and of an historical epic < Napoleon in Egypt. M* 45 
 
 Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie (1796-1884), a French historian; 
 author of lives of Benjamin Franklin, Charles V., and Marie 
 Stuart, and of an important History of the French Revolution. 4 3 382 
 
 Thierry, Amed6e (1797-1873), a French historical writer, author of 
 works of special value for Gallic history in the time of the 
 Romans 43 522 
 
 R6musat, Charles de (1797-1875), a French philosophical writer and 
 public official of distinction ; author of historical, biographical, and 
 critical studies in philosophy of great importance and value. ..43 455 
 
 Thiers (1797-18 77), the literary statesman who became the First 
 President of the French Republic, wrote (1823-27) the first < His- 
 tory of the French Revolution > not representing eye-witness tes- 
 timony. He followed this with a < History of Napoleon* on 
 which he spent twenty years, 1842-62 37 14821-44 
 
 Comte ( 1 798-1 857), the founder of a school of radical thought and 
 humanitarian secularism, brought out his < Positive Philosophy > 
 in the years 1828-48, and his < Positive Polity > between 1848 and 
 1857. The full story and examples from both works are given 
 in the Library 10 3935-44 
 
 Saintine (1798-1865), achieving literary success in 1819, produced in 
 
 < Picciola > one of the most exquisite stories ever written, and as 
 a comic dramatist he participated in the production of over 
 two hundred vaudevilles. The Library gives fifteen pages of 
 
 < Picciola > 32 12678-94 
 
 Chasles, Philar^te (1798-1873), historical and literary critic; author of 
 
 most instructive essays, and of works of great value in French 
 
 literary history 42 104 
 
 Michelet (1798-1874), whose activity in literary production covered 
 the years 1831-74, is especially distinguished for his brilliant, 
 passionate treatment of the history of his country, in view 
 especially of the evolution of democratic freedom 25 9982-94 
 
 Duvergier d' Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881), a French political writer, 
 a prominent expositor of the principles of representative and 
 parliamentary government 42 158 
 
 Denis, Jean Ferd. (1798-1890), an explorer and historian; author of 
 travels, historical novels, and histories of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, 
 and Paraguay 42 139 
 
 Balzac (1799-18 50), the greatest of French novelists, has a book in 
 the Library of eighty-four pages, of which nineteen pages tell 
 the story of his genius and his productions, and sixty-five give 
 large examples of his work 3 1348-1429 
 
 De Vigny (1797-1863), whose earliest poems appeared in 1822, while 
 other poems and his < Journal > were published after his death in 
 1863, won his finest laurel by his historical novel, <Cinq Mars,' 
 in 1826. He ranks as the most perfect example of the roman- 
 ticist spirit in French literature 38 15341-53 
 
liv FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Belmontet, Louis (1799-1879), a French publicist, poet, dramatist, and 
 
 journalist 42 53 
 
 Ampere, Jean Jacques Antoine (1800-64), a French literary historian, 
 author of a < Literary History of France before the XII Cent- 
 ury > 42 17 
 
 Deschamps de Saint Amand, Antony (1800-69), younger brother of 
 
 Emile, translator from Dante, and author of < Political Satires*. 42 141 
 
 Filon, Auguste (1800-75), a French historian notable for important 
 
 works characterized by power and originality 42 188 
 
 Mohl, Julius von (1800-76), a German-French Orientalist, university 
 professor at Tubingen, and in the College de France, Paris, au- 
 thor of an edition with translation of Firdausi's < Shah Namah > . 4 3 386 
 
 Bastiat (1801-50), an economist of distinction, advocate of free trade, 
 
 journalist, whose literary activity covered the years 1830-50. . . .4 1607-16 
 
 Bonnechose, fimile de (1801-75), author of histories of value and 
 
 poet 42 67 
 
 Littr6, Maximilian Paul £mile (1801-81), a celebrated French philolo- 
 gist, lexicographer, and philosophical and historical writer; au- 
 thor of the most important and valuable of French dictionaries, 
 of a history of the French language, of other historical studies, 
 ^and of translations of the works of Hippocrates, and the < Nat- 
 ural History of Pliny > 43 345 
 
 Lacordaire, Jean Baptiste (1802-61), a noted French journalist and 
 pulpit orator, associated with Lamennais in founding a journal 
 <L'Avenir> which was condemned by the Pope, and famous as 
 a preacher at Notre Dame speaking from the pulpit on the 
 questions of the day 43 319 
 
 Dupanloup, F61ix (1802-78), an eminent French prelate and controver- 
 sialist, author of important Roman Catholic studies of education 
 and Christian faith 42 156 
 
 Hugo (1802-85), the greatest literary figure of nineteenth-century 
 France, began publishing in 1822, and continued for more than 
 sixty years. His genius was shown in matchless lyrics, in great 
 novels, and in dramas of marvelous power. The very rich 
 story of his genius and career fills sixteen pages of the Library, 
 and eleven examples, nine of poetry and two of prose, fill forty- 
 three pages I 9 7709-67 
 
 Brizeux, J. A. P. (1803-58), French poet 42 75 
 
 M6rim6e (1803-70), a most accomplished writer of fiction, of history, 
 and of criticism, in the years 1830-70, is represented in the 
 Library by ten pages from his best story 25 9941-55 
 
 Dumas (Senior) (i8o3?-7o), who began to be famous in 1829, and had 
 a most successful career of forty years, is celebrated in the 
 Library by Andrew Lang, a critical story of ten pages, with six 
 examples filling thirty-four pages 12 4957-5000 
 
 Quinet (1803-76), whose brilliant career in letters and in politics filled 
 the years 1826-76, ranks as one of the profoundest thinkers and 
 most accomplished writers in many fields of modern France. 30 11961-79 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE Jy 
 
 Hippeau, C^lestin (1803-83), eminent French educator and university 
 professor; author of important literary, educational, and histori- 
 cal works 42 265 
 
 Bernard, Charles de (1804-50), a French novelist of great distinction 
 
 in the style of Balzac 42 56 
 
 Sue (1804-57), whose first series of novels began to appear in 1831, 
 gave expression to radical socialistic sympathies in his < Mys- 
 teries of Paris* (1842) and his < Wandering Jew,* remarkably 
 bold and brilliant novels. The Library has eighteen pages of 
 examples 35 14181-201 
 
 Sainte-Beuve (1804-69), emphatically the Journalist in modern litera- 
 ture, a prince of critics whose regular < Monday Talks* upon 
 themes of culture, in the years 1850-69, fill twenty -eight volumes, 
 has been for a generation and more the greatest French mas- 
 ter of the study of writers and writings, or of what he calls 
 « literary natural history,** « studying books and authors.** The 
 Library has fifteen pages of examples 32 12659-77 
 
 Dash, Countess (1804-72), a prolific writer of stories of French high 
 
 life 42 133 
 
 Janin, Jules (1804-74), a French journalist, critic, and novelist; author 
 of popular literary and theatrical criticisms, stories, and novels, 
 and of a valuable < History of Dramatic Literature * 42 287 
 
 Romey, Louis Charles (1804-74), a French historian and translator; 
 author of an unfinished but very valuable history of Spain 
 from its early days to the present time, and of a work on Rus- 
 sia 43 465 
 
 Sand (1804-76), the conspicuously representative woman of genius in 
 modern literature, author of a great variety of novels which are 
 masterpieces of pure French, is celebrated in the Library by a 
 finely critical story of twelve pages from the pen of Madame 
 Blanc, and by thirty-five pages of choice examples 32 12759-805 
 
 Eichthal, Gustave d' (1804-86), French historical and ethnological 
 
 writer, author of social and religious researches 42 166 
 
 Aubert, Joachim (1804-90), distinguished French general, military 
 
 writer, journalist, and historical writer 42 29 
 
 Reuss, Eduard (1804-91), an eminent French-German scholar of 
 Strasburg; author of valuable works of advanced learning on 
 the books of the Bible, and the origin of Christianity 43 455 
 
 De Tocqueville (1805-59), who published in 1835 a great work on 
 < Democracy in America,* is represented in the Library by six- 
 teen pages of notable selections, and a full critical story of his 
 career 37 14965-84 
 
 Didier, Charles (1805-64), poet and novelist at Geneva; author of nov- 
 els of anti-Austrian, anti-papal patriotism, with masterly depic- 
 tion of the state of Italy 42 144 
 
 Desnoyers, Louis (1805-68), author of novels and vaudevilles, founder 
 
 of Charivari (1832) and one of the founders of the Si^cle 42 142 
 
Ivi FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Barbier, Henri A. (1805-82), French poet; author of satires, political 
 and social, and of a historical novel depicting medieval society 
 in France 42 41 
 
 Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (1805-?), French scholar and author 
 
 of works in philosophy and the history of religions 42 45 
 
 Souvestre (1806-54), author of plays, short stories, and historical 
 works, in the twenty years 1834-54, is especially notable for 
 his delightful reflection of the life and traditions of Brit- 
 tany 35 13693-706 
 
 Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste (1806-71), French dramatist, author of a 
 large number of comedies, vaudevilles, melodramas, in whole or 
 in part, and the sole author of some of the best plays ascribed 
 to the elder Dumas 42 20 
 
 Delaporte, Michel (1806-72), a popular French playwright, author of a 
 
 long series of vaudevilles 42 137 
 
 Girardin, fimile de (1806-81), a French journalist, originator of the 
 cheap popular press of Paris, author of important studies in 
 politics and journalism 42 219 
 
 Lacroix, Paul (1806-84), a French historical writer, literary editor, 
 and novelist; author of important historical studies, historical 
 novels, and works of special historical research richly illus- 
 trated 43 320 
 
 Barbey d'Aur6villy, Jules (1808-89), French novelist and journal- 
 ist 42 41 
 
 Demogeot, Jacques (1808-), French literary historian and poet, au- 
 thor of an important history of French literature in the seven- 
 teenth century 42 139 
 
 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-65), a French social economist, grad- 
 uated from a printing office, and author of economic studies 
 violently attacking all existing institutions of Church and 
 State 43 442 
 
 Franck, Adolphe (1809-93), a Jewish French writer on philosophical 
 
 and Oriental subjects 42 199 
 
 De Gu6rin [brother (1810-39) ^°<1 sister (1805-48)], famous for the 
 refined thought and rare imagination shown in journals and 
 letters 17 676 1-70 
 
 Musset (1810-57), who ranks with Hugo and Lamartine as one of 
 the greatest French poets of the nineteenth century, is the sub- 
 ject of a most interesting critical sketch of his career, in the 
 Library, with eighteen pages of examples, two examples of 
 prose and six of poetry 26 10487-510 
 
 Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-65), French military histor- 
 ian of experience in the army, author of valuable works on 
 the later campaigns of Napoleon 42 104 
 
 Montalembert, Comte de (1810-70), a noted French statesman, his- 
 torian, and orator; a champion of the Catholic and clerical in- 
 terests in France; and author of valuable political, biographi- 
 cal, and historical works 43 388 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Gasparin, Comte de (1810-71), a French publicist and social reformer; 
 author of important studies of America in the Civil War, and 
 of modern Christianity 42 209 
 
 Colet, Louise Revoil (1810-76), a notably successful French poet and 
 
 novelist, and author of several narratives of travel 42 115 
 
 Martin, Bon Louis Henri (1810-83), one of the most eminent of 
 French historians; author of a work covering the whole history 
 of France, and of other historical writings 43 370 
 
 Gautier (1811-72), author of novels, travels, criticisms, and poems, 
 always elegant in style, is especially great in the collection of 
 his poetical gems called < Enamels and Cameos* 15 6221-36 
 
 Clairville, Louis Frangois (1811-79), French writer of light comedy, 
 author of more than 220 comedies, farces, and comic opera 
 libretti 42 no 
 
 Sandeau (181 1-83), a writer of novels and plays, with whom George 
 Sand began her literary life in Paris, 1831-33, and from whom 
 she took the pen-name by which she is known in literature . 3 2 12806-16 
 
 Laboulaye (181 1-83), the most delightful French teller of fairy tales, 
 was an eminent jurist and political economist also, and the au- 
 thor of able and scholarly books in various fields of the his- 
 tory of law 22 8747-59 
 
 Duruy, Victor (1811-94), one of the greatest modern teachers of history 
 and historical writers, in the years 1850-70, is especially known 
 by monumental histories of the Greek and Roman peoples ...12 5069-74 
 
 D'Ennery, Adolphe (1811-), author of a great number of dramas, 
 
 comedies, and vaudevilles, and fairy spectacles 42 139 
 
 Esquires (1812-76), poet, journalist, novelist, and author of historical 
 and political works, spent much of his life abroad and pub- 
 lished valuable studies of both England and Holland 14 5556-68 
 
 Gravifire, Jean P. E. J. de la (1812-92), a French admiral, distin- 
 guished by service in Chinese waters, the Black Sea, and the 
 Mediterranean, and as commander of expedition against Mexico; 
 author of numerous naval and military works, which place him 
 in the front rank of military historians 42 230 
 
 Doucet, Charles Camille (18 12-?), a French dramatist; author of many 
 successful comedies and lyric pieces for the stage, and govern- 
 ment theatrical official 42 150 
 
 Hue, ^variste R6gis (1813-60), a French ecclesiastic and missionary 
 in China, author of extensive travels and historical studies of 
 great interest and value 42 277 
 
 Carayon, Augusta (1813-74), a distinguished French Jesuit, author of 
 
 studies of Jesuit work and experience in Canada and Louisiana .42 93 
 
 Autran, Joseph (1813-77), author of French poems noted for purity 
 
 and refinement 42 31 
 
 Blanc (1813-82), an art critic of the highest distinction in the years 
 1836-72, is notable for works in which he created a scientific 
 method of art criticism. Twelve choice examples are given in 
 the Library 5 205 1-63 
 
Iviii FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Veuillot (1813-83), a celebrated Catholic journalist, is chiefly known 
 as a most original and powerful writer for the press in the 
 years 1838-83 38 1 5330-40 
 
 Egger, £mile (1813-85), an eminent French scholar; author of valu- 
 able works on Greek criticism, Aristotle, and Greek litera- 
 ture 42 165 
 
 Ackermann, Louise V. (1813-90), French author of poems of passion 
 
 and pessimism 42 3 
 
 Jobez, Alphonse (1813-), a French historian and writer on social 
 science; author of < France under Louis XV., > and of interesting 
 studies in socialism 42 290 
 
 Blaze de Bury, A. H. (1813-88), literary critic and historian, a master 
 
 of German literature 42 63 
 
 Achard, Louis Amed^e (1814-75), French publicist and novelist; con- 
 tributor of stories to Revue des Deux Mondes from 1848 to 1872, 
 depicting family life and society 42 3 
 
 Expilly, Jean C. M. (1814-86), a French novelist and historian, au- 
 thor of important works embodying observations in South Amer- 
 ica 42 176 
 
 Simon, Jules Francois Suisse (1814-96), a notable French statesman, 
 philosophical and political writer; author of important works on 
 questions of the time, and of valuable studies in the history of 
 Greek philosophy 43 495 
 
 Delord, Taxile (1815-77), French editor of important journals, autho;r 
 
 of important historical and political studies 42 1 38 
 
 Gonzales, Emmanuel (1815-87), a French novelist of Spanish origin, 
 founder of the Revue de France, and writer of fiction show- 
 ing extraordinary genius 42 224 
 
 Sch6rer (1815-89), a theologian of the new departure school, a philos- 
 opher of most liberal tendencies, and an eminent critic, became 
 from about 1850 the leading representative of liberal Protest- 
 antism in France 32 1 2865-76 
 
 Berthet, Elie (1815-91), author of numerous novels 42 57 
 
 Leconte de Lisle (1818-94), a poet of distinction for the classic per- 
 fection of his verse, and successor to the chair of Victor Hugo 
 in the French Academy, became notable in 1852 22 8952-56 
 
 Houssaye, Ars^ne (181 5-), a French novelist, dramatist, and critic; 
 
 author of art, theatrical, and biographical studies of high rank. 42 275 
 
 Villemarqu^ (1815-), an eminent student of the Celtic legendary and 
 mythological lore of Brittany in France, brought out in 1893 
 the final edition of a collection of Breton popular songs and 
 ballads, called < Barzaz-Breiz. > The Library gives large ex- 
 amples 38 15377-91 
 
 Calemard de la Fayette, Charles (1815-), a French poet, critic, and 
 
 essayist ; author of valuable studies in Italian literature 42 88 
 
 Mac6 (1815-94), a delightful writer of fairytales and stories for child- 
 ren, has conducted for many years in Paris the Magazine of 
 Education and of Recreation 24 9473-78 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE jjx 
 
 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-82), a French diplomatist, 
 ethnologist, and romance-writer; author of travels, studies, and 
 historical narratives of great value for knowledge of the Ori- 
 ental world 42 221 
 
 Larousse, Pierre (1817-75), a French lexicographer, compiler of valu- 
 able educational text-books, and of a most exhaustive and valu- 
 able < Grand Dictionnaire Universel > 43 327 
 
 Desnoiresterres, Gustave (1817-92), novelist and literary historian; 
 author of valuable monographs on French history, literature, 
 and manners — notably < Voltaire and French Society in the 
 Eighteenth Century > 42 142 
 
 Brisebarre, Edouard Louis (1818-71), a brilliantly successful dramatist. 42 75 
 
 Barni, Jules Romain (1818-78), French scholar and philosophical writer 
 
 and critic 42 43 
 
 Roumanille, Joseph (i8i8-gi), a French Provengal poet, noted for his 
 improvisations, and one of the most popular authors of the So- 
 ciety of Felibres 4 3 47o 
 
 Figuier, Guillaume Louis (1819-94), eminent French scientific writer, 
 author of a valuable series of works devoted to the populariza- 
 tion of science 42 188 
 
 Vapereau, Louis Gustave (1819-), a noted French scholar and com- 
 piler; author of literary and biographical dictionaries of great 
 importance, including a ^Universal Dictionary of Literatures >.. 4 3 542 
 
 Darimon, Alfred (1819-), a journalist of note, author of popular his- 
 tories and sketches 42 131 
 
 Augier (1820-89), who became famous with his first play in 1844, 
 ranks among the greatest French dramatists of this century. 
 Of his twenty-seven plays nine are in verse. Fifteen pages of 
 examples are g^ven in the Library 3 998-1014 
 
 Craven, Madame (i820?-9i), a Catholic writer of stories, biographies, 
 and reminiscences; became widely known and much admired 
 from <The Story of a Sister > published in 1866 10 4139-50 
 
 Zeller, Jules Sylvain (1820-), a French historian and educator, from 
 1876 general inspector of higher education, author of works of 
 special importance for Roman and Italian history 43 595 
 
 Baudelaire (1821-67), one of the most striking personalities in French 
 literature, brought out a French translation of Poe in 1856, 
 and in 1857 published his <Fleurs du Mal> (Flowers of Evil), a 
 volume of poems upon which his fame is founded 4 1617-32 
 
 Bouilhet, Louis (1821-69), author of dramas and comedies 42 69 
 
 Dupont, Pierre (1821-70), a French popular, poet, a poet of peasant 
 
 life, and of socialism 42 157 
 
 Flaubert (1821-80), whose < Madame Bovary, > in 1856, announced a 
 novelist of a new and brilliant type, has had a most profound 
 influence upon French literature through his almost absolute per- 
 fection as an artist in letters. He is celebrated in the Library 
 by Paul Bourget's critical story of his genius and work, and by 
 nineteen pages of examples from two of his great novels.... 14 5815-4 
 
Ix FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Amiel (i 821-81), a poet-philosopher of rare spiritual genius, became 
 famous after his death in 1881 for the wealth of thought shown 
 in his published < Journal. > The Library has twenty-six exam- 
 ples with full story of his genius 2 479-492 
 
 Mariette, Augusta £douard (1821-81), an eminent French Egyptolo- 
 gist, the principal promoter of the Boulak museum, French 
 school of Egyptology and Egyptian Institute; author of works 
 of gfreat value for Egyptian monumental history 4 3 368 
 
 « Champfleury » (Fleury-Husson, Jules) (1821-89), a notably success- 
 ful novelist and miscellaneous writer; author of a < History of 
 Caricature, > and of works on the arts of design 42 102 
 
 Feuillet (1821-go), a popular society novelist under the Second Napo- 
 leon, wrote plays also and was Scribe's successor in the French 
 Academy 14 5663-72 
 
 Boisgobey, F.-A. du (1821-91), author of novels of the Gaboriau 
 
 type 42 65 
 
 Cherville, Gaspard Georges (1821-), collaborator with the elder 
 Dumas in about forty volumes, independently the author of 
 admirable sketches and stories of the chase and of rural life. .42 106 
 
 Murger (1822-61), whose < Bohemians of the Latin Quarter > made 
 his fame in 1848, originated the conception of genius in art 
 and letters preferring free life to regular 26 10473-86 
 
 Du Camp (1822-94), who began literary work soon after the revolu- 
 tion of 1848, soon achieved distinction by his illustrated travels, 
 his artistic and literary criticism, and his extensive work on 
 contemporary politics 12 495 1-56 
 
 Goncourt, Edmond de (1822-96); Jules de (1830-70), the brothers who 
 worked as one from 1850 to the death of the younger in 1870, 
 are chiefly notable for novels in which they appear as the ini- 
 tiators of modem French realism, and for their almost un- 
 rivaled style. The Library has the full story of their work 
 and twelve pages of examples 16 6549-64 
 
 Aumale, Due d' (1822-97), French biographical and military writer. 42 30 
 
 Erckmann-Chatrian, £mile (1822-); Alexandre (1826-90), two novel- 
 ists who worked together from 1845 to the death of the younger 
 in 1890, produced narrative poetry, rustic and sentimental 
 novels, pictures of country life, and finally historical and polit- 
 ical novels designed to idealize peace and to discredit war. . .14 5538-48 
 
 Barridre, Theodore (1823-77), author of a great number of dramas 
 
 and comedies. 42 44 
 
 De Banville (1823-91), counted among the first of the writers of the 
 school of Gautier, first won attention by poems in 1848, and 
 later produced dramas and essays of criticism 4 1474-80 
 
 Renan (1823-92), one of the most notable figfures of new departure 
 treatment of the history of religion and of the religious prob- 
 lems of the time, is celebrated in the Library by a critical 
 story of his genius and work, from the pen of Brunetiere, and 
 by thirty-one pages of examples 31 12149-94 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Ixi 
 
 Boissier (1823-), an active college professor, a writer of biographies 
 and historical monographs, and a contributor to reviews, is 
 best known by his < Cicero and his Friends > and his <Life of 
 Madame de S6vign6 > 5 21 52-62 
 
 Cadoudal, Louis Georges de (1823-?), a French journalist, critic, and 
 essayist; author of a study of the religious life in the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries 42 87 
 
 Janet, Paul (1823-), a French educational and philosophical writer, 
 
 author of interesting studies of society and of thought 42 287 
 
 Dumas (Junior) (1824-95), whose period of production was that of the 
 years 1847-87, and who wrote both novels and dramas, is cele- 
 brated in the Library by a critical story of his successes, writ- 
 ten by M. Sarcey, the great dramatic critic of Paris, and by 
 thirty-one pages of examples 12 5001-40 
 
 Mont6pin, Xavier Aymon de (1824-), a French novelist and dramatist; 
 author of plays abounding in sensational incidents and situations, 
 and of nearly one hundred novels which have been translated 
 into many languages 43 389 
 
 Ollivier, £mile (1825-), a French statesman and political writer, author 
 
 of important political and historical studies 43 408 
 
 Oppert, Julius (1825-), a celebrated French Orientalist and Assyriolo- 
 gist, an expert in the decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, 
 author of historical and philological studies of extreme Oriental 
 interest 43 409 
 
 Bornier, Henri (1825-), novelist and_ dramatist, notable for splendor of 
 
 style 42 68 
 
 Barbier, Jules (1825-), author of dramas, vaudevilles, and librettos of 
 
 comic operas 42 41 
 
 Godefroy, Fr6d6ric (1826-), a French historian of literature and lexico- 
 grapher, author of histories and dictionaries of the greatest value 
 for study of French language and literature 42 222 
 
 Albert, Paul (1827-80), French literary historian, professor at the Col- 
 lege of France 42 9 
 
 AssoUant, Alfred (1827-86), French author of travels and historical 
 
 novels 42 28 
 
 Arbois de Jubainville, Henri d' (1827-), distinguished French archaeolo- 
 gist, an eminent authority on Gallic antiquity and the Celtic 
 languages 42 22 
 
 Lanfrey, Pierre (1828-77), a French historian, author of works of pro- 
 found research and critical discernment of which his < History 
 of Napoleon ^ is the most important 43 325 
 
 Taine (1828-93), who is especially known by his < History of English 
 Literature > and his < Origins of Contemporary France, > is dealt 
 with in the Library by Brunetiere, one of the great French 
 critics, in an elaborate review of his work, and by eight large 
 examples filling forty-four pages 36 14399-452 
 
 Sarcey (1828-), the most distinguished of French dramatic critics for 
 the last thirty years, a brilliant lecturer, and a voluminous writer, 
 
Ixii FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 tells his own story in the Library in the nine pages on < How a 
 Lecture is Prepared > which is given as one of the examples of 
 his work 32 12825-36 
 
 Le^asseur, Pierre £mile (1828-), a French political economist; author 
 
 of studies of labor, of money, and of population 43 339 
 
 Aubanel, Theodore (1829-86), Provengal dramatist and writer 42 28 
 
 Belot, Adolphe (1829-90), novelist, traveler, and dramatist 42 53 
 
 Biart, Lucien (1829-), poet, novelist, and author of travels in Mexico 
 
 and South America 42 58 
 
 Cherbuliez (1829-), who made his first success by a novel in 1863, 
 has continued ever since to produce novels rich in interest to 
 readers, and to contribute political and other reviews to the 
 Revue des Deux Mondes, which published his first novel .... 9 3609-24 
 
 Audouard, Olympe (1830-90), author of novels and books of travel, and 
 
 writings on spiritism and woman's rights 42 29 
 
 Fabre, Ferdinand (1830-), a French novelist, author of some of the 
 
 most noteworthy recent studies of French life and character. . .42 177 
 
 Reclus, Jean Jacques £lis6e (1830-), a French geographer and scien- 
 tist; author of travels in England, Ireland, and both Americas, 
 of works on the Earth, and the Atmosphere, and of a most 
 elaborate < Universal Geography > 43 453 
 
 Buloz, Francois (1803-77), founder (1831) and editor 40 years of the 
 
 Revue des Deux Mondes 42 82 
 
 Cadol, Victor Edouard (1831-), French writer of theatrical criticism, 
 
 comedies brilliantly successful, and novels 42 87 
 
 Droz (1832-95), author of novels and of immensely successful short 
 sketches, characterized by delicate humor and pathos, was at one 
 time the most popular writer of light literature in France ...12 4885-96 
 
 Parrot, Georges (1832-), a celebrated French archasologist, and his- 
 torian of art, of world-wide reputation as the art editor of a very 
 elaborate and richly illustrated ^History of Art in Antiquity > 43 424 
 
 Joliet, Charles (1832-), a French journalist, periodical writer, and essay- 
 ist; author of a great variety of volumes marked by felicity of 
 style and versatility 42 291 
 
 Arnould, Arthur (1833-95), French author of essays and dramas; founder 
 of La Marseillaise and Journal du Peuple; author of a history 
 of the Commune, and of a large number of novels 42 26 
 
 Theuriet (1833-), a writer of poems and stories, and a contributor to 
 leading Paris journals and reviews, won his first success by <In 
 Memoriam, > a romance in verse, in 1857, and has since written 
 a large number of novels and short stories, which are notable 
 for their pictures of the common-folk life of France 37 14795-802 
 
 Campardon, £mile (1834-), French historian and biographer, author 
 
 of exhaustive studies in French history 42 90 
 
 Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (1834-), a French diplomat, author 
 of Napoleonic biographical studies, and of a very notable study 
 of the lives of the women of the French courts under the last 
 three Louises 42 283 
 
FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Ixiii 
 
 Pailleron (1834-), who began in literature about 1861, and achieved 
 his first success in a satiric comedy in 1868, has become the brill- 
 iant leader of the school of playwrights which provides the stage 
 with portrayals of the manners and morals of the time 28 10961-74 
 
 Halivy (1834-), chiefly known to American readers as the author of 
 <The Abb6 Constantin,> began as a writer of librettos and 
 dramas, working with Meilhac, and turned to fiction in 1881. 
 The Library g^ves < The Most Beautiful Woman in Paris >. . . 17 6831-47 
 
 Gaboriau (1835-73), one of the most successful of French novelists, 
 
 is notable for making the most of the detective novel 15 6137-52 
 
 Quesnay (1838-), a magistrate and lawyer of distinction, has made a 
 great mark in fiction as the writer of stories depicting peasant 
 life and rural scenes in certain parts of France 30 11925-46 
 
 Blum, Ernest (1836-?), notably successful dramatist 42 64 
 
 Becque, H. F. (1837-?), French dramatist, pioneer of realism on the 
 
 Parisian stage 42 50 
 
 Lenormant, Francois (1837-83), a French historian and archaeologist, 
 one of the foremost of French Assyriologists, author of numer- 
 ous Assyrian and Babylonian researches 43 336 
 
 De Rosny, Leon (1837-), celebrated French Orientalist; author of 
 numerous works on Asiatic, and especially Japanese and Chin- 
 ese, topics 42 140 
 
 Daudet, Ernest (1837-), author of novels and historical sketches, and 
 
 of *■ My Brother and Myself > 42 133 
 
 Picot, Georges (1838-), a French historian; author of a series of 
 works of profound research in French history, of which one in 
 its first and second editions twice won the Gobert prize of the 
 Academy 43 429 
 
 Dierx, L6on (1838-), author of volumes of verse which g^ve him 
 
 chief rank in the « Parnassian » school 42 144 
 
 Canivet, Charles Alfred (1839-), a French journalist, novelist, and 
 poet, noted for word-pictures of Normandy life, and for his 
 history of the loss by France of India and Canada 42 92 
 
 Frechette, Louis Honor6 (1839-), a French Canadian, who tried his 
 fortune in Chicago, but has looked to Paris for literary rela- 
 tions; has contributed to French literature volumes of remark- 
 able poetry, of which <La Legende d'un Peuple> best shows 
 his genius 15 5964-70 
 
 SuUy-Prudhomme (1839-), a poet of the deepest feeling and the most, 
 careful thinking, emotional and scholarly, has especially at- 
 tempted to represent in two great poems, < Justice > and < Happi- 
 ness,* the answer of poetry and the answer also of thought to 
 the deepest problems of life. The Library gives ten fine ex- 
 amples of his noble verse 36 14209-20 
 
 Claretie, Jules (1840-), a French novelist and dramatist; became ad- 
 ministrator of the Comedie Francaise in 1885; author of a long 
 series of very successful novels, of dramatic pieces relating to the 
 Revolution, and of important chapters of contemporary history. .42 no 
 
Ixiv FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Canis, Jean (1840-), scholarly author of a history of the French Re- 
 public from 1870 to 1883, and of an account of the massacres in 
 Ireland 42 92 
 
 Bentzon, Th6rdse (Marie T. Blanc) (1840-), French novelist and 
 
 literary essayist 42 55 
 
 Desjardins (18 ), a college professor in Paris, and on the editorial 
 
 sta£f of the Journal des Debats, especially represents an at- 
 tempt to recover for France the moral and spiritual life of 
 which Christ was the example and teacher, but separate from 
 all churches and creeds 11 4596-608 
 
 Zola (1840-), the novelist of immense notoriety and most remarkable 
 fertility and power, who still holds the front of the stage of 
 French literature, is presented in the Library by nine pages of 
 critical story and study, and thirty-three pages of examples, one 
 of four pages, and one of twenty-nine pages 39 16283-324 
 
 Petit de Julleville, Louis (1841-), a French historian of literature; 
 professor in the Sorbonne; author of a g^eat work on the his- 
 tory of the theatre in France, and of a history, not yet finished, 
 of the French language and literature 43 426 
 
 Flammarion, Camille (1842-), eminent French astronomical writer, au- 
 thor of important popular science works 42 191 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (1842-), a French historical writer; professor 
 of modern history; author of great work on <The Empire of the 
 Tsars and the Russians, > and of other contributions to political 
 history and discussion 43 338 
 
 Gr6ville, Henry (Madame Alice Durand) (1842-), a French novelist, 
 educated in Russia; author of series of very popular novels 
 based upon her Russian experiences, and of other stories notably 
 romantic ' 42 233 
 
 Fabre, Amant Joseph (1842-), a widely influential French historical 
 
 and philosophical writer, dramatist, and publicist 42 177 
 
 Rambaud (1842-), one of the most eminent educators of France, is 
 especially notable for historical works of great value, such as 
 the < History of Russia,* < History of Civilization in France, > and 
 < History of the French Revolution > 30 12041-60 
 
 H6r6dia (1842-), a writer of sonnets, was admitted to the French 
 Academy in 1894 on the sole ground of the exceptional perfec- 
 tion of his work 18 7277-84 
 
 Copp6e (1842-), a foremost poet of France in his influence, began with 
 a volume of poems in 1866, and has written not only more 
 poems, on which his fame is based, but novels and plays also. 
 The Library gives sixteen pages of choice examples 10 4045-64 
 
 Ardne, Paul Auguste (1843-96), French author of stories, comedies, 
 
 and pictures of travel 42 23 
 
 Mend^s (1843-), who began writing for the reviews in i860, is especially 
 famous for his short stories and sketches executed with the 
 nicety and finish of cameos. The Library has five examples in 
 thirteen pages 25 9900-14 
 
FRENCH LITERA,TURE Jxv 
 
 Leger, Paul Louis (1843-), a French scholar in the Slav languages, 
 professor at the College de France, and author of works of im- 
 portance for the history and philology of the Slav peoples 4 3 333 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul (1843-), a French economist, an opponent 
 of socialism, author of important economic works, and editor of 
 
 < L'Economiste Frangais > 4 3 338 
 
 Haussonville, Comte d' (1843-), notable French author of literary 
 
 monographs, and travels 42 253 
 
 Verlaine (1844-96), whose life makes a strange story of genius and 
 degradation, was recognized after his death as one of the great- 
 est poets of France in the nineteenth century 38 15313-22 
 
 Barracand, Leon Henri (1844-), a novelist of distinction, and poet. . . 42 44 
 Monod, Gabriel Jacques Jean (1844-), a distinguished French histor- 
 ian, lecturer at the Normal School, Paris, author of historical 
 text-books, and of notable works of research in mediseval his- 
 tory 43 387 
 
 France (1844-), whose first work of note was done in 1868, has 
 written a dozen novels, several volumes of essays and studies, 
 and numberless contributions to journals and reviews, and is 
 
 in all an exceedingly fine example of style and wit. 15 5909-18 
 
 Bergerat, A. ]£. (1845-), French journalist, playwright, and novelist. 42 55 
 
 D6roul^de (1848-), whose best verses are distinguished for their in- 
 spiration and genuine enthusiasm, is a poet made by the 
 Franco-Prussian war, in which he caught the notes of his 
 
 < Songs of the Soldier, > one hundred and fifty editions of 
 
 which had been sold in 1895 11 4580-84 
 
 Maspero, Gaston (1846-), a French Egyptologist of great distinction, 
 professor at the College of France in Paris, creator of a school 
 of Egyptian archaeology at Cairo, and author of valuable 
 works on Egypt, Babylonia, and the intervening lands 43 372 
 
 Faguet, £mile (1847-), a French periodical writer and literary his- 
 torian, author of able and learned studies of French literature 
 in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 42 178 
 
 Houssaye, Henri (1848-), a French historian and critic who has 
 given special attention to the study of Greek antiquity, author 
 of important studies in Greek history 42 275 
 
 Bisson, Alexandre (1848-), dramatist, composer of comedies and 
 
 operettas, and writer on music 42 61 
 
 Peyrebrune, Georges de (1848-), a French novelist, one of the most • 
 
 popular women novelists in France 43 426 
 
 Aicard, Jean (1848-), a French Provengal poet, ranked with Mistral, 
 
 and author of a novel of Provence and a drama 42 7 
 
 VogUe (1 848-), a writer on questions of prog^ress in France, repre- • ; 
 
 sents a movement of new ethical aspiration and religious 
 inspiration, suggested by what the war of 1870 revealed of 
 German earnestness 38 1 5439-48 
 
 Delpit, Albert (1849-93), of New Orleans birth, journalist assistant 
 
 to Dumas, author of poems and dramas notably successful 42 138 
 
 5 
 
Ixvi FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 Darmesteter (1849-94), a French Jew, of high distinction as a 
 scholar, made a gfreat name by his work in exposition of Zoro- 
 astrianism, the Bible of which, the Avesta, he translated .... .1 1 4379-84 
 
 Brunetidre (1849-), a celebrated French literary critic, began with 
 brilliant work in the Revue des Deux Mondes in 1875, and 
 during more than twenty years his articles and books have 
 taken the first place as sources of knowledge of the history 
 of French literature 6 2603-12 
 
 Maupassant (1850-93), who began with a volume of poems in 1880 
 and a story in 1881, and continued to write novels until stricken 
 with insanity in 1893, ranks as an extreme realist of the 
 type of Flaubert. The Library has nineteen pages of examples 
 of his work 25 9803-27 
 
 Loti (1850-), a novelist and poet, whose first book appeared in 1876, 
 has had special success from the use that he has made of 
 pictures of life in the Far East, where he had traveled exten- 
 sively . 23 9203-15 
 
 Bonnieres, Robert de (1850-), author of novels and memoirs portray- 
 ing living characters 42 67 
 
 Grand-Carteret, John (1850-), French journalist and critic, notable 
 for his acute and accurate treatment of German themes, and 
 author of important studies of life and manners in Europe. . . .42 229 
 
 Bourget (1852-), who began literary life with journalism in 1872, and 
 wrote verses with only slight success, first commanded public 
 interest very widely by studies of noted authors, and then un- 
 dertook a number of novels, in which he is at his best 5 2252-62 
 
 Lemaitre (1853-), a leading French critic, who got at work as a re- 
 viewer about 1885, has attained distinction as an author of 
 critical essays, dramatic reviews, poems, stories, novels, and 
 plays. The Library gives eleven pages of his essay on the 
 literature of the northern nations of Europe 22 8963-76. 
 
 Duruy, Georges (1853-), a French historical writer. Polytechnic 
 School professor, author of popular novels, and of excellent his- 
 torical works 42 158 
 
 Jusserand, Jean Jules (1855-), a French historian of literature, not- 
 ably devoted to the literature of England in the Middle Ages 
 and the great Shakespeare period ' 42 294 
 
 Cladel, L^on (1855-92), a French romancist, notably successful in his 
 
 satirical description of the lower walks of literature in Paris. .42 no 
 
 Decourcelle, Pierre (1856-), author of comedies, dramas, comic opera 
 libretti, dramatizations of noted novels, and sensational tales, 
 all extremely successful 42 136 
 
 Rod (1857-), who was first a professor of literature at Geneva, has 
 
 written a series of novels markedly realistic and pessimistic . 3 1 12335-44 
 
 Barres, Maurice (i 862-), French publicist and novelist of the « de- 
 cadent » school 42 44 
 
RUSSIAN LITERATURE^ Ixvii 
 
 The Proven9al Literature, embodying the poetry of the 
 Troubadours during the two hundred years from A. D. 1090 to 
 1290, receives fine treatment in the Library (Vol. xxx, 11 87 1-90), 
 with examples of the work of eleven different troubadours. 
 
 « Pierre of Provence and the Beautiful Maguelonne,'^ a love story 
 of Provengal literature, printed in the year 1770 at Avignon, 
 but dating somewhere in the Middle Ages, is told in outline 
 in the Library 29 1 1428-36 
 
 Jasmin (i 798-1 864), called «the barber-poet of Gascony,» and ac- 
 counted the father of modern Provengal song, brought out his 
 < Curl-Papers > in 1825, his < Souvenirs* in 1830, and five other 
 works in 1835-60, when a complete popular edition appeared 
 in Paris, with a French version of the Gascon original 20 8187-207 
 
 Mistral (1830-), a great Provengal poet of our own time, has brought 
 out four long poems in the Provengal dialect, a volume of 
 minor poems, and two volumes of a Provengal (ancient and 
 modern ) lexicon 25 10097-109 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Russian Literature had a century of remarkable growth be- 
 fore it entered upon the period of great demonstration with 
 which readers to-day are most familiar. The following names 
 fall into the century before Pushkin: — 
 
 Kantemir, Antiochus Dmitrievitch ( 1709-44). a notable Russian 
 author of satires, the iirst fruits of modern Russian literature, 
 and valuable as describing Russian life and manners, — their 
 author recognized as the father of secular writing in Russia. ..43 297 
 
 Lomonossov, Michail Vasily6vich (171 1-65), a Russian man of science, 
 and poet, professor of chemistry, author of a number of scien- 
 tific works, the first to write polished lyric verse in Russian, 
 author of songs, didactic poems, and poetical epistles, author 
 also of a Russian grammar, and the recognized « father of Rus- 
 sian grammar and literature » 43 34S 
 
 Cheraskoff, Michail M. (1733-1807), Russian author of epics, dramas, 
 romances, fables, and songs, notable for description of natural 
 scenery 42 106 
 
 Derzhdvin, G. R. (1743-1816), Russian poet of note under Catharine 
 ^ II., his originality, splendid imagery, and mastery of exjjres- 
 
 sion giving him high rank 42 140 
 
 Bogdan6vich, I. F. (1744-1803), Russian poet, author of dramas and 
 
 comedies 42 65 
 
Ixviii ^RUSSIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Chemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovich (1745-84), Russian author of < Fables 
 
 and Tales * 
 
 Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich (1745-92), a Russian dramatist, satirist, 
 
 and writer of epistlfes, famous, from the merit of two of his 
 
 42 194 
 comedies, as the Russian Moliere 
 
 Kapnist, Vasili V. (1757-1824), a celebrated Russian poet and drama- 
 tist, specially notable for his < Chicanery > (1798), a comedy in 
 verse bitterly satirical on justice in Russia, author also of many 
 exquisite lyrics 
 
 Chwostoff, Count (1757-1835), a Russian statesman of distinction, 
 author of four volumes of odes and miscellaneous poems 
 
 Dmitriyev, Ivdn Ivdnovich (1760-1837), a Russian high official, 
 author of poems on French models, of popular songs, and of a 
 strikingly original poem on < Jermak, Conqueror of Siberia * . . . 
 
 KrOdener, Barbara Juliane von (1764-1824), a Russian novelist and 
 religious enthusiast, author of a famous romance based on her 
 own marriage experience, and notable as the promoter of a 
 scheme for reviving primitive Christianity 
 
 Krylov, Ivan Andreevitch (i 768-1844), a Russian writer of fables, 
 
 perhaps the most popular author in Russia 43 316 
 
 Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovitch (1769-1838), a Russian poet, of note as 
 
 the founder of Little Russian Literature 43 313 
 
 Glinka, Sergius N. (1771-1847), Russian poet, author of plays in 
 verse, and writer of excellent books for the young 
 
 Glinka, Gregory A. (1774-1818), a Russian historian, dramatist, poet, 
 and educator, author of interesting Slav studies 
 
 Mersliakov, Alexis Theodorovich (1778-1830), a noted Russian poet, 
 university professor at Moscow, author of poems which were set 
 to music and became popular songs, an ardent classicist, and 
 author of literary classical studies 
 
 Kvitka, Grigorii Fedorovitch (1778-1843), a Russian novelist, one of 
 
 the chief writers in Little Russian, and especially popular for 
 
 43 317 
 his pictures idealizing the familiar national life. 
 
 Zhukovski (1783-1852), an eminent Russian journalist, preceptor of 
 Alexander II., author of ballads, prose essays and tales, and 
 of numerous specially fine translations from the German and 
 English : « 596 
 
 Gnedich, Nicolai Ivanovich (1784-1833), Russian poet, the most ac- 
 complished Russian scholar of his day, author of a translation 
 of the Iliad into Russian (1829), and of other translations, from 
 Shakespeare, Voltaire, and modern Greek ^ 
 
 Davydoff, Denis (i 784-1 839), Russian poet and military prose writer, 
 notable for popular ballads of soldier life * 
 
 Chmelnizkij, NikolAj Ivanovich (1789-1846), Russian author of come- 
 dies add historical drama and dramatic translations, greatly v 
 contributing to the elevation of the Russian stage 
 
 Zogoskin, Mikhail (1789-1852), Russian novelist and dramatist, known 
 
 from his historical novels as the Russian Walter Scott ^ 
 
 135 
 
RUSSIAN LITERATURE Ixix 
 
 Aksdkof, Sergey (1791-1859), author of works remarkable for mas- 
 terly description of Russian family life 4 2 8 
 
 Baer, Karl Ernst von (1792-1876), eminent Russian naturalist, embry- 
 
 ologist, professor of zoology, and librarian 42 35 
 
 Gribojedov, Alexander Sergeievich (1793-1829), a Russian statesman 
 and dramatic poet, mainly notable for a drama in verse deline- 
 ating Russian society with bitter fidelity 42 233 
 
 BesttJsheff, A. A. (1797-1837), soldier and novelist of distinction 4* 58 
 
 Delwig, Anton (1798-1831), lyric poet, very popular with his ballads, 
 
 a leader of the Pushkin school at St. Petersburg 42 138 
 
 Russian genius in letters reached a climax of demonstra- 
 tion in the great dramatist and poet Pushkin (1799- 
 1837). He first chose Russian before French as the 
 language of culture in Russia, and his two master- 
 pieces, ^ Evgenie Onyegin,^ a poem, and ^ Boris Godu- 
 noff,' a drama, are as thoroughly Russian as anything 
 of Shakespeare is English. In the progress of litera- 
 ture from Pushkin to the present time, Russia makes 
 this record 30 1 1904-24 
 
 Baratynsky, Jevgen (1800-44), Russian author of poems delineating 
 
 Finland character and nature and Russian high life 42 41 
 
 Dahl, Vladimir (1801-72), story-writer and lexicographer, author of a 
 dictionary of proverbs and an < Expository Dictionary of High 
 Russian Speech > 42 129 
 
 Chomjakoff, Alex6j Stepdnovich (1804-60), a Russian poet, dramatist, 
 
 and essayist, especially representing Russian conservatism ... .42 107 
 
 Bogdan6vich, M. I. (1805-82), a very able Russian military historian. 4 2 65 
 
 Benedictoff, V. G. (1810-73), author of exceptionally fine lyrics 42 53 
 
 Koltsov, Aleksei V. (1809-42), a Russian lyric poet, «the Burns of 
 
 Russia,^ author of poems of peasant life inimitably original ...43 311 
 
 Gogol (1809-52), has a large place in the Library as « the father of 
 modern Russian realism » in novels of the highest class and in 
 most delightful tales and comedies. His <Dead Souls,* a singu- 
 larly powerful showing up of Russian life and manners, is his 
 greatest work. <The Inspector, > his great play, and one of his 
 best stories, furnish fine examples in the Library 16 6455-74 
 
 Belinsky, V. G. (1811-48), Russian literary critic 42 52 
 
 Gonchar6f (1812-91), author of the great romance <Obl(5mof,> and of 
 other powerful novels, appears in the Library by the story of 
 his literary career and by an example of thirteen pages from 
 his masterpiece, <Obl6mof,> in which types of Russian character 
 are wonderfully portrayed 1 6 6533-48 
 
 Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (1814-41), a celebrated Russian poet, an 
 officer in the Imperial service, author of lyrics and epics and 
 of a fine novel 43 337 
 
Ixx RUSSIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Shevchenko, Taras G. (1814-61), a Russian poet, author of popular 
 lyrics in the little Russian dialect, and of epics of which ^ Haida- 
 maki > is one of the greatest in Russian literature 43 493 
 
 ^oUogub, V. A. (1815-82), a Russian popular novelist, dramatist, poet, 
 
 and essayist 4 3 598 
 
 Aksdkof, Konstantin (1817-60), Russian author of lyrics, dramas, and 
 
 essays, from 1846 leader of the Slavophile party 42 8 
 
 Kostomarov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1817-85), a Russian historian, novel- 
 ist, and poet, an ardent promoter of Little Russian as a sepa- 
 rate tongue, and author of numerous literary and historical 
 works characterized by a brilliant poetical style 43 318 
 
 Turgeneff (1818-83), of whom Henry James writes in the Library, 
 and who is represented by examples filling ' sixty -eight pages, 
 ranks among the greatest novelists of literature in his sense of 
 character and his power of vivid portrayal. His first work in 
 1852 had the effect of a Russian < Uncle Tom's Cabin. > His 
 greatest works are <A House of Gentlefolk, > <On the Eve,> 
 < Smoke,* <Rudin,> < Fathers and Children, > < Spring Floods, > and 
 < Virgin Soil.' Of lesser works the list is a long one 37 15057-130 
 
 Achshari^mov, Nikol6i (1819-), Russian author of successful novels, and 
 
 a critic of note 42 3 
 
 Avdyeyev, M. V. (1821-76), Russian author of extremely sensational 
 
 social novels 42 31 
 
 Dosto6vsky (i 821-81), the most characteristically national of Russian 
 writers, made an immense success with his <Poor People, > as if 
 another Gogol had appeared, and, after suifering ten years' pun- 
 ishment for a trifling act of sympathy with freedom, he put his 
 experience into < Crime and Punishment. > These great books 
 furnish the examples in the Library 12 4779-805 
 
 Nekrassov, Nikolai A. (1821-88), a Russian poet of great celebrity, a 
 contributor to periodical literature, and one of the most import- 
 ant figures in Russian literature 43 402 
 
 Maikov, Apollon Nikolaevich (1821-), a distinguished Russian poet, 
 a writer of idealistic tone and great finish, author of patriotic 
 poems during the Crimean War, and commonly esteemed the 
 first of living Russian poets 43 363 
 
 Grigorfivich, Dimitrij V. (1822-), a Russian civil engineer, author 
 of realistic stories of village life which rank him among the 
 first of Russian novelists 42 234 
 
 Ostrovsky, Alexander N. (1823-86), a Russian dramatist, author of 
 comedies which established his reputation, and of a succession 
 of works, among them a remarkable translation of Shakes- 
 peare's <The Taming of the Shrew* 43 410 
 
 «Stchedrin» (Saltykov, Mikhail E.) (1826-89), a Russian satirical 
 writer, author of works translated into English, French, and 
 German, and classed among the best satirical writers of his 
 country 43 504 
 
RUSSIAN LITERATURE Ixxi 
 
 Tolstoy (1828-), the critical story of whose character and career is 
 finely told by Mr. Howells, and the examples from whom make 
 a book of forty-five pages, rises in some of his works to the 
 highest level of literature. He is especially the humanist of 
 Russian literature, and his power to suggest a reading of the 
 riddles of life is hardly less than that of Shakespeare. Among 
 the greatest triumphs of Tolstoy's art are his <Anna Karenina,> 
 and his <War and Peace,* of which the Library < Synopses of 
 Noted Books > (pp. i and 457) gives an account. The ex- 
 amples of Tolstoy's work in the Library are twenty pages from 
 < Anna Karenina > and sixteen pages from < War and Peace \ 3 7 1498 5-1 5030 
 
 Danilevskij, G. P. (1829-90), a Russian story-writer, author of nov- 
 els of great historical or ethnographical interest 42 131 
 
 Miller, Orest Fedorovich (1833-), a Russian critical writer and liter- 
 ary historian, university professor at St. Petersburg, one of the 
 leading Slavophils, and author of studies and sketches of spe- 
 cially Slavic interest 43 383 
 
 Averkiyev, D. V. (1836-), Russian author of dramas, comedies, and 
 
 literary criticisms 42 31 
 
 Schweinfurth, George August (1836-), a Russian explorer of German 
 education, author of valuable studies of the Nile, of Ethiopia, 
 and of the Heart of Africa 43 486 
 
 DobrolytSbov, Nicolai Alex. (1836-61), a profound and gifted Rus- 
 sian literary critic 42 147 
 
 Krapotkin, Prince Peter (1842-), a Russian revolutionist, scientist, 
 and author in English of sketches of the progress of science in 
 leading London reviews 43 314 
 
 Kovalevsky, Sonya (1850-91), an eminent Russian mathematician, 
 said to be the most notable woman in mathematics of any age ; 
 author also of popular novels 43 314 
 
 Korolenko, Vladimir (1853-), a Russian novelist, himself an exile 
 into Siberia 1879-85, author of sketches and stories with pic- 
 tures of contemporary Russian life which are among the best 
 we have 43 312 
 
 Russian Lyric Poetry has a book of its own in the Library, with a 
 fine critical account by Prince Wolkonsky, and thirty-five ex- 
 amples of lyrics, representing thirteen Russian poets. There 
 is thus completed an admirable survey of Russian literature 
 since it became truly and thoroughly Russian and showed a 
 strength and splendor of genius not surpassed by any other 
 nation 32 1 2583-608 
 
Ixxii POLISH LITERATURE 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Polish Literature had beginnings of note as far back as the 
 great age of discovery and of reformation. It passed out from 
 under French influence, into a period of thoroughly national and 
 wonderfully rich development, from about the year 1825; and in 
 spite of the fact that Poland lost her place in Europe, and that 
 the great representatives of Polish genius were exiles or emi- 
 grants, no modem literature is more instinct with patriotism or 
 more splendid in power. Its names of greatest interest are: — 
 
 Kochanovski, Jan (1530-84), chief Polish poet of the century 43 3 10 
 
 Zimorowicz, Simon (1604-29), Polish poet of great originality 43 597 
 
 Kochovski, Hieronymus Vespasian (1633-99), ^ Polish poet, author 
 
 of satires, odes, epigrams, and an epic, <The SuflEering Christ >. .43 3 10 
 
 Zbylitowski, Pierre (1684-1757), a Polish poet and miscellaneous 
 writer, extensive traveler in Europe and North America, keen 
 observer and profound critic, author of important poems and 
 studies 43 594 
 
 Zbylitowski, Andr6 (1732-1813), a Polish writer, philosopher, and 
 poet, extensive traveler in Europe and South America, author 
 of notably successful poetry, and of philosophical and political 
 writings 4 3 594 
 
 Zielinski, Felix (1732-1805), Polish lawyer and critic, author of stu- 
 dies of the times and of a < Critical History of Polish Litera- 
 ture > 43 596 
 
 Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislas (1733-96), a Polish poet and historian, 
 author of idyls and satires, of a good Polish version of Tacitus, 
 and of an important < History of the Polish People > 43 401 
 
 Krasicki, Ignacy (1734-1801), a Polish ecclesiastic, a brilliant figure 
 of the court of Frederick II., author of works the wit and style 
 of which procured for him the title of «the Polish Voltaire ».. 4 3 314 
 
 Karpinski, Franciszek (1741-1825), a celebrated Polish poet, author 
 
 of works noted for energy, simplicity, and patriotism 43 298 
 
 Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (i 750-1 807), a Polish poet, author of 
 lyrics, dramas, occasional pieces, and translations of some of 
 Fontaine's fables 43 309 
 
 Zablocki, Frantizek (1754-1821), a Polish dramatist looked upon as the 
 creator of Polish comedy, author of plays holding the stage to 
 the present day 43 592 
 
 Boguslavski, Adalbert (1759-1829), Polish dramatist, theatre director, 
 
 and earliest composer of Polish opera 42 65 
 
 Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861), a Polish patriot and historian, exiled 
 from Wilna for participation in the Revolution of 1830, author 
 of various works on Polish history and antiquities, and of im- 
 portant geographical studies 43 334 
 
POLISH LITERATURE Ixxiii 
 
 Brodzinski, Kazimierz (1791-1835), a Polish poet 42 76 
 
 Fredro, Count Alexander (i 793-1 876), a Polish dramatist, notable as 
 
 the founder of original Polish comedy 42 201 
 
 Chodzko, Ignacy (1795-1861), a Polish poet, author of odes and of vivid 
 
 prose sketches of Lithuanian manners and people 42 107 
 
 Mickiewicz (1798-18 5 5), under the influence of Byron and Scott, 
 Goethe and Schiller, and Shakespeare, became the supreme na- 
 tional poet and the creator of a distinctively Polish literature. 
 His masterpiece, the great poem, <Pan Thaddeus,* is a national 
 epic on account of which its author stands to Poland as Homer 
 to Greece, and Dante to Italy 25 9995-10006 
 
 Zaleski, Bohdan (1802-86), a noted Polish poet, author of works which 
 
 depict in vivid colors the scenery of his native country 43 593 
 
 Chodzko, Alexander (1804-91), Polish scholar and poet, author of 
 versions of numerous oriental masterpieces, and of both Slav 
 and Bulgarian studies 42 107 
 
 FUrst, Julius (1805-73), a Polish Oriental scholar of Jewish birth, au- 
 thor of extremely valuable studies of Jewish and Jewish-Greek 
 literary culture 42 205 
 
 Grabovski, Michael (1805-63), a Polish novelist, essayist, and critic, 
 
 author of historical novels of epoch-making significance 42 228 
 
 Witwickie, Etienne (died at Rome 1847), a Polish poet, novelist, and 
 
 dramatist, notable for a famous book in defense of Catholicism . 4 3 581 
 
 Bielovski, August (1806-76), a Polish poet and historical writer 42 59 
 
 Pol, Vincenty (1807-72), a Polish poet, author of patriotic songs which 
 won for its author unbounded popularity, and of < Pictures from 
 Life and from Travel,* esteemed his finest work 43 434 
 
 Czajkovski, Michal (1808-76), Polish novelist, strikingly original, 
 and author of historical novels translated into almost all Euro- 
 pean languages 42 128 
 
 Gaszynski, Konstantin (1809-66), a Polish poet and novelist, a politi- 
 cal exile in France, author of poems, stories, and of literary 
 studies in both Polish and French 42 210 
 
 Slowacki (1809-49), the dramatist of the great Polish triad of poets, 
 represents the finest type of Polish genius. He was the Polish 
 Byron with a greater than Byron's power 34 13508-18 
 
 Krasinski (1812-59), whose greatest works came out in 1833 and 1836, 
 is said to have « modified the character of an entire- people. >* 
 The half -epic, half-dramatic poem <Iridion> is his masterpiece, 
 and with it ranks <The Undivine Comedy, > a sjmibolic poem 
 in dramatic form dealing with the loftiest social and spiritual 
 themes. Seven fine examples are given in the Library 22 8735-46 
 
 Kraszevsky, J6sef Ignacy (1812-87), one of the most noted and pro- 
 lific of Polish novelists and poets, especially notable for a series 
 of novels depicting Polish history from the earliest times 43 314 
 
 Lenartovicz, Teofil (1822-93), a Polish poet, author of popular ballads 
 and songs which are reckoned among the choicest pearls of Po- 
 lish literature 43 335 
 
Ixxiv POLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Ujeski, Corneli (1823-), a Polish poet, resident in Paris, author of 
 poems inspired by intense patriotism, his ^Lamentations of 
 Jeremiah > considered one of the masterpieces of PoUsh litera- 
 ture. 43 537 
 
 Kondrat6vicz, Vladislav (1823-62), a popular Polish poet and literary 
 historian, notable for patriotism and intense sympathy with the 
 people in a large body of varied verse, and author of a history 
 of Polish literature 43 312 
 
 Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (1823-83), a Polish dramatist at Cracow, 
 author of national plays of great popularity, and of many juve- 
 nile works 42 18 
 
 Falenski, Felicyan (1825-), a Polish poet, author of successful plays 
 and poems, and of fine versions of Horace, Dante, and B6ran- 
 ger 42 178 
 
 Kalinka, Valerian (1826-86), a Polish journalist, political writer, and 
 historian, author of a first volume of <The Great Diet,* intended 
 to be a thorough study of the political history of Poland 43 296 
 
 Klaczko, Julian (1828-), a Polish poet and historical writer, formerly 
 a prominent member of the Austrian Landtag; a voluminous 
 writer on historical and political subjects in Polish, French, and 
 German 43 307 
 
 Fredro, Johann Alexander (1829-91), a Polish dramatist, active in 
 the Polish-Hungarian revolt of 1848, and author of numerous 
 popular comedies 42 201 
 
 Ginsburg, Christian (1830-), an eminent Polish Rabbinical writer, 
 
 author of important biblical studies 42 218 
 
 ^Deotyma, * (Luszczevska, Jadviga) (1830-), Polish woman poet and 
 
 story- writer of rare power and charm 42 140 
 
 Pruszakowa, S6verine Zochov7ska (1830-), a Polish woman of letters, 
 an author of both historical and poetical works, and studies 
 of literature characterized by a style of almost classic purity. .43 443 
 
 Balucki, Michael (1837-), a Polish dramatist and novelist, especially 
 
 popular as a story-teller of satirical tendency 42 39 
 
 Tarnovski, Count Stanislav (1837-), a Polish literary historian, author 
 of numerous monographs, and of < Studies in the History of 
 Polish Literature, > his greatest work 43 515 
 
 Asnyk, Adam (1838-), Polish author of lyrics, historical tragedies, and 
 
 comedies . . .• 42 27 
 
 Belcikovski, Adam (1839-), Polish author of dramas, comedies and 
 
 essays on Polish literature 42 51 
 
 Dygasii^ski, Adolf (1839-), a Polish author of stories notably descrip- 
 tive of Polish scenes, and translator of works in English sci- 
 ence. 42 159 
 
 Sienkiewicz (1846-), whose magnificent historical novels, <With Fire 
 and Sword,* <The Deluge,* and <Pan Michael,* are described 
 in the < Synopses of Noted Books* (p. 457), has splendidly 
 maintained the tradition of Polish genius created by the three 
 great Polish poets whose story the Library has gfiven. The 
 
BULGARIAN — ROUMANIAN LITERATURE j^xv 
 
 Story of his genius and large examples of his work, filling 
 thirty-nine pages of the Library, will more than suggest that 
 Poland gives to literature in the end of the nineteenth century 
 the greatest creative genius of the field of fiction. His latest 
 novel, <Quo Vadis,> of which an account is given in vol. 45 » 
 ^ Synopses > (p. 406), is a masterly study of Rome in the time 
 
 of Nero, and immensely popular 34 ' 3399-438 
 
 Chmielovski, Peter (1848-), a Polish critic and literary historian of 
 
 Warsaw, author of valuable studies and sketches 42 107 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Bulgarian Literature has very close relations with Russian, 
 due to the fact that the language is what may be called an elder 
 sister of Russian, stunted in development by Turkish domination, 
 and that the political independence reached in 1878 was attained 
 by the help of Russia (Vol. xxxviii, 15265). 
 
 Boteff (1848-76), who fell in the struggle against the Turks in 1876, 
 was a martyr-poet of revolution, a fine example of whose verse 
 is given in the Library 38 15265-67 
 
 Vazoff (1850-), a fellow-poet and fellow-patriot of Boteff, whose first 
 considerable poem appeared in 1870, brought out later his 
 masterpiece, < Under the Yoke,* a novel of rare power, and has 
 since published poems, novels, dramas, and historical sketches, 
 which assure him a place in European literature. The Library 
 gives his first poem in full, and sixteen pages from < Under 
 the Yoke > 38 15263-86 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Roumanian Literature has a single beautiful bloom in the 
 poetry in German of Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania (1843-), who 
 writes under the pen-name of ^* Carmen Sylva. '^ The Library 
 has an account of her work with fine examples (Vol. xxxvi, 
 14329-36). The larger story of letters in Roumania shows the 
 following names of note : — 
 
 Negruzzi, Konstantin (1808-68) ; Jakob (1843) ; Roumanian poets, father 
 and son; the former author of verses, plays, and historical stud- 
 ies in prose and verse, and the latter of poems, sketches, and 
 tales vddely read 43 40a 
 
 Alecsandrescu, Grigoic (1812-86), Roumanian poet and political leader 
 
 of great popularity ^ 42 11 
 
Ixxvi MORAVIAN — SERVIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Alecsandri, Basile (1821-go), Roumanian poet and journalist ardently 
 
 patriotic and influential 42 11 
 
 Bolintineanu, Dimitrie (1826-72), Roumanian poet and novelist 42 66 
 
 Dora, d'Istria (1828-88), wife of a Russian prince, author of Rou- 
 manian travel sketches, and of historical and literary studies 
 of great value 42 149 
 
 Eminescu, Michael (1849-89), a Roumanian journalist of distinction 
 
 and the great lyric poet of Roumania 42 1 70 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Moravian Literature had an eminent representative, from 
 162 1 to 167 1, in the great Slavic educational reformer, Johann 
 Amos Comenius (1592-1670), who became Bishop of the Mo- 
 ravian Brethren in 1622, and during the nearly fifty years that 
 followed pursued a career of authorship and educational reform 
 almost without a parallel (Vol. x, 3909-22). A name of more 
 recent interest is that of: — 
 
 Zeleguy, Zdenko (1853-), ^ Moravian poet under the pseudonym of 
 « Franz Voneisen,» author of works of special Moravian in- 
 terest 4 3 595 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Servian Literature commands the interest of the following 
 names: — 
 
 Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovotch (i 787-1 864), a famous Servian author, 
 founder of modern Servian literature; author of an epoch-mak- 
 ing < Dictionary, > and of a collection of < Popular Serb Songs ;> 
 and a principal reformer of the Servian literary language 43 297 
 
 Ban, Mathias (1818-), a Servian dramatist, journalist, and critic.... 4 2 39 
 
 Milicevic, Milan (1831-), a Servian geographical, ethnological, and 
 historical writer, and novelist; author of stories, studies, and 
 sketches of special Servian interest 43 382 
 
 Jovanovic, Jovan (1833-), a Servian journalist, humorist, and poet, 
 author of extremely popular poems and farces, and specially 
 notable for the influential political journals which he has 
 founded and edited , 42 293 
 
TURKISH — ARMENIAN — SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE Ixxvii 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 Turkish Literature has names of note as follows : — 
 
 Mesihi, a renowned Turkish poet of the fourteenth century, one of 
 the seven whose names written in gold are suspended in the 
 temple of Mecca . 4 3 380 
 
 Lami'i, a notable Turkish poet and prose-writer, author of epics 
 founded on Persian legends, and of prose translations from the 
 Persian poet Jami, — died about 1530 43 323 
 
 Ibrahim of Aleppo (1490-1549), a famous Ottoman writer on jurispru- 
 dence, compiler of a great code of laws known as < Confluence 
 of the Seas > 42 282 
 
 Baki (-1600), the greatest of Turkish lyric poets 42 38 
 
 Ziver, Pasha (1793-1862), a Turkish official of high rank, and a poet 
 
 greatly esteemed by the Turks 43 597 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Armenian Literature has a record in which these names are 
 of special note: — 
 
 Emine, Nikita Ossipovich (1815-91), Armenian scholar of eminence, 
 translator into Russian of the chief Armenian historians, and 
 author of a monumental < History of Armenia,^ of which a 
 French translation exists 42 169 
 
 Calfa, Ambroise (1830-), a French-Armenian, author of Armenian 
 versions of French masterpieces and of an Armenian < Universal 
 History > 42 89 
 
 Calfa, Corona (183 5-), Armenian author of immensely popular poems 
 
 and songs and of a < History of Armenia > 42 89 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Scandinavian Literature covers three distinct national de- 
 velopments, those of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Norway 
 and Denmark were politically one before 18 14, with a common 
 language, and a common intellectual centre in Copenhagen. Each 
 of the three developments has special interest. Sweden was ear- 
 liest in contributing great names to the history of culture, in 
 Swedenborg and Linnaeus, while Norway gave birth to, and 
 Denmark was the scene of the life of, Holberg, the Scandinavian 
 Shakespeare. 
 
Ixxviii SWEDISH LITERATURE 
 
 Swedish Literature covers two hundred years and has a 
 wide range of contributions to the factors of modern progress. 
 Two names especially, from its roll of great characters, belong to 
 mankind in the departments of religion and of science: — 
 
 Swedenborg (1688-1772), one of the most interesting and most re- 
 markable of modern religious initiators has a book of story and 
 of choice examples from his writings in the Library 36 14237-58 
 
 Linnaeus (1707-78), who achieved European distinction in science, and 
 who still ranks as one of the greatest names in masterly study 
 of nature, has a most interesting portrayal in the Library, with 
 examples which report his observation of Lapland and the Lap- 
 land Alps . . 23 9077-90 
 
 Dalin (1708-63), figures as «the father of modern Swedish poetry, » 
 and the initiator of a new literary age, inspired by English 
 literature, and first manifested in 1832 by a Swedish imitation 
 of Addison's < Spectator.) German gravity gave way to Eng- 
 lish wit and French vivacity, until the character of the national 
 literature was completely transformed 10 4278-84 
 
 Bellman (1740-95), a lyric poet of Sweden and author of songs, has 
 an interesting story with choice examples. He was the favorite 
 of the Swedish king, Gustavus III., and of the nation 4 1763-72 
 
 Kellgren, Johan Henrik (1751-95), one of the greatest of Swedish 
 poets, especially notable for excellent lyrics, and for dramas 
 and operas the plots of which were mostly furnished by 
 Gustavus III 43 299 
 
 Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (i 756-1829), a Swedish poet, at one time the 
 literary dictator of his country, a chief representative in Sweden 
 of the French classic school of poetry 43 337 
 
 Franz6n, Frans Michael (1772-1847), a Swedish poet, university pro- 
 fessor and bishop, author of poems marked by great natural charm , 4 2 200 
 
 Tegner (1782-1846) carried off the palm, and became the leader of 
 Swedish poetry, in the age of new developments introduced by 
 Atterbom. He was noted for his love of nature and his inter- 
 est in old legends of an heroic past. Longfellow translated his 
 beautiful < Children of the Lord's Supper >; and his <Frithiofs 
 Saga> has made him most widely known. The Library gives 
 fourteen pages from this 36 14563-80 
 
 Geijer, Erik Gustaf (1783-1847), a Swedish historian; university pro- 
 fessor, and parliamentary orator, author of epoch-making con- 
 tributions to Swedish history 42 212 
 
 Afzelius, Arvid August (1785-1871), Swedish poet, notable for re- 
 searches in old Norse history and literature, and for a famous 
 collection of old Swedish folksongs 42 6 
 
 Atterbom (1790-185 5), one of the greatest lyric poets of his country, 
 especially sought to free Swedish literature from French in- 
 fluence, beginning about 1810, and reaching success during the 
 
SWEDISH LITERATURE Ixxix 
 
 next forty years. Great service was rendered by him also in 
 earnest treatment of religious questions. He first wrote sonnets 
 in Swedish, and did much fine critical work 2 933-42 
 
 Dahlgren, Karl Fred, (i 791-1844), Swedish author of humorous poems 
 
 and sketches, songs and ballads, and stories of great merit .... 4 2 129 
 
 Arwidson, Adolf Ivar (1791-1858), Swedish poet, and author of collec- 
 tion of < Old Swedish Folksongs > 42 27 
 
 Almquist (i 793-1 866), author of the romances which are said to be 
 the best of their kind in Swedish literature, wrote also lyrics, 
 dramas, and epics, and by his versatile and powerful genius 
 made a great impression. His story is a strange one. His 
 novels showed socialistic sympathies, and bore upon problems 
 of the day, such as that of marriage i 439-46 
 
 Fryxell, Anders (1795-1881), a Swedish historian, literary critic, and 
 grammarian, author of valuable < Stories from Swedish History,^ 
 and of other writings of special Swedish interest 42 204 
 
 Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob (1795-1865), Swedish publicist and nov- 
 elist, author of historic-romantic tales, and of historical, bio- 
 graphical, and political works 42 126 
 
 Bremer, Fredrika (1801-65), came into Swedish literature very young, 
 1828 and 1830, and made a great success. She wrote novels, 
 short stories, verse, and travels, and was an active promoter 
 of the rights of women 6 2328-42 
 
 Mellin, Gustaf Henrik (1803-76), a Swedish writer, author of novels 
 dealing with Swedish history, and of historical and biograph- 
 ical studies 43 377 
 
 Runeberg (1804-77) ranks as «the greatest name in Swedish litera- 
 ture, » in spite of the fact that he is of Finland, which in 1809 
 was torn from Sweden and annexed to Russia. He represents 
 an advance from Tegner even, to realism of the truest sort, 
 vividly reflecting life and nature as Finland had taught them 
 to him. But one departure from native limitations he made. 
 He adopted the Swedish language in his writings, and thus 
 became a great figure in Swedish literature. Several of the 
 finest pieces of this great Swedish poet are given in the Li- 
 brary 32 12495-508 
 
 Bottiger, Carl V. (1807-78), essayist and Swedish translator of Dante, 
 
 Tasso, etc 42 69 
 
 Ridderstad, Karl Fredrik (1807-86), a Swedish poet and novelist, 
 famous for his eloquence and patriotism, author of very suc- 
 cessful lyrics, and of several historical romances 43 458 
 
 Carl6n, Madame Emilia (1807-92), shares with Miss Bremer the 
 honors of female Swedish authorship. Her work during the 
 years 1838-52 gave her great distinction, and from 1858 to 
 1875 her home in Stockholm was the centre of Swedish literary 
 life 8 3225-30 
 
 Blanche, A. T. (1811-68), Swedish author of comedies, farces, and 
 
 realistic novels • 42 63 
 
Ixxx SWEDISH LITERATURE 
 
 Carlson, Fredrik Ferd. (1811-87), Swedish scholar prominent in pub- 
 lic affairs, and author of a < History of Sweden > of exhaust- 
 ive accuracy and high literary merit 42 95 
 
 Braun, Wilhelm von (1813-60), popular Swedish poet. 42 73 
 
 Kajaani, Johan Fredrik (1815-87), a Finnish writer, author of the 
 
 first history of Finland written in Finnish .43 295 
 
 Malmstrom, Bernhard Elis (1816-65), a Swedish poet and historian of 
 literature, professor at Upsala, author of poems marked by 
 great perfection of form, and of a history of Swedish literature . 4 3 365 
 
 Dahlgren, Fred. Aug. (1816-), Swedish author of extraordinarily popu- 
 lar songs and ballads, of very successful dramas, and of a his- 
 tory of the Swedish stage 42 129 
 
 Jolin, Johan Kristofer (1818-84), a Swedish dramatist, novelist, and 
 
 poet, author of popular and original dramas, novels, and poems. 42 291, 
 
 Topelius, Zacharias (1818-), a Finnish journalist, poet, and novelist, 
 author of verses, dramas, juvenile stories, and of a notable series 
 of Swedish and Finnish historical tales 43 529 
 
 Schwartz, Marie Sophie (1819-94), a Swedish novelist, author of 
 
 stories which deal for the most part with the problems of labor . 4 3 486 
 
 Ahlquist, August E. (1826-89), Finnish poet and philologist, university 
 
 professor and translator of Schiller and others into Finnish .... 4 2 7 
 
 Hedberg, Frans Theodor (1828-), a Swedish dramatic poet, author of 
 
 many plays and of a history of the Swedish stage 42 256 
 
 Rydberg, Abraham Viktor (1829-), a Swedish man of letters, regarded 
 as one of the best of Swedei^, author both of translations and 
 of original works of special modern interest 43 474 
 
 Carl6n, Rosa (1836-83), a Swedish novelist; <The Gypsy's Son> (1866) 
 
 regarded as her most perfect work 42 94 
 
 Edgren, August Hjalmar (1840-), Swedish author, university professor 
 in America, author of numerous publications of Swedish and 
 other literary interest 42 163 
 
 Snoilsky, Count Carl (1841-), a Swedish poet, author of sonnets 
 among the best in Swedish literature, of poems of sympathy of the 
 unfortunate and oppressed, and of a translation of Goethe's ballads. 43 4 .jg 
 
 Backstrom, Per Johan Edvard (1841-86), Swedish dramatist and lyric 
 
 poet 42 34 
 
 Edgren [Madame Anne] (1849-92), was a most notable success as a 
 woman writer at Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, from 1869 
 to 1890; and at Naples, Italy, until her death. Her constant 
 theme is the position of woman and her struggle to be herself. 
 Her success with dramas was remarkable, and her novels are 
 of great interest 13 5162-74 
 
 Ahlgren, Ernst (Benedictsson, Victoria, 1850-88), Swedish author 
 of novels, stories, and tales descriptive of native types, ranking 
 very high among recent female writers of Sweden 42 .7 
 
 Heidenstam, Werner von (1859-), a Swedish poet and novelist, origin- 
 ator of a movement against extreme realism, and notable for 
 his use •f Oriental themes 42 257 
 
DANISH LITERATURE Ixxxi 
 
 Levertin, Oscar (1862-), a Swedish poet, author of works of romance 
 and mysticism, a writer at the head of the younger lyric poets 
 of Sweden 43 340 
 
 << Kalevala *^ is the name of a great Finnish epic, the realism of which, 
 in its reflection of everything Finnish, makes it one of the most 
 interesting epics ever written. The story of finding the four 
 cycles of folksongs which compose it, and of the shaping of 
 the rich materials into a grand whole, with fine examples, merits 
 a niche of special interest in connection with Swedish litera- 
 ture. The Grand Duchy of Finland was until 1809 an im- 
 portant part of Sweden 21 8443-54 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Danish Literature occupies in certain respects the central 
 and representative position for the three Scandinavian countries, 
 largely in consequence of the fact that its great modem develop- 
 ment began about 1720 with a poet who is for the whole Scan- 
 dinavian world what Shakespeare is to the nations which use 
 English. Before Holberg, however, our conspectus finds names 
 of note, as Danish letters emerged from the ages of Latin cul- 
 ture : 
 
 Saxo Grammaticus, a Danish historian (died about 1208), author, of 
 a work of Danish history in Latin, the elegant style of which 
 was much admired 43 481 
 
 Pedersen, Christiern (1480-15 54), a Danish scholar and historical 
 writer, an ardent reformer, author of a translation of Luther's 
 Bible into Danish ; and by this and other literary works a large 
 contributor to the formation of the literary language of Den- 
 mark 43 421 
 
 Tycho Brahe (i 546-1601), an illustrious Danish astronomer, one of 
 
 the eminent founders of modern astronomical science 43 535 
 
 Arrebo, A. C. (1587-1637), Danish poet, father of modern poetry in 
 Denmark, and author of translation of the < Psalms of David > 
 (1623) 42 27 
 
 Kingo, Thomas (1634-1703), a Danish religious poet, author of hymns 
 elevated in thought and beautiful in style, of great permanent 
 popularity with the Danish people 43 305 
 
 Holberg (1684-1754), Scandinavia's supreme poet, a writer of com- 
 edies ranking with those of Moliere in France, and only sur- 
 passed by the unapproachable comedies of Aristophanes and 
 Shakespeare. The story of Holberg's marvelous genius, of his 
 production within a few years of twenty-eight wonderfully rich 
 and finished comedies, and of other work in g^reat variety, 
 6 
 
Ixxxii DANISH LITERATURE 
 
 histories, criticism, philosophy, and essays, through which he 
 impressed himself upon the whole spiritual life of modern 
 Denmark, is accompanied in the Library with nearly thirty 
 pages of fine examples illustrating «the greatest name in all 
 Scandinavian literature » i 8 7409-44 
 
 Falster, Christian (1690-1752), a Danish poet, author of satires, and 
 
 of prose studies of the times notably interesting and successful. 4 2 179 
 
 Ewald (1743-81), who was the most conspicuous figure of the period 
 between Holberg, the father of Danish literature, and the great 
 poet Oehlenschlager, made most interesting contributions to 
 Danish literary development 14 5614-26 
 
 Falsen, Enevold de (175 5-1808), a Danish poet and public official, 
 
 author of dramas received with great public favor 42 179 
 
 Heiberg, Peter Andreas (1758-1841), Danish political writer, satirist, 
 and dramatic poet, author of widely successful comedies, and 
 social satires 42 257 
 
 Baggesen (1764-1826), whose poetical <Comic Tales > gave him his 
 first fame in 1785, was regarded in his own day as the greatest 
 of living Danish poets. A poetic description of his journeys is 
 his most important prose work. Examples from it and from 
 his poems are given in the Library 3 1235-42 
 
 Oehlenschlager (1779-1850), the greatest of Danish poets, wrote a 
 large number of tragedies, and a mass of miscellaneous produc- 
 tions in prose and verse which fill twenty-six volumes of his 
 collected works. The beautiful love tragedy, <Axel and Val- 
 borg,> is esteemed the finest thing in Danish literature. Twelve 
 pages from this are given in the Library ; six pages from < Earl 
 Hakon,> a splendid drama of the bringing of Christianity to 
 Norway; and three pages from < Aladdin, > a dramatic fairy tale 
 embodying the gospel of genius. One of the great poet's dramas 
 attempts to reconstruct the historical Hamlet of Saxo's chroni- 
 cle, and another introduces no female character. The book of 
 thirty pages of Oehlenschlager in the Library is of fascinating 
 interest, seven pages of fine critical story and twenty-three pages 
 of examples 27 10745-74 
 
 Blicher (i 782-1 848) has a story and examples in the Library very 
 rich in interest. He wrote national peasant stories and poems 
 specially representative of the simple life and quaint legends 
 of Jutland, one of the places of origin of the earliest settlers 
 of England 5 2064-74 
 
 Grundtvig, Nikolai F. S. (1783-1872), an eminent Danish scholar in 
 history, languages, and the religions of mankind ; author of very 
 popular Danish poems, and studies of Norse mythology; and 
 the originator of a movement designed as a new Reformation 
 of Christianity 42 236 
 
 Ingemann (1789-1862), who was the literary favorite of the Danish 
 people after Oehlenschlager's death in 1850, is especially known 
 by historical novels and poems which have caused him to be 
 
DANISH LITERATURE Ixxxiii 
 
 named the Danish Walter Scott. In his hymns and short 
 stories, however, and in his character and sentiment, he was of 
 a type unlike Scott, and a very interesting example of Danish 
 culture 20 7982-90 
 
 Hauch, Johannes Carsten (1790-1872), Danish poet and novelist, author 
 of extremely successful plays and romances, and of lyrics which 
 show him to be Denmark's foremost poet of nature and senti- 
 ment 42 252 
 
 Boye, Kaspar J. (1791-1853), Danish dramatist and poet 42 71 
 
 Heiberg, Johann Ludvig (1791-1860), an eminent Danish poet, play- 
 wright, critic, and essayist, an exponent of the teaching of 
 Hegel 42 257 
 
 Petersen, Niels Mathias (i 791-1862), a Danish historian and philolo- 
 gist, university professor at Copenhagen, author of works for the 
 study of Norse languages, mythology, and literature 43 425 
 
 Bodtcher, Ludwig (1793-1874), Danish lyrical poet, depicting nature 
 
 and man 42 64 
 
 Moller, Poul Martin (i 794-1 838), a Danish poet, novelist, and philo- ^^ 
 sophical writer, professor at Christiania and at Copenhagen, 
 author of fine lyrics, of fiction, and of studies in philoso- 
 phy 43 387 
 
 Rafn, Carl Christian (i 795-1 864), a Danish critic and archaeologist, 
 author of translations of Norse, mythic, and romantic sagas, 
 and of a study of American antiquities endeavoring to prove 
 that America was discovered by the Norsemen in the tenth 
 century 43 450 
 
 Winther, Rasmus (1796-1876), a Danish poet, esteemed one of the 
 truest interpreters of the Danish national character; his 
 greatest work a lyric romance of the Danish Middle Ages 43 5^0 
 
 Hertz (1798-1870), a Danish poet of Jewish parentage, who wrote 
 plays, comedies, and romantic dramas in verse; is best known 
 by his <King Rent's Daughter,) several pages from which are 
 gfiven in the Library 18 7317-25 
 
 Overskov, Thomas (1798-18 73), a Danish dramatist, author of suc- 
 cessful plays, but most notable for his ^ History of the Danish 
 Theatre > 43 411 
 
 Bernhard, Karl (Saint Aubain, Nicolai de, 1798-1865), brilliant nov- 
 elist picturing Danish history and contemporary life 42 57 
 
 Aarestrup, Emil (1800-56), one of the foremost Danish lyric poets. .42 i 
 
 Andersen (1805-75), whose wonder tales and fairy dramas have 
 given him a world-wide fame, has a book of forty pages in the 
 Library, of which thirty-six pages are capital examples of his 
 best work 2 500-39 
 
 Paludan-MuUer (1809-76), the author of poems, plays, and tales, in 
 great variety, achieved" his masterpiece in < Adam Homo, > from 
 which an elaborate example is given in the Library. In other 
 almost equally remarkable works, the style is quite different, 
 yet the execution not less a success 28 11017-24 
 
Ixxxiv DANISH LITERATURE 
 
 Allen, Karl Ferd. (1811-71), Danish historian and university pro- 
 fessor of history and northern archaeology at Copenhagen; 
 author of < Handbook of the History of the Fatherland, > < His- 
 tory of the Three Northern Kingdoms,^ and other works very 
 democratic in tone and of great Scandinavian interest and in- 
 fluence 42 15 
 
 Hoist, Hans Peter (181 1-93), a Danish poet and novelist; professor 
 of language and literature in Copenhagen; author of lyrics, 
 sketches, dramas, and novels exceedingly varied, elegant, and 
 tasteful 42 271 
 
 Kjerkegaard, Soren Aaby (1813-35), an eminent Danish religious 
 writer, notable for new departure conception of religion as a 
 personal matter between each soul and the Supreme Being. ... 43 307 
 
 MoUer, Peter Ludwig (1814-65), a Danish poet and aesthetic writer; 
 resident in Paris the last fifteen years of his life, author of 
 lyrics, criticisms, and studies 43 386 
 
 Lembcke, Eduard (181 5-), a Danish poet, author of patriotic poems 
 and songs, and of excellent translations of Shakespeare, Byron, 
 and other English poets, — his < Our Mother Tongue > one of 
 the favorite national songs 43 334 
 
 Worsaae, Jens Jakob (1821-85), a Danish historian and public official, 
 author of works of importance for the history of the Danes in 
 Great Britain and Normandy 43 585 
 
 Ewald, Herman Frederik (1821-), a Danish novelist, author of his- 
 torical novels, and of fine character-studies 42 176 
 
 Molbech, Christian K. F. (1821-88), a Danish poet and dramatist, a 
 professor at Kiel, a journalist at Copenhagen, and censor at 
 the Royal Theatre, author of dramas, poems, and < Pictures 
 from the Life of Jesus > 43 386 
 
 Andersen, Karl (1828-83), a Danish poet, author of epics and lyrics 
 depicting common life, and of a prose tale describing nature 
 and life in Iceland 42 18 
 
 Richardt, Christian Ernst (1831-93), a Danish poet, considered first 
 among the later lyrical poets of Denmark, and specially noted 
 for the religious depth, delicacy, and patriotic enthusiasm of 
 his verse 43 458 
 
 Bergsoe, J. V. (1835-), naturalist, poet, and novelist of great origin- 
 ality and rich imagination - .... 4 2 56 
 
 Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peder (1842-), a Danish philologist, author 
 of Magyar, Germanic, Russian, and other studies of special 
 interest and value 43 524 
 
 Brandes (1842-), the most conspicuous figure of literary Denmark, 
 and of what he calls the Modern Awakening, is a Jew by race, 
 a critic simply in his work, and one of the greatest living in- 
 terpreters of literature as the expression of the human mind. He 
 ranks with Holberg and Oehlenschlager as a creator of literary 
 advance in Denmark, and a powerful influence for progress in 
 • the culture of the Scandinavian countries 5 2299-2310 
 
NORWEGIAN LITERATURE Ixxxv 
 
 Drachmann (1846-), author of forty-six volumes of poems, dramas, 
 novels, short stories, and sketches, represents what is known 
 as «the new era>^ in Danish literature. His most important 
 work is largely autobiographical. His best poems and tales 
 are those dealing with the sea and the life of the sailor, fisher- 
 man, and voyager 12 4840-50 
 
 Jacobsen, Jens Peter (1847-85), a Danish naturalist and realistic 
 novelist, author of tales of great merit in plot, construction, 
 and style 42 286 
 
 Brandes, Edvard (1847-), Danish dramatist, story-writer, and essayist. 42 72 
 
 Recke, Ernst von der (1848-), a Danish romantic poet, author of 
 dramas, lyrics, a tragic opera, and of books on the art of Dan- 
 ish versification 43 453 
 
 Christiansen, Arne Einar (1861-), a Danish poet, author of come- 
 dies, tragedies, historical and dramatical plays in verse, marked 
 by free play of the author's genius 42 108 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Norwegian Literature goes back into Danish as American 
 does into English, because of the fact that Denmark and Nor- 
 way were not politically separate until 181 4, and the greatest 
 name in Danish literature, that of Holberg, stood for Norway in 
 fact, because of the birth on Norwegian soil of the poet who 
 bore it. When the Norwegian people became partly separated 
 from Denmark, the earliest Norse patriotism in literature was 
 that of Norwegian genius. 
 
 Bjerregaard, Henrik Anker (i 792-1 842), Norwegian dramatic poet of 
 
 very influential position 42 61 
 
 Keyser, Jakob Rudolph (1803-64), one of the foremost of Norwegian 
 historians ; author of histories of Norway and of the Norwegian 
 ChurcR under Catholicism and of other important historical 
 studies 4 3 303 
 
 Welhaven (1807-73), the first to malce a name of distinction after 
 Wergeland, began his career as a critic of Wergeland, and 
 contributed to Norwegian literature a large number of valuable 
 critical studies, and a body of finished and exquisite poetry, 
 second only to that of Bjomson and Ibsen 38 15779-89 
 
 Wergeland (1808-45), who published in 1830 a lyrical drama en- 
 titled «The Creation, Man, and Messiah, » and whose other 
 work, extremely emotional, patriotic, and free, was voluminous 
 in amount, but not exemplary in literary finish 38 15779 
 
 Munch, Peder Andreas (1810-63), a distinguished Norwegian historian, 
 antiquary, and philologist, university professor at Christiania; 
 his masterpiece the < History of the Norwegian People > 43 396 
 
Ixxxvi NORWEGIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Munch, Andreas (1811-84), a Norwegian poet and dramatist, a uni' 
 versity professor at Christiania; author of popular poems, 
 dramas, and prose studies 43 396 
 
 Asbjornsen (1812-85), a Norwegian scientist of distinction in zoology 
 and deep-sea exploration; became still more famous as the 
 author of *■ Norwegian Folk Tales > and < Norwegian Fairy Tales 
 and Folk Legends,* published in 1842-45. He was widely active 
 for twenty years in connection with the forestry and turf indus- 
 try interests of Norway, and used his experience of nature and of 
 the people to give the stories which he retold a delightfully real- 
 istic setting. Fine examples of his work are given in the Library. 2 905-16 
 
 Moe, Jorgen Ingebrektsen (1813-80), a Norwegian bishop and poet, 
 author of poems and stories for children, and of a collection of 
 popular fairy tales of the greatest influence on Norwegian lan- 
 guage, literature, and art 43 386 
 
 Collet, Jakobine Camilla (1813-), a Norwegian novelist of very wide 
 popularity, and notable for her championship of the political 
 emancipation of women 42 115 
 
 Aasen, Ivar Andreas (1813-), Norwegian philologist and poet, noted 
 
 for efforts to create a new Norwegian in place of Danish.. 4 2 i 
 
 Colban, Adolphine Marie (1814-84), a Norwegian novelist, author of 
 stories and tales marked by fine spiritual insight and warm 
 human sympathy 42 1 14 
 
 Friis, Jens Andreas (1821-), a Norwegian philologist, ethnologist, and 
 sketch-writer, author of exhaustive investigations of the lan- 
 guage and literature of the Fins and Laps 42 203 
 
 Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (1827-), a Norwegian Egyptologist, 
 author of works on Egyptology in French, German, Swedish, 
 and Norwegian 43 342 
 
 Ibsen (1828-), the story of whose authorship and large examples of 
 whose best work make a book of great interest in the Library, 
 has had a literary career of nearly half a century (from 1849), 
 although his marked success began with his first national his- 
 torical drama, in 1856; and it is his social dramas, in which he " 
 keenly criticizes the conditions of modern life, which have gfV^en 
 him his fame throughout the world. His dramatic poems, 
 < Brand > and < Peer Gynt, > are 'regarded by many of his 
 countrymen as his greatest work. <Peer Gynt* has been called 
 the Scandinavian < Faust * 20 7839-64 
 
 Bjornson (1832-), to whom the Library devotes nine pages of most 
 interesting story and fifteen pages giving eight fine examples of 
 both poetry and prose, shares with Ibsen the highest honors of 
 Norwegian literature. He more distinctly represents Norwegian 
 life and character; and as a thinker and prophet in religious, 
 educational, and political matters, he is of the highest rank. 
 His fine peasant tales were his earliest work; then came a 
 series of plays dealing with social problems; and his greatest 
 , triumphs followed in a series of powerful novels 5 1959-82 
 
ICELANDIC LITERATURE Ixxxvii 
 
 Lie* (1833-), who ranks in Norway with Ibsen and Bjornson, and a 
 number of whose novels and short stories have appeared in 
 English, is especially famous for his stories of the sea and of 
 the fisher-folk whose life is on the sea 23 9048-58 
 
 Daae, Ludvig (1834-), Norwegian historian, author of important Norse 
 
 annals and sketches 42 1 28 
 
 Dietrickson, Lorents H. S. (1834-), Norwegian poet and historian, au- 
 thor of writings of high authority on art and literature 42 144 
 
 Janson, Kristofer Nagel (1841-), a Norwegian educator and poet, set- 
 tled in America since 1881, author of popular lyrics and stories. 42 287 
 
 Meyn, Antoinette, a recent Norwegian popular writer, most of whose 
 
 works have been translated into both Swedish and German. . . .43 381 
 
 Boyesen (1848-95), who came to America for his life-work at the age 
 of twenty-one, was yet strongly and delightfully Norse in his 
 idyls of Norway, his stories of Norse life, his juvenile tales, 
 and his critical work, of which his introduction to Ibsen's works 
 is a singularly fine example 5 2272-78 
 
 Kielland (1849-), who represents a new movement in Norwegian 
 literature, uses the language of his country as no one before 
 had used it, for delicacy of touch, clearness, and refinement; and 
 in his novels he shows a strong and bold tendency to emanci- 
 pate progress from prevailing political and religious limitations. 2 1 8565-72 
 
 Garborg (1851-), another man of the new school in Norway, repre- 
 sents thorough Norse speech and culture in a distinctive way. 
 He discards Danish as the language of Norse culture, and seeks 
 to make a literary speech based on the peasant dialects of 
 Norway. < Peasant Students > is his greatest novel. His ex- 
 treme religious and social radicalism cost him his government 
 position and led him to settle in Germany 15 6185-94 
 
 Nansen (1861-), a physician and zoologist, who was led by a voyage 
 of observation of animal life in the extreme North, and by 
 travel in Greenland, to become an Arctic explorer, not only had 
 great success in his device of a ship suited to Arctic ice condi- 
 tions, but also in the sledge journey to within four degrees of 
 the Pole, and in his account published in < Farthest North >. .27 10555-64 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Icelandic Literature, representing what is probably the oldest 
 spoken language in Europe, has in the Library a double book, 
 under < Icelandic Literature: the Sagas > (Vol. xx, 7865-95); 
 and under < The Eddas: Icelandic > (Vol. xiii, 5113-44); a book 
 of sixty-three pages, telling the story of Iceland in its character- 
 istic literature, during the Middle-Age time embraced under the 
 
 * Pronounced I<ee, 
 
Ixxxviii DUTCH LITERATURE 
 
 ninth-thirteenth centuries (A. D. 800-1300). The following names 
 are of note in the story of letters in Iceland: — 
 
 Glum, Eyjolfsson (940-1003), an Icelandic bard, famous for a poem 
 orally transmitted until it was put in writing in the thirteenth 
 century 42 221 
 
 Egill Skallagrimsson, a celebrated Iceland skald of the tenth cen- 
 tury 42 165 
 
 Ari Thorgilsson (1067-1148), the father of Icelandic literature, in his 
 < Islendingabok > the first to use his mother tongue as a literary 
 medium 42 24 
 
 Saemund the Learned, an Icelandic scholar of the twelfth century, of 
 
 note for his connection with the Elder Edda 43 475 
 
 Egilsson, Sveinbjorn (1791-1852), an Icelandic scholar and critic, au- 
 thor of a poetic lexicon of Icelandic and of a series of Icelandic 
 historical works 42 165 
 
 Arnason, J6n (1819-88), is a recent Icelandic author of distinction, 
 who published < Icelandic Tales) in 1852, and ^Icelandic Popu- 
 lar Legends and Tales* in 1862-64. The latter work is an 
 exhaustive collection of tales, singularly rich in its showing of 
 the life and spirit of Iceland. Several of the tales are given 
 as examples in the Library 2 802-12 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Dutch Literature in Holland has a magnificent opening in 
 the Library in Hon. Andrew D. White's finely critical story of 
 the greatest of humanists, Erasmus of Rotterdam (1465-1536), 
 a story filling thirteen pages, and followed by fifteen pages of 
 choice examples of the great author's famous writings (Vol. xiv, 
 5509-37). Two important notices of Erasmus appear also in the 
 < Synopses of Noted Books* (pp. 126, 454), and a third sketch, a 
 concise biographical notice, in Vol. xlii, p. 172. Erasmus wrote 
 in Latin, for the scholars and reading people of all Europe. He 
 belongs to England, in the story of his great career as a scholar 
 and writer, more than to any other nation. Other names of 
 Dutch origin are as follows: — 
 
 Castelein, Matthijs de (1485-1550), Dutch poet; author of plays and 
 ballads, and of an <Art of Rhetoric,* accepted as an author- 
 ity 42 97 
 
 Marnix, Philipp van (1538-98), a Dutch statesman and satirist, prom- 
 inent in the liberation of the Netherlands; author of a popular 
 song < William of Nassau,* and of <The Beehive of the Holy 
 
DUTCH I.ITERATURE Ixxxix 
 
 Church of Rome,* a satire on Catholicism, which became a 
 
 Dutch prose classic 43 369 
 
 Coornhert, Dirck Volckertsen (1522-90), a Dutch scholar and poet, 
 author of songs, dramas, translations from the classics and 
 from Boccaccio 42 120 
 
 Lipsius, Justus (i 547-1606), a celebrated Dutch humanist, author of 
 important editions of Latin writers, and of a large number of 
 original treatises and essays 43 344 
 
 Voss, Gerhard Johann (1577-1649), a celebrated Dutch philologist, 
 author of a very famous < Institutes of Oratory,* and of a large 
 variety of important classical studies 43 553 
 
 Cats (1 577-1660), a Dutch poet of about the time of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, who were exiles in Holland during the twelve years 
 1608-20; he has a niche of interest in the Library 8 3353-58 
 
 Hooft (1581-1647) figures as the «father of Dutch poetry,» and as 
 the author of a < History of the Netherlands,* published in 
 1642, and accounted a Dutch classic 19 7610-12 
 
 Barlseus, Kaspar van (1584-1648), a Dutch scholar, historian, and poet. 4 2 42 
 
 Brederoo, G. A. (1585-1618), Dutch dramatist, and poet ..'. 42 73 
 
 Vondel (1587-1679), Holland's greatest poet, whose masterpiece, < Lu- 
 cifer,* published in 1654, Milton is supposed to have had before 
 him, in many parts of < Paradise Lost,* is presented in the 
 Library by the story of his genius and by fine examples from 
 his great work 38 15491-98 
 
 Huygens, Constantyn (i 596-1687), a Dutch writer, private secretary 
 to the Prince of Orange, author of poems in Dutch, Italian, 
 French, and Latin, and of memoirs, essays on music, and 
 State papers 42 281 
 
 Zevecot, Jacob (1604-46), a Dutch poet and dramatist, author of 
 elegies, tragedies, and various short poems, and considered by 
 his contemporaries the greatest Latin poet of his time 43 595 
 
 Decker, Jeremias de (1609-66), a Dutch poet, author of household 
 
 poems and epigrams 42 136 
 
 Anslo, Reim6r (1622-69), Dutch poet of the school of Vondel, one of 
 
 the foremost Dutch poets of his time ; author of epics 42 20 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict (1632-77), a Portuguese Jew by race, settled at 
 Amsterdam, Holland; excommunicated from the synagogue for 
 heretical freedom of thought, and, living at Leyden, or, later, 
 near, or at. The Hague, he worked out a system of philosophy 
 and ethics which had a great influence 35 13785-804 
 
 Rotgans, Lucas (1645-1710), a Dutch poet, author of an epic of great 
 merit, portraying William of Orange (William III., of Eng- 
 land), and of successful tragedies 43 469 
 
 Antonides van der Goes, Joannes (1647-1684), Dutch poet, a notable 
 disciple of Vondel, and famous for his epic glorifying the com- 
 merce and life of Amsterdam 42 21 
 
 Effen, Justus van (1684-1735), a Dutch essayist, notable for a Dutch 
 
 Spectator (1731-35), in imitation of Steele and Addison 42 164 
 
xc DUTCH LITERATURE 
 
 Haren, Willem van (1710-68); and Onno Zwier van (1713-72), Dutch 
 poets and statesmen, the former notable for an epic poem, and 
 the latter for a masterpiece of Dutch prose in his < William 
 IV) 42 248 
 
 Zweers, Philip (-1774), Dutch notary and poet, author of dramas 
 
 and poems 4 3 600 
 
 Bekker, Elizabeth (1738-1804), a Dutch novelist. .42 51 
 
 Fokke, Simonsz Arend (1755-1812), a Dutch essayist of extraordi- 
 nary learning; especially celebrated for his popular scientific 
 works and delightful literary satires .42 193 
 
 Bilderdijk (1756-1831), a lyric poet of great rhetorical power, and a 
 famous Dutch character in the period 1775-1825 ; added nearly 
 a hundred volumes to Dutch literature 4 1884-92 
 
 Bellamy, Jacobus (1757-86), Dutch patriotic, and romantic poet 42 52 
 
 Loosjes, Adriaan (1761-1818), a Dutch poet and novelist, author of 
 an epic, of several dramas, and of historical romances which 
 made him a favorite in Holland 43 349 
 
 Helmets, Jan Frederik (1767-1813), a Dutch poet and dramatist, of 
 note for his patriotism under the reverses of Holland gfrowing 
 out of the Napoleonic wars 42 258 
 
 Kampen, Nikolaas Godfried van (1776-1839), an eminent Dutch 
 scholar of vast learning in the history and literature of his 
 country, university professor at Leyden, and author of extremely 
 valuable historical works 43 296 
 
 Jonge, Johannes Cornelis de (1793-1853); Johan Karel Jacob de 
 (1827-80), father and son, authors of very valuable studies in 
 Dutch history 42 292 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (1795-1847), an eminent Dutch scholar, 
 author of two fine historical novels of ancient Greek life, and 
 of a valuable work on the Moral and Religious Civilization of 
 the Greeks; Petrus, Abraham (1829-73), son of the above, and 
 author of the Oriental romance, <Akbar, > showing most intimate 
 knowledge of Indian literature 43 343 
 
 Bogaers, Adriaan (1795-1870), Dutch poet, eminent for rare qual- 
 ity ' 42 65 
 
 Costa, Isaak da (i 798-1 860), Dutch poet and theological writer of very 
 
 high rank in recent Dutch literature 42 122 
 
 Coster, Samuel (i 579-1662), a Dutch dramatist, author of tragedies, 
 but best known for his delightful comedies ; one of the founders 
 of the Dutch Academy 42 122 
 
 Bergh, P. T. H. van den (1799-1873), Dutch dramatist and poet 42 56 
 
 Haar, Bernard ter (1806-80), a Dutch poet, university professor of 
 church history, author of studies on Christianity and its de- 
 velopment 42 242 
 
 Heije, Jan Pieter (1809-76), a prominent physician in Amsterdam; au- 
 thor of songs for children, and songs for the people, with Other 
 works strongly national and of great influence upon popular 
 melody 42 258 
 
DUTCH LITERATURE xci 
 
 Goeverneur, Jan Jacob Antonie (1809-89), Dutch poet, author of poems 
 
 for children, of universal popularity in the Netherlands 42 223 
 
 Bosboom, Anna L. G. (1812-86), a Dutch novelist, notably successful 
 
 in historical scenes and in characters i ..... 4 2 68 
 
 Loman, Abraham Dirk (1813-), a Dutch theologian, university pro- 
 fessor at Amsterdam, one of the foremost Dutch radical critics 
 of the Scriptures, author of very advanced study of the records 
 of Christianity 4 3 348 
 
 Beets, Nicolaas (1814-), Dutch author of poems, tales, sketches, and 
 
 criticism, a prose-writer of rare excellence 42 51 
 
 Hofdyk, Willem Jakobsz (1816-88), a Dutch village schoolmaster, col- 
 lege instructor in history and literature in Amsterdam; author 
 of numerous and valuable historical Dutch studies, and of nar- 
 rative poems of high character 42 267 
 
 Jonckbloet, Willem Jozef Andreas (1817-85), an eminent Dutch critic, 
 essayist, and historian of literature; editor of standard editions 
 of Dutch classics ; and author of exhaustive and masterly studies 
 in Dutch literature 42 292 
 
 Ten Kate, Jan Jacob (1819-), a Dutch poet, translator, and philosoph- 
 ical writer; author of a remarkable series of translations from 
 English, Italian, Swedish, German, and French poets, of several 
 collections of original poems, and of religious and philosophical 
 treatises 43 518 
 
 Dekker (1820-87) became famous by a remarkably powerful story, 
 <Max Havelaar,> published in i860, the purpose of which was 
 unsparing exposure of the Dutch treatment of the natives of 
 Java II 4513-20 
 
 Alberdingk-Thijm, Josephus Albertus (1820-89), Dutch poet and art 
 critic, professor at Amsterdam, and author of masterly sketches 
 and tales 42 9 
 
 Huet, Coenraad Busken (1826-86), a Dutch journalist and miscellaneous 
 writer, author of numerous essays, stories, and literary criticisms, 
 which have given him a high place in European literature .... 4 2 278 
 
 Vosmaer, Carl (1826-88), a Dutch journalist, novelist, artist, and writer 
 on art; best known for his novel <The Amazon >; author of a 
 translation of the Iliad and Odyssey 43 552 
 
 Cremer, Jacobus Jan (1827-80), Dutch novelist, author of a series of 
 
 stories of Dutch rural life, marked by natural humor 42 124 
 
 Tiedge, Cornells Petrus (1830-), a Dutch historical writer and Orien- 
 talist, author of works contributing to knowledge of ancient re- 
 ligions in Asia 43 526 
 
 Faasen, Pieter (1833-), a Dutch playwright, one of the most celebrated 
 actors of his time, and author of very successful plays remark- 
 able for character-drawing , 42 177 
 
 Brink, Jan ten (1834-), Dutch novelist and literary critic 42 . 75 
 
 Haver-Schmidt, Francois (1835-94), Dutch popular writer; author of 
 realistic novels and tales of Dutch life, and of parodies, sketches, 
 and love songs, universally popular 42 253 
 
xcii FLEMISH LITERATURE 
 
 Heuff, Az Johan Adrian (1843-), Dutch civil engineer, author of hu- 
 morous novels and sketches, of satires and caricatures, and of 
 historical romances 42 263 
 
 Emants, Marcellus (1848-), a Dutch poet and descriptive writer; au- 
 thor of travels, and of charming narrative poems 42 169 
 
 Maartens (1858-), a novelist of rare power, from four of whose works 
 examples are given in the Library ; from his first appearance 
 as a writer, in 1890, has used, not his own Dutch tongue, but 
 English, writing all his books in English, and looking to Eng- 
 land and America for his market 23 9357-72 
 
 Eeden, Frederik van (i860-), a Dutch poet famous for graphic and 
 
 original studies of nature 42 164 
 
 Grein, J. T. (1862-), a Dutch writer, author of novels, dramatic 
 essays, and short stories in Dutch; editor of Dutch papers in 
 Holland, but resident in London, and a writer of English dra- 
 matic criticisms 42 233 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Flemish Literature, as a branch of culture in the Nether- 
 lands, has some names of a remote past, although its larger signifi- 
 cance belongs to recent times. The names to be noted are these : — 
 
 Maerlant, Jakob van (1235-gi), a Flemish poet, founder of the 
 didactic school of poetry in the Netherlands, and called the - 
 ^father of Dutch poetry » 43 361 
 
 Bijns, Anna (1494-1575), Flemish poet known as «the Sappho of Bra- 
 bant >> 42 59 
 
 Mercator, Gerhard (1512-94), a celebrated Flemish geographer, in- 
 ventor of the « Mercator system >^ familiar in our atlases, and 
 author of works which made an epoch in geographical science. 43 379 
 
 Duyse, Prudens van (1804-59), a very prolific Flemish poet, author of 
 epics, lyrics, and dramas, and of valuable works on Flemish 
 history 42 159 
 
 £crevisse, Peter (1804-79), a Flemish novelist noted for power of 
 description, and author of important historical and society 
 novels 42 162 
 
 Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (1805-47), a Flemish poet, one of the 
 most popular of Flemish writers, and notable for his poetic 
 story of Ghent, Bruges, and Antwerp 43 332 
 
 Hasselt, Andre H C. van (1806-74), a Belgian poet and historian, 
 
 author of studies in Belgian history and literature 42 252 
 
 Alvin, Louis Joseph (1806-87), Belgian poet, art critic, and librar- 
 ian 42 6 
 
 Jenneval (Louis Dechez) (1808-30), a French-Belgian song-writer, 
 
 famous for his ^Brabangonne,' the Belgian national hymn 42 289 
 
FLEMISH LITERATURE xciii 
 
 Blommaert, Philipp (1809-71), Flemish historian and poet, notable 
 
 for efforts to make Flemish a literary tongue 42 63 
 
 Laurent, Francois (1810-87), a Belgian jurist and historical writer; 
 author of works on law, municipal and international, and in 
 defense of liberal principles against the Clericals 43 329 
 
 The more distinctive recent Flemish literature dates from 
 the separation of Belgium from Holland by the revo- 
 lution of 1830. The master-spirit of the new litera- 
 ture was Henri Conscience (1812-83), who has been 
 called the Walter Scott of Flanders. He first threw 
 aside the French language to make Flemish a lan- 
 guage of culture 10 395 7-7 2 
 
 Clesse, Antoine (1816-89), a Belgian armorer; a popular author of 
 
 ballads, songs, and a comedy 42 112 
 
 Thonissen, Jean Joseph (1817-91), a Belgian jurist and political econ- 
 omist; university professor at Louvain; author of historical, 
 political, and social studies of great interest 43 524 
 
 Kervyn de Lettenhove, Josef Marie (1817-91), a Belgian historian, 
 notable for his < History of Flanders > and other historical 
 works 43 302 
 
 Kerkhoven, Petrus Frans van (1818-57), a Flemish journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer; author of numerous poems, tragedies, 
 comedies, romances, and novels 43 302 
 
 Beers, Jan van (1821-88), a Flemish poet, from i860 professor at the 
 
 Athenaeum at Antwerp 42 51 
 
 Laveleye, ]^mile de (1822-92), a Belgian literary historian and econo- 
 mist; author of a valuable study of Provengal language and 
 literature, and of important economic, social, and monetary 
 writings 43 330 
 
 Grayson, £mile (1823-), a Belgian poet and educational official in 
 Brussels; author of essays, stories, and poems, translations, 
 and literary papers which have given him a European repu- 
 tation 42 233 
 
 De Coster, Charles T. H. (1827-79), a Belgian poet, reflecting Flem- 
 ish traditions and Brabant life 42 136 
 
 Geiregat, Pieter (1828-), Flemish journalist, novelist, and dramatist; 
 author of sketches, stories, and plays, notably successful in 
 delineating Flemish character and reproducing Flemish his- 
 tory 42 212 
 
 Hymans, Louis (1829-84), a Belgian journalist of distinction; author 
 of popular novels and poems, and of political and popular 
 histories of Belgium 42 281 
 
 Cort, Frans de (1834-78), eminent Flemish poet; author of origi- 
 nal homely lyrics of very rare quality, and of a translation 
 into Flemish of the finest songs of Robert Burns 42 121 
 
xciv AUSTRIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Hiel, Emanuel (1834-), a Flemish poet; professor of rhetoric and 
 music at Brussels; prominent in political reform; and author 
 of dramatic compositions, oratorios, and highly popular poems. .42 264 
 
 Droogenbroeck, Jan van (1835- ), an eminent Flemish educator, 
 
 author of poems and poetic studies of great interest ..42 152 
 
 Daems, Servaas Domien (1838-), a recent Flemish poet, author of 
 
 < Luit en Fluit > 42 129 
 
 Antheunis, Gentil Theodoor (1840-), a Flemish poet; author of lyrics 
 
 many of which have been set to music 42 21 
 
 Fredericq, Paul (1850-), a Belgian historian, author of scholarly 
 and liberal studies of special Flemish and Netherland inter- 
 est 42 201 
 
 Eekhoud (1854-) represents a Belgian French school, using French 
 and yet seeking to be Flemish. A journalist and a poet, he 
 is best known by his novels and tales, large and fine examples 
 from which are given in the Library 13 5189-214 
 
 Rodenbach, George (185 5-), a Belgian journalist and poet, noted for 
 the delicacy of his sentiment and the grace of his style ; author 
 of an important historical poem entitled < Belgium > 43 463 
 
 Maeterlinck (1864-), Flemish poet, novelist, dramatist, and essayist, 
 is of the same Flemish French school, and an author of very 
 original and interesting character. Large examples of his re- 
 markable work are given in the Library 24 9541-63 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Austrian Literature stands with German as a branch of 
 European literature, while it makes close connection of contiguity 
 with Hungarian and Czech or Bohemian, through the political 
 union of Austria-Hungary, The specially Austrian record has 
 names of note as follows: — 
 
 Alxinger, Johann Baptist von (1755-97). Austrian poet, notable for his 
 
 epics 42 16 
 
 Collin, Heinrich Joseph von (1771-1811), Austrian dramatist and lyrical 
 poet ; author of tragedies, historical ballads, and powerful war- 
 songs 42 115 
 
 Metternich, Prince (1773-1859), a celebrated Austrian statesman, 
 dominant in Continental politics during the years 1814-44; chan- 
 cellor of the Austrian Empire 1821-48; author of writings, and 
 an autobiography of great historical interest 43 380 
 
 Littrow, Josef Johann von (1781-1840), an Austrian astronomer, and 
 astronomical popular lecturer; author of works very effective 
 for the diffusion of astronomical knowledge 43 345 
 
 Castelli, Ignaz Franz (1781-1862), Austrian poet, author of war-songs 
 
 and of a great niomber of popular theatrical pieces 42 97 
 
AUSTRIAN LITERATURE XCV 
 
 Bauerle, Adolf (1784-1859), Austrian dramatist and novelist; founder 
 
 of the Vienna Theatre Gazette (1804-47) 42 47 
 
 Ebert, Karl Egon (1801-82), an Austrian poet and dramatist; author 
 of fine lyrics and ballads, and of elegant and popular longer 
 poems 42 161 
 
 Zingerle, Pius (1801-81), Austrian theological writer and* Orientalist, 
 university professor of Arabic and Syriac at Rome, author of 
 valuable translations from the Syriac and of aids to Syriac 
 study 43 597 
 
 Braun von Braunthal (1802-66), Austrian dramatist and novelist 42 73 
 
 Bauernfeld, E. von (1802-go), Austrian dramatist, author of brilliant 
 
 comedies 42 47 
 
 Haffner, Karl (1804-76), an Austrian actor arid playwright of great 
 
 eminence; author of about 100 dramatic pieces 42 242 
 
 Ziegler, Carl (1812-77), Austrian poet, of high rank as an author of 
 
 lyrics, hymns, and rhapsodies, full of thought and feeling 43 596 
 
 Miklosich, Franz von (1813-91), an Austrian scholar; university pro- 
 fessor at Vienna ; founder of Slavic philology ; author of a com- 
 parative grammar, and a dictionary of the Slavic languages; 
 and of < Dialects and Wanderings of the Gipsies of Europe \ . . 4 3 382 
 
 Ambros, August Wilhelm (1816-76), Austrian writer on music, partic- 
 ularly notable for his great unfinished < History of Music > 42 16 
 
 Pichler, Adolf (1819-), an Austrian poet and naturalist, author of 
 narratives of the revolutionary troubles of 1848, and of poems, 
 hymns, epigrams, and personal recollections 43 429 
 
 Arneth, Alfred von (1819-97), Austrian historian, scientist, and political 
 
 leader 42 25 
 
 Carneri, Bartholomaus von (1821-), an Austrian poet of great popu- 
 larity ; author also of ethical studies 42 95 
 
 Hartmann, Moritz (1821-72), Austrian poet of Bohemian freedom, and 
 
 ardent social reformer 42 251 
 
 Ehrlich, Alfred Heinrich (i822-),an Austrian musician, novelist, and 
 writer on music ; author of a critical study of < Musical Esthet- 
 ics) 42 165 
 
 Zingerle, Ignaz Vincenz (1825-92), Austrian poet and story-writer, 
 university professor at Innsbruck, author of Tyrolese and other 
 studies 43 597 
 
 Eckardt, Ludwig (1827-71), Austrian literary historian, essayist, and 
 dramatist; author of critical and biographical studies which 
 have given him distinction as a scholar * 42 162 
 
 Kramer, Alfred von (1828-), an Austrian Orientalist of experience as 
 a diplomat in Syria and Egypt, professor at Vienna of modern 
 Arabic, and author of valuable Oriental studies 43 315 
 
 Ebner-Eschenbach, Baroness Marie von (1830-), an eminent. Austrian 
 novelist and poet; author of dramas, but especially of novels, 
 which place her among the great writers '42 161 
 
 Hamerling, Robert (1830-89), an Austrian poet of great distinction; au- 
 thor of poems, plays, and romances 42 246 
 
xcvi HUNGARIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Fedkovic, Joseph H. (1834-88), a poet and story-writer of Austria, 
 
 author of poems and stories in his native Ruthenian 42 182 
 
 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold Ritter von (1835-95), an Austrian novelist, 
 author of very numerous stories showing, great powers of realis- 
 tic description 43 475 
 
 Felder, Franz Michael (1839-69), an Austrian story- writer ; a common 
 field laborer, but notable for markedly original thought and 
 style 42 182 
 
 Anzengruber, Ludwig (1839-89), Austrian dramatist and novelist; 
 famous for his creation of a genuine Austrian national drama, 
 and for stories of village life in Austria 42 21 
 
 Scherer, Wilhelm (1841-86), an Austrian literary historian, author of 
 a valuable < History of German Literature,* a < History of Poetry 
 in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, > and other literary 
 studies 43 483 
 
 Edler, Karl Erdmann (1844-), an Austrian novelist; author of valuable 
 historical stories, three of which Lord Lytton translated into 
 English 42 163 
 
 Christen, Ada (Breden, Christiane) (1844-), an Austrian poet and 
 novelist, especially notable for her book of tales and sketches 
 called < From Life > (1876) 42 108 
 
 Chiavacci, Vincenz (1847-), an Austrian humorist; contributor, since 
 
 1883, to Vienna journals, of a series of notably successful volumes. 4 2 107 
 
 Franzes, Karl Emil (1848-), an Austrian newspaper correspondent; 
 author of brilliantly successful travels, and of extremely popular 
 novels 42 200 
 
 Fournier, August (1850-), Austrian historian of distinction; author of 
 a biography of Napoleon, and of other important biographies 
 and historical studies 42 198 
 
 Bahr, Hermann (1863-), an Austrian dramatist, novelist, and critic, 
 
 strongly opposed to recent French tendencies 42 35 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Hungarian Literature offers to European and to universal 
 interest to-day a great lyric poet, Petofi; a great dramatist, 
 Maddch; and two ♦ prose-writers, Eotvos and J6kai, who have 
 been most notable figures in the nineteenth-century story of 
 Hungary. But the genius of the Hungarian race had long ago 
 made a record in song and thought and story, to which interest 
 in letters will inevitably look back. Of this record the following 
 names are the links: — 
 
 Zrinyi, Count Niklas (1616-64), Hungarian soldier and poet; author 
 
 of idyls, songs, an epic, and essays in prose 43 599 
 
HUNGARIAN LITERATURE XCvii 
 
 Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (1756-1839), a Hungarian historian and 
 novelist; author of notable historical novels, and of an im- 
 portant < History of Hungary > 42 185 
 
 Bacsdnyi, Jdnos (1763-1845), a Hungarian journalist, prose-writer, 
 
 and poet 42 34 
 
 Kisfaludy, Sdndor (1772-1844), a celebrated Hungarian poet, the 
 first great poet of modern Hungary, notable as the poet of 
 the aristocracy 43 307 
 
 Csokonay, Vitez Mihaly (1773-1805), a Hungarian poet, notable for 
 his attention to national tradition, and especially the poet of 
 the people ' 42 1 26 
 
 Horvdth, Andreas (i 778-1839), a Hungarian poet, the creator of the 
 classic epic in Hungarian literature, notable for his heroic 
 poem < Arpad > 42 274 
 
 Dobrentey, Gabriel (1786-1851), a Hungarian poet, literary journal- 
 ist of notable influence on Magyar literature, and a poet and 
 historical writer of great importance 42 147 
 
 Fdy, Andreas (i 786-1 864), a Hungarian poet of very great popular- 
 ity, and an author of novels and short stories which place 
 him among the great masters of Hungarian prose 42 181 
 
 Kisfaludy, Kdroly (1788-1830), a noted Hungarian poet and novel- 
 ist, the father of modern Hungarian drama; author of fine 
 tragedies and of comedies which excel as bright pictures of 
 modern Hungarian life; notably successful also as a lyric 
 poet, and as a novelist rich in humor 43 306 
 
 Kolcsey, Ferencz ( 1790-1838 ), author of ballads, songs, satires, 
 short novels, and critical treatises; and in character, life, and 
 writings one of the noblest of Hungarians 43 311 
 
 Teleki, Count Joseph (1790-1855), a Hungarian statesman and his- 
 torian, author of a history covering an important period of 
 Hungarian story 43 518 
 
 Katona, Joseph (i 792-1830), a Hungarian dramatic poet; author of 
 < Bank-Ban, > said to be the grandest tragedy Hungary has pro- 
 duced 43 298 
 
 J6sika, Baron Nikolaus (1794-1865), a Hungarian novelist; author 
 of sketches of realistic and historical novels, vividly portray- 
 ing Hungarian life, manners, legends, and antiquities 42 293 
 
 Vorosmarty, Mihdly (1800-56), a celebrated Hungarian writer and 
 poet, author of narrative poems which established his reputa- 
 tion as the first Hungarian poet of his time 43 552 
 
 Czuczor, Gergely <i8oo-66), Hungarian poet and philologist, passion- 
 ately national in his sentiments, and especially celebrated for his 
 ballads of heroism 42 128 
 
 Bajza, Joseph (1804-58), Hungarian poet, critic, and editor of histor- 
 ical collections 42 37 
 
 Csdszdr, Ferencz (1807-58), Hungarian poet; author of sonnets and 
 nautical songs, and of translations from Italian into Hun- 
 garian. 42 129 
 
 7 
 
xcviii HUNGARIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Liszt, Franz (1811-86), a great Hungarian pianist and composer; au- 
 thor of important contributions to the literature of music, and 
 of several volumes of letters 43 345 
 
 Szalay, Laszlo (1813-64), a Hungarian journalist; successor as editor 
 to Kossuth in 1844; author of a * History of Hungary,* and of 
 important political biogfraphies 43 513 
 
 Erd^lyi, Jdnos (1814-68), a Hungarian lyric poet and folklorist; au- 
 thor of verses showing taste and feeling, and of legends and 
 tales in remarkably fine prose 42 172 
 
 Eotvos (1813-71), a poet, journalist, novelist, of the highest distinction, 
 and eminent statesman, has counted for more than any other 
 Hungarian as a force in the stream of European culture. His 
 great novels, <The Carthusian Monk> and <The Village No- 
 tary,> appeared in 1837 and 1846. A fine example, ten pages in 
 length, from the second of these masterpieces; is given in the 
 Library 14 5484-96 
 
 Kem6ny, Zsigmond, Baron (1816-75), an eminent Hungarian journal- 
 ist, publicist, and novelist; author of psychological studies, ro- 
 mances, and political writings which are classics in Hungarian 
 literature 43 300 
 
 Beck, Karl (1817-79), author of notably perfect Hungarian poems, 
 
 romances, and tales 42 49 
 
 Arany, Jdnos (1817-82), eminent Hungarian poet; author of epics 
 of high character, and of ballads and translations of great 
 merit 42 22 
 
 Petofi (1823-49) stands the greatest of Hungarian lyric poets, the 
 Bums of Hungary, but far more than Burns the universal poet 
 of his people; a popular hero as well as poet, the author of 
 impassioned revolutionary lyrics, who fell in a lost battle, and 
 was buried among the unknown dead 29 1 1347-56 
 
 Maddch (1823-64) follows Petofi, the chief dramatist of Hungary; 
 author of *The Tragedy of Man,> and of < Moses, > two most 
 remarkable dramas. An example of thirteen pages from his 
 * Tragedy of Man* is given in the Library 24 9515-30 
 
 Palffy, Albert (1823-), a Hungarian journalist, novelist, and publicist 
 
 of great influence in 1848 as a patriotic agitator .43 413 
 
 J6kai (1825-) has long been Hungary's most conspicuous prose-writer ; 
 a poet, a great novelist, an eminent journalist, a humorist of 
 distinction, and a consummate parliamentary speaker. His 
 fiftieth anniversary as an author was celebrated in 1896. Over 
 three hundred volumes from his pen have gfiven in picture 
 every aspect of the life of Hungary 2 1 8331-40 
 
 Kanitz, Philipp Felix (1829-), a Hungarian explorer, ethnographical 
 and archaeological writer; author of a series of works on Servia, 
 Bulgaria, Herzegovina, Montenegfro, etc., greatly contributing 
 to accurate knowledge of Slavic countries 43 297 
 
 Agai, Adolf (1836-), eminent Hungarian humorist, editor of < Borz- 
 
 sem Jank6,> John Peppercorn, an Hungarian comic paper 42 6 
 
CZECH LITERATURE XCIX 
 
 Beniczky-Bajza, Illona (1840-), prolific Hungarian novelist, daugh- 
 ter of the critic Joseph Bajza 42 53 
 
 Csiky, Gregor (1842-91), Hungarian dramatist; author of novels, pop- 
 ular tragedies, very successful comedies, and translations of 
 plays from Greek, Latin, French, and English 42 126 
 
 Berezik, Arpdd (1842-), Hungarian dramatist and critic 42 55 
 
 Frakn5i, Wilhelm (1843-), Hungarian historian, author of biographical 
 
 and historical studies of extreme historic interest 42 198 
 
 Hevesi, Ludwig (1843-), a Hungarian story-writer and humorist; au- 
 thor of works in both Hungarian and German, and founder of 
 the universally read Magyar comic paper Borzsem Ja?nk6 42 263 
 
 Kiss, Josef (1843-), a celebrated Hungarian poet and literary journal- 
 ist, exclusively modern in topics and treatment 43 307 
 
 Arany, Ldszl6 (1844-), Hungarian poet; author of poetical tales, and 
 
 a humorous epic of high character 42 22 
 
 D6czy, Ludwig von (1845-), a Hungarian-German poet, journalist, and 
 
 publicist ; author of successful comedies, lyrics, and novels 42 147 
 
 Beothy, Zoltdn (1848-), Hungarian poet, critic, novelist, and author 
 
 of history of Hungarian literature 42 55 
 
 Abrdnyi, Kernel (1849-), a Hungarian poet, important political leader, 
 and author of novels dealing with the problem of matri- 
 mony 42 3 
 
 AbfcLnyi, Emil (1851-), Hungarian poet of cosmopolitan tendency, and 
 
 translator of Byron 42 2 
 
 Bart6k, Ludwig von (1851-), Hungarian author of poems and 
 
 dramas 42 45 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Czech Literature (or Bohemian) has this special record of 
 names : — 
 
 Dobrovsky, Joseph (1753-1829), an eminent Bohemian critic and liter- 
 ary historian, unsurpassed as a critical philologist, and of great 
 influence on Bohemian letters 42 147 
 
 KoUdr, Jan (1793-1852), a noted Czech poet, the first to give the 
 Panslavic idea literary expression; author of a great number of 
 sonnets and of popular songs of immense effect on the na- 
 
 tion 
 
 43 311 
 
 Schafarik, Pavel Josef (1795-1861), a celebrated Czech scholar and 
 literary historian; author of a collection of Slavic folk songs, 
 and of several works of great importance on Slavic antiquities, 
 grammar, language, and history 43 482 
 
 Palacky, Frantisek (i 798-1876), a Czech historian, from 1839 State 
 historian of Bohemia; author of a series of works illustrating 
 the history, literature, and religious tendencies of Bohemia. .43 413 
 
C CZECH LITERATURE 
 
 Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (1799-1852), a Czech journalist, phi- 
 lologist and poet; author of volumes of folk songs, and trans- 
 lator of Scott and Herder 42 100 
 
 Erben, Karl Jaromir (18 11-70), a Bohemian poet, dramatist, and 
 
 scholar, of notable genius and versatility 42 172 
 
 Jablonsky, Boleslav (1813-81), a Czech poet, one of the most popular 
 
 lyric singers of all Bohemia 42 285 
 
 Hlinka, Vojtech (1817-), a Czech story- writer ; author of a great 
 number of stories and novels dealing with life among the 
 Czechs, and exceedingly popular 42 266 
 
 Nemcovd, Bozena (1820-62), a Czech poet and story- writer ; author 
 of interesting poetic narratives embodying the folklore of the 
 Czechs ■ 43 402 
 
 Havlicek, Karel (1821-56), Czech influential journalist in Bohemia; au- 
 thor of popular satires, and the most striking figure of the 
 << new Czech » movement 42 253 
 
 Mikovec, Ferdinand Bretislav (1826-62), a Bohemian dramatist and 
 archaeologist at Prague; a literary magazine editor; author of 
 dramas, arid of studies of Bohemian antiquity ^-..43 382 
 
 Fric, Joseph Vdclav (1829-90), a Czech journalist, agitator, dramatist, 
 
 and poet ; author of anti-Austrian pamphlets, and dramas 42 202 
 
 Gindely, Anton (1829-92), a Bohemian historian; university professor 
 of Austrian history at Prague; famous for a gfreat < History of 
 the Thirty Years' War,> and for his < History of the Bohemian 
 Brothers ^ , 42 218 
 
 Janda, Bohumil (1831-75), a Bohemian novelist and poet, author of 
 works dealing mostly with historical themes afforded by the 
 annals of his native land 42 287 
 
 N6ruda, Jan (1834-91), a Czech poet noted in periodical journalism; 
 author of songs and plays, and of a series of sketches of Czech 
 life which have attained great popularity 43 402 
 
 Heyduk, Adolf (1835-), a Czech poet, a professor at Pisek; author of 
 poems among which are extremely powerful studies of life 
 among his countrymen 42 263 
 
 Jerdbek, Frantisek (1836-93), a Czech dramatic poet of great emi- 
 nence, author of remarkably powerful historical tragedies 42 289 
 
 Kalousek, Josef (1838-), a Bohemian historian, university professor 
 at Prague, author of important contributions to the study of 
 Czech law and literature 4 3 296 
 
 Bozdech, Emanuel (1841-), notably successful Bohemian dramatist 
 
 and novelist 42 71 
 
 Zeyer, Julius (1842-), a Czech poet and novelist, author of a series 
 
 of epic poems based on Bohemian ancient history 43 596 
 
 Cech, Svatopluk (1846-), notable Czech journalist and poet; author 
 
 of stories, epics, and travels ; the most popular of Czech poets . 4 2 100 
 
 GoU, Jaroslav (1846-), a Czech poet and historian; university profes- 
 sor in Prague; author of very popular songs, and of important 
 historical works 42 223 
 
CROATIAN — GERMAN LITERATURE ci 
 
 Jirdsek, Aloys (1851-), a Bohemian novelist of rare talent for the 
 production of faithful and eflfective word-paintings of Czech life 
 and character 42 290 
 
 Mokry, Otokar (1854-), a Bohemian poet and novelist; editor of the 
 < People's Cheap Library > ; author of popular romances, sketches ; 
 and poems 43 386 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Croatian Literature presents the following names of partic- 
 ular note: — 
 
 Kacic-Miosic, Andrija (1690-1760), a Croatian poet; author of a valu- 
 able anthology of Slavonic popular songs, many editions of 
 which have been published 43 295 
 
 Demeter, Dimitrija (18 11-72), a Croatian dramatist and poet; author 
 
 of dramas, stories, and an epic, and of translations into Croatian. 42 138 
 
 Mazuranic, Ivan (1813-), the greatest of Croatian poets; author of an 
 epic translated into many languages, and of < The Croat's An- 
 swer to the Magyars > 43 376 
 
 Bogovic, Mirko (1816-93), Croatian poet, translator into German, and 
 
 dramatist 42 65 
 
 Preradovic, Peter (1818-72), the most eminent of modern Croatian 
 lyric poets; author of epics, songs, and a collection of short 
 poems 43 440 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 German Literature suffered delays through the long period 
 of riiinous struggles between Protestant and Catholic powers 
 which came aftei: the Reformation, so that progress which should 
 have dated from 1550 was not under way before 1750. Refer- 
 ence to the Library (Vol. xxvii, 10629) will show how this disastrous 
 overthrow of the Germany of Luther took place. 
 
 The Nibelungenlied, a grand German epic commemorating 
 the heroes of German conquest of Rome in the time of Attila, 
 and dating far back towards that time, has a large place in the 
 Library, through a critical account of ten pages, and twenty-one 
 pages of examples (Vol. xxvii, 10627-56). From the earliest open- 
 ing of the German record we count names of note as follows: — 
 
 Eginhard (770-840), a German scholar educated by Alcuin, private 
 
 secretary to Charlemagne, and author of his Life 42 165 
 
cii GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Heinrich von Veldecke, a German poet of the twelfth century; author 
 of an epic, and of love songs which are among the finest of the 
 period 42 .258 
 
 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, a celebrated German mediaeval poet of the 
 second half of the twelfth century ; author of love songs, and of 
 epics which rank among the greatest German imaginative 
 works 42 172 
 
 Hartmann von Aue (i 170-1220), German poet; author of new German 
 movement influenced by poets of northern France, — his chief 
 work, <Poor Heinrich, > used by Longfellow for his < Golden 
 Legend > 42 251 
 
 Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), a famous German scholastic philosopher 
 
 and theologian, and earliest to make Aristotle known 42 10 
 
 Frauenlob (Heinrich von Meissen) (1250-1318), a German master- 
 singer, founder in Mayence of the first school of minstrelsy . . .42 200 
 
 Gottfried von Strassburg, a German poet at the beginning of the 
 thirteenth century; author, with Von Eschenbach, of < Parsifal, > 
 and specially famous for his < Tristan and Isolde > (about 1204- 
 1215) 42 227 
 
 Konrad von WUrzburg, a celebrated German poet of the thirteenth 
 century (died 1287) ; a perfect master of lyric, epic, and didactic 
 verse, especially famous for his legendary poems 43 312 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide (flourished in the thirteenth century), 
 the greatest lyric poet of Germany before Goethe, and the first 
 great lyric poet of modern Europe, came in the time of the 
 Emperor Frederick II., a ruler of the type of Alfred the 
 Great and Charlemagne. The full critical account in the Li- 
 brary, with thirteen pages of examples, is an admirable story 
 of the time 1205-30 38 15580-600 
 
 Tauler, Johannes (1300-61), a German Dominican, author of sermons 
 of great note as expositions of spiritual theology, reputed the 
 greatest preacher of his time 43 516 
 
 Thomas k Kempis (1380-1471), who wrote the < Imitation of Christ, > 
 in the ten years about 1414-24, at the monastery of Mount 
 St. Agnes in Holland, was bom at Kempen, near Diisseldorf 
 in Rhenish Prussia, and may be credited, therefore, to German 
 genius 21 8529-40 
 
 Krantz, Albert (1450-15 17), a German historian; university rector at 
 Rostock from 1482; author of historical works distinguished by 
 great erudition, and a critical spirit rarely found in his day. . .43 314 
 
 Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522), a German humanist of great distinc- 
 tion, a classical and Hebrew scholar of great influence upon 
 learning in Germany just before the Reformation, and author 
 of a famous satire which greatly promoted that event ... 43 455 ; 44 243 
 
 Brandt (1458-1521), author of <The Ship of Fools,* a popular mix- 
 ture of satire and allegory, became a powerful aid to both 
 Erasmus and Luther, in stirring the minds of the common 
 people to see the evils of the time in a new light. The story 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE ciii 
 
 in the Library and examples of the English translation made 
 
 in 1509 are most interesting 5 2311-18 
 
 Celtes, Konrad (1459-1508). a German humanist, celebrated for a 
 
 volume of Latin < Odes > 42 100 
 
 Bebel, Heinrich (1472-1518), a notable German humanist, author of 
 
 keen satires on the clergy of the time 42 49 
 
 Mumer, Thomas (1475-1536), an Alsatian clergyman, and the great- 
 est satirist of the sixteenth century; poet laureate to the Em- 
 peror Maximilian; an immensely popular preacher of witty 
 sermons, and author of stinging satirical attacks on the Ref- 
 ormation 43 397 
 
 Luther (1483-1546), famous in literature for his translation of the 
 Bible; was in large measure the creator of literary German, 
 through which modern Germany has developed one of the chief 
 literatures of the world. The Library has twelve examples 
 from Luther, filling twenty-three pages, with a full story of his 
 genius and work 23 93 19-47 
 
 Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523), a German reformer and poet-laureate, 
 famous for his participation in religious and political contro- 
 versies favoring the Reformation 42 280 ; 4 4 243 
 
 Sachs (1494-15 76), in whom the story of German spiritual leader- 
 ship in Europe is brought up to the period of disastrous inter- 
 ruption by protracted and desolating wars; wrote from four to 
 five thousand mastersongs, some seventeen hundred tales and 
 farces, and two hundred and eight dramas greatly superior to 
 anything then existing in English (1576). The Library has a 
 full critical story and twenty-one pages of examples 32 12609-33 
 
 Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560), a famous German theologian and 
 religious reformer; Luther's chief literary helper, and author of 
 work-s of very wide influence 43 377 
 
 Franck, Sebastian (i499-i543), German ethical and spiritual writer, 
 
 author of works warmly supporting the Reformation 42 199 
 
 Alberus, Erasmus (1500-53). a German reformer, scholar, and poet; 
 
 author of satires and fables 42 10 
 
 Folz, Hans, a German mastersinger (died about 1515); author of 
 
 plays, minstrel songs, lays, jests, and poems, very popular at ' 
 
 the time 42 193 
 
 Dedekind, Fried, (1525-98), German poet; author of widely popular 
 
 satires and dramas 42 136 
 
 Rollenhagen, Georg (i 542-1609), a German poet; author (1595) of 
 a famous didactic satirical poem, keenly commenting on life 
 and custom, secular, spiritual and military, by comparing peo- 
 ple with frogs, rats, mice, cats, and foxes 43 465 
 
 Fischart, Johann (i 545-91 ), a notable German poet and Protestant 
 publicist, author of satires strongly expressing the spirit of the 
 Reformation 42 189 
 
 Ayrer, Jacob (-1605), an early German dramatist; after Hans Sachs 
 
 the most prolific of Germany in the sixteenth century 42 32 
 
civ GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), eminent German astronomer, discov- 
 erer of the laws of planetary motion, one of the great epoch- 
 makers of human thought 43 301 
 
 Bohme, Jakob (1575-1624), a German shoemaker, author of a system 
 
 of mystical theology of notable spiritual genius 42 65 
 
 Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf (1584-1653), a German poet; essentially a 
 court poet, who wrote for the nobility ; the first to introduce into 
 German literature the ode, sonnet, eclogue, and epigram 43 565 
 
 Opitz, Martin (i 597-1639), a German poet of great influence on the 
 literature of Germany, chiefly by his theoretical and critical 
 writings, and for more than a century called the « father of 
 German poetry » ^ 43 409 
 
 Dach, Simon (1605-59), German lyrical poet, marked by freedom and 
 
 natural feeling, and notable for hymns of rare quality 42 128 
 
 Gerhardt, Paul (1607-76), a German hymn-writer of g^eat eminence, 
 
 author of an epoch in religious psalmody 42 214 
 
 Fleming (1609-40), an oasis in the desert, which intellectual Germany 
 was, during the period in which his life fell; a genuinely in- 
 spired lyric poet, with more than a suggestion of Schiller ...14 5844-48 
 
 Angelus Silesius (Johannes Scheffler) (1624-77), a German mystic 
 
 and sacred poet, author of exquisite lyrics 42 20 
 
 Lambecius, or Peter Lambeck (1628-80), a German scholar, educator in 
 Hamburg, superintendent of the Imperial Library in Vienna; 
 author of the first methodical study of literary history, and of 
 < Library Notes, > in 8 vols., a work of great value for early 
 German language and literature 43 322 
 
 Anton, Ulrich (1633-1714), German novelist and poet of great popular- 
 ity in his own day 42 21 
 
 Abraham a Sancta-Clara (1644-1709), German pulpit orator, one of the 
 
 celebrities of Vienna, and notable for sermons keenly satirical. . .'. 42 2 
 
 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-17 16), an eminent German 
 scholar and philosophical thinker, the greatest master of his 
 time in every branch of knowledge, and author of many works 
 notable for their importance in the history of thought 43 333 
 
 Ziegler und Kliphausen, H. A. von (1653-97), German romance-writer 
 
 of great influence on the taste of several generations 43 596 
 
 Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius (1670-1739), an eminent German 
 representative of Pietism at Halle; author of a voluminous 
 compilation of sacred verse, and of a theological treatise in ex- 
 position of Pietism 42 202 
 
 Brockes, B. H. (1680-1747), German poet, author of a fine study of 
 
 phases of the sea 42 75 
 
 Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von (1694-1755), a distinguished German 
 church historian, the first to treat ecclesiastical history as a 
 sequence of secular causes and effects; author of a great work 
 entitled < Institutes of Ecclesiastical History > 43 393 
 
 Pelloutier, Simon (1694-17 5 7), a German historian; author of a < His- 
 tory of the Celts,> a work of immense research 43 422 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 CV 
 
 Bodmer (1698-1783), who marks the first dawn of a new and a great 
 age in German literature, undertook at Ziirich in Switzerland, 
 about 1750, a literary publication suggested by Addison's Spec- 
 tator, and gave, through securing many readers in Germany, a 
 great start to new literary production based on English ex- 
 ample, such as Milton's < Paradise Lost,> which Bodmer trans- 
 lated, and Shakespeare, whom he called the English Sophocles.5 2128-32 
 
 Wilhelmine of Bayreuth (1709-58), sister of Frederick the Great, and 
 granddaughter of George the First of England ; a woman of 
 rare character and ability, sharing the broad advanced ideas 
 of her brother, and making Bayreuth a centre of liberal culture 
 until her early death in 1758. The Library gives twel\je pages 
 of examples, of which ten pages are her < Pictures of Court 
 Life ' 39 1 5969-82 
 
 Gellert, Christian F. (1715-69), a German popular poet and prose- 
 writer; specially notable for his fables, tales and proverbial 
 sayings, and as a German literary reformer 42 212 
 
 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717-68), a German art critic, and 
 archaeologist; author of a < History of the Art of Antiquity,* 
 and of other important classical art studies; the founder of art 
 history as a critical science 43 579 
 
 Moser, Justus (1720-94), a noted German publicist and historian; 
 the creator of modern German historiography on the basis of 
 making history describe the development of peoples, laws, cus- 
 toms, and habits, instead of being a mere chronicle of govern- 
 mental proceedings 43 393 
 
 MUnchhausen, Baron von (1720-97), a German who served in the 
 Russian cavalry against the Turks (1737-39), and ever after 
 played the braggart in tales of his exploits (See Raspe) 43 396 
 
 Basedow (1723-90), German educational reformer of distinction, au- 
 thor of the famous < Elementary Treatise > (1774) 42 46 
 
 Klopstock (1724-1803), whose epoch-making poem, <The Messiah,> 
 came out, the first three of its twenty cantos in 1748, and the 
 last in 1773, was the first of modern German poets to speak 
 from what has been called the enthusiasm of humanity. The 
 Library has thirteen pages of fine examples 22 8691-706 
 
 Kant (1724-1804), whose great works appeared in the years 1781-95, 
 ranks in universal literature not second to any of the great 
 originators in philosophy. An admirable critical story, by Pro- 
 fessor Royce of Harvard University, in nine pages, and ten pages 
 of examples, richly present Germany's earliest great philosopher . 2 i 8477-96 
 
 Lessing (1729-81), author of dramas and essays of criticism in the 
 years 1750-80, was not only a master of thoughtful poetry, but 
 a great critical thinker, by whom later writers were profoundly 
 influenced. The Library has fifteen pages of his thoughts ... 2 3 9005-24 
 
 Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-86), a famous German philosophical and 
 religious writer of Jewish birth, noted as «the German Socrates ^>; 
 author of popular philosophical and religious studies 43 377 
 
cvi GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Forster, Johann Reinhold (1729-98), a German naturalist, a scholar 
 in many languages, an author of valuable travels and contribu- 
 tions to science 42 196 
 
 Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732-1806), German philologfist and lexi- 
 cographer; author of an unsurpassed ^Dictionary of High Ger- 
 man, > and of a series of valuable text-books 42 6 
 
 Wieland (1733-1813), who was at first an imaginative mystic, 1750-60, 
 and later a humanist, residing at Weimar, near Goethe, from 
 1772; had a great influence upon the German language, by his 
 taste and refinement, and upon German culture, by his broad 
 views and his translation, in 1762-66, of twenty-two of the plays 
 of Shakespeare. The Library has twelve pages of examples. 3 9 15954-68 
 
 Brandes, J. C. (1735-99), popular dramatist, author of comedies of 
 
 great merit 42 72 
 
 Raspe, Rudolph Eric (1737-94), a German scientist; author of works 
 on mineralogy and philosophy, of historical memoirs, and of the 
 imaginative < Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvelous 
 Travels and Campaigns in Russia, > published at Oxford in 
 English, and translated into German 43 396, 451 
 
 Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von (1737-1823), a German poet, 
 dramatist, and critic; author of war-songs, popular tragedies, 
 and literary essays 42 214 
 
 Eberhard, Johann August (i 739-1 809), a German philosophical writer, 
 author of studies in philosophy and theology of markedly broad 
 and liberal tendency 42 i6r 
 
 Claudius (1740-18 15), who began to figure as a poet, under the influ- 
 ence of Klopstock, wrote songs, romances, fables, and especially 
 poems, of real and lasting interest 9 3756-60 
 
 Jung-Stilling (1740-1817), a German writer of autobiographical fictions, 
 recounting incidents and experiences of actual life with unsur- 
 passed realistic power 42 294 
 
 Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (1741-92), noted German author of extreme 
 
 rationalistic writings, attacking popular Christian belief 42 36 
 
 Engel, Johann Jakob (i 741-1802), a German philosophical writer, uni- 
 versity professor at Berlin, author of important studies in 
 criticism and art theory 42 1 70 
 
 Ebeling, Christoph Daniel (1741-1817), German scholar, university 
 professor of history and Greek at Hamburg, notable for an im- 
 portant work < Geography and History of North America > (5 
 vols. 1793-9), for which he received a vote of thanks from the 
 American Congress 42 161 
 
 Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von (1743-1812), German author of 
 
 valuable travels, and of important historical works 42 23 
 
 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (1743-1819), a German thinker of distinc- 
 tion; author of studies in philosophy, and of a philosophical 
 fiction of great interest and value 42 285 
 
 Herder (i 744-1 803), whose great work as a representative humanist 
 fell in the years 1767-97, is particularly notable for one grand 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE Cvii 
 
 epoch-making conception, that of humanity as a unit, an organic 
 whole, producing literatures, types of religion, and nationalities ; • 
 and of progress of every sort, through promotion of the eleva- 
 tion of humanity i 8 7259-76 
 
 Kortum, Karl Arnold (1745-1824), a German comic poet; author of 
 <The Jobsiad,> a heroic-comic poem describing German univer- 
 sity student life 43 313 
 
 Campe, Joachim Heinrich (1746-1818), German author of educational 
 
 works of great value and of popular books for the young 42 gi 
 
 Gotter, F. W. (1746-97), a German poet; author of dramas, comedies, 
 and minor pieces which represent the latest German use of 
 French models 42 227 
 
 Burger (1747-94), whose finest poetical effort, the ballad of <L'enore,> 
 came out in 1773, to be translated by Walter Scott in 1775 as 
 his first literary work, produced a body of popular and national 
 poetry, under English inspiration, the new note of which was 
 naturalism, attention to human life and experience. The Li- 
 brary has the whole of <Lenore,> seven pages, and <The Wives 
 of Weinsberg,* two pages 7 2767-78 
 
 Schulz, Johann (174 7-1 800), a German musical composer and song- 
 writer; author of oratorios, choruses, popular songs, and of 
 operas which rank among the best productions of his time. . . .43 485 
 
 Holty (1748-76), a German lyric poet, whose work was done in the 
 years 1769-76, had felt English influences with Burger, yet 
 showed originality and a high degree of perfection in his 
 songs, of which the Library gives eleven 19 7505-14 
 
 Goethe (1749-1832), Germany's supreme poet, successor to Voltaire 
 and Rousseau in the emancipation of thought in Europe, began 
 publishing in 1773 and finished < Faust > in 1831. He is finely 
 celebrated in the Library by Edward Dowden's masterly story 
 of eleven pages, and by nineteen examples, filling fifty-nine 
 pages; of which twenty -five are from < Faust* and eleven are a 
 critique of Shakespeare's < Hamlet* 16 6385-452 
 
 Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried (1752-1827), a German historian and Ori- 
 ental scholar; author of biblical researches, and of studies in 
 the history of literature, of great value 42 166 
 
 Cramer, Karl Gottlob (1758-1871), German author of novels and 
 tales marked by force and originality, and extremely popular 
 in his day 42 123 
 
 Schiller (1759-1805), whose first publication was a drama, <The Rob- 
 bers,* in 1 78 1, and who entered the field of historical scholar- 
 ship with a < History of the Revolt of the Netherlands* in 1788, 
 is preeminent for his success in historical drama, of which the 
 
 Library gives twenty-eight pages of examples 33 12877-912 
 
 Wolf, Friedrich August (1759-1824), a German classical scholar; au- 
 thor of important editions of classical works, and notable for 
 Homeric studies seeking to prove that the name « Homer ** does 
 not represent an individual 43 582 
 
Cviii GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Ziegler, F. W. (1760-1827), Vienna Court Theatre actor for forty 
 
 years, author of dramas and works on dramatic art 43 596 
 
 Heeren, Arnold H. L. (1760-1842), an eminent German historian; 
 author of a series of thorough and valuable studies in history, 
 classical and European 42 257 
 
 Kotzebue, August Friedrich (1761-1819), a celebrated German drama- 
 tist; author of a great number of tragedies, comedies, dramas, 
 and farces, from which later dramatists have borrowed ; and of 
 a novel notable for an attack on Goethe and Schiller 43 313 
 
 Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1761-1819), a German philosophical 
 writer; author of a most important < History of Philosophy, > and 
 of studies of the teachings of Socrates and Plato 43 519 
 
 Paulas, Heinrich E. G. (1761-1851), a German Orientalist, uni- 
 versity professor at Jena and Heidelberg, author of important 
 critical studies of the origin and earliest records of Christianity . 4 3 420 
 
 Fichte (1762-1814), whose < Attempt at a Critique of All Revela- 
 tion > was submitted to Kant in 1791, and whose work was 
 along lines of deviation from accredited orthodox Christianity, 
 discharged the double function of exposition of the philosophy 
 of Kant and promotion of educational advance, with special re- 
 vival of German national feeling. He helped to organize the 
 University of Berlin, in 1809, and was its rector for two 
 years 14 5673-86 
 
 Richter (1763-1825), whose work in literature was done in the years 
 1783-1825, was markedly original and liberal as a thinker, a 
 genuine poet and humorist, and a master of aphoristic utter- 
 ances, of which several pages are gfiven with other examples 
 in the Library 31 ^47-264 
 
 Gentz, Friedrich von (1764-1832), a German publicist, writer of works 
 opposing the French Revolution, and author of books and pam- 
 phlets against Napoleon 42 213 
 
 Brun, F. Sophie Christiana (1765-1835), poet and author of travels .42 80 
 
 Bornemann, Wilhelm (1766-1851), one of the foremost of modem Low- 
 German poets 42 68 
 
 Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835), a German statesman, philologist, 
 and critic of great ability and elevated social sympathies; au- 
 thor of important scientific and literary monographs, and of 
 translations of .(Eschylus and Pindar 42 278 
 
 Bentzel-Sternau, Count (1767-1843), German humorist and author of 
 
 satirical romances 42 55 
 
 Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767-1845), a celebrated German critic 
 poet, and Orientalist, university professor at Bonn; author of 
 notable works on art, dramatic art, and literature, and of import- 
 ant translations of Shakespeare, Dante, Calderon, and Camoens. .43 484 
 
 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel (1768-1834), a noted German 
 thinker and biblical critic ; author of important studies of Christ- 
 ian belief, with special reference to the life and teachings of 
 Christ 4 3 484 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 CIX 
 
 Zacharia von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo (1769-1843), a German jurist, 
 
 university professor at Heidelberg, 1807-43 43 592 
 
 Holderlin, Friedrich (i 770-1 843), a German poet, profound Greek 
 
 scholar, translator of Greek dramas 42 269 
 
 Beethoven (1770-1827), Germany's perhaps unequaled composer of 
 
 music, was especially revealed in literature by his letters 4 1749-62 
 
 Humboldt (1769-1859), who resigned all other employment in 1799 to 
 devote himself wholly to science, and who died sixty years 
 later the Nestor of science for all Europe, presented in his 
 < Cosmos* a finely literary and profoundly interesting survey 
 of natural knowledge 19 7768-76 
 
 Arndt (1769-1860), whose war-songs and ballads of patriotism gave 
 him distinction from about 1806, also wrote histories an,d remi- 
 niscences 2 813-18 
 
 Hegel (1 770-1831), to whom Dr. Wm. T. Harris devotes twelve pages 
 of admirable story in the Library, with ten pages of examples 
 from his < Philosophy of History, > is credited with having 
 made, in his treatises on art, religion, history, and philosophy, the 
 four greatest contributions of the century to human thought. 18 7161-84 
 
 Zschokke, Johann (1771-1848), German Swiss author of dramas, his- 
 tories, novels, and semi-religious works 43 599 
 
 Clauren, H. (Carl Heun) (1771-1854), German lawyer and public offi- 
 cial, prolific and popular author of realistic and sentimental 
 tales and farces 42 112 
 
 Novalis (1772-1801), whose literary activity fell between 1795 and 1801, 
 and whose literary product was small, wrote poems and 
 thoughts, in which deep spiritual insight and philosophy, in 
 union with Christian belief, were most impressive and influen- 
 tial 27 10724-32 
 
 Schlegel (1772-1829), a philosophical critic of literature, in the years 
 1793-1828, followed the lines of thought of Fichte and those of 
 poetry exemplified by Goethe 33 1 2913-22 
 
 Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus (i 772-1840), a distinguished Ger- 
 man jurist; university professor at Heidelberg; author of a 
 great work on the Pandects, and of other juristic writings. . . .43 522 
 
 Fries, Jakob Friedrich (i 773-1843), a German philosophical writer, 
 author of works of importance in the recent development of 
 German thought 42 203 
 
 Tieck ( 1 773-1853), who filled a large place as a poet, story-teller, critic, 
 essayist, translator, and editor, rendered a special service to 
 German literature by the part which he took with Schlegel 
 in making the standard German translation of Shakespeare. 
 The Library gives in fifteen pages the masterpiece of his 
 wonder-tales, < The Fair-haired Eckbert > 37 14943-60 
 
 Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von (1775-1833), eminent German 
 
 writer on criminal law and the reform of penal laws 43 186 
 
 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854), a celebrated 
 German thinker, of high poetic gifts, and notable for turning 
 
ex GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 from the idealistic pantheism of Fichte and Hegel to views 
 interpreted as theistic and Christian; author of a large number 
 of interesting and important works; is very ably commented 
 upon by Dr. Harris in his account of Hegel i8 7162-67; 43 483 
 
 HofTmann (i 776-1822), an artist in realistic description, shown in a 
 variety of works, was especially successful in short stories and 
 fairy tales, in the years 1815-20. The Library has one of his 
 tales, nine pages in length 18 7389-402 
 
 Niebuhr (1776-1831), a Dane of precocious genius, who settled in Ger- 
 many in 1806, is especially notable for great improvements in 
 the method of study of history, which he introduced and ap- 
 plied 27 10657-64 
 
 Gorres, Joseph (1776-1848), a German philosopher, publicist, and jour- 
 nalist of vast learning and great versatility, — his journal, the 
 <Rheinischer Merkur,> from its powerful antagonism to demo- 
 cratic ideas, called, by Napoleon, « the fifth power » of Europe .42 226 
 
 Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861), a German historian; au- 
 thor of important contributions to the history of ancient civili- 
 zation, of the Greek Empire, and of the world 43 484 
 
 Becker, Karl F. (1777-1806), popular historical writer, author of 
 
 < World's History for Children and their Teachers* 42 49 
 
 Kleist (1777-1811), a poet of singularly great genius and sad fate, in 
 the dark days of French domination in Germany, between the 
 battles of Jena and of Leipsic ; author of dramas, one of them a 
 comedy, which rank with the best of Goethe and Schiller. He 
 also wrote tales, of which his masterpiece, < Michael Kohlhaas,* 
 the Library gives in full, twenty -three pages 22 8665-90 
 
 Fouqu6 (1777-1843), writer of plays, poems, and romances which made 
 him one of Germany's most celebrated authors, early in the 
 century; has lasting fame from his beautiful story of < Undine, > 
 of which the Library has eleven pages 15 5895-908 
 
 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (1779-1861), a distinguished German 
 jurist and historian of jurisprudence; author of works of great 
 importance as representing what is termed the historical school 
 of jurisprudence 43 481 
 
 Arnold, Johann Georg Daniel (1780-1829), Alsatian dialect poet; au- 
 thor of lyrics in high German, and of a comedy notable for re- 
 flecting ancient Strassburg custom and language 42 26 
 
 Luden, Heinrich (1780-1847), a German historical writer, university 
 professor at Jena; author of a great history of the German 
 people to the year 1237, of a manual of the history of the 
 mediaeval nations, and notable for the elegant and spirited 
 style which he introduced into German historical writing 43 353 
 
 Arnim, Achim von (1781-1831), noted German author of poems, histori- 
 cal romances, and short stories 42 25 
 
 Krause, Karl C. F. (1781-1832), a German philosophical writer; au- 
 thor of treatises on music, language, and philosophy, and of 
 several works on Freemasonry 43 315 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXI 
 
 Chamisso (1781-1838), a poet, scientist, editor, and author of travels; 
 is chiefly famous for his < Peter Schlemihl's Wonderful History,* 
 seven pages of which are given in the Library 9 3503-12 
 
 Kannegiesser, Karl Ludwig (1781-1861), a German writer of distinc- 
 tion as the translator into German of Chaucer, Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Byron, Scott, Dante, etc 43 297 
 
 Froebel (1782-1852), a teacher of remarkable gifts in the years 1816- 
 36, and from 1837, to his death in 1852, the creator of the kin- 
 dergarten system ; brought out < The Education of Man > in 
 1826, and important child-study works in his later period. The 
 Library has a full story of his character and work, and eight 
 pages of his thoughts 15 6022-34 
 
 Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von (1783-1835), a celebrated German Ori- 
 entalist, university professor at Berlin, author of numerous 
 contributions to Oriental study 43 307 
 
 Aurbacher, Ludwig (i 784-1847), author of a collection of popular 
 
 German tales 42 30 
 
 Dahlmann, F. C. (1785-1860), eminent historical scholar proscribed 
 for liberalism of opinion ; author of remarkably fine < History of 
 Denmark > and histories of the English and the French Revo- 
 lutions 42 1 2g 
 
 Grimm [brothers Jacob (1785-1863), and Wilhelm (1786-1859)], whose 
 work from 181 1 for half a century covered early law, mythol- 
 ogy, legends, old German poetry, German grammar, and the 
 vast Grimm < Dictionary > ; are popularly known all over the 
 world by their < Household Tales > 17 6733-44 
 
 Borne, Ludwig (1786-1837), eminent German political writer 42 67 
 
 Kerner, Justinus (i 786-1 862), a famous German poet, novelist, and 
 essayist ; the romanticist of the Swabian school of poets ; author 
 of lyrics set to music by Schumann, of noteworthy stories, and 
 of important studies in animal magnetism and somnambulism 43 302 
 
 Brentano, Elisabeth (1785-1859), known in literature as the Bettina of 
 
 < Goethe's Correspondence with a Child > 6 2348-53 
 
 Uhland (i 787-1 862), the most popular German poet after Schiller, 
 wrote in the years 1815-62 some three hundred and fifty poems, 
 fully half of them masterpieces, and a body of scholarly studies 
 of the history of German poetry and legend. The Library has 
 fifteen of his poems 37 1 5 185-98 
 
 FlUgel, Johann Gottfried (1788-1855), a German scholar, long resident 
 in America, author of valuable language manuals for the study 
 of German 42 192 
 
 Eichendorff, Baron Joseph von (1788-1857), a high Prussian official, the 
 most gifted and original of German lyrists; author of stories, 
 comedies, tragedies, and translations from the Spanish, in the 
 years 1816-57; counted the last of the poets of the Romantic 
 school. His <Life of a Good-for-Nothing,> from which the Li- 
 brary gives ten pages, is one of the most popular tales in 
 German literature 13 5345-58 ; 4 2 165 
 
cxii GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Schopenhauer (i 788-1 860), the latest of the great philosophers of Ger- 
 many, is distinguished for the literary quality of his exposi- 
 tions of the elements of thought. The Library gives twenty- 
 nine pages of examples, one of them sixteen pages in length . 3 3 12923-56 
 
 Rtlckert (1788-1866), equally a great poet and a great scholar, in the 
 years 1814-66; is counted the greatest successor of Herder and 
 Goethe in their efforts to realize the idea of a universal litera- 
 ture. His *The Brahman's Wisdom > is considered the finest 
 didactic poem of German literature, and his translations of 
 Oriental poetry, Persian, Indian, Arabian, and Chinese, have 
 immensely enriched German culture. The Library gives twelve 
 of his poems 31 12457-70 
 
 Neander, Johann August Wilhelm (1789-1850), a German church his- 
 torian of Jewish birth; author of historical studies, and of 
 < Universal History of the Christian Religion and Church,* 
 very widely acceptable to Protestant Christians 43 402 
 
 Hey, Wilhelm (i 789-1854), a German rhymester; author of an im- 
 .mensely popular < Fables for Children,* and of a rhyming 
 * Life of Jesus > 42 263 
 
 Baudissin, Count von (i 789-1878), one of the chief contributors to the 
 Schlegel-Tieck translation of Shakespeare, and translator of 
 old English dramas 42 47 
 
 Fallmerayer, Jacob Philipp (i 790-1861), a German scholar, linguist, 
 
 Oriental explorer, and author of important writings 42 179 
 
 Korner (1791-1813), whose poems, tales in prose, comedies, and 
 tragedies, were rapidly produced after he settled himself in 
 Vienna in 181 1, rose to his highest fame in the songs of war 
 and country which he wrote after enlisting as a Prussian sol- 
 dier in 1813 ; in the August of which he met his death in battle. 
 The Library gives six fine examples 22 8725-34 
 
 Forster, Friedrich Christoph (1791-1868), a German poet, essayist, 
 critic, and historian; author of war-songs, dramas, historical 
 studies, and fictions, of extreme German interest 42 196 
 
 Ritter, Heinrich (1791-1869), a German philosophical writer, of lit- 
 erary fame for his profound works on the history of philosophy 
 and the study of philosophic science 43 460 
 
 Grillparzer (1791-1872), the greatest of Austrian poets, entered upon 
 a brilliant career in 181 7, with his drama <The Ancestress*; 
 and as a German dramatist he ranks with Goethe and Schil- 
 ler 17 6714-22 
 
 Zumpt, Karl (1792-1849), German classical philologist; professor of 
 Latin literature at Berlin; author of a notable Grammar of 
 Latin, and of valuable classical studies 43 599 
 
 Eckermann, Johann Peter (1792-1854), a German poet and literary 
 editor; author of reminiscences of Goethe, and editor of the 
 40-vol. edition of Goethe's works (1839-40) 42 162 
 
 Baur, F. C. (i 792-1860), eminent German scholar of advanced views 
 
 in church history 42 47 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE Cxiii 
 
 Lachmann, Karl (1793-1851), a noted German philologist and critic; 
 university professor at Konigsberg and Berlin; author of im- 
 portant studies of the Nibelungen, Homer's Iliad, and in other 
 German and classical fields 4 3 3^9 
 
 MUller (1794-1827), a German lyric poet, father of the scholar Max 
 Miiller, had but a short career of publication, 1815-27, yet his 
 success was very great. The Library gives an example eight 
 pages in length 26 10442-52 
 
 Amalie, Marie Friederike Augusta (1794-1870), sister of King John 
 of Saxony, author of comedies and dramas marked by careful 
 delineation of character 42 16 
 
 D'Aubign6, J. H. Merle (1794-1872), Swiss theological professor at 
 Geneva, and author of a noted < History of the Reformation > 
 under both Luther and Calvin 42 133 
 
 Diez, Friedrich Christian (1794-1876), German critic and historian of 
 
 literature, notable as the founder of Romance philology 42 145 
 
 Zunz, Leopold (1794-1886), a German writer on Jewish religion and 
 
 history, author of a movement of Jewish advance 43 599 
 
 Ranke (1795-1886), an eminent improver of historical research, brought 
 out in 1824 the earliest of a succession of great historical works, 
 of which the most popular is his < History of the Popes, > and 
 the latest a < History of the World > down to the Middle Ages. 
 The Library gives seventeen pages of examples 30 1 2074-93 
 
 Platen (1796-1835), whose activity in the production of ballads, lyrics, 
 odes, and dramas covered the years 1821-32, obtained a high 
 place among German poets by the exquisite perfection of his 
 art 29 11513-18 
 
 Immermann (i 796-1840), who produced a large number of dramas in 
 the twenty years 1817-37, is best known by two novels, <The 
 Epigoni> and < Miinchhausen, > which are very rich in satire, 
 humor, poetic feeling, and fine character-drawing 20 7896-904 
 
 Elvenich, Peter Joseph (1796-1886), a German Catholic philosopher, 
 
 the leading champion of the movement known as Hermesianism . 4 2 168 
 
 MUIler, Karl Otfried (1797-1840), a distinguished German Hellenist 
 and archaeologist; university professor at Gottingen; author of 
 valuable studies of the literature, art, and history of Greece. ..43 395 
 
 Droste-Hulshoff, Annette Elisabeth von (1797-1848), a German poet 
 and novelist, vigorous and original, learned in science and re- 
 ligiously devout 42 152 
 
 Meinhold (1797-1851), a Protestant clergyman, made a great success 
 of <The Amber Witch, > purporting to be a true witchcraft tale of 
 the year 1630; is a fine picture of thought and feeling at that 
 date, but wholly a work of imagination and learning. The Library 
 gives eleven pages of <The Rescue on the Road to the Stake >. .25 9853-66 
 
 Heine (1799-1856), a Jew by race, very German in feeling, yet settled 
 in Paris from 1831 to his death in 1856, was in genius a lyric 
 poet hardly second to Goethe. The Library has a full critical 
 story and twenty-three examples, filling twenty-nine pages .18 7185-220 
 8 
 
Cxiv GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Knapp, Albert (i 798-1864), a German religious poet, author of an 
 
 < Evangelical Treasury of Songs for Church and Home > taken 
 
 from the liturgies and hymns of all Christian countries 4 3 308 
 
 Alexis, Wilibald (Haring, Wilhelm) (i 798-1871), German novelist, 
 
 notable for historical tales of Prussia 42 12 
 
 Bahr, Johann Christian (1798-1872), distinguished German philologist, 
 
 professor of classical literature at Heidelberg, and author of 
 
 < History of Roman Literature ^ 42 35 
 
 Menzel, Wolfgang (1798-1873), a German critic and literary journal- 
 ist, author of a large number of valuable historical and literary 
 studies 4 3 378 
 
 Hoffmann, August Heinrich (1798-1874), a celebrated German philol- 
 ogist and poet; author of poems marked by simplicity and 
 pathos, and of literary and poetical studies of great value 42 268 
 
 Holtei, Karl von (1798-1880), a German actor, dramatist, poet, and 
 
 novelist ; author of many works widely popular 42 271 
 
 Wolff, Oskar Ludwig (i 799-1851), a German novelist and satirist, 
 professor at Weimar and Jena, author of important studies, 
 and of < Treasuries > of German literature 43 582 
 
 Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (1799-1877), a German historical 
 and theological writer, author of biblical and historical studies 
 of very wide influence 43 522 
 
 Dollinger, J. J. I. (1799-1890), an eminent liberal Catholic scholar and 
 
 historian, author of important historical studies 42 149 
 
 Birch-Pfeiffer, Charlotte (1800-68), author of very successful plays, 
 
 and actress of distinction 42 60 
 
 Bernhardy, G. (1800-75), classical philologist and literary historian . .42 57 
 
 Daumer, Georg Friedrich (1800-75), poet and philosophical writer; 
 from 1859 an ardent Catholic champion, after some years of 
 excessive liberalism 42 133 
 
 Lassen, Christian (1800-76), an eminent German Orientalist; univer- 
 sity professor at Bonn; author of <The Science of Indian 
 Antiquity,^ and other Indian studies of accurate and compre- 
 hensive scholarship 43 328 
 
 Forster, Ernst (1800-85), a German artist, art- writer, and critic; 
 
 author of literary and art studies of great value 42 196 
 
 Moltke, Count von (1800-91), the famous Prussian field-marshal, the 
 chief war authority in the creation of the German Empire, and 
 author of writings of great importance for modern military 
 history 43 387 
 
 Grabbe, Christian Dietrich (1801-36), a German dramatic poet, un- 
 happily overthrown by intemperance, yet a dramatist second 
 only in German literature to Goethe and Schiller 42 228 
 
 Hauff (1802-27), a story-teller of high originality strikingly bold 
 ideas, and lucid style, produced in the years 1826-27 volumes 
 of tales and a ^series of romances, which achieved and have 
 retained unbounded popularity. The Library has given in 
 nine pages his *■ Story of the Caliph Stork* 17 7014-24 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 CXV 
 
 Berthold, Franz (Reinbold, Adelheid) (1802-39), a greatly appre- 
 ciated novelist 42 57 
 
 Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (1802-67), a German librarian and histori- 
 cal scholar; author of travels, and historical writings of great 
 value, including a < General History of Civilization, > a study of the 
 < Science of Civilization, > and a six- volume work entitled ' Women > 4 3 307 
 
 Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf (1802-72), a German philosophical 
 writer; author of important studies of the ethics, and the 
 aesthetics of law and justice 43 531 
 
 Bube, Adolf (1802-73), poet and compiler of legends of Thuringia. ..42 80 
 
 EttmUller, Ludwig (1802-77), a German philological critic, poet, and 
 historian; editor of mediaeval masterpieces; author of epic 
 poems and of an Anglo-Saxon lexicon 42 174 
 
 Bulow, Karl Eduard von (1803-53), a German story-teller 42 82 
 
 Zinkeisen, J. W. (1803-63), German official editor, author of a < His- 
 tory of the Ottoman Empire in Europe * 43 597 
 
 Liebig, Justus (1803-73), ^ German chemist of distinction; author of 
 important researches, and of writings bearing upon the chemis- 
 try of agriculture 43 342 
 
 Ewald, Georg H. A. (1803-75), a German biblical scholar. Orientalist, 
 
 and author of an extended < History of the People of IsraeP . .42 175 
 
 Bacheracht, Theresa von (1804-52), novelist of upper-class German 
 
 life, notable for careful delineation of character 42 33 
 
 Morike (1804-75), who published a successful novel in 1832, and the 
 collection of his poems in 1838, ranks next to Goethe and Uh- 
 land as a chief lyric poet; extremely popular with the song 
 composers as well as with the reading public 26 10318-22 
 
 Gruppe, Otto Friedrich (1804-76), a German journalist, university 
 professor at Berlin, philosopher, poet, and critic; author of a 
 wide variety of studies and poems of the highest merit 42 236 
 
 Viehoff, Heinrich (1804-86), a German historian of literature; author 
 of studies, manuals, and biographies, and of a large number of 
 metrical translations of French, English, and Greek plays 43 547 
 
 Reinick, Robert (1805-52), a German student of painting, and a not- 
 able poet; author of lyrics which rank among the best in Ger- 
 man literature; remarkable for the childlike humor, simplicity, 
 and artistic perfection of his verse 43 454 
 
 Wagner, Rudolf (1805-64), a distinguished German physiologist and 
 anthropologist; university professor at Gottingen; author of 
 physiological researches, and of a study of the physiology of 
 mind, of notable significance in modern science 43 555 
 
 Rodbertus, Johann Karl (1805-75), a German political economist; 
 author of the opinion that all commodities represent the pro- 
 duce of labor, and cost nothing but labor; by many regarded 
 as the founder of scientific socialism 43 463 
 
 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805-71), eminent German historian and 
 critic, notable for his attention to English history and litera- 
 ture : an emiment Shakespeare critic 42 214 
 
Cxvi GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Rosenkranz, Johann Karl Friedrich (1805-79), a German philosoph- 
 ical writer, a principal representative of the teaching of Hegel; 
 author of important works which have been translated into 
 English 43 467 
 
 Erdmann, Johann Eduard (1805-92), a German expositor of the phi- 
 losophy of Hegel, author of histories of philosophy of great value 4 2 172 
 
 Froebel, Julius (1805-93), German journalist, publicist, and political 
 writer; author of political and social studies, and of an im- 
 portant story of experiences and travels in America 42 203 
 
 Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (1806-56), a German philologist and historical 
 writer; author of important studies in German history, and of 
 < Celtic Grammar,) his greatest work 43 595 
 
 Zopfl, Heinrich M. (1807-77), German jurist, university professor of 
 public law at Heidelberg, author of important works on the 
 history and principles of German law 4 3 598 
 
 Zimmermann, Wilhelm (1807-78), German poet and historian, author 
 
 of valuable studies in history and literature 43 596 
 
 Burmeister, Hermann (1807-92), German writer on natural history.. .42 83 
 
 Kugler, Franz Theodor (1808-58), a German writer on art and art 
 history; university professor at Berlin; author of art works of 
 great influence on German culture, and of a popular < History 
 of Frederick the Great* 43 316 
 
 Mundt, Theodor (1808-61), a German biographer, writer of travels, 
 critic, and novelist; university professor at Breslau, and later 
 at Berlin; author of biographical writings and travels, of im^ 
 portant critical works, and of popular novels 43 396 
 
 Strauss (1808-74), author in 1834-35 of a critically destructive <Life 
 of Jesus, > the fourth edition of which (1840) was translated for 
 English readers by George Eliot; brought out also <The Christ 
 of Dogma and the Jesus of History,* in 1865, a second <Life 
 of Jesus > shortly after ; also a series of biographies in the years 
 1849-70 35 14107-18 
 
 Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann (1808-83), a German social economist; 
 author of works specially touching the interests of workingmen, 
 and of a study of People's banks 43 485 
 
 Droysen, Johann Gustav (1808-84), a German scholar, noted for trans- 
 lation from ^schylus and for important biographical and his- 
 torical studies 42 152 
 
 Weil, Gustav (1808-89), a German historian and Orientalist; university 
 professor at Heidelberg; author of contributions of great im- 
 portance to the history of Mohammedanism, and of Arabic 
 literature 43 566 
 
 Becker, Nikolaus (1809-45), a German popular poet and author of 
 
 the German Rhine-song 42 49 
 
 Mendelssohn (1809-47), author of the oratorio < Elijah* and of a great 
 body of orchestral works and chamber music; is of interest in 
 literature through the charm of his letters. The Library gives 
 nine examples 25 9886-99 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXVii 
 
 Bauer, Bruno (1809-82), German biblical critic and scholar; an extreme 
 
 new departure rationalist 42 47 
 
 Hoffmann, Heinrich (1809-94), a German physician; author of comical 
 pictures drawn to amuse children, and universally circulated 
 throughout Europe ; also of several volumes of drama and verse. 4 2 268 
 
 Schumann, Robert (1810-56), a noted German composer, song- writer, 
 and musical critic; author of musical compositions, including 
 almost every form except oratorio, and of writings on music 
 and musicians 43 486 
 
 Meyr, Melchior (1810-71), a German novelist, poet, and philosophical 
 writer; author of stories describing peasant life which are 
 among the very best village tales; also of poems, tragedies, 
 romances, and religious philosophical writings 43 381 
 
 Reuter (1810-74), whose great success began in 1853 and culminated 
 in a collected edition of his works in 1868, ranks as the most 
 eminent of German realistic novelists. The Library gives ex- 
 amples from two of his masterpieces, <My Apprenticeship on 
 the Farm> and <In the Year 'i3> 31 12195-205 
 
 Freiligrath (1810-76), whose work as a poet in the years 1838-76 was 
 brilliantly successful, and whose translations from English and 
 French showed surpassing skill, represented ardent radicalism 
 in politics and reached his highest fame through his impas- 
 sioned songs of freedom 15 6002-10 
 
 Klein, Julius Leopold (1810-76), a. German dramatist and dramatic 
 historian ; author of historical tragedies and of comedies, and of 
 an immense unfinished dramatic history of all peoples 43 307 
 
 Lepsius, Karl Richard (1810-84), a distinguished German Egyptolo- 
 gist; author of disquisitions of great importance on topics of 
 Egyptian research, of a translation of the <Book of the Dead,> 
 and of a magnificent work in twelve volumes on the monu- 
 ments of Egypt and Ethiopia 43 337 
 
 Gumpert, Thekla von (1810-), a popular German author of excellent 
 
 books for children 42 240 
 
 Kunstmann, Friedrich (181 1-67), German historical and geographical 
 writer; university professor in Munich; author of studies of 
 discovery in Africa and America, and of a valuable contribu- 
 tion to Anglo-Saxon history 43 316 
 
 Benedix, R. J. (1811-73), extraordinarily popular author of a long 
 
 catalogue of comedies 42 53 
 
 Ketteler, Wilhelm Emanuel von (181 1-77), a distinguished German 
 Roman Catholic prelate, one of the ablest of the ultramontan- 
 ists. author of important works on the questions of the day . 4 3 302 
 
 Duncker, Max Wolfgang (1811-86), German historian; author of elab- 
 orate historical investigations on Feudalism, on the Reforma- 
 tion, and on ancient history generally 42 156 
 
 Hefner-Alteneck, Jacob Heinrich von (1811-), a German art-writer of 
 distinction, author of numerous works of importance for the 
 history of art in the Middle Ages 42 257 
 
Cxviii GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Bergk, Theodor (1812-81), classical philologist, author of scholarly- 
 works on Greek literature 42 56 
 
 Auerbach (1812-82), author of novels, tales, and studies of Spinoza, 
 
 is best known by his novel *■ On the Heights > 3 961-98 
 
 Bernstein, Aaron (1812-84), radical publicist and novelist 42 57 
 
 Zacharia von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard (1812-94), a German writer on 
 jurisprudence, regarded as the founder of the science of Greek 
 or Roman jurisprudence; author of writings on the subject of 
 the first importance 43 592 
 
 Biedermann, Karl (181 2-), publicist and writer of literary and philo- 
 sophical history 42 59 
 
 Btlchner, Georg ( 1813-37), German revolutionary poet 42 81 
 
 Hebbel, Friedrich (1813-63), a German poet and dramatist, author of 
 
 plays and poems which raised him to the first rank in Vienna. 4 2 256 
 
 Wagner (1813-83), whose activity as a writer in the years 1843-83 
 was hardly less ,than that devoted to musical composition, gave 
 abundant proofs of his genius as a poet and a thinker, and of 
 rare character as a devotee of high ideals. The Library gives 
 twelve pages of examples 38 15499-516 
 
 Delitzsch, Franz (1813-go), a German university professor at Leipsic, 
 
 author of numerous religious and theological works 42 138 
 
 MUhlbach, Luise (1814-73), a German novelist, wife of Theodor 
 Mundt; a very prolific writer of popular historical and other 
 novels _ ... 4 3 394 
 
 Dingelstedt (1814-81), author of poems, dramas, and novels (1838-81), 
 
 was preeminently a theatrical manager 12 4704-10 
 
 Hoffmann, Franz (1814-82), a German writer of books for children, 
 which have been translated into all civilized tongues; founder 
 also of a popular German periodical for children 42 268 
 
 Curtius (1814-96), an eminent archaeologist, historian, and university 
 professor (1844-96), especially distinguished himself by his < His- 
 tory of Greece. > The Library has nine pages on Socrates. . . .10 4241-50 
 
 Zeller, Eduard (1814-), an eminent German historian of philosophy; 
 
 university professor at Heidelberg and Berlin ; author of a com- > 
 prehensive history of Greek philosophy, and of important re- 
 searches in early Christian history 43 595 
 
 Boas, Eduard (1815-53), poet and novelist 42 64 
 
 Bottger, Adolf (1815-70), German translator of Byron, Pope, Ossian, 
 
 etc 42 69 
 
 Tischendorf, L. F. K. von (1815-74), a celebrated German biblical 
 scholar, university professor at Leipsic, author of most import- 
 ant critical studies and editions of the Greek original of the 
 New Testament 43 527 
 
 Zumpt, August (1815-77), German classical scholar, author of a series 
 
 of valuable studies 43 599 
 
 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-82), a distinguished German poet and 
 historian of art ; author of remarkably fine narrative poems and 
 tales, and of a valuable study of Ancient Christian Art 43 305 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXlx 
 
 Geibel (1815-84), who joined Curtius in a volume of classical studies 
 in 1840, and who greatly enriched German literature by trans- 
 lations from the poets of France, Spain, and Portugal, was 
 best known by poems of rare beauty and by strong political 
 poems 15 6248-52 
 
 Schack, Count von (1815-94), a distinguished German Oriental scholar, 
 and historian of literature; author of important studies of Span- 
 ish and Arabic literature, and of translations of many Oriental 
 classics 43 482 
 
 Bismarck (1815-98), whose career as a statesman filled the years 
 1847-49, is of extreme literary interest in his letters and other 
 memorials. The Library has twenty-four pages of examples . . 5 1929-58 
 
 Muller, Wolfgang (1816-73), a German physician and political leader 
 
 who became of note later as a lyric and epic poet and novelist. 4 3 396 
 
 Hacklander, F. W. von (1816-77), a German romance-writer and hu- 
 morist, author of popular works which give him a position of 
 great distinction. 42 242 
 
 Adami, Friedrich (1816-93), German author of dramas, stories, novels, 
 and biographies of Emperor William and Queen Louise of 
 Prussia 42 . 4 
 
 Freytag (1816-95), a foremost German novelist, and a dramatist, 
 whose comedy, <The Journalists, > is called the best of the 
 century ; is best known by two great novels, < Debit and Credit > 
 and <The Lost Manuscript, > and by his series of novels, 
 <The Ancestors,* in which a typical German family is followed 
 • through successive epochs of German history 15 6011-21 
 
 Ludwig, Karl (1816-95), an eminent German physiologist, university 
 professor at Leipsic, author of works of fundamental im- 
 portance for medical science and natural history 43 353 
 
 Gneist, Rudolph (1816-), a German jurist, politician, and historical 
 writer ; an instructor in political science ; member of the Prussian 
 Parliament since 1858; and notable for his works on English 
 constitutional and parliamentary law 42 221 
 
 Cabanis, Jean Louis (1816-), German ornithological writer of great 
 
 authority in the science 42 87 
 
 Herwegh, Georg (1817-75), an eminent German poet, an exile from 
 Prussia because of his intense radicalism, author of poems 
 which are the finest expression in verse of the more ardent 
 patriotism of the time 42 262 
 
 Wildermuth, Madame Ottilia (1817-77), German novelist, author of 
 
 novels of home life and of stories for the young 43 575 
 
 Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (1817-81), a German professor of mental 
 philosophy, one of the first to promote the development of 
 physiological psychology, and author of important works in 
 this and allied departments 43 350 
 
 Storm (1817-88), one of the great masters of the short story of char- 
 acter and sentiment; began as a lyric poet in 1843, but from 
 his first great success as a novelist, his <Immen-see> in 1850, 
 
cxx 
 
 GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 te wrote stories, chronicle novels delineating North German 
 life, and most charming tales for children. The Library gives 
 ten pages of < Immen-see > 35 14039-50 
 
 Francois, Luise von (1817-93), German novelist; author of stories 
 very strong in character delineation, and of a popular history 
 of the * Prussian War of Liberation ^ . 42 199 
 
 Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-95), an eminent German historical writer, 
 
 author cf elaborate historical works of very great German interest .43 512 
 
 Mommsen (1817-), Germany's greatest scholar in history, and profes- 
 sor of ancient history at Berlin since 1858, is best represented 
 by his < History of Rome.* The Library gives in eight pages 
 his < Character of Caesar > 26 10206-16 
 
 Wuttke, Heinrich (1818-76), a German historian and political leader, 
 university professor at Leipsic, founder and prominent repre- 
 sentative in the National Assembly of the « Great German » 
 party, author of works of importance for German history 43 586 
 
 Marx, Karl (1818-83), German radical journalist 1842-48, the con- 
 trolling spirit of the International 1864-72, author of < Capital,* 
 the great hand-book of German Socialism 43 371 
 
 Schmidt, Heinrich Julian (1818-86), a Prussian journalist and histor- 
 ical writer, author of works especially valuable for the history 
 of German culture since the Reformation 43 484 
 
 Ebrard, Johannes H. A. (1818-88), German theological writer, dram- 
 atist, and literary critic; specially eminent as leader of a gen- 
 eral reform movement in theology 42 161 
 
 Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818-), an eminent German scientist; au- 
 thor of chemical, electrical, and physiological researches of 
 great importance 42 i53 
 
 Auer, Adelheid von (1818-), German author of stories of real life, 
 
 conservative in tone 42 29 
 
 Schneckenburger, Max (1819-49), a German verse-writer; author of 
 <The Watch on the Rhine,* which became a national song in 
 the Franco-Prussian war 43 484 
 
 Schwegler, Albert (1819-57), a German philosophical writer; author 
 of a valuable compendious < History of Philosophy,* and of a < His- 
 tory of Greek Philosophy * 43 486 
 
 Hesekiel, Georg Ludwig (1819-74), a German journalist, story-writer 
 and poet; author of Prussian songs in 1846 which made him 
 famous, and of numerous political novels; also of an important 
 
 and popular biographical study of Bismarck 42 262 
 
 Dohm, Ernst (1819-83), a German humorist, one of the founders of 
 the comic journal Kladderadatsch ; author of comedies and 
 
 farces; his wife author of volumes on woman's rights 42 148 
 
 Dulk, Albert F. (1819-84), a German dramatist, author of works ad- 
 vocating a new religious movement apart from Christianity. . . .42 i55 
 Keller (1815-90), whose chief work was done in the years 1854-86, at- 
 tained his greatest success in his stories and tales, such as the 
 collection called <Seldwyla Folk* picturing Swiss life 21 8518-28 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXXl 
 
 Bodenstedt (1819-92), author of poems, romances, novels, and dramas, 
 and of translations from the Persian (1843-74), had his greatest 
 success with the < Songs of Mirza-Schaffy,> portraying Oriental 
 life. The Library has twelve examples 5 2116-27 
 
 Jordan, Wilhelm (1819-), an eminent German publicist, poet, and 
 story- writer ; notable for liberal political aspirations, and moder- 
 ate efforts for thorough social reform 42 293 
 
 Teuffel, Wilhelm (1820-78), a German literary historiam and essayist, 
 university professor at Tiibingen, author of a great work on 
 the < History of Roman Literature > 43 520 
 
 Mtiller, Wilhelm (1820-92), a German historian; professor at Tii- 
 bingen ; author of elaborate histories of special German interest, 
 and of important German biographies 43 396 
 
 Waltz, Theodor (1821-64), a distinguished German psychologist and 
 anthropologist, author of notable contributions to the study of 
 the origin and early history of man 43 555 
 
 BUchner, Luise (1821-77), German poet and novelist 42 81 
 
 Hettner, Hermann Theodor (1821-82), a German historian and uni- 
 versity professor; author of valuable studies on Literature.... 42 263 
 
 Elze, Karl (1821-89), a German scholar in English literature; author 
 
 of critical editions of Shakespeare .42 169 
 
 Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1821-91), a German poet and historian; au- 
 thor of scholarly critical and historical essays, works of travel 
 and description, poems of high character, and important his- 
 torical works of which < The City of Rome in the Middle Ages > 
 is most notable 42 232 
 
 Allmers, Hermann (1821-), German author of poems portraying nat- 
 ure and people of the country near Bremen ; also of a work de- 
 lineating Italian life 42 15 
 
 Virchow, Rudolf (1821-), a distinguished German pathologist and 
 anthropologist, author of numerous contributions to medical 
 and other sciences 43 549 
 
 Schliemann, Heinrich (1822-90), a German explorer and discoverer 
 in Greece, author of very interesting and valuable reports of 
 excavations on the sites of ancient Hellenic cities 43 484 
 
 Braun, Karl (1822-93), political writer, and Free Trade advocate . . .42 73 
 
 Weizsacker, Karl Heinrich (1822-), a distinguished German scholar, 
 university professor at Tiibingen, author of works of great 
 importance on the origin and earliest history of Christianity . .43 567 
 
 Pauli, Reinhold (1823-82), a German historical writer, author of a 
 series of works of extreme interest and importance for English 
 history 43 419 
 
 Redwitz-Schmolz, Oskar (1823-91), a Gennan poet; notable for an 
 epic written in praise of Roman Catholicism, and for other 
 later works of an equally high order 43 453 
 
 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich (1823-97), a German publicist, novelist, and 
 historian ; author of historical and ethnological works of import- 
 ance, and of novels based upon his studies 43 459 
 
cxxii GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Gottschall (1823-), who began with < Songs,* boldly outspoken for 
 freedom, in 1842, and later produced dramas, narrative poems, 
 volumes of verses, and novels, has been especially eminent as 
 a critic, and author of * Portraits and Studies.* The Library 
 gives his portrait of Heine 16 6571-78 
 
 Genee, Rudolf (1824-), a German literary critic, dramatist, and poet; 
 specially successful as a German interpreter of Shakespeare, 
 and author of pla^^s of high character 42 212 
 
 Fischer (1824-), a brilliant university professor at Heidelberg 1850-53, 
 at Jena in the chair of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel 1856-72, 
 and again at Heidelberg as Zeller's successor since 1872; has 
 had brilliant success as an expositor, first of philosophy in its 
 modern masters, and second of literature in such examples as 
 Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller, and Lessing. The Library gives 
 six pages of his study of < Faust > 14 5766-76 
 
 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-64), a German philosophical thinker and 
 political leader, spokesman of the German working-class, founder 
 of the Social Democracy, and author of numerous Socialist 
 writings 43 328 
 
 Keim, Karl Theodor (1825-78), a noted German critical historian, au- 
 thor of exhaustive critical studies of the life and teaching of 
 Christ 42 299 
 
 Falke, Jacob von (1825-), a German art historian and connoisseur, 
 administrator of art galleries, and author of art writings; not- 
 able for learning and judgment 42 178 
 
 Meyer, Konrad Ferdinand (1825-), a distinguished poet and novelist; 
 
 author of ballads, romances, and novels very widely popular.. .43 380 
 
 Hanslick, Eduard (1825-), a German musical critic, university pro- 
 fessor at Vienna, in knowledge of music and literary style 
 recognized as surpassing all others 42 247 
 
 Meyer (1825-), the veteran chief of German novelistic literature at 
 the end of the nineteenth century, first brought out poems in 
 1867, 1870, and 1871, and then the long array of masterly and 
 most finished historical fictions on which his fame rests. The 
 Library has ten pages from the one in which Dante figures . 2 5 9965-76 
 
 Ueberweg, Friedrich (1826-71), a German historian of philosophy, 
 
 author of very valuable histories of philosophy and of logic. ..43 537 
 
 Scheffel (1826-86), the greatest popular success in German literature, 
 published in 1854 his romantic love tale <The Trumpeter,* and 
 in 1855 his novel <Ekkehard>; and in 1895 the poem had 
 reached its two hundred and sixteenth edition and the novel 
 its one hundred and forty-fourth, while his <Gaudeamus,> a 
 volume of student-songs, has passed its sixtieth edition. The 
 Library gives twenty-five pages of examples from the three 
 works named 32 12837-64 
 
 Lubke, Wilhelra (1826-93), a German historian of art; author of a 
 series of works of great importance for the history of art and 
 of culture in general , ^ 43 352 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXxiii 
 
 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (i8e6-), a German journalist and socialist leader; 
 editor-in-chief of Vorwarts, the organ of the Social Democratic 
 party ; and author of biographical and social studies of importance . 4 3 342 
 
 Chrysander, Friedrich (1826-), a German historian of music, of special 
 authority on the annals and epochs of music, notable as the 
 biographer of Handel, and author of critical papers on oratorio . 4 2 108 
 
 Eichrodt, Ludwig (1827-92), German humorist poet, author of a great 
 
 number of comic pieces never without serious purpose 42 166 
 
 BUchner, Alexander (1827-), German critic and historian of literature. 42 81 
 
 Frenzel, Karl Wilhelm (1827-), a German author of historical essays, 
 
 dramatic criticisms, historical novels, and other stories 42 202 
 
 Grosse, Julius (1828-), a very popular and prolific German poet, story- 
 writer, and dramatist, familiar to the German stage 42 235 
 
 Btldinger, Max (1828-), German author of ^Austrian History > (to the 
 
 mediaeval period) , of great influence in the universities 42 81 
 
 Ahlwardt, Theodor Wilhelm (1828-), German Orientalist, author of 
 
 works of the highest authority on Arabic poetry 42 7 
 
 Bolanden, Konrad von (Bischoff, J. E. K.) (1828-), German Catholic 
 
 novelist, brilliantly anti-Protestant 42 66 
 
 Grimm, Herman (1828-), the chief living representative of German 
 culture; began to publish stories in 1856, and essays in 1858, 
 and attained distinction by his <Life of Michael Angelo,> <Life 
 of Raphael, > a fascinating volume of lectures on Goethe, and a 
 large two-volume study of Homer's Iliad. The Library gives 
 seven pages on Florence 17 6723-32 
 
 Hillebrand, Karl (1829-84), a German critic and historian; author of 
 valuable historical and literary studies in German, French, 
 Italian, and English 42 265 
 
 Brehm, Alfred E. (1829-84), naturalist and zoologist; author of < Animal 
 
 Life,* illustrated 42 73 
 
 Janssen, Johannes (1829-91), an eminent German Roman Catholic 
 scholar, notable for a great < History of the German People 
 since the Close of the Middle Ages > 42 287 
 
 Spielhagen (1829-), an author of great productivity and wide popu- 
 larity, brought out his greatest work, < Problematic Natures, > in 
 1859. The Library gives an example of ten pages 35 13772-84 
 
 Heyse (1830-), author of poems, lyric, epic, and dramatic, but best 
 known by his novels, < Children of the World > and <In Para- 
 dise*; ranks among the foremost of modern German writers. 
 The Library has ten pages from < Children of the World > . . 1 8 7333-44 
 
 Jager, Oskar (1830-), a German educator and historian, of distinc- 
 tion for his educational views, and an author of extremely val- 
 uable historical and biographical studies 42 286 
 
 Zittel, Emil (1831-), German religious writer, author of works of 
 
 instruction in Biblical knowledge 4 3 597 
 
 Sachs, Julius von (1832-), a celebrated German botanist, author of 
 elaborate text-books, and of treatises of great importance on 
 the history of botany and on plant physiology 43 475 
 
Cxxiv GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Wundt, Wilhelm Max (183 2-), a distinguished German physiologist, 
 university professor at Leipsic, author of important works of 
 research in physiology with special application to psychology. .43 586 
 
 Dernburg, Friedrich (1S33-), an eminent journalist, political writer, 
 
 and novelist, of the Germany of to-day 42 140 
 
 Zcckler, Otto (1833-), German theologian, university professor at 
 
 Greifswald, author of numerous important works 43 597 
 
 Zollner, Johann Karl (1834-82), German physicist and astronomer, 
 
 university professor at Leipsic, author of numerous researches . 4 3 598 
 
 Weismann, August (1834-), a celebrated German zoologist, author of 
 
 studies in evolution designed to solve the problem of heredity. 43 567 
 
 Haeckel (1834-), the foremost of German naturalists, has added to 
 his great contributions to science, a variety of popular writings 
 of high literary character. The Library gives nine pages from 
 his < A Visit to Ceylon > 17 6781-92 
 
 Dahn (1834-), distinguished as a historian, novelist, poet, and drama- 
 tist, is best known to readers generally by his great historical 
 romance <The Struggle for Rome^ (1876), and by the series of 
 historical novels called ^ Short Novels from the Wandering of 
 the Nations > 10 4267-77 
 
 Hopfen, Hans von (1835-), a German poet and novelist, notable for 
 originality and picturesqueness, and for graphic delineation of 
 character and customs; one of the best contemporary German 
 writers 42 273 
 
 Landois, Hermann (1835-), a German zoologist of distinction; author 
 of text -books in zoology and botany, and of valuable and inter- ' 
 esting studies in natural history 43 324 
 
 Byr, Robert (von Bayer, Karl Robert Emerich) (1835-), since 1862 
 
 a most prolific German author of popular stories 42 86 
 
 Brackel, F., Baroness von (1835-), novelist treating questions of the 
 
 day from the Catholic point of view 42 71 
 
 Wagner, Adolf (183 5-), a German political economist, author of 
 
 works upholding socialistic views 43 554 
 
 Hertz, Wilhelm (1835-), German poet, university professor in Munich, 
 
 and a lecturer and critic of high authority 42 262 
 
 Heigel, Karl von (183 5-), a German poet, author of numerous plays 
 
 and several volumes of verse 42 257 
 
 Detlef, Karl (Bauer, Klara) (1836-76), author of interesting and 
 
 valuable novels of character 42 142 
 
 Bunge, Rudolf (1836-), German author of cycle of five tragedies 
 
 showing action on nations of Christianity 42 82 
 
 Thorbecke, Heinrich (1837-90), a German Orientalist, university pro- 
 fessor at Halle, author of works of special importance for the 
 history of Arabic language and literature 43 525 
 
 Wilbrandt, Adolf (1837-), a German poet, dramatist, and novelist; 
 author of tragedies and comedies successful throughout Ger- 
 many, and of novels treating the great social and literary ques- 
 tions of his day 43 575 
 
GERMAN LITERATURE CXXV 
 
 Jensen, Wilhelm (1837-), a German poet, novelist, dramatist, and 
 miscellaneous writer; author especially of novels which have 
 achieved wide popularity 42 289 
 
 Ebers (1837-), an Egyptian archaeologist and historical novelist deal- 
 ing with ancient Egyptian life and scenes, is best known by 
 his <The Egyptian Princess,* from which the Library gives an 
 example nine pages in length 13 5091-100 
 
 Lippert, Julius (1839-), a German historical writer; author of im- 
 portant studies in the history of Hebrew religion, and of 
 European civilization 43 344 
 
 Fastenrath, Johannes (1839-), a German poet and story-teller, who 
 has especially devoted his life to writings and translations 
 bringing Spanish literature and life to German knowledge 42 180 
 
 Zittel, Karl Alfred (1839-), German geologist and palaeontologist, uni- 
 versity professor at Munich, author of travels and studies 43 597 
 
 Bebel, Ferd. Aug. (1840-), eminent German socialist, author, and 
 
 political leader 42 49 
 
 Baumbach, Rudolf (1840-), German poet, author of poetical tales 
 
 based upon ancient popular legends 42 47 
 
 Heiberg, Hermann (1840-), a German publisher, journalist, and 
 novelist; author of numerous stories, essays, and very success- 
 ful novels 42 257 
 
 Hoist (1841-), a German student of American history, settled since 
 1892 in the United States, is best known by his < Constitutional 
 and Political History of the United States. > The Library gives 
 his sketch of Mirabeau in eight pages i g 7496-504 
 
 Hartmann, Eduard von (1842-), very distinguished German philosoph- 
 ical writer; author of a great variety of expositions of spec- 
 ulative, ethical, religious, and social thought 42 251 
 
 Eggeling, Julius (1842-), a German Sanskrit scholar and critic, uni- 
 versity professor in England and Scotland, and author of valu- 
 able translations 42 165 
 
 Zupitza, Julius (1844-95), professor 'at Berlin of English language and 
 
 literature, author of studies in Old English of great value 43 599 
 
 BlUthgen, A. E. V. (1844-), writer of novels, romances, and stories 
 
 for the young 42 64 
 
 Herrig, Hans (1845-92), a German journalist, dramatist, and poet; au- 
 thor of successful plays, and notably that arranged and written 
 for the Luther Jubilee of 1883 42 261 
 
 Grisebach, Eduard (1845-), a German poet, critic, and historian of lit- 
 erature; author of masterly literary studies, and very import- 
 ant for his editing of Schopenhauer 42 235 
 
 Eckstein, Ernst (1845-), German humorist, journalist, poet, and nov- 
 elist; a very prolific author of brilliant humorous sketches 42 162 
 
 Korting, Gustav (1845-), a German literary historian and philologist; 
 author of many and valuable special works, including an ex- 
 cellent history of English literature 43 3^3 
 
CXxvi GERMAN LITERATURE 
 
 Wildenbruch, Ernst von (1845-), German author of dramas played 
 with great success throughout Germany, and of stories, novels, 
 
 songs, ballads, and hymns of great popularity 43 575 
 
 Ziegler, Theobald (1846-), a German philosophical writer; university 
 professor at Strasburg; author of religious, social, and educa- 
 tional studies 43 596 
 
 Conrad, Michael Georg (1846-), German novelist, founder at Munich 
 (1885) of a « naturalistic » journal, and a writer on social and po- 
 litical questions 42 118 
 
 Egelhaaf, Gottlob (1848-), a German author of histories of Germany, 
 covering the Reformation and later periods, and of a biography 
 
 of the Emperor William 42 165 
 
 Hoffmann, Hans (1848-), a German educator, novelist, and poet; au- 
 thor of widely popular volumes of IjtIcs and narrative poems, 
 
 and of successful novels 42 268 
 
 Blumenreich, Franziska (1849-), author of numerous novels, and zeal- 
 ous advocate of woman's rights 42 64 
 
 Bulthaupt, Heinrich Alfred (1849-), German poet and dramatist 42 82 
 
 Zorn, Philipp (1850-), German author of works of importance on pub- 
 lic and church law, — university professor at Konigsberg 43 599 
 
 Arnold, Hans (von Bulow, Bertha) (1850), German author of ex- 
 tremely popular stories and of good comedies 42 26 
 
 Engel, Eduard (1851-), German literary critic, author of important 
 
 studies in English and American literature 42 170 
 
 Zoller, Hugo (1852-), German author of important travels, especially 
 
 notable for promoting German acquisitions in West Africa .... 4 3 598 
 
 Blumenthal, Oskar (1852-), dramatist, essayist, and critic 42 64 
 
 Wissmann, Hermann von (1853-), a German African explorer, com- 
 mander of important expeditions of research entirely across 
 Africa, and author of important works on African explorations. 43 581 
 Aar Alexis (1853-), the name under which Anselm Rumpelt be- 
 came noted for German historical lyrics 42 i 
 
 Friedrichs, Hermann (1854-). a German poet and story-writer of dis- 
 tinction in periodical journalism, and author of poems and 
 
 stories of high literary quality 42 202 
 
 Kretzer, Max (1854-), a German novelist; a prolific and powerful 
 
 realist, several of whose works have been on socialism 43 315 
 
 Ambrosias, Johanna (1854-), a peasant farm-wife of Eastern Prussia, 
 became known for occasional verse of rare quality, and a col- 
 lection of her poems has gone through twenty-six editions. 
 The Library gives an example of her prose, as well as of her 
 
 poems, a perfect gem of story i 446-53 
 
 Wolzogen, Ernst von (185 5-), a German novelist, dramatist, and critic; 
 
 author of notable stories, studies, and biographies 43 583 
 
 Ganghofer, Ludwig (1855-), a German dramatist and novelist; author 
 of novels of great repute, and of dramas played in all the cap- 
 itals of Europe 4 2 207 
 
SWISS LITERATURE cxxvii 
 
 Hart, Heinrich (1855-), and Julius (1859-), German poets and critics, 
 representatives of naturalism in literature, and projectors of 
 successful periodical publications 42 250 
 
 Sudermann (1857-), whose novel <Dame Care,* in 1886, was his first 
 great success, and whose drama < Honor, > in 1889, was also a 
 very great success, has risen to the highest rank, both as a 
 novelist and as a dramatist, in his subsequent work. The Li- 
 brary has fourteen pages of choice examples 35 14163-80 
 
 Zintgraff, Eugen (1858-), a German African traveler, author of a work 
 
 on the Cameroons 4 3 597 
 
 Bleibtreu, Karl A. (1859-), an extreme radical and realist poet and 
 
 novelist 42 63 
 
 Bohlau, Helena (1859-), German realistic novelist of marked power .42 65 
 
 Billow, Margarete von (1860-85), a German author of novels of char- 
 acter 42 82 
 
 Conradi, Hermann (1862-90), a German literary critic and essayist, an 
 extreme representative of radical realism, visited with legal 
 penalties for his story of < Adam Man> (1889) 42 118 
 
 Alberti, Konrad (Sittenfeld, Konrad) (1862-), German novelist and 
 
 dramatic critic, strongly representative of naturalism 42 9 
 
 Hauptmann (1862-), the newest of German writers, is one of singular 
 power, employed upon intensely realistic dramas, such as <The 
 Weavers, > and < Hannele, * the performance of which has every- 
 where created the most extraordinary sensation. The Library- 
 gives fourteen pages of < Hannele > 17 7025-40 
 
 Bierbaum, Otto Julius (1865-), a poet of noteworthy genius 42 59 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Swiss Literature, in very close relation with German, and 
 to, some extent not known except as German, has yet a story 
 of its own, as the following notable names will show: — 
 
 Zwingli, Ulrich (1484-1531), notable Swiss Protestant reformer, author 
 
 of both Latin and German works 43 600 
 
 Zwinger, Theodore (1533-88), famous Swiss physician and scholar, pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Basle 43 600 
 
 Haller, Albrecht von (1708-77), a Swiss poet of rare charm, a botanist 
 
 and physiologist, and author of political novels 42 245 
 
 Vattel, Emerich (1714-67), a celebrated Swiss publicist and jurist; au- 
 thor of a great work on the <Law of Nations,) and of studies 
 of natural right 43 543 
 
 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746-1827), a Swiss educator, notable 
 for efforts for the reformation of the systems of popular school- 
 ing, and author of a variety of works setting forth his views. .42 425 
 
CXXviii SWISS LITERATURE 
 
 Hegner, Ulrich (1759-1840), a Swiss story-writer and humorist, spe- 
 cially valuable for his portrayal of conditions in Switzerland at 
 the end of the last century 42 257 
 
 Wyss, Johann Rudolf (1781-1830), a Swiss representative author, not- 
 able for his < Swiss Family Robinson > which has been translated 
 into many languages 43 587 
 
 Kopp, Josef Eutychius (1793-1866), a Swiss historian and poet, au- 
 thor of dramatic poems, and notable for his historical studies; 
 the first to apply thoroughly critical views to the old Swiss 
 legends, that especially of William Tell 43 312 
 
 Gotthelf, Jeremias (Bitzius, Albert) (1797-1854), a Swiss pastor 
 among the poor, author of poems and novels vividly realistic in 
 presenting peasant life 42 227 
 
 Dorer-Egloff, Eduard (1807-64), a Swiss poet and critic, a notable 
 
 student of Goethe 42 149 
 
 Guyot, Arnold Henry (1807-84), a Swiss geographer, university pro- 
 fessor in America, and author of important contributions to 
 physical geography 42 241 
 
 Carteret, Antoine A. D. (1813-89), a Swiss statesman of long and 
 brilliant career, and notable in literature for fables treating 
 political subjects, and for a novel of Genevese life 42 96 
 
 Hartmann, Alfred (1814-), Swiss author of romances and tales, and 
 
 editor of a comic periodical 42 251 
 
 Bitter, Arthur (Haberstich, Samuel) (1821-72), Swiss poet and story- 
 writer .42 61 
 
 Frey, Jakob (1824-), a Swiss novelist, author of works classed with 
 
 the finest productions of Swiss literary genius 42 202 
 
 Corrodi, August (1826-85), a Swiss artist-painter, professor of the arts 
 of design, author of songs and dramatic compositions in Swiss- 
 German, and translator of Burns's songs 42 121 
 
 Henne-am-Rhyn, Otto (1828-), a Swiss writer; author of a widely 
 known < History of the Swiss People,* and of important expo- 
 sitions of Freemasonry 42 259 
 
 Caderas, Gian Frederic (1830-91), a distinguished Swiss dialect poet • 
 
 and story -writer, noted for attention to the old Rhaetian tongue. 42 87 
 
 Joachim, Joseph (1835-), a Swiss story-writer of peasant origin and 
 training, author of tales of village peasant life which have 
 given him great distinction 42 290 
 
 Dandliker, Karl (1849-), Swiss author of works on the history of 
 
 Switzerland 42 131 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE Cxxix 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 English Literature was a development following the settle- 
 ment of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, closely related Teutonic 
 tribes, in Britain,* A. D. 449, and their rapid conversion to Christ- 
 ianity from the coming of missionaries in 597. The first written 
 English of which we know (Anglo-Saxon English) is that of the laws 
 of the first Christian king, Ethelbert of Kent, who died in 616. 
 The laws of Ine, the earliest shaped English code, were put into 
 writing about 690. But more markedly the Angles of Northum- 
 bria, and of the old Roman capital there, York, first secured 
 large literary beginnings, in poetry, in prose, in a library into 
 which books in manuscript were gathered, and in great teachers 
 using these books for education. York became famous through- 
 out Europe for its collection of books and its scholars. Alcuin, 
 born about 735, went thence to. carry learning and education to 
 the court and realm of Charlemagne. Boniface about 800 A. D. 
 carried Christianity to the pagan Germans of Germany. Two 
 great monasteries, that of Whitby under the woman Abbess Hilda, 
 where Caedmon appeared as a poet, and that of Jarrow, the 
 home of the grand scholar, teacher, and author, Bede, ranked 
 with York as seats of Anglo-Saxon culture, although with Latin 
 used as the language of learning. As Caedmon sang, English 
 poetry began. As Bede wrote in Latin, English prose was proph- 
 esied; and when King Alfred translated Bede into the language 
 of the people, it was fully manifested. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Literature, the earliest beginnings of litera- 
 ture, before the language had become modified from Anglo-Saxon 
 
 ♦Britain, as Csesar and the Romans after him conquered it, was wholly the country of 
 ■Celtic races, Britons, of which only the Welsh survived, in what is now England and Wales. 
 The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons, who began coming and conquering in A. D. 449, were not 
 Celtic, but Teutonic or Germanic, from Jutland and other near parts on the east side of the 
 North Sea. They were warlike heathen, while the Britons had become Christian, and their 
 conquest of Britain swept away Christian culture and churches, as well as some fine Roman 
 centres of cultivation, which the five centuries from Caesar's time had carved out of the vast 
 forests of the still largely uncultivated island. But Angles and Saxons and Jutes had their 
 own rude yet rich culture, domestic life, agriculture, farms, and homesteads, and when the 
 king of Kent got a Christian wife, Bertha, daughter of the king of France, she was not long 
 in securing a beginning of Christian teaching and church organization, the first example of 
 woman's work in the making of England. It is very important to remember that Britain 
 was Roman and Celtic for five hundred years before it was Anglo-Saxon, and that it had 
 been more or less Christian before the <" sea-wolves » descended on its coasts in A. D. 449, and 
 began a clean sweep of Roman and Briton to make way for the Angle-land which first had 
 large unity under King Alfred. 
 9 
 
CXXX ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 to English, as we know it, and when scholars used Latin in writ- 
 ing works of learning. The Library has a full story, with fine 
 examples (Vol. ii, 543-73)- 
 
 An early note of utterance, such as primitive culture abounds 
 in, opens the long roll of English letters: — 
 
 Merlin, a British bard supposed to have lived in the fifth century, 
 reputed author of a < Prophecy > brought down in Welsh tradi- 
 tion, and given by GeoflErey of Monmouth in the twelfth cen- 
 tury 43 379 
 
 Caedmon (680), the earliest English (Northumberland) poet, the 
 « father of English song,'> a poet of rare originality, an Anglo- 
 Saxon Milton, at the great monastery of Whitby 
 
 2 547. 552, 572; 42 87; 4 5 361 
 
 Beowulf, an ideal hero celebrated in a poem bearing his name not 
 far from the year 700, a monument of Anglo-Saxon poetry 
 more important than any other 2 550-1 
 
 Bede, or Baeda (673-735 A. D.), a scholar, theologian, historian, and 
 educator, in the monastery of Jarrow, of whom the recent 
 historian Green says that in him « English literature strikes its 
 roots,* and that «he is the father of our English education ». . 
 
 2 545. 555-6; 42 50; 45 360 
 
 Cynewulf, a great Anglo-Saxon poet, who may have lived not very 
 
 long after 700 A. D 2 552-3 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : a record of events set down, not in Latin, 
 but in the native speech, tracing in outline the history from 
 A. D. 449, the date of the first coming of any English to Brit- 
 ain. It was probably first made a book about 850 A, D. The 
 oldest known manuscript carries the history to 891. It was 
 later carried on, generation by generation, to 11 54 2 554 
 
 Alfred the Great (849-901), king of England 871-901, a great initiator 
 of the use of Anglo-Saxon instead of Latin in books and edu- 
 cation, a translator of Bede's < History > and other Latin works 
 
 into Anglo-Saxon, and an author of Anglo-Saxon writings 
 
 I 389-398; 2 555-6 
 
 Alfric author of Homilies written about the end of the tenth century, 
 and later, in Anglo-Saxon, and of other works in Anglo-Saxon, 
 of a quality high enough to appear now « splendid English — 
 fully qualified to be the medium of the highest learning.* 
 Alfric is called the last great writer before the Norman Con- 
 quest. The evils of wars, conquests, and bad times prevented 
 attention to matters of culture 2 556-7 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE cxxxi 
 
 Celtic Literature, to which Renan and Matthew Arnold 
 called attention, as a branch which united with Anglo-Saxon to 
 make English Literature, has large and fine treatment in the 
 Library (Vol. viii, 3403-50), with reference to its four divisions, 
 Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and Cornish. The stories and the ex- 
 amples under each cover the whole ground: — 
 
 Aneurin was a Welsh bard of the sixth century A. D., whose poem, 
 <Gododin,> is the longest and the most important composition 
 in early Welsh literature, and one of the finest monuments of 
 Cymric literary history. The story of Aneurin and the ex- 
 amples of his poem are of the greatest interest 2 539-42 
 
 Ossian and Ossianic Poetry, the story of Irish and Scottish very early 
 poetry and legend, which Macpherson worked over into the 
 modern poem < Ossian,* has adequate treatment in twenty 
 pages of rich narrative and examples in the Library 27 10865-84 
 
 The Mabinogion covers another Celtic chapter, that of the Welsh 
 
 romances, the names of whose authors have been lost 23 9373-80 
 
 The Arthurian Legends cover the ground of stories sung or recited 
 during the five hundred years A. D. 700-1200, a body of Celtic 
 romances of great interest 2 886-904 
 
 The Morte D' Arthur of Sir Thomas Malory (1430-70) is a book into 
 which the old traditions of King Arthur were gathered about 
 1459-69 and which Caxton printed in 1485 24 9645-54 
 
 The Legend of the Holy Grail, thirty-six pages, of which thirty give 
 examples of Grail literature, is the story of the bowl used in 
 the Last Supper of Christ with his digciples; also by Joseph 
 of Arimathea to receive blood flowing from the wounds of the 
 Crucified. The search for this miracle-working bowl, and its 
 protection, in which only the pure and stainless could succeed, 
 was the theme of stories which for hundreds of years made a 
 great impression in many literatures 19 7515-50 
 
 The Ballad, which in reality belongs to all literatures, has a large 
 development in English literature, as will be seen from the 
 story and examples in the Library. The examples fill thirty- 
 six pages 3 1305-47 
 
 Folk-Song, which equally reaches into all lands, has English rela- 
 tions which may be seen in the twenty-five pages of story and 
 examples given in the Library 15 5853-77 
 
 Myths and Folk-Lore of the Aryan Peoples (26 10522-42) is another 
 story and series of fine examples in the same great field. And 
 into relation with these may be brought one of the story-books 
 of olden time, the Gesta Romanorum, «the most curious and 
 interesting of all collections of popular tales » 16 6261-70 
 
 The Bestiaries (and Lapidaries) of the Middle Ages, collections of 
 stories and superstitions relating to animals (and precious 
 stones), or using these to frame a sort of parable, are care- 
 
Cxxxii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 fully explained in the Library (4 1852-60), with interesting 
 examples. Further information is given under ^Physiologus^ 
 in the < Synopses of Noted Books > 44 61 
 
 Malmesbury, William of (1095-1143), a noted English scholar, libra- 
 rian of the monastery of Malmesbury, author of a great work 
 on the < History of the Kings of England > 43 365 
 
 Hadmer (-1124), a British monk at Canterbury, author of historical 
 
 and biographical works of great value 42 160 
 
 Roger of Hovedon (probably died in 1201), an English chronicler, 
 for the period 732-1201, of the highest value for his attention 
 to legal and constitutional details 43 464 
 
 Alexander of Hales (?-i245), noted English philosopher and theolo- 
 gian, one of the first to study Aristotle with Arabic commentary. 4 2 12 
 
 Matthevr Paris (1200-59), a famous Benedictine English monk, au- 
 thor of histories of great value 43 373 
 
 Robert of Gloucester, an English chronicler (known to have been 
 living A. D. 1265), notable for a metrical chronicle history of 
 England, extending to 10,000 lines, and one of the earliest 
 epics of the English language 43 460 
 
 Scott, Michael, a Scottish philosopher of the thirteenth century; not- 
 able for his great learning, and for important translations from 
 Arabic into Latin; author also of writings on astrologfy, al- 
 chemy, and the occult sciences in general 43 487 
 
 Bacon, Roger (1214-94), one of the greatest mediaeval scholars, a 
 natural philosopher, and founder of English science in the year 
 1267 42 34 
 
 Erceldoune, Thomas of (1220-97), a Scotch rhymer of very conspicu- 
 ous position in the annals of Anglo-Saxon literature 42 172 
 
 JRishanger, William (1250-1312), an English monk of St. Albans, 
 initiator of a new interest in the composition of chronicles, 
 and author of an excellent account of the barons' wars in the 
 period 1258-67 4 3 460 
 
 35uns Scotus, Joannes (1265-1308), a Scotch metaphysician, an emi- 
 nent Schoolman, and author of studies of Aristotle 42 156 
 
 Occam, William, an English scholastic philosopher of great distinc- 
 tion for the strenuous contest which he made against the right 
 of the Pope to political power and secular possessions (died 1347) 43 407 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John (i295?-i365?), of the exact dates of whose life 
 we only know that the period of his travels to Jerusalem, India, 
 etc., was A. D. 1332-56, and whose book, <The Marvelous Ad- 
 ventures of Sir John Mandeville, > is called «the most enter- 
 taining book in early English prose » 24 9655-63 
 
 Wyclif, John (1324-84), author of the first great departure of the 
 English people from the Latin or Roman Church, and of the 
 earliest full rendering of the whole Bible into English, with 
 large incidental elevation of English as a language of culture. 39 16235-42 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE CXXxiii 
 
 Langland, William (1332-1400), an English poet of great importance 
 from his early place in English literature, and his vivid refleo- 
 tion of the state of the people and the condition of the Church 
 in his time, he brought out about 1362, and in a final enlarged 
 form in 1377, <The Vision of Piers Plowman,* setting forth the 
 complaints of the English people against the Latin or Roman 
 church 43 326 ; 4 5 402 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey (i338?-i40o), an almost supremely great poet, from 
 whose work, with that of Wyclif in making an English Bible, 
 modem English literature dates. The Library has thirty-six 
 pages of examples, and fourteen pages in a superlatively ex- 
 cellent story of Chaucer and his work by Dr. Lounsbury, of 
 Yale University 9 355 1-600 
 
 Gower, John (1325-1408), of whom the Library has a most interesting 
 account, a poet who wrote one work in French, the court lan- 
 guage, another in Latin, the church langfuage, and his greatest 
 work in English, the language of the people 16 6579-92 
 
 Caxton, William (1422-91), famous English printer and scholar, 
 author (as translator) of the first printed English book, and 
 master of the first printing-office in England (1477) 42 991 
 
 Dunbar, William (1465-1530), one of the most important poets of the 
 age of Caxton, Scottish by birth, but a wanderer in England 
 and France; then court poet and a servitor of Margaret Tudor 
 of England upon her marriage to the Scottish king, and, like 
 Langland, in his chief poem, the < Dance of the Seven Deadly 
 Sins,> an unsparing critic of the evils of the time 12 5064-6$ 
 
 Barclay, Alexander (147 5-155 2), a Scotch graduate of the English 
 universities, who translated Brandt's <Ship of Fools > into ex- 
 ceptionally fine English, and himself wrote < Eclogues > of moral 
 and satirical bearing upon the evils of the times 4 1496-502 
 
 More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535), a most eminent leader, with Erasmus 
 and Colet, of the earlier Reformation, apart from Luther, and 
 author of < Utopia,' a picture of what Reform would help to 
 bring 26 10295-303. 
 
 Elyot, Sir Thomas (1490-1546), an English diplomatist and moral 
 
 essayist, author of writings of educational value 42 169 
 
 Bale, John (1495-1563), English theologian and dramatist, author of 
 
 the first history of English literature 42 3^ 
 
 Berners, Juliana (about 1496), the reputed author of a book on hunt- 
 ing, printed in i486, and the first woman to become an Eng- 
 lish author 4 1834-36 
 
 [The Sixteenth Century] 
 
 Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503-42), a poet of the court of Henry VIII.. 
 
 an elder friend of the poet Surrey. 39 16230-34 
 
 Udall, Nicholas (1506-64), an English dramatist, author of popular 
 school-books, and of the first regular comedy in the English 
 language 43 537 
 
CXXxiv ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Ascham, Roger (1515-68), a private tutor to the Princess Elizabeth 
 1548-50, and to Queen EHzabeth 1563-68; author of <The School- 
 master,> and popularly remembered as a typical great teacher. 2 916-23 
 
 Foxe, John (1516-87), an early English Protestant divine, famous for • 
 
 the work known as < Foxe's Book of Martyrs > 42 198 
 
 Holinshed, Raphael (i52o?-8o?), author of valuable < Chronicles of Eng- 
 land, Scotland, and Ireland, > published in 1578, — a fine ex- 
 ample of English of Queen Elizabeth's time, and the source 
 from which Shakespeare drew most of his historical plays ...19 7445-50 
 
 Breton, Nicholas (i 545-1626), a versatile writer of poems, satires, ro- 
 mances, etc 42 74 
 
 Camden, William (1551-1623), an English antiquarian and historian, 
 author of a < Description of Ancient Britain and of Annals of 
 the Reign of Queen Elizabeth > 42 90 
 
 Spenser, Edmund (1552-99), author of the < Faery Queen, > the poem 
 which opened the great age of Elizabethan literature, and upon 
 which Milton pronounced the author «a better teacher than 
 Scotus or Aquinas, » — English humanism better than Latin 
 scholasticism 35 13751-71 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard (1552-1616), a distinguished scholar in cosmography 
 who brought out works of great importance in the years 1582- 
 1609, designed to urge the value of American discoveries to 
 England 17 6807-20 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter (1552-1618), a famous English Elizabethan public 
 character, author of a < History of the World, > and of poetical 
 and literary fragments 4 3 45o 
 
 Peele, George (1553-98), a dramatist before Shakespeare, and also a 
 
 Ijn-ic poet some of whose songs were unsurpassed 28 11258-62 
 
 Hooker, Richard (1553-1600), an English divine famous for a great 
 work on <Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity,* which is one of the 
 great masterpieces of English prose . 42 272 
 
 Munday, Anthony (1553-1633), an English writer of great versatility 
 and note; author of a large number of plays, and of ballads of 
 much note sung in London 4 3 39^ 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-86), author of <Arcadia,> < Defense of Po- 
 esie,> and a series of sonnets and poems called <Astrophel and 
 Stella >; at his death the most celebrated person in Europe. .34 13385-98 
 
 Lodge, Thomas (1558-1625), a poet of a few rarely beautiful lyrics 
 
 in the age of Elizabeth and Shakespeare 23 9139-42 
 
 Chapman, George (1559-1634), a poet of some rank in his four chief 
 tragedies, but best known by his version of Homer, — one of the 
 classics of Elizabethan literature 9 3523-30 
 
 Greene, Robert (1560-92), a notably original and able dramatist .... 4 2 232 
 
 Bacon, Francis (i 561 -1626), English statesman and philosopher, of 
 
 great literary distinction 42 34 
 
 Drayton, Michael (i 563-1631), the subject of a curiously interesting 
 story, and the author of «the most spirited of English martial 
 lyrics, » quoted in full in the Library 12 4877-84 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE CXXXV 
 
 Marlowe, Christopher (1564-93). a dramatist of high genius and 
 great creative power, whose work helped to make Shakespeare's 
 possible 24 9714-28 
 
 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616), the whole world's greatest dram- 
 atist, the master-thinker in drama of universal literature; in 
 tragedy, in comedy, in lyric song, never surpassed and rarely 
 equaled. The Library has a complete story in twenty -two 
 pages by Edward Dowden and John Malone, and seventy-six 
 pages of examples. It also has, in the volume of * Synopses, > 
 twenty-one pages of excellent analyses of all the plays 33 13167-264 
 
 Chettle, Henry (1565-1607), English dramatist, contemporary with 
 
 Shakespeare; author of plays and popular pamphlets 42 106 
 
 Campion (?-i6i9), an accomplished physician of Shakespeare's time 
 who wrote lyrics of the finest quality, love songs very sweet 
 and musical, songs for religious use equal to any in the lan- 
 guage, and prose works on both poetry and music 8 3184-88 
 
 Davies, Sir John (1569-1626), English jurist of distinction, and a 
 
 poet of marked genius 42 134 
 
 Heywood, Thomas (1575-1650), a notable English dramatist 42 264 
 
 Baffin, William (1584-1622), noted English navigator and explorer, 
 
 author of narrative of voyages 42 35 
 
 Dekker, Thomas (1570-1637), one of the most versatile later Eliza- 
 bethan dramatists, also a song-writer of genuine lyric gift, an 
 author of beautiful prayers, and a prominent pamphleteer. ...11 4521-27 
 
 Aytoun, Robert (1570-1638), a poet of Scottish birth but of Norman 
 descent, court poet in London to King James, and buried in 
 Westminster Abbey 3 1 106-9 
 
 Donne, John (1573-1631), a poet and divine, — Dr. Donne, — notable for 
 
 the quality of thought and feeling in his best work 12 4771-78 
 
 Jonson, Ben (1573-1637), one of the conspicuous chiefs of EHzabethan 
 drama ; author of tragedies, comedies, and lyrics ; a rare classical 
 scholar, ambitious of perfect art; and a realist in depicting the 
 life of his time. The Library has fifteen pages of fine ex- 
 amples 21 8341-60 
 
 Webster, John (1575?-?). a dramatist whose first work for the stage 
 was done about 160 1, and whose masterpieces have caused him 
 to be called "Shakespeare's greatest pupil in tragedy* 38 15758-68 
 
 Day, John (1575-1623), author of a comedy of surpassing charm and 
 
 of a drama rich in wit 42 135 
 
 Smith, Captain John (1579-1631). a famous English adventurer and 
 colonist in Virginia, author of writings of great interest for 
 early American history .43 498 
 
 Davenport, Robert (?-i64o), dramatist and poet, part author with 
 
 Shakespeare of < Henry I.> and < Henry II. > 42 133 
 
 Burton, Robert (1577-1640), author of <The Anatomy of Melancholy,* 
 a vast digest of all sorts of learning or poetry bearing upon 
 the affections of the mind 7 2904-8 
 
 Brome, Richard (-1652), an English dramatist with Ben Jonson 42 7^ 
 
cxxxvi ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Taylor, John (1580-1654), an English poet, author of productions of 
 remarkable interest as showing the manners and customs of the 
 times 43 517 
 
 Massinger, Philip (i 583-1 640), a noted English dramatist, excellent 
 in depicting character in tragedy and in expression of lofty- 
 sentiment, yet one of the later and lesser dramatists under 
 
 whom the English stage declined after Shakespeare 
 
 43 372; 25 9797-802 
 
 Beaumont, Francis (1584-1616), and Fletcher, John (1579-1625), the 
 Elizabethan dramatists whose work jointly done came nearest 
 to that of Shakespeare 4 1674-98 
 
 Selden, John (1584-1654), a lawyer of ability unsurpassed in the his- 
 tory of the English bar, of literary fame for his < Table Talk > . 3 3 13099-1 10 
 
 Drummond, William (i 585-1 649), called «of Hawthornden,» from his 
 home in Scotland, a poet who definitely came out of Scottish 
 limitation into English literature as it was in London 12 4913-18 
 
 Ford, John (1586-?), a dramatist of the period of decline after Shakes- 
 peare 15 5889-94 
 
 Wither, George (1588-1667), a cavalier poet of Chaucer-like spirit, 
 whose delightful lyrics gave way to Puritan hymns when the 
 Civil War enlisted him on that side 39 16123-8 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas (158S-1679), a philosopher whose books on Human 
 Nature and on State and Church, although extreme for self- 
 interest as the rule of life and against democracy in a common- 
 wealth, yet overthrew scholastic dogmatism and had a greatly 
 liberalizing influence 18 7381-88 
 
 Zouch, Richard (1590-1661), English writer on jurisprudence, author 
 
 of celebrated treatises in Latin 43 599 
 
 Herrick, Robert (1591-1674), an exquisite, gay poet, who lived through 
 the frost of Puritan times under Cromwell. The Library has 
 delightful examples and the story of his rare genius 18 7307-16 
 
 Browne, William (i 591-1643), one of the best of the English poets 
 
 famous for their imaginative interpretation of nature 6 2511-18 
 
 Walton, Izaak (1593-1683), author of <The Complete Angler, > and of 
 
 < Lives > marked by great charm of style 38 1 5601-22 
 
 Herbert, George (i 593-1633), a rare religious poet, quaint in expres- 
 sion, rich in thought, and deeply spiritual 18 7252-58 
 
 Carew, Thomas (1598-1639), a writer of lyrics such as Izaak Waltou 
 
 called « choicely good old-fashioned poetry » 8 3221-24 
 
 [The Seventeenth Century] 
 
 Chillingworth, William (1602-44), an English theologfical writer, au- 
 thor of <The Religion of Protestants > (1637), notable for breadth 
 and liberality 42 107 
 
 Dugdale, Sir William (1605-86), a celebrated English antiquarian, 
 author of historical and biographical and antiquarian studies 
 of great importance 42 1 54 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE cxxxvii 
 
 Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-82), an eminent physician of Norwich, 
 England ; author of the *■ Religio Medici. > The Library gives a 
 full story of the author, thirty pages of examples 6 3473-510 
 
 Waller, Edmund (1605-87), a poet of the school of Dryden and Pope, 
 
 notable as the first to use its style 38 1 5555-64 
 
 Davenant, William (1606-68), a minor poet, successor to Ben Jonson 
 
 as laureate of England 42 133 
 
 Milton, John (1607-74), the great Puritan poet and prose- writer, 
 almost unequaled in English literature. The Library has a 
 full story in ten pages and thirty pages of examples 25 10037-76 
 
 Suckling, Sir John (1608-42), a poet whose lyrics Hallam pronounced 
 
 unequaled for gayety and ease 35 14155-62 
 
 Fuller, Thomas (1608-61), a historian and biographer of scholarly 
 method, and an ethical and religious thinker of marked intel- 
 lectual power 15 61 29-36 
 
 Clarendon, Earl of (1609-74), the leading Royalist statesman of the 
 age of Cromwell, prime minister of Charles the Second, and 
 author of a great < History of the Rebellion). 9 3737-44 
 
 Whichcote, Benjamin (1610-83), English divine and religious writer, 
 a famous preacher, the founder of Broad Church divinity in 
 England, and one of the Cambridge Platonists 43 570 
 
 Cartwright, William (1611-43), an English dramatist immensely suc- 
 cessful through his lively wit and satire at the expense of the 
 Puritans 42 96 
 
 Butler, Samuel (1612-80), the author of *Hudibras,> a humorous poem 
 
 devoted to ridicule of the Cromwellian Puritans 7 2927-34 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy (1613-67), a preacher of fascinating eloquence, and a 
 
 markedly broad and liberal theologian 36 14551-62 
 
 Baxter, Richard (1615-gi), celebrated English divine and religious 
 
 Evangelical writer 42 47 
 
 Sidney, Algernon (1617-83), an English republican patriot, a notable 
 figure in the Commonwealth time, put to death on a political 
 charge in 1683, author of < Discourses Concerning Go vernment * . 4 3 494 
 
 Cowley, Abraham (1618-67), a poet of high moral tone and finely 
 English diction, and a pioneer in modern English prose. The 
 Library has a most instructive story and examples by Profes- 
 sor Lounsbury 10 4089-106 
 
 Evelyn, John (1620-1706), author of a Diary covering the years 1641- 
 
 1705 14 5591-604 
 
 Marvell, Andrew (1621-78), a poet of the Commonwealth under 
 
 Cromwell 24 9770-76 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of (1621-83), an English statesman, very conspicu- 
 ous in his times; author of a notable work entitled < Character- 
 istics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times* 43 491 
 
 Vaughan, Henry (1621-93), one of the best writers of lyrics express- 
 ive of deep spiritual thought and feeling 37 15257-62 
 
 Fox, George (1624-91), English founder of the sect of Quakers, 
 
 author of valuable < Journal * and other writings 42 198 
 
CXXXviii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Bunyan, John (1628-88), author of <The Pilgrim's Progress* 7 2747-66 
 
 Dryden, John (1631-1700), the great English poet of the age follow- 
 ing that of Milton. The Library has an elaborate critical story 
 in fourteen pag^s by Professor Lounsbury, and eighteen pages 
 of examples 12 4919-50 
 
 Wood, Anthony (1632-95), an English scholar; author of an important 
 history of Oxford University, and of biogjraphies of graduates 
 for the period 1500-1690 43 583 
 
 Locke, John (1632-1704), one of the most original and ablest phi- 
 losophers of modem times, a great master of English prose, 
 and a teacher of broad liberalism 23 9105-10 
 
 Pepys, Samuel (i 633-1 703), author of a Diary of the ten years 1660-69, 
 in which are pictured with extraordinary fidelity not only the 
 course of events but the common life of London 28 11283-304 
 
 South, Robert (1633-1716), an English preacher, author of sermons 
 
 which are notable examples of written eloquence 43 500 
 
 EUwood, Thomas (1639-1714), an English Quaker noted as a friend 
 
 of Milton, and author of a < Sacred History* 42 168 
 
 Behn, Aphra (1640-89), author of plays, poems, and novels, marked by 
 
 indelicacy; the first woman in England to live by her pen ... 42 51 
 
 Shadwell, Thomas (1640-92), an English dramatist, the successor in 
 
 1688 of Dryden as poet laureate and historiographer royal 43 491 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), England's greatest natural philosopher, 
 author of <The Principia* and of the theory of universal g^ravi- 
 tation 27 10619-26 
 
 Strype, John (1643-1737), an English ecclesiastical historian; author of 
 annals, memorials, and biographies of importance for English 
 church history 43 510 
 
 Hamilton, Anthony (1646-1720), the author of <Gramont*s Memoirs,* a 
 compend of the scandal, gossip, wit, and life of the court of 
 Charles II 17 6913-24 
 
 Dennis, John (1657-1734), dramatist and critic, author of a valuable 
 
 Shakespeare study, and victim of Pope's abuse 42 140 
 
 Kennett, White (1660-1728), an English clergyman who brought out 
 in 1706 a complete history of England to the death of William 
 III., a work notable for great accuracy and interest 43 301 
 
 Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731), a writer of political pamphlets, of accounts 
 of current events, and of fiction, such as * Robinson Crusoe.* 
 The Library has twenty -eight pages of examples 11 4479-5 1 2 
 
 Bentley, Richard (1662-1742), eminent English classical scholar, critic, 
 
 and essayist .42 54 
 
 Prior, Matthevr (i 664-1721), a poet whose fame rests upon lyrics, epi- 
 grams, and playful verse very perfect in style 30 11837-4S 
 
 Arbuthnot, John (1667-1735), an author of satirical and humorous 
 writing of which the most notable is <The History of John 
 Bull,* which originated this name for the typical Englishman. .2 722-30 
 
 Svrift, Jonathan (1667-1745), the author of ^Gulliver's Travels,* and 
 
 other powerful satires, and political pamuhlets 36 14259-88 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE CXXxix 
 
 Congreve, William (1670-1729), the most brilliant of all the English 
 
 dramatists of the later Stuart period 10 3945-56 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard (1671-1729), an English author and dramatist, 
 initiator of the literary journalism in which he and Addison 
 were associated. As occupant of the ofl&ce of gazetteer, and 
 thus in control of foreign news, he started the Tatler, April 
 12, 1709, a small paper, appearing three times a week, and 
 later the Spectator, a daily paper, which ran to the five hun- 
 dred and fifty -fifth issue, December 16, 1712, Addison having a 
 large hand in it. The Library tells the whole story with 
 twenty-one pages of examples 43 505 ; 35 13875-98 
 
 Echard, Laurence (1670-1730), an English scholar, notable for his < His- 
 tory of England > from the time of Julius Caesar to 1707 A. D .42 162 
 
 Bailey, Nathan (-1742), English lexicographer and classical scholar, 
 author of the first important English dictionary on which Dr. 
 Johnson's work was based 42 36 
 
 Cibber, Colley (1671-1757), an English dramatist, author of comedies 
 masterly in construction, and a most successful theatre man- 
 ager 42 109 
 
 Addison, Joseph (1672-1719), a tjrpical man of letters in the early 
 years of the eighteenth century; author of one of the earliest 
 English ventures in journalism, the Spectator; and a master 
 of English prose i i^S-ji 
 
 Watts, Isaac {1674-1748), a celebrated author of hymns for Christ- 
 ian use 38 15717-24 
 
 Clarke, Samuel (1675-1729), English philosophical writer; author of 
 
 valuable religious studies, and of an edition of Homer 42 112 
 
 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John (1678-1751). deistical writer, orator, and 
 
 statesman 42 66 
 
 Middleton, Conyers (1683-1750), an eminent English writer, author 
 of a valuable <Life of Cicero > and of < Free Inquiry, > attack- 
 ing belief in mediaeval miracles 43 382 
 
 Young, Edward (1684-1765}, the author of < Night Thoughts on Life, 
 
 Death, and Immortality > 39 16277-82 
 
 Berkeley, George (1685-1753), a most interesting writer upon phi- 
 losophy, and author of a treatise teaching that only ideas are 
 real 4 1801-08 
 
 Gay, John (1685-1732), an English humorist, inventor of comic opera, 
 
 and author of < Fables > 15 6237-47 
 
 Ramsay, Allan (1686-1758), a writer of pastoral poetry of fine qual- 
 ity, author of < The Gentle Shepherd. > The Library gives eleven 
 pages of choice examples 30 12061-73 
 
 Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), the foremost English poet of the eight- 
 eenth century, author of < Essay on Man,> translation of Ho- 
 mer, etc. The Library has Professor Lounsbury's capital story 
 in fourteen pages and thirty-two pages of fine examples 30 11711-56 
 
 Montagu, Mary Wortley (1689-1762). a writer of letters of interest 
 
 for their wit and their picture of characters and events 26 10217-36 
 
Cxl ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Richardson, Samuel (1689-1761), the father of the modern novel of 
 society, a printer whose first attempt was that of depicting a 
 servant girl tinder stress of temptation. 31 12225-46 
 
 Butler, Joseph (1692-1752), celebrated author of the < Analogy of Re- 
 ligion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of 
 Nature > (1736) 42 85 
 
 Chesterfield, Lord (1694-1773), a writer of distinction for <Letters,> 
 written as counsel to form the character and manners of a 
 young man 9 3625-28 
 
 Sale, George (1680-1736), an English scholar of distinction in Arabic 
 and Mohammedan history; author of a standard translation of 
 the Koran, of Oriental biographies, and of contributions to a 
 ^Universal History) 43 478 
 
 [The Eighteenth Century] 
 
 Thomson, James (1700-48), a poet of Scottish descent, whose recog- 
 nition of nature, in the age of Pope, made him the father of 
 the natural, as contrasted with the artificial, school of poetry — 
 the precursor of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats. 3 7 14851-64 
 
 Doddridge, Philip (1702-51), English nonconformist divine, author of 
 
 religious works of great interest and effect in their time 42 147 
 
 Brooke, Henry (1703-83), Irish novelist and dramatist 42 76 
 
 Wesley, John (1703-91), the founder of Wesleyanism in England, 
 
 called Methodism in America 38 15790-818 
 
 Wesley, Charles (1708-88), the associate of John Wesley, notable 
 for the number and excellence of his hymns. The Library 
 devotes twenty-four pages to examples from the sermons of 
 John Wesley and the hymns of Charles 38 15790-818 
 
 Fielding, Henry (1707-54), noted as, in the words of his own claim, 
 «the founder of a new province of writing, » previously at- 
 tempted by Richardson and suggested by works of Defoe — 
 the English novel. The admirable story in the Library, of 
 his genius and work, by Leslie Stephen, is supplemented by 
 twenty -eight pages of capital examples 14 5693-731 
 
 Johnson, Samuel (1709-84), one of the greatest masters of knowledge 
 of books, of criticism of literature, and of judgment of ideas, 
 that ever wrote English, and a personage extraordinarily in- 
 teresting and impressive. The critical story in the Library is 
 by Mr. Birkbeck Hill, and there are twenty-six pages of fine 
 examples 21 8283-316 
 
 Hume, David (1711-76), an able initiator of the literary method in 
 writing history, an originator of advance in political economy, 
 a strenuous expositor of idealism in philosophy, and a writer 
 of consummate literary skill 19 7777-90 
 
 Sterne, Laurence (1713-68), one of the great masters of literature in 
 his exquisite art and as an original and brilliant humorist. 
 The Library has twenty -two pages of examples 35 13899-926 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE Cxli 
 
 Shenstone, William (1714-63), an example of the extreme artificial 
 
 school in poetry 34 13307-16 
 
 Whitefield, George (1714-70), a famous English preacher, marvel- 
 ously eloquent pulpit orator, associated with the Wesleys in 
 the spread of Methodism 43 572 
 
 Gray, Thomas (i 716-71), author of < Elegy Written in a Country 
 Churchyard,* and other finely finished poems. The Library 
 gives the < Elegy > in full and three other examples of his best 
 work 16 6623-36 
 
 Walpole, Horace (1717-97), a writer famous for his <Letters,> not 
 
 only elegant but of substantial merit 38 15565-79 
 
 Carter, Elizabeth (1717-1806), English author of a version of Epic- 
 
 tetus and of an * Ode to Wisdom > 42 96 
 
 Foote, Samuel (1720-77), a- dramatist whose abounding w\t and 
 humor gave him the name of « the Aristophanes of the English 
 stage » 15 5878-88 
 
 White, Gilbert (1720-93), an author whose < Natural History of Sel- 
 
 borne > is a fascinating example of literature 39 15867-75 
 
 Montagu, Mrs. (1720-1800), an English society leader, whose house 
 in London was the meeting place of the celebrated « Blue Stock- 
 ing Club>>; notable chiefly for several volumes of interesting 
 <Letters> 43 388 
 
 Collins, William (1721-59), author of odes, genuinely lyrical, musical, 
 
 and imaginative 9 3871-78 
 
 Smollett, Tobias George (1721-71), author of satirical and humorous 
 novels, from which the Library gives twenty-two pages of 
 examples 34 13575-600 
 
 Akenside, Mark (1721-70), a poet of the artificial school, popular at 
 
 the middle of the eighteenth century.' i 252-62 
 
 Owen, Goronwy (1722-80), a Welsh poet in England, author of a 
 celebrated poem on < The Day of Judgment, > and esteemed by 
 his countrymen the last of the great poets of Wales 43 411 
 
 Blackstone, Sir Wm. (1723-80), celebrated author of * Commentaries 
 
 on the Laws of England > 42 6r 
 
 Smith, Adam (1723-90), author of <The Wealth of Nations,* a com- 
 prehensive protest against restraints and restrictions in trade. 34 13519-36 
 
 Price, Richard (1723-91), a notable English philosopher and man of 
 science, a friend of Benjamin Franklin, an ardent sympathizer 
 with the American Revolution, and author of important polit- 
 ical and financial writings 43 440 
 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723-92), a famous English painter; author of 
 fifteen annual addresses on art topics, and of essays and notes 
 of art interest 43 456 
 
 Burney, Charles (i 726-1 814), a celebrated London musician, author 
 
 of < History of Music * (4 vols. , 1 776-89) 42 84 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-74), author of the < Vicar of Wakefield,* the 
 exquisite humor and realism of which have made it a universal 
 classic. The Library gives twenty -three pages of choice examples. 1 6 6501-32 
 
Cxlii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Burke, Edmund (1729-97), a statesman and great parliamentary ora- 
 tor, especially important from his action in regard to America . . 7 2779-808 
 
 Churchill, Charles (1731-64), an exceedingly popular English satiri- 
 cal poet, author of satires upon the actors of his time 42 109 
 
 Cowper, William (i 731-1800), a poet whose eye for nature led him to 
 
 begin departure from the artificial style of Pope 10 4107-16 
 
 Darvrin, Erasmus (i 731-1802), naturalist and poet, author of works 
 
 showing great powers of observation and thought 42 132 
 
 Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804), a celebrated English chemist, physicist, 
 philosopher, and religious writer ; author of important researches 
 in science, and of works advocating advanced religious views .43 441 
 
 Colman, George (1733-94), a dramatist of reputation for humorous 
 
 and well-constructed plays 10 3901-08 
 
 Gibbon, Edwar^ (1737-94), author of <The History of the Decline 
 and Fall of the Roman Empire,* one of the greatest master- 
 pieces of historical literature. The Library has a story of his 
 genius and work by Lecky, and forty-four pages of examples. . 1 6 6271-332 
 
 Boswell, James (1740-95), the memorable biographer of Samuel John- 
 son 5 2227-51 
 
 Francis, Sir Philip (1740-1818), Irish-English statesman, in India 
 and in Parliament, commonly believed to be the author of the 
 celebrated < Letters of Junius > 42 199 
 
 Young, Arthur (1741-1820), author of ^Travels in France,* of extreme 
 interest for studies of agriculture, and editor of < Annals of 
 Agriculture > in England 39 16261-76 
 
 Barbauld, Mrs. (* 743-1 825), a poet and essayist best known by her 
 
 < Early Lessons for Children > 4 1481-95 
 
 Dibdin, Charles (1745-1814), an .actor, dramatist, and music com- 
 poser, notable for his songs of war by sea 11 4620-24 
 
 Grattan, Henry (i 746-1820), an eminent Irish statesman, and in pas- 
 sionate eloquence an orator of the highest rank 16 6615-22 
 
 Parr, Samuel (1747-1825), a famous English scholar and schoolmaster, 
 notable for extent and variety of learning, and for conversational 
 powers .which made him a great figure in his day 43 417 
 
 Bentham, Jeremy (i 748-1832), an eminent expounder of the utilita- 
 rian theory of morals 4 1773-82 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816), an Irish writer of comedies, 
 of which the < School for Scandal > and < The Rivals > are ex- 
 amples. The Library has the dramatist's story by Brander 
 Matthews, and forty-three pages of examples 34 13317-62 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas (1752-70), a youthful initiator of the style of po- 
 etry known as Romantic. The Library gives fine examples ... 9 3539-50 
 
 Ritson, Joseph (i 752-1803), an English scholar and antiquary, editor 
 of many reprints of old and rare books, and author of works 
 of extreme interest for the history of English poetry 43 460 
 
 Edwards, George (1752-1823), an English author of a great number 
 
 of books ardently designed to promote social reform 42 163 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE Cxliii 
 
 Burney, Frances (1752-1840), an extremely successful writer of stories 
 
 in which was created the family novel 7 2817-32 
 
 Crabbe, George (1754-1832), a poet of the transition from the arti- 
 ficial to the natural 10 411 7-22 
 
 Gifford, William (1756-1826), an English satirical poet, translator, and 
 
 critic; notable as editor of the Quarterly Review 42 216 
 
 Blake, William (1757-1827), a poet-painter, writer of verse highly 
 
 mystical and imaginative 5 2041-50 
 
 Godwin, William (i 756-1 836), an English political* philosopher; author 
 of novels, biographical and historical studies, and political essays, 
 of which that on < Political Justice > (1793) is one of the strong- 
 est in the language 42 222 
 
 Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835), an English author noted as «the Platon- 
 ist >^ ; notable for his translations of Greek and Latin works, es- 
 pecially Plato and Aristotle 43 517 
 
 Wilberforce, William (1759-1833), an English statesman and reformer, 
 author of appeals which effected the abolition of the slave 
 trade under British rule 43 574 
 
 Beckford, William (1759-1844), author of an Oriental novelette, <The 
 
 History of the Caliph Vathek,^ inimitable as a fascinating story . 4 1699-712 
 
 Burns, Robert (1759-96), the most interesting and most famous of 
 Scottish poets. The Library has twelve pages of rarely inter- 
 esting story by R. H. Stoddard, and twenty-two pages of de- 
 lightful examples, rich in thought, as well as song 7 2833-66 
 
 Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-97), author of < Vindication of the Rights 
 
 of Women, > an epoch-making book of the year 1792 39 16129-44 
 
 Cobbett, William (1762-1835), an English political essayist noted for 
 discussion in countless pamphlets of social and economic ques- 
 tions 42 113 
 
 Colman, George (the Younger) (1762-1836), notable humorous dram- 
 atist, author of racy and most laughable comedies — an unprece- 
 dentedly large sum paid for his < John BulP 42 116 
 
 Bowles, Wm. L. (1762-1850), poet and critical editor (of Pope), cre- 
 ator of Lake School of English poetry 42 70 
 
 Baillie, Joanna (1762-1851), a Scottish dramatist and poet whom Scott 
 praised as one suggesting Shakespeare. The Library has a 
 delightful story and a rich store of examples 3 1253-71 
 
 Rogers, Samuel (1763-1855), a poet of rare artistic gift, and an inter- 
 esting literary autocrat 31 12345-56 
 
 Eden, Sir Frederick Morton (1766-1809) an important English writer 
 
 on sociology and economics 42 162 
 
 Lady Nairne (Caroline Oliphant) (1766-1845), a singularly sweet and 
 tender Scottish singer — a near approach to the ideal woman 
 poet 2 7 10543-54 
 
 D'Israeli, Isaac (1766-1848), an English literary scholar and essayist, 
 author of valuable literary and historical studies, a writer of 
 varied information about books and authors, with a tone and 
 style peculiarly attractive 42 145 ; i 2 4725-32 
 
Cxliv ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Edgeworth, Maria (1767-1849), a famous author of Irish novels and 
 
 didactic tales 13 5151-61 
 
 Adolphus, John (1768-1845), historical and miscellaneous writer, 
 author of < History of England from the Accession of George 
 III. to 1783 > 42 6 
 
 Clarke, Edward Daniel (i 769-1822), a traveler and descriptive writer, 
 especially distinguished for his scholarly studies of Greek and 
 other antiquities 42 iii 
 
 Malcolm, Sir John (1769-1853), a distinguished English soldier in 
 India, and author of extremely valuable studies of both India 
 and Persia 43 364 
 
 Canning, George (1770-1827), a brilliant British statesman, an orator 
 of extraordinary literary eloquence, and one of the « Anti- 
 Jacobin >> writers 8 3189-98 
 
 Hogg, James (1770-1835), the «Ettrick Shepherd, >> and a great name 
 
 in modern Scottish poetry 18 7403-08 
 
 Foster, John (1770-1843), an English clergyman of advanced views, 
 
 author of notably thoughtful < Essays > 42 197 
 
 Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), the universally accepted poet of 
 nature and of thought, a master of the natural school. The 
 Library has the story by F. W. H. Myers, and twenty-nine 
 pages of fine examples 3 9 16193-229 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832), the most universally known of all 
 modern writers, author of novels never surpassed in their hold 
 upon popular interest. The Library has Andrew Lang's story 
 of Scott, and eighty pages of examples 33 12995-3082 
 
 Smith, Sydney (1771-1845), a writer of fine intellect and rare wit, an 
 advanced thinker, and a power for progress in England from 
 1805 to 1845 34 13556-74 
 
 Ricardo, David (1772-1823), an English political economist, a con- 
 tinuator of the teaching of Adam Smith, and author of writ- 
 ings of great and wide influence upon political economy 43 456 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834), a brilliant and fascinating 
 poet, a profound thinker and penetrating critic. The Library 
 has a critical story by Professor Woodberry, and eighteen 
 pages of fine examples 9 3843-70 
 
 Cary, Henry Francis (i 772-1844), an English scholar in Latin, Greek, 
 and French; notable for his translation of masterpieces, that, 
 especially, of Dante's < Divine Comedy > 42 97 
 
 Mill, James (1773-1836), a noted English philosophical writer, histo- 
 rian, and political economist; author of a great work initiating 
 important new views in psychology, of a < History of British 
 India, > and of a treatise on political economy 43 383 
 
 Baily, Francis (1774-1844), English astronomer, editor of the <Nauti- 
 cal Almanac, > and author of < Astronomical Society's Catalogue 
 of Stars> 42 36 
 
 Southey, Robert (1774-1843), the poet laureate of England from 1813 
 to 1843; a masterly writer of English prose; author of works in 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE Cxlv 
 
 history and biography, of which the Lives of Nelson, Wesley, 
 
 and Cowper are best known 35 13677-92 
 
 Austen, Jane (1775-1817), the author of six novels of real life so 
 perfectly executed as to draw from Macaulay a comparison to 
 Shakespeare, and from Walter Scott the declaration that her 
 power was beyond him. The Library has thirty pages of ex- 
 amples and a most interesting story of the genius of the mar- 
 velous woman-artist 3 1045-79 
 
 Lamb, Charles (1775-1834), one of the most winning, genuine, and 
 delightful of English writers, rich in humor and pathos, and 
 wholly pure and healthy. The Library has twenty-four pages 
 of examples 2 a 8817-44 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas F. (1775-1847), eminent bibliographer in London, 
 
 author of valuable bibliographical works 42 143 
 
 Lander, Walter Savage (1775-1864), one of the most masterly writ- 
 ers of English of the age of Victoria ; author of learned < Im- 
 aginary Conversations,* and of some poetry of lofty quality. .22 8861-79 
 
 Campbell, Thomas (1777-1844), a Scottish poet of humanity patriot- 
 ism, and sentiment; most notable as the author of <The Pleas- 
 ures of Hope.* The Library has twenty pages of examples. . .8 3159-83 
 
 Hallam, Henry (1777-1859), the author of historical works marked by 
 
 thorough learning, lucid narrative, and unfailing interest 17 6853-60 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829), eminent leader in modern develop- 
 ment of science; author of discoveries, researches, and expo- 
 sitions 42 135 
 
 Hazlitt, William (i 778-1830), an essayist, critic, and reviewer, finely 
 accomplished as a literary artist. The Library gives, as an 
 example, twelve pages of < Table Talk * 18 7115-30 
 
 Brougham, Lord (1778-1868), statesman, orator, and author 42 77 
 
 Moore, Thomas (1779-1852), the poet of <Lalla Rookh,> and of songs 
 and melodies universally and permanently popular. The Li- 
 brary has twenty pages of examples 26 10271-94 
 
 Campbell, John (1779-1861), Lord Chancellor of England (1859-61), au- 
 thor of < Lives of the Lord Chancellors > and < Lives of the Chief 
 Justices* 42 91 
 
 Morier, James J. (1780-1849), the author of <Hajji Baba,> a tale of, Per- 
 sian character and life most remarkably true to the facts, and 
 delightfully interesting. The Library has a fine example of 
 thirteen pages 26 10304-17 
 
 Croker, John Wilson (i 780-1857), an Irish poet, critic, and Tory politi- 
 cian, specially notable for his edition of ^Boswell's Life of 
 Johnson* 42 125 
 
 Croly, George (i 780-1860), a versatile writer of poems, dramas, novels, 
 of which the novel, <Salathiel the Immortal,* has the most en- 
 during fame 10 4197-207 
 
 Elliott, Ebenezer (i 781-1849), an English foundrj' workingman, author 
 
 of popular poems in the interest of the working class 42 167 
 
 10 
 
Cxlvi ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Aikin, Lucy (1781-1864), classically educated daughter of Dr. John 
 
 Aikin, author of works in English history and literature 42 8 
 
 Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone (1782-1854), a Scottish novelist whose 
 
 three novels are marked by fine character-drawing 14 5649-62 
 
 Darlington, William (1782-1863), scientist of note, author of valuable 
 
 botanical works 42 132 
 
 Heber, Reginald (1783-1826), a poet of religious feeling, reputed one 
 
 of the best of all writers of hymns 18 71 53-60 
 
 Hunt, Leigh (i 784-1 859), a journalist, essayist, and critic, best known 
 
 by his < Autobiography > .... 19 7791-804 
 
 Wilson, John (1785-1854), a Scottish university professor, brilliant es- 
 sayist, and humorist 39 16032-46 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas (1785-1859), an essayist, notable for his « impas- 
 sioned prose, >> and especially famous for his autobiographical 
 < Confessions. > The Library has eighteen pages of examples. 11 4555-79 
 
 Napier, Sir William (1785-1860), a British soldier of experience in 
 the wars against Napoleon, and in literature ranking among 
 the greatest of military historians through his < History of the 
 War in the Peninsula ^ 43 401 
 
 Peacock, Thomas Love (1785-1866), a writer of novels satirical of 
 English characters and life, and very rich in humor. The Li- 
 brary has twenty-two pages of examples 28 11223-57 
 
 Napier, Sir Charles John (1786-1860), an English military and naval 
 historian, a naval authority of distinction, and author of valu- 
 able military and naval histories 43 400 
 
 Wilson, Horace Hayman (1786-1860), an English official in India, 
 professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, and author of important works 
 for the study of Sanskrit and the religion and literature of 
 India 43 578 
 
 Gaspe, Philip Aubert de (i 786-1871), a Canadian author; notable for 
 < Memoirs > treating of Canadian traditions and folklore, and 
 for his <01d-Time Canadians, > said to be the most popular 
 book ever published in Canada 42 209 
 
 Mitford, Mary Russell (1787-1855), a voluminous writer of plays, 
 
 poems, sketches, and stories ; most notable for < Our Village > . 2 5 10143-52 
 
 Allies, Jabez (i 787-1 856), English antiquary, one of the earhest 
 writers, on folklore, and author of a monumental work on Ro- 
 man and Saxon antiquities 42 i5 
 
 Whately, Richard (1787-1863), eminent English divine, educator, and 
 essayist; author of religious, critical, and historical studies of 
 great interest and value 43 57^ 
 
 Procter, B. W. (1787-1874), author of rare < Dramatic Sketches,' and 
 
 of lyrics exquisitely perfect 30 1 1849-60 
 
 Clarke, Charles Cowden (1787-1877), and Clarke, Mrs. Mary Cow- 
 den (1809-98), authors of many valuable works, essays, studies, 
 and novels, an edition of Shakespeare's plays, and Mrs. Clarke's 
 < Complete Concordance to Shakespeare > 42 m 
 
 Byron, Lord (1788- 1824), the marvelously brilliant and popular poet 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE Cxlvii 
 
 of the years 1812-24. The Library has a full story of his life, 
 
 by Charles Dudley Warner, and fifty-eight pa^es of examples 7 2935-3000 
 
 Hook, Theodore (1788-1841), author of thirty-eight volumes of comic 
 
 or light writing which were very popular in their day 19 7613-18 
 
 Barham, Richard Harris (i 788-1845), a celebrated literary humorist, 
 
 author of the < Ingoldsby Legends ^ 4 1 503-29 
 
 De Vere, Sir Aubrey (i 788-1 846), an Irish poet of profound feeling 
 for Ireland ; author of dramas and sonnets of very marked qual- 
 ity II 4609-1 2 
 
 Palgrave, Sir Francis (1788-1861), an English historian of Jewish 
 birth, author of important contributions to both secular and 
 church history 43 414 
 
 Blessington, Countess of (i 789-1849), an Irish descriptive writer and 
 
 novelist 42 63 
 
 Elliott, Charlotte (1789-1871), an English hymn-writer, author of uni- 
 versally popular sacred songs 42 167 
 
 Dilke, Charles W. (1789-1864), eminent English critic and publicist, 
 
 editor of the London Athenaeum 42 145 
 
 Collier, John Payne (i 789-1883), an English Shakespearean scholar 
 and critic; author of studies in the history of the English 
 drama, and of an edition of Shakespeare 42 115 
 
 Barker, Matthew H. (1790-1846), English author of popular sea tales. 42 42 
 
 Wolfe, Charles (1791-1823), an Irish clergyman and poet, notable for 
 
 his < Burial of Sir John Moore * 43 582 
 
 Faraday, Michael (1791-1867), an English physicist and chemist; author 
 of researches in chemistry, electricity, and magnetism, unsur- 
 passed in the history of modern science 42 179 
 
 Miltnan, Henry Hart (1791-1868), an eminent English scholar, histo- 
 rian, and poet; author of an able < History of the Jews,> a < His- 
 tory of Christianity under the Empire,* and an elaborate < His- 
 tory of Latin Christianity, > — also of a <Life of Gibbon, > and 
 of notes to an edition of Gibbon's great work 43 384 
 
 Bailey, Samuel (1791-1870). English writer on philosophy and politi- 
 cal economy 42 36 
 
 Knight, Charles (1791-1873), an English publisher ; projector of many 
 popular works ; and especially notable for his < Pictorial Shakes- 
 peare > and his < Popular History of England, > a monument of 
 research, breadth of view, and public interest 43 309 
 
 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822), a poet of very high rank, not only 
 as a lyric singer, but as a thinker and moral enthusiast. The 
 Library has Professor Woodberry's story of his genius and thirty- 
 six pages of examples; splendid lyrics given in full 34 13265-306 
 
 Keble, John (1792-1866), a famous English religious poet 43 299 
 
 Bowring, John (1792-1872), a great linguist, scholar, and diplomat, 
 who wrote beautiful hymns and was notable for his fine trans- 
 lations from little-known languages 5 2263-71 
 
 Marryat, Frederick (1792-1848), one of the admirable masters of popu- 
 lar fiction, chiefly notable for his stories of the sea 24 9737-49 
 
Cxlviii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1792-1871), an English astrono- 
 mer of the highest distinction, author of important astronomical 
 and other scientific studies 42 262 
 
 Howitt, William (1792-1879); Mary (1799-1888), English writers of 
 
 notable interest in a wide range of essays and historical studies. 42 277 
 
 Maginn, Dr. William (1793-1842), a brilliant Irish journalist in Lon- 
 don from 1824 until near the close of his life 24 9564-68 
 
 Hemans, Felicia Dorothea (1793-1835), a poet of high distinction for 
 
 tender feeling and beautiful verse 18 7229-35 
 
 Clare, John (1793-1864), an agricultural laborer wholly uneducated, 
 
 author of poems of rural life indicating marked poetic talent . .42 no 
 
 Eastlake, Sir Charles Locke (i 793-1865), English artist, critic, and 
 
 art historian; author of works of extreme value ! ... 42 160 
 
 Lockhart, John Gibson (1794-1854), a most brilliant and versatile poet 
 and essayist, editor of Quarterly Review, translator of < Spanish 
 Ballads, > and author of a monumental <Life of Sir Walter 
 Scott. > The Library gives, in nine pages, his < Last Days of 
 Sir Walter Scott > 23 9125-38 
 
 Jameson, Anna Brownell (1794-1860), an English writer of distinc- 
 tion, author of a variety of historical and art studies 42 287 
 
 Wheweli, William (1794-1866), eminent English scholar in science 
 and philosophy, university professor and college master at Cam- 
 bridge, author of works of great merit on the history and prin- 
 ciples of the inductive sciences 43 570 
 
 Carleton, William (i 794-1869), an Irish novelist of great power, and 
 
 especially notable for his portrayal of Irish traits and teadencies .42 94 
 
 Grote, George (1794-1871), author of < History of Greece,' ^ Plato and 
 other Companions of Socrates, > and < Aristotle > — works of the 
 greatest value for Greek studies 17 6745-60 
 
 Keats, John (1795-1821), a poet of very rare powers, cut off by death 
 at twenty-five, but leaving work which has given him very 
 great fame 21 8497-5 12 
 
 Thomas, Arnold (i 795-1842), notable English educator and historical 
 
 writer, of special authority for Roman history 42 26 
 
 Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon (i 795-1854), an English statesman, poet, 
 and essayist; author of poems, tragedies, Greek historical stud- 
 ies, and valuable studies of Charles Lamb 43 514 
 
 Vaughan, Robert (1795-1868), an English historian and university 
 professor, author of several important contributions to English 
 history 43 544 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881), one of the world's most origfinal writers 
 and most interesting characters, and to his own age the great 
 teacher of new thinking and new progress. The Library has 
 an exceptionally just and interesting story of the great master, 
 by Leslie Stephen, and fifty-nine pages of examples, eight fine 
 specimens of his best work 8 3231-301 
 
 Back, Sir George (1796-1878), English admiral and Arctic explorer, 
 
 author of reports of Arctic explorations 42 34 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE CxHx 
 
 Coleridge, Hartley (1796-1849). an English poet and literary critic, 
 
 author of essays and biographical studies 42 1 14 
 
 Haliburton, Thomas C. ( 1 796-1865), a Nova-Scotian jurist, the humor- 
 ist creator of <<Sam Slick, >> in < The Clockmaker> 17 6848-52 
 
 Gleig, George Robert (i 796-1888), an English soldier under Welling- 
 ton in Spain, author of interesting contributions to English 
 military history 42 220 
 
 Motherwell, William (1797-1835), a Scottish poet and essayist, author 
 
 of ballads unexcelled for sweetness and pathos 26 10365-72 
 
 Lover, Samuel (i 797-1 868), the kindly and accomplished author, him- 
 self Irish, of the best Irish peasant sketches and Irish peasant 
 songs in the language 23 9216-28 
 
 Eden, Emily (1797-1869), English author of realistic novels, and of in- 
 teresting impressions of travel 42 162 
 
 Thirlwall, Connop (i 797-1875), an eminent English historian, notable 
 
 for a valuable < History of Greece ^ 4.3 522 
 
 Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875), a distinguished English scientist of 
 great importance in the history of scientific advance by his 
 progressive researches in geology; author of text-books, and of 
 travels of great interest and value 43 355 
 
 Wilkinson, Sir J. G. (1797-1875), an English Egyptologist ; author of 
 many valuable Egyptian studies, including a great work on the 
 < Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians > 43 576 
 
 Banim, John (1798-1846); Michael (1796-1S74), brothers who together 
 wrote in 1825-42 about two dozen remarkably successful stories 
 of Irish life. The Library gfives <The Publican's Dream >. . . .4 1458-73 
 
 Dyce, Alexander (i 798-1869), English literary critic and historian, 
 editor of editions of poets, including a most valuable edition 
 of the < Works of Shakespeare > 42 159 
 
 Hood, Thomas (1799-1845), the unsurpassable humorist thinker-poet of 
 the toilers of humanity in the great city. The Library has 
 Mrs. Runkle's finely-told story of the poet, and eighteen pages 
 of the best examples 19 7589-609 
 
 Finlay, George (1799-1875), eminent English historian; a lifelong 
 resident in Greece; and author of studies in Greek history, 
 which ultimately took shape as an historical masterpiece 42 189 
 
 Lang, John Dunmore (1799-1878), an Australian pioneer of Scotch 
 birth and education, influential in the development of colonial 
 culture, and author of works of special Australian interest. ... 4 3 325 
 
 [The Nineteenth Century] 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas B. (1800-59), the most popularly interesting of 
 English historians and essayists, and author of popular ballads 
 of ancient Rome. The Library has a most interesting story by 
 Professor Bach McMaster, and fifty-four pages of examples .24 9381-439 
 
 Bell, Robert (1800-67), Irish editor of English poets; and author of 
 
 novels, comedies, and historical writing 42 52 
 
 Robertson, James Burton (1800-77), an English historical scholar; 
 
Cl ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 a student of literature, philosophy, and theology ; author of trans; 
 
 lations from the German, and of original writings of interest, 43 461 
 
 Barnes, William (1800-86), a very interesting Dorsetshire dialect 
 
 poet, fine examples from whom are given in the Library 4 1563-70 
 
 Taylor, Sir Henry (1800-86), a poet of culture and of thought, in his- 
 torical drama, and of lyrics almost Shakespearean in quality. 36 14539-50 
 
 Bulwer, Sir Henry (1801-72), English diplomat and author 42 82 
 
 Newman, John Henry (1801-90), an Oxford university preacher of 
 the highest distinction, a theologian whose studies made him 
 give up Protestantism, and from 1845 the most conspicuous 
 Roman Catholic writer in Great Britain — a master of literary 
 art. The full story of this remarkable man by R. H. Hutton 
 is of great interest 27 10597-618 
 
 Airy, Sir George B. (1801-92), celebrated astronomer, observatory 
 
 director, and author 42 8 
 
 Praed, Winthrop Mackworth (1802-39), a notably original master of 
 
 society verse, a perfect artist in poetic form 30 11757-66 
 
 Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802-65), an English Roman. 
 Catholic archbishop and cardinal ; author of important historical, 
 religious, and literary works 43 581 
 
 Martineau, Harriet (1802-76), an English story -writer, journalist, his- 
 torian, and social reformer; author of studies in biography. 
 English history, and philosophy, of note in her time 43 371 
 
 Griffin, Gerald (1803-40), author of sketches of Irish peasant life, 
 
 poems, and romances of Ireland 17 6699-713 
 
 Mangan, James C. (1803-49), a most gifted Irish poet, author of 
 fine lyric translations from German poets, a writer on Ireland's 
 cause in periodicals. The Library has fine examples 24 9664-70 
 
 Jerrold, Douglas (1803-57), a journalist, dramatist, and contributor 
 
 to Punch — an advanced thinker and broad-minded humanitarian. 2 i S257-68 
 
 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (1803-73), author of various classes of popular 
 novels, and conspicuously successful as a dramatist. The Library 
 has his story by Julian Hawthorne, and twenty-seven pages of 
 examples 6 2697-730 
 
 Borrow, George (1803-81), author of <The Bible in Spain, > and of 
 books on the gipsies of Spain, the interest of which is very 
 great. The Library has a most interesting story by Julian 
 Hawthorne, and twenty-three pages of examples 5 2175-203 
 
 Home, Richard H. H. (1803-84), a poet and essayist best known by 
 
 < Orion, > an epic poem of very high character 19 7641-44 
 
 Alexander, Sir James E. (1803-85), author of travels in Russia and 
 
 explorations in Africa 42 12 
 
 Cobden, Richard (1804-65), an English manufacturer notable as the 
 successful leader in Parliament of the agitation in favor of Free 
 Trade 42 "S 
 
 Schomburgk, Sir Robert H. (1804-65), an English geographical ex- 
 plorer, notable for services under the British Government in 
 British Guiana, 1835-39 4 3 485 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE cli 
 
 O'Mahony, Francis Sylvester (1804-66), an Irish priest, who became 
 a brilliant writer for Eraser's Magazine, and author of < Let- 
 ters from Rome > in the London Daily News 27 10845-56 
 
 Beaconsfield, Lord (1804-81), a brilliant statesman, prime minister, 
 
 and author of remarkable' novels 4 1633-56 
 
 Gould, John (1804-81), an English ornithologist ; author, from 1838, of 
 extensive travels and observations in Australia; compiler of a 
 great work on the < Birds of Australia, > and of other hardly 
 less important contributions to natural history 42 228 
 
 Dyer, Thomas Henry (1804-88), English author of important histories 
 
 of Rome, Athens, and Modern Europe 42 159 
 
 Maurice, Frederick Denison (1805-70), an English Churchman of 
 broad liberality in doctrine; a zealous humanitarian; and an 
 authot of books on the history of moral philosophy, on church 
 history, and on current religious and social problems 25 9828-42 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Henry (1805-75), a notable English historian, of im- 
 portance for the later history of England 43 503 
 
 Ainsworth, Wm. H. (1805-82), a prolific English novelist i 235-52 
 
 Cooper, Thomas (1805-92), an English Chartist politician, author of 
 
 effective poems and stories 42 1 20 
 
 Newman, Francis William (1805-), an English scholar, historian, and 
 religious writer; author of works representing extreme radical- 
 ism in contrast with those of his brother John Henry New- 
 man 43 403 
 
 Martineau, James (1805-), an eminent Unitarian preacher, teacher of 
 divinity, and author of valuable books on philosophy and the- 
 ology 24 9759-69 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-63), an English statesman, scholar, 
 and critic, eminent in public affairs, and author of works of 
 historical, linguistic, and literary research of great value 43 340 
 
 Lever, Charles (1806-72), an Irish author of novels, the best of them 
 
 tales of Irish soldier life 23 9025-36 
 
 Mill, John Stuart (1806-73), one of the most noteworthy thinkers and 
 prose-writers of the nineteenth century, a noble character, a 
 great man, and as a teacher of reason and humanity excep- 
 tionally influential. The Library has the story of his genius 
 and work by Professor Richard T. Ely, and fine examples 
 from his works 25 10007-26 
 
 Ainsworth, Wm. Francis (1807-96), English physician, naturalist, 
 
 editor, and author of travels in Asia 42 8 
 
 Elliott, Sir Henry M. (1808-53), an English oificial in India, author of 
 
 important writings on the history and peoples of India 42 167 
 
 Chorley, Henry F. (1808-72), miscellaneous writer and critic of dis- 
 tinction, a leading contributor to the London Athenaeum, and 
 
 noted for refinement of perception and taste 42 108 
 
 Turner, Charles Tennyson (1808-79), an older brother of Alfred Ten- 
 nyson, author of sonnets and poems, and a very sweet and 
 genuine lyric singer 36 14638-42 
 
Clii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Spedding, James (1808-81), an English literary historian and reviewer; 
 author of an important edition of the works of Lord Bacon, 
 and of a very complete life of Bacon with his < Letters* and a 
 full study of his times 43 501 
 
 Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward (1808-92), a distinguished Roman 
 Catholic prelate, a convert from the Church of England, Arch- 
 bishop of Westminster from 1865, and notable writer 43 366 
 
 Merivale, Charles (1808-93), an English divine and historian; author 
 of two important Roman histories, and of lectures on < Early 
 Church History > 43 379 
 
 Browning, Mrs. E. B. (1809-61), most notable English woman poet 42 79 
 
 Greg, William R. (1809-81), an English author of religious and eco- 
 nomic studies, notable for their extreme liberal tendency 42 232 
 
 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-82), the great naturalist of the century, 
 in masterly use of observation an Aristotle, notable for bring- 
 ing the theory of evolution into universal acceptance by a 
 great series of writings begun with <The Origin of Species > in 
 1858-59. The Library has Professor Ray Lankester's admirable 
 story of the man and the scientist, and forty-one remarkably 
 interesting examples from Darwin's writings 11 4385-434 
 
 Fitzgerald, Edward (1809-83), a writer of rarely thoughtful poetic 
 genius, whose translations, with fine touches of improvement, of 
 quatrains from Omar Khayyam, and of Greek drama, have 
 made him famous. The Library has an interesting story by 
 Mr. N. H. Dole, and fifteen pages of choice examples 14 5797-814 
 
 Houghton, Lord (Richard Monckton Milnes) (1809-S5), an English 
 poet, critic, and statesman; author of verses of superior quality, 
 and of valuable biographical and literary essays 42 275 
 
 Twiss, Sir Travers (1809-90?), a celebrated English writer on inter- 
 national law, author of works of high authority on belligerent 
 rights and the law of nations 43 535 
 
 Kinglake, Alexander William (1809-91), author of <The Invasion of 
 the Crimea, > and of <Eothen,> a very rare story of Eastern 
 travel . 21 8599-610 
 
 Tennyson, Alfred (1809-92), the most representative English poet of 
 the nineteenth century, celebrated in the Library by Professor 
 Henry Van Dyke, with forty-nine pages of examples 36 14581-637 
 
 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-98), England's most notable and 
 noblest statesman under Victoria; a great master of parlia- 
 mentary and popular eloquence; and on Greek subjects, espe- 
 cially Homer, and current biblical and theological problems, a 
 very ardent writer. The Library has, in full, his estimate of 
 Macaulay 16 6359-72 
 
 Glaisher, James (1809-), an English astronomer; author of a great 
 number of books and papers of scientific interest, including 
 reports of twenty -nine balloon ascents made for scientific ptu"- 
 poses ■ 42 220 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE cliii 
 
 Gaskell, Mrs. Elizabeth (1810-65), author of novels ranking very high 
 in both interest and power, and exceptionally pure and whole- 
 some. The Library has delightful examples from < Cranford > . 1 5 6205-20 
 
 Alford, Henry (1810-71), English Biblical (Greek) commentator, 
 
 preacher, poet, and Review editor 42 13 
 
 Wright, Thomas ( 1810-77), ^^ English antiquary and historian, 
 author or editor of a long series of works of great value for 
 the history of England and of English literature 43 586 
 
 Brown, John (1810-82), author of stories and essays singularly rich 
 in humor, pathos, and sympathy. The Library has twenty-one 
 pages of delightful examples 6 2437-60 
 
 Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-88), an English naturalist, author of a 
 
 large number of important contributions to natural history .... 4 2 227 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir Henry (1810-95), an eminent English scholar, a pro- 
 found Orientalist remarkable for his researches among the 
 cuneiform inscriptions of Persia, and author of important his- 
 torical studies 43 452 
 
 Brewer, E. Cobham (1810-), English author of valuable reference 
 
 books 42 74 
 
 Thackeray, William Makepeace (181 1-63), author of novels and 
 miscellany of very high quality, a great humorist, an artist in 
 letters of the first rank, and a man greatly loved and honored. 
 With W. C. Brownell's very complete and interesting story, 
 the Library has sixty pages of examples 36 14663-732 
 
 Bright, John (181 1-89), the statesman and powerfully eloquent orator 
 of the English Parliament whose speeches on behalf of America 
 in the Civil War were counsel and prophecy of rare literary 
 vitality 6 2354-64 
 
 Dickens, Charles (1812-70), the unsurpassed humorist, humanitarian, 
 and magician of novel-writing, the most broadly popular and 
 enduringly delightful painter of imaginary lives and character, 
 celebrated in the Library by Lawrence Hutton's story of his 
 career, with fifty-four pages of illustrations 11 4625-88 
 
 Macleod, Norman (1812-72), a most eloquent and popular Scottish 
 preacher, from i860 editor of <Good Words, > and a writer of 
 stories and reminiscences of very attractive quality 24 9495-502 
 
 Forster, John (1812-76), an English journalist and historical writer; 
 author of <The Life of Charles Dickens,> and of important 
 studies in English history 42 196 
 
 Edwards, Edward (1812-86), English librarian; author of works of 
 
 great interest on libraries 42 163 
 
 Latham, Robert Gordon (1812-88), a distinguished English ethnologist 
 and philologist; author of numerous important works on the 
 English language, and of very valuable ethnological studies ..43 328 
 
 Browning, Robert (1812-89), eminent Victorian English poet 42 79 
 
 Aytoun, W. E. (1813-65), a notable Scotch humorist, essayist, and critic.42 32 
 
 Helps, Sir Arthur (1813-75), a noted English essayist and historian; 
 
 author of a History of Spanish Conquests in America 42 259 
 
Cliv ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Pattison, Mark (1813-84), an English critic and historian of litera- 
 ture, notable for a study of Isaac Casaubon vividly picturing 
 literary life in the sixteenth century 43 419 
 
 Smith, William (1813-93), a distinguished English classical scholar; 
 compiler of classical dictionaries of great value, of dictionaries 
 also of biblical learning and Christian history, and of text- 
 books, manuals, and editions of important histories 43 498 
 
 Faber, Frederick W. (1814-63), an Anglican churchman, and later 
 a Roman Catholic; author of hymns marked by singular spirit- 
 uality and sweetness 42 177 
 
 Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (1814-73), a popular journalist and novel- 
 ist, among modern Irish novelists next in popularity to Charles 
 Lever « 43 333 
 
 Kaye, Sir John W. (1814-76), an eminent English soldier and ad- 
 ministrator in India, author of important histories and bio- 
 graphies relating to English rule in India 43 298 
 
 Colenso, John William (1814-83), an English missionary bishop in South 
 
 Africa, author of broadly radical studies of the Old Testament. 42 114 
 
 Eastwick, Edward B. (1814-83), an English Orientalist; author of 
 valuable works on East-Indian subjects, of translations from 
 Persian and Hindu, and of travels in Persia and Venezuela . 42 160 
 
 Crowe, Catherine (-1876), English author of a tragedy and of novels; 
 an ardent devotee of spiritualism and animal magnetism; the 
 < Night Side of Nature' her most notable work 42 125 
 
 Reade, Charles (1814-84), an able, scholarly, and powerful artist in 
 fiction; a sagacious humanitarian in striking at abuses; and in 
 his masterpiece, <The Cloister on the Hearth, > at the level of 
 the best painters of the life of the distant past. The Library 
 has thirty-six pages of fine examples 31 12103-48 
 
 De Vera, Aubrey Thomas (1S14-), Irish poet and political essayist, 
 
 author also of sketches of travel in Turkey and Greece 42 142 
 
 Gilbert, Josiah (1814-), an English artist and writer on art, since 
 
 1843 author of a variety of valuable art criticisms and studies. 42 216 
 
 Clarke, Hyde (1815-78), a scholarly writer in several fields, compiler 
 
 of an excellent abridged < English Dictionary > 42 in 
 
 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1815-81), an English Broad Church clergy- 
 man, best known as Dean of Westminster Abbey; author of 
 historical and other writings of a broadly liberal character 43 503 
 
 Trollope, Anthony (1815-82), a novelist who won the cordial praise 
 of Hawthorne for the fidelity of his pictures of common Eng- 
 lish life and character, and notably in the parliamentary and 
 the London life novels 37 15031-56 
 
 Metcalfe, Frederick (1815-85), an Enghsh Scandinavian scholar; au- 
 thor of sketches and studies of special Scandinavian interest, 
 and of a history of German literature 43 380 
 
 May, Sir Thomas Erskine (1815-86), an English historical writer, 
 author of works of great value on English constitutional his- 
 tory, on parliamentary law, and on democracy in Europe 43 374 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clv 
 
 Rawlinson, George (1815-), a noted English scholar and historical 
 writer, author of classical histories of the great Oriental na- 
 tions, of works on < Egypt and Phoenecia,> and (in part) of an- 
 notations to an edition of < Herodotus > 4 3 452 
 
 Robertson, Frederick W. (1816-53), a marvelously eloquent preacher 
 in the English church, notable for his new departure concep- 
 tion of Christianity as ethical and social, instead of dogmatic 
 and ecclesiastical 31 12305-14 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte (1816-55), with her sisters, Emily and Anne, one of 
 the most pathetic pictures in literature, — Charlotte a writer of 
 the keenest critical insight and artistic power, the author 
 of novels intensely real; Emily depicting degradation, as it 
 had fallen on their only brother, with a horror almost of dark 
 imagination ; and Anne reaching with feeble hand for the laurel 
 of literary success. The lyibrary tells the story of the sisters, 
 with seventeen pages of Charlotte's work, and eleven of 
 Emily's 6 2381-416 
 
 Smiles, Samuel (181 2-), an English writer, author of historical and 
 
 other studies and essays of extreme popular interest 43 496 
 
 Brooks, Charles Wm. Shirley (1816-74), humorist, novelist, editor of 
 
 Punch (1870-74) 42 76 
 
 Martin, Sir Theodore (1816-), an English poet; author of fine trans- 
 lations , and writer of biographies of Prince Albert, the Princess 
 Alice, and others 43 371 
 
 Bailey, Philip James (1816-), the author of <Festus,> a poem of 
 liberalism in religion, with passages showing rare genius, and 
 immensely successful when published 3 1243-52 
 
 Lewes, George Henry (1817-78), author of a < Life of Goethe,* a 
 < History of Philosophy,* and of works of research in biology 
 and psychology 23 9037-47 
 
 Taylor, Tom (1817-80), an English dramatist and humorist, editor of 
 Punch 1874-80, author of more than one hundred dramatic 
 pieces 43 517 
 
 Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817-94), an English traveler and archaeol- 
 ogist, the earliest originator of explorations which have resulted 
 in very extensive discoveries in Babylonia 43 330 
 
 Hooker, Sir Joseph D. (1817-), an eminent English scientist; the 
 naturalist of the famous expedition of Sir J. C. Ross ; author of 
 < Botany of the Antarctic Voyage* ; traveler in India (1847) and 
 explorer in Morocco (1871); botanical director at Kew Gardens 
 (1855-85) ; a notable promoter of Darwin's success 42 272 
 
 Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-), an English journalist and social 
 reformer, specially notable as an advocate of secularism, and 
 an expositor of the principles of cooperation 42 271 
 
 Neale, John Mason (1818-66), a notable English poet and church his- 
 torian; author of translations of Latin and Greek hymns which 
 are among the finest religious lyrics in the language, and of 
 valuable historical and hymnological studies 43 401 
 
Clvi ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Major, Richard Henry (1818-91), an eminent English historical and 
 biographical writer, particularly notable for studies in the his- 
 tory of Portuguese discovery under Prince Henry 43 363 
 
 Froude, James Anthony (1818-94), eminent English historian, origin- 
 ally turned from the church by coming to extreme liberal 
 views. The Library tells his story, and gives thirty-six pages 
 of examples 15 6059-100 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. Cecil F. (1818-95), Irish poet, writer of hymns and 
 
 religious poems " 42 12 
 
 Goldsmid, Sir Frederic (1818-), English military stafif officer, and au- 
 thor of important travels 42 223 
 
 Dasent, Sir George (1818-), English philologist and novelist, notable 
 as scholar in Norse languages, and translator of stories and 
 legends 42 132 
 
 Clough, Arthur Hugh (1819-61), a poet of the extreme liberalism 
 represented by Carlyle and Emerson, celebrated finely in the 
 Library by Professor Norton of Harvard, with fourteen pages 
 of representative poems 9 3821-42 
 
 Kingsley, Charles (1819-75), a broad liberal preacher, « Christian So- 
 cialist, >> and ardent humanitarian; author of brilliantly effective 
 novels, of an almost perfect fairy story, and of poems. The 
 Library has eighteen pages of examples 22 S61 1-32 
 
 Eliot, George (1819-80), the novelist, poet, and social philosopher, a 
 writer notable for rich sympathy and rare humor, in strenuous 
 ethical and humanitarian endeavor almost a woman-Socrates, 
 and a most effective painter of life and character in her novels. 
 The Library has an exceptionally valuable story by Charles 
 Waldstein, and thirty -five pages of examples 13 5359-420 
 
 Monier- Williams, Sir Monier (1819-), an English Orientalist; profes- 
 sor of Sanskrit at Oxford from i860; and author of grammars, 
 dictionaries, and editions of Sanskrit works, — also of extremely 
 valuable works for English readers in exposition of the poetry, 
 wisdom, history, religious thought, and life of India 43 387 
 
 Ruskin, John (1819-), a writer on art, nature as the ground of art, 
 and spiritual culture as the purpose of art, the richness of 
 whose thought, and perfection of whose literary art, have made 
 him a master-teacher to his generation. The library has forty- 
 six pages of examples. 32 1 2509-62 
 
 Blanchard, E. L. (1820-89), prolific popular author of grotesque-bur- 
 lesque < Christmas Pantomimes > 42 62 
 
 Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier (1820-90), a Canadian statesman of 
 note, author of popular poems and of prose sketches and stud- 
 ies 42 105 
 
 Tyndall, John (1820-93), a professor from 1853 to 1887 at the Royal 
 Institution, London; a most able manager of research, and unsur- 
 passed as a brilliant expositor of the results of research. The 
 Library gives, in eighteen pages, two most interesting examples 
 of story and exposition 37 1 5141-60 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clvii 
 
 Cavalcaselle, G. B. (1820-97), with J. A. Crowe, author of < History 
 of Painting in Italy, > < Early Flemish Painters, > and <Life of 
 Titian > 42 99 
 
 Grove, Sir George (1820-), an English editor and general writer of 
 distinction ; notable for his connection with musical matters, and 
 his great < Dictionary of Music and Musicians, A. D. i45o-i878,> 
 a work of vast and accurate learning 42 236 
 
 Dawson, Sir John W. (1820-), eminent geologist, Canadian university 
 
 professor, and author of valuable geological publications 42 135 
 
 Spencer, Herbert (1820-), the representative philosophic mind and 
 advanced thinker of modern England; author, since i860, of a 
 series of works embodying a comprehensive exposition of philos- 
 ophy based upon positive science; his distinction celebrated in 
 the Library by F. Howard Collins, in a story of twenty pages, 
 with twenty-four pages of examples 3 5 13707-50 
 
 Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-62), one of the great self-taught schol- 
 ars; author of studies in the history of civilization, the daring 
 originality, logical force, and literary quality of which gave the 
 volumes published a success only second to that of Macaulay's 
 
 < England > 6 2673-88 
 
 Dixon, W. H. (1821-79), an English biographer, historian, and critic; 
 
 author of < History of England During the Common wealth, > 
 
 < Personal History of Lord Bacon, > < William Penn,> and valu- 
 able historical and biographical studies 42 146 
 
 Burton, Sir Richard F. (1821-90), one of the famous explorers and 
 discoverers of the century; author of a great number of books 
 of travel, and of a very superior new translation of the < Arabian 
 Nights. > The Library has nineteen pages of very interesting 
 examples 7 2883-903 
 
 Baker, Samuel White (1821-93), a notable explorer, in Ceylon, and 
 in Africa ; discoverer of one of the head waters of the Nile, and 
 author of books of travel and discovery 3 1277-87 
 
 Locker-Lampson, Frederick (1821-95), a poet of aristocratic London, 
 but of fine taste, pure sentiment, and genuine human feeling; 
 author of < London Lyrics, > the perfection of humorous-pathetic 
 poetry. Mrs. Elizabeth Stoddard writes the story of this rare 
 singer, and the Library has ten pages of choice examples. . . .23 91 11-24 
 
 Russell, Sir William Howard (1821-), an English journalist; special 
 correspondent of the London Times in the Crimea, in India, in 
 the United States, and in the Franco-German war; author of 
 publications embodying his experiences 43 473, 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry (1822-88), an eminent university professor of law; 
 administrator in India; and author of books of research into 
 the history of law, of institutions, and of customs 24 9605-16 
 
 Arnold, Matthew (1822-88), eminent critic, essayist, and poet; an ex- 
 treme liberal thinker, especially representing new-departure 
 ideas in religion at Oxford. The Library has thirty pages of 
 
Clviii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 examples, and a very fine account of the great poet and thinker 
 
 by Professor Woodberry 2 844-85 
 
 Boucicault, Dion (1822-go), dramatist of distinction, and actor 42 69 
 
 Cupples, George (1822-91), a Scottish author of novels which show 
 genuine creative power, stories of the sea not second to any 
 ever written 10 4208-20 
 
 Morley, Henry (1822-94), an English physician, scholar, and professor 
 in London; editor of many important works; and author of ex- 
 tended and valuable contributions to the history of English 
 literature 43 391 
 
 Wallace, Alfred Russel (1822-), an eminent explorer and scientific ob- 
 server; originator at the same time as Darwin of a theory of 
 how evolution takes place ; author of expositions of the theory, 
 and of valuable books of exploration ; and an eminent spiritual- 
 ist 38 15517-30 
 
 Galton, Francis (1822-), a distinguished English anthropologist; au- 
 thor of travels, scientific studies, and sketches, a cousin of 
 Charles Darwin, author of several books devoted to thorough 
 study of the nature and laws of heredity 42 207 ; 1 5 6174-84 
 
 Cobbe, Frances Power (1822-), an English author of broadly human- 
 ist contributions to the study of religion and morals 42 113 
 
 Masson, David (1822-), an English editor and professor 1852-65, 
 Scottish university professor at Edinburgh from 1865, author 
 of a monumental history of Milton and his times 43 372 
 
 Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1823-90), an Efiglish economist, uni- 
 versity professor at Oxford, author of important works of great 
 research in the history of economics in England 43 464 
 
 Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823-92), one of the g^reatest of modern 
 masters of historical research and composition ; author of his- 
 tories, biographies, and essays, rich in learning, clear and pow- 
 erful in portrayal, and of great interest. The Library has 
 Professor Bach McMaster's full story of the great scholar's work, 
 and twenty pages of examples 15 5977-6001 
 
 Hind, John Russell (1823-96), an English astronomer of distinction, 
 
 author of important contributions to astronomical science 42 265 
 
 Hughes, Thomas (1823-96), a lawyer, advanced liberal in Parliament, 
 earnest humanitarian and socialist, author of stories of school 
 and college life, and biographer of Charles Kingsley 19 7695-708 
 
 Patmore, Coventry (1823-96), a poet and elegant prose-writer, not- 
 ably devoted to mystical themes and the interpretation of 
 spiritual facts. The Library gives thirteen pages of examples, 
 with Professor Francis Egan's story of the poet 28 iii 79-94 
 
 Smith, Goldwin (1823-), an Oxford university scholar and professor 
 of history; from 1868 an American professor of English his- 
 tory; at Toronto after 1871 ; author of several historical works, 
 biographies, essays, and studies; and an extreme liberal in 
 questions of faith 34 13537-55 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clix 
 
 Muller, Frederick Max (1823-), one of the most conspicuous and 
 influential of living Orientalists; editor of the Oxford Univer- 
 sity series, in forty -eight volumes, of <The Sacred Books of the 
 East ^ ; a translator and expositor of the < Veda ^ ; interpreter of the 
 culture of India ; author of studies of language and of religion ; 
 and a foremost advocate of extreme liberalism of religious 
 faith 26 10425-41 
 
 Arnold, Thomas (1823-), writer on English literature, and editor of 
 
 old English texts 42 26 
 
 Argyle, George Douglas Campbell, Duke of (1823-), English states- 
 man and eminent philosophical, scientific, and political writer. .42 23 
 
 Dobell, Sydney (1824-74), an ardent humanitarian thinker and poet, 
 of wide sympathies and vivid imagination, and unsurpassed in 
 descriptions of scenery 12 4733-40 
 
 Collins, William Wilkie (1824-89), the associate of Dickens in 
 Household Words, and author of novels peculiarly fascinating 
 as genuine good stories g 3879-900 
 
 Hamley, Sir E. B, (1824-93), a British general in the Crimean War; 
 professor of military history; author of war text-book,, and of 
 valuable historical studies 42 246 
 
 Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin) (1824-), an English physicist of 
 the greatest eminence, author of published papers and works 
 representing the highest advance of modern science 43 524 
 
 Macdonald, George (1824-), a Scottish Congregational preacher, who 
 turned to literature, and wrote a large number* of novels, 
 marked by broad humanity and religious liberalism 24 9455-72 
 
 Procter, Adelaide Anne (1825-64), author of <Lyrics> not exceeded 
 
 in popularity by Tennyson's poems 30 11849-52 
 
 Edersheim, Alfred (1825-89), a Jewish convert to Christianity, notable 
 for Rabbinical learning and as an interpreter of Jewish life 
 and thought in the time of Christ 13 5145-50 
 
 Woolner, Thomas (1825-92), an eminent English sculptor and poet, 
 
 author of several volumes of high quality 43 584 
 
 Huxley, Thomas (1825-95), natural history lecturer at the Royal 
 School of Mines, London, 1854-85; the greatest popular science 
 expositor of his time; a great master of research recorded in 
 four monumental volumes ; author of several volumes of Dar- 
 winian exposition, and of brilliant essays of criticism in the 
 field of Hebrew and Christian tradition. Professor Ray Lan- 
 kester's story is one of the richest chapters in the Library, and 
 there are twenty pages of examples i g 7805-34 
 
 Crowe, Joseph Archer (1825-96), eminent English journalist and 
 diplomat; author, with G. B. Cavalcaselle, of the < History of 
 Painting in Italy > (1864-71), and of other volumes on art sub- 
 jects 42 125 
 
 Brierley, B. (1825-), English author of Lancashire dialect stories . . . . 4 2 74 
 
 Stubbs, William (1825-), the ablest and most authoritative of writers 
 
 on English constitutional history 35 14139-54 
 
Clx ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Blackmore, Richard Doddridge (1825-), the author of < Lorna Doone,> 
 and of other novels rich in adventure and dramatic situations, 
 original and powerful in character-drawing, very strong in ap- 
 peals to sympathy, and studious of nature in field or farm or 
 moor or coast. The Library has a capital story and twenty- 
 six pages of examples 5 201 1-40 
 
 Bickersteth, E. H. (1825-), scholarly devotional poet, and compiler, 
 
 of Evangelical English < Hymnal > 42 58 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. (Annie Hector) (1825-), a prolific and popular Irish 
 
 novelist 42 12 
 
 Furnivall, Frederick James (1825-), an English historian of literature, 
 notable for studies and researches of gfreat value for accurate 
 knowledge of English literary history 42 205 
 
 Westcott, Brooke Foss (1825-), an English divine and biblical 
 scholar, editor of a Greek New Testament, and author of im- 
 portant biblical studies 43 569 
 
 Bagehot, Walter (1826-77), an eminent economist and essayist; an 
 editor of the < National Review > 1854-63; editor of <The Econ- 
 omist > 1860-77; author of < Lombard Street,* of < Physics and 
 Politics, > and of <The English Constitution > ; and in political 
 and economic thinking the foremost guide to whom students 
 can turn. The story in the Library by Forrest Morgan is most 
 interesting, and there are twenty-six pages of examples 3 1203-34 
 
 Buckland, Francis Trevelyan (1826-80), a physician and surgeon, an 
 adept in biology, government Inspector of Salmon Fisheries, 
 and author of valuable volumes devoted to popularizing sci- 
 ence 6 2661-72 
 
 Grant, Sir Alexander (1826-84), eminent English educator in India, 
 and later at Edinburgh; author of important classical transla- 
 tions and studies ... 4 2 229 
 
 Craik, Dinah Maria Mulock (1826-87), author of novels of high imag- 
 inative and dramatic quality, the best sort of English domestic 
 novels, full of good influence ; also writer of tales for the young, 
 and volumes of travels and poems i o 41 23-38 
 
 Hiles, Henry (1826-), an English organist, composer, and author; 
 professor at Owens College, Manchester ; and author of standard 
 musical works 42 264 
 
 Dufferin, Frederick, Earl of (1826-), eminent English statesman, au- 
 thor of valuable travels and historical studies 42 154 
 
 Hutton, Richard Holt (1826-97), an English editor and critic; chief con- 
 ductor for many years of the London Spectator; author of 
 valuable literary and biographical studies, essays, and sketches. . 42 280 
 
 Speke, John Hanning (1827-64), an English explorer, discoverer with 
 Burton of the great lakes of Central Africa, first explorer of 
 the origin of the Nile from those lakes, and author of reports 
 of exploration of great interest and value 43 501 
 
 Collins, Mortimer (1827-76), an English poet and novelist of true in- 
 spiration and wide popularity 42 115 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clxi 
 
 Wood, John George (1827-89), an English writer on natural history, 
 author of a series of interesting and valuable natural history- 
 works 43 583 
 
 Grant, James A. (1827-92), an English military officer and explorer, 
 
 author of works of exploration and discovery in Africa 42 229 
 
 Boldrewood, Rolf (1827-), Australian founder and author 42 66 
 
 Mivart, St. George (1827-), an English naturalist of distinction; uni- 
 versity professor in London and at Louvain, Belgium; author 
 of important studies in natural history and biology ; and notable 
 as an evolutionist who denies that evolution can explain the 
 human mind 43 385 
 
 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1828-82), one of the half dozen greatest poets 
 of the century ; supremely original and impressive in both 
 painting and poetry; author of < Dante and his Circle,^ a rich 
 volume of translations from early Italian poets ; and with Morris 
 and Swinburne a leader in Pre-Raphaelitism. The very inter- 
 esting story of the Library, by W. M. Payne, is followed by 
 nineteen pages of poems and sonnets 31 12411-34 
 
 AUingham, William (1828-89}, an Irish poet, essayist, and magazine 
 
 editor i 428-38 
 
 Oliphant, Mrs. Margaret (1828-97), author of some seventy romances, 
 of historical and critical essays, of several large biographies 
 and a number of short lives, and of volumes of literary and 
 other history; one of the most interesting writers of the cen- 
 tury, rich in beneficent influence, and notable for strong reten- 
 tion of religious faith. The Library has a rich story by Harriet 
 Preston, and twenty-one pages of examples 27 10819-44 
 
 Edwards, Henry Sutherland (1828-), an English descriptive writer; 
 author of travels in Russia, Turkey, and Central Europe, and 
 of biographies, essays, and novels 42 164 
 
 Meredith, George (182S-), a foremost novelist of the century; singfular 
 and striking in fiction as Robert Browning was in poetry; au- 
 thor of stories not for story interest, but as a study of men and 
 women and of ideas. The Library has twenty pages of ex- 
 amples 25 9915-40 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel R. (1829-), an eminent English historian; univer- 
 sity professor in London; author of extended works in English 
 history of the highest importance, and of valuable lesser books , 4 2 208 
 
 Duff, Mountstuart E. G. (1829-), an English statesman of experience 
 
 in India, notable for political studies and speeches 42 154 
 
 Brabourne, Lord (1829-93), an author of stories for children 42 71 
 
 Gilbert, John Thomas (1829-), an Irish historical writer, editor of 
 works embodied in the < Historic Literature of Ireland,> and 
 author of important Irish and Celtic studies 42 216 
 
 Kingsley, Henry (1830-76), an English novelist; author of a long list 
 of popular works in which the humorous strain contrasts for- 
 cibly with the intense ethical earnestness of the works of his 
 
 brother, Charles Kingsley 43 305 
 
 II 
 
Clxii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Rossetti, Christina Georgina (1830-94), the preeminent English poet 
 of mysticism, spiritual vision, and religious aspiration; re- 
 markable not less for purely artistic finish 31 12397-410 
 
 Ingelow, Jean (1830-97), a poet of homely life, intensely sympa- 
 thetic, and very popular 20 7968-81 
 
 McCarthy, Justin (1830-), an Irish parliamentary leader, author of 
 a most interesting story of England under Queen Victoria, 
 and writer of a large number of excellent novels 24 9440-54 
 
 Markham, Clements Robert (1830-), an English traveler, geographer, 
 and historian; author of important travels in India, Abyssinia, 
 and Peru . 43 368 
 
 GUnther, Albert Charles (1830-), an English-German ichthyologist, au- 
 thor of valuable contributions to natural history 42 240 
 
 Calverley, Charles Stuart (1831-84), an extraordinarily clever artist 
 
 in light verse, parodies, and translations from the Greek 7 3107-16 
 
 Lytton, Earl of («Owen Meredith ») (1831-91), author of <Lucile,> 
 a clever verse story, and < The Wanderer, > a volume of lyrics 
 marked by grace, music,, and sentiment 2 3 9348-56 
 
 Edwards, Amelia Blandford (1831-92), an English writer of good 
 
 novels, and author of extremely interesting works on Egypt... 4 2 163 
 
 Goschen, George J. (1831-), an English statesman of distinction; 
 Liberal-Unionist Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord 
 Salisbury , author of speeches, addresses, and books on import- 
 ant political and economical questions 42 226 
 
 Casgrain, Abbe Henry Raymond (1831-), a Canadian ecclesiastic and 
 professor, author of important historical works relating to 
 Canada 42 97 
 
 Farrar, Frederick William (1831-), an English preacher of distinction, 
 
 author of religious and historical works of wide popularity. . . 14 5627-40 
 
 Harrison, Frederic (1831-), a brilliant literary critic and essayist, 
 author of historical works, and the recognized English represen- 
 tative of Comtism 17 6975-84 
 
 * Carroll, Lewis >^ (1833-98), Rev. Charles L. Dodgson; author of 
 < Alice in Wonderland,' and other books of thoroughly and 
 vigorously witty nonsense-writing 8 3307-20 
 
 Arnold, Edwin (1832-), editor of the London Daily Telegraph; au- 
 thor of <The Light of Asia,' and other works in verse reflecting 
 Oriental song and story. The Library has a large variety of 
 choice examples 2 819-43 
 
 Stephen, Leslie (1832-), a distinguished English critic and literary 
 historian, of prominence as a literary and biographical editor, 
 and author of essays and historical biographies of great im- 
 portance for the history of English culture 43 505 
 
 Tylor, Edward Burnett (1832-), an English writer on the history of 
 primitive culture, author of works of the first importance for 
 the study of early human development 43 535 
 
 Brooke, Stopford A. (1832-), scholarly writer on English literature .. 4 2 76 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clxiii 
 
 Dicey, Edward (1832-), a journalist of distinction, author of valuable 
 
 books of travel and political observation 42 143 
 
 Gordon, Adam Lindsey (1833-70), an English- Australian poet, an Ox- 
 ford man, and popular writer of bush ballads and lyrics of the 
 antipodes 42 225 
 
 Fawcett, Henry (1833-84), an English publicist and statesman of dis- 
 tinction, author of valuable economic and social studies 42 181 
 
 Dixon, Richard Watson (1833-), an English poet and historian, au- 
 thor of an important < History of the Church of England* 42 146 
 
 Farjeon, Benjamin L. (1833-), an English journalist in Australia, and 
 later a novelist in London; author of a long series of success- 
 ful stories 42 180 
 
 Wolseley, Sir Garnet Joseph (1833-), an eminent English general; 
 author of technical military works, of a narrative of the War 
 with China, and of novels 43 582 
 
 Arnold, Arthur (1833-), English traveler, journalist, and publicist. . . .42 25 
 
 Edgar, John George (1834-64), English editor of Every Boy's Maga- 
 zine, and author of biographies and histories mainly for the 
 young 42 163 
 
 Hamerton, Philip Gilbert (1834-94), a trained and learned artist; 
 the founder, and for twenty-five years editor, of the Portfolio; 
 a most successful literary exponent of art to the public, and in 
 other literary work a most interesting and instructive essay- 
 ist 17 6875-90 
 
 Seeley, Sir John Robert (1834-95), an English historical scholar; uni- 
 versity professor at Cambridge; author of historical works of 
 g^eat importance, and of <Ecce Homo* and other religious 
 studies 43 488 
 
 Du Maurier, George (1834-96), a London comic journalist, chief con- 
 tributor of society sketches to Punch 1864-96, and the author 
 of < Trilby * 12 5041-63 
 
 Shorthouse, John Henry (1834-), a novelist of passionate mysticism, 
 
 of lofty idealism, marked by an exquisite style 34 13363-84 
 
 Morris, William (1834-96), a poet of distinction with Rossetti and 
 Swinburne, notable for stories told in verse, for a series of ro- 
 mances in prose and verse in the last seven years of his life, 
 and for superlatively good translations of Icelandic sagas, of 
 < Beowulf,* of the ^neid, and of the Odyssey. The Library 
 has an admirable story of the poet by W. Morton Payne, with 
 eighteen pages of examples 26 10337-59 
 
 Baring-Gould, Sabine (1834-), an English clergyman; author of 
 a large number of very readable books, including more than 
 thirty novels and tales 4 1529-42 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John (1834-), an eminent scholar in science; author of 
 researches of interest, and of books for general readers in sci- 
 ence 23 9279-84 
 
 Hare, Augustus J. C. (1834-), English descriptive writer; author of 
 
 observations in notable places in Italy, Spain, and France 42 248 
 
Clxiv ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Hazlitt, W. C. (1834-), an English author or editor of a large number 
 
 of works of special literary interest 42 255 
 
 Maudsley, Henry (1835-), an English physician, university professor 
 in London, editor of a Journal of Mental Science, and author 
 of important studies in mental pathology 43 374 
 
 Skeat, Walter William (183 5-), a distinguished English Anglo-Saxon 
 scholar, philologist, and lexicographer; university professor at 
 Cambridge; editor of works of extreme importance for the his- 
 tory of early English literature 43 495 
 
 Garnett, Richard (1835-), an English librarian, editor, and poet; 
 author of biographies, studies, and poems; and editor of the 
 works of various English authors 42 209 
 
 Holland, Thomas Erskine (1835-), an English jurist, university pro- 
 fessor at Oxford of international law, author of a monumental 
 work on < The Elements of Jurisprudence > 42 270 
 
 Grant, George Monroe (1835-), a Canadian educator, periodical writer, 
 
 and author of valuable Canadian studies 42 229 
 
 Austin, Alfred (1835-), an English poet, critic, and journalist; poet 
 
 laureate since 1 896 42 30 
 
 Mulhall, Michael G. (1836-), an Irish journalist of Buenos Ayres, 
 South America, from 1861 ; author of works of great value on 
 the statistics of the world, and of a < Handbook of the River 
 Plata > 43 394 
 
 Wright, William Aldis (1836-), an eminent English scholar and 
 Shakespeare editor; author of a large number of important 
 contributions to historical and literary study ; and co-editor, with 
 W. Clark, of the very valuable * Cambridge Shakespeare* 43 586 
 
 Lockyer, Joseph Norman (1836-), an English science editor, physi- 
 cist, and writer on astronomy; author of valuable studies of 
 astronomy in Egypt, of the use of the Spectroscope, and of 
 Solar Physics 43 347 
 
 Gould, Robert Freeke (1836-), an eminent English Freemason; 
 author of an important < History of Freemasonry, > and of other 
 works of specially Masonic interest 42 228 
 
 Gilbert, Wm. S. (1836-), author of <The Bab Ballads,* and of 
 librettos of <Pinafore,> <The Mikado, > and other comic operas. 
 The Library gives thirteen pages of capital ballads as ex- 
 amples 16 6333-46 
 
 Green, Thomas Hill (1836-82), an Oxford thinker of very great ability, 
 turned from service in the church by extreme liberalism, and 
 notable for his brilliant instruction in moral philosophy 17 6683-90 
 
 Green, John Richard (1837-83), author of <A Short History of the 
 English People, > and of other studies in English history — the 
 most readable works on the subject. The Library has eighteen 
 pages of examples 17 6663-82 
 
 Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837-), the survivor in 1898 of the 
 six greatest Victorian poets ; a dramatist far superior to the best 
 of his fellows; not second to any of them in lyrics and songs; 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clxv 
 
 in a group of special songs the supreme English poet of 
 childhood; and author in prose of a body of literary criticisms 
 of the highest value. Mr. Payne's finely appreciative story in 
 the Library is followed by thirty-five pages of examples. ..36 14289-328 
 
 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth (1837-), the author of < Lady Audley's 
 Secret,* < Aurora Floyd,* and of some sixty other novels, of 
 which her < Mohawks,* a semi-historical melodrama, is perhaps 
 the best 5 2279-98 
 
 Burnand, Francis Cowley (1837-), English humorist, since 1880 
 
 editor of Punch 42 84 
 
 Murray, James A. H. (1837-), a British lexicographer; author of 
 various philological studies; and notable since 1888 as the chief 
 editor of < A New English Dictionary,* designed «not to dictate 
 to usage, but to record usage ** 43 398 
 
 Giffen, Sir Robert (1837-), ^^ eminent English economic and finan- 
 cial writer and editor; founder of the Statist; and author of re- 
 ports, essays, and papers which have given him a high rank . .42 216 
 
 Trevelyan, Sir George O. (1838-), an English junior statesman and 
 historical writer ; author of < Lives * of Macaulay, and of Charles 
 James Fox 43 532 
 
 Sidgwick, Henry (1838-), an English philosophical and economic 
 writer; university professor at Cambridge; author of valuable 
 ethical, economic, and political studies 43 494 
 
 Douglas, Robert K. (1838-), an English educator, librarian, and pro- 
 fessor; author of valuable contributions to our knowledge of 
 Chinese literature 42 1 50 
 
 Forbes, Archibald (1838-), a British journalist and war correspond- 
 ent, author of volumes of travel and observation of special in- 
 terest for the history of the time 42 194 
 
 Besant, Walter (1838-), author with James Rice of a brilliant series 
 of novels in 1871-82, and from the last date a prolific independ- 
 ent author of fascinating stories and tales 4 1837-51 
 
 Bryce, James (1838-), an original and accurate historical scholar; 
 author of <The Holy Roman Empire,* and of <The American 
 Commonwealth * 6 2643-60 
 
 Lecky, Wm. E. H, (1838-), author of a < History of the Rise and 
 Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe,* a < History of 
 European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,* and of the 
 < History of England in the Eighteenth Century* — works not 
 second to any, in the field of history, which the century has pro- 
 duced 22 8929-51 
 
 Morley, John (1838-), editor of the Fortnightly Review, 1867-82; mem- 
 ber of Parliament from 1883 ; and author of biographies, essays, 
 and criticisms of high value 26 10323-36 
 
 Ritchie, Anne Thackeray (1838-), author of very choice novels, of 
 richly interesting reminiscences, and of short stories, sketches, 
 and a biography of Madame de Sevigne 31 12273-94 
 
Clxvi ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 Mahaffy, John P. (1839-), ^ conspicuous Greek scholar and historian, 
 who has taken special interest in the social side of Greek life 
 and the later stages of Greek history 24 9569-79 
 
 Pater, Walter (1839-94), a critic of art and of literature, in whom a 
 Greek spirit and an English imagination united to make a 
 writer of singular charm and power 28 11157-78 
 
 Palmer, Edward Henry (1840-82), an English Orientalist of distinction; 
 author of Arabic and Persian grammars, and of translations, 
 including an English version of the Koran of Mohammed 43 415 
 
 Symonds, John Addington (1840-93), one of the ablest critics and 
 essayists ; most thorough scholar, in the story of culture, ancient 
 or modern; and interesting historian of intellectual develop- 
 ments, to whom the student can turn 36 14337-68 
 
 Ball, Sir Robert S. (1840-), eminent British author of scientific works 
 
 and popular books on astronomy 42 39 
 
 Broughton, Rhoda (1840-), a popular English novelist 42 77 
 
 Hunter, Sir W. W. (1840-), an eminent English scholar in the history 
 and condition of India ; author of works, both larger and smaller, 
 embodying the most extensive and accurate knowledge of the 
 Indian people, and of English rule in India 42 279 
 
 Dobson, Austin (1840-), author of exceptionally perfect light verse, of 
 valuable literary biographies and introductions, and of essays 
 and studies of fascinating interest 12 4741-56 
 
 Rhys, John (1840-) a Welsh philologist, professor of Celtic in Oxford 
 since 1877, and author of studies in Welsh literature and tradi- 
 tion 43 456 
 
 Hardy, Thomas (1840-), an author of a long series of novels character- 
 ized by intense realism of life, of rural life especially, and of 
 nature. The Library has twenty-two pages of examples 17 6933-60 
 
 Ouida (Louise de la Ram6e) (1840-), a prolific writer of popular 
 novels, marked by poetic feeling, literary art, tender romance, 
 and intense distaste for rank which is not genuine. The Li- 
 brary has an excellent story, and twenty-seven pages of ex- 
 amples .... .27 10885-914 
 
 Ewing, Juliana Horatia (1841-85), an extremely popular English au- 
 thor of stories for children 42 176 
 
 Buchanan, Robert Williams (1841-), Engli-sh poet, novelist, and 
 
 critic 42 80 
 
 Black, William (1841-), an eminently popular novelist, notable espe- 
 cially for the use which he makes of Highland Scotch scenery 
 and character. The Library has twenty-four pages of ex- 
 amples 5 1983-2010 
 
 Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus (1842-85), a notable English military 
 
 author of travels 42 83 
 
 Payne, John (1842-), an English poet and profound Oriental scholar; 
 author of poems, studies, and translations which have given 
 him great distinction 43 420 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clxvii 
 
 Reid, Thomas Wemyss (1842-), an English journalist, reviewer, and 
 essayist; author of sketches, biographies, and studies of excep- 
 tional importance 43 454 
 
 Doudney, Sarah (1842-), a prolific and very popular English writer of 
 
 fiction, chiefly stories for girls 42 150 
 
 Hyndman, Henry Mayers (1842-), an English journalist and socialistic 
 leader; author of expositions of socialism, and of important 
 studies of the times 42 28 1 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles W. (1843-), eminent English statesman and political 
 
 writer, author of important historical and economic studies. ,42 145 
 
 Davids, T. W. Rhys (1843-), English scholar, university professor, and 
 
 publicist; author of most important works on Buddhism 42 133 
 
 Heath, Francis George (1843-), an English botanist,' author of works 
 
 on agricultural subjects 42 256 
 
 Dowden, Edward (1843-), a professor of English literature at the 
 University of Dublin; author of essays and criticisms, and of 
 works most helpful in aid of the study of Shakespeare 12 4806-14 
 
 Myers, Frederic W. H. (1843-), a literary critic and essayist of most 
 original and suggestive character, at once a man of faith and 
 a master of the new spirit, a sincere idealist yet strongly hope- 
 ful of science. 26 10511-21 
 
 Lang, Andrew (1844-), a Scotch author in London of light verse, 
 of wholesome and enjoyable fiction, of translations of fairy 
 tales and of Greek poets, and of most entertaining miscellane- 
 ous papers .22 8880-90 
 
 Russell, William Clark (1844-), a writer of novels of sea -life, not- 
 able for splendid word-painting, and the chief story-teller in 
 this line 32 12563-82 
 
 Fyffe, Charles Alan (1845-92), a notable English newspaper corre- 
 spondent; author of valuable historical works, including an im- 
 portant history of Europe from 1792 to 1878 42 206 
 
 Colvin, Sidney (1S45-), an English critic, professor of fine arts, and 
 
 author of writings on artists and poets 42 116 
 
 Lucy, Henry W. (1845-), an English journalist of distinction ; author 
 of books based on his observation and reports of the doings of 
 Parliament, and of other studies of the time's 43 352 
 
 Driver, Samuel Rolles (1846-), English educator, eminent Hebraist, 
 university professor at Oxford, and author of biblical works 
 of great importance 42 152 
 
 Sayce, Archibald Henry (1846-), an eminent English Orientalist and 
 philologist; author of a large number of works dealing with the 
 literature, religion, languages, and life of the Babylonians, As- 
 syrians, Hebrews, and other natives of the great region extend- 
 ♦ ing east from the Mediterranean to Persia 43 481 
 
 Zimmern, Helen (1846-), a German-English author of stories, essays, 
 
 and biographies of Lessing and Schopenhauer 43 597 
 
 Blind, Mathilde (1847-96), author of biographies of George Eliot and 
 Madame Roland, of < Tarantella > and other novels, of essays 
 
Clxviii ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 and reviews, and of several volumes of verse, of which one is 
 
 a poetical treatment of the idea of Evolution 5 2075-88 
 
 Baden-Powell, Sir George S. (1847-), English publicist and political 
 
 writer, author of works on Australia and India 42 35 
 
 Lankester, Edwin Ray (1847-), ^^ eminent English scientist, uni- 
 versity professor at Oxford, among the first of living author- 
 ities in biology and physiology, and author of a large number 
 of contributions to recent science 43 326 
 
 Norris, William Edward (1847-), a writer since 1877 of novels marked 
 by healthy good-humor, unaffected sentiment, and a pure, re- 
 fined, scholarly style, in the manner of Thackeray 27 10685-706 
 
 Jefferies, Richard (1848-87), a prose-poet; a remarkable master of the 
 study and praise or nature, of birds, flowers and trees; author 
 of essays and of stories and sketches 20 8215-28 
 
 Allen, Grant ( 1 848-), author of novels and popular essays, and of a 
 
 minor < Life of Charles Darwin > i 399-408 
 
 Balfour, Arthur James (1848-), a conspicuous junior statesman under 
 his uncle. Lord Salisbury; author of books of importance in 
 the literature of new inquiry in philosophy and religion 3 1287-304 
 
 Heaton, John Henniker (1848-), an English journalist and publicist, 
 
 author of important Australian studies 42 256 
 
 Gosse, Edmund (1849-), a writer of elegant verse ; an essayist of com- 
 prehensive culture, picturesque style, and catholic sympathy; 
 and author of a series of literary histories 16 6565-70 
 
 Henley, W. E. (1849-), an author of a few small volumes of poetry 
 and essays, representative of a wide range of study and 
 thought, and marked by striking originality, finish, and musical 
 quality 18 7236-40 
 
 Mallock, William H. (1849-), author of two volumes of poems, of a 
 translation of Lucretius, of volumes of essays on social topics, 
 of novels marked by sentimentalism, character sketches, and 
 epigram, and of works of satirical criticism of life, culture, 
 faith, and philosophy 24 9623-44 
 
 Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850-94), one of the most strikingly orig- 
 inal and interesting novelists of the century, and author of 
 poems, of essays, and of stories of travel, marked by rare liter- 
 ary quality. The library has forty-two pages of examples, 
 poetry and prose, with a finely appreciative story by Robert 
 Bridges 35 13927-76 
 
 Birrell, Augustine (1850-), author of < Obiter Dicta > and other vol- 
 umes of most readable and interesting essays and lectures. The 
 Library gives twenty-eight pages of examples. 4 1898-928 
 
 Watson, John (1850-), the « Ian Maclaren» of <The Bonnie Brier 
 Bush> and other volumes of rare story, and of religious teach- 
 ing very broadly liberal 38 15692-704 
 
 Drummond, Henry (1851-97), author of < Tropical Africa,* and of 
 essays and lectures on scientific, sociological, and religious sub- 
 jects 12 4897-912 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE clxix 
 
 Ward, Mrs. Humphry {1851-), a niece of Matthew Arnold; a highly 
 gifted and accomplished woman; author of novels representing 
 religious, social, economic, or political interests, and especially 
 notable for the place given to women in modern life 38 15641-64 
 
 Adams, W. D. (1851-), an English journalist and critic, author of works 
 
 on English literature 42 5 
 
 Reeves, Helen B. (1852-), an English novelist, author of a long series 
 
 of extremely popular stories treating of English domestic life. .43 453 
 
 Petrie, W. M. Flinders (1853-), a celebrated English Egyptologist, 
 author of numerous researches and reports of discoveries from 
 the monuments 43 426 
 
 Caine, Thomas Henry Hall (1853-), author since 1885 of several 
 
 markedly powerful and successful novels 7 3067-70 
 
 Lane-Poole, Stanley (1854-), ^^ English historical and archaeological 
 writer of great learning in mediaeval and ancient history; 
 author of works on Arabia, Egypt, and Moorish Spain 43 325 
 
 Watson, William (1856-), a new English poet of commanding intel- 
 lectual power, intense and strenuous ethical passion, and the 
 finest sense of beauty and art; a singer of national distinction 
 and world-wide fame 38 15705-16 
 
 Robinson, Agnes Mary Frances (1857-), ^^ author of genuine and 
 beautiful poetry of culture, of biographies, essays, and a novel, 
 and, as Mrs. James Darmesteter, of several works in French. 31 12315-19 
 
 Doyle, A. Conan (1859-), ^^ author of historical romances, and of 
 detective stories of extraordinary excellence and great popu- 
 larity. The Library has twenty -three pages of examples . ..12 481 5.-39 
 
 Woods, Margaret L. (1859-), a daughter of Dean Bradley of West- 
 minister Abbey, and wife of the president of Trinity College, 
 Oxford ; author of novels marked by intense realism and high 
 imaginative power 39 161 53-64 
 
 Barrie, James Matthew (i860-), author of <A Window in Thrums > 
 and other novels of most admirable quality and power, as 
 stories and as studies of Scotch life and character. The Li- 
 brary has thirty-three pages of examples 4 1571-606 
 
 Roberts, Charles G. D. (i860-), a British Canadian author of poems 
 of fine quality and rare charm, of short stories unique in ex- 
 cellence, and of an Accadian historical romance of rare realistic 
 interest 31 12295-304 
 
 Parker, Gilbert (1861-), an author of novels of modern Canadian life 
 executed after an ideal of beautiful and vigorous romance, such 
 as the greatest novelists have followed. The Library has a 
 full story, and twenty-three pages of examples 28 1 1047-72 
 
 Lampman, Archibald (1861-), a Canadian poet, contributor of verse 
 to literary papers and magazines, and author of collections and 
 poems which rank him among the strongest of American singers. 43 323 
 
 Quiller-Couch, A. T, (1863-), a journalist, essayist, and novelist, 
 affiliating in his novels and short tales with Barrie and Steven- 
 son, and notable for depicting Cornish scenes and life 30 11947-60 
 
clxx SCOTCH LITERATURE 
 
 Schreiner, Olive (1863-), author of a boldly original and immensely 
 successful novel of South African life, and of other very re- 
 markable books of South African interest 33 12957-73 
 
 Kipling, Rudyard (1865-) a story-teller and poet of splendid origin- 
 ality, force, and literary power. The Library has a full story 
 of his genius and work, and twenty-seven pages of examples. 2 2 8633-64 
 
 Le Gallienne, Richard (1866-), a London journalist, poet, and essayist 
 
 of repute 22 8957-62 
 
 Shorter, Clement King, an English journalist of distinction, author 
 of works of importance for the history of literature under Vic- 
 toria 43 494 
 
 Arnold, Edwin L.. an English novelist and writer of travels, son of 
 
 Sir Edwin Arnold 42 26 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Scotch Literature departs in part only from English; and 
 to some extent its representatives fall inevitably into the English 
 list, and must be looked for there. Of other names, given below, 
 some largely represent both English and Scotch letters. 
 
 Barbour, John (1316-95), one of the most ancient poets of Scotland, 
 
 author of the great epic < Telling the Story of Robert Bruce >. .42 42 
 
 Douglas, Gavin (1474-1522), a Scotch poet, translator of Virgil's 
 ^neid, and a great figure among the ancient bards of Scot- 
 land 42 1 50 
 
 Wedderburn, James (1500-64), a Scotch psalmodist; author, with his 
 brother Robert, of the principal psalm-book used in Scotland ; 
 and the reputed author of « the only classic work in old Scottish 
 prose » 43 566 
 
 Knox, John (1505-72), the great Scotch reformer, author of an 
 extreme rigid type of doctrine and piety, and one of the power- 
 ful men and preachers of the Reformation age 43 310 
 
 Hutcheson, Francis (1694-1746), a Scotch educator and philosopher, 
 university professor in Glasgow, author of works which con- 
 stitute him one of the founders of modern philosophy in Scot- 
 land 42 280 
 
 Reid, Thomas (1710-96), a Scotch author of intellectual and moral 
 philosophy, university professor at Glasgow, and author of sev- 
 eral works of striking interest and importance from the point 
 of view of « common sense >> 43 454 
 
 Monboddo, James Burnet, Lord (1714-99), a distinguished Scotch 
 judge, and writer on language and metaphysics ; author of works 
 upholding the theory that the human race was developed from 
 the higher apes 43 387 
 
 Blair, Hugh (17 18-1800), a Scotch educational writer and preacher . . .42 62 
 
SCOTCH LITERATURE clxxi 
 
 Home, John (1722-1808), a Scotch dramatist who met with great suc- 
 cess in London, and wrote a < History of the Rebellion in 
 Scotland in 1755-56 > 42 271 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir David (1726-92), a Scotch jurist of distinction, author of 
 
 < Annals of Scotland to the Accession of the House of Stewart >. .42 130 
 
 Chalmers, George (1742-1S25), a Scottish-American, in Baltimore from 
 
 1763, author of writings opposing the American Revolution. . . .42 loi 
 
 Barnard, Lady Ann (1750-1825), Scotch author of <Auld Robin Gray,> 
 
 and other poems 42 43 
 
 Stewart, Dugald (1753-1828), a distinguished Scotch philosophical 
 writer, author of works of importance in the development of 
 English philosophy after Berkeley and Hume 43 507 
 
 Mackintosh, Sir James (1765-1832), a famous Scottish philosopher, 
 lawyer, and public official ; author of historical, biographical, and 
 philosophical studies of great weight and interest 43 360 
 
 Balfour, Alexander (1767-1829), a Scotch poet and novelist 42 38 
 
 Park, Mungo (1771-1806), a celebrated Scottish traveler, explorer in 
 
 Africa, and author of < Travels in the Interior of Africa^ 43 416 
 
 Jeffrey, Francis (1773-1850), a famous Scottish reviewer, one of the 
 founders of the Edinburgh Review, and author of a large body 
 of critical studies 42 289 
 
 Boswell, Sir Alexander (i 775-1822), a popular Scottish poet and an- 
 tiquary 42 68 
 
 Murray, Hugh (1779-1846), a Scottish magazine editor; author of his- 
 tories of discovery and travel in Africa, Asia, and North Amer- 
 ica, and of a body of geographical works of great importance ..43 398 
 
 Chalmers, Thomas (1780-1847), Scotch pulpit orator and social re- 
 former, author of important works 42 loi 
 
 Somerville, Mary (1780-1872), a Scottish scientist of very great dis- 
 tinction in mathematical and astronomical science, and in 
 physics 43 499 
 
 Cunningham, Allan (i 784-1 842), a Scottish poet, author of a < Critical 
 , History of the Literature of the Last Fifty Years,> which drew 
 
 praise from Sir Walter Scott 42 126 
 
 Wilson, John (1785-1854), a celebrated Scotch reviewer, editor, and 
 essayist, university professor at Edinburgh, for many years head 
 of Blackwood's Magazine, and author of works of notable liter- 
 ary interest 43 578 
 
 Combe, George (1788- 18 58), a noted Scotch author of phrenological 
 
 writings, and of a volume of American travels 42 116 
 
 McCulloch, John Ramsay (i 789-1 864), a famous Scottish statistician 
 and political economist, professor of political economy at Uni- 
 versity College, London ; a journalist and reviewer of distinc- 
 tion ; author of < Principles of Political Economy > and < Dictionary 
 of Commerce > ; editor of the writings of Adam Smith and Ri- 
 cardo, and author of a life of the former 43 358 
 
 Alison, Sir A. (i792-i867), a Scottish historian, author of < History of 
 
 Europe' from 1789 to 1815 42 14 
 
Clxxii SCOTCH LITERATURE 
 
 Murchison, Sir Roderick (i 792-1 871), an eminent Scottish geologist, 
 at the head of geological science in his day in London, and au- 
 thor of writings of great value 43 397 
 
 Chambers, Robert (1802-71), an eminent Scotch publisher; with his 
 brother William originator of < Chambers's Encyclopaedia > ; and 
 author of < Vestiges of Creation > 42 loi 
 
 Aird, Thomas (1802-76), a Scottish essayist and poet, notable for delin- 
 eation of Scottish character 42 8 
 
 Ballantine, James (1808-77), a Scotch artist and poet 42 39 
 
 Fergusson, James (1808-86), a celebrated Scotch writer on architec- 
 ture; author of travels, of art studies, and of a monumental 
 < History of Architecture in All Countries > 42 183 
 
 Bonar, Horatius (1808-89), a Scotch religious writer and author of 
 
 hymns 42 67 
 
 Blackie, John Stuart (1809-95), an eminent Scottish educator, scholar, 
 
 writer, and humanist 42 6r 
 
 Wilson, Sir Daniel (1816-92), a Scotch-Canadian educator and archae- 
 ologist, university president at Toronto from 1881, author of 
 historical and prehistoric studies of great value 43 578 
 
 Bain, Alexander (1818-), a distinguished Scotch philosophical writer, 
 professor of natural philosophy at Glasgow, and author of im- 
 portant works advocating Spencerian philosophy and physiolog- 
 ical psychology 42 37 
 
 Shairp, John Campbell (1819-85), a Scotch essayist, critic, and poet; 
 author of valuable studies in history, poetry, philosophy, and 
 religion 43 491 
 
 Fraser, Alexander Campbell (1819-), a Scotch writer and lecturer on 
 philosophy and logic, university professor at Edinburgh, and 
 author of important biographies and essays 42 200 
 
 Muir, Sir William (1819-), a distinguished Orientalist; public official 
 in India; principal from 1885 of the University of Edinburgh; 
 and author of works of great interest on the life of Moham- 
 med, and the history of Mohammedanism 43 394 ^ 
 
 TuUoch, John (1823-86), a Scottish educator; religious and historical 
 writer; author of a considerable series of religious studies and 
 criticisms, and of historical sketches and essays 43 534 
 
 Ballantyne, Robert M. (1825-94), a popular Scotch writer of stories 
 
 for boys 42 39 
 
 Stewart, Balfour (1828-87), a Scotch physicist of distinction, one of 
 the founders of spectrum analysis, and author of important 
 works on physics 43 506 
 
 Gairdner, James (1828-), a Scotch historical writer, author of a valu- 
 able series of English history volumes 42 206 
 
 Calderwood, Henry (1830-), a Scotch philosophical writer, author of 
 
 works controverting the doctrines of Sir William Hamilton .... 4 2 88 
 
 (yeikie, Archibald (1835-) ; James (1839-), Scotch geologists and scien- 
 tific writers, authors of works of great importance for the 
 complete story of geology 42 212 
 
SCOTCH— TAHITI AN LITERATURE clxxiii 
 
 Smith, William Robertson (1846-94), an eminent Scotch scholar and 
 Orientalist, a notable representative of advanced learning and 
 opinion in biblical study, university professor of Arabic at 
 Cambridge, author of studies of great importance for knowledge 
 of Semitic culture 43 499 
 
 Geddes, Patrick (1854-), a Scotch botanist and university professor, 
 author of numerous and interesting scientific studies, and origi- 
 nator at Edinburgh of a great scheme of university and social 
 reform 42 211 
 
 Archer, William (1856-), a Scotch- English dramatic critic; author of 
 
 books on the drama, and translations of Ibsen's writings 42 23 
 
 Tahitian Literature comes into notice in the Library through 
 a very interesting account, by Mr. John La Farge, of * The Teva 
 Poets: A Poetic Family in Tahiti.^ Mr. La Farge gives exam- 
 ples of this youngest and most remote of the literatures of the 
 world (Vol. XXXVI, 14389-98), the origin and evolution of which con- 
 nect it with English literature. 
 
Clxxiv AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 American Literature of high definitive character begins with 
 names of unsurpassed eminence in the history of thought, of 
 statesmanship, and of world-changes; the earliest grand notes 
 of utterance, <* heard round the world,'* the thinking of Jonathan 
 Edwards and the science of Benjamin Franklin, falling in the 
 third decade* of the eighteenth century; but earlier lines connect 
 back to the England of Shakespeare and Cromwell, and present 
 names of no small note for the English-American planting of 
 culture and commonwealth, from which grew the large fruit 
 of learning and letters now known as American literature. 
 
 Ward, Nathaniel (1578-1653), an English-American clergyman and 
 lawyer; author of the first code of laws established in New 
 England, known as the < Body of Liberties > 43 561 
 
 Cotton, John (1585-1652), a Puritan divine, one of the founders of 
 Boston in New England, author of a large number of religious 
 writings 42 122 
 
 Hooker, Thomas (1586-1647), an American founder of the colony of 
 
 Puritans at Hartford in New England, author of religious writings .42 272 
 
 Winthrop, Governor John (i 587-1649), the first colonial governor of 
 Massachusetts ; author of a history of New England from 1630-49, 
 and of other writings of extreme historical interest 43 580 
 
 Bradford, William (1588-1657). a notable leader of the Pilgrim Fathers 
 
 in the years 1602-57, ^^^ author of their history to 1647 4 2 72 
 
 Wheelwright, John (i 592-1679), an early American religionist; a class- 
 mate in study of Oliver Cromwell at Cambridge, England ; one of 
 the new belief malcontents in Boston, Massachusetts ; and author 
 of controversial writings 43 570 
 
 Winslow, Ed-ward (1595-1655), one of the most eminent lay leaders of 
 the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth in New England, author of 
 writings of great importance for their history 43 579 
 
 Davenport, John (i 597-1670), Puritan divine, one of the founders of 
 
 the colony of New Haven 42 133 
 
 *To count decades and centuries accurately it is only necessary to remember how the 
 figures must, of necessity, run. Thus i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 counts a decade ; 11-20 the next 
 decade, 21-30 the next, 31-40 the next, and so on. In the same way i-ioo counts a century, 
 101-200 the second century, 201-300 the third century, 1701-1800 the eighteenth century, and 
 1801-1900 the nineteenth century. The twentieth century will run 1901-2000. Ninety-nine 
 years under the number of the first year of the passing century and one year under the next 
 number fall into any century. The thirtieth century, for instance, will have ninety-nine 
 years under 29 and one under 30, 2901-3000. This gjiving the one year of any figure to the 
 previous figure seems puzzling, but so the facts make perfectly plain. There is no way to get 
 a century w^ithout taking 100 as its last year. This makes loi the next century's first year. 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxV 
 
 Williams, Roger (1600-84), an American anti-Puritan founder of Rhode 
 Island, author of important writings reflecting the state of things 
 in early New England 43 5177 
 
 Eliot, John (1604-90), a celebrated Puritan educator, author of an Indian 
 
 version of the Bible 42 166 
 
 Steendam, Jacob (1616-?), a Dutch- American author, known to have 
 lived in New Netherlands (later New York) in 1632-62; author 
 of a small volume of verse descriptive of life in the colony ; the 
 first poet of New York 43 505 
 
 Hubbard, William (1621-1704), an American founder in Massachusetts, 
 author of works of special interest and importance for the 
 early history of New England 42 277 
 
 Wiggles-worth, Michael (1631-1705), an early American divine and 
 
 poet, famous for his poem *■ The Day of Doom^ 43 574 
 
 Mather, Increase (1639-1723), an early New England Puritan divine, 
 president of Harvard 1685-1701, author of a large number of 
 publications 43 373 
 
 Calef, Robert (1648-1719), an American author of satires on the early 
 
 New England belief in spiritism and witchcraft 42 88 
 
 Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730), an American Puritan jurist, the judge 
 prominent in the Salem Witchcraft trials, and of great note 
 for his < Diary > and < Letters > 43 490 
 
 Mather, Cotton (1663-1728), a famous American Puritan divine, a 
 prolific writer of books, of which the <Magnalia> is the best 
 known 43 373 
 
 Bartram, John (1699-1777), the "father of American botany,» termed 
 
 by Linnaeus the greatest natural botanist in the world 42 45 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan (1703-58), a famous preacher, revivalist, and meta- 
 physician, at Northampton, Mass., and in his very last days 
 president of the college at Princeton, N. J 13 5175-88 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin (1706-90), a journalist -printer, philosopher, scientist, 
 statesman, and diplomat. The Library has a story in thirteen 
 pages and twenty -six pages of examples 15 5925-63 
 
 Ames, Nathaniel (1708-64), an American physician and humorist, au- 
 thor of a popular < Astronomical Diary and Almanac > 42 17 
 
 Bellamy, Joseph (1719-90), an American educator and religious writer. 4 2 52 
 
 Woolman, John (1720-72), a Quaker preacher and anti-slavery writer; 
 author of the earliest protest published in America against the 
 slave trade, and of important humanitarian and religious writings. 4 3 584 
 
 Witherspoon, John (1722-94), an American divine and educator; 
 president of Princeton College from 1768; member, for six years, 
 of the Continental Congress; author of important patriotic and 
 other writings 43 581 
 
 Thomson, Charles (1729-1824), an American publicist and patriot, 
 the first secretary of the Continental Congress (1774-79), author 
 of some writings of note 43 524 
 
 Washington, George (1732-99), America's most famous man, the 
 soldier of the American Revolution, the statesman of the Con- 
 
clxxvi AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 stitution of the United States, and first President 1789-97. The 
 Library gives the whole of his Farewell Address 38 15665-82 
 
 Dickinson, John (i 732-1 808), a patriot statesman, and political writer 
 
 of the American Revolution ; author of state papers 42 144 
 
 Adams, John (1735-1826), eminent statesman, diplomat, and President, 
 
 I 126-33 ; Mrs. Adams i 84-109 
 
 Henry, Patrick (1736-99), Virginia's most celebrated orator at the out- 
 break of the American Revolution 18 7241-46 
 
 Allen, Ethan (1737-89), a notable American Revolutionary soldier, 
 
 author of an exposition of extreme rationalism 42 14 
 
 Paine, Thomas (1737-1809), a foremost promoter of the American 
 Revolution by political pamphlets, and a writer later of works 
 of extreme free thought 28 10975-87 
 
 Boudinot, Elias (1740-1821), Revolutionary patriot and religious writer. 42 69 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas (i 743-1 826), the author of the American Declara- 
 tion of Independence, minister to France, Secretary of State, 
 President of the United States (1801-09), and a most prolific 
 writer, influential upon later American development 21 8229-56 
 
 Hicks, Elias (i 748-1 830), a famous American Quaker, founder of 
 liberal Quakerism in America, and author of religious and re- 
 form writings 42 264 
 
 Brackenridge, H, H. (1748-1816), a lawyer of distinction, supreme 
 
 court judge in Pennsylvania, and author of popular satire 42 71 
 
 Ramsay, David (1749-18 15), an American physician and historian, au- 
 thor of early contributions to the story of the American Revo- 
 lution, and of the history of the United States under Washington 
 and Jefferson 43 451 
 
 Madison, James (1 751-1836), a most effective political writer, author of 
 Journal of Debates of the Convention of 1787, Secretary of 
 State under Jefferson, and President 1809-17 24 9531-40 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur (1752-18 16), a famous American patriot and states- 
 man, noted for ability both in political thought and political 
 action, and author of important contributions to the early his- 
 tory of the Republic 43 392 
 
 Dwight, Timothy (1752-18 17), an American divine and educator of 
 great distinction, president of Yale College from 1795 to 1817, 
 and author of important theological works 42 159 
 
 Barlow, Joel (1754-18x2), a journalist, poet, political writer, and politi- 
 cal actor, of much repute in his day, and of influence in the 
 development of American literature 4 1557-62 
 
 Adams, Hannah (1755-1832), an American literary pioneer, author of a 
 
 < History of New England > .42 4 
 
 Carpenter, Stephen Cutter (-1820), a journalist, critic, and historical 
 
 writer at Charleston, South Carolina 42 95 
 
 Marshall, John (175 5-1 835), an American soldier in the Revolution, 
 envoy to France, member of Congress, Secretary of State, 
 United States Chief Justice 1801-35, and author of biographical 
 and political writings 43 370 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxvii 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804), a noted leader, military and civil, 
 in the American Revolution; statesman and influential political 
 writer for twenty years after the war ; and the New York head 
 of Federalism in national politics 17 6891-912 
 
 Ames, Fisher (1758-1808), a patriotic and brilliant American author of 
 
 orations, essays, and letters 42 16 
 
 Monroe, James (1758-1831), a Revolutionary soldier of Virginia, and 
 conspicuous public leader from the close of the war; Presi- 
 dent of the United States for two terms 1817-25; author of 
 political studies and public papers of importance to American 
 history 43 387 
 
 Armstrong, John (1758-1843), a soldier of the Revolution, and author 
 
 of the celebrated < Newburg Letters * 42 25 
 
 Carey, Mathew (1760-1839), an Irish-American publisher, author of 
 
 important political essays 42 94 
 
 Kent, James (i 763-1 847), an eminent American jurist; author of the 
 famous < Commentaries on American Law,* one of the intel- 
 lectual monuments of our country 43 301 
 
 Bradford, Alden (1765-1843), American historian and journalist 42 72 
 
 Wilson, Alexander (1766-1813), a Scotch poet who became the ^father 
 
 of American ornithology * 39 16017-31 
 
 Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), eminent diplomat and statesman, i 134-45 
 
 Brown, C. Brockden (1771-1810), the first American man of letters 
 
 proper ; the precursor of Cooper and of Hawthorne 6 2425-36 
 
 Wirt, William (1772-1834), a Swiss-German of Maryland by birth; 
 an eminent lawyer, orator, statesman, and writer in Virgfinia 
 from 1795 to his death 39 16090-100 
 
 Alexander, Archibald (1772-1851), a philosophical and theological 
 
 writer, educator, and divine 42 12 
 
 Randolph, John (1773-1833), an American statesman; author of a 
 famous response to Patrick Henry, and of < Letters to a Young 
 Relative > 43 451 
 
 Beecher, Lyman (1775-1863), a noted divine, philanthropist, and 
 
 preacher 42 51 
 
 Clay, Henry (1777-1852), an eminent statesman, very brilliant and 
 powerful orator, and a great popular leader. The Library has 
 a full story, in thirteen pages, and ten pages of fine examples. 9 3761-83 
 
 Allston, Washington (1779-1843), an eminent American painter, poet, 
 
 and author of romances and lectures on art 42 15 
 
 Story, Joseph (i 779-1845), an eminent American jurist, author of 
 
 works of great importance for American jurisprudence 43 508 
 
 Paulding, James K. (1779-1860), a journalist, novelist, poet, and 
 
 writer of a < Life of Washington. > 28 11 195-209 
 
 Channing, William E. (1780-1842), a leading preacher of the New 
 England departure from Trinitarian Calvinism in the first dec- 
 ades of the nineteenth century, and a notable ethical and 
 
 humanitarian \vriter 9 3513-22 
 
 12 
 
clxxviii AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Key, Francis Scott (i 780-1 843), an American poet of Baltimore, au- 
 thor of the <Star Spangled Banner, > written while a prisoner 
 on the British fleet engaged in bombarding Fort McHenry near 
 Baltimore 4 3 303 
 
 Calhoun, John C. (i 782-1850), an American orator, statesman, and 
 publicist; Secretary of War under Monroe, and Vice-President 
 under J, Q. Adams (1825-9), and Jackson (1829-32) 7 3087-100 
 
 Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), a New England American statesman 
 and orator of the highest distinction. A most interesting story 
 of eleven pages, by Carl Schurz, and twenty-two pages of fine 
 examples 38 15725-57 
 
 Benton, Thomas H. (1782-1858), a political journalist, and states- 
 man, author of < Debates of Congress > (1789-1850) 42 54 
 
 Ingersoll, Charles Jared (i 782-1 862), an American poet and miscella- 
 neous writer, author of a history of the War of 1812 42 284 
 
 Irving, Washington (1783-1859), a delightful writer, eight years 
 earlier than Bryant, eleven years before Cooper, and univer- 
 sally ranked as, in the large sense, the founder of American 
 literature. The Library has ten pages of story and forty-five 
 of examples 20 7991-8045 
 
 Worcester, Joseph Emerson (1784-1865), an eminent American phi- 
 lologist; author of geographical works of great value, and of a 
 dictionary of English, which is one of the great standard author- 
 ities 43 584 
 
 Allen, William (i 784-1 868), American educator, university president, 
 
 and author of biographical and historical dictionary 42 15 
 
 Woodworth, Samuel (i 785-1 842), an American journalist and poet, 
 
 famous for his authorship of <The Old Oaken Bucket > 43 584 
 
 Wheaton, Henry (i 785-1 848), an eminent American jurist; author of 
 studies of maritime law, international law, and < History of 
 the Law of Nations, > of great value 43 570 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas (1786-1844), a noted financier and financial writer. 
 
 United States Bank president (1823-39) 42 59 
 
 Brackenridge, H. M. (1786-1871), a lawyer and historical writer... 42 71 
 
 Andrews, Ethan Allen (1787-1858), an eminent educator and lexico- 
 grapher, author of valuable classical text-books 42 19 
 
 Berrian, William (1787-1862), a religious writer and historian of Trin- 
 ity Church, New York 42 57 
 
 Willard, Emma (1787-1870), an American educator, author of educa- 
 tional and other works of value, and of note for her efforts to im- 
 prove the education of women 43 576 
 
 Dana, R. H. (1787-1879), a New England poet and North American 
 reviewer, notable for the first American attempt in the direction 
 of original criticism ; also a novelist, following Brown and preced- 
 ing Cooper and Poe 11 4285-301 
 
 Campbell, Alexander (1788-1866), American divine and theological 
 writer, religious journalist, college president, and one of the 
 founders of the « Campbellites » 42 90 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxix 
 
 Cooper, J. F. (1789-1851), America's great novelist in the age of Walter 
 Scott. The Library has a full life and forty-seven pages of ex- 
 amples 10 3985-4039 
 
 Sparks, Jared (1789-1866), an American historical scholar of the high- 
 est distinction, a collector and editor of the writings of Wash- 
 ington and Franklin, and author of a large number of American 
 biographies 43 501 
 
 Felt, Joseph Barlow (1789-1869), an American historical writer, author 
 of works marked by extensive and accurate knowledge of New 
 England history 42 183 
 
 Halleck, Fitz-Greene (i 790-1 867), a writer of polished and pleasing 
 
 verse 17 6861-68 
 
 Force, Peter (i 790-1868), an American journalist and historical writer, 
 notable for his great collection of books and pamphlets on Ameri- 
 can history 42 195 
 
 Bachman, John (1790-1874). an American naturalist, principal writer 
 
 of the text of Audubon's * Quadrupeds of North America > 42 34 
 
 Ticknor, George (1791-1871), an eminent American scholar and literary 
 historian, university professor at Harvard, author of a great work 
 on the History of Spanish Literature 43 526 
 
 Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791-1872), the famous inventor of the electro- 
 magnetic telegraph, professor at Yale and in New York City, 
 author of political and other studies 43 392 
 
 Hamilton, John C. (1792-1882), son of Alexander Hamilton; editor of his 
 father's works, and a life of his father ; author also of a < History 
 of the Republic > 42 246 
 
 Birney, James G. (i 792-1857), an anti-slavery editor and author, « Liberty 
 
 Party >> presidential candidate (1840 and 1844) 42 60 
 
 Bache, Franklin (i 792-1864), an eminent American prof essor of chemis- 
 try for medical instruction, and medical author 42 33 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel G. (1793-1860), an American journalist and editor, 
 
 author of the celebrated < Peter Parley* books 42 225 
 
 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1793-1864), an American ethnologist of long 
 experience among the American Indians, and author of publica- 
 tions of importance for the history of primitive culture in 
 America 43 485 
 
 Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879), a leading American economist, au- 
 thor of valuable works in political and social science 42 94 
 
 Everett, Edward (1794-1865), a most eloquent Unitarian preacher. Har- 
 vard professor of Greek, orator, statesman, and eminently suc- 
 cessful American minister to England 14 5605-13 
 
 Bryant, William C. (1794-1878), an eminent poet, journalist, and critic. 
 
 The library has fifteen pages of fine examples 6 2623-42 
 
 Drake, J. R. (1795-1820), author of <The Culprit Fay> and <The 
 
 American Flag, > which the library gives in full 12 4851-64 
 
 Brown, David Paul (1795-1872), a lawyer, author, and playwright .42 78 
 
 Prescott, William H, (1796-1859), the brilliant and instructive his- 
 torian of Spain and Spanish-America in the age of Columbus 
 
clxxx AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 and his successors. The Library has thirty-four pages of 
 examples 301 1767-804 
 
 Ballou, Hosea (i 796-1861), an eminent Universalist divine, historian, 
 
 and journalist 42 39 
 
 Catlin, George (i 796-1872), a traveler, painter, and writer; author of 
 portraits and sketches very valuable for knowledge of the 
 North American Indians 42 98 
 
 Palfrey, John G. (1796-1881), author of the standard < History of New 
 England, > from which the Library gives his account of * Salem 
 Witchcraft* 28 10988-11000 
 
 Colton, Walter (1797-1851), an American journalist and professor, 
 founder of the first newspaper in California, author of interest- 
 ing books of travel 42 116 
 
 Kenrick, Francis Patrick (1797-1863), a distinguished American 
 Roman Catholic prelate and writer, author of valuable biblical 
 and theological studies 43 301 
 
 Anthon, Charles (i 797-1 867), an American classical scholar and uni- 
 versity professor of g^eat distinction, author of a large number 
 of valuable classical text-books 42 21 
 
 Barnes, Albert (1798-1870), an American divine and religious writer, 
 
 author of a series of < Notes * on books of the Bible 42 43 
 
 Dix, John Adams (1798-1879), an eminent political and military 
 leader in the period of the Civil War; author of studies, 
 speeches, and translations of interest 42 146 
 
 Choate, Rufus (1799-1859), a New England orator, extraordinarily 
 
 brilliant at the bar and in public life 9 3649-64 
 
 Alcott, A. B, (1799-1888), an American educator, transcendentalist 
 
 writer, and humanist 42 10 
 
 Breckenridge, R. J. (1800-71), a Presbyterian theological writer 42 73 
 
 Beecher, Catherine E. (1800-78), an influential educator, and writer 
 
 on education 42 50 
 
 Cushing, Caleb (1800-79), an eminent American jurist, statesman, and 
 
 diplomatist; author of a <Life of William Henry Harrison > ,..42 127 
 
 Bancroft, George (1800-91), eminent historian of the United States. 4 1433-58 
 
 Seward, William H. (1801-72), an American statesman of great dis- 
 tinction; Secretary of State, 1861-69; author of speeches, ad- 
 dresses, travels, and a biography of John Quincy Adams 43 490 
 
 Marsh, George Perkins (1801-82), an American diplomatist, twenty 
 years minister to Italy, and philologist of distinction ; author of 
 a series of works of great philological and scientific value 43 369 
 
 Woolsey, Theodore D. (1801-89), an American classical scholar, and 
 educator of distinction; president from 1846 of Yale; author of 
 classical text-books, and of important works in social and politi- 
 cal science 43 584 
 
 Bushnell, Horace (1802-76) a very brilliant Congregational preacher; 
 writer on questions of theology, on lines of moderate new de- 
 parture from orthodoxy 7 2909-26 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxxi 
 
 Ripley, George (1802-80), an American scholar, journalist, and liter- 
 ary critic of great distinction ; author, in the New York Tribune, 
 of a long succession of literary criticisms widely influential 
 upon the culture of the time 43 459 
 
 Child, Lydia Maria (1802-80), a notable New England philanthropist; 
 author of the first book written in advocacy of the abolition of 
 slavery, and of works in fiction and history markedly interesting 
 and instructive 42 107 
 
 Bacon, Leonard (1802-81), an eminent American divine, prolific occa- 
 sional writer, and author of theological and historical works ... 4 2 34 
 
 Hopkins, Mark (1802-87), an eminent American educator, college 
 president, and religious writer ; author of important ethical and 
 theological studies 42 273 
 
 Conant, Thomas J. (1802-91). an author of valuable translations from 
 the Hebrew of the Old Testament, and a translation of the 
 German Hebrew grammar of Gesenius 42 117 
 
 Brownson, O. A. (1803-76), a writer of great power in the religious 
 field, somewhat notable for his adventurous passage from 
 Protestant orthodoxy through extreme Liberalism to Roman 
 Catholicism 6 2594-602 
 
 Abbott, Jacob (1803-79), a noted prolific author of stories and books 
 
 of instruction for the young 42 i 
 
 Emerson, R. W. (1803-82), the conspicuous leader of extreme Liber- 
 alism in New England for fifty years from 1825 ; a poet of extraor- 
 dinary insight and felicity of phrase, and an epoch-making 
 thinker. The Library has twelve pages of story and thirty- 
 four pages of examples 13 5421-66 
 
 Calvert, George Henry (1803-89), American journalist of distinction 
 
 at Baltimore, author of poems and literary essays 42 89 
 
 Beecher, Edward (1803-95), American educator and liberal religious 
 
 writer 42 50 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-64), a writer of novels, tales, and notes 
 of travel almost unsurpassed in literary quality and human 
 interest — perhaps the nearest approach in American letters 
 to the level of Shakespeare. The Library^ has a full story, by 
 Henry James, and thirty -five pages of examples 18 7053-96 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd (1805-52), an American explorer; author of 
 valuable works of travel in several countries of Asia, and in 
 Central America ; especially notable for exploration of Yucatan. 43 505 
 
 Bethune, George W. (1805-62), a poet, orator, wit, and clergyman. .42 58 
 
 Hedge, Frederick H. (1805-go), eminent American divine, university 
 professor at Harvard, and author of important liberal religious 
 works 42 256 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas (1806-67), distinguished American scientist 
 and educator, in various positions of distinction, and author of 
 important scientific works 42 33 
 
 Willis, N. P. (1806-67), an essayist, poet, and journalist of popular 
 
 distinction in his day 39 16001-16 
 
Clxxxii AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Simms, Wm. Gilmore (1806-70), a South Carolina pioneer in Ameri- 
 can literature; author of novels, tales, histories, and verse.. 3 4 13445-61 
 
 Elder, William (1806-85), an American vsrriter on political economy 
 and questions of the day, also author of the <Life of Dr. E. K. 
 Kane > 42 166 
 
 Felton, C. C. (1807-62), a notable Greek scholar, university professor, 
 
 and later president of Harvard University 42 183 
 
 Hildreth, Richard (1807-65), author of one of the substantial and 
 
 valuable histories of the United States 18 7371-80 
 
 Agassiz, Louis (1807-73), notable scientist and museum founder.... i 209-22 
 
 Campbell, Charles (1807-76), American historian, author of important 
 
 works relating to the history of Virginia 42 90 
 
 Mackey, Albert Gallatin (1807-81), a noted American writer on 
 Freemasonry, author of a series of works of high Masonic au- 
 thority 43 360 
 
 Longfellow, H. W. (1807-82), the most popular of American poets, 
 a professor in Harvard University, and a notably successful 
 translator of Dante. The Library has a full story of the poet's 
 genius and work, and forty-seven pages of examples 23 9143-96 
 
 Aldan, Joseph (1807-85), educator of distinction; religious journalist; 
 author of works in moral and political science, and of books 
 for the young 42 ir 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis (1807-86), eminent American statesman, 
 minister to England 1861-68, and editor of the writings both of 
 John Adams and John Quincy Adams 42 4 
 
 Whittier, John G. (1807-92), the most characteristically New Eng- 
 land American poet, and notable for deep religious faith of the 
 most liberal type. The Library gives the full story of his 
 genius and thirty-seven pages of examples 39 159 11-53 
 
 Fay, Theodore S. (1807-), an American poet, story- writer, and de- 
 scriptive essayist, prominent in periodical journalism; author of 
 travels and historical studies 42 181 
 
 Beardsley, E. E. (1808-91), American Episcopal divine, historian, and 
 
 biographer 4 2 48 
 
 Poe, Edgar Allen (1809-49), a poet, writer of tales, and critic; made 
 exceedingly famous by the perfection of some few poems or 
 verses 29 1 165 1-700 
 
 Benjamin, Park (1809-64), journalist, lecturer, and poet 42 53 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham (1809-65), the statesman President of the final set- 
 tlement of the questions at issue between North and South in 
 the United States, and in quality of written or spoken utterance 
 at the highest level reached since Shakespeare. The Library 
 gives twelve pages of fine examples 23 9059-76 
 
 Bledsoe, A. T. (1809-77), Southern Review editor, educator, and 
 
 theologfical writer 42 63 
 
 Arthur, T. S. (1809-85), founder of Arthur's Home Magazine, and a 
 
 voluminous writer of tales of domestic life 42 27 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxxiii 
 
 Holmes, O. W. (1809-94), an eminent teacher of anatomy at Harvard 
 University, writer of novels, and a poet extremely popular for 
 wit and humor 19 7457-95 
 
 Fuller, S. Margaret (1810-50), a very brilliant New England initiator 
 
 of the movement on behalf of equal rights with men for women, i 5 6119-28 
 
 Parker, Theodore (iSio-60), an impassioned preacher and powerful 
 writer on the lines of very radical liberalism in religion, and 
 very radical reform in politics 28 1 1073-86 
 
 Spalding, Martin John (1810-72), an American Catholic prelate; notable 
 as a controversial writer on the history of the Reformation, and 
 on Catholic Christian doctrines and history 43 501 
 
 Clark, Lewis Gaylord (1810-73), from 1834 editor of the Knicker- 
 bocker Magazine, the foremost literary publication of the time. 4 2 11 1 
 
 Clarke, James Freeman (1810-88,) a markedly liberal divine; author 
 of popular liberal expositions, and of studies of the religion 
 of mankind 42 in 
 
 Gray, Asa (1810-88), eminent American botanist, university pro- 
 fessor at Harvard University, and author of writings and text- 
 books causing him to be universally known as one of the 
 foremost of modern botanists 42 230 
 
 Bacon, Delia (181 1-59), American lecturer to women on history and 
 literature, notable as the originator of the theory that Lord 
 Bacon had a principal hand in the production of the plays of 
 Shakespeare 42 34 
 
 Greeley, Horace (181 1-72), the celebrated journalist, founder of the 
 New York Tribune, and a large initiator of the best features of 
 high-class journalism 17 6653-62 
 
 Sumner, Charles (1811-74), statesman of high character, and orator 
 
 of markedly academic style 36 14221-36 
 
 Burritt, Elihu (181 1-79), American reform writer noted as «The Learned 
 
 Blacksmith » 42 84 
 
 James, Henry (1811-82), an American scholar and exponent of Sweden- 
 borgianism, author of notably original works on morals and 
 religion 42 286 
 
 Draper, John W. (1811-82), an eminent man of science who gave 
 particular attention to the story of the human mind in all ages 
 and lands and to the story of science making progress against 
 the opposition of religion 12 4865-76 
 
 Phillips, Wendell (1811-84), a consummate orator, popular lecturer, and 
 
 anti-slavery reformer 29 1 1409-27 
 
 Davis, Edwin H. (1811-88), archaeologist, and author of very important 
 
 work on the ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley 42 134 
 
 Kip, William Ingraham (1811-93), a distinguished American divine 
 and Episcopal bishop, author of important historical and religious 
 studies 43 306 
 
 McCosh, James (1811-94), a Scottish-American educator of great dis- 
 tinction, university president at Princeton for twenty years, 
 author of important contributions to philosophical investigation .43 358 
 
Clxxxiv AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. H. B. (1811-96), popular novelist, humanitarian reformer, 
 and advocate of woman's rights. The library has a full story 
 of all her books, and thirty-three pages of examples 35 14067-106 
 
 Barnard, Henry (1811-), prominent American educator 42 43 
 
 Wilson, Henry (1812-75), an American statesman, elected Vice-Presi- 
 dent 1872, notable for his political interest in the freedmen during 
 the Civil War, and author of valuable contributions to the history 
 of Emancipation and Reconstruction 43 578 
 
 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812-83), an American publicist, among 
 the most eminent of Confederate leaders, and author of a < Con- 
 stitutional View of the War between the States > 43 505 
 
 Williams, Samuel Wells (1812-84), an eminent American scholar and 
 
 missionary; author of <The Middle Kingdom, > a great work on « 
 China, and of other works of Chinese interest 43 577 
 
 Curtis, George Ticknor (1812-94), an eminent American lawyer ; author 
 of a < History of the Constitution of the United States, > of valu- 
 able legal works and of Lives of James Buchanan and Daniel 
 Webster 42 127 
 
 Caton, John Dean (1812-), eminent jurist at Chicago, and author of 
 
 Western historical sketches 42 99 
 
 Judd, Sylvester (1813-53), a Unitarian minister at Augusta, Maine, 
 
 whose novel, < Margaret, ' was of great charm and interest. ,2 i 8399-410 
 
 Cassin, John (1813-69), an American author of important ornithological 
 
 works 42 97 
 
 Very, Jones (1813-80), a poet of New England Transcendentalism 
 
 marked by deep religious thoughtfulness 38 15323-29 
 
 Brooks, Charles T. (1813-83), a poet and translator of German poetry. 4 2 76 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward (1813-87), an eminent pulpit orator, journalist, 
 and author; the most popular lecturer and preacher of the mid- 
 dle of the century; a strongly new departure thinker in religion; 
 and a radical reformer 42 51 ; 4 1713-48 
 
 Dwight, John S. (1813-93), a musical journalist and critic at Boston, 
 
 of fine power as a writer ^ 13 5084-90 
 
 Dana, James D. (1813-95), an eminent scientist, university professor at 
 
 Yale, and author of scientific text-books of the highest character. 42 130 
 
 McClintock, John (1814-70), an American educator, Divinity Semi- 
 nary president, and principal compiler of a large and valuable 
 < Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Litera- 
 ture > 43 357 
 
 Motley, John L. (1814-77), o^e of the most successful and interesting 
 of modern historians in his great works dealing with the Dutch 
 struggle against Spain. The Library gives twenty-four pages 
 of most interesting examples 26 10373-404 
 
 Bellows, H. W. (1814-82), prominent American divine, philanthro- 
 pist, and religious writer 42 53 
 
 Hudson, Henry Norman (1814-86), an American Shakespearean 
 scholar; university professor at Boston; author of Shakespeare 
 studies, and of an edition of Shakespeare's works 42 277 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxxv 
 
 Ellis, George E. (1814-94), an American divine, historical writer, and 
 biographer; author of numerous contributions to American 
 colonial history 42 i68 
 
 Dana, R. H. (1815-82), son of the earlier R. H. Dana; notable for 
 
 one rare book, his ^ Two Years Before the Mast > 11 4302-14 
 
 Arnold, I. N. (1815-84), an American lawyer; author of a <Life of 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, > and of other historical works 42 26 
 
 Baker, Mrs. H. N. (« Madeline Leslie » and «Aunt Hatty ») (1815-93), 
 
 a prolific author of stories for children 42 37 
 
 Stevens, Abel (1815-), an American Methodist divine, journalist, and 
 historical writer; author of standard histories of Methodism 
 throughout the world 43 506 
 
 Dean, John Ward (1815-), an eminent historical scholar and writer, 
 author of valuable contributions to American (New England) 
 history 42 135 
 
 Botta, Anna C. L. (1815-91), an essayist, poet, and critic of literature . 4 2 68 
 
 Duyckinck, Evert Augustus (1816-78); George Long (1823-63), liter- 
 ary journalists, editors, and writers of importance in American 
 literary development 42 158-59 
 
 Allibone, Samuel A. (1816-89), ^•^ eminent American bibliographer 
 and librarian, author of a valuable dictionary of English and 
 American authors 42 15 
 
 Daly, Charles Patrick (1816-), a jurist of distinction, and geographical 
 
 author , 42 130 
 
 Thoreau, Henry D. (1817-62). an original, richly gifted, and rarely 
 interesting essayist and poet at Concord, Massachusetts. The 
 Library has an admirable story of the man and the poet, by John 
 Burroughs, and twenty-eight pages of capital examples ... .37 14871-908 
 
 Forney, John Weiss (1817-81), an American journalist and political 
 
 leader, author of a valuable history of American journalism. .42 195 
 
 Bigelow, John (1817-), an eminent journalist, diplomat, and writer on 
 
 American history and biography 42 59 
 
 Weiss, John (1818-79), an American preacher, brilliant essayist, and 
 
 ardent humanitarian reformer 38 15769-78 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-81), an American lawyer of great repute 
 as an ethnologist and archaeologist; author of a great standard 
 work systematizing the relations of the different members of the 
 human family, and of other works of ethnological importance. .43 391 
 
 Hill, Thomas (i8i8-gi), an eminent American divine and educator, 
 president of Harvard, and author of contributions to philosophy 
 and science 42 265 
 
 Boutwell, George S. (1818-), a publicist of distinction, and statesman. 42 70 
 
 Holland, J. G. (1819-81), a popular poet, story-writer, and magazine 
 
 editor 19 7451-56 
 
 Whipple, E. P. (1819-86), a critical essayist of much carefully la- 
 bored work 3 9 15839-50 
 
 Lowell, James Russell (1819-91), a poet, critic, essayist, and Har- 
 vard University professor, of gifts and knowledge and wealth 
 
Clxxxvi AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 of thought hardly equaled in America; eminently successful as 
 American minister to England. The Library has a Lowell 
 book of fifty pages, the very fine story by Henry James, and 
 forty-two pages of examples 23 9229-78 
 
 Melville, H. (1819-91), the author in 1846 of <Typee,> a remarkably 
 
 interesting book of adventure and travel in the South Seas. .25 9867-85 
 
 Whitman, Walt (1819-92), an American-Dutch poet of Nature; return 
 to extreme realistic freedom, and no bondage to verse. The 
 Library has a very fine story, by John Burroughs, and nine- 
 teen pages of examples 39 15885-910 
 
 Longfellow, Samuel (1819-92), an American radical humanist, of note 
 as a writer of deeply religious hymns representing the spirit 
 rather than the letter of Christian teaching 43 349 
 
 Parsons, T. W. (1819-92), a most thoughtful and gifted poet, trans- 
 lator of part of Dante, and a Harvard University professor . .28 11117-22 
 
 Story, W. W. (1819-96), an eminent sculptor resident in Rome; a 
 poet and essayist, humanist, cosmopolitan ; an apostle of cul- 
 ture 35 1405 1-66 
 
 Dana, Charles A. (1819-97), a journalist; managing editor of the 
 New York Tribune, 1847-62; editor of the New York Sun, 1868- 
 97; proprietor-editor of <The American Cyclopaedia, > 1857-63 
 and 1873-76 42 130 
 
 Howe, Julia Ward (1819-), one of the admirable women of the time; 
 rarely gifted ; author of the < Battle Hymn of the Republic > ; by 
 age, and not less by quality, the dean of letters in America at 
 the coming in of 1898. . , 19 7645-52 
 
 Raymond, Henry J. (1820-69), an American journalist and political 
 writer of great distinction, author of valuable American bio- 
 graphical and historical studies 43 452 
 
 Cary, Alice (1820-1871), an American author of interesting sketches 
 
 and poems 42 96 
 
 Brownell, H, H. (1820-72), a poet of the Civil War, of a genuine 
 
 gift for lofty lyrics of heroism and of battle 6 2519-22 
 
 Sherman, William T. (1820-91), an eminent American soldier of 
 great distinction in service through the Civil War, and author 
 of valuable < Memoirs > 43 493 
 
 Brockett, Linus Pierpont (1820-93), an historical writer, author of nu- 
 merous works 42 76 
 
 Ballou, M. M. (1820-95), a^ American journalist of distinction; au- 
 thor of travels, biographies, and a < History of Cuba^ 42 39 
 
 Shedd, William G. (1820-94), an American educator and theological 
 writer, author of works representing conservative Calvinistic 
 doctrine 43 492 
 
 Hewit, Nathaniel Augustus (1S20-), an American Roman Catholic re- 
 ligious writer, an eminent member of the Paulist order of New 
 York, and author of numerous effective and popular volumes .42 263 
 
 Bartlett, John (1820-), author of <A Shakspere Concordance, > a 
 
 < Shakspere Phrase Book,' and < Familiar Quotations > 42 45 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxxvii 
 
 White, Richard Grant (1821-85), a scholarly essayist and editor of 
 Shakespeare, especially distinguished for a twelve-volume richly 
 annotated edition of Shakespeare 39 15876-84 
 
 Youmans, Edward Livingston (1821-87), an American popular sci- 
 ence writer and editor, author of several contributions to scien- 
 tific culture 4 3 590 
 
 Squier, Ephraim George (1821-88), an American archaeologist ; notable 
 for his study of discoveries in ancient mounds, and his works 
 on Central America and Peru 43 503 
 
 Dexter, Henry M. (1821-90), a religious journalist in Boston, from 
 1867; writer on New England history, especially that of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers and of Congregationalism 42 143 
 
 Copp6e, Henry (1821-95), an American educator, university professor 
 of English literature and history, and author of important edu- 
 cational and military works 42 120 
 
 Allen Joseph Henry (1821-98), an eminent American scholar. Review 
 editor, author of classical text-books, and of works on church 
 history 42 14 
 
 Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821-), a noted medical and ethical writer, 
 
 physician, and woman's rights advocate 42 62 
 
 Eliot, Samuel (1821-), an American scholar in history and political 
 
 science, author of valuable historical publications 42 166 
 
 De Peyster, John Watts (1821-), an author of numerous historical 
 monographs and articles in periodicals, on American history 
 topics • 42 140 
 
 Diaz, Mrs. Abby (1821-), a story-writer and social reformer; author of 
 excellent books for children, and of earnest discussions of so- 
 cial problems 42 143 
 
 Read, T. B. (1822-72), a Philadelphia poet, author of < Sheridan's 
 
 Ride > 30 1 2094-102 
 
 Parton, James (1822-91), a journalist of marked gifts; author of val- 
 uable biographies of Voltaire, Jackson, Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and 
 Horace Greeley 28 11 123-42 
 
 Field, Henry M. (1822-), an American religious journalist and scholar, 
 
 author of a large number of interesting travels and studies . . .42 187 
 
 Agassiz, Mrs. Elizabeth (1822-), an American biographical and scien- 
 tific writer, chief promoter of the establishment of Radcliffe 
 College for women 42 7 
 
 Hale, E. E. (1822-), a Unitarian preacher; active and zealous humani- 
 tarian; author of the magazine article, <A Man Without a 
 Country,^ and of numerous and varied works 17 6821-30 
 
 Johnston, R. M. (1822-), an essayist, biographer of A. H. Stephens, and 
 
 novelist ; notable for fine dealing with Georgia life and character .21 83 1 7-30 
 
 Mitchell, D. G. (1822-), the «Ik Marvel » of <The Reveries of a Bach- 
 
 elor> and other popular books 25 roi 10-22 
 
 Baird, Spencer F. (1823-87), distinguished naturalist, professor, sec- 
 retary of the Smithsonian Institution, and author of important 
 writings on North- American natural history 42 37 
 
clxxxviii AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Wasson, David A. (1823-87), a liberal preacher of the extreme radical 
 
 type, and thoughtful essayist 38 15683-91 
 
 Boker, Geo. H. (1823-90), a scholarly author of polished and vigorous 
 
 verse and of good plays 5 2163-68 
 
 Parkman, Francis (1823-93), the singfularly interesting author of a 
 great series of works telling the story of France in North 
 America. The Library has twenty-three pages of fine ex- 
 amples 28 H087-113 
 
 Stoddard, Elizabeth B. (1823-), the author of three novels, and of a 
 volume of poems, of very exceptional realistic power and in- 
 terest 35 14013-28 
 
 Sherman, John (1823-), an eminent American statesman; author of 
 many speeches and papers of great value for American history, 
 and of < Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate, 
 and Cabinet > 43 493 
 
 Le Conte, Joseph (1823-), an American scientist, university profes- 
 sor in California, author of important contributions to geology 
 and natural history 43 332 
 
 Brachvogel, Albert Emil (1824-78), a popular dramatist and novelist . 4 2 71 
 
 Curtis, George W. (1824-92), a critic, essayist, editor, orator, and 
 
 novelist in the highest rank of writers of the time 10 4221-40 
 
 Higginson, T. W. (1823-), a versatile essayist, formerly an extreme 
 
 liberal preacher 18 7351-70 
 
 Chittenden, Lucius E. (1824-), a member of the New York bar, and 
 
 author of valuable recollections and reminiscences. . . .- 42 107 
 
 Kirk, John Foster (1824-), an American editor and historical writer, 
 author of the < History of Charles the Bold,> and compiler of an 
 important supplement to Allibone's dictionary of English litera- 
 ture 43 306 
 
 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824-96), a distinguished American astron- 
 omer; from 1849 on the United States Coast Survey; from 
 1870 to 1885 director of the national observatory at Cordova, 
 Argentine Republic ; author of contributions of extreme import- 
 ance to astronomical science 42 227 
 
 Lea, Henry Charles (1825-), an American publisher and historical 
 scholar, author of several works of great and accurate learning 
 and rare discernment in the field of mediaeval history 43 • 331 
 
 Taylor, Bayard (1825-78), an author of travels, poems, and novels, and 
 
 translator of Goethe's <Faust> 36 14518-38 
 
 Child, Francis James (1825-96), a university professor of English lit- 
 erature at Harvard, author of an unsurpassed authoritative col- 
 lection of English and Scottish ballads 42 107 
 
 Prime, Wra. C. (1825-), a Presbyterian journalist; author of essays, 
 
 travels, etc 3011 820-36 
 
 Stoddard, Richard H. (1825-), a lyric poet of very rare gifts, and an 
 
 accomplished critic and essayist ... 3 5 14029-38 
 
 Blackwell, Mrs. Antoinette (1825-), a writer on woman suflfrage and 
 
 of socialist novels 42 62 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE clxxxix 
 
 Hall, Fitzedward (1825-), an American Sanskrit scholar; professor 
 at King's College, London; and author of important Hindu 
 studies 42 244 
 
 Clark, Henry James (1826-73), an American naturalist, an associate 
 in work of Agassiz, university professor, and author of import- 
 ant scientific studies 42 no 
 
 Bowles, Samuel (1826-78), a notable American journalist' 42 70 
 
 Brace, Charles L. (1826-90), a philanthropist and Christian socialist. 42 71 
 
 Denison, Mrs, Mary A. (1826-), an author of a large number of 
 
 stories for young people 42 139 
 
 De Forest, J. W. (1826-), an American novelist of exceptional dis- 
 tinction in the quality of his work 42 137 
 
 Cooke, Rose Terry (1827-92), a very gifted woman, author of poems 
 
 and stories of New England life 10 3973-84 
 
 Whitney, William Dwight (1827-94), an eminent American scholar 
 in Sanskrit and kindred studies, university professor at Yale, 
 author of works of great importance for knowledge of language. 43 572 
 
 Cooke, Josiah Parsons (1827-94), an eminent American chemist; uni- 
 versity professor at Harvard; author of valuable expositions of 
 his science, and of science in relation with religion 42 119 
 
 Norton, Charles Eliot (1827-), an eminent Harvard professor, a 
 
 scholar in art, and a Dante critic and translator 27 10707-23 
 
 Wallace, Lewis (1827-), the author of <Ben-Hur> 38 15531-54 
 
 Dix, Morgan (1827-), an American divine; from 1862 rector of 
 Trinity parish. New York; author of biographical, religious, 
 and art writings 42 146 
 
 Bascom, John (1827-), an American educator, university president, and 
 
 philosophical writer 42 46 
 
 Atkinson, Edward (1827-), an eminent American political economist 
 
 and writer on finance 42 28 
 
 Martin, W, A. P. (1827-), an eminent American educator; in China, 
 since 1850; college president at Pekin; and author of works of 
 . great value for our knowledge of China and the Chinese 43 371 
 
 Fisher, George P. (1827-), an American divine, professor of ecclesi- 
 astical history at Yale, and author of valuable religious studies 
 and historical manuals 42 190 
 
 Clarke, Richard H. (1827-), American author of notable works on 
 the history of the Catholic Church in America, of a study of 
 socialism, and of biographies of Commodore John Barry and 
 Sebastian Rale 42 in 
 
 Winthrop, Theodore (1828-61), a writer of fresh and bright novels; 
 
 cut off early by the Civil War 39 16075-89 
 
 O'Brien, Fitz- James (1828-62), a New York Irish « Bohemian, » au- 
 thor of dramas and magazine articles in the years 1853-58. .27 10733-44 
 
 De Leon, Edwin (1828-91). an American journalist, consul-general in 
 
 Egypt eight years, and author of travels and novels 42 137 
 
 Stillman, Wm. J. (1828-), a writer of travels and of magazine articles 
 
 on art or politics 35 13977-90 
 
Cxc AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Boardman, George Dana (1828-), an eminent religious writer and 
 
 preacher 42 64 
 
 Baird, Charles W. (1828-81), an American divine, religious writer, and 
 
 author of the < History of the Huguenot Emigration to America >. 4 2 37 
 
 Blackburn, Wm. M. (1828-), a Presbyterian divine, educator, and 
 
 historical writer 42 61 
 
 Woodrow, James (1828-), an eminent American divine and educator; 
 president, from 1891, of South Carolina College; author of contri- 
 butions to recent science' 4 3 583 
 
 Thayer, Joseph Henry (1828-), an American divine, biblical scholar, 
 
 and author of important writings in aid of biblical study 43 521 
 
 Corson, Hiram (1828-), a university professor of the English language 
 and literature, author of valuable publications in aid of English 
 literary study 42 121 
 
 Cook, Clarence C. (1828-), an American art critic and journalist, 
 
 editor of a translation of Liibke's < History of Art > 42 118 
 
 Timrod, Henry (1829-67), a pioneer Southern poet whose work was 
 
 of fine quality 3 7 14961-64 
 
 Lamb, Mrs. Martha (1829-93), an American historical writer and ed- 
 itor, notable as author of ^History of the City of New York>. .43 322 
 
 Angell, James B. (1829-), an eminent educator, university president, 
 
 and diplomat; writer on French literature and international law. 42 20 
 
 Warner, Charles Dudley (1829-), an American journalist, literary critic, 
 and editor of distinction; author of sketches, studies, biogra- 
 phies, notes of travel, novels, and essays, of notable interest; 
 editor of < Library of the World's Best Literature > 43 562 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir (1829-), a writer of poems and of novels dealing 
 
 with Quaker life and war life 25 10123-42 
 
 Schurz, Carl (1829-), an American statesman, orator, and journalist of 
 
 distinction; brilliantly powerful in political oratory 33 12974-94 
 
 Hayne, Paul H. (1830-86), a poet of the South, whose descriptive, 
 
 reflective, or dramatic verse had marked success 18 71 10-14 
 
 Cooke, John Esten (1830-86), a noted Virginian author of stories, 
 
 sketches, biographies, and a history of Virginia 42 119 
 
 Orton, James (1830-77), an American naturalist and traveler, conduc- 
 tor of exploring expeditions in South America, and author of 
 important contributions to natural history 43 410 
 
 Asmus, Georg (1830-92), a German-American poet and humorist ... 4 2 27 
 
 Blaine, James G. (1830-93), an eminent political writer, orator, and 
 
 statesman 42 62 
 
 McPherson, Ed-ward (1830-95), an American political writer; author 
 of important contributions to the study of politics, and the po- 
 litical history of the United States 43 361 
 
 Munger, Theodore T. (1830-), a scholarly American divine and lib- 
 eral thinker ; author of writings in exposition of broad progress- 
 ive theology, and of attractive popular character 43 397 
 
 Clarke, Mary Bayard (1830-), an American North Carolina author 
 
 of poems, war lyrics, reminiscences, and translations 42 iii 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE CXci 
 
 Harrisse, Henri (1830-), an American historical writer of Russian- 
 Hebrew parentage, author of historical researches in the early 
 history of North America 42 250 
 
 Booth, Mary Louise (1831-89), a translator of histories and novels, 
 
 and editor of Harper's Bazaar (1867-89) 42 67 
 
 Badeau, Adam (1831-95), a military secretary to General Grant and 
 
 author of military historical works 42 35 
 
 Winsor, Justin (1831-97), an eminent American librarian of the Bos- 
 ton Public Library, 1868-77, and of Harvard University, 1877- 
 97 ; author or principal editor of a series of most important 
 contributions to American history 43 580 
 
 Godkin, E. L. (1831-), a journalist of distinction in New York; 
 
 founder of The Nation, and editor of the Evening Post 16 6373-84 
 
 Jackson, Mrs. Helen F. (1831-85), a brilliant writer of poems, nov- 
 els, stories, and essays 20 8057-70 
 
 Marsh, Othniel Charles (1831-), an eminent American palaeontolo- 
 gist, university professor at Yale from 1866, extraordinarily 
 successful explorer for fossil remains in the Rocky Mountains, 
 collector of one of the most remarkable geological museums 
 ever made, and author of a large number of writings unsur- 
 passed in their interest as contributions to science 43 370 
 
 Johnston, William P. (1831-), an American educator, university presi- 
 dent, and author of interesting biographical and critical studies. . 42 291 
 
 Gildersleeve, Basil L. (1831-), an American classical scholar; univer- 
 sity professor in Virginia, 1856 to 1876, and afterwards Johns 
 Hopkins; author of valuable classical studies and translations. .42 217 
 
 Oilman, Daniel Coit (1831-), an eminent American educator, since 
 1875 president of Johns Hopkins University, author of numer- 
 ous scientific and educational studies 42 218 
 
 Barr, Amelia E. (1831-), an Anglo-American novelist of great and 
 
 just popularity 42 43 
 
 Hayes, Isaac Israel (1832-81), an American Arctic explorer, and au- 
 thor of stories of exploration and discovery 42 254 
 
 Alcott, Louisa M. (1832-88), a very pleasing and successful writer of 
 
 young folks' books of the best class i 282-94 
 
 Bissell, Edwin Cone (1832-94), religious and biblical writer, and 
 
 divinity school professor 42 60 
 
 Cesnola, Count Luigi (1832-), noted American- Italian archaeologist, 
 discoverer, and author of the art story of the antiquities of an- 
 cient Cyprus 42 loi 
 
 Conway, Moncure Daniel (1832-), an extreme radical religionist of 
 very varied literary activity; author of studies in biography, 
 history, and religion 42 118 
 
 Bancroft, H. H. (1832-), an American historian distinguished for his 
 collection of materials for, and execution of, a history of the 
 Pacific States 42 40 
 
 Nicolay, John George (1832-), an American journalist and histori- 
 cal writer of Bavarian birth, private secretary of President 
 
Cxcii AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Lincoln, and author, jointly with John Hay, of < Abraham Lin- 
 coln : A History > 43 404 
 
 Blyden, Edward W. (1832-), an eminent negro scholar, educator, and 
 
 author 42 64 
 
 Baird, Henry M. (1832-), the historian of that Protestant movement 
 in the history of France which is marked by the name << Hugue- 
 not » 3 1272-76 
 
 White, Andre'w D. (1832-), an eminent university teacher and presi- 
 dent; author of valuable aids to historical study, and of < His- 
 tory of .the Warfare of Science with Theology* 39 15851-66 
 
 Mulford, Elisha (1833-85), an Episcopal clergyman of the advanced 
 school, divinity professor at Cambridge, Mass., and author of 
 <The Nation, > an able study of the fundamentals of politics. 26 10415-24 
 
 Stedman, Edmund C. (1833-;, ^ poet, critic of poetry, and literary 
 
 essayist, of rarely equaled excellence 35 13857-74 
 
 Drake, Samuel Adams (1833-), an American journalist and author of 
 
 important contributions to early American history 42 151 
 
 Smalley, George Washburn (1833-), an eminent American journal- 
 ist, author of journalistic and other studies of great literary 
 and historical value 43 496 
 
 Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-), an American lawyer, popular orator, 
 
 and lecturer ; an exponent of extreme radicalism in religion ... 4 2 284 
 
 Furness, Horace Howard (1833-), eminent American Shakespearean 
 scholar, editor of an exhaustive New Variorum Edition of 
 Shakespeare 42 205 
 
 Clarke, Rebecca Sophia (1833-), an American novelist, author of a 
 
 great number of popular stories for children 42 in 
 
 Browne, C. F. ("Artemus Ward**) (1834-67), a notable humorist writer 
 
 and lecturer 6 2461-72 
 
 Eliot, Charles W. (1834-), eminent American educator, and president 
 of Harvard University ; author of important writings on education 
 and questions of the day 42 166 
 
 Young, Charles Augustus (1834-), an eminent American astronomer, 
 university professor at Princeton from 1878, author of import- 
 ant scientific works 43 590 
 
 Gibbons, James, Cardinal (1834-), an American Catholic prelate of 
 great distinction, author of valuable secular and religious 
 studies 42 215 
 
 Champlin, John D. (1834-), an American miscellaneous writer; assistant 
 editor of the American Cyclopaedia ; compiler of the Cyclopaedia 
 of Painters and Paintings, and the Cyclopaedia of Music and 
 Musicians 42 102 
 
 White, Horace (1834-), an American journalist, economist, and 
 monetary writer; author of valuable books, pamphlets, and ad- 
 dresses on questions of finance, banking, monetary theory, and 
 political economy 43 571 
 
 Stockton, Frank R. (1834-), a humorist story-writer, unique among 
 
 makers of humorous fiction 35 13991-4012 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE CXCiii 
 
 Brooks, Phillips (1835-93), one of the greatest preachers of his time, 
 in America and in England ; broadly humanist in theology ; a 
 typical humanitarian and philanthropist 6 2417-24 
 
 Spofford, Harriet P. (1835-), an author of poems, ballads, novels, and 
 
 essays of very high literary quality 35 13805-22 
 
 Clemens, Samuel L. (1835-), the celebrated humorist «Mark Twain, » 
 author of comic travels and novels. The Library gives thirty 
 pages of fine humorous readings .9 3787-820 
 
 Abbott, Lyman (183 5-), an advanced religious editor and author, pul- 
 pit successor to Henry Ward Beecher 42 2 
 
 Adams, Charles Kendall (183 5-), an eminent American educator, uni- 
 versity president, encyclopaedia editor, and author of valuable 
 historical works 42 4 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis, Jr. (1835-), a publicist, political and historical 
 
 writer, lawyer, and railway manager of distinction 42 4 
 
 Adams, Henry (1838-), historian of the Jefferson and Madison ad- 
 ministrations I 109-26 
 
 Ward, William Hayes (1835-), an eminent American journalist; from 
 1868 editor of the Independent; an eminent Assyriologist ; and 
 author of numerous contributions to Oriental archaeology, marked 
 by great and accurate learning 43 561 
 
 Newcomb, Simon (1835-), an American astronomer of distinction, au- 
 thor of important and popular mathematical and astronomical 
 text-books 43 402 
 
 Wilson, James Grant (1835-), an American author of historical and 
 
 biographical studies, and the chief editor of <Appleton's Cyclo- ' 
 
 paedia of American Biography > 43 578 
 
 Tyler, Moses Coit (183 5-), an American educator and literary histo- 
 rian, university professor at Michigan and Cornell, author of an 
 important history of American literature through the Colonial 
 and Revolutionary periods 43 535 
 
 Du Chaillu, Paul B. (1835-), a French-American explorer; author of 
 
 important travels, historical studies, and books for the young. .42 154 
 
 Elder, Susan Blanchard (1835-), an American Catholic poetic and 
 dramatic writer; author of dramas, devotional poems, and stud- 
 ies 42 166 
 
 Agassiz, Alexander (1835-), an eminent American zoologist and geol- 
 ogist, notable for munificent development of the Museum of 
 Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (1873-85) 42 6 
 
 Harris, Wm. T. (1835-), an eminent American educational and philo- 
 sophical authority, author of able studies in philosophy 42 249 
 
 Gladden, Washington (1836-), an American divine of broadly liberal 
 views; author of important religious, social, and economic 
 studies 42 220 
 
 Buckley, James Monroe (1836-), a Methodist journalist and author of 
 
 distinction 42 81 
 
 Delmar, Alexander (1836-), a political economist, writer on money and 
 
 on banking, and Review editor 42 138 
 
 13 
 
Cxciv AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Toy, Crawford Howell (1836-), an American biblical and historical 
 scholar, university professor at Harvard, author of important 
 studies in Jewish and Christian history 43 530 
 
 Church, William C. (1836-); Francis P. (1839-), journalists, founders 
 of the Army and Navy Journal, and of the Galaxy Magazine; 
 the elder author of a notable < Biography of General Grant > . . .42 109 
 
 Alden, Henry M. (1836-), an eminent magazine editor and religious 
 
 writer, marked by rare quality in both thought and style i 303-12 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas B. (1836-), magazine editor, story-writer, and a 
 poet of rare distinction. The Library gives thirty -eight pages 
 of most interesting examples i 312-48 
 
 Thaxter, Celia (1836-94), a poet of the New England sea and sky 
 
 and isles 37 14760-68 
 
 Muir, John (1836-), a Scotch- American of high distinction for splen- 
 did prose pictures of the grand scenery of the Pacific West. 
 The Library has, as an eight-page example, < A Wind Storm in 
 the Forest > 26 10405-14 
 
 Winter, William (1836-), a poet, essayist, and dramatic critic; not- 
 able for rare thought, strenuous moral and human interest, 
 and literary refinement » 39 16061-74 
 
 Allan, William (1837-89), an author of works giving the Confederate 
 
 history of the Civil War 42 14 
 
 Burroughs, John (1837-), a New England literary naturalist, essayist, 
 
 and critic, of rare interest and charm 7 2867-82 
 
 Eggleston, Edw^ard (1837-), an Indiana novelist; author of <The 
 
 Hoosier Schoolmaster, > and of studies in American history ..13 5215-24 
 
 Benjamin, Samuel G. W. ,(1837-) a diplomat, artist, and traveler ... 4 2 54 
 
 Dolbear, A. E. (1837-), an American physicist, college professor, and 
 
 author of scientific expositions 42 148 
 
 Sewall, Frank (1837-), an American writer; author of Swedenborgian 
 religious works, and of remarkably successful translations and 
 studies of Carducci 43 490 
 
 Brinton, Daniel G. (1837-), an eminent archaeologist, and ethnologist . 4 2 75 
 
 Howells, W. D. (1837-), a magazine writer and editor, novelist not- 
 able for realism, essayist, and poet. The Library gives thirty- 
 nine pages of examples, with a full story of his life 19 7653-94 
 
 Hay, John (1838-), a journalist and diplomat; author of < Castilian 
 Days,> and poems, and, with J. G. Nicolay, *■ Life of Abraham 
 Lincoln > 18 7097-109 
 
 Morse, Edward Sylvester (1838-), a distinguished American biologist; 
 president of the Peabody Academy of Sciences at Salem, Mas- 
 sachusetts ; professor at Tokio, Japan ; author of works in natural 
 history, and of notable Japanese studies 43 392 
 
 Curtin, Jeremiah (1838-), an American linguist and antiquarian writer, 
 proficient in the Slavic tongues, Czech, Russian, and Polish; 
 author of valuable studies of myths and folk lore 42 127 
 
 Daly, John Aug. (1838-), a dramatic author and proprietor, notably suc- 
 cessful in both England and America 42 130 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE CXCV 
 
 Billings, John Shaw (1838-), an eminent medical writer and librarian. 42 60 
 
 Lounsbury, Thomas R. (1838-), an American scholar of distinction in 
 English literature, professor at the Scientific School of Yale 
 University, and notable for a great work on the life and writ- 
 ings of Chaucer 43 35^ 
 
 Audsley, George A. (183 8-), a Scottish-American architect and writer 
 
 on art 42 29 
 
 Allen, Joel Asaph (1838-), an American naturalist; member of scientific 
 expeditions; museum curator at Cambridge, Massachusetts; and 
 part author of important natural history works 42 14 
 
 Beard, George M. (1839-83), a medical and hygienic writer ; author of 
 
 works on spiritualism, hypnotism, and stimulants 42 48 
 
 Schouler, James (1839-), an American historian and lawyer; author 
 of legal text-books, and of a valuable < History of the United 
 States under the Constitution > 43 485 
 
 Goodale, George Lincoln (1839-), an American botanist, university 
 professor at Harvard since 1872, author of important works for 
 botanical instruction 42 225 
 
 Bickmore, Albert S. (1839-), a naturalist, author of travels, and 
 
 popular lecturer on science 42 58 
 
 Buck, Dudley (1839-), an organist, composer, and musical author ... .42 81 
 
 Harte, Bret (1839-), a brilliant author of humorous California poems 
 
 and sketches, and of a California novel, < Gabriel Conroy>. .17 6985-7013 
 
 Dodge, Mary Mapes (1840-), the accomplished editor of the St. Nicho- 
 las Magazine; author of <Hans Brinker,> and other delightful 
 stories, and of volumes of verse for young folks 12 4757-70 
 
 Mahan, Capt. A. T. (1840-), a notably interesting writer on naval 
 
 history, and author of a < Life of Admiral Farragut* 24 9580-88 
 
 Conyngham, David Power (1840-83), an Irish-American journalist 
 
 of New York, author of historical works and Irish novels 42 118 
 
 Walker, Francis A. (1840-97), an American political economist of 
 distinction; president of the Institute of Technology at Boston; 
 author of an important series of economic, social, and monetary 
 studies 43 556 
 
 Spalding, John Lancaster (1840-), an American Catholic prelate of 
 distinction in educational matters; widely known as an author 
 of poems, biographical and religfious studies, and essays 43 501 
 
 Newton, Richard Heber (1840-), an American clergyman and religious 
 writer, a churchman of advanced views, author of works keenly 
 critical of the present condition of both church and society. . . .43 403 
 
 Cox, Palmer (1840-), an American artist and writer, author of very 
 
 popular books of humorous pictures and verse for children ... .42 123 
 
 Sumner, William G. (1840-), an American writer on political and 
 social science; university professor at Yale since 1872; author 
 of studies in political, economic, and monetary science of spe- 
 cial importance and value 43 511 
 
 Dodge, Mary E. M. (1840-), an American editor, author, and poet; 
 
 notable for books of value for young readers 42 148 
 
CXCvi AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Wright, Carroll D. (1840-), an eminent American contributor to po- 
 litical science; from 1885 United States Commissioner of Labor; 
 author of a large body of writings of economic and political 
 interest 43 585 
 
 Davidson, Thomas (1840-), a Scottish- American author of historical 
 
 and critical works on philosophy and education 42 134 
 
 Stanley, Henry M. (1841-), a celebrated American journalist and ex- 
 plorer, of Welsh birth; author of a series of works of the first 
 importance for the history of exploration in Africa 43 503 
 
 Briggs, C. A. (1841-), a Presbyterian divinity school professor, ad- 
 vocate of higher criticism of the Bible 42 74 
 
 Alden, Isabella (1841-), an author of some sixty books for children. 42 11 
 
 Young, John Russell (1841-), an American journalist, author of travels 
 
 with General Grant, now librarian of Congress 43 590 
 
 Sargent, Charles Sprague (1841-), an American botanist; university 
 professor at Harvard ; author of authoritative reports and books, 
 including a great work on the trees of North America 43 480 
 
 Allen, Alexander V. G. (1841-), an ecclesiastical historian; professor 
 at Episcopal divinity school, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and 
 author of works on church history 42 14 
 
 Miller, Joaquin (1841-), a singularly fresh, original, and interesting 
 
 poet of the Pacific West 25 10027-36 
 
 Sill, Edward R. (1841-87), a poet of rare ethical and aesthetic in- 
 terest 34 13439-44 
 
 Snider, Denton J. (1841-), an author of travels in Greece, and other 
 works of sympathy with Greek ideals in culture. The Library 
 has his < Battle of Marathon,^ in twenty-four pages 34 13601-26 
 
 Lanier, Sidney (1842-81), a most genuine poet, and a most able literary 
 
 critic; professor and lecturer at Johns Hopkins University.. .22 8891-902 
 
 Fiske, John (1842-), an eminent expositor of Herbert Spencer and 
 Darwin, and a writer, on American history, of the highest dis- 
 tinction. The Library gives, in sixteed pages, Mr. Fiske's ad- 
 mirable story of Magellan 14 5777-96 
 
 Ladd, George T. (1842-), an American educator and philosophical 
 writer, university professor at Yale, and author of important 
 writings on physiological psychology 43 320 
 
 King, Clarence (1842-), an American geologist, geological surveyor, 
 and author of scientific and literary studies and sketches of great 
 interest 43 304 
 
 James, William (1842-), an eminent American scholar and educator, 
 a university professor, and author of important contributions to 
 educational science 42 287 
 
 Fosdick, Charles Austin (1842-), an American author of contributions 
 
 to periodicals, and of a large number of books for boys 42 197 
 
 Coues, Elliott (1842-), an American naturalist, author, and editor of 
 
 important contributions to natural history 42 122 
 
 James, Henry (1843-), a novelist of high originality and brilliant 
 power, and an essayist notable for stimulating thought and rare 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE CXCvii 
 
 literary art. The library has, in full, his <The Madonna of the 
 Future,* in thirty-five pages 20 8071-109 
 
 MacGahan, J. A. (1844-78), a noted American journalist and corre- 
 spondent; author, in a series of war letters, of a most effective 
 exposure of Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria; esteemed by the 
 Bulgarians as one of the chief authors of their independence 43 359 
 
 O'Reilly, John B. (1844-90), a journalist and poet of high representa- 
 tive character as a Boston Irish-American 27 10857-64 
 
 Andrews, Elisha B. (1844-), an American historical and economical 
 
 writer, president of Brown University 42 19 
 
 Greely, Adolphus W. (1844-), an American soldier and Arctic ex- 
 plorer, author of important reports of Arctic travel and experi- 
 ence 42 231 
 
 Adams, Francis Colburn, an American writer of prominence in the 
 South at the time of the Civil War, author of works reflecting 
 contemporary lives 42 4 
 
 Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (1844-), author of the phenomenally 
 successful <The Gates Ajar,> and of other religio-humanist 
 works of popular interest 38 1 5623-40 
 
 Cable, George W. (1844-), a writer of stories of the Creole life of 
 
 the South, very remarkable for dramatic and pictorial power. .7 3017-36 
 
 Gilder, R. W. (1844-), ^ lyric poet of rare imaginative power; editor, 
 
 since 1881, of the Century Magazine 16 6347-54 
 
 Carleton, Will (1845-), an American poet especially known for his 
 
 ballads of home life 42 94 
 
 Mabie, Hamilton Wright (1845-), an American religious journalist 
 and essayist, author of books representative of wide literary 
 sympathy and the better culture of the time 43 356 
 
 Kennan, George (1845-), a noted traveler and lecturer, author of 
 critical studies of the criminal administration of Russia in con- 
 nection with Siberia 43 300 
 
 Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey (1845-), a popular writer under the name 
 of « Susan Coolidge,'* of very superior books for children, and 
 of historical and literary studies 43 584 
 
 Allen, Fred Hovey (1845-), an author of several popular art works, 
 
 and of the histories of the Conquest of Peru and Mexico 42 14 
 
 Dall, W. H. (1845-), a naturahst, and author of a long list of scien- 
 tific reports and articles 42 129 
 
 Anderson, Rasmus B. (1846-), an American-Norwegian professor, and 
 
 author of books of Scandinavian interest 42 19 
 
 Holden, Edward S. (1846-), a prominent American educator and uni- 
 versity president ; author of important scientific studies 42 269 
 
 Ha'wthorne, Julian (1846-), a popular novelist, and writer for journals 
 
 in New York 17 7041-52 
 
 Bowne, Borden P. (1847-), a professor of philosophy at Boston Uni- 
 versity (1876-) 42 70 
 
 Catherwood, Mary H. (1847-), an author of historical romances de- 
 picting scenes in the early Northwest 42 98 
 
CXCviii AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Hardy, Arthur S. (1847-), a poet, novelist, and scientific school pro- 
 fessor at Dartmouth College 17 6925-32 
 
 Woolson, Constance F. (1848-94), a writer of most wholesome and 
 interesting novels and stories. The Library gives twenty-six 
 pages of fine examples 3 9 16165-92 
 
 Boyesen, H. H. (1848-95), a Norwegian of genius and literary dis- 
 tinction, transplanted to America 5 2272-78 
 
 Harris, Joel Chandler (1848-), author of < Uncle Remus, > and other 
 
 plantation negro stories of high literary quality 17 6961-74 
 
 Rhodes, James Ford (1848-), author of a < History of the United 
 States from the Compromise of 1850,* a work of conscientious 
 and painstaking scholarship 31 12206-24 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf (1848-), an American author of historical 
 
 romances, and English magazine editor 42 28 
 
 Bowker, R. R. (1848-), a bibliographer, economist and editor 42 70 
 
 Adams, Brooks (1848-), an American historical writer and essayist. 4 2 4 
 
 De Kay, Charles (1848-), an author of poems on themes from Orien- 
 tal, classical, and literary history, and of biographical studies. 42 137 
 
 Burnett, Mrs. Frances H. (1849-), a writer of novels and stories, au- 
 thor of < Little Lord Fauntleroy > 7 2809-16 
 
 Benjamin, Park (184 9-), a lawyer, scientific editor, and writer on 
 
 electricity 29 53 
 
 Williams, George W. (1849-), an American negro soldier and writer, 
 author of valuable contributions to the history of the Civil 
 War 45 576 
 
 Janvier, Thomas A. (1849-), a writer of sketches, romances, travels, 
 and essays, humorous and sympathetic. The Library has an 
 example twenty-five pages in length 20 81 17-44 
 
 Jewett, Sarah O. (1849-), an author of novels of New England rural 
 
 and village life, of fine interest and rare humor 21 8269-82 
 
 Allen, James Lane (1850-), a writer of tales and novels, at once po- 
 etic in touch and closely realistic i 409-28 
 
 Sloane, William M. (1850-), an American historical writer, uni- 
 versity professor at Princeton and at Columbia, author of a 
 very important < Life of Napoleon ^ 43 496 
 
 Adams, Herbert Baxter (1850-), an American historical scholar of 
 distinction, professor at Johns Hopkins University, and editor 
 of important historical works 42 5 
 
 Greene, Francis V. (1850-), an American soldier ; author of Observa- 
 tions with the Russian Army in 1877-78, of a <Life of Nathaniel 
 Greene, > and of < The Mississippi > 42 232 
 
 Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1850-), an eminent American Sanskrit 
 scholar, university professor at Harvard, and author of im- 
 portant studies in Oriental language and literature 43 326 
 
 Curtis, William E. (1850-), an American journalist and writer of 
 
 travels in Spanish America, Russia, and Japan 42 127 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850-), an American political leader of excep- 
 tional literary resources; author of Lives of Daniel Webster, 
 
AMERICAN LITERATURE Cxcix 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington, and of other 
 important historical studies 43 347 
 
 Murfree, Mary N. (1850-), a writer of novels of Tennessee life, 
 
 vigorously real and dramatic 26 10453-72 
 
 Field, Eugene (1850-95), a journalist; author of tales, sketches, and 
 poems; a capital humorist; and a veritable Shakespeare of verse 
 for little folks 14 5687-92 
 
 Hearn, Lafcadio (1850-), a Greek-English American journalist; 
 
 author of stories, tales, and travels extremely rich in interest. 18 7131-52 
 
 Goode, George Brown (1851-96), an American ichthyologist, an ex- 
 tensive and accurate writer of papers and works on ichthyolog- 
 ical and other natural history topics 42 225 
 
 Jordan, David Starr (1851-), an eminent American naturalist and 
 educator, university president, and author of valuable contribu- 
 tions to recent science 42 292 
 
 Adams, George Burton (1851-), an American university professor, and 
 
 author of historical studies 42 4 
 
 Adams, Henry Carter (1852-), an American university professor, and 
 
 writer on political economy 42 5 
 
 Egan, Maurice Francis (1852-), an American essayist; university pro- 
 fessor of English literature at the Catholic University, Washing- 
 ton ; author of volumes of poems, lectures, and criticisms 42 164 
 
 McMaster, John B. (1852-), a university professor, and author of 
 
 < History of the People of the United States > 24 9503-14 
 
 Riley, James W. (1852-), a Western American dialect poet, author of 
 
 homely and heartfelt songs of the common people 31 12265-72 
 
 Van Dyke, Henry (1852-), an intellectually brilliant preacher, poet, 
 
 and essayist of New York 37 15237-47 
 
 Ely, Richard T. (1854-), an American political economist and uni- 
 versity professor, author of valuable and popular studies in 
 socialism and economics 42 169 
 
 Schurman, Jacob Gould (1854-), an American professor of philosophy, 
 and later president at Cornell University; author of import- 
 ant philosophical and religious studies 43 486 
 
 Crawford, Francis M. (1854-), a versatile and extraordinarily success- 
 ful author of high-class novels 10 4151-66 
 
 Page, Thomas N. (1854-), an author of tales and sketches of negro 
 and white life in the South under slavery — pathetic, humorous, 
 and admirably pictorial. The Library has twenty pages of 
 delightful examples a 8 10937-60 
 
 Thomas, Edith M. (1854-), a Western American writer of verse show- 
 ing genuine poetic gifts, rare love of nature, and intense sym- 
 pathy with Greek culture 37 14845-50 
 
 Bunner, Henry C. (1855-96), a New York journalist, humorist, and 
 
 poet 7 2731-46 
 
 Woodberry, G. E. (1855-), a university professor, essayist, and poet. 39 16145-52 
 
 Wilkins, Mary E. (1855-), the supremely excellent writer of stories 
 
 of homely life and character in New England 39 15983-6000 
 
QQ AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 Allen, Willis Boyd (1855-), an American writer of verse and of a 
 
 large number of works for young people 42 15 
 
 Bigelow, Poultney (1855-), an author of biographies, travels, and 
 
 < History of the German Struggle for Liberty > 42 59 
 
 Peck, Harry Thurston (1856-), an American scholar and literary critic; 
 university professor at Columbia, New York ; author of import- 
 ant contributions to classical study 43 421 
 
 Fortier, Alc6e (1856-), an American educator, university professor 
 in Louisiana, and author of studies and tales of special Louisi- 
 ana interest .42 196 
 
 Bliss, Wm. D. P. (1856-), a prominent editor and writer on Christian 
 
 Socialism 42 63 
 
 Waldstein, Charles (1856-), an eminent American archaeologist, and 
 writer on art ; university professor at Cambridge, England ; and 
 author of art studies of great value 43 556 
 
 Frederic, Harold (1856-), a journalist and novel writer of New York. 15 5971-76 
 
 Wilson, Woodrow (1856-), a university professor, historical and politi- 
 cal writer 39 16047-60 
 
 Stuart, Ruth McEnery (1856-), an author of humorous dialect stories 
 
 of negro life, Creole life, and Arkansas life. 35 141 19-38 
 
 Deland, Margaret W. (1857-), the author of <John Ward,> a strong- 
 novel of religious interest, and of stories, sketches, and poems. 42 137 
 
 King, Grace Elizabeth (18.58-), a writer of stories and histories, illus- 
 trating life and romance in Louisiana; brilliantly successful in 
 every way. The Library gives, in twenty-four pages, her ac- 
 count of Jackson's battle of New Orleans 21 8573-98 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore (185 8-), the author of <The Winning of the 
 West* and other historical studies of great value and inter- 
 est 31 12384-96 
 
 Fuller, Henry B. (1859-), the author of <The Cliff Dwellers > and 
 <With the Procession,) pictures of the seamy and vulgar in 
 Chicago 15 6101-18 
 
 Wharton, Thomas (1859-96), an American journalist; author of arti- 
 cles, stories, and novels rich in humor and pathos. The Li- 
 brary has eighteen pages of his < Bobbo > . 39 15819-38 
 
 Wister, Owen (i860-), an author of stories of the Southwest, cow- 
 boys, Indians, and soldiers. The Library gives his < Specimen 
 Jones, > twenty pages in length 39 16101-22 
 
 Thanet, Octave (i860-), an author of stories of Arkansas and other 
 
 parts of the South and West 37 14733-59 
 
 Garland, Hamlin (i860-), a Western American writer of poems, tales, 
 
 and novels of Mississippi Valley life 15 6195-204 
 
 Carman, Bliss (1861-), a verse-writer of Canadian birth, rich in 
 
 originality and strength of utterance 8 3302-06 
 
 Slosson, Annie Trumbull (18--), the author of < Butterneggs * and 
 other studies of the eccentric and humorous in New England 
 life — the earliest published in 1878. The Library gives < Butter- 
 neggs > in nineteen pages 34 13487-507 
 
GREEK LITERATURE CCi 
 
 Ford, Paul Leicester (1865-), an American historical writer and 
 editor; author of important studies of Washington, Franklin, 
 and Jefferson ; and editor of an edition of Jefferson's works .... 4 2 195 
 
 Astor, John Jacob, a notable novelist of New York City, the junior 
 head of the house of Astor, author of a <A Journey in Other 
 Worlds > 42 28 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Greek Literature, through the thousand years from the time 
 of Homer to the writing- of the books in Greek which were 
 united to form the New Testament, was the dominant literature 
 of culture, not alone within Greek limits, but wherever culture 
 of any type, Roman, Hebrew, or Egyptian, existed; and all the 
 literatures, arts, and sciences of the modern world go back to 
 Greek beginnings: — 
 
 Homer (eighth or ninth century B.C.), whose Iliad and Odyssey, 
 through their charm as literature, and through the force of 
 national tradition, became the Bible of the Greeks, in awe of 
 the authority of which even a Socrates could be put to death, 
 is celebrated in the Library by a critical story of eleven pages, 
 and eighteen pages of examples, with ten pages, in addition, de- 
 voted to what are known as <The Homeric Hymns > 19 7551-88 
 
 Hesiod (ninth century B.C.), whose antiquity, nearly equal to that 
 of Homer, with his attention to morals and mythology, made 
 him seem, like Homer, a creator of Greek scripture, is well ex- 
 plained and illustrated in the Library 18 7326-32 
 
 Greek Lyric Poetry, treated comprehensively as a factor of Greek 
 culture between 700 B. C. and 450 B. C. , includes Tyrtaeus and 
 Callinus (15 164), writers of elegies full of martial spirit, about 
 700 B. C. ; Mimnermus, whose elegies dwelt on sensual pleasure 
 (15166); Archilochus, writer of iambic verse, not much later 
 than 700 B.C. (15168-71); Terpander, the earliest in the lyric 
 poetry proper, about 676 B. C. (15 174), and after him Alcaeus, 
 Sappho, and Anacreon; Arion soon after 600 B. C, who de- 
 veloped the dithyrambic hymn in the direction of drama 
 (15176); Callistratus, writer of Greek drinking-songs; Alcman, 
 who first cultivated choral poetry, about 650 B. C. ; Stesichorus, 
 who, by use of the choral ode, prepared the way for the dram- 
 atists; Ibycus, who widened the sphere of choral lyric; Simon- 
 ides and Pindar and Bacchylides 37 15161-84 
 
 Alcman, of whose writings hardly anything is extant, stood first of 
 
 Greek lyric poets, about B. C. 670-30 i 281 
 
 .^sop, the most famous of writers of fables, is supposed to have 
 
 lived between 700 and 600 B. C i 200-09 
 
Ccii GREEK LITERATURE 
 
 Solon (638-559 B. C), the earliest Greek framer of constitutional law, 
 
 was wont to address the citizens in verse 34 13642-46 
 
 Thales (B. C. 640-550), the earliest of the Greek philosophers; 
 notable for knowledge of the sciences, and for the impulse 
 which he gave to Greek thinking 43 520 
 
 Pherecydes of Syros, an early Greek philosopher of the age of 
 Thales and Anaximander, reputed to have written a work on 
 the origin of things in which the doctrine of metempsychosis 
 is first propounded 43 427 
 
 Stesichorus (B. C. 630-556), a Greek lyric poet, regarded as the 
 greatest of the Dorian lyrists; author of narrative poems, only 
 fragments of which remain 43 506 
 
 Sappho (B. C. 6 1 2-), who sang in the most perfect verses known to 
 
 Greek literature, was famous early in the sixth century B. C.32 12817-24 
 
 Anaximander (B. C. 611-547), a Greek Ionian philosopher, said to 
 
 have written the first philosophical work in Greek prose 42 18 
 
 Alcseus, whose lyrics were either drinking-songs or martial poems, 
 
 flourished about 610-580 B. C i 268-72 
 
 Pythagoras (B. C. 582-500), a celebrated Greek philosopher; author 
 of an important body of teaching, of which he left no written 
 record 43 446 
 
 Anacreon, who lived about 562-477 B. C, was among the finest 
 
 writers of Greek lyrics. The library gives eleven examples... 2 492-500 
 
 Ibycus (about B. C. 560-525), a Greek lyric poet only known by 
 
 fragments of exquisite verse that have come down to us 42 282 
 
 Simonides, whose years were 556-468 B. C, was the most versatile 
 and most productive of the Greek lyrists, and, in his epigrams, 
 elegies, and dirges, never equaled 43 13462-72 
 
 Theognis, who may have lived about B. C. 550-495, was an author 
 of elegiac didactic poetry, much quoted in Greek discussion of 
 social and ethical themes. The Library gives very curious 
 examples 37 14789-94 
 
 Heraclitus, who lived B.C. 535-475, was agfreat original thinker, 
 whose ideas in philosophy had a wide and lasting influence. 
 Examples of his thoughts are given very fully in the Library. 
 His one book, < On Nature,> was in prose 18 7247-51 
 
 Xenophanes (about B. C. 535 to 443), a Greek philosopher at Elea in 
 Southern Italy, the reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy; 
 author of elegiac and epic poems 43 587 
 
 Epicharmos, about B. C. 540, a Greek comic poet at Syracuse, founder 
 
 of the Doric-Sicilian comedy 42 171 
 
 Anaximenes, a Greek Ionian philosopher of the sixth century B. C. .42 18 
 
 iEschylus, whose life fell in the years B. C. 525-456, and who brought 
 out plays from B. C. 500 to his death, ninety in all, of which 
 only seven now exist, was not only the first but the greatest 
 of the three tragic poets of Greece. The Library has a very 
 full and fine account of the great poet and his career, and 
 examples from his extant dramas i 183-200 
 
GREEK LITERATURE cciii 
 
 Pindar, whose life covered the years 522-450, and who ranks as the 
 greatest of Greek lyric poets, is especially notable for the odes 
 written on occasions of athletic victories. Several of his mag- 
 nificent odes are given in full in the Library 29 11487-505 
 
 Corinna, a celebrated Greek poet, contemporary with Pindar, about 
 
 B. C. 500 42 121 
 
 Parmenides, whose life fell in B. C. 520-450, ranks next to Herach- 
 tus among philosophers before Socrates. His only work was a 
 poem, <On Nature, > from which the Library gives examples. 2 8 11114-16 
 
 Anaxagoras (B. C. 500-428), a Greek philosopher and scientist, au- 
 thor of a ^Treatise on Nature > 42 _ 18 
 
 Empedocles, a philosopher whose life covered about the years 500- 
 425 B. C, wrote two long philosophical poems, only fragments 
 of which are extant 14 5467-74 
 
 Sophocles, who lived, probably, through the years B. C. 495-405, 
 covering almost the exact period of Athenian greatest power 
 (B. C. 490-405), and from whom we now have seven plays out 
 of seventy which he wrote, was very nearly the equal of ..S^schy- 
 lus in drama. A very full study of this supremely great master 
 of Greek tragedy, with a large number of examples, is made 
 by Professor Mahafify in the Library 34 13647-76 
 
 Herodotus (B. C. 490-426), whom Cicero called the father of history, 
 was the first narrator who so connected and handled stories as 
 to make history of them. The Library has a large number of 
 fine examples 18 7285-306 
 
 Ion of Chios (B.C. 484-422), a Greek poet and prose-writer, the loss 
 of whose works, tragedies, hymns, elegies, epigrams and essays, 
 is one of the most serious breaches which time has made in 
 the best age of Greek literature 42 284 
 
 Euripides, who lived (B.C. 480-406), is represented in literature by 
 nineteen dramas, out of ninety-two which he is said to have 
 produced. As .lEschylus was the grandest, and Sophocles the 
 most perfect, in poetic art, so Euripides was by far the richest in 
 human interest. The Library gives a large number of fine 
 examples 145 569-90 
 
 Thucydides, the earliest writer of contemporary history, and the first 
 critical historian, lived about B. C. 471-400, and achieved al- 
 most unexampled distinction as a master of Greek prose in 
 a history covering twenty-one years of the Peloponnesian War. 
 The Library has fifteen pages of fine examples. .. .43 525; 37 14909-931 
 
 Socrates, one of the greatest teachers of thought and wisdom, who 
 yet wrote nothing, but who comes into literature through re- 
 ports of his teaching, was especially reported by Plato and by 
 Xenophon. The Library gives a full account, with examples. 
 His seventy years were B. C. 469-399 34 13627-41 
 
 Philolaus, a Greek Pythagorean philosopher of the time of Socrates, 
 
 the first to commit to writing the doctrines of Pythagoras ... .43 428 
 
Cciv GREEK LITERATURE 
 
 Lysias (B.C. 450-380), an Attic orator; author of orations in the 
 
 purest Attic style, of which over thirty are still extant 43 355 
 
 Agathon (B. C. 448-402), a Greek tragic poet, friend of Euripides and 
 
 Plato 42 7 
 
 Eupolis (B.C. 445-404), an Athenian comic poet, admirably represent- 
 ing the older type of Greek comedy 42 174 
 
 Isocrates (B.C. 436-338), a Greek orator and rhetorician, founder of 
 
 a famous school for the education of orators 42 285 
 
 Achilles Tatius, a Greek writer of romances in the fifth century 42 3 
 
 Phrynichus, a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B. C. ; author of 
 plays commemorating events of his own time, as well as of 
 'tragedies on legendary themes 43 428 
 
 Zeno of Elea, a Greek philosopher of the fifth century B. C. , called by 
 
 Aristotle the father of dialectics 43 595 
 
 Aristophanes, who lived about B. C. 448-380, and produced forty- 
 three plays, of which eleven are extant, was the greatest of 
 comic dramatists, and a master of perfect Greek second only to 
 Homer and Plato. The Library has a most interesting story of 
 his genius and of all the extant comedies, with sixteen pages 
 of fine examples 2 759-87 
 
 Xenophon, who lived B. C. 430-355, was an Athenian soldier, writer 
 of historical narrative, and author of reminiscences, an historical 
 novel, and dialogfues, with much reference, in some of the works, 
 to the life and words of Socrates. The Library has a very 
 interesting story and ahiple examples 39 16243-60 
 
 Plato, whose years were B. C. 427-347, and who ranks as a prose- 
 writer with the greatest poets of literature, has stood for twenty- 
 three centuries at the head of thinkers who not merely regard 
 observed facts but imagine ideals and form ideas from which to 
 argue what is true and to decide what in character and con- 
 duct is good and right. The Library has a very full story of 
 his genius and career, and twenty -six pages of fine examples. .29 115 19-56 
 
 Antimachus, a Greek epic and elegiac poet about 410 B. C, author of 
 
 < The Thebais > , 42 21 
 
 Xenocrates (B. C. 396-314), a Greek philosopher of the school of Plato; 
 said to have been the first to divide philosophy into physical, 
 speculative, and ethical 43 587 
 
 ^schines, who lived B. C. 389-314, and both practiced and taught 
 oratory, is chiefly famous for the rivalry with Demosthenes 
 which he maintained i 178-82 
 
 Aristotle, who lived in the years B. C. 384-322, and began as a pupil 
 of Plato, became, and has remained for all time, the greatest 
 of thinkers to whom what observed facts show is the basis of 
 knowledge and who trust in real knowledge rather than in im- 
 agination 2 788-801 
 
 Demosthenes, the one orator in history who rises to the very high- 
 est line, as Plato does, or Shakespeare, lived in B. C. 384-322. 
 
GREEK LITERATURE CCV 
 
 and used his splendid eloquence to support Athens in her 
 struggle to maintain her independence 1 1 4535-54 
 
 Zeno the Stoic (B. C. 350-258), a Greek philosophic founder, author of 
 the system of Stoicism, none of whose writings have been pre- 
 served 4 3 595 
 
 Lycurgus, an Attic orator of the fourth century B. C, a disciple of 
 Plato and Isocrates, zealously patriotic, and of noble and digni- 
 fied eloquence 43 355 
 
 Pherecrates, a Greek comic poet of the fourth century B. C, of whose 
 
 works only some fragments remain 43 427 
 
 Philemon, who lived ninety-eight years, B. C. 361-263, and wrote 
 ninety-seven plays; of which fragments only remain, save as 
 they were more or less reproduced in Latin by Plautus and 
 Terence; is notable as having brought the drama down to the 
 level of the society play or comedy of actual life 29 11397-408 
 
 Theocritus, whose pastoral poetry is considered the last manifesta- 
 tion of Greek genius, was of Syracuse in Sicily, and lived at 
 Alexandria in Egypt, where Greek culture had created a brill- 
 iant centre of letters and art (about 276 B.C.). The Library 
 has a most interesting account, with fifteen pages of fine ex- 
 amples translated by Andrew Lang 37 14769-88 
 
 Menander, who lived B. C. 342-291, and even in this shorter life 
 wrote a hundred comedies, of which fragments, amounting to 
 twenty-four hundred verses, are extant, carried the comedy of 
 common life to great perfection. All of the Roman Terence's 
 comedies, except one, are based on lost plays of Menander. . . ,29 11405 
 
 Epicurus, a famous Greek philosopher (B. C. 341-270); author of a 
 system which found the supreme good of life in pleasure, not 
 sensual but mental and spiritual 42 171 
 
 Pyrrho (B. C. 340-250), a Greek philosopher who accompanied Alex- 
 ander the Great on his journey to India, a teacher usually looked 
 upon as the founder of the earlier school of Greek Skepticism. .43 446 
 
 Lost Attic Comedy, known only by fragments, as in the cases of 
 Philemon and Menander, is represented by a number of names 
 of which the Library gives an account 29 11397-408 
 
 Cleanthes, a Stoic philosopher, who lived through the ninety-nine 
 years, B. C. 331-232, and was the immediate successor of Zeno, 
 the founder of Stoicism, is noted for a remarkable hymn to 
 Zeus, which Paul quoted from in his speech on Mars Hill at 
 Athens. The Library gives the whole of this hymn 9 3784-86 
 
 Theophrastus (B. C. 322-287), a Greek philosopher; successor of 
 Aristotle in the school at Athens which he founded; author of 
 works on botany which are still extant, and of other writings 
 of which only fragments remain 43 521 
 
 Aratus (290-260 B. C. ), a Greek poet and astronomer, author of a 
 
 greatly admired astronomical poem 42 22 
 
 Chrysippus (B. C. 280-206), a noted Greek philosopher, after Clean- 
 thes head of the Stoic school 42 108 
 
ccvi GREEK LITERATURE 
 
 Lycophron, a Greek poet and grammarian of the third century B. C, 
 one of the organizers of the Alexandrian Library, and author 
 of numerous poems of which one alone remains 43 354 
 
 Apollonius of Rhodes, a Greek grammarian and poet of the third 
 
 century B. C. , author of *■ Argonautics * 42 21 
 
 Bion (third century B. C), a second Greek poet from Sicily, coming 
 between Theocritus and Moschus, whose finest extant poem is 
 given in the Library 4 1893-97 
 
 Callimachus (lived about 260 B. C), a Greek poet of great learning; 
 was the curator of the immense library treasures at Alexan- 
 dria, which were in part destroyed by Julius Caesar a century 
 later, through ian accidental fire, and the rest deliberately de- 
 stroyed by Bishop Theophilus's anti-paganism zealots three 
 hundred years later still. He wrote a history of Greek litera- 
 ture, and a work on the Museum and its great scholars and 
 educators, both of which are lost 7 3101-06 
 
 Moschus (lived about 200 B. C), another native of Syracuse, who 
 lived much at Alexandria, a little later than Theocritus, is a 
 poet notable for one fine poem still extant, and given in full 
 in the Library 26 10360-64 
 
 The Argonautic Legend, dating in its earliest written form about 
 200 B. C, and shaped into a fine poem in our own time, that 
 of Morris on <The Life and Death of Jason,' is specially dealt 
 with in the Library, with eight pages from the fine poem of 
 Mr. Morris 2 73 1-40 
 
 Ptolemy of Alexandria, the most celebrated of ancient astronomers, 
 belonging to the first half of the second century of our era, 
 and author of a great astronomical treatise which ruled astro- 
 nomical science down to the time of Copernicus 43 443 
 
 Polybius, a soldier, statesman, and diplomat, who lived in the years 
 B. C. 204-122, seventeen years of the time, 1 68-1 51, at Rome, 
 wrote a great history of Greece in the years 220-168, of which 
 five books, out of forty, are still extant The Library has a 
 full story and fine examples 30 11 701-10 
 
 Aristides, father, in the second century B. C, of Greek prose ro- 
 mance 42 24 
 
 Posidonius (B. C. 135-50), a Greek Stoic philosopher, one of the 
 most learned men of antiquity, his knowledge and his writings 
 extending over every branch of science; author of a universal 
 history in fifty -two books, covering the period B. C. 145-82 . ..43 438 
 
 Antipater of Sidon, a Greek poet about 100 B. C, author of a collec- 
 tion of witty epigrams 42 21 
 
 Meleager, a Greek poet of about the middle of the first century B. C, 
 author of epigrams and of a compilation of short poems from 
 about forty authors 43 377 
 
 Strabo (B.C. 54 to A. D. 22), a Greek geographical writer; author of 
 a study of geography as known in his time, and of ac- 
 counts of the principal lands then known 43 509 
 
GREEK LITERATURE CCVii 
 
 [After Christ] 
 
 Greek Anthology, a collection of 4063 short Greek poems, a few 
 lines each in length; covers the thirteen centuries from 
 Mimnermus to Cometas, or the time between the Hebrew 
 prophet Jeremiah and the English king, Edward the Confessor. 
 The Library gives examples from thirty named poets, and 
 others which are anonymous 16 6637-52 
 
 Epictetus, the great Greek expositor of Stoicism, and one of the 
 world's great thinkers, lived about one hundred years after 
 Christ. The story by Higginson and the large number of fine 
 examples in the Library are rich in interest 14 5497-508 
 
 Babrius, a Greek author of the first century after Christ, who made 
 
 a book of fables by turning fables of ^sop into verse 3 1 148-54 
 
 Arrianus, Flavius (95-180), a Greek philosopher and historian, pupil 
 
 of Epictetus and reporter of his teachings 42 27 
 
 Plutarch (lived in the second century A. D. ), one of the most interest- 
 ing and important ancient writers, from the extent to which 
 his Lives of Famous Men, twenty- three Greek and twenty -three 
 Roman, and his < Morals, > more than sixty treatises upon ethi- 
 cal, literary, and historical subjects, show a complete command 
 of Greek history and literature, and give information upon reli- 
 gion, philosophy, and social life. The fifty pages of concise 
 story and fine examples devoted to him in the Library supply 
 readings of extraordinary interest 29 11601-50 
 
 Pausanias, the author of a great work on the antiquities, history, 
 mythology, geography, and types of worship of Greece, is shown, 
 from his own reference, to have produced the work in the years 
 A. D. 140-80 28 11210-22 
 
 Alciphron, an Athenian teacher of rhetoric, who lived in the time of 
 Pausanias, about A. D. 150, is notable for a collection of ficti- 
 tious letters, in which the pictures of life and the character- 
 drawing at once suggest the novel as a form of literature, and 
 uncover to us many aspects of life at Athens in his day i 275-80 
 
 Philostratus (A. D. 170-250), a Greek rhetorician, of whose writings 
 five are extant, including a <Life of Apollonius of Tyana^; a 
 pretender to miracles and divinity 43 428 
 
 Diogenes Laertius, who lived about A. D. 200-50, and wrote a fasci- 
 nating book, of most valuable information, on the < Lives and 
 Sayings of the Philosophers, > is represented in the Library by 
 his <Life of Socrates,^ and by extracts from ten other lives .12 4711-24 
 
 Athenseus, who lived about A. D. 225, and wrote an immense store- 
 house of table-talk, entitled < The Feast of the Learned, > is a 
 most interesting source of information on a great variety of 
 subjects 2 923-32 
 
 Plotinus (A. D. 205-70), the most celebrated representative of Neo- 
 Platonism, author of philosophical teachings which combined 
 many foreign elements with Plato's doctrine of ideas 43 432 
 
Ccviii GREEK LITERATURE 
 
 Longinus, Cassius (210-73), a celebrated Greek philosopher and 
 rhetorician; a teacher first at Athens, and later the adviser of 
 Queen Zenobia at Palmyra; a man of vast learning and many- 
 writings, of which only fragments survive 43 349 
 
 Sextus Empiricus, a Greek philosopher near the end of the second 
 
 century, a representative teacher of the skepticism of Pyrrho. .43 491 
 
 Herodianus, a Greek historian who lived about 175-250, author of an 
 
 important history of Rome from 180 to 238 A. D 42 261 
 
 lamblichus (died about 330 A. D.), a Syrian philosopher; author of 
 works expounding the Neo-Platonic system, and of a life of 
 Pythagoras 42 282 
 
 Eusebius Pamphili (260-340), a Greek theological scholar of note 
 
 from his works as the father of ecclesiastical history 42 174 
 
 Heliodorus, a Greek Christian bishop of Tricca, produced, about 350 
 A. D. , a romance which was condemned as a baneful love story, 
 by a synod of the church, but which literature has recognized 
 as the progenitor of the modern novel 18 7221-28 
 
 Chrysostom, John, who was born A. D. 347 and died A. D. 407, be- 
 came Metropolitan of Constantinople A. D. 397, and was a great 
 preacher of Christian life and faith in a part of the world 
 thoroughly Greek in culture: a marvelously eloquent orator, 
 using Greek as his own tongue 9 3665-74 
 
 Libanius, a Greek writer of the fourth century; author of orations 
 
 and epistles of value for the history of his time 43 34 1 
 
 Synesius (A. D. 375-415), a Greek philosopher, poet, and bishop; au- 
 thor of hymns, essays, and orations 43 513 
 
 Theodoret (A. D. 390-460), a celebrated Greek church historian and 
 theological writer ; author of commentaries, theological tractates, 
 Letters, and a Church History of the period 324-429 43 521 
 
 Longus, a notable Greek romancer, author of <Daphnis and Chloe,^ 
 
 a precursor in the fifth century of the modern novelist 43 349 
 
 Proclus (412-85), a Greek Neo-Platonic philosopher; author of hymns 
 and epigrams, of astronomical and mathematical writings, and 
 of commentaries on some of the works of Plato 43 441 
 
 Zosimus, a Greek historian about the end of the fifth century, author 
 of a Roman history alleging that Christians alone caused the 
 fall of the Roman Empire 43 599 
 
 Procopius, an eminent Greek historian of the sixth century, the lead- 
 ing authority for Justinian's reign, and author of a work on 
 the wars of his time 43 441 
 
 Agathias, who lived A. D. 536-81, at Constantinople, after education 
 at Alexandria, wrote a history of great events between 553-58, 
 the feeble literary power of which is like a last flicker of 
 Greek intellect i 223-24 
 
 Nicephorus (758-828), a Byzantine historian, patriarch of Constanti- 
 nople in 806, author of a history of Constantinople (602-770) dis- 
 tinguished for accuracy and erudition 43 403 
 
GREEK LITERATURE CCix 
 
 Suidas, an author of the tenth or eleventh century, under whose name 
 is given a collection of extracts from ancient writers, with 
 much miscellaneous information, the items arranged alphabet- 
 ically, and the work called a < Lexicon > 43 511 
 
 Comnena, Anna (1083-1148), a Byzantine princess; author of a life of the 
 
 Emperor Alexis, her father — a work of historical importance. .42 117 
 
 Zonaras, Joannes, a Byzantine historian in the twelfth century, author 
 
 of ^Annals* embodying valuable extracts from works now lost. .43 598 
 
 Cantacuzenus, John (-1355). the Emperor of Constantinople, noted as 
 
 the author of < Byzantine History > 4a 93 
 
 Chrysoloras, Manuel (1355-1415), a Greek scholar of Constantinople, 
 the first to attain eminence in Italy as a teacher of the litera- 
 ture and language of Greece 42 108 
 
 Phranza, George (1401-78), the last of the Byzantine historians, an 
 exile to Corfu after the capture of Constantinople by Mohammed 
 II., and author there of a valuable Byzantine history covering 
 the period 1259-1477 43 428 
 
 Chortatzis, Georgios, a modern Greek dramatic poet in the first 
 half of the seventeenth century, author of the first play written 
 in modern Greek 42 108 
 
 Christopulos, Athanasios (1772-1S47), a modern Greek poet 42 ro8 
 
 Zalokostas, Georgios (1805-58), a modern Greek poet; author of songs 
 which the Greek children learn, and of poems which have been 
 translated into several modern langfuages 43 593 
 
 Paparrhigopoulos, Constantine (181 5-91), a Greek of Constantinople, 
 educated in Russia, and professor at the University of Athens; 
 author of < A History of the Greek People > 43 416 
 
 Bernardakis, D. (1834-), a Greek scholar, professor of history 'and 
 
 philology, dramatist, and poet 42 56 
 
 Bikelas, Dimitrios (1835-), an eminent Greek essayist, poet, and 
 
 translator of Shakespeare 42 59 
 
 Drossinis, Georg (18 59-), a Greek poet; author of several volumes 
 
 of lyrics, and of stories and other works in prose 42 152 
 
 14 
 
Ccx LATIN LITERATURE 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Latin Literature was to no small extent inspired and 
 formed by Greek influences, the great examples of Greek poetry 
 and philosophy having made an impression upon the younger and 
 the ruder people absolutely decisive of the character of the 
 younger literature. Constant attention to war had prevented 
 literary development, until contact with Greek culture had come, 
 and transfer from Greek to Latin was easier than native pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Andronicus, a poet and actor, although a slave, who Hved B. C. 
 284-204, translated plays from the Greek, mostly tragedies, 
 with a few comedies. He was himself an educated Greek, 
 made a slave by the chances of war, until freed by his Roman 
 master, whose sons he had educated. He translated Homer's 
 Odyssey for readers of the rude Latin 42 20; 14 5475 
 
 Naevius, who lived about B. C. 272-204, and wrote a large number 
 of dramas, both tragedies and comedies, and an epic on 
 the Punic wars, — a great original national poem, from which 
 both Ennius and Virgil borrowed largely, — was the first in the 
 line of true Roman poets, and the first Latin writer of original 
 power 43 400; 14 5475 
 
 Plautus, Rome's greatest comic poet, who was born about B. C. 254, 
 and died B. C. 184, almost wholly borrowed his comedies from 
 Greek authors, and thus dealt with Greek scenes and charac- 
 ters. The Library has a full and careful story, and nine pages 
 of examples 29 11557-72 
 
 Ennius, who lived B. C. 239-169, the period of Rome's greatest suc- 
 cesses in war, wrote, in the form of an epic poem, < Annals, > 
 surveying the whole of Roman history; but only fragments of 
 it are now extant. The Romans looked to him as the father 
 of their literature. The story of his genius and work is of 
 g^eat interest 14 5475-83 
 
 Cato, called «the Censor, » whose life covered the years 234-149 B. C, 
 wrote a book on < Agriculture, > which is the oldest volume of 
 Latin prose extant. He also wrote < Origines > of Latin history, 
 which are lost, and speeches, to the number of one hundred 
 and fifty, of which fragments from eighty exist. Other writ- 
 ings on eloquence, medicine, and the military art show an au- 
 thor of almost eiicyclopaedic range 8 3347-52 
 
 Pacuvius, Marcus (B. C. 219-129), a Latin tragic poet; author of plays 
 nearly all founded on Greek subjects, and known to us only in 
 fragments, one of which shows him to have been a notable 
 free-thinker 43 412 
 
LATIN LITERATURE CCxi 
 
 Terence (B. C. 185-159), who produced six comedies in the years 166- 
 161, of the most finished form, and most interesting as Roman 
 reflections of Greek culture, is dwelt with in the Library in an 
 elaborate critical story, with fine examples of his work 36 14643-62 
 
 Lucilius, Gains (B.C. 180-103), a Latin poet; author of satires, frag- ^ 
 ments of which are now extant; the first to give form to Ro- 
 man satiric poetry 43 352 
 
 Accius, Lucius (B.C. 170-), a Latin tragic poet, only fragments of 
 
 whose works remain 42 3 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius (B. C. 116-27), the most universally learned 
 of ancient Roman scholars; author of a great variety of works 
 on languages, usages, laws, education, sciences, and notabilities, 
 of which only fragments now remain 43 543 
 
 Cicero, whose great career filled the years B. C. 106-43, ^■iid. who, in 
 addition to being the most eloquent of Roman orators, was an 
 author of the first rank in many fields of knowledge and thought, 
 has a book of fifty pages in the Library, twelve pages of most 
 interesting story and thirty -eight pages of fine examples 9 3675-724 
 
 Caesar, Rome's greatest man, soldier, and statesman, and second only 
 to Cicero as an orator and a writer of Latin prose, lived in 
 the years B. C. 100-44. The Library has a very full story of 
 his genius and work in letters, and twenty-one pages of large 
 examples from his writings 7 3037-66 
 
 Nepos, Cornelius (B. C. 99-24), a Latin biographer and historian; au- 
 thor of lives of eminent men, much valued as ^choolbooks from 
 their simplicity of style 43 402 
 
 Lucretius, whose life covered the years B. C. 98-55, was not only a 
 most vigorous and original poet, but a singularly bold and 
 powerful thinker, in matters, especially, of popular religion. ..23 9304-18 
 
 Catullus, who lived in the last thirty years of the Roman Republic, 
 R C. 84-54, the age of Cicero and Caesar, was Rome's first 
 lyric poet, and one of the greatest lyric poets of all literature. 
 The Library adds to a critical story of his genius and career 
 fifteen fine examples of his lyrics 8 3359-70 
 
 Sallust, who lived B. C. 86-34, and wrote a history of the years B. C. 
 78-67, which is lost, is known by two small historical works, of 
 which the fine style and the political bearing have made them 
 notable 32 12743-58 
 
 Virgil, who lived B. C. 70-19, and produced pastoral poems, called 
 < Eclogues* (B.C. 37); agricultural poems, called <Georgics> 
 (B. C. 37-30) ; and a great national epic, the ^neid (B. C. 30- 
 19), ranks as, in every way, the most representative of Latin 
 writers and a world-poet second only to Homer, Dante, and 
 Shakespeare. The Library has a full critical story and a large 
 array of fine examples 38 15413-38 
 
 Horace, the virtual poet-laureate of Augustus, lived B. C. 65-8, and 
 was especially distinguished for the perfection of his odes, in 
 addition to < Satires,* < Epistles,* and an <Art of Poetry* 19 7619-40 
 
ccxii LATIN lite;rature 
 
 Livy, who was bom B.C. 59 and died A. D. 17, produced a history ^ 
 of Rome of very great interest as story, rather than strict history, 
 but of which three-fourths are no longer extant. The Library 
 gives ten pages of choice examples 23 9091-104 
 
 TibuUus, the first of the elegiac poets of Rome, of whose undoubted 
 
 work, sixteen poems, all are love-elegies, lived B. C. 54-19 ..37 14932-42 
 
 Propertius, the author of five short books of elegies, mostly love- 
 poems, but the best of their kind in Latin, lived about B. C. 
 50-15 30 11861-70 
 
 Phaedrus, a Roman slave, freed by Augustus; author of a body of 
 fables which are extant in their original poetic form, and also 
 in three different versions in Latin prose 43 427 
 
 Labeo, Marcus Antistius, a celebrated Roman jurist of the Augustan 
 age ; author of a g^eat number of works on jurisprudence, of 
 which only one has come down to our time 43 318 
 
 Ovid, who lived B.C. 43 to A. D. 17, was the last of the group of poets 
 of love, wine, and art, of the age of Augustus, and far the most 
 notable of the group. The Library tells, in full, the story of 
 his genius and career, and gives fifteen pages of examples. .28 10915-36 
 
 Paterculus, Gaius Velleius (B. C. 19 to A. D. 30), an officer in the 
 Roman army, under the Emperor Tiberius; author of a com- 
 pendium of Roman and universal history which is still extant. 43 419 
 
 Seneca, born at Corduba, in Spain, B. C. 4, the now accepted date 
 of the birth of Christ, and lived through three imperial reigns . 
 to A. D. 65, the most brilliant literary figure of those reigns ; a 
 Stoic philosopher; the earliest Latin author whose career fell 
 wholly in the Christian era, and whose work in literature is 
 comparable, to a certain extent, with ethical teaching proceed- 
 ing from the life of Christ 33 131 19-32 
 
 Silius Italicus (A. D. 25-101), a Roman poet; author of an epic in 
 
 the style of Virgil, and of a Latin translation of the Iliad 43 494 
 
 Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (A. D. 30-80), a Latin poet of the time of 
 
 Nero ; author of eclogues and bucolics 42 89 
 
 Lucan (Lucanus, M. A.) (A. D. 39-65), a Latin poet at the court of 
 Nero, nephew of the philosopher Seneca, author of an epic on 
 the great battle between Caesar and Pompey at Pharsalus 43 352 
 
 Petronius, a Neronian character, who left the world by suicide A. D. 
 66, left a book of satires terribly and elegantly realistic, in the 
 two parts, out of twenty, which are extant. The Library has 
 nine pages of examples 29 11384-96 
 
 Pliny the Elder, living A. D. 23-79, besides writing histories and 
 other works which are lost, completed, in A. D. 77, a < Historia 
 Naturalis,^ which may be recognized as the earliest of ency- 
 clopaedias 29 11573-82 
 
 Martial, who was born in Spain about A. D. 50, came to Rome 
 A. D. 63, and died A. D. 102 ; was a writer of epigrams of the 
 very highest quality, save as in some of them ofifense to 
 decency is given 24 9750-58 
 
LATIN LITERATURE CCxiil 
 
 Persius, who lived A. D. 34-62, in the age of the worst of the Cae- 
 sars, ranks as third among Roman satirists 29 11343-46 
 
 Quintillian, for many years a teacher of rhetoric, and pleader of 
 causes at Rome, lived A. D. 35-95, and produced in his < Insti- 
 tutes on the Education of an Orator > an exhaustive treatise on 
 oratory, of most exceptional interest and value 30 1 1980-2000 
 
 Secundus, Publius Pomponius, a Roman poet of the first century; 
 author of tragedies of high character, of which only fragments 
 remain 43 488 
 
 Columella, Lucius Junius, a Latin writer in the first century, author 
 
 of an important work showing the condition of agriculture .... 4 2 116 
 
 Statius, born A. D. 45, and died A. D. 96, was an epic, lyric, and 
 dramatic poet, who flourished under Domitian, and was espe- 
 cially successful in some of his smaller poems, which such 
 judges as Goethe have found very fine in quality 35 13845-56 
 
 Tacitus, who lived about A. D. 55-115, and wrote a Dialogue on 
 Orators, a Life of Agricola, a treatise on German institutions, 
 the <Germania,> and two historical works, covering the im- 
 perial period of eighty-two years, to the death of Domitian, 
 (i) the < Annals, > covering A. D. 14-68, and (2) the <Histories,> 
 covering A. D. 68-96, ranks in literary interest and for his 
 pictures of men and events as one of the great writers of the 
 world. The Library gives fifteen pages of most interesting 
 examples 36 14369-88 
 
 Juvenal, living A. D. 60-140, wrote a body of remorselessly power- 
 ful satires, in which he is not only the greatest painter of 
 Roman life and character, but a prophet of conscience, and 
 preacher of truth strongly suggestive of Christian ideals 21 841 1-24 
 
 Pliny the Younger (A. D. 61-113), whose fame rests on nine books 
 of < Letters,* written after the death of Domitian, and pub- 
 lished A. D. 97-109, and a tenth of the correspondence be- 
 tween the Emperor Trajan and himself, was the typical 
 gentleman of the age, and his letters reflect the brighter side 
 of Roman life. The Library has fifteen pages of choice 
 examples 29 11583-600 
 
 Lucian, whose life covered the years A. D. 120-200, and whose 
 most famous work is the < Dialogues of the Gods,* is celebrated 
 for his literary perfection and the agnostic temper in which he 
 parodied the popular religion. The Library gives very striking 
 examples 23 9285-303 
 
 Celsus, a Latin writer of the second century, noted for a book at- 
 tacking Christianity 42 100 
 
 Antoninus, who was bom at Rome, April 20 A. D. 121, and died at 
 Vindobona (now Vienna), March 17, 180, gave to literature in 
 his < Meditations,* one of the most impressive books ever writ- 
 ten and the closest approach to parallelism with Christian 
 teaching which classical antiquity produced. The Library gives 
 
Ccxiv LATIN LITERATURE 
 
 fourteen pages of examples wonderfully rich in noble and 
 beautiful thoughts 3 1022-44 
 
 Suetonius, who flourished early in the second century, a contemporary 
 of Tacitus and the younger Pliny, under the Emperors Trajan 
 and Hadrian, to the latter of whom he was private secretary, 
 wrote < Lives of the Caesars, > in which were vividly reflected all 
 the gossip and scandal of the times portrayed 35 14202-08 
 
 ^lianus, who lived at Rome in the time of Hadrian, and was a mas- 
 ter of Athenian Greek, wrote an important book on the < Nat- 
 ure of Animals,^ and another entitled <Varia Historia,* in 
 which were reproduced what are now valuable notes of his 
 study of works no longer extant i 172-77 
 
 Apuleius, who lived in the second century (A. D. 101-200), wrote a 
 brilliant Latin novel called <The Golden Ass,> a most inter- 
 esting account of which, with examples, is given in the Li- 
 brary 2 597-612 
 
 Gellius, another second-century author, produced in his < Attic 
 Nights, > which dealt mostly with Roman matters, an extremely 
 readable mass of information, literary and historical, and espe- 
 cially picturing early Roman life and usages 16 6253-60 
 
 "Tertullian (A. D. 160-240), a Latin Church Father and theological 
 writer, author of works representing Christian development 
 about two hundred years after Christ .43 519 
 
 Porphyrias (A. D. 233-304), a celebrated Neo-Platonic philosopher; 
 successor of Plotinus as master of a school of philosophy at 
 Rome; author of a history of philosophy, and of a work against 
 the Christian religion, some fragments only of which are pre- 
 served 43 436 
 
 Athanasius, Saint (296-373), an eminent African-Latin father of the 
 early Christian Church, notable for his influence upon dogmatic 
 theology • 42 28 
 
 Eutropius, a Latin historian (died about 370), secretary to Constan- 
 
 tine, and author of an < Epitome of Roman History > 42 174 
 
 Claudianus, Claudius, a Latin poet of the fourth century, an eminent 
 public official, author of an epic and other pieces; the last of 
 the non-Christian poets of Rome 42 112 
 
 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (A. D. 310-94), an author of Latin idyls, 
 
 elegies, and epistles 42 30 
 
 Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens (350-410), a Christian poet of 
 Spanish birth ; author of hymns, theological expositions in verse, 
 and of religious and biblical poems 43 442 
 
 Avianus, Flavius, a Latin author of fables about the end of the 
 
 fourth century A. D 42 31 
 
 Ambrose, Saint (340-97), an eminent father of the Latin Church, 
 
 author of religious writings and hymns 42 16 
 
 Lactantius Firmianus, an eminent Christian author of the fourth 
 century, tutor to a son of Constantine the Great, and known as 
 the Christian Cicero 43 320 
 
LATIN — EGYPTIAN LITERATURE CCXV 
 
 Sytnmachus, Quintus Aurelius (A. D. 350-405). a Roman orator; au- 
 thor of ten books of extant letters of much historical interest, 
 and of fragments of speeches recently discovered 43 513 
 
 Vincent of Lerins, a Latin church writer of the first half of the fifth 
 century (about 450 A. D.); author of a work on the profane 
 novelties of heretics, in which was laid down the test of Cath- 
 olic orthodoxy, «what everjrwhere, what always, what by all, 
 hath been believed » 43 548 
 
 Sidonius Apollinaris, a conspicuous literary and public character in 
 the Roman Empire of the fifth century, author of works very 
 valuable as a picture of the times before the inroad of the bar- 
 barians 43 494 
 
 Bo6tius, who lived 475-525 A. D., wrote in the prison to which The- 
 odoric, the barbarian ruler of Rome, had consigned him, a work 
 called < Consolations of Philosophy, > which is commonly ac- 
 counted «the last work of Roman literature >> 5 2133-40 
 
 Fortunatus, Clementianus (530-609), a Latin poet of Italian birth; 
 author, at the French court, of hymns, epistles, and other 
 verses • 42 196 
 
 Strabo, Walafrid (809-49), an important mediaeval commentator on 
 
 Scripture, and writer on ecclesiastical history and biography. ..43 509 
 
 Scotus Erigena, Joannes, a'' renowned mediaeval philosopher of the 
 ninth century, of Irish birth, and resident in France; a Platon- 
 ist and author of writings on philosophy and religion of 
 broadly liberal character 43 487 
 
 Vincent of Beauvais (i 190-1264), a Dominican friar, a great mediaeval 
 encyclopedist, author of works covering the whole field of 
 thought and knowledge in his time 43 548 
 
 Roman Poets of the Later Empire are grouped in the Library in a 
 critical story covering some four centuries, with eleven ex- 
 amples showing the work of eight poets 31 12357-72 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Literatures which have no record, or only a slight one, 
 in books still existing and accessible, are shown in the Library 
 by scholarly sketches, with such examples as will afford adequate 
 illustration. Professor C. H. Toy, of Harvard University, gives 
 a sketch, in ten pages, of Accadian-Babylonian Literature 
 (Vol. i, 51-83) with twenty-three pages of examples, among which 
 appears the story of the Flood, from which the Hebrew story 
 seems to have been derived. 
 
 Egyptian Literature, of which a full sketch is given in eight 
 pages, is admirably illustrated by one hundred and twelve pages 
 
CCXVi CHINESE— JAPANESE — INDIAN LITERATURE 
 
 of examples (Vol. xiii, 5225-344), of which five are stories, two 
 are historical, eight are poetry, and seven are ethical and didac- 
 tic. Elsewhere also in the Library a great variety of information, 
 supplementing this special article, will be found. 
 
 Of the literature of China, dating, as to its oldest work, the 
 * Yi King^ or Book of Changes, from B.C. 2852, or nearly twenty 
 centuries before Homer, and, as to the present form of its great 
 classics, from the lifetime of Confucius (B.C. 551-478), the Li- 
 brary has, in the compass of twenty pages, a book of story and 
 selections at once clear and full (Vol. ix, 3629-48). The fifty- 
 four selected maxims from the Chinese sages admirably exemplify 
 the character of Chinese teaching. Some other names of note in 
 Chinese literary history are the following: — ^ 
 
 Sze-ma or Suma Kwang (1009-86), an eminent Chinese statesman 
 and writer, author of a comprehensive history of the period 
 B.C. 300 to A. D. 960... 43 513 
 
 Wang-Chi-Fou, a Chinese poet of the thirteenth century; the creator 
 of the Chinese opera ; one of the greatest Chinese dramatic poets ; 
 author of thirteen plays, of which only two «urvive 43 559 
 
 Sze-ma or Su-ma Ts'ien (B. C. 163-85), the greatest of Chinese his- 
 torians and chronologers ; author of the first general history of 
 China from B. C. 2697 to B. C. 104, and of the chronology still 
 prevailing in China 43 513 
 
 Japanese Literature may be compared with Chinese in the 
 book of forty-two pages devoted to its history and character 
 (Vol. XX, 8145-86). The thirty-two pages of examples include 
 *' archaic*^ (A. D. 700-900); ^^age of the prose classics'^ (A. D. 
 900-1200); ^* mediaeval^* (A. D. 1200-1600); and *^ modern ^^ (t6oo- 
 1850). It is a capital survey by an American scholar long resi- 
 dent in Japan. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 The Literature of India has a book of sixty-three pages in 
 the Library (Vol, xx, 7905-67), of which thirty-five pages tell the 
 story, for three thousand years, of a literature which is, in some 
 respects, the most remarkable known to the history of the human 
 mind. The examples cover the whole ground of the Veda and 
 Brahmanism; Buddha and Buddhism; Jainism; the great epics; 
 the drama; the lyric poetry; and modern religious poetry. 
 
INDIAN LITERATURE CCXvii 
 
 The Sacred Books of the East, of which an account is given 
 in the ^Synopses of Noted Books* (Vol. xlv, 415-17), includes, in 
 particular, a large representation of the books, commencing with 
 the Vedas, the Brahmanas, and the Upanishads, which are the 
 monument of the intellectual activity and the religious faith of 
 ancient India. To enumerate the books representative, first of 
 the vast Brahmanical development of Vedic lore, and second of 
 the vast outgrowth from the life and teaching of Buddha, would 
 require a very long special list, and explanation of a great 
 number of unfamiliar and strange names. 
 
 PiLPAY, OR BiDPAi, "court-scholar** — in Sanskrit Vidya-pati, 
 ** master of sciences ** — a lucid and scholarly account of whom is 
 given in the Library by Professor Lanman, of Harvard Univer- 
 sity, is an imaginary personage, representative of the fables of 
 India, of which there were two great collections : the * Jataka, * 
 stories of -Buddhism, five hundred and fifty in number, written 
 in Pali, the language of Buddhism in Ceylon ; and the *• Pan- 
 chatantra * of Brahmanism, written in Sanskrit; these originals, 
 however, not now existing, but the stories, as we know them, 
 having come to us from an Arabic version. Of these very inter- 
 esting stories, known probably in the dim antiquity of India, the 
 Library gives twenty-four examples filling forty-seven pages 
 (Vol. xxix, 11437-86). 
 
 Indian Epigrams, in which Sanskrit literature is very rich, 
 are exemplified in "songs and lyrics** (Vol. xlix, 16989-95). 
 
 Names of particular note for Indian literature later than the 
 several developments from the Vedic books are as follows: — 
 
 Panini, a celebrated Indian philologist of the fourth century B.C., 
 author of a philological work consisting of eight books of San- 
 skrit grammatical rules 43 415 
 
 Valmiki, the reputed author of the <Ramayana,> one of the most 
 celebrated Indian epics, dating in its present form from the 
 last century B. C 43 541 
 
 Kalidasa, the Shakespeare of the Sanskrit literature- of India; a 
 great poet and dramatist; lived about 550 A. D., the middle of 
 the sixth century of our era, and wrote dramatic, lyrical, 
 descriptive, and narrative poetry. The Library has nineteen 
 pages of examples 21 8455-76 
 
 Bhatti, an Indian epic poet of the sixth or seventh century, with 
 
 grammatical and rhetorical aims 42 58 
 
 Bhavabhuti, an eighth-century Indian dramatic poet, ranking next 
 
 to Kalidasa 42 58 
 
CCXViii PERSIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Jayadeva, a Sanskrit poet; author of <Gita-Govinda,^ and <Song of the 
 Cowherd, > a masterpiece of art, which may be called an Indian 
 Song of Songs; lived in the twelfth century of our era, or 
 about six hundred years later than Kalidasa. The Library 
 gives an example in five pages 20 8208-14 
 
 Baber (1482-1530), a great man, general, monarch, and writer; em- 
 peror of India 1527-30 A. D. ; wrote < Memoirs, > in Turki, the 
 English translation of which is a book of very great interest 
 The Library gives six pages of examples 3 1141-48 
 
 Malabari, Behramji Merwanji (1853-), an eminent journalist, poet, 
 and social reformer of India ; a native of wealth and distinction, 
 ardently devoted to the elevation of his countrymen; author of 
 picturesque and humorous poems, and of various political and 
 ethical works 43 364 
 
 Dutt, Toru (1856-77), a young native writer of Calcutta, India, 
 before whose death, at twenty-one, some remarkably fine trans- 
 lations from French into English, and other rarely good work, 
 had given an example of the new India of culture, speaking 
 English, and conscious of European relations 13 5075-83 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Persian Literature, in its extreme antiquity closely related 
 to Sanskrit, has a single monument of importance in the frag- 
 ments which remain of the scriptures of Zoroastrianism, the Avesta. 
 
 The A VEST A, or Zend Avesta (Commentary-Text), the Bible 
 of the modem Parsis, representing the teaching of Zoroaster and 
 the religion of ancient Persia, next in age to the Vedic hymns 
 and Brahmanism, is the subject of a scholarly story in the 
 Library (Vol. iii, 1084-99), w^ith fine examples of the Zoroastrian 
 utterances. 
 
 FirdausI (935-1020), the national poet of Persia, and inaugurator of 
 a new Persian era, produced a monumental epic poem, the 
 <Shah Namah,> about 975 A. D. The Library has a full critical 
 account and fifteen pages of examples from the great poem. .14 5735-54 
 
 Rudagi, Farid-Addin Muhammad (died about 954), a Persian poet of 
 very great literary activity and high merit, but of whose works 
 only a very few fragments are now extant 43 471 
 
 Omar Khayydm, a great poet and astronomer of Persia, supposed 
 to have lived about 1050-1123 A. D., wrote <Rubaiyat> or four- 
 line stanzas, about one hundred of which have been recently 
 worked over into English by Edward Fitzgerald. The Library 
 gives an extremely interesting story of the poet and his work, 
 
PERSIAN — ARABIC LITERATURE CCxix 
 
 and the Fitzgerald version in English of the RubdiyAt com- 
 plete 2 1 8541-64 
 
 Attar, Ferid eddin (1119-1229), a celebrated Persian poet, and eminent 
 
 dervish and mystic, author of < Biographies of the Saints,^ 42 28 
 
 Nizami (1141-1203), one of the foremost classic writers of Persia, and 
 second only to Firdausi in romantic epic, achieved great success 
 in a love story in verse about 11 81 A. D., and later produced 
 four other stories, completing the five works which are called 
 his < Five Treasures * 27 10665-71 
 
 Sa'di, the didactic poet and ethical teacher who is Persia's best rep- 
 resentative of universal human culture, and who is best known 
 by his <Gulistan> (Rose-Garden), lived in the years 11 84-1 291. 
 The Library has Professor Williams Jackson's critical story and 
 a large body of examples filling twenty -two pages 32 12634-58 
 
 Rumi, son of a great scholar who had founded a college in Syria, to 
 the care of which he succeeded, is famous for his <Masnavi,> a 
 collection of tales, anecdotes, precepts, parables, and legends, 
 in a poem of some 30,000 or more rhymed couplets. He lived 
 in the years A. D. 1207-73 32 12487-94 
 
 Hafiz, a famous lyric poet of Persia in the fourteenth century (A. D. 
 1301-89), was at once the greatest and almost the last of a 
 long line of Persian poets. The Library has his story, told by 
 Professor Williams Jackson, with eleven pages of fine examples 
 of his odes 17 6793-806 
 
 JamI, who lived in the years 1414-92, and was a very prolific writer, 
 was Persia's last classical poet. The Library has a full ac- 
 count of his genius and writings, with fine examples from his 
 masterpieces 20 81 10-16 
 
 Hatifi, Maulana Abdallah, a Persian poet of the fourteenth century 
 (died 1520), author of five epics, one of the last of Persia's 
 great epic poets > 42 252 
 
 Feisi, Abul-Feis ibn Mubdrak (1547-95), a celebrated Indo-Persian 
 poet and scholar at the court of the Emperor Akbar of India; 
 author of numerous scientific treatises, and of a great variety 
 of poems 42 182 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Arabic Literature, which had a classical period of elegant 
 poetry reaching from about A. D. 500 to A. D. 700, is closely- 
 connected in history with the appearance and phenomenal crea- 
 tive work of Mohammed, an untaught man, who, able neither to 
 write nor to read, yet produced, by inspirational speaking, a body 
 of prose scriptures, the chapters of the Koran, which at once 
 dominated Arabic literary development. A general account of 
 
Ccxx ARABIC LITERATURE 
 
 the Arabic poets in the Library, with twenty-four examples, rep- 
 resenting twenty-one poets, makes a rich book of forty pages 
 (Vol. ii, 665-704). 
 
 The Koran (Vol. xxii, 8707-24), the latest in time of the 
 Sacred Books of the East, and the Bible of Mohammedanism, is 
 the subject of a special story in the Library, with a choice selec- 
 tion of examples, one of which is five pages in length. The char- 
 acter of the Koran is particularly described in ^ Synopses of 
 Noted Books ^ (Vol. xlv, p. 420). 
 
 Ka'b ibn Zahir, a noted Arabic poet, contemporaneous with Moham- 
 med, and author of a eulogy upon him 43 295 
 
 Lebid, ibn Rabi'a (about 575-662), a celebrated Arabian poet; at first 
 
 an opponent of Mohammed, afterwards an adherent 43 331 
 
 Zahir, an Arabian poet ; contemporary with Mohammed ; author of one 
 of the seven representative Arabic poems, published by Sir 
 William Jones in 1782 43 593 
 
 Abu-Nuvas (-815), an Arabic poet at Bagdad, author of the most not- 
 able Arabic songs of love and wine 42 3 
 
 Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim (828-90), a noted Arabic philolo- 
 gist and historian at Bagdad; author of studies of poetry, and 
 of a < Handbook of History > 42 282 
 
 Tabari, a celebrated Mohammedan historian and theologian (839-921); 
 author of < Annals > of human history to A. D. 914, and of a work 
 of exegesis which is by far the most authoritative exposition of 
 the doctrine of the Koran 43 513 
 
 Masudi (about 900-57). an Arabic historian, called «the Arabian 
 Herodotus »; author of a history of his time and a story of 
 travels, said to be the best in the language 43 372 
 
 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037), the greatest of Eastern Muslim phi- 
 losophers and physicians, of prodigious literary activity, was a 
 Persian by race, who wrote, in Arabic, first, a great medical 
 work, which ruled the science of medicine for many generations, 
 and second, philosophical works of immense influence upon the 
 thought of the Middle Ages 19 7835-38 
 
 Avicebron, a native of Spain in A. D. 1028-58, was long reputed an 
 Arab philosopher, but was, in fact, a Jewish poet of remarkable 
 originality, whose work in Arabic, <The Fountain of Life,> 
 greatly influenced Bruno, Spinoza, and the Schoolmen 3 1099-105 
 
 Averroes, of Cordova, Spain, A. D. 1126-98, was the last great thinker 
 to contribute to Arabic literature, closing a period of four hun- 
 dred years of Ar3.bic philosophy, and serving to make Aristotle 
 known to the Western World, and to set in motion a vast 
 amount of new thinking and heresy 3 1079-83 
 
 Ibn Khallikan (1211-81), an Arabic scholar, renowned in his day for 
 
 numerous works in every department of literature 42 282 
 
HEBREW-CHRISTIAN LITERATURE CCXxi 
 
 Antar, a name representing an historical person of about A. D. 550- 
 615, a poet and hero; and also an historical romance, embody- 
 ing the story and poetry of the real Antar, together with other 
 stories of heroic adventure; and making a romance, which is 
 the great Arabic classic of heroism and song, dating from 
 about A. D. 1200 2 586-97 
 
 Ibn Tofail, an Arabic physician and philosopher towards the close of 
 the twelfth century, author of a celebrated philosophical ro- 
 mance on the improvement of human reason 42 282 
 
 Abulfaraj (1226-86), an Arabic and Syriac writer of Jewish birth; au- 
 thor of a universal history in Syriac, and of an autobiography . 4 2 3 
 
 Abulfeda, Ismail ibn Ali (1273-1331), a celebrated Arabian scholar 
 
 and historian, compiler of a history of the human race 42 3 
 
 Ibn Khaldrin Abderrahman (1322-1406), an Arabic historian, consid- 
 ered one of the greatest, and author of an extended history of 
 the Arabs and Berbers 42 282 
 
 Arabian Nights, a collection of stories, romances, anecdotes, quoted 
 poems, fables, and apologues, of generally Arabic substance 
 and color; was made in Egypt, as to the present form, not far 
 from 1400 or 1500 A. D., but may, in part, have come much 
 earlier from Bagdad, when it was an Eastern Mohammedan 
 capital. The Library has a full story of the book, and thirty- 
 eight pages of examples 2 622-64 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 Hebrew-Christian Literature, in its great original monu- 
 ments, and in the productions secondary to these and, in some 
 sense, supplementary to them, covers a very wide field of extraor- 
 dinary human as well as specially religious interest. There are six 
 productions, in particular, calling for note, in a survey of litera- 
 ture, and some developments, in addition, which are worthy of men- 
 tion. 
 
 The Old Testament (Vol. xxvii, 10775-818), consisting of the 
 sacred books of the Jews, written in Hebrew, and forming the 
 Hebrew half of the Christian Bible, receives singularly interest- 
 ing treatment in Professor C. H. Toy's review, forty-four pages 
 in length. His selections, historical, poetical, and prophetic, are 
 as rare examples of translation as any ever made. 
 
 The Apocrypha, a collection of Jewish books written in Greek 
 and supplementary to the earlier Hebrew writings, are dealt 
 with, by Professor Toy, in the review just mentioned; and works, 
 such as the <Book of Enoch,* the * Sibylline Oracles,* and some 
 
ccxxii HEBREW-CHRISTIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Others, are included. Readers can hardly turn to anything finer 
 than the three magnificent odes in praise of wisdom, which Pro- 
 fessor Toy includes among his examples. 
 
 Septuagint is the name under which has been known the 
 Jewish Bible of the time of Christ, with its Hebrew books trans- 
 lated into Greek. It requires no place in the Library, because it 
 was simply the Hebrew Bible and Apocrypha in a version for 
 Greek readers, but it is worthy of mention inasmuch as it was 
 the Bible of the early Christians, the only Bible known to the 
 first Christian churches, when as yet the New Testament writings 
 had not been collected. 
 
 The New Testament, a collection of Christian writings of 
 Jewish authorship, which were produced during the Apostolic 
 period after the death of Christ, or in the age next after this 
 period, and were, in due time, added on to the Jewish Bible, to 
 make the second part of the accepted Christian Bible. It is dealt 
 with in the Library, in respect of literary characteristics, by 
 the eminent English divine. Dr. F. W. Farrar (Vol. xxvii, 
 10565-96). 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 The Talmud is a vast book of supplementary developments 
 from the original Hebrew Jewish books; all in Hebrew, and con- 
 sisting of two parts, the Mishna (Repetition), in which matters 
 of the laws of the Hebrew Bible are propounded and passed 
 upon, and the Gemara (Conclusion), in which the same matters 
 are further gone over; these two parts being the record of the 
 questions raised upon points of Mosaic law, and the opinions, 
 arguments, decisions, or conclusions advanced, by rabbis or 
 teachers during a long succession of generations. The whole 
 story is told in the Library (Vol. xxxvi, 14453-68); and in the 
 * Synopses of Noted Books ^ (?• 22) an account is given of Dr. 
 Rodkinson's new Talmud in English, a complete version of the 
 Babylonian Talmud, based on a reconstruction of the Hebrew orig- 
 inal, after a method endorsed by the best Jewish authorities and 
 by the most competent non-'Jewish scholarship. 
 
JEWISH LITERATURE CCXxiii 
 
 Jewish Literature, later than the Biblical, ajid not connected 
 therewith as a development accounted sacred in Jewish opinion, 
 presents the following names worthy of note: — 
 
 Philo Judaeus (B. C. 20 to A. D. 50), a Jewish philosopher at Alexandria ; 
 
 a most notable contemporary of Christ 43 428 
 
 Josephus, a Jewish writer who lived in the years A. D. 37-100; par- 
 ticipated in very important matters, and became attached to • 
 the Romans; wrote historical works and a defense of the Jews 
 and their religion 21 8361-84 
 
 The Kabbalah, a mass of literature and learning, the method 
 of which is peculiar, is a development on general lines similar 
 to those of the Talmud, but having in view the theosophy of 
 the Hebrews (Vol. xxi, 8425-42), and carrying theosophic ideas 
 out into a system of magic on the plane of popular superstition. 
 Its strange method of finding what may be called cypher mean- 
 ings in Bible texts, its theory of the ten emanations through 
 which the Infinite became the Creator, its representative book, 
 *Zohar,^ its idea of the divine name as a word of awful super- 
 natural power, and its scheme of magic and sorcery, are carefully 
 explained in the Library. 
 
 Kalir, Eleazar ben, a Hebrew poet of the eighth century; of great 
 religious fame and influence in Italy, Germany, and France; 
 creator of the Neo-Hebraic poetry made to imitate the Arabic . 4 3 296 
 
 Hallevi, Jehudah (1080-1150), a Spanish- Jewish poet under Arabic 
 
 auspices, physician, and astronomer 42 245 
 
 Ibn Esra, Abraham ben Meir (1092-1167), a noted Jewish-Arabic 
 poet and scholar in Spain, one of the earliest critics and conv 
 mentators on the Bible 42 282 
 
 Charisi, Jehuda ben Salome (1190-1235), a Spanish-Jewish poet, de- 
 voted to Arabic studies, and author of pictures of every-day 
 Jewish life and character 42 103 
 
 Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda, a noted Jewish poet and religious 
 
 writer of the eleventh century ' 42 36 
 
 Enriquez Gomez, Antonio (1600-), a Jewish-Spanish poet, author 
 
 of dramas which found great popular favor. . . .' 42 171 
 
 Azulai, Hayim David, a noted Jewish bibliographer of the eighteenth 
 
 century 42 32 
 
 Wise, Isaac Mayer (1819-), an eminent Jewish rabbi; president of 
 the Hebrew Union College at Cincinnati, Ohio; a leader of the 
 reform movement in American Judaism ; and author of historical 
 and religious studies 43 581 
 
 Cahen, Isidore (1826-), a French-Hebraist historian and critic; au- 
 thor of studies of <Job,> and of Jewish ideas of the future life. 4 2 88 
 
CCXxiv JEWISH LITERATURE 
 
 Adler, Hermann (1839-), an English-German writer, chief Jewish 
 rabbi of the British Empire and author of works of Jewish in- 
 terest 42 
 
 Kohut, Alexander (1842-94), an eminent Jewish -American scholar 
 and Talmudist, one of the greatest Orientalists and Semitic 
 scholars of his age, author of a < Complete Dictionary of the 
 Talmud > 43 
 
 Adler, Felix (1851-) a Jewish humanist and scholar, notable Ethical 
 
 Culture representative, speaker, and writer 42 
 
 311 
 
OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL TOPICS 
 
 AND 
 
 CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST , 
 
 15 (ccxxv; 
 
' For every climate there is an answering type of humanity. " 
 
 —J, W. Draper, 12: 4866. 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 jN EXECUTING this section of the Index-Guide the general idea is to give 
 easy access to the various lines of interest which are represented in 
 the Library. To do this it is necessary, first, to select those items 
 which are specially representative of the chief lines of interest, and then to 
 bring them into groups, such as will place each particular interest in the best 
 light. In the case of topics not calling for a very large number of references, 
 not much more is required than to give the items in chronological order. But 
 in the case of topics calling for a large number of references it is necessary 
 to arrange a number of groups of items,- in each of which some one line of 
 interest, such as discovery, history, poetry, novels, etc., will be represented. 
 It is manifestly impossible, in the case of some items, to exactly place them 
 as belonging under one particular line, and one only. The only practicable 
 thing is to group the various items according to their chief interest, so that a 
 person looking for some item of discovery, for example, will find it grouped 
 with the other items of discovery; or if a person wishes to look along the line 
 of the poets of a country, it may be done by a simple survey of a group, in 
 which all the important poets appear. 
 
 The reader will find Africa and America, which fall into the first and sec- 
 ond places in the alphabetical line of « parts of the world and nations of cul- 
 ture calling for particular note,>> representative respectively of the two classes 
 of sections alluded to above ; and under America may be noted the general 
 method of grouping, which has been spoken of. For the separation of groups, 
 not very exactly, but distinctly enough to guide the eye, blank spaces of one 
 or two lines have been used. 
 
 For reference to any author, with particular reference to the line of inter- 
 est represented by such author, it is only necessary to look first for his nation- 
 ality and chronological date. Reference to the name of the author in volumes 
 42 and 43, in which the names of authors appear in alphabetical order, will give 
 both nationality and date. It will then be easy to refer to the proper national 
 conspectus and to look along to the date of the author and the description, indicat- 
 ing under what group, or line of interest, the name should appear. Reference 
 to the proper national section and group will then be easy. It is not, however, 
 expected that such an inquiry for an author's position will be needed. In most 
 cases an author will be known, in respect, at least, of nationality, and of gen- 
 eral character as novelist, poet, orator, etc. ; and the reader can turn directly 
 to the group to which the author belongs. 
 
 In a scheme of sections and groups representing so many lines of interest, 
 it is impossible to have any particular name appear in all the places where it 
 might be looked for. But readers will, without difficulty, understand that a 
 name not found under, for example, Austria, may be found under Vienna; or 
 that certain French names may appear under Paris rather than under France. 
 It is not the purpose of the scheme to g^ve everything that could be given 
 under any particular head, but to make as good representative selections as 
 possible under each head. 
 
 (ccxxvi) 
 
CCXXVll 
 
 OUTLINE SURVEY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Principal Topics and Chief Lines of Interest 
 
 OCCURRING IN OR RUNNING THROUGH A PRESENTATION OF THE 
 
 Literatures of the world; designed to Guide the Reader, 
 
 Student, Writer, or Speaker, to a Great Variety 
 
 OF Treasures of Valuable Information 
 
 AND Literary Entertainment. 
 
 I 
 
 Parts of the World and Nations of Culture, 
 calling for particular note, in connection with the books 
 through which they are known. 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Africa, the second largest of the continents (11,500,000 square 
 miles), has within a short time only had any other interest, out- 
 side of Egypt, than that of the dark land from which negroes 
 were supplied for human slavery in various parts of the world. 
 The extinction of the trade in negroes, initiated by Great Britain, 
 and the subsequent overthrow of slavery, first under British 
 auspices, and then through the issues of the Civil War in the 
 United States, were accompanied or followed by humanitarian 
 efforts in Africa itself to stop the slave-hunting expeditions of 
 Arab and other barbarian Orientals; and with these efforts 
 schemes of extensive exploration were carried out, at once in the 
 interest of humanity and of science. Exploration led to occupation, 
 real or nominal, by various European powers, until the whole 
 continent became fairly known, intelligently mapped, and, to a 
 large extent, occupied or held with reference to colonization and 
 civilization. English culture, which had planted long since, along 
 with Dutch, on the southern extremity of the continent, has 
 recently entered through Egypt, one of the most ancient homes 
 
CCXXViii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 of human culture, to rescue that land of marvelous ruins from 
 the influences of barbarism, and to carry a highway of enlight- 
 ened occupation from the mouth of the Nile to the Cape of Good 
 Hope. The story of Africa is thus already one of the most in- 
 teresting to which the cultivated mind can give attention. The 
 books which contain that story are of rare interest. 
 
 Alexandria in Africa under Ptolemy II., the intellectual and artistic " 
 
 centre of the Greek world 37 14770 
 
 St. Augustine, one of the greatest of the Latin Fathers, born in Nu- 
 
 midia, and bishop of Hippo, in Africa, A. D. 395-430 3 1014-16 
 
 Synesius, a Greek bishop and poet at Cyrene, 375-415 43 513 
 
 Leo Africanus's ^Description of Africa > (about A. D. 1517) 43 337 
 
 John Leyden's *■ Historical Account of Discoveries in Northern and 
 
 Western Africa > (1789) 43 341 
 
 Vaillant's celebrated French travels in South Africa 43 541 
 
 Sir John Barrow's < Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa > 42 45 
 
 Bayard Taylor's < Journey to Central Africa > (1854) 36 14519 
 
 Livingstone's labors in Africa from 1840 to 1873; his < Researches in 
 
 South Africa > (1857), < Expedition to the Zambezi > C1865), and 
 
 <Last Journals in Central Africa, 1865-73 ^ 43 345 
 
 Speke's explorations with Burton, and discovery of the Great Lakes 
 
 of Central Africa and of the source from them of the Nile 43 501 
 
 Richard Burton's reports of explorations in the <Lake Regions of 
 
 Central Africa > 7 2883-84 
 
 Du Chaillu's < Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa > 
 
 (1855-59) ; and <A Journey to Ashango-Land > (1867) 44 iii 
 
 Wissmann, author of important German reports of explorations en- 
 tirely across Africa, in 1880-82 and 1890 43 581 
 
 Oskar Lenz's German explorations from 1874 to 1895 4 3 336 
 
 Stanley's explorations in the years 1874-90, and founding of the 
 
 Congo Free State 4 3 503 
 
 Stanley's narrative of travel across the continent in 1874-78 45 478 
 
 Schweinfurth's Nile Valley explorations, and work <In the Heart of 
 
 Africa > (1864-74) 43 486 
 
 Baker's exploration (1861-65) of the sources of the Nile 44 245 
 
 Baker's < Albert Nyanza* and <Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia > 3 1277 
 
 Henry Drummond, on < Tropical Africa, > outlining the water-route to 
 
 the heart of Africa, with an account of the slave-trade 45 559 
 
 A. H. Keane's comprehensive work. Vol. i., < North Africa*; Vol. ii., 
 
 < South Africa, > thoroughly describing the whole continent 44 iii 
 
 Felix Dubois's story of a long journey to Timbuctoo in French Africa. 45 465 
 
 Edmondo de Amicis on Morocco ........ 44 100 
 
 Bosworth Smith's < Carthage and the Carthaginians > 45 548 
 
 A. J. Church's <Story of Carthage> 45 549 
 
 English Literature at Cape Town in Olive Schreiner's * Story of an 
 
 African Farm > 33 12957-59 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXxix 
 
 AMERICA 
 
 The vast double Western Continent, with the islands adjacent, 
 which geologically are a part of it, represents an area of about 
 14,796,988 square miles. It occupies about 150 degrees of longi- 
 tude and 135 degrees of latitude, and counts a population of 
 about 125,000,000. In the history of its discovery it is important 
 to note three distinct chapters. First, Columbus whose one 
 thought was to find, and to prove to Europe that he had found, 
 what he called " the Isles of India beyond the Ganges, '* discov- 
 ered island regions only, and put upon them the false name of 
 "West Indies.^* He did not see any continental land until Au- 
 gust, 1498, and did not, either then or at any later time, con- 
 sider that he had discovered a new continent. Second, John 
 Cabot had, about July 4 (June 24, old style), 1497, and on a 
 second voyage later, very fully discovered what we know as North 
 America, and this fact eventually determined the English destiny 
 of North America. Third, other navigators whose interest was 
 not biased by anxiety about India and its islands, independently 
 discovered and explored an immense extent of the coast of the 
 great South Continent, and from these discoveries arose the idea 
 that a New World had been found. To this New World of con- 
 tinental land, with no reference to the islands to which the 
 interest of Columbus was confined, the name of America was 
 given, at the suggestion of a geographer, made in consequence of 
 four letters of Americus Vespucius in which the discoveries were 
 reported. The name was extended at a later date to the North- 
 ern Continent, and at a still later date was made to include 
 Columbus's West Indies. 
 
 Africa and America came into historical interest together, in 
 this way : The Portuguese had carried on for two generations 
 before Columbus persistent explorations down the west coast of 
 Africa to find a sea-way to India, and in July, 1497, to May 
 20, 1498, their - great navigator Da Gama succeeded in sailing 
 round the southern cape of Africa and across the Indian Ocean 
 to India. The next year after his return, Cabral, sailing with a 
 fleet from India for Portugal, was driven by storms over to what 
 is now Brazil, and May i, 1500, established a claim of Portugal to 
 all that vast region. This was a discovery which would have 
 
CCXXX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 been made precisely the same if Columbus had never sailed, and 
 it was in consequence of this that the continental regions were 
 first known to Europe through the report of Vespucius, and the 
 name America given to them. By these discoveries, England, 
 Portugal, and Spain ultimately became rivals for domination in 
 the New World. England defeated, in a great historic struggle, 
 the attempt of France to secure a large share of North America, 
 and the United States arose as England's daughter. 
 
 In number of square miles, British power has a breadth of area 
 and control nearly equal to that of the United States (3,495,598 square 
 miles British to 3,602,990 United States) ; but in weight of population 
 and developments of every kind, the United States so far exceeds 
 not only British America but all Central and South America as 
 to commonly obtain for itself alone the designation, America. 
 But to the student of history English culture on British ground 
 has no separation from culture in the United States; and, if we 
 take note of the prospects of the future, every part of the great 
 southern half of the double continent, not to mention the islands 
 notably connected with the discovery of the New World, has 
 already begun to contribute, and will in the not distant future 
 contribute largely, to literature of importance. Canada and the 
 United States represent the extension of English literature; and 
 similarly the states of Central America, and those of South 
 America, represent extension of the literatures of either Spain or 
 Portugal. 
 
 De Costa's *■ The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the North- 
 men ^ •.42 136 
 
 Andre Rollinat's < Researches on the Forerunners of Christopher 
 Columbus in America, > < The Norwegian Sagas and the Scandi- 
 navian Navigators, > < History of the Norse Navigators, * and 
 *■ Researches on the Discovery of Brazil by a Navigator of the 
 Fifteenth Century > 43 465 
 
 Icelandic Manuscript known to have been in existence as early as 
 A. D. 1395, included a saga devoted to the history of pre-Colum- 
 bian discoveries by the Northmen 20 7874 
 
 Weise's < Discoveries of America to the Year 1525, > and the name of 
 
 the << New World » suggested 44 351 
 
 Major's < Prince Henry of Portugal, Surnamed the Navigator,^ show- 
 ing the discovery, apart from Columbus, of half the world 44 425-27 
 
 Harrisse's < John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America > 44 374 
 
 Lives of < Christopher Columbus,^ Justin Winsor's (1891), 43 580; 
 
 C. K. Adams's (1892), 424; Henri Harrisse's (1884-85; two vols.) 42 250 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cCXXxi 
 
 The < Letters > (1502) of Amerigo Vespucci, or Americus Vespucius, 
 giving an account of continental discoveries down the east coast 
 of the great South Continent, which suggested calling the new 
 world "America* 43 546 
 
 The < Conquerors of the New World, > and <The Spanish Conquest in 
 America > (with special reference to Spanish -American slavery), 
 by Sir Arthur Helps 45 558 
 
 Richard Hakluyt's < Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of Amer- 
 ica*; < Particular Discourse,* concerning the importance to Eng- 
 land of the American discoveries; and <The Principal Naviga- 
 tions, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation,* works of 
 the first importance for comprehending the English origins of 
 North America 17 6807-09 
 
 The first book printed in the New World, a Spanish work of the 
 year 1537; more than one hundred Spanish South American books 
 before 1600 20 8046 
 
 Brinton's < American Hero Myths: A Study in the Native Religions 
 of the Western Continent,* 44 27; and * Myths of the New World: 
 a Treatise on the Mythology of the Red Race of America * 44 1 56 
 
 Schoolcraft's ethnological researches on the antiquities, races, and 
 
 legends of America 43 485 
 
 E. H. Davis's notable work, < Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 
 
 Valley * 42 134 
 
 [See also under Central America and South America.] 
 
 The famous < Jesuit Relations,* reports of French work in Canada 
 
 1610-1791 45 476 
 
 Parkman's < France and England in North America,* a great series of 
 works embodying the story of the struggle of France and Eng- 
 land in the New World 28 1 1087 ; 4 4 83 
 
 Faillon's comprehensive history of the French in Canada 42 178 
 
 Historical romance of the capture of Quebec, 44 292; story of life in 
 
 Quebec about 1748 44 148 
 
 Captain John Smith's story of the founding of Virginia, at James- 
 town, in 1607 43 498 ; 4 5 498 
 
 Bancroft, on the beginnings of Virginia 4 1439 
 
 Colonial Virginia under Governor Berkeley depicted in Mrs. Gk)odwin's 
 
 < White Aprons * 45 529 
 
 <The Head of a Hundred,* by Maude Wilder Goodwin, a picture of 
 
 Virginia in 1619-22 44 255-56 
 
 Justin Winsor's < Narrative and Critical History of America,* and other 
 
 elaborate and valuable contributions to American history ... 4 3 580 ; 4 4 24 
 
 Hildreth's exhaustive and accurate < History of the United States,* 
 from the discovery of America to the close of Monroe's first 
 admmistration 18 7371 
 
 American history, its periods and epochs, in Bancroft's < History of 
 the United States,* and < History of the Formation of the Consti- 
 tution * 4 1435-37 
 
CCXXxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Palfrey's important < History of New England > 28 10988 
 
 Sparks's American biography library (60 lives in 25 vols.), and edi- 
 tions of the writings of Washington and Franklin 43 501 
 
 John Fiske's extremely interesting <Discovery of America, > <The Begin- 
 nings of New England, > <The American Revolution, > <The Critical 
 Periodof American History, > and ^American Political Ideas \42 190; 14 5778 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt's < Winning of the West,> a comprehensive study 
 
 of American developments after the Revolution 45 495 
 
 Schouler's < History of the United States under the Constitution) ... .43 485 
 
 John Bach McMaster's < History of the People of the United States > 
 
 (1789-1860) 24 9503; 4 5 495 
 
 Henry Adams's < History of the United States from 1801 to 1817,* 
 
 and < Lives > of Gallatin and John Randolph i no 
 
 John Quincy Adams's < Diary * and < Memoirs > i 136; 42 5 
 
 H. H. Bancroft's complete < History of the Pacific States, > from 
 
 Mexico to Alaska 42 40 
 
 J. F. Rhodes's impartial and scholarly < History of the United States > 
 
 since 1850 31 12206 
 
 The Comte de Paris's < History of the Civil War in America > 44 25 
 
 Montesquieu's < Spirit of Laws,> used by Americans in the period 
 1765-76 to justify their assertion of colonial rights, and specially 
 fruitful in political effects in aid of the American Revolution, 26 
 10252; its use by Washington and Madison, 10253; promoted the 
 successful separation of the three functions of the State 26 10254 
 
 Burke's speeches in the English Parhament, 7 2783; and his impor- 
 
 taht contributions to the history of the American Revolution ... 7 2782-83 
 
 George Washington's genius for patriotism, greatness in services, and 
 extraordinary power of mind and character, 38 15665-67; his < Fare- 
 well Address > 38 15667-82 
 
 Passionate appreciation of the character of Washington by George 
 Bancroft, 4 1435, 1453-58; Theodore Parker's estimate of Washing- 
 ton, 45 352; George Morgan's picture of Washington in the darkest 
 days of the Revolution 44 287 
 
 Patrick Henry's brilliant career as a statesman and orator; «I am 
 
 not a Virginian, but an American*. 18 7241 
 
 Thackeray's *■ The Virginians > 44 51 
 
 Benjamin Franklin's career as a statesman and diplomatist, i 5 5925- 
 
 37 ; Mirabeau's < Elegy on Franklin > 25 10085 
 
 John Dickinson, a conspicuous early Pennsylvania political leader. . . .42 144 
 
 Career of Thomas Jefferson, patriot, diplomat, and President, 2 i 8229; 
 < Notes on Virginia, > his only important book, 8229; the dominant 
 principle of his political creed, 8231; with Washington, Franklin, 
 and Lincoln, one of the four Americans of greatest eminence in 
 public service, 8230 ; became third President of the United States 
 (1801-09) 21 8236 
 
 <The Declaration of Independence, > by Thomas Jefferson, 21 8237-44; 
 
 M. C. Tyler on the Declaration -. 37 15136 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXXxiii 
 
 Services of Thomas Paine to the American Revolution 28 10975 
 
 Thomas Paine's < The American Crisis> 44 26 
 
 The French dramatist Beaumarchais, a chief agent in supplying the 
 
 American Revolution with arms, ammunition, and supplies 4 1658 
 
 John Adams, a chief Revolutionary patriot; second President of the 
 United States; a masterly writer; his < Familiar Letters, > < Defense 
 of the Constitution and Government of the United States, > and 
 
 < Life and Works,> edited by his grandson 425;! 126-30 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, his position in American history, his distinction 
 in public life, 17 6891; < Memoirs and Life of,> by his son, 42 
 
 246 ; his view of the evil of state sovereignty 17 691 1 
 
 James Madison, fourth President of the United States (1809-17), his 
 writings, public career, distinction as « Father of the Constitu- 
 tion,» 24 9531-34; 43 361; his action in consenting to the War of 
 1812 justified by Henry Adams's new < History of the United 
 
 States, 1801-17 > I III 
 
 James Monroe, fifth President (for two terms, 1817-25), of the United 
 States, and a notable representative of an important era in 
 
 American history 43 387 
 
 Andrew Jackson's Battle of New Orleans 21 8574 
 
 Importance of John C. Calhoun as an original political thinker 7 3087-89 
 
 John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, and nota- 
 ble anti-slavery leader in Congress, i 135 ; speech on Nullification 
 (July 4, 1831), 142; his < Diary and Memoirs* edited by his son, 
 
 Charles Francis Adams 42 5 
 
 Notable oratory and statesmanship of Henry Clay, 9 3761 ; splendid 
 leadership in carrying the Missouri Compromise, 3766; Slavery 
 question raised in 1818-21 by the admission of Missouri, 3766; and 
 
 again by the admission of California 38 15732 
 
 Statesmanship, eloquence, and personal distinction of Daniel Webster, 
 
 3 8 15725-35 ; his exposition of the Monroe Doctrine 38 15728 
 
 Distinction of William Wirt as lawyer, statesman, orator, and author. 39 16090 
 
 The American Union considered an experiment before 1812 38 15728 
 
 Thomas H. Benton's < Abridgment of the Debates of Congress > to 
 the year 1850, and < Thirty Years' View* of the workings of the 
 
 government of the United States 42 54 
 
 James G. Blaine's public career and < Twenty Years in Congress*. 42 62: 45 405 
 Charles Francis Adams's eminent services as minister to England, 
 
 during and after the Civil War, 1861-68 42 4 
 
 Charles Sumner, eminent American scholar, jurist, orator, and states- 
 man; the uncompromising advocate in the United States Senate 
 
 of the most advanced ideal measures 36 14221-23 
 
 Extraordinary distinction of Wendell Phillips as an orator from 1837 
 
 to 1884 29 1 1409 
 
 Horace Greeley, greatest of American journalists 17 6653 
 
 Parton's < Life of Horace Greeley,* the portrayal of a typical American, 
 28 1 1 123; < Lives * also of Aaron Burr, Thomas Jefferson, and An- 
 drew Jackson 28 11124 
 
CCXXxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Jefferson Davis, President from February 9, 1861, of the Confederate 
 
 States 42 134 
 
 Hay and Nicolay's comprehensive < Life and Times of Abraham Lin- 
 coln, > 1 8 7098; H. W. Mabie on Abraham Lincoln 23 9059-64 
 
 I. N. Arnold's < Life of Abraham Lincoln > 42 26 
 
 Hemdon's < Recollections of Abraham Lincoln > 44 14 
 
 Mr. Punch on Abraham Lincoln 4 o 16353 
 
 Distinction in military service and memoir-writing of Ulysses S. 
 
 Grant, 1 6 6593-600 ; his < Personal Memoirs > 4 4 82 
 
 John Sherman's < Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate, 
 
 and Cabinet > 4 3 493 
 
 Distinction as a political orator, statesman, and journalist of Carl 
 
 Schurz 3 3 12974-78 
 
 Andrew D. White as statesman, scholar, diplomat, and educational 
 
 leader 39 15851 
 
 John Hay, his authorship (with J. G. Nicolay) of <Life and Times 
 
 of Abraham Lincoln, > and career as a diplomat 18 7097-98 
 
 Horace Greeley on the < American Conflict > 45 454 
 
 Eggleston's scheme of a * History of Life in the United States > .... 13 5216 
 
 James Bryce's < The American Commonwealth > 44 26 ; 6 2644 
 
 De Tocqueville's < Democracy in America, > a brilliant study of the 
 
 United States as a realization of the democratic ideals essential 
 
 to political progress 3 7 14965-69 
 
 Nathaniel Ward's <Body of Liberties > (1641), the first code of laws 
 
 established in New England 43 561 
 
 Kent's < Commentaries on American Law,> one of the intellectual 
 
 monuments of our country 43 301 
 
 Joseph Story's extremely important < Commentaries on the Constitution 
 
 of the United States > and < Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws*. 43 508 
 
 Curtis's < History of the Constitution of the United States* 42 127 
 
 Von Hoist's elaborate < Constitutional and Political History of the 
 
 United States > 19 7496 
 
 Charles W. Eliot on < American Contributions to Civilization > 44 26 
 
 Dr. Elisha Mulford's <The Nation* conspicuously inspired by the 
 
 Civil War 26 10415 
 
 Captain Mahan's argfument for increase of interest in naval-military 
 
 matters; < Importance of Cruisers and of Strong Fleets in War*. 2 4 9581-88 
 E. L. Godkin on the emergency war strength of the United States. .16 6376 
 
 Jonathan Edwards's exceptional distinction as a metaphysician and 
 
 religious evangelist 13 5175-79 
 
 Dr. W. E. Channing's notable representative position in the develop- 
 ment from Puritanism of Unitarianism g 3513 
 
 Career of Lyman Beecher as a vigorous preacher and energetic 
 
 humanitarian reformer 42 51 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher, conspicuous, powerful, and brilliant preacher 
 and lecturer; Plymouth Church pastor in Brooklyn, 1847-87; 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXXXV 
 
 immensely influential for new departure in theology and humani- 
 tarian reform in social and political affairs 4 1713 1 4* 5i 
 
 Theodore Parker's notable career in Boston as an orator of reform 
 
 and a preacher of new departure in theology 28 1 1073-77 
 
 Phillips Brooks's very great fame at home and abroad for pulpit elo- 
 quence and new departure theology 6 2417-24 
 
 Dr. Elisha Mulford's eminence as a political thinker in <The Nation,* 
 
 and as a religious expositor in <The Republic of God* 26 10415-16 
 
 Edward Everett's remarkable accomplishments as a scholar, orator, 
 
 and diplomat 14 5605-07 
 
 Rufus Choate's phenomenal success as an advocate of marvelous elo- 
 quence and intellectual power 9 3649-56 
 
 George William Curtis, journalist, essayist, lecturer, and publicist 
 
 (1851-92) 10 4221-25 
 
 Notable literary and senatorial career of Henry Cabot Lodge; au- 
 thor of lives of Washington, Hamilton, and Webster, and of other 
 historical studies 43 347 
 
 John Boyle O'Reilly's American-Irish distinction in journalism and 
 
 poetry 27 10857-60 
 
 Dr. W. C. Prime's notable editorial career in New York, and author 
 
 of travels and art studies 30 11820 
 
 Prescott's fame as an American scholar and historian 30 11 769 
 
 John Lothrop Motley's eloquence, extraordinary skill in narration, 
 and warmth of feeling, in works of great importance for Dutch 
 history 26 10373-80 
 
 Henry Charles Lea's distinction as an historical scholar, and author 
 
 of studies of mediaeval history of exceptional value 43 331 
 
 Bayard Taylor's career of travel, and his translations from the 
 
 German 36 14518-21 
 
 Richard Grant White's contribution to Shakespeare study 39 15876 
 
 Horace Howard Furness, celebrated editor of an exhaustive New 
 
 Variorum Edition of Shakespeare 42 205 
 
 Notable figure made by W. W. Story as a sculptor, artist, and author 35 1405 1 
 
 Conspicuous position of E. P. Whipple as an American critical es- 
 sayist 39 15839 
 
 Remarkable scientific explorations of John Muir in the Pacific North- 
 west and Alaska 26 10405 
 
 The Scotch Paisley Weaver, Alexander Wilson, becomes the « father 
 
 of American ornithology » 39 16017 
 
 Audubon's < Birds of America > 44 156 
 
 John Bartram, the « father of American botany » 42 45 
 
 John Witherspoon, an educator, divine, and patriot of great distinc- 
 tion, during the Revolution; president of Princeton College 43 581 
 
 Timothy Dwight, a most conspicuous educational and theological fig- 
 ure of the early part of the nineteenth century ; president of Yale 
 College, 1795-1817 42 159 
 
CCXXXVi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Theodore Dwight Woolsey, notable Greek scholar, president of Yale 
 
 University, 1846-71, and a publicist of distinction 43 584 
 
 Noah Porter's presidency of Yale, 1871-85 ; his distinction as a writer 
 
 on metaphysics 4 3 437 
 
 Distinction in American chemistry and university teaching of Josiah 
 
 Parsons Cooke 42 119; 44 247 
 
 Eminence of Asa Gray as an American botanist and scientific writer . 4 2 230 
 
 Eminent scientific labors of the American astronomer, Benjamin Ap- 
 
 thorp Gould 42 227 
 
 Charles Anthon, a most eminent classical scholar, university professor 
 at Columbia College, New York, author of many valuable text- 
 books 42 21 
 
 James McCosh, eminent Scotch-American educator, divine, and writer 
 
 on philosophy, president of Princeton University, 1868-88 43 358 
 
 James D. Dana, American scientific author of the highest distinction, 
 
 university professor at Yale 42 130 
 
 William Dwight Whitney, eminent Sanskritist at Yale, author of 
 
 works on language, and chief editor of the < Century Dictionary >. 4 3 572 
 
 Career of great distinction in science at Harvard University (1848-73) 
 
 of Louis Agassiz . . ., i 209-13 
 
 J. W. Draper's educational distinction, contributions to science and 
 
 to history, and study of the conflict between religion and science . i 2 4865 
 
 William T. Harris, of great distinction for educational work and criti- 
 cal expositions of philosophy 42 249 
 
 Exceptional eminence of Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard 
 
 University, as an American educator 42 166 
 
 Timothy Dwight, grandson of the earlier President Dwight of Yale, 
 
 and himself president of Yale, 1886-99 42 159 
 
 Othniel C. Marsh, American paloeontologist at Yale, famous for the 
 
 great number of his discoveries 43 370 
 
 James B. Angell, eminent educator, president of Michigan University 
 
 from 1871 42 20 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, notable writer on political economy and statistics . 4 3 585 
 
 Richard T. Ely's important studies in socialism and political economy. .42 169 
 
 Francis A. Walker's eminent educational and economic work 43 556 
 
 Tennyson's « Gigantic Daughter of the West>> in < Hands All Round >. 40 16432 
 
 J. Q. Adams on the Mission of America i 140 
 
 Daniel Webster on the American Idea 38 15736 
 
 R. W. Gilder's < Land that We Love > 16 6353 
 
 < Star-Spangled Banner, The,> by Francis Scott Key 40 16434 
 
 Instinctive Americanism of the poet Drake, 12 4851; his <The Ameri- 
 can Flag,* 4863; his < Culprit Fay,* written to celebrate American 
 
 scenery .». 12 4852 
 
 Moses Coit Tyler's < History of American Literature during the Colo- 
 nial Time,* and < Literary History of the American Revolution,* 
 thorough -going and attractive studies of the literary past of 
 America, on lines of scholarly and comprehensive criticism. 3 7 15132; 44 27 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXXXvii 
 
 Duyckinck's < Cyclopaedia of American Literature > 42 158 
 
 Charles B. Brown as a pioneer in literature truly American 6 2425 
 
 W. G. Simms, a stalwart South-Carolinian pioneer of American litera- 
 ture 34 13445 
 
 Washington Irving, the founder of American literature, 20 7991; his 
 Knickerbocker < History of New York > the first real piece of litera- 
 ture produced in America, 2 o 7995-97 ; eight years before Bryant, 
 and three before Cooper ..20 7991 
 
 Bryant's < Thanatopsis > began the history of true poetry in the United 
 States, 6 2623; 182 1 a year of conspicuous beginnings in Ameri- 
 can literature 6 2625 
 
 The verse perfection of a few of Poe's short poems 29 1 165 1-53 
 
 Exceptional distinction in letters, public influence, and reputation 
 
 abroad of James Russell Lowell 23 9229 
 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the most universally popular of Ameri- 
 can poets 23 9143-99 
 
 Remarkable union of poetical with scientific distinction, thought and , 
 
 humor, in Oliver Wendell Holmes 19 7457-62 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, a poet notable for a specially American type of 
 
 thought and feeling, that of morality profoundly inspired by feeling. 1 3 542 1-33 
 
 Strikingly American, New England, and broadly spiritual character 
 
 of the poetry of Whittier 39 15911 
 
 Paul Hamilton Hayne's reflection in poems of aspects of nature in the 
 
 Southern United States 18 71 10 
 
 Notable excellence in lyrical poetry, and in vigorous and scholarly 
 
 prose, of Richard Henry Stoddard 35 14029 
 
 Very pure fine note of Dr. T. W. Parsons in lyric poetry, and excel- 
 lence of his Dante translations 28 11117 
 
 Unique excellence of the verse of Henry Timrod as a pioneer Ameri- 
 can poet of the South 37 14961 
 
 Importance of Sidney Lanier in the literature of the Southern United 
 
 States 22 8891 
 
 Thomas R. Lonsbury's distinction as a writer on English literature; 
 university professor at Yale; his masterpiece < Studies in Chaucer, 
 his Life and Writings > 43 351 
 
 E. C. Stedman on American poetry . 35 13870; 45 458 
 
 Distinction of E. C. Stedman as a poet and a critic 35 13857-59 
 
 Unique representation of the poetry of nature and the inner life in 
 
 Jones Very 38 15323-24 
 
 T. B. Aldrich, conspicuously successful as a poet, novelist, and essay- 
 
 ist 
 
 1 312-15 
 
 Originality, freshness of style, and vigor of thought and expression, 
 
 in Joaquin Miller's half dozen volumes of poems 25 10027 
 
 Mrs. Celia Thaxter's singularly felicitous and sympathetic lyrics of 
 
 the sea and of human life 37 14760 
 
 Unique literary career of the poet Whitman 39 15885-91 
 
 A Western American honest product in the poems of James Whitcomb 
 
 Riley 31 12265 
 
CCXXXviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Samuel Bowles, on the Far West of America in 1869 44 305 
 
 Owen Wister's masterly representation of the Indian, the settler, and 
 
 the soldier in the Far West of America 39 16101-02 
 
 Gilbert Parker's tales of the great wilderness of the Hudson's Bay 
 
 Company 28 1 1048 
 
 Characteristic poems, sketches, stories, and novels of Canadian life, by 
 
 Charles G. D. Roberts. 31 12295 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt's important studies of Western American devel- 
 opment 31 12385 
 
 Thomas Nelson Page's stories of Virginia life before or during the 
 
 Civil War 28 10937 ; 4 5 508 
 
 Miss Murfree's descriptive Tennessee stories 26 10453 
 
 Accurate picturesque delineation of Southwest (Arkansas) scenes and 
 
 life in the novels and short stories of Octave Thanet (Miss Alice 
 
 French) 37 14733-34 
 
 Very g^eat distinction of Mrs. Stowe as a representative of new de- 
 
 j parture, religious and humanitarian, in Puritanism 35 14072 
 
 Mrs. Julia Ward Howe's half century of distinction as a poet, thinker. 
 
 reformer, and effective woman speaker 19 7645-47 
 
 Louisa Alcott's exceptional distinction and success as author of books 
 
 for young people i 282-84 
 
 Grace Elizabeth King, a rare literary artist in short stories, and an 
 
 interpreter of the history and romance of Louisiana 21 8573 
 
 Very notable quality of novels by Mrs. E. B. Stoddard depicting New 
 
 England seaport scenes and life 35 14013 
 
 Miss Jewett's remarkably true sketches and stories of New England 
 
 life 21 8269-71 
 
 Mrs. Annie Slosson's interesting studies of eccentric New England 
 
 types 34 13487-89 
 
 Markedly popular and successful stories and novels of Mary E. Wil- 
 
 kins 39 15983-84 
 
 Novels and short stories of Miss Woolson, especially powerful and 
 
 striking in the portraiture of women 39 16165 
 
 Mrs. Harriet Spoflford's rank among American women of letters .... 35 1 3806 
 Phenomenal success of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Ward) as an imag- 
 inative and emotional novelist and theologian 38 15623-25 
 
 R. H. Dana's distinction as novelist and poet early in the cen- 
 tury II 4285-86 
 
 James Fenimore Cooper, above all other American writers in extent 
 of popularity; author, in twenty-two years (1829-51), of thirty -two 
 novels, attaining a breadth of fame not less than that of Walter 
 Scott 10 3985-92 
 
 Remarkable literary and spiritual power of Sylvester Judd's story of 
 
 old New England life, < Margaret > 21 8399 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, the great American master of romance, without 
 an equal in prose fiction; most remarkable for charm of expres- 
 sion, of feeling, and of humor 18 7053-57 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXXxix 
 
 R. H. Dana, Jr., famous for his sea story, <Two Years before the 
 
 Mast,> which stands unique in English literature 1 1 4302 
 
 Donald G. Mitchell's successful appeal to youthful interest in < Rever- 
 ies of a Bachelor, > and other work of interest in literature and 
 history 25 loiio 
 
 Distinction of Thoreau as an American author of limited range but 
 
 genuine quality 3 7 14871 
 
 Notable Southern writers since 1870, 21 8317; R. M. Johnston's 
 
 < Dukesborough Tales, > finely executed stories of Georgia life . . .21 8317 
 
 George W. Cable's initiation of literary awakening in the South after 
 the Civil War, through the publication of tales and novels reflect- 
 ing New Orleans scenes and life 7 3017-19 
 
 Notable originality and popular success of Bret Harte in poems and 
 
 prose sketches 17 6985-7013 
 
 W. D. Howells, the most notable of recent American authors of fic- 
 tion exceptionally realistic 19 7653-94 
 
 Henry James, notable success in novels designed to contrast Ameri- 
 cans with Europeans, and the artistic nature with the prosaic. 20 8071-74 
 
 Francis Marion Crawford, by his mother of American birth, called the 
 
 most versatile and various of modern novelists 10 4151-53 
 
 Dr. S. "Weir Mitchell's exceptional distinction in American historical- 
 romantic fiction 25 10123 
 
 Unique position among American makers of humorous fiction of 
 
 Frank R. Stockton 35 13991 
 
 Eminence as a humorist of Samuel L. Clemens (« Mark Twain *) . . . 9 3787 
 
 Criticism of Americans by Mrs. Trollope, Marryat, and Dickens, 24 
 
 9739 ; Dickens's < American Notes > 11 4631 
 
 James Kirke Paulding's < Diverting History of John Bull and Brother 
 
 Jonathan > 28 11195 
 
 Froebel's < Experiences, Studies, and Travels in America > 42 203 
 
 Charles Eliot Norton's criticisms of social and intellectual life 27 10707 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 Between North America and South America, as commonly 
 understood, there intervene the important Republic of Mexico 
 and the small states which are united to form Central America. 
 In respect of continental structure, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico 
 lie within the limits of North America. The small states of Cen- 
 tral America may be taken with the West Indies, either as an ap- 
 pendix to the North Continent, or as a mid region between the 
 two continents. In respect, however, of discovery, conquest, and 
 culture, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, all belong 
 
Ccxl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 with South America. The Spanish conquests extended from Hayti 
 or Santo Domingo across Mexico, down the whole Pacific coast, 
 and across to the Atlantic, while Portuguese discovery appropri- 
 ated the immense region known as Brazil, with an Atlantic coast 
 front of 4,000 miles. In the story of human progress the one 
 name of Latin American, or Spanish and Portuguese, covers the 
 entire Mexican, Central American, West Indian (or Cuban), and 
 South American developments. 
 
 Peculiar developments and general view of Latin-American litera- 
 ture 22 8903-28 
 
 The great work of Las Casas, < History of the Indies, > on the early 
 
 Spanish conquests 42 97; 44 219-20 
 
 Balboa's < History of Peru,* treating of the origin of the Incas 42 38 
 
 Lorente's important works, ^History of Peru,* and < History of the 
 
 Conquest of Peru > 43 350 
 
 Zarate's < History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Province of 
 
 Peru > 43 594 
 
 Ondegardo's manuscripts used by Prescott for his * History of the 
 
 Conquest of Peru * 43 409 
 
 Ancient Peruvian civilization depicted by Lady Dacre in <Pedarias,> 
 
 a drama 42 129 
 
 Paz Soldan, a Peruvian author of geographical and historical studies 
 
 of Peru 43 420 
 
 Valle y Caviedes, 1652-92, a Peruvian satirical poet, author of <Par- 
 
 nassus's Tooth,' a model of biting satire 43 541 
 
 Squier's <Peru: Incidents and Explorations in the Land of the Incas, > 
 
 a work of most exhaustive research 43 503 ; 4 4 24 
 
 Markham's < Travels in Peru > and * History of Peru' 43 368 
 
 Prescott's < History of the Conquest of Peru > 45 476 
 
 Sir Richard Burton's < Highlands of Brazil > 42 85 
 
 Baralt's < Ancient and Modern History of Venezuela' 42 41 
 
 Eastwick's < Venezuela, or Sketches of Life in a South American Re- 
 public ' 42 160 
 
 W. E. Curtis's < Capitals of Spanish- America ' and < Venezuela'. 42 127 
 
 Pedro de Ona, author of < Conquered Chili,' a g^reat epic (1596) 43 409 
 
 Expilly's important studies in South America, and publications on its 
 
 condition 42 176 
 
 De Piedrahita's < History of the Kingdom of New Granada' (1688), a 
 
 great storehouse of information 42 184 
 
 La Condamine's explorations on the equator, and down the Amazon; 
 
 first knowledge of india-rubber given to Europe by him 43 319 
 
 Schomburgk's explorations of British Guiana (1835-39) 4 3 4^5 
 
 Olmedo of Guayaquil, a poet of great popularity 43 408 
 
 Sarmiento, President of the Argentine Republic, eminent in educational 
 
 work 43 480 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccxli 
 
 Larrazabal's valuable <Life of the Liberator Simon Bolivar* 43 327 
 
 Orton's <The Andes and the Amazon, or Across the Continent of 
 
 South America > 44 304 
 
 Mulhall's Buenos Ayres Standard (1861), the first daily paper printed 
 
 in South America 43 394 
 
 South American story reading from Isaaks's * Maria, > <The Jaguar 
 
 Hunt> 20 8047-56 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA 
 
 Central America, in the larger sense, including what of 
 Mexico lies below the nearest approach of the Gulf to the Pa- 
 cific, and taking note of the West Indies as its extension to the 
 Atlantic through Cuba and Santo Domingo or Hayti, has a large 
 and important interest from the extent to which it was the scene 
 of early New World discoveries, and from the remarkable monu- 
 ments of an early civilization which are found on the Pacific side 
 of this region. Political development has already given a United 
 States of Central America under circumstances which promise 
 stability and progress in culture not heretofore known; while the 
 comprehensive change of the situation in the West Indies, through 
 the final extinction of Spanish trans- Atlantic occupation and power, 
 more than suggests the possibility of large development of Central 
 American culture. 
 
 Stephens's < Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and 
 
 Yucatan * and <Travel in Yucatan > 43 505 ; 44 23 
 
 Squier's < Nicaragua, > < Notes on Central America,* and < States of 
 
 Central America * 43 503 ; 44 24 
 
 Valdes, a negro Cuban poet of great .Spanish-American popularity. .43 541 
 Palma y Romay, a Cuban dramatist and poet, notably successful in 
 
 1837 43 414 
 
 Milanes, a Cuban dramatist and poet, widely known by English, Ger- 
 man, French, and Italian translations 43 382 
 
 Mendive, a Cuban author of stories in verse, esteemed one of the 
 
 best of Spanish-American poets 43 378 
 
 Delmonte y Tejada's ^History of Santo Domingo,* from its discovery. 42 138 
 Wendell Phillips on «The Hero of Hayti,» Toussaint I'Ouverture. 29 11412-24 
 St. John's < Hayti or the Black Republic,* depicting the negro retro- 
 gression toward savagery 43 476 
 
 16 
 
CCxlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 ARABIA 
 
 Arabia, the most notable of the Semitic lands, and, with 
 Assyria and the Hebrews, a chief representative of Semitic cul- 
 ture, is of greatest note in the history of the human mind for 
 its production of Mohamme^ and Mohammedanism, which are 
 acknowledged by more than one-tenth of the human race. From 
 633 A. D. began the efforts of the Moslem Arabs to convert 
 nations to faith by the sword. Bursting into Syria the next year 
 they defeated the armies of Rome in bloody battles; a year later 
 overwhelmed Damascus with relentless massacre; beat off the 
 utmost efforts of the great Roman Emperor Heraclius to stay 
 their resistless fury; and in 637 followed the capture of Antioch 
 by the occupation of Jerusalem, and the erection of a great 
 mosque on the site of the temple of Solomon. They next turned 
 again against the armies of Rome; swept the imperial power 
 back to the eastern limit of Asia Minor; captured Babylon on 
 the Euphrates (640) and Memphis on the Nile; and in 642-43 the 
 world-capital Alexandria was twice taken, with destruction of its 
 walls and massacre of its people in the final capture. In the 
 best days of territorial expansion Arabian rule extended from 
 India to the Atlantic in the north of Africa, and into Spain for 
 more than 500 years (A. D. 711-1232). Arabia itself declined 
 from A. D. 750, while the power which went in its name had its 
 seat at Bagdad in Persia, and Spain witnessed some of its most 
 brilliant developments. The philosophy and science which are 
 credited to the Arabian name were hardly at all representative of 
 Arabia, except as Moslem Princes, ruling at Bagdad in Persia, 
 or at Cordova in Spain, were individually liberal, and gave their 
 patronage to brilliant representatives of philosophy and science, 
 who were either Persians or Jews, figuring as nominally Arabian. 
 From the beginning of the 9th century to the end of the 12th, 
 the thought and science of Aristotle, unknown in the Europe of 
 the Dark Ages, were brilliantly propagated under these Arabian 
 auspices. The medical teachings aTso of Hippocrates and Galen 
 were transmitted by Arabian students of Galen, and in their 
 ^Almagest * was preserved and transmitted the astronomy of 
 Ptolemy. Under Al-Mansur Greek knowledge began to modify 
 Moslem culture at Bagdad, and under Al-Mamun (813-33) Aris- 
 totle was first translated into Arabic, and a work done not unlike 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCxliii 
 
 that of Charlemagne in founding schools for Germany. Al-Kendi 
 undertook a great encyclopaedic exposition of science and philoso- 
 phy. At Basra, the native town of Al-Kendi, a Brotherhood 
 carried out a great scheme for combining philosophy and science 
 with religious idealism. Al-Farabi employed a vast erudition in 
 an exposition of Aristotle on which Avicenna, or Ibn-Sina (g8o- 
 1037), the most illustrious of these Arabian teachers, built a sys- 
 tem of logic and metaphysics. Avicenna was still more famous 
 for his transmission of medical teaching. Algazel closed this 
 Arabian development in the East, and in fact himself contributed 
 to its suppression by a great work called *The Destruction of the 
 Philosophers. * 
 
 The Arabic development in Spain began under Al-Hakem II. 
 (961-76), and became especially brilliant in a brief series of illus- 
 trious men from about the close of the nth century, — Avice- 
 bron, most of whose works were written between 1045 and 1070; 
 Avempace, whose short career closed in 11 38; Abubacer, or Ibn- 
 Tofail, who died in 1185; and Averroes (1126-98), the last and 
 most famous of this school of thinkers. Mohammedanism has 
 made Arabia for many centuries, and makes it to-day, an abso- 
 lute reflection of the Semitic spirit, permitting the summary killing 
 of every person not of the true faith. Burton and Palgrave, 
 who penetrated it in diguise, only came out alive through the 
 complete success of the deception which they practiced. 
 
 < Antar,> the great national romance of Arabia ....'. 2 586-91 
 
 Pictures of the times in Arabia before the advent of Mohammed, in 
 
 < Antar > 2 586-90 
 
 Lebid ibn Rabi'a, a celebrated Arabian poet of the time of Mohammed. 43 331 
 
 Zahir, an Arabian poet, contemporary with Mohammed 43 593 
 
 The Koran or Sacred Scriptures of Mohammed 45 420 
 
 < Mahomet and the Koran, > by Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire 42 45 
 
 Mohammed's influence through the Koran detrimental to Arabic poetry . 2 668 
 
 Palmer's Grammar of Arabic, and translation of the Koran 43 415 
 
 Sale's version of the Koran 43 478 
 
 Tabari's <Tefsir,> by far the most authoritative exposition of the doc- 
 trine of the Koran 43 513 
 
 Ibn Khaldiin, the greatest of Arabic historians 42 282 
 
 Michael Scott's translations from the Arabic into Latin 43 487 
 
 Ahlwardt, the first living authority on old Arabic poetry- 42 7 
 
 Gustav Weil's important works on the history of Mohammedanism ... 4 3 566 
 W. R. Smith's < Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia,* and < Re- 
 ligion of the Semites > 43 499 
 
CCxliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Stanley Lane-Poole's < Arabian Society in the Middle Ages,> and 
 
 < The Moors in Spain > 43 325 
 
 Lelewel's < Geography of the Arabs > 43 334 
 
 Poets of the splendid Arabic-Spanish period, 2 671; The <Makamat> 
 
 of Hariri, 2 672; Al-Biruni, an Arabic historian of India 2 675 
 
 Ibn Ezra, a noted Jewish-Arabic poet and scholar 42 2 
 
 Abulfaraj, an Arabic and Syriac writer, author of a universal history. 4 2 3 
 
 Abulfeda, a celebrated Arabian historian and scholar 42 3. 
 
 Abu-Nuvas, author of the most notable Arabic songs of love and 
 
 wine 42 3 
 
 'Umar ibn 'Rabi'a, the «Don Juan of Mecca, or Ovid of Arabia ». . . .2 669 
 Under the Abassides non-Arabic Persians developed literature, and 
 
 study of Greek philosophy and science 2 669 
 
 Four hundred years of Mohammedan devotion to philosophy; a splendid 
 period of rationalism followed by ages of extreme religious fa*- 
 
 naticism 3 1079-83 
 
 Aristotle taught under Arabic auspices at Bagdad, and later in Spain . . 2 792-93 
 
 Ibn Tofail, an Arabic philosopher and physician in Moorish Spain ... 4 2 282 
 
 Hallevi, a Spanish-Jewish poet under Arabic auspices 42 245 
 
 Ibn Khallikan, an Arabic scholar renowned for works in every de- 
 partment of literature 42 282 
 
 Averroes, a Spanish- Arabian philosopher and physician 42 31 
 
 Avicebron, a celebrated Hebrew author in Arabic of famous philo- 
 sophical works 3 1099 14231 
 
 Al-Ghazzali, author of a fanatical work entitled <The Destruction of 
 
 the Philosophers > 3 1081 
 
 Ali Yazdi's < History of Timur,> translated from the Arabic 43 426 
 
 Burton's successful visit in disguise to Mecca and Medina 42 85 
 
 Palgrave's story of travels in Central and Eastern Arabia 44 iii 
 
 Arabic Literature 2 665-76 
 
 ARMENIA 
 
 Armenia, no longer existing as a country, but maintaining a 
 tradition of culture, was once a land of great prosperity, occupy- 
 ing, in fifteen provinces and many fine cities, the elevated table- 
 land which extends from the eastern plains of Asia Minor to those 
 of Persia. The Turk commander of an invading horde, Togrul 
 Beg, attacked it after his conquest of Bagdad (in 1055), ^^^ ^^ 
 his death (1063), his nephew and successor, Alp Arslan, captured 
 Ani, the Armenian capital, and reduced the country to complete 
 subjection. The larger part in the west is still under the rule of 
 Turkey, a considerable northern part under that of Russia, and 
 a smaller part in the southeast under Persia. The country is one 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCxlv 
 
 of great natural fertility but terribly depressed by the curse of 
 dominant Mohammedanism. Armenian Christianity dates from 
 the consecration, in A. D. 302, of Gregory as bishop of Armenia. 
 Its translation of the Bible was made in A. D. 410. From 491 
 dates its separation from the orthodox Greek Church, and its 
 more than fourteen centuries of independent maintenance, in spite 
 of the political extinction which dates from 1604. The physical 
 conditions of what was once Armenia, the possibilities of its pop- 
 ulation, and the prospects of its political and religious culture, 
 give it great importance for the future of the whole of Western 
 Asia. 
 
 Emine's monumental < History of Armenia,^ known in French transla- 
 tion 42 169 
 
 Bryce's < Transcaucasia and Ararat > 6 2643 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Asia, extending from Constantinople across 150 degrees of 
 longitude to Behring Straits in the extreme northeast, and over 
 the same distance to New Zealand in the southeast, forms an al- 
 most exact equilateral triangle, which may be recognized as geo- 
 logically one. The extreme southeast portion of this immense 
 region of the earth's surface is commonly marked off as Austral- 
 asia, with a line of distinction between the East India Islands 
 and the continental island of Australia. A suggestion for this 
 distinction is found in the fact that on either side of the deep 
 water channel known as the Straits of Macassar the animal and 
 plant life are essentially different. Leaving, therefore, Austral- 
 asia out of view, Asia, as commonly understood, embraces within 
 its vast limits (17,530,686 square miles) all the lands of ancient 
 culture except Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Yet the only excep- 
 tions which it presents to conditions not much above barbarism 
 are those of the English occupation of India, Japan's vigorous 
 initiation of a new era, and the survival of Christian culture in 
 Armenia. In the great story of human progress the traditions of 
 India, Babylonia, and Palestine, and to a less extent those of 
 Persia and Arabia, are of very great significance. A large part 
 of modern learning in letters is concerned with intellectual de- 
 velopments, in Babylonia and India especially, not to speak of 
 
CCxlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 those of China and Persia, which make even Hebrew culture 
 young, and which, along with Egypt, near to Asia in Africa, 
 supplied antiquity in culture to Greece and Rome, and even to 
 Jerusalem, and now form to the modern world the profoundly 
 curious and significant frontispiece to human history. The stud- 
 ies which fall within the limits of Asia are among the most in- 
 teresting open to the scholar, and the pictures which learning has 
 already begun to offer to the general reader are among the most 
 fascinating known to popular literature. 
 
 Joao de Barros's <Asia,> a foremost Portuguese historian's history of 
 
 Portuguese discoveries and conquests in East India (1415-1539). 42 44 
 Keane's great work comprehensively dealing with all parts of the 
 
 continent 44 iii 
 
 Wallace's <Life in the Malay Archipelago* 38 15526; 45 425 
 
 Sir Richard Burton's explorations in S5rria, and journey to Mecca and 
 
 Medina in Arabia in the guise of a Mohammedan devotee, 42 85; 
 
 his < Unexplored Palestine * and < Pilgrimage to El Medinah > .... 4 2 85 
 Sir W. W. Hunter's elaborate and important works on India and 
 
 High Asia 42 279 
 
 Andrew Wilson's * The Abode of Snow,> an account of a tour through 
 
 Chinese Thibet and the Himalayas 44 112 
 
 Lansdell's < Through Siberia >; < Russian Central Asia>; < Chinese 
 
 Central Asia > 43 326 
 
 Kinglake's story in < E5then > of Oriental travel 44 112 
 
 [See also the sections on Arabia, Armenia, Babylonia, Palestine, 
 Persia, India, China, Japan, and (in part) Turkey, and Russia.] 
 
 AUSTRIA 
 
 Austria is governed by an Emperor, under whom it is united 
 with Hungary, making the Empire of Austria-Hungary. The 
 Austrian Emperor bears the threefold title Emperor of Austria, 
 King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. The Empire thus con- 
 stituted lies in the heart of Europe, with an area of 240,942 
 square miles, and a population of 41,231,342. Bohemia is the 
 large northwestern province of the Empire, and Moravia lies 
 directly east of it. South of these lie Upper Austria and Lower 
 Austria, so distinguished from their position on the Danube, 
 which flows through them from southeast Germany into Hungary. 
 Vienna, the Austrian capital, is on the Danube, not far from the 
 Hungarian border. The fourteen provinces of Austria proper 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCxlvii 
 
 embrace 115,903 square miles. Hungary, the great central region 
 of the Empire (including Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia), 
 counts 125,039 square miles. The languages spoken in Austria- 
 Hungary are as follows: German by 10,568,757; Bohemian, Mora- 
 vian, and Slovak by 7,383,140; Polish by 3,719,232; Ruthenian by 
 3,488,613; Slovene by 1,271,351; Servian and Croatian by 3,249,- 
 186; Roumanian by 2,801,015; Magyar by 7,434,869; Italian by 
 over half a million; and the language of the gipsies by more 
 than eighty thousand. The great lines of culture, as it broadens 
 down to the people, are thus Magyar and Bohemian not less than 
 German. Vienna is the German seat of culture; Buda-Pesth, two 
 cities on opposite banks of the Danube united as one, the Magyar 
 or Hungarian; and Prague, the Bohemian or Czech. Prague 
 has the oldest university in Central Europe, and both Bohemian 
 and Magyar are traditions of great significance. Cracow, in the 
 northeast province of Galicia, is the old capital of Poland. 
 
 Gundulic, Ivan, a poet of Dalmatia ( now part of Austria ), the first 
 dramatic poet among the Slavs, author of an epic of the Polish^ 
 
 Turkish war of 1621 42 240 
 
 An Austrian national drama created by Ludwig Anzengruber .42 21 
 
 Grillparzer, the greatest of Austrian poets 17 6716 
 
 Eotvos's < Equal rights of the Nationalities in Austria > 42 171 
 
 Miinch-Bellinghausen, an Austrian dramatist, known as "Friedrich 
 
 Halm » 43 396 
 
 Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian novelist, notable for great powers of real- 
 istic description 43 475 
 
 August Wilhelm Ambros, notable for his < History of Music > 42 16 
 
 Franz von Miklosich, eminent founder of Slavic philology 43 382 
 
 Carl Ziegler, an Austrian lyrical poet of high rank, author of many 
 
 beautiful hymns 43 596 
 
 B. von Carneri, an Austrian poet of great popularity 42 95 
 
 Moritz Hartmann, an Austrian « poet of the people, » of Bohemian 
 
 birth, ardently revolutionary, socialistic, and widely popular . . . . 4 2 251 
 Pius Zingerle. an Austrian Orientalist, author of Syriac studies, and 
 
 of translations from the Syriac .• 43 597 
 
 Ludwig Eckardt, an Austrian author of scholarly critical and biogra- 
 phical studies 42 162 
 
 Alfred von Kremer, an Austrian Orientalist, diplomat, and university 
 
 professor at Vienna 43 315 
 
 Baroness Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, an eminent Austrian novelist 
 
 and dramatist 42 161 
 
 Robert Hamerling, of great distinction as an Austrian poet, drama- 
 tist, and novelist 42 246 
 
 Joseph H. Fedkovic, author of poems in the Ruthenian language. . .42 182 
 
CCxlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Wilhelm Scherer, an Austrian scholar in literature, author of a valu- . 
 
 able < History of German Literature > 43 483 
 
 Vincenz Chiavacci, an Austrian humorist of distinction in Vienna 
 
 journalism 42 107 
 
 Karl Emil Franzos, a brilliant newspaper correspondent, author of 
 
 popular travels and novels 42 200 
 
 Hermann Bahr, an Austrian critic, dramatist, and novelist of strong 
 
 Anti-French predilections 42 35 
 
 August Fournier, an Austrian historian, notdble for a < Life of Napo- 
 leon > and other important biographies 42 198 
 
 [See also Vienna, Hungary, and Bohemia.] 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 The great island continent of Australia, with an area of about 
 3,000,000 square miles, promises a far southeast United States, 
 of English origin, and of immense possibilities for the future of 
 human progress. And no small part of this future may belong 
 to the great islands constituting New Zealand, 1,200 miles to the 
 east of Australia. Hardly sixty years have passed since Great 
 Britain ceased to put this distant region to use for the purposes 
 of a penal settlement, and only since the discovery of gold in 
 1 85 1 has Australian development figured as one of the important 
 developments of the globe. 
 
 How the work of Prince Henry of Portugal led to the discovery of 
 
 Australia 45 426 
 
 Ludwig Leichhardt's expeditions for early exploration 43 334 
 
 Heaton's Australian Dictionary of Men of the Time, and account of 
 
 the Aborigines of Australia 42 256 
 
 Great work by A. R. Wallace and F. H. H. Guillemard, comprehen- 
 sively describing all parts of Australasia 44 113 
 
 Coast exploration of Australia by Captain Cook 44 245 
 
 John Dunmore Lang's eminent services as a pioneer; author of works 
 
 of great valjie for Australian history 43 325 
 
 A. J. Dawson's story picturing scenery and bush life in Australia. . . .45 540 
 
 « Rolf Boldrewood » on life and adventure in Australia 45 424 
 
 Hogan's stories and sketches of Australian adventure and history. . . .42 268 
 
 R. H. Home's < Australian Facts and Principles, > 19 7641 
 
 Baden-Powell's work of information about Australia 42 35 
 
 Gould's great works on the birds and mammals of Australia 42 228 
 
 Farjeon's < Grif,> a story of Australian life 42 180 
 
 Gordon's bush ballads and lyrics of Australia 42 225 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINEvS OF INTEREST CCxHx 
 
 BABYLONIA 
 
 An extraordinary interest has been created in what is perhaps 
 the most completely lost land on the globe, the earliest known 
 land of culture, sometimes referred to as Chaldaea, but more 
 correctly known as Babylonia; a younger extension of which to 
 the north formed the land of Assyria, of which Nineveh was the 
 great city. Assyria, which takes the first place in classical ac- 
 counts, to the exclusion of Babylonia, owing to its energy in war 
 and conquest at a comparatively late time, was in fact the younger 
 and greatly inferior country, chiefly devoted to war in the worst 
 Semitic spirit of religious massacre of enemies, and with a cul- 
 ture exclusively borrowed from the older mother country, Baby- 
 lonia. Its earliest rise was in the sixteenth century B. C. ; in the 
 fourteenth century it began to assert a despotism over Babylonia, 
 and at length made the less warlike mother country completely 
 dependent; but with the end of the seventh century B. C. it 
 suffered an extinction hardly paralleled in history, leaving Baby- 
 lon under Nebuchadnezzar to become, for a short period, the mis- 
 tress of the then known world. 
 
 What Nineveh knew of culture had reached a climax under 
 the famous Sardanapalus, or Assur-bani-pal, in his collection of 
 the greatest library that had ever existed, but a library of books 
 from Babylonia, both in their original languages and in transla- 
 tions, together with dictionaries and grammars in aid of the use 
 of these books. To a very large extent these books had been 
 produced in an older language of Babylonia, known as Accadian, 
 and the translations were into Semitic, the language of Arabia, 
 of the Hebrews, and of Assyria. At a very early period Semitic 
 invasion had introduced Semitic speech into Babylonia, as the 
 language of a ruling class, and Assyria, when it arose, was wholly 
 Semitic. This Semitic invasion of Babylonia may have taken 
 place as early as fifteen or sixteen centuries before Abraham's 
 time, but it gave in Babylonia only a ruling class. The early 
 Babylonians were two kindred peoples known as Sumerian and 
 Accadian, the former settled more in the northwest, and the latter 
 in the southeast. The former may have been the older settlers, 
 but it was from the latter that the earliest Babylonian culture 
 came, especially the very early knowledge of astronomy which 
 they possessed. At a most remote past, at least 6000 B. C., 
 
Ccl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 there began a succession of notable cities, Eridu, called the *^ Holy- 
 City *^ ; Erech, or Uru-ki, a name meaning ^^ city of the land " or 
 capital; Ur, meaning the <*city,'^ and a later capital; Nippur, a 
 more northern city, recent exploration of the ruins of which have 
 carried Babylonian historical dates to perhaps 7000 B. C. ; Larsa, 
 the old centre of Sun-worship, as Ur was of Moon-worship; and 
 Sippara, the northern city of Sun-worship. 
 
 Babylon rose to supremacy later than the cities which we have 
 named, becoming the capital of a consolidated empire about 2150 
 B. C. At this time books, libraries, and schools were a common 
 privilege of the people. The production of these books dated 
 from schools of temple writers at Eridu, Erech, and Ur, at dif- 
 ferent periods in a past measuring perhaps not less than 3,000 
 years. Written upon tablets of clay, ' and baked, the Babylonian 
 books, of the libraries of cities whose ruins have been explored, 
 are found in great numbers, and permit us to see what was con- 
 sidered the world's best literature more than 2000 years B. C. 
 The most recent discoveries show how the power and culture of 
 Babylonia had been extended to the Mediterranean, and had 
 made all that region a land of books, schools, libraries, and cul- 
 ture long before its invasion by the Semitic Hebrews, whose con- 
 quest is described by themselves as one of ravage and slaughter, 
 in the most excessive Semitic spirit. One of the most remark- 
 able episodes in the history of Egypt is that of Babylonian in- 
 fluence there effecting, for a short time, an extreme change in the 
 monarchy and the official religion, through the efforts of a king 
 whose mother was a daughter of the King of Babylon. 
 
 Civilization established in Babylonia not later than 6000 B. C i 60 
 
 Peters's story of explorations at Nippur 44 20 
 
 Maspero's two large works giving the history from 3850 to 850 B. C. .45 343 
 
 Tomkins on Babylonia in the time of Abraham 44 294 
 
 Library sketch of the mythology of Babylonia i 51-60 
 
 Influence of its mythology and religion on Jewish and Christian 
 
 belief 4 4 20-21 
 
 Layard's narrative of discoveries in Babylonia 45 476 
 
 Perrot and Chipiez on art in Babylonia 44 123 
 
 Sayce's important contributions to Babylonian study 43 481 
 
 Julius Oppert's studies of the monuments 43 409 
 
 Recent Researches in Babylonia, edited by Hilprecht 44 189 
 
 Tiamat, Babylonian goddess of the abyss i 53 ; 44 21 
 
 Marduk or Merodach, god of Babylon i 53 ; 44 21 
 
 Ishtar, Babylonian goddess i 54. 55. 67 ; 44 21 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccli 
 
 Ea, one of the earliest Babylonian deities i 52 ; 44 21 
 
 Sin, the Babylonian Moon-god 44 21 
 
 Story of Marduk's victory over Tiamat i 61-66 
 
 Anu, Bel, and Ea, the great gods of early Babylonia i 66 
 
 Bel and Shamash, Babylonian deities, send a flood to destroy man- 
 kind I 55> 69-72; 44 21 
 
 Babylonian Penitential Psalms i 77-80 
 
 BELGIUM 
 
 Belgium, formed in 1830 from a part of the Netherlands, with 
 an area of 11,373 square miles, and a population of about six 
 and one-half millions, is largely French, in the language of its 
 people, but more largely still Flemish, while both Flemish and 
 French are in use as languages of culture, with an ardent dispo- 
 sition of a progressive school to employ French for thoroughly 
 Flemish developments. The kingdom has four great universities 
 and two cities of special historic interest, Antwerp and Brussels. 
 A notable service of Belgium to world progress is that of the 
 founding in Africa of the great Congo Free State by the Bel- 
 gian monarch Leopold II., in 1885. 
 
 Georges Eekhoud and Henri Conscience, the two great Belgian authors, 
 
 10 3957; the latter's brilliant < History of Belgium > 10 3959 
 
 Blommaert, a Flemish writer, whose great ambition was to make Flemish 
 
 a literary language, and to unite all Flemish-speaking people... 4 2 63 
 
 Louis Dechez's ^Brabangonne,^ the Belgian national hymn 42 289 
 
 Rodenbach's great historical poem < Belgium > 43 463 
 
 The Young Belgium school of literature, 13 5189; personages of this 
 
 school 13 5 189 
 
 Duyse's poems in the Flemish tongue and valuable works on Flemish 
 
 history 42 159 
 
 [See also the sections on Antwerp and Brussels.] 
 
 BOHEMIA 
 
 Bohemia, notably connected with the history of culture as the 
 land of John Huss, but now almost exclusively Roman Catholic, 
 is in language and culture predominantly Czech, with a tradition 
 of literary development beginning as early as the ninth century. 
 The Bohemian language belongs to a group of languages known 
 as Slavonic, which includes also Polish, Russian, Bulgarian, and 
 
Cclii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Servian. The name Czech is that under which the dominant 
 ■tribe of Slavs was known before it came into Bohemia, and by- 
 subjecting the other Slavic tribes in Bohemia made its name the 
 equivalent of Bohemian. The Czechs are found also in Moravia, 
 and in other parts of Austria. There are thus Czechs which are 
 not Bohemians, and many Bohemians, of German or other descent, 
 which are not Czechs. Bohemia developed a literature as early 
 as the fourteenth century, in which the University of Prague was 
 founded. Thomas of Stitny (1373-1400), wrote in Bohemian, for 
 the instruction of the common people, works of very superior lit- 
 erary quality; and John Huss followed as a preacher and writer, 
 in the years 1402-15. Peter Chelczicky was a great religious 
 writer and thinker after Huss (1430-56). As early as the end of 
 the thirteenth century, the greater part of the Bible had been trans- 
 lated, and this was made complete in the fourteenth century. In 
 the sixteenth Jan Blahoslaw, who had translated the New Testa- 
 ment, brought about a new translation of the whole Bible, printed 
 in 6 volumes in 1579-93. This was the golden age of Bohemian 
 culture, when education was more advanced than in any other 
 country in Europe. A period of decline followed down to the last 
 quarter of the eighteenth century, when an unexampled resus- 
 citation began through the comprehensively creative work of 
 Dobrovsky. It is only since 1848 that a vigorous national move- 
 ment has created political conditions favorable to free intellectual 
 development, through which Bohemia may take its place as one 
 of the fields of European culture. 
 
 KoUdr, a Czech author of popular songs, immensely effective in ex- 
 pression of the Panslavic idea 43 311 
 
 Dobrovsky, an unsurpassed Bohemian scholar, critic, and writer; author 
 of < History of the Bohemian Language and Literature, > and 
 other works immensely effective for linguistic and literary revival .42 147 
 
 Celakovsky, a Czech poet and philologist; author of <Slav Folk-Songs, > 
 < Echo of Bohemian Folk-Songs, > and of translations of Scott and 
 Herder 42 100 
 
 Mokry's Bohemian < People's Cheap Library > 43 386 
 
 Havlicek, an influential journalist, notable as the most striking figure 
 
 of the « new Czech » movement 42 253 
 
 Hlinka's numerous popular stories and novels dealing with life among 
 
 the Czechs ..42 266 
 
 Palacky, author as state historian of an important series of works, 
 illustrating the history, literature, and religious tendencies of 
 Bohemia 43 413 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccliii 
 
 Gindely's < History of the Thirty Years' War,> a work of European 
 
 reputation 42 218 
 
 Cech, a notable Czech journalist, author of stories showing lively wit 
 
 and rich humor, and the most popular of Czech poets 42 100 
 
 Julius Zeyer, a Czech novelist and poet ; author of romances and tales, 
 
 and of a series of epic poems based on Bohemian ancient history. 43 596 
 
 Halek, a Czech lyric poet and dramatist, widely appreciated and suc- 
 cessful 42 244 
 
 Kolar, a Czech novelist and dramatist, author of excellent translations 
 
 from Shakespeare, Goethe, and Schiller 43 311 
 
 [See also under Prague.] 
 
 BRAZIL 
 
 The vast South American region known as Brazil, with an 
 area of 3,219,000 square miles, almost equal to the whole of 
 Europe, was first seen by Pingon, a companion of Columbus, Jan- 
 uary 26, 1500. Columbus had himself seen the mouth of the great 
 river Orinoco about August i, 1498, and had concluded against 
 the possibility of a continental land as the source of the vast 
 flood of fresh water. He decided instead that it was a river flow- 
 ing down from Paradise, situated, as he conceived, on a vast 
 summit elevation of the globe to which no human voyager could 
 ascend. Had he explored down the coast from the Orinoco and 
 pushed discovery, as others did after him, he would have carried 
 off the honor in history of originally observing and reporting the 
 existence of, not merely islands, falsely imagined to be those of 
 India, but a new continental world. Pingon came upon the coast 
 at Cape St. Augustine, about seven degrees below the equator, 
 and followed the coast north, and thence northwest past the 
 mouths of the Amazon to the mouth of the Orinoco. The same 
 year the Portuguese navigator, Cabral, setting out from Portugal 
 for India, and being driven by storms across the Atlantic, reached 
 the coast which Pingon had seen, at a point about sixteen degrees 
 below the equator, and made a claim for Portugal on Easter Day, 
 about May i, 1500, which resulted in Portuguese possession of the 
 vast region, the Atlantic coast line of which is nearly 4,000 miles 
 in extent. 
 
 Portugal sent expeditions, in 1501 and 1503, which extensively 
 explored the coast and brought back abundance of red dyewoods, 
 such as had been known in commerce for more than 300 years 
 as a product of the East Indies, and called in Spanish brasil. 
 
Ccliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 This brasil dyewood suggested the name ^^ Brazil." Americus Ves- 
 pucius, who had visited the coast of Venezuela in 1499, was in 
 the exploring expeditions just named. His report of discovery 
 and exploration of continental lands first suggested that a New 
 World had been found, and was the occasion of a geographer's 
 giving it the name of America. 
 
 Portugal undertook comprehensive occupation and colonization 
 in 1530, and by the middle' of the century the whole line of the 
 coast from La Plata to the Amazon showed settlements already 
 attempted. This was genuine colonization, on an agricultural 
 basis, while Spanish occupation, on the other side of the conti- 
 nent, was purely that of military conquest and plunder. It was 
 not until 1693 that the discovery of gold played a part in Brazil- 
 ian progress; and this was after the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, 
 and sugar-cane had attained great development. The first gov- 
 ernor-general, who arrived in 1549, and made Bahia the Brazilian 
 capital, was accompanied by Jesuits, who undertook the promotion 
 of culture among both colonists and natives. Nobrega, the chief 
 of the Jesuit mission, established a college in 1553, which became 
 broadly effective in the diffusion of knowledge and civilization. 
 There is thus a thread of culture in Brazilian history, from the 
 middle of the first American century to the period of large 
 expansion, which began in 1808, when the French Revolution 
 drove the royal family of Portugal to take refuge in Brazil, and 
 introduced an era of notable progress, giving promise of large 
 advance in culture. 
 
 The < History of Brazil under Maurice of Nassau,> by Barlaeus, a 
 
 Dutch writer 42 42 
 
 Southey's < History of Brazil > ••43 500 
 
 Important works of Varnhagen, indisputably the first of Brazilian 
 historians: < General History of Brazil,* < History of the Struggles 
 
 with the Dutch in Brazil, > < Anthology of Brazilian Poetry > 43 543 
 
 Alencar, a novelist of distinction as the « Cooper » of Brazilian his- 
 tory and life 42 t2 
 
 The two most widely read poets of Brazil, Azevedo and Dias 42 32, 143 
 
 Taunay's novels considered the best ever produced by a Brazilian. . .43 516 
 
 Denis's < History of Brazil > 42 139 
 
 Agassiz's < Scientific Results of a Journey in Brazil * 42 7 
 
 A. R. Wallace's < Travels on the Amazon and the Rio Negro > 43 557 
 
 Mulhall's < Handbook of the River Plata >; Mrs. Mulhall's < Between 
 
 the Amazon and the Andes > 43 395 
 
 Fletcher's < Brazil and the Brazilians > 42 192 
 
 Kidder's < Sketches of a Residence and Travels in Brazil > 43 303 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclv 
 
 BULGARIA 
 
 Bulgaria, so called from the Bulgars, who had dwelt on the 
 banks of the Volga, where Bolgary was their capital, dates from 
 the sixth century, when the Bulgars crossed the Danube into the 
 eastern portion of the peninsula and became merged with the 
 Slavs, whom they subjected. From A. D. 864 Christianity was 
 adopted, with dependence on Constantinople. A great height of 
 power and of civilization was attained in the ninth and tenth 
 centuries, and a considerable literature existed, consisting chiefly 
 of translations from the Greek, and theological works. After 
 many vicissitudes of development and power the country was 
 completely subjected by the Ottoman Turks in 1389-93, and both 
 nationality and culture almost obliterated. A national and liter- 
 ary revival began in 1762. In 1872 the Bulgarian Church made 
 itself independent of the Greek patriarch. The present Bulgaria 
 was created in 1878 by the treaty of Berlin, and enlarged in 1885 
 by the addition of Eastern Roumelia. Bulgarian literature since 
 1762 has been chiefly popular, political, and educational. With 
 new national life, inspired by freedom, fresh literary development 
 is already manifest. 
 
 Strikingly genuine and national character of the poems and romances 
 
 of Vazoflf 38 15263 
 
 His great novel, < Pod Igoto> (< Under the Yoke'), the best-known 
 
 piece of literature Bulgaria has produced 45 490 
 
 Karavelov, Bulgarian author of novels, tales, and poems; one of the 
 
 creators of Bulgarian prose 43 297 
 
 Jirdsek, a novelist noted for faithful and effective depiction of Czech 
 
 life and character 42 290 
 
 Kanitz, an Hungarian ethnographer, the first to draw correct maps of 
 Bulgaria and the Balkans, in a series of works on Servia, Bul- 
 garia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, etc. : a standard of knowledge of 
 Slavic countries 43 297 
 
 CANADA 
 
 What is known as Canada, since the constitution, in 1867, of 
 the Dominion of Canada, embraces the whole of British North 
 America, lying to the north of the United States, from the At- 
 lantic on the east to Alaska on the west, and to the farthermost 
 Arctic coasts on the north, — an area below that of the United 
 States only since the latter acquired the immense region of 
 
cclvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Alaska. The original settlement was French, and the popula- 
 tion, language, and culture, ever since the transfer of the country 
 to Great Britain, have been predominantly French. The cities 
 notably connected with the culture of Canada are Quebec and 
 Montreal; the former founded by Cham plain in July, 1608, and 
 until 1759 the centre of French trade and civilization, and of 
 Roman Catholic missions in North America; and the latter dat- 
 ing from May 18, 1642, when Maisonneuve, the military leadei 
 of a trading corporation, landed on the spot. Montreal was the 
 scene, in 1776-77, of occupation by American Revolutionary 
 troops, under a scheme of the American leaders to secure the 
 participation of Canada in the war of Independence. While 
 English is generally spoken, French is still the leading language, 
 and Canadian culture cannot fail to be broadly representative of 
 both French and English traditions and characteristics. 
 
 Parkman's series of works under the general title < France and Eng- 
 land in North America, > — *The Jesuits in North America >; <La 
 Salle and the Discovery of the Great West>; <The Old Regime 
 in Canada > ; < Count Frontenac and New France under Louis 
 XIV.>; <A Half-Century of Conflict, to the Peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle > ; and < Montcalm and Wolfe > 28 1 1087 ; 4 4 83 
 
 <The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explora- 
 tions of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 > 45 476 
 
 Faillon's comprehensive history of the French in Canada 42 178 
 
 Abb6 H. R. Casgrain, a notable ecclesiastic and historian at Quebec. 42 97 
 
 Grant's < Picturesque Canada,' describing the scenery, social life, and 
 
 industries of Canada 42 229 
 
 Justin Winsor's <From Cartier to Frontenac > and <The Struggle in 
 
 America between England and France > 4 3 580 
 
 Haliburton's historical and sociological books, dealing principally 
 
 with conditions in Nova Scotia 42 244 
 
 Sir Daniel Wilson, a Canadian educator, president of Toronto Uni- 
 versity, 1881-92 43 578 
 
 Sir J. W. Dawson, eminent Canadian geologist; author of important 
 contributions to science, and of <Hand-Book of Geography and 
 Natural History of Nova Scotia > 42 i35 
 
 Frechette, a French-Canadian poet; French Canada celebrated in his 
 
 < Our History > 42 201 ; 15 5967 
 
 Goldwin Smith, an eminent English educator, historical scholar, and 
 
 liberal professor, from 1871 at the Toronto University 4 3 497 
 
 Chauveau, a notable Canadian statesman, popular poet, and prose-writer .42 105 
 
 Charles G. D. Roberts, a Canadian author of short stories, and poems, 
 
 and of an Accadian historical romance 31 12295 
 
 Archibald Lampman, a Canadian poet of great promise 4 3 323 
 
 Gilbert Parker, author of admirably executed novels of Canadian life. 2 8 11047 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclvii 
 
 CHINA 
 
 Chinese culture rests on a system of speech and written com- 
 position, the written characters of which are symbols of ideas, 
 and are believed to have come into use as early as 3400 B. C. 
 Paper was made and employed for writing in China in the first 
 century of our era, and a Chinese blacksmith invented movable 
 types, as a substitute for wooden blocks, about 1000 A. D. The 
 common literature of China is of immense extent and variety. 
 Its classics are the books of Confucius and two or three other 
 practical philosophers, all of whose teachings bear upon the con- 
 duct of life. These books are regarded, and are dealt with in 
 commentaries, and other studies of scholars, as the Chinese Bible, 
 or Sacred Scriptures of inspired and final authority. Immense as 
 the number of Chinese books is, it would be much greater but 
 for the destruction of important imperial libraries within a hun- 
 dred years of the death of Confucius (in 479 B. C). Both in 
 respect of culture and of literary interest, Chinese study, in the 
 hands of the educated class, has an elevation and value far beyond 
 anything suggested by common foreign knowledge of the people 
 of China. The problem which Chinese culture at its best sug- 
 gests is that of ethical culture without spiritism. The mass of 
 the common people, however, find an extreme of superstitious 
 spiritism in a very degraded form of Buddhism, and in an equally 
 degraded type of Taoism, which was originally an elevated ethi- 
 cal faith like that of Confucius. 
 
 Confucius: Writings left by him at his death, 478 B. C, were mostly 
 a compilation of the best literature, historical, practical, and poet- 
 ical, of China. It was not at once that these writings became 
 authoritative scriptures of Chinese faith 9 3629-35; 42 117 
 
 Lao-tsze [or tzti], a second great Chinese philosopher, of about the 
 same date as Confucius; author of ethical and social teachings of 
 high character 9 3637 ; 4 3 327 
 
 Mencius, a notable apostle of Confucian teaching, who revived the 
 master's memory and authority during forty-four years of effort 
 (333-289 B. C. ) g 3635 ; 4 3 377 
 
 The Sacred Books of China ; Confucius, Laotzii, and Mencius 
 
 9 3629-37; 42 117; 45 419 
 
 Sze-ma or Su-ma Ts'ien, the g^and astronomer and recorder of 
 China no B. C ; author of existing Chinese chronology, and of 
 <Shih-ki> or Historical Records (begun by his father) from 2697 
 
 to 104 B. C 43 513 
 
 17 
 
Cclviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 vSze-ma or Su-ma Kwang, a Chinese statesman of 1009-86 A. D. ; au- 
 thor of <The Comprehensive Mirror of History,* in 294 books, 
 covering 400 B. C.-960 A. D 43 5i3 
 
 R. K. Douglas on the literature of China 9 3629-42 
 
 Wang-Chi-Fou, one of the greatest Chinese dramatic poets, lived in 
 the thirteenth century, was the creator of Chinese opera, com- 
 posed plays of which two survive 43 559 
 
 The Venetian, Marco Polo's record of travels and residence in China 
 
 in the last quarter of the thirteenth century 43 434; 44 165 
 
 Sir John Barrow's < Travels to China > and < Voyage to Cochin-China > . 4 2 45 
 
 Howorth's < History of the Mongols, > a work of great research 42 277 
 
 The celebrated Abbe Hue's < Journey to Tartary, Thibet, and China,> 
 <The Chinese Empire,* and < Christianity in China, Tartary, and 
 Thibet > 42 277 ; 44 i88 
 
 S. Wells Williams's < Dictionary of the Chinese* and great work on 
 
 China, < The Middle Kingdom > 43 577 
 
 Pumpelly's interesting study of China, in < Across America and Asia* 
 
 (1869) 44 305 
 
 <A Cycle of Cathay,* most interesting and valuable sketches of China 
 
 during sixty years, by Dr. W. A. P. Martin 43 371 ; 45 374 
 
 Doolittle's < Social Life of the Chinese: Their Religions, Governmen- 
 tal, Educational, and Business Customs and Opinions * 4 5 437 
 
 General Lord Wolseley's < Narrative of the War with China in i860*. 43 582 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 Denmark, in itself the smallest of the three Scandinavian 
 kingdotns, occupying the peninsula of Jutland and a group of is- 
 lands in the Baltic, has large dependencies in Iceland and in the 
 habitable part of Greenland. Historically, also, Sweden has be- 
 longed to Denmark from 1397 to 1524, and Norway until 1813; 
 and the Danish language has remained that of the educated class 
 in Norway. Even the loss of the crown province of Sleswick, 
 with Holstein and Lauenborg, has not prevented Danish progress 
 and distinction in Europe. Norwegian genius, notably in Hol- 
 berg, greatly contributed to Danish advance, and through the 
 connections by marriage of the Royal Family in England, Russia, 
 and elsewhere, the Danish name has been made most conspicuous. 
 
 Torfeson, a Danish-Latin historian of Icelandic birth, author of an 
 important < History of Norway* and other works of extreme 
 Norse interest 43 529 
 
 Pedersen's Danish translation of Luther's Bible 4 3 421 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclix 
 
 Tycho Brahe's astronomical observatory at Uranienborg, built in 1576. lo 4040 
 
 Arrebo, father of modem Danish poetry 42 • 27 
 
 Holberg by his intellectual breadth and power the greatest name in 
 
 Scandinavian literature 18 7409-16 
 
 Hauch, author of lyrics ranking him as the foremost Danish poet of 
 
 nature and sentiment 4 * 252 
 
 Oehlenschlager, the greatest of Danish poets 27 10745 
 
 Dahlmann's brilliant < History of Denmark > (German) .42 129 
 
 Andersen's fame as author of the universally read < Wonder Tales >. .2 500 
 Brandes, the most advanced of Danish writers and one of the fore- 
 most European critics 5 2299-310 
 
 Drachmann, a notable «new era» writer of poems and tales of the 
 
 sea, the shore, and the fisher's life 12 4840-50 
 
 Kjerkegaard, an eminent Danish religious writer, who construes re- 
 ligion as a matter of personal theistic faith, irrespective of any 
 
 church Christianity 43 307 
 
 Molbech, a Danish journalist and theatre censor at Copenhagen 43 386 
 
 [See also Copenhagen.] 
 
 EGYPT 
 
 Egypt as a land of culture represented by inscriptions on 
 monuments, and by fragments of a literature, may be viewed as 
 extending backward from about 500 B. C. through 4,000 years. 
 The general story for these forty centuries is fairly complete and 
 correct, and exceedingly rich in interest, yet of almost no import- 
 ance in respect of contributions to definitive and mature culture. 
 As in many other cases, the fame of Egypt, to the Greeks for 
 example, was due chiefly to things of curious interest, and not to 
 any important intellectual product. The land of the Nile, in fact, 
 enters for the first time, under the present beneficent tutelage of 
 England, upon progress promising entire departure from primi- 
 tive barbarism. 
 
 Close relation of Egypt with Babylonia in the fifteenth and sixteenth 
 
 centuries B. C i 59 
 
 Flinders Petrie's < History of Egjrpt from the Monuments > 44 20 
 
 Maspero's two large works giving the history from 3850 to 850 B. C. . 4 5 343 
 
 Maspero's < Manual of Egyptian Archaeology) 44 335 
 
 Interesting and valuable works on the antiquities of Egypt, by Amelia 
 
 B. Edwards 42 163 
 
 Lepsius's magnificent < Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia >; transla- 
 tion of the famous < Book of the Dead > ; and < Letters from Egypt >. 43 337 
 Perrot and Chipiez on Art in Ancient Egypt 44 123 
 
Cclx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Elaborate < Library > story of the literature of Egypt 13 5225-344 
 
 Sketch-history of the literature in three periods 13 5230-32 
 
 The temple worship and ancient astronomy of Egypt depicted by 
 
 J. N. Lockyer 45 476 
 
 Wiedemann's ^Ancient Religion of the Egyptians > 45 413 
 
 Egyptian doctrine of immortality 45 414 
 
 Ebers's study of ancient Egyptian civilization in his novel *■ Uarda, > 
 45 522; his < Egyptian Princess, > a picture of Egypt in the time 
 of Cambyses, 44 20; <The Sisters, > a story of Memphis, of the 
 
 temple of Serapis, and of the palace of the Ptolemies! 13 5091 
 
 Rawlinson's < History of Egypt > 43 452 
 
 Wilkinson's < Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians > 43 576 
 
 Sir J. W. Dawson's < Egypt and Syria > 42 135 
 
 Gautier's < Romance of the Mummy, > a marvelous picture of Egyptian 
 
 life 15 6223 
 
 Slatin Pasha's account of the Egyptian Dervishes 44 96 
 
 The ^Arabian Nights > in their present form came from Egypt 2 624 
 
 Lady DuflE-Gordon's < Letters from Egypt > (1862-69) 45 554 
 
 Darmesteter's < The Mahdi > 11 4380 
 
 Mariette, principal founder of the great museum of antiquities at Bou- 
 lak, now at Gizeh, and author of <Karnak,> *Denderah,> and 
 
 < Monuments of Upper Egypt > 43 368 
 
 Lane's < Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, > and other 
 
 valuable works on Egypt 43 324 
 
 Stanley Lane- Poole's < Social Life in Egypt > 43 325 
 
 Edward Dicey's < England and Egypt > 42 143 
 
 De Leon's <The Khedive's Egfypt> 42 137 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 England, in respect of culture, not only covers the Scottish 
 and Irish ground to which London is a centre, but it covers, not 
 less, every field of human development, in America, Australia, 
 Africa, or India, into which English genius for affairs, for humanity, 
 and for literature, has carried the beneficent stream of English 
 culture. The earliest initiation of this culture on English soil 
 was through the agency of Celtic Irish missionaries in the north 
 of England, an historic monument of whose work was the great 
 monastery founded in the year 657 under the famous Abbess 
 Hilda. This work had continued for a third of a century before 
 the Italian Augustine, sent by Pope Gregory I., appeared in the 
 south of England, and planted the archbishopric of Canterbury as 
 a seat of Christian instruction. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxi 
 
 The England of these beginnings dated from the landing of 
 viking* ships, in the extreme southeast of Britain, in the year 
 449. This was an invasion from Jutland, on the other side of the 
 North Sea, where the related tribes of Jutes, Angles, and Saxons 
 dwelt; and from this time forward successive companies of in- 
 vaders arrived on the south and east coasts of Britain, not merely 
 to plunder, but to conquer and to occupy, relentlessly killing or 
 driving away the earlier possessors of the soil. These earlier 
 possessors were Britons of Celtic race, who had felt the influence 
 of Roman civilization from as far back as the time of Julius 
 Caesar, and in addition had for three or four generations accepted 
 Christianity and created a Celtic British church. 
 
 It was after more than a century and a half of the viking ship 
 invasions, and the driving back into Wales of the Celtic survivors 
 of generations of conflict, when Celtic Christianity began to win 
 upon the interest of the still heathen English and persuaded them, 
 as we have just stated, to accept Christian culture. A first fruit 
 of this acceptance was the appearance of Caedmon, the earliest in 
 time of the long line of English poets. The story connects him 
 with the Abbess Hilda at Whitby, in perhaps the ten years pre- 
 ceding her death (670-680). The next English generation wit- 
 nessed the life of Bede (673-735), ^.nd still the next that of Alcuin. 
 Apart from poetry, Bede is the fountain head of English litera- 
 ture, and Alcuin, who made York famous by his educational work. 
 
 * The term « viking » came into use to express the salient fact of the practice of the North- 
 men as plunderers by sea. With vessels which were small and of light draught, propelled 
 by banks of oars, they could penetrate into bays, rivers, or the mouths of creeks, in pursuit 
 of plunder, or could lie in wait in them for an opportunity to dart out and attack a passing 
 vessel. It was with reference to this practice that they were called b'ay-men or creek-men, 
 from the word vik, « bay » or « creek." The ruthless spirit of plunder and massacre animating 
 these sea-rovers made them especially a terror in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, when 
 they came in great numbers to sack cities, and rob rich monasteries, and ravage cultivated 
 lands, but the viking ship was practically the same with the first landings of Jutes, Angles, 
 or Saxons in the bays and creeks of the coast of Britain. These early viking men came not 
 only for plunder but for possession, and they killed or drove away relentlessly to make room 
 for themselves. The viking ship thus became a .symbol of colonization, the expansion into 
 new lands which has so strongly characterized the English race. It was at the World's Fair 
 in Chicago a symbol immensely more significant than the Spanish caravel. 
 
 « The viking ships were merely long narrow open boats, generally some seventy-five feet 
 long by fifteen wide, but drawing only three and a half feet of water. They relied on row- 
 ing more than on sailing, and their one ma-st could be easily lowered, and generally was taken 
 down before a naval engagement. When the wind was favorable they ussed a single large 
 square sail, but it was always in the strength and endurance of the oarsmen that they placed 
 their main confidence. The ordinary viking vessel seems to have carried about one hundred 
 and twenty men, so that to transport any large body an enormous number of ships was re- 
 quired, but even in .small numbers the vikings were very formidable, almost every man being 
 well equipped with the shirt of ring-mail and steel helmet." (Oman's 'Europe, 476-918.') 
 
CClxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 was the earliest great English missionary, in his creation for 
 Charlemagne, in Germany, of schools for the diffusion of culture. 
 In Caedmon and Bede and Alcuin, with the great King Alfred 
 in the years 871-901, the powerful impulses of the English mind 
 to broad and thorough culture were made rranifest, as the thou- 
 sand years since the death of Alfred have carried them into every 
 form of development, on a scale that is now world-encircling. 
 
 In the seven centuries from the appearance of Caedmon to the 
 first appearance of Chaucer as a leading English writer, English 
 utterance was obscured by the Latin of the church, or by the 
 Court use of French after the Norman Conquest. It was not un- 
 til the middle of the fourteenth century that the English people, 
 after the terrible thinning by the first great plague of 1349, be- 
 gan to insist on its own language, and to set aside the Latin 
 of the church and the French of Court and State. French ceased 
 to be the legal tongue of England in 1362. In the next year 
 English was first used as the language of speeches in Parliament. 
 This meant essentially the dawn of Democracy as the dominant 
 underlying element of English culture. Langland's *■ Vision of 
 Piers Plowman,^ dating from 1362, but rewritten in 1377, was 
 the earliest, as it was a powerful, expression of this spirit. It 
 was a masterly protest of English thought against the Latin 
 church, and of the tongue of the people against the French of 
 the Court. The greater poet who followed Langland, Geoffroy 
 Chaucer, had accompanied the Court of Edward III. in his famous 
 invasion of France (1359), and for some years, from 1372, he had 
 repeatedly visited Italy, and added knowledge of Italian poetry 
 to his admiring acquaintance with French. It was near the end 
 of the century that he executed his great conception of a series 
 of tales designed to be pictures of English character and life, 
 and did it with a perfection of art which brought him near to 
 Dante and Petrarch, and left him a true precursor to Shakes- 
 peare. Before Chaucer had reached his great task, John Wyclif's 
 undertaking, an English version of the whole Bible, and literature 
 in English appealing to the common people, not only against the 
 abuses of the Latin church, but against the Catholic system of 
 faith, had planted a standard of vernacular English, and of 
 thorough humanism in culture, which at once fulfilled the promise 
 of Caedmon and Bede and King Alfred, and prophesied the long 
 line of developments to our own time. The age of Elizabeth 
 and of the planting of America carried the level of English culture 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxiii 
 
 to a height never surpassed in any land or any time, and set in 
 motion an expansion which not only encircles but envelops the 
 world. 
 
 Alcuin, one of England's earliest great educators i 295 ; 42 10 
 
 The early history of England, by the great Benedictine scholar, Bede 4 5 360 
 Alfred the Great, his great services to England and to English cul- 
 ture I 391. 392; 42 13 
 
 Pauli's valuable <King Alfred, > and other studies of English history. 43 419 
 Haller's Swiss-German novel, < Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons * ... 4 2 245 
 Numerous Anglo-Saxon or English works of Alfric, of very high 
 
 quality 2 557 
 
 Ettmiiller's important * Anglo-Saxon Lexicon > 42 1 74 
 
 View of the Anglo-Saxon period to the Norman Conquest 2 543-57 
 
 Thomas Miller's < History of the Anglo-Saxons > 43 383 
 
 Thierry on the battle of Hastings 37 14810 
 
 Froissart, his chronicle for the years 1326-94 15 6039 
 
 Holinshed's <Chronicles,> an admirable history in Elizabethan Eng- 
 lish ; extensively used by Shakespeare 19 7446 
 
 Echard's < History of England from the first Entrance of Julius Csesar 
 and the Romans to the End of the Reign of James I., > contain- 
 ing a weal4h of information 42 162 
 
 Very high character of the contributions to English history, in its 
 
 origins and development, made by William Stubbs 35 14139-42 
 
 Hume's < History of Great Britain > 19 7779 
 
 E. A. Freeman's notably important studies of English history 15 5978 
 
 Special importance of the extended works in English history of S. R. 
 
 Gardiner . ^ 42 208 
 
 Froude's great work on the history of England under Henry VHL 
 
 and Elizabeth 15 6059 
 
 Macaulay's < History of England > 24 9385 
 
 Green's *■ Short History of the English People > and other works ; a 
 
 popular improvement in English history 17 6663 
 
 Justin McCarthy's < History of Our Own Times,* <Four Georges, > 
 
 < Epoch of Reform, > and novels concerned with the England of 
 
 his own day 24 9440 ; 44 6 
 
 Thackeray's <The Four Georges, > 45 350; H. W. Lucy's story of the 
 
 Disraeli and Gladstone parliaments, 1874-80, 1880-85 45 350 
 
 The Laws of Athelbert, king of Kent (died 616), the oldest English 
 prose; and those of Ine (about 690), the foundation of modern 
 English law 2 545 
 
 Stubbs's < Constitutional History of England,* 44 28; Rudolf Gneist's 
 * History of the Constitution of England,* 44 28; Sir T. E. May's 
 
 < Story of the English Constitution from 1760 to 186 1,> 44 28; 
 Bagehot's < Essays on the English Constitution > 44 28 
 
 Hallam's < Constitutional History of England > 17 6854 
 
CClxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Blackstone on the laws of England 44 206 
 
 Extraordinary distinction of John Selden at the bar in the great age 
 
 of Shakespeare and Milton 33 13099 
 
 The <Paston Letters, > picturing English middle-class life in the time 
 
 of the Wars of the Roses 45 441 
 
 Hallam on English domestic comfort in the fifteenth century 17 6855 
 
 Seeley's study of the expansion of England 44 239 
 
 Uilke's studies of « Greater Britain » 42 145 
 
 Sir Thomas More's career in English politics (1494-1535) 26 10295 
 
 Moral breakdown following the age of Elizabeth 4 1678 
 
 Lord Bacon's opinion of the reign and character of Queen Elizabeth. 3 1193 
 
 English growth in commerce and comfort under Elizabeth 17 6671 
 
 Carlyle's < Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, > 44 65 ; Gardiner's < Crom- 
 well's Place in History > 44 66 
 
 Cromwell's portrait by Bossuet, 5 2215, 2223; Goldwin Smith's esti- 
 mate of Cromwell 45 511 
 
 Masson's < Life and Times of John Milton > 44 81 
 
 <Gramont's Memoirs, > a brilliant picture of the court of Charles II . . 
 
 17 6913; 44 16 
 
 Brilliant political career of Jonathan Swift opened by a party pam- 
 phlet in 1701, 36 14261 ; his later Irish pamphlets enormously pop- 
 ular in Ireland ^ 36 14264 
 
 Eminence in character and literary career of Samuel Johnson, 2 1 
 8283-90; his Dictionary a very great performance, 8288; his < Lives 
 
 of the English Poets > 21 8289 
 
 Notable place in English letters of Izaak Walton, author of delightful 
 
 English biographies and of *The Complete Angler > 38 15601-05 
 
 Originality and distinction of David Hume in several departments of 
 
 English literature 19 7777 
 
 Voltaire on the English Nation in 1733 44 29 
 
 Mrs. Burney's < Diary and Letters, > our best historical picture of Eng- 
 lish life and court scenes in 1786-91 7 2819 
 
 Horace Walpole's high rank as a writer of letters most entertaining 
 
 from his keen observation of men and things 38 15565-67; 4 3 558 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams finds English women in London Amazonians. ..i loi 
 
 Lecky's < History of England in the Eighteenth Century) 44 29 
 
 Thackeray's < English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century > 44 75 
 
 Brilliant statesmanship and parliamentary oratory of Edmund Burke. 
 
 7 2779-808 
 
 Burke's influence in creating the England of to-day 7 2787 
 
 Ashton on the Dawn of the Nineteenth Century in England 45 557 
 
 Thackeray's picture of English society in the first half of this century. 45 507 
 William Beckford, England's richest untitled citizen, in the early part 
 
 of Victoria's reign 4 1699 
 
 Works of Thomas Love Peacock showing the intellectual peculiarities 
 
 of Englishmen in the first half of this century 28 11225 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxv 
 
 Wordsworth's sonnets reflecting the English ideal 39 16197 
 
 Matthew Arnold's designation of England's aristocratic class as « The 
 
 Barbarians » 2 862 
 
 Fielding's ideal John Bull 14 5703 
 
 Trevelyan's < Charles James Fox > 44 83 
 
 George Canning, English statesman and orator 8 3189 
 
 Richard Cobden, eminent English parliamentary agitator for English 
 
 free trade 42 113 
 
 Brougham, Lord, a notable literary and political figure from 1802 to 
 
 1862 42 77 
 
 W. E. Gladstone's brilliant career in statesmanship, letters, moral 
 
 influence, and personal eminence 16 6359 
 
 Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, twenty-five years' Conservative leader in 
 
 Parliament 4 1636 
 
 John Bright, an English tribune of the people in Parliament over 
 forty years, 6 2355; « the one great English orator of this genera- 
 tion » (G. W. Smalley) 29 11411 
 
 Distinction of John Morley as a radical and a scientific idealist 26 10323 
 
 Tennyson's < Hands All Round, ^ a song of freedom 40 16431 
 
 Conan Doyle's patriotic < The Bowmen's Song > 12 4838 
 
 Dibdin's sea songs notably reflect English seamanship and naval 
 
 genius 1 1 4620 
 
 Sydney Dobell's < England in War Time,> rich in general human in- 
 terest, 12 4734; his description of scenery among the finest in 
 
 English literature 12 4734 
 
 Escott's England 44 29 
 
 < The Homes of England, > by Mrs. Hemans 18 7231 
 
 Hawthorne's < English Notes, > 44 30; his <Our Old Home* 44 113 
 
 R. W. Emerson's < English Traits • 44 30 
 
 Lounsbury's < History of the English Language > 45 427 
 
 The earliest history of English literature by John Bale (1548) 42 38 
 
 Earliest printing of books in England, 2 886; earliest books printed 
 
 in England, 4 1834; Jacob Tonson, the first English publisher..! 148 
 
 John Wyclif 's splendid service as translator of the entire Bible into 
 English (1382), and great religious reformer before Luther and 
 Calvin 39 16235, 16236 ; 4 3 586 
 
 The most entertaining book in early English prose, <The Marvelous 
 
 Adventures of Sir John Mandeville> 24 9655 
 
 Extraordinary distinction and charm of the character and literary pro- 
 duct of Sir Philip Sidney 34 13385-88 
 
 English inspiration of German literature 7 2767 
 
 Voltaire's < Letters on the English Nation > incalculably effective in 
 Europe; English literature and the English people made known 
 to France; Shakespeare first made known to the French people. 38 15451 
 
 Marked intellectual power shown in Fuller's < Church History of Brit- 
 ain > and < Worthies of England > 15 6129 
 
 Abraham Cowley, the first regular English writer of modern prose . i o 4094, 4095 
 
cclxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Sir Richard Steele's career with Addison as an initiator of literary 
 
 journalism 35 13877 
 
 Juliana Berners, the first woman to become an English author (at 
 
 the close of the fifteenth century) 4 1834-36 
 
 Aphra Behn, author of novels, plays, and poems; the first woman in 
 
 England to live by her pen 42 51 
 
 Mary WoUstonecraft, a conspicuous initiator of the nineteenth-century 
 
 movement to give woman an equal education with man 39 16129-32 
 
 Joanna Baillie, a dramatist whom Scott praised for excellence almost 
 
 Shakespearean 3 1253-71 
 
 Exceptional eminence of Jane Austen in novels of real life 3 1045-79 
 
 Sydney Smith's intellectual power and salutary influence as an ad- 
 vanced thinker on politics, philosophy, and religion 34 13556 
 
 Twenty years of the brilliant essays of Macaulay, 24 9382; renown of 
 
 his ballads, 9384; unsurpassed success of his history 24 9385 
 
 Remarkable power and wealth of ideas and langfuage of John Rus- 
 
 kin 32 12509-15 
 
 Extraordinary breadth, thoroughness, and refinement of J. A. Symonds's 
 
 English contributions to the history of culture 36 14338 
 
 Notable career of Gold win Smith in liberal political and religious 
 
 thought 34 13537-40 
 
 Leslie Stephen's preeminence in English criticism and literary history . 4 3 505 
 The newer literature of England in Lang, Gosse, Dobson, Stevenson, 
 
 and Henley 22 
 
 Langland's notable protest against the Latin or Roman Church in 
 
 England, in his < Vision of Piers Plowman > (1362) 43 326; 45 402 
 
 Notable religious liberality of Chillingworth, 42 107; and Whichcote, 
 
 the founder of Broad Church divinity in England 43 570 
 
 George Fox, English founder of the sect of Quakers 42 198 
 
 Richard Hooker's <Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, > a masterpiece of 
 
 eloquent liberalism 42 272 
 
 Broad and sympathetic rationalism in religfion of Jeremy Taylor. .36 14551-54 
 
 John and Charles Wesley in the great initiation of Methodism 38 15790-94 
 
 Humanitarian career of William Wilberforce, effecting the abolition 
 
 of the slave trade under British rule 43 574 
 
 Extreme originality and interest as a teacher of new thinking and 
 
 new progress of Thomas Carlyle 8 3231 
 
 Buckle's originality, boldness of thought, and very great popular suc- 
 cess, in studies of the history of civilization 6 2673 
 
 Broad church distinction of F. D. Maurice, 25 9828; Bishop Colenso, 
 
 42 114; Dean Stanley, 43 503 ; and Charles Kingsley 22 8611 
 
 Foremost place among English preachers and in recent English litera- 
 ture of Dr. John Watson (Ian Maclaren) 38 15692-95 
 
 Extraordinary attention given to the new-departure conception of 
 
 Christianity shown by the sermons of F. W. Robertson 31 12307 
 
 Distinction in contemporary English criticism of F. W. H. Myers's 
 
 essays giving modern answers to old problems 26 1051 1, 105 12 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxvii 
 
 Dixon's < History of the Church of England > 42 146 
 
 Dugdale's monumental work on English cathedrals 42 154 
 
 Courthope's < History of English Poetry > 44 301 
 
 Csedmon, the father of English song, 42 87; his first hymn the earli- 
 est piece of Anglo-Saxon poetry originating in England 2 547 
 
 Beowulf, a far more nobly conceived hero than the Greek Achilles . .2 550 
 
 Three great works by John Gower, one in French, one in Latin, and 
 
 one in English 16 6581 
 
 Chaucer, the later father of English poetry, 9 3551-64; Lounsbury's 
 
 < Studies in Chaucer, > 44 38; Skeat's < Student's Chaucer > 44 39 
 
 Attractive figure at the court of Henry VIII. of the English love 
 
 poet, Sir Thomas Wyatt 39 16230, 16231 
 
 Edmund Spenser's opening of the great age of Elizabethan litera- 
 ture with the < Shepherd's Calendar > and the < Faery Queen > .35 13752-55 
 
 Chapman's version of Homer, one of the classics of Elizabethan liter- 
 ature 9 3523-30 
 
 George Wither's lovely lyrics noteworthy for delicacy of sentiment 
 
 and refinement of taste 39 161 23 
 
 Edmund Waller's place as the initiator of the movement of artifice 
 and formalism in poetry, which reached its height in Dryden and 
 Pope 38 15555-57 
 
 Fervor and charm of Henry Vaughan's religious poems, with those of 
 
 Herbert, Crashaw, and Quarles 37 15257 
 
 John Dryden's supreme place in English poetry in the age next after 
 
 that of Milton 12 4919-50 
 
 The unequaled grace, ease, good-humor, and spontaneity of the poems 
 
 of Prior 30 1 1837 
 
 Alexander Pope the earliest English self-supporting man of letters, — 
 
 the foremost English poet of the eighteenth century 30 11711 
 
 Shenstone's poetry illustrating the extreme of artificial pathos 34 13308 
 
 James Thomson's < Seasons > and other poems a remarkable initiation 
 
 of departure from the artificial style of Pope in English poetry. 3 7 14851-53 
 
 Genius of Isaac "Watts in the production of hymns of almost universal 
 
 acceptance for Christian worship 38 15717, 15718 
 
 Exceptional poetic success of Edward Young in blank verse 39 16277 
 
 Coleridge's eminence as both a poet and a critical philosopher 9 3843-70 
 
 Robert Southey, poet laureate from 1813, — a career of notable interest 
 
 and worth 35 13679-81 
 
 Wordsworth's preeminence as a poet of thought, of moral energy, of 
 
 English patriotism, and of exceedingly pure feeling for nature.. .39 16193 
 
 Lord Byron, the brilliantly original and successful poet of the first 
 
 quarter of the nineteenth century 7 2935 
 
 Shelley's rare excellence as an English poet of the highest class 34 13270 
 
 John Keats, a popular hero of English literature, 21 8497; the Celt 
 
 among the English 21 8500 
 
 Matthew Arnold's eminence as a poet, critic, and liberal thinker, not- 
 ably representing the new Oxford a 844-45 
 
CClxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Extraordinary vital qualities, and powerful influence upon the thought 
 
 and feeling of the age, of the poetry of Tennyson 36 14585-87 
 
 Contributions of the Rossettis to English poetry under Victoria. . 3 i 12397, 12411 
 
 William Morris one of the six greatest Victorian poets, and pioneer 
 in the school joined by Swinburne and Rossetti, 26 10337-38; his 
 prodigious literary achievement, 10340; his translations, <^neid,> 
 ^Odyssey,) < Beowulf,* and a long series of Icelandic sagas 26 10341 
 
 Brilliant supremacy o£ Algernon Swinburne in English poetry at the 
 
 end of the century 36 14289 
 
 William Watson, eminent as the foremost younger poet of England. 
 
 38 15705, 15706 
 
 *Gorboduc,> the first tragedy in English 2 838 
 
 Nicholas Udall, author of the first regular comedy in English, .* 43 537 
 
 Shakespeare, the supreme representative of English-speaking culture. 33 13167 
 
 The Bacon -Shakespeare question, Engel's work on 42 170 
 
 Brilliant, striking, and typical figure of Marlowe in the Elizabethan age. 24 9714 
 Ben Jonson's tragedies and comedies, notable for dramatic picturing 
 
 of the life of the time 21 8341-60 
 
 Shakespeare's greatest pupil in tragedy, John Webster 38 15758 
 
 Dramatic work of Beaumont and Fletcher, nearest to that of Shakes- 
 peare 4 1674-78 
 
 Samuel Foote the « Aristophanes of the English staged in Garrick's 
 
 time 15 5879 
 
 Brilliant career of Sheridan as a dramatist and parliamentary orator. 34 133 17-21 
 Sir H. Taylor's contribution to literary English drama 36 14539 
 
 Daniel Defoe's early distinction in fiction, and journalist accounts of 
 
 current events 11 4479-512 
 
 English journalism initiated by Steele and Addison . i 148-71; 35 13875; 43 505 
 
 The initiation of English novel-writing by Samuel Richardson, 3 1 
 12225; 3. result of the comparatively low state of social morals in 
 England 31 12226 
 
 Fielding's succession to Defoe and Richardson in «a new province 
 
 of writing » 14 5693-731 
 
 The strongly British and vigorous realism of Smollett's humorous 
 
 stories 34 13576-79 
 
 Exquisite art of the humorous stories of Laurence Sterne 35 13900-02 
 
 Unsurpassed distinction and success of the novels of Sir Walter Scott. 33 12995 
 
 Wealth of humor, humanity, and broad character-painting, in the 
 
 novels of Charles Dickens 11 4625-88 
 
 Exceptional distinction in elaborate and exquisite art, faithful realism, 
 and profound social and moral quality of the novels and historical 
 studies of Thackeray 36 14668-72 
 
 Beautiful supplement to her father's career of Anne Thackeray (Mrs. 
 
 Ritchie) 31 12273 
 
 Great intellectual power, notable portrayal of English life, and pro- 
 found moral value of the novels of George Eliot 13 5359-75 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxix 
 
 Charlotte Bronte's intense realism, artistic power, and critical insight, 
 
 in notably successful novels 6 2381 
 
 Brilliantly effective, socialistic, and humanitarian novels of Charles 
 
 Kingsley 22 861 1 
 
 Charles Reade's work as a novelist based on his conception of fic- 
 tion as «the highest, widest, noblest, and greatest of all the arts ». 31 12 105 
 
 Exceptional distinction of Anthony Trollope as a broadly and thor- 
 oughly English novelist 3 7 15031-34 
 
 Striking originality, power of thought, and vigorous imagination, in 
 
 the novels of George Meredith 25 991 5 
 
 Romances, biographies, and critical studies, of great interest and 
 
 value, by Mrs. Margaret Oliphant 27 10819 
 
 Eminently popular novels of William Black, largely devoted to High- 
 land Scotch scenery and character 5 1983 
 
 Thomas Hardy's long series of novels of rural life, intensely realistic 
 
 and natural 17 6933 
 
 Shorthouse's novels reflecting the spirit which produced Tractarianism 
 
 at Oxford and the poetry of Rossetti 34 13363 
 
 W. Clark Russell's novels of sea life, a splendid picture of England 
 
 on the sea 32 12564 
 
 Mrs. Humphry Ward's notable power and elevation in recent develop- 
 ment of English fiction, 38 15641-45; working-class English life 
 depicted in her < Bessie Costrell > 45 504 
 
 W. E. Norris's recent novels, notable for high excellence in the 
 
 manner of Thackeray 27 10685 
 
 Stevenson's strikingly original and interesting novels 35 13927 
 
 Hall Caine's markedly powerful and successful novels 7 3067 
 
 Conan Doyle's very popular historical romances and detective stories . 1 2 4815 
 
 Barrie's novels of Scotch life and character 4 157 1 
 
 Gilbert Parker's novels of modern Canadian life 28 11047 
 
 Rudyard Kipling's notably original and powerful stories. . 22 8633 
 
 Margaret L. Woods's painstaking and truthful studies of human char- 
 acter and life 39 16153-55 
 
 A. T. Quiller-Couch's representation of Cornish life in tales, sketches, 
 
 and novels 30 1 1947 
 
 Roger Bacon, preeminently the founder of English science and free- 
 dom of thought; his greatest work brought out A. D. 1267.42 34; 45 475 
 
 Extraordinary scientific distinction of Sir Isaac Newton 27 10619-20 
 
 Notable advances in English science made by Joseph Priestley 43 441 
 
 Notable development of English science through the researches, dis- 
 coveries, and expositions of Sir Humphry Davy 42 135 
 
 Brilliant succession to Davy of Michael Faraday, author of researches 
 
 in electricity without parallel in the history of science 42 179 
 
 Herschel's preeminence in English astronomy 42 262 
 
 Sir Charles Lyell's great distinction in geological science 43 355 
 
 Charles Darwin's career in science, a grand climax in the long line 
 
 of development from Roger Bacon 1 1 4385-434 
 
CClXX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Eminent long career of John Tyndall in advanced discovery, and 
 
 brilliant exposition of scientific facts and theories 37 15 141, 15142 
 
 Sir William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, author of researches in physics 
 
 representing the latest advances of modern science 43 524 
 
 Thomas Huxley's career in science, equally brilliant in masterly re- 
 search and in popular critical exposition 19 7805-34 
 
 Distinction of Alfred Russel Wallace as next to Charles Darwin the 
 
 English exponent of Darwinism 38 15517-19 
 
 E. B. Tylor's important researches in the history of primitive culture . 4 3 535 
 
 Eminent scholarship in science of Sir John Lubbock 23 9279-84 
 
 The story of nature delightfully told in Gilbert White's < Natural His- 
 tory of Selborne > 39 15867-69 
 
 E. R. Lankester's distinction in recent English science; his contribu- 
 tions to physiology and biology 43 326 
 
 Scientific study of English agriculture by Arthur Young, 39 16263; 
 
 his < Annals of Agriculture,^ in 45 quarto volumes 39 16263 
 
 Thorold Rogers on the economic and industrial history of England, 
 
 44 131; his < History of Agriculture and Prices > 44 158 
 
 The powerfully liberalizing influence of Hobbes's philosophy 18 7381-88 
 
 Notable originality, philosophical ability, and broad liberalism of John 
 
 Locke 23 9105-10 
 
 Jeremy Bentham's notable exposition of Utilitarianism as a theory of 
 
 morals 4 1773-82 
 
 Adam Smith's * Wealth of Nations, > a comprehensive handbook of 
 
 freedom of trade among all nations 34 13519-36 
 
 John Stuart Mill's eminence in moral and political science 25 10007-26 
 
 Half -century career of Herbert Spencer, 1848-98; attempting to base 
 
 a system of philosophy upon positive knowledge 35 13708-26 
 
 FINLAND 
 
 Finland, a country rather larger than Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, forms the northwest corner of the Russian Empire, where in 
 the long summer days sunset and sunrise are but an hour or two 
 apart. In the period 11 57-1 293 Sweden made the country subject 
 and established Christian civilization with liberal laws. Gustavus 
 Vasa introduced Lutheranism in 1528, and King John III. created 
 the grand-duchy. The sequel to many wars between Sweden and 
 Russia was the cession of the whole grand-duchy to Russia in 
 1809, on the basis of complete Home Rule, with the Russian 
 emperor as grand- duke. Virtually a well-governed republic, enjoy- 
 ing an extreme of prosperity, possessed of one of the most com- 
 plete and effective systems of education in Europe, with a 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxi 
 
 University at Helsingfors, where nearly 2,000 students are pur- 
 suing academic and professional studies, and with a population 
 ardently patriotic, Finland has become, through its connection 
 with Swedish culture, a not insignificant factor in the present 
 representation of European genius. 
 
 The gftand-duchy of Finland torn from Sweden in 1809 32 12495 
 
 Kajaani's < History of Finland, > the first written in Finnish 43 295 
 
 Andreas Friis's exhaustive investigation of the language and litera- 
 ture of the Finns and Laps 43 203 
 
 Baratynsky's delineation of Finland character and nature in <Eda,> a 
 
 poem 42 41 
 
 The Swedish poet Runeberg's early study of the Finnish peasantry, 
 32 12495; the Finnish and Swedish national song, 32 12499; his 
 < Ensign Stal's Tales,> a famous series of ballads of the Swedish- 
 Finnish side of the war with R,ussia 43 473 
 
 Ahlquist, Finnish poet and philologist, university professor at Hel- 
 singfors (1862-89) translator of Schiller into Finnish 42 7 
 
 Finnish life and scenes from 1631 to about iSoo depicted in <The Sur- 
 geon's Stories,> by the Finnish poet and novelist Topelius. .43 529; 45 502 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 [AND ITALY, AND GERMANY]. 
 
 The Franks of early European history, bearing a name which 
 means Freemen, were a German race of bold and independent 
 spirit, who came into contact with the Romans by settling in the 
 lands bordering on the Rhine, about the middle of the third 
 century. They came into relations both of service and of conflict 
 with the Romans, and gradually extended their possessions beyond 
 the Rhine into Gaul, where they became a people strong enough 
 not only to establish a kingdom of their own, but to hold back 
 other barbarians seeking to advance from the wilderness regions 
 of Central Europe. In A. D. 45 1 they united with the Romans 
 in repelling the invasion of Attila. One of their tribes at this 
 time, the Salian, had a king named Childeric, and at his death, 
 in 481, his son Chlodwig (a name modernized as Clovis, Ludwig, 
 or Louis) began a reign of conquest which ended in the union 
 of all the tribes in one kingdom, including nearly all of the south 
 of France, as well as the north. This king married a princess of 
 Burgundy, of orthodox Catholic faith, and within a short time 
 
Cclxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 adopted her religion as his own, with special reference to close 
 relations with the bishop of Rome. 
 
 Even fifty years before the conquest by Csesar, the cities and 
 Celtic people of the southern part of Gaul had so completely 
 adopted the manners and language of the Greeks and Romans 
 as to entirely lose their original character. Roman culture was 
 still more thoroughly impressed after the conquest, and by the 
 second century all that part of Gaul had become celebrated for 
 its Graeco-Roman schools and the excellence of its literary culture, 
 to which Celtic genius lent a distinction which brought pupils in 
 culture, eloquence especially, from even distant parts of the em- 
 pire. Laws, religion, civilization, language, and literature, were 
 Roman; and before the end of the fourth century Latin, especially 
 in the towns, was commonly spoken, with this difference, that the 
 educated class used a purely literary Latin, while the soldiers, 
 peasants, and common people, used a rough, ungrammatical, de- 
 generate Latin, which tended to prevail over the other, in conse- 
 quence of the extent to which it was necessary for the clergy 
 to use it in addressing congregations of the people. When the 
 Franks had extended their settlements into the South, and became 
 its ruling race, there was a distinction between the Franks of the 
 South and those of the North, in consequence of the fact that 
 the Southern Franks used the Latin of the common people, while 
 the Northern continued to use their own German tongues more 
 or less modified by contact with Latin. From this it resulted 
 that representatives of culture, such as the clergy, would speak 
 three languages, Latin, Roman or vulgar Latin, and German. 
 As the first of these came to be less and less used, the vulgar 
 tongues became of necessity the languages of such culture as ex- 
 isted. The French language, as finally settled, was a fusion of 
 the two distinct languages formed in the two parts of the Frank- 
 ish regions separated by the river Loire, the South and the 
 North. 
 
 The death, in 511, of Chlodwig, who had united the Frankish 
 lands, was followed by a period of divisions, until the first Pippin, 
 mayor of the palace to a nominal king, and as such, ruler of the 
 German Franks in the North, became, by conquest, ruler in the 
 South also. In the last years of this Pippin, and the first of his 
 son, Charles Martel, the Arabs had come from Africa into Spain 
 (A. D. 711), and in nine years had not only overrun nearly all 
 Spain, but had crossed the Pyrenees and occupied a district of 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxiii 
 
 Southern Gaul. Pippin's son, Charles Martel, defeated the Arabs 
 in a great battle near Poitiers, in 732, thus preventing any ex- 
 tension of their power. He also promoted very effectively the 
 Christianization of his dominions and close attachment to Rome. 
 His son Pippin, who ruled from 741 to 768, secured the Papal 
 recognition of his kingship over all the Franks, and in return 
 assisted the Pope to maintain political independence of the king 
 of the Lombards. He also effected the expulsion of the Arabs 
 from Prankish territory, and further secured his power in the 
 south of France by putting an end to the local rule under him 
 of the Duke of the great province of Aquitaine. This was the 
 first permanent extension of Frankish rule to the Pyrenees, and 
 when Pippin died, in 768, leaving the two parts of his kingdom 
 to his two sons, the death of one, in 771, gave the whole inherit- 
 ance to the other, who ruled as Charles the Great, until 814. In 
 780 Charles, with the aid of the Pope, and to promote the plans 
 of the Pope, added the kingdom of the Lombards to his own, 
 destroying what in due course would have been an Italian nation. 
 One of the most notable facts of this early European history is 
 the way in which these Frankish monarchs. Pippin, and his son 
 Charles the Great, effected the overthrow of the Lombard king- 
 dom in Italy, for the benefit of the secular power of the Popes, 
 thereby cutting off the promise of an Italian nation, and raising 
 in its place a papacy of temporal power destined to dominate 
 from Rome for a thousand years. 
 
 In 798 a revolt in Rome against the Pope brought Charle- 
 magne to his aid, and his Holiness in return crowned the 
 monarch Roman Emperor, on Christmas day A. D. 800. Charles 
 solicited, and finally in 812 secured, recognition of his dignity 
 from the Eastern emperor at Constantinople, and his reign, not 
 only of energetic, sometimes savage, conquest of German tribes, 
 the Saxons especially, but of great care of church interests, as 
 Roman and papal interests, of religious interests, to secure men's 
 living as Christians, of educational interests through schools and 
 literature, and of political order through organized government, 
 was an immensely efficient one. 
 
 The fact that Latin was for centuries the language of the 
 church, of education and learning, and of such books as were 
 produced, was the result of Charlemagne's care to have good 
 Latin read, written, and spoken, in school and church, instead of 
 the corrupt Latin of the common people. The classical Latin was 
 18 
 
Cclxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Studied with great zeal in his schools, and that of the church 
 corrected, while the common spoken Latin was left as a vulgar 
 dialect, and became the beginning of French speech, or of 
 Italian, or of any other vulgar departure from classical Latin. 
 The French language thus arose from the Latin in large part, 
 from the German Frankish also to a considerable extent, and to 
 but a small extent from either the Celtic or the Greek. 
 
 France to the south of its great dividing river, the Loire, was 
 in speech and culture much in advance of France to the north; 
 and in Provence especially, the district bordering upon the Medi- 
 terranean, the Romance-Provengal, or Province-Roman, displaced 
 the Latin, of which it was the daughter, as early as the tenth 
 century; and in the eleventh and twelfth centuries the Trouba- 
 dour spirit of poetry carried literary production to a full and per- 
 fect growth, when as yet no other scion of Latin culture had 
 developed a cultivated vernacular literature. As Provence lies 
 east of the Rhone next to Savoy, its speech was a connecting 
 link between French and Italian. 
 
 One of the earliest sequels to the break up of the empire of 
 Charlemagne under his son Ludwig (814-840), and his grandsons, 
 Lothar, Ludwig, Pippin, and Charles, was the beginning of Ger- 
 many under Ludwig, and of France under Charles, in the year 
 843, while Lothar, with Loth aringia as his kingdom, also figured 
 as Emperor, and as such ruled Italy. The oaths taken by Lud- 
 wig and Charles, for an alliance against Lothar in the spring of 
 842, are preserved in the two languages of the two peoples, and 
 are among the very earliest specimens of French and German. 
 
 The history of France and of Germany as separate nations thus 
 begins with 843. The reign of Louis VI. (1108-37) saw the first 
 important development in the direction of a powerful France; 
 that of Louis IX. (1235-70) saw France become, in place of Ger- 
 many, the chief power of Europe, while her literary supremacy 
 had become even more distinct, though in imaginative writing 
 chiefly. It was not until the sixteenth century that French prose 
 broadly occupied the great fields of human culture, and made 
 French literature an adequate expression of the genius of the 
 French race. 
 
 Froissart's story of the English invasion of France 44 85 
 
 Barante's < Story of Joan of Arc '> .42 41 
 
 Forty years' devotion of Jules Michelet to the interpretation of French 
 
 genius in history 25 9982-85 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CClxxV 
 
 Martin's < History of France to the Revolution > 44 85 
 
 Guizot's history of France, and < Memoirs of My Own Time > 17 6774 
 
 Canivet's account of French loss of India and of Canada 42 92 
 
 Rambaud's < History of Civilization in France* 30 12042 
 
 Barni's < History of Moral and Political Ideas in the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury > 42 43 
 
 Flassan's < History of French Diplomacy to 1792 > 42 191 
 
 Brilliantly original and effective method of historical research de- 
 veloped by Thierry and exemplified in historical works of the first 
 
 importance 3 7 14803-04 
 
 Important contributions to historical study by Sismondi 34 13472-74 
 
 Kirk's < Charles the Bold > 44 114 
 
 Brant6me's mirror of the Valois court and period 6 2322 
 
 Very rare charm and interest of the Letters of Madame De Sevign6, 
 
 reflecting life in Paris in 1670-96 33 131 54 
 
 Saint-Simon's extensive memoirs affording a complete revelation of 
 life at the court of Louis XIV., and during the succeeding 
 
 regency 32 12710 
 
 Picture in Saint-Simon's < Memoirs of the Court of Louis XIV > 45 547 
 
 Duclos's < Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV. and XV > 42 154 
 
 Perkins's < France under Louis XV > 44 85 
 
 Thiers's < History of the French Revolution > and < History of the Con- 
 sulate and Empire * 43 522 ; 4 4 162 
 
 Carlyle's < French Revolution, > 44 86; Stephens's < French Revolution >. 4 4 86 
 
 Hazen's < American Opinion of the French Revolution > 44 162 
 
 Taine's <The Ancient Regime, > 44 87; his < Journeys through France,* 
 
 44 164 ; his < French Revolution > 44 86 
 
 <The Marseillaise,* 40 16435; De Lisle's <La Marseillaise,* composed 
 
 at Strasburg 43 469 
 
 Dickens's < Tale of Two Cities,* a vivid picture of the French Revolu- 
 tionary period 11 4626 
 
 The brothers De Goncourt on the history of French society 44 161 
 
 Arthur Young on < Aspects of France before the Revolution* 39 16264 
 
 Mirabeau as a figure in French history, 2 5 10077 ; Von Hoist's study 
 
 of Mirabeau 19 7497 
 
 Bourrienne's < Memoirs of Napoleon,* 44 16; Lanfrey's ablest and most 
 complete criticism upon Napoleon, 45 479; Sloane's <Life of Na- 
 poleon * 43 496; 44 261 
 
 Judicial and philosophic estimate of Napoleon's career by J. R. Seeley, 
 
 45 413; Madame de Stael on Napoleon, 35 13837; Thiers on Na- 
 poleon's policy in Egjrpt, 37 14841 ; Napoleon's address to his 
 
 army after the Aboukir disaster 37 14844 
 
 Doyle's study of Napoleon in <The Great Shadow,* 44 260; Zola's 
 
 < Glimpses of Napoleon III.* 39 16292 
 
 Coubertin's France under the Third Republic 44 87 
 
 The twelfth century a splendid period of intellectual life, especially 
 
 in France 1 1 431 7, 4320 
 
CClxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Rabelais the first complete tjrpe of French genius seen later in Mo- 
 
 liere, Voltaire and Diderot, Balzac and Hugo 30 12006 
 
 French intelligence specially recognized in La Fontaine, 2 2 8786 ; 
 
 his irregular, licentious tales congenial to the French spirit 22 8781 
 
 Connection of both Montaigne and Montesquieu with Bordeaux . 26 10237, 10249 
 
 Rousseau the greatest French writer of his century, the most influen- 
 tial forerunner of new developments 31 12438-39 
 
 Unsurpassed distinction of Voltaire as the most influential author in 
 
 French literature 38 15449-57 
 
 Morley's < Diderot and the Encyclopedists > 44 80 
 
 Morley on the ideas the French Encyclopedic stood for 26 10336 
 
 Lamartine's career in contrast with that of Napoleon III 22 8805 
 
 Brilliantly effective career of Madame De Stael as a mediator between 
 
 France and the cultures of Germany and Italy 35 13823-26 
 
 De Tocqueville's brilliant success in discovering the essential democ- 
 racy of progressive political society and in comprehensive study 
 of American realization of democratic ideals 37 14965-69 
 
 Thiers's career of great distinction as a journalist, historian, political 
 
 orator, statesman, and first President of the French Republic. 37 14821-29 
 
 Supreme position in French literature attained by Renan, as bj' Buf- 
 
 fon and Montesquieu 31 12149-62 
 
 Victor Duruy's eminence as a teacher of history, and author of Greek 
 
 and Roman histories 12 5069-74 
 
 Debt of the French language to John Calvin 8 3120 
 
 Pierre Ramus's <Dialectic,> the first work of the kind published in 
 
 French 43 451 
 
 Importance of Pascal in fixing the language as spoken by Bossuet 
 
 and Racine 28 11143 
 
 French age of pulpit eloquence, Bossuet, Bourdaloue, and Massillon, 
 
 said by Voltaire to be the greatest in pulpit oratory of all time . 2 5 9780 
 Vigorous succession to Joseph de Maistre of Louis Veuillot as a Ro- 
 man Catholic opponent of the modern spirit, 38 15330-31; author 
 
 also of simple and charming novels 38 15331 
 
 Extraordinary explosion of liberal religious interest in the career of 
 
 Lamennais 22 8847 
 
 Lacordaire's distinction as a pulpit orator and journalist associated 
 
 with Lamennais ; . . . 43 319 
 
 High ability, great learning, and remarkable sincerity of Edmond 
 
 Scherer, in new departure Christian studies 32 12865-67 
 
 Edgar Quinet as an initiator of social, moral, and intellectual new 
 
 departure in France 30 1 1961-63 
 
 De Vogiie the precursor, evangelist, and representative in literature 
 
 of a Neo-Christian reaction from Paganism in French culture. 3 8 15439-41 
 Eminent position as an historian, and at the head of educational 
 
 affairs, of Alfred Rambaud 30 12041-43 
 
 E. Rod's * Moral Ideals of the Present Time, > a valuable handbook of 
 
 recent literary developments 31 12337 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxvii 
 
 Provence the home of French poetry 29 11428 
 
 The story of Provengal literature 30 1 1871-77 
 
 Recent development of Provengal poetry in the South of France 25 loogS 
 
 Mistral's *■ Mireio > and two volumes of a lexicon of ancient and modem 
 
 Provengal 25 10098-100 ; 43 385 
 
 Raynouard, a French poet and philologist, author of a < Dictionary of 
 the Language of the Troubadours \ and of other works on the Pro- 
 vencal language and literature 43 452 
 
 Great influence on French poetry of the sacred poems of Adam de 
 
 Saint Victor 32 12727 
 
 Marie de France, the earliest French poetess; spent her life in Eng- 
 land, and wrote <Lays,> belonging to the finest specimens of the 
 Old-French ballad 43 368 
 
 Notable significance, about the middle of the fifteenth century, of 
 
 Frangois Villon, now esteemed the « Father of French Poetry ». 38 15392-99 
 
 Initiation by Ronsard and Du Bellay of remarkable new develop- 
 ments of French language and poetry, 31 12374-77; enormous 
 service to French speech and not less to the art of versification. 3 1 12377-78 
 
 Lack of poetical genius in the eighteenth century 22 8801 
 
 B6ranger, an especially notable and popular author of songs 4 1783-800 
 
 French condonation of immorality in connection with wit and humor 
 
 in Beranger's songs 4 1785 
 
 Distinction of Alfred de Vigny as a poet of Romanticism, with Vic- 
 tor Hugo and Lamartine 38 15342 
 
 Bohemian excesses in life, yet fine art success in poetry, of Paul 
 
 Verlaine 38 15313-15 
 
 Characteristics of Lamartine, Hugo, and Musset, the three gfreatest 
 
 French poets of the nineteenth century 26 10487 
 
 Influence of B6ranger and Victor Hugo towards the creation of the 
 
 second Napoleonic Empire 4 1786-87 
 
 Extraordinary success of D6roulede's < Songs of the Soldier > and 
 
 < Songs of the Peasant > 11 4580 
 
 Sully-Prudhomme's romantic lyricism the best of recent French poetry 
 
 after Victor Hugo and Leconte de Lisle 36 14209 
 
 Gringoire, the creator of French political drama 42 235 
 
 Moliere, the greatest of comic dramatists, typically French, with Ra- 
 
 belaife, Montaigne, and Voltaire 26 10163 
 
 Extraordinary supremacy of Racine in French drama after Moliere 
 
 and Corneille 30 12030 
 
 Ducis's very successful French adaptations of Shakespeare 42 154 
 
 Original and brilliant new development of French dramatic interest 
 
 by Scribe, the master playwright of France for forty years 33 13083 
 
 Sarcey, the most distinguished of French dramatic critics 32 12825 
 
 Saint-Pierre, author of < Paul and Virginia, ' and a great master of style . 3 2 12695-97 
 Balzac, the greatest of French novelists, author in remarkable books 
 
 of a vast review of human nature, life, and manners 3 1348-429 
 
Cclxxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 ^femile Souvestre's stories and sketches reflecting the peculiarities of 
 
 Breton life 35 13694 
 
 Extraordinary success of Eugene Sue as the first French writer of 
 
 sea stories, and author of socialistic, humanitarian romances. 35 14181-83 
 Brilliant forty years' career as a novelist and dramatist of Dumas, 
 
 Senior 12 4957-5000 
 
 Important, period made familiar by novels of Dumas and historical 
 
 writings of Dr. H. M. Baird 3 1272 
 
 M6rimee as a master of French fiction following the realism of Henri 
 
 Beyle 25 9941, 9942 
 
 Extraordinary wealth and literary perfection of the varied work of 
 
 George Sand 32 12759-71 
 
 Rural and peasant life depicted by George Sand in <Fadette> and 
 
 <The Haunted Pool> 44 185 
 
 Victor Hugo, the greatest literary figure of nineteenth-century France. 19 7709 
 Initiation of modern French realism by Flaubert and the De Gon- 
 
 courts 16 6551 
 
 Distinction of Theuriet as an accurate painter of the common folk of 
 
 France 3 7 i4795 
 
 Maupassant's place in French fiction nearer to Flaubert than to Zola . 2 5 9804 
 Immensely successful production of novels of extreme realism by 
 
 fimile Zola 39 16283-91 
 
 Senancour's <Obermann> a reflection of the spirit aroused by Rous- 
 seau, Byron, and others 33 13111 ; 43 489 
 
 Godefroy's Dictionary of the Old French, and of all its dialects 42 222 
 
 Excessive ambition shown by Taine in the application of extreme criti- 
 cal preconceptions to the history of culture in France and in 
 
 England 36 14399-408 
 
 Pellissier's history of literature in France during the last hundred 
 
 years 4 5 378 
 
 The power of French literature in its prose-writers 2 858 
 
 French literature compared with English by Matthew Arnold 2 858 
 
 Van Laun's < History of French Literature > 44 216 
 
 Sainte-Beuve the chief literary authority of France in the nineteenth 
 
 century 32 12659 
 
 Preeminence of Brunetiere's works as a source of knowledge of French 
 
 literature "6 2606 
 
 Bourget's study of contemporary French tendencies 5 2252-53 
 
 Four great French scientists. Buff on, Lamarck, Saint-Hilaire, and 
 
 Cuvier 10 4251 
 
 Lagrange; extraordinary mathematical genius; author of ^Analjrtical 
 Mechanics*; pensioned in Paris 1787-1813, after twenty-one years 
 residence in Berlin as director of the Berlin Academy 43 321 
 
 Investigation of French agriculture in 1787-90 by Arthur Young 39 16261 
 
 Arago's brilliant activity in science, author of masterly scientific bio- 
 graphies ... 2 704-22 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxix 
 
 Littr6's eminence as a philologist, lexicographer, philosophical and 
 
 historical writer 43 345 
 
 Conite's notable scheme of humanitarian secularism and positive sci- 
 ence 10 3935-44 
 
 Maspero's eminence as a French Egyptologist, author of great works 
 
 on Egypt and Babylonia 43 372 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 When the empire of Charles the Great broke up into its com- 
 ponent parts, as it did in 887, Amulf obtained a German king- 
 dom embracing the four divisions of Saxony, Franconia, Suabia, 
 and Bavaria. In 919 the federation of German duchies elected 
 Henry of Saxony king. His energetic and ambitious son. Otto, 
 not only succeeded him (936-73), but secured his formal recogni- 
 tion and coronation as the German monarch; and after occupying 
 the throne for twenty-six years he obtained consecration from 
 the Pope as Emperor of a " Holy Roman Empire of the German 
 Nation.*^ This was in connection with Otto's interference with 
 affairs in Italy, where he remained for six years, asserting su- 
 premacy over the Pope, as well as making himself master of 
 Rome. At his death, in 973, Otto, deservedly known as ^* The 
 Great,'* had made Germany the leading power of Europe, with 
 results of great importance for the history of German civilization. 
 He had secured a notable revival of both religion and learning, 
 together with a high state of personal morality and literary activ- 
 ity, at court and among the people. The German tongue became 
 a literary language during his reigfn. A harmony of the gospels 
 was composed in German, virtually a German life of Jesus in the 
 form of a great epic poem, called < The Heliand' (The Savior). 
 But the attempt to rule Germany and Italy together was penna- 
 nently disastrous. The reign, however, of Frederick I. (1152-90) 
 promoted German prosperity, national consciousness, and a nota- 
 ble beginning of national literature. Frederick II., whose mother 
 was an Italian, and who preferred to live in Sicily, because it 
 possessed far more culture than Germany, maintained unsuccess- 
 fully the last stage of a protracted struggle between the Em- 
 peror and the Pope, the end of which was the overthrow of the 
 Empire, leaving Germany separated from Italy, and the extinc- 
 tion of the family of Frederick. Both Italy and Germany were 
 
CClxxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 broken up into small powers. German history after that for 600 
 years was a history of separate independent states without polit- 
 ical unity. The papacy became a great political power in Italy, 
 and the great Italian cities acquired the position of independent 
 states. It was from the reign of Frederick II. (1216-50) that a 
 German vernacular literature appeared, in the Nibelungenlied 
 epics, in the Minnesingers inspired by Provengal song, and in 
 romances after North-French models. 
 
 The GermaTiia of Tacitus 44 93 
 
 Anglo-Saxon missionaries under St. Boniface carry Christianity and 
 
 enlightenment to Germany 2 545 
 
 Eginhard's important < Life of Charlemagne > 42 165 
 
 Dahn's very important contributions to German history and ethnology . i o 4268 
 Egelhaaf's very instructive and accurate works on the history of 
 
 Germany 42 165 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide the greatest lyric poet of Germany be- 
 fore Goethe and the first supremely great lyric poet that the 
 nations of modern Europe produced, 38 15580-88; his great con- 
 temporaries Wolfram von Eschenbach, Hartmann von Aue, and 
 Gottfried von Strassburg, 15580, 15586; Eschenbach's epics among 
 
 the greatest German imaginative works 42 172 
 
 Hans Sachs, a famous Nuremberg poet, and an exceptionally national 
 
 figfure in the age of Luther 32 12609 
 
 Notable early exposition of spiritual theology, by the Dominican 
 
 preacher Tauler 43 516 
 
 Importance of Reuchlin as a humanist and liberal scholar, just before 
 
 the Reformation 43 455 ; 4 4 243 
 
 Influence in aid of the Reformation of Brandt's <Ship of Fools>....5 2311-18 
 Luther's epoch-making work through extreme protest against Cathol- 
 icism, powerful inspiration of German feeling, and translation of 
 
 the Bible into German 23 9319-47 
 
 Important literary help given to Luther by Von Hutten, 42 2S0; 44 
 
 243 ; and by Melanchthon 43 377 
 
 Extraordinary destruction and degradation produced by the Thirty 
 
 Years' War 27 10629 
 
 Fleming, Opitz, and Gryphius, faint literary lights of the period of the 
 
 Thirty Years' War 14 5844 
 
 Carlyle's < Frederick the Great > 44 82 
 
 Remarkable autobiographic record by Wilhelmine, sister of Frederick 
 
 the Great 39 1 5969-70 
 
 The *■ Germany > of Madame De Stael 44 94 
 
 The poet Arndt's efforts for German union under Prussia 2 813 ; 42 25 
 
 Splendid services of Arndt to German Liberation 2 813-14 
 
 Great distinction of Ranke as the originator of a method of history 
 
 based on thorough truth and research 30 12074-76 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST cclxxxi 
 
 The historian Niebuhr, Stein's most trusted assistant in Prussia, am- 
 bassador to the Pope, and professor at Bonn 27 10658 
 
 J. R. Seeley's study of Germany in the age of Napoleon 45 412 
 
 Droysen's notable < History of Prussian Politics > 42 152 
 
 Von Sybel's < Founding of the German Empire > 44 94 
 
 Bismarck's special work in the creation of the German Empire 5 1932 
 
 <New Germany,) by Andrew D. White 39 15853 
 
 Ideals of the German mind 19 7519 
 
 Relation of the career of Luther to the German langfuage and litera- 
 ture 23 9323 
 
 E. A. Freeman on the Rhine, a German river 15 5981 
 
 Epoch-making character of the thought and critical work of Lessing . 2 3 9009 
 European position of Goethe in succession to Voltaire and Rousseau . 1 6 6385 
 Remarkable studies of German antiquity, language, and literature by 
 
 the brothers Grimm 17 6733 
 
 Great service of Madame de Stael, in making German culture known 
 
 in France 35 1 3826 
 
 The Schlegels, father and two sons, in German literature, 33 12913; 
 Friedrich's philosophical exposition of the Romanticism inaugu- 
 rated by Herder and Goethe, 12913; Wilhelm's incomparable Ger- 
 man version of seventeen of Shakespeare's plays 33 12913 
 
 Distinction of Jean Paul Richter as a thinker, humorist, and poet... 31 12251 
 
 Novalis as a leader in German Romanticism 27 10726 
 
 < Benefits to Germany from French Invasions >, 30 12046 
 
 Bismarck, statesman, writer, thinker, and economist 5 1929; '42 60 
 
 Hesekiel's < Prussian Songs, > political novels, and biography of Bismarck. 4 2 262 
 Herman Grimm as a man of letters, the chief living representative of 
 
 German culture 17 6723 
 
 Richard Wagner's extraordinary eminence in the national drama and 
 
 music of Germany 38 15499-504 
 
 Ludwig Borne, conductor of Die Wage, and a passionate opponent of 
 
 German dynastic policy 42 67 
 
 The great German comic journal Fliegende Blatter 42 85 
 
 The Nibelungenlied, the greatest of German epics, 27 10627; 38 
 15582; its comparatively late discovery and appreciation, 27 
 
 10630-31 ; made known by Bodmer 5 2130 
 
 Notes of a new era in Klopstock's < Messias > 22 8691 ; 4 3 308 
 
 Career of Kleist in the period of French domination 22 8665 ; 4 3 307 
 
 Inauguration of its classic age in literature inspired from England.. .7 2767 
 Supreme place of Goethe as Germany's greatest poet, thinker, and 
 
 profound critic of life and knowledge of the world 16 6385; 42 222 
 
 Distinction of Schiller in both powerful dramas and finel yrics.33 12880; 43 483 
 Wilhelm Miiller's distinction as a poet voicing German syntpathy with 
 
 Greek freedom 26 10443 ; 4 3 395 
 
 Shakespeare made known to Germans by Wieland's prose • translation 
 
 of twenty-two plays (1762-66) 39 15955; 43 574 
 
CClxxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 August Wilhelm Schlegel's translations and criticism made Shakes- 
 peare a German classic 43 484 
 
 Distinction of Ludwig Tieck as the father of the older romanticism in 
 
 Germany, and translator with Schlegel of Shakespeare 37 14943-45 
 
 Shakespeare translated into German by Bodenstedt, Heyse, Kurz, 
 
 and others 5 21 18 
 
 Epoch-making collection of German folk poetry, <The Boy's Wonder- 
 
 Horn,> by Brentano and Von Arnim 6 2343 ; 42 25 
 
 Count Platen's distinguished place as a poet of thought and perfec- 
 tion of verse 29 11513; 43 432 
 
 Max Schneckenburger's <The Watch on the Rhine > 40 16437; 43 484 
 
 Eminence as a scholar in literature and wealth in lyrical master- 
 pieces of Uhland 37 15185-98 
 
 Eminence in poetry, patriotism, and Oriental studies of Riickert, 3 r 
 12457-59; remarkable enrichment of German literature by his 
 translations 31 12458; 43 471 
 
 Von Geibel's important translations into German from French, Span- 
 ish, and Portuguese poets 15 6248 
 
 Freiligrath's revolutionary and political poems 15 6003 ; 4 2 201 
 
 Eduard Morike the last great poet of the Suabian gfroup, and great- 
 est German lyrist after Goethe 26 10318-20; 43 391 
 
 Geibel promotes the collection of a vast treasury of song for German 
 
 readers, from the literatures of France, Spain, and Portugal .... 1 5 6248 
 
 Wieland's initiation of the historical culture-novel and psychological 
 romance, 39 15954; his translation in 1762-76 of twenty-two plays 
 of Shakespeare 39 15955 
 
 Eichendorflf, the last great poet of the Romantic School, 13 5346; his 
 * Life of a Good-for-Nothing, > one of the most popular tales in 
 German literature 13 5346 
 
 Fritz Renter's eminence as far the ablest novelist of the German 
 
 realistic school 31 12195-97 
 
 Splendid and sustained success of Von Scheffel in romance and his- 
 torical fiction 32 12837-39 
 
 Intensely national character of the novels of Theodor Storm delineat- 
 ing North German life 35 14040 
 
 Foremost Swiss-German poets and novelists Keller and Meyer, 2 5 9965 ; 4 3 299, 380 
 
 Freytag's series of historical novels <The Ancestors,* presents a pic- 
 ture of German historical development 15 6014 ; 4 2 202 
 
 Spielhagen's novels notably represent the characters and scenes of 
 
 German life in his own time 35 13772-75 ; 4 3 502 
 
 Sudermann's novels and dramas brilliantly representative of the best 
 
 recent developments in German literature 35 14163-66; 43 511 
 
 Eminence of Leibnitz as a philosophical thinker, and a scholar in 
 
 every branch of knowledge 43 333 
 
 Herder the father of modern evolutionary philosophy through the 
 
 idea of organic growth 18 7259 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxxiii 
 
 Eminence of Kant as the only modern philosopher who can be put 
 beside Plato and Aristotle, 21 8477; his marvelous humanity of 
 spirit, 8479; his thorough-going criticism of dogmas, 8480; three 
 features of his moral attitude, 8482; his true originality as a 
 
 thinker 21 8484 
 
 Very great distinction of Fichte in succession to Kant, in philosoph- 
 ical exposition, promotion of higher education, and powerful in- 
 spiration of German national feeling 14 5673-86 
 
 Extraordinary scientific eminence of Alexander von Humboldt 19 7768 
 
 Hegel's masterly studies of philosophy, history, religion, and art; al- 
 most unsurpassed contributions to modern thought 18 7161-84 
 
 Schopenhauer's distinction as a great master of German prose and a 
 
 philosopher ranking with the highest German and Greek 33 12923-27 
 
 Schopenhauer; Grisebach's editing of, very important 42 235 
 
 Negotiations of Bossuet with Leibnitz for the return of Germany to 
 
 Catholicism 5 2213 
 
 Ranke on < The Rise of the Jesuits in Germany > 30 12083 
 
 Remarkably intense and dogmatic expression of destructive negation 
 
 in Strauss's criticism of historical Christianity 35 14107-10 
 
 GREECE 
 
 Of all the types of genius represented in the literatures of 
 the world two are of an unsurpassed breadth and elevation, domi- 
 nating the entire history of human development; one of them, 
 that of the Athens of ^schylus, Pericles, and Plato, and the 
 other that of the England — the Greater England, of Shakespeare 
 and Cromwell and Washington. What Athens was, in the Attic 
 period from ^schylus to Demosthenes, not only stands before 
 and above all the great literatures of the modern world, but it 
 overlooks with commanding light the marvelous heights which 
 speculation reached in India, and looks far down upon the crude 
 developments of Egypt and Babylonia. When Persia, bearing 
 the torch of lofty Zoroastrian theism and ethics, might have car- 
 ried its power and its ideas into Europe, and perhaps into mod- 
 ern history, Athens stood in the way at Marathon and Salamis, 
 and herself gave to mankind a better and a clearer compre- 
 hension of Deity than ever came to any Oriental mind; and a 
 judgment of justice and moral truth and beauty, incomparable 
 for the blending of human exposition with divine revelation. 
 Every line of human progress, of fundamental significance for the 
 welfare of mankind, goes back to a Greek initiation. Epic, lyric. 
 
cclxxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and dramatic poetry; history and philosophy; law, divinity, and 
 medicine; art of a power and beauty never equaled; and elo- 
 quence from which the speech of every age has taken example, 
 are authentic and immortal in their Greek examples as hardly any- 
 where else in history. It was a Greek world into which Christ 
 was born, and neglect of, or attention to, Greek ideals, has 
 marked the failure or the success of mankind to comprehend and 
 to give effect to essential Christian truth. Among studies which 
 will last for delight and profit as long as letters last, that of 
 Greek story and thought and character has a foremost place, 
 from which it can never be removed. 
 
 Manatt and Tsountas on the Mycenaean Age of Greece 44 189 
 
 Schliemann's discovery of the site of Homer's Ilium 45 465 
 
 Perrot and Chipiez on Primitive Greek Art 44 123 
 
 Jebb's ^ Classical Greek Poetry > 44 189 
 
 Greek poetry antiquity's richest legacy to us 37 15161 
 
 The Homeric poems the fountain-head of European literature 19 7551-53 
 
 Hesiod's <Theogony> the first connected attempt at tracing the origin 
 
 of the Greek gods 18 7327 
 
 Hesiod's < Works and Days,* a Greek farmer's hand-book 18 7326 
 
 Herman Grimm's two volumes on Homer's Iliad, a masterpiece of 
 
 critical study 17 6725 
 
 Quintilian's critical estimate of Homer 30 11997 
 
 Sappho, known only by extant fragments of her work, accounted a 
 
 poet next to Homer 32 12817-23 
 
 Pindar, the greatest of Greek lyric poets 29 1 1487 
 
 Unsurpassed excellence of the elegies of Simonides, compared with 
 
 Pindar and .<Eschylus 34 13466 
 
 Didactic, ethical, and social poems of Theognis, 500 years B. C . . . 3 7 14789-90 
 .(Eschylus, accounted from his unsurpassed power in tragedy the 
 
 greatest of the Greek dramatists i 183-192 1426 
 
 The story and dramas of Sophocles in the greatest age of Greece 
 
 and at the summit of Greek culture 34 13647-76 
 
 Euripides, the most important in human and modern interest of the 
 
 great Greek dramatists 14 5569-76; 29 11398; 4a 174 
 
 Pheidias, the Greek Shakespeare, or greatest creator of ideals and 
 
 creative thinker of the Greek race 45 466 
 
 Waldstein's < Essays on the Art of Pheidias* 45 466 
 
 Aristophanes the greatest Greek master of comedy, unsurpassed in 
 
 literature as a master of dramatic effects 2 759-68 ; 42 24 
 
 Large development of realistic and social Greek comedy after Aris- 
 tophanes, 29 1 1 398; examples of fragfments which remain from 
 
 lost Greek comedies 29 11399-408 
 
 Theocritus in his idyls, — pastoral, epic, dramatic, and lyric, — the 
 
 latest representative of Greek poetry of high quality 37 14769-73 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST cclxxxv 
 
 Greek poetry through a course of fifteen centuries, i 6 6637 ; univer- 
 
 saUty of Greek letters about the time of Christ 16 6638 
 
 Bergk's *■ Greek Lyric Poets > and < History of Greek Literature > 42 56 
 
 Symond's < Studies in the Greek Poets > 45 497 
 
 Salverte's < The Novel in Ancient Greece > i 277 
 
 Prototypes of the modern novel in Alciphron's fictitious Letters, about 
 
 150 A. D. ; and in a romance by Heliodorus, about 350 A. D. i 8 7221 ; 42 258 
 Longus, notable Greek romancer, author of <Daphnis and Chloe,> a 
 
 precursor of the modern novelist 43 349 
 
 Lucian of Samosata, the last of the Hellenes 23 9290 
 
 Barthelemy's fascinating picture of domestic and social life in ancient 
 
 Greece 42 45 
 
 Poems of Byron on Greece, 7 2945-53; and <A Grecian Sunset >. .7 2965 
 
 Snider's travels in Greek lands, and study of Greek ideals 34 13601 
 
 Shakespeare's dramas known in Greece through Bikelas's metrical 
 
 translations 42 59 
 
 Zalokostas, a distinguished recent Greek poet and patriot, whose songs 
 
 the Greek children learn 43 593 
 
 Solon, the great early statesman of Athens, and notable among all 
 
 creators of constitutions 3 4 13642-44 
 
 Littre's translation of the works of Hippocrates, the earliest Greek 
 
 scientific physician 43 345 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer's Dutch History of the Moral and Religious Civili- 
 zation of the Greeks 43 343 
 
 Gladstone's <Homeric Studies > 44 115 
 
 Zeller's < History of Greek Philosophy^ 44 116 
 
 Heraclitus and Parmenides the greatest of the pre-Socratic thinkers. 2 8 11 114 
 Great influence of the thought of Heraclitus, earlier than Socrates, 
 
 I 8 7247 ; fragments of his teaching 18 7248-51 
 
 Extraordinary rank of Plato in the literature of the world — the final 
 
 outcome of Greek culture, 29 11519; Cousin's edition of Plato. .10 4080 
 The incomparable method of teaching, inspiration to thought, and 
 revelation of moral truths which made Socrates the most remark- 
 able figure of Greek history and of all ancient culture 34 13630 
 
 Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire's < Commentary on Aristotle > 42 45 
 
 Epicurus, author of a philosophy designed to make high virtuous 
 
 pleasure the supreme good of life 42 171 
 
 Pericles's < Memorial Oration > 37 14920-26 
 
 Demosthenes as orator and statesman 11 4535 
 
 Extreme interest of < Lives and Sayings of the Philosophers, > by Di- 
 ogenes Laertius 12 471 1 
 
 Famous exposition of Stoic ethical thought by Epictetus 42 171; 14 5497 
 
 Later expositions of philosophy by Plotinus, 43 432; lamblichus, 42 
 
 282 ; and Proclus 43 441 
 
 Roger Bacon's estimate of Greek culture as not less important for 
 
 study than Hebrew 45 475 
 
Cclxxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Hegel characterized by Greek methods of thinking, and the Greek 
 
 view of the world, 1 8 7161 ; his <The Greek World > 18 7174-76 
 
 Dependence of Matthew Arnold upon the Greek spirit 2 849-50 
 
 Herodotus, Thucydides, and Polybius, the three chief Greek historians . 3 o 11 701 
 Preeminence of Thucydides, as the earliest critical historian and the 
 
 most notable narrator of Greek story 37 14909-16 
 
 Xenophon's exceptional success in history and story. 39 16243-48 
 
 Plutarch's lives of celebrated Greek and Roman characters, twenty- 
 three of each, a chief source of our knowledge of classical heroes. 29 11601 
 Pausanias's Guide to Ancient Greece in the great age of the Anton- 
 
 ines (140-180 A. D.) 28 11211 
 
 Rydberg's study of Athens in the fourth century 45 452 
 
 George Grote's exceptionally adequate, epoch-making < History of 
 Greece, > written from a democratic standpoint, 42 236; 17 6747; 
 
 his studies of Plato and Aristotle 17 6746 
 
 Exceptional value of Finlay's great work on Greek history during 
 
 more than two thousand years 42 189 ; 4 5 409 
 
 Felton's comprehensive study of Ancient Greece 45 512 
 
 Louis Dyer's studies of the chief Greek deities 45 512 
 
 Walter Pater's studies of Greek thought and art 45 448 
 
 Becker's picture of scenes of Greek life 44 102 
 
 Mahaffy's study of Greek social life, 45 508; his study of Greek edu- 
 cation 44 331 
 
 HOLLAND 
 
 Holland, the official designation of which is, * The Nether- 
 lands,* is a small but densely populated country, very rich in 
 natural resources, notable for the energy of its people, of great 
 importance for its sea power and its marts, in the history of 
 commerce, and illustrious among nationalities for the intelligence 
 and courage with which it asserted commonwealth independence 
 through an eighty-years' war ■ with Spain. Dutch culture of 
 special interest takes its rise in the fifteenth century, with clubs 
 or societies devoted to study and theatrical entertainment, and 
 later devoted to agitation for political freedom. 
 
 In the most interesting period of Dutch development, that of 
 the first years of the seventeenth century, when the Dutch had 
 made themselves masters of the sea and had hopefully founded 
 a Dutch empire in India, there may be noted two facts of special 
 though contrasted interest, first, the residence, in the Dutch uni- 
 versity city of Leyden, of the company of English exiles, extreme 
 not only Independents, but Liberals in religion, who became the 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxxvii 
 
 " Pilgrim Fathers *^ of the Mayflower and made the most notable 
 planting of commonwealth and church in America; and second, 
 the terrible outbreak of religious and political antagonism in Cal- 
 vinistic persecution of the Armenian Liberals in religion, and in 
 the judicial murder in 1618 of Barneveld, the Dutch Washington. 
 A notable glory of Holland is the perfection which printing 
 attained there in the seventeenth century, and the development of 
 the liberty of the press, which resulted not only in Dutch news- 
 papers, but in foreign journals, mostly in French, which carried 
 prohibited news all over the world. It should be noted that 
 Dutch speech and literature in Holland and in Belgium are 
 practically the same, in spite of the fact that Belgium was sepa- 
 rated from Holland in 1830 and has been under influences 
 strongly French. 
 
 Dutch freedom and culture, the story of, in Motley's great works, 
 
 from the rise of the Dutch Republic to 1609 45 421, 490 
 
 Motley's < Life of John of Barneveld * 45 338 
 
 Distinction of Vondel as Holland's greatest poet in the most brilliant 
 
 period of Dutch renaissance 38 15491 
 
 Philipp van Marnix, Dutch author of a keen satire on the Church of 
 
 Rome .43 369 
 
 Hooft, father of Dutch poetry, and author of the great classic * His- 
 tory of the Netherlands > 19 7610 
 
 Johannes Cornells de Jonge's < History of the Dutch Navy,> and other 
 
 Dutch studies 42 292 
 
 Johan Karel Jacob de Jonge's < The Rise of Netherland Dominion in 
 
 the East Indies > 42 292 
 
 Francq van Berkhey, a Dutch poet and naturalist, author of * Flora 
 
 and Fauna of Holland * 42 200 
 
 Nikolaas Godfried van Kampen's < History of the Literature of the 
 Netherlands, > and < History of the Influence of the Netherlands 
 
 Outside of Europe > 43 296 
 
 Jonckbloet's historical masterpieces on Dutch literature, and standard 
 
 editions of Dutch classics 42 292 
 
 Bilderdijk, a representative of the new Holland created by subjec- 
 tion to French empire, 4 1884; the rhymed narrative romance his 
 favorite form, 1884; his greatness lay in rhetorical power, 1886; 
 
 <Ode to Napoleon > the best example of his genius 4 1887 
 
 Interesting picture of Holland in Esquiros's *The Dutch at Home>. .14 5557 
 
 Montegut's <The Netherlands; Impressions of Travel and Art> 43 388 
 
 Dutch homely village life depicted in Renter's <In the Year 13* 44 96 
 
 Snieders's Dutch novels, mostly tales of village life 43 499 
 
 The work of De Amicis on Holland i 454, 462, 471 
 
 The novels, written in English, of the Dutch author Maarten Maar- 
 
 tens, 23 9359 ; his story of life in Holland 45 470 
 
CClxxxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 HUNGARY 
 
 Hungary as a kingdom includes Hungary proper, Croatia-Sla- 
 vonia, and Transylvania, under a political constitution dating from 
 June 8, 1867, by which the Austrian Emperor is King of Hun- 
 gary. The kingdom itself dates from about 891 A. D. It secured 
 a constitution in 1222. The Hungarians of more than a thousand 
 years ago brought into their present land the remarkably devel- 
 oped speech, which is still in use ; a speech rich in original char- 
 acteristics, and in some respects strikingly different from any other 
 European speech. But from the eleventh century, when Italian 
 and German priests introduced Christianity, Latin was made, not 
 only the official language, but the speech of the educated classes, 
 and it was not until 182,5 that the Hungarian vernacular entirely 
 displaced Latin as the language of education, of culture, and of 
 law. Within recent times Hungarian genius has been adequately 
 shown in poets, dramatists, orators, and novelists, of European 
 distinction. Hungary is richly supplied with translations of all 
 the masterpieces of literature of all ages and lands. It has three 
 versions of the Bible, and Shakespeare in Hungarian by the hands 
 of its greatest poets. 
 
 Zrinyi, Hungary's first great epic poet 1616-64 43 599 
 
 Feszler's great < History of Hungary > 42 185 
 
 Vambery, a noted Hungarian traveler, Orientalist, and historian; 
 
 author of < Origin of the Magyars > 4 3 54i 
 
 Andreas Horvdth, creator of the classic epic in Hungarian litera- 
 ture 42 274 
 
 Dobrentey's introduction to the Hungarian stage of the plays of 
 
 Shakespeare and Schiller 42 147 
 
 Sandor (Alexander) Kisfaludy, the first great poet of modern Hun- 
 gary, a poet of the aristocracy, 1 772-1844 43 307 
 
 Csokonay, a Hungarian national . lyrist, notable as a poet of the 
 
 people, 1773-1805 42 126 
 
 Karoly (Charles) Kisfaludy, a famous lyric poet, humorous novelist, 
 and dramatist, father of modern Hungarian drama ; his tragedy 
 < Irene ^ scarcely equaled in Hungarian literature, 1788- 1830 43 306 
 
 Kolcsey, a poet of Hungary, one of the noblest of Hungarians, and 
 
 author of a famous national hymn 43 3ii 
 
 Vorosmarty, a Hungarian patriot, poet, journalist, and scientist 43 552 
 
 Three greatest poets of Hungary, Petofi, Vorosmarty, and Arany. 
 
 29 11349; 42 22; 43 426, 552 
 
 Petofi's supreme position as poet and popular hero in Hungary 29 11347 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cclxxxix 
 
 Maddch the most popular dramatic, and Petofi the most popular lyric, 
 
 poet 24 9515 
 
 Katona, a dramatist, author of <Bank-Bdn,> the grandest tragedy 
 
 Hungary has produced 43 298 
 
 Csiky, a Hungarian dramatist of distinction after Maddch and Ka- 
 tona ; author of comedies and tragedies, and of translations 
 from Greek, Latin, French, and English dramatists 42 126 
 
 Szigligeti, a Hungarian dramatist, author of many exceedingly suc- 
 cessful plays 43 5i3 
 
 Bajza, among the best Hungarian lyric poets 42 37 
 
 Tompa, a Hungarian author of allegorical poems, one of the national 
 
 recreators of Hungarian poetry 43 529 
 
 Kiss, a celebrated Hungarian poet; his <Song of the Sewing Ma- 
 chine > a glorification of work and a noble eulogy on woman .... 4 3 307 
 
 Andreas Fay, one of the great masters of Hungarian prose 42 181 
 
 Baron Jdsika, founder of the Hungarian novel; his sketches and 
 novels portraying the life, manners, legends, and antiquities of 
 his countrymen 42 293 
 
 Beothy's < History of Hungarian Literature > 42 55 
 
 Intense vitality and originality of Hungarian literature 21 8331 
 
 Exceptional influence upon European culture of the Hungarian 
 Eotvos ; his < The Village Notary > a masterpiece of Hungarian 
 social pictures 14 5485 
 
 J6kai, Hungary's most conspicuous prose-writer, and Petofi its most 
 prominent poet, 2 i 8332 ; Jokai as consummate a parliamentary 
 speaker as he is an incomparable writer 21 8333 ; 4 2 291 
 
 Story of Hungarian industrial life, by Jokai, 44 168 ; vivid descrip- 
 tion of Hungarian life and customs by Sacher-Masoch 45 468 
 
 P41 Gyulaia, poet and critic at Buda-Pesth, and editor of the Buda- 
 
 Pesth Szemle 42 241 
 
 Kornel Abranyi, an important political figure in Hungary 42 3 
 
 Borzsem Jank6 (John Peppercorn) the best Hungarian comic paper .42 6 
 
 ICELAND 
 
 Iceland, a dependency of Denmark, and distant from it in 
 the North Atlantic about 600 miles, is a country a third larger 
 than Scotland, with a culture not only distinct, but very rich in 
 interest. Its language is that which was spoken, down to the 
 thirteenth century, in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and on the 
 coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It was a sister language 
 to Anglo-Saxon and old German. The present Danish and Swedish 
 sprang from it, the same as Italian and Spanish from Latin. 
 Literary activity began to make Iceland famous early in the 
 19 
 
Ccxc OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 twelfth century, not only through the sagas or tales, many of them 
 of historical value, and the poetry, but through works in other 
 fields, including many important translations. The code of laws 
 which Iceland as a republic put on record in A. D. 1118 strik- 
 ingly exemplifies advanced intelligence in commonwealth matters. 
 The Icelandic version of the Old Testament is the oldest transla- 
 tion of the Bible in any living language. 
 
 Norwegians colonized Iceland in the latter part of the ninth 
 century, and had, by the middle of the next century, populated 
 the whole island and created an aristocratic republic. It was in 
 1262-64 that the Icelanders admitted dependence on Norway. In 
 1388, when Norway was united with Denmark, Iceland was in- 
 cluded, and the connection with Denmark has continued until the 
 present time. As a dependency Iceland has Home Rule under the 
 King of Denmark. Christianity was received by the Icelanders 
 in the year 1000. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries no 
 nation in Europe equaled Iceland in the production of vernac- 
 ular literature, and to this day literary interest and attention to 
 culture are notably characteristic of the entire people. 
 
 General view of Icelandic literature 20 7865-95 
 
 Icelandic the oldest spoken language in Europe, 20 7865; Iceland's 
 early growth that of a republic of liberty in the Far West, 7865, 
 7866 ; Icelandic dreams of a trans- Atlantic new land, 7867 ; the 
 ^Nial's Saga,* its foremost chronicle, 7867; origin of saga -telling, 
 7870; Iceland's great literary period before the twelfth century, 
 7872; its Commonwealth period A. D. 870-1280, 7873; story of pre- 
 Columbian discoveries by the Northmen, 7874; Icelandic race 
 characteristics, 7875; Ssemund Sigfusson (1056-1133), an Icelandic 
 priest celebrated for great learning, and the first of known Ice- 
 landic writers, 13 5 117; 43 475; Snorri Sturluson (11 79-1241), the 
 most remarkable man in the history of Iceland, author of <The 
 Younger Edda> and the ^ Heimskringla > or Sagas of the Norse 
 
 kings 13 5113-15 ; 44 64 
 
 Snorri's <Edda,> a Norse compendium of mythology and poetics, 
 13 51 15; the < Elder Edda,> a collection of old Norse poems of the 
 period 850-1200, presenting a complete picture of the old Norse 
 heathen religion, 5116-19. The chief of these poems are the 
 <Voluspd,> a Sibyl's prophecy, and the ^Hdvamdl,> ethical poems 
 of revelation of the will of Odin the All-Father, 5120 ; other con- 
 tents of the < Elder Edda,^ the Helgi and Volsung heroic poems, 
 combining the ancient Norse and Germanic stoiy 13 5121 
 
 Books for Icelandic study 20 7895 
 
 Ari Thorgilsson, the father of Icelandic literature (1067-1148) 42 24 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST ccxci 
 
 Jon Araason's great collection of Icelandic Popular Legends and 
 
 Tales 2 802 ; 42 25 
 
 Egilsson's Icelandic historical works, and Lexicon of Icelandic poetry. .42 165 
 
 Icelandic story of Harold Fairhair's court 20 7881 
 
 Baring-Gould's < Iceland : Its Scenes and Sagas > 42 42 
 
 Nature and life in Iceland, admirably described by Karl Andersen.. 4 2 18 
 
 Pierre Loti's <An Iceland Fisherman > 23 9204 
 
 INDIA 
 
 The extent of the story of India, as a land not only of prim- 
 itive culture, but of developments of culture in some respects 
 never surpassed, cannot be at all adequately told in a brief out- 
 line. In one respect it has no parallel in the whole history o£ 
 human effort to acquire knowledge, to develop thought, and to 
 perfect the conduct of life. Its astonishing achievements, esti- 
 mated as wisdom, as principle, as faith, as science, may not com- 
 pare with those which are the much later glory of the nations of 
 Europe; but none the less they stand alone, incomprehensible 
 almost to our experience, in that they were executed on an im- 
 mense scale for many ages, to the production of stage on stage 
 of an enormous literature, without the use of writing, without 
 any indication of knowledge of an alphabet even, but solely 
 through what seem to us limitless powers of memory. A long 
 series of poets produced simple hymns, which became the foun- 
 dation of the Vedas as Scriptures of faith and worship. The 
 first Veda, a large collection of such hymns, was made over into 
 a second and third, which were service books, one for a peculiar 
 sacrament, and the other for ordinary sacrifices. A fourth and 
 last Veda, was another literary collection, embodying poetry and 
 prose, thought and song, of later date. But these four Vedas 
 were only a beginning. There were produced elaborate com- 
 mentaries on them, called Brahmanas, some thirteen in number, 
 and one of them large enough to fill five large volumes in Eng- 
 lish translation. Then there followed, to the number of 150 or 
 200, philosophical treatises, called Upanishads, works of profound 
 thought, which the latest of great German philosophers, Schopen- 
 hauer, pronounced a study more beneficial and elevating than any 
 other known to him. These three stages of literature were all 
 regarded as Veda or Knowledge, and conceived of as Sruti, 
 
CCXCii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 ^^ heard, ^^ — spoken by a divine voice. Not only was this great 
 mass of literature produced without writing, and carried from 
 generation to generation by exercise of memory only, but it was 
 forbidden to write it. And when we go on to a second class of 
 productions we find an immense additional mass of literature 
 created and handed down on the same method of dependence on 
 memory only, without any use of writing. More than a thou- 
 sand years, perhaps nearer two thousand, from the first making 
 of the hymns of the Veda, had passed, when Panini, the greatest 
 of Sanskrit grammarians, produced, in the fourth century B. C, 
 a Sanskrit Grammar, extending to 3996 sections, in which no in- 
 dication is given of the use of writing, or even of the existence 
 of an alphabet. 
 
 A large section of the later literature of India is that of the 
 works devoted to the history and exposition of law through a 
 period of some centuries. But especially notable as a product of 
 India in its later period, is the person, the career, the teaching, 
 and the literature connected with the name of Buddha. Not 
 only was Buddhism a second great religion of India, contrasting 
 in most remarkable respects with that based on the Vedas, but 
 the character of Buddha, his long life of missionary exertion, 
 and the immense spread of his system in history, constitute a 
 story of culture of most extraordinary interest. Although a be- 
 ginning only has been made of presenting the Buddhist section 
 of the literature of India to modern readers, the Sacred Books of 
 the World, published under the editorship of Prof. Max Miiller, 
 include eight important Buddhist works in twelve volumes. 
 
 India in its general history has a story of most pathetic inter- 
 est, not only from the characteristics of a race intensely sensitive 
 to impression, and easily subjected under systems of priestcraft 
 and superstition, but from the extent to which, through hundreds 
 of years, the worst cruelties of either intestine war or savage in- 
 vasion made the story of the people, numbering hundreds of 
 millions, one of frightful suffering. 
 
 The immense Vedic literature of India down to the time of Buddha 
 transmitted without writing, by memory only, 20 7905-07; the 
 first or Rig- Veda sacred hymns, 791 1; three other Vedic books, 
 the Sama-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, and the Atharva-Veda, 7912, 
 7913 (also 7915, 7916); the Brahmanas with philosophical Upani- 
 shads appended, designed as commentaries, first for priests 
 and next for thinkers, 7913-16; rise of Buddhism in the sixth 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXCiii 
 
 century B. C, 7917; Buddhist sacred Scriptures in three Pitakas, 
 7918; Sanskrit later literature, 7920; the two great Indian epics, 
 < Mahabharata > and <Ramayana,> 7922, 7925; other later litera- 
 ture, <Puranas,> fables and drama, and lyric poets, 7926-34; mod- 
 ern Sanskrit period 20 7936-39 
 
 The sacred books, philosophical works, and law books of India ... .45 414-17 
 <The Mahabharata,^ a great epic poem sometimes called «the Fifth 
 
 Veda >> 44 63 
 
 Panini's celebrated Sanskrit grammar 43 415 
 
 Wackernagel's < Origin of Brahmanism > 43 554 
 
 Kalidasa, celebrated dramatic, epic, and lyric poet of India in the sixth 
 
 century 21 8455 ; 4 3 295 
 
 Jayadeva's <Song of Songs,^ a Sanskrit masterpiece 20 8208 
 
 <Pilpay's Fables, > an example of the folklore of India 29 11437 
 
 The <Panchatantra,* the great Sanskrit story-book, the very oldest 
 
 monument of Hindu literature i 201 
 
 Baber, a great emperor, in the age of Columbus, 3 1141; Akbar, 
 Baber's grandson, emperor of India (1556-1605), and famous as 
 
 the wisest monarch ever seen in the East 45 432 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer's Oriental romance < Akbar > 43 343 
 
 Feisi, a celebrated Indo-Persian poet and scholar at the court of the 
 
 Emperor Akbar 42 182 
 
 First European description of India beyond the Ganges, in Balbi's 
 
 < Journey in the East Indies > (1590) 42 38 
 
 Sir John W. Kaye's histories and biographies relating to India 43 298 
 
 H. H. Wilson's important contributions to knowledge of the religion 
 
 and people of India 43 578 
 
 Fitzedward Hall's important Sanskrit studies 42 244. 
 
 Sir W. W. Hunter's great works on the languages, peoples, and his- 
 tory of India 42 279 
 
 Very extended and important contributions to English knowledge of 
 
 India, in the works of Max Miiller 26 10425 
 
 Works of great value on the literature, religion, and people of India, 
 
 by Monier-Williams 43 387 
 
 Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire's < The Vedas^ 42 45 
 
 Riickert's < Wisdom of the Brahmans > 31 12459 ; 43 471 
 
 Heber's <A Journey through India > 18 7154 
 
 J. R. Seeley on the Indian Empire under England 44 240 
 
 Sir Edwin Arnold's contributions to knowledge of India 2 819-20 
 
 Lord Roberts's < Forty-one Years in India > ..... 44 83 
 
 Earl Dufferin's < Speeches Delivered in India, 1884-88 >; and <Our 
 
 Viceroyal Life in India > by his wife 42 154 
 
 Marion Crawford's early experience in India 10 4151 
 
 Malabari, an eminent social reformer, author of various writings, and 
 
 editor of Indian journals 43 364 
 
 Toru Dutt's < Ancient Ballads of Hindustan > 13 5075 
 
 Al-Biruni, the Arabic « Herodotus of India >> 2 675 
 
CCXCiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 History of the Portuguese discovery and conquest of India by Castan- 
 
 heda 42 97 
 
 Important historical works on India by Sir Henry Elliott 42 167 
 
 Lassen's < Science of Indian Antiquity > 43 328 
 
 Malcolm's *■ Political History of India > 43 364 
 
 James Mill's < History of British India ' 43 383 
 
 Fergusson's < History of Indian Architecture > 42 183 
 
 IRELAND 
 
 The Ireland of most ancient tradition, a thousand years per- 
 haps before St. Patrick, is not unlikely to have had a very ancient 
 civilization, into which Phoenician, Greek, and other eastern and 
 southern elements entered. The more certain story of culture in 
 Ireland is that of the Christianization effected by St. Patrick 
 early in the fifth century. Born in Scotland, carried to Ireland in 
 early youth as a slave, and escaping thence to Rome, Patrick had 
 shown great genius in the service of the church, and his mission 
 to Ireland was not only marvelously effective in the conversion 
 of the Irish people, but it made Ireland a conspicuous and pow- 
 erful agency, in England and all over Europe, for the planting of 
 Christian faith and life. About a hundred years from the death 
 of Patrick St. Columba with twelve companions began the work 
 in Scotland ; it was carried thence to Lindisfarne on the east 
 coast of England with very large English results. From about 
 590 other similar groups of Irish missionaries established monas- 
 teries in the most important parts of Europe, from the schools of 
 which education was spread and about which towns sprang up, 
 which became centres of civilization and culture. Roman methods, 
 represented by missionaries directly subject to the Pope, ultimately 
 took possession, both in England and on the continent, of the 
 results of Irish missionary labor, but it is to Ireland and not to 
 Rome, as also to England more than to Rome, that the wide plant- 
 ing of culture in Europe must be credited. 
 
 The Irish Gaelic, native to Ireland, is a branch of Celtic, with 
 a rich literature preserved in inscriptions and manuscripts, the 
 latter of which date from about 700 A. D. Intense antagonism 
 of Celtic custom and faith to Anglo-Norman from A. D. 1172 
 changed the attitude of Irish culture from that of nationalism to 
 that of identification of nationalism with Romanism. The same 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXCV 
 
 antagonism bred endless trouble between Ireland and England, 
 eventuating in the Irish struggle of our own time to secure Home 
 Rule. Irish-English contributions to English literature have con- 
 stituted no small part of its wealth, and in English genius a 
 Celtic element has notably contributed to its highest achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Pelloutier's valuable German < History of the Celts > 43 422 
 
 Noteworthy studies of Celtic language and literature, by the most 
 
 eminent French authority 42 22 
 
 John Rhys's important works 43 456 
 
 Zeuss's German < Celtic Grammar, > a great monument of Celtic 
 
 scholarship 43 595 
 
 Ossian in the history of Ireland, at the end of the third century. . . .27 10865 
 
 « Ballad-colloquies * between St. Patrick and Ossian 27 10868 
 
 Addison's Irish residence, and friendship with Swift i 152 
 
 Jonathan Swift, great prose satirist and political pamphleteer 36 14264 
 
 Gerald Griffin's wealth of Irish genius in London ; Irish character de- 
 lineated in his < The Collegians > 17 6699 ; 4 5 450 
 
 The brothers John and Michael Banim ranked in Irish letters as Scott 
 
 in Scottish, 4 1458 ; their stories of Irish life and character. 4 1458; 42 40 
 
 Maria Edgeworth's life in Ireland and novels of Irish life 13 5151 
 
 Sir Aubrey De Vere's deep sympathy in ^ Lamentations of Ireland > . 1 1 4609 
 Marvelous genius of the Irish poet Mangan 24 9664 
 
 < Father Prout > (O'Mahony) a representative Irishman in literature. 27 10845-47 
 Sketches, songs, and stories of Irish life by Samuel Lover ..23 9217; 43 351 
 Carleton's powerful novels admirably interpreting Irish peasant traits 
 
 and tendencies 42 94 
 
 Charles Lever, the most popular of Irish novelists, 43 339 ; Le Fanu 
 
 next in popularity to Lever among modern Irish novelists 43 333 
 
 Irish and English characteristics contrasted in Annie Keary's novel 
 
 < Castle Daly > 44 236 
 
 Irish-English eighteenth-century scenes in Mr. Froude's <The Two 
 
 Chiefs of Dunboy > 45 491 
 
 Mrs. S. C. Hall's novels and short stories of Irish life 42 244 
 
 Gilbert's < Historic Literature of Ireland,) and other studies of Irish 
 
 history 42 216 
 
 <Ireland,> the Story of the Nation, by Emily Lawless 43 330 
 
 West of Ireland life depicted in her < Hurrish > 44 257 
 
 < Grania,) her most powerful romance of Irish life 43 330 
 
 Sketches of Irish life in Lady Morgan's <Wild Irish Girl > 45 438 
 
 Pictures of Irish peasant life in the stories and sketches of Jane 
 
 Barlow 4 1543, 1544; 42 42 
 
 < Lament of the Irish Emig^rant > 40 16372 
 
 <April in Ireland > 40 16438 
 
 Boucicault on < The Wearing of the Green > 40 16396 
 
 Mant's < History of the [Protestant] Church of Ireland > 43 366 
 
CCXCvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 ITALY 
 
 In Italy for nearly six hundred years after Boethius (about 
 530 A. D.), the latest writer of good Latin, the spoken Latin of 
 the people lost all connection with classical Latin, from the people's 
 complete loss of interest in books, or culture of any kind; and 
 while Anglo-Saxons, French, and Germans had vernacular literary 
 developments, there was no hint of anything of the kind in Italian 
 much before the thirteenth century; making it the latest of all 
 the chief European literatures to show notable maturity. This 
 was due to the failure of Italy to develop nationality after the 
 removal of the seat of Roman Empire to Constantinople. The 
 Lombards came into Italy in 568, and within a few years became 
 masters of all the northern part. They held on for two hundred 
 years, against two great obstacles to making a united Italy. In 
 the first place the Empire of. the Caesars, which Constantine in 
 328 had chosen a new seat for in Constantinople, had secured 
 Ravenna by conquest in the time of Justinian, and thereby had 
 a considerable hold upon the north of Italy. But far more im- 
 portant than this was the rise at Rome of recognition of its Bishop 
 as a temporal ruler not less than a bishop. By calling in non- 
 Italian aid, notably that of the two great Prankish monarchs, Pip- 
 pin and his son Charlemagne, the Pope and German Emperor 
 overthrew the Lombard kingdom (774), gave the Papacy political 
 sovereignty in Rome, and subjected Italy to German rule, under 
 eight sovereigns of the house of Charlemagne, to 888. The age 
 which followed, 888-961, saw ten kings nominally Italian, but saw 
 also Saracen invasion, Greek interference, degradation of the Pa- 
 pacy, and devastation of the fairest Italian provinces by savage 
 Magyars. Then came Otto the Great of Germany to possess himself 
 of all power at Rome and in Italy, and make the " Holy Roman 
 Empire of the German Nation ^^ a final obstacle to development 
 of Italian nationality, except as Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, 
 and Milan became five Italian powers, and rendered still further 
 hopeless the making of a united Italy. Yet was Italian the first 
 after Provengal to develop the form and finish of literature, in a 
 school of vernacular poetry which flourished under Frederick II., 
 at Palermo, in Sicily, about 1220 A. D. This poetry was Provengal 
 in substance and style, but the language was Italian, and there 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXCVii 
 
 resulted throughout Italy remarkable poetic developments showing 
 enormous progress within three-quarters of a century, and pre- 
 paring the way for Dante. Not only did Dante carry literary 
 creation to the sublimest height of poetry, but Italian prose of any 
 importance began with him. Although, therefore, Italy was in 
 national development the latest of the great historic countries of 
 Europe to organize effective national unity, it was none the less 
 Europe's earliest teacher. It, moreover, stood in the front of Europe 
 in its conduct of commerce, through Venice and Genoa, and in 
 its initiation in the fifteenth century of the revival of learning. 
 Its great tradition of classical Rome, followed by that of the 
 Papacy, broadly contributed to the maintenance of its great lead 
 in the history of modern culture. 
 
 Pliny's praise of Italy as the ruler and second parent of the world.. 2 9 11 581 
 
 Guicciardini's great < History of Italy, 1492-1534 > 42 238 
 
 La Farina's * History of Italy for the Italian People > 43 321 
 
 Sismondi's < History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages > and 
 
 other studies of Italian history 34 13476; 43 495; 44 164 
 
 Yriarte's study of Florence in her palmy days 45 494 
 
 Machiavelli's great work, the < History of Florence, > 44 loi; presents 
 
 him as the best and most finished of Italian prose- writers 24 9481 
 
 Symonds's comprehensive study of the revival of learning in Italy.. 4 5 514 
 Savonarola, one of the great figures of Italian history, 43 481; thor- 
 ough and extensive scholarship and comprehension of Italian 
 genius shown in Villari's great biographies of Savonarola and 
 
 Machiavelli 38 15354-56 
 
 Notable intelligence and judgment of the art history and criticism of 
 
 Vasari's < Lives of Painters, Sculptors, and Architects* 37 15248-50 
 
 Bartoli's < First Two Centuries of Italian Literature, > and < History of 
 
 Italian Literature * 42 45 
 
 St. Francis of Assisi, the first poet to use the Italian speech 15 5922 
 
 The thirteenth century a splendid period of intellectual life in Italy. 1 1 4320 
 
 Marco Polo's famous travels from Venice to China (1271-92) 43 434 
 
 Dante, the supreme poet at the head of modern literature 11 4315 
 
 Extraordinarily brilliant career as a scholar and poet of Petrarch. 2 9 11357-65 
 
 Pulci's exceptional use of the Tuscan dialect in poetry 30 11891 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest artists and most brilliant in- 
 tellects in the history of culture 43 549 
 
 Vespucius, the celebrated navigator for whom America was named. ,43 546 
 
 Ariosto, the third of Italy's greatest poets, next before Tasso 2 741-59 
 
 Magnificent poem of Torquato Tasso, telling the story of the great 
 
 Crusade by which Jerusalem was delivered from the Moslems . 3 6 14469-75 
 Michel Angelo's distinction in art, and rank next to Dante and 
 
 Petrarch as a writer of sonnets 25 9978 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini's universally famous Autobiography 8 3371 
 
CCXCviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Ardent patriotism of the writings of Aleardi i 349-51 
 
 Carlo Goldoni, father of modern Italian comedy 16 6475 
 
 Giuseppe Giusti, his poetical satires powerfully patriotic and humani- 
 tarian 16 6355 
 
 Ferrazzi's invaluable < Handbooks to Dante,' and studies of Tasso 
 
 and Ariosto 42 185 
 
 Carducci, the actual poet laureate of Italy 8 3208 
 
 Hare's < Cities of Northern and Central Italy > 44 164 
 
 W. D. Howells's * Italian Journeys ' 44 320 
 
 Cavour's great services and literary remains 42 99 
 
 Place of Mazzini in connection with Italian liberation, and recon- 
 struction 25 9843-45 
 
 Manzoni's <The Betrothed,' < Sacred Hymns,' and tragedies, of epoch- 
 making significance in Italian history 24 9671-74 
 
 A < Popular History of the Popes,' by Ferdinando Bosio 42 68 
 
 Capecelatro, the leading Italian contemporary Church writer 42 93 
 
 Sismondi on <The Agriculture of Tuscany' 34 13472 
 
 Parini, author of satires, the most powerful living exponent of Italian 
 
 Letters and Arts in his time 28 11042 ; 43 416 
 
 Extraordinary significance of Silvio Pellico's story of ten years in an 
 
 Austrian prison 28 1 1265-66 ; 4 3 422 
 
 D'Azeglio's splendid success with a romance of Italian patriotism ; 
 
 and extreme value of his <My Recollections' 3 1130; 42 32 
 
 Ruffini's novels a faithful transcript of Italian life in the period 
 
 1818-48 31 12471 ; 43 471 
 
 The consummate power, pathos, and tragedy of the Italian novels of 
 
 Giovanni Verga 38 15297, 15298 ; 43 545 
 
 The miseries of Italian peasant life, powerfully described by Mar- 
 chioness Colombi 42 116 
 
 Madame Serao's novels remarkable examples of a new Italian literary 
 
 movement 33 13134; 43 489 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 Japan, occupying four large islands, forming the frontier east- 
 ward of Asia, is a land of summits of mountains, the vast lower 
 ranges of which are submerged by the surrounding ocean. It 
 enjoys a climate and has a wealth of developments of nature in 
 the highest degree promotive of race culture. But it is only 
 since 1868 that the intelligence and patriotism of the people have 
 found expression in a national attitude favorable to the develop- 
 ment of the country on the lines of modern culture. The rapid- 
 ity with which this development has proceeded is by far the 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCXCix 
 
 most interesting fact in the recent progress of the East, save 
 
 only the appearance of the United States, as a factor in that 
 progress, consequent upon the war with Spain. 
 
 The feudal and social life and customs of Japan depicted by Gautier . 4 5 523 
 
 Percival Lowell on Japanese character and usages 45 465 
 
 Japanese life portrayed in House's * A Child of Japan \ 45 437 
 
 Japanese usage of hara-kari depicted 44 243 
 
 Comprehensive account of Japanese literature 20 8145-54 
 
 Literature imported into Japan from A. D. 552 20 8146 
 
 The earliest literary product in Japan A. D. 712 20 8146 
 
 The < Manyoshii ^ treasury of poems about 760 20 8147 
 
 The Japanese classic age A. D. 800-1200, 20 8147; its middle or dark 
 
 age A. D. 1200-1700 20 8149 
 
 Two and a half centuries of literary revival and maturing of a stand- 
 ard literary language 20 8149, 8150 
 
 A sympathetic study of Japan, by Percival Lowell, 45 465; Morse's 
 
 < Japanese Homes > 43 392 
 
 La Farge's <Ar List's Letters from Japan,' 44 123; Louis Gonse on the 
 
 Art of Japan 44 123 
 
 Striking sketches of Japan by Lafcadio Hearn 18 7132 
 
 < The Shinto Faith > in Japan, by L. Hearn 18 71 51 
 
 Hearn's study of both recent and feudal Japan 45 367 
 
 MEXICO 
 
 Mexico, occupying the immense table-land forming the most 
 southerly part of North America, more than 750,000 square miles 
 in area, was for three centuries from the coming of Cortes, in 
 15 19, a rich land cruelly subjected to Spanish misrule; and from 
 the expulsion of the last of the Spanish viceroys, in 182 1, to 1876, 
 continuous civil disorder and political disturbance, not only pre- 
 vented any considerable initiation of progress, but involved the 
 loss, in war with the United States, of half a million square 
 miles of territory. From 1876 the presidency of Diaz, a ruler of 
 remarkable ability and character, has initiated developments both 
 of national life and of culture, of great promise for the future of 
 the country. 
 
 Diaz del Castillo's Spanish chronicle of the conquest of Mexico (1632), 
 
 1 1 4614 ; 42 143 ; his description of Cortes in the Conquest 11 4616 
 
 Balbuena's poetic description of the City of Mexico in 1604 .42 38 
 
 Clavijero's history of the ancient inhabitants of Mexico a a 8909 
 
Ccc OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Saavedra Guzman's historical poem describing the Aztec court, and 
 
 the conquest of Mexico 43 474 
 
 Important works on the geography and history of Mexico by Orozco 
 y Berra, 43 409; in four parts, < Civihzation,> < Primitive Man,> 
 
 ^Ancient History, > and < The Conquest > 43 409 
 
 Bandelier's ^Archaeological Tour in Mexico > (1885) 42 40 
 
 David A. Wells's < A Study of Mexico > 43 568 
 
 Alaman's important political services, and < History of Mexico > 42 9 
 
 Lucien Biart's novels describing Mexican and South American nature 
 
 and customs 42 58 
 
 Wallace's <The Fair God,> an historical romance of the conquest of 
 
 Mexico by the Spaniards 45 368 
 
 Janvier's story of the <Aztec Treasure House > 44 278 
 
 Ochoa y Acuna's < Poems of a Mexican, > greatly admired by his coun- 
 trymen 43 407 
 
 NORWAY 
 
 Norway ranks with Denmark in the history of culture, from 
 the thirteenth century to the nineteenth. Denmark had become 
 a united kingdom in the ninth and tenth centuries; Sweden also 
 within the same period, and Norway about the year 1000. From 
 the year 1380 Denmark and Norway were united; and in 1397 
 Denmark, Norway, and Sweden became one, with Denmark the 
 leading power. Sweden gained her independence under Gustavus 
 Vasa, in 1523; Norway finally separated from Denmark, in 18 14, 
 and became united with Sweden. The ancient culture of Norway 
 is represented in the Eddas, in close relation with Icelandic liter- 
 ature. The modern literature of Norway dates from early in the 
 present century, when Wergeland ardently espoused the cause of 
 the free peasant proprietors and gave a profound impulse to cul- 
 tu're truely national. 
 
 Wergeland, Norwegian poet, of great influence on the literature and 
 
 culture of Norway; the Norse Schiller 43 568 
 
 Welhaven's distinction among Norwegian critics and poets 38 15779 
 
 Moe's great influence on Norwegian language, literature, and art, 
 
 through his collection of popular fairy tales 43 386 
 
 Religious intolerance in Norway, like that of Puritan New England. 5 1967 
 
 Munch's < History of the Norwegian People > 43 396 
 
 International importance of Bjornson, Ibsen, and Lie 23 9048 
 
 Bjornson, the recognized leader of the Norwegian republican move- 
 ment, 42 61; one of his lyrics, preeminently the national song of 
 Norway 5 1961 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccci 
 
 Ibsen, author of national historical dramas, social dramas, and dra- 
 matic poems; notable for criticism of existing conditions 20 7839-47 
 
 Jonas Lie, one of Norway's three greatest writers, especially famous 
 
 for novels of Norse seafaring life 23 9048 ; 4 3 342 
 
 Boyesen's < Idyls of Norway, > and stories of Norse life 5 2273 
 
 Norse life depicted in Boyesen's < Gunnar > 44 226 
 
 Norse folk-tales, translated by G. W. Dasent 45 500 
 
 Asbjornsen's <Folk Tales > and < Fairy Tales and Folk Legends,) de- 
 lightful pictures of Norse nature and life 2 905-16 
 
 Kielland's promotion of a new movement in Norwegian literature; in 
 
 • every way an advanced writer 21 8565-72 
 
 Garborg's novels a powerful study of peasant life and of human prob- 
 lems 15 6185-87 
 
 Distinction of Nansen as an explorer 27 10555 
 
 PALESTINE 
 
 * Palestine '' was at first a name properly designating the strip 
 of coast land, southwest of Judea, belonging to the Philistines; 
 by inadvertence used to designate the land of the Jews, as it 
 was known from the time of Christ. The land was obtained as 
 a possession by the ancestors of the Jews through conquest by 
 invading tribes, whose method was that of massacre of the popu- 
 lations where they wished to settle. Many hundred years had 
 passed when the last extremity of war waged against them by 
 the king of Babylon carried the people of Jerusalem and the 
 country about it into exile at Babylon, leaving their land and 
 their temple-city desolate. Within about two generations a con- 
 siderable number of the Babylon colony of Jews obtained permission 
 to return to their own land; and upon this, when still others re- 
 turned, under leaders of great zeal, a restoration of Jerusalem, 
 and of its temple and worship, was undertaken; and in connec- 
 tion therewith writings representing the traditions, history, and 
 priestly customs in use among them, were publicly and solemnly 
 recognized (B. C. 444) not only as of divine authority, but as, in 
 the books of chief importance, the work of Moses, whose date is 
 about a thousand years earlier. A notable consequence of ^* Mosaic ^* 
 canonization of literature, and one which the story of it shows 
 was specially intended, was the distinction made by the Jews be- 
 tween Jews and *^ heathen," similar to that which Mohammedans 
 make between themselves and ^* infidels. " Even Jews who had 
 married non-Jewish wives were compelled to cast oflE their wives 
 
Cccii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and children as heathen. The Greeks and Romans were heathen 
 under this law of Jewish orthodoxy, and it even went so far as 
 to pronounce the common people among themselves accursed be- 
 cause unable to read and thus ^*not knowing the Law.'^ But 
 under Alexander the Great, somewhat more than a hundred years 
 after the Jews began with their Mosaic Scriptures, an extreme 
 toleration of all religions had prevailed, and after another hundred 
 years many Jews had learned to be friendly with Greeks, while 
 others were made by this only the more rigid, and did everything" 
 possible to have everybody know that nothing was good that was 
 not Mosaic and Jewish, and that Greeks and Romans in partic- 
 ular were wicked heathen, under a heavy curse. The Greek ruler 
 of that part of the world, Antiochus, was unwise enough to com- 
 mand, about 170 B.C., compliance by all Jews with his Greek 
 sacrificial customs; and in the little town of Modin, a grand old 
 man, who was most zealous for Moses, assaulted and killed a Jew 
 who offered sacrifice in the Greek way, and further assaulted and 
 killed the king's commissioner. This started a religious war, led 
 first by the old man, and later by his five sons, who fought out 
 the Jewish contention with wonderful energy and success, and 
 settled the orthodox Jews on the most rigorous view of their 
 Law. One result of this view was the rejection and killing of 
 Christ, who appeared to set aside Mosaic orthodoxy. Another 
 was the production of the Talmud, in two forms, one in Pales- 
 tine, but a more important one in Babylon, where learned Jews 
 lived and taught after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans 
 in A. D. 70. The Talmud was a mass of discussion, judgment, 
 and story, by way of commentary on the Mosaic writings, and the 
 Jewish idea of these writings as of divine authority was extended 
 to the Talmud. 
 
 The Old Testament and the Jewish Apocrypha 27 10775-818 
 
 The Talmud, its makers and its characters 36 14453-68 
 
 Sayce's < Introduction to the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther > ; 
 < Life and Times of Isaiah > ; and < The Races of the Old Testa- 
 ment > 4348 1-82 
 
 < The Babylonian Talmud > ; a new edition of the original, with English 
 
 translation, by Michael L. Rodkinson 44 22 
 
 Dr. A. Smythe Palmer on Babylonian Ideas in the Hebrew Mosaic 
 
 writings 44 21 
 
 Eichhorn's <A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Old Testa- 
 ment > 42 166 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccciii 
 
 Ewald's < History of the People of Israel > 42 175 
 
 Reuss's < History of the Books of the Old Testament > 43 455 
 
 Renan's < History of the People of Israel, > and translations of <Job,> 
 
 < Ecclesiastes,> and < The Song of Songs > 43 455 
 
 W. Robertson Smith's < Hebrew Language and Literature, > <01d Testa- 
 ment in the Jewish Church, > < Prophets of Israel,^ and < Religion 
 
 of the Semites > 43 499 
 
 George Smith's < The Chaldean Account of Genesis > 43 497 
 
 The Polychrome Bible ; a new translation of the Bible, of which twenty 
 separate numbers will contain the Old Testament, the translation 
 so printed in colors as to aid understanding of the origins of the 
 
 contents 44 3 
 
 Recent Research in Bible Lands; Its Progress and Results; edited 
 
 by Hermann von Hilprecht 44 189 
 
 PERSIA 
 
 Persia was the inheritor, before its Mohammedan period, of 
 the traditions of the religious system and sacred scriptures of 
 Zoroaster, handed down from a time perhaps as ancient as that 
 of the origin of the Vedas. When Darius encountered the Greeks 
 at Marathon, and Xerxes sought to overwhelm them at Salamis, 
 the victory of Persia might have profoundly affected not only the 
 destinies of Zoroastrianism, but the culture of Europe. More 
 than 1 100 years after Marathon the Arabs, in 639 A. D., entered 
 upon the complete subjection of Persia to Mohammedanism. For 
 two or three centuries Persian culture under Moslem suppression 
 either did not survive at all or was pursued silently in secret. 
 But in the ninth century great scholars, philosophers, men of science, 
 poets, and historians, of Persian race, entered upon a nominally 
 Arabic development of culture, which was Arabic in name only, 
 and which continued vigorous and broadly influential during five 
 centuries. The natural suppression of culture under Mohamme- 
 danism at length put an end to these Persian-Arabic developments. 
 The present Persian djmasty is that of a Kajar Turk, whose 
 career was that of a monster of ruthless savagery, when he came 
 to the throne, and under whose race Persia has no hope but of 
 Moslem suppression of culture. 
 
 The Zend-Avesta, the sacred Scriptures or Bible of the Parsees, first 
 made known by Du Perron in 177 1, 3 1084 ; loss of the complete 
 original ascribed to the conquest of Persia by Alexander the 
 
CCCiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL ■ 
 
 Great, 3 1085 ; a new collection made in the third century of our 
 
 era, 3 1085 ; the chief contents of the work 3 1086-88; 45 418 
 
 Zoroastrian worship of fire, 3 1095 ; and idea of the conditions of 
 
 eternal life 3 1099 
 
 Xerxes, king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks in a great sea-fight 
 
 at Salamis B. C. 480 i 185 
 
 Battle of Nihavand, A. D. 651, and the Mohammedan conquest of 
 
 Persia 14 5735 
 
 Firdausi's < Shah Namah,> the national poem of Persia, 14 5735-39; 
 
 Mohl's edition of the < Shah Namah > 43 386 
 
 Nizami, one of the most important poets of Persia, 4 3 405 ; his < Five 
 Treasures > indicating genius second only to that of Firdausi .... 
 27 10665, 10666 
 
 Sa'di's <Gulistan, or Rose Garden,' 44 63 ; his wealth of poetry and 
 
 good counsel 32 1 2634 
 
 Rumi, a Persian Moslem poet, founder of the sect of whirling der- 
 vishes, and author of a great religious poem 32 12487-88 
 
 Hafiz, the last and greatest of Persian poets, the Persian Anacreon . i 7 6793 
 
 Jami the latest classic minstrel of Persia; known as the Persian 
 Petrarch; devoted to Dervish teaching, and to Sufi philosophy; 
 his <Yiisuf and Zulikha,> or Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, a romantic 
 masterpiece 20 81 lo-i i 
 
 Hatifi, a Persian poet of the fifteenth century, one of the last Per- 
 sian great epic poets 42 252 
 
 Non- Arabic Persians and the Persian spirit in Arabic literature 2 669-70 
 
 Sir John Malcolm's < History and Sketches of Persia > 43 364 
 
 Perrot and Chipiez on Art in Persia 44 123 
 
 Fraser's < Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia > 42 200 
 
 Translations from the Persian by Bodenstedt 5 2116, 2117 
 
 Sir Henry Rawlinson's Persian researches and translations of the 
 
 Behistun Cuniform inscription, from one of the old Persian 
 
 languages 43 452 
 
 Darmesteter's < Origins of Persian Poetry >; < Iranian Studies'; <0r- 
 
 mazd and Ahriman>; and a translation of the <Zend-Avesta'. . . .42 132 
 Pictures of life in Persia, in Morier's ^Hajji Baba,> 44 108; other 
 
 works depicting Persian life 2 6 10304 ; 43 391 
 
 Benjamin's < Persia and the Persians, > 42 54; Goldsmid's < Eastern 
 
 Persia > 42 223 
 
 Eastwick's * Three Years' Residence in Persia > 42 1 60 
 
 De la Croix's translation from the Persian of <The Thousand and 
 
 One Days * 43 426 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST qcCV 
 
 POLAND 
 
 Poland had become, in the first half of the sixteenth century^ 
 the dominant country of Eastern Europe, but with a social con- 
 dition — nobles, gentry, clergy, and serfs, the latter sunk in pov- 
 erty and ignorance, while everything constituting wealth went to 
 the privileged classes abov« them, — which could not well be made 
 consistent with progress in culture. Eccentricities of selfishness 
 in the political system permitted the most worthless of the nobles 
 to make government a failure, and put a premium upon dissen- 
 sions, the natural outcome •£ which was interference in Polish 
 affairs by neighboring powers. From 1815 the bulk of Poland 
 was united to Russia, and large sections to Austria and Prussia. 
 
 A highly cultivated Polish language began to supplant Latin, 
 as the language of law and learning, in the sixteenth century, 
 and the last half of that century is called the Golden Age of 
 Polish literature. The succeeding periods, 1606-1764, and 1764- 
 1822, witnessed a long return in the first to Latin influence under 
 the Jesuits, and a preparation in the second for that which is 
 really the great era of Polish genius, that introduced by Mickie- 
 wicz. 
 
 Kochanovski, «the Prince of Polish poets, » in the sixteenth century, 
 
 of great influence for improvement of vernacular literature 43 310 
 
 Boguslavski, author of dramas, theatre director, and actor; noted as 
 
 the founder of the Polish stage . , 42 65 
 
 Brodzinski, a Polish poet and university professor, notable as the 
 
 great precursor of Polish romanticism 42 76 
 
 Distinction of Slowacki, w^ith Krasinski, and Mickiewicz, in Polish 
 poetry, 34 13508; the three great poets of Poland, 22 8735; ex- 
 traordinary effect on the Polish people of Krasinski 22 8737 
 
 The highest literary expression of Polish genius in Mickiewicz's great 
 national poem, < Pan-Thaddeus of Warsaw, > the pearl of all Slavic 
 literature, 25 9996, 9998, 9999; his < Konrad Wallenrod > and <Gra- 
 zyna,> powerful epic poems, first revealed him as the national 
 Polish poet 25 9997 
 
 The golden age of Polish letters 25 9995 
 
 Count Fredro, the most original of Polish dramatists, the founder of 
 
 Polish comedy, and known as «The Moliere of Poland » 42 2cii 
 
 Andre Zbylitowski, Polish poet, philosopher, and novelist 43 594 
 
 Andrew Chrysostom Zaluski, a Polish statesman and pulpit orator ..43 593 
 
 Bohdan Zaleski, a Polish poet noted for vivid delineation of Polish 
 
 scenery 43 593 
 
 20 
 
cccvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Casimir Zalewski, a Polish journalist and dramatist 43 593 
 
 Count Stanislav Tamovski, a Polish historian of literature; author of 
 
 < Studies in the History of Polish Literature > 43 515 
 
 Kraszevsky's romances, novels, poems, and other writings, notably a 
 
 series of historical novels depicting Polish history 43 314 
 
 Splendid succession of Sienkiewicz, in his great novels, to the throne 
 
 of Polish genius left vacant by Mickiewicz, 34 13399; important 
 
 historical novels 45 457 
 
 Balucki's stories satirizing Polish society 42 39 
 
 Dzierzkovski's Polish novels contrasting the selfish dissipation of the 
 
 upper classes with the Jiumble virtues of the lowly 42 159 
 
 Jane Porter's historical romance, <Thaddeus of Warsaw' 45 482 
 
 PORTUGAL 
 
 Portugal first became a kingdom, in 1140, under Alphonso 
 I., who won the great battle of Ourique against the Moors, and 
 made Lisbon his capital. Alphonso was the son of a duke of 
 Burgundy, who had obtained possession of Portugal as a county 
 by marrying the daughter of the King of Castile. His line lasted 
 for 440 years, and gave Portugal kings of exceptional ability and 
 character. Alphonso III. extended Portugal to its present limits, 
 in 1262. His son, Diniz, was a great founder of Portuguese com- 
 merce and mercantile enterprise; a promoter also of agriculture, 
 the industrial arts, and learning. The son of Diniz established 
 close relations with England, and under King John, in 1835, ^^ 
 English army aided the Portuguese in winning a great victory 
 over Castile, decisively repelling invasion. King John at once 
 formed a treaty alliance with England, and the next year mar- 
 ried the daughter of John of Gaunt, the great English Duke of 
 Lancaster, brother of the, English King Edward IIL One of the 
 sons of this marriage, Henry the Navigator, after winning great 
 military distinction at an early age, created at the extreme south- 
 west promontory of Portugal, the farthest point of Europe looking 
 into the Atlantic, a school of Navigation, designed to promote, 
 through voyages and discoveries, *^ Increase of Knowledge of the 
 Earth.* During eighty years before Columbus the work thus 
 initiated had carried discovery to the Azores, Madeira, Cape de 
 Verde, and other islands, and down the whole coast of Africa to 
 the east side of the Cape of Good Hope, and ten years more 
 sufficed to carry these independent discoveries to India, and to 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCVli 
 
 Brazil, completely solving the problems of world knowledge, rais- 
 ing Portugal to the position of one of the most powerful mon- 
 archies of Europe, and making Lisbon the great seat of commerce 
 with the East. Yet influences of the most baneful character 
 brought sudden and complete decline within a single generation, 
 and left Portugal to fall under Spain, for the period 15 80- 1640. 
 King Diniz is a notable figure in the earliest development of lit- 
 erary culture in Portugal, and with the rise of Portuguese mari- 
 time commercial distinction Portuguese literature showed great 
 increase of vigor, and the supreme achievement of Portuguese 
 genius appeared in Camoens's celebration of Portugal's unpar- 
 alleled glory in history, that of her hundred years of successful 
 devotion to ^* Increase of Knowledge of the Earth. " 
 
 Fernao Lopes, the oldest of the Portuguese chroniclers, — author of an 
 unsurpassed literary and critical narrative of the struggle between 
 Portugal and Castile ; the « father of Portuguese prose >> 43 349 
 
 Gil Vicente, a Portuguese dramatist and actor of great originality; 
 father of the drama of his country, and of great influence through- 
 out Europe 8 3130; 42 216 
 
 Ferreira's <Inez de Castro, > the second regular tragedy produced in 
 
 Europe 42 185 
 
 Barros's <Asia,> a history of Portuguese discoveries and conquests 
 
 (1415-1539) 42 44 
 
 Story of Portuguese discoveries before and apart from, Columbus, in 
 Major's < Life of Prince Henry > and < Discoveries of Prince Henry, 
 and Their Results > 43 363 ; 4 5 425 
 
 Castanheda's < History of the Discovery and Conquest of India > 42 97 
 
 Camoens's great epic of Portuguese discoveries created a new epoch 
 
 in Portuguese literature 8 3133 
 
 General view of Portuguese literature in six periods 8 3129-31 
 
 E§a de Queiroz's masterly portrayal in novels of notable power, of 
 
 the failings of Portuguese society 42 161 
 
 Almeida-Garrett's notable leadership of a new national literary move- 
 ment in Portugal in the first half of the present century... .8 3131; 42 15 
 
 Provence : Caesar called a region of Gaul Provincia Romana, 
 and in due time the Provincial Roman spoken in this -province 
 was called Provengal. It extended over a wide region far beyond 
 Provence proper — into the east of Spain, Catalonia, and Aragon; 
 also into Savoy, Piedmont, part of Switzerland, and Sicily. Out- 
 side of Provence, it was a language of the higher classes and of 
 literature only, while the uneducated common peoples spoke each 
 their own vulgar dialect. The spread of French of the more 
 
CCCviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 northern type caused the disuse of literary Provencal about the 
 end of the thirteenth century. The great age of pure Provencal 
 began towards the end of the eleventh century and lasted for 
 nearly two hundred years. It was an age of poets, some 400 in 
 all, of whom about a dozen were women, and the most briUiant 
 Provencal period was the hundred years 1 150-1250. 
 
 Raynouard's ^ Dictionary of the Language of the Troubadours > 43 452 
 
 Fauriel's < History of Provengal Poetry > 42 181 
 
 Laveleye's < History of the Provengal Langfuage and Literature > 43 330 
 
 Diez's masterpieces, <The poetry of the Troubadours, >< Lives and 
 Works of the Troubadours, > and < Etymological Dictionary of Ro- 
 mance Languages > 42 145 
 
 Puech, a Provengal of Aix who cultivated poetry with great success. 43 444 
 Jasmin, a Gascon poet of the first half of the present century, noted 
 
 as the father of modern Provengal poetry 20 8187 ; 42 288 
 
 Mistral, a famous Provengal poet of our own time; author of a Pro- 
 
 vengal-French dictionary 25 10097 ; 4 3 385 
 
 Aicard's <Miette and Nore,> a Provencal idyl causing him to be 
 
 ranked with Mistral 42 7 
 
 ROUMANIA 
 
 RouMANiA is a country of the southeast of Europe contiguous 
 to Turkey, and to Russia, with a history very much affected by 
 Russian interference, but still more, and always for the worse, by 
 Turkish. Its final independence dates from 1878. In matters of 
 culture, it has made but little progress until within the present 
 century, when it began to have a native literature. For a long 
 time the language of its educated class was Greek. Its race 
 language is of the Romance type, derived from the Latin, but 
 with many Slavonic, and some Greek, Turkish, and Albanian 
 words. 
 
 Michael Eminescu, the great lyric poet of Roumania 42 170 
 
 Dora d'Istria, Roumanian author of travel sketches, and of essays, 
 
 literary and historical 42 149 
 
 Carmen Sylva, queen of Roumania, author of poems, novels, and 
 
 dramas 43 512 
 
 Franz von Miklosich, the founder of Slavic philology ; author of < Com- 
 parative Grammar of the Slavic Languages,^ and < Etymological 
 Dictionary of the Slavic Languages > 43 382 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCix 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 The earliest rule to arise where Russia now has her chief 
 seats was a group of Norse settlements, under Rurik and his 
 brothers in the ninth century. Kieff on the Dneiper was their 
 oldest centre, and Novgorod another place of importance. It was 
 by way of Novgorod and Kieff that commerce came from Scan- 
 dinavia to Constantinople. Under Vladimir (980-1015) a powerful 
 monarchy existed, and under Jaroslav, in the first half of the 
 eleventh century, brilliant developments were made. Christian- 
 ization of these Norse settlers was gradually effected, in the 
 ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, and the caravans of mer- 
 chants between Constantinople and Scandinavia made Kieff and 
 Novgorod notable centres of wealth and culture. An invasion by 
 the Mongols in the thirteenth century, and lasting for exaction 
 of tribute until near the end of the fifteenth century, greatly 
 checked progress. The Norse ruling family of Rurik became ex- 
 tinct in 1598, and in 16 13 the first Romanoff was made monarch, 
 and the immense expansion of Russian nile to embrace Siberia 
 followed. The famous Czar Peter the Great came to the throne 
 a mere boy in 1682; and in 1689, in his seventeenth year, he 
 commenced a rule which lasted until 1725, and witnessed a most 
 remarkable effort to make Russia a nation of culture. The 
 hardly less remarkable career of Catherine II. (1762-96) carried 
 on what Peter the Great had begun, and at the same time greatly 
 expanded the limits and power of Russia, and made possible the 
 eminent position to which her nineteenth-century rulers have 
 brought her. 
 
 Not only was it a Norse family which ruled in Russia from 
 Rurik's time to 1598, but the Romanoff family was of Norse 
 connection on the female side; Catherine was a German woman; 
 her son Paul's wife, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I., 
 was a German princess of Wurtemberg; Nicholas I. married a 
 daughter of Frederick William III., of Prussia; his son, Alex- 
 ander II., married a German princess of Hesse-Darmstadt; his 
 son, Alexander III., married a Danish princess; and the present 
 Czar, Nicholas II., almost wholly of German and Danish blood, 
 is married to a Hesse-Darmstadt princess whose mother was a 
 daughter 'of Queen Victoria, — thus making the supreme factor in 
 the future of Russia one of EngHsh-Danish -German culture. 
 
CCCX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Karamzin in his great work, < History, of Russia > (1816-29) ; the creator 
 
 of Russian prose, with Lomonossov 43 297 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu's great work on <The Empire of the Tsars and the 
 
 Russians > 43 338 
 
 Bernhardi's < History of Russia and of European Politics during the 
 
 Years 1814-31 > 42 57 
 
 D. Mackenzie Wallace's able study of the country people and institu- 
 tions of the empire 45 548 
 
 Value of Rambaud's important French studies of Russian history. . . . 
 
 30 12041-42; 43 450 
 
 Prince Kantemir, in his popular < Satires, > the father of secular writ- 
 ing in Russia .43 297 
 
 Lomonossov, a Russian poet and man of science, « father of Russian 
 
 grammar and literature ^> 43 348 
 
 Initiation by Lomonossov and Pushkin of genuine Russian literature . 
 
 30 1 1904, 11906; 43 445 
 
 Kotliarevsky, the founder of modern Little Russian literature 43 313 
 
 Gogol, « father of modern Russian realism » in < Tales from a Farm- 
 House,> <The Inspector) (a drama), and <Dead Souls > (a 
 novel) 16 6455-61 
 
 Russian scenes in the Pugachef 's rebellion under Catherine II 44 248 
 
 Russian high life portrayed by Lermontof in his <Hero of Our 
 
 Times > 44 226 ; 43 337 
 
 Koltsov, «the Burns of Russia* 43 311 
 
 Konstantin AksAkof, a noted leader, from 1846, of the Slavophile 
 party, 42 8 ; his father, Sergey Aksakof , notable for his masterly 
 portrayal of Russian family life 42 8 
 
 Extraordinary eminence of Count Lyof Tolstoy as a narrator of hu- 
 man experience, delineator of character, and humanitarian inter- 
 preter of life 37 14985-94 
 
 Distinction of Turgeneff as a representative in other lands of Russian 
 fiction at its best, 37 15059; his studies of Russian life and char- 
 acter, 44 223; his sketches of peasant and serf life in 1852, 44 
 167 ; 43 534 ; his study of Nihilism 45 473 
 
 Dostoevsky, the most characteristically national of Russian writers; 
 the great middle class his special domain, 12 4779; his < Notes 
 from the House of the Dead,> a picture of life in Siberia 12 4783 
 
 Gonchardf's great novel, <Obl6mof,> a remarkable reflection of pecu- 
 liar Russian conditions and characteristics 16 6534 
 
 Dmitriyev's <Jermak, Conqueror of Siberia, > an epico-dramatic poem 42 146 
 
 Prince Wolkonsky's concise sketch of Russian lyric poetry in its chief 
 representatives, Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrassov, Zoukovsky, Koz- 
 lov, Tutchev, Homiakoff, Maykov, Tolstoy, Polonsky, Sheashin, 
 Apukhtin 32 1 2583-90 
 
 Maikov, probably the first of living Russian poets 43 363 
 
 Admirable Russian translation of La Fontaine, by Dmitriyev 42 146 
 
 Paul Louis Leger's studies of Slav topics as a professor in Paris ....43 333 
 
 Custine's important report of travels in Russia 42 127 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxi 
 
 Karnovitch's < Russia's Part in the Deliverance of the Christians from 
 
 Turkey's Yoke > 4 3 298 
 
 Sir Henry Rawlinson's < England and Russia in the East' 43 452 
 
 Merimee's critical notices of Gogol, Pushkin, and Turgeneff, initiated 
 
 European interest in Russian literature 25 9945 
 
 Story by ^< Henri Greville » (Madame Durand) picturing Russian 
 home life, 45 506; her Russian experiences presented in a series 
 
 of novels 42 233 
 
 George Kennan's story of <Tent Life in Siberia' 44 324 
 
 Stepniak's story of ^ Underground Russia ' 44 323 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
 The Scotland of history was in its eastern part the land of the 
 Picts during the five and a half centuries from A. D. 296 to A. D. 
 844. It is a mooted question whether they were Celts or not, 
 and whence they came. The Scots were a Celtic race in Ireland, 
 who colonized the western part of Scotland perhaps as early as 
 A. D. 400, and centuries after gave their name to a united king- 
 dom of Picts and Scots. The famous Patrick was a Scot, born 
 in the Scottish colony in Pictland; carried to Ireland as a slave; 
 and by escape to Rome educated to service of the Church. He 
 went from Rome to Ireland early in the fifth century, and was 
 remarkably successful, not only in converting Ireland to Christ- 
 ianity, but in arousing a missionary spirit in his converts, which 
 caused them to carry their faith over to Britain and to all parts 
 of Europe. One of Patrick's converts was a Prince Fergus, who 
 migrated to Scotland in the last years of the fifth century, and 
 was the first prince of British Scots to leave a record in history. 
 Under his grandson, in 563, Columba came over from Ireland 
 on a mission to the heathen Picts in the north of the island. 
 The southern Picts had been converted a century and a half 
 earlier by Ninian, who had been to Rome, and had there received 
 consecration from the Pope. The work of Columba not only pros- 
 pered, but it supplied missionaries to the English, whose admir- 
 able method made them wonderfully successful. Under Malcolm 
 (1057-93) an English princess was the Scottish queen, and not 
 only English speech and customs were introduced, but many Eng- 
 lish colonists. The half English son of Malcolm, Edgar, and his 
 brothers after him, greatly promoted Scottish progress. The third 
 son especially of Queen Margaret, David, who ruled Scotland 
 
CCCxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 from 1124 to 1 1 53, was to his own land what Alfred had been to 
 England. Not only were the Celtic half barbarous people im- 
 proved by education and church extension, but English, Flemish, 
 and Norman colonies were planted so extensively as to establish 
 the predominance of Teutonic language and blood, which now 
 makes the Scotch more kindred to the English and German peo- 
 ples than to the Irish. By introducing written law also, and a 
 church system in place of the Irish monastic system, David broadly 
 laid the foundations on which Scotland ultimately became one of 
 the foremost nations of culture. The early Scottish language, 
 therefore, as it was used in the fifteenth century, did not differ 
 appreciably from English of the type known as Northern Middle. 
 Of the Scotch of to-day there are reckoned three main dialects, 
 Border Scotch, Central Scotch, and Northeastern Scotch, to which 
 may be added the Insular Scotch of the Orkney and Shetland 
 Isles. In early Scotch writing Chaucer became even more than 
 in England a model and master to the poets; and from Barbour's 
 < Bruce ^ about 1375, and the ^Quair* or *Book' of King James I., 
 1423, Scotch literature enters distinctly into modern English. 
 
 Barbour's great epic of < The Bruce ^ 42 42 
 
 William Dunbar court minstrel to James IV. , an unrivaled Scottish 
 
 poet 12 5064 
 
 Robert Aytoun the first Scottish poet buried in Westminster Abbey. .3 1107 
 John Barclay (1582-1621), a Scottish poet, author of important books 
 
 in Latin 42 42 
 
 Allan Ramsay's <The Gentle Shepherd, > a poetical embodiment of 
 
 rustic Scotland, written in the language of the peasantry 30 12062 
 
 Eminently able and humanitarian studies in political economy by 
 
 Adam Smith 34 135 19-23 
 
 Macpherson's < Ancient Epic Poem, Fingal,' depicting Scottish char- 
 acter and scenes ■ 45 377 
 
 The Lowland Scot character of Sir Walter Scott, 33 12999; his poems, 
 
 novels, and other works 33 13000-02 
 
 William Motherwell's poetic and critical distinction 26 10365 
 
 Scottish real life depicted by John Gait in ^Annals of the Parish, > 
 
 44 273; the same in Lockhart's <Adam Blair > 44 273 
 
 Lady Nairne's humorous and Jacobite songs of unsurpassed lyrical 
 
 excellence 27 10543-45 
 
 Brilliant career of John Wilson as the Christopher North of the 
 
 < Noctes Ambrosianse > 39 16032, 16033 
 
 Aytoun's -^ Lays * on incidents of Scottish history, and < Ballads of 
 
 Scotland * 3 mo, 1112 
 
 Jane Porter's historical romance of <The Scottish Chiefs > 45 442 
 
 Vivid and dramatic Scottish scenes in Reade's < Christie Johnstone >. 4 4 283 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxiii 
 
 Scottish rural characters and life in Barrie's <Auld Licht Idylls, > 44 
 
 274; and in the same author's <A Window in Thrums > 45 471 
 
 Instances of exceptionally Scottish literary work 10 4208 
 
 Preeminent importance and influence to the recent Scottish Church 
 
 of Doctor Chalmers and Norman Macleod 24 9495 
 
 Balfour Stewart, Scotch physicist, one of the founders of spectrum 
 
 analysis 43 506 
 
 Extraordinary charm and art of Robert Louis Stevenson as a poet 
 
 and romancer 35 13927-35 
 
 Buchanan's poems, plays, critical essays, and novels 42 80 
 
 Scotch origin of Andrew Lang 22 8880 
 
 SERVIA 
 
 One of the countries of the Balkan peninsula, lying south of 
 Hungary across the Danube, with Bulgaria and Roumania on the 
 east, Bosnia on the west, and Turkey on the south; one of the 
 lands recently (1878) .delivered from subjection to Turkey. The 
 Servians occupied Servia, with Bosnia and Herzegovinia, about 
 638 A. D., and within a short time accepted Christianity under 
 teaching from Constantinople. Down to 1356 development pros- 
 pered, but from 1371-89 subjection to the despotic rule of the 
 Sultan lasted down to 17 18, — and further from 1739 to 1804, 
 when the long patriot struggle began, which, by favor of Russian 
 and other help, at last secured independence. 
 
 Vuk Stefanovotch Karadzic, the great literary reformer of the Servian 
 language; author of an epoch-making <Dictionary,> and of a 
 great collection of < Popular Serb Songs > ; stands as the /ounder 
 
 of modern Servian literature 43 297 
 
 Stanko Vraz, a Croato-Servian poet 43 553 
 
 Ivan Mazuranic, the greatest of Croato-Servian poets 43 376 
 
 SPAIN 
 
 To THE most ancient world known to history, that whose seats 
 were in the valley of the Euphrates, the West was the region 
 between that valley and the east end of the Mediterranean. 
 Abraham's ^< Ur of the Chaldees,*^ at the border looking out upon 
 that region, was in the extreme West to the dweller at Eridu, 
 in the southeast of Babylonia; and Palestine, to which Abraham 
 
CCCxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 journeyed, was the Far West of travel and trade. The cities of 
 Phoenicia, with their shipping reaching out upon the Mediterra- 
 nean, were the Great West of that Oriental world. In the next 
 stage of world development, that of Greece and Rome and 
 Carthage, the Far West moved toward the setting sun to a strange 
 and barbarous land, where the voyager passed through ^^The Pil- 
 lars of Hercules ^^ into the wholly unknown Atlantic. Phoenician 
 trade, and to some extent colonization, had alone interfered with 
 the barbarous Celts and Iberians of the nearer coasts of this 
 land, now the south of Spain, during the hundreds of years pre- 
 ceding the wars of Rome against Carthage, which was a younger 
 Phoenicia. After the first Punic war Hamilcar, the father of the 
 celebrated Hannibal, undertook, in 237 B. C, the planting in 
 Spain of a colony, which might serve as a basis of operations 
 against Rome. His successor, Hasdrubal, a son-in-law, founded 
 ^* New Carthage,'^ as the capital of this Far West Phoenicia; and 
 his famous son, Hannibal, began his career, and the Second 
 Punic war, by advancing beyond the Ebro to the conquest of 
 almost all Spain, including a Greek colony of Saguntum, over 
 which Rome had a protectorate. After six years of hard fighting 
 by Rome to turn back Carthaginian conquest, ending in the de- 
 feat and death of the two Scipios commanding against Hannibal, 
 Africanus, the son of one of these, efi^ected the capture of New 
 Carthage, with the result that five years later, A. D. 205, Rome 
 had displaced Carthage as the nominal possessor of Spain. Two 
 centuries were required to make the country thoroughly subject, 
 not only to the power, but to the culture, of Rome ; and for more 
 than 400 years, or from 19 B. C. to 409 A. D., Roman Spain 
 knew no interruption to peace and prosperity, except a single raid 
 by Prankish invaders, in 256 A. D. In the time of Augustus, at 
 the dawn of the Christian era, the south of Spain was thoroughly 
 Romanized; both its speech and its manners were Latin; its 
 chief cities were rapidly prosperous; its schools and scholars were 
 famous; only Italy was more Roman than Spain. But with 409 
 A. D., an immense invasion of savage barbarians not only over- 
 threw the Roman power, but overwhelmed the population with 
 every horror of relentless ravage. Commerce and civilization 
 thoroughly established, cities ranking among the finest and rich- 
 est in the Roman world, were swept out of existence. At the 
 end of six years, one nation of invaders, the Visigoths, nominally 
 allied with Rome, successfully undertook the suppression of the 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXV 
 
 others,— the earliest instance of union of Latin and German, and 
 in fact the beginning of the modern world as successor to the 
 Roman. The Visigothic or West Gothic kingdom thus estab- 
 lished was nominally Christian, and it soon became independent, 
 yet without discarding Roman institutions, ideas, and manners. 
 Under King Recared (586-589), it became Catholic, and was oc- 
 cupied in every part by richly endowed churches and monasteries, 
 and undertook a savage persecution of the multitudes of Jews, 
 who had been long settled in Spain. The church became in the 
 highest degree the inspirer and guide of 'national culture with 
 many results conducive to the general welfare, but not without 
 the disadvantages attendant upon extreme enforcement of a sys- 
 tem of faith and worship. The dawn of the eighth century wit- 
 nessed the Arab invasion and rapid conquest of Spain, with 
 results which were not even nominally terminated until the final 
 extinction of the Moorish power in Spain by the conquest of 
 Granada, in 1492, There did indeed begin, within a short time 
 of the Arab conquest, the formation in the extreme north of a 
 refuge against Arab power, which grew into the Christian king- 
 dom of Leon. Early in the next century Barcelona, with Prankish 
 support, drove the Arabs beyond the Ebro. Other developments 
 followed, and led up to the formation of the two great Christian 
 states of Castile and Aragon, in the middle of the eleventh cen- 
 tury, at a moment when Arab rule in Spain had become broken 
 up into a number of rival powers. It was at this time that the 
 famous Christian champion appeared, with the epic story of whom, 
 *The Poem of the Cid,* Spanish literature begins. A most im- 
 portant point for the estimate of Spanish culture is the extent to 
 which the race is Celtic, and thus intensely impressionable, subject 
 to influences such as those of race antagonism growing into aver- 
 sion to labor, because the alien (African) Moors were the laboring 
 class, and extreme religious rigor, created by the an ti- Moslem 
 experience of centuries, and involving not only the most relent- 
 less persecution of heretics, but limitless cruelties of conquest, 
 slaughter, or enslavement, of non-Christian races. The language of 
 Spanish literature proper is the Castilian, which is spoken in about 
 three-fourths of Spain, its truly Spanish parts. The Galician, 
 which closely resembles the Portuguese, is the tongue of a people 
 very unlike the typical Spaniard; and Catalan speech is Spanish 
 Provengal, spoken by a people who but little possess true Spanish 
 characteristics. 
 
CCCXvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 It was 800 years after the overthrow of Roman rule in Spain 
 before native Spanish authors gave up Latin as the language of 
 
 culture and began to write books in their own vernacular. This 
 vernacular is wholly Latin in syntax, and fully seven-tenths 
 Latin in vocabulary. 
 
 The earliest monument of this Spanish, and the first Spanish 
 literary work, is the ^ Poema de Myo Cid \ dating from the latter 
 half of the twelfth century. 
 
 Spain as « The Far West » 17 6874 
 
 Important national work of Alfonso the Wise; his great services to 
 
 Spanish law and literature i 383-86 14213 
 
 Coppee's < History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors >. .. .42 120 
 
 Brilliant period of Arab culture in Spain 2 671 
 
 Library of 400,000 volumes collected by Hakim II., Arab ruler in 
 
 Spain 2 671 
 
 Irving's <The Alhambra,* a most notable picture of Old Spain 44 277 
 
 Ibn-al-Avvam's story of the Arabs in Spain, in a book on agricul- 
 
 , ture 44 157 
 
 A second Fatherland to the Jews under Arabic rule 17 6869 
 
 The disruption of Arabic power in Spain 9 3725 
 
 Perez de Hita's < History of the Civil Wars of Granada,^ and the ex- 
 pulsion of the Moors from Spain 42 266 
 
 Pulgar's < Chronicle > of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella 43 444 
 
 <The Poem of My Cid,^ the earliest monument of Spanish literature. 9 3730 
 
 Llorente's < Critical History of the Spanish Inquisition > 43 346 
 
 Florez's < Sacred Spain, > a history of the Church in Spain 42 192 
 
 Spanish treatment of natives of islands discovered by Columbus . .44 219, 220 
 
 Las Casas's account of Columbus and of Spanish < Ruin of the Indies > . 8 3334 
 Irving's * Christopher Columbus,^ 44 165; Helps's <Life of Hernando 
 
 Cortez > 4 4 165 
 
 Prescott's < Ferdinand and Isabella, > 30 11769; 44 98; Isabella and 
 Columbus particularly celebrated by Prescott, 44 98 ; Prescott's 
 
 < Philip II.> 30 11770 
 
 Spanish conquest of Mexico narrated by Castillo 11 4613 
 
 Heredia's translation into French of Bernal Diaz del Castillo's < Con- 
 quests in New Spain > 18 7277 
 
 Motley on the abdication of Charles V., 26 10380; on the Spanish 
 
 Armada 26 10390, 10397 
 
 Literary stagnation in Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella, and under 
 
 Charles V 5 2203 
 
 A survival of Middle-Age civilization 2 704 
 
 Buckle on Spanish practice of persecution 6 2681 
 
 Ferreras's < History of Spain to 1598,' an authoritative work 42 185 
 
 Gayangos y Arce's ^Memorial History of Spain> 42 211 
 
 A recent < General History of Spain,* edited by Cdnovas 42 93 
 
 Napier's < History of the War in the Peninsula > 43 401 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXVii 
 
 Le Sage's pictures in <Gil Blas> of Spanish life about 171 5 44 99 
 
 Extraordinary energy, fertility, and comprehensive Spanish realism of 
 
 the dramas of Lope de Vega 38 15287-90 
 
 Cueva, one of the founders of Spanish national drama 42 126 
 
 Diez's < Old Spanish Romances > 42 i45 
 
 Ticknor's comprehensive and accurate < History of Spanish Literature > 
 
 an unsurpassed work 43 526 ; 4 5 508 
 
 Lathrop's study of the Spain of to-day 45 5o8 
 
 George Borrow's account of adventures in Spain, 45 380; his account 
 
 of the gipsies 5 2189-203 ; 4 5 469 
 
 Latour's French studies of Spain, the land and the people; a series 
 
 in ten volumes 43 ' 329 
 
 The old Spanish spirit represented in fine novels by Caballero. 7 3002; 42 87 
 Conspicuous place of Zorrilla as a singer of Spain's departed grandeur; 
 
 at the time of his death the leading poet of his country . 39 16325-27 ; 43 599 
 Distinction of Juan Valera as a scholar, critical essayist, novelist, 
 
 and statesman 3 7 15220-23 ; 43 541 
 
 Remarkably original realism of Pereda's novels devoted to Northern 
 
 Spain 29 11305; 43 423 
 
 A study of the spirit of Spain in Galdos's <Dofia Perfecta^ 44 221 
 
 John Hay's picture of the life of Spain in < Castilian Days > 18 7098 ; 4 4 220 
 
 Conspicuous position of Madame Pardo-Bazan in Spanish fiction 
 
 28 1 1025; 43 416 
 
 Distinction of Valdes as the most entertaining, natural, and satisfac- 
 tory of the later Spanish novelists 37 15199-203; 43 541 
 
 Pereda, Valdes, Galdos, and Valera, a liberalizing, stimulating influ- 
 ence in their novels, 15 6155; their tone towards the Church not 
 
 destructive, but severely critical 15 6157 
 
 Alarcon's picture of modern Spanish society i 263 ; 4 2 9 
 
 SWEDEN 
 
 Sweden entered upon distinction in literature with the intro- 
 duction of the Reformation, the translation of the Bible into 
 Swedish, and the impulse to general progress given by Gustavus 
 Adolphus. Swedish journalism dates from the time of the Thirty 
 Years' War. In the eighteenth century Sweden attained European 
 distinction in science, chemistry especially and botany; and entered 
 upon a Golden Age under Gustavus III. and IV. (i 771-1809), 
 introductory to brilliant developments in the nineteenth century. 
 
 Olof von Dalin, « father of modern Swedish literature, >> 42 129; his 
 immense influence in transforming Swedish culture, i o 4278, 4279 ; 
 his < History of the Kingdom of Sweden > 10 4279 ; 42 129 
 
CCCXviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, one of the most notable precursors of modern 
 science, and especially famous as the originator of a religious 
 
 system of high character 36 14237-43 
 
 Brilliant scientific career of Linnaeus 23 9079 ; 4 3 344 
 
 King Gustavus III. and Bellman, the Swedish poet, devoted companions . 4 1764 
 Voltaire's masterly sketch of Swedish history and Life of Charles 
 
 ^11 4 5 351; 4 3 552 
 
 Geijer's < History of the Swedish People > and < History of the State 
 
 of Sweden from 1718 to 1772 > ' 42 212 
 
 Peter Henrik Ling, founder of Swedish gymnastics 43 343 
 
 The three greatest Swedish poets, Bellman, Runeberg, and Tegner. . 
 
 36 14563 ; 43 473 
 
 Notable impression made upon Swedish literature and thought by 
 
 Esaias Tegner. 36 14563-66 
 
 Atterbom's eminence as a lyric poet, and efforts to free Swedish lit- 
 erature from French influence 2 933-42 
 
 Johan Ludvig Runeberg, a native of Finland, the greatest name in 
 Swedish literature, .32 12495; the < Tales of Ensign Stal,> stories 
 of the Russian conquest of Finland, his greatest work, 12498; his 
 poem, <Vart Land> (Our Country), the Swedish and Finnish na- 
 tional song, 12499; over sixty hymns written by him for the 
 
 official Lutheran hymn book of Finland 32 12499 ; 4 3 473 
 
 Arndt's < History of Serfdom in Sweden > 2 813 ; 4 2 25 
 
 Exceptional excellence of the romances of Almquist; socialistic sym- 
 pathy shown in his novels i 439-46 
 
 Fryxell's admirable < Stories from Swedish History > 42 204 
 
 Carlson's interesting and exhaustively accurate < History of Sweden '.4 2 95 
 Notable series of Swedish and Finnish historical tales, by Topelius. .43 529 
 Fredrika Bremer, Madame Emilia Carl6n, Marie Sophie Schwartz, 
 Rosa Carlen, Madame Anne Edgren, and « Ernst Ahlgren » (Vic- 
 toria Benedictsson), notable women writers of Sweden 
 
 6 2328; 8 3225; 43 486; 42 94; 13 5162; 42 7 
 
 SWITZERLAND 
 
 A MAINLY German, partly French, and in small part Italian 
 mountain country at the centre of Europe, between Germany, 
 Austria, France, and Italy; of special German interest in matters 
 of culture, but largely also in close relation with France; histor- 
 ically famous as a home of freedom and land of democracy. 
 
 Career of John Calvin at Geneva 42 89 
 
 Ulrich Zwingli, a famous Swiss reformer; one of the foremost leaders 
 
 with Luther and Calvin of the Reformation 43 600 
 
 Theodore Zwinger, a famous Swiss physician, scholar, and professor 
 
 of Greek 43 600 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxix 
 
 Bodmer, a notable Swiss scholar and literary critic ; editor of a pub- 
 lication, about 1750, which first made English literature known to 
 
 Germans 5 2128-32 ; 4 2 64 
 
 Johann Zschokke, a German-Swiss author of semi-religious works, 
 
 novels, dramas, and histories 43 599 
 
 J. H. Merle D'Aubigne, Swiss author of a noted < History of the Ref- 
 ormation > 42 133 
 
 Victor Cherbuliez's birth and early career at Geneva 42 106 
 
 Pestalozzi, a Swiss educator, notable as an educational reformer 43 425 
 
 Vattel, a Swiss jurist ; his great work on < The Law of Nations * .... 4 3 543 
 
 Swiss birth of Rousseau, at Geneva 43 470 
 
 Swiss residence of Edward Gibbon, the eminent English historian ...16 6272 
 
 Swiss birth and early education of the eminent naturalist, Agassiz ..42 7 
 
 SYRIA 
 
 The great historic region lying between the east end of the 
 Mediterranean and the valley of the Euphrates; extending south 
 towards Arabia and the peninsula of Sinai and north to the Mt. 
 Taurus region; in early historical records the land, as to its 
 northern part, of the Hittites, a great and warlike race; as to 
 its middle coast part, of the Phoenicians, a great commercial 
 people; and, as to its southern part, of the Hebrews, after their 
 dispossession of the Canaanite kindred of the Phoenicians; a land, 
 moreover, through which both commerce and conquest made 
 a highway from the southwest to the northeast; Egypt from one 
 direction and Assyria from the other, either passing for trade or 
 meeting in the clash of . rival empires ; and the greater dominance 
 of Assyria, over the Hebrews especially, causing the name Syria to 
 become that by which the Greeks knew it. Persian dominance 
 succeeded to Assyrian; and Greek came with Alexander the 
 Great and his successors, and lasted until Pompey's conquest in 
 65 B. C. gave it to Rome, under whom it advanced to great 
 prosperity, in industry and commerce, wealth and magnificence of 
 its many cities, and wide diffusion of culture. Its capital, Anti- 
 och, was the second city of the world. Under the Greek empire 
 of Constantinople and even under the Arab conquest from 636 
 A. D., and the Egyptian rule which followed, there was no over- 
 throw of prosperity. Mongol invasion in 1260 wrought great 
 injury, but absolute ruin befell only when the Turks got, in 
 15 16, the possession which they still maintain. The Christian 
 
CCCXX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Chtirch of the early centuries was notably strong and prosperous, 
 until theological quarrels weakened it, and Mohammedan conquest 
 almost destroyed it. 
 
 Publilius Syrus, a Syrian writer of farces at Rome, and notable actor, 
 
 in the first century B. C 43 443 
 
 Burton's travels in Syria; his < Unexplored Palestine > 42 85 
 
 Eugene de Vogue's < Syria, Palestine, Mount Athos > 43 551 
 
 Charles de Vogiie's < Civil and Religious Architecture in Central 
 
 Syria, from the First to the Sixth Century > 43 551 
 
 Sir J. W, Dawson's ^ Egypt and Syria > 42 135 
 
 Famous schools of learning and Aristotle's writings in Syriac during 
 
 several centuries 2 792 
 
 Eusebius Pamphili, Greek Syrian bishop at Caesarea in 315 A. D. ; 
 
 the << father of ecclesiastical history » 42 174 
 
 George Rawlinson's < Phoenicia * 43 452 
 
 Wm. C. Prime's < Tent Life in the Holy Land > 43 441 
 
 William Ware's <Zenobia ; or, The Fall of Palmyra > 43 561 
 
 Kinglake's < Eothen ; or Traces of Travel Brought Home from the 
 
 East> 43 305 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 The earliest known Turks appear to have been a branch of 
 the same race as the Mongols. Those of the Turkey of today 
 have largely lost their original race characteristics, and become 
 practically Caucasian through becoming merged with the peoples 
 amongst whom they settled. The Turks now under the rule of 
 the Sultan of Turkey are known as the Osmanlis, descended from 
 a branch whose chief was Osman. There are estimated to be 
 about six millions of them. Of the same general race as the 
 Osmanlis (called also Ottoman) were Attila and the Huns, whose 
 career was one of fierce ravage from Constantinople to the Rhine, 
 in the years 434-53. Of the same race were the Bulgarians, who 
 possessed themselves of the larger part of the Balkan peninsula, 
 and the Magyars who settled in Pannonia, in 865. These became 
 Christian and helped to make early Europe. Others of the same 
 race waged frequent war upon the Mohammedan Caliphs of Bag- 
 dad, and ultimately became not only the mercenary soldiery, but 
 the virtual masters of these rulers. By the end of the tenth cen- 
 tury they had adopted the Mohammedan faith and had become 
 widely organized as a new power in Asia. Their race established 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXxi 
 
 a kingdom in Northern China, in 1004. In the same year another 
 great Turkish state was established in India and Afghanistan. 
 Shortly after, Seljuk founded a united Turkish state in Central 
 Asia, which became, under his grandson, Togrul Beg, the greatest 
 of Asiatic powers. Togrul conquered Persia, occupied Bagdad, 
 in 1055, and claimed to be the Mohammedan Sultan of both the 
 East and the West. He attacked Armenia, and his successor, 
 Alp Arslan (1063-72), subjugated and enslaved both the Armenians 
 and the Georgians. These Turks, thus setting up as Mohamme- 
 dans and threatening the Christian lands with conquest, were 
 nothing more than brutal soldiers who found in Mohammedanism 
 religious sanction for their aptitude in ravage and massacre. 
 Whatever of civilization, statecraft, commerce, poetry, romance, 
 law or architecture, the Arab Moslems had developed, they took 
 no note of, save as, barbarous and unteachable soldiers, they 
 overwhelmed whatever culture they encountered under their own 
 brutal and hopeless barbarism. Devastating with fiendish cruelty 
 the border-lands of the Greek Empire, after winning in Armenia 
 the first great pitched battle between Turks and Greeks, they 
 soon became masters of all the interior of Asia Minor, the best 
 part of the Empire, and in 1074 destroyed by fire the Asiatic 
 suburbs of Constantinople. Ten years later Antioch, the greatest 
 of Eastern cities, was taken by the Turks. The empire thus 
 established fell to pieces about the year 1300, under the onslaught 
 of hordes of invading Mongols; and when ten Turkish dynasties 
 sprang up, a series of political events eventually merged all of 
 these in one under Osman, whose descendants, to the number of 
 thirty-four, have succeeded him as Sultans of Turkey, without 
 break in the succession down to the present time. Osman was 
 born in Asia Minor at Sugut, in 1258, and first appeared as 
 Turkish Sultan, in the year 1301. Five Sultans had followed 
 Osman when Mohammed II., the seventh of the line, became 
 Sultan in 1451, and in the spring of 1453 effected the capture of 
 Constantinople, thus putting an end to the Greek Empire of the 
 East, and converting what had long been the most splendid city 
 in the world into the permanent capital of Mohammedan barbar- 
 ism. Turkish history has not been without characters, both 
 intellectually and morally worthy of respect and admiration, and 
 had the Ottoman Turks embraced Christianity instead of Islam 
 they might have risen to a position worthy of the modern world. 
 
CCCXxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 From Mohammedanism they have drawn a sanction for depravity 
 and degradation, and for the venting of race or religious spleen 
 in inconceivable atrocities and indiscriminate massacre, which 
 maintains the worst organization of crime known to the history 
 of power without culture. 
 
 Zinkeisen's < History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe > 43 597 
 
 Karl Miiller's <The Turks before Ravenna > 4 3 395 
 
 Alfonso the Wise on the origin and customs of the Turks i 387 
 
 Mesihi, a famous Turkish poet of the fourteenth century 43 380 
 
 Ibrahim of Aleppo, a famous Ottoman compiler of a code of laws ... 4 2 282 
 
 Lami'i, a notable Turkish poet and prose writer about 1530 43 323 
 
 Baki, the greatest lyric poet of Turkey (died about 1600) 42 38 
 
 Ivan Gundulic's great poem <Osman,> an epic of the career of a 
 
 Turkish sultan 42 240 
 
 Leitner's work on the < Races of Turkey > 43 334 
 
 Ziver Pasha, a Turkish poet and imperial functionary 43 597 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXxiii 
 
 THE GREAT CITIES OF THE WORLD 
 
 Of Importance for Special Mention in Connection with the 
 Literature of all Ages and all Lands. 
 
 Alexandria : a world-capital founded in Egypt by Alexander 
 of Macedon about the end of 332 or early in 331 B. C. Coming 
 to the throne not yet twenty years of age, in ^^6 B. C, Alexander 
 had destroyed Thebes in Greece, overawed Athens, beaten a Per- 
 sian army in Asia Minor, overwhelmed with defeat an immense 
 Persian host under Daris himself, taken Damascus and all the 
 neighbor cities of Syria, conquered and destroyed Phoenicia's 
 great stronghold, rich and splendid Tyre, and swept Persian 
 power out of Egypt, when he tarried at the point west of the 
 most western mouth of the Nile where an island off the shore 
 had had a notable lighthouse erected tipon it, and had a Greek 
 architect make a magnificent plan for a monumental city to bear 
 his name. In its two chief central avenues, crossing each other 
 at right angles in a great square; with fine houses, temples, and 
 public buildings; its palaces, museum and famous library; its 
 grand theatre, beautiful gymnasium, magnificent Greek and Egyp- 
 tian temples, splendid race-course, and great Necropolis, Alexandria 
 at once became the Greek capital of Egypt, a city of many races, 
 to the number of 300,000 freemen, and a still larger number of 
 slaves. . The Ptolemies made it, down to 30 B. C, the most mag- 
 nificent city of the world, except Rome and Antioch; commerce 
 accepted it as a world-centre and gave it unexampled prosperity; 
 Greek learning and literature gathered here as nowhere else, 
 and spread hence over nearly all the ancient world. When Rome 
 succeeded to its possession, upon the death of Cleopatra B. C. 30, 
 commerce and culture alike made it a mart without an equal. 
 As Greece lost from Alexander's time, Alexandria became for 
 four hundred years the home and centre of learning and litera- 
 ture, a seat of science and of a vast library, and a school of 
 
CCCXxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL , 
 
 Students and teachers to whom we owe the preservation of the 
 masterpieces of Greek literature. 
 
 At the head of an immense Jewish quarter in the time of 
 Christ, where Judaism not only read its scriptures in a Greek 
 version but mingled Greek thought with Hebrew, there lived the 
 famous Philo Judseus, who fused Plato with Moses, and framed 
 conceptions of Deity which profoundly influenced early Christian 
 doctrine. Christianity found in Alexandria one of its chief seats, 
 as early as the second century; and down to 641 A. D., when the 
 Arabs captured it, it remained a chief centre of Christian teachers 
 and literature. 
 
 In the third century B. C. the intellectual and artistic centre of the 
 
 Greek world 3 7 1477° 
 
 Callimachus most learned of poets, a teacher at Alexandria, 7 3101 ; 
 
 libraries under his charge 7 3101 
 
 Athenseus, a Greek author, in the third century 42 28 
 
 Agathias, a Greek author of world history in the years 553-558 A. D. . . . i 223 
 
 The magnificent city of the Ptolemies painted in Anatole France's 
 
 <Thais> 15 5910 
 
 Lamprecht's <Song of Alexander,) a poem of mediaeval Germany 
 based on an earlier epic treatment of the story of Alexander the 
 Great 43 323 
 
 Philo Judaeus, born A. D. 20 at Alexandria, the most Greek, scholarly, 
 and influential personage Judaism had produced before Christ- 
 ianity 43 428 
 
 Ptolemy of Alexandria (about A. D. 125-160), the most celebrated of 
 
 ancient astronomers 43 443 
 
 Vacherot's ^ Critical History of the School of Alexandria > 4 3 54o 
 
 Origen, the « Adamantine » scholar of the great Christian Fathers, 
 
 born at Alexandria, A. D. 185 4 3 409 
 
 Plotinus, an Alexandrian philosopher (205-70 A. D.), the most cele- 
 brated of the Neo-Platonists 4 3 432 
 
 Kingsley's <Hypatia* describing pagan and Christian life in the fifth 
 
 century 43 305 
 
 Synesius, Greek bishop, poet, and philosopher, at Cyrene; studied in* 
 
 Alexandria under the celebrated Hypatia 4 3 5i3 
 
 Amsterdam: famous Dutch city; capital of the Netherlands; 
 built on a hundred small islands formed by the river Amstel and 
 a network of canals, on which there are more than 300 bridges; 
 all its structures resting on piles driven 50 or 60 feet through 
 peat and sand to a foundation of clay. A fishing village merely, 
 with a small castle, alpout 1200 A. D., it, became in 1482 a walled 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXV 
 
 and fortified town, and rose to be the chief commercial city 
 of the provinces, which revolted against Spain in 1566. Early in 
 the seventeenth century, when the English exiles, who became 
 the ^* Pilgrim Fathers,'^ spent a year in it, before going on to 
 Leyden, the rise of the Dutch East India Company (in 1602) had 
 greatly added to its commerce and made it a city of 100,000 in- 
 habitants. Its finest church at this time was already 200 years 
 old. ; Rembrandt made Amsterdam his home; Spinoza was a 
 native of Jew descent; and Vondel, greatest of Dutch poets, lived 
 and died here. The Bank of Amsterdam, dating from 1609, was 
 the great place of deposit for coin and bullion in the seventeenth 
 century, its receipts for such deposits circulating as bank notes. 
 
 Headquarters of the Dutch colonial trade 11 4513 
 
 Voss, or Vossius, one of the most celebrated European scholars of his 
 
 time 43 553 
 
 The life and great international commerce of Amsterdam, delineated 
 
 by Antonides van der Goes in 1671 42 21 
 
 Connection of Spinoza with Amsterdam 35 13785 ; 4 3 502 
 
 Vondel' s career as the most powerful and most representative poet of 
 
 Holland 38 15491-93; 43 552 
 
 Francq van Berkhey, a Dutch poet and naturalist, a physician in 
 
 Amsterdam 42 200 
 
 Isaak da Costa, one of the most eminent of modern Dutch poets . . .42 122 
 
 Hofdyk, Dutch historian and poet 42 267 
 
 Loman, one of the foremost of the Dutch radical critics of the Script- 
 ures, professor of theology in the University of Amsterdam 43 348 
 
 Antioch : a city of Syria, on the river Orontes, founded 300 
 B. C. by Seleucus Nicator in honor of his father Antiochus. It 
 was on the highway of Asiatic commerce, a favorite residence 
 of the Greek kings of Syria, and of wealthy Romans: a city of 
 boundless luxury, magnificent buildings, a population of half a 
 million, and the rival of Rome itself in splendor. The story of 
 early Christianity reports of disciples made here that the name 
 of ^* Christians *^ was first used of them. 
 
 Chrysostom, the most eloquent of the Fathers of the Church, born at 
 
 Antioch 3 50 A. D 42 108 
 
 Libanius, a notable Greek rhetorician and orator, one of whose pupils 
 was the celebrated Chrysostom ; his 1607 < Epistles > and 68 extant 
 < Orations > valuable for the history of the fourth century 43 341 
 
 Baron Isidore Taylor's * Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and Judea> 43 517 
 
CCCXXvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Antwerp : the chief commercial city of Belgium ; in tonnage 
 of world trade the Liverpool of the Continent; one of the most 
 strongly fortified places in Europe; is built on the river Scheldt, 
 fifty-two miles from the sea. Its considerable growth and pros- 
 perity dated from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and at 
 the beginning of the sixteenth century it had become the com- 
 mercial capital of the world. In its capture by Spanish soldiery 
 in 1576 the city hall and a thousand fine buildings were de- 
 stroyed and 8,000 of its citizens massacred. A second attack by 
 the Duke of Parma in 1585 scattered its population and reduced 
 it to a very low state. Its modern rise was promoted by Na- 
 poleon, 1 794-1814, and by the union of Belgium with Holland, 
 1815-30. Its Belgian history since 1839 has been one of very 
 great prosperity. 
 
 The world -centre of commerce before London became so 45 556 
 
 Anna Bijns, a poet of Antwerp, styled the «Brabantine Sappho ».. ..42 59 
 
 Ledeganck's poem on Three Sister Cities, — Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp. 43 332 
 
 French-Flemish birth of Henri Conscience ...10 3957 
 
 Julius de Geyter, a Flemish poet-banker of Amsterdam 42 214 
 
 Eekhoud's birth at, and vnvid picture of Amsterdam, in his most brill- 
 iant novel <New Carthage* 13 5190; 42 164 
 
 Athens : the city of Athena, *< goddess of science, arts, and 
 arms**; the capital of Attica and the metropolis of ancient Greek 
 culture; was most beautifully situated, under a sky and in a 
 climate which Euripides noted as giving " an ether of surpassing 
 brightness.** The character of Athens as a seat of culture dated 
 from the sixth-century career of Solon as a lawgiver, and the 
 rule after him of Pisistratus, who most admirably managed the 
 administration of Attica, founded special interest in literature by 
 making the first complete edition of Homer, promoted attention 
 to national religious festivals, and entered largely upon the 
 splendid temple-building which was to make Athens the supreme 
 achievement of the world in constructive and decorative art. In 
 thorough democratic organization and mature development, Athens 
 had completed the earlier stage of her history when a Persian in- 
 vasion, before which the inhabitants fled, completely destroyed it 
 in 480 B. C. With, however, the Greek victories of Salamis and 
 Platsea the next year, Athens was splendidly restored, enlarged, 
 and beautified, and entered upon a period of greatness, 479-403 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXvil 
 
 B. C. , not only unsurpassed for developments of culture, but un- 
 equaled by anything elsewhere seen in history. From the dis- 
 astrous close of the Peloponnesian War, and the attainment by 
 Macedon of supremacy after the battle of Chaeronea, 338 B. C, 
 Athens declined from the greatness of the period of Themistocles 
 and Pericles, yet for a long time kept its distinction as the 
 great seat of schools of philosophy and the most brilliant centre 
 of learning of the ancient world. It was in this age of splendid 
 decay that the seats of the Dionysiac theatre were restored in 
 marble, that Aristotle expounded science and philosophy with a 
 knowledge and power which swayed European culture for fifteen 
 centuries, and that architectural triumphs reached their height in 
 constructions which might have remained the wonder of the world 
 had not Roman spoliation under Sulla, Gothic ravage in the third 
 century A. D., and transfer of her finest art to Constantinople, 
 in the next century, left Athens despoiled and degraded. Jus- 
 tinian, in 529 A. D., inaugurated the Dark Ages of Christendom 
 by an edict closing the schools of science and learning at Athens. 
 What was thus begun of extinction of a great tradition of knowl- 
 edge and thought was completed by the nearly four hundred 
 years of blighting Turkish despotism, which began in 1456 and 
 lasted until 1833. 
 
 Creation of its earliest constitution by Solon 34 13643 
 
 Anacreon, lyric poet under Hipparchus 2 493 ; 42 18 
 
 The career of .lEschylus, an unsurpassed dramatic poet i 183-191; 42 6 
 
 Herodotus at Athens between his travels 18 7286, 7287; 42 261 
 
 Sophocles, the most comprehensively and symmetrically great of 
 
 ancient dramatists, a contestant for honors at Athens in the years 
 
 440-412 34 13647-76 ; 43 500 
 
 The Greek lyric poet, Alcaeus, banished from Athens by Pittacus. . . . i 268 
 
 Euripides, the third and most popular of the great playwrights of the 
 
 Athenian stage 14 5569-76 ; 42 174 
 
 Socrates, life and career of, at Athens B. C. 470-399, 4 3 499 ; absolute 
 
 limitation of his work to the city of his birth 34 13627 
 
 Thucydides, author of a < History > covering twenty-one years of the 
 
 war by which Athenian greatness was broken 37 14909-16; 43 525 
 
 Greek Old Comedy brought to perfection at Athens, by Aristophanes. 
 
 2 759 ; 42 24 
 
 Life and career of Plato, gfreatest of philosophers, B. C. 427-347. 29 11519; 43 432 
 Aristotle, a student at Athens twenty years under Plato, and a teacher 
 
 thirteen years 42 24 ; 2 788 
 
 Epicurus, master of a great school at Athens about 305 B. C. : a home 
 
 of seekers after elevated pleasure 42 171 
 
CCCXXviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Demosthenes's unsurpassed power as an orator at Athens; advocate 
 
 of Athenian resistance to subjugation by Macedon 1 1 4538; 42 139 
 
 ^schines, the rival of Demosthenes as an orator i 178; 42 6 
 
 The Athenians a pampered, amusement-loving people, in the time of 
 
 Demosthenes i i 4535 
 
 The life of Athens in third centur>' B. C. depicted by Alciphron i 275-77 
 
 The Roman comedies of Plautus usually represent scenes in Athens. 29 11 557 
 
 Education at Athens of Roman youth in the time of Horace 19 7620 
 
 Athens supplanted by Alexandria as an intellectual centre, and Alex- 
 andria by Rome 29 1 1601 
 
 Longfinus, celebrated Greek philosopher, of vast learning, a teacher at 
 
 Athens, and later Queen Zent)bia's adviser at Palmyra 43 349 
 
 Dyer's < History of Ancient Athens > 42 159 
 
 Paparrhigopoulos, university professor at Athens, and author of a 
 
 < History of the Greek People > 43 416 
 
 Bagdad: a city of the great river Tigris; encircled by five 
 miles of brick wall forty feet high; its two parts joined by a 
 bridge of boats 220 yards long; entered by four gates, the finest 
 of which, dating from 1220 A. D., has not been opened since 
 1638; containing 100 mosques, of which barely thirty are in use; 
 founded in 764 A. D. by Al-Mansur, on a site where the great 
 Nebuchadnezzar had built, about 600 B. C. ; greatly enlarged by 
 the famous Haroun Al-Raschid, in the ninth century; and un- 
 der his son, Al-Mamiin, made a great seat of Arabic learning 
 and literature. It was ravaged by the Turks a hundred years 
 later, and with vicissitudes of conflict between Turks and Per- 
 sians has been for 260 years a monument of Turkish misrule. 
 The province of Bagdad, comprising the lower portion of the 
 Euphrates and Tigris basin, is now mostly a barren wilderness, 
 where once fertility, industry, culture, and empire made Baby- 
 lonia the mistress and the teacher of the ancient world; and a 
 district of which was the " Garden of Eden. *^ 
 
 Cairo: the capital of modern Egypt; dating from the foun- 
 dation, in 641, by 'Amr, the Moslem conqueror of Egypt, of a 
 palace alongside of a Roman fortress. A second palace city was 
 added in 751 near the first; then a third in 868; and finally a 
 fourth, and much greater, in 969, by Johar, a victorious general, 
 who called his new city El-Kahira, ^* The Victorious *^ ; the name 
 which became, by corruption, Cairo. Cairo has a university founded 
 in 971, to which 2,000 students annually come from all parts of 
 the Moslem world; and it is rich in mosques, tombs, schools. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXxix 
 
 houses, and fountains representing the purest and finest Saracen 
 art. Modern Cairo, broadly enlarged beyond the ancient, and 
 now the largest city of Africa, has a population not far from 
 400,000, and since 1882 it has been the seat of English influence 
 for progress in Egypt. The situation of Cairo, twelve miles above 
 the apex of the delta of the Nile, and one hundred and fifty 
 miles by rail from Alexandria, is that of the natural centre of 
 Egypt. From its citadel, on a spur of the rocky range of Mo- 
 kattem, the prospect is one of great magnificence and beauty. 
 Of its four hundred mosques, many of which are unused and 
 falling into ruins, the most magnificent is that of Sultan Hasan 
 near the citadel, and dating from 1357. The mosque Al Azhar 
 is famous as the seat of a Mohammedan University. 
 
 Bagdad and Cairo, two great centres of Mohammedan activity repre- 
 sented in the ^Arabian Nights > 2 623 
 
 Tabari's <Annals,> written at Bagdad, the history of the world to 914 
 A. D., and <Tefsir> or < Exegesis, > by far the most authoritative 
 exposition of the doctrines of the Koran 43 513 
 
 Stanley Lane-Poole's < Social Life in Egypt > 4 3 325 
 
 Sir Robert Ker Porter's < Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient 
 
 Babylonia, etc., 1817-20 > 4 3 437 
 
 Bishop H . C. Potter's < Gates of the East : A Winter in Egypt and Syria > . 4 3 438 
 
 Baltimore : the city of Lord Baltimore, founded by him in 
 1729 upon his planting of the colony of Maryland; a largely 
 Catholic colony, and from 1808 the seat of an archbishop ranking 
 as primate of the United States; a city of commerce and wealth; of 
 social refinement and art interest; and of libraries, institutes, and 
 colleges. The planting here of the Johns Hopkins University in 
 1876 fitly completed the distinction of Baltimore as a culture-capital 
 to the South Atlantic region, such as Boston is to New England. 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons, American Cathohc Archbishop 42 215 
 
 Daniel C. Gilman, President of Johns Hopkins University 42 218 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe's later life aud death at Baltimore 43 433 
 
 Sidney Lanier, lecturer of great distinction on English literature, at the 
 
 Johns Hopkins University, 1879-81 43 326 
 
 B. L. Gildersleeve, eminent classical scholar, Johns Hopkins University 
 
 professor of Greek, author of important works 42 217 
 
 Herbert B. Adams, Johns Hopkins professor of history, author and 
 
 editor of valuable historical studies 42 5 
 
 E. C. Stedman's < Nature and Elements of Poetry, > a Johns Hopkins 
 
 University course of lectures 35 13S58 
 
CCCXXX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Berlin: the third largest city of Europe; the seat of the 
 greatest of German universities; capital of Prussia, where the 
 Prussian Landtag meets; capital also, since 1871, of the German 
 Empire, where the German Reichstag meets; and the chief resi- 
 dence of the Emperor of Germany; is situated in the midst of the 
 low-lying sandy flats of Brandenburg, in the very heart of Ger- 
 many. Originally a fishing village on a low elevation above 
 surrounding swamp, it grew under the Elector Frederick William 
 (1640-88), who brought separate duchies together to form Prussia, 
 with Berlin as the capital. Under Frederick the Great the popu- 
 lation reached nearly 150,000; and from 18 15 it has expanded to 
 a great commercial centre, seat of imperial as well as state gov- 
 ernment, unsurpassed home of the arts and sciences, and brilliant 
 capital of the culture of Europe, with a population approaching 
 1,800,000. 
 
 Residence of Voltaire at the court of Frederick II 38 15452 
 
 Alexander von Humboldt, the Nestor of scientific investigators in Eu- 
 rope 19 7770 14 2 278 
 
 William von Humboldt, eminent as a diplomat, scientist, and humanist. 42 278 
 Fichte received at Berlin when driven from Jena by a charge of Atheism . 1 4 5674 
 
 Hegel, professor at Berlin in the chair of Fichte 18 7177 
 
 The Brothers Grimm, professors at Berlin from 1840 17 6733 
 
 Mommsen's brilliant work as professor of Ancient History at Berlin 
 
 from 1858 43 387 
 
 Distinguished career at Berlin of Ernst Curtius as archaeologist. Royal 
 Academy secretary, conductor of scientific missions, and author 
 
 of a < History of Greece > 10 4241 ; 4 2 127 
 
 Great eminence of Rudolf Virchow in European medical science and 
 
 anthropology 43 549 
 
 Du Bois-Reymond's distinction in chemical, electrical, and physiolog- 
 ical science 42 153 
 
 David Kalisch, founder at Berlin of Kladderadatsch, the Prussian 
 
 Punch 43 296 
 
 Bokhara: a city of Central Asia; its centre of religious life, 
 and most important commercial town; celebrated for its vast 
 number of schools, its 80 colleges and 5,000 students, and its 
 mosques said to be 365 in number. Embattled mud walls over 
 twenty feet high, and pierced by eleven gates, extend around it, eight 
 or nine miles. Its slave markets; its manufacture of silks, woolens, 
 and swords; and its immense bazaars, filled with the richest wares 
 of Europe and of Asia, give it notable Asiatic distinction. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXXi 
 
 Bokhara, a world centre in Baber's time 3 1141 
 
 Lansdell's < Russian Central Asia' and < Chinese Central Asia* 43 326 
 
 Vambery 's < Travels in Central Asia, > < Sketches of Central Asia, > 
 
 and < History of Bokhara > 43 541 
 
 Bologna: one of the most ancient and famous cities of Italy; 
 the seat in the eleventh century of the oldest modern university ; 
 first organized as an association of students gathered to hear lec- 
 tures on Roman law by the famous Irnerius and his successors. 
 It was about the year 11 13 that Irnerius commenced to lecture 
 on the Civil Law at Bologna, with special reference to the appli- 
 cation of the codes of Theodosius and Justinian to secular mat- 
 ters. To this instruction there was soon added study of the 
 canon law, especially the exposition of the *^Decretuin *^ of Gra- 
 tian, which came out in 1151. In 11 58, Frederick I. granted the 
 professors and scholars certain special privileges and immunities. 
 The earliest organization was that of the students into guilds, for 
 association and self -protection, the guilds representing different 
 nationalities. It is said that about the year 1200 there were 
 some 10,000 students at Bologna, mostly of mature years, and 
 engaged with only two branches of study, the civil law and the 
 canon law. About this time, however, the two faculties of medi- 
 cine and the arts were formed, and both developed by a succes- 
 sion of able teachers. The teaching of theology was undertaken 
 by the Dominicans, and in the year 1360 Pope Innocent VI. 
 recognized the degree-conferring power of the university for 
 theology. In 1371, a report to the Pope mentioned, as receiving 
 pay for teaching, twelve professors of civil law, six of canon 
 law, six of medicine, and one of surgery, two of logic, and one 
 each of astrology, rhetoric, and the duties of a notary. Dis- 
 tinctly organized « colleges » were first established at Bologna in 
 the fourteenth century, for the benefit of foreign students in ne- 
 cessitous circumstances. One such was founded February 1256, 
 the date of the founding of the Sorbonne in Paris. A Spanish 
 college founded in 1364, for twenty-four Spanish scholars and two 
 chaplains, still exists. 
 
 Guinicelli, a poet at Bologna of importance for his influence upon 
 
 Dante ^^ 2 239 
 
 Copernicus, a student at Bologna in 1496 10 4041 
 
 Carducci, Italy's greatest poet, a professor at Bologna 8 3208 
 
CCCXXxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Boston: the representative city of New England; founded in 
 1630 by a large colony of rigidly Puritan members of the Church 
 of England, who came to America to escape persecution for their 
 efforts to simplify the worship, purify the faith, and revive the 
 spiritual life of the mother church. As churchmen of great zeal, 
 with no thought of separating Church and State, they made at 
 first a scandalous exhibition of legalized and enforced worship 
 and custom, and of excessive superstition and want of enlighten- 
 ment, but were ultimately driven to concede liberty, and with 
 lapse of time passed from orthodox rigor to heterodox liberalism 
 and broad advance in every form of culture. The old churches 
 of the earliest Puritan days became Unitarian, as did the West- 
 minster Assembly Presbyterian churches of Cromwell's time in 
 England; and still later th'e oldest church remaining orthodox, 
 and the most notable Episcopal church of the city, conspicuously 
 represented new-departure liberalism not counted as heterodox. 
 
 The early founding by Boston and the Massachusetts colony 
 of Harvard College initiated developments of education, science, 
 literature, art, charity, hardly paralleled by any centre of culture 
 anywhere in the world; and in every great period of political 
 development in America, Boston has stood conspicuously and 
 effectively at the very front. 
 
 John Cotton, Puritan minister of the First Church 42 122 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, January 16, 1706. ...... 15 5925-37; 42 200 
 
 Rufus Choate and the Boston bar 9 3652 
 
 Career of Margaret Fuller 15 6121 
 
 Notable career of Theodore Parker as a radical preacher and reformer. 2 8 11074 
 
 Brilliant career of Wendell Phillips as an orator and reformer 43 428 
 
 T. W. Parsons's distinction as a poet and translator of Dante 28 11117 
 
 Dr. O. W. Holmes, the most famous poet and wit of Boston in the 
 
 last half of the century 42 270 
 
 Brilliant pulpit career of Phillips Brooks 6 2417 
 
 John Boyle O'Reilly as editor and poet 27 10858 
 
 T. B. Aldrich's literary connection with Boston i 312 
 
 Brussels : the capital of Belgium, and one of the finest cities 
 in Europe. It is in part a French city in speech, but very largely 
 Flemish, and to no small extent English. Under Charles V. it was 
 made the court-residence in the Netherlands; and under Philip 
 II. and the Duke of Alva was the chief seat of the Revolution 
 against Spain, and of the Spanish atrocities. It suffered again in 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXXiii 
 
 the wars of Spain against Louis XIV., and in that of Austria 
 against Louis XV. Its better fortunes came under Maria Theresa. 
 After a century of vicissitudes, 1 695-1 794, it was in the posses- 
 sion of France until 181 4; was then united with Holland until 
 1830, when it became the capital of an independent Belgium. 
 
 The Belgian literary centre 13 5189 
 
 Louis Hymans, distinguished at Brussels as a journalist and historian. 4 2 281 
 
 Louis J. Alvin, chief librarian of the Royal Library 42 16 
 
 ;6mile Greyson, a Belgian poet, novelist, and essayist, and a high 
 
 educational official 42 233 
 
 Cairo : See under Bagdad. 
 
 Cambridge [England]: one of the great English seats of in- 
 struction in culture; its earliest possession of the characteristics 
 of a university dating from 1233; its oldest college, Peterhouse, 
 established in 1286; nearly twenty colleges founded between 1250 
 and 1600, each a corporation of teachers and students, and their 
 union constituting the university. Each college has its fellows, 
 its scholars, and its undergraduate students, engaged in either 
 teaching or study, under regulations fixed by the university as a 
 supreme governing and degree-conferring body. The traditions 
 of Latin ecclesiasticism, which greatly hindered educational ad- 
 vance down to a very recent time, have been exchanged within 
 the last half century for broad attention to science, literature, and 
 free research. The student body numbers about 3,000 and the 
 fellows and scholars between eight and nine hundred. In the 
 long course of English intellectual development Cambridge has at 
 times notably represented freedom of learning arrd wealth of 
 thought, in contrast with conservative rigor of tradition and 
 poverty of instruction at Oxford. 
 
 Atkinson's history of the town and university 45 365 
 
 Samuel Pepys's Library and Manuscript Diary at Magdalene College . 2 8 11285-87 
 
 Seven years' life of John Milton at Cambridge 25 10037; 4 3 3^4 
 
 Career at Cambridge of Sir Isaac Newton 27 10620 
 
 Distinction of the poet Gray 16 6624 
 
 Charles Darwin's study at Cambridge to become a clergyman 11 4385 
 
 Sir Robert Ball, professor of Astronomy at Cambridge 42 39 
 
 Edmund Gosse, lecturer on Literature at Cambridge 16 6566 
 
 Charles Waldstein, university professor at Cambridge, author of im- 
 portant Greek studies 43 556 
 
CCCXXxiv OUT1.1NE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Cambridge [America] : the university suburb of Boston, 
 founded in 1630 by Puritan Englishmen, a large proportion of 
 whom were from the region of old Cambridge in England, under 
 leaders who were Cambridge graduates; the oldest and most com- 
 plete seat of thorough culture in America; in the elevation, re- 
 finement, and vigor of its teaching and influences at the head of 
 the American university system; and, with Boston, as comprehen- 
 sively a great centre of culture as any in the \vorld. 
 
 John Eliot's Indian Bible printed at Cambridge in 1661-63 42 166 
 
 Increase Mather, president of Harvard University, 1685-1701 43 373 
 
 Abiel Holmes, pastor of the old First Church, author of valuable 
 
 <Annals of America ^ 42 270 
 
 John Quincy Adams, professor of oratory at Harvard, sixth President 
 
 of the United States i 136 
 
 Josiah Quincy, president of Harvard University, 1829-45 ; author of 
 
 < History of Harvard University > 43 448 
 
 George Ticknor, professor of modern languages at Harvard, 1819-35 ; 
 
 author of < History of Spanish Literature * 43 526 
 
 John Gorham Palfrey, professor at Harvard University, 1830-39; 
 
 author of the standard < History of New England > 43 414 
 
 James Walker, president Harvard University, 1853-60; a notable pul- 
 pit orator and philosophical writer 43 557 
 
 Edward Everett as Greek professor at Harvard University awakened 
 
 great interest in Hellenic studies 42 175 
 
 C. C. Felton, Greek professor at Harvard University from 1834; pres- 
 ident, 1860-62; author of < Greece, Ancient and Modern > 42 183 
 
 E. A. Sophocles, notable scholar, and professor of Byzantine and 
 modern Greek at Harvard University, 1830-60; author of < Greek 
 Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods > 43 500 
 
 Joseph E. Worcester, eminent author of a standard English Diction- 
 ary ; settled at Cambridge, 1820-65 43 584 
 
 Eminence in botanical science of Asa Gray, a leading American 
 
 scientist; Harvard University professor from 1842 42 230 
 
 Very great distinction of Agassiz, the Swiss-American naturalist ; pro- 
 fessor in Harvard University from 1848; founder of the great 
 Museum of Comparative Zoology i 212; 42 7 
 
 Literary and university career of the poet Longfellow 23 9144 
 
 The literary, university, and diplomatic career of the poet, critic, and 
 
 essayist, James Russell Lowell 23 9229 
 
 Distinction of Josiah Parsons Cooke as a Harvard University pro- 
 fessor of chemistry, and author of important text-books ... 4 2 119; 44 247 
 
 Short settlement at Cambridge of Arthur Hugh Clough 9 3827 
 
 Justin Winsor, Harvard University librarian, 1877-97; author of 
 
 works of high authority on American history 43 580 
 
 Ekiucational and liberal religious distinction of Joseph Henry Allen; 
 
 notable church history work .42 14 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXXV 
 
 Dr. Elisha Mulford's death at Cambridge while professor of Divinity 
 
 in the Episcopal Divinity School 26 10415-24; 43 394 
 
 Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University 42 166 
 
 Charles Eliot Norton, a representative Cambridge scholar, university 
 
 professor, and critical essayist 43 406 
 
 Notable distinction of Alexander Agassiz in completion of the museum 
 
 of Comparative Zoology founded by his father 42 6 
 
 Charles R. Lanman, eminent American Sanskrit scholar at Harvard 
 
 University 43 326 
 
 Distinction in botanical science at Harvard University of George L. 
 
 Goodale 42 225 
 
 Albert Bushnell Hart, professor of History at Harvard University, 
 
 author or editor of important works' 42 250 
 
 R. Josiah Royce, Haryard University professor of the History of 
 
 Philosophy .43 47i 
 
 Ephraim Emerton, professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Uni- 
 versity since 1882 42 169 
 
 Nathaniel S. Shaler, professor of Geology at Harvard University, and 
 
 author of popular science works 43 491 
 
 Intense intellectual activity in Harvard University 6 2417 
 
 Chicago: the commercial capital of the great Northwest, — 
 that vast territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi 
 on which the famous Ordinance of 1787 impressed slavery exclu- 
 sion, and out of which were formed the states whose weight in 
 the great Civil War gave the North decisive superiority; in con- 
 centration in its population of the best native and foreign elements; 
 in amazingly rapid increase of its numbers; in the extent and 
 number of its connections with a vast western world of trade 
 and travel; and in the variety and strength of its energies, not 
 merely for business and industry, but for culture and higher 
 progress, a truly continental city, more likely than any other to 
 overtake the expansion of London, and to be the central mart of 
 the American continent. If it has given but one name of notable 
 creative genius to literature, that of a Shakespeare of tender and 
 humorous verse for children, it yet has shown in the White City 
 of the World's Fair promise of equality for its future with the 
 fairest capitals of art and letters and refinement known to his- 
 tory. 
 
 Distinction in genius, national reputation as a poet and humorist, 
 and unsurpassed excellence in poems for children, of Eugene 
 Field 14 5687; 42 187 
 
CCCXXXvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Christiania : the capital and most considerable port, emporium 
 of internal trade, seat of university instruction, art, and literary 
 centre of Norway. An ancient capital, Opslo, dating from 1058, 
 is now one of the suburbs of the later city founded in 1624 by 
 Christian IV. The fiord at the head of which it stands conducts 
 to the sea, a distance of eighty miles. 
 
 Birth, education, and career of Dr. Nansen, Norwegian Arctic explorer. 27 10555 
 
 Constantinople : the city of Constantine and of East Roman 
 Empire from 328-330 A. D. ; and of Greek Christian Empire from 
 395 A. D., when Theodosius the Great divided the Roman Em- 
 pire to his two sons, Honorius in the West, and Arcadius in the 
 East. The plan of Constantine to make a New Rome was exe- 
 cuted by extensive rebuilding of Byzantium, which dated from 
 667 B. C, and had long been an important seat of commerce. 
 The dedication by Constantine of his New Rome to the Virgin 
 Mary took place May 11, 330, and the final conquest by Moham- 
 med II., extinguishing the Greek Christian Empire, was on the 
 29th of May, 1453. 
 
 No more commanding and advantageous site has ever served 
 as a capital of empire, or suffered under degradation like that of 
 government by Moslem Turks. Dark as in many respects the 
 story of Byzantine or Greek Empire was, yet the bulwark which 
 it formed for many centuries against barbarian invasion of 
 Europe, and the missions by which it disseminated Christianity 
 among Russian and other Slavonic peoples of eastern Europe, 
 contributed most notably to European culture; and when con- 
 quest took place, first by Latin Christians in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, and finally by the Turks, the result to Latin Christendom, 
 mainly by way of Italy, was dissemination of Greek knowledge 
 of art in the cities of Italy, and of Greek learning and manu- 
 scripts, Greek teachers and library treasures, to western scholars, 
 with the effect of that marvelous awakening to new interest in 
 literature, which is known as the Revival of Learning. 
 
 Constantinople suffered its first great siege in 626 A. D., when 
 a Persian host unsuccessfully stormed its walls. 
 
 Finlay's great historical work, the chief authority for the story of 
 
 Greek Empire at Constantinople 42 189 
 
 Gibbon's < Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, > covering the his- 
 tory of Constantinople 42 215 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXXvii 
 
 Montesquieu's < Considerations on the Greatness and Decay of the 
 
 Romans> 43 38(); 44 loi 
 
 Proclus, a Neo-Platonic philosopher of Constantinople (412-485 A. D.), 
 author of mathematical and philosophical works which have come 
 down to us 43 44i 
 
 Procopius, an eminent Greek historian ; author of < Books about the 
 Wars,* Persian, Vandal, and Gothic; private secretary to the 
 Emperor Justinian's prefect of Constantinople, Belisarius 43 441 
 
 Michael Constantine Psellus, notable at Constantinople as « prince of 
 the philosophers, » author of mathematical, philosophical, and 
 other writings 43 443 
 
 A concise history of Constantinople from 602-770, by Nicephorus (died 
 
 828) ; distinguished for accuracy and erudition 43 403 
 
 Du Cange's < History of the Empire of Constantinople under the 
 
 Frank Emperors > (French, 1657) 42 153 
 
 < Constantinople, > by De Amicis i 455-58 ; 4 2 17 
 
 Copenhagen: the capital and commercial centre of Denmark; 
 the seat of a university founded in 1479 ^^^ reconstituted in 
 1788; extraordinarily rich in libraries, Scandinavian antiquities, 
 and art collections, the works especially of Thorwaldsen. The 
 original settlement in the twelfth century became a great resort 
 for merchants. For nearly 300 years the village and castle were 
 the property of a bishopric. It was in 1443 that the bishopric 
 relinquished it to the state to be made the seat of royal residence 
 and the capital of the kingdom. 
 
 Unsurpassed dramatic distinction of Holberg 18 7413 ; 42 269 
 
 Ewald, foremost of Danish lyric poets, and the great poetic figure of 
 
 Denmark between Holberg and Oehlenschlager 14 5614; 42 176 
 
 The Danish poet, notable prose-writer, and director of the National 
 
 Theatre, Baggesen 3 1235 14235 
 
 Petersen's numerous works on Norse languages, mythology, and 
 
 literature 43 425 
 
 Hauch, eminent Danish poet, professor in the University of Copen- 
 hagen 42 252 
 
 Literary career of the Danish poet Hertz 18 7317 ; 42 262 
 
 Great distinction of Oehlenschlager as a poet, dramatist, and univer- 
 sity professor 27 10750 ; 4 3 407 
 
 Distinction as a Danish poet of Paludan-Miiller 28 11017; 43 415 
 
 Career of the Danish Jew, journalist, and novelist, Goldschmidt 
 
 16 6493 ; 4 2 223 
 
 Exile of Brandes from Copenhagen to Berlin in 1877 on account of 
 
 antagonism to his radical utterances 5 2301 ; 42 72 
 
 Drachmann, an art student at Copenhagen 12 4841 ; 42 151 
 
 22 
 
cccxxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 Cordova: a city of Roman and Moorish Spain; now in large 
 part in decay. Its walls, Roman in foundation and Moorish in 
 superstructure, enclose a very large area, from much of which 
 the ruins of houses have been cleared away and gardens made. 
 The old royal palace is in ruins. The cathedral, originally a 
 mosque, still presents in its interior one of the most beautiful 
 specimens in Europe of Moorish architecture. Measuring 395 
 feet one way and 356 the other, it is divided by a wilderness of 
 magnificent pillars into nineteen aisles lengthwise of the building 
 and twenty-nine crosswise. The unique magnificence of the 
 original has been greatly injured by Christian alterations. Cor- 
 dova was the first Roman colony in Spain, about 152 A. D. As 
 a Gothic city its bishop was the presiding officer of the famous 
 Council of Nicaea. Under the Moors it became their capital and 
 was of great extent and magnificence. 
 
 University and free schools founded at Cordova under Arab auspices. 2 671 
 
 Dublin : the principal city of Ireland; beautifully built; mag- 
 nificent in parks, environs, and its fine bay; the seat of one of 
 the best teaching universities in Europe; and celebrated for the 
 number of its sons notable for genius in literature, science, poli- 
 tics, and law. Its Protestant St. Patrick's Cathedral was founded 
 in 1 190, and restored in 1865. The smaller but more beautiful 
 Christ Church Cathedral dates as a church from 1038, and as a 
 cathedral from 1541. 
 
 Eminence in powerful literary appeal and Irish sympathy of Jonathan 
 
 Swift, at Dublin 36 14264 
 
 Edmund Burke born in Dublin 42 83 
 
 Distinction of Grattan as an Irish parliamentary orator 16 6615 
 
 Birth at Dublin of Thomas Moore, May 28, 1779 43 390 
 
 Career of Charles Lever, novelist of Irish soldier life 23 9025 
 
 Literary distinction of R. C. Trench, archbishop of Dublin, 1864-86.. 4 3 531 
 
 Literary and university distinction of J. P. Mahaffy 24 9570; 43 362 
 
 Edward Dowden's career as a writer on English literature, and uni- 
 versity professor 12 4806 ; 42 151 
 
 Excellence of the popular Irish idyls, sketches, and stories, of Jane 
 
 Barlow, daughter of a Dublin University professor 4 1543; 42 42 
 
 Edinburgh: Scotland's most notable city; a place of great 
 natural charm; of intense historic interest from the dramas of 
 intrigue, conflict, blood, and sorrow of which it has been the 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXXxix 
 
 scene; from its many memories of literature, science, education, 
 and personal distinction; and not least from the use made of its 
 history and its scenes by the most famous of its sons, Sir Walter 
 Scott. It was made a burgh or borough in 1329 by Robert 
 Bruce, with a port at Leith on the sea two miles distant; be- 
 came the Scotch capital, the meeting place of Parliament in the 
 fifteenth century; entered with the birth of Queen Mary on its 
 greatest historic period; saw John Knox rise to Reformation fame 
 in 1560, and Mary of Scots appear from France the next year 
 for the tragedies of her career; and in 1603 sent her king to 
 succeed Queen Elizabeth on the throne of England. Her univer- 
 sity, founded in 1583, became, in the early part of the eighteenth 
 century, one of the most important centres of medical study in 
 Europe, while Burns, Hume, Adam Smith, Sir Walter Scott, and 
 the Edinburgh Review, attested the splendor of her part in Eng- 
 lish literature. In the house duties which it pays Edinburgh 
 stands next to London, and as a place of residence it is the most 
 important for shopkeeping interests out of London. Its greatest 
 industries are the making and publishing of books and the brew- 
 ing of the famous Scotch ale. It is a great railway centre, and 
 its insurance companies are among the largest in the world. 
 
 John Knox, Scotland's famous Puritan preacher, co-worker with John 
 
 Calvin in dogmatic teaching and church reformation 43 310 
 
 Robert Fergusson, as a Scotch poet one of the forerunners of Burns. .42 183 
 
 Allan Ramsay's Lowland Scotch dialect pastoral poem, < The Gentle 
 
 Shepherd > 30 12061 ; 43 450 
 
 William Robertson, a Scotch historian, ranked, while he lived, with 
 
 Gibbon and Hume 43 461 
 
 David Hume, an English-Scotch historian and philosopher of perma- 
 nent distinction as a thinker 19 7777-81 ; 42 279 
 
 Adam Smith, celebrated for his advocacy of free trade as the road 
 
 to wealth for all nations 34 13519-23 ; 4 3 496 
 
 Dugald Stewart, a celebrated Scotch philosopher who followed Thomas 
 Reid, of Glasgow, in advocating common-sense belief against Ber- 
 keley and Hume 43 507 
 
 Hugh Blair, a notably eloquent Scotch preacher, author of the long 
 
 popular < Blair's Rhetoric > 42 62 
 
 Mark Akenside, a student at Edinburgh, gave up theology for medicine, i 252 
 
 Scott's < The Heart of Midlothian > 44 152 
 
 Francis Jeffrey, a famous Scotch critic, one of the founders of the 
 
 Edinburgh Review 42 289 
 
 Mrs. Oliphant's <William Blackwood and his Sons: their Magazine 
 
 and Friends > 44 4 
 
cccxl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 « Christopher North >> (John Wilson), from 1817 the chief editor of 
 Blackwood; and from 1820 professor of Moral Philosophy in the 
 University 39 16032 ; 43 578 
 
 James Grant's < Old and New Edinburgh > 42 229 
 
 Sir Daniel Wilson's < Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time,> and 
 
 < Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh > 43 578 
 
 Sir Alexander Grant, principal of the University of Edinburgh, 1868- 
 
 84; author of < The S\ory of the University of Edinburgh > 42 229 
 
 Robert Louis Stevenson, famous Scotch novelist, author of < Edin- 
 burgh: Picturesque Notes > 35 13927-35 ; 4 3 506 
 
 Literary distinction of the Scotch novelist Miss Ferrier 14 5649 
 
 Balfour Stewart, an eminent Scotch physicist of Edinburgh birth. . . .43 506 
 
 Florence : the most important and splendid city of Italy, 
 apart from the historical and monumental interest of Rome; was 
 the provisional capital of the united kingdom from 1864 to 187 1, 
 and grew in consequence to nearly double its former extent. It 
 rose to importance as a free city when its jurisdiction became 
 the prerogative of the Roman Pope, in the eleventh century. It 
 was already famous for its guilds of workers in gold and jew- 
 elry, and its extensive trade in both France and England. The 
 connection with Rome involved it in wars with the Emperor, 
 and from 1215 this unfortunate situation was aggravated by ex- 
 cessive party conflicts between the great families arrayed on one 
 side or the other, and the parties led by such families, until, 
 finally, after more than three centuries of magnificent energies 
 spent in struggles for power, with interhides of peace and splen- 
 did progress, the Pope and the Emperor united in 1529-30 to 
 overthrow the republican form of government and give the sov- 
 ereignty to a grand duke. During the previous hundred years 
 the famous Medici family had brilliantly promoted the glory of 
 the city by their patronage of art and literature ; and Savonarola's 
 career had added not the least of the tragedies which are a part 
 of the dramatic story of Florence. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccac- 
 cio, the greatest initiators of literature in Italy, were of Flor- 
 entine extraction. The awakening of Europe to new Greek 
 learning and broad human interest was begun in Florence. 
 
 As early as 1400 A. D. Florence had become one of the fore- 
 most cities of the world for silk and woolen goods, and as a 
 centre of banking operations. The merchants of Florence had 
 agencies in London and several other towns of England to collect 
 papal dues, buy wool of some 200 monasteries, conduct banking. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxH 
 
 and lend money. Known as Lombards they left the name in 
 Lombard Street, where the banking business of London still 
 centres. The tremendous wealth of the Medici family was that 
 of an immense international bank, and from the capital accumu- 
 lated in Florence the chief sovereigns of Europe were supplied 
 with funds. Six hundred years ago, in 1298, the foundations of 
 the Duomo or Cathedral of Florence were laid, the dome of which, 
 by Brunelleschi, is one of the supreme architectural achievements 
 of all time. The final execution of the fagade of this monu- 
 mental structure was celebrated in 1878. No school of Italian 
 art equals in importance that of Florence. Her collections and 
 her historical monuments are of unsurpassed interest. Like 
 Athens in its delightful climate and the charm of the country 
 around it, it is nearer to Athens than any other city of the world 
 as a home of art and a foundation of culture. Dante stands over 
 against Homer, and Michael Angelo against Pheidias. The torch 
 of Greek light passed from Constantinople to Europe through 
 Florence ; and Humanism set out thence on its benificent mission 
 to theologies darkened by superstition and churches dechristian- 
 ized by persecution of new thought. 
 
 Dante's birth and life 8 3252 
 
 <The History of Florence,* written by Bruni, a noted Italian humanist 
 
 (1369-1444) 42 80 
 
 Napier's < Florentine History from the Earliest Authentic Records >. .43 401 
 
 Savonarola, martyr-reformer at Florence (1498) 43 481 
 
 Masterly < History of Savonarola and his Times, > by Villari 43 547 
 
 Birth at Florence, and eminent public service of Machiavelli 24 9479-80 
 
 Connection of Michel Angelo with Florence 25 9977 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini, born at Florence in 1500 8 3371 ; 42 100 
 
 Sismondi on the ruin of its Republic in 1530 34 13481-86 
 
 Yriarte's study of Florence in her palmy days 45 494 
 
 Herman Grimm's sketch of Florence 17 6725-32 
 
 Anatole France's <The Red Lily > presents a picture of Florence 15 5910 
 
 Robert Browning in Florence 10 4237 
 
 Edmondo de Amicis, manager of a newspaper at Florence i 454 
 
 Geneva [Switzerland]: a famous theological, literary, and 
 scientific centre; the home of John Calvin from 1536 to his death 
 in 1564; the scene of the burning of Servetus at the stake for 
 denial of the tenets of orthodoxy; in a later time the birthplace 
 of Rousseau, and later still a principal European seat of extreme 
 liberalism in religion; now celebrated for a theatre, opened in 
 
CCCxlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 1879, which ranks next in size and magnificence to the Paris 
 Opera and the Court-theatre of Vienna. 
 
 Carteret's novel descriptive of Genevese customs 42 96 
 
 Made by John Calvin a centre of extreme Protestant dogmatic orthodoxy .42 89 
 
 Distinguished career of John Calvin as a Reformer and theologian. .8 31 18 
 
 Servetus burned as a heretic at the instance of John Calvin 43 490 
 
 Giordano Bruno thrown into prison on account of his religious opinions . 6 2613 
 
 Glasgow: the most populous city in Great Britain next to 
 London; the chief industrial centre of Scotland; its prosperity 
 dating from the opening up by the Union of 1707 of an immense 
 prospect of trade with America; its shallow river converted by 
 gigantic engineering into a deep water channel and extensive har- 
 bor; and its ship-building yards unsurpassed for production of 
 the, largest and most perfect examples of naval architecture. 
 The Glasgow Cathedral stands on the very spot where about 560 
 A. D. a little wooden church was built as the seat of a mission 
 to convert the Celts of Strathclyde. The university was founded 
 in 1450; and in 1864-70 was rebuilt on a new site. 
 
 Robert Macnish, a noted Scotch medical author and essayist; a con- 
 tributor to Blackwood's and Eraser's magazines 43 361 
 
 Francis Hutcheson, university professor of moral philosophy in Glas- 
 gow; one of the founders of modern philosophy in Scotland 42 280 
 
 Thomas Campbell, celebrated Scottish poet of Glasgow birth 42 91 
 
 Alexander Bain, university professor at Glasgow 42 37 
 
 John Stuart Blackie, famous Scotch professor of Greek, born in Glas- 
 gow 42 61 
 
 Norman Macleod, eminent Scottish divine, editor of Good Words. . . .43 361 
 
 William Black, famous novelist and journalist of Glasgow birth 42 61 
 
 Herat : the capital of the most westerly of the three divi- 
 sions of Afghanistan, and one of the principal marts of Central 
 Asia. The exceedingly rich valley in which it is situated, with 
 a remarkably well-executed system of irrigation, make it the gar- 
 den and granary of the Northwest Afghan and adjoining Turko- 
 man country. The extreme antiquity of Herat is marked by a 
 colossal earthwork enclosing a quadrangle of nearly a mile square. 
 This wall of earth averages 250 feet wide at the base and about 
 fifty feet in height, and on it is built a wall fourteen feet thick 
 at the base and twenty-five feet high. The present city is in 
 large part one of ruin and desolation, and excessively filthy, with 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxliii 
 
 the exception of its street of bazaars. Its great mosque, covering 
 an area of 800 yards square, and a most magnificent structure 
 before it began to fall into ruin, attests the former greatness 
 of the place, when it was the royal seat of the descendants of 
 Timur. 
 
 The most magnificent and refined city of the world in Baber's time. 3 1141 
 Jami, the last of Persia's classical poets, known to Europe as the 
 
 Persian Petrarch, died in Herat 1492 4 2 287 
 
 Leyden : the most famous of Dutch historic towns; raised to 
 distinction by the heroic defense against Spanish siege which its 
 citizens made from October 1573 to October 1574; the seat of 
 a noble university, founded in 1575 by William of Orange in 
 honor of its citizen defenders; during the years 1609-20 the place 
 of residence of the English exiles who became the Pilgrim 
 Fathers of the settlement of New England in America; and in 
 the same period the arena of remonstrance against rigid Calvin- 
 ism by moderate liberals known as Arminians, with extreme per- 
 secuting violence aroused against the liberal leaders, of whom 
 Barneveld was judicially murdered, Grotius condemned to im- 
 prisonment, and all liberal preachers driven into exile. In recent 
 times the university has enjoyed European distinction as the seat 
 of a Dutch school of advanced critical study of the Bible and of 
 the origins of Christianity. 
 
 John Robinson's church of English exiles at Leyden, 1609-20, — the 
 famous << Pilgrim Fathers >> of the Mayflower who landed at Ply- 
 mouth Rock, and made the earliest settlement of New England. 44 127 
 
 Hasebroek, a Dutch preacher and poet, author of < Jonathan's Truths 
 
 and Dreams > 42 251 
 
 Nickolaas Godfried von Kampen, university professor at Leyden, and 
 
 author of historical works of European reputation 42 296 
 
 Lisbon : the historic capital of Portugal ; with one of the 
 finest harbors in the world, large enough to hold all the navies of 
 Europe; and occupying a site surpassed in beauty by only two 
 other cities of Europe, Constantinople and Naples; the scene in 
 1755 of an earthquake which within less than ten minutes destroyed 
 property to the value of nearly $100,000,000, and killed between 
 30,000 and 40,000 persons. Its finest structure is the monastery 
 and church of Belem, erected as a monument to the great 
 
CCCxliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 seamen of Portugal. It was begun in 1500 on the spot from which 
 Vasco da Gama embarked in 1497 on the voyage by which he 
 succeeded in reaching India. New tombs to Da Gama, and to 
 Camoens, whose splendid epic celebrated Da Gama's success, were 
 placed in this church in 1880. 
 
 Ferreira's < Inez de Castro, > the second regular tragedy produced in 
 
 Europe 42 185 
 
 Camoens at the court of John III 8 3132; 42 90 
 
 Palmeirim, a popular poet at Lisbon, entitled the B6ranger of Portugal 43 415 
 
 London : the most considerable city of the world ; a place of 
 Roman occupation early in the first century of our era; from 369 
 to 412 a walled town held by the Romans as their capital in 
 Britain; after the Roman departure from Britain, of declining 
 importance until the modern London was founded by King Al- 
 fred in the last quarter of the ninth century. The reign of Edward 
 III. saw London already strong in wealth and prosperity. The 
 city proper of London, in distinction from the immense territory 
 and vast aggregate of population commonly known as London, 
 contains but 668 acres and barely 50,000 people resident in its 
 houses; while the popular London embraces over 75,000 acres and 
 has a population considerably exceeding 4,000,000. The reason 
 why the addition of suburbs did not proceed, as in most great 
 cities, was the extent to which immense ecclesiastical estates cov- 
 ered the greater part of these suburbs and resisted municipal 
 extension and improvement. In the Great Plague of 1665 the city 
 and suburbs lost a fifth of the population, 97,306, and in the 
 Great Fire of the next year, which raged for five days, fifteen 
 city wards were swept over and eight others damaged ; 396 acres 
 of houses, comprising 400 streets, 13,200 private houses, 88 
 churches, and St. Paul's Cathedral, were utterly consumed. From 
 the rebuilding which followed, the modem ^* city*^ or centre of the 
 great London dates. In its vast aggregate the larger London is 
 the greatest centre in the world of population, capital, activity 
 of every kind, political power and prestige, magnificent sover- 
 eignty, and intellectual distinction and achievements; and the 
 history of London surpasses every other in the variety and extent 
 of its contributions to human progress. 
 
 London in King Alfred's time i 390 
 
 Birth and life of Chaucer 9 3552-55 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST CCCxlv 
 
 Walter Besant's comprehensive history of London 45 556 
 
 Sir Thomas Gresham's effort to make it the European commercial 
 
 centre instead of Antwerp 45 556 
 
 The group of pre-Shakespearean dramatists, Peele, Nash, Greene, and 
 
 Marlowe 28 11258 
 
 Shakespeare's dramatic career in London, earliest creation of the 
 
 modern theatre 33 13168 
 
 Cordial reception of Giordano Bruno in London 6 2613 
 
 Dr. Thomas Campion, physician, poet, and musician 8 3184 
 
 Michael Drayton's career at London, 9 4877; his volume of spiritual 
 
 poems ordered destroyed by Archbishop Whitgift 12 4877 
 
 Ben Jonson, a typical Londoner all his life 21 8341 
 
 Thomas Dekker, the Dickens of London in the time of James 1 11 4521 
 
 Light thrown on the social life of London early in the seventeenth 
 
 century by Dekker's pamphlets and plays 11 4522 
 
 Faithful picture of life in London, given by the plays of Dekker, Hey- 
 
 wood, Middleton, and others 4 1679 
 
 Career of the dramatic poet and actor Thomas Heywood in Shakes- 
 peare's time 18 7345 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher at the Mermaid Inn 4 1675 
 
 Drummond of Hawthornden interviews Ben Jonson 12 4914 
 
 Thomas Fuller on London 15 6135 
 
 Every phase of London life for the years 1659-69 touched on in 
 
 Pepys's Diary 28 11287 
 
 Evelyn's story of the Great Fire in London 14 5597 
 
 ^Old Time London, > by W. Besant, the first part of a great work on 
 
 London 4 1840 
 
 Addison's literary career in London ........ i 155-58 
 
 Daniel Defoe's notable career as a journalist and novelist 11 4479-84 
 
 Dr. Isaac Watts, pastor in London 38 15717 
 
 Long visit of Montesquieu in London i 362 
 
 The philosopher Berkeley alarmed at the prospect of the ruin of 
 
 Great Britain 4 1802 
 
 London merely an aggregation of villages in Fielding's time 14 5698 
 
 Distinction of Samuel Johnson as one of the greatest figures of Brit- 
 ish literature 21 8283 ; 42 291 
 
 Immense dramatic success of Sheridan 34 133 18 
 
 Mark Akenside, a brilliant physician and poet i 253 
 
 Brilliant literary and social career of Horace Walpole . . . . 3 8 15565-67; 43 558 
 
 Thomas Chatterton's literary venture in London g 3541 
 
 Literary career of Oliver Goldsmith ...16 6501 
 
 Benjamin Franklin elected member of the Royal Society 15 5927 
 
 Brilliant parliamentary career of Edmund Burke \ .7 2779 
 
 Joel Barlow's residence in London 4 1558 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams's observations on London society i 100-09 
 
CCCxlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 William Blake, the poet, painter, and visionary 5 2041 
 
 Career of the literary statesman Canning 8 3189 
 
 Unsurpassed excellence of Praed as a writer of society verse 30 11757 
 
 Career of the humorist clergfyman, R. H. Barham 4 1505 
 
 Intellectual and social distinction of Sydney Smith in the early years 
 
 of Victoria 34 13557 
 
 Samuel Rogers, a London literary autocrat of the breakfast table for 
 
 over half a century 31 12345 
 
 Gerald Griffin's literary career 17 6699 
 
 Brilliant literary career of Maginn as editor of Eraser's Magazine . . .24 9564 
 The University of London, established through the direct agency of 
 
 the poet Campbell 8 3163 
 
 Brilliant career of Thomas Hood, as a London humorist and poet, .19 7589 
 
 The poet Wordsworth on < London, 1802 > 39 16215 
 
 The career of the Irish poet Moore in London from 1799 to 1852 ... .26 10272 
 Douglas Jerrold's career as a dramatist, journalist, and humorist . 2 i 8257, 8258 
 
 Leigh Hunt's literary career 19 7791-94 
 
 W. B. Jerrold, brilliant editor of Lloyd's newspaper 42 289 
 
 Religious and social career of F. D. Maurice from 1834 until 1866 .25 9829 
 
 Career of Samuel Lover with Irish sketches and novels 23 9217 
 
 Extraordinary eminence of Michael Faraday in electrical researches 
 
 at the Royal Institution in London 42 179; 44 128 
 
 The career of Charles Dickens, as humorist, novelist, and editor . . . , 1 1 4627 
 
 Henry Thomas Buckle, one of its great scholars 6 2673 
 
 His brilliant success with his < History of Civilization in England > 
 
 6 2674 ; 4 2 81 
 
 Herbert Spencer begins his great career in London (1848-98) 35 13708 
 
 Business and literary career of John Stuart Mill 25 10007-10 
 
 Brilliant succession of John Tyndall to Faraday at the Royal Institu- 
 tion 37 15141; 43 535 
 
 John Ramsay McCulloch, Scottish writer on statistics and political 
 
 ■ economy; university professor in London 43 358 
 
 Career in London of Procter, «The Beloved and Honored Barry 
 
 Cornwall » 3 o 11850 
 
 Career of George Henry Lewes, 1817-78 23 9037 
 
 George Eliot's career in London .13 5363 
 
 Distinction of Charles Reade in his purpose novels 31 12105 
 
 London life and English politics brilliantly depicted in Anthony 
 
 Trol lope's « Parliamentary Series » of novels 37 15034 
 
 Career of Dr. James Martineau in London from 1847 to 1887 24 9760 
 
 The Irish poet AUingham as editor of Eraser's Magazine i 430 
 
 Career in science of T. H. Huxley 19 7807-1 r 
 
 Literary career of Mathilde Blind 5 2075 
 
 Laurence Hutton's eminence as a journalist ; author of < Literary Land- 
 marks of London > 44 . 113 
 
 Sir John Lubbcx^k, London banker, scientist, and man of letters 23 9279 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxlvii 
 
 Mrs. Braddon's <Mohawks,> a superb study of life and of historical 
 
 characters in London in the time of Pope 5 2280 
 
 Rare charm of Miss Thackeray's < Little Scholars in the London 
 
 Schools > 31 12273 
 
 William Black, editor in London (1864-74) 5 1983 ; 42 61 
 
 Career of the Novelist, W. E. Norris 27 10685 
 
 W. E. Henley preeminently a poet of London streets and scenes ...18 7237 
 Story of the slums of London in <A Child of the Jago,* 44 151; a 
 
 less repulsive picture in Besant's < Children of Gibeon,> 44 149; 
 
 George Gissing's pictures of common life in London 45 496, 540 
 
 Arthur Morrison's < Tales' representing life in the slums 43 392 
 
 Nadal's (American) < Impressions of London Social Life> 45 513 
 
 Madrid : a centrally but otherwise poorly situated city of 
 vSpain; declared its capital by Philip II., in 1561, when it had a 
 population of 30,000. The picture gallery founded by Charles 
 III. is one of the finest in Europe; the opera house has the 
 same exceptional distinction; the bull ring owned by the pro- 
 vincial council seats 14,000; but the churches are mostly small 
 and insignificant. In its magnificent central avenues, handsome 
 squares, streets planted with trees, and numerous splendid build- 
 ings, Madrid presents a most attractive appefarance, and is one 
 of the beautiful capitals of Europe. 
 
 Alarcon y Mendoza, the last great dramatist of the old Spanish school, 
 
 creator of character comedy, in public office in Madrid, 1628-39,. 4 2 9 
 
 Gil y Zdrate, university professor and head of modern Spanish drama. 4 2 216 
 
 Gutierrez, a Spanish dramatist, immensely popular in Madrid 42 241 
 
 Alarcon y Ariza, notable in politics, journalism, and literature...! 262; 42 9 
 Angela Grassi's succession of brilliant novels widely read by the 
 
 middle classes 42 230 
 
 Barrantes, notable literary character at Madrid, from 1848 42 44 
 
 Echegaray's official and literary career 13 5101, 5102 
 
 Emilio Castelar, professor of history in the university of Madrid. . . .42 97 
 
 Madrid society as treated in Pereda's < La Montalvez' 29 11308 
 
 The city and its suburbs, the favorite scenes of Galdos's novels 15 6162 
 
 Manchester: a notable centre of English trade, the mart of 
 the most extensive manufacturing district in the world; not less 
 a principal city of the kingdom in strong interest in public 
 affairs; intensely democratic and radical; the chief seat of the 
 Victoria university, notable for giving science a large place in 
 its educational system; its Town Hall the finest in Europe, a 
 structure covering 8,648 square yards and costing $5,265,000. 
 Manchester was described in Queen Elizabeth's time as <* surpassing 
 
CCCxlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 neighbouring towns, ^^ and in 1724 as ^Uhe largest, most rich, pop- 
 ulous, and busy village in England,*^ with "trade incredibly- 
 large." It was here, shortly after the last date, that there began 
 in England the industrial revolution, caused by adoption of the 
 factory system. The steam engine, the canal, and the railway 
 were made to serve trade and commerce earlier here than any- 
 where else; and to-day a ship canal makes Manchester, thirty-one 
 miles east of Liverpool, an inland seaport. At no point in Eng- 
 land are knowledge and intellectual development more advanced 
 than in this great Lancashire mart of the British manufacture of 
 cotton, the political capital of the north of England. The intel- 
 lectual history of Manchester includes the story of Dalton, one of 
 the chief founders of modern chemistry, and the work of Joule, 
 one of the foremost English masters of physics. 
 
 Mrs. Gaskell's notable distinction as a novelist ; her < Mary Barton > a 
 
 picture of the dark side of Manchester factory life 15 6205 ; 4 2 209 
 
 Edwin Waugh's < Sketches of Lancashire Life and Localities,' and 
 
 <Home Life of the Lancashire Factory-Folk' 43 564 
 
 W. H. Ainsworth, a famous Manchester author, produced 250 popular 
 
 novels ^ I 235 1428 
 
 Mrs. Hodgson Burnett's early home, from which she came to America. 
 
 7 2809 ; 42 84 
 
 Moscow : Russian history shows five successive centres of 
 administration and development, — Kieff, Novgorod, Pskoff, Mos- 
 cow, and St. Petersburg. 
 
 Kieff, in the southwest, on the Dneiper, was founded in 864. 
 Here Russia's earliest saint, Vladimir, caused his people to be 
 baptized; here was the seat of the first Christian church, school, 
 and library, in Russia, when Constantinople sent missionaries to 
 convert the Slavs. For 376 years Kieff was an independent Rus- 
 sian city and capital, with more or less sovereignty over other 
 Russian centres. Its cathedral of St. Sophia, founded in 1037, 
 by Yaroslaff, is the oldest in the Russian Empire. Its chief mon- 
 astery, connected with which are catacombs containing many 
 tombs of famous saints, and visited every year by about 350,000 
 pilgrims, is the principal sacred place of Russian pilgrimage. 
 Mongol conquest subjected Kieff for eighty years, from 1240; then 
 for two hundred and forty-nine years it was a part of Lithuania, 
 and for ninety-nine years belonged to Poland. It was united to 
 Russia again in 1667. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCxlix 
 
 Novgorod, or *^ New-town, *^ represents early Slavonian settle- 
 ment as it advanced northward from Kieff. Its name refers to 
 the fact that it was founded later than the fort which first 
 served the settlers. It was here that the Slavonian population 
 invited Rurik and his companions to establish the Norse rule 
 which was the foundation of the Russian dynasty and state (in 
 862). A certain dependence on Kieff was long recognized, but 
 for five hundred years Novgorod maintained independent Home 
 Rule in Republican form on the basis of a charter granted by 
 its prince, in 997. Its situation on the great highway of com- 
 merce from Constantinople to the Scandinavian centres of trade 
 for all northern Europe enabled it to develop an immense trade, 
 and very great wealth, and to become a strong centre of coloniza- 
 tion to the North and East. It was strong enough to repel both 
 Swedish and German invasions, in 1240 and 1242, and to escape 
 Mongol conquest, which about 1240 overwhelmed Kieff and left 
 Novgorod its successor, for more than two hundred years, as the 
 chief city of Russia. From 1456 Moscow began its subjection, 
 and in great part its destruction, — a work which St. Petersburg 
 ultimately completed. 
 
 PsKOFF, originally a colony of Novgorod, ultimately became a 
 strong independent republic, and even more democratic than 
 Novgorod. The extensive trade which it secured made it a city 
 large enough to establish forty-two large and wealthy churches, 
 and numerous monasteries, and to enclose its various sections, 
 and even its suburbs, with strong walls, the ruins of which are 
 still to be seen. After the fall of Novgorod, in 1475, Pskoff 
 alone remained independent of Moscow, and this lasted only un- 
 til 15 10, when Moscow abolished its sovereignty, took away its 
 bell, gave its wealth to Moscow merchants settling there, and put 
 it under a Moscow governor. The last vestiges of its self-gov- 
 ernment were abolished at the end of the seventeenth century, 
 and from that time the ancient city fell into rapid decay. 
 
 Moscow became an important commercial city in the four- 
 teenth century, largely owing to its central position in the re- 
 gion where Russian nationality was first developed. About the 
 end of the fifteenth century no fewer than 18,000 of the richest 
 Novgorod merchant families, with the entire trade of that city, 
 were transported to Moscow and towns dependent on it. Upon 
 the conquest of Siberia its trade extended eastward to China, 
 
CCCl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and in the sixteenth century nearly the whole trade of Russia 
 was centred at Moscow, which became the great storehouse and 
 exchange-mart for the merchandise of Europe and Asia. Even 
 the opening of a port at St. Petersburg, which at first affected 
 Moscow unfavorably, did not prevent an enormous increase of 
 its Asiatic and internal trade. Peter the Great was driven to 
 seek a new capital by the antagonism which his reforming plans 
 excited in Moscow. It has remained the most venerated, and 
 in many respects the most considerable city of Russia. It is 
 second only to St. Petersburg as an industrial and manufactur- 
 ing centre; and is supremely important from its central position, 
 where the streams of Asiatic and European commerce meet. The 
 Kremlin or * Citadel '* of Moscow, a fortress enclosure dating from 
 1300, and encircled (in 1367) with stone walls, with eighteen 
 towers and five gates, has within it the grandest of Russian 
 cathedrals, built for the metropolitan of central Russia in 1326, 
 and rebuilt in 1475-79. Other buildings within the Kremlin en- 
 closure are two other cathedrals; numerous minor churches and 
 monasteries; the Ivan Veliki tower, 270 feet high, built in 1600 
 by Boris Godunoff; four palaces of special historic interest; the 
 arsenal; and the Hall of the Synod. To Russian traditional feel- 
 ing this fortress enclosure is the Holy City of the empire. Out- 
 side the Kremlin a colossal "Temple of the Saviour,'^ built to 
 commemorate 1812; an immense bazaar; museums, libraries, pic- 
 ture galleries, monasteries, and the university frequented by be- 
 tween 3,000 and 4,000 students, — not to speak of palaces and 
 monasteries in the suburbs, contribute to make ** Moscow the 
 Holy* to Russian feeling the real capital of the empire. 
 Bodenstedt in the family of Prince Galitzin 5 21 16 
 
 Munich : the capital of Bavaria ; one of the handsomest cities 
 in Germany; unrivaled in its art treasures and its aesthetic devel- 
 opment ; notable for its school of painting and for the architectural 
 developments which, since 1825, have added to its attractions. 
 Its university, attended by more than 3,000 students, ranks among 
 the first in Europe; its National Library has over 1,000,000 vol- 
 umes; its art collections, — sculpture, paintings, engravings, and 
 drawings, — are extraordinarily rich; and its palaces, imposing 
 galleries, museums, theatres, and other public edifices, notably 
 exemplify artistic development hardly equaled. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cCcH 
 
 Agassiz's university room in Munich called «The Little Academy »..i 210 
 
 Dingelstedt National Theatre manager in Munich 12 4705 
 
 Dollinger, celebrated German Old Catholic historical scholar; presi- 
 dent of the Academy of Science, at Munich; author of important 
 
 works on Christian history 42 149 
 
 Settlement of Bodenstedt in Munich 5 21 16 
 
 Wilhelm Hertz, a poet at Munich of the circle including Geibel, 
 Heyse, and Bodenstedt; university professor, lecturer, and critic 
 
 of high authority 42 262 
 
 Retirement of Ebers to Munich, 1889 13 5092 
 
 New Haven : one of the earliest Puritan colonial settlements 
 (1638) of New England; with surrounding settlements, planted 
 later, the basis of a State, the same as Massachusetts, Connecticut 
 (at Hartford and along the river of that name), and Rhode 
 Island; by a gross injustice merged in its rival colony, Connecti- 
 cut, in 1662; the second place in New England to plant a college, 
 now Yale University; for a much longer period than Harvard a 
 strictly Puritan seat of study and culture; in very recent years 
 broadly developed on liberal lines; notable especially for its early 
 creation, through the munificence of a citizen, of a great school 
 of science, ranking with the best in the world. In its wealth, 
 culture, large variety of manufactures, and great natural attrac- 
 tions, New Haven is unrivaled among university cities in America. 
 
 John Davenport, Puritan divine, one of the founders of a colony of 
 
 New Haven 42 133 
 
 The English philosopher, Berkeley, contributes to Yale College 4 1803 
 
 Joel Barlow, early American poet at Yale College 4 1557 
 
 Timothy Dwight, American educator of great distinction; president 
 
 of Yale College, 1 795-1817 42 159 
 
 John C. Calhoun's training at Yale 7 3087 
 
 Dr. Leonard Bacon, distinguished American divine; minister of the 
 
 oldest Puritan church of New Haven for more than fifty years .42 34 
 
 Theodore D. Woolsey, eminent educator and president of Yale 43 584 
 
 S. Wells Williams, professor of Chinese at Yale 43 577 
 
 Noah Porter, notable author of text-books, and instructor in intellectual 
 
 philosophy at Yale from 1846; university president, 1871-85 43 437 
 
 W. D. Whitney, most eminent American Sanskritist; professor at 
 Yale University from 1854; of gfreat distinction for writings of 
 
 permanent value 43 572-73 
 
 James Dwight Dana, eminent American scientist; epoch-making pro- 
 fessorship at Yale University 42 130 
 
 Othniel Charles Marsh, notably distinguished professor of palaeon- 
 tology at Yale University from 1866 ; creator of a most remarkable 
 museum of not otherwise known fossil specimens 43 370 
 
CCClii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 New Orleans: a French colonial city, founded in 1718; made 
 a capital of French power in 1726; transferred to Spain with the 
 rest of Louisiana, 1763; ceded back to France in 1802 and a few 
 days later transferred to the United States; incorporated as a city 
 in 1804; from 1836 to 1852 administered as three separate munic- 
 ipalities on account of race jealousies and antagonisms; then 
 consolidated into one again, and later greatly enlarged by annex- 
 ation of suburban towns ; a city now with thirteen miles of frontage 
 on the Mississippi, railway lines aggregating nearly 20,000 miles, 
 and more than a score of lines of steamships, making it the 
 second city of the United States in exports. In its mingling of 
 races, English, French (Creole), German, Irish, Italian, Spanish, 
 Scandinavian, and Jewish, besides negroes, next to the English- 
 American in number, and Indians, Chinese, and Malays, it is more 
 cosmopolitan in culture than any other American city, and in its 
 representative class, English or French in origin, of notable social 
 refinement and intellectual distinction. 
 
 Miss Grace King's < New Orleans, the Place and the People,^ and 
 *Life of Bienville, > the founder of New Orleans, 43 304; her 
 
 story of Jackson's battle of New Orleans 21 8574 
 
 The old character of New Orleans pictured in Cable's novels 7 3017 
 
 A story of New Orleans, by T. B. Aldricb i 325 
 
 New York: the third wealthiest city on the globe; as a 
 shipping port the first in the world, since very recent gains; in 
 many rich developments and large achievements the Gate Beau- 
 tiful of America, where commerce, travel, and culture go and 
 come from and for all parts of the world. The harbor formed 
 by an inner bay of fourteen square miles is one of the largest, 
 most secure, and most picturesque anywhere existing. In the 
 assemblage of its educational institutions, universities and medi- 
 cal schools especially, New York's later development has been 
 rapid and brilliant; the Columbia University especially winning 
 immense metropolitan distinction by a grand reconstruction on a 
 site unsurpassed for interest and promise. 
 
 The bay on which New York is built was first entered by 
 John Verrazani, a Florentine explorer, in 1525, and but for a 
 storm settlement might have begun almost a hundred years earlier 
 than it did. Henry Hudson, the English navigator who gave 
 his name to Hudson's Bay, and to New York's great river. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCliii 
 
 sailed a hundred miles up this stream in 1609. In 1614 the 
 
 Dutch built a fort, and in 16 14 began a settlement, called New 
 
 Amsterdam, which passed under English control in 1674, and 
 was renamed New York. 
 
 A commercial town of but 25,000 people in Washington Irving's time. 20 7993 
 
 Mrs. Martha Lamb's < History of the City of New York> 43 322 
 
 Charles Brockden Brown's novels, brought out during a residence of 
 
 five years in New York, 1 796-1801 6 2427 
 
 Washington Irving's < Knickerbocker History of New York^ 20 7995 
 
 Fitz-Greene Halleck's counting-room life in New York for thirty-six 
 
 years 17 6861 
 
 Bryant's great distinction as a journalist and public character 6 2625 
 
 Horace Greeley's great journalistic and political distinction, from 1834 . i 7 6654 
 Career of George W. Curtis as editor, publicist, and orator, i o 4222 ; 
 
 his satire on New York society in < The Potiphar Papers > 45 458 
 
 Career in journalism and fiction of Fitz-James O'Brien 27 10733 
 
 Dr. H. W. Bellows, eminent preacher and public leader in New York, .42 53 
 
 Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix, rector of Trinity parish from 1862 42 146 
 
 Dr. Lyman Abbott, eminent liberal preacher and religious journalist ..42 2 
 
 Success and distinction of Wm. C. Prime as Journalist and author . .30 11820 
 E. L. Godkin's journalistic career, as editor of The Nation; later, 
 
 of the Evening Post 16 6373 
 
 Editorial career with Harper & Brothers of Henry M. Alden i 303 
 
 T. A. Janvier's sketches of life in New York 20 8117 
 
 Charles Anthon, eminent Columbia university professor and author 
 
 of a great number of classical text-books 42 21 
 
 Oxford : England's largest and most notable historic seat of 
 learning, of the nurture of English genius for knowledge and 
 power, of the supply to her statesmanship of characters eminent 
 for intellectual vigor and moral energy, and of the inspiration of 
 scholars and thinkers to enthusiasm for religious, ethical, and 
 humane interests, in society, the church, the masses of the people, 
 and the remote lands to which time and events have extended 
 English power. From King Alfred's time, when <^ London and 
 Oxford ^^ was a summary of the kingdom, it was national and 
 strategic importance which made Oxford a place of note down to 
 the last half of the thirteenth century. It was in succession to this 
 importance that Oxford became the intellectual capital of Eng- 
 land. In the year 11 33 Robert Pullen arrived at Oxford from 
 Paris, and delivered lectures on the Bible. A few years later Va- 
 carius, who had studied at Bologna, and represented the teaching 
 23 
 
CCcliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 of Irnerius, introduced the study of law. In the thirteenth cen- 
 tury assistance for poor students was undertaken, and halls, li- 
 censed for the residence of students, began to be established. 
 In the year 1257, Oxford was second only to Paris, with an at- 
 tendance of probably 3,000. The earliest colleges founded were 
 University College, in 1249; Balliol College, about 1263; and Mer- 
 ton College, in 1264. This last foundation was upon a basis 
 independent of the religious orders, and its statutes became a 
 model for later colleges, not only at Oxford, but at' Cambridge. 
 The religious orders referred to were the Dominican, Franciscan, 
 Carmelite, and Austin Friars, who had successively come to 
 Oxford in 1221, 1224, 1253, and 1268, to seize the opportunity 
 by schools and lectures of their own of making the young 
 scholars monks, instead of simply clergy. Even other monkish 
 orders came, and the struggle was a severe one, with the ad- 
 vantage on the side of the friars because they provided home 
 residence and discipline for students. The Merton College plan 
 provided this, but under no monkish vows, and English freedom 
 very soon (by 1525) gave support to ten colleges, additional to 
 the three named above, some of which were great foundations, 
 each providing home residence and discipline for a body of 
 students and teachers, and all of them bound together in a fed- 
 eration constituting the university. The system was one of op- 
 portunity for active minds rather than of organic instruction of 
 all alike, and while results of vast importance were reached, lim- 
 itations and failures led to urgent pressure in our own time for 
 reforms which are working a great change, and perhaps not a 
 final one, in university methods. 
 
 Roger Bacon at Oxford, a scholar, thinker, and teacher far beyond 
 
 his age; founder in 1267 of modern English science 42 34; 45 475 
 
 John Wyclif, the greatest schoolman of his time, an Oxford scholar; 
 author of a translation of the Bible into English, and of power- 
 ful writings against the Roman Catholic system then in England. 
 3 9 16235 ; 4 5 586-87 
 
 < The Oxford Reformers of 1498 ' : John Colet, founder of St. Paul's 
 school, London; Erasmus, the greatest of European humanists; 
 and Sir Thomas More, author of < Utopia ^ 45 454 
 
 Addison, a scholar at Oxford i 149, 150 
 
 Gibbon found there «no guidance, no stimulus, and no discipline »... 16 6271 
 
 Connection of John Henry Newman with Oxford in a critical period 
 
 of its history 27 10597 
 
 Religious situation at Oxford in the time of Newman, Pusey, and Keble . 2 5 9828 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccclv 
 
 Poetical and religious career of John Keble . . .21 8514 
 
 Thomas Arnold, eminent educator, historical scholar, and Broad 
 
 Church author; professor of modern history at Oxford, 1841-42. .42 26 
 
 E. A. Freeman, professor of History, 1884-92 42 201 
 
 Fronde's early development at Oxford of radical religious convictions, 
 
 I 5 6062; succeeds Freeman as Oxford professor of History 15 6064 
 
 Matthew Arnold, broadly liberal poet and critic ; professor of Poetry at 
 
 Oxford, 1857-67, and made LL.D. 1870 42 26 
 
 The English radical poet Clough at Oxford 9 3S22-24 
 
 Thomas Hughes's <Tom Brown at Oxford > 19 7696 
 
 Long connection of Charles Reade with Oxford, but distaste for. . . .31 i2io4 
 
 Remarkable Oriental scholarship of W. G. Palgrave 28 iiooi 
 
 W. E. Gladstone, eminent representative of Oxford culture 16 6359 
 
 Philosophical distinction of Thomas H. Green 17 6683 
 
 Settlement and notably fruitful career of Max Miiller, as professor at 
 
 Oxford from 1854 26 10426 
 
 Brilliant critical career of Walter Pater 28 11158 
 
 Paris : after London the largest city in Europe; and even 
 more than London the concentration in one splendid centre of 
 the political power; the wealth, society, and pleasure; the edu- 
 cational opportunities; and the art, literature, and science, of the 
 nation to which it serves as capital. Unlike London, which 
 spreads single residences in great number over a vast area, very 
 often with some open ground and small garden space, Paris is 
 built in huge blocks of tenements or apartments, each floor con- 
 stituting a dwelling, and a common entrance serving for six or 
 seven on as many floors. Under Napoleon IIL immense renew- 
 als of parts of the city were made, with wide and straight in- 
 stead of the old narrow and crooked streets. In these new 
 streets and in her monuments and monumental buildings, and in 
 the rich and elegant character of all places of business or public 
 assembly, Paris is a spectacle of magnificence which no other 
 city in the world attempts to parallel. 
 
 Julius Caesar found it a collection of mud huts, and in 55 
 B. C. utilized the strategic importance of the locality by founding 
 an important Roman town, some of the ruins of which can still 
 be seen. It became in the sixth century the seat of government 
 of Clovis, but gave way under the dynasty of Charlemagne to 
 Aix-la-Chapelle as the capital; and only under Hugh Capet, in 
 the tenth century, became the permanent seat of the kings of 
 France. Its great mediaeval epoch, when it conspicuously set in mo- 
 tion great modern tendencies, was that of the reign of Philippe 
 
CCClvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Auguste (i 180-1223). Its great masterpieces of Gothic art, its 
 famous university, the first in modern Europe, and its castle of 
 the Louvre, a strong citadel, date from this epoch, when Paris 
 surpassed all other cities of Europe except Constantinople. 
 
 About the year iioo, two famous controversies between Lan- 
 franc and Berenger, and between Anselm and Roscellinus, initi- 
 ated extraordinary interest in discussion, and led to study of 
 dialectic as the art of reasoning correctly. In the first decade 
 of the twelfth century, William of Champeaux, taught dialectic 
 with great success in Paris, and Ab^lard, his most notable pupil, 
 not only followed him with extraordinary success, but boldly ap- 
 plied dialectic to the exposition and defense of rationalism. Out 
 of this activity grew a group of teachers attached to the Cathe- 
 dral of Notre Dame and licensed by its chancellor to act as mas- 
 ters of schools. These masters formed an organization, which 
 became between the years 1150 and 1170 the earliest university 
 of Paris, the first written statutes of which were compiled about 
 the year 1208, and the position of which was recognized by the 
 Pope about the year 121 1. A contrast between Bologna and 
 Paris, favorable to the influence and reputation of the latter, was 
 the fact that the instruction at Bolonga was entirely professional, 
 while at Paris a much broader study of knowledge was imder- 
 taken. Paris became known as the great school of thought in 
 the field of theology, and it remained the great theological school 
 of the Middle Ages, to which vast crowds of students came from 
 all parts of Europe, and from which they carried back the art 
 and culture of Paris. 
 
 Abelard, student and lecturer in Paris i 19, 20 
 
 The condition of Paris in the Middle Ages 30 12048 
 
 John Calvin's beginning as a Protestant, A. D. 1532 8 31 17 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini in Paris for five years 8 3372 
 
 Ainsworth's story of the students of Paris in 1579 i 238 
 
 Sojourn of Descartes in Paris 11 4585 
 
 Corneille's first success in comedy 10 4065 
 
 Scenes of Paris during the years 1625-65, in three of Dumas's novels. 4 5 461 
 
 Boileau's satire upon the vices of Paris in 1660 5 2142 
 
 Residence of Thomas Hobbes in Paris on account of hostihty in 
 
 England to his writings 18 7381 
 
 La Rochefoucauld, by his < Maxims* and his equally famous < Memoirs, > 
 
 a great figure in French literature 31 12321 
 
 Reflection of the life of Paris for the years 1670-96, in the < Letters 
 
 of Madame de Sevign6 > 3 3 13^54 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClvii 
 
 Career of La Bruyere 22 8760 
 
 Influence of Perrault on the French Academy 29 11324 
 
 Career of Piron as a hard-working playwright and wittiest of French- 
 men 29 II 506 
 
 Rousseau's years of anxious poverty in Paris, 1770-78 31 12436 
 
 Voltaire excluded from Paris, and settles in Switzerland, 38 15453; 
 
 his visit of triumph to Paris before his death 38 15454 
 
 Brilliant career of D' Alembert i 354 
 
 Victor Hugo's exile from Paris during 1853-70 19 7719 
 
 A comprehensive view of modern Paris in Victor Hugo's <Les 
 
 Miserables > 4 5 45o 
 
 Welhaven's sketch of < The Paris Morgue> 38 15784 
 
 Henri Murger's < Bohemian > career in the Latin Quarter of Paris ... 2 6 10473 
 Distinction of Saintine as a contributor to journals, author of stories, 
 
 and a comic dramatist 32 12678, 12679 
 
 Baudelaire's critical work in Parisian journals 4 1619' 
 
 Berlioz's musical career 4 1809 
 
 Sainte-Beuve's long and unwearied devotion to weekly literary criti- 
 cism .32 12659-62 
 
 Kock's novels of lower-class life in Paris 43 310 
 
 fimile Gaboriau's use of the character of the Paris detective, M. 
 
 Vidocq 15 6138 
 
 The literary and political career of Francois Guizot ' 17 6771 
 
 Edgar Quinet's exile from Paris for nineteen years, under Napoleon 
 
 HI 30 11963 
 
 Esquiros's career as an advocate of radical and socialistic reform. ... 14 5557 
 
 The debut of Gustave Flaubert 14 5815 
 
 The cheap popular press of Paris originated by Girardin 42 219 
 
 Career of Charles Blanc as an art critic, 5 2051; becomes director of 
 
 Fine Arts, 1848-50, and again 1870-73 5 2052, 2054 
 
 Barbier's brilliant satires, political and social, on the depravity of the 
 
 higher classes 42 41 
 
 Buffo n's career as Intendant at the Jardin des Plantes, and author of 
 
 a famous < Natural History > 6 2690 ; 4 2 81 
 
 Bailly, famous mayor of Paris (1789) 42 36 
 
 Balzac's picture of the bourgeois life, at the time of the Revolution . 4 5 347 
 Benjamin Franklin's sojourn of nearly nine years in Paris. ...15 5928 ; 4 2 200 
 
 Later years of the Italian dramatist Goldoni in Paris 16 6477 
 
 The poet Florian barely escaped the guillotine 14 5849 
 
 Babeuf's journal, the Tribune of the People (1794), advocating com- 
 plete communism 42 33 
 
 Sedaine, the originator in Paris of comic opera 43 488 
 
 The first performance of Beaumarchais's <Tartuffe > 4 1659 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams's social observations in Paris i 94-100 
 
 Agassiz with Cuvier in Paris i 211 
 
 Delavigne, famous for political elegies and high comedy 11 4528, 4529 
 
 The library salon of Charles Nodier a centre for the new school of 
 
 French writers, 1823-44 27 10673 
 
CCClviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Early struggle of Balzac, 3 1348 ; immense product of his pen 42 39 
 
 Singular figure of the economist Bastiat 4 1608 
 
 The Journal de Paris edited by Antoine Jay 42 288 
 
 Mickiewicz's production in Paris of his greatest work 25 9998 
 
 Lacretelle, J. C. D. de, a noted French historian and journalist; univer- 
 sity professor, and author of valuable works on the history of 
 
 France 43 320 
 
 Maeterlinck's <The Massacre of the Innocents, > written while he was 
 
 in Paris 24 9542 
 
 Heine's long Parisian residence 18 7186, 7187 
 
 Barbey d'Aurevilly's contributions to the Pays, and founding of the 
 
 Reveil - 42 41 
 
 Octave Feuillet, a court favorite and popular novelist under the sec- 
 ond Empire 14 5663 
 
 La Gueronniere's editorship of the Pays, partisanship of Napoleon III.. 
 
 and notable political pamphlets T 43 321 
 
 De Banville's < The Soul of Paris > 4 1475 
 
 Cladel's satirical description of the lower walks of literature in 
 
 Paris 42 1 10 
 
 Distinguished educational career of Victor Duruy 12 5069 
 
 James Darmesteter, a French Jew, eminent as an Orientalist 11 4379-81 
 
 Career in Paris of Leconte de Lisle 22 8952 
 
 Extraordinary popularity of Gustave Droz's sketches of everyday 
 
 life 12 4885 
 
 Literary and educational career of Jean Mace 24 9473 
 
 Gaston Boissier, an eminent professor at the College of France .... 5 2152 
 
 Astounding success of the play ^ Camille, > by Dumas, Jr 12 5002 
 
 Special distinction during a long career of Sarcey as a dramatic 
 
 critic 32 12825 
 
 Gevaert, inspector of music at the Academy, and author of studies of 
 
 musical history 42 214 
 
 Cherbuliez, an extremely popular French novelist 9 3609 
 
 Distinction of Pailleron as a novelist, poet, and playwright 28 10961 
 
 Halevy's sketches and stories of Paris life 17 6832 
 
 Ludwig Kalisch's *■ Paris and London > 43 296 
 
 Henri Becque, the pioneer of realism on the Parisian stage 42 50 
 
 fimile Zola's < Paris > 3 9 16290 
 
 Extraordinary popularity of the poems of Heredia ...18 7278 
 
 The' Danish literary critic Brandes in a long visit in Paris 5 2301 
 
 Frangois Coppee's career 10 4046 
 
 Brunetiere, Lemaitre, and France, the chief Parisian critics 22 8963 
 
 Ferdinand Brunetiere as Sainte-Beuve's successor 6 2603 
 
 Literary life in Paris painted in a novel by Anatole France 44 92 
 
 Du Camp's elaborate study of Paris in six volumes 12 4952 
 
 G. W. Curtis on the charm of Paris 10 4233 
 
 «The world's centre of wit, sensual tolerance, and moral skepti- 
 cism » I r 4599 
 
 Hashish Club, its meetings in Paris 4 1618 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccclix 
 
 Philadelphia : William Penn's city of brotherly love and re- 
 ligious liberty; founded in 1682; among American cities even, 
 exceptionally English in the number of its comfortable single 
 residences and the thoroughness of its culture; in Revolutionary 
 times the foremost American city; still preserves the Carpenters* 
 Hall in which the first patriot Congress met (September 4, 1774), 
 and the old State House, since known as Independence Hall, where 
 the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776. To Phila- 
 delphia belongs the interest also of the convention which framed 
 the Constitution of the United States, in 1787, and of the pres- 
 ence of the Government there from 1790 to 1800, including seven 
 years of Washington's service as President. A notable glory, 
 moreover, of the Quaker city is the career there of the second 
 greatest American of colonial times, Benjamin Franklin. The 
 academy founded by the sons of William Penn became a college 
 in 1755, and a university in 1779, and the developments of more 
 than a hundred years have made it one of the largest and most 
 broadly effective of American seats of learning. In medicine 
 especially, apart from the university as well as in connection 
 with it, Philadelphia has long held the highest rank, not only in 
 the United States, but in comparison with the great foreign seats 
 of medical instruction. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin's distinction in science, statesmanship, and char- 
 acter 42 200 
 
 Thomas Paine, notable writer at Philadelphia in support of the 
 American Revolution; came to America through the interest of 
 Franklin 28 10976 
 
 John Dickinson, eminent American patriot, president of Pennsylvania 
 
 1782-85 42 144 
 
 Charles Brockden Brown, of Philadelphia birth; a notable early 
 American novelist in New York ; his later career, as an editor, in 
 Philadelphia 6 2427 ; 4 2 78 
 
 Doctor Albert Barnes, notable preacher, instrumental in founding 
 
 New School Presbyterianism 42 43 
 
 Organization of Girard College ( 1836) 42 33 
 
 Franklin Bache, eminent physician and professor of chemistry of the 
 Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia; a medical author of 
 great distinction 42 33 
 
 Alexander Dallas Bache, professor of natural philosophy and chemis- 
 try of the University of Pennsylvania; first president of Girard 
 College; United States Coast Survey superintendent 42 33 
 
 William Henry Furness, an American liberal preacher and religious 
 
 writer, Unitarian pastor for fifty years in Philadelphia 42 205 
 
CCClx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 John W. Forney, eminent Philadelphia journalist 42 195 
 
 George H. Boker, poet and dramatist; United States minister to Tur- 
 key, 1871-75, and to Russia, 1875-79 42 66 
 
 David Paul Brown, an eminent lawyer, author of < Forty Years' Full 
 
 Practice at the Philadelphia Bar > 42 78 
 
 Remarkable learning, discernment, and power of exposition shown in 
 
 the historical works of Henry Charles Lea 43 331 
 
 George W. Childs, eminent Philadelphia journalist and philanthropist. 42 107 
 
 Joseph Jefferson, of « Rip Van Winkle » fame, unsurpassed American 
 
 comedian; author of a delightful <Auto biography > 42 288; 45 15 
 
 S. Weir Mitchell, a physician of distinction, author of valuable medical 
 
 works, and a novelist of rare genius and great popularity . 2 5 10123; 43 385 
 
 Daniel G. Brinton, American surgeon, archaeologist, and ethnologist; 
 
 professor at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia . . .42 75 
 
 Horace Howard Furness, American Shakespearean scholar of the 
 highest distinction; editor of an exhaustive New Variorum Edi- 
 tion of the plays of Shakespeare 42 205 
 
 Mrs. A. L. (Furness) Wister, a notable author of excellent transla- 
 tions of choice foreign novels 43 581 
 
 Mrs. Sarah (Butler) Wister, daughter of Fanny Kemble; author of 
 
 poems, and of translations from the French 43 581 
 
 Owen Wister, lawyer of Philadelphia; author of short stories and 
 
 novels 39 16101; 43 581 
 
 Prague : the capital of Bohemia, and the third largest city 
 of Austria- Hungary, of which Bohemia is a principal province. 
 Founded in the first years of the twelfth century, — on a site of 
 exceptional beauty, and rich in edifices of historic interest and 
 buildings which are monuments of architectural art, — race feeling 
 among the Czechs, who are a large part of the population, gives 
 it a place of national distinction. Its university, founded in 1348 
 with a munificent endowment, brought foreigners to Prague from 
 every part of Europe; not less than 10,000 students being in 
 attendance at the beginning of the fifteenth century; but the Ref- 
 ormation overthrew all this, almost destroying the town in 1524. 
 The reform effected in 1881 gave the university a Czech side 
 and a German side; and, with over 3,800 students, about three- 
 fifth were Czech. 
 
 Brentano's play, < The Founding of Prague > 6 2344 
 
 Karel Havlicek, an influential journalist, and the picturesque figure 
 
 in the « new Czech movement >> 42 253 
 
 Palacky's notable Bohemian histories ; a special work on the Life and 
 
 Teaching of Huss 43 4i3 
 
 N6ruda's very popular series of sketches of Czech life 43 402 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxi 
 
 Jerdbek, a Czech dramatist at Prague, of almost unequaled emi- 
 nence 42 289 
 
 Mikovec, a notable Bohemian dramatist, founder and editor of an 
 
 important literary magazine at Prague 43 382 
 
 Kalina, a Czech poet at Prague; author of popular ballads 43 296 
 
 Josef Kalousek, university professor at Prague, and authority on 
 
 Czech history and literature 43 296 
 
 Emanuel Bozdech, notable Bohemian dramatist at Prague 42 71 
 
 Rome : known to history more nearly than any other city as 
 the capital for power and culture of the world; for eleven cen- 
 turies a name of political empire, until Constantinople became a 
 New Rome for another eleven centuries; while the still true 
 Rome created an empire of spiritual culture, dating from about 
 42 A. D., which joined with Germany to make the Holy Roman 
 Empire, the end of which did not come until 1806. From 1870 
 Rome has been the capital of the modern kingdom of Italy. 
 The historic date for the founding of Rome is April 21, 753 B.C., 
 and Roman story makes kings to have reigned until 510 B, C, 
 when there began a republican period which lasted nearly five 
 centuries until Caesar was made dictator for life B. C. 45. The 
 story of Republic, Empire, Papacy, at Rome is the largest story, 
 and the most significant, which history has to tell. 
 
 The career and writings of Cato the Censor; his <On Farming, > a 
 
 tractate on agriculture, the oldest extant example of Latin prose . 8 3347 
 The work on agriculture of Varro, the greatest of Roman scholars 
 
 in the age before that of Virgil 43 543 ; 44 157 
 
 The <Georgics,> or agricultural poems of Virgil.. .38 15418; 43 550; 45 366 
 Columella's account of Roman agriculture in the Augustan age. .44 158 ; 42 116 
 Livy, the greatest of Roman historians; 142 books of < History of 
 Rome from the Founding of the City>; only books i-io and 
 21-45 now extant; coming down to 167 B. C. with 293-217 a gap. 
 
 23 9091-94 ; 4 3 346 
 
 The short historical works of Sallust produced as political pamphlets. 3 2 12743 
 
 Cicero's career as a statesman and orator 9 3675-87 
 
 Boissier's interesting account of Cicero and his friends, 45 512; For- 
 syth's <Life of Cicero, > 45 367; Cicero's work on Latin oratory. 4 5 366 
 The great career of Julius Caesar B. O. 100-44, 7 3037; Froude's 
 
 sketch of the life of Caesar 45 366 
 
 Becker's picture of Roman scenes in the time of Augustus 44 102 
 
 Exceptional character and career of Seneca as an ethical teacher 
 
 under Caligula, Claudius, and Nero 33 13119-22 
 
 Hamerling's <Ahasuerus in Rome,> a vivid tale of dying paganism 
 
 in Nero's time 42 246 
 
CCClxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Eckstein's <Nero,> an historical romance of Rome at its greatest and 
 
 its worst 4 4 298 
 
 Sienkiewicz's <Quo Vadis?> a very strong historical novel of the early- 
 Christian days under Nero 43 494 
 
 Eckstein's < Quintus Claudius, > a story of Rome during the first century .45 539 
 
 Monumental Cyclopaedia of Natural Sciences by the elder Pliny 29 11573 
 
 Exceptional excellence of the writings of Tacitus on oratory and on 
 
 important persons and passages of Roman history... 36 14369-74; 43 513 
 Quintilian, an eminent pleader in the courts, and teacher of rhetoric, 
 
 author of the most exhaustive treatise upon the art of oratory 
 
 ever written 30 11980; 43 449 
 
 Great eminence of the younger Pliny as a Roman lawyer, orator, and 
 
 letter-writer 29 11 583; 43 432 
 
 Importance of Suetonius as our chief authority for < Lives of the 
 
 Caesars^ from Julius to Domitian 35 14202; 43 511 
 
 ^lianus, teacher of Greek rhetoric at Rome in the first half of the 
 
 second century i 172; 42 6 
 
 Porphyrins, celebrated Neo-Platonic philosopher, head of a school of 
 
 philosophy at Rome, in succession to Plotinus 43 436 
 
 Roman law codified in < The Pandects > of Justinian 45 442 
 
 Roman law revived about A. D. iioo, by Irnerius of Bologna 45 442 
 
 Influence of Rome on modern Christianity ....11 4318 
 
 Alfred the Great at Rome in his youth i 389 
 
 Copernicus, professor of mathematics at Rome in 1499 10 4041 
 
 Career of Michel Angelo at Rome 25 9978 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini's activity as an artist at Rome 8 3372 
 
 Giordano Bruno, martyr of free thought at Rome 6 2615 
 
 Later life and mental decline of the Russian novelist Gogol at Rome. 16 6457 
 
 D'Azeglio, an art student and landscape painter at Rome 3 11 29 
 
 Development of comedy under Plautus, the greatest of Latin comic 
 
 poets 29 11557; 43 432 
 
 Remarkable dramatic excellence and broad grasp of human nature 
 
 shown by the comedies of Terence 36 14643-52 ; 43 519 
 
 The great place filled by Virgil near the level of Homer and Dante. 
 
 38 15421-23; 43 550 
 
 Career of the court poet Horace, under Augustus 19 7619-27 
 
 Ovid's career as a Roman poet in an age of dissipation 28 10915-21 
 
 Love poetry studied by Gallus, Catullus, TibuUus, and Propertius . . . 3 o ii86i 
 Typical genius of Tibullus as a Roman elegiac poet of very narrow 
 
 range but almost perfect art 37 14932-34 
 
 The Latin satirists, Horace, Lucilius, and Persius 29 11343 
 
 The book of satires of Petronius Arbiter reflecting Roman life under 
 
 Nero 29 11384 
 
 Statins, court poet under the Emperor Domitian, author of warmly 
 
 praised minor poems and of an ambitious epic 35 13846; 43 504 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxiii 
 
 Juvenal's attack upon the vices of the Romans in his sixteen satires. 
 
 2 1 8412-19 
 
 Claudianus, the last of the non-Christian Roman poets 42 112 
 
 Poems of Byron referring to Rome 7 2953-55 
 
 Hare's < Days near, and Walks in Rome > 44 164 
 
 Clough's poetical account of events at Rome in 1849 9 3826 
 
 Study of Rome in Crawford's navels 10 4152 
 
 Emile Zola's < Rome > 39 16290 
 
 Teuffel's great < History of Roman Literature ^ 43 520 
 
 Cruttwell's < History of Roman Literature > 44 216 
 
 W. Y. Sellar's scholarly volumes on the Roman poets 45 556 
 
 Du Cange's < Glossary of Middle and Low Latin, > indispensable to 
 
 reading mediaeval books 42 153 
 
 Gibbon's great work on the Decline and Fall of the Empire, 45 341; 
 
 Duruy's elaborate and complete < History of Rome> 45 340 
 
 Mommsen's great work, < Roman History >; also <Romkn Chronology, > 
 
 < Roman Coinage,' and < Roman Political Law' 43 387; 26 10206-08 
 
 Merivale's < General History of Rome * 45 466 
 
 Bryce's < Holy Roman Empire * 6 2643 
 
 Montesquieu's idea of the causes of Roman greatness, and of Roman 
 
 declension, i 363; his study of the downfall of Rome 44 loi 
 
 Dyer's < History of the City of Rome > 42 159 
 
 .Gregorovius's elaborate history of the city, in the Middle Ages 42 232 
 
 Francis Wey's study of the history of the city 44 loi 
 
 Lanciani's < Ancient Rome,> 44 298; his account of Pagan and Christ- 
 ian Rome 45 466 
 
 Bulwer's picture of Rome, in the fourteenth century 45 538 
 
 Madame De Stael on < Ancient and Modem Rome> in <Corinne> 35 13843 
 
 Mendelssohn on St. Peter's 25 9894 
 
 Samarkand: a city of Central Asia, chief town of a richly- 
 cultivated district, east of Bokhara, now in possession of Russia; 
 a mere wreck, except the Russian new town, of its former mag- 
 nificence as a Mohammedan Holy City, splendid capital of the 
 great conqueror Timur and his successors, and a brilliant seat of 
 Arabian civilization. An earlier city of great extent was destro5^ed 
 by Alexander the Great. Its successor became known as Samar- 
 kand upon its conquest by the Arabs in 93 of the Moslem era, 
 7 1 1-7 1 2 A. D. Destroyed after pillage by Jenghiz Khan in- 1219, 
 it yet became the seat of Timur's power; and magnificent build- 
 ings erected by him and his successors, — palaces, colleges, 
 mosques, and a citadel four square miles in area and one of the 
 strongest in Asia, — attest the power and wealth of which it was 
 once the seat. The central square on which three great colleges 
 
CCClxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 were built is in architectural symmetry and beauty worthy of 
 comparison with the finest examples in Italy. The college built 
 by Timur became in the fifteenth century a renowned school of 
 mathemathics and astronomy. A fourth college on another and 
 much larger square, with three mosques, and rooms for a thou- 
 sand students, was built by a Chinese wife of Timur in 1388. 
 Here are the still grand remains of the burial place of Timur's 
 wives. In connection with Timur's summer palace outside the 
 walls is the tomb of Shah-Zindeh, a famous companion of Mo- 
 hammed, who is believed to be still living, awaiting the time 
 when he will rise for the defense of Islam. 
 
 Samarkand, a splendid city with the chief astronomical observatory 
 
 of the world in Baber's time 3 1 141 
 
 St. Petersburg : the capital for Russia which Peter the Great, 
 having regard to European considerations, founded on the marshy 
 islands of the Neva, in a situation the most disadvantageous 
 possible in respect of its internal Russian relations, but for the 
 purpose of its creator, that of easy access to Europe and the 
 world at large for Russian products, the best that could have 
 been selected. The situation is hundreds of miles distant from 
 the centres of Russian life. Desolate wildernesses extend an im- 
 mense distance both north and east from the outskirts of the 
 city. The regions of PskofE and Novgorod to the south are very 
 thinly peopled. In no direction is there an important Russian 
 city within four hundred miles. The canals and railways, by 
 which traffic reaches it, traverse vast tracts of inhospitable country. 
 To the west on either side of the Gulf of Finland, into the head 
 of which the Neva flows, the shores are foreign, with interests 
 which look in the other direction. 
 
 Yet the scheme formed by Peter effected his purpose of creat- 
 ing a place for vast outflow of Russian exports. Trade had taken 
 this course from the earliest years of Russian history. Peter's 
 scheme only contemplated repeating what Novgorod had attempted 
 with immense success in wealth and power, and what it might 
 have made permanent if it could have gained secure possession 
 of the mouth of the Neva. St. Petersburg became, and has 
 now been for nearly one hundred and fifty years, the chief 
 place of export for the most productive parts of Russia, those 
 of the great central plateau which contains the upper basins of 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxV 
 
 all the chief Russian rivers. By a system of canals connect- 
 ing the upper Volga and Dnieper with the great lakes of the 
 north, the Gulf of Finland was made the commercial outlet for 
 these rivers. It cost hundreds of thousands of human lives to 
 carry out Peter's plan for making a new capital on a site con- 
 sisting of low marshy islands formed by the different channels 
 through which the waters of the Neva enter the Gulf of Finland. 
 Both under Peter and after him compulsory measures of almost 
 savage barbarism were resorted to, to obtain artisans and work- 
 men in sufficient number, and to secure a large population. 
 Entire success, nevertheless, was obtained; the city of Peter 
 became broadly and richly built, populated to more than a mil- 
 lion, and equipped with all the appliances of a great centre of 
 modern culture. In its university especially, its libraries and 
 museums, its great variety of scientific and educational institu- 
 tions, its societies, academies, and observatories, St. Petersburg 
 ranks with the most advanced capitals of modern civilization. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, private secretary to the American minister at 
 
 St. Petersburg i 134 
 
 Residence and poetic productions of Mickiewicz at St. Petersburg ..25 9997 
 Von Baer, celebrated embryologist and Academy of Sciences librarian 
 
 at St. Petersburg 42 35 
 
 Nekrassov, poet of great celebrity at St. Petersburg 43 402 
 
 Fedorovich Miller, university professor at St. Petersburg, and author 
 
 of works of an eminently Slavophile character 43 383 
 
 Venice : when Constantine divided Italy into twenty -nine 
 provinces he made one under the name of Venetia. The perils 
 due to frequent wars led dwellers on the mainland to remove, in 
 the year 810, to a not easily accessible group of islets, where 
 they not only founded Venice and chose their first doge or ruler, 
 but began to build the great basilica of St. Mark, which was to 
 become one of the architectural glories of Venetian history. 
 About the end of the tenth century, the success of Venice in 
 destroying an immense nest of pirates on the opposite coast of 
 the Adriatic, initiated special development of her sea power; and 
 during the Crusades employment for this power, and its immense 
 further development, were found in the transport of crusading 
 armies by sea to Palestine. Not only did this bring great wealth 
 to Venice, but it enabled her to occupy important stations, and 
 to plant commercial colonies and factories, on the islands and 
 
CCClxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 coasts of the Adriatic; and the fourth and last of the great Cru- 
 sades was turned into a Latin conquest of Constantinople, under 
 forces headed by Dandolo, the aged and blind but energetic 
 doge of Venice (1204). The three centuries which followed wit- 
 nessed the highest prosperity, wealth, and power of the Venetian 
 state. A great commerce with the remote East was entered 
 upon, raising to a great height the interest of Europe in India 
 and its islands, as a source of rich products, and a mine of un- 
 told wealth. In genius for commerce and sea power, Venice be- 
 came the first power in the world. Its arsenal, in which its 
 ships were built, employed in its best days 16,000 workmen, and 
 during the critical period of its great struggle with the Turks 
 towards the end of the sixteenth century, a fully equipped galley 
 was turned out every morning for a hundred successive days. 
 As early as the fourteenth century and down to the seventeenth, 
 Venice added to her sea power that of important continental de- 
 velopment with large extension of her territory on the mainland. 
 From the date of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks until 
 the victory over them of Lepanto, in 157 1, Venice maintained 
 itself, almost unaided until the final struggle, against Turkish 
 aggression. Decline from her utmost power and magnificence be- 
 gan when Portugal succeeded in reaching India by sea and draw- 
 ing to Lisbon the wealth of that commerce. The wars of the 
 next two hundred years in Europe further militated against her 
 prosperity, although the half century 1644-94 witnessed splendid 
 demonstrations of her sea power and naval skill. A century of 
 decay brought her into subjection to Austria in 1798; and in 1866 
 she passed through the hands of Napoleon III. into union with 
 Italy under Victor Emmanuel. 
 
 Pietro Bembo's < History of Venice, 1487-1513 > 42 53 
 
 Count Darn's < French History of the Republic of Venice, > the au- 
 thor's masterpiece 42 132 
 
 Luigi Carrer's poetical account of the history of Venice 42 95 
 
 Marco Polo, a famous Venetian, author of a very early book of travels 
 
 in China 43 434 
 
 Montesquieu's visit in Venice, when traveling to gather facts for his 
 
 < Spirit of Laws > i 361 ; 4 3 389 
 
 Casanova, the brilliant scapegrace of Venice, and prince of charla- 
 tans ; his *• Memoirs > in twelve volumes 8 3322 ; 4 2 97 
 
 Goldoni's dramatic career in Venice 16 6476 ; 4 2 223 
 
 The comedies of Giraud produced in Venice with immense suc- 
 cess 42 219 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCclxvii 
 
 Count Gozzi's journalistic successes, the Gazzetta Veneta and the 
 
 ^Osservatore Veneto>; and his important Dante studies 42 228 
 
 The critical periodical Frusta Letteraria (Literary Scourge) founded 
 
 by Baretti, of epoch-making importance in Italian literature 42 42 
 
 Impressions of Venice by Mendelssohn 25 9892 
 
 Poems on Venice, by Lord Byron 7 2959-63 
 
 Sonnet to Venice, by Count Platen 29 115 17 
 
 « Siren of sea cities » (Symonds) 36 14365 
 
 W. D. Howells's first days in Venice 19 7687-94 
 
 Horatio F. Brown's <Life on the Lagoons,^ vividly describing the 
 situation of Venice, and giving a concise sketch of Venetian his- 
 tory 4 5 497 
 
 Vienna : the capital and largest town of Austria, in Lower 
 Austria near the boundary of Hungary, which is now a part of the 
 empire of Austria-Hungary. In the eighth century Charlemagne 
 expelled the barbarians of the district, and made it the boundary 
 of his empire, where it stood as the most advanced bulwark of 
 Western civilization and Christianity against the Turks, Hungary 
 being, during the whole of the Middle Ages, thoroughly Asiatic. 
 Vienna's first charter was given by Frederick H., in 1237. The 
 Crusades created a traffic which rapidly promoted the growth of 
 Vienna. It was in 1276 that it became the capital of the Haps- 
 burg dynasty. The siege by the Turks which Vienna withstood 
 for two months, in 1683, and from which John Sobieski of Poland 
 delivered it, was one of the most notable events of the seven- 
 teenth century. Although carrying its antiquity back to the time 
 of Christ, when the Romans (14 A. D.) occupied the Celtic set- 
 tlement of Vindomina under the new name of Vindobona, there is 
 no city of Europe to-day more thoroughly modern, fresh, and hand- 
 some, from nineteenth-century improvements. The old walls en- 
 closing an irregular hexagon have been cleared away, and a 
 series of boulevards fifty-five yards wide taken their place, except 
 on one side, where a quay on the Danube canal is the bound. 
 The Prater, a park of seven square miles, is one of the finest in 
 Europe. The Public Hospital, with 2,000 beds, is perhaps the 
 largest in the world. The Cathedral of Vienna dates from the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, with some portions still left of 
 a twelfth-century building. The Hofburg near the cathedral is a 
 huge mass of buildings of various epochs and styles, constituting 
 the Imperial Palace, and dating in its oldest parts from the thir- 
 teenth century. The University of Vienna, established in 1365, 
 
CCClxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and attended by over 6,000 students, is especially notable for its 
 distinction in medical instruction. The art collections, public 
 and private, and the architectural monuments of recent advance, 
 are unsurpassed. 
 
 Death of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at Vienna, March 17, 180 (then 
 
 called Vindobona) 3 1022 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide, Germany's earliest great lyric poet, and 
 
 the first patriot poet of German literature, settles at Vienna 38 15583 
 
 Filicaia's six famous odes celebrating Sobieski's raising the siege of 
 
 Vienna 14 5732 
 
 Montesquieu's visit to Prince Eugene in Vienna i 360 
 
 Beethoven's life principally passed at Vienna 4 1751 
 
 Feszler driven from the University of Vienna for atheistic opinions. .42 185 
 
 Alfred von Kremer, university professor and eminent Orientalist ... 43 315 
 Miklosich, founder of Slavic philology ; university professor at Vienna ; 
 
 author of important works on Slavonic philology 43 382 
 
 Adolf Bauerle's the Vienna Theatre-Gazette (1804-47) 42 47 
 
 Rare dramatic success of Korner at Vienna 22 8725 
 
 Grillparzer's brilliant dramatic career 17 6714 
 
 Dingelstedt director of Vienna court theatres 12 4705 
 
 Bauernfeld, a brilliant figure in Vienna society, 1848-90 42 47 
 
 Hanslick, unequaled professor of musical criticism and history in the 
 
 University 42 247 
 
 Warsaw : the great historic city of the Polish race ; capital 
 of a province occupying the plain of Central Poland; of a situa- 
 tion which makes it one of the most beautiful and pleasant cities 
 in Eastern Europe; second in size, of cities under Russian rule, 
 to St. Petersburg and Moscow only. One of the great railway 
 and commercial centres of Europe; a city of culture, of refine- 
 ment, of university instruction and scientific societies, and of 
 memories which still constitute it the seat and heart of Polish 
 nationality. 
 
 Jane Porter's old-time romance of Polish patriotism, <Thaddeus of 
 
 Warsaw > 45 482 
 
 Thomas Campbell on < Warsaw's Last Champion > 8 3165 
 
 Krasinski, the last great Polish poet, of distinguished birth at Warsaw, 
 
 22 8735 ; at the trial in Warsaw of the conspirators against Russia . 2 2 8736 
 The great national poem of Poland, Mickiewicz's < Pan Thaddeus of 
 
 Warsaw > 25 Q996 
 
 Education, journalistic work, and residence in part, at Warsaw, of the 
 
 great Polish historical novelist, Sienkiewicz . 34 13399 
 
 Slowacki, the most ardently patriotic of Polish poets, in the public 
 
 service at Warsaw during his early Byronic period 34 13509 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCclxix 
 
 York : a city of one of the richest and most fertile districts 
 in England; notable for a cathedral surpassing in general effect 
 every other in England; and for many ancient remains, including 
 some Roman fragments, the walls in large part of the ancient 
 English city, and the remains of the great St. Mary's Abbey, 
 York became an important Roman depot after the conquest by 
 Agricola, in 79 A. D. The Romans built there a city which be- 
 came their military capital in Britain. The Emperor Hadrian 
 took up his residence there, in 120 A. D. ; Severus died there, in 
 February 211; Constantius Chlorus also, in July 306 ; and there 
 his son, Constantine the Great, was inaugurated the Roman Em- 
 peror. York was made the seat of an archbishopric, in 627; and 
 under archbishop Egbert (732-766) it became celebrated as a 
 school of learning. Under Alcuin it was one of the most famous 
 educational centres of Europe. Charlemagne sent to York for 
 Alcuin to take charge of establishing schools and learning in his 
 German dominions. 
 
 A great literary and educational centre in the eighth century, A. D . i 295 
 
 Alcuin's < On the Saints of the Church at York > i 298 
 
 24. 
 
CCclxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Chief Matters Found in Literature 
 
 TO HAVE ENGAGED HUMAN INTEREST — CHIEF PRODUCTS OF 
 INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY EXERTION IN SONG, 
 OR THOUGHT, OR KNOWLEDGE— AND PARTICU- 
 LAR MATTERS OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO 
 VARIOUS CLASSES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Note. — The great wealth of the contents of the Library, and the space 
 required for enumerating particulars with the indextcal references, make 
 it necessary to separate less than it was at first conteinpiated the different 
 classes of topics, products, and matters of special interest; while the abund- 
 ance of matters of every class permits the reader to choose for hi7nself out 
 of the comprehensive groups which the following pages present. Our group- 
 ing gives a large number of heads under each of which particulars are 
 arranged according to both chronological order and national interest. 
 Further selections will be found easy by various readers, and each accord- 
 ing to preference and taste, the particular information necessary to this 
 being constantly given. The same general plan is carried through the 
 classification of Readings, thus enabling the reader to select for himself in 
 both of these large sections of the Guide. / 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 The <Works and Days> of the early Greek poet Hesiod, designed 
 
 for the reading of Greek farmers , . . . 1 8 7326 
 
 The Latin work <On Agriculture, > by Cato the Censor, nearly 200 
 
 years B. C, the oldest extant volume of Latin prose 8 3347, 3350 
 
 Another Latin work on agriculture, by Varro, the best ancient 
 
 ^account 44 157 
 
 The <Georgics^ of Virgil, a glorification of the farmer's work, by the 
 
 greatest of Latin poets 45 366; 38 15418 
 
 Another Latin work of the same age as Virgil, by Columella 44 158 
 
 An Arabic work of the twelfth century on agriculture translated into 
 
 French by Clement Mullet 44 157 
 
 A history of agriculture in England, from 1259 to 1793 44 158 
 
 Fritz Renter's finely humorous story of German farming, *01d Story 
 
 of My Farming) 44 158 
 
 Observations on agriculture, by Arthur Young, in England and in 
 
 France, 1787-90 39 16261-62 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxi 
 
 Young's < Annals of Agriculture,) forty-five volumes beginning in 
 
 1783 3 9 16263 
 
 Rosset's didactic French poem on agriculture, the earliest in French 
 
 on the subject 4 4 158 
 
 Sismondi's Italian work on the < Agriculture of Tuscany > 34 13472 
 
 A very fine poem on the agriculture of the remote South, by Andres 
 
 Bello 22 8915 
 
 A < History of Agriculture and Prices, > by James E. Thorold Rogers. 4 4 158 
 
 ANECDOTES 
 
 Anecdotes in regard to one of the earliest Latin poets, Ennius. . . .14 5475-83 
 Anecdotes, the Earliest Libraries; Realistic Acting; the Athlete's 
 
 End 1 6 6259, 6260 
 
 Anecdotes of Apelles Praxiteles and Phidias 29 11577-80 
 
 Anecdotes from the table-talk of the English poet Rogers 31 12352-56 
 
 Berlioz on the «snuflf-box treachery >>; on Gluck; and on Bach 4 1813-16 
 
 Athenseus on some great eaters 2 928-3 1 
 
 Anecdotes from the humorous memoirs of Samuel Foote 15 5883-88 
 
 Anecdotes from Gellius; Libraries at Athens and Alexandria; Realis- 
 tic Acting ; and The Athlete's End 16 6259, 6260 
 
 From Diogenes Laertius 12 4722-24 
 
 Athenseus on the love of animals for man 2 931 
 
 Story by Cato of a Roman soldier's self-sacrifice 8 3351 
 
 Anecdotes from Sydney Smith 34 13570-72 
 
 Stories from ^lianus's < Varia Historia > i 173-77 
 
 Selected thoughts from the famous writings of Erasmus 14 5522-37 
 
 Table-talk and sayings of Martin Luther 23 9341-47 
 
 Goethe from his < Maxims and Reflections > 16 6453 
 
 Pointed brevities from Schiller 33 12887, 1290^ 
 
 Maxims and sketches from Heine '...18 7200 
 
 Maxims from the works of Richter 31 12256-64 
 
 Thoughts from the French of Pascal 28 11 145-56 
 
 Brevities of reflections from Voltaire 38 15480-83 
 
 Maxims from the French of La Rochefoucauld 31 12322-30 
 
 Reflections and thoughts from Joubert 21 8388-98 
 
 Thoughts frojn the Swiss poet-thinker, Amiel 2 480-92 
 
 Brevities of thought from the table-talk of Selden 33 13101-10 
 
 Thoughts from Thomas Fuller 15 6136 
 
 Selected paragraphs from Henry Ward Beecher 4 1723-25 
 
 Anecdotes of celebrated characters in Smiles's < Self -Help > 44 ■ 329 
 
 APOLOGUES, APHORISMS, AND APOTHEGMS 
 
 Hesiod's poetical maxims, from < Works and EJays* 18 7331 
 
 Heraclitus's fragments of weighty thought 1 8 7247-51 
 
 Empedocles's fragments of thought from <On Nature > 14 5471-74 
 
CCClxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Examples of Greek wit and wisdom from Diogenes Laertius 12 4720-24 
 
 Fragments from Attic Comedy, 29 11397-408; from the Greek Anthol- 
 ogy 16 6640-52 
 
 Epictetus: brief thoughts from his discourses 14 5500-08 
 
 Thoughts from the Latin dramatist, Plautus 29 11567-72 
 
 Thoughts scattered through Pilpay's Fables 29 1 1440-86 
 
 Selected maxims on morals, philosophy of life, character, etc., from 
 
 the Chinese of Confucius and Mencius 9 3643-48 
 
 Fragments from Japanese thought 20 8170-72 
 
 Apologues translated from the Persian by Edward Fitzgerald 14 5806-14 
 
 Examples from the Persian of Sa'di 32 12637-58 
 
 Examples from the Turkish 41 16965-88 
 
 Arabic examples 41 16971-73 
 
 Aphorisms, moral and religious, collected into an argument of spirit- 
 ual religion in Coleridge's < Aids to Reflection > 44 329 
 
 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND ^ESTHETICS 
 
 Da Vinci, one of the greatest artists in history 43 549 
 
 Da Vinci's < Treatise on Painting > 45 436 
 
 Albert Diirer, the great pioneer of modem artists 45 555 
 
 Crowe and Cavalcaselle's < History of Painting in Italy, > and other 
 
 volumes on art subjects 42 125 
 
 Vasari's great work, < Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, 
 
 and Architects,) 3 7 15250 ; his account of Raphael 37 15250 
 
 Grimm's exceptionally fine Lives of Michael Angelo and Raphael. ... 17 6724 
 Wilhelm Liibke, author of a series of German works of great import- 
 ance for the history of art 43 352 
 
 Jacob von Falke, a German author of art writings notable for learn- 
 ing and judgment 42 178 
 
 Carl Vosmaer, a notable Dutch artist and writer on art 43 552 
 
 Lessing's <Laokoon,> an epoch-making book in German art criticism. 4 5 379 
 Bodmer on <The Kinships of the Arts,> and < Poetry and Painting >. .5 2130, 2131 
 Wagner on <The Art Work of the Future, > and < The Progress of 
 
 Art> 38 15510 
 
 Wagner on <The Function of the Artist- 38 15505 
 
 Taine on < Race Characters Expressed in Art > 36 14415 
 
 Parrot and Chipiez's great series of works on < Ancient Art,> in Egypt; 
 Chaldea and Assyria ; Phoenicia ; Phrygia ; Lydia, Caria, and Lycia ; 
 
 and Greece 42 123 
 
 Symonds's volumes on Literature and the Fine Arts in his < The 
 
 Renaissance in Italy > 4 3 5i4 
 
 Symonds on the Genius of Greek Art, 36 14356; and on Italian Art 
 
 in relation to Religion 36 14340 
 
 Patriotism characteristic of certain great types of art i 351 
 
 Art and literature always correspond to the popular ideals 11 4536 
 
 The moral influence of art 5 2060 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCclxxiii 
 
 Charles Blanc, a French art critic of the highest distinction, creator 
 
 of a scientific method of art criticism 5 2051 
 
 Blanc's < The Dutch School of Painters,* the <Life of Ingres, > the 
 < Grammar of Painting and Engraving, > and < Artists of My 
 
 Time > 5 2052-54 
 
 Sketches by Charles Blanc of Rembrandt, Albert Diirer, Ingres, and 
 
 Calamatta 5 2055-57 
 
 His unfinished < Grammar of the Decorative Arts> 5 2054 
 
 Waldstein's < Essays on the Art of Pheidias > 45 466 
 
 Louis Gonse's < The Art of Japan > 44 123 
 
 La Farge's < An Artist's Letters from Japan > 44 123 
 
 Services to art rendered by John Ruskin 32 12512 
 
 Ruskin on <The Uses of Ornament, > 32 12518; on <The Landscapes 
 of the Poets,* 12523; and his great discovery of picturesque 
 
 nature 32 12513 
 
 Hamerton, founder and editor of the Portfolio, a successful organ 
 
 of literary exposition of art 17 6876 
 
 Walter Pater, a notable English critic of art and of literature, 2 8 
 
 1 1 157 ; his devotion to Greek art rather than Christian 28 11159 
 
 Architecture. — Blanc on the law of proportion in architecture 5 2062 
 
 Norton on the building of Orvieto Cathedral, 27 10710; and on the 
 
 dome of Brunelleschi 27 10716 
 
 Ruskin's < Description of St. Mark's,* 32 12532; and of < Calais Spire*. .32 12539 
 Irving's <The Alhambra,* a study of Moorish architecture in Spain. .44 277 
 Lanciani's < Ancient Rome,* a study of the antiquities of Roman art 
 
 and Roman architecture 44 298 
 
 Viollet-le-Duc's < Annals of a Fortress,* an eminent architect's study 
 
 of ideal fortress-building 44 299 
 
 Chapters on < Art and Architecture * in Yriarte's < Florence * and < Ven- 
 ice* • 45 494 
 
 ^Esthetics. — Schiller on < The Esthetic Education of Man* 33 12911 
 
 Moller, a Danish writer on aesthetics 43 386 
 
 .Esthetics and Art History Professorship created in the College of 
 
 France, in 1878 5 2054. 
 
 Taine appointed professor of aesthetics in Paris ; his works devoted to 
 
 the history and philosophy of art 36 14404. 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHIES AND BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 English. — Small fragment of autobiography left by Lord Bacon, 3 
 
 1 164 ; also an autobiographical letter 3 1188 
 
 The autobiographic intimations in the sonnets and lyrics of Shakes- 
 peare 33 12920 
 
 Greene's pamphlets and other writings, largely autobiographical 17 6693 
 
 Thomas Hobbes's autobiography written at eighty-four 18 7382 
 
CCClxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 John Bunyari's autobiographic < Grace Abounding > 7 2748 
 
 David Hume's autobiography written four months before his death. .19 7780 
 
 Mrs. Bumey's autobiographical < Diary and Letters > 7 2818 
 
 Autobiographical character of all Hazlitt's essays 18 71 16 
 
 Gibbon's admirable stOry of his own life 16 6278 
 
 De Quincey's autobiographical < Confessions > 11 4555 
 
 Leigh Hunt's autobiography, a complete revelation of the man 19 7793 
 
 Theodore Hook's autobiographic < Gilbert Gurney ' 19 7613 
 
 Autobiographic reflections in Shelley's <Alastor> and <Epipsychi- 
 
 dion > 34 13269 
 
 J. H. Newman's < Apologia pro VitS, Sua > 27 10600 
 
 John Ruskin's autobiography in his < Praeterita > 32 125 15 
 
 Disraeli's autobiographical novel, < Contarini Fleming). 4 1634 
 
 Writings of Carlyle of autobiographical character 8 3242 
 
 Mrs. Browning's < Aurora Leigh, > in a measure autobiographical .... 4 2 79 
 
 Autobiographic revelations of Matthew Arnold in his letters 2 854 
 
 Anthony Trollope's autobiography 37 15031 
 
 Many of Marryat's novels almost autobiographic 24 9738 
 
 Richard Jefferies's < Story of My Heart, > a wonderful autobiographical 
 
 sketch 20 8215 
 
 Cupples's <Kyloe Jock,> a transcript from the boy life of the au- 
 thor 10 4210 
 
 German. — Jacob Cats's autobiographic <A Life of Eighty-two Years,* 
 
 in rhyme 8 3355 
 
 Bodenstedt's interesting autobiographic story of an eventful career.. .5 21 18 
 Arndt's autobiographic < Stories and Recollections of Childhood, > 
 
 2 813 ; and < Reminiscences of My Public Life* 2 814 
 
 Drachmann's most important work, < Condemned, > largely autobio- 
 graphical 12 4841 
 
 Freytag's brief autgbiographic < Recollections from My Life> 15 6015 
 
 Autobiographic interest of Spielhagen's < Problematic Natures > 35 i3774 
 
 Autobiographic character of Keller's first great novel, < Green Henry\2i 8519 
 Russian. — Dostoevsky's <Poor People, > his own story of love and sacri- 
 fice 12 4784 
 
 His < Memoirs of a Dead House > reflect his ten years penal exile to 
 
 Siberia 42 150 
 
 Polish. — Sienkiewicz's < Without Dogma, > the diary of his own spirit- 
 ual experience 3 4 13401 
 
 Autobiographic character of Slowacki's < Beniowski > 34 13510 
 
 Spanish. — Autobiographical character of Espronceda's < Student of 
 
 Salamanca > 14 5550 
 
 Danish. — The < Life and Opinions > of the Danish poet, Johannes Ewald. 1 4 5614 
 
 Autobiographic interest of Holberg's Danish < Three Epistles > 18 7409 
 
 The Danish poet Baggesen's autobiographic <The Wanderings of a 
 
 Poet,) his most important prose work 3 1236 
 
 The autobiographic < Recollections > of Oehlenschlager 27 1075 1 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCclxxV 
 
 Hans Andersen's autobiography, and ^Only a Fiddler > with charm- 
 ing autobiographic touches 2 501 
 
 Swedish. — Autobiographic character of the love episodes in Tegner's 
 
 < Frithiofs Saga> 36 14564 
 
 Sprightly and interesting autobiography by Emilia Carlen 8 3226 
 
 Norwegian, — Autobiographic character of Kielland's Norse novel 
 
 < Garman and Worse > 21 8566 
 
 Italian. — All Dante's more important writings essentially a spiritual 
 
 autobiography 11 4333 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini's <Memoirs,> one of the best autobiographies in the 
 
 world 8 3371 
 
 Alfieri's autobiography, begun 1790 and ended 1803 . i 371 
 
 Goldoni's delightful autobiographic < Memoirs > 16 6475 
 
 Interesting and thoroughly delightful autobiography of the Italian 
 
 statesman D'Azeglio 3 1 130 
 
 Minghetti's < My Recollections > 43 384 
 
 Ruffini's < Lorenzo Benoni > a faithful transcript of his life in Italy in 
 
 1818-33 31 12471 
 
 French. — Abelard's recital of unhappy fate in < History of Calami- 
 ties > I 24 
 
 Froissart's long autobiographical poem, <L'Espinette Amoureuse*. . . .15 6036 
 Montaigne's essays of which he said, « I am myself the subject of my 
 
 book » 26 10237 
 
 Arago's autobiography, relating extraordinary adventures with inimit- 
 able spirit and vigor 2 704 
 
 Autobiographical interest of the novels and other works of Stendhal. 4 1862, 1865 
 
 A perfect picture of himself by the composer Berlioz 4 1810 
 
 Thierry's autobiographic < Ten Years of Study > 37 14804 
 
 Coppee's < An Entire Youth, > partly autobiographical 10 4045 
 
 Musset's < Confession of a Child of the Century, > and two at least of 
 
 his < Nights,> autobiographic .26 10489 
 
 Maupassant's < Notre Coeur > resembles an autobiography. . " 25 9807 
 
 Senancour's autobiography in his * Obermann > 33 131 11 
 
 Pierre Loti's <Le Roman d'un Enfant, > an autobiographic story of 
 
 the complete loss of faith 23 9204 
 
 Anatole France's <My Friend's Book' reflects the author's childhood 
 
 and youth 15 5910 
 
 Every novel said by M. France to be an autobiography 22 8963 
 
 Jacques Jasmin's autobiographic < Souvenirs, > a tale of fascinating 
 
 simplicity, pathos, and fun 20 8187 
 
 American. — Benjamin Franklin's autobiography 15 5930 
 
 O. A. Brownson's autobiographic <The Convert > . . 6 2595 
 
 J. L. Motley's < Morton's Hope,> in part autobiographic 26 10374 
 
 John Boyle O'Reilly's autobiographic < Moondyne > 27 10858 
 
 Autobiography of General W. T. Sherman 45 455 
 
CCClxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Autobiographic touches in Mrs. Thaxter's poems and prose sketches . 3 7 14761 
 Mrs. Burnett's autobiographic story of <The One I Knew Best of 
 
 All > 7 2809 
 
 Marion Crawford's autobiographic ^The Three Fates > 10 415 1 
 
 Biographies. — Boissier's < Cicero and His Friends, > and <Life of 
 
 Madame de Sevigne* 5 2152; 42 66 
 
 Livy on Hannibal 23 9099 
 
 Sallust on Catiline 32 12746 
 
 Suetonius on Caligula, on Nero, and on Vitellius 35 14203, 14205, 14208 
 
 Sir Edwin Arnold's imaginative biography of Buddha, as < The Light 
 
 of Asia > •. 2 819, 820 
 
 Abul Fazl's < Akbar-nahmeh,^ a biography of Akbar the Great 44 335 
 
 Holden's <The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan, 1 398-1707, > notable for 
 
 its account of Akbar the Great 45 432 
 
 Froude's Lives of Csesar, Erasmus, Luther, Bunyan, and Carlyle. 
 
 15 6059 ; 4 2 204 
 
 Grimm's <Life of Michael Angelo,> one of the finest biographical 
 
 specimens in modern literature 17 6724 
 
 Symonds on Boccaccio 44 235 
 
 Sir Arthur Helps on Las Casas, Columbus, Pizarro, and Cortes 45 558 
 
 Fiske on the navigator Magellan 14 5781-96 
 
 Prescott on Philip II 30 11794-99 
 
 J. Cotter Morison on Madame de Maintenon 44 307 
 
 Hermann Grimm on Emerson, Voltaire, and Goethe 45 555 
 
 Boswell's < Life of Johnson > 44 203 
 
 McCarthy on the Four Georges 44 6 
 
 Trevelyan's < Early History of Charles James Fox > 44 83 
 
 Trevelyan's < Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay > 45 452 
 
 Tyndall on Faraday 4 4 83 
 
 J. Dyke Campbell on S. T. Coleridge 44 81 
 
 Eggleston on Roger Williams 13 5219-24 
 
 Bancroft on Washington 4 1453-58 
 
 William Wirt on Patrick Henry, 39 16091-95; and on Burr and Blen- 
 
 nerhassett 39 16098-100 
 
 Hildreth on James Madison 18 7379 
 
 Parton on Andrew Jackson, 28 11125; and on Voltaire 28 11129-42 
 
 Rufus Choate on Daniel Webster 9 3663 
 
 J, F. Rhodes on Daniel Webster 31 12208-13 
 
 W. P. and F. J. Garrison on William Lloyd Garrison 44 80 
 
 Woodberry on Edgar Allan Poe 45 434 
 
 Mrs. Oliphant's Lives of Edward Irving, Montalembert, St. Francis 
 
 of Assisi, Jeanne d'Arc, and Laurence Oliphant 27 10821-23 
 
 Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Bronte 45 355 
 
 Major's important biography of < Prince Henry, the Navigator* 43 363 
 
 Irving's Lives of Mahomet, Columbus, Goldsmith, and Washing- 
 ton 20 7996 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxvii 
 
 Adams's < Christopher Columbus, his Life and Work > 42 4 
 
 Winsor's < Christopher Columbus > 43 580 
 
 Minghetti's < Biography of. Raphael > 43 384 
 
 Mrs. Ritchie's < Biography of Madame de Sevigne* 31 12274 
 
 Lewes's *■ Life of Goethe > 23 9038 
 
 Chrysander's < Biography of Handel > 42 108 
 
 Hesekiel's important and popular biography of Bismarck 42 262 
 
 Campbell's < Lives of the Lord Chancellors, > and < Lives of the Chief 
 
 Justices * 42 91 
 
 Carlyle's < Biographical Study of CromwelP 8 3240 
 
 Boswell's notable biography of Samuel Johnson 5 2227 
 
 Mahan's < Life of Nelson > 43 453 
 
 Southey's biographies of Nelson, Wesley, and Cowper 35 13680 
 
 Voltaire's <Charles XII. > 45 351 
 
 Carlyle's < Frederick the Great > 8 3240 
 
 Masson's biography of Milton with a History of his Times 44 81 
 
 Lockhart's exceptionally valuable <Life of Sir Walter Scott > 23 9127 
 
 John Morley's biographies of Cobden, Burke, and Walpole; Voltaire, 
 
 Rousseau, and Diderot 26 10323 
 
 Forster's < Life of Charles Dickens > 42 196 
 
 Parton's biographies of Horace Greeley, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, Thomas Jefferson, and Voltaire 28 11123-25 ; 43 418 
 
 Lodge's Lives of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Daniel 
 
 Webster 43 347 
 
 Arago's < Biog^raphies of Distinguished Scientists > 2 707 
 
 CHILDREN, AND FOR CHILDREN 
 
 «Only the best is good enough for children » 35 14040 
 
 Notable men that made themselves playfellows with children i 173 
 
 A merry Greek swallow song of the children in springtime 2 925 
 
 Glinka's Russian readings, histories, and plays for the young 42 221 
 
 Emanuel Hiel's Flemish poems for children 42 264 
 
 Goeverneur's universally popular Dutch verses for children 42 223 
 
 Great excellence of Gustave Droz's studies of children 12 4886 
 
 Laboulaye's three volumes of < Fairy Tales for Children) .... 22 8747; 43 3i8 
 Delightful stories of instruction, and charming fairy tales, by Jean 
 
 Mace 24 9473 
 
 Bliithgen's highly popular German stories for boys and girls 42 64 
 
 Wyss's *■ Swiss Family Robinson > 43 587 
 
 Morike's < The Little Dried-up Man > 26 10319 
 
 Glassbrenner's German stories for children 42 220 
 
 Capital young folks' stories by Brentano 6 2344 
 
 Brentano's and Von Arnim's collection of German folk songs in <The 
 
 Boy's Wonderhom > 6 2343 
 
 Frohlich's < Fables, Tales, and Rhymes in Verse for Children* 42 203 
 
 Wilhelm Hey's enormously popular < German Fables for Children*. .42 263 
 
CCClxxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Campe's German juvenile tales, and educational works of great popu- 
 larity 42 91 
 
 Franz Hoffmann's widely popular German juvenile stories 42 268 
 
 The unhappy childhood of Fredrika Bremer 6 2328 
 
 Popular Norwegian fairy tales, and stories for children, by the poet Moe . 4 3 386 
 Hans Andersen, the children's poet, 2 500; his < Wonder Tales > and 
 
 < Picture-Book Without Pictures > 2 503 
 
 Boyesen's stories for boys, principally on Norwegian themes 5 2274 
 
 Swinburne's <A Dark Month > shows him the supreme English poet of 
 
 childhood 36 14293 
 
 Notable beauty and sympathy with child moods of Macdonald's stories, 
 
 <At the Back of the North Wind> and <The Princess and Curdle >. 24 9456 
 
 Jean Ingelow's < Mopsa the Fairy > .20 7969 
 
 Allingham's <The Fairies* and < Robin Redbreast,* fine songs for 
 
 children i 434, 436 
 
 Kingsley's < Water-Babies,* one of the few perfect fairy stories in the 
 
 language, 2 2 8614 ; example of 22 8628 
 
 Sarah Doudney's numerous very popular stories for girls 42 150 
 
 < The Culprit and the Judge,* from Miss Aguilar's *Home Influence*, i 230-35 
 
 Edgar's Every Boy's Magazine, and books for the young 42 163 
 
 Baker's *Wild Beasts and Their Ways,* ^True Tales for My Grand- 
 sons,* and <Cast Up by the Sea,* capital books for boys 3 1277 
 
 Marryat's <Masterman Ready* and < Settlers in Canada,* delightful 
 
 books for boys 24 9739 
 
 Mrs. Barbauld's < Early Lessons for Children,* and < Hymns in Prose 
 
 for Children * 4 1483 
 
 Posdick's numerous books for boys 42 197 
 
 Lanier's <The Boy's Froissart,* ^The Boy's King Arthur,* and <The 
 
 Boy's Percy * 43 326 
 
 Special excellence of Mrs. Dodge's volumes of juvenile verse, and 
 
 stories for young people 12 4758 
 
 Miss Alcott's long series of delightful books for girls and boys i 282 
 
 Mrs. Dodge's books for young readers, and the volumes of St. Nich- 
 olas since 1873 42 148 
 
 Palmer Cox's very popular series of humorous pictures and verse for 
 
 children 42 123 
 
 CRITICS AND CRITICISM 
 
 Egger's history of criticism among the Greeks 42 165 
 
 Modem initiation of criticism in Boileau's < Art of Poetry* 5 2142 
 
 Notable examples of criticism 5 2299 
 
 Amiel on what critical genius means 2 490 
 
 Diderot's high rank as a literary critic of painting 12 4692 
 
 Brunetiere the great Darwinian of French criticism 22 8963 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxix 
 
 Notable critical writings of Desir6 Nisard 43 404 
 
 Character of the critical work of Jules Lemaitre 22 8964 
 
 The < Critical Essays > of De Sanctis, a work of high authority 42 141 
 
 High rank of Theophile Gautier as a literary, and especially an art 
 
 critic 15 6224 
 
 Lessing's opinion of criticism 23 9024 
 
 Criticism in Hermann Grimm's < Literature > papers, 45 555; his lec- 
 tures on Goethe, a fascinating study of the great poet 17 6724 
 
 Eminence of Gottschall in German criticism 16 6572 
 
 Exceptional value of the critical writing of Kuno Fischer 14 5768 
 
 Welhaven's place among Norwegian critics the very highest 38 15780 
 
 Heiberg, the greatest analytical critic of whom Denmark can boast 3 1236 
 Rosa Gonzales among the first of Spanish contemporary literary 
 
 critics 43 466 
 
 Huet, Dutch author of literary criticism of high character 42 278 
 
 Dobrolyiibov, a profound and gifted Russian literary critic 42 147 
 
 Grabovski's Polish < Criticism and Literature > , . . 42 228 
 
 Francis Jeffrey, famous Scottish critic in Edinburgh Review (1800-50). 4 2 289 
 Defect of Macaulay in criticism, 1 6 6365 ; comparison of Carlyle with 
 
 Macaulay 16 6367 
 
 Matthew Arnold's ideal and practice of criticism 2 845 
 
 Matthew Arnold's *■ Essays in Criticism > 44 170 
 
 Brandes's < Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century, > nine critical 
 
 essays 44 171 
 
 C. W. Dilke's < The Papers of a Critic > 42 145 
 
 Andrew D. White on the reconstructive force of scientific criticism. .39 15853 
 
 DRAMAS, DRAMATISTS, AND THE THEATRE 
 
 Greek. — Dramatic nature of the Homeric poems 19 7554 
 
 First allusion in Greek literature to the dramatic hymn from which 
 
 Greek tragedy grew 37 15171 
 
 Aristotle on tragedy 2 798 
 
 ^schylus the creator of drama, and in tragedy its greatest exem- 
 plar I 184 
 
 Of Greek drama, seven dramas of ^schylus, seven of Sophocles, and 
 
 nineteen of Euripides, are now extant 14 5569 
 
 Mahaffy's critical sketch of the extant plays of Sophocles 34 13650-72 
 
 Whitelaw's version of Sophocles (London, 1883) ; «very much the best,'' 
 
 (Mahaffy) 34 13651 
 
 Permanent influence of Euripides 14 5572 
 
 Greek Old Comedy represented by Aristophanes only 2 759 
 
 Fitzgerald's translations from Calderon, ^schylus, and Sophocles ... 1 4 5798 
 Latin. — Very high character of the Latin comedies of Plautus.. ..29 11557-63 
 Ten tragedies in the name of Seneca, the only serious Roman drama 
 
 still extant 33 13122 
 
CCCIXXX OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Italian. — Ariosto, one of the very first of the writers of modern comedy. 2 742 
 
 Goldoni, the father of modern Italian comedy 16 6475-79 
 
 Gozzi, author of delightful folklore comedies 42 228 
 
 Characteristics of Alfieri's dramas i 372-74 
 
 Machiavelli's one dramatic effort, < Mandragola, ^ the finest comedy of 
 
 the Italian stage 24 94S1 
 
 Notable dramatic power and success of Pietro Cossa's dramas, <Nero,> 
 
 <Messalina,> < Julian the Apostate,^ and < Cleopatra^ (1871) 42 121 
 
 German. — German drama advanced by Hans Sachs beyond that of 
 
 England before Shakespeare 32 1261 1 
 
 Schiller preeminent in historical drama 33 12880 
 
 Wagner's conception of the drama as the Perfect Art 38 15515 
 
 Schopenhauer on tragedy 33 12934-36 
 
 Freytag's < Technique of the Drama > 15 601 5 
 
 Dowden's critical interpretation of Goethe's great drama 16 6390-95 
 
 Kleist's dramas holding the stage beside those of Lessing, Schiller, 
 
 and Goethe 22 8666 
 
 Extraordinary success and dramatic power of Korner's German trage- 
 dies and plays 22 8726 
 
 High merit of Paul Heyse's < Sabine Women, > <Hans Lange,^ and 
 
 other plays 18 7334 
 
 Hauptmann's <The Weavers,' a socialistic play of intense dramatic 
 power, 17 7026; the same author's <Hannele,> a dramatic poem 
 
 of extraordinary pathos 17 7026 
 
 Very great success of Sudermann's < Honor > and other dramas.... 3 5 14163-66 
 Anzengruber, an Austrian dramatist, famous for his creation of a 
 
 genuine Austrian national drama 42 21 
 
 Extraordinary dramatic success of Grillparzer 17 6715 
 
 Grillparzer's <,King Ottokar> in Austrian literature comparable to 
 Shakespeare's historical dramas in English literature, 17 6715; 
 Grillparzer's estimate of Shakespeare 17 6714 
 
 Hungarian. — Karoly Kisfaludy, the father of modern Hungary drama. 43 306 
 
 Madach's remarkable dramatic poems, < Moses > and <The Tragedy 
 
 of Man> 24 9515 
 
 Katona's <Bdnk-Ban,> said to be the grandest tragedy Hungary has 
 
 ever produced 43 298 
 
 Russian. — Pushkin's < Boris Godunoff,' the foundation of a genu- 
 ine Russian drama 30 11911 
 
 Spanish. — Manuel Caiiete's studies in Spanish dramatic criticism. . . .42 92 
 
 Alarcon, the creator of Spanish character comedy 42 9 
 
 Lope De Vega, celebrated author of a great series of Spanish com- 
 edies reflecting the Spain of his day 38 15287 
 
 Calderon's position below Shakespeare, but far above Ben Jonson. .7 3071 
 
 Character of the Spanish autos or religious spectacles 7 3072-74 
 
 Echegaray's <The Great Galeoto,' his supreme dramatic achievement 13 5103 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccclxxxi 
 
 Danish.— Overskov's < History of the Danish Theatre > 43 411 
 
 Holberg's activity and success in creating a Danish national stage. .18 7413 
 Oehlenschlager's dramas distinguished by the finest workmanship; 
 his <Axel and Valborg,> a love tragedy of the Romeo and Juliet 
 
 type 27 10748 
 
 Hertz's delightfully romantic dramas, <King Rene's Daughter > and 
 
 < Ninon > ■ 18 7318 
 
 Blicher's Danish plays, the comedy and tragedy of the commonplace . 5 2064 
 Norwegian. — Bjornson's < Sigurd Slembe,> a trilogy of plays almost 
 
 the greatest work in Norwegian literature 5 1963 
 
 The Hamlet type of character in Bjornson's < Earl Harald > 5 1963 
 
 Ibsen's dramatic career from 1856, 20 7840; his masterpiece among 
 the historical dramas, <The Pretenders,) 7840; his intensely na- 
 tional dramatic poems, ^ Brand > and <Peer Gynt,> esteemed his 
 greatest works, 7842; the two dramas, < Caesar's Apostasy > and 
 the < Emperor Julian,' his most ambitious works, 7843; his dramas 
 of modern life regarded as striking the highest note of modern 
 
 dramatic art 20 7844-47 
 
 Swedish.— Madam Edgren's dramas presenting the struggle of 
 
 woman against conventional restraint 13 5162 
 
 Polish.— Count Fredro, founder of original Polish comedy 42 201 
 
 Johann Fredro, a Polish author of numerous popular comedies 42 201 
 
 French. — Corneille's * The Cid > begins the history of modern French 
 
 drama 10 4066 
 
 The higher comedy in verse established by Corneille 10 4070 
 
 Diderot, the father of the modern domestic ^rama; direct and im- 
 mediate influence upon German drama 12 4691 
 
 Unsurpassed career of Moliere in comic drama 26 10160-63 
 
 Moliere's < School for Wives > 4 5 557 
 
 About twenty tragedies and a dozen comedies of Voltaire 38 15455 
 
 Voltaire on the drama, 38 15487 ; Voltaire's dramatic masterpiece, the 
 
 tragedy < Alzire > 4 4 309 
 
 Crebillon in the very first rank of tragic poets by his <Atreus and 
 
 Thyestes > (1707) 10 4167-69 
 
 The modern drama as a story of every -day existence initiated by 
 
 Beaumarchais ' 4 1657 
 
 Points of likeness between Sheridan and Beaumarchais, and compari- 
 son of their comedies 4 1659 
 
 :6mile Augier among the greatest French dramatists of this century, 
 following Moliere and Beaumarchais, 3 998; analysis of his 
 
 dramas in the Revue des Deux Mondes of April, 1878 3 999 
 
 Hugo's 'Marion Delorme' and <Hernani,> a great initiation of new 
 
 school French poetry 19 7712, 7713 
 
 Balzac primarily a dramatist 3 1365, 1366 
 
 Balzac's initial literary effort, a tragedy on Cromwell, justly damned 
 
 by his family 3 1348 
 
 De Banville's French plays refined and skillful 4 ^474 
 
CCClxXxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Success of Musset's dramas on the French stage 26 10492 
 
 Destouches's <The Boaster,* a masterpiece of high comedy 42 142 
 
 Comparative failure of all Daudet's dramatic attempts 11 4442 
 
 English. — John Malone's story of English drama to the death of 
 
 Shakespeare 33 13182-88 
 
 <The Coventry Plays, > of the time 1 392-1 589, a notable preface to 
 
 English drama 44 118 
 
 Dowden's sketch of Shakespeare's dramatic work 33 13167-73 
 
 Drama in the hands of a company of players suggested by Spanish 
 
 example 33 13182 
 
 Chronology of the plays of Shakespeare, (i) as written, (2) as acted, 
 
 and (3) as published 43 491 
 
 Synopses of the several plays, in the order of their production .... 4 5 380-402 
 Three of Shakespeare's greatest plays based on Plutarch's Lives... 2 9 11 603 
 Use of Holinshed's ' Chronicles > as a quarry for the Elizabethan dram- 
 atists 19 7446 
 
 Untrammeled freedom of form the general characteristic of Elizabethan 
 
 drama 21 8344 
 
 High moral seriousness of Shakespearean tragedy 4 1 678 
 
 Shakespeare regarded the drama as entirely a thing for the people. 33 1292 1 
 Contrasts in the dramas of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and 
 
 Webster 4 1678 
 
 The plays of Beaumont and Fletcher the best dramatic expression of 
 the romantic spirit of Elizabethan England, 4 1677 ! their popu- 
 larity eclipsed even Shakespeare's 4 1678 
 
 Unique character of the two Italian tragedies of John Webster 38 15758, 15759 
 The last radiance of Elizabethan drama in John Ford, 15 5S90; <Per- 
 
 kin Warbeck,* his one historical play 15 5889 
 
 Congreve's <Love for Love,* the triumph of his art, 10 3946; his <The 
 Way of the World,* the most brilliant and thoughtful of his 
 
 works ID 3947 
 
 Chapman more a thinker than a dramatist, 9 3524; < Caesar and 
 
 Pompey,* his finest work 9 3525 
 
 Dryden's play, <The Conquest of Granada,* one of his best 42 153 
 
 Extraordinary success of Sheridan's <The Rivals* and the < School for 
 
 Scandal* 34 133 18 
 
 Conspicuous success of Bulwer's <Lady of Lyons,* < Richelieu,* and 
 
 < Money * 6 2703 
 
 Aubrey de Vere's < Julian the Apostate * and < Mary Tudor * 11 4609 
 
 Sir H. Taylor's < Philip Van Artevelde,* a masterpiece of English his- 
 torical drama 36 14539 
 
 Joanna Baillie as a Scotch Shakespeare 3 1254-56 
 
 <The Colleen Bawn,* from Griffin's <The Collegians,* an immensely 
 
 successful play 17 6699 
 
 <The Sick King of Bokhara,* the one dramatic expression of Matthew 
 
 Arnold's genius 2 854 
 
 Three plays by J. M. Barrie 4 1572 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxxiil 
 
 Dutch. — Distinction of Brederoo as Holland's greatest dramatist and 
 
 of Vondel following him as her greatest tragedian 38 15491-93 
 
 Delightful Dutch comedies of Coster 42 122 
 
 Hindu. — H. H. Wilson's < Select Specimens- of the Theatre of the 
 
 Hindus ^ 43 57S 
 
 Kalidasa, the greatest of Sanskrit dramatists, about 550 A. D., India's 
 
 Shakespeare 21 8455 
 
 Bhavabhuti, a dramatic poet of India in the eighth century, ranking 
 
 next to Kalidasa 42 58 
 
 The Theatre. — Graf's Italian < Origin of the Modern Drama* 42 229 
 
 Klein's unfinished History of the Drama among all peoples 43 307 
 
 Frenzel's two volumes of dramatic criticism 42 202 
 
 William Winter of the New York Tribune, his conspicuous position 
 
 as an American dramatic critic 40 i6o6r, 16062 
 
 Jeremy Collier's successful attack on the English stage in 1698 10 3946 
 
 Dispute on the suppression of theatrical performances at Geneva. ...i 355 
 
 Dr. John Witherspoon's < Nature and Effects of the Stage > 43 581 
 
 Aubignac's study of the drama in < The Practical Side of the Theatre \ 4 2 29 
 
 Wagner on the theatre as a temple of art 38 15 501 
 
 <<The true drama is the art of teaching virtue and good manners by 
 
 action and dialogue » (Voltaire) 38 15487 
 
 The earliest English theatre built by James Burbage in London .. 33 131 82 
 Lessing's ideal of the theater as the pulpit of humanity embodied in 
 
 his < Nathan the Wise > 44 172 
 
 The Christian fathers, especially Jerome, very fond of the comedies 
 
 of Plautus 29 1 1 562 
 
 The modern French theatre dates from 1 599 10 4067 
 
 French. — Etienne's < History of the French Theatre > 42 173 
 
 De JuUeville's < History of the Theatre in France > 43 426 
 
 Gautier's < History of Dramatic Art in France, 1837-62 > 15 6224 
 
 Distinction of M. Sarcey in French dramatic criticism 32 12825, 12826 
 
 Use of few actors by Alfieri i 373 
 
 «The theatre is the chef-d'ceuvre of society >> (Voltaire) 38 15487 
 
 Efforts of Wagner against the degradation of the theatre to a mere 
 
 place of entertainment 38 15500, 15501 
 
 George Sand passionately fond of the stage 32 12769 
 
 EDUCATION AND EDUCATORS 
 
 Greek. — Aristotle's life with his pupils 2 789 
 
 Aristotle on the necessity of common-school education .... 2 800 
 
 Plutarch on teaching virtue, 29 11646; on good schoolmasters, 11648; 
 
 on mothers and nurses 29 11649 
 
 Quintilian on the schooling of boys 30 11984 
 
 Greek use of dancing as a part of education 37 15172 
 
 Xenophon on < The Education of a Persian Boy > 39 16258-60 
 
CCClxxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Mahaffy's < Old Greek Education > 44 331 
 
 Spinoza on the improvement of the understanding 35 13793 
 
 German. — Fichte at Jena, an ideal university educator 14 5674 
 
 Basedow's revolution in German education analogous to that of 
 
 Comenius 42 46 
 
 Pestalozzi's efforts for the reformation of the systems of popular 
 
 schooling 43 425 
 
 Froebel's educational creed 15 6026 
 
 Schiller on aesthetic education 33 1291 1 
 
 Oskar Jager, a German educational author and official 42 286 
 
 Flemish. — Jan van Droogenbrceck, a Flemish educator of eminence. 4 2 152 
 
 French. — Original ideas of Montaigne on education 26 10238 
 
 Celestin Hippeau, an eminent French educational author and authority. 4 2 265 
 Jean Joseph Jacotot, author of an important French educational sys- 
 tem 42 2S6 
 
 Rousseau's <fimile,> a famous study of elementary education 44 160 
 
 Services of Cuvier to education in France 10 4252 
 
 Educational work at Paris of Jean Mace 24 9474 
 
 Jean Victor Duruy, an eminent educational administrator under Na- 
 poleon III 12 5069 
 
 Alfred Rambaud's important educational work in France 30 12041 
 
 Littre's French dictionary, the most important and valuable 43 345 
 
 Larousse's < Grand Dictionnaire Universel,> a most exhaustive and 
 
 valuable reference work 43 327 
 
 English. — Notable labors of King Alfred to promote English educa- 
 tion, I 391 ; his own account of it i 393-95 
 
 York, England, a great seat of learning and education under Alcuin. 1 295 
 
 Alcuin's writings on grammar and other educational topics i 297 
 
 Roger Ascham's spirit and system, 2 917; examples from him, — <On 
 Gentleness in Education, > 2 918-20; <0n Study and Exer- 
 cise > 2 920-23 
 
 Roger Ascham's < The Schoolmaster > ( 1 57°) 42 27 
 
 Saint Paul's School, London, founded for instruction of boys in the 
 world's best Hterature; classical Latin rather than Church Latin, 
 
 and Greek as well as Latin 1 4 5 454 
 
 Thomas Fuller on <The Good Schoolmaster > 15 6133 
 
 Lord Bacon on the lack in his time of university education in arts 
 
 and sciences 3 1183-88 
 
 Lord Bacon's Dreams; Rabelais's realistic views; Montaigne's criti- 
 cisms; Mulcaster's <Anticipations > ; Ratich's teaching with prepa- 
 ration for Comenius 10 3913 
 
 Milton on errors in teaching 25 10074 
 
 Adam Smith on military and general education 34 13535, 13536 
 
 Sydney Smith on the absurdity of a purely classical education 34 13566-70 
 
 Locke on study 23 9109 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ccclxxxv 
 
 Hugh Miller's ^My Schools and Schoolmasters, > of rare educational 
 
 interest 45 453 
 
 Frank Buckland on present-day education too much through book- 
 learning, and not enough through observation of nature 44 318 
 
 W. Hawley Smith's <The Evolution of Dodd,> a study of our public 
 
 school system 44 132 
 
 Bentham's urgency for science as against Greek and Latin 4 1774-75 
 
 Mary Wollstonecraft's conception of «the most perfect education, » 
 39 16131 ; her demand for the education of woman equally with 
 man 39 16131 
 
 Jeremy Bentham on « Mendacity and insincerity the effects and the 
 
 only sure effects of an English university ed.ucation » 4 1773 
 
 Carlyle on the « sawdust >> offered him by his college teachers 8 3232 
 
 Buckle, a great English scholar, a remarkable example of self-edu- 
 cation 6 2673 
 
 Buckle on the causes primarily active in the formation of the char- 
 acter of nations 6 2675 
 
 Matthew Arnold's life work as a school inspector; his great services 
 
 to education in England .- 2 844 ; 4 2 26 
 
 Educational address by an English statesman (A. J. Balfour) on < The 
 
 Pleasures of Reading > 3 1288-304 
 
 English preference of home training to schooling 12 4733 
 
 Herbert Spencer's great work on intellectual, moral, and physical 
 
 education 35 137 11 
 
 The philosopher Berkeley's scheme for a university in the Bermudas, 
 to educate scholars, teachers, and ministers for America, 4 1802; 
 his verses <0n the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in 
 America > 4 1805 
 
 American. — Mark Hopkins, president of Williams College, eminent 
 
 American educator 42 273 
 
 Henry Barnard, founder of the Journal of Education 42 43 
 
 Agassiz's remarkable power as a teacher of science i 213 
 
 Eminent educational position and work of Andrew D. White 39 15851 
 
 The humanist use of education as the cure for evil in the world .... 2 6 10336 
 Sarmiento, President of the Argentine Republic, and eminent in edu- 
 cational work 43 480 
 
 E. P. Whipple's proposal of a college for the education of domestic 
 
 servants 39 15850 
 
 EPIGRAMS AND EPITAPHS 
 
 Select epigrams from Theocritus 37 14779 
 
 Later Greek literature notable for production of epigrams ; a selection 
 
 of examples 16 6637-52 
 
 Epitaphs from the Latin poet Ennius 14 5482-83 
 
 Examples from the Latin of Martial, the world's greatest epigram- 
 matist 24 9750-58 
 
 25 
 
CCclxxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Epigrams from India 41 16989-94 
 
 Epigrams from the Arabic 41 16972-73 
 
 Persian epigrams 41 16965, 16983 
 
 HELLENISM 
 
 Lucian of Samosata the last of the Hellenes , 23 9290 
 
 Zeller's * Comprehensive History of Greek Philosophy ^ 43 595 
 
 Boccaccio the founder of Greek studies 44 235 
 
 Roger Bacon on Greek culture and Greek teaching and life 45 475 
 
 « I have given my whole soul to Greek learning ; I shall first buy 
 
 Greek books and then clothes '> (Erasmus, a student at Paris) .... 14 55 11 
 Gladstone's < Homeric Studies, > and Lawton's <Art and Humanity in 
 
 Homer> 44 115, 116 
 
 Jebb's lectures at Baltimore on the Growth and Influence of Classi- 
 cal Greek Poetry 44 189 
 
 Symonds's studies in the Greek poets 45 497 
 
 Mahaffy's conspicuously valuable studies of Greek History and Life . 2 4 9569 
 Guerber's account of the Myths of Greece and their great influence 
 
 upon literature and art 44 189 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer's fine historical novels of ancient Greek life, and 
 
 valuable works on Greek culture 43 343 
 
 Greek tendencies of the German poet Geibel 15 6248 
 
 Leopardi, celebrated Italian poet, «oted as perfectly Greek in spirit 
 
 and style 22 8978 
 
 In Mrs. Browning's early days «the Greeks were her demigods >* ... .6 2523 
 Walter Pater, a critic notable for a Greek spirit, 28 1 1 1 59 ; his volume 
 
 of essays, < Greek Studies > 45 448 
 
 Edward Everett as Greek professor at Harvard awakened great in- 
 terest in Hellenic studies 42 175 
 
 HISTORIES AND HISTORIANS 
 
 Herodotus popularly noted as « The Father of History » 18 7285 
 
 Maspero's <The Dawn of Civilization, > in Egypt and Babylonia, and 
 
 <The Struggle of the Nations, > Egypt, Syria, and Assyria 45 343 
 
 Becker's <Charicles: Scenes from the Private Life of Ancient Greece >. .44 102 
 
 Becker's <Gallus: Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus > 44 102 
 
 Duruy's < History of the Romans, > the most elaborate and complete 
 
 of his works and the best on the subject 45 340 
 
 Dyer's <The Gods in Greece > 45 512 
 
 Thucydides's masterly survey of Greek ancient history, and story of 
 the war between Athens and Sparta ; sustained and brilliant com- 
 position; left unfinished: a great work canonized from about 
 
 B. C. 100 37 14910-12 
 
 Poly bi us, author of a great history of Greece during the period 220- 
 
 146 B. C, lived at Rome 168-151 B. C 30 11701-10 
 
I 
 TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxxvii 
 
 Grote's < History of Greece,^ and important supplementary works on 
 
 Plato and Aristotle 17 6745-47 
 
 Finlay's historical masterpiece devoted to more than two thousand 
 
 years of Greek history 42 189 
 
 «Livy who erreth not>> (Dante) not true of his Roman history, 
 
 which is often rare s,tory rather than real history 23 9091-94 
 
 Caesar's < Commentaries, > an inimitable and masterly work 7 3042 
 
 Tacitus and Plutarch, two of the most thoughtful of historians i 365 
 
 Roman era of history 26 10251 
 
 < General History from the Fourth Century to Our Day,^ by Lavisse 
 
 and Rambaud 31 12041 
 
 Victor Duruy's very important historical works 42 158 
 
 Thierry's improvements in historical research, illustrated by works of 
 
 great value 37 14803 
 
 A gredt < Parliamentary History of the French Revolution > 42 81 
 
 Carlyle's *■ French Revolution '> 8 3237 
 
 Taine's three important works embraced in his < Origins of Contem- 
 porary France > 36 14405 
 
 Napier's < History of the War in the Peninsula > 43 401 
 
 Lanfrey's profoundly critical < History of Napoleon* 43 325 
 
 Sloane's < Life of Napoleon > 44 261 
 
 Bourrienne's < Memoirs of Napoleon > 44 16 
 
 Michelet's < History of France > down to the nineteenth century .... 2 5 9983-85 
 Revolutionary effect of the three master works of Voltaire, his 
 < Charles Xn.,> <Age of Louis XIV., > and < Essay on Man- 
 
 ners> 38 15456 
 
 Renan's French new departure rationalistic treatment of early Christ- 
 ian history 31 12152-58 
 
 The < Commentaries > of ^neas Sylvius (Pope Pius H.), a notable 
 
 story of the literature, politics, and events of the author's time .44 130 
 
 Foxe's <Book of Martyrs,* a notable early English story-book 44 262 
 
 Lea's scholarly < History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages> 44 166 
 
 Froissart's French Chronicles of History in France, England, etc., 
 
 1325-1400 ..44 85 
 
 Martin's ^History of France,* to 1789 44 85 
 
 Perkins's < France under Louis XV.> 44 85 
 
 Stephens's <The French Revolution * 44 86 
 
 E. and J. de Goncourt's < History of French Society* 44 161 
 
 Coubertin's < Evolution of France under the Third Republic * 44 87 
 
 Seeley's <Life and Times of Stein,* a masterly study of the Napo- 
 leonic period, and estimate of Napoleon 45 413 
 
 Conan Doyle's <The Great Shadow,* a powerful story of the twenty 
 
 years' dominance of Napoleon in Europe 44 260 
 
 Von Sybel's < Founding of the German Empire * 44 94 
 
 Madame de Stael's < Germany,* and the <Germania * of Tacitus 44 93, 94 
 
 Max Duncker's masterly < Ancient History * 42 156 
 
ccclxxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 Ranke's new aim and method in writing history 30 12074 
 
 Niebuhr, notable improvements in the method of German study of 
 
 history . . . ; 27 10657 
 
 Mommsen, Germany's greatest scholar in history, university professor 
 
 at Berlin since 1858 26 10206 
 
 The < History of the Civil Wars of Granada > by G. I^. de Hita (1588- 
 
 1604), the first historical romance in Spanish literature . 42 266 
 
 Cantu's < Universal History,^ an extraordinarily successful and perhaps 
 
 unsurpassed work 42 93 
 
 Grundtvig's < Danish Manual of Universal History, > a monumental 
 
 work of great value 42 236 
 
 Bede's < Ecclesiastical History of England, > the earliest g^reat authority 
 for English history; translated from Latin into Anglo-Saxon by 
 
 King Alfred 42 50 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, recording English annals from A. D. 449 
 
 to 1154 2 554 
 
 Notable excellence of Hallam's historical works 17 6853 
 
 Knight's popular < History of England > 43 309 
 
 Macaulay's notably popular and immensely successful < History of 
 
 England > 24 9385 
 
 J. A. Froude's < History of England, > and other historical works ... 1 5 6059-64 
 Gardiner's extended works in English history of the highest impor- 
 tance 42 208 
 
 Justin McCarthy's interesting < History of England under Queen Vic- 
 toria * 24 9440 
 
 May's important works on < English Constitutional History,* < Parlia- 
 mentary Law > and < Democracy in Europe > 43 374 
 
 Stubbs's < History of the English Constitution, > exceptionally accurate 
 
 and authoritative 35 14139 
 
 Sir W. W. Hunter's comprehensive and accurate studies of the his- 
 tory and condition of India 42 279 
 
 Henry Morley's notable histories of English literature 43 391 
 
 Courthope's < History of English Poetry > 44 301 
 
 Tylor's authoritative works on < Primitive Culture > 43 535 
 
 Mosheim's < Institutes of Ecclesiastical History > 43 393 
 
 Milman's notable < Histories of the Jews, of Christianity under the 
 
 Empire, and of Latin Christianity > 43 384 
 
 Leslie Stephen's < History of English Thought in the Eighteenth 
 
 Century > 43 505 
 
 < Scientific Method Applied to History,* by J. A. Froude 15 6071-75 
 
 Clarendon's < History of the Rebellion,* one of the great masterpieces 
 
 of English historical literature 9 3738 
 
 Origin of the literary school of English historical writing from 
 
 Hume 19 7777, 7779 
 
 Gibbon's < Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,* an unchallenged 
 
 and conspicuous masterpiece 16 6271 
 
 E. A. Freeman's ideal of history 15 5979-81 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCClxxxix 
 
 Buckle's conception of what history should be 6 2676 
 
 Mahaffy's idea of the only way to write history in the full and real 
 
 sense ' 24 9569 
 
 Extraordinary perfection and interest of Motley's < Dutch Republic > .26 10376 
 Bancroft's < History of the United States> (1492-1782) ; and < History of 
 
 the Formation of the Constitution) (1782-89) 4 1435-36 
 
 Hildreth's < History of the United States, > to the close of President 
 
 Monroe's administration 18 7371 
 
 McMaster's < History of the People of the United States,> from 1789; 
 
 four volumes come down to 1821 24 9503 
 
 Henry Adams's < History of the United States, 1801-17 > (the adminis- 
 
 ' trations of Jefferson and Madison) i no 
 
 Palfrey's <■ History of New England > 28 10988 
 
 Parkman's great series of works embraced under < France and Eng- 
 land in North America > 28 11087 
 
 Winsor's < Narrative and Critical History of America >; < Memorial 
 History of Boston > ; < From Cartier to Frontenac > ; < The Missis- 
 sippi Basin >; and <The Struggle in America between England 
 
 and France, > works of the very highest authority 43 580 
 
 Rhodes's < History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 > . 3 i 12206 
 
 Schouler's < History of the United States under the Constitution > . .43 485 
 
 Von Hoist's < Constitutional and Political History of the United States \ 1 8 7496 
 
 Blaine's < Twenty Years of Congress — Lincoln to Garfield > 45 405 
 
 HUMANISM AND HUMANISTS 
 
 Greek. — The principle of human liberty discovered by Socrates 2 790 
 
 Socrates the great humanist of Greek philosophy 34 13627 
 
 Stoicism modified by human feeling in Epictetus 14 5497 
 
 Latin. — The teaching and example of Marcus Aurelius 3 1028; 42 30 
 
 Terence's < Self -Tormentor, > a singularly perfect picture of human 
 life, 36 14647; his great line <Homo Sum,> 14647; his broad 
 
 grasp of human nature of all his six plays 36 14647 
 
 Dutch. — Erasmus, the celebrated European humanist 14 5519; 42 172 
 
 Justus Lipsius, a celebrated Dutch humanist 43 344 
 
 French. — John Calvin's lack of human sympathy 8 31 18 
 
 The essential thesis of humanism assumed by Diderot's Encyclo- 
 pedic 26 10336 
 
 Beranger's love of humanity and compassion for the weak 4 1787 
 
 Strongly humanistic thought and feeling of Darmesteter 11 4380, 4381 
 
 Vice's principle of humanity adopted by Jules Michelet 25 9982 
 
 The humanism of Anatole France 15 5909 
 
 Zola's lack of humanism 39 16291 
 
 German. — Klopstock the first among modern German poets inspired 
 
 by humanist sympathy 22 8693 
 
 J. G. Herder's comprehensive promotion of humanism as a philosophy 
 
 of history 18 7263 
 
CCCXC OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Humanistic and Greek tendencies cause the German poet Geibel to 
 
 abandon the Church 15 6248 
 
 Humboldt's humanist sympathies 19 7769 
 
 Mommsen's conception of man's organized life as one great develop- 
 ment 26 10207 
 
 Russian. — Unique distinction of Tolstoy's humanism ; he is especially 
 
 the humanist of Russian literature 37 14988-92 
 
 Extraordinary human spirit and deep pity shown in the novels of 
 
 Turgeneff 37 15061 
 
 Danish. — Broad intellectual and human sympathies of the Danish 
 
 poet Holberg 18 7410-741 1 
 
 Norse. — Conspicuous representative services of the Norse writer 
 
 Bjornson 5 1966, 1967 
 
 Italian. — Leonardo Bruni, a noted classical scholar, translator of Greek ■v 
 
 authors into Latin 42 80 
 
 Beccadelli, Poggio, and Politian, celebrated humanists of the last half 
 
 of the fifteenth century 42 49 ; 43 433, 434 
 
 Mazzini's fundamental principles, humanity opposed to individualism, 
 
 and duty opposed to rights 25 9844 
 
 English. — Sir Thomas More, a conspicuous early English representa- 
 tive of humanism 26 10295-97 
 
 Shakespeare the broadest representative Englishman 33 131 67 
 
 Importance of Shakespeare that of his humanism 18 7262 
 
 Warmly humanitarian spirit of Adam Smith; his ruling passion to 
 
 benefit mankind 34 13522 
 
 Delightful humanism of Charles Lamb 22 8818 
 
 Pathetic humanism the strong point of Thomas Hood 19 7590 
 
 Singular passion for improvement of mankind shown by J. S. Mill. .25 looio 
 
 A warm humanity the dominant note of Mr. Lecky's literary work. .22 8929 
 Ruskin about i860 gave up art and nature studies for humanitarian 
 
 work, sacrificing a fortune of $1,000,000 32 12514 
 
 Home's < Orion,* a lofty poetic appeal for devotion to human progress, 
 
 I 9 7641 ; example from the poem, < Morning > 19 7642-44 
 
 The first great characteristic of Browning's poetry, its essential ele- 
 mental humanity surpassed only by Shakespeare's 6 2563 
 
 Broad humanity of Besant in his novels 4 1839 
 
 Charles Dickens as an apostle of humanity in modem life, 1 1 4625, 
 
 4626 ; « So very human » the explanation of his success 11 4442 
 
 Frances Power Cobbe, an Irish religious and ethical writer of 
 
 broadly humanist sympathies 42 113 
 
 P. G. Hamerton's < Human Intercourse > 17 6877 
 
 Wealth of humanist interest in Symonds's studies of Greek, Italian, 
 
 and English culture 36 14338, 14339 
 
 Large sympathy and enthusiasm of humanity the secret of Ian Mac- 
 
 laren's power 38 15694 
 
 American. — The welfare of human society the single purpose and 
 
 constant study of Benjamin Franklin 15 5928 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cccxci 
 
 W. W. Story, a humanist and apostle of culture in his mature 
 
 poems 3 5 14052 
 
 Strongly humanistic character of Mrs. Stowe's best work 35 14069 
 
 Remarkable humanism of the mother of Dr. O. W. Holmes 19 7458 
 
 HUMOR AND HUMORISTS 
 
 Greek. — The wit and humor of Socrates helped to charm his hearers .34 13630 
 
 Humor and abounding comic force of Aristophanes 2 765 
 
 Latin. — Roman comedy means the works of Plautus and Terence ... 3 6 14644 
 Comparison of the subtler humor of Terence with the bolder wit of 
 
 Plautus 36 14652 
 
 Development of humor by Aristophanes 2 766-67 
 
 French.— Rabelais's diverting fantastic epics of ridicule of errors ... 30 12004 
 
 Moliere, the greatest of modern comic dramatists 26 10153 
 
 Regnard, French author of comedies, second only to Moliere 43 454 
 
 Cazotte, a French humorist of the last half of the eighteenth century .42 99 
 
 Beaumarchais's exceptional success with famous comedies 4 1657 
 
 Mendes's < The Humor of France > 25 9908 
 
 Scribe's great number of laugh-provoking comedies 33 13083 
 
 Delicate humor and pathos of the novels and sketches by Gustave 
 
 Droz 12 4886 
 
 W. Besant on < The French Humorists > 45 348 
 
 About's delightfully humorous < King of the Mountains > 44 222 
 
 German. — Brandt's <The Ship of Fools, > a powerful humorous satire, 
 notably promotive of culture-reformation in the tipie of Erasmus 
 
 and Luther 5 231 1 
 
 Notable humorous interest of the dramas and poetic tales of Hans 
 
 Sachs 32 12611, 12612 
 
 Heine, a robust humorist and merciless satirist 45 544 
 
 Ernst Dohm, a German humorist, one of the founders of a notable 
 
 German comic journal 42 148 
 
 Eichrodt's contributions to German humorous poetry 42 166 
 
 Ernst Eckstein, a very prolific German author of brilliant humorous 
 
 sketches 42 162 
 
 Homely fun and pathos of Fritz Renter's <My Apprenticeship on the 
 
 Farm> 31 12197 
 
 Most genial humor displayed in Frey tag's <The Journalists, > 15 601 1; 
 
 and the < Lost Manuscript* 15 6013-15 
 
 Reinick's fine German lyrics, remarkable for simple humor 43 454 
 
 Singularly delicate and penetrating wit of Hauff, in a series of Ger- 
 man tales 17 7014 
 
 Sudermann's <Iolanthe's Wedding,* full of delightful humor and merry- 
 making 35 14164 
 
 Distinction of Chiavacci as an Austrian humorist, contributor to 
 
 Vienna journals 42 107 
 
 Baron Munchausen's humorous imaginative story of travels and ad- 
 ventures 44 304 
 
CCCXCii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Danish. — Holberg's humor shrewd and deep 1 8 741 1, 7412 
 
 Baggesen, a Danish humorist in his < Comic Tales ^ 3 1236 
 
 Dutch. — Heufi's humorous novels and sketches, caricatures, and 
 
 satires 42 263 
 
 Spanish. — Cervantes's <Don Quixote, > one of the world's great ex- 
 amples of humorous good sense 8 3451 
 
 De Alarc6n's <The Three -Cornered Hat,> famous for its pungent wit 
 
 and humor i 263 
 
 Russian. — Natural genuine humor, one of Gogol's distinguishing 
 
 characteristics 16 6458 
 
 Saltykov, a Russian satirist classed among the best of his country. .43 478 
 
 Peculiarity of the humor of Tolstoy 37 14995 
 
 Hungarian. — Kdroly Kisfaludy, author of comedies and novels of 
 
 Hungarian life, rich in humor 43 306 
 
 Ludwig Hevesi, Hungarian story-writer and humorist, founder of the 
 
 Magyar comic paper, Borzsem Jankd 42 263 
 
 Adolph Agai, editor of Borzsem Janko (John Peppercorn), a notable 
 
 Hungarian comic paper 42 6 
 
 J6kai's publication of Ustokos, one of the wittiest of Hungarian 
 
 humorous weeklies 21 8333 
 
 Italian. — Belli, a noted Roman humorist and satirist 42 52 
 
 Bondi, a liberal Italian Jesuit, and humorist poet 42 67 
 
 Fusinato, a widely popular Italian political humorist '. .42 206 
 
 Farini, an Italian novelist, notable for humor in the manner of 
 
 Dickens 42 t 79 
 
 English. — Falstaff, by far the best of Shakespeare's humorous char- 
 acters 1 4 5 388 
 
 Fielding's Parson Adams, one of the great humorous creations 14 5701 
 
 Sterne's <Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, > whimsical, hetero- 
 geneous, keenly realistic 45 517 
 
 *The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century,> by W. M. Thack- 
 eray 4 4 75 
 
 Genuine humor of Lamb's essays 43 322 
 
 Notes of humor in John Henry Newman's lectures 27 10604 
 
 W. Bagehot's conception of humor 3 1208 
 
 Humorous writings as a discipline in jolly paganism 4 1509 
 
 Thomas Hood, the most playful and humorous of poets 42 272 
 
 Theodore Hook, a minor English humorist and dramatic wit 42 272 
 
 Douglas Jerrold, a notable English humorist, a writer for Punch. . . 42 289 
 
 Dickens's Pickwick, pure fun from beginning to end 45 551 
 
 Shirley Brooks, notable English humorist, editor of Punch .42 76 
 
 Notable career as an English humorist, of Tom Taylor 43 517 
 
 Du Maurier's distinction as a London comic journalist, contribut r of 
 
 society sketches to Punch, 1864-96 12 t;o4i 
 
 Locker- Lampson's < London Lyrics, > the perfection of humorous- 
 pathetic poetry 23 9113 
 
 The adventures of Verdant Green at Oxford 45 528 
 
 W. S. Gilbert's <Bab Ballads,* a classic expression of English humor. . 16 6333 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXCiii 
 
 W. E. Aytoun's humorous sketches 3 1112 
 
 The foremost rank of Barham among humorists 4 1503 
 
 American. — Irving's < Knickerbocker History of New York> satu- 
 rated with the spirit of broad comedy; unequaled sustained humor 
 
 of parts of the narrative 20 7995-97 
 
 Sunshiny wit and humor of Oliver Wendell Holmes 19 7462 
 
 «Mark Twain,» universally recognized as the first of living humorists . 9 3789 
 Artemus Ward ranks with Mark Twain in original and genuine 
 
 American humor 6 2463 
 
 Parton's < Caricature and other Comic Art,> a book showing much 
 
 keen humor 28 11124 
 
 JEWISH 
 
 Josephus, born at Jerusalem A. D. 37, 21 8361; his <Wars> and 
 < Antiquities > of the Jews, and his ^Autobiography,* works of great 
 
 importance for Jewish history > 21 8362 
 
 The story of the Talmud as an immense encyclopaedia of Hebrew 
 questions and opinions on points of sacred law, 36 14453; 24 
 9591; 42 22; a comprehensive codification of scholastic inquiry in 
 
 Jewish biblical schools 36 14460 
 
 The Talmud's account of a Jewish feast 13 5146-50 
 
 Philo Judaeus, eminent Jewish philosopher at Alexandria in the time 
 
 of Christ 43 428 
 
 Eleazar ben Kalir, a Hebrew poet of the eighth century 43 296 
 
 Ibn Esra, a Jewish scholar, author of hymns, and one of the earliest 
 
 commentators on the Bible 42 282 
 
 The great scholars and teachers of mediaeval philosophy and science, 
 3 1 100; Ibn Gabirol's modification of Aristotle's thought of God 
 
 and the world 3 iioo, iioi 
 
 Moses Maimonides regarded as the Jewish Aristotle of Cordova, 24 
 9589; his initiation of a new era in Jewish theology, 9590; his 
 
 commentary on the Mishnah 24 9591 
 
 Adolphe Franck's < The Cabbala > or religious philosophy of the Hebrews . 4 2 199 
 Samuel Cahen's version of the Old Testament in French (1841-53) .42 88 
 
 Leopold Zunz's « Science of Judaism » 43 599 
 
 Azulai's bibliography of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and over 2,200 of 
 
 their works 42 32 
 
 The < Tack-Kemoni > of Charisi, a picture of every -day Jewish life 
 
 and character in the thirteenth century 42 103 
 
 Hebrew blood of Felix Mendelssohn 25 9886 
 
 Heinrich Heine, an upper-class Jew 18 7185 
 
 Hermann Adler on <The Jews in England > and <The Chief Rabbis 
 
 of England > 42 6 
 
 Isaac Mayer Wise, eminent leader of the reform movement in Ameri- 
 can Judaisrh 43 581 
 
 Jewish parentage of Berthold Auerbach, 3 961; Anti-Semitic senti- 
 ment embittered his residence in Germany 3 963 
 
CCCXciv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Ludovic Hal6vy, French dramatist and writer of librettos of Jewish 
 
 parentage 17 6831 
 
 Grace Aguilar's <The Spirit of Judaism > and other Jewish studies 
 
 markedly liberal i 225 
 
 Isaac D'Israeli. and his eminent son Benjamin Disraeli 42 145 
 
 Jewish sympathies of Disraeli shown by his Sidonia, the Jew financier, 
 
 3 1635; his idea of the race as the ^Aristocracy of Nature » 4 1637 
 
 Besant's picture of the Synagogue 4 1845-51 
 
 Fiirst's < History of Jewish Culture > ... 4 2 205 
 
 Ludovic Halevy's < The Abbe Constantin > 42 244 
 
 Goldschmidt, a Danish exponent of the family and social life of the 
 
 orthodox Jew 16 6493 
 
 Darmesteter, a French-Jew and scholar, on Judaism 11 4382-84 
 
 Alexander Kohut, one of the greatest Orientalists and Semitic schol- 
 ars of his age 43 311 
 
 A < Complete Dictionary of the Talmud, > by Alexander Kohut 43 311 
 
 Henri Harrisse, a Russian-Hebrew, author of important contributions 
 
 to knowledge of the discovery' of America 42 250 
 
 Alfred Edersheim, a converted rabbi ; a Jewish-Christian biblical 
 
 writer; author of important contributions to Hebrew-Christian 
 
 history 13 5145; 42 162 
 
 Kraszewski's <The Jew,> a Polish story of special Jewish interest ...44 248 
 Jacobs's <The Jews of Angevin England, > the story of the Jews in 
 
 England from the Norman Conquest to 1206 44 20 
 
 Rodkinson's <The Babylonian Talmud: Revised Original and New 
 
 Translation > 44 22 
 
 History of Jerusalem, by W. Besant and E. H. Palmer 45 342 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu's < Israel among the Nations: a Study of the Jews 
 
 and Anti-Semitism > 45 342 
 
 Renan's <The History of Israel,* five notable volumes 44 247 
 
 Lessing's < Nathan the Wise,* a dramatic plea for toleration between 
 
 Christian and Jew 44 172 
 
 Zangwill's < Children of the Ghetto,* a study of Jew customs and 
 
 character 44 149 
 
 Jewish interest of George Eliot's < Daniel Deronda * 44 9 
 
 <As It Was Written,* by Sidney Luska (Henry Harland) a Jewish 
 
 study 44 253 
 
 JOURNALISM AND JOURNALISTS 
 
 English. — The journalistic instinct in the note-book of King Alfred . i 391 
 
 Daniel Defoe's pioneer work in English journalism 11 4480-84 
 
 Initiation of literary journalism by Steele and Addison 35 13877 
 
 The Tatler and the Spectator of Steele and Addison 42 5; i 153-55 
 
 Suggestions in Smollett of the method of the modern newspaper 
 
 man 34 13579 
 
 Greatness of James Boswell as an interviewer and reporter 5 2228 
 
 George Crabbe's early work, < The Newspaper* 10 4117 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXCV 
 
 Leigh Hunt's career in London 19 7791-93 
 
 Mark Lemon, the first editor, and for twenty-nine years manager of 
 
 Punch 4 3 335 
 
 Journalistic career of Douglas Jerrold 21 8258 
 
 Tom Taylor, dramatist and editor of Punch 43 517 
 
 R. H. Barham as a London editor 4 1505 
 
 George Croly's experience of journalism in London 10 4197 
 
 Editorial distinction of John Morley, — initiated the custom of signing 
 
 articles 26 10323, 10324 
 
 Editorial career and great distinction of Walter Bagehot 3 1205 
 
 «Rant and Mendacity, Fury and Distortion » (Walter Bagehot), char- 
 acteristic of party-journalism 3 1206 
 
 William Black's ten years of journalism 5 1983 
 
 Archibald Forbes's famous career and writings 42 194 
 
 W. Clark Russell at Newcastle and in London 32 12564 
 
 Early work of Thomas Hughes in journalism 19 7695 
 
 Sir W. H. Russell, special correspondent of the London Times 43 473 
 
 Career of James Thomson, a poet of unique genius; author of <The 
 
 City of Dreadful Night > 3 7 14865 
 
 Henry W. Lucy, London parliamentary reporter and historical writer 43 352 
 
 Justin McCarthy's connection with the press 24 9440 
 
 J. M. Barrie's early struggle in journalism 4 1571 
 
 Remarkable notes of journalism in Kipling's early work 22 8634 
 
 George Cupples's journalistic work 10 4209 
 
 French. — D' Alembert's reference to weekly newspapers of his time . . i 367 
 Bayle, author of <Bayle's Dictionary, > essentially a modern journalist . 4 4 126 
 The great Encyclopedie of Diderot and D'Alembert an immense de- 
 monstration on the lines which are now those of journalism 44 161 
 
 The Anti-Jacobin of 1797 8 3191 
 
 Leo Lespes, founder of Le Petit Journal 43 338 
 
 Arthur Arnould's founding of La Marseillaise and of the famous 
 
 Journal du Peuple 42 26 
 
 Girardin's < The Periodical Press in the Nineteenth Century > 42 219 
 
 Girardin's creation of the cheap popular press of Paris 42 219 
 
 La Muse Frangaise founded by Victor Hugo and Emile Deschamps.42 141 
 
 Lemoinne, political editor of the Journal des Debats 43 335 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, founder and editor of L'Economiste Frangais .43 338 
 
 Frederic Bastiat's publication of a journal to promulgate his views. .4 1609 
 
 The Revue de France founded by Gonzales 42 224 
 
 Veuillot, a French Catholic journalist, powerful antagonist of the 
 
 modern spirit 38 15330 
 
 Journalistic career of Adolphe Thiers in Paris 37 1482 1 
 
 Heredia's distinction in journalism in Paris 18 7278 
 
 Alphonse Daudet as a journalist and humorist in Paris 11 4437 
 
 Paul Bourget's early experience in journalism 5 2252 
 
 Spanish. — Alarc6n, editor of the Spanish journals La Epoca and La 
 
 Politica I 262 
 
CCCXCvi OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Flemish. — Georges Eekhoud's career as an editor in Antwerp 13 5190 
 
 Hymans, a Belgian journalist of distinction 42 281 
 
 Italian. — Character and success of Madame Serao as a journalist. . . .33 13 133 
 
 Gozzi, eminent Italian journalist, notable for Dante studies 42 228 
 
 Baretti, noted Italian literary journalist 42 42 
 
 Servian. — Jovan Jovanovic, famous throughout Austria and Hungary 
 
 as an influential editor 42 293 
 
 Russian. — Notably journalistic turn of mind of the Russian novelist 
 Dostoevsky, i 2 4784 ; his periodical < Diary of a Writer > the most 
 
 enormously popular publication of the day 12 4784 
 
 Norwegian. — Bjornson's <The Editor, > a play having for its subject 
 
 the degradation of modern journalism 5 1964, 1965 
 
 German. — Earlier career of Heine in Munich and Berlin 18 7186 
 
 Gustav Freytag's career in journalism 15 601 1 
 
 Liebknecht, editor-in-chief of Vorwarts, the organ of the Social Dem- 
 ocratic party 43 342 
 
 Kladderadatsch, a noted comic journal in Berlin 42 148 
 
 Goethe on the newspapers 16 6453 
 
 Freytag's <The Journalists > called the best comedy of the country.. . . 
 
 15 6011, 6015 
 
 Schopenhauer's scorn of journalists 33 12950, 1295 1 
 
 Bodmer's notable initiation of German literary journalism in imita- 
 tion of Addison's Spectator 5 2129 
 
 Swedish. — Dalin's Swedish Argus (1732-34) imitated from Addison's 
 
 Spectator 10 4278 
 
 Danish. — Goldschmidt's career as a Danish journalist 16 6493 
 
 Molbech, a Danish journalist at Copenhagen .43 386 
 
 American. — Benjamin Franklin, the pioneer of American journalism; 
 
 founder in Philadelphia of the Pennsylania Gazette 15 5925; 42 200 
 
 «Tom Paine,* two years assistant editor of the Pennsylvania Maga- 
 zine, when he began to write his political appeals 28 10975, 10976 
 
 Early newspaper career of the historian Hildreth 18 7372 
 
 Horace Greeley, «the epic figure of the American press » 17 6653 
 
 Journalistic career of Paul Hayne at Charleston 18 71 10 
 
 Bryant's eminent career as a journalist in New York 6 2625 
 
 Whitelaw Reid's journalistic and editorial distinction ; Horace Greeley's 
 
 successor in the New York Tribune 43 454 
 
 George William Curtis as a writer and editor 10 4222, 4223 
 
 Whittier's services to anti-slavery journalism 39 159 12 
 
 Forney's < Forty Years of American Journalism > 42 195 
 
 California journalistic career of Bret Harte 17 6985 
 
 Both Artemus Ward and Mark Twain educated in journalism 6 2463 
 
 Early newspaper career of John Hay 18 7097 
 
 Marion Crawford, an editor in India 10 41 5 1 
 
 T. B. Aldrich, magazine editor in Boston i 313 
 
 George W. Smalley, eminent New York and London journalist 43 496 
 
 Dr. William H. Ward, eminent editor of the New York Independent . .43 561 
 
 R. W. Gilder's editorial distinction 16 6347 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXCvii 
 
 E. L. Godkin. editor The Nation and the Evening Post 1 6 6373 
 
 Distinction of Eugene Field in Chicago journahsm 14 5687 
 
 H. C. Bunner's career in journalism 7 2732 
 
 J. A. MacGahan, a famous American war correspondent 43 359 
 
 Mulhall's Buenos Ayres Standard (1861), the first English daily 
 
 paper printed in South America 43 394 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams finds reporters in London news liars i 103 
 
 LAW 
 
 The famous Law-Books of India,— < The Sacred Laws of the Aryas,> 
 <The Institutes of Vishnu,> ^Manu, the Moses of India,> and <The 
 
 Minor Law-Books > 45 4i7 
 
 Aristotle's lost work on < Constitutions,)— one out of one hundred and 
 
 fifty-eight, the < Constitution of Athens,^ recently discovered 2 793, 794 
 
 Solon's place among creators of constitutions,— perhaps the highest . 3 4 13643-46 
 « 111 fares the State where License reigns ; 
 But I,aw brings order and concordant peace.*' (Solon.) 
 
 3 4 13646 
 
 Discussion of one of Solon's laws, by Aulus Gellius 16 6258 
 
 Cicero's early distinction as a pleader at the bar 9 3675 
 
 Caesar, second only as an orator at the bar to Cicero, 7 3037; and 
 
 greater as a statesman than as a general 26 102 12 
 
 Distinction of Pliny the younger as an advocate at the bar at 
 
 Rome 29 1 1583 
 
 The establishment by Marcus Aurelius of the Civil Law laid the 
 
 foundation for Justinian's work 3 1025 
 
 Justinian's <The Pandects, > a digest of Roman law from the com- 
 mentaries of the great jurists, made by seventeen famous lawyers 
 
 in A. D. 530-33 4 5 442 
 
 Irnerius at Bologna revives the study of Roman law 45 442 
 
 Mommsen's < History of Roman Political Law* 43 387 
 
 John Calvin's earliest distinction that of the law 8 3117 
 
 The < De Jure Belli et Pacis > of Grotius 44 131 
 
 Alfred the Great on King-Craft i 392 
 
 Alfonso the Wise codified the Common Law of Spain and compiled 
 
 the Fuero Castellano (Spanish code) i 384. 385 
 
 Francis Bacon, as a lawyer compared with Coke 3 1 1 59 
 
 Montesquieu, on the origin of laws, and on human freedom and prog- 
 ress under law, in his < Spirit of Laws > 45 501 
 
 Vattel's <The Law of Nations; or, Principles of the Law of Nature 
 
 Applied to the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns > 43 543 
 
 Pufendorf's <On the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations > 43 444 
 
 Woolsey's < Introduction to the Study of International Law*; and 
 
 < An Essay on Divorce and Divorce Legislation > 43 584 
 
 Lieber's < Civil Liberty and Self -Government, > edited by Woolsey .43 342, 584 
 Story's < Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States*; 
 
 < Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws,* his ablest work 43 508 
 
CCCXCviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Mirabeau's masterful genius for practical politics 25 10080 
 
 Charles Sumner on John Selden, « Unsurpassed for learning and abil- 
 ity in the whole splendid history of the English bar» 33 13099 
 
 Hobbes's < Leviathan > a large and logical study of psychology, ethics, 
 
 and politics 44 296 
 
 Blackstone's famous < Commentaries on the Laws of England > 44 206 
 
 Kent's equally notable < Commentaries on Arnerican Law> 44 206 
 
 Jeremy Bentham's failure in law practice, and intense antipathy to 
 
 Blackstone 4 1773, 1774 
 
 Burke's great legal work in his speeches on American matters, and 
 
 his prosecution of Warren Hastings 7 2783, 2785 
 
 John Bright as a tribune of the people 6 2354 
 
 James Bryce appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford in 
 
 1870 6 2643 
 
 Sir Henry Maine, reader in Roman law to the London Inns of Court, 
 
 1852, 24 9606; results of this lectureship in his < Ancient Law>. .24 9606 
 Professional legal service in India, 1862-69, and chair of jurispnidence 
 at Oxford, 1869-88; his studies of early law in < Village Com- 
 munities,> < Early History of Institutions, > and < Early Law and 
 
 Custom > 24 9606 
 
 Sir Henry Maine on < Popular Government > 24 9606 
 
 Sir H. Maine on <The Beginnings of the Modern Laws of Real Prop- 
 erty, > 24 9607-10; < Importance of a Knowledge of Roman Law,^ 
 
 and the < Effect of the Code Napoleon > 24 9610-16 
 
 Samuel Foote's < How to be a Lawyer > 15 5879-82 
 
 Early career in law of Bismarck 5 1929 
 
 Early and extraordinary success of Patrick Henry as a lawyer 18 7241 
 
 Jefferson's thoroughness and distinction as a student of law 21 8234 
 
 John Adams, educated to the law, and a leader at the bar i 127 
 
 Bancroft's < History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United 
 
 States > 4 1436 
 
 John C. Calhoun, remarkable for great powers of analysis and exposi- 
 tion 7 3088 
 
 Rufus Choate, one of the greatest, if not the greatest of advocates 
 who have appeared at the English or American bar, g 3649; his 
 address on <The American Bar,> 3661; lawyers are by profession 
 
 statesmen 9 3662 
 
 Daniel Webster's eminence as an advocate 38 15726-27 
 
 The Jewish Mishnah as the law-book of later Judaism 24 9590 
 
 The Rabbinical discussions upon it made into the Talmud 24 9591 
 
 Maimonides's production of a digest arranging in order the legal con- 
 tents of the Talmud 24 9591 
 
 Maimonides on < The Object of Law* 24 9599 
 
TOPICS AMD CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST CCCXCix 
 
 LITERATURE: PROSE AND POETRY 
 
 Greek. — <<A11 mankind naturally desire knowledge, » Aristotle quoted 
 
 by Dante 1 1 434i 
 
 Extreme antiquity of fables in Greece, India, China, and Baby- 
 lonia I 20I 
 
 Empedocles, an ancient Greek teacher, preacher, and healer.. 14 5467, 5471-73 
 
 Contrast of the prose styles of Plato and Demosthenes 29 11 522, 11 523 
 
 Remarkably elegant style of the writings of Aristotle 2 790 
 
 Aristotle on the superiority of poetry to history 2 797 
 
 Extraordinary attraction of the style of Aristophanes 2 765-68 
 
 The death of Demosthenes by poison self -administered 11 4540 
 
 Euripides, third of the great Greek dramatists, one of the earliest col- 
 lectors of a large library 14 5569 
 
 Latin. — Lack of imagination and inspiration in Caesar 7 3044 
 
 Virgil as a type of reason to Dante 11 4345 
 
 Horace especially the consummate artist in words in his Odes 19 7626 
 
 Library of 400,000 volumes collected by Hakim II., Arab ruler in 
 
 Spain 2 671 
 
 Art of printing invented in Europe 10 4041 
 
 Early idea of literary property 2 897 
 
 Plagiarism not condemned by the ancients i 185 ; 3 7 14915 
 
 Italian. — Dante as poet, scholar, and moralist, unsurpassed 11 4344 
 
 Dante borrowed many of his sublimest thoughts from Ibn Gabirol's 
 
 < Fountain of Life > 3 1 102 
 
 Dante's <New Life,* the first modern book freely written in prose ...11 4335 
 Dante's brief unfinished book on the common speech, the first critical 
 
 study of language and literature in modern times 11 4339 
 
 Ariosto's < Orlando Furioso,> an example of perfection of style 2 743 
 
 Aleardi's bitter denunciation of failure of patriotism i 351 
 
 Aleardi on the death of a toiler in <The Harvesters > i 352 
 
 Aleardi on <The Death of the Year > i 353 
 
 D'Azeglio on the pangs of an author 3 1138-40 
 
 German. — Herder, Goethe, and Riickert, representatives of strivings 
 
 toward the ideal of a universal literature 31 12458 
 
 Riickert's the finest didactic poem of German literature 31 12459 
 
 Schbpenhauer on Authorship 33 12950 
 
 Schopenhauer's standpoint anticipated by Ibn Gabirol 3 iioi 
 
 Handwriting: Character shown by Beethoven's, Mendelssohn's, Wag- 
 ner's, and Spontini's 4 1751 
 
 Brandt's <Ship of Fools,* the first printed book that, treated of con- 
 temporary events and living persons 5 2313 
 
 Literary forgery: Meinhold's <The Amber Witch,* a total fabrication, 
 
 purporting to be true history 25 9854 
 
 Dowden's interpretation of Goethe's < Faust * 16 6390-95 
 
 Diez's < Poetry of > and < Lives and Works of > the Troubadours 42 145 
 
 Hermann Grimm's five volumes of essays a precipitate of all that is 
 
 best in German culture 17 6725 
 
Cd OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Danish. — Danish new era idea that << Literature to be of signifi- 
 cance, should discuss problems » 12 4840 
 
 Norse. — Bjornson on monarchy as a wholly outworn institution 5 1965 
 
 French. — Abelard, a typical great man of culture in the Middle Ages. 2 862 
 
 The « Pleiade,>> a famous group of French poets, of whom the most 
 
 prominent were Ronsard, Bellay, Belleau 42 52 
 
 Diderot's extreme free-thinking, 12 4689-91; his intellectual character- 
 istics and moral defects 12 4692 
 
 Deschamps's <Art of Poetizing,* the earliest mediaeval work of its 
 
 kind 42 141 
 
 Practical aim of Voltaire in all that he wrote, clearness of statement 
 and vividness of illustration, 38 15455; <<the flaws in that splen- 
 did intellect » 16 6273 
 
 Mirabeau as a typical Frenchman 8 3271-74 
 
 Comte's opinion that all books except one hundred should be de- 
 stroyed ID 3937 
 
 Littr6's opinion that Comte's later views were due to nervous and 
 
 emotional disturbance 10 3935 
 
 Pellissier's < Literary Movement in France during the Nineteenth 
 Century >; the best history of French literature during the last 
 
 hundred years 45 378 
 
 Sismondi's < Literature of Southern Europe > 44 108 
 
 Bourget on the aristocratic vision of Renan, 5 2258-62; his « divine 
 
 faculty of giving wings to his subject » (Darmesteter) 11 4382 
 
 Great services of Charles Blanc to fine arts in Paris 5 2052-54 
 
 Marvelous excellence of Gautier's style 15 6222-25 
 
 M. Sarcey on <How a Lecture is Prepared, > 32 12826-35; < Further 
 
 Hints on Lecturing > 32 12835, 12836 
 
 English. — Roger Ascham's pure, vigorous English prose 2 916 
 
 De Bury's <Philobiblon,> an enthusiastic eulogy of books and learning 
 
 early in the fourteenth century 45 421 
 
 < Public Office a Public Trust > recognized by Alfonso of Spain i 384 
 
 Characteristics of the prose of Lord Bacon 3 1 169 
 
 The idea of public office a public trust not yet understood in Bacon's 
 
 time 3 "1163 
 
 Lord Bacon's praise of knowledge 3 1190-92 
 
 Lord Bacon on the portrait of a good judge 3 1197 
 
 Campion's attack upon the use of rhyme . 8 3185 
 
 The Scriblerus Club, organized (1714) to ridicule false taste in learning. 2 724 
 
 The prose of Goldsmith always inimitable 16 6502 
 
 Poetic character of all great prose-writers 7 2913 
 
 Shakespeare as a reflection of the character of the Germanic race. 
 
 18 7262; ^3 12922 
 
 Impassioned prose in Milton, De Quincey, Ruskin, and Carlyle 11 4559 
 
 Poetry conceived by Bagehot as the most elevating of spiritual in- 
 fluences 3 1208 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdi 
 
 The stuff of great poetry not an arbitrary creation 2 889 
 
 True poetry considered as genuine song 8 3255 
 
 Literature and art always correspond to the popular ideals 11 4536 
 
 Literatures of the various nations the material for a history of civili- 
 zation 18 7263 
 
 Literature: Idea of what it is, and what constitutes it, 3 11 67; two- 
 
 - fold aspect of 3 "68 
 
 Matthew Arnold's conception of literature 2 847 
 
 Absence of love and sentiment, and extreme moral purity, character- 
 istics of Anglo-Saxon poetry 2 549 
 
 Ideals of character in the English poet Drayton 12 4879 
 
 Limitation of Coleridge's inspiration to a single year 9 3847 
 
 Patriotism characteristic of certain types of great art i 351 
 
 Remarkable example of persuasive style in the writings of Darwin ..11 4393 
 
 The type of man that Thomas Carlyle was 8 3242 
 
 *■ Literature, Disraeli's Curiosities of > 44 6 
 
 Macaulay's < Essays,' thirty-six in number, and extending through 
 
 twenty years 24 9382, 9383 
 
 Huxley's great dislike for Gladstone's mode of thought, and severe 
 
 judgment on Ruskin 19 7810 
 
 Leslie Stephen's preeminence as an English critic and literary his- 
 torian 43 505 
 
 Leslie Stephen's < Hours in a Library,) a study of noted authors and 
 
 famous books 44 128 
 
 Harrison's <The Choice of Books, > a notable plea for good reading. .44 127 
 
 Stevenson's * Familiar Studies of Men and Books'. 44 170 
 
 Stories of production of literature in Mrs. Oliphant's < William Black- 
 wood and his Sons, their Magazine and Friends,' 44 4; in 
 Smiles's < Memoir and Correspondence of John Murray,' 44 240; 
 in Thomas Constable's < Archibald Constable and His Literary 
 
 Correspondents,' 45 353; and in <Bohn's Libraries' 44 193 
 
 American. — To love and to understand poetry is the chief end of 
 the study of literature, 11 4315; C. E. Norton's comparison of 
 
 Homer, Dante, and Shakespeare 11 4315, 4316 
 
 Putnam's capital story of < Books and Their Makers' 44 205 
 
 Lounsbury's great work, < Studies in Chaucer ;' and his < History of 
 
 the English Language 44 38; 45 427 
 
 [See also under History.] 
 
 MEDICAL INTEREST 
 
 Hippocrates, the first great scientific physician, the Father of Medi- 
 cine, earliest of Greek scientists 44 79 
 
 Littre's French translation (10 vols., 1S39-61) of the works of Hip- 
 pocrates 43 345 
 
 Empedocles, notable as a healer of the sick, as well as philosopher 
 
 and preacher 14 5467 
 
 26 
 
Cdii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Complete works of Galen, a brilliant physician at Rome, 170 to 200 
 A. D., whose teaching transmitted by Arabic study, ruled in 
 
 medicine until the seventeenth century 44 79 
 
 Avicenna's great medical work, <The Canon, > for several hundred 
 
 years the chief < medical authority in the civilized world 19 7835, 7836 
 
 Rambaud on French medical science, during the Middle Ages 30 12052 
 
 The famous Rabelais, a hospital physician of very great medical rep- 
 utation 30 12002 
 
 Littre's < Medicine and Physicians > : ... 4 3 345 
 
 Medical interest of Brillat-Savarin's Physiology of Taste 6 2365-80 
 
 Education to medicine of the great German scientist, Ernst Haeckel.17 6781 
 Virchow's < Collected Essays on Scientific Medicine, > and < Four Dis- 
 courses on Life and Disease > 43 549 
 
 Thomas Campion, lyric poet and musician, a notable doctor of medi- 
 cine in London 8 3184 
 
 Distinction of Sir Thomas Browne as a physician 6 2475 
 
 John Arbuthnot, physician to Queen Anne, a Scottish humorist, 
 
 famous for < The History of John Bull > 2 723-26 ; 4 2 23 
 
 Sir Joseph Lister's writings on the use of antiseptics in surgery and 
 
 on the Germ Theory 43 345 
 
 John Brown, author of < Rab and His Friends,^ a noted Edinburgh 
 
 physician ; author of medical essays 6 2438 
 
 S. Weir Mitchell, a noted physician of Philadelphia, author of widely 
 
 popular novels 25 10123 ; 43 385 
 
 ' MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 
 
 Close union of music with poetry in early Greek culture 37 15162. 15173, 15174 
 
 Greek connection of poetry with music 2 493 
 
 Processional hymns sung at Greek religious festivals 2 924 
 
 Work on music by Boetius long used as a text-book 5 2134 
 
 Berlioz's < Memoirs of Music and Musicians > .... 4 1811 
 
 Poetry of music in George Sand's <Consuelo,> 44 184; a theme which 
 
 her pen never exhausted 32 12761 
 
 French authors who have abhorred music 16 6554 
 
 Lyrical drama wedded to music to make opera 16 6475 
 
 Luther on the value and power of music 23 9339, 9345 
 
 Mendelssohn's union of music and literary ability 25 9886, 9887 
 
 Combination of Schubert's music with Miiller's lyrics 26 10443 
 
 Schumann's < Writings on Music and Musicians > 43 486 
 
 German musical interest in < The First Violin > ! 44 137 
 
 Notable success of Wagner in creating genuine opera by writing both 
 
 its text and its music, 38 15499; writings and musical compo 
 
 tions, 43 555; his essays of new departure in music, 38 15500; 
 
 <The Mastersingers of Nuremberg, > his most popular work 38 15503 
 
 Ambros's unfinished * History of Music > 42 16 
 
 Wangemann's < Sketch of the History of Music,* < History of the Or- 
 
 gan,> and < History of the Oratorio > 43 560 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdiii 
 
 Chrysander, a German historian of music, and author of musical 
 
 criticisms 42 108 
 
 Eduard Hanslick, a German musical critic and writer, surpassing all 
 
 contemporary workers 42 247 
 
 Schulz's popular German songs 43 485 
 
 Franz Liszt, eminent Hungarian pianist and composer, author of 
 
 contributions to the literature of music 43 345 
 
 The Swedish poet Bellman's zither his closest companion throughout 
 
 life 4 1763 
 
 Elise Polko's interesting series of < Musical Tales > 43 434 
 
 Musical interest of Sidney Luska's <As It Was Written > 44 253 
 
 Musical character of George Meredith's novel < Sandra Belloni> 44 328 
 
 Grove's < Dictionary of Music and Musicians, A. D. 1450-1878* 42 236 
 
 Campion's song and music books 8 3185 
 
 Rare use of music in Shorthouse's novels 34 13364 
 
 ^Charles Auchester,> a novel largely devoted to music 44 135 
 
 Mrs. Spofford's <The Master Spirit, > a fine study of music 35 13806 
 
 John S. D wight for thirty years a scholarly musical critic and editor 
 
 in Boston 13 5084 
 
 NOVELS; TALES; FABLES 
 
 Th? gfreat Sanskrit story-book, the <Panchatantra,> the very oldest 
 
 monument of Hindu literature i 201 
 
 Dunlop on the development of the novel from Greek beginnings .... 4 5 346 
 Greek beginning of fables, tales, and novels in the age of political 
 
 decline 2 597 
 
 Aj-istides in the second century B. C. , the father of Greek prose 
 
 romance 42 24 
 
 Alciphron's imaginary letters, the first attempt to use letters in 
 
 fiction I 275 
 
 <The Golden Ass,> by Apuleius (second century A. D. ), a notable 
 novel of manners and customs, full of dramatic power, and a 
 
 model for the earliest modem story-tellers 2 597-99 
 
 Greek romance by Heliodorus in the fourth century A. D., the pro- 
 genitor of our modern novel 18 7221 
 
 The <Gesta Romanorum,> the most curious and interesting of all 
 collections of popular tales, 16 6261; used by Chaucer, Shakes- 
 peare, Schiller, and other writers 16 6261 
 
 Influence of the translation from the Arabic of the ^Arabian Nights \. 4 1699 
 
 The collection of Welsh romances known as the <Mabinogion> 23 9373 
 
 < Romance of Troy,> by Benoit de Sainte-Maure in the twelfth cen- 
 
 . tury 42 54 
 
 The novel of character substituted for the romances of chivalry 22 8767 
 
 Thomas Jefferson on the advantages of fiction 21 8245 
 
 Verga's conception of the novel as «the completest and most human 
 
 of all the works of art » 38 15298 
 
Cdiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Valera's idea of the object of a novel to faithfully represent human 
 action and passions and make a beautiful work through such 
 
 fidelity to nature 37 1 5221 
 
 Anonymous letter by Macaulay at sixteen defending novel reading, 
 
 and praising Fielding and Smollett 24 9381 
 
 TroUope on the importance of the novelist as a preacher 37 15056 
 
 T. H. Green's prize essay on <The Value and Influence of Works 
 
 of Fiction > 17 66a3- 
 
 Crawford's three principal essentials of the novel 10 4153 
 
 Burton on <The Preternatural in Fiction > 7 2885-89 
 
 Brander Matthews's < Aspects of Fiction > 44 76 
 
 Lanier's <The English Novel and the Principles of its Development*. 43 326 
 
 English — Painter's < Palace of Pleasure,* a collection of tales notable 
 
 as the first English story-book meant to be purely entertaining. .45 437 
 
 Traces of the begfinnings of the English novel in Greene's love pam- 
 phlets 17 6693 
 
 Fielding's founding of English novel-writing 14 5693 
 
 The family novel created by Mrs. Burney 7 2819 
 
 Beginnings of the English novel in Addison's Spectator papers i 156 
 
 Defoe as a pioneer in English novel-writing, 1 1 4484 ; < Robinson 
 Crusoe* the first of the great modern novels of incident and ad- 
 venture I 156; II 4482 
 
 Curious initiation of English fiction through letters written for young 
 women by , Samuel Richardson, — < Pamela* and < Clarissa,* his 
 masterpieces 31 12226, 12227 
 
 Fielding's novels the broad and effective development of English fic- 
 tion, after Richardson 14 5693 
 
 Extraordinary variety of incident and a fund of coarse but lively 
 
 humor in the novels of Smollett 34 13576, i3577 
 
 Immense impression made by Sterne's < Tristram Shandy* 35 13900 
 
 Goldsmith, the only Irish story -writer of his century; humor, realism, 
 
 and refinement of his ^ The Vicar of Wakefield * 16 6504-07 
 
 Very high place accorded by Scott and Macaulay to the novels of 
 
 Jane Austen portraying English character and scenes 3 1048; 42 30 
 
 Characteristics of the novels of Charles Dickens 11 4629-34 
 
 Bulwer's domestic series, of which <The Caxtons* is the type, his 
 
 most popular work 6 2701 
 
 Specially charming character of Bulwer's < Kenelm Chillingly * 6 2702 
 
 Supreme literary art and story interest of the novels of W. M. Thack- 
 eray 36 14663-72 ; 43 520 
 
 Enduring fascination of the Wandering Jew, the story best told in 
 
 Croly's < Salathiel the Immortal * 10 4198 
 
 Special purpose character of Wilkie Collins's <Man and Wife,* <The 
 
 New Magdalen,* and < Heart and Science * 9 3880 
 
 Wilkie Collins's masterpieces, *■ The Moonstone * and < The Woman in 
 
 White* 9 3881 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdv 
 
 Disraeli's trilogy, <Coningsby,> <Tancred,> and <SibyP 4 1635 
 
 Disraeli's < Sibyl, > contrasting the lives of the very rich and the 
 
 hopelessly poor 4 1635 
 
 The characters of Byron and Shelley made the basis of Disraeli's 
 
 * Venetia > 4 1635 
 
 Disraeli's < Lothair > aimed at the Jesuits, the Fenians, and the Com- 
 munists .... 4 1636 
 
 Interesting and effective purpose novels of Charles Reade, 31 12105; 
 
 his <The Cloister and the Hearth* a great historical masterpiece . 3 i 12106 
 
 The historical novel created by Scott 33 13002 
 
 <Crichton* and other historical novels of W. H. Ainsworth highly 
 
 praised i 237 
 
 Charles Kingsley's historical novels, <Hypatia> and < Westward Ho,> 
 
 22 8613; his purpose novels, < Yeast* and < Alton Locke* 22 8613 
 
 Miss Aguilar's historical tale of the persecution of the Jews in Spain 
 
 under the Inquisition (<The Vale of Cedars*) i 225 
 
 Extraordinary effect of the appearance of Charlotte Bronte's *Jane 
 
 Eyre * 6 2381 
 
 George Eliot's unsurpassed excellence in novels of character and 
 
 scenery thoroughly English 13 5364-75 ; 42 166 
 
 George Eliot's <Romola,* notable as a great historical novel, and 
 
 great in drawing of character 45 514 
 
 Mrs. Gaskell's < Mary Barton * and < North and .South * admirable pur- 
 pose novels 15 6205, 6206 
 
 Mrs. Mulock Craik's English domestic novels of the finest quality 10 4124 
 
 <John Halifax, Gentleman,* and <A Life for a Life,* Mrs. Craik's best 
 
 novels, 10 4123; her < Hannah,* a strong but painful purpose 
 
 story 10 4124 
 
 Descriptive and dramatic power shown in the novels of Mrs. Oliphant. 27 10820 
 
 Characteristics and success of Ouida's novels 27 10886 
 
 High purpose and effective art of Mrs. Humphry Ward's English 
 
 stories 38 15641-44 
 
 Thoroughly English character and notable success of Anthony Trol- 
 
 lope's novels 37 15033, 15034 
 
 Exceptional interest of the five novels included by Trollope under 
 
 < The Chronicles of Barset * 37 1 5034 
 
 Characteristics of George Macdonald as a novelist, realist, and humanist. 2 4 9455 
 Success of Owen Meredith's < Lucile * as a modern story in rhyme ... 2 3 9349 
 Lever's best-known and valued novels are dashing tales of Irish sol- 
 dier life,— < Harry Lorrequer,* < Charles O'Malley,* and <Tom Burke 
 
 of Ours * 23 9026 
 
 Special excellence of Marryat's < Peter Simple * and < Midshipman Easy '.24 9739 
 William Black's most successful stories, < Princess of Thule,* < Daughter 
 of Heath,* <In Far Lochaber,* <Macleod of Dare,* and < Madcap 
 
 Violet * 5 1984 
 
 Contrast in the endings of Black's earlier and later novels 5 1986 
 
 Character-drawing in Blackmore's novels 5 2013 
 
Cdvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <Lorna Doone,> Blackmore's masterpiece, a novel of Devonshire in the 
 
 time of Charles II 5 2014 
 
 Intense realism of life, especially of rural life and of nature, charac- 
 teristic of Thomas Hardy's novels -....17 6933 
 
 Characteristics of S. Baring-Gould as a novelist 4 1530 
 
 George Meredith's characteristics as a novelist, notable in fiction as 
 
 Browning in poetry, for his studies of character and ideas 25 9915-20 
 
 Conservative and wholesome character of the novels of W. E. Norris.27 10687 
 
 Characteristics of the novels of Walter Besant 4 1837-39 
 
 Besant's <A11 Sorts and Conditions of Men,> <The Children of Gibeon,> 
 and <The World Went Very Well Then,> written with a philan- 
 thropic purpose 4 1838 
 
 Rare art and rich spiritual significance of the novels of J. H. Shorthouse . 3 4 13363 
 Stevenson's highest achievement in * Kidnapped > and < David Balfour >. 35 13933 
 Excellence of the sea stories of W. Clark Russell compared with 
 
 those of Cupples, Cooper, Marryat, and Stevenson 32 12563, 12564 
 
 A. Conan Doyle's more serious and laborious work, that of his his- 
 torical romances 12 4815, 4816 
 
 Gilbert Parker's novels of the time of the French and Indian Wars 
 
 in Canada 28 1 1047 
 
 Dramatic power of Olive Schreiner's < Story of An African Farm > ; 
 
 her purpose novel < Trooper Peter Kalket> 33 12958 
 
 Kipling's < Plain Tales from the Hills > and later volumes of short 
 
 stories markedly original and effective 22 8634, 8635 
 
 The characteristics of J. M. Barrie's genius as a novelist.. 4 1571-73 
 
 A fifty-volume edition of the best English novels as made by Mrs. 
 
 Barbauld about 1810 4 1483 
 
 Italian. — The novel created in Italian by Boccaccio 44 235 
 
 D'Annunzio's strikingly realistic novels marked by subtle portrayal of 
 character and incident, his < Triumph of Death, > pronounced by 
 
 Brunetiere unsurpassed in naturalistic realism 2 574-76 
 
 Extraordinary permanent popularity of Manzoni's *■ The Betrothed V . 2 4 9674 
 
 Idea of the novel by Verga, Italian novelist 38 15298 
 
 Severe relentless realism with which Verga paints in his Sicilian tales 
 
 the facts of peasant life 38 15297 
 
 Exceptional excellence as a story of Ruffini's <Dr. Antonio > 31 12472 
 
 Spanish. — The modern Spanish novel created by Caballero 7 3002 
 
 The <Novelas Picarescas, or Picaresque Novels, > Spanish stories of 
 
 amusing knaves in very low life 15 6153 
 
 The picaresque novel originated by Mendoza in his < Little Lazarus 
 of Tormes,* followed by Aleman in his < Picaroon Guzman,* and 
 
 brought to perfection in < Gil Bias > 42 12; 43 378 
 
 Spanish stories of rogues, pickpockets, and tramps 8 3452 
 
 A score of important Spanish historical romances called < National 
 
 Episodes.* by Gald6s, 15 6159; another score of other novels, i 5 6160, 6161 
 Galdds's < Dona Perfecta,* <Leon Roch's Family,* and < Gloria,* pur- 
 pose novels 15 6 161 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdvii 
 
 Valera's masterpiece, <Pepita Ximenez,^ a novel of character, not of 
 
 action or purpose 37 1 5221 
 
 Pereda, the most original of the contemporary Spanish writers of 
 
 fiction 29 1 1305 
 
 Intense and powerful realism of Madame Pardo-Bazdn's novels 28 11026 
 
 Jorge Isaaks < Maria, > a widely popular South American story 20 8046 
 
 Hungarian. — The Hungarian masterpieces of Maurice Jdkai ; his 
 nearly three hundred volumes, a true and fascinating picture of 
 the strange semi-European and semi-Asiatic life of Hungary. ,. 21 8332 
 
 Eotvos's <The Carthusian Monk,^ a powerful problem novel 14 5485 
 
 Flemish. — Henri Conscience's extraordinarily successful historical 
 novels, — <The Wonder Year,> *The Lion of Flanders,> <The 
 
 Peasants' War > 10 3958, 3959 
 
 Eekhoud's naturalistic picture novels, — < The New Carthage > (Ant- 
 werp), his most brilliant 13 5190 
 
 Polish. — Sienkiewicz's short stories, famous historical trilogy, and 
 
 other novels, a monument of creative genius 34 13400-04 
 
 De Vogiie on realism and the Russian novel 38 15445 
 
 Russian. — Gogol's <Taras Bulba,> an historical picture of the fa- 
 mous Kazak (Russian) republic 16 6461 
 
 Pushkin's ^ Evgenie Onyegin,> a romance in verse, his greatest work. 30 11909 
 
 Estimate of the novels of Turgeneff, by Henry James 37 15059-62 
 
 Turgeneflf's rank among the greatest of novelists in his sense of 
 
 character and power of vivid portrayal 37 15061 
 
 Characteristics of the novels of Tolstoy 37 14989-94 
 
 Tolstoy's < War and Peace, > his greatest novel 37 15015-30 
 
 The realism of Tolstoy, Turgeneff, and Howells 5 2273 
 
 Dutch. — Comparison of Maarten Maartens, George Eliot, and Edouard 
 
 Rod, as conscientious ethical teachers 23 9359 
 
 French. — Early realism of La Bruyere and its influence upon Le Sage .22 8761 
 
 Le Sage, the first great realist in fiction, 22 8984: his < Gil Blas,> 
 translated by Smollett, the model after which Fielding sought to 
 shape the English novel 22 8987 
 
 The <Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles,' published in i486, a picture of social 
 
 conditions in Paris at the time 44 88 
 
 Madame de La Fayette's the < Princess of Cleves,> the first novel in 
 
 literature that could be called the romance of a married woman . 2 2 8768 
 
 La Bruyere's < Characters > a series of pictures of human society un- 
 der various aspects 44 88 
 
 Balzac, the greatest of modern realists, 3 1350, 1366; numerous and 
 'splendid masterpieces, 1352; was he Europe's greatest writer 
 since Shakespeare ? 3 1355 
 
 Victor Hugo's great initial success in < Notre Dame de Paris > 19 
 7714; his <Les Miserables,> (Toilers of the Sea,> and <Man who 
 Laughs, > 7719; his gre§t historical romance, < Ninety-three > 19 7723 
 
 Method and characteristics in fiction of George Sand 32 12764-69 
 
Cdviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 The novels of Stendhal an important link in the development of 
 
 modern fiction 4 1861, 1863 
 
 Merimee's < Chronicle of Charles IX., ^ the masterpiece of French his- 
 torical fiction 25 9943 
 
 Suggestion as to the elder Dumas's best works 12 4966 
 
 The purpose stories by Erckmann-Chatrian, at the same time histor- 
 ical, picturing the Revolution, and designed to show peace better 
 
 than war 14 5539 
 
 High ethical and humanitarian character of Eugene Sue's great ro- 
 mances, < The Mysteries of Paris > and < The Wandering Jew > . . . 
 
 3 5 14182, 14183 
 
 J. F. Denis's series of historical novels, < Ysmael-ben-Kaisar ; or, the 
 
 Discovery of the New World > 42 139 
 
 Gautier's four most remarkable novels, — < Captain Fracasse,' < Ro- 
 mance of the Mummy,) <Spirite,> and < Mademoiselle de Maupin^.is 6223 
 Gautier's <Arria Marcella,' a brilliant picture of Pompeii and Roman 
 
 life in the first century 15 6224 
 
 Flaubert's < Madame Bovary > 14 5815, 5821 
 
 Characteristics of Daudet in his best novels ! . . . . 1 1 4440-42 
 
 Prevost's <Manon Lescaut,* a pathetic though repulsive love story... 30 11807 
 Fine natural realism of Quesnay de Beaurepaire's novels of French 
 
 peasant life 30 11925 
 
 Esquircs's historical novel, < Charlotte Corday > 14 5556 
 
 Relation of Maupassant's realism to French fiction 25 9803 
 
 The Zola-Maupassant school of realism in French founded by Flau- 
 bert's < Madame Bovary > 45 433 
 
 Danish. — Importance of Ingemann's Danish historical novels 20 7983 
 
 Norwegian. — Garborg's <A Freethinker, > a study of the conflict 
 between dogma and thought, 15 6186; his < Peasant Students,* a 
 study of peasant character, his greatest work, 6186; his < Mann- 
 folk,* a startling frank handling of the question of the sexes 15 6187 
 
 Norwegian folk-tales collected and retold by Asbjornsen 2 905 
 
 Bjornson's <Kongen> (The King), a work of noble idealism in both 
 
 politics and religion 5 1965 
 
 Icelandic. — Folk-tales: Those of Iceland collected by Arnason 2 802 
 
 Swedish. — Romanticism in the novels of Almquist; his problem novel, 
 
 <It's All Right,* an attack upon conventional marriage i 440 
 
 The purpose novels of Miss Bremer far inferior to her earlj^ work.. .6 2330 
 
 German. — Wieland's ^Agathon,* the first modern romance of culture. .39 15955 
 
 Richter's best and most brilliant works of fiction 31 12250 
 
 Preeminent success of Tieck in fairy tales 37 14943-45 
 
 Kleist a supreme German master of fiction in his < Michael Kohl- 
 
 haas > 22 8667 
 
 Freytag's attempt to make the novel a picture of the social conditions 
 of the time, 15 6012; his < Debit and Credit,* a study of the 
 problem of industrialism 15 6012 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdix 
 
 Paul Heyse's purpose novels, < Children of the World > and <In Para- 
 dise, > notably representative of radical individualism i8 7334 
 
 Immermann's romance <The Epigoni,* a purpose novel of modern in- 
 dustrialism 20 7897 
 
 Among novels Goethe's <Wilhelm Meister,> Kleist's < Michael Kohl- 
 haas,> and Keller's < Seldwyla Folk > bear the palm in German 
 literature 21 8518 
 
 Konrad F. Meyer, the veteran chief of German fiction at the end of 
 
 the nineteenth century 25 9966 
 
 Meyer's (Swiss-German) <The Saint, > one of the most finished of 
 
 German historical novels 25 9966 
 
 Sacher-Masoch, notable German novelist of Austria-Hungary; great 
 powers of realistic description; his < Seraph > vividly depicts Hun- 
 garian life and customs ■ . 43 475 ; 45 468 
 
 HauflE's <Lichtenstein,> the first distinctively historical German novel 
 of importance, 32 12839; Sheflfel's <Ekkehard,> the supreme Ger- 
 man example 32 12839 
 
 <The Egyptian Princess, > Ebers's most representative romance, 1 3 5091 ; 
 <Uarda,> a picture of Egypt under Rameses II., 5091; <Homo 
 Sum,) a story of the spirit of early Christianity, 5091; <The 
 Burgomaster's Wife,* a story of Leyden holding out against 
 Spanish attack 13 5091 
 
 Dahn's <The Struggle for Rome,' a series of elaborate historical 
 pictures of the sixth century, i o 4268 ; his other specially historical 
 novels 10 4268 
 
 Extraordinary realism, popular sympathy, and effective art of Renter's 
 tales, sketches, and novels, 31 12196; <My Apprenticeship on the 
 Farm,> his masterpiece 31 12196 
 
 Admirable character of Dingelstedt's < Under the Earth,* < Seven 
 
 Peaceful Tales, * and < The Amazon > ...12 4705 
 
 Wide range of interest and ideas, and faithful realism, of Spielhagen's 
 
 novels 35 13773 
 
 Storm, one of the great masters of the short story of character and 
 
 sentiment 35 14039 
 
 Sudermann's <The Cat Bridge,* pronounced by some critics the most 
 
 powerful novel of contemporary German literature 35 14164 
 
 Sudermann's < It Was,* the most successful of his novels 35 14165 
 
 American. — Charles Brockden Brown, a rare story-teller; the pioneer 
 of literature distinctively American; six novels produced during 
 residence for literary work in New York, 1 796-1801 6 2427-28 
 
 Irving's < Knickerbocker History of New York,* a masterly example 
 
 of humorous fiction 20 7995-97 
 
 Sylvester Judd's < Margaret,* a pioneer example of American purpose 
 
 fiction 21 8399 
 
 Hildreth's <The Slave,* the earliest American anti-slavery novel i8 7372 
 
 Cooper's thirty -two novels published in twenty-nine years; the work 
 of a gfreat novelist, original and irresistible; equaled by no 
 American author in popularity 10 3985, 3992 
 
Cdx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Hawthorne's < Scarlet Letter,> America's rarest product in fiction. 18 7055, 7057 
 High value of the picturesque stories of W. G. Simms reflecting colo- 
 nial and revolutionary scenes in the South 34 13455-57 
 
 High rank accorded to J. W. De Forest's stories 44 304 
 
 The two dominant motives in Henry James's novels, the contrast of 
 artistic and prosaic, and that of European and American, 20 
 8072 ; noted as the inventor, to a large extent, of the present ar- 
 tistic society novel 20 8074 
 
 Dana's <Two Years before the Mast,> the true history of a voyage 
 
 around Cape Horn to California 11 4302 
 
 Excellence of the stories of Theodore Winthrop 39 16076 
 
 <The Story of a Bad Boy,> by T. B. Aldrich, and other choice novels 
 
 and sketches i 315 
 
 Bret Harte's < Gabriel Conroy,* an elaborate study of early California 
 
 culture 17 6987 
 
 Mrs. Stowe's novels; a supreme example of the application of the es- 
 sential Puritan spirit to the service of humanity 35 14072 
 
 Very exceptional excellence and dramatic power of Mrs. E. B. Stod- 
 dard's three novels (1862-67) 35 14013 
 
 E. P. Roe's < Barriers Burned Away> a Chicago story, vividly depict- 
 ing the Great Fire 44 327 
 
 Realism of Miss Wilkins with leaning to romanticism 39 15983 
 
 Rollicking humor and rare interest of Rose Terry Cooke's stories. 10 3973, 3974 
 Extraordinary excellence of Mrs. Dodge's story of life in Holland, 
 
 <Hans Brinker ; or, the Silver Skates > 12 4757 
 
 Cable's <The Grandissimes,* the history of a civilization 7 3019 
 
 Dr. S. Weir Mitchell's very great popular success in historical-roman- 
 tic novels is 25 10124 
 
 Sea Stories. — Cooper's <The Pilot,> a pioneer in genuine stories of 
 
 the sea 4 5 554 
 
 Sea scenes depicted with remarkable power in Michael Scott's <Tom 
 
 Cringle's Log* 4 5 5i9 
 
 R. H. Dana's < Two Years Before the Mast > 4 5 488 
 
 Victor Hugo's descriptions in < The Toilers of the Sea > 4 5 473 
 
 < South-Sea Idylls,> by C. W. Stoddard 4 5 460 
 
 Melville's <Moby Dick,> a complete story of whale-catching in the old 
 
 time 45 43i 
 
 <The Wreck of the Grosvenor,> by W. Clark Russell 4 4 305 
 
 The Ocean, its mystery and vastness exceptionally presented in 
 
 Cupples's <Sea Stories, > and Hugo's < Toilers of the Sea> 10 4209 
 
 George Cupples's <The Green Hand> and <Tom Cringle's Log* 
 
 among the best ever written 10 4209 
 
 Barker's series of spirited sea tales, very popular in their day 42 42 
 
 Drachmann's best poems and tales, those dealing with the sea 12 4841 
 
 Eugene Sue's < Sea-Stories > the first in French literature 35 141 82 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxi 
 
 ORATORS AND ORATORY 
 
 Greek.— Remarkably eloquent orations in Homer 34 13642 
 
 Socrates, a teacher through the spoken, not the written words, 34 
 13627; testimony to the effect of the voice of Socrates; he spoke 
 
 more effectively than Pericles and other great orators 34 13631 
 
 Physical defect, mental power, and extraordinary success of Demos- 
 thenes II 4538, 4539 
 
 ^schines, rival of Demosthenes, and especially brilliant in extempo- 
 raneous efforts I 178; 42 6 
 
 The famous speeches composed by Thucydides for characters in his 
 
 History 3 7 I49i5 
 
 Latin. — Cato's advice for effective speaking 8 3349 
 
 Cato, the first Italian to publish a collection of orations 8 3347 
 
 Cicero's unrivaled eloquence : 9 3^77 
 
 Cicero on the training of a great orator 9 3696 
 
 Cicero's oration on < The Reply of the Aruspices > 44 335 
 
 Quintilian on nature and art in oratory 30 11989 
 
 Quintilian's lost essay on the Decline of Oratory, and treatise upon 
 
 the Education of an Orator 30 11980, 11981 
 
 The speeches in Livy's < Roman History > show him at his best 23 9093 
 
 The greatness of Caesar in eloquence 7 3037. 3039 
 
 Luxuriant and florid type of oratory in Pliny 29 11583 
 
 Special value of the work of Tacitus on Roman eloquence 36 14369 
 
 Modern. — Wonderful eloquence of Voltaire in conversation 38 15457 
 
 Thiers, Guizot, Berryer, and Lamartine, brilliant political orators in 
 
 France 37 14823 
 
 Cousin's characteristics as a speaker 10 4080 
 
 Rambaud as an illustration of the fact that speech in France is the 
 
 great organ of education 30 12043 
 
 Castelar, celebrated Spanish orator, and Republican political leader ..42 97 
 The Hungarian novelist Jokai, as consummate a speaker as he is an 
 
 incomparable writer 21 8333 
 
 Eminent success of the French critic Brunetiere as a public speaker. 6 2606 
 
 Voss's great work, <The Institutes of Oratory > 43 553 
 
 Bismarck as a speaker, not an orator 5 1933 
 
 Disraeli on eloquence 4 1651 
 
 Marvelous effect of speeches by Sheridan 34 13319 
 
 Henry Grattan, an Irish parliamentary orator 42 230 
 
 Unique distinction and characteristics of John Bright 6 2355 
 
 Huxley's marv^elous power of lucid exposition and «firm biting elo- 
 quence, » 19 7807; unrivaled position as a speaker and writer.... 19 7812 
 Notable eloquence of Tyndall as an expositor of new theories in science. 3 7 15142 
 
 Brilliant oratorical powers of Patrick Henry 18 7241 
 
 Famous orations by Fisher Ames 42 16 
 
 Daniel Webster's oratory 38 15725, 15727 
 
Cdxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Unequaled impressiveness and power of Henry Clay as an orator ... 9 3761 
 
 Declining fame of Edward Everett 14 5607 
 
 Rufus Choate, one of the greatest advocates that the bar ever saw . . 9 3649 
 
 Eloquence of Abraham Lincoln's inaugural addresses 23 9059, 9070, 9075 
 
 Character of G. W. Curtis's addresses 10 4224 
 
 Wendell Phillips, eminent anti-slavery orator 29 11409 
 
 Calhoun a thinker rather than an orator 7 3088 
 
 Pulpit Eloquence. — Unsurpassed excellence of Chrysostom in oratory 
 
 9 3665, 3666 
 
 Johannes Tauler, reputed the greatest preacher of his time 43 516 
 
 The O^der of Preachers initiated by St. Dominic 3 1082 
 
 The great age of pulpit eloquence in France, — Bossuet, Bourdaloue, 
 
 and Massillon, the last the greatest of the three 25 9780 
 
 Bossuet as a supreme French pulpit orator 5 2209-16 
 
 Fenelon, a preacher of the highest rank, — character of his eloquence. 
 
 14 5642, 5643 
 
 Lacordaire, famous as a preacher at Notre Dame 43 319 
 
 Barbieri, an Italian pulpit orator, noted for the tasteful eloquence of 
 
 his sermons 42 42 
 
 Eloquence in Manzoni's tragedies 24 9673 
 
 Carlyle's contrast of oratory, preaching, and extempore prayer 8 3263 
 
 Preeminent power of F. D. Maurice in his sermons 25 9829 
 
 Marvelous eloquent preaching in the English church by F. W. Rob- 
 ertson . 31 12307 
 
 Character of the sermons of Dr. Horace Bushnell 7 2914 
 
 H. W. Beecher's distinction as a preacher 4 1713-ig 
 
 Three epochs of H. W. Beecher's style as an orator 4 1718 
 
 Milton's prose-writings read by H. W. Beecher for inspiration 4 1715 
 
 Religious poetry of every age and faith as an inspiration to the 
 
 preacher 4 1716 
 
 Method and success of Phillips Brooks as a preacher .... 4 2419 
 
 Emerson's lectures as orations 13 5424, 5425 
 
 Matthew Arnold distinctively a preacher 2 846 
 
 PESSIMISM 
 
 A Neo-Hellenist French view of life 15 5910 
 
 The curse of nihilism and pessimism in French letters 11 4597 
 
 Flaubert's series of six volumes the most uncompromising manual of 
 
 nihilism ever composed 14 5816 
 
 Rough, emotional pessimistic tendency of Maupassant's novels 25 9805 
 
 Bourget's opinion that present scientific theories encourage pessimism . 5 2253 
 Analysis of typical French pessimism by Rod, 31 12336; author of a 
 
 markedly pessimistic novel 31 12336 
 
 Lermontov the poet in Russian literature of romantic pessimism .... 3 2 12587 
 
 Gloomy pessimistic tone in the tales and dramas of Slowacki 34 13509 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxiii 
 
 Maddch's pessimistic alarms throughout his < Tragedy of Man > 24 9516 
 
 Dark view of life taken by the English poet Crabbe 10 41 18 
 
 The Highlander's tendency to a dark view of life .5 1985 
 
 Tendency to pessimism in Matthew Arnold 2 853 
 
 E. L. Godkin on pessimism 16 6378-80 
 
 Unique distinctive character of the pessimism of Thomson's <City of 
 
 Dreadful Night> 3 7 14865, 14866 
 
 RELIGIOUS: THEMES AND THOUGHTS 
 
 Zeus's wish to destroy the old race of mankind (compare Bel, i 55) 
 
 I 187 
 
 Prometheus as the antagonist of Zeus (Compare Bel, i 71) i 187, 188 
 
 Greek idea of the Furies changed to the Eumenides (Gracious deities) . i 191 
 
 Hecuba's prayer to Zeus 14 5572 
 
 Cleanthes's <Hymn to Zeus,> quoted by Paul on Mars Hill 9 3784 
 
 Empedocles on God as « a sacred and unutterable Mind» 14 5474 
 
 Intensely religious nature of ^Eschylus 14 5570 
 
 The Greek poet's lesson of equanimity 3 7 15170 
 
 Pindar's grand lyrics dominated by religious faith 29 11489, 11491 
 
 The two chief Socratic characteristics, (i) effort to dissipate intellec- 
 tual confusion, and (2) faith that moral truth exists 29 11521 
 
 Invariable effort of Socrates to secure thought for the state of the 
 
 soul 29 11528 
 
 Socrates on « the idea of good » 29 11552 
 
 Socrates on « great reason to hope that death is a good» 29 11539 
 
 Socrates on death and judgment 29 11 546 
 
 The Platonic fourfold gospel in the <Gorgias,> the < Apology, > the 
 
 <Crito,> and the <Phsedo> 29 11521 
 
 Platonic arguments for Immortality 29 11529 
 
 « I have shunned evil all my life >> (Socrates) 34 13632 
 
 «We ought not to retaliate or render evil for evil to anyone >> (Soc- 
 rates) 34 13633 
 
 «Which is better, God only knows» (Socrates on to die or to live). 29 11541 
 Thucydides's view of history as based on a logic of events, not on Di- 
 vine Providence 37 14912 
 
 New Departure: Aristophanes opposed to the new spirit of his age 
 
 in literature, philosophy, and politics 2 764 
 
 Preparation for Christianity in the teaching of Socrates, 35 141 12; in 
 the philosophy of Plato, 141 13; in Aristotle's exalted theory of 
 man's moral object, 141 14; in Stoicism, 141 14, 141 15 ; in epicurianism 
 to some extent, 14115, 14116; in Roman unity of Empire over the 
 
 nations, 14117; and in the practical turn of the Roman mind. . . .35 14118 
 Montaigne far excelled in elevation of thought and purity of tone by 
 
 Plutarch 29 1 1604 
 
 Lofty example in the character of Aristotle 2 789 
 
 Epictetus on God with Us ; ; 14 5500, 5501, 5508 
 
Cdxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 The < Mysteries > of Greek Demeter worship 1 6 6646 
 
 Lucian's < Dialogues of the Gods,^ a second-century study at Athens 
 
 of ancient characters and religion; and a parody of the Homeric 
 
 gods 4 5 66 ; 23 9286-88 
 
 Greek deities represented as altogether inferior to heroic men and 
 
 women 18 7327 
 
 Stoic development of Platonism into spiritism 23 9289 
 
 A Greek poet on death as «an endless, unawakable sleep » 26 10364 
 
 The Augustan « cardinal half century of the world's life>^ into which 
 
 Christ was born : 38 1 5416 
 
 The poetic pantheism of Lucretius 23 9304, 9309 
 
 Lucretius contrasted with Virgil in religious faith 38 15413, 15414 
 
 Seneca used as a Bible by Boethius in his < Consolations of Philosophy >. 4 5 345 
 
 Juvenal as a preacher of total depravity 21 8414, 8415 
 
 Pagan religious revival in the second century 23 9287 
 
 Boethius on < The Government of the World > 31 12370-71 
 
 Virgil's ^neid, the Bible of the later classical literature 45 474 
 
 Marcus Aurelius on life, death, diity, faith, prayer, and human 
 
 brotherhood 3 1028-44 
 
 Stoic doctrines in relation with Christianity . .35 141 14; 45 553 
 
 Special character of the teachings of Augustine. . . 3 1015 
 
 Augustine on the Soul's future vision of God 3 1020 
 
 Augustine's < City of God > a plea against paganism four hundred 
 
 years after Christ 44 129 
 
 Dante's < Divine Comedy > inspired by his sense of the wretchedness 
 
 of man in his mortal life 11 4344 
 
 Absence of revolting mediaeval dogmas from the mind of Dante. . . 11 4342 
 
 Dante's use of blind faith and scholastic reason 11 4557 
 
 Carlyle on Dante's conception in his <Purgatorio> 8 3259-61 
 
 Dante's fixed conviction that the Papacy should be purely spiritual. .11 4327 
 
 Christianity preached anew by the Franciscan friars 15 5922 
 
 Desportes's early French translation of the psalms, and volume of 
 
 Christian prayers and meditations 42 142 
 
 Victor Hugo's < Notre Dame de Paris > a study of the cathedral of the 
 
 Middle Ages as the book of the people 44 163 
 
 Chateaubriand's < The Genius of Christianity* 45 343 
 
 Emilia Pardo-Bazdn's Life of St. Francis 28 11027 
 
 The Spanish Las Casas as an ideal Christian figure 8 3335 
 
 Quietism as developed by Molinos 44 330 
 
 Wiedemann's ^Ancient Rel^ion of the Egyptians* 45 413 
 
 The < Hermetic Books* supposed to be a revelation of divine myste- 
 ries 44 117 
 
 Large, liberal, and tolerant spirit of Josephus 44 294 
 
 Johnson's < Oriental Religions: India, China, and Persia* 44 187 
 
 Not Vedic words, but well-doing, the chief thing 20 7957 
 
 Essential teaching of Buddha 20 7951 
 
 Hindu idea of the nearness of God 20 7966 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxv 
 
 The Babylonian penitential hymns indicate a high development of 
 
 religious consciousness i 57 
 
 Hebrew cosmogony « borrowed in haste from Babylon by the last 
 
 compiler of the Bible » (Darmesteter) 1 1 4382 
 
 Hebrew story of the flood taken from the Babylonian i 56 
 
 RationaUstic notions of Maimonides 24 9593 
 
 Essential elements of the appeal of Mohammed to his countrymen . 2 2 8708-10 
 
 <The Shint5 Faith in Japan,> by L. Hearn 18 7151 
 
 Omar Khayydm's liberal faith in eternal goodness 21 8544 
 
 Norse story of creation 13 5119 
 
 Caedmon's <The Glory- Father > 2 547 
 
 Alcuin's praise of knowledge and philosophy i 301, 302 
 
 King Alfred's idea of king-craft i 392 
 
 King Alfred on « the everlasting home » i 395 
 
 King Alfred's « temporary cottages and eternal homes » i 396 
 
 t Where to Find True Joy,> by King Alfred, from «Boethius» i 396 
 
 King Alfred on wordliness and riches i 398 
 
 Von Eschenbach's <Parzival,> covers the whole circle of religion and 
 
 ethics 43 582 
 
 Rationalist conflict of Roscellin with the Church i 19 
 
 Modern rationalism founded by Abelard i 22, 27 
 
 Scotus Erigena's denial of the claim of authority in matters of reli- 
 gious belief 43 487 
 
 Roger Bacon on Greek culture, not less important to us than Hebrew, 
 and on Greek teaching and life in some respects superior to 
 
 Christian 45 475 
 
 A parliament-of-reHgions idea acted on by Alfonso the Wise i 385, 386 
 
 «The deepest and most universal science » (Wagner) 38 15514 
 
 « The deepest problem of life for mankind at large » 35 13787 
 
 Thoreau's idea of « unspotted from the world, » 37 14875; his idea of 
 
 inspiration 37 14877 
 
 Tolstoy's gospel of the meaning of life, the reading of its riddles. . . . 
 
 3 7 14985, 14992 
 
 Swinburne on children 36 14320, 14321, 14327 
 
 Remarkable example of child influence 3 1024 
 
 Tennyson's lesson <In the Children's Hospital,* 36 14633-35; his 
 New Year of the Lord, 14619; his optimism in faith, 14617; 
 
 his trusting humility 36 14615 
 
 Amiel on the child ideal of simple belief in goodness, 2 486; his crit- 
 icism of « so-called liberal Christianity, >> 2 487; some religious 
 
 faith universal 2 491 
 
 « Morals are the work of woman » (De Tocqueville) 37 14969 
 
 Serious study of God and His works, the noblest form of worship. . . .3 108 1 
 
 Buffon on « Nature, the exterior throne of God's glory » 6 2692 
 
 Ruskin's < Modern Painters > as a text-book of observation of nature. 4 17 15 
 
 A parable of the soul's regeneration in Besant's <The Inner House \ 4 1839 
 
Cdxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Preaching and Prayer, Selden on 33 13108 
 
 The right use of prayer 11 4611 
 
 Suggestions from Wordsworth, — «That best portion of a good man's 
 
 life » 39 16201 
 
 The « blessed mood » of revelation of «the life of things » 39 16201 
 
 The sense of nature as the soul of moral being 39 16203 
 
 « Travel on life's common way in cheerful godliness >> 39 16215 
 
 « Getting and spending we lay waste our powers >> 39 16221 
 
 Significance of « the meanest flower that blows » , 39 16228 
 
 Disraeli's suggestions of religious faith 4 1653-56 
 
 << 'Tis always morning somewhere in the world * 19 7643 
 
 Whittier's < The Eternal Goodness > 39 15927 
 
 « The Infinite always is silent » 27 10864 
 
 Two views of poverty, 18 7 114 (see 7110) ; Poverty: Verses on 40 16494 
 
 « The cross without the crown » 19 7470 
 
 « The accents of genius, their echoes still weave with the great human 
 
 voice, till their thoughts are but one » 40 16387 
 
 John Burroughs on Patient Waiting 7 2882 
 
 Bryant on « Truth crushed to earth » 6 2634 
 
 Religious meaning of the Holy Grail 19 7517 
 
 The Devil's chapel hard by God's house of prayer 11 4484, 45 11 
 
 Bryant on the earth as the great tomb of man 6 2628 
 
 Beaumont on the tombs in Westminster 4 1686 
 
 Death Certain to All, or < Fatality > (Arabic) 2 688 
 
 Henry M. Alden's spiritual interpretation of death .-i 304-12 
 
 Lowell on the extraordinary excellence of Donne's < Valediction For- 
 bidding Mourning > 12 4772 
 
 Heaven portrayed in <The Gates Ajar> as an earthly Utopia 38 15623 
 
 William Occam, an English scholastic philosopher who contested the 
 
 right of the Pope to secular possessions and political power 43 407 
 
 John Wyclif's English Bible work, the first and greatest new depart- 
 ure from the Latin Church of the Middle Ages 39 16235, 16236 
 
 Savonarola as a prophet of new departure in religion 38 15354 
 
 Janssen's Catholic < History of the German People since the Close of 
 
 the Middle Ages > 42 287 
 
 Dr. John Dollinger's departure from strict Roman Catholicism 42 149 
 
 Bolanden, German author of novels brilliantly controverting Protes- 
 tant views 42 66 
 
 Grounds of Gibbon's conversion to Catholicism 16 6272 
 
 Alarc6n's ultramontane tone and opposition to science i 263 
 
 Quesnel's great < History of the Jesuits > 43 448 
 
 The rise of the Jesuits in Germany, 30 12083; Macaulay on the 
 
 Jesuits , 42 941 1 
 
 The papal bull against Luther drawn up by Bernardo Accolti 42 3 
 
 Gerald Groot founds (1400 A. D.), at Deventer in Holland, the Brother- 
 hood of the Common Life; in sixty years its nearly one hundred 
 
 and fifty houses a power for progress all over Europe 14 5510 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST cdxvii 
 
 Seebohm's <The Oxford Reformers: John Colet, Erasmus, and 
 
 Thomas More,> a story of new-departure studies in 1498 45 454 
 
 Biblical research,— Laurentius Valla the man who first brought the 
 modern spirit of scholarly criticism to bear upon it, 14 5510; 
 Erasmus his successor in that work 14 55ii. 55i4 
 
 Preference of Erasmus for the simple teaching of Christ... 14 5519, 5520, 5532 
 
 The < Colloquies > of Erasmus, a hand-book of the free thought and 
 
 new-departure ideas of his time 44 126 
 
 Evolution of Erasmus's ideas of biblical criticism out of those of 
 
 Valla 1 4 5511 
 
 Erasmus on the theologasters of his tim.e 14 553i 
 
 Erasmus's fundamental idea, progress by evolution rather than revo- 
 lution 1 4 5518, 5519 
 
 Erasmus's view regarding Luther 14 55i9 
 
 «I taught literature, which before me was almost pagan, to speak of 
 
 Christ » ( Erasmus) 14 552o 
 
 « I wish there could be an end of scholastic subtleties and Christ be 
 
 taught plainly and simply » 14 5532 
 
 «Much in Luther's teachings which I dislike; he runs everything 
 which he touches into extravagance » (Erasmus to Melanchthon, 
 
 1524) M 5534 
 
 Agnostic anticipations in Montaigne's essays 26 10239 
 
 Comments of Montesquieu on varieties of religion, 26 10262; his 
 
 share with Voltaire in controversy against accredited faith 26 10255 
 
 Montesquieu on theological disputes i 370 
 
 D'Alembert deserted theology for science i 354 
 
 Diderot's conviction as to the .elements of Christianity 12 4691 
 
 Swedenborg's system of views materially departed from accredited 
 
 orthodoxy 36 14237-43 
 
 Latter day agnosticism foreshadowed in the speculations of Thomas 
 
 Hobbes 18 7382 
 
 Lessing's complete philosophy of religion, in <The Education of the 
 
 Human Race > 23 9008 
 
 Lessing on < Heresy > 23 9018 
 
 Lessing on < The Search for Truth > 23 9018 
 
 Lessing on < Love of Truth* 23 9017, 9018 
 
 Lessing's < Nathan the Wise,* a study of toleration between Christian 
 
 and Jew 44 172 
 
 Christ came to « snatch the obsolete primer from the hands of the 
 
 child » (Lessing) 23 9019 
 
 Spinoza's Stoic gospel of tbe conduct of life 35 13788 
 
 Spinoza on superstition and fear 35 13800 
 
 Voltaire's contrast between natural and conventional religion, 38 15463 ; 
 
 the greater miracles, 15480; the true belief, 15481; Idleness of 
 
 Controversy 38 15482 
 
 Voltaire's use of argument against atheism, 38 15453; his attitude 
 
 towards the Bible and towards Christ 38 15454 
 
 Voltaire's < Epistle to Urania > sets forth principles of natural religion. 38 15450 
 27 
 
cdxviii OUTLINE survey of the principal 
 
 Voltaire's pleas for religious toleration in <Henriade,> ^Mahomet,* 
 
 < Alzire,* and < Treatise on Toleration > 38 15450, 15452, 15454 
 
 Dr. Isaac Watts not in accord with Puritanic theology 38 15718 
 
 John Barnard, one of the earliest New England dissenters from 
 
 Calvinism 42 43 
 
 Broad Church principles set forth against narrow Puritanism by Hooker, 
 
 45 367; broad and liberal Church views of Bishop Burnet 45 360 
 
 Selden on disputes in religion 33 13109 
 
 Religious persecution a greater evil than any other 6 2683 
 
 Roger Williams, a prophet of religious freedom 43 577 
 
 Infidelity, in the sense of disbelief in revelation, dates from the philoso- 
 phy of the thirteenth century 3 1082, 1083 
 
 The Inquisition and Scholastic Theology employed by the Church 
 
 to suppress Rationalism 3 1082 
 
 Revelation of Froissart's history as to religion in the fourteenth century, i 5 6040 
 Church and State most intimately blended in the early Massachusetts 
 
 system 18 7373 
 
 The rise of the witchcraft delusion in New England promoted by a 
 
 theological investigation 44 244 
 
 Lord Bacon on conditions of the < Study of Truth > 3 1165 
 
 Deist controversy in England in the eighteenth century, Leslie Ste- 
 phen on 45 412 
 
 Leslie Stephen's < An Agnostic's Apology > 43 505 
 
 Froude's view of ecclesiasticism as having been profoundly hostile to 
 
 morals, i 5 6062 ; his * Nemesis of Faith > 43 494 
 
 Huxley on facing the world as it is, without pious make-believe to 
 
 hide its uglier features 19 7813 
 
 Luther's argument for the burning of witches — «I would burn all of 
 
 them,» 23 9341 ; his belief in a personal devil 23 9342 
 
 Cicero's < Dream of Scipio> the final and most hopeful pagan word 
 
 of faith in immortality 9 3684 
 
 Bismarck's idea of the mo/al necessity of faith in immortality 5 1941 
 
 Ancient Greek ideas of transmigration 14 5471 
 
 Maurice Maeterlinck following Swedenborg, Jakob Boehme, and Ruys- 
 broeck in uncompromising mysticism, 24 9541; his spiritual phi- 
 losophy comprised in an essay on <The Inner Beauty > (given in 
 
 full, 9552-61) ' 24 9543 
 
 Spinoza's teachmg characterized by pure pantheism 35 13790 
 
 Spiritual teaching of Plato adopted by the early Fathers 2 615 
 
 Theological libraries called by J. H. Newman «the cemeteries of 
 ancient faith, » 2 7 10601 ; his idea of the unreal use of religious 
 
 words 27 10602 
 
 Schiller's departure from orthodoxy 23 9042 
 
 Schiller's <My Creed > 33 12905 
 
 Schiller's « From Sense of Religion I confess none of all those creeds 
 
 which you mention » 33 12905 
 
 Semitic prophetism in contrast with Greek philosophy 3 108 1 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxix 
 
 Benjamin Franklin's story of religious experience and conviction .15 5958-60 
 
 Benjamin Franklin's religious position and ideas 15 5934-37 
 
 Cousin on Pascal's skepticism 10 4083 
 
 Religion excluded by Cousin from the University, but taught in the 
 
 schools 10 4081 
 
 Measurably Christian system of Cousin 10 4080 
 
 Fichte's departure from historical Christianity in his exposition of 
 
 religion 14 5676 
 
 Voltaire's science of unbelief advocated by Madame du Deffand 11 4472 
 
 «True Blue Presbyterian Religion, » Butler's satire on 7 2933 
 
 A study of unbelief in Paul Heyse's < Children of the World > 44 172 
 
 How Heine's skepticism ended 1 8 7187 
 
 Heine on not opinions only, but convictions, required to build a 
 
 cathedral 18 7201 
 
 Baudelaire's rule of prayer 4 1632 
 
 Moral restraint and inspiration alike denied by Baudelaire 4 162 1, 1622 
 
 Bossuet's argument to show that all events must be ascribed to a 
 
 Divine Providence 5 2217 
 
 Riickert's << Solomon ! Babylon ! Gone to the Wind >^ 31 12469 
 
 De Vogiie, a leader of Neo-Christian reaction in France against the 
 
 paganism of the masses 38 15439 
 
 Germany's weight in the Franco-German War that of serious religious 
 
 motive, 26 15440; Bismarck's idea to the same effect 5 1943 
 
 Bismarck's « We Germans fear God, but nothing else» 5 1943, 1958 
 
 De Vogiie's striking picture of the armed hosts of Germany conquer- 
 ing France under the impulse of faith expressed by Luther's 
 
 grand hymn .38 15439, 1544° 
 
 Bentham's « God bless you, — if » 4 1775 
 
 < The Better Part,> by Matthew Arnold 2 885 
 
 SuUy-Prudhomme's < Justice* and < Happiness, > elaborate poetical 
 
 studies of the problems of life 36 14210 
 
 George Eliot on *God, Immortality, Duty > 26 105 12 
 
 « Be honest truth thy guide >> 19 7510 
 
 Interest in religion compared with interest in human society 7 2780 
 
 Religion considered as duty towards mankind 10 3937 
 
 Buckle on The Essentials of Morals 6 2677 
 
 The relation of religion to civilization, a product, not a cause 6 2675 
 
 Lord Bacon's advice touching goodness as the best part of great- 
 ness 3 1 196 
 
 Anthony Trollope's ideal in the character of Mr. Harding 37 15034 
 
 Thackeray on Napoleon as an example of greatness 36 147 15 
 
 Voltaire on true greatness 38 1 5489 
 
 New Departure : Its point of view 32 12865 
 
 New views, and the new way of looking at things 11 4599 
 
 «Out of the world of theology, into the world of literature* 7 2912 
 
 Bushnell on « A future age yet to be revealed » 7 2916 
 
 Into a « New world of theological thought » with Dr. Horace Bushnell . 7 2909 
 
 Conception of new departure in religion by Carlyle 45 403 
 
cdxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 The story of new departure in theologfy in the eighteenth century, by 
 
 Leslie Stephen 45 412 
 
 Carlyle's « The Latest Gospel » 8 3242 
 
 Carlyle's want of reverence for what he called the « Hebrew old- 
 clothes » 8 3232, 3236 
 
 Goethe's solution of Carlyle's problems 8 3234 
 
 New departure conception of Christianity preached by F. W. Robert- 
 son 31 1 2305-07 
 
 Professor Robertson Smith's advanced views of the Bible and Bib- 
 lical history 43 499 
 
 The critical radicalism of Martineau in his later volumes 24 9760 
 
 Religious Liberalism of F. D. Maurice 25 9828 
 
 The story of the hymn < Nearer my God to Thee > i 145 
 
 Huxley's ideal in life 19 7813 
 
 Max Miiller's conception of a science of religion, 2 6 10427 ; the faith 
 
 now most wanted 26 10428 
 
 Charles Kingsley's « muscular Christian » creed 22 8612, 8614 
 
 Butler's < Analogy of Religion, > a Bible to Patrick Henry 39 16091 
 
 The Bible idea applied in Germany to the works of Goethe 32 12876 
 
 Extent to which Goethe and Moliere are treated as inspired author- 
 ities 32 12876 
 
 Eugene Sue's <The Wandering Jew,> 45 468; M. D. Conway on The 
 Wandering Jew, 45 456; legend of The Wandering Jew told 
 
 in George Croly's < Salathiel the Immortal > 10 4198 
 
 H. W. Beecher on perversion of the gospel from a spirit of human- 
 ity into a system of doctrine 4 1731 
 
 Butler's arguments on the analogfy of religion with the course of 
 
 nature 44 294 
 
 Symonds on Italian art in its relation to religion 36 14340 
 
 Draper on the conflict between religion and science 44 247 
 
 Tennyson's handling of religion 36 14586 
 
 Swinburne's defense of religion against theology and priestcraft 36 14291 
 
 Mrs. Dolly Winthrop's religion in < Silas Marner > 45 550 
 
 Max Nordau's criticism of religion as slavery to forms 44 263 
 
 Eberhard's <New Apology of Socrates, > an attack upon the narrow 
 
 theology of the day 42 161 
 
 Independent and secular tone towards religion in the Spanish novels 
 
 of Gald6s, and others of the same school 15 6156 
 
 Max Miiller's study of religion 26 10428 
 
 Religions regarded as transitory stages of human development 22 8954 
 
 Renan's conception of religion under all the religions 31 12153 
 
 Final restoration of all souls argued by Dr. Edward Beecher 44 247 
 
 «We remain prisoners for life in the religion that first fashioned our 
 
 souls » (fidouard Rod) 31 12336 
 
 Mosheim's works treating ecclesiastical history as a matter of secu- 
 lar causes and effects 4 3 393 
 
 Milman's < History of the Jews,> according to secular principles 43 384 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxi 
 
 Gasparin's < Christianity and Paganism > and < Liberal Christianity >.. 4 2 209 
 
 Madame Craven's stories reflecting Catholic religious feeling 10 4139 
 
 D'Azeglio on the priests and Jesuits of Rome 3 ii34-37 
 
 D'Azeglio on devotion favored by darkness 3 1 135 
 
 D'Azeglio on religion surviving in spite of its professors 3 1137 
 
 < The Conversion of the Church > demanded by Desjardins 11 4598 
 
 Works by Empdran, a Mexican priest, bitterly attacking Catholic 
 
 Church 42 170 
 
 Eberhard's works attacking a narrow theolog>'; his efforts for a re- 
 form movement in theology 42 i6i 
 
 Frohschammer's writings in support of New Departure 4 2 203 
 
 Edmond Scherer's radical departure at Geneva from biblical orthodoxy. 32 12866 
 Greek revolt in the Italian poet Carducci against Semitic traditions in 
 
 religion 8 3206-08 
 
 Amiel on belief and unbelief 2 486 
 
 Amiel on failure to understand Jesus 2 481 
 
 Theodore Parker on mistakes about Jesus 28 1 1077 
 
 Jesus portrayed as a socialistic reformer by Esquiros 14 5556 
 
 Darwin's conclusion in regard to his own life 1 1 4393 
 
 Dr. Elisha Mulford on the Bible 26 10422 
 
 Munger's writings expounding a broad progressive theology 43 397 
 
 Movement of all the Protestant sects toward the Quaker standpoint, 
 
 in Whittier's gospel of «the eternal goodness* 39 15914 
 
 The enthusiasm of humanity shown in the writings of John Watson 
 
 (Ian Maclaren) 38 1 5694 
 
 Notably liberal religious views of Goldwin Smith 34 13540 
 
 Bjornson's <In God's Way,* a story of the struggle between liberalism 
 
 and religious bigotry 5 1 966 
 
 Gomes Leal's Portuguese poems characterized by heterodoxy in religion . 4 2 224 
 Dulk's German works advocating new religious evolution apart from 
 
 Christianity 42 155 
 
 Tolstoy's interpretation of Christianity 37 14988 
 
 Lamartine's use of the idea of God 22 8803 
 
 Hartmann's studies of philosophy and religion 42 251 
 
 Forcible and earnest treatment of religious questions by Atterbom, 2 
 
 933 ; his < Swedish Seers and Poets > 2 934 
 
 < God's War > by Almquist i 446 
 
 Danish writings of Grundtvig designed to promote Christian recon- 
 struction 42 236 
 
 The Italian poet Aleardi's conception of the goodness of God i 351 
 
 Rydberg's Swedish work on <The Doctrines of Christ > 43 474 
 
 Hans Andersen's story of the < Miserere > in the Sixtine Chapel 2 537 
 
 Hans Andersen's last novel <To Be or Not To Be,> reflecting the re- 
 ligious speculations of his later years 2 502 
 
 Keim's works representing the modern critical school of theology. . . .42 299 
 Straus's <The Old Faith and the New,> <Life of Jesus,> and other 
 
 works, representing extreme critical negation 35 14107-10 
 
Cdxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Renan's dealing with the question of the origins of Christianity in 
 
 seven successive works .31 12154 
 
 Arndt turned from theology to history and literature, and for twenty 
 years was excluded by his liberal views from a professorship of 
 
 history at Bonn 2 814 
 
 Berthold Auerbach gave up the synagogue for law, philosophy, and 
 
 literature 3 g6i 
 
 Auerbach's study, in < On the Heights, > of self -atonement for moral 
 
 failure 3 963 
 
 Mr. Lecky's study of reason as superior to dogma 22 8930 
 
 Inscription on. Buckle's grave 6 2674 
 
 The relation of inspiration to creative genius 6 2382 
 
 Ethical ideal for the nineteenth-century man 44 53 
 
 Schopenhauer's view of Christianity as not favorable to optimism . . .33 12939 
 « Every biography is the history of suffering » (Schopenhauer), 33 12937 ; 
 
 « the crime of existence >> 33 12935 
 
 Pain and pleasure as sovereign masters of mankind ... 4 1776 
 
 Hegel on the nature of evil 18 7180 
 
 Hegel on the fall of man , 18 7182 
 
 Galton's conception of « Original Sin » 15 6184 
 
 Meaning of the doctrine of the Eucharist 2 895 
 
 Origin of the conception of Satan 44 21 
 
 William Cowper's conception of salvation 10 4109 
 
 S. R. Crockett's adherence to the stern Old Testament creed of his 
 
 fathers 10 '4181, 4182 
 
 The poet-painter Blake's faith in orthodox fundamentals 5 2043 
 
 Faber's hymns and spiritual songs 42 177 
 
 W. Bagehot on supernaturalism and superiority to reason, the roots 
 
 of the power of all religions 3 120S 
 
 Amiel on the place of supernaturalism in religion 2 487 
 
 Mazzini on < Faith and the Future > 25 9845 
 
 Goethe on the only true ideal of freedom 16 6386 
 
 « There is no art which is not sacred » 18 7389 
 
 Montesquieu on the true nature of benevolence 26 10261 
 
 Burns's counsel of charity 7 2840 
 
 How the Indian monarch refused to enter Paradise without his faith- 
 ful dog 2 830-832 
 
 «Almost terrifying statement of Darwin's thoughts on religion » 11 4390 
 
 Darwin's «I have often and often regretted that I have not done 
 
 more direct good to my fellow-creatures » 11 4393 
 
 The propagation of Christianity « has never been wholly explained by 
 
 the reasoning of history » (Brunetiere on Renan) 31 121 58 
 
 «Life has no meaning except for such as believe and love,'> the con- 
 clusion of a French pessimist 31 12337 
 
 Rod's < Moral Ideals of the Present Time,* a study of notable recent 
 
 writers ; 31 12337 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxiii 
 
 Oehlenschlager's <The Life of Christ Annually Repeated in Nature >. 2 7 10747 
 
 « The Galilean had recast the minds of men » 16 6639 
 
 Jowett's idea of what the life of Christ should be, — «A History of 
 
 Truths,» «Of the Mind and Thoughts of Christ » 45 449 
 
 Mrs. Linton's < Joshua Davidson > (or Jesus David's Son), « Christian 
 
 and Communist* 4 4 288 
 
 Zeller's <Story of the Apostles> 43 595 
 
 G. W. Curtis on the suggestions of Nazareth 10 4226 
 
 Longfellow on the cathedral as a « mediaeval miracle of song» 23 9186-87 
 
 Longfellow's « fiends and dragons watch the dead Christ between the 
 
 living thieves >> 23 9187 
 
 Defoe's ^Robinson Crusoe > a study of the conflict of man with nature 
 
 and circumstance 11 4482 
 
 <The Moral Influence of Art> 5 2060 
 
 The Italian theological poet, Palearius, <On the Immortality of the 
 
 Soul,> one of the finest Latin poems of the sixteenth century ... .43 413 
 Wigglesworth's grim poem on eternal punishments, their nature and 
 
 variety 44 237 
 
 Bigelow's story of the « Quietism » of the Spanish priest Molinos 44 330 
 
 Maeterlinck's <The Treasure of the Humble, > essays of appeal to the 
 
 Divine in us 44 331 
 
 Thomas Paine's^The Age of Reason, > — a destructive critical inquiry, 
 
 not wholly negative 44 328 
 
 Draper's < History of the Conflict between Religion and Science' 44 247 
 
 New-departure interest of Mrs. Humphry Ward's < Robert Elsmere^. .45 459 
 <John Ward, Preacher, > a study of logical Presbyterian Calvinism ..44 198 
 
 R. H. Hutton's <Essays,> important religious and literary studies 44 74 
 
 Coverdale's Bible the first complete printed English Bible 44 262 
 
 <The Polychrome Bible, > an attempt to show to the eye the composite 
 
 character of parts of the Bible 44 3 
 
 Cowper's ' Apocryphal Gospels > a collection of legendary fictions and 
 
 fragments of story about Christ 44 295 
 
 Lightf Oct's <The Apostolic Fathers, > an account of the twelve writ- 
 ings which come next after those embodield in the New Testa- 
 ment 44 295 
 
 <The Christian Fathers > (24 vols. ), edited by Roberts and Donaldson, 
 
 works o^the leading Christian authors of the first three centuries. .44 79 
 
 < Recent Research in Brble Lands, > edited by Hilprecht, new light 
 
 on Abraham's time 44 189 
 
 Tomkins's < Studies on the Life and Times of Abraham > 44 294 
 
 Smythe Palmer's Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular 
 
 Beliefs ^ 44 21 
 
 <Nippur,> by J. P Peters, a most remarkable story of Babylonian 
 exploration and discovery, 44 20; revelation of *^ close connection 
 
 between Babylonian and Hebrew civilization >> 44 21 
 
 Mohammedanism an attempt to rehabilitate the human i 18 
 
 Laboulaye's <Abdallah,> a study of the better aspects of the Koran's 
 
 morality a 2 8748 
 
cdxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 The Koran said to be the most widely read book in the world; the 
 text-book in all Mohammedan schools; Moslems know large parts 
 
 of it by heart 22 8707 
 
 Stephens on Christianity and Islam; the Bible and the Koran 44 293 
 
 < The Book of Mormon/ its character and origin 44 11 
 
 SACRED BOOKS OF THE WORLD 
 
 The New Testament; its literary grandeur 27 10565-96 
 
 The Old Testament and the Jewish Apocrypha 27 10775-818 
 
 The Talmud, regarded by orthodox Jews as authoritative, 36 14460; 
 
 two forms of the Talmud, the Babylonian and the Palestinian.. .44 22 
 
 Babylonian. — Cosmogonic and other mythical poems, recounting the 
 Creation, the Deluge, and other facts of earhest human history, 
 I 52-57; hymns to the gods, and penitential psalms, character- 
 ized by sublimity and depth of feeling, as in the Hebrew Psalms, 
 57; proverbs, chronicles, annals, and inscriptions covering the 
 period 3000-539 B.C., 58; civilization first established in Baby- 
 lonia, 60; examples of the different writings i 61-83 
 
 Egyptian. — <The Book of the Dead,* a Guide to the Other World, 
 
 parts of it perhaps as old as B. C. 4500 13 5229-30 
 
 India. — The Four Vedas, — A Book of Hymns, A Book of Sacra- 
 ment, A Book of Sacrifice, and A Book of Later Hymns and 
 Thoughts, 20 7905-13; the < Brahmanas,> priestly Commentaries 
 on the Vedas; and the <Upanishads,> books of philosophy, 7913-17; 
 six systems of philosophy, based on the < Upanishads,* 20 7922. 
 See also 45 414-18 
 
 Buddhist, dating from the sixth century B. C, three Pitakas (or 
 Baskets), Traditional Collections of the History, and the Rules for 
 Buddhist monks ; the Discourses or Sermons setting forth Buddha's 
 teaching; and Discussions of ethics and philosophy. . .20 7917-20; 45 418-19 
 
 A Jain Scripture representing the teaching of Mahavira, of the same 
 
 period in India as Buddha 20 7920 
 
 Zoroastrian, the Zend-Avesta, containing the only surviving portions 
 of the Sacred Books of the most ancient Persian religion, 45 418; 
 the story of the Avesta and examples from it 3 1084-99 
 
 China. — The < Five Classics > collected by Confucius — the <Yi King,* 
 or Book of Changes; the <Shih King,> or Book of Odes, 305 old 
 ballads; the ^ Shu King,* or Book of History, records collected 
 and edited by Confucius ; the < Ch'un ch'iu * or Spring and Au- 
 tumn Annals, the only original work of Confucius ; the < Book of 
 Rites,* a work devoted to rules of ceremony and of behavior, a 
 most particular code of manners. And of equal canonical author- 
 ity with the Five Classics the <Four Books,* recording sayings of 
 Confucius, in three of the books, and the development of his sys- 
 tem by Mencius in the fourth 9 3629-36; 45 419-20 
 
 A second Chinese Scripture, the <Taot6 King* or the Book of Rea- 
 son and Virtue, a work of high ethical character, the doctrine of 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxv 
 
 which as to death was very soon debased into a vulgar system of 
 
 Magic as a means of Immortality 9 3637 ; 45 420 
 
 Greece.— Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, known to the people by 
 hearing them intoned or chanted in public recitation, to slight 
 musical accompaniment, and for twelve hundred years commonly 
 accepted as a Bible of things celestial and of human duty to the 
 gods, 19 7551 ; examples from the poems 19 7562-78 
 
 Roman or Latin. — Virgil's .lEneid, into which he brought with the 
 utmost pious care the whole Grseco-Roman system of faith and 
 the best thoughts of writers before him, became a Bible to the 
 later Latin ages including our own Middle Ages, 38 15419-24; 
 45 474; his <The Vision of the Future, > a notably prophetic 
 utterance 38 15434-38 
 
 Mohammedan.— The Koran of Mohammed, 2 668; examples from it. 
 
 ■ 2 690, 696 ; 4 5 420 
 
 SATIRES 
 
 Unbridled license of direct personal satire and invective, the chief 
 
 characteristic of older Greek comedy represented by Aristophanes . 2 759 
 
 The earhest Latin satires those of Lucilius 4 3 352 
 
 The satires of Horace touch on life in Rome during the last ten 
 
 years of the Civil War 19 7624 
 
 Of the <Book of Satires, > by Petronious, only a small part remain. 29 11385-88 
 Six satires of Persius written under the worst of the early Caesars . 29 11343 
 
 The satires of Juvenal picture the darkest side of Roman life 21 8411-19 
 
 Apuleius, a famous Latin satirist 2 597 ; 4 2 21 
 
 Wither 's < Abuses Stript and Whipt,> a satire on society under James 
 
 1 39 16123 
 
 Pope's satires in Imitations of Horace * 30 11717 
 
 Jonathan Swift's < Gulliver's Travels, > the most painful satire on hu- 
 man nature ever given to the world 36 14264 
 
 Thackeray's genius combined the artist and the satirist 36 14665 
 
 Importance and interest of the seven satires of Ariosto, written in 
 
 1517-31 2 742 
 
 Parini's satires on the corruption of the times in Italy 28 1 1043 
 
 Giusti's satires aimed at the indifference and immorality of the times; 
 
 their political and moral influence 16 6355-56 
 
 Regnier's French satires in imitation of the Latin 43 454 
 
 Racine's <The Pleaders* a satire on legal procedure 30 12028 
 
 La Bruyere's on French life and custom in his < Characters * 22 8760-66 
 
 Daudet's < Th5 ImmortaP a satire on the French Academy 44 182 
 
 Quevedo y Villegas, eminent Spanish author of satires 43 448 
 
 Notable Russian satires, by Saltykov 43 478, 504 
 
Cdxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY 
 
 The contributions of Aristotle to science 2 792 
 
 iElianus's <On the Nature of Animals, > a popular standard book for 
 
 several hundred years i 172 
 
 Strabo's < Geography* an encyclopaedia of knowledge of Europe, 
 
 Asia, and Africa, about the time of Christ 44 74 
 
 Roger Bacon's <Opus Majus,* 1267 A. D., a great initiation of modern 
 
 advance 45 475 
 
 A mediaeval Academy of Sciences created by Alfonso at Toledo, — 
 
 Roger Bacon's idea carried out i 385 
 
 Giordano Bruno eagerly espoused the system of Copernicus ten years 
 
 before Bacon's birth 6 2613 
 
 Lord Bacon's < Novum Organum,> 45 447; < Advancement of Learning). 4 5 475 
 Two magnificent ideas of Lord Bacon, the utility of science, and the 
 
 universality of human progress 3 1168 
 
 Unanimous verdict against Lord Bacon as a teacher of science 3 i r66 
 
 Recent discoveries in physical science anticipated by Swedenborg .36 14239 
 
 Montesquieu's opinion of the value of physical science i 357 
 
 Lamarck's suggestion of a theory of the origin of species as a result 
 
 of the action of natural conditions 10 4253 
 
 Cuvier's study of the structure and classification of animals 10 4251-53 
 
 Buffon's < Natural History, > a great work based on new-departure ob- 
 servation, experiment, and reason, 4 4 73 ; first brought the sub- 
 ject into popular literature 6 2690 
 
 Arago's biographical sketches of eminent scientists, masterpieces of 
 
 style, and of scientific ex;^osition 2 707 
 
 Darwin's great works ; the history of their production, 1 1 4389, 4397 ; 
 his masterly study of nature in many fields, in support of evolu- 
 tion II 4385-93 
 
 Herbert Spencer's execution of a great series of works in exposition 
 
 and application of Evolution principles .35 13707-27 
 
 Forty years of Huxley's active production of results of scientific re- 
 search; his eminence in popular exposition, and in scientific criti- 
 cism 19 7808 
 
 Tyndall's long and brilliant leadership in English scientific advance. 3 7 15 141 
 
 Sir W. Thomson's supreme distinction in < Modern Physics > 43 524 
 
 Franklin's experiments with electricity, and famous researches 15 5927 
 
 Faraday's famous < Experimental Researches in Electricity > 44 128 
 
 Agassiz's immense service to science at Harvard University i 209-13 
 
 Leibnitz, an eminent German scholar and thinker, the greatest man 
 
 of his time in every branch of knowledge 43 333 
 
 Haeckel, the foremost of German naturalists 17 6781 
 
 Free trade advocated by Defoe 11 4481 
 
 Adam Smith's < An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth 
 of Nations, > — a study of the value to mankind of universal free 
 trade 34 13521-23 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxvii 
 
 Bagehot's Economic and Political Studies, of very notable value... 3 1207 
 
 Galton's < Meteorograpliica,> a notable early weather study 15 6175 
 
 The relation of humanity to climate, J. W. Draper on 12 4865 
 
 See Buckle, 6 2675. 
 
 Youmans's < Culture Demanded by Modern Life > 44 76 
 
 Giordano Bruno's idea of mind in animals and in plants 6 261 5 
 
 Cupples's study of dogs as agents of early civilization 10 4210 
 
 Hospitals ; establishment of, in the Middle Ages 30 12051 
 
 Charity; general character of, in the Middle Ages 30 12050 
 
 Medical science during the Mi4dle Ages 30 12052-57 
 
 Charles Blanc's experience of telepathy. . . : 5 2052 
 
 The philosopher Kant's mental control of his sensitive physical health. 21 8481 
 
 Doctor John Arbuthnot, a famous literary physician 2 722 
 
 Great medical work, the < Kanun,> by Ibn Sina 19 7835 
 
 Du Bois-Reymond on animal magnetism, and magnetism in fishes. .42 153 
 
 Kerner's study of animal magnetism in <The Seeress of Prevorst>. .43 302 
 
 J. P. MahaflFy on genius as not an affair of heredity 34 13647 
 
 Beasts with the attributes of human beings i 202 
 
 <A Tribute to Tobacco,> by Bodmer 5 2132 
 
 Extensive collection of Anglo-Saxon laws showing early superiority 
 
 on English ground 2 554 
 
 Dr. Franklin's theory of right and wrong. . 15 5962 
 
 Jeremy Bentham, a champion of utilitarianism, 4 1773 ; J. S. Mill on 
 
 utilitarianism 25 10012 
 
 O. A. Brownson's accouijt of < Saint-Simonism > 6 2595-602 
 
 The effect of the Crusades upon European culture 2 894 
 
 Sachs's popularly interesting < History of Botany, > and great work on 
 
 < The Physiology of Plants > 44 211 
 
 Erasmus Darwin's curiously and historically interesting poem, <The 
 
 Botanic Garden* 44 210 
 
 Darwin's epoch-making < Origin of Species > 11 4397 
 
 Darwin's < Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex > 44 9 
 
 Ibsen's < Ghosts,* a dramatic study of heredity 44 313 
 
 Wallace's < Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection* 44 10 
 
 Haeckel's < Natural History of Creation * 44 176 
 
 Cazelles's < Outline of Evolution-Philosophy > 44 176 
 
 Fiske's < Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, 4 4 i ; < The Destiny of Man, 
 
 Viewed in the Light of His Origin > 44 10 
 
 Marsh's <Man and Nature,' a study of man's work in changing the 
 
 condition of the earth 44 325 
 
 Tylor's < Early History of Mankind > and < Primitive Culture* 44 10 
 
 Figuier's < Primitive Man * 45 477 
 
 Tylor's < Anthropology,* a study of man and civilization 44 176 
 
 Maudsley's <Body and Mind,* a notable study of science facts 44 194 
 
 Galton's < Hereditary Genius* and < English Men of Science* 44 195 
 
 Lavater's *■ Physiognomy,* a broad and profound study 45 421 
 
 Michelet's <The Bird,* a romance of natural history 44 157 
 
 Suggestive popular science in Cooke's 'The New Chemistry* 44 247 
 
cdxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 Buckland's entertaining science lessons in < Log-Book of a Fisher- 
 man and Zoologist > 44 318 
 
 Whewell's works on the < History and the Philosophy of the Inductive 
 
 Sciences ^ 44 247 
 
 A notable influence in Jefiferson's life, his intense interest in every- 
 thing scientific ...21 8234 
 
 Ptolemy's <The Almagest, > a great work on astronomy dating 
 
 about 150 A. D 44 175 
 
 Laplace's < Mechanism of the Heavens > ^ 44 175 
 
 Lockyer's < The Dawn of Astronomy > 43 347 
 
 Copernicus's new theory of the universe published in 1 543 10 4042 
 
 Luther condemned the theory of Copernicus that the earth is not 
 
 the centre of the universe 10 4043 
 
 Nicholas of Cues, the Cardinal de Cusa, the forerunner of Copernicus 
 
 in teaching the New Astronomy 14 5510 
 
 Kepler's famous studies and epoch-making writings 43 301 
 
 History of the principal astronomical discoveries of Laplace and his 
 
 predecessors 2 708-22 
 
 ZoUner, a German astronomer and physicist of distinction at Leipsic.43 598 
 Littrow, an Austrian astronomical popular lecturer, and author of 
 
 popular astronomical works 43 345 
 
 Hind's important contributions to astronomical science 42 265 
 
 Ball's < Story of the Heavens, > and other popular astronomical works. 44 336 
 
 Philosophy. — Heraclitus, the most original of the pre-Socratic Greek 
 
 philosophers 18 7247 
 
 Aristotle: — Translation of and commentary on, by Boetius, 5 2134; 
 Alexander of Hales the first schoolman who studied his works in 
 the Arabic commentators, 42 12; and attempted to base Christian 
 theology on them 5 2169 
 
 Aristotle in English. — < The Parts of Animals*; < History of Ani- 
 mals*; <On Youth and Old Age: Life and Death and Respira- 
 tion * ; < Politics > and < Constitution of Athens * ; *■ Nicomachean 
 Ethics > ; < Rhetoric > and < Poetics > 44 332-34 
 
 Aristotle : brilliant commentary on by Saint-Hilaire 42 45 
 
 Aristotelianism : its influence on Mohammed's Jheology i 18 
 
 Plato ranks as the first of philosophers, and in the literature of power 
 
 with the Bibles and supreme poets of the world 29 11 519 
 
 Plato's <The Banquet,* 44 334; Xenophon's <The Banquet* 44 335 
 
 ♦The Morals of Epictetus* our only record of the doctrines of the 
 
 greatest of the Stoic philosophers 44 190 
 
 Kant, as an original thinker, the only modem philosopher who can 
 
 be put beside Plato and Aristotle 21 8477 
 
 Fichte's production of one of the world's greatest systems of reflec- 
 tive thinking, an extension of Kant's teachings, and perfection 
 of the results of Kantian thought 14 5673-75 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxix 
 
 Stirling's < Text-Book to Kant > 44 336 
 
 Mahafify and Bernard's < Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Read- 
 ers > 44 330 
 
 Schelling's great work in philosophy, his study of Kant, Fichte, and 
 
 Spinoza 18 7165, 7166 
 
 Hegel's system of philosophy following Kant, Fichte, and Schelling. 18 7167 
 
 Stirhng's < The Secret of Hegel > 44 336 
 
 Schopenhauer's « unique distinction among the great philosophers of 
 
 the modern world '> 33 12923 
 
 Schopenhauer's opinion of the preeminence of Kant, Plato, and the 
 
 Hindu Upanishads 33 12928 
 
 Bayle's < Historical and Critical Dictionary > a masterpiece of new 
 
 knowledge and free thought 44 126 
 
 Materialism : Hobbes's < Human Nature > developed a materialistic con- 
 ception of the origin of mind, i 8 7382 ; also made selfishness the 
 
 motive power of human conduct 18 7382 
 
 Spinoza: Auerbach's study of, and translation of the works of . ^ ... .42 29 
 
 Philosophy, an ideal of, by Thomas Hill Green 17 6685 
 
 Emerson, the most individual thinker since Shakespeare 45 555 
 
 SOCIALISM AND SOCIALISTS 
 
 Heraclitus, the father of socialism 18 7248 
 
 Jesus portrayed as a socialistic reformer in Esquiros's < Evangel of 
 
 the People > 14 5556 
 
 Petronius on laws useless against Queen Money 29 11 391 
 
 Plautus on the wretchedness of poverty 29 11571 
 
 Greek use of dancing in the spirit of art 37 15172, 15173 
 
 French. — Diderot's use of the social idea in combating the Church. .26 10336 
 
 Rousseau's < The Social Contract > 44 330 
 
 Proudhon's writings in support of extreme economic revolution 43 442 
 
 Irresistible character of public opinion in the age following that of 
 
 Louis XIV 38 15449 
 
 Negro slavery abolished in the French colonies through the efforts of 
 
 Arago 42 22 
 
 Social conditions in France compared with American in Laboulaye's 
 
 < Paris in America > 45 526 
 
 Rey baud's stories of modern socialists 43 456 
 
 Eugene Sue's < Mysteries of Paris > and < Wandering Jew > written un- 
 der the influence of socialistic sympathies 35 14 182 
 
 German. — Ferdinand Lassalle's work as founder of the German So- 
 cial Democracy 43 328 
 
 Liebknecht, a notable German socialist leader, of the social demo- 
 cratic party, author of social studies of importance 43 342 
 
 Karl Marx's great work < Capital, > 43 371; his progfram of interna- 
 tional socialism 44 12 
 
 Fritz Renter, emphatically the novelist of the proletariat 31 12195 
 
 Hauptmann, a German dramatist of markedly socialistic tendency. .17 7025 
 
 * 
 
Cdxxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Rodbertus, a German economist, author of the theory that commodities 
 
 cost nothing but labor ; regarded as the founder of scientific socialism. 4 3 463 
 Max Nordau's < Conventional Lies of Our Civilization,* a study of social 
 
 pathology 44 262 
 
 A study of German social conditions in Spielhagen's * Hammer and 
 
 Anvil > 44 303 
 
 Wilhelm Jordan's German stories seeking to promote a higher social 
 
 state 42 293 
 
 Max Kretzer's novels devoted to socialism 43 315 
 
 Ida von Diiringsfeld's *The Wedding Book: Usages and Beliefs Re- 
 garding the Wedding among the Christian Nations of Europe \ .42 158 
 Bjornson's < Flags Are Flying > or <The Heritage of the Kurts,> a 
 
 study of the influence of heredity 5 1966 
 
 Bjornson's series of plays dealing with social problems 5 1964 
 
 Remarkably effective and influential social dramas of Ibsen 20 7844-47 
 
 Socialistic sympathies shown by the novels, articles, and pamphlets 
 
 of Almqiyst i 439, 440 
 
 Hungarian. — The problem of marriage dealt with by the Hungarian 
 
 novelist Abranyi 42 3 
 
 Intense sympathy of the Queen of Roumania with the toiling poor . 
 
 36 14330, 14333 
 
 Polish. — Sienkiewicz's < Children of the Soil* throws light on social 
 
 questions 4 4 146 
 
 Dutch. — Strongly effective efforts for social reform of the Dutch author 
 
 Dekker 11 4513-15 
 
 English. — Half-way socialism of Charles Kingsley 22 8612 
 
 Humanist and socialistic tendencies of J. S. Mill 25 looio, 10012, 10014 
 
 Mallock on social equality as a subversion of the order of nature. . . 45 553 
 
 Carlyle's sympathy with socialism 8 3239 
 
 William Morris's < Socialism, its Growth and Outcome > 26 10341 
 
 Works by H. M. Hyndman dealing with socialism from an English 
 
 point of view 42 281 
 
 Frances Power Cobbe's studies in ethical and social subjects 44 76 
 
 Henry James's study in fiction of socialistic questions 45 435 
 
 What the State owes to every citizen 26 10261 
 
 Land as the source of all value, the theory of Quesnay, Dupont, and 
 
 Henry George 42 i57; 43 447 
 
 Spencer's < Social Statics > and < Principles of Sociology > 35 13709, 137 15 
 
 Ruskin's books criticizing social conditions in England 32 12514 
 
 Lecky's study of socialism in his < Democracy and Liberty > 44 5 
 
 Mrs. Browning's < Aurora Leigh, > a study of various social theories. .44 300 
 Charles Reade's <Hard Cash,> a study of the abuses of private insane 
 
 asylums in England 44 267 
 
 Reade's <Put Yourself in His Place, > a stern study of social prob- 
 lems 44 135 
 
 Charles Kingsley's < Yeast > and < Alton Locke, > very effective socialistic 
 
 appeals 4 4 328 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxxi 
 
 Besant's < All Sorts and Conditions of Men,> a study of social improve- 
 ment which led to the creation of the People's Pafkce of East 
 
 London 4 4 274 
 
 Booth's < In Darkest England and the Way Out > 44 7 
 
 Jevons's < Methods of Social Reform > 44 325 
 
 Libraries regarded by Jevons as the best sort of public investments .44 325 
 
 Mrs. Woods's <Metzerott, Shoemaker, > a striking socialistic story ... 44 144 
 
 < Human Intercourse,* essays on social relationships 44 330 
 
 American. — Sumner's contributions to social science 43 511 
 
 Swinton's study of social and labor questions 43 512 
 
 Study of practical problems in Octave Thanet's < Stories of Capital 
 
 and Labor > 3 7 i4734 
 
 Slavery under Spanish conquest in America ; 45 558 
 
 Henry Clay on American slavery 9 3769 
 
 Horace Greeley's political history of slavery 45 454 
 
 Character of slavery depicted in < Uncle Tom's Cabin* . . 45 518 
 
 Olmsted's picture of slave State scenes in the United States before 
 
 the Civil War 44 246 
 
 The same author's later work on « Cotton and Slavery » 44 245 
 
 <The Bread-Winners,* a social study of labor in modem life 44 212 
 
 Henry George's <Progfress and Poverty,* a single-tax hand-book of 
 
 social reform 44 3 
 
 Bellamy's 'Looking Backward* a dream of imaginary social changes. 44 196 
 Ely's < French and German Socialism in Modern Times,* — the story 
 of communism and socialism in its two great strongholds, France 
 
 and Germany 44 324 
 
 SPIRITISM OR SPIRITUALISM 
 
 Socrates would remain as if in a trance for hours, 34 13631; his 
 
 Platonism developed by the Stoics into Spiritism 23 9289 
 
 Jean Paul's prayer to his grandfather from belief that this world is 
 
 penetrated, ruled, and animated by miracles and spirits 31 12247 
 
 Puritan knowledge and opinion of spiritualism 44 244 
 
 The celebrated Bentham's belief in ghosts 4 1779 
 
 The English poet Blake's confidence in spiritism 5 2043 
 
 Catherine Crowe, an ardent devotee of spiritualism 42 125 
 
 Studies in spiritism by Mrs. Oliphant 27 10822 
 
 Alfred Russel Wallace a stanch believer in spiritualism 38 15519 
 
 Studies of spiritism by Olympe Audouard 42 29 
 
 W. D. Howells's study of spiritualism in < An Undiscovered Country*. 44 291 
 
 George M. Beard's special studies of spiritism 42 48 
 
 Spiritism as a universal development in early culture discussed by 
 
 Tylor 44 II 
 
 Ernest Hart's < Hypnotism, Mesmerism, and the New Witchcraft *... 4 4 195 
 
 Conway's < Demonology and Devil-Lore * 45 359 
 
Cdxxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 TRAVELS, EXPLORATIONS, ADVENTURES, 
 
 • 
 
 AND DISCOVERIES 
 
 «The Far West,» in Spain 17 6874 
 
 Strabo's Geogfraphy based on travels in Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. 4 4 74 
 
 Tacitus's<Germania,^ a report of observations of travel in ancient Ger- 
 many 44 93 
 
 Sir John Mandeville's famous book of Travels claimed to have been 
 
 made '. 43 365; 45 467 
 
 Wappseus's < Researches on the Geographical Discoveries of the Portu- 
 
 gfuese Under Henry the Navigator > 43 560 
 
 Harrisse's account of John Cabot's original voyage of discovery of 
 
 North America 45 374 
 
 Weise's account of Voyages of Discovery of America in the period 
 
 1492-1525 45 351 
 
 Hakluyt's great works on the Voyages and Discoveries of the Eng- 
 lish in North America 17 6808-09 
 
 Purchas's Relation of Voyages and Travels, in continuation of 
 
 Hakluyt 43 444; 45 438 
 
 <The Book of Marco Polo,' a story of travel from Venice to China 
 
 (1271), and return (1292-95) by Ceylon and Constantinople 43 434 
 
 Hue's interesting and still valuable travels in China sixty years since. 4 2 277; 44 188 
 
 Andrew Wilson's tour through the Himalayas 44 112 
 
 Darwin's <A Naturalist's Voyage,* a story of a journey around the 
 
 world 42 132; II 4386 
 
 Wallace's <The Malay Archipelago, > a volume of specially interesting 
 scientific travels, 43 557; also his < Travels on the Amazon and 
 Rio Negro > 43 557; 38 15518 
 
 Isabella Bird Bishop's < The Golden Chersonese,* a record of travel 
 
 in the Malay peninsula 44 73 
 
 Hayes's ^Arctic Boat Journey, > <The Open Polar Sea,* and < The 
 
 Land of Desolation * 44 112; 42 254 
 
 Kane's ^Arctic Explorations > 42 296 ; 44 112 
 
 Greely's < Three Years of Arctic Service,* and < Handbook of Arctic 
 
 Discoveries * 42 23 1 ; 44 113 
 
 Mrs. Peary's < My Arctic Journal * , 45 543 
 
 Kennan's < Tent Life in Siberia * 44 324 
 
 Bayard Taylor's interesting books of travel in many lands 36 14519 
 
 John Russell Young's travels with General Grant in a tour around 
 
 the world 43 590 
 
 Livingstone's < Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa * ; 
 narrative of an expedition to the Zambezi ; and Last Journals in 
 Central Africa 43 345 
 
 Stanley's < How I Found Livingstone, > < Through the Dark Continent,* 
 
 <In Darkest Africa,* and other reports of African travel 43 503 
 
 Du Chaillu's ^Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa,* and 
 other African travels, 42 154; 44 iii; his <The Land of the Mid- 
 night Sun,* dealing with Norway 42 154 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxxiii 
 
 Speke's travels of discovery of the head waters of the Nile in Central 
 
 Africa 43 5oi 
 
 Sir S. W. Baker's travels in Egypt, Syria, India, and Japan 3 1277 
 
 Baker's < The Albert Nyanza> and <Nile Tributaries of Abyssina,> 
 
 important records of African discovery 42 37 ; 44 245 
 
 Sir Richard Burton's extensive explorations in Africa, Syria, Iceland, 
 
 Brazil, and the United States 42 85 
 
 Drummond's < Tropical Africa, > an account of travel by the water- 
 route to the heart of Africa 45 559 
 
 Lady DuflE-Gordon's < Last Letters from Egypt > 45 554 
 
 Dubois's <Timbuctoo the Mysterious, > a story of distant travel inland 
 
 in French Africa 4 5 465 
 
 De Amicis on Morocco, Its People and Place 44 100 
 
 Palgrave's journey through Central and Eastern Arabia 43 414; 44 iii 
 
 Curzon's visits to the Monasteries of the Levant 45 467 
 
 Exceptional interest of Kinglake's < Eothen > 21 8599 
 
 Pumpelly's Five Years' Journey around the World, — Arizona, Japan, 
 
 and China, 4 3 444 ; 4 4 305 ; his Geological Researches in China, 
 
 Mongolia, and Japan 43 444 
 
 Stephens's important works of travel in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine ; 
 
 Greece, Russia, and Poland; Central America and Yucatan 43 505; 44 23 
 
 Mahaffy's < Rambles and Studies in Greece > 45 425 
 
 Denton J. Snider's travels in Greece, with special reference to Greek 
 
 scenes and life 34 13602 
 
 Ch&,teaubriand's voyage of travel to North America, on which he 
 
 based three novels, <Atala,> <Rene,> and <The Natchez,* 42 104; 
 
 his <A Journey from Paris to Jerusalem > 42 104 
 
 Madame de Stael's < Germany, > a remarkable report of observations 
 
 of travel 44 94 
 
 Longfellow's < Hyperion, > a story of travels through Germany and 
 
 Switzerland 44 241 
 
 Irving's < The Alhambra, > a vivid sketch book of actual observations 
 
 in Spain 44 277 
 
 George Borrow's account, in two remarkable books, of travels in Spain. 4 5 380, 469 
 John Hay's < Castilian Days,> a vivid picture of observations of travel 
 
 in Spain 44 220 
 
 Stevenson's autobiographic story of travel in Southern France 45 478 
 
 W. D. Howell's < Italian Journeys > 44 320 
 
 Percival Lowell's <The Soul of the Far East,> travels in Japan, 
 
 China, and Korea 45 465 
 
 <A Girl in the Carpathians, > a travel study of real people 44 72 
 
 Stoddard's < South Sea Idyls,* a humorous account of experiences of 
 
 travel in Southern seas 45 460 
 
 Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels in South America 11 4386 
 
 Squier's Reports of Travel and Exploration in Central America, and 
 
 in Peru 43 503 ; 44 24 
 
 Orton's <The Andes and the Amazon,* a report of travel across 
 
 South America 44 304 
 
 28 
 
cdxxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 J. F. Denis; his extensive travels; author of works on Brazil, and on 
 
 Buenos Ayres and Paraguay 42 139 
 
 Travels in Spanish America, Russia, and Japan, by William E. Curtis. 42 127 
 
 R. H. Dana's < To Cuba and Back> in 1859 42 130 
 
 Lummis's delightful record of travels in New Mexico 45 462 
 
 Clarence King's ^Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada > 45 408 
 
 Bowles's ^Across the Continent,* a report of early travel in the trans- 
 Mississippi Great West, 44 305; Irving's <Astoria,> a book of 
 
 travel in the Far West 44 305 
 
 Mark Twain's < Roughing It,> a story of travel across the plains from 
 
 St. Louis to Nevada 44 36 
 
 Mark Twain's <Life on the Mississippi, > a partly autobiographic story 
 
 of travel on the great river 44 271 
 
 Olmsted's *A Cotton Kingdom > and < Journey in the Seaboard Slave 
 
 States,* records of Southern travel before the Civil War 44 245, 246 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci's story of voyages which suggested calling new 
 
 continental lands America 43 546 
 
 Oehlenschlager's <The Found and Vanished Land,* a dramatic hand- 
 ling of the Norse discovery of Vinland 27 10751 
 
 Rafn's Danish study of American discoveries by the Norsemen, in 
 
 the tenth century 43 450 
 
 Heine's < Pictures of Travel,* prose pictures from the Hartz region, 
 
 with literary and political criticism 45 544 
 
 Layards's ^ Travels and Explorations in Babylonia * 43 330 
 
 Sir J. D. Hooker's < Travels to the Antarctic Seas, in India, and in 
 
 Morocco * 42 272 
 
 Markham's important travels in India, Abyssinia, and Peru 43 368 
 
 Edwards's < Travels in Russia, Turkey, and Central Europe* 42 164 
 
 The Earl Dufferin's *■ Letters from High Latitudes * 42 154 
 
 Galton's < Narrative of an Explorer in South Africa* and <The Art 
 
 of Travel* 15 6175 
 
 Wissmann, a German African explorer across Africa, and author of 
 
 important works on Africa 43 581 
 
 ZoUer, German author of important travels, and promoter of German - 
 
 acquisitions in West Africa 43 598 
 
 VERNACULAR: OR POPULAR SPEECH 
 
 Use by Plautus, Catullus, and Persius of the lingua volgare from 
 
 which the Romance languages take their direct descent 29 11344 
 
 French and Italian becoming literary languages in the twelfth and 
 
 thirteenth centuries 11 4317, 4320 
 
 Distinction to Dante between Lengua Romana (The Provengal) and 
 
 Lengnaa materna, or Italian 30 11871 
 
 The common tongue of Italy essentially shaped by Dante 11 4340 
 
 St. Francis, the first poet to write for the people in Italian 15 5922 
 
 Change in Italy from Latin to Italian 5 2089 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxxv 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini's < Memoirs,* the most perfect example of Italian 
 
 prose .8 3371 
 
 Eflfort of Alfonso the Wise to substitute Spanish for Latin i 384 
 
 Vernacular languages, their use promoted everywhere by Frederick II. 38 15581 
 Latin only the language of culture in Europe in the time of Eras- 
 mus; the languages of France, Germany, England, Holland, and 
 
 even Italy considered barbarous 14 55^7 
 
 Effort of Luther to make the German vernacular a strong, fertile, and 
 beautiful language ; his translation of the Bible, in large measure 
 
 the creator of literary German 23 9323, 9324 
 
 Latin and French preferred to German before Bodmer's time 5 2128 
 
 King Alfred's devotion to Anglo-Saxon in place of Latin i 391, 392 
 
 The great Anglo-Saxon chronicle begun under King Alfred 2 554, 555 
 
 Layamon's <The Brut,* translated (about 1200 A. D.) from the French 
 
 of Wace's < Roman de Brut,> the first manuscript extant of a 
 
 poem after the Conquest in English 45 362 
 
 Monumental significance of Wyclif 's translation (about 1382) of the 
 
 Bible into good vernacular English 39 16235, 16236 
 
 No English national speech in the time of John Gower's early life .16 6581 
 Gower's three great poems written, one in French, one in Latin, 
 
 and one in English 16 6581 
 
 Students at Cambridge, England, forbidden to use any language but 
 
 Latin, Greek, or Hebrew 3 1156, 1157 
 
 Robert Aytoun under Charles I. of England wrote in Greek, French, 
 
 and Latin, as well as English 3 1 106 
 
 Ascham's plea for the literary use of English (1545) 2 917 
 
 Admirable use of English by Barclay in translating Brandt's <Ship 
 
 of Fools > 4 1497-98 
 
 George Canning, the first English minister who made English take 
 
 the place of French in diplomatic correspondence 8 3190 
 
 William Barnes's rural Dorset dialect as an example of early English. 4 1564 
 Ivar Aasen's attempt to make Norse instead of Danish the literary 
 
 language of Norway, supported by the Norwegian novelist Gar- 
 
 borg 15 6186 
 
 Garborg's attempt to make a literary Norwegian speech in place of 
 
 Danish 15 6186 
 
 Lembcke's lyric <Our Mother Tongue,* a favorite Danish national 
 
 song 43 334 
 
 WOMAN 
 
 Hesiod on woman • 18 7331, 7332 
 
 Aristophanes on women as a terrible plague and the root of all evil . 2 781 
 
 Xenophon on the training of a wife 39 16248 
 
 Plutarch on a wise and courteous wife, 29 11645; also on mothers 
 
 and nurses 29 11 649 
 
 Hippolytus, in Euripides, rails at womankind as a grievous curse . . .14 5581 
 
cdxxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 An Arabic picture of womanhood 2 682 
 
 Finest works of the Japanese classic age written by two ladies of 
 
 the court 30 8148 
 
 Abelard's Heloise as a type of womanhood i 24 
 
 Respect for women developed in the age of chivalry 38 15582 
 
 A Japanese woman-writer on the characters of women 20 8167 
 
 Passages from Firenzuola's famous < Dialogue on the Beauty of Wo- 
 men > 14 5757-65 
 
 The old Dutch poet Jacob Cats's ideal of woman 8 3354 
 
 Character of Michel Angelo's conception and treatment of woman.. .25 9978 
 
 Remarkable character of Marguerite of Navarre 24 9703 
 
 Wilhelmine,' sister of Frederick the Great, a woman of character and 
 
 culture, abreast of the most advanced thought of the time ... .39 15969-70 
 St. Bridget, the type of Celtic womanhood dowered with divine in- 
 spiration, poetry, and charm 8 3429 
 
 Fuller's memorial of Margaret More as a learned lady 15 613 1 
 
 Picture of Joanna Baillie in old age 3 1257 
 
 Steele distinguished for his respect for women 35 1 3878 
 
 Fielding's tone about women, 14 5702; his ideal of woman drawn in 
 
 < Amelia * .- 44 243 
 
 Edmond Sch^rer on woman in the eighteenth century. . . ._, 32 12867 
 
 An ideal of womanly charm in Alan Muir's < Lady Beauty > 45 530 
 
 A study of woman and social regeneration in Mrs. Browning's < Aurora 
 
 Leigh > 4 4 300 
 
 R. Grant White's tribute to the women of England. 4 5 463 
 
 D. A. Wasson on the genius of woman 38 1 5684-90 
 
 « Amiable, weak-headed, the type so frequently drawn, >> by Mr. Howells. 44 320 
 
 <<The type oftenest drawn by Reade » 44 319 
 
 Montesquieu on the treatment of woman 26 10269 
 
 The civil and political condition of woman from the times of the Ro- 
 mans, by E. R. Laboulaye; these « researches » the first scientific 
 
 inquiry into the legal disabilities of women 22 8748 
 
 Bryce on <The Position of Women in the United States > 6 2644-52 
 
 Thomas Wright's < Womankind in Western Europe > 43 586 
 
 Klemm's < Women > (6 vols., 1854-59) 43 307 
 
 Grand-Carteret's < Woman and Germany > 42 229 
 
 Legouve's < Woman in France, > and < Moral History of Women > 43 333 
 
 Saint- Amand's study of the women of the old French courts, of the 
 
 First Empire and of the Restoration 42 283 
 
 Wilhelm Liebknecht's widely known work on woman. 43 342 
 
 Miiller's < Historical Women > 43 396 
 
 An illustrious woman of genius, in England, in France, and in Spain. 7 3001 
 
 Sainte-Beuve's ^Gallery of Celebrated Women* 44 77 
 
 Most of Racine's characters are women, 30 12028; his great parts 
 
 were for the heroines 30 12029 
 
 Juliana Bemers the first woman to write a book in English 4 1834 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxxvii 
 
 Aphra Behn, the first woman in England to Five by her pen — all her 
 
 novels and poems stamped with indelicacy 42 51 
 
 The first «Blue Stocking Club» at the London residence of Mrs. 
 
 Montagu 43 388 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams finds English women Amazonian in attire and 
 
 manners 
 
 I lOI 
 
 The Quarterly Review's brutal criticism of Charlotte Bronte on ac- 
 count of < Jane Eyre > 6 2381 
 
 Mrs. Somerville the only woman who could understand the work of 
 
 Laplace 45 356 
 
 Character and influence of Susannah Wesley, 38 15790; great unhap- 
 
 piness of all her girls 38 15790 
 
 Charm of modest womanhood given to all his female characters by 
 
 Robert Greene, whom Nash called the Homer of Women 17 6692 
 
 Giordano Bruno's tribute to English women 6 2618 
 
 Dowden on Shakespeare's women 12 4811 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher on true beauty 4 1684 
 
 Saint-Victor's <The Women of Goethe> 43 477 
 
 Schiller on Honor to Women 33 12890 
 
 Shelley's high conception of womanhood 34 13270 
 
 Mary Wollstonecraft's < Modern Ideal of Womanhood,* < Milton on 
 
 Woman,> and < Ideal Education for Women > 39 16132 
 
 Kingsley's theory that the love of woman is the guide of the intel- 
 lect, and that love of nature teaches truth in regard to the uni- 
 verse 22 8612 
 
 Lecky's intellectual and moral comparison of women with men 22 8946 
 
 Ruskin on womanhood 32 12516 
 
 Bryant on a gentle woman as a conqueror, 6 2632 ; Bryant's « She 
 
 met the hosts of Sorrow >* 6 2632 
 
 The poet Prior's advice for treatment of a wife 30 11839 
 
 Mrs. Craik's tender and poetical ideals of womanhood 10 4124 
 
 Mrs. Humphry Ward's study of woman nature, and the new woman 
 
 admirably drawn 38 15645 
 
 Motherhood as showing «how divine a thing a woman may be 
 
 made » 39 16221 
 
 Debt of the great Christian Father Augustine to his mother Monica. 3 1014 
 
 Influence of the mother of Henry Thomas Buckle 6 2673-74 
 
 The mother of Oliver Wendell Holmes, 19 7457-58; his wife 19 7461 
 
 Jeremy Taylor on husband and wife 36 14559 
 
 Delightful example of the lovely wife of the explorer Sir Samuel 
 
 Baker 3 1278 
 
 Helpmeet character of the wife of Alphonse Daudet 11 4435 
 
 The finest type of the true German woman in Freytag's <Ilse* in 
 
 < The Lost Manuscript > 15 6013 
 
 < A Woman's Love,* by John Hay 18 7107 
 
 Josef Kiss's eulogy on woman, in a <Song of the Sewing-Machine*. .43 307 
 
cdxxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 Turgeneff's women, one of the most striking groups the modern novel 
 
 has given 37 15062 
 
 The best type of Russian woman represented by Olga in Gonchar6f's 
 
 < Oblomof > 16 6534 
 
 De Tocqueville on women in the United States 37 14969 
 
 James Bryce on the position of women in the United States 6 2644-52 
 
 Abigail Adams, a colonial New England woman i 84 
 
 Career and character of Margaret Fuller 15 6119-22 
 
 Brilliant representative career of Julia Ward Howe 19 7646 
 
 Mrs. Helen Jackson's distinction among American women poets 20 S057 
 
 Mrs. Adeline Whitney's study of girlhood 44 144 
 
 Constance Fenimore Woolson's skill in portraying women 39 16166 
 
 Valdes's women, and especially his young girls, a field in which he 
 
 is unequaled by any Spanish contemporary 37 15202 
 
 Women in Thomas Hardy's novels 17 6935 
 
 Treatment of woman in W. E. Norris's novels 27 10686-87 
 
 An ideal Italian and French woman in Madame de Stael's Corinne..44 187 
 Dobson's < Studies of Four French Women, > Charlotte Corday, Madame 
 
 Roland, The Princess de Lamballe, and Madame de Genlis 12 4742 
 
 Madame du Deffand, a graceful, unscrupulous society woman n 4471 
 
 Michelet's ideal of woman 44 253 
 
 Treatment of woman by Dumas, Jr 12 5008 
 
 Baudelaire's contrast of virtue and elegance in women 4 1622 
 
 Paul Bourget's pictures of falsities and beauty in a Parisian type. . . .5 2253 
 
 Bourget on the American woman 5 2255 
 
 Mirza-Schaflfy on Women 5 2124 
 
 Madame Peyerebrune, a popular French novelist on the dangers of a 
 
 literary career for women 43 426 
 
 Madame Alice Durand in a series of very popular French novels. . . .42 233 
 Joanna Courtmans, a Flemish poet and novelist, excelling particularly 
 
 in descriptions of the life of the common people. 4-? t22 
 
 Baroness Ebner-Eschenbach, an Austrian novelist of the highest dis- 
 tinction ... 42 161 
 
 Madame d'Epinay, a notable French writer of Memoirs 42 171 
 
 Matilde Serao, a notable Italian editor and novelist at Naples 33 13133 
 
 Emilia Pardo-Bazan, a notable Spanish critic and novelist ..28 11025; 43 416 
 
 Jaume Roig's Spanish work full of invectives against women. 43 464 
 
 The higher education of women, proposed by Comenius 10 3913 
 
 Mrs. Barbauld's idea of education for women 4 1481 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Montague's proposal of a college for women 4 1481 
 
 Sydney Smith on the education of women 34 13558-64 
 
 Emma Willard's <A Plan for Improving Female Education > (1819) , .43 576 
 
 Madam Remusat's < Essay on the Education of Women' 43 455 
 
 Mathilde Blind's advocacy of improved education for women, and a 
 
 better social position 5 2076 
 
 Henry Sidgwick's promotion of the higher education of women at 
 
 Cambridge, England 43 494 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxxxix 
 
 Rousseau's Ideas of women 39 16138-42 
 
 Dr. Gregory's error regarding daughters 39 16142 
 
 Modern idea of woman in 1792 39 16132 
 
 Milton's view of woman 39 16133 
 
 Conspicuous initiation by Mary Wollstonecraft of the movement to 
 
 give woman equal rights with man 39 16131 
 
 The Saint-Simonian idea of « Woman's Place» 42 158 
 
 Horace Bushnell on Women's Suffrage as « A Reform against Nature ». 7 2909 
 Argument against higher education of women much used in Germany. .45 347 
 
 Admission to Berlin University advocated by Herman Grimm 17 6725 
 
 R. H. Stoddard has the Oriental view of woman 35 14030 
 
 The « woman question » among London Jews in Besant's <The Rebel 
 
 Queen > 4 1839 
 
 Disraeli on fussy women, and female beauty 4 1651, 1652 
 
 Franziska Blumenreich, a zealous advocate of woman's rights in Ger- 
 many 42 64 
 
 Luise Biichner's works on the « woman's rights question » 42 81 
 
 Several volumes on woman problems by Mrs. H. D. Dohm of Berlin. 4 2 148 
 Madame de la Fayette's < Princess of Cleves,* the first romance that 
 
 could be called the romance of a married woman 22 8768 
 
 Milton's attack on the accepted views of marriage 25 10039 
 
 Madam Edgren's study in Swedish dramas and stories of the relation 
 
 between men and women 13 5162, 5163 
 
 Helen Reeves's novels treating of English domestic life 43 453 
 
 Margaret Fuller's study of the question of woman in the nineteenth 
 
 century 45 530 
 
 John Stuart Mill on the wrong of her legal subordination, and her 
 
 right to perfect equality ' 45 463 
 
 Ibsen's < A Doll's House,' a drama of what woman has been made. .44 70 
 
 Ibsen's The new woman in his < Ghosts > 44 313 
 
 Sir John Suckling's < Verses > in scorn of woman's love 35 14161 
 
 The Dutch poet Jacob Cats's praise of his wife, <A Foundation for a 
 
 Home, a Model of Truth > 8 3354 
 
 Heine's < Sonnets to His Mother > 18 7197 
 
 Sudermann's study of the saving power of woman, in three notable 
 
 novels 35 14165 
 
 Indebtedness of J6kai, the great Hungarian author, for his life after 
 
 the Austrian victories to his wife Rose Laborfalvi, the greatest 
 
 of Hungarian tragediennes 21 8332 
 
 Moliere's < School for Wives* 45 557 
 
 Michelet's <L' Amour > an attempt to suggest for France an ideal of 
 
 family life 44 253 
 
 The question of incompatible marriage raised by Rod's <The White 
 
 Rocks > 44 306 
 
 Bourget on <The American Family > and «The American Woman ». 5 2254, 2255 
 
 Hutchinson's < Marriage Customs in Many Lands > 44 215 
 
 Burns's estimate of domestic life 7 2843 
 
Cdxl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 CLASSIFIED READINGS OF PROSE AND POETRY 
 FROM ALL LITERATURES: 
 
 SHOWING SPECIAL LINES OF INTEREST, ENTERTAINMENT, 
 STUDY, AND RESEARCH, REPRESENTED BY CHOICE 
 EXAMPLES OF THE WORLD'S BEST LIT- 
 ERATURE ANCIENT AND MODERN. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL READINGS 
 
 Ennius on the character of Fabius, 14 5481; the same on Scipio....i4 5482 
 
 Pliny on Apelles, Praxiteles, and Phidias 29 11577-80 
 
 Biographical readings from Plutarch, — <Pericles,> 29 1 1605-18; <Corio- 
 lanus,> 11618-31; < Plutarch on Himself,* 11632; < Antony and 
 Cleopatra,* 11633-40; < Letter to his Wife on their Daughter's 
 Death,* 11641; <The Wife of Pythes,* 11645; Essay readings, 
 — <The Teaching of Virtue,* 11 646; <The Need of Good School- 
 masters,* 11648; ^Mothers and Nurses* 29 11649 
 
 Carlyle on the contrast of Dante « unimportant wandering sorrow- 
 stricken ** and his book 8 325 1-61 
 
 Art biographical reading from Vasari. — < Raphael Sanzio* 37 15250-56 
 
 Biographical reading from Villari's <Life and Times of Savonarola,* 
 
 — < Savonarola * 38 15357-76 
 
 Readings from the German autobiography of Wilhelmine, sister of 
 Frederick the Great, — < Visit of Peter the Gfeat to Frederick 
 William the First,* 39 15970-73; < Pictures of Court Life* ....39 15973-82 
 
 Examples from Beethoven's letters 4 1752-62 
 
 Hector Berlioz on Gluck 4 1815 
 
 Berlioz's essay on Bach 4 18 16 
 
 Readings from Mendelssohn's letters, — < Hours with Goethe, 1830,* 25 
 
 9889; <First Impressions of Venice,* 9892; <St. Peter's in Rome*. 25 9894 
 Readings from Bismarck, personal, — twelve Letters, 5 1934-47; 
 Historical, — < Character of the Frankfort Diet of 1853,* 1948-54; 
 
 < A Speech on the Military Bill * 5 1955-58 
 
 Biographical readings from G. H. Lewes, — < Goethe and Schiller,* 23 
 
 9039-43 ; < Robespierre in Paris, 1770 * 23 9043-47 
 
 Readings from the Letters of Madame De S6vign6 33 13155-66 
 
 D'Alembert's eulogy on Montesquieu i 356-70 
 
 Biographical readings from Cousin, — -Pascal's Skepticism,* 10 4083; 
 < Madame de Longueville,* 4084-86; < Madame de Chevreuse,' 
 4087; < Madame de Hautefort and Madame de Chevreuse* 10 4088 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxH 
 
 Gibbons's <Zenobia > i6 6279-85 
 
 Biographical readings from John Morley, — < Rousseau at Mont- 
 morency,) 26 10325; <Condorcet> 26 10330 
 
 Biographical reading from Von Hoist, — <Mirabeau > 19 7497-504 
 
 Biographical reading from Clarendon, — <The Character of Lord Falk- 
 land > 9 3738-44 
 
 Readings biographical ^and piscatorial from Izaak Walton, — < Mr. 
 Richard Hooker,> 38 15605-08; <Mr. George Herbert,> 15608, 
 
 15609; < Angling as an Art^ 38 15610-22 
 
 Readings from Pepys's Diary 28 11288-304 
 
 Dr. John Brown on < The Death of Thackeray > 6 2458-60 
 
 Biographical reading from Lockhart, — <The Last Days of Sir Walter 
 
 Scott > , .23 9128-37 
 
 Biographical reading, — Gladstone on Macaulay 16 6361-72 
 
 Two choice fragments of Andersen's < Story of My Life* 2 534-37 
 
 John Adams's sketch of the French court, and account of the charac- 
 ter of Benjamin Franklin i 130, 132 
 
 Readings from Margaret Fuller, — < Madame George Sand,> i 5 6123 ; 
 
 < Americans in Europe,' 6124; < Character Sketch of Carlyle* .... 15 6127 
 Darmesteter on Ernest Renan, 11 4381 ; Bourget on Renan's aristo- 
 cratic vision 5 2258 
 
 Verses by Baggesen on his childhood 3 1242 
 
 D'Azeglio's recollection of a < Happy Childhood > 3 113 1-34 
 
 Bentham's < Reminiscences of Childhood > 4 1778-80 
 
 Olive Schreiner's study of < Shadows from Child Life' 33 12959-67 
 
 American biographical readings from Carl Schurz, — <Clay the Citi- 
 zen,' 33 12978-83; <Clay the Statesman,' 12984-87; <Two Popular 
 Leaders,' Jackson and Clay, 12987-92; <The First American'. .33 12992-94 
 
 Readings from John Hay, — < Lincoln's Death and Fame,' 18 7098-105 
 
 N. P. Willis on < When Tom Moore Sang ' 39 16003-05 
 
 < Thoreau's Flute,' by Miss Alcott i 293 
 
 CRITICAL READINGS: ART AND LITERATURE 
 
 French.— Readings of thought and criticism from Voltaire,— ^ The Ir- 
 repressible King,' 38 15457-61; <War,' 15462-64; < Appearances,' 
 15464-66; < Contradictions,' 15466-70; <0n Reading,* 15471; <The 
 Ignorant Philosopher,' 15472-74; < Climate,' 15474-77; < Luxury,' 
 15478-80; < Passages from Pamphlets,' 15480-83; < Country Life,' 
 15483, 15484; < Voltaire to Rousseau,' 15484-86; 'The Drama,' 15487, 
 15488 ; < To a Lady ' (verse) 38 15489 
 
 Readings of story and criticism from Madame De Stael, — < Influence 
 of the Passions,' 35 13827; ^On Literature,' 13828; From < Del- 
 phine,' 13829; From <Corinne,' 13830-35; < Goethe,' 13836; < Napo- 
 leon,' 13837-39; <Necker,' 13839-41; < Persecutions by Napoleon,' 
 13841-43 ; < Rome, Ancient and Modem ' 35 13843, 13844 
 
 Readings from the French musical composer Berlioz, — <The Italian 
 Race as Musicians and Auditors,' 4 1811-13; <The Famous 
 
Cdxlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Snuff-Box Treachery,) 1813-15; <On Gluck,> 1815; <On Bach,> 
 1816; * The Beginning of a Grand Passion,* 1817; <0n Theatrical 
 
 Managers > 4 1818 
 
 Critical art reading from Charles Blanc, — < Rembrandt, > 5 2055; 
 
 < Albert Diirer's Melancholy,* 2055; < Ingres,* 2056; <Calamatta's 
 Studio,* 2057; < Debut as an Art Critic,* 2057; * Delacroix's Bark 
 of Dante,* 2058; < Genesis of the Grammar of Decorative Art,* 
 2059; ^ Moral Influence of Art,* 2060; <Poussin's Shepherds of 
 Arcadia,* 2060; < Landscape,* 2061; <Style,* 2061; ^Proportion in 
 Architecture * 5 2062 
 
 Critical reading from Lemaitre, — <On the Influence of Recent North- 
 ern Literature * 22 8965-76 
 
 Readings of criticism from Edmond Scherer, — < The Eighteenth 
 
 Century,* 32 12867-75; <A Literary Heresy* 32 12876 
 
 Readings of critical sentiment from Senancour's ^Obermann,* — < Al- 
 pine Scenery,* 33 131 12-15; < Conditions of Happiness,* 131 15; 
 <Obermann's Isolation * 33 131 17 
 
 Critical readings from Sainte-Beuve, — < Account of His Own Critical 
 Method,* 32 12662-66; < Alfred De Musset,* 12666-69; * Goethe: 
 and Bettina Brentano * 32 12669-77 
 
 Critical literary readings from Brunetiere, — ^Taine and Prince Napo- 
 leon,* 6 2607-09; <The Literatures of France, England, and Ger- 
 many * 6 2609-12 
 
 English. — Readings of gossip and criticism from Horace Walpole, — 
 < Cock-Lane Ghost and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,* 38 15568; 
 <A Year of Fashion,* 15569; ^Funeral of George II.,* 15570; <Gos- 
 sip about the French and French Women,* 15571-76; <The Eng- 
 lish Climate,* 15577; * Prophecies of National Ruin* 38 15578 
 
 Readings of Art and Criticism from John Ruskin, — < On Woman- 
 hood,* 32 12516; *The Uses of Ornament,* 12518-23; <Land- 
 scapes of the Poets,* 12523-26; <The Throne,* 12526-32; < Descrip- 
 tion of St. Mark's,* 12532-39; < Calais Spire,* 12539-43; <The Fri- 
 bourg District, Switzerland,* 12543-46; < Mountain Gloom,* 12546-49; 
 ^Description of Nature,* 12549-58; "^Leaves Motionless,* 12558-60; 
 < Cloud-Balancings * 32 12560-62 
 
 Critical art readings from Hamerton, — < Peach-Bloom,* 17 6878; <The 
 Fascination of the Remote,* 6879-82; < Trees in Art,* 6882; < Noble 
 Bohemianism * ,17 6884-90 
 
 Critical reading, — <The Scope of the Novelist,* by T. H. Green. . . .17 6685-go 
 
 Critical readings from Edward Dowden, — <The Humor of Shakes- 
 peare,* 12 4807-11; < Shakespeare's Portraiture of Women,* 4811; 
 
 < The Interpretation of Literature * 12 4812-14 
 
 Critical reading from Walter Pater, — *The Classic and Romantic in 
 
 Literature * 28 11167-78 
 
 Critical readings from Birrell's Essays, — <Dr. Johnson,* 4 1900-07; 
 <The Office of Literature,* 1908-11; < Truth-Hunting,* 1912-15; 
 <Benvenuto Cellini,* 1915-20; < Obscurity of Mr. Browning's Po- 
 etry * 4 1920-28 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxliii 
 
 A critical thought story reading from Mallock's <New Republic > . .24 9626-44 
 German. — Critical reading from Gottschall, — ^Heinrich Heine > ....16 6572-78 
 Reading of literary criticism from Schlegel, — < Spenser and Shakes- 
 peare > • 3 3 12915-22 
 
 Readings of critical thought from the historian Niebuhr, — <Plan for 
 a Complete History of Rome,* 27 10659; < Early Education, > 
 
 10661 ; < Importance of the Imagination > 27 10663 
 
 Goethe on Shakespeare, 1 6 6424-26 ; ^ Analysis of Hamlet > 16 6427-38 
 
 Critical readings from Kuno Fischer, — <The Motive to Philosophy, > 
 
 1 4 5769 ; '■ On Goethe's Faust ' 14 5771-76 
 
 German critical reading from Herman Grimm, — < Florence'' 17 6725-32 
 
 Readings from Richard Wagner, — < Beside the Hearth, > 38 15504; 
 <The Function of the Artist,> 15505-10;. < The Art Work of the 
 
 Future > 38 15510-16 
 
 A reading of Oriental learning from Max Miiller, — <The Migration 
 
 of Fables > 26 10429-41 
 
 Danish. — Critical sketch by Welhaven, — < The Paris Morgue > 38 15784-89 
 
 Critical readings from Georg Brandes, — <Bjornson,> 5 2303-06; < His- 
 torical Movement in Modern Literature > ♦ 5 2306-10 
 
 American. — Readings from Grant White, — <The Bacon-Shakespeare 
 
 Craze,> 39 15877-80; <Big Words for Small Thoughts > 39 15880-84 
 
 Critical and poetic readings from William Winter, — < Jefferson's Rip 
 Van Winkle,' 39 16062-69; <A Pledge to the Dead,> 16069; ^Ed- 
 win Booth, > 16071 ; <Violet,> 16072; <The Golden Silence > 39 16074 
 
 Readings of historical cnticism from Woodrow Wilson, — <The Truth 
 
 of the Matter,) 39 16048-54; <The West in American History>.3 9 16055-60 
 
 DRAMATIC AND DIALOGUE READINGS 
 
 Greek. — Readings from the dramas of ^schylus, — <The Complaint of 
 Prometheus, > i 192; <A Prayer to Artemis,> 193; <The Defi- 
 ance of Eteocles,* 195; <The Vision of Cassandra,* 196; <The 
 Lament of the Old Nurse,* 198; <The Decree of Athena* i 199 
 
 Choice passages from Euripides, — < Choral Song,* 14 5577; * Ion's 
 Song,* 5578; < Songs from the Hippolytus,* 5579-81; <Hippolytus 
 Rails at Womankind,* 5581; Hippolytus's Disaster, 5583; < Hecuba 
 Hears the Story of Her Daughter's Death,* 5585; < Medea Resolv- 
 ing to Slay Her Children,* 5586; <Alcestis's Farewell to Her 
 Home,* 5588; < Professional Athletics,* 5589; < Children a Blessing,* 
 5590; ^ Resignation* 14 5590 
 
 Readings of poetry from the comedies of Aristophanes, — < The Origin 
 of the Peloponnesian War,* 2 769; ^The Poet's Apology,* 770-72; 
 <The Appeal of the Chorus,* 773-75; <The Cloud Chorus,* 775; 
 < Grand Chorus of Birds,* 776-78; <A Rainy Day on the Farm,* 
 778; *The Harvest,* 778; <The Call to the Nightingale,* 779; 
 <The Building of Cloud-Cuckoo-Town* (dialogue), 779-81; < Chorus 
 of Women,> 781; ^Chorusof Mystae in Hades,* 781-85; ^ A Parody 
 
Cdxliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 of Euripides's Lyric Verse, > 785; <The Prologues of Euripides,^ a 
 humorous take-off 2 786-87 
 
 Dialogue readings from the Greek of Lucian, — < Aphrodite and Se- 
 lene,* 23 9291; <The Judgment of Paris,* 9291-96; <The Amateur 
 of Lying * 23 9297-303 
 
 A dialogue reading (The Sirens and Orpheus) from Morris's <Life 
 
 and Death of Jason * 2 733-41 
 
 Latin. — Dramatic reading from the Latin comedy of Terence; from 
 
 the < Self Tormentor > 36 14653-62 
 
 Readings from the Latin comedies of Plautus, — From his < The Brag- 
 gart Soldier,* 29 11563-67; Prologue of <Casina,* 11567; Prologue 
 of ^Trinummus,* 11568; Prologue of <Rudens,^ 11568; Two Epi- 
 logues, 11569; <Busybodies,> 11569; < Unpopularity of Tragedy,* 
 11570; < Mixture of Greek and Roman Manners,* 11570; < Rewards 
 of Heroism,* 11570; < Fishermen's Luck* 29 11571 
 
 Hindu. — Dramatic examples from Kalidasa the Sanskrit Shakespeare. 
 
 21 8458-76 
 
 Italian. — Large example of Alfieri's < Agamemnon * i 374-82 
 
 Readings from the Italian dramatist Goldoni, — < First Love and 
 Parting,* 16 6479; *The Origin of Masks in Italian Comedy,* 
 6481-83; < Purists and Pedantry,* 6484; <A Poet's Old Age,* 
 6485-87 ; < The Cafe * (comedy) 16 6488-92 
 
 German. — Extended dramatic reading from < Faust,* i 6 6396-421 ; 
 
 ^Mignon's Love and Longing,* 6421-24; « Art is long, life short**. 16 6438 
 
 Dramatic readings from Schiller, — From < Wallenstein's Death,* 33 
 
 12905-08 ; < The Iconoclasts * 33 12909 
 
 Dramatic readings from Grillparzer, — < Sappho and Phaon,* i 7 6716-20; 
 
 < The Death of Sappho * 17 6720-22 
 
 Dramatic reading from Hauptmann, — <The Death and Awakening 
 
 of Hannele * 17 7027-40 
 
 Dialogue reading from Lessing's < Nathan the Wise* 23 9011-17 
 
 Spanish. — Dramatic readings from Calderon, — <The Lovers,* 7 3075; 
 
 < Cyprian's Bargain,* 3077-81; < Dreams and Reahties,* 3082-85,* 
 
 < The Dream Called Life * 7 3086 
 
 Spanish dramatic reading from Lope de Vega, — < Sancho the Brave*. 3 8 15291-96 
 <A Woman Viewed from Without* from Alarcon's < Three Cornered 
 
 Hat * I 263 
 
 Dramatic readings from Echegaray, — From * Madman or Saint?* 13 
 
 5104-08 ; From <The Great Galeoto* 13 5109-12 
 
 Hungarian. — Dialogue readings from Maddch's < Tragedy of Man*... 
 
 24 9517-24,9525-30 
 
 Dutch. — Readings, poetical and dramatic from Vondel,— < To Vossius, 
 
 On the Loss of His Son,* 38 15493; From < Lucifer* 38 15494-98 
 
 English. — Dramatic readings from Marlowe's <Tamburlaine,* 24 
 9718-22; From his * Doctor Faustus,* 9722; From < Edward the 
 Second,* 9725 ; From < The Jew of Malta * 24 9727 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxlv 
 
 Readings of drama and song from Shakespeare, 33 13189-218; son- 
 nets, 13219-24; < Dogberry,* 33 13227; <Shylock and Antonio,> 
 13229; <Launcelot and Old Gobbo,> 13230; <The Quality of Mercy,> 
 13233; < Lorenzo and Jessica > 13234; < Rosalind, Orlando, Jaques,> 
 13236-41; < Richard II. in Prison,* 13241; <Falstaff and Prince 
 Hal,* 13243-47; <FalstaflE"s Army,* 13247; <Falstaif in Battle,* 
 13249; < Henry's Wooing of Katharine,* 13251-55; <Gloster's So- 
 liloquy,* 13256; < Love Scene: Romeo and Juliet,* 13257; * Antony's 
 Speech over Caesar's Body,* 13258-60; < Macbeth Before the Deed,* 
 13261; < Hamlet's Soliloquy,* 13262; < Othello's Wooing* 33 13263 
 
 Dramatic and poetic readings from Beaumont and Fletcher, — <The 
 Faithful Shepherdess,* 4 1680-83; <Four Songs,* 1683-84; <True 
 Beauty,* 1684; ^Ode to Melancholy,* 1685; <To Ben Jonson,* 1685; 
 <The Tombs in Westminster,* 1686; <Arethusa's Declaration,* 
 1687-89; <The Story of Bellario,* 1690; < Confession of Evadne to 
 Amintor,* 1691-94; <The Death of the Boy Hengo,* 1694-97; verses 
 by Shakespeare and Fletcher 4 1698 
 
 Readings from Ben Jonson, — < On Style,* 21 8345; <0n Shakespeare,* 
 8347; < Verses in Memory of Shakespeare,* 8347-49; Dramatic, — 
 From <Sejanus,* 8349-53; From <The Silent Woman,* 8353-57; 
 < Prologue,* 8357 ; seven short poems 21 8358-60 
 
 Dramatic readings from Massinger, — From <The Maid of Honour,* 25 
 
 9799; From < A New Way to Pay Old Debts* 25 9801 
 
 Dialogue reading from John Webster's tragedy, < The Duchess of Malfi *. 3 8 1 5760-68 
 
 Readings of English comedy from Sheridan, — <Mrs. Malaprop's Views,* 
 34 13321-24; <Sir Lucius Dictates a Cartel,* 13324-27; < The Duel,* 
 13327-33; <The Scandal Class Meets,* 13333-39; ^Matrimonial 
 Felicity,* 13339-44; <Sir Peter and Lady Teazle Agree to Disagree,* 
 13344-47; ^Auctioning Off One's Relatives,* 13347-55; ^The Pleas- 
 ures of Friendly Criticism,* 13355-61; < RoUa's Address to the 
 Peruvian Warriors * 34 1336 1 
 
 Dialogue reading from Christopher North, — <In which the Shepherd 
 
 and Tickler Take to the Water * 39 16034-46 
 
 Dramatic readings from Sir H. Taylor, — <The Famine,* 36 14542; 
 < Vengeance on the Traitors,* 14543-45; <Artevelde Refuses to 
 Dismiss Elena * 36 14546-50 
 
 French. — Dramatic readings from the comedies of Moliere, — From 
 <The Miser,* 26 10164; From <The Misanthrope,* 10168; <A 
 Sincere Critic Seldom Pleases,* 10172; From <Tartuffe,* 10178-92; 
 <The Fate of Don Juan,* 10192-98; <The Sham Marquis and 
 the Affected Ladies * 26 10198-205 
 
 Dramatic readings from Corneille, — <The Lovers,* 10 4070-73; <Don 
 Rodrigue's Victory over the Moors,* 4073-75; <The Wrath of 
 Camilla,* 4075-77 ; * Paulina's Appeal to Severus * 10 4077, 4078 
 
 Dramatic readings from Crebillon, — <The Bloody Banquet.* 10 4171-73; 
 
 < Mother and Daughter,* 4174, 4175; <The Matricide,* 4175-77; 
 
 < The Reconciliation * 10 4177-80 
 
Cdxlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Dramatic readings from Racine, — <The Rivals,^ 30 12030; <The Appeal 
 
 of Andromache, > 12033-36; <The Confession of Pheedra^ 30 12037-40 
 
 Readings from the comedies of Beaumarchais, — < Outwitting a Guard- 
 ian, > 4 1660-66; < Outwitting a Husband > .4 1666-73 
 
 Dialogue reading of French wit from Piron 29 11 507 
 
 Dramatic readings from Pailleron, — < Society where One is Bored, > 28 
 10962-67; <A Scientist among Ladies,^ 10967-70; <The Story of 
 
 Grigneux > . ■ 28 10971-74 
 
 Dramatic reading from Delavig^ne, — <The Confession of Louis XL^.ii 4529-34 
 
 Dialogue reading from Musset, — ^ The False Lover > 26 10499-505 
 
 Five examples from Emile Augier's dramas, — *A Conversation with 
 a Purpose, > 3 999-1004; <A Severe Young Judge, > 1004-06; <A 
 Contented Idler, > 1006-09; <The Feelings of an Artist, > 1009-11; 
 
 < A Contest of Wills ^ 3 1011-14 
 
 Readings from Fran§ois Coppee, — <The Parricide > (dramatic), 10 
 
 4049-55 ; * The Substitute > (a tale) 10 4055-64 
 
 Russian. — Dramatic reading from Pushkin's < Boris Godunoflf,^ 30 
 
 11912-17; from his romance in verse ^Evgeny Onyegin> 30 1 1918-24 
 
 Danish. — Dramatic readings from Holberg, — From < Ulysses of Ithaca,* 
 
 i 18 7417-20; From <The Political Pewterer,* 7421-28; From < Eras- 
 mus Montanus,) 7428-39; <A Defense of the Devil, > 7439-42; <The 
 
 I Society of Women > 18 7443 
 
 Poetical and dramatic readings from Oehlenschlager, — *The Dedica- 
 tion to Goethe of « Aladdin, »> 27 10752; *Song,> 10754; *From 
 Axel and Valborg,* 10755-66; ^The Foes,* 10766-69; * The Sacri- 
 fice,* 10770-72; <Song,* 10773; 'Noureddin Reads from an Old 
 Folio,* 10773 ; *■ Oehlenschlager's Only Hymn * 27 10774 
 
 Dramatic readings from Hertz's <King Rene's Daughter,* — <The Blind 
 
 Princess,* 18 7319-23; <The Awakening to Sight* 18 7323-25 
 
 Ewald's ^The Danish National Song,* 14 5619; closing scene of Ewald's 
 lyrical drama <The Fishers,* 5622-26; prose fragment on < First 
 Love * 14 5620 
 
 Norse. — Dramatic readings from Ibsen, — From <The Pretenders,* 20 
 
 7847-51; From <A Doll's House,* 7852-58; From <Peer Gynt*..2o 7858-64 
 
 Readings from Bjomson's Norse dramas, — ^Sigurd Slembe's Return,* 
 
 5 1973-77; *How the Mountain was Clad,* 1977-79; ^The Father*. 5 1980-82 
 
 Poetical reading from the Finnish < Kalevala * 21 8450-54 
 
 HISTORICAL READINGS 
 
 Egyptian Historical Readings. — *The Stela of Piankhy,* one of the 
 
 longest existing Inscriptions, 13 5274-95; < Inscription of Una *. i 3 5295-300 
 
 Greek. — Historical stories from Herodotus, — <The King and the Phi- 
 losopher,* 18 7292; <A Tyrant's Fortune,* 7295; < Curious Scythian 
 Customs,* 7296; <King Rhampsinitus and the Robber,* 7299; < Hero- 
 ism of Athens during the Persian Invasion,* 7302; < Lopping the 
 
 ' Tall Ears,* 7305 ; < Close of the History * 18 7306 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxlvii 
 
 Greek historical readings from Thucydides,— ^The Night Attack on 
 Platsea,* 37 14917-20; <Pericles's Memorial Oration over the 
 Athenian Dead, > 14920-26; < Reflections on Revolution, > 14926-29; 
 < Final Struggle in the Harbor of Syracuse > 37 14929-31 
 
 Readings of Greek story from Xenophon,— <The Training of aWife,> 
 39 16248-52; ^Xenophon's Estate at Scillus,> 16253; ^Hardships 
 in the Snow,> 16254-58; <The Education of a Persian Boy>...3 9 16258-60 
 
 Greek historical readings from Polybius,—^ Scope of the History,> 30 
 
 11705 ; < On the Scipios,> 11707 ; < The Fall of Corinth > 30 11709 
 
 Classical Greek readings from Pausanias, — < The Acropolis of Athens 
 
 and Its Temples, > 2811215-18: < The Temple of Zeus at Olympia >. 2 8 11218-22 
 
 Historical readings from Grote's Greece, — < Alexander the Great, > 17 
 
 6747-57 ; ^The Rise of Cleon > 17 6758-60 
 
 Historical readings from Curtius's < History of Greece, > — <The Causes 
 of Dislike towards Socrates,* 10 4242-45; ^Socrates as an Influence 
 and as a Man > 10 4245-50 
 
 Latin. — Historical readings from Livy, — ^Horatius at the Bridge,* 
 23 9095-99: * Character of Hannibal,* 9099; < Battle of Lake 
 Trasimene,' 9100-03; < Episode of Classical Warfare* 23 9103-04 
 
 Historical readings from Julius Caesar, — <The Defeat of Ariovistus,* 
 7 3046-56; < Manners and Customs of the Germans and Gauls,* 
 3057-65 ; *■ The Two Lieutenants * 7 3065 
 
 Readings from Latin history in Sallust, — < Catiline and His Plot,* 32 
 12746; < Catiline's Address to His Soldiers Before Battle,* 12748; 
 <A Numidian Defeat,* 12749-54; < Speech of Marius* 32 12754-58 
 
 Readings of Roman history from Suetonius, — < Caligula's Madness,* 
 
 35 14203; < Cowardice and Death of -Nero,* 14205-07; < Vitellius * . 3 5 14208 
 
 Readings from Josephus, — < Moses as a Legislator,* 21 8364; < Solo- 
 mon's Wisdom,* 8366; ^Alexander's Conquest of Palestine,? 8367; 
 < Greek Version of the Hebrew Scriptures,* 8370; < Death of 
 James, Brother of Jesus,* 8372; <Agrippa's Appeal to the Jews,* 
 8374; *Josephus's Surrender to the Romans,* 8376; < Destruction 
 of the Temple at Jerusalem,* 8379; < Hebrew Faith, Worship, and 
 Laws, * 8382 ; < The Maccabsean Revolt * 21 8384 
 
 Historical readings from Duruy's < Rome * 12 5071-74 
 
 Historical reading from Mommsen, — <The Character of Caesar* 26 10208 
 
 Bryce on <The Work of the Roman Empire * 6 2659 
 
 How the European Commonwealth succeeded the Roman Empire ... 6 2660 
 Historical readings from Gibbon's <Rome,* — <Zenobia,* 16 6279-85; 
 < Foundation of Constantinople,* 62S5-92; < Character of Constan- 
 tine,* 6292-96; < Death of Julian,' 6296-99; <The Fall of Rome,* 
 6299-303; *Si]k,* 6303-07; < Mahomet's Death and Character,* 
 6308-13; <The Alexandrian Library,* 6314; <The Final Ruin of 
 
 Rome * 16 6316-32 
 
 Historical readings from E. A. Freeman, — 'Altered Aspects of Rome,* 
 15 5982-87; <The Continuity of English History,* 5987-92; <Race 
 
Cdxlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and Language, > 5992-95; <The Norman Council and the Lille- 
 bonne Assembly > 15 5995-6001 
 
 Historical readings from Lecky, — < Influence from Gladiatorial Shows, > 
 22 8935-41; < Systematic Charity, > 8941-46; < Moral and Intellectual 
 Differences between the Sexes ^ 22 8946-51 
 
 Historical reading from J. P. Mahaffy, — < Childhood in Ancient Life\ 
 
 24 9571-79 
 
 Remarkable readings from the Memoirs of the Emperor Baber of 
 
 India in the time of Columbus 3 1142-48 
 
 English. — Anglo-Saxon historical story, — Csedmon's < Inspiration, > 2 
 572; from <The Chronicle, > telling how King Alfred began Eng- 
 land's building of a navy 2 573 
 
 Readings from Sir John Mandeville, — < The Marvelous Riches of 
 
 Prester John,> 24 9658; <From Hebron to Bethlehem > 24 9660-63 
 
 Historical story readings from Holinshed's Chronicles, — < Macbeth's 
 
 Witches, > 19 7446; <The Murder of the Young Princes > 19 7447-50 
 
 Historical readings from Stubbs's < Constitutional History of Eng- 
 land,* — ^Social Life in the Fifteenth Century,* 35 14143-47.; < Tran- 
 sition from the Age of Chivalry > 35 14147-54 
 
 Picturesque readings from Walter Besant, — < Old-Time London, > 4 
 
 1840-44; <The Synagogue > 4 1845-51 
 
 Story of the great fire in London (September 2, 1666) by John Eve- 
 lyn 14 5597-602 
 
 Historical readings from Hallam, — ^English Domestic Comfort in the 
 Fifteenth Century, > 17 6855; < Intellectual Darkness in the Middle 
 Ages * : 17 6857-60 
 
 Historical readings from Macaulay, — <The Coffee-House,> 24 9386; 
 
 < Difficulty of Travel in England in 1685, > 9388-95; <The High- 
 wayman,* 9395; ^The Delusion of Overrating the Happiness of 
 Our Ancestors,* 9397; <The Puritan,* 9399; < Spain under Philip 
 II.,* 9402; <The Character of Charles II. of England,* 9406; 
 <The Church of Rome,* 9408; < Loyola and the Jesuits,* 941 1; 
 <The Reign of Terror,* 9415; < Trial of Warren Hastings,* 9419; 
 
 <The Ballad of Horatius,* 9422-37; <The Battle of Ivry* (ballad). 24 9437 
 Historical readings from Green, — < Battle of Hastings,* 17 6665; 
 
 < Rising of the Barons against King John,* 6666-70; * England's 
 Growth in Commerce and Comfort under Elizabeth,* 6671; < Will- 
 iam Pitt,* 6675-80; < Attempt on the Five Members* 17 6680-82 
 
 Readings from the historian Froude, — <The Growth of England's 
 Navy,* 15 6064; < Death of Colonel Goring,* 6067-71; < Scientific 
 Method Applied to History,* 6071-75; < Death of Thomas Becket,* 
 6076-83; < Character of Henry VIII.,* 6083-85; <On a Siding at a 
 Railway Station * 15 6086-100 
 
 Historical readings from Charles Kingsley, — < Waiting for the Ar- 
 mada,* 22 8618-21; <A Puritan Crusader* 22 8622-27 
 
 Historical readings from Goldwin Smith, — <John Pym,* 34 13540-47; 
 
 <The Puritan Colonies* • 34 13547-55 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxHx 
 
 Historical readings from the speeches of Edmund Burke, — < Concilia- 
 tion with America, > 7 2788-93; <The Nabob of Arcot's Debts,* 
 2793-802 ; < The French Revolution > 7 2802-08 
 
 Historical readings from Justin McCarthy, — ^«The Accession of Queen 
 
 Victoria,® 24 9441-50; <A Modern English Statesman > 24 9450-54 
 
 Historical reading from Kinglake, — <The Charge of the Light 
 
 Brigade > 21 8605-10 
 
 French. — History readings from De Comines's Chronicle, — <The Vir- 
 tues and Vices of King Louis XI. ,> 10 3925-27 ;< The Last Days of 
 Louis XI.,> 3929-31 ; < Character of Louis XI.> 10 3932-34 
 
 Historical readings from Froissart 15 6041-58 
 
 Historical picture readings from Brant&me, — <The Dancing of Roy- 
 alty,> 6 2322; <The Shadow of a Tomb,> 3323; <Two Famous 
 Entertainments > 6 2325-27 
 
 Readings from the Memoirs of Saint-Simon,— < The Marriage,* 32 
 12712; <The Portrait,* 12714; < Madame de Maintenon at the Re- 
 view,* 12715-18; <A Paragon of Politeness,* 12718-22; <A Modern 
 Harpy* 32 12722-26 
 
 FTeadings from speeches and letters of Mirabeau, — ^ Removal of the 
 Troops around Paris,* 25 10081-85; * Elegy on Franklin,* 10085; 
 
 < Letter to the King of Prussia,* 100S6; other Letters 25 10090-96 
 
 Manzoni's ode on the death of Napoleon, 24 9672; Maine on the 
 
 effect of the Code Napoleon 24 9610 
 
 Historical readings from Thierry, — < The True History of Jacques 
 Bonhomme,* 37 14805-10; <The Battle of Hastings,* 14810-14; 
 
 <The Story of Fortunatus * 37 14814-20 
 
 Historical readings from the French of Thiers, — < Why the Revolution 
 Came,* 3 7 14829-33 ; < The Revolutionary War in Western France,* 
 14834; <The Height of the « Terror,** > 14835-41; <The Policy of 
 Napoleon in Egypt,* 14841-43; < Napoleon's Address to His Army 
 
 after Aboukir * 37 14844 
 
 Historical readings from Rambaud, — < French Governmental Experi- 
 ments,* 30 12044; < Russian Expansion West and South,* 12045; 
 
 < Benefits to Germany from French Invasions,* 12046; < Civil Life 
 in France During the Middle Ages,* 12048-52; < French Medical 
 Science During the Middle Ages,* 12052-57; * The Middle Ages * 30 12058-60 
 
 Historical readings from Michelet, — <The Death of Jeanne D'Arc,* 
 
 25 9985-90; * Michel Angel o,* 9990-93; <The Renaissance* 25 9993 
 
 Historical readings from Gaston Boissier, — < Madame de Sevigne as a 
 Letter Writer,* 5 2152-55; < French Society in the Seventeenth 
 Century,* 2155; <How Horace Lived at His Country House* ... 5 2157-62 
 
 Readings of historical criticisms from Taine, — < Characteristics of the 
 English Mind,* 36 14409-11; <Typical English Men and Women,* 
 144x2-14; <The Race Characters Expressed in Art,* 14415-27; 
 <The Comedy of Manners at Versailles,* 14427-34; <The Tastes 
 of Good Society,* 14434-41; < Polite Education,* 14441-45; <Draw- 
 
 ing-Room Life,* 14445-48; <The Disarming of Character* 36 14449-52 
 
 z9 
 
Cdl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings historical and critical from De Vogiie, — < Death of William 
 I., of Germany, > 38 15442-45; < Realistic Literature and the Rus- 
 sian Novel > 38 1 5445-48 
 
 German. — Historical readings from Schiller, — <The Iconoclasts, > 33 
 
 12909; <The Last Interview of Orange with Egmont\ 33 12911 
 
 Historical readings from Ranke, — < The Fall of Strafford, > 30 12077- 
 82; <The Rise of the Jesuits in Germany, > 12083-88; < Last Years 
 of Queen Johanna, > 12088; ^The Battle of Novara in 1513,^ 12090; 
 
 < Maximilian at the Diet at Worms > 30 12092 
 
 Historical readings from Sismondi, — < Boccaccio's Decameron, ■> 34 
 
 13474; ^The Troubadour,) 13475; < Italy in the Thirteenth Cent- 
 ury,) 13476; <A Fifteenth-Century Soldier,' 13479; <The Ruin of 
 Florence and its Republic, 1530 ' 34 13481-86 
 
 Spanish. — Story sketches from Castillo's chronicle of the Spanish con- 
 quest of Mexico II 4614-19 
 
 Las Casas's <Of the Island of Cuba,> a story of Spanish cruelty in 
 
 Cuba from the year 15 11 8 3335-38 
 
 American. — Historical reading by John Fiske,— < Ferdinand Magel- • 
 
 Ian > 1 4 578 1-96 
 
 Historical readings from Motley, — < Abdication of Charles V. of 
 Spain, > 26 10380-90; <The Spanish Armada Approaches England, ' 
 10390-96; <The Armada Destroyed, > 10397-400; <The Fate of 
 John of Barneveld > 26 10400-04 
 
 Historical readings from Prescott, — <The Melancholy Night, > 30 
 11771-79; <The Spanish Arabs,> 11779-86; <The Capture of the 
 Inca,> 11787-94; <The Personal Habits of Philip II., > 11794-99; 
 
 < The Spanish Moors Persecuted into Rebellion > ...30 11799-804 
 
 Capital historical reading, <The Battle of Ivry,> by H. M. Baird 3 1273-76 
 
 Historical readings from Francis Parkman, — < Dominique De Gour- 
 
 gues,> 28 11091-102; < Father Brebeuf and His Asscx;iates in the 
 
 Huron Mission,) 11103; <The Battle of the Plains of Abraham >. 2 8 11109-13 
 
 Historical readings from Theodore Roosevelt, — <The Indians of the 
 Northwest,) 31 12385-90; * Backwoodsmen and Other Early 
 Types > 31 12390-96 
 
 Historical readings from Bancroft, — <The Beginnings of Virginia, > 
 4 T439-41 ; <Men and Government in Early Massachusetts, ' 1441-43; 
 <King Philip's War,> 1443-45; <The New Netherland,' 1445-48; 
 
 < Franklin,) 1448; < Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham,) 1450-52; 
 
 < Washington) 4 1453-58 
 
 Historical reading from J. G. Palfrey, — < Salem Witchcraft) 28 10990 
 
 Readings of American literary history from M. C. Tyler, — < Early 
 
 Verse-Writing in New England,) 37 15132-36; <The Declaration 
 
 of Independence ) 37 15136-40 
 
 Historical readings from William Wirt, — < Personal Characteristics of 
 Patrick Henry,) 39 16091-95; < Patrick Henry's First Case,) 
 16095-98 ; * Burr and Blennerhassett ) ....39 16098-100 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdU 
 
 Historical readings from Hildreth, — < Customs of the Colonists,' i8 
 
 7373; ^The Capture of Andre,> 7375; 'James Madison > 18 7379 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams's English sketches in letters from London, i 
 
 loo-og ; her French sketches in letters from Paris i 94-100 
 
 Historical readings from McMaster, — <Town and Country Life in 
 
 1800,) 24 9504-13; < Effects of the Embargo of 1807 > 24 9513 
 
 Historical readings from James Parton, — <Andrew Jackson,> 28 11 125; 
 
 tVoltaire> 28 11129-42 
 
 Story by Miss King of Jackson's Battle of New Orleans 21 8574-98 
 
 Two interesting readings from Henry Adams's account of the War of 
 
 1812, I 111-16, 117-22; the same author's account of Hull's naval 
 
 victory i 122-26 
 
 Historical readings from Rufus Choate,— < The Puritan, > 9 3657-59 ; < The 
 
 New Englander,> 3660 ; < The American Bar,> 3661 ; <Daniel "Webster>. 9 3663 
 Historical readings from James Ford Rhodes, — < Daniel Webster, > 31 
 
 12208-13; 'Webster's Death,' 12213; 'Improvement in American 
 
 Health,' 12215-19; 'American Manners in 1850' ...31 12219-24 
 
 Historical story readings from Grant's Memoirs, — 'Early Life,' 16 
 
 6600-04; 'Grant's Courtship,' 6605-07; 'A Texan Experience,' 6608; 
 
 < Surrender of General Lee * 16 6609-14 
 
 Puritan history reading from Edward Eggleston, — 'Roger Williams; 
 
 the Prophet of Religious Freedom ' 13 5219-24 
 
 Historical story reading from Thomas Nelson Page, — 'The Burial of 
 
 the Guns ' 28 10939-60 
 
 HUMOROUS READINGS 
 
 Humorous readings from Paulding, — 'Pliny the Younger,' 28 11196; 
 'A Woman's Privilege,' 11200-05; 'Sybrandt Receives Back his 
 Estate ' 28 11206-09 
 
 Witty readings from Charles Calverley, — 'Ballad,' 7 3 no; 'Lovers,' 
 3111; 'Visions,' 3112; 'Changed,' 3114; 'Thoughts of a Railway 
 Station,' 3115 ; 'Forever' 7 31 16 
 
 Humorous reading from Haliburton's 'The Clockmaker,' — 'Mr. Samuel 
 
 Slick ' 17 6849-52 
 
 Humorous readings from Mark Twain, — 'The Child of Calamity,' 9 
 3789-93; 'Steam-Boat Landing at a Small Town,' 3794; 'The 
 High River: and a Phantom Pilot,' 3795-801; 'An Enchanting 
 River Scene,' 3801-03; 'The Lightning Pilot,' 3803-06; 'An Ex- 
 pedition Against Ogres,' 3806-12; 'The True Prince' 9 3813-20 
 
 Humorous readings from Artemus Ward, — 'Edwin Forrest as Othello,' 
 6 2465-67; 'High-handed Outrage at Utica,' 2467; 'Affairs Round 
 the Village Green,' 2468; 'Mr. Pepper,' 2469; 'Horace Greeley's 
 Ride to Placerville ' 6 2470 
 
 Humorous story reading by Rose Terry Cooke, — 'The Reverend 
 
 Tliomas Tucker as a Parson ' 10 3974-84 
 
 Humorous reading from Mrs. Slosson, — < Butterneggs ' (a complete 
 
 story) 34 13490-507 
 
Cdlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Humorous story reading from Frank R. Stockton, — <The Casting 
 
 Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine > 35 1 3992-4012 
 
 Humorous plantation negro stories from Joel Chandler Harris, — ^Why 
 Brother Wolf Didn't Eat the Little Rabbits,> 17 6963; < Brother 
 Mud Turtle's Trickery,> 6967 ; < Uncle Remus at the Telephone > . i 7 6971 
 
 < How Persimmons Took Care of der Baby > 40 16403 
 
 < Christmas Night in the Quarters, > 41 16691; < Nebuchadnezzar >. . .41 16697 
 Readings of satire and humor from Swift, — <On Abolishing Christ- 
 ianity,> 36 14265; < Gulliver Among the Pigmies,^ 14267-74; 
 
 < Gulliver Among the Giants,> 14275-79; <The Houyhnhnms,* 
 14280-87 ; < The Struldbrugs > 36 14287 
 
 Humorous story readings from Smollett,— < A Naval Surgeon's Ex- 
 amination, > 34 13579-S2; < Roderick Pressed into the Navy,> 
 13582-87; (Roderick Visits a Gaming-House,> 13587-90; <01d- 
 Fashioned Love-Making,> 13590-94; ^Humphrey Clinker> 34 13594-600 
 
 Humorous readings from Sterne, — <The Widow Wadman Lays Siege 
 to Uncle Toby's Heart,> 35 13903; <The Story of Le Fevre,> 
 13904-12; <The Start,) 13912; <The Monk,> 13914; <The Dead 
 Ass,> 13916; <The Pulse, > 13918; <The Starling,> 13921-24; <In 
 Languedoc : An Idyl > 35 13925 
 
 Canning's <The Friend of Humanity and the Knif e-Grinder > (a dia- 
 logue), 8 3194; humorous dramatic recitation, — ^Rogero's Solilo- 
 quy^ 8 3192-94 
 
 Readings from « Father Prout,»—< Father Prout,> 27 10848; <The 
 Shandon Bells,> 10851; <Don Ignacio Loyola's Vigil,> 10853; ^Mal- 
 brouck,) 10854; <The Song of the Cossack> 27 10855 
 
 Humorous readings from R. H. Barham, — ^As I Laye A-Thynkynge, > 4 
 
 1509; <The Devil's Dinner-Party,> 151 1-22; <A Lay of St. Nicholas >. 4 1522-29 
 
 Two readings from Arbuthnot's < History of John Bull > 2 726-29 
 
 Humorous-pathetic selections from Locker-Lampson, — < The Skele- 
 ton in the Cupboard,> 23 9114; <My Neighbor Rose,> 9116; <The 
 Rose and the Ring,> 9118; <To My Grandmother,) 9119; <Advice 
 to a Poet,) 9121 ; <The Jester's Plea* 23 9123 
 
 Humorous readings from W. S. Gilbert, — < Captain Reece,) 16 6334- 
 36; < The Yarn of the Nancy Bell,) 6336-38; <The Bishop of Rum- 
 Ti-Foo,) 6339-41; <Gentle Alice Brown,) 6341-43; <The Captain 
 and the Mermaids ) 16 6343-46 
 
 <The Pauper's Drive,) 4 i 16765 ; < Smith of Maudlin ) .... 41 16800 
 
 <01d Grimes,) 41 16683; < Rhyme of the Rail,). 16689; <The V-a-s-e,) 
 16693; <The Vicar of Bray,) 16699; <St. Anthony's Sermon to the 
 Fishes,) 16700; <The Vagabonds) 41 16762 
 
 Comic dramatic reading from Foote, — <How to be a Law^'er,) 15 
 
 5879-82 ; nuggets of wit from Foote's Memoirs 15 5883-88 
 
 Dramatic comedy readings from Congreve, — <Mrs. Foresight and 
 Mrs. Frail Come to an Understanding,) 10 3948; < Angelica's Pro- 
 posal,* 3950-53 ; < Almeria in the Mausoleum ) 10 3954-56 
 
 Humorous dramatic reading from Colman's <The Jealous Wife,) — 
 
 < The Eavesdropping ) 10 3902-08 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdliii- 
 
 Irish humorous readings from Gerald Griffin,— <Myles Murphy on Be- 
 half of his Ponies, > 17 6700-06; < How Mr. Daly Rose from 
 Breakfast,* 6706-11; (poetical)— < Old Times,> 6712; <A Place in 
 thy Memory, Dearest > 17 6713 
 
 Humorous readings from Rabelais, — <The Childhood of Gargantua,> 
 30 12006; *The Education of Gargantua,* 12009-18; <The Abbey 
 Thelema > 30 12019-26 
 
 Humorous reading from Morier's <Hajji Baba,> — <How the Shah 
 
 Took Physic, or Haj ji as a Quack > 26 10305-17 
 
 LITERARY READINGS 
 
 Greek.— Readings from the < Attic Nights > of Aulus Gellius, — <The 
 Vestal Virgins,* 16 6255; <The Roman Senate,* 6256; < Plutarch 
 and his Slave,* 6257; <One of Solon's Laws,* 6258; <The Nature 
 of Sight,* 6259; <Earliest Libraries,* 6259; <Reahstic Acting,* 
 6259 ; < The Athlete's End * 16 6260 
 
 Latin. — Literary readings from Cicero, — <On Literature and Poetry,* 
 9 3687-gi; < Honors Proposed for a Dead Statesman,* 3692; <01d 
 Friends Better Than New,* 3693; < Honored Old Age,* 3694; < Death 
 Welcome to the Old,* 3695 ; < Great Orators and their Training,* 3696 ; 
 letters by Cicero and his friends, 3700-16; <The Dream of Scipio*. .9 3717-24 
 
 English. — Example from the first book written in English by a woman 
 
 (1496) 4 1835. 1836 
 
 Literary readings from Steele, — 'On Behavior at Church,* 35 13878; 
 <Mr. Bickerstaff Visits a Friend,* 13881-85; <On Coflfee-Houses,* 
 13885-88; <On Public Mourning,) 13888; <On the Art of Growing 
 Old,* 13891-94; <On Flogging at Schools,* 13894-97; <The Art of 
 Story-Telling * 35 13897 
 
 Addison on the ^Vanity of Human Life * i 164 
 
 Addison's < Essay on Fans * i 168 
 
 Two Sir Roger de Coverley sketches by Addison i 158, 161 
 
 Poetical and table-talk readings from Rogers, — <Ginevra,* 3 i 12347-49; 
 opening and closing lines from the < Pleasures of Memory, * 
 12349-51 ; <Table-Talk Recollections* 31 12352-56 
 
 Readings from Leigh Hunt, — <Jaffdr,* 19 7794; <The Nile,* 7795; <Abou 
 
 Ben Adhem,* 7796 ;< The Old Lady,* 7797-800; < The Old Gentleman* 19 7800-04 
 
 Literary reading from Hazlitt, — < Persons One Would Wish to Have 
 
 Seen* 18 7119-30 
 
 Literary readings from' Isaac Disraeli, — < Poets, Philosophers, and Art- 
 ists Made by Accident,* 1 2 4727-30 ; < The Martyrdom of Charles I *i 2 4730-32 
 
 Readings from Thomas de Quincey, — < Charles Lamb,* 11 4561-64; 
 * Despair,* 4565; <The Dead Sister,* 4566-70; <Levana and Our 
 Ladies of Sorrow,* 4571-75; < Savannah-La-Mar,* 4575-77; <The 
 Bishop of Beauvais and Joan of Arc * .11 4578 
 
 Readings from W. E. Henley, — < Midsummer Days and Nights,* 18 
 7238; < Longfellow and the Water-World,* 7238; < Out of the Night 
 that Covers Me,* 7240; < Oh, Time and Change * 18 7240 
 
Cdliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings of sentiment: AUingham's < Lovely Mary Donnelly/ i 437; 
 and <St. Margaret's Eve,> i 433; <Love Will Find Out the Way,* 
 
 4 o 16347 ; < Love me Little, Love me Long > 40 16348 
 
 Readings of prose-poetry from Richard Jefferies, ^Hill Visions, > 20 
 
 8216-22 ; < The Breeze on Beachy Head > 20 8222-2S 
 
 Literary readings from Frederic Harrison, — *The Use and Selection 
 
 of Books > 17 6976-84 
 
 French. — Character readings from La Bruyere, — < Fashion, > 22 8762; 
 
 < Cydias * (depicting Fontenelle) 22 8765 
 
 Critical literary readings from Boileau, — ^Advice to Authors,* 5 2144- 
 
 46; < Pastoral, Elegy, Ode, and Epigram,* 2146-49; <To Moliere*.5 2149-51 
 
 Letters of wit and gossip by Madame du Deffand 11 4472-78 
 
 M. Sarcey on < How a Lecture Is Prepared,* 32 12826-35; < Further 
 
 Hints on Lectunng * 32 12835-36 
 
 Reading from Diderot's <Rameau's Nephew,* greatly admired by 
 
 Goethe 12 4692, 4693-703 
 
 Examples of the Gastric Philosophy of Savarin, — <0n the Love of 
 
 Good Living,* 6 2369-74; <On People Fond of Good Living*... 6 2374-80 
 Bohemian stor};^ readings from Murger, — < A Bohemian Evening Party,* 
 
 26 10475-80; <The White Violets* 26 10480-86 
 
 American. — Literary readings from G. W. Curtis, — < The Mist at New- 
 port,* 104225; < Nazareth,* 4226; <Aurelia as a Grandmother,* 4228; 
 <Prue's Magnolia,* 4229; < Our Cousin the Curate,* 4231; <The 
 Charm of Paris,* 4233; < Pharisaism of Reform,* 4234; <The Call 
 
 of Freedom,* 4236 ; < Robert Browning in Florence * 10 4237-40 
 
 Stedman on the < Future of American Poetry * 35 13870-74 
 
 A < Reverie* reading from Ik Marvel, — *Over a Wood Fire* 25 10112 
 
 ^Bookstores and Books,* by H. W. Beecher .4 1720-23 
 
 < Peter Rugg the Bostonian,* 41 16956-60; <The Mystery of Cro-a- 
 
 tkn * 41 16961-64 
 
 Swedish.— « The Ox and the Cow,** a capital reading by Almquist . .1 441 
 
 Almquist's story of < A New Undine * i 442-45 
 
 German. — Readings from Richter, sentiment and thought, < Consola- 
 tion,* 31 12252; <The New Year's Night of a Miserable Man,* 
 
 12253-55 ; Thoughts and Maxims 31 12255-64 
 
 Prose from Heinrich Heine, — < Maxims and Descriptions,* 18 7200-02; 
 * Marie,* 7203; <Gottingen,* 7204-07; < The Supper on the Brocken,* 
 7207-11; <Life and Old Age,> 7212; < Diisseldorf,> 7213; <The 
 
 Philistine of Berlin,* 7217 ; < Heine's Visit to Goethe * 18 7220 
 
 < A Peasant's Thoughts,* by Johanna Ambrosius • i 447-51 
 
 Chinese. — Selected Chinese maxims 9 3643-48 
 
 ORATORICAL READINGS 
 
 Greek.— Oratorical readings from Demosthenes, —< The Third Philip- 
 pic,* II 4541-52; < Against License of Speech,* 4552; < Justification 
 of His Patriotic Policy * n 4553 
 
 Latin.— Cicero on < Great Orators and Their Training * 9 3696-99 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST cdlv 
 
 Readings from Quintilian's Institutes of Oratory,— < Object of the 
 Work,' 30 1 1986; Early Practice of Composition, > 11987; < Nature 
 and Art in Oratory,' 11989; < Style,' 11990, <The Handling of Wit- 
 nesses in Court,' 11993-96; On Homer,' 11997; <Virgil and Other 
 Roman Poets,' 1 1998 ; Historians and Orators ' 301 1999 
 
 French. — Historical and oratorical readings from Bossuet, — <The 
 Unity of the Church,' 5 2218; < Henrietta of France,' 2219; <The 
 Great Rebellion' (in England), 2221-25; * Universal History,' 
 2225 , < Public Spirit in Rome ' 5 2226 
 
 German. — From a speech by Bismarck in the German imperial diet 
 
 on the Army Bill 5 1955-58 
 
 English. — Oratorical readings from Grattan, — <The Character of 
 Chatham,' 16 6616 ; < Injustice to Catholics,' 6617-20; <The Down- 
 fall of Bonaparte ' 16 6620-22 
 
 Oratorical readings from the speeches of John Bright, — <0n the Corn 
 Laws,' 6 2356-58; <On Incendiarism in Ireland,' 2358-59; <On 
 Recognition of the Southern Confederacy,' 2360; <0n the State 
 of Ireland,' 2361-63; <0n the Irish Established Church' 6 2363 
 
 American. — Oratorical readings from Patrick Henry, — <The Alterna- 
 tive,' 1 8 7242 ; < The Return of the Refugees ' 18 7244 
 
 Readings of oratorical thought from John C. Calhoun, — < Remarks on 
 the Right of Petition,' 7 3089-94; < State Rights,' 3094-97; <The 
 Government of Poland,' 3097-98; < Urging Repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise ' 7 3098-100 
 
 Readings of eloquence from Daniel Webster, — <The American Idea,' 
 38 15736-42; < Massachusetts and South Carolina,' 15743; * Liberty 
 and Union,' 15744-46; <The Drum-Beat of England,' 15747; * Im- 
 aginary Speech of John Adams,' 15748-51; <The Continuity of 
 the Race ' 38 1 575 1-57 
 
 Oratorical readings from Edward Everett, — <The Emigration of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers,' 14 5607; <The Inevitable March of Improve- 
 ment,' 5609 ; < The American Revolution ' 14 561 1 
 
 Readings of radical oratory from Charles Sumner, — < In Time of 
 Peace Prepare for War,' 36 14223-28; <Some Changes in Modern 
 Life,' 14228-31; < The True Grandeur of Nations,' 14231-33; 
 < Spirit of Classical and of Modern Literature,' 14233; <The Dig- 
 nity of the Jurist,' 14234; <Allston in Italy' 36 14235 
 
 Oratorical readings from Abraham Lincoln, — <The Perpetuation of 
 Our Political Institutions,' 23 9065; <From Speech at Cooper 
 Institute,' 9066-69; <From First Inaugural Address,' 9070-74; 
 <The Gettysburg Address,' 9074; < Second Inaugural Address,'. .23 9075 
 
Cdlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 POETICAL READINGS: FROM POETS AND SINGERS OF ALL 
 
 LITERATURES 
 
 Egyptian Poetical Readings. — < Songs of Laborers,* 13 5300; <Love 
 Songs,* 5301, 5302; <Hymn to Usertesen III.,> the most remarkable 
 known example of Egyptian poetry, 5303-05; < Hymn to the Aten,> 
 5306-09; < Hymns to Amen Ra'* (the supreme Sun god), 5309-15; 
 <Songs to the Harp,> 5316-18; <An Epitaph,* 5318; * Dialogue 
 between a Man and His Soul * 13 5319 
 
 India. — Four choice readings from Edwin Arnold's < Pearls of the 
 Faith,* — < After Death,* 2 835; < Solomon and the Ant,* 837; 
 <God Is Enough* and <When the Trumpet Shall Sound* 2 838, 839 
 
 An Indian Hot Wave translated from the Sanskrit of Kalidasa 2 840-43 
 
 Two Buddha readings from Arnold's <The Light of Asia,* — <The 
 
 Youth of Buddha,* 2 820-24; <The Pure Sacrifice of Buddha* . . .2 824-30 
 
 Poems of Modern India by Torn Dutt, — < Shell Bracelets,* 13 5077-82; 
 
 < Our Casuarina-Tree * 13 5082, 5083 
 
 Greek. — Readings from Homer, — From the Iliad, — <The Trojan 
 
 Elders,* 19 7562; < Paris, Hector, and Helen,* 7562; < Hector to 
 His Wife,* 7563; < Father and Son,* 7564; < Achilles Refuses to 
 Aid the Greeks,* 7565; < Hector Pursued by Achilles,* 7566; < Hec- 
 tor's Funeral Rites,* 7568; From the Odyssey, — <The Episode of 
 Nausicaa,* six passages, two of which are in a prose version .19 7568-78 
 
 Homeric Hymn readings, — ^Origin of the Lyre,* 19 7581; < Golden 
 Aphrodite,* 7583; < Dionysus and the Pirates,* 7584; < Close of the 
 Hymn to Apollo,* 7585 ; < Hymn to Demeter * 19 7586-88 
 
 Homeric reading from Chapman's translation, — < Ulysses and Nau- 
 sicaa* 9 3527-30 
 
 Greek readings from Hesiod, — < Pandora,* 18 7328; < Tartarus and 
 
 the Styx,* 7329 ; < Maxims * 18 7331 
 
 From Sappho, — A collection of extant fragments, 32 12817-22; <To 
 
 Aphrodite,* 12823 ; < To the Beloved * 32 12824 
 
 Classical Greek reading from Moschus, — < Lamentation for Bion * . 
 
 26 10361-64 
 
 « Wealth Makes the Man,** from the Greek of Alcseus i 272 
 
 Seven choice lyrics from the Greek of Alcaeus, — <The Palace,* i 269; 
 <A Banquet Song,* 270; <An Invitation,* 270; <The Storm,* 271; 
 
 < The Poor Fisherman,* 271; <The State,* 271; < Poverty* i 272 
 
 Nine choice poetical gems from Anacreon, — * Drinking,* 2 494; <Age,* 
 
 495; <The Epicure,* 495; < Gold,* 496; <The Grasshopper,* 497; 
 <The Swallow,* 497; <The Poet's Choice,* 498; < Drinking,* 499; 
 
 < A Lover's Sigh * 2 499 
 
 < Hymn to Jupiter,* by Callimachus 7 3103 
 
 From Simonides, — < Danae's Lament,* 34 13467; From the < Ode for 
 
 Scopas,* 13468; < Inscription for an Altar to Artemis,* 13468; < Epi- 
 taph for Those Who Fell at Thermopylae,* 13469; <Time is Fleet- 
 ing,* 13469; < Virtue, Coy and Hard to Win,* 13470; *Four Epi- 
 taphs* 34 13470 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlvil 
 
 Greek Odes from Pindar,— In prose version,— < First Olympian Ode> 
 (For a Winner in the Horse Race B. C. 476), 29 11492; < Second 
 Olympian Ode> (On a Winner in the Chariot Race), 11494; 
 
 < Third Olympian Ode,> 11497; < Seventh Olympian Ode> (For 
 a Winner in the Boxing-Match), 11498; In poetical version, — 
 
 < First Pythian Ode > 29 11501-05 
 
 Greek readings from Theognis,— < Fame from the Poet's Songs, > 37 
 
 14791; < Worldly Wisdom,> 14792; < Desert a Beggar Born,> 14793; 
 
 < A Savage Prayer) 37 i4793 
 
 < A Rainy Day on the Farm> and <The Harvest* 2 778 
 
 < The Poet's Apology, ' by Aristophanes 2 770 
 
 Aristotle's < Hymn to Virtue > 2 801 
 
 Readings from the idyls of Theocritus,— < The Song of Thyrsis,> 37 
 14774-76; <The Love of Sim£etha,> 14776; <The Songs of the 
 Reapers,) 14778; <The Harvest Feast,) 14780; <The Song of 
 Lycidas,) 14781 ; <The Song of Simichidas,) 14782-84; <The Festi- 
 val of Adonis ) 3 7 14784-88 
 
 Latin. — Readings from Virgil,— < The First Eclogue,) 38 15425-27; 
 <My Heart's Desire,) 15427-29; <The Fall of Troy,) 15430-33; 
 <The Curse of Queen Dido,) 15433-34; <The Vision of the Fu- 
 ture) 38 15434-38 
 
 Readings from the Latin poet Horace,— < To the Ship of State,) 19 
 7628; <To Virgil,) 7629; '^An Invitation to Maecenas,) 7632; <The 
 Tempest,) 7633; < Satire,) 7634; < Contentment,) 7636; < Horace's 
 
 Farm,) 7637; ^To His Book,> 7637; <The Art of Poetry) 19 7638 
 
 Readings of Latin poetry from Ovid, — <On the Death of Corinna's 
 Parrot,) 28 10922; <From Sappho's Letter to Phaon,) 10923; <A 
 Soldier's Bride,) 10924; <The Creation,) 10925; 'Baucis and Phile- 
 mon,) 10926-30; <A Grewsome Lover,) 10931-34; <The Sun-God's 
 Palace,) 10934; ^A Transformation,) 10934; < Effect of Orpheus's 
 
 Song in Hades,) 10935 ; * The Poet's Fame ) 28 10936 
 
 Readings of Latin elegy from TibuUus, — <The Pleasures of a Coun- 
 try Life,) 37 14935-37; < Written in Sickness at Corcjrra,) 14937- 
 39; <The Rural Deitjes,) 14940; <Love in the Country,) 14941 ; 
 
 < To Cerinthus, On His Birthday ) 37 14942 
 
 Readings from the Latin elegies of Propertius, — < Beauty Unadorned,) 
 
 30 1 1864; <To Tullus,) 11S64; <To Cynthia,) 11865; <To Caius 
 Cilnius Maecenas,) 11866; <To the Muse,) 11867; <The Immor- 
 tality of Genius,) 11868; ^Cornelia) 30 11869 
 
 Readings from satires of Nero's time by Petronius 29 11388-96 
 
 Readings from Juvenal's satires, — < Farewell to Rome,) 21 8420; 
 
 < Terrors of Conscience,) 8422 ; < Parental Influence) 21 8423 
 
 Epigrams from Martial , '. 24 9753-58 
 
 Readings from later Roman poetry, — < Roses,) by Annius Florus, 3 i 
 12363; <The Emperor Hadrian to. His Soul,) 12364; From the 
 
 < Pervigilium Veneris,) 12364; <The Rustic in the Amphitheatre,) 
 by Calpurnius Siculus, 12365; < Idyl of the Roses,) by Ausonius, 
 12367; <A Mother's Epitaph,) 12368; < The Bereavement of Ceres,* 
 
Cdlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 and < Invocation to Victory,) by Claudianus, 12369; < Prologue,* 
 12370; <The Government of the World,* by Boethius, 12370-71; 
 
 < The Hymn of Philosophy,* by Boethius 31 12372 
 
 Nine choice selections from ^lianus of second century A. D. i 173-77 
 
 Latin reading with translation from Adam De Saint Victor ... 32 12729 
 
 Arabic Poetical Readings. — < Description of a Mountain Storm,* 2 676; 
 <A Lament for Desertion of Home,* 677-79; < Rebuke to a Mis- 
 chief-Maker,* 679; <A Lament for the Afflictions of His Tribe,* 
 680; <A Fair Lady,* 681; < The Death of 'Abdallah,* 681; <A Pic- 
 ture of Womanhood,* 682; <Zeynab at the Ka'bah,* 683; <The 
 Unveiled Maid,* 684; <A Eulogy of Valor and Culture,* 684-85; 
 <Nusaib,* a slave, wife, and mother, 686; < Vengeance,* 686; 
 
 < Patience,* 687; < On a Lost Love,* 687; <An Address to the 
 Beloved,* 688; <A Foray,* 688; < Fatality,* 688; < Implacability,* 
 689; < Parental Affection,* 689; <A Tribesman's Valor,* 690; 
 <The Prayer of Al-Hariri,* 697; <The Words of Hareth Ibn- 
 Hammam * 2 698-71 
 
 Arabic semi-poetical tale, — <The Caliph Omar and the Poets* 2 701-04 
 
 Persian. — Poetical readings from the Persian poet Firdausi, — < Ruda- 
 bah Discloses Her Love,* 14 5739-45; < The Death of Darius,* 
 5745-48; <A Warrior's Victory,* 5749; < Satire on Mdhmud,* 5750; 
 
 < Prince Sohrdb * 14 5752-54 
 
 Fitzgerald's version of the Persian Omar Khayydm 21 8549-63 
 
 Persian poetical romance reading from Nizami 27 10666-71 
 
 Readings from the Persian of Sa'di, — <A Meditation,* 32 12637-40; 
 
 <The Orphan,* 12640; <Humility,* 12641 ; < Self-Control, * 12642; 
 <Keep Your Own Secret,* 12642; < Bringing Up of a Son,* 12643; 
 < Humanity,* 12645; < Sa'di and the Ring,* 12646; < Sa'di at the 
 Grave of His Child,* 12646; < Sa'di the Captive Gets a Wife,* 
 12647; < How the Student Saved Time,* 12648; <A Powerful 
 Voice,* 12649; *-A- Valuable Voice,* 12650; <The Grass and the 
 Rose,* 12651; ^A Witty Philosopher,* 12651 ; ^Stupidity,* 12652; 
 <Death of the Poor,* 12653; *The Worst Enemy,* 12653; < Maxims,* 
 12654; 'Shabli and the Ant,* 12654; ^Sa'di's Interview with the 
 
 Sultan,* 12655; * Supplication,* 12656; <Be Content* 32 12658 
 
 Odes from the Persian of Hafiz 17 6796-806 
 
 Persian poetical readings from Jami, — <Love,* 20 8111; < Beauty,* 
 
 8113; <Zulaikha's First Dream,* 8115; < Silent Sorrow* 20 8ri6 
 
 An early Anglo-Saxon poem of Heaven our Home 2 547 
 
 An extended passage from < Beowulf,* 2 558-61; <Deor's Lament*... 2 561 
 <The Wanderer,* <The Seafarer,* and <The Fortunes of Men,* three 
 
 examples of Anglo-Saxon poetry of high character 2 563-68 
 
 A passage from Cynewulf's < Judith* and <The Fight at Maldon,* fine 
 
 Anglo-Saxon examples 2 569-71 
 
 Cynewulf : Four important poems of high quality 2 552, 553 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlix 
 
 Anglo-Saxon poems by King Alfred, — < Where to Find True Joy,> 
 I 396, 397; *A Sorrowful Fytte,> both translated from Boe- 
 thius I 398 
 
 Ancient Scottish dialect poetical readings from William Dunbar, — 
 <The Thistle and the Rose,> 12 5066; < The Golden Targe, > 5067; 
 < No Treasure Avails without Gladness > 12 5068 
 
 Scottish Ossianic ballad,— < The Fian Banners, > 27 10871-73; another 
 
 Ossianic ballad,— < Lament for the Sons of Usnach> 27 10877-79 
 
 Examples of famous English and Scotch ballads,— < Robin Hood and 
 Guy of Gisborne,> 3 1312-19; <The Hunting of the Cheviot,> 
 1319-26; <Johnie Cock,> 1326-29; <Sir Patrick Spens,> 1329; <The 
 Bonny Earl of Murray,> 1330; <Mary Hamilton,> 1331-33; * Bonnie 
 George Campbell, > 1333; < Bessie Bell and Mary Gray,> 1334; 
 ^The Three Ravens,> 1334; <Lord Randal,> 1335; <Edward,> 1336; 
 <The Twa Brothers,* 1337; < Babylon; Or the Bonnie Banks o' 
 Fordie,> 1339; <Childe Maurice,> 1340-43; <The Wife of Usher's 
 Well,> 1344 ; < Sweet William's Ghost > 3 1345-47 
 
 Readings of genuine Scotch poetry from Allan Ramsay, — <The Gen- 
 tle Shepherd,) 30 12063-69; < Bessy Bell and Mary Gray,> 12069; 
 <Lochaber no More,> 12070; <An Thou Were my Ain Thing, > 
 12071 ; < A Sang,> 12072; <The Highland Lassie> 30 12072-73 
 
 Delightful readings from the Scotch plays and poems of Joanna Bail- 
 lie, — <Woo'd and Married and A',> 3 1257; Ht Was on a Morn 
 When we Were Thrang,> 1259; <Fy. Let us A' to the Wedding,> 
 1260-62; <The Weary Fund O' Tow,* 1262; <A Tragedy Scene,* 
 1263-65; <To Mrs. Siddons,* 1265; <A Scotch Song,> 1266; < Poverty 
 Parts Good Company,* 1268; <The Kitten * 3 1269-71 
 
 Readings of Scotch poetry from Motherwell, — <When I Beneath the 
 Cold, Red Earth Am Sleeping,* 26 10366; <Jeanie Morrison,'' 
 10367; *My Held is Like to Rend, Willie,* 10369; <May Morn 
 Song' 26 10371 
 
 Scottish poetic readings from James Hogg, — <When Maggy Gangs 
 Away,* 18 7404; <The Skylark,* 7405; < Donald M'Donald,* 7405; 
 < When the Kye Comes Hame * 18 7407 
 
 Scotch lyrical readings from Lady Nairne, — <The Land O' the Leal,* 
 27 10545; *The Hundred Pipers,* 10546; < Caller Herrin',* 10547; 
 <The Auld House,* 10548; <The Laird O' Cockpen,* 10549; 
 <Wha'll be King but Charlie?* 10551; <Will Ye No Come Back 
 Again?* 10552; <Gude-Nicht,* 10553; < Would Yoli be Young 
 Again?* 27 10553 
 
 Scotch ballad: < There's Nae Luck about the House* 40 16442 
 
 Scottish readings: < Auld Robin Gray * ....40 16383 
 
 Scotch ballad: < Adieu for Evermore * 40 16439 
 
 Readings from the fables and ballads of John Gay, — < The Hare and 
 Many Friends,* 15 6241; <The Sick Man and the Angel,* 6242; 
 <The Juggler,* 6244; 'Sweet William's Farewell to Black-Eyed 
 Susan* 15 6245 
 
cdlx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Ballads: <The Wedding of Pale Bronwen,> 41 16921 ; <The Folk of 
 the Air,> 16922; < Father Gilligan,> 16924; <The Seven Fiddlers,* 
 16925; < The Brides of Quair,> 16926; <Glenlogie,> 16928; <Bin- 
 norie,* 16929; <The Wife of Usher's Well,* 16931; <Lord Lovel,> 
 16933; < Barbara Allen's Cruelty,* 16934; <The Last Hunt,* 16936; 
 < The Red Fisherman * 41 16938-44 
 
 Loyalist Lays: (a reading for five), — <The Three Troopers,* 40 
 16579; ^The Cavalier's Escape,* 16580; <The Three Scars,* 16581 ; 
 *The White Rose over the Water,* 16582; <The Jacobites' 
 Club> 40 16583 
 
 English (Modem), — readings from Chaucer, — < Prologue to the Can- 
 terbury Tales,* 9 3564-72; <The Temples of Venus, Mars, and 
 Diana,* 3572-76; <The Passing of the Fairies,* 3577: <The Par- 
 doner's Tale,* 3577-83; <The Nun's Priest's Tale,* 3584-99; < Truth, 
 a Ballad of Good Counsel * 9 3600 
 
 Early English poetical reading from Gower, — <Petronella* 16 6584-92 
 
 Songs and lyrics of love poetry from Sir Thomas Wyatt, — < Descrip- 
 tion of Such a One as He Would Love,* 39 1623 1; <An Earnest 
 Suit to His Unkind Mistress,* 16231; <Song: The Lover's Lute 
 Cannot be Blamed,* 16232; <How the Lover Perisheth in His De- 
 light,* 16233; <A Renouncing of Love,* 16234; ^The Lover Prayeth 
 Not to be Disdained * 39 16234 
 
 Readings from Spenser, — <Prothalamion,* 35 13755-59; ^Belphoebe,* 
 13759; *The Cave of Mammon,* 13761-65; ^Sir Guyon and the 
 Palmer * 35 13765-71 
 
 Poetical readings from Peele, — <01d Age,* 28 11259; < David and 
 
 Bethsabe,* 11260; <Farewell to Norris and Drake* 28 11261 
 
 Poetical readings from Robert Greene, — < Deceiving World,* 17 6694; 
 <The Shepherd's Wife's Song,* 6694; <Down the Valley,* 6696; 
 Ode on True Love,* 6697; < Sweet Are the Thoughts,* 6697; 
 < Song to a Child * 17 6698 
 
 Readings of poetry from Sir Philip Sidney, — <Astrophel and Stella,* 
 
 3 4 13396 ; < Sonnets to Stella * 34 13397, 13398 
 
 Examples of verse by Lord Bacon, — < Translation of the 137th Psalm,* 
 
 3 1201 ; < The World's a Bubble * 3 1202 
 
 Poetical readings from Drayton, — 'The Ballad of Agincourt, * 12 4880- 
 
 82 ; < Queen Mab's Excursion * 12 4883 
 
 Song readings from Heywood 18 7346-50 
 
 Robert Aytoun's verses entitled < Inconstancy Upbraided, * and < Lines 
 
 to an Inconstant Mistress * 3 1107, 1108 
 
 Poetical readings from John Donne, — <The Undertaking,* 12 4774; 
 <The Valediction Forbidding Mourning,* 4775; <Song,* 4776; 
 < Love's Growth,* 4776 ; < Song* 12 4777 
 
 Poetical readings from George Wither, — <A Rocking Hymn,* 39 
 16 1 24; < The Author's Resolution in a Sonnet,* 161 26; <A Christ- 
 mas Carol,* 16127 ; < For Summer Time * 39 16128 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxi 
 
 Poetical readings from Robert Herri ck, — <A Thanksgiving, > i8 7310; 
 <To Keep a True Lent,> 7311; <To Find God,> 7312; <Other 
 Pieces 18 7312-16 
 
 Poetical quotations from George Herbert,— < The Collar,> 18 7254; 
 <Love,> 7255; <The Elixir.> 7256; <The Pilgrimage,) 7257; <The 
 Pulley,) 7258; <Virtue> 18 7258 
 
 Readings of smooth verse from Edmund Waller, — <The Danger His 
 Majesty Escaped,) 38 155571 * The Countess of Carlisle,) 15558; 
 <On a Girdle,) 15558; <Go, Lovely Rose,) 15559; ^A Panegyric to 
 My Lord Protector,) 15559-61; < On Love,) 15562; < At Penshurst').3 8 15563 
 
 Reading from Butler's satire on military Puritanism under Crom- 
 well,— < Hudibras Described ) 7 2930-34 
 
 Readings from Milton,— < Hymn on the Nativity,) 25 10048; <Ly- 
 cidas,) 10051-55; From <Comus,) 10055; *L' Allegro,) 10057-60; <Il 
 Penseroso,) 10060-64; <The Appeal of Satan,) 10064; <The Poet 
 on His Blindness,) 10066; <Adam and Eve,) 10068; < Eve's First 
 Meeting with Adam,) 10069; <Song of the Pair in Paradise,) 
 10070 : < Invocation to the Muse ) 25 10072 
 
 Ljrric readings from Sir John Suckling, — <Song,) 35 14158; <A 
 Bride,) 14158; <The Honest Lover,) 14159; < The Constant Lover, ) 
 14160; <Verses,) 14161; <The Metamorphosis,) 14162; <Song) 35 14162 
 
 Readings from Cowley, — <Of Myself,) 10 4095-99; <On the Death of 
 Crashaw,) 4099-101; <On the Death of Mr. William Hervey,) 
 4ioi-K)5 ; < A Supplication,) 4105 ; < Epitaph on Himself) 10 4106 
 
 Readings of religious verse from Henry Vaughan, — <The Retreate,) 
 37 15258; <The Ornament,) i5'259; <They are All Gone,) 15260; 
 <The Revival,) 15261; <The Palm-Tree) 37 15262 
 
 Readings from Dryden, — < From the Hind and the Panther,) 12 4933- 
 36; <To My Dear Friend Mr. Congreve,) 4936-38; <Ode,) 4938-43;. 
 < Alexander's Feast ; or. The Power of Music,) 4944-48 ; <Achitophel ) . 1 2 4949 
 
 Readings from the lyrics of Prior 30 1 1839-48 
 
 Reading from Young's < Night Thoughts > 39 16278-82 
 
 Poetical readings from Pope, — From the < Essay on Criticism,) 30 
 11725-30; <The Game of Cards,) 11731-35; From the <Essay on 
 Man.) 11735-43; From the < Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,) 11743-48; 
 *The Goddess of Dulness is Addressed on Education,) 11748-51; 
 <The Triumph of Dulness,) 11 751; <The Universal Prayer,) 
 11752; <Ode: The Dying Christian to His Soul,) 11753; < Epitaph 
 on Sir William Trumbal,) 11 754; < Messiah, a Sacred Eclogue). .30 11754-56 
 
 Poetical readings from James Thomson, — <Rule, Britannia,) 37 
 14853; < April Rain,) 14854, 14855; <The Lost Caravan,) 14856; 
 <The Inundation,) 14856; <The First Snow,) 14857; <The Sheep- 
 Washing,) 14859 ; <The Castle of Indolence > 3 7 14861-64 
 
 Readings of the Poetry of artificial sentiment from Shenstone, — 
 <Pastoral Ballad,) 34 13309; <Song,) 13310; < Disappointment,) 
 13311; <Hope,) 13312; <Much Taste and Small Estate,* 13314; 
 From <The Schoolmistress > 3 4 i33i5 
 
Cdlxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Poetical readings from Thomas Gray, — < Elegy Written in a Country 
 Church-Yard, > i6 6626-29; <Ode on the Spring,> 6629; < On a Dis- 
 tant Prospect of Eton College, > 6631 ; < The Bard — a Pindaric Ode \ 1 6 6633-36 
 
 Poetical readings from Collins, — < How Sleep the Brave,^ 9 3872; 
 <The Passions, > 3873-75; < To Evening,* 3876; <Ode on the Death 
 of Thomson > 9 3877 
 
 Readings from Cowper, — <The Cricket,* 10 41 10; <The Winter Walk 
 at Noon,> 41 11; <The Loss of the Royal George,* 41 12; < Imagin- 
 ary Verses of Alexander Selkirk > 10 41 13 
 
 Poetical example from Chatterton, — «0 God whose thunder shakes 
 
 the sky » 9 3549 
 
 Poetical readings from Crabbe, — < Isaac Ashford, a Noble Peasant,* 
 
 10 4119; <The Parish Workhouse and Apothecary* 10 4121 
 
 Poetical readings from William Blake,- -< Song,* 5 2045; *The Two 
 Songs,* 2046; < Night,* 2046; <The Piper and the Child,* 2048; 
 <Holy Thursday,* 2048; <A Cradle Song,* 2049; ' The Little Black 
 Boy, * 2049 ; < The Tiger * 5 2050 
 
 Poetical readings from Robert Burns, — <The Cotter's Saturday Night,* 
 7 2845-50; <John Anderson, My Jo,* 2850; <Man was Made to 
 Mourn,* 2851; <Green Grow the Rashes,* 2853; * Is There for 
 Honest Poverty,* 2854; <To a Mouse,* 2855; < To a Mountain 
 Daisy,* 2856; <Tam O'Shanter,* 2858-64; < Bruce to His Men at 
 Bannockburn,* 2864; ^Highland Mary,* 2865; <My Heart's in the 
 Highlands,* 2866 ; < The Banks O ' Doon * 7 2866 
 
 Readings of English poetry from Wordsworth, — < Lines Composed a 
 Few Miles above Tintern Abbey,* 39 16200-04; < Three Years She 
 Grew in Sun and Shower,* 16205; *A Poet's Epitaph,* 16206; 
 <The Fountain,* 16208; < Resolution afd Independence,* 16210-13; 
 <The Sparrow's Nest,* 16213; <My Heart Leaps Up When I Be- 
 • hold,* 16214; < Composed upon Westminster Bridge,* 16214; ^It is 
 a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free,* 16214; < To Toussaint 
 L'Ouverture,* 16215; <London, 1802,* 16215; <It Is Not to be 
 Thought of,* 16216; <To Hartley Coleridge,* 16216; <She Was a 
 Phantom of Delight,* 16217; <The Solitary Reaper,* 16218; <To 
 the Cuckoo,* 16219; <I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,* 16220; <To 
 a Young Lady,* 16220; <The World Is Too Much with Us,* 16221: 
 <Ode to Duty,* 16221-23; < Intimations of Immortality,* 16223-28: 
 ' To the Small Celandine * 39 16228 
 
 Readings of poetry from Sir Walter Scott, — <The Last Minstrel,* 33 
 13058; ^Lochinvar,* 13060; < Ellen Douglas's Bower,* 13062-67; <The 
 Disclosure,* 13068-73; <Jock o' Hazel dean,* 13074; < Highland Song,* 
 13075; < Nora's Vow,* 13076; < Ballad of the Red Harlaw,* 13077; 
 Song <Brignall Banks,* 13078; 'Bonny Dundee,* 13080; < Flora 
 Mac-Ivor's Song * 33 13081 
 
 Poetical readings from Coleridge, — <Kubla Khan, 9 3853; <The 
 Albatross,^ 3855-57; < Dejection: An Ode,* 3858-61; « Verses Ad- 
 dressed to a Wise Teacher,** 3862-64; <Ode to the Duchess of 
 Devonshire,* 3865-67; <The Pains of Sleep,* 3687; * Youth and Age *. 9 3869 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxiii 
 
 Poetical readings from Southey, — <The Holly-Tree, > 35 13681 ; <In 
 My Library, > 13682; <The Inchcape Rock,> 13683; <The Battle of 
 Blenheim,) 13685; <The Old Woman of Berkeley,) 13687-92; <The 
 Curse > 35 13692 
 
 Readings from the poet Campbell, — <Hope,) 8 3164; <The Fall of 
 Poland,) 3165; <The Slave,' 3167; < Death and a Future Life,) 
 3168-71; ^Lochiel's Warning,) 3171-73; <The Soldier's Dream,) 
 3173; <Lord Ullin's Daughter,) 3174; <The Exile of Erin,) 3176; 
 <Ye Mariners of England,) 3177; <Hohenlinden,) 3178; ^The Bat- 
 tle of Copenhagen,) 3179-82 ; < Winter ) 8 3183 
 
 Poetical readings from Thomas Moore, — < Paradise and the Peri,) 26 
 10275-87; < Love's Young Dream,) 10287; < The Time I've Lost in 
 Wooing,) 10288; <Oft in the Stilly Night,) 10291 ; <The Last Rose 
 of Summer ) 26 10292 
 
 Irish readings from the poems of Mangan, — <The Dawning of the 
 Day,) 24 9665; <The Nameless One,) 9666; <St. Patrick's Hymn 
 before Tarah ) 24 9668-70 
 
 Poetical readings from Heber, — <The Missionary Hymn,) 18 7155; 
 < Sixteenth Sunday after Trinity,) 7156; < Trinity Sunday,) 7156; 
 < Epiphany,) 7157; <Before the Sacrament,) 7157; <To His Wife,) 
 7158; <At a Funeral,) 7159; <The Moonlight March) 18 7159 
 
 Poetical readings from Procter, — < The Sea,) 30 11853; <A Petition to 
 
 Time,) 11854; <Life,) 11854; <Sit Down, Sad SouP 30 11855 
 
 Poetical readings from Byron, — <Maid of Athens,) 7 2943; <A Romaic 
 Song,) 2944; <Greece,) 2945; <The Hellespont,) 2947; <The Isles 
 of Greece,) 2948-50; <The Greeks before the Revolution,) 2951; 
 <To Rome,) 2953; <The Coliseum,) 2954; ^Chorus of Spirits,) 2956; 
 < Venice) and <Ode to Venice,) 2959-63; <The East,) 2964; < Oriental 
 Royalty,) 2964; <A Grecian Sunset,) 2965; <An Italian Sunset.) 
 2966; < Twilight.) 2967; <An Alpine Storm,) 2969; <The Ocean,* 
 2970; <The Shipwreck,) 2972; <Love on the Island,) 2973-75; 
 <The Two Butterfl^ies.) 2976; <To His Sister,) 2977; *Ode to Na- 
 poleon,) 2978-81; <The Battle of Waterloo,) 2981-83; <Mazeppa's 
 Ride,) 2983-85; <The Irish Avatar,) 2986-89; <The Dream,) 2989- 
 94; <She Walks in Beauty,) 2994; <The Destruction of Sen- 
 nacherib.) 2995; <The Prisoner of Chillon,) 2996; < Prometheus,) 
 2997; <A Summing-Up,) 2999; <My Thirty-Sixth Year) 7 2999 
 
 Sonnets from Aubrey De Vere, — <The Crusaders); < The Children 
 Band); <The Rock of CasheP; <The Right Use of Prayer); <The 
 Church ) II 4610-12 
 
 Readings of rare thoughtful poetry from Shelley, — From < Prometheus 
 Unbound,) 34 13271 : < Last Hour of Beatrice,) 13273-76; <Adonais) 
 13276-88; <Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,) 13288-90; <Ozymandias,) 
 13291; <The Indian Serenade,) 13291; <Ode to the West Wind,) 
 13292-94; <The Sensitive Plant,) 13294-97; <The Cloud,) 13297-99; 
 <To a Skylark,) 13299-301; <Arethusa,) 13302-04; < Hymn of Pan,) 
 13304 ; < To Night,) 13305 ; < To ) 34 13306 
 
cdlxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings from Keble, — 'The Nightingale, > 21 8514; < Christ in the 
 
 Garden, > 8515 ; <Morning,> 8516; < Evening Hymn > 21 8517 
 
 Poetical readings from Mrs. Hemans, — *The Homes of England,* 18 
 7231; < Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers,* 7232; <The Hour of 
 Death,* 7233 ; < The Lost Pleiad,* 7234 ; < The Treasures of the Deep * . 1 8 7235 
 
 Poetical readings from Keats, — From <The Eve of St. Agnes,* 21 
 8500; From <Endymion,* 8502; From < Hyperion,* 8503; < Ode to 
 a Nightingale,* 8504; <Ode on a Grecian Urn,* 8506; < Fancy,* 
 8507; <To Autumn,* 8509; <La Belle Dame Sans Merci,* 8510; 
 < Three Sonnets * 21 851 1 
 
 Poetical readings from Thomas Hood, — < Faithless Sally Brown,^ 1 9 
 7592; <An Ironic Requiem,* 7594; <A Parental Ode,* 7595; <A 
 Nocturnal Sketch,* 7596; <Ruth,* 7597; <Fair Ines,* 7598; <A Song,* 
 7599; ^The Bridge of Sighs,* 7600; <The Song of the Shirt,* 7602; 
 <Ode to Melancholy,* 7605-07; <The Death-Bed,* 7608; <I Remem- 
 ber,* 7608 ; « Farewell, Life ** 19 7609 
 
 Readings of society verse from Praed, — < Twenty-Eight and Twenty- 
 Nine,* 30 11759; <The Vicar,* 11761; <The Belle of the Ball* ...30 11764 
 
 Readings of poetry from Thackeray, — From <The Chronicle of the 
 Drum,* 36 14712-15; <What is Greatness?* 14715; <The White 
 Squall,* 14716-19; <The Ballad of Bouillabaisse,* 14719-21; <Peg 
 of Limavaddy,* 14722-26; <The Sorrows of Werther,* 14726; <Little 
 Billee,* 14727; From <The Pen and the Album.* 14728; <At the 
 Church Gate,* 14728; <The Mahogany -Tree,* 14729; <The End 
 of the Play * 36 14730-32 
 
 Readings of English poetry from Tennyson, — < The Lady of Shalott,* 
 36 14587-91; <Choric Song,* 14592-95; < Ulysses,* 14595-97; < Locks- 
 ley Hall,* 14597-603; < Break, Break, Break,* 14603; <The Brook,* 
 14604-09; <The Splendor Falls on Castle Walls,* 14609; < Tears, 
 Idle Tears,* 14610; < Perfect Unity,* 14610-13; < The Charge of the 
 Light Brigade,* 14613; From < In Memoriam,* 14615-24; <Come 
 into the Garden, Maud,* 14624-26; <Oh That T'were Possible,* 
 14626; ^The Farewell of King Arthur to Queen Guinevere,* 14629-33 ; 
 <In the Children's Hospital,* 14633-35; <The Throstle,* 14636; <The 
 Oak,* 14636 ; < Crossing the Bar * 36 14637 
 
 Choice passages from Bailey's <Festus,* — <Life,* 3 1245-48; <The 
 Passing Bell,* 1248; < Thoughts,* 1250; < Dreams,* 1251; < Chorus of 
 the Saved* 3 1252 
 
 Dorset dialect poems by William Barnes, — < Blackmwore Maidens,* 
 4 1565; <May,* 1566; <Milken Time,* 1567; < Jessie Lee,* 1568; 
 <The Turnstile,* 1569; <To the Water-Crowfoot,* 1570; <Zummer 
 an' Winter* 4 1570 
 
 Poetical readings from Mrs. Browning, — <The Sleep,* 6 2533; <The 
 Cry of the Children,* 2535-39; < Mother and Poet,* 2539-41; <A 
 Court Lady,* 2542; <De Profundis,* 2544-46; <The Cry of the 
 Human,* 2547; < Romance of the Swan's Nest,* 2549-51; < Sonnets 
 from the Portuguese,* 2552-55; <A False Step,* 2555; «A Child's 
 Thought of God,* 2556; < Cheerfulness Taught by Reason* 6 2556 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxv 
 
 Readings from Robert Browning, — <Andrea Del Sarto,> 6 2565-71 ; 
 
 < Confessions, > 3573; <Love Among the Ruins,* 2574; <A Gram- 
 marian's Funeral,> 2576-79; <My Last Duchess,> 2579; < In a Year,> 
 2584; < Evelyn Hope,> 2586; <Prospice,> 2587; <The Patriot,* 2588; 
 
 < One Word More > 6 2589-93 
 
 Fine examples from W. E. Aytoun, — <The Burial-March of Dundee,* 
 
 3 1 1 13-17; <The Execution of Montrose,* 11 18-23; *The Broken 
 Pitcher,* 1123-24; <A Ball in the Upper Circles* (a parody on 
 
 Disraeli), 1124-27; <A Highland Tramp* 3 1127-29 
 
 Readings of poetry from Charles Kingsley, — <The Merry Lark Was 
 Up and Singing,* 22 8614; <The Dead Church,* 8614; <The 
 Sands of Dee,* 8615; <Youth and Age,* 8615; <A Myth,* 8616; 
 < Longings,* 8616; ^Andromeda and the Sea-Nymphs,* 8617; <A 
 Farewell * 22 8618 
 
 Important poetical examples from Matthew Arnold, — <To Marguerite,' 
 2 866; On ^Obermann,* 868-71 ; <Goethe in Weimar Sleeps,* 871, 872; 
 <The Sick King in Bokhara,* 873-78; < Dover Beach,* 879; <Self- 
 Dependence,* 880; «The kings of moderr: thought are dumb,** 
 881-82 ; <A Summer Night,* 883-85 ; <The Last Word* 2 885 
 
 Poetical readings from Coventry Patmore, — <Wind and Wave,* 28 
 11182; <The Toys,* 11183; < If I Were Dead,* 11183; <To the Body,* 
 11184; <Love Serviceable,* 11185; <Sahara,* 11186; < Married Life,* 
 1 1 188; < The Queen.* 11 190; < Wisdom* 28 11191 
 
 Prose, — < Pathos * 28 11192 
 
 Readings from Sydney Dobell, — < How's My Boy?* 12 4735; <The 
 Sailor's Return,* 4736; <Afloat and Ashore,* 4737; <The Soul,* 
 4738; < England,* 4739: ^America,* 4739; <Amy's Song of the 
 • Willow * 12 4740 
 
 Readings from Adelaide Procter, — <A Doubting Heart,* 30 11858; 
 
 <A Woman's Question,* 11859; <A Lost Chord * 30 11860 
 
 Readings from Dante Gabriel Rossetti, — <The Blessed Damozel,* 31 
 12416-19; <The Double Betrayal,* 12419-22; <The Second-Sight,* 
 12422-24; <The Card-Dealer,* 12425; <The Sea-Limits,* 12427; 
 <The Cloud Confines,* 12428; <Song of the Bower,* 12429; Son- 
 nets from < The House of Life * 31 12430 -34 
 
 Poetical readings from Christina Rossetti 31 12399-410 
 
 Poetical readings from Jean Ingelow, — < Divided,* 20 7969-72; <Sand 
 Martins,* 7973; <The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,* 
 7974-78 ; < Cold and Quiet,* 7978 ; < Lettice White* 20 7979-81 
 
 Poetical readings from Owen Meredith, — <Aux Italiens,* 23 9349-52; 
 
 <Lucile's Letter,* 9352; < Prologue to the Wanderer*. . 23 9355 
 
 Readings of story and poetry from William Morris, — < Shameful 
 Death,* 26 10342; <Hallblithe Dwelleth in the Wood Alone,* 
 10343-47; < Iceland First Seen,* 10347-49; ^Introduction to the 
 Earthly Paradise,* 10349; ^ Close of the Earthly Paradise,* 10350- 
 54; <The Day Is Coming,* 10354-57; <Kiartan Bids Farewell to 
 
 Gudrun * 26 10357-59 
 
 30 
 
Cdlxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings of English poetry from Swinburne, — < Dedication, i865,> 36 
 14294; < Hymn to Proserpine,* 14296-300; <The Garden of Proser- 
 pine,* 14300-02; <Hesperia,> 14302-05; ^Walter Savage Landor,> 
 14306; <A Forsaken Garden, > 14307-09; <The Pilgrims, > 14309-11; 
 * Super Flumina Babylonis,> 14311-15; <Mater Triumphalis,* 14315- 
 19; ^Athens an Ode,> 14319; ^Of Such Is the Kingdom of Heaven,* 
 14320; ^A Child's Future,* 14321; ^Adieux to Marie Stuart,* 14322- 
 25; <Love at Sea,* 14325; <A Match,* 14326; <fitude Realiste*. . . .36 14327 
 
 Verse readings by Austin Dobson, — <On a Nankin Plate,* 12 4743; 
 <The Old Sedan-Chair,* 4744; <The Ballad of Prose and Rhyme,* 
 4745; <The Cure's Progress,* 4746; < Good-Night, Babette,* 4747; 
 <The Ladies of St. James's,* 4749; '•Dora versus Rose,* 4750; < Une 
 Marquise,* 4752-55; <A Ballad to Queen Elizabeth,* 4755; <The 
 Princess de Lamballe * 12 4756 
 
 Poetical readings from Mathilde Blind, — <Love in Exile,* 5 2076; 
 
 < Seeking,* 2077 ; < The Mystic's Vision * 5 2079 
 
 Poetical readings from Edmund Gosse, — < Desiderium, * 16 6567; 
 
 < Lying in the Grass * 16 6568-70 
 
 Readings from Stevenson; poetical, — <Bed in Summer,* 35 13935; 
 
 <Travel,* 13936; *The Land of Counterpane,* 13937; < Northwest 
 Passage,* 13937; <If This Were Faith,* 13939; * Requiem,* 13940; 
 <To Will. H. Low,* 13940; <The Tropics Vanish,* 13941; < Tropic 
 Rain,* 13942 ; < Christmas at Sea * . . . 35 13942 
 
 Readings of poetry from William Watson, — <The Turk in Armenia,* 
 38 15707; < Repudiated Responsibility,* 15707; < England to Amer- 
 ica,* 15708; <A Birthday,* 15708; <The Plague of Apathy,* 15709; 
 <A Trial of Orthodoxy,* 15709; <A Wondrous Likeness,* 15710; 
 ^Starving Armenia,* 15710; <The Tomb of Burns,* 15711; < The 
 Father of the Forest* 38 I57i2-i6» 
 
 Poetical readings from Kipling, — < Fuzzy Wuzzy,* 22 8659; < Danny 
 
 Deever,* 8661 ; <Mandalay,* 8662; <The Galley- Slave * 22 8663 
 
 Sea songs : < Ye Gentlemen of England * 40 16430 
 
 <A Wet Sheet and a Flowing Sea,* 41 17022; <A Life on the Ocean 
 
 Wave * 40 16408 
 
 American Poetry. — A typical Yankee poem, Joel Barlow's < Hasty 
 
 Pudding * — example from 4 1 559-62 
 
 Poetical readings from Drake, — <A Winter's Tale,* 12 4853; <The 
 
 Culprit Fay,* 4854-62 ; < The American Flag* 12 4863 
 
 Poetical readings from Fitz-Greene Halleck, — < Marco Bozzaris,* 17 
 
 6862; < Robert Burns,* 6865 ; < Death of Rodman Drake* 17 6868 
 
 Poetical readings from T. B. Read, — < Drifting,* 30 12095; < Sheridan's 
 
 Ride,* 12097; <The Closing Scene,* 12099; ^Inez* 30 12101 
 
 Reading of exquisite nature study by Henry Timrod, — < Spring,* 3 7 
 
 14962 ; < Sonnet on Love * 37 14964 
 
 Readings from R. H. Dana, — <The Island,* 11 4287; <The Doom of 
 
 Lee,* 4288-90 ; < Paul and Abel* ii 4291-301 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxvii 
 
 Poetical readings from Bryant,— < Thanatopsis,> 6 2627-29; <The 
 Crowded Street,> 2629; <The Death of the Flowers,> 2631; <The 
 Conqueror's Grave, > 2632; <The Battlefield,) 2633; <To a Water- 
 fowl,> 2635; < Robert of Lincoln,> ^636; <June,> 2638; <To the 
 Fringed Gentian,> 2639; <The Future Life,> 2640; <To the Past>.6 2641 
 
 Readings from N. P. Willis,— < When Tom Moore Sang,> 39 16003-05; 
 poetical,— < David and Absalom,> 16005; < Dedication Hymn,> 
 16007; <Andre's Request to Washington,) 16008; <The Belfry Pi- 
 geon,) 16008; < Unseen Spirits,) 16009; ^Dawn,) i6oio; ^Aspiration,) 
 16011; <The Elms of New Haven,) 16012; < Lines on the Burial 
 of the Champion of His Class at Yale College,) 16014; <Love in 
 a Cottage > 3 9 16015 
 
 Poetical readings from Paul Hayne,— <Ode to Sleep,) 18 71 11; < As- 
 pects of the Pines,) 7113; < Poverty,) 7114; ^The Hyacinth) 18 7114 
 
 Patriotic poetical readings from George H. Boker,— <The Black Regi- 
 ment,) 5 2164 ; < The Sword-Bearer ) 5 2166-67 
 
 Readings of American poetry from Whittier, — < Skipper Ireson's Ride,) 
 39 15917-ig; < Telling the Bees,) 15919; <Maud MuUer,) 15921-24; 
 
 < Barbara Frietchie,) 15924-26; < In School Days,) 15926; < The 
 Eternal Goodness,) 15927-29; <Ichabod,) 15930; <The Barefoot 
 Boy,) 15931-33; *The Farewell of a Virginia Slave Mother to Her 
 Daughters,) 15933-35; < Barclay of Ury,) 15935-38; < Centennial 
 Hymn,) 15938; < Winter In-Doors,) 15939-42; < Child-Songs,) 15942- 
 44; <The Yankee Girl,) 15944; <The Angels of Buena Vista,) 
 15945-47; <The Seer,) 15947; <Burns,) 15949-51; <The Summons,) 
 
 15952; <The Last Eve of Summer) 39 15953 
 
 Readings of poetry from Longfellow, — <Hymn to the Night,) 23 
 9150; < The Beleaguered City,) 9150-52; <The Skeleton in Armor,) 
 9152-55; ^Maidenhood,) 9156; ^Serenade,) 9157; < Genius,) 9158; 
 <The Wreck of the Hesperus,) 9158-60; <The Village Blacksmith,) 
 9161; <The Rainy Day,) 9162; <The Belfry of Bruges,) 9162-64; 
 <The Bridge,) 9164-65; < Seaweed,) 9165; <The Day is Done,) 9167; 
 <The Arrow and the Song,) 9168; <The Cross of Snow,) 9168; <The 
 Launching of the Ship,) 9169-72; <Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ) 91 72 ; < My 
 Lost Youth,) 9173-75; *My Books,) 9176; < Changed,) 9176; <Paul 
 Revere's Ride,) 9177-80; <Thangbrand the Priest,) 9180-82; <Kam- 
 balu,) 9182-84; <The New Household,) 9184; < Chaucer,) 9185; 
 <Milton,) 9185; <Haroun Al Raschid,) 9186; <Divina Commedia.) 
 9186; <The Poet and His Songs,) 9187; <Finale to Christus,) 9188; 
 * The Young Hiawatha,) 9190-92; < Prelude to Evangeline,) 9192; 
 
 < Peace in Acadia,) 9193-95; <Postlude to Evangeline) 23 9196 
 
 Poetical readings from James Russell Lowell, — < Si Descendero in In- 
 
 fernum, Ades,) 23 9237; < Hebe,) 9238; < She Came and Went,) 
 9239; <The Changeling,) 9240; <The Vision of Sir LaunfaP 
 (complete), 9241-49; < From the Biglow Papers,) 9250-53; <What 
 Mr. Robinson Thinks,) 9254; <The Courtin',) 9255-58; < Hosea 
 Biglow to the Editor of the Atlantic,) 9258-62; <The Washers of 
 the Shroud,) 9262-65 ; < Memoriae Positum ) . 23 9265 
 
Cdlxviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings from JDr. Holmes, — poetical, — <01d Ironsides, > 19 7462; 
 <The Last Leaf,> 7463; <On Lending a Punch-Bowl, > 7464; < The 
 Chambered Nautilus,* 7466; < The Deacon's Masterpiece, > 7467; < A 
 Sun-Day Hymn,> 7470; <The Voiceless, > 7470; <Bill and Joe,> 
 7471 ; < Dorothy Q. > 19 7473 
 
 Readings from Bayard Taylor, — <Fitz-Greene Halleck,* 36 14522-28; 
 poetical,-— < Charmian,* 14529; < Ariel in the Cloven Pine,* 14530- 
 32; < Bedouin Song,> 14533; < Hylas,* 14534-37; <The Song of the 
 Camp > 36 14537 
 
 Readings from Walt Whitman, — < Song of the Open Road,> 39 15892- 
 900; < Dirge for Two Veterans,* 15901; <When Lilacs Last in the 
 Door- Yard Bloomed,* 15902-08; <0 Captain! My Captain!* 15909; 
 
 < Hushed be the Camps To-Day,* 15909; < Darest Thou Now, O 
 
 Soul,* 15910; < A Noiseless Patient Spider* 39 15910 
 
 Poetical readings from T. W. Parsons, — < Mary Booth,* 28 11118; <A 
 Dirge,* HI19; < Epitaph on a Child,* 11120; <To Francesca,* 11120; 
 
 < Pilgrim's Isle,* 11121 ; < Paradisi Gloria * 28 11 121 
 
 Poetical readings from W. W. Story, — < Cleopatra,* 35 14062-65; <The 
 
 ChiflEonier * 35 14065 
 
 Readings of popular poetry from J. G. Holland, — < Cradle Song,* 19 
 7452; <The Song of the Cider,* 7453; «God give us men,** 7454; 
 
 < Daniel Gray * 19 7455 
 
 Readings from Thoreau, — poetical, — < Inspiration,* 37 14877; <The 
 
 Fisher's Boy,* 14879 ; < Smoke * 37 14880 
 
 Readings from John Boyle O'Reilly, — < Ensign Epps, the Color- 
 Bearer,* 27 10860-61; <The Cry of the Dreamer,* 10861; <A Dead 
 Man,* 10862; <The Rainbow's Treasure,* 10863; * Yesterday and 
 
 To-Morrow,* 10864 ; * The Infinite * 27 10864 
 
 Poetical readings from Richard Henry Stoddard 35 14031-38 
 
 Readings from Stedman, — <The Hand of Lincoln,* 35 13859; <Aucas- 
 sin and Nicolette,* 13861; < Ariel,* 13862-65; <Mors Benefica,* 
 13865; <Pan in Wall Street,* 13866-68; <The Discoverer,* 13868; 
 
 < Cavalry Song * 35 13870 
 
 Thirteen poetical examples of the best work of T. B. Aldrich i 31 5-24 
 
 Readings of thoughtful poetry from E. R. Sill, — < Opportunity,* 34 
 
 13441 ; <Home,* 13441; <The Fool's Prayer,* 13442; <A Morning 
 Thought,* 13443 ; < Strange * 34 13444 
 
 Poetical readings from John Hay, — < Night in Venice,* 18 7106; <A 
 
 Woman's Love,* 7107; < Jim Bludso of the Prairie Belle* 18 7108 
 
 Readings from the Indiana poet, Riley, — <Away,* 31 12267; <When 
 She Comes Home,* 12268; <A Life Lesson,* 12268; <A Song,* 
 12269; *Nothin' to Say,* 12269; * Knee-Deep in June* 31 12270 
 
 Poetical readings from Joaquin Miller, — From <The Ship in the Des- 
 ert,* 2 5 10028-32 ; < Kit Carson's Ride * 25 10032 
 
 Readings from Mrs. Helen Jackson, — < Revenues,* 20 8059; < Habeas 
 Corpus,* 8060; <My Hickory Fire,* 8062; < Poppies in the Wheat,* 
 8063; < Burnt Ships,* 8063; < Spinning,* 8064; <A May- Day in 
 Albano * 20 8065-70 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxix 
 
 Poetical readings from Mrs. Thaxter, — < Sorrow,' 37 14761^ < Sea- 
 ward,' 14762; <The Sandpiper,' 14763; <The Watch of Boon Is- 
 land,' 14764-65; < Impatience,' 14766; <In Death's Despite,' 14766; 
 
 < Wild Geese,' 14767 ; ^ In Autumn ' 37 14768 
 
 Poetical readings from Edith Matilda Thomas, — < Syrinx,' 37 14846; 
 
 < Sunset,' 14847; <Cybele and Her Children,' 14848; <The Grass- 
 hopper,' 14849 ; < Winter Sleep ' 37 14849 
 
 Poetical readings from Mrs. Howe, — < Battle Hymn of the Republic,' 
 19 7647; <Our Orders,' 7647; < Pardon,' 7648; < Hamlet,' 7649; <A 
 New Sculptor ' . . ! .... 1 9 765 1 
 
 A washing-day song from Miss Alcott's < Little Women' i 294 
 
 Poetical readings from Bret Harte, — <Jim,' 17 6988; <Dow's Flat,' 
 6990; <In the Tunnel,' 6992; <The Society upon the Stanislaus,' 
 6993; < Thompson of Angel's,' 6994; < Plain Language from Truth- 
 ful James,' 6996; <On a Cone of the Big Trees,' 6997; < Dickens 
 in Camp,' 6999; prose story reading, — <An Heiress of Red Dog '.17 7000-13 
 
 Poetical readings from R. W. Gilder, — <What, Then, Is Life,' 16 
 6349; < How Paderewski Plays,' 6352; < America,' 6353; < Abraham 
 Lincoln,' 6354; <Call Me Not Dead,' 6354; < Through Love to 
 Light ' 16 6354 
 
 Poetical readings from Eugene Field, — <A Christmas Appeal,' 14 
 
 5689 ; < Dutch Lullaby,' 5690 ; < Ipswich ' 14 5691 
 
 Readings from G. E. Woodberry's poems, — <At Gibraltar,' 39 16146- 
 
 47; From <My Country.' 16147-50; <Sodoma's Christ Scourged'. .39 16151 
 
 Readings of poetry from Henry Van Dyke, — <An Angler's Wish,' 37 
 
 15245 ; < Tennyson,' 15247; <The Veery' 37 15247 
 
 Poetical readings by Bliss Carman, — <Hack and Hew,' 8 3304; <At 
 
 the Granite Gate ' 8 3305 
 
 Readings from the poetry of Charles G. D. Roberts, — < The Unsleep- 
 ing,' 31 12300; <An Epitaph for a Husbandman,' 12301 ; < The 
 Little Field of Peace,' 12301 ; <Marsyas,' 12302; <The Flight of 
 the Geese,' 12303; < Beside the Winter Sea,' 12304; <The Deserted 
 City' 31 12304 
 
 German. — Readings from the German Nibelungenlied, — <Kriemhild,' 
 27 10635; < Siegfried,' 10637; < Hagan's Account of Siegfried,' 
 10638; < How Siegfried First Saw Kriemhild,' 10639-41: < How the 
 Two Queens Reviled One Another,' 10642-45; <How Siegfried 
 Parted from Kriemhild,' 10646; <How Siegfried was Slain,' 
 10647-50; <How Rudeger Bewailed His Divided Duty,' 10650-55; 
 <How Kriemhild Slew Hagan, and Was Herself Slain' 27 10055 
 
 Readings of early German poetry from Walther von der Vogelweide, — 
 <Songof Walther,' 38 15588; <Lament of Walther,' 15589; <Song 
 of Wolfram von Eschenbach,' 15590; < Blanch efleur,' from Gott- 
 fried's < Tristan and Isolde,' 1 5591-95; <Song of Heinrich von 
 Veldeche,' 15596; <Song of Heinrich von Morungen,' 15596; < Song 
 of Count Kraft von Toggenburg,' 15597; < Song of Steinmar,' 
 
Cdlxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 15598; <SoQg of Conrad von Wiirzburg/ 15600; <Song of Johann 
 
 Hadloub > 38 1 5600 
 
 A fifteenth-century German folk song 15 5864 
 
 Song of a maid of beauty, 1 5 5866-68 ; other folk songs 15 5872-76 
 
 Fragments of folk song 41 1 7001-06 
 
 Readings from the German of Hans Sachs, — <Why Art Thou Cast 
 Down, My Heart ?> 32 12613; <The Nightingale of Wittenberg, > 
 12614; < The Unlike Children of Eve> (a drama), 12616-31; <How 
 
 the Devil Took to Himself an Old Wife> 32 12632-33 
 
 Poetical readings from Klopstock 22 8694-706 
 
 Readings from the German of Wieland, — < Managing Husbands,* 39 
 
 15956-58; <The Deities Deposed* 39 15958-68 
 
 Biirger's < Lenore,* translated by Walter Scott 7 2769-76 
 
 Biirger's <The Wives of Weinsberg* 7 2776-78 
 
 German poetical readings from Holty, — < Country Life,* 19 7506; 
 
 < Spring Song.* 7507; < Harvest Song,* 7508; < Winter Song,* 7509; 
 
 < Death of the Nightingale,* 7509; <The Old Farmer's Advice to 
 
 His Son * 19 75 10 
 
 ^Called to Joy,* 19 7511; <The Dream Image,* 7511; < Elegy at the 
 
 Grave of My Father* 19 7513 
 
 Goethe; poetical readings, — <The Harper's Songs,* 16 6439; <Mignon's 
 Song,* 6440; ^Philina's Song,* 6441; < Prometheus,* 6442; < Wan- 
 derer's Night Songs,* 6443; <The Elfin-King,* 6444; < Wander- 
 er's Storm Song,* 6445; <The Godlike,* 6446; < Ergo Bibamus,* 
 6448; <Alexis and Dora,* 6449-52; < Maxims and Reflections,* 6453; 
 
 < Nature * 16 6454 
 
 Readings of German poetry from Schiller, — <To Laura,* 33 12883; 
 
 <The Knight Toggenburg,* 12884; <The Sharing of the Earth,* 
 12886; <German Art,* 12887; *The Maiden's Lament,* 12887; ^The 
 Maiden from Afar,* 12888; < Punch Song,* 128S9; < Worth of 
 Women,* 12S90; < Riddles,* 12891; <The Power of Song,* 12892; 
 ^Hjrmn to Joy,* 12894-96; <The Gods of Greece,* 12896-99; <The 
 Artists,* 12900-02; From < The Song of the Bell* 33 12902-04 
 
 Capital German patriotic and poetical readings from Arndt, — <What is 
 the German's Fatherland,* 2 814; < The Song of the Field-Marshal,* 
 816 ; < Patriotic Song* 2 817 
 
 Readings of German poetry from the lyrical masterpieces of Uhland, — 
 <The Shepherd's Song on the Lord's Day,* 37 15187; < The Luck 
 of Edenhall,* 15188; < The Minstrel's Curse,* 15189-91; < Entertain- 
 ment,* 15191; <The Mountain Boy,* 15192; <The Castle by the Sea,* 
 15192; <The Passage,* 15193: <The Nun,* 15194; <The Serenade,* 
 15195; ^The Chapel,* 15196; <Sigfrid's Sword,* 15197; <Ichabod* 37 15198 
 
 Readings of poetry and thought from Riickert, — <The Hour-Glass of 
 Ashes,* 31 12459; <The Sun and the Brook,* 12461; <The Dying 
 Flower,* 12462; < Nature More Than Science,* 12464; < Greediness 
 Punished, 12465; <The Patriot's Lament,* 12466; <Barbarossa,* \ 
 12467; <The Drum,* 12468; <Gone in the Wind,* 12469; <To]d by 
 a Brahmin * 31 12470 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxi 
 
 Poetical readings from Korner,—< My Native Land,> 22 8727; < Prayer 
 During the Battle,> 8728; <Summons,> 8729; <Lutzow's Wild 
 Chase, > 8730; < Sword Song,> 8731 ; ^The Three Stars > 22 8734 
 
 Readings from Miiller's < The Pretty Maid of the Mill > 26 10444-52 
 
 Readings of thoughtful verse from Platen 29 115 15-18 
 
 Poetical readings from Heine,— < Atlas, > 18 7191; <The Lorelei,> 7192; 
 <Pine and Palm,> 7192; < Love Songs.> 7193; <My Heart with 
 Hidden Tears is Swelling,) 7194; <Will She Come?> 7194; <Kath- 
 arina,> 7194; <Gold,> 7195: <Glimpses,> 7195; <The Fisher's Hut,> 
 7196; <In the Fisher's Cabin,> 7196; <The Grammar of the Stars,> 
 7197; <Sonnets to His Mother,> 7197; <The Jewels,> 7198; < Voices 
 from the Tomb > 18 7199 
 
 Poetical readings from the Suabian lyrist Morike, — <My River,> 26 
 
 10320 ; < Two Lovers > 26 10321 
 
 Poetical readings from Freiligrath,— <The Emigrants,) 15 6004; <The 
 Lion's Ride,> 6006; <Rest in the Beloved,* 6008; < Love so Long 
 as Love Thou Canst > 15 6009 
 
 Poetical selections from Geibel, — <See'st Thou the Sea?> 15 6249; 
 
 < As It Will Happen,) 6250 ; < Onward > 15 6252 
 
 Poetical readings from the German of Scheffel, — < Song of the Ichthy- 
 osaurus,) 32 12854; ^Declaration and Departure,) 12855-61; <Song: 
 Farewell,) 12861; < Songs of Hiddigeigei, the Tom-Caf) 32 12862-64 
 
 Three poetical readings from the German peasant woman Johanna 
 
 Ambrosius i 45 r-53 
 
 German poetical reading, — <01d Winter Is the Man for Me) 9 3759 
 
 French. — Readings of early French poetry from Frangois Villon, — 
 <Here Beginneth Villon,) 38 15399-403; < Ballad of Old-Time 
 Ladies,) 15403; < Ballads of Old-Time Lords,) 15404, 15405; < Ballad 
 of the Women of Paris,) 15405; < Ballad to do Homage to Our 
 Lady,) 15406; < Roundel,) 15407; < Ballad of Villon in Prison.) 15408; 
 
 < Epitaph in Ballad Form,) 15409; < Ballad of Things Known and 
 Unknown,) 15410; < Ballad of Those who Missay of France,) 15410; 
 
 <The Debate of the Heart and Body of Villon ) 38 15411 
 
 Sonnets and songs from Ronsard 31 12379-83 
 
 Readings of Breton ballad poetry, — <The Wine of the Gauls and the 
 Dance of the Sword,) 38 15381-83; <The Tribute of King No- 
 
 menoe,) 15383-86; <The Foster-Brother ) 38 15388-91 
 
 Eleven examples- of translations from Provencal poems 30 11877-90 
 
 Readings of Provengal poetry from Mistral, — < Invocation,) 25 loioo; 
 
 < Tunny Fishing.) loioi; < Ballad of Guibour,) 10103 ; <The Scaling 
 
 of Ventour,) 10105; ^Epilogue,) 10107; ^The Aliscamp) 25 10108 
 
 Examples from Beranger, — <The Bohemians,) 4 1788; <The Gad- 
 Fly,> 1788; <Draw It Mild,) 1789; (The King of Yvetot,) 1790; 
 
 < Fortune,) 1792; <The People's Reminiscences,) 1793-94; <The 
 Old Tramp,) 1795; < Fifty Years,) 1796; <The Garret,) 1797; <My 
 Tomb) 4 1798 
 
cdlxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Poetical readings from Beaudelaire, — < Meditation,' 4 1624; <The 
 Death of the Poor,> 1624; <Music,> 1625; <The Broken Bell,> 1625; 
 
 < The Enemy,' 1626 ; < Beauty,' 1626 ; < Death > 4 1627 
 
 Readings from Lamartine; story, — <The Fisherman's Daughter,' 22 
 
 8806-11 ;■ poetical,— < To My Lamp,' 8811; <Ode to the Lake of 
 
 B ,' 8813 ; < Far from the World ' 22 8815 
 
 Readings from De Vigny, — < Moses,' 38 15343; *Eloa,' 15343; *Laur- 
 
 ette, or the Red Seal ' (prose story) 38 15344-53 
 
 Readings from Victor Hugo; poetical, — <The Cities of the Plain,' 19 
 
 7725; <The Sacking of the City,' 7726; <01d Ocean,' 7727; 
 
 < Prayer,' 7727-29; <My Thoughts of Ye,' 7730; < Napoleon,' 7731; 
 <The Retreat from Moscow,' 7732; <The Lions,' 7734-37; <The 
 Conspiracy ' 19 7738-50 
 
 Six French lyrics from Musset 26 10506-10 
 
 Readings of thoughtful poetry from Sully-Prudhomme, — <The Missal,' 
 36 14212; < If You but Knew,' 14217; < Separation,' 14218; <The 
 
 Death Agony ' 36 14219 
 
 Ten sonnets from the French of Her6dia 18 7280-84 
 
 Poetical readings from Deroulede, — < The Harvest,' 11 4581;* In Good 
 
 Quarters ' 4582- <Good Fighting,' 4583; < Last Wishes' 11 4584 
 
 Italian. — Dante poetical readings, — Three passages from the ^ In- 
 ferno,' u 4359-66; three passages from the <Purgatorio,' 4367-75 ; 
 passage from the < Paradiso ' 11 4376-78 
 
 Poetical readings from the Italian of Petrarch, — <0 My Own Italy,' 
 29 11366-68; <To Rienzi,' 11369-71; <To the Virgin Mary,' 11371- 
 75; <To the Fountain of Vaucluse,' 11375; fifteen sonnets 29 11376-83 
 
 Readings from Tasso, — From the < Jerusalem Delivered,' eleven ex- 
 amples, 36 14475-506; from <The Aminta,' 14506-09; a group of 
 odes and sonnets 36 14509-17 
 
 Epigrammatic sonnets of Giordano Bruno 6 2621, 2622 
 
 Three large examples from the < Orlando Furioso' of Ariosto 
 
 2 745-50, 751-53, 754-59 
 
 Three Italian sonnets by Filicaia, — <Time,' < Providence, ' < Italy '...14 5733 
 
 Readings from the Italian satires of Parini, — <The Toilet of an Ex- 
 quisite,' 28 1 1043; <The Lady's Lap-Dog,' 11045; <The After- 
 noon Call ' 28 1 1046 
 
 Poetical satirical readings from <Giusti,' — < Lullaby,' 16 6356; <The 
 
 Steam-Guillotine ' 16 6357 
 
 Poetical readings from Carducci, — <Roma,' 8 3209; < Homer,' 3209; 
 <In a Gothic Church,' 3210; <The Sixth Centenary of Dante,' 
 3210; <The Ox,' 3211; <Dante,' 3211; <To Satan,' 3212-16; <To 
 Aurora,' 3217-19; <The Mother' 8 3219 
 
 Hungarian. — Poetical readings from Petofi,, — < Master Paul,' 29 11350; 
 <Song of Lament,' 11351; < May-Night,' 11351; < Faithfulness,' 
 11352; < Wife and Sword,' 11353; <Our Country,' 11354; <OneOnly 
 Thought,' 1 1355 ; < Indifference ' 29 11356 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxiii 
 
 Dutch. — Poetical readings from the Dutch Bilderdijk, — <Ode to * 
 
 Beauty,> 4 1887; From < The Ode to Napoleon, > 1888-90; < Slighted 
 Love,> 1890; <The Village Schoolmaster* 4 1892 
 
 Swedish. — Poetical readings from the Swedish poet Bellman, — <To 
 Ulla,* 4 1767; < Cradle Song,> 1769; <Amaryllis.> 1769; <Art and 
 Politics,' 1771 ; < Drink Out Thy Glass > 4 1772 
 
 Readings from the Swedish of Tegner, — <Frithiof and Ingeborg,' 36 
 14566-70; < Frithiof Goes into Banishment,* 14571-73; < The Viking 
 Code,* 14573-76 ; < The Reconciliation > 36 14576-80 
 
 Choice readings from Atterbom, — < The Genius of the North,* 2 934; 
 <The Lily of the Valley,* 936; <Svanhvit's Colloquy,* 937-40; < The 
 Mermaid * 2 941-42 
 
 Readings from the Swedish of Runeberg, — < Ensign Stal,* 32 12500; 
 <The Village Girl,* 12502; <The Old Man's Return,* 12504; <The 
 Swan,* 12505; <The Work -Girl,* 12506; < My Life,* 12507; < Idyll*. 3 2 12508 
 
 Danish. — Story-reading from Goldschmidt, — <Assar and Mirjam* . .16 6495-500 
 Poetical readings from Paludan-Miiller, — Hymn to the Sun,* 28 
 
 11019 ; <Adam and His Mother * 28 1 1020 
 
 Sea story reading from Drachmann, — <The Skipper and His Ship*. 12 4842-48 
 
 Norwegian. — Readings from the Norwegian poet and critic Wel- 
 haven, — <A Sonnet,* 38 15781; < The Revolution of 1848,* 15781; 
 
 < Goliath,* 1 5782 ; < Protesilaos * 38 15783 
 
 Readings from the Norse writer Bjornson, — < Over the Lofty Moun- 
 tains,* 5 1968; <The Cloister in the South,* 1969; <The Plea of 
 
 King Magnus,* 1971; <Sin and Death,* 1971; <The Princess *,... 5 1972 
 Norse patriotic poem, — < The Prince's Song * 12 4849 
 
 Polish. — Peadings from the Polish of Mickiewicz, — < Father's Return,* 
 
 2 5 loooo ; < Primrose,* 10002 ; < New Year's Wishes * •25 10004 
 
 Readings from the Polish of Slowacki, — From <Mindowe,* 34 13511-17; 
 
 <I Am So Sad, O God* 34 13517-18 
 
 Readings from Krasinski's <The Undivine Comedy,* — < Invocation to 
 Poetry,* 22 8737; <Pancras's Monologue,* 8739; * Count Henry's 
 Monologue,* 8740; < Introduction to the Last Act,* 8741; <Aristoc- 
 racy's Last Stand,* 8742; <The Triumph of Christianity* 22 8744 
 
 Portuguese. — Readings from Camoens, — <The Lusiads,* Canto I. 
 
 and Canto III.. 8 3137-52; <The Canzon of Life* 8 3152-58 
 
 Spanish. — Poetical readings from Hallevi's Jewish Songs of Zion, — 
 
 < Ode to Zion,* i 7 6871 ; < Longing for Jerusalem * 17 6874 
 
 Examples from <The Poem of My Cid * 9 3733-36 
 
 Alcdzar on <Sleep,* and < The Jovial Supper * i 273 
 
 Poetical reading from the early Spanish poet Boscan, — *A Picture of 
 
 Domestic Happiness * 5 2206-08 
 
cdlxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Spanish poetic readings from Espronceda, — <To Spain: an Elegy, > 14 
 
 5552 ; < The Song of the Pirate > 14 5554 
 
 Spanish lyrics from Zorrilla, — <To My Lyre,> 39 16327; <In the Cathe- 
 dral of Toledo,> 16328; <To Spain,> 16328; <The Dirge of Larra,> 
 16329; ^ Aspiration > 39 16330 
 
 Bulgarian. — Readings from Bulgarian poets, — Boteff's poem on the 
 
 death of Hadjy Dimitre, 38 15265; Vazoff's <The Pine-Tree > 38 15269 
 
 Roumanian. — Readings of poetry from Elizabeth, Queen of Rou- 
 mania, — < Fodder-Time, > 36 14331 ; <The Sower,> 14331; <The 
 Boatman's Song,> 14332; <The Country Letter-Carrier,) 14332; 
 <The Stone-Cutter,> 14333; <The Post,> 14333-35; < Dimbovitza,> 
 14335; <Longing,> 14335; < Carmen > 36 14336 
 
 Russian. — Examples of Russian lytic poetry; Ten examples from 
 Pushkin, 32 12590-95; Four from Lermontov, 12596, 12597; Two 
 from Nekrassov, 12598; Three from Zoukovsky, 12599; Kozlov's 
 <The Vesper Bells,* 12600; Four from Tutchev, 12601, 12602; 
 Homiakoff's < Russian Song,* 12603; Three from Maykov, 12604, 
 12605; Two from Count Tolstoy, 12605, 12606; Polonsky's <Skob- 
 elev,> 12606; Two from Sheashin, 12606, 12607; <Folk-Songs> from 
 Apukhtin, 12607; < Sorrow* (author unknown). . , 32 12608 
 
 RELIGIOUS THOUGHT, SENTIMENT, AND SONG 
 
 Egyptian Religious and Didactic Readings. — Confessions of the Soul 
 at Judgment, 1 3 5320-22 ; ^Teaching of Amenemhat,* 5323-27 ; < The 
 Prisse Papyrus,* 5327-29; <The Instruction of Ptahhetep,* 5329-40; 
 <The Maxims of Any,* 5340-42; ^Instruction of Dauf,* 5342; <The 
 Scribe and the Fellah,* 5343; < Reproaches to a Dissipated Stud- 
 ent* 13 5344 
 
 Persian. — <A Psalm of Zoroaster,* from the Zend-Avesta 3 1088-90 
 
 Ten examples from the Zoroastrian Scriptures 3 1093-99 
 
 Zoroaster's praise of domestic life 3 1097 
 
 Zoroaster's < Prayer for Knowledge * 3 1093-94 
 
 Thoughts of mysticism from the Persian Riimi, — * Divine Affections,* 
 32 12489; <The Merchant and the Parrot,* 12490-93; ^The Chinese 
 
 and Roman Artists * 32 12493 
 
 Apologues from the Persian of Attar's < Bird-Parliament,* — <The 
 Fortune of the Great,* 14 5806; <The Miser,* 5807; <The Proof,* 
 5808; < Compulsory Repentance,* 5809; < Clogs to the Soul,* 5810; 
 
 ^Mortality,* 5811 ; <The Welcome*. 14 5811 
 
 Hindu. — Examples of Vedic hymns, 20 7939-46; * Legend of the Flood,* 
 7947; < Dialogue,* 7947 ;< The Wisdom of Death,* 7949; Buddhistic 
 Thoughts, 7950-53; ^The Death of Buddha,* 7953, 7954; Indian 
 epic examples, 7955-59; Fable, <The Ass and the Jackal,* 7959; 
 dramatic example, 7960; translations from various poets 20 7961-66 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxv 
 
 Cicero on the death of his daughter TuUia 9 3704 
 
 Cicero's <The Dream of Scipio,* his argument for immortality 9 3717-24 
 
 Lucretius on the evils of superstitution 23 9314 
 
 < Saint Bernard's Hymn > 4 1822 
 
 Saint Bernard on < Monastic Luxury > 4 1823-25 
 
 Magnificence of the Latin poetry of Bernard of Cluny 4 1829 
 
 English translation of his < Brief Life Is Here Our Portion > 4 1830-33 
 
 The Vesper Hymn of Abelard i 33 
 
 Readings of mysticism, from Saint Francis de Sales 32 12733-42 
 
 Readings of poetical thought from Giordano Bruno, — < The Song of the 
 Nine Singers,* 6 2619; <Of Immensity,* 2621; <Life Well Lost,* 
 2621; < Parnassus Within,* 2621; < Compensation,* 2622; <Life for 
 
 Song * 6 2622 
 
 Large collection of utterances of thought from Erasmus 14 5522-37 
 
 Readings from Martin Luther, — <To the German Nobles,* 23 9325; 
 <0n Christian Liberty,* 9326; * Reply at the Diet of Worms,* 
 9328-32; < Letter to Melanchthon,* 9333; < Letter to His Wife,* 9334; 
 < The Value and Power of Music,* 9339; < Letter to His Little Son 
 Hans,* 9340; Poetical, — <A Safe Stronghold Is Our God,* 9332; 
 <A Christmas Hymn for Children,* 9337; < Table Talk and Say- 
 ings of Luther * 23 9341-47 
 
 Thoughts of truth and belief from Lessing 23 9017-21 
 
 Readings of religious thought from Maimonides 24 9594-604 
 
 Readings of new philosophy from Swedenborg, — < The Contiguity and 
 Harmony of the World,* 36 14243; <The Perfect Man the True 
 Philosopher,* 14246; <The Internal Sense of the Word,* 14248; 
 
 < Heaven and Earth Brought Into Association,* 14250; <The 
 Church Universal,* 14251; <The Ethics of Swedenborg,* 14252-55; 
 ^Marriage,* 14255; < Second Coming of the Lord* 36 14258 
 
 Readings from Wyclif's English version of the New Testament.. .39 16237-42 
 New Testament readings selected by Dean Farrar, — < The Sermon on 
 the Mount* 27 10578-84; From <St. Mark,* 10584; <The Good 
 Samaritan,* 10585; < The Prodigal Son,* 10585; <0n the Sabbath,* 
 10586; <Discipleship,* 10588; < Conversion of Paul,* 10589; <The 
 Nature of Love,* 10591 ; ^Immortality,* 10591 ; <From the Epistle 
 
 of Jude,* 10593 ; < The Vision * 27 10594-96 
 
 Readings from John Bunyan, — < The Fight with ApoUy on,* 7 2754-57; 
 
 < The Delectable Mountains,* 2758-61 ; < Christiana and Her Com- 
 panions Enter the Celestial City * 7 2761-66 
 
 Readings from Calvin, — < Calvin's Address to the French King,* 8 
 3120; < Election and Predestination,* 3123-26; < Freedom of the 
 
 Will* 8 3127 
 
 Puritan Evangelical conceptions from Jonathan Edwards 13 5179-88 
 
 Sermon readings from John Wesley, — *The New Birth,* 38 15794; 
 <Our Stewardship,* 15796; <The Kingdom of Heaven,* 15799; 
 <The Love that Hopeth and Endureth All Things,* 15801. <A 
 Catholic Spirit,* 15802 ; < The Last Judgment * 38 15804 
 
Cdlxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Readings of religious poetry from Charles Wesley, — <Thou Hidden 
 Love of God,> 38 15807; < Father I Stretch My Hands to Thee,> 
 15808; <Light of Life, Seraphic Fire,> 15808; <Love Divine, All 
 Love Excelling,) 15809; < Eternal Beam of Love Divine,* 15810; 
 <Gentle Jesus, Meek and Mild,> 15810; < Thou Very Present Aid,> 
 15812; <Hail, Holy, Holy, Holy Lord,> 15813; <A Charge to Keep 
 I Have,> 15813; <And Have I Measured Half My Days,> 15814; 
 
 < Jesus, Lover of My Soul.> 15816; <Jesu, My Strength, My Hope>. .38 15817 
 Hymn readings from Isaac Watts, — < Our God, Our Help in Ages 
 
 Past,* 38 15718; < Jesus Shall Reign Where'er the Sun,> 15719; 
 <Joy to the World,* 15720; <Thou Whom My Soul Admires,* 
 15720; < Welcome, Sweet Day of Rest,* 15721; <Come, Holy Spirit, 
 Heavenly Dove,* 15721; < There Is a Land of Pure Delight,* 15722; 
 <When 1 Survey the Wondrous Cross,* 15722; < Let Dogs Delight 
 
 to Bark and Bite,* 15723; <How Doth the Little Busy Bee* 38 15724 
 
 Serious readings, prose and poetry, from Mrs. Barbauld, — <Against 
 Inconsistency in Our Expectations,* 4 1484-90; <A Dialogue of the 
 
 Dead,* 1490-94; <Life,*. 1494; < Praise to God* 4 1495 
 
 Reading from Mary WoUstonecraft, — < Modern Ideal of Womanhood *. 3 9 16132-44 
 
 On Friendship: from Grace Aguilar's < Woman's Friendship* i 226 
 
 About Knighthood: from Miss Aguilar's <The Days of Bruce* i 227-30 
 
 Religious readings from J. H. Newman, — Prose, — <The Transition* 
 (to Catholicism), 27 10605; <The Locusts,* 10610; <Callista and 
 Agellius,* 10612; < Mother and Son,* 10614; Poetical, — <The Sep- 
 aration of Friends,* 10615; « Lead, kindly Light,** 10616; < After 
 
 Death,* 10616; < Angel* 27 10618 
 
 Symonds on religion as represented in Italian art 36 14340-50 
 
 Essay reading from F. W. H. Myers, — < Science and a Future Life,* 
 
 < The Spiritual State of France * 26 10513-21 
 
 Readings of religious thought from F. D. Maurice, — Letter on the 
 
 Divinity of Christ, 25 9830; On the Bible in reply to Froude, 
 
 9832 ; Sermon on the Kingdom of Heaven 25 9832-42 
 
 Readings from Dr. F. W. Farrar, — <Paul before Festus and Agrippa,* 
 14 5628-33; < Roman Civilization under Nero,* 5633-37; * Christ 
 and Pilate * 14 5637-40 
 
 Religious poetical readings from Paul Fleming, — < Resignation,* 14 
 
 5845 ; < Trust in Divine Providence * 14 5846 
 
 Readings from Montaigne on < Friendship,* < Books,* and < Repent- 
 ance * 26 10241-48 
 
 Readings of liberal thought from J. W. Draper, — <The Vedas and 
 Their Theology,* 12 4866; < Primitive Beliefs and Scientific Knowl- 
 edge,* 4868-70 ; < The Koran > 12 4870-76 
 
 Readings of liberal thought from Dr. Channing, — <The Passion for 
 Power in Napoleon,* 9 3514; <The Causes of War,* 3516; < Spirit- 
 ual Freedom * 9 3518-22 
 
 Notable words of Phillips Brooks,— <0 Little Town of Bethlehem,* 6 
 2420 ;< Personal Character,* 2421; < Courage of Opinions,* 2422; 
 
 < Literature and Life * 6 2423 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxvii 
 
 Reading of radical religious thought from Theodore Parker, — < Mis- 
 takes About Jesus > 28 1 1077 
 
 Readings of radical thought from D. A. Wasson,— <The Genius of 
 
 Woman, > 3 8 15684-90 ; < Social Texture > 38 15690-gi 
 
 Deroulede's song of thanksgiving for the harvest 11 4581 
 
 Reading from E. P. Whipple, — < Domestic Service > 39 15840-50 
 
 < Milton's Prayer of Patience, > 4 1 16895 ; < Dies Irse > 41 16908-1 1 
 
 Edward Slosson's English translation of < Dies Irae> . .• 41 16909 
 
 Milton's < Hymn on the Nativity > 25 10048 
 
 Herrick's <To Keep a True Lent> 18 7311 
 
 Chapman's picture of a soldier facing death 9 353o 
 
 Campbell's < Death and a Future Life > 8 3168-71 
 
 Typical hymns by Sir John Bowring, — «In the Cross of Christ I Glory,» 
 
 5 2265 ; < Watchman ! What of the Night ? > 2266 ; « From the Re- 
 cesses of a Lowly Spirit » 5 2267 
 
 Danish church use of Ingemann's < Evening and Morning Songs, > 20 
 
 7983 ; < A Morning Song > 20 7990 
 
 Goethe's < Chorus of the Archangels, > 16 6396; <The Godlike, > 6446; 
 
 *■ Nature,* 6454; « Art is long, life short» 16 6438 
 
 Bryant's < The Future Life> 6 2640 
 
 Bryant's «They have not perished* 6 2642 
 
 «What, then, is Life,— what Death ?» (R. W. Gilder), 16 6349; <Call 
 
 Me Not Dead,> 6354; « Through love to light » 16 6354 
 
 J. G. Holland's «God give us men» and < Daniel Gray* ig 7454, 7455 
 
 A poetical sermon on trust in Providence 14 5846 
 
 Sentiment: < If I Should Die To-Night > 40 16378 
 
 < The Earth and Man > 40 16388 
 
 < The Safe Horizon > 40 16392 
 
 A lay of confidence in Providence 40 16444 
 
 *■ Her Creed,* — « I only strive to follow Him, » 4 o 16663 ; <A Saint of Yore *. 4 o 16664 
 
 < Why Thus Longing ?> 41 16728 
 
 <The Larger Prayer, > 41 16767; «A hope that all men have,» 16768; 
 
 <The Burial of Moses,> 16793; «0 dear and friendly Death, » 16802; 
 «Into the Silent Land,» 16805; «Life is a count of losses, » 16807; 
 <The Wind of Death > 41 16809 
 
 « Where goest thou, Soul?» 41 16832; <The Soul's Defiance,* 16834; 
 
 < Any Soul to Any Body > 41 16835 
 
 «0 Life that maketh all things new,» 41 16837; < Shall I Look Back?> 
 
 16839 ; < Life,> 16840 ; « O thou eternal One » 41 16841 
 
 «I cannot find Thee,» 41 16842; <The Indwelling God,> 16843; ^The 
 Comforter,) 16843; < Mystery,) 16845; <Nightfall,> 16847; < Abide 
 with Me,> 16848; <Help Thou My Unbelief,> 16849; < Light Shin- 
 ing Out of Darkness > 41 16850 
 
 «Ye golden lamps of heaven,» 41 16850; <God with Us,> 16851 ; <Rest,> 
 
 16852; <We Are Children,) 16854; ^ Perfect Peace > 41 16854 
 
 < Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep,> 41 16855; ^No More Sea,> 16855; 
 
 «0 Paradise, O Paradise,» 16860; < Peace on Earth,> 16861; hymns 
 
 of faith, 16863-65 ; < The Gate of Heaven > 41 16866 
 
cdlxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 <The Hope of the Heterodox,^ 41 i686g; <Hymn and Prayer,> 16870; 
 
 < For Divine Strength > 41 16872 
 
 < Jesus the Carpenter,) 41 16876; ^Character of a Happy Life,> 16877; 
 
 <The Old Church,) 16885 ; <The Circuit Preacher > 41 16887 
 
 Select passages from the Old Testament and the Jewish Apocrypha 
 
 27 10775-818 
 
 Chapters from the Qu'ran or Koran, — Chapter xxxv., The Creator, 2 
 690-94; Chapter Iv., The Merciful, 694-96; Chapter Ixxxiv., The 
 
 Rending in Sunder 2 6g6 
 
 Ibn Gabirol on Gk)d in Creation 3 1102-05 
 
 Plato on immortality, the soul, and final judgment 29 11538-49 
 
 < The Nature of the Soul,) by Aristotle .... 2 795-97 
 
 Readings of ancient free-thinking from Lucretius, — < Invocation to 
 Venus,) 23 9312-13; <The Evil of Superstition,) 9314; < Foolishness 
 ' of Luxury,) 9315; <The Nothingness of Death,) 9316; <The Spirit- 
 uality of Material Things ) 23 9317 
 
 The creed of wisdom set forth by Marcus Aurelius, 3 1022-24; re- 
 markable examples of the religious use of it, 1023; a large 
 
 variety of examples from his moral and religious utterances 3 1028-44 
 
 Thomas a Kempis, <*a minnesinger of the love of god,)) 21 8532; 
 songs of a Kempis, ^ On the Joys of Heaven,) and <On Christian 
 
 Patience,) 8533, 8534; thoughts from the < Imitation) 21 8535-40 
 
 Suggestions from Richter on belief in God and Immortality 31 12262-63 
 
 Religious thoughts from Pascal ...28 11 145-56 
 
 .Suggestions of critical thought in the utterances of Lamennais 22 8848-60 
 
 Maeterlinck on < The Tragical in Daily Life ) 24 9562 
 
 Thomas Hobbes on < God, Almighty ) 18 7387 
 
 F. W. Robertson on <The Early Development of Christ,) 29 12308- 
 
 II, and <The Universal Nature of Christ) 29 12312-14 
 
 H. W. Beecher on < Sunday,) «New England's one great poem)).. . . 4 1737-48 
 Selected thoughts of H. W. Beecher, 4 1723-25; sermon on the 
 
 genius of Christianity disclosed by Christ himself 4 1725-37 
 
 J. G. Palfrey on Salem Witchcraft 28 10990-1000 
 
 Emerson on excellence immortal, 1 3 5464 ; on freedom an eternal fact, 
 
 5466 ; on inspiration universal 13 5457 
 
 Dr. Elisha Mulford on Man and God, 26 10420, 10421; on the Scrip- 
 tures 26 10422-24 
 
 Readings of thought from Henry Van Dyke, — < Little Rivers,) 37 
 
 15238-41 ; <The Malady of Modern Doubt) ... 37 15242-45 
 
 SCHOOL OR SUNDAY-SCHOOL READINGS 
 
 <The Golden Sunset,) 40 16535; <The Bivouac of the Dead) 40 16569 
 
 <The Wanderer,) 40 16409; «Over the river they beckon to me,)) 
 16411; <Our Mother,) 16412; «God of our fathers known of old,)) 
 16433; "Confide ye aye in Providence,)) 16444; «I cannot make 
 him dead,)) 16449; *Are the Children at Home?) 16450; < Tired 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxiX 
 
 Mothers,* 16455; < Parable of the Mother and the Child, > 16457; 
 
 < The Dead Mother,> 16462 ; < Little Willie > 40 16464 
 
 Whittier's < Centennial Hymn > 39 15938 
 
 Whittier's < The Eternal Goodness > 39 15927 
 
 < In School Days > 39 15926 
 
 Buffon's <The Humming-Bird > as nature's masterpiece 6 2695 
 
 Bilderdijk's <The Village Schoolmaster > .4 1892 
 
 School readings, — Jean Ingelow's <The High Tide on the Coast of 
 
 Lincolnshire, > 20 7974; < Lettice White* 20 7979 
 
 Bjornson's <How the Mountain Was Clad,^ 5 1977, and <The Father*. 5 1980 
 
 Ingemann's < Carl and the Kohlman > 20 7984-90 
 
 Southey's < The Battle of Blenheim,* 35 13685; < The Inchcape Rock*. 3 5 13683 
 
 < Robert of Lincoln,* by Bryant 6 2636 
 
 Byron's <The Battle of Waterloo,* 7 2981; <The Destruction of Sen- 
 nacherib,* 2995 ; < The Prisoner of Chillon * 7 2996 
 
 Campbell's <The Soldier's Dream,* 8 3173; <Lord Ullin's Daughter,* 
 3174; <The Exile of Erin,* 3176; <Ye Mariners of England,* 3177; 
 
 < Hohenlinden * 8 3178 
 
 Hood's < Faithless Sally Brown,* 19 7592; <The Bridge of Sighs,* 
 
 7600 ; < The Song of the Shirt * 19 7602 
 
 Wolfe's < Burial of Sir John Moore,* 40 16396; Montgomery's <Arnold 
 
 Winkelried * 40 16397 
 
 Buchanan's <The Strange Country* 40 16388 
 
 <Oh the Pleasant Days of Old * 41 17024 
 
 <Sir John Barleycorn,* 40 16474; Halpine's <The Trooper to His Mare *.4o 1648 1 
 
 Nora Perry's <Af ter the Ball * 40 16447 
 
 <Andre's Ride * (by A. H. Beesly) 40 16382 
 
 < Death's Three Warnings,* 41 16702; <The Crystal Fountain,* 16708; 
 <The Strasburg Clock,* 16710; <Fohi's Retribution,* 16712; < Bruce 
 
 and the Spider,* 16713 ; <The Wants of Man * 41 16715-20 
 
 <The Place to Die,* 40 16377; * Little Bell,* 16400; <An Experience 
 
 and a Moral > 40 16402 
 
 (The Night before Christmas,* 40 16512; <The Frost,* 16514; <The 
 
 Apple-Tree* 40 16526 
 
 <The Rock and the Sea* (a reading for two), 40 16552; < Ships at Sea*.. 40 16406 
 <The Settler,* 40 16557; <The Great Bell Roland,* 16562; ^A Fancy 
 Shot,* 16565; <Music in Camp,* 16567; <The Bivouac of the 
 
 Dead,* 16569; < Monterey * 40 16571 
 
 <The Midnight Review,* 40 16572; <The Private of the Buffs.* 16574; 
 <Riding Together,* 16575; < Antony and Cleopatra,* 16576; <The 
 
 Crowing of the Red Cock * 40 16578 
 
 < Curfew Must Not Ring To-Night,* 40 16584; < Sally in Our Alley,* 
 16603; *The Praise of Little Women,* 16630; <The King of Den- 
 mark's Ride,* 16650; < Hannah Binding Shoes* 40 16651 
 
 <Hermione,* 41 16669; ^Betsey and I Are Out,* 16671; <How Betsey 
 and I Made Up,* 16673; <When My Cousin Comes to Town,* 
 16676; <Miss Flora M'FHmsey, of Madison Square,* 16677; *01d 
 Grimes Is Dead * 41 16683 
 
Cdlxxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <Ben Bolt,> 40 16413; <The Old Oaken Bucket,> 16414; <The Brave 
 Old Oak,> 16414; < Woodman, Spare that Tree,> 16415; <The Old 
 Arm -Chair > 40 16416 
 
 <Song of Steam, > 40 16417; < Tubal Cain,> 16419; <I and the King,> 
 16421; < Stonewall Jackson's "Way,> 16422; <The Cause of the 
 South > 40 16423 
 
 <Tom Dunstan, or Freedom's Ahead,> 41 16732; < Sealed Orders,> 
 
 16740 ; / The Guide-Post > 41 16743 
 
 <The People's Petition,) 41 16751; <The Song of the Lower Classes,> 
 16752; <The Ballad of the Common Folk,> 16753; <Song of the 
 Forge,> 16754 ; < The Cowboy > 41 16756 
 
 <The Old Pilgrim.) 41 16820-24; <My Minde to Me a Kingdom Is> . 41 16828 
 
 < Lament of the Irish Emigrant > 40 16372 
 
 < The Blue and the Gray > 40 16351 
 
 SCHOOL OR ENTERTAINMENT RECITATIONS 
 
 School recitations, from La Fontaine, — <The Wolf and the Dog,* 2a 
 8789; <The Two Doves,) 8790; <The Cobbler and the Financier,' 
 8794; <The Lark and the Farmer,) 8796; <The Animals Sick of 
 
 the Plague ) 22 8799 
 
 Religious recitation, — < Ingemann's Morning Song) 20 7990 
 
 Recitation from T. B. Read, — < Sheridan's Ride) 30 12097 
 
 Recitations from the Hungarian poems of Petofi, — < Master Paul,) 29 
 
 11350; <One Only Thought) 29 11355 
 
 Recitations from Maginn, — * Saint Patrick,) 2 4 9565 ; < Song of the Sea ) . 2 4 9567 
 Halleck's < Marco Bozzaris,) 17 6862; < Robert Burns,) 6865; < Death 
 
 of Rodman Drake ) 17 6868 
 
 Recitations from Ossianic ballads, — <The Fian Banners,) 27 1087 1 ; 
 
 < Lament for the Sons of Usnach ) 27 10877 
 
 Recitation of society verse, — <The Vicar, > 30 11 761; <The Belle of the 
 
 Ball) 30 1 1764 
 
 Recitation from Richter, — <The New Year's Night of a Miserable 
 
 Man ) 31 12253 
 
 Recitations from Scott, — <The Last Minstrel,) 33 13058-60; ^Lochin- 
 
 var ) 33 13060,- 13061 
 
 «How Glorious Fall the Valiant,)* 3 7 15 165, 15 166; <The Fisherman's 
 
 Hymn,) 39 1603 1 ; <The Song of the Camp,) 36 14537; Stedman's 
 
 < The Hand of Lincoln ) 35 13859 
 
 School recitations from Longfellow, — <The Beleaguered City,) 23 9150; 
 
 <The Skeleton in Armor,) 9152-55; <The Wreck of the Hesperus,) 
 9158; <The Village Blacksmith,) 9161; <The Belfry of Bruges,) 
 9162; <The Bridge.) 9164; <The Day Is Done,) 9167; <The Launch- 
 ing,) 9169; <Sir Humphrey Gilbert,) 9172; <My Lost Youth) 23 9173 
 
 High-class scientific recitation, — «It has been said that science di- 
 vorces itself from literature )) 37 1 5 1 5 7-60 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxxi 
 
 SCIENCE READINGS 
 
 Readings from Pliny's Cyclopedia, — « On a Leading Folly of the 
 Day,» 29 11575; on Artists, — Apelles, 11577; Praxiteles, 11579; 
 Phidias 29 11580 
 
 Science reading from the closing passage of Sir Isaac Newton's 
 
 < Principia > 27 10625-26 
 
 Popular science readings from Buffon, — < Nature,* 6 2691-94; <The 
 
 Humming-Bird > 6 2695 
 
 Readings in science from Cuvier, — <On Changes in the Structure of 
 the Earth, > 10 4254-61; < On the Fabulous Animals of the Ancient 
 
 Writers > i o 4261-66 
 
 Popular science readings from Humboldt's < Cosmos, > — <The Beauty 
 and Unity of Nature, > 19 7770-74; < Study of the Natural Sci- 
 ences > 19 7774-76 
 
 Carlyle on «Man a Tool-using AnimaP* 8 3250 
 
 A chapter of thought and science from Herbert Spencer, — < Manners 
 
 and Fashion > 35 13727-50 
 
 A science reading from Francis Galton, — < Comparative Worth of 
 
 Different Races * 15 6176-84 
 
 Readings from Charles Darwin, — < Impressions of Travel, > 1 1 4393-96; 
 <The Genesis of the Origin of Species,* 4397-400; ^Curious Loss 
 of Esthetic Taste,* 4400; < Memorandum Concerning His Little 
 Daughter, > 4402 ; < Religious Views,* 4404-08; <Five Letters,* 4408- 
 14; <The Struggle for Existence,* 4414; < Geometrical Ratio of 
 Increase,* 4416; < Nature of the Checks to Increase,* 4419-22; 
 
 < Relations of Animals to Each Other in the Struggle for Ex- 
 istence,* 4422; < Meaning of Natural Selection,* 4424-30; < Pro- 
 gressive Change Compared with Independent Creation,* 4431 ^ 
 
 < Creative Design,* 4432; < Origin of the Human Species* 11 4434 
 
 Readings of popular science by Tyndall, — <The Matterhom,* 37 
 
 15142-52; <The Claims of Science * 37 15152-60 
 
 Two geological readings by Agassiz i 214, 220 
 
 Agassiz on the voices of animals i 217 
 
 Readings from Huxley, — *On a Piece of Chalk,* 19 7815-22; <Mate- 
 
 rialism and Idealism,* 7822; < Evolution and Ethics,* 7824; <The 
 
 Physical Basis of Life,* 7825-33; <Ode on Tennyson's Death*. . . .19 7834 
 Popular science readings from Haeckel, — <A Ceylon Sketch,* 17 
 
 6782-87 ; < Ceylon Coral Banks * 17 6788-92 
 
 A science stor^-- reading from John Muir, — <A Wind-Storm in the 
 
 Sierra Forests * 26 10406-14 
 
 Readings from Gilbert White,— < Habits of the Tortoise,* 39 15869; 
 
 <The House-Swallow,* 15871-74; <The House-Cricket* 39 15874 
 
 Readings from the ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, — <The Bluebird,* 
 
 27 1 6019; <The Wild Pigeon,* 16021-30; <The Fish-Hawk,* 16030; 
 
 <The Fisherman's Hymn* 39 16031 
 
 Popular science readings from Sir John Lubbock,— < The Habits of 
 
 Ants,* 23 9280-83; < Savages Compared with Children* 23 9283 
 
 31 
 
Cdlxxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 School readings from Buckland's < Curiosities of Natural History,* — 
 <A Hunt in a Horse-Pond, > 6 2662; <0n Rats,> 2664-67; < Snakes 
 and Their Poison, > 2667-70; <My Monkey Jacko> 6 2671 
 
 Three readings in science from popular works of Grant Allen . i 400, 403, 406 
 
 A nature study reading from John Burroughs, — < Sharp Eyes> 7 2870-81 
 
 Lessing on < The Education of the Human Race > 23 9018 
 
 Schiller on the < Esthetic Education of Man > 33 12911 
 
 Educational readings from Froebel, — <The Right of the Child, > 15 
 6027; < Evolution, > 6029; < Children, > 6031 ; < Motives, > 6032; < Aphor- 
 isms > 15 6033 
 
 Two economic readings from Frederic Bastiat, — <A Petition of Manu- 
 facturers,* 4 1610-13; ^Stulta and Puera,* 1614-15; < Inapplicable 
 Terms > 4 1616 
 
 Readings of political philosophy from De Tocqueville, — < Education of 
 Young Women in the United States, > 37 14969-71; < Political As- 
 sociation,* 14971, 14972; < Cause of Legislative Instability in Amer- 
 ica, * 14973; < Tyranny of the Majority, > 14974-76; < Power Exer- 
 cised by the Majority in America upon Opinion,* 14976-78; 
 < Dangers from the Omnipotence of the Majority,* 14978; < France 
 Under the Rule of the Middle Class* 39 14979-84 
 
 An economic reading from Jeremy Bentham on <The Principle of 
 
 Utility * 4 1776-77 
 
 Readings of economic thought from Adam Smith, — <The Prudent 
 Man,* 34 13524-26; <The Wages of Labor,* 13527-30; <Home In- 
 dustries,* 13530-34; < Military and General Education* 34 13535-36 
 
 Readings of economic thought from J. S. Mill, — < Wealth and Popula- 
 tion,* 25 10014-17; < Competition,* looi 7; <The Destiny of Society,* 
 10020 ; < Justice and Utility * 25 10022 
 
 Capital readings from the writings of Walter Bagehot, — < The Virtues 
 of Stupidity,* 3 1209; ^Review Writing,* 1210; <Lord Eldon,* 
 121 1 ; < Taste,* 12 12; < Causes of the Sterility of Literature,* 1213; 
 *The Search for Happiness,* 1214; <0n Early Reading,* 1215-18; 
 <The Cavaliers,* 1218-19; ^Morality and Fear,* 1219-21; <The 
 Tyranny of Convention,* 1221 ; <How to be an Influential Politi- 
 cian,* 1222; < Conditions of Cabinet Government,* 1223; <Why 
 Early Societies Could Not Be Free,* 1225-27; < Benefits of Free 
 Discussion in Modern Times,* 1228-31; * Origin of Deposit Bank- 
 ing* 3 1232-34 
 
 Legal readings from Sir Henry Maine, — <The Beginnings of the Mod- 
 ern Laws of Real Property,* 24 9607; < Importance of Knowledge 
 of Roman Law; and Effect of the Code Napoleon* 24 9610-16 
 
 Canning on <The English Constitution,* 8 3195-97; < Brougham and 
 
 South America > 8 3 197 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxxiU 
 
 STORY READINGS, TALES, AND FABLES: FROM ALL 
 LITERATURES 
 
 Egyptian story readings,— < The Shipwrecked Sailor,> 13 5233-36; *The 
 Story of Sanehat,> 5237-49; *The Doomed Prince,> 5250-53; < Story 
 of the Two Brothers,) 5253-62 ; <The Story of Setna > 13 5262-74 
 
 Greek story readings, — Fables from ^sop, — <The Fox and the Lion,> 
 I 203; <The Ass in the Lion's Skin,> 203; <The Ass Eating 
 Thistles, > 204; <The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, > 204; <The Country- 
 man and the Snake, > 204; <The Belly and the Members,> 205; 
 <The Satyr and the Traveler, > 205; <The Lion and the Other 
 Beasts, > 206; <The Ass and the Little Dog, > 207; <The Country 
 Mouse and the City Mouse,> 207; <The Dog and the Wolf> i 208 
 
 Thirteen examples of Greek fables by Babrius, 3 11 50-54;^ The North 
 Wind and the Sun,> 11 50; < Jupiter and the Monkey, > 11 51; <The 
 Mouse that Fell Into the Pot,> 1151; <The Fox and the Grapes,> 
 1151; <The Carter and Hercules,> 1151; <The Young Cocks,> 1152; 
 <The Arab and the Camel, > 11 52; <The Nightingale and the 
 Swallow,* 1152; <The Husbandman and the Stork,> 1153; <The 
 Pine,> 1 1 53; <The Woman and Her Maid-Servants, > 11 54; <The 
 Lamp,> 1154; <The Tortoise and the Hare> 3 "54 
 
 Seven imaginary letters by the Greek author Alciphron, showing 
 
 the daily life of the Athenians in the second century A. D i 276 
 
 The Greek Athenseus on water, milk, and honey, 2 927; on <Some 
 
 Great Eaters,* 928; < Love of Animals tor Man* 2 931 
 
 Story readings from Heliodorus, — <The Lovers,* x8 7223; <Theagenes 
 
 and the Bull * ... .18 7226 
 
 Two striking story sketches from <The Golden Ass* of Apuleius, — 
 <The Tale of Aristomenes, the Commercial Traveler,* 2 600-08; 
 
 < The Awakening of Cupid * 2 608-12 
 
 Story reading from the Greek <Daphnis and Chloe * of Longus, — 
 
 < The Two Foundlings * 23 9197 
 
 Hindu. — Folklore stories from India, — <The Talkative Tortoise,* 29 
 
 1 1440; <The Golden Goose,* 11444; <The Gratitude of Animals,* 
 11446; <The Dullard and the Plow-Shaft,* 11447; ^The Widow's 
 Mite,* 11449; < What's In a Name,* 11451; < Buddhist Duty of 
 Courtesy to Animals,* 11453; ^Monkeys in the Garden,* 11456; <The 
 Antelope, the Woodpecker, and the Tortoise,* 11457; < Prince 
 Five-Weapons,* 11460; <The Evils of Rashness,* 11463-70; <The 
 Lion- Makers,* 11470; <The King and the Hawk,* 11471; <The Ass 
 in the Lion's Skin,* 11474; <The Hare-Mark in the Moon,* 11475-79; 
 < Count Not Your Chickens Before They Be Hatched,* 11479; 
 <The Transformed Mouse,* 11480; <The Greedy Jackal,* 11482; 
 
 <How Plausible,* 11483 ; <The Man in the Pit* 29 11485 
 
 Twelve examples of beast and other stories 4 1854-60 
 
 Sankrit story reading from Jayadeva, — <Radha and Krishna* 20 8210-14 
 
 < Thousand and One Days in the East,* extraordinarily successful pic- 
 ture of Oriental life, by Bodenstedt 5 21 16-17 
 
Cdlxxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Oriental sketches and pictures by Bodenstedt, — <The Poetry of Mirza- 
 
 Schaffy,^ 5 2120-22 ; portrait of Mirza-SchaflFy ... 5 2122-24 
 
 <The School of Wisdom,^ 5 2124; < Mirza-Schaffy on the Shah,> 2125; 
 <The Charms of Zuleikha,> 2125; <An Excursion into Armenia,^ 
 
 2126; <Mirza-Jussuf,* 2127; ^Wisdom and Knowledge > 5 2127 
 
 East-Indian sketches by E. D. Dekker 11 4515-20 
 
 Japanese literature readings, — < Why Universal Darkness Once 
 Reigned,> 20 8155; <Sun and Moon,> 8156; <The Adventures of 
 Urashima,^ 8157; <A Maiden's Lament,* 8158; <Husband and 
 Wife,> 8159; <My Children,* 8159; <Elegy,> 8160; <Ode to Fuji- 
 yama,* 8160; <The Maid of Unai,* 8162; < How the Sea was 
 Calmed,* 8164; <The Isle of Immortal Youth,* 8165; < Court Fes- 
 tivals,* 8166; <The Characters of Women,* S167; < Meditations of 
 a Hermit,* 8170; /Vagrant Reveries,* 8171; <The Dance of the 
 Moon Fairy,* 8173; <The True Samurai,* 8175; <A Buddhist 
 Hymn,* 8178; <A Story Scene,* 8179; < Glimpse of Dreamland,* 
 
 8183; <On Painting* 20 8184 
 
 Arabic story sketch, <The Valor of Antar,* from the most famous of 
 
 Arabian romances 2 591-97 
 
 From <The Arabian Nights,*— From <The Story of the City of Brass,* 
 2 626-37; From <The History of King Omar and His Sons,* * The 
 Meeting of Prince Sherkan and Princess Abrizeh,* 637-46; From 
 ^Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman,* 646-56; < Con- 
 clusion of the Thousand Nights and a Night * 2 657-64 
 
 A tale of the Caliph Omar 2 701-04 
 
 An Arabic eulogy of valor and culture 2 684 
 
 Sagas, Legends, and Folklore. — Readings from the Norse Eddas, — 
 < Thor's Adventures on his Journey to the Land of the Giants,* 13 
 5123-31; <The Lay of Thrym,* 5131-37; ^The Lamentation of 
 Gudrun over Sigurd Dead,* 5138-43; < The Waking of Brunhilde *. 1 3 5143-44 
 Legend readings, — <Theodosius the Emperor* (The King Lear story), 
 16 6263; <Ancelmus the Emperor* (the three caskets story in 
 < Merchant of Venice*), 6265-69; <How an Anchoress Was Tempted 
 
 by the Devil * 16 6269 
 
 Holy Grail legend readings, — <The Boy Perceval,* 19 7520-30; < Visit 
 of the Grail to Arthur's Hall,* 7530; <Sir Launcelot Fails of the 
 Quest,* 7532; <The Grail Is Achieved by Sir Galahad,* 7533-38; 
 <King Arthur Addresses the Grail-Seekers,* 7539-42; <Sir Perci- 
 vale's Tale to Ambrosius,* 7542-44; <Sir Lancelot's Tale,* 7544- 
 46; <Sir Galahad Achieves the Grail Quest,* 7547; * Lohengrin's 
 
 Narrative of the Grail * 19 7549 
 
 Six readings from the legends in regard to King Arthur 2 898-904 
 
 Readings from Malory's < Morte d' Arthur * 24 9648-54 
 
 Sixteen myth and folklore readings, — <The Kinvad Bridge,* 26 
 10531; <The Bridge of Dread,* 10531; <The Legend of Bomere 
 Pool,* 10532; <The Lake of the Demons,* 10534; ^ Fairy Gifts and 
 Their lU-Luck,* 10534; <A Sleeping Army,* 10536; <The Black 
 Lamb,* 10536; < Death-Bed Superstitions,* 10537; <The Witched 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxxv 
 
 Chum,> 10537; *The Bad Wife and the Demon,' 10537; < Hang- 
 man's Rope,> 10539; * May-Day Song,> 10539; <01d English Charms, > 
 10539; *Yule-Log Ceremony,* 10540; <The Changeling,* 10540; 
 
 < The Magic Sword > 26 10541 
 
 Story readings from Grimm's < Household Tales,* — <A Word to the 
 Reader,* 17 6735-37; < Little Briar-Rose,* 6738-41; <The Three 
 Spinners,* 6741-44; <The Author to the Reader* 17 6744 
 
 Readings from the fables of La Fontaine, — < Death and the Wood- 
 cutter,* 22 8787; <The Oak and the Reed,* 8787; <The Grasshop- 
 per and the Ant,* 8788; <The Wolf and the Dog,* 8789; <The 
 Two Doves,* 8790-92; <The Cat, the Weasel, and the Young 
 Rabbit,* 8793; ^The Cobbler and the Financier,* 8794; <The Lark 
 and the Farmer,* 8796; <The Heron,* 8798; < The Animals Sick of 
 the Plague * 22 8799 
 
 Readings from Brentano's <The Boy's Wonderhorn,* — <The Nurse's 
 
 Watch,* 6 2345 ; < The Castle in Austria * 6 2346, 2347 
 
 Seven capital readings from the Fairy Tales of Hans Andersen 2 504-34 
 
 Readings from Gustave Droz, — <How the Baby was Saved,* 12 4886- 
 
 90; < A Family New-Year's,* 4891: < Their Last Excursion* 12 4893-96 
 
 Readings of fantastic prose and poetry from Lewis Carroll, — < Alice, 
 the Pig-Baby, and the Cheshire Cat,* 8 3309-12; <The Mock- 
 Turtle's Education,* 3312-14; <The Walrus and the Carpenter,* 
 3315-17 ; *The Baker's Tale,* 3318; *■ You Are Old, Father William * . 8 3319 
 
 A fairy book reading from Jean Mace, — <The Necklace of Truth*. 24 9474-78 
 
 Fairy tale reading from Tieck, — <The Fair-Haired Eckbert* 37 14945-60 
 
 Sea-song readings from Charles Dibdin, — < Sea-Song,* 11 4621; <The 
 
 Heart of a Tar,* 4622; <Poor Jack,* 4622; <Tom Bowling* 11 4623 
 
 South sea romance readings from Melville, — <A Tjrpee Household,* 
 25 9870-77; ^Fayaway in the Canoe,* 9877; < Character of the 
 Typees,* 9879 ; < Taboo * 25 9881-85 
 
 Examples of Icelandic literature 20 7875-94 
 
 Readings from Arnason's Icelandic legends, — <The Merman,* 2 803; 
 <The Fisherman of Gotur.* 805: <The Magic Scythe,* 806; (The 
 Man-Servant atid the Water- Elves,* 809; <The Crossways* 2 812 
 
 Interesting Celtic readings,— < The Miller of Hell,* 8 3408; <The Story 
 of Oisin,* 3410-12; <The Coming of Cuculain,* 3417-22; <Vision of 
 a Fair Woman,* 3423; <The Madness of King Goll,* 3425-26; <A 
 Song of Ossian,* 3427; < Saint Bridget's Milking Song,* 3429; «How 
 Mournful Is the Silence of Night,** 3433; < Lines of St. Columba,* 
 3434; < In Hebrid Seas,* 3436 ; < The Death of Christ on the Cross* . 8 3447 
 
 Cornish reading,— < Seth and the Cherub * 8 3448-50 
 
 Readings from Miss Edgeworth's Irish tales, — <Sir Condy's Wake,* 
 
 13 5153-55; ^Sir Murtagh Rackrent and His Lady* 13 5156-61 
 
 Irish readings from Lover,— Poetical,—< The Low-Backed Car,* 23 9218; 
 < Widow Machree,* 9220; <How to Ask and Have,* 9221; Prose, — 
 
 < The Gridiron > 23 9222-28 
 
Cdlxxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Capital Irish story by the brothers Banim. — <The Publican's Dream,* 
 4 1459-70; verses by the same, — <Ailleen,> 1470; <Soggarth 
 
 Aroon,> 1471 ; <The Irish Maiden's Song* 4 1473 
 
 Irish story readings from Jane Barlow, — <The Widow Joyce's Cloak,* 
 
 4 1544-54 ; < Walled Out > (poetical) 4 1554-56 
 
 Irish reading, — <The Wearing of the Green* 40 16396 
 
 Irish ballad, — < Willy Reilly * 40 16440 
 
 Irish readings from Mangan's poems, — <The Dawning of the Day,* 
 24 9665; <The Nameless One,* 9666; <St. Patrick's Hymn before 
 Tarah * 24 9668-70 
 
 German Story Reading from Meinhold's * Amber- Witch,* — <The Rescue 
 
 on the Road to the Stake * 25 9855-66 
 
 Story reading from Heinrich von Kleist,—< Michael Kohlhaas* 22 8668-90 
 
 Story readings from Hoffmann, — <From the Golden Pot,* 18 7392; 
 
 < Nutcracker and the King of Mice * . 18 7394-402 
 
 Story reading from Wilhelm Hauflf, — <The Story of the Caliph Stork*. 17 7016-24 
 Story reading from Chamisso's < Peter Schlemihl,* — <The Bargain*.. 9 3506-12 
 
 German story reading from Immermann's < Oberhof * 20 7898-904 
 
 Story reading from Eichendorff's <Life of a Good-for-Nothing * ....13 5347-57 
 Story readings from Fritz Reuter, — <The Old Parson's Death,* 31 
 
 12197 ; * The Miller and the Justice * 31 12200-05 
 
 Choice examples from Auerbach's stories, — <The First Mass,* 3 964- 
 67 ; < The Peasant-Nurse and the Prince, * 967-73 ; < The First False 
 Step,* 973-76; <The New Home and the Old One,* 976-87; <The 
 Court Physician's Philosophy,* 987-90 ;'< Passages from Countess 
 
 Irma's Diary * 3 990-98 
 
 Story reading from Dingelstedt's < The Amazon * 12 4705-09 
 
 Reading from Freytag, — <The German Professor* 15 6015-21 
 
 German story reading from Storm's < Immen-see * 35 14040-50 
 
 Story reading from the German of Scheflfel, — < Rejection and Flight * . 3 2 12840-53 
 Story reading from the Swiss-German of Keller, — <The Founding of 
 
 a Family > 21 8520-28 
 
 A Dante story reading from Meyer's <The Monk's Wedding* 25 9966 
 
 German story reading from Spielhagen's <Quisisana* 35 13775-84 
 
 Story readings from Paul Heyse, — <Balder's Philosophy,* 18 7335-43; 
 
 < Countess Toinette Sets Out for the Promised Land* 18 7343 
 
 Story readings from Dahn's novels, — <The Young Wife,* 10 4268-72; 
 
 < The Vengeance to Gothelindis * .10 4272-77 
 
 Reading from Ebers's < Egfyptian Princess, > < The Arrival at Baby- 
 lon * 13 5092-100 
 
 Story readings from Sudermann, — <The Confirmation Lesson,* 35 
 
 14166-72; <The Trial,* 14173; <Freed from Dame Care* 35 14175-80 
 
 Italian Story Readings from Boccaccio's < Decameron,* — < Frederick 
 and His Falcon,* 5 2097-101; <The Jew Converted to Christianity 
 by Going to Rome,* 2102, 2105; <The Story of Saladin and the 
 Jew Usurer,* 2105 ; *■ Story of Griselda * 3 2107-15 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxxvii 
 
 Story readings from Benvenuto Cellini's < Memoirs, > — <The Escape from 
 Prison,) 8 3376-82; <The Casting of Perseus,> 3382-88; <A Neck- 
 lace of Pearls,) 3389-92; <How Benvenuto Lost His Brother,) 
 3392-96; <An Adventure in Necromancy,) 3396-400; < Benvenuto 
 Loses Self -Control ) 8 3400 
 
 Byron's translation from Pulci of <The Conversion of the Giant Mor- 
 
 gante ) 30 1 1893-903 
 
 Story reading from Casanova's < Memoirs,>— < Casanova's Escape from 
 
 the Ducal Palace ) 8 3323-32 
 
 Readings from Silvio Pellico: prose, — From his <My Imprisonment,) 
 
 28 11266-79; dramatic, — ^Meeting of Francesca and Paolo) . .28 11279-82 
 
 Italian novel reading from Verga, — <Home Tragedy ) 38 15299-312 
 
 Story readings from Manzoni, — <An Unwilling Priest,) 24 9674-85; 
 <A Late Repentance,) 9686-92; <An Episode of the Plague in 
 Milan,) 9693; poetical, — < Chorus,) 9695; <The Fifth of May) 24 9698 
 
 Story reading from Ruffini's * Dr. Antonio ) 31 12473-86 
 
 Story reading from Cantii's most popular novel, — < The Execu- 
 tion ) 8 3200-05 
 
 <The Drowned Boy,) a realistic sketch by the Italian novelist D'An- 
 
 nunzio 2 577-85 
 
 Story readings from the Italian of Madame Serao, — <A Midsummer 
 Night's Dream,) 33 13134-37; <The Boarding-School,) 13138-49; 
 <The Schoolgirls' Vow > 33 13149-52 
 
 Polish Story Readings from Sienkiewicz, — <Zagloba Captures a Ban- 
 ner,) 34 13405-10; < Podbipienta's Death,) 13410-27; < Basia Works 
 a Miracle,) 13427-31; < Basia and Michael Part,) 13431-34; <The 
 Funeral of Pan Michael ) 34 13435-38 
 
 Russian Story Readings from Gogol, — From <The Inspector) (dra- 
 matic), 1 6 6461-66 ; < Old-Fashioned Gentry > 16 6466-74 
 
 Readings from the Russian novelist Dostoevsky, — From < Poor Peo- 
 ple,) I 2 4787-99 ; < The Bible Reading ) 12 4799-805 
 
 Readings from the novels of Tolstoy, — < Anna's Illness,) 37 14994- 
 5001; <Anna and Her Son.) 15001-08; < Anna Kills Herself,) 
 15008-15; <At Borodino) 37 15015-30 
 
 Russian novel readings from Turgeneff,— < The Death of Bazarov,) 
 37 15063-76; <Lavretsky,) 15076-81; <The District Doctor,) 15082- 
 90; <Byezhin Prairie,) 1 5091-106; <The Singers,) 15 106-18; <A Liv- 
 ing Relic) 37 15119-30 
 
 Russian novel reading from Goncharof,— <Obl6mof ) 16 6536-48 
 
 Norse Story Reading from Garborg,— <The Conflict of the Creeds >. 1 5 6187-94 
 
 Story reading from Boyesen, — < A Norwegian Dance ) 5 2275-78 
 
 Story reading from Jonas Lie,— < Elizabeth's Choice) 23 9050-58 
 
 Norse novel reading from Kielland,— <At the Fair) 21 8567-72 
 
 Norwegian folk-tales by Asbjornsen,— <Gudbrand of the Mountain- 
 Side,) 2 906-09 ; < The Widow's Son ) 2 909-16 
 
cdlxxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 Danish story from Baggesen of the man forbidden to drink coffee. .3 1239-41 
 Danish story reading from Ingemann, — < Carl and the Kohlman > . . .20 7984-go 
 Story readings from the Danish novels of Blicher, — <The Knitting- 
 Room, 5 2065-70 ; < The Hosier > 5 2070-74 
 
 Swedish Story Reading from Dalin's < Argus > 10 4280-84 
 
 Readings from Miss Bremer's stories, — <A Home-Coming,> 6 2330-34; 
 
 <The Landed Proprietor,^ 2335-41; <A Family Picture^ 6 2341 
 
 Story readings from Madam Edgren. — <6pen Sesame, > 13 5164-66; <A 
 
 Ball in High Life ^ 13 5167-74 
 
 Story reading from the Swedish novelist Emilia Carlen, — <The Pur- 
 suit of the Smugglers > 8 3226-30 
 
 Hungarian Story Reading from Jokai, — <The Landslide and the 
 
 Train Wreck > 21 8333-40 
 
 Story reading from Eotvos's<The Village Notary, > — < Viola in Court > 
 
 14 5486-96 
 
 Bulgarian. — From Vazoff's great novel < Under the Yoke,* <The Sew- 
 ing-Party at Altinovo > 38 15271-86 
 
 Flemish Story Readings from the Belgian novelist Eekhoud, — *■ Ex- 
 
 Voto,> I 3 5190-201 ; < Kors Davie > 13 5202-14 
 
 Story readings from Henri Conscience's Flemish tales, — <The Horse- 
 Shoe, > ID 3961; <The Patient Waiter, > 3963; <The Lost Glove. > 
 3964; <The Iron Tomb,* 3965; <Siska Van Roosemael,* 3967; 
 
 < A Painter's Progress * ; 10 3968-^2 
 
 Dutch Story Readings from Maarten Maartens, — <Joost Surrenders,* 
 23 9360; <The Calm before the Storm,* 9362; < Knowledge,* 9366; 
 < Music and Discord,* 9366; < Guilt,* 9369; <Dawn of the Higher 
 Life * 23 9370 
 
 French Story Readings. — Tales from Margaret of Navarre's <Hepta- 
 meron.* 24 9708-13; from Madame de La Fayette's romance of 
 her own life, — < Husband and Wife * 22 8769-78 
 
 Story readings from Victor Hugo, — <The Chain-Gang for the Galleys,* 
 
 1 9 7751-57 ; ^ The Combat with the Octopus * 19 7758-67 
 
 Story readings from Balzac, — <The Meeting in the Convent,* 3 1367- 
 84; <An Episode under the Terror,* 1384-99; <A Passion in the 
 Desert,* 1400-13; <The Napoleon of the People* 3 1413-32 
 
 French story readings from Sue's < The Wandering Jew,* <The Land's 
 End of Two Worlds,* 35 14183; <The Panther Fight,* 14186-97; 
 
 < The Chastisement * 35 14197-201 
 
 Readings of romance and story from George Sand, — <The Convent 
 
 of the English Augustines,* 32 12771-82; <Lelia,* 12782-86; <A 
 Traveler's Letters,* 12786-93; < Simon,* 12793-97; <Fran§ois the 
 Field-Foundling,* 12797-804; <The Budding Author* 32 12805 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdlxxxix 
 
 Story reading from Jules Sandeau 32 12808-16 
 
 Readings from Dumas, Senior,— < The Cure for Dormice that Eat 
 Peaches,> 12 4967-74; <The Shoulder of Athos,' etc., 4975-81; 
 
 < Defense of the Bastion Saint-Gervais, > 4981-86, < The Consultation 
 of the Musketeers,) 4986-93; <The Man in the Iron Mask,> 4994- 
 
 97 ; < A Trick Played on Henry III.> 12 4997-5000 
 
 Readings of story or satire from Veuillot,— <A Remembrance,' 38 
 
 15331; <Tigruche,> 15333-35; < Betinet, Avenger of Letters,' 15336; 
 
 <Hic Aliquis de Gente Hircosa,> 15338; < A Duel> 3 5340 
 
 Story readings from Gautier,— < The Entry of Pharaoh into Thebes,> 
 
 15 6225-32; Poetical readings,— < The Marsh,>6233; <The Dragonr 
 
 Fly,> 6233; <The Doves,' 6233; <The Pot of Flowers,' 6234; 
 
 < Prayer,' 6234; <The Poet and the Crowd,' 6235; <The First 
 
 Smile of Spring,' 6235 ; <The Veterans ' 15 6236 
 
 French novel readings from Maupassant, — <The Last Years of 
 
 Madame Jeanne,' 25 9809; <Jean Roland's Love-Making,' 9815; 
 
 < The Piece of String' 25 9821 
 
 Story reading from Merimee's < Arsene Guillot' 25 9946 
 
 French story reading from Musset,— <The Grisettes' 26 10493-99 
 
 Readings of French common life from Theuriet,— <The Bretonne,' 37 
 
 14796-99 ; < An Easter Story ' 3 7 14800-02 
 
 Story readings from Alphonse Daudet,— <The Two Tartarins,' 1 1 4443; 
 
 < Mental Mirage,' 4445; < Death of the Dauphin,' 4447; ^Jack In- 
 vited to Take up a Profession,' 4449-56; <The City of Iron and 
 
 Fire,' 4456-60; < The Wrath of a Queen ' 11 4461-70 
 
 Story readings from Erckmann-Chatrian, — < The Dance in the Village 
 
 Inn,' 1 4 5541-44 ; < A Bivouac at Ligny ' 14 5545-48 
 
 Story reading from Feuillet, — < A Leap in the Dark ' 14 5665-72 
 
 French story readings from Stendhal's novels, — < Princess Sanseve- 
 
 rina's Interview,' 4 1869-78; <Clelia Aids Fabrice to Escape' . . 4 1878-83 
 Readings from Dumas, Junior (all dramatic), — < An Armed Truce,' 12 
 
 5011-15; <Two Views of Money,' 5016-19: <A Philosophy of Mar- 
 riage,' 5019; < Reforming a Father,' 5021-29; <Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Clarkson > 12 5029-40 
 
 Story readings from Cherbuliez's novels, — <The Silent Duel,' 9 361 1- 
 
 16 ; < Samuel Gives Up the Play ' 9 3617-24 
 
 French story readings from fimile Gaboriau, — < The Impostor and the 
 
 Banker's Wife,' i 5 6138-4 5 ; < M. Lecoq's System ' 15 6146-52 
 
 Story reading from Pierre Loti, — <The Iceland Sailor's Wife' 23 9206-15 
 
 Readings from Gustave Flaubert's stories, — <The Sacred Parrot,' 14 
 
 5825-34; <Salammb6 Prepares for Her Journey,' 5834-38; <The 
 
 Sacrifice to Moloch ' 14 5838-43 
 
 Story readings from De Maistre, — <The Traveling-Coat,' 24 9618; 'A 
 
 Friend,' 9620; < The Library ' 24 9621 
 
 Story reading from Provost's <Manon Lescaut,' — < Exile and Death'. 30 1 1808-19 
 Story readings from the French of Quesnay de Beaurepaire, — <The 
 
 Forest,' 30 11926; ^A Madwoman,' 11929-37; < Brotherly Love'. 
 
 30 11938-46 
 
Cdxc OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Breton story readings from Souvestre, — <The Washerwomen of Night,' 
 
 3 5 13694-98 ; < The Four Gifts > 35 13698-706 
 
 Story readings from Madame Craven, — < Albert's Last Days,* 10 4140- 
 
 44 ; <A Generous Enemy > 10 4144-50 
 
 Story reading from Du Camp, — <A Street Scene during the Commtme >. 1 2 4952-56 
 
 Story readings from Esquiros, — <The Death of Marat,' 14 5558-64; 
 
 < The Poet's Little Home > 14 5565-68 
 
 Story readings from Anatole France, — < In the Gardens,' 15 5910-15; 
 
 < Child-Life > 15 5915-18 
 
 French story reading from Hal6vy, — <The Most Beautiful Woman in 
 
 Paris > 17 6833-47 
 
 French novel readings from t^. Rod, — < Marriage,' 31 12337; * Pater- 
 nity ' 31 12342-44 
 
 Story readings from Mendes, — < The Foolish Wish,' 2 5 9901 ; < The 
 
 Sleeping Beauty,' 9904; < The Mirror,' 9908 ; < The Man of Letters '25 9912 
 
 French story readings from the De Goncourts, — <Two Famous M.'n,' 
 
 16 6553-56; <The Suicide,' 6557-60; <The Awakening' 16 6561-64 
 
 Sketch of, and full examples from the charming French mediaeval 
 
 tale of <Aucassin and Nicolette ' 3 945-55 
 
 Readings from the French tales of Scribe, — < Merlin's Pet Fairy,' 33 
 
 13084-89; < The Price of Life ' 33 13089-98 
 
 Story readings from Saint-Pierre, — < The Home in Martinique,' 32 
 
 12697-703 ; < The Shipwreck ' 32 12703-08 
 
 Story readings from Fouque's < Undine,' — <The Marriage of Undine,' 
 
 1 5 5897-904 ; < The Last Appearance of Undine ' 15 5904-07 
 
 Story readings for children from Perrault, — * Little Red Riding- 
 Hood,' 29 1 1326; <The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood,' 11328-36; 
 
 < Blue Beard,' 11337-41 ; < Toads and Diamonds ' 29 IT341 
 
 French story reading from Nodier, — <The Golden Dream' 27 10674-84 
 
 Poetical story readings from Jacques Jasmin, — <A Simple Story,' 20 
 
 8190-96; <The Siren with the Heart of Ice,' 8197; <The Blind 
 
 Girl' 20 8198-207 
 
 Story reading from Saintine's < Picciola' 32 12679-94 
 
 Readings from La Fontaine's Fables, — < Death and the Woodcutter,' 
 22 8787; <The Oak and the Reed,' 8787; <The Grasshopper and 
 the Ant,' 8788; <The Wolf and the Dog,' 8789; < The Two 
 Doves,' 8790; <The Cat, the Weasel, and the Young Rabbit,' 
 8793; *The Cobbler and the Financier,' 8794; <The Lark and the 
 Farmer.' 8796; < The Heron,' 8798; <The Animals Sick of the 
 Plague ' 22 8799 
 
 Laboulaye's delightful fairy stories written for his grandchildren, — 
 
 <The Twelve Months,' 22 8749-54; <The Story of Coquerico'. .22 8755-59 
 
 Story readings from the novels of Zola, — < Glimpses of Napoleon 
 
 III. ,'39 16292-96 ; < The Attack on the Mill ' 39 16296-324 
 
 Spanish Story Readings from Don Quixote, — < The Character of Don 
 Quixote,' 8 3457-62; < How Don Quixote Quitted the Inn,' 3462- 
 67; < Adventure with the Windmills,' 3468-71; < Sancho Panza and 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxci 
 
 and His Wife Teresa,' 3472-77; <Sancho Panza's Discourse with 
 the Duchess, > 3477-83; <Sancho Panza as Governor,) 3484-95; 
 
 < The End of Don Quixote's Adventures > 8 3496-502 
 
 Poetical story reading from < The Divine Narcissus, > by the < Mexican 
 
 Nun > 25 9960-64 
 
 Spanish story readings from Valdes, — < The Belle of the Village Store > 
 37 15203; < Maria's Way to Perfection,) 15204-09; <A Friendly 
 Argument in the Cafe,* 15210-12; <Venturita Wins Away Her 
 
 Sister's Lover > 37 15212-19 
 
 Story readings from the Spanish novels of Pereda, — <Tuerto's Family 
 Life,) 29 1 1309-13; <The Candidate Visits His Voters,) 11313; 
 
 < Portrait of Don Gonzalo Gonzalez,) 11315; < Cleto's Proposal ). 2 9 11316-22 
 Spanish story readings from Galdos, — < First Night of a Famous Play,) 
 
 15 6163-66; <Doiia Perfecta's Daughter,) 6166-69; < Above-Stairs 
 
 in a Royal Palace ) 15 6170-73 
 
 Spanish story readings from Valera, — < Youth and Crabbed Age,) 37 
 15224; <Pepita's Appearance at the Garden Party,) 15225; <A 
 Noonday Apparition in the Glen,) 15226-28; <The Evenings at 
 Pepita's Tertulia,) 15228; <Pepita's Eyes,) 15230; <The Struggle 
 Between the Interests of Heaven and Earth,) 15231-33; <How 
 Young Don Fa,drique Was Persuaded to Dance) 37 15233-36 
 
 Readings from the Spanish novels of Fernan Caballero, — <The Bull- 
 Fight,) 7 3004-10 ; ' In the Home Circle ) 7 3010-16 
 
 Readings from Madam Pardo-Bazan's novels, — <The Reign of Terror.) 
 28 11027-31; <The Schoolmistress at Home,) 11031-37; < Russian 
 Nihilism.: Going to the People ) 28 1 1038-41 
 
 < How Manuel Gained His Sobriquet, « The Child of the Ball )) ) i 265 
 
 English Story Reading from Sir Philip Sidney, — <The Arrival in 
 
 Arcadia ) 34 13388-95 
 
 Reading from < Grammont's Memoirs ) 17 6915-24 
 
 Readings from Daniel Defoe, — < Crusoe's Shipwreck,) 11 4485; < Story 
 of the Plague in London,) 4489-500; < Sketches of Colonel Jack 
 and Mrs. Jack,) 4501-06; <The Devil Does Not Concern Himself 
 with Petty Matters,) 4507; < Defoe's Address to the Public,) 4508; 
 < Engaging a Maid-Servant,) 4510; <The Devil,) 4511 ; < Belief in 
 God ) II 4512 
 
 Novel readings from Richardson, — < Pamela Immured by Her Lover,) 
 
 3 I 12228-38 ; < Miss Byron's Rescue ) 31 12238-46 
 
 Story readings from Fielding,— < Parson Adams's Short Memory,) 14 
 5704-08; <A Discourse from Parson Adams,) 5708-13; <Tom 
 Jones Appears in the Story,) 5713-18; <Mr. Square and Mr. 
 Thwackum,) 5718; < Partridge at the Playhouse,) 5720-24; <The 
 Farewell,) 5725 ; < A Scene of the Tender Kind ) 14 5726-31 
 
 An extended reading from Boswell's < Life of Dr. Johnson) 5 2232-51 
 
 Story readings from Oliver Goldsmith,— < The Vicar's Family,) 16 
 6509-17; <New Misfortunes,) 6517-24; poetical pictures from <The 
 Deserted Village,) 6525-29 ; < National Types) 16 6529-32 
 
cdxcii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Story reading from Peacock's <Maid Marian, > a tale of Robin-Hood 
 
 and his merry men 28 J1226-57 
 
 Readings of story from Walter Scott, — < Cheapening Fish; and The 
 Village Postofifice,' 33 13003-11; *The Covenanter,^ 13011-17; 
 <The Meeting of Jeanie and Effie Deans,> 13017-23; <A Royal 
 Rival, > 13024-36; <The Tournament, > 13036-45; <The Hermit: 
 Friar Tuck,> 13045-52; < Richard and Saladin> 33 13052-58 
 
 Story readings from Thackeray, — < Beatrix Esmond, > 36 14672-76; 
 <The Duke of Marlborough,> 14677-79; <The Famous Mr. Joseph 
 Addison, > 14679-85; < Beatrix Esmond and the Duke of Hamilton, > 
 14685-91; < Before the Battle of Waterloo,) 14692-97; < Becky Ad- 
 mires Her Husband, > 14698-701; < Colonel Newcome in the Cave 
 of Harmony,* 14701-08; <Colonel Newcome's Death> 36 14708-11 
 
 A capital reading on the students of Paris from Ainsworth's <Crich- 
 
 ton > I 238-52 
 
 Readings from Dickens, — <The One Thing Needful,* 1 1 4635-41; <The 
 Boy at Mugby,* 4641-50; <The Burning of Newgate,* 4650-64; 
 <Monseigneur in a Tale of Two Cities,* 4665-88; <The Ivy Green *. 1 1 4688 
 
 Story readings from Bulwer, — <The Amphitheatre in Pompeii,* 6 
 
 2704-23 ; < Kenelra and Lily * 6 2723-30 
 
 Story readings from Charles Reade, — < Viscount and Lowef Classes,* 
 31 12107-20; <In the Green Room,* 12120-31; < Extract from a 
 Sixteenth-Century Letter,* 12132-44; <Monk and Father* 31 12145-48 
 
 Story readings from Anthony Trollope, — <War,* 37 15035-45; < The 
 Bishop is Crushed,* 15045-55; < Moral Responsibility of the Novel- 
 ist* 37 15056 
 
 Story readings from Wilkie Collins, — <The Sleep-Walking, * 9 3882-94; 
 
 < Count Fosco * 9 3894-900 
 
 Story readings from Beckford's < History of the Caliph Vathek * . 4 1702-04, 1 705-12 
 
 Story readings from Disraeli, — <A Day at Ems,* 4 1638-42; <The 
 Festa in the Alhambra,* 1642-49; <Lothair in Palestine,* 1653-56; 
 Disraeli himself as « Charles Annesley,** 1650; <The Fussy Hostess,* 
 1651 ; < Female Beauty* 4 1652 
 
 Story readings from William Black's novels, — <The End of Macleod 
 
 of Dare,* 5 1987-96; < Sheila in London * '5 1997-2010 
 
 Story readings from Blackmore's novels, — <A Desperate Venture,* 5 
 2015-22; <A Wedding and a Revenge,* 2022-28; < Landing the 
 Trout,* 2028-32; <A Dane in the Dike* 5 2032-40 
 
 Story readings from W. E. Norris, — < Freddy Croft: And the Lynshire 
 Ball,* 27 10688; <Mrs. Winnington's Eavesdropping,* 10694; *-A.n 
 Idyl in Kabylia * 27 10699 
 
 Story readings from Marryat, — < Perils of the Sea,* 24 9740-47; <Mrs. 
 
 Easy Has Her Own Way * 24 9747-49 
 
 A story reading by George Borrow, — <At the Horse-Fair* 5 2180-89 
 
 Story reading from Charles Lever, — <The Battle on the Douro*. . 23 9026-36 
 
 Story readings from Hughes's <Tom Brown* books, — <The Boat Race 
 at Oxford,* 19 7696-705; <The Fight between Tom Brown and 
 Williams * 19 7705-08 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxciii 
 
 Story reading from Norman Macleod, — <The Home-Coming> 24 9497 
 
 Story readings from W. G. Palgrave's < Hermann Agha,>— <The Night 
 
 Ride in the Desert,> 28 11004-09; <The Last Meeting) 28 11009-16 
 
 Story reading from George Croly, — <The Firing of Rome,> 10 4198- 
 
 205 ; dramatic, — < A Wife's Influence > 10 4205-07 
 
 Story readings from George Macdonald, — <The Flood,' 24 9456-64; 
 
 <The Hay-Loft > 24 9464-72 
 
 Capital story by Dr. John Brown, < Marjorie Fleming > 6 2439 
 
 Story readings from J. H. Shorthouse, — < Inglesant Visits Mr. Ferrar's 
 Religious Community, > 34 13365-74; < The Visit to the Astrologer, > 
 13374-78; < Inglesant Meets His Brother's Murderer > 34 13378-84 
 
 Story readings from Stevenson, — <A Fable,> 35 13944; < Striving and 
 Failing,) 13944; ^We Pass the Forth, > 13945-54; *A Night Among 
 the Pines,> 13954-57; <A Lodging for the Nighf > .35 13958-76 
 
 Story readings from Thomas Hardy's novels, — < The Mellstock Waits,' 
 17 6938-47; < Sociability in the Malt-House,> 6947-57; <The Grave- 
 Diggers > 17 6957-60 
 
 Readings from Du Maurier, — < At the Heart of Bohemia, ' 12 5044-48; 
 < Christmas in the Latin Quarter,* 5049-52; < Dreaming True,> 
 5052-60 ; < Barty Josselin at School > 12 5060-63 
 
 Story readings from Meredith, — < Richard and Lucy,* 25 9921-30; 
 
 < Richard's Ordeal Is Over,* 9930-33; <Aminta Takes a Sea-Swim\2 5 9934-39 
 
 Readings from S. Baring-Gould, — <St. Patrick's Purgatory,' 4 1531- 
 
 37 ; < The Cornish Wreckers ' 4 1537-42 
 
 Australian story readings from Marcus Clarke's novels, — < How a Penal 
 System Can Work,' 9 3746-49; <The Valley of the Shadow of 
 Death > 9 3749-55 
 
 Story readings from George Cupples's novels, — < In the Tropics,' 10 
 
 4211-14; < Napoleon at St. Helena ' 10 4214-20 
 
 Story reading from Caine's < Manxman,' — <Pete Quilliam's First- Born '. 7 3068-70 
 
 Story reading from Conan Doyle's < Sherlock Holmes ' 12 4816-38 
 
 Story readings from S. R. Crockett, — < Ensamples to the Flock,' 10 
 
 41S3-90; < Sawny Bean ; and the Cave of Death ' 10 4190-96 
 
 Examples from J. M. Barrie's Scotch stories, — < The Courting of 
 T'Nowhead's Bell,' 4 1574-91; <Jess Left Alone,' 1591-95; < After 
 the Sermon,' 1595-600; <The Mutual Discovery,' 1600-02; < Lost 
 Illusions,' 1603-05 ; < Sins of Circumstance ' 4 1606 
 
 Story reading from Ian Maclaren,— < A Triumph in Diplomacy'. .38 15695-704 
 
 Cornish hfe story readings from Quiller-Couch, — <When the Sap 
 
 Rose,' 30 11948-52; <The Paupers' 30 11952-60 
 
 Story readings from Gilbert Parker's tales,— < The Patrol of the Cy- 
 press Hills,' 28 11049-65; <Valmond ' 28 11065-72 
 
 Sea story reading from W. Clark Russell,— < A Storm and a Rescue '.32 12565-82 
 
 Reading from Kipling, — < Without Benefit of Clergy' (prose) 22 8638-59 
 
 English Story Readings from Mrs. Burney's novels, — < Evelina's Let- 
 ter,' 7 2820-23 ; *A Man of the Ton,' 2824-27 ; < From her Let- 
 ters ' .7 2827-32 
 
Cdxciv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Examples from the novels of Jane Austen, — <An Offer of Marriage,* 
 3 1050-54; < Mother and Daughter,* 1054-56; <A Well-Matched 
 Sister and Brother,* 1058-64; < Family Doctors,* 1064-70; < Family 
 Training,* 1070-71; < Private Theatricals,* 1072-75; < Fruitless Re- 
 grets and Apples of Sodom * 3 1075-79 
 
 Story readings from the Scotch novelist. Miss Ferrier, — <A Highland 
 
 Better Half,' 14 5651-55; < Reverend M'Dow's Courtship* 14 5655-62 
 
 Story readings from Mrs. Gaskell's < Cranford,* — <Our Society,* 15 
 
 6206-13 ; ^ Visiting * 15 6214-20 
 
 Story readings from Charlotte and Emily Bronte, — <Jane Eyre's 
 Wedding Day,* 6 2389-98; < Madame Beck,* 2399-404; <A York- 
 shire Landscape,* 2404, 2405; <The End of Heathcliff* 6 2406-16 
 
 Readings from George Eliot's stories, — <The Final Rescue,* 13 5375- 
 82; <The Village Worthies,* 5382-91; <The Hall Farm,* 5391-402; 
 <Mrs. Poyser Has Her Say Out,* 5402-09; <The Prisoners,* 5409- 
 18 ; < Oh, May I Join the Choir Invisible * (poetical) 13 5419 
 
 Story readings from Mrs. Oliphant, — <A Comfort to Her Dear Papa,* 
 
 27 10823-32; <The Deliverance,* 10832-41 ;< Teacher and Pupil*., 2 7 10842 
 
 Story reading from Mrs. Craik, — <The Night Attack,* 10 4124-35; 
 poetical readings, — < Philip, My King,* 4136; <Too Late,* 4137; 
 << Two hands upon the breast ** 10 4137 
 
 A Christmas tale reading by Mrs. Braddon, — < The Advent of the 
 
 Hirelings * 5 228 1-92 
 
 An historical story reading by Mrs. Braddon, — < How Bright She 
 
 Was, How Lovely * 5 2292-98 
 
 Story readings from Ouida's novels, — < The Silk Stockings,* 27 10888- 
 
 94 ; < How Tricotrin Found Viva,* 10894-905 ; < The Steeple-Chase *. 2 7 10905-14 
 
 Story reading from Mathilde Blind's < Tarantella * 5 2080-88 
 
 Story readings from Miss Thackeray, — < My Witch's Caldron,* 3 1 
 12275-84; < Bricks and Ivy,* 12284-88; <Dutch Tiles,* 12288-93; 
 < My Father's Mother * 31 12294 
 
 Story readings from Olive Schreiner, — < Shadows from Child Life,* 
 
 3 3 12959-67 ; < Three Dreams in a Desert * 33 12967-73 
 
 Story readings from Mrs. Humphry Ward's novels, — <Marcella in 
 
 Peasant Society,* 38 15645-58; < David and Elise* 38 15658-64 
 
 From Mrs. M. L. Woods, — < Esther Vanhomrigh's Confession to Dean 
 
 Swift * 39 16155-64 
 
 Children : Reading from Ouida's < Bebee, or Two Little Wooden 
 
 Shoes,*— < The Silk Stockings * 27 10888 
 
 American Story Reading from Charles Brockden Brown, — <Wieland's 
 
 Statement * 6 2428-36 
 
 Story readings from Washington Irving, — <The Good Old Days of 
 Knickerbocker Life,* 20 8coo-o8; <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,* 
 S008-35; <A Moorish Palace,* 8035-41 ; <The Stage-Coach* 20 8041-45 
 
 Story readings from Cooper, — < The Privateer,* 10 3993-4003; <The 
 Brigantine's Escape through Hell-Gate,* 4003-09; <The Doom of 
 Abiram White,* 4009-18; <The Bison Stampede,* 4018-25; < Run- 
 ning the Gauntlet,* 4026-34; <The Prairie Fire* 10 4034-39 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxCV 
 
 Story readings from Edgar Allan Poe, — <A Descent into the Mael- 
 strom, > 29 11655-70; <The Fall of the House of Usher > 29 11670-87 
 
 Story reading from Judd's < Margaret,* — < The Snow-Storm > 21 8400-10 
 
 A tale of startling adventure by Audubon 3 957-61 
 
 Story reading from W. G. Simm's <The Yemassee,>—<The Doom of 
 
 Occonestoga,> 34 13447-60; poetical, — <The Burden of the Desert >. 3 4 13460 
 Story readings from Nathaniel Hawthorne, — < Salem and the Haw- 
 thornes,> 18 7061-64; < The Minister's Vigil, > 7065; <The Child at 
 the Brook-Side, > 7068; < Revelation of the Scarlet Letter, > 7074; 
 <Hepzibah Pyncheon,> 7081-87; <The Old Manse,> 7087-92; <The 
 
 Faun's Transformation > 18 7092-96 
 
 Story readings from R. H. Dana, Jr.,— <A Dry Gale, > 11 4304-08; <A 
 
 Start ; and Parting Company > ii 4311-14 
 
 Story reading from Theodore Winthrop, — <A Gallop of Three >. . . .39 16077-89 
 
 Story reading from E. E. Hale, — < Philip Nolan > 17 6823-30 
 
 Readings from W. W. Story,— < The Ghetto in Rome,> 35 14052-55; 
 
 <The King of the Beggars,* 14055-60 ; < Spring in Rome > 35 14061 
 
 From O. W. Holmes, — < Elsie at the Sprowle Party, > 19 7479-83; <On 
 Rattlesnake Ledge, > 7483-89; <My Last Walk with the School- 
 mistress > 19 7489-95 
 
 Readings from T. W. Higginson, — <My Outdoor Study, > 18 7354; a 
 
 story from < Mademoiselle's Campaigns* 18 7359-70 
 
 Story reading from A. vS. Hardy's <But Yet a Woman,* — <A Call and 
 
 a Sermon * 17 6926-32 
 
 T. B. Aldrich's <Pere Antoine's Date-Palm * i 325-29 
 
 T. B. Aldrich's complete story of < Miss Mehetabel's Son > i 330-48 
 
 Story reading from Harold Frederic, — < The Last Rite * 15 5972-76 
 
 Story readings from Marion Crawford, — <The Ghost in the Berth,* 10 
 
 41 53-59 ; * A Thwarted Plan * i o 41 59-66 
 
 Story readings from Wallace's <Ben Hur,* — <The Galley Fight,* 38 
 
 15533-44; ^The Chariot Race* ^ 38 15544-54 
 
 Story readings from W. C. Prime,— < The Old Man at the Water-Wheel,* 
 30 11822; <The Defeat of the Christian Host at Galilee,* 11823-28; 
 <A New England Auction: The Lonely Church in the Valley* 30 11828-36 
 
 Story reading from R. M. Johnston. — < Little Tom Watts* 21 8318-30 
 
 Story reading from George W. Cable. — < Posson Jone * 7 3019-36 
 
 Story readings from T. A. Janvier, — < The Marques, a Nobleman 
 
 from Old Spain,* 20 8118-43 ; < Love Lane * 20 8143 
 
 Story reading from W. J. Stillman, — < Billy and Hans * 35 13979-90 
 
 Story reading from Henry James,— < The Madonna of the Future*. 20 8075-109 
 Readings from W. D. Howells; poetical,— < Hope,* 19 7656; < Society,* 
 7657; < Another Day,* 7657; story readings, — <A Midsummer-Day's 
 Dream,* 7658-68; <The Street-Car Strike,* 7668-87; < Arrival and 
 
 First Days in Venice * 19 7687-94 
 
 Story readings from Lafcadio Heam, — <The Storm,* 18 7132-42; 
 <My First Day in the Orient,^ 7143-47; < Impressions and Mem- 
 ories,* 7148 ; < The Temple of Kwannon,* 7149 ; < The Shinto Faith * . 1 8 7151 
 Story reading from Julian Hawthorne,— < Archibald, a Changeling *. 1 7 7042-52 
 
Cdxcvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Story reading from Owen Wister, — < Specimen Jones > 39 16102-22 
 
 Two choice stories by James Lane Allen, — <A Courtship,* i 410-19; 
 
 and < Old King Solomon's Coronation > i 419-28 
 
 Story reading from Mitchell's < Hugh Wynne,* — < Andre's Fate*.. 25 10124-40 
 
 Story reading from Charles G. D. Roberts, — < Strayed* 31 12297-300 
 
 Story reading from Thomas Wharton, — < Bobbo * 39 15821-38 
 
 Story readings from Fitz-James O'Brien, — <The Great Diamond,* 27 
 
 10734 ; * The Lost Steam Ship * 27 10742 
 
 Story reading from Hamlin Garland, — < A Storm on Lake Michigan >. 
 
 15 6197-204 
 
 Story Readings from Mrs. H. B. Stowe, — <How Sam and Andy 
 Helped to Pursue Eliza,* 35 14074-80; < Eliza's Flight,* 14080- 
 89; <Topsy,* 14090-95; <Aaron Burr and Mary,* 14096-99; <A 
 Spiritual Love,* 14100; <Miss Prissy Takes Candace's Counsel,* 
 
 14101-04; <The Minister's Sacrifice* 35 14104-00 
 
 Readings from Mrs. E. B. Stoddard; prose, — <The Great Gale,* 35 
 14014-24; poetical, — <A Summer Night,* 14024; <E1 Manalo,* 
 14025; < Mercedes,* 14025; < Nameless Pain,* 14026; <On the Cam- 
 
 pagna * 35 14027 
 
 Readings from Mrs. SpoflEord; story, — <The Godmothers,* 35 13806- 
 17; poetical, — <The King's Dust,* 13817; <An Old Woman Sing- 
 ing,* 13818; <At the Potter's,* 13819; < Equations,* 13820; <When 
 
 First You Went > 35 13821 
 
 <The Night Ward,* from Miss Alcott's < Hospital Sketches* i 284 
 
 <Amy's Humiliation,* from Miss Alcott's < Little Women* i 287-93 
 
 Story reading from Mrs. Dodge's < Hans Brinker,* — <The Race*. ... 12 4758-70 
 Story reading from Mary E. Wilkins, — <The Revolt of Mother*. 3 9 15985-6000 
 Story readings from Miss Jewett, — <Miss Tempy's Watchers,* 21 
 
 8271-81 ; <The Brandon House* ■ 21 8281 
 
 Tennessee story reading from Miss Murfree, — <The Dancin' Party at 
 
 Harrison's Cove * . 26 10455-72 
 
 Story reading from Mrs. Burnett, — <At the Coal- Pit* 7 2810-16 
 
 Story reading of Iowa life from Octave Thanet, — <The Missionary 
 
 Sheriff* ^. 37 14735-59 
 
 Reading from Miss Woolson's < Southern Sketches* 39 16166-92 
 
 Story reading from Mrs. Phelps Ward 38 15625-40 
 
 Story reading from Ruth McEnery Stuart's tales of Neg^o life, — 
 
 <The Widder Johnsing* 35 14120-38 
 
 THOUGHT AND PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Thoughts from Parmenides, — <On Nature,* 28 11 115; < Thought and 
 
 Existence,* 11116; < Kosmos* 28 11116 
 
 Readings from the story of the life of Socrates, — < Socrates Refuses to 
 Escape from Prison,* 34 13633-36; < Socrates and Euthydemus,* 
 13637-39; <Duty of Politicians to Qualify Themselves,* 13639; 
 < Before the Trial * 34 13640, 13641 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxCVli 
 
 Readings from Plato, — From the < Protagoras, > 29 11530-34; From the 
 <Ph8edo,> 11535-38; From the <Apology,> 11538-41; From the 
 <Phsedrus,> 11 54 1-44; From the <Gorgias,> 11545-49; From the <Re- 
 public,> 11549-53 ; From the < Statesman > 29 11553-56 
 
 A Greek reading, — <Life of Socrates, > by Diogenes Laertius, 12 
 4712-20; < Examples of Greek Wit and Wisdom,^ by the same 
 •author 12 4720-24 
 
 Xenophon on < The Training of a Wife > 39 16248-52 
 
 Greek manners and life i 277 
 
 Readings from the letters of the younger Pliny, — <The Last Crop of 
 Poets, > 29 1 1 588; On Arria, a Roman lady, 11 589; On the death of 
 a friend's daughter, 11 591 ; On the death of his uncle in the eruption 
 of Vesuvius, 11 593; To the Emperor Trajan on the Christians 29 11 598 
 
 Readings of ethical thought from the Latin of Seneca, -r* Time 
 Wasted,' 33 13123; < Independence in Action, > 13124; Praises of 
 the Sect of Epicurus, 13125; < Inconsistency, > 13126; <On Leisure, > 
 13127-31 ; < Accommodation to Circumstances > 33 13132 
 
 Readings of Roman thought from Tacitus in the first Christian cent- 
 ury, — <The Training of Children, > 36 14374; ^Domitian's Reign 
 of Terror,* 14375; < Apostrophe to Agricola,* 14376; < Manners and 
 Customs of the Germans,* 14377-83; <The Defeat of Varus,* 
 14384; < Servility of the Senate,* 14384; < Death and Character of 
 Tiberius,* 14385; <The Great Fire at Rome, and Nero's Accusa- 
 tion of the Christians * 36 14386-88 
 
 Readings in philosophy from Spinoza, — <The Improvement of the 
 Understanding,* 35 13793-97; ^Mental Freedom,* 13797-800; <Su- 
 perstition and Fear * 35 13800-04 
 
 German. — Readings in philosophy from Kant, — <The Beautiful, the 
 Pleasant, and the Good,* 21 8486-91; < Reason,* 8491-93; < Meta- 
 physics * 21 8493-96 
 
 Readings of philosophic thought from Herder, — :< Principles of Human 
 
 Development,* i 8 7264-71 ; < Apotheosis of Humanity* 18 7271-76 
 
 Readings of philosophic criticism from Fichte, — < Addresses to the Ger- 
 man Nation,* 14 5677-80; < Characteristics of the Age,* 5680; 
 
 < Morality and Rehgion,* 5681-84; < Power of Religion,* 5684; 
 
 < Spiritual Light and Truth * 14 5685 
 
 Readings of philosophical thought from Hegel, — < Transition to the 
 
 Greek World,* 18 7174; <The Problem,* 7175; <The Greek World,* 
 7176; <The Meaning of Christianity,* 7177; <The Doctrine of the 
 Trinity,* 7179; <The Nature of Evil,* 7180; <The Fall,* 7182; 
 < The Atonement* 18 7183 
 
 Readings of philosophy and criticism from Schopenhauer, — From < The 
 World as Will and Idea,* 33 12928-44; <On Books and Reading,* 
 12944; <On Criticism,* 12946-50; <0n Authorship,* 12950-53; <The 
 Value of Personality * 33 12953-56 
 
 Reading of critical learning from Strauss,— < The Development of 
 
 Grseco-Roman Cultivation * 35 14110-18 
 
 32 
 
Cdxcviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 French. — Readings of thought, political, ethical, and historical, from 
 Montesquieu, — <0n the Power of Punishments,> 26 10255; ^How 
 Republics Provide for Their Safety, > 10257; < Origin of the Roman 
 Right of Slavery,) 10258; <The Spirit of Trade,> 10260; 'The 
 True Nature of Benevolence, > 10261 ; <On Religion,) 10262; <On 
 Two Causes which Destroyed Rome,) 10264; two of the < Persian 
 Letters ) 26 10268 
 
 Readings from Rousseau, — <The People,) 31 12442; From <fimile,) 
 12444-48; <The Uses of Travel,) 12448-51; <In the Isle of St. 
 Peter) 31 12451-56 
 
 Readings of thought from La Rochefoucauld, — < Maxims,) 31 12322- 
 
 30; < Reflections on Society,) 12330; <On Conversation) 31 12333 
 
 Studies in thought from the philosopher of rationalism, Descartes, — 
 < Logical Thought,) 1 1 4588; < Method of Inquiry,) 4590; <The Idea 
 oi God ) II 4593-95 
 
 Positivist thoughts by Auguste Comte, — <The Evolution of Belief,) 10 
 3938; <The Study of Laws in Place of Causes,) 3940; * Subjection 
 of Self-Love to Social Love,) 3941; <The Cultus of Humanity,) 
 3942; <The Domination of the Dead,) 3943, <The Worship of 
 Woman ) 10 3943 
 
 Readings from Baudelaire, — <The Painter of Modern Life,) 4 1627- 
 29; <Modemness,) 1629; < Everyone His Own Chimera,) 1630; 
 <Humanity,) 163 1 ; < Windows,) 1631; <Drink,) 1632; A Rule of 
 Prayer 4 1632 
 
 Readings from Guizot, — < Civilization, ) 17 6774-77; *The Example of 
 
 Shakespeare ) 17 6777-80 
 
 Readings of thought from the French of Joubert 21 8388-98 
 
 Readings of travel and thought from Edgar Quinet, — < Naples and 
 Vesuvius,) 30 11964-67; <A Night in the Orient,) 11968; <The 
 Wandering Jew,) 11970-75; < The Struggle Against Environment ). 3 o 11975-79 
 
 Readings from Renan, — < Brother and Sister,) 31 12164-73; <Motives 
 and Conduct,) 12173-80; < Share of the Semitic People in the His- 
 tory of Civilization,) 12180-90; <The Persistence of the Celtic 
 Race) 31 12191-94 
 
 Readings of thought from Paul Desjardins, — <The Present Duty,) 11 
 4600-05; <The Conversion of the Church,) 4605-07; <Two Im- 
 pressions > II 4607 
 
 Italian. — Readings from Dante, — Seven passages from his <New Life,) 
 
 1 1 4350-55; three passages from the < Banquet) 11 4356-58 
 
 Readings from Mazzini, — < Faith and the Future,) 25 9845; <On Car- 
 
 lyle ) 25 9849-52 
 
 Spanish. — Alfonso the Wise on tyrants i 386 
 
 < The Month of Mary,) by Alfonso the Wise i 388 
 
 English. — Readings from Sir Thomas More's < Utopia,) — <Life in 
 
 Utopia,) 26 10298; < Slavery and Punishments for Crime) 26 10302 
 
 Examples of Essays by Lord Bacon, — <Of Truth,) 3 1170; <Of Re- 
 venge,) 1 172; <Of Dissimulation,) 1173; *Of Travel,) 1175; <Of 
 Friendship ) 3 1177-83 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST cdxcix 
 
 Thoughts from the table-talk of John Selden 3 3 13101-10 
 
 Elaborate studies in scholarly thought by Sir Thomas Browne 6 2481-510 
 
 Readings from Dr. Johnson,— < The Vanity of Human Wishes,* 21 
 8290; Letters to various persons, 8292-300; <A Private Prayer, > 
 8300; < Wealth, > 8301-04; < Old Age and Death, > 8304-07; < Milton's 
 
 Paradise Lost > 21 8308-16 
 
 Readings of thought from Hobbes,— <0f Love,> 18 7383; < Certain 
 
 Qualities in Men, > 7384-87 ; < Of Almighty God > 18 7387 
 
 Readings of thought from John Locke, — < Pleasure and Pain,> 23 9107; 
 
 < Injudicious Haste in Study > 23 9109 
 
 Philosophic reading from David Hume, — <Of Luxury > 19 7781-90 
 
 Curious < Essay on Tar-Water, > by the philosopher Berkeley 4 1805-08 
 
 Mary Wollstonecraft's modern ideal of womanhood 39 16132-44 
 
 Thoughts of the Scottish Drummond, — < Reason and Feeling,> 12 4917; 
 
 < Degeneracy of the World, > 4917; < Briefness of Life,* 4917; *The 
 Universe,* 4918; < Death* 12 4918 
 
 Essay readings from Charles Lamb, — < Imperfect Sympathies,* 22 
 8824-31; < Dream-Children, > 8831-35; < Quaker Meeting,* 8835-39; 
 <Mrs. Battle on Whist> 22 8839-44 
 
 Readings in the philosophy of history from Buckle, — < Moral vs. Intel- 
 lectual Principles in Human Progress,* 6 2677-83; <The Mythical 
 Origin of History * 6 2683-88 
 
 Readings of new thought from Carlyle, — < Labor,* 8 3242-46; <The 
 World in Clothes,* 3246-51; <Dante,* 3251-61 ; <Cromwell,* 3262-70; 
 <The French Revolution Procession,* 3271-81; <The Siege of the 
 Bastille,* 3281-90; 'Charlotte Corday,* 3290-96; <The Scapegoat*. 
 8 3297-301 
 
 Readings from Sydney Smith, — <The Education of Women,* 34 
 13558-64; < Wisdom of Our Ancestors,* 13564-66; < Latin Verses,* ' 
 13566-70; <Macaulay,* 13571; < Review of Granby,* a novel, 
 13572-74; fragments of wit 34 13570-72 
 
 Readings of culture study from J. A. Symonds, — < Italian Art in Its 
 Relation to Religion,* 36 14340-50; <The Invasion of Italy by 
 Charles VIII. of France,* 14351-56; <The Genius of Greek Art,* 
 14356-61; < Ravenna,* 14362-65; Poetical, — < Venice,* 14365; <The 
 Nightingale,* 14365; < Farewell,* 14367; <The Feet of the Beloved,* 
 14367 ; < Eyebright * 36 14368 
 
 < Music as a Means of Culture * 13 5085-go 
 
 Readings from Matthew Arnold,— < Intelligence and Genius,* 2 855-58; 
 
 < Sweetness and Light,* 859-64; < Oxford* 2 864 
 
 Readings of poetical liberal thought from Arthur Hugh Clough,— 
 < There is No God,* 9 3829; 'The Latest Decalogue,* 3830; <To the 
 Unknown God,* 3830; < Easter Day,* 3831-35; <Say Not, the Strug- 
 gle Naught Availeth,* 3835; < Come Back,* 3836; <As Ships Be- 
 calmed,* 3837; <The Unknown Course,* 3838; <The Gondola,* 
 3838; < The Poet's Place in Life,* 3839; < Keeping Within One's 
 Proper Sphere,* 3840-42 ; < Consider It Again * 9 3842 
 
(J OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 American. — Readings from Thomas Jefferson, — <The Declaration of 
 Independence, > 21 8237-44; ^On Fiction, > 8245; <The Moral Influ- 
 ence of Slavery, > 8246; Letters from Paris, to Mr. Hopkinson, 
 
 8247 ; to Dr. Styles, 8249; to James Madison 21 8252-56 
 
 Reading from Thomas Paine's <The Crisis > 28 10979-84 
 
 Readings from Benjamin Franklin, — < Family and Early Life,* 15 
 5937-41; < Journey to Philadelphia, > 5941 ; < Franklin as a Printer,* 
 5943; < Rules of Health,* 5945; * The Way to Wealth,* 5946-50; 
 * Speech on Prayer,* 5950; <On War,* 5951; < Revenge,* 5952; 
 < Human Life,* 5953; <A Prophecy* of British Dependence on 
 America, 5955; < Early Marriages,* 5956; <The Art of Virtue and 
 
 Conduct of Life * 15 5957-63 
 
 Readings of political thought from Alexander Hamilton 17 6897-912 
 
 Readings from John C. Calhoun, — <The Right of Petition,* 7 3089-94; 
 
 < State Rights,* 3094-97; *The Government of Poland,* 3097; * Re- 
 peal of the Missouri Compromise * 7 3098-100 
 
 Reading on * Nullification * from J. Q. Adams's Fourth of July ora- 
 tion, 1831 1 142-45 
 
 Political thoughts and reininiscences by Henry Clay, — < Public Spirit 
 in Politics,* g 3774; Turkish savagery against Greece denounced, 
 3774; < South American Independence,* 3775; < Valedictory to the 
 Senate,* 3776-78; < Valedictory at Lexington * 9 3779-83 
 
 Lecture readings from Wendell Phillips, — < Hero of Hayti,* 29 11412- 
 
 24 ; < Antiquity of Inventions and Stories * 29 11424-27 
 
 Readings from Horace Greeley, — < Infancy of the United States,* 17 
 
 6656-61 ; < Political Compromises * 17 6661 
 
 Political reading from E. L. Godkin, — <The Duty of Criticism in a 
 
 Democracy * 16 6374-84 
 
 Readings of radical thought from John Weiss, — < Constancy to an 
 
 Ideal,* 38 15770-77; <The Court Fool* 38 15777 
 
 Readings from a thinker-preacher, — <Work and Play,* 7 2915-17; 
 <From the Age of Homespun,* 2918-21; <The Founders,* 2921-24; 
 
 < Religious Music * 7 2924-26 
 
 Readings of thought, criticism, and poetry from R. W. Emerson, — 
 
 <The Times,* 13 5433; < Friendship,* 5435 ; < Nature,* 5438; <Com- 
 pensation, 5441; <Love,* 5443; ^Circles,* 5445; <Self-Reliance,> 
 5448; < History,* 5451; < Each and All,* 5453; <The Rhodora,* 
 5454; <The Humble-Bee,* 5455; <The Problem,* 5456; <Days,* 
 5458; *Musketaquid,* 5459; From the < Threnody,* 5462; < Con- 
 cord Hymn,* 5465 ; < Concord Ode > 13 5465 
 
 Readings from Andrew D. White, — < Reconstructive Force of Scien- 
 tific Criticism,* 39 15853-56; < Mediaeval Growth of the Dead Sea 
 Legends* 39 15856-66 
 
 Readings of critical thought from Chas. Eliot Norton, — < The Building 
 of Orvieto Cathedral,* 27 10710-16; <The Dome of Brunelleschi. * 
 27 10716-23 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST di 
 
 Readings from Lowell's prose,— < Uncle Zeb,> 23 9267-72; <On Demo- 
 cracy, > 9272-76; < On Condescension in Foreigners > 23 9276 
 
 From the prose of O. W. Holmes,— < The Three Professions > 19 7475-78 
 
 Readings from Thoreau,— < Work and Pay,> 37 14880-83; <Solitude,> 
 
 14884-91 ; <The Bean Field.> 14891-97; < Walking) 37 14897-908 
 
 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE 
 
 Readings of travel in France from Arthur Young 39 16264-76 
 
 Bryce on *■ The Ascent of Ararat > 6 2652 
 
 Readings of travel from A. R. Wallace, — <How the Rajah Took the 
 
 Census, > 38 15519-25; < Life in the Malay Archipelago^ 38 15526-30 
 
 Travel readings from Sir R. F. Burton, — <A Journey in Disguise,' 7 
 
 2889-96 ; < En Route > .7 2896-903 
 
 Interesting readings by Sir Samuel Baker, — < Hunting in Abyssinia,' 
 
 3 1278-85 ; <The Sources of the Nile ' 3 1285-87 
 
 Travel readings from Henry Drummond, — < Africa and Its People,' 12 
 4898-900; <The East-African Lake Country,' 4900-04; < White 
 
 Ants ' 12 4905-12 
 
 Arctic travel readings from Nansen, — <An Evening's Aurora,' 27 
 10556-58; <The Polar Night,' 10558; <The New Year, 1896: Our 
 
 Daily Life,' 10558-61; <The Journey Southward' 27 10561-64 
 
 From Bodenstedt's < Thousand and One Days in the East' 5 2120-26 
 
 Sir John Mandeville's < Travel Sketches,' — <The Marvelous Riches of 
 
 Prester John,' 24 9658-60; < From Hebron to Bethlehem' 24 9660-63 
 
 From Haeckel's <A Visit to Ceylon > 17 6782-92 
 
 Travel sketches by De Amicis, — At Constantinople, i 455-58; Cor- 
 dova in Spain, 458-62; < Holland, the Land of Pluck,' 462-70; <The 
 
 Dutch Masters ' i 471-78 
 
 Las Casas's account of the Island of Cuba 8 3335-38 
 
 Audubon's <A Dangerous Adventure ' 3 957-61 
 
 Mrs. Abigail Adams's letters from Paris and London i 94-109 
 
 Travel sketches by W. C. Prime,— < The Old Man at the Water- 
 Wheel' in Egypt, 30 11 822; <The Defeat of the Christian Host 
 at Galilee,' A. D. 1187, 11823-28; <A New England Auction: the 
 
 Lonely Church in the Valley ' 30 1 1828-36 
 
 John Adams at the French Court i 130-32 
 
 W. W. Story's sketches,— < The Ghetto in Rome,' 35 14052-55; < The 
 
 King of the Beggars,' 14055-60; < Spring in Rome' 35 14061 
 
 George Borrow's <A Meeting with the Gipsies in Spain' 5 2189-203 
 
 Travel story from Xenophon,—< Hardships in the Snow' 39 16254-58 
 
 Norman Macleod on < Highland Scenery ' 24 9500 
 
 Hearn's Japanese travel sketches,— < The Storm,' 18 7132-43; <My 
 First Day in the Orient,' 7143-47; < Impressions and Memories,' 
 
 7148; <The Temple Kwannon,' 7149; <The Shinto Faith' 18 7151-52 
 
 Travel sketches by Linnaeus,— < Lapland Observations,' 23 9084-86; 
 
 < Visit to the Lapland Alps ' 23 9086-90 
 
(Jii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 John Fiske on Magellan's famous voyage around the world 14 5781-96 
 
 Snider's < Battle of Marathon,* from his <A Walk in Hellas > 34 13603-26 
 
 Tyndall's travel sketch, — <The Matterhorn> 37 15142-52 
 
 Travel sketches from Clemens's <Life on the Mississippi, > — <The 
 Child of Calamity, > 9 3789; <A Steamboat Landing, > 3794; <The 
 High River and a Phantom Pilot,> 3795-801; <An Enchanting 
 
 River Scene,* 3801-03 ; <The Lightning Pilot* 9 3803-06 
 
 Quinet's Italian travel sketch, — < Naples and Vesuvius * 30 1 1964-67 
 
 G. W. Curtis in Syria, — < Nazareth > 10 4226-28 
 
 < The Desert > from Kinglake's < Eothen > 21 8600-04 
 
 Note — It may be well to remind the reader that in case of failing to 
 meet under the expected head in the Classified Readings with examples from 
 any particular author, those examples can be at once found by turning to that 
 author in the Library. In some instances, a thinker-poet's prose and verse 
 have been left together as desirable to be read together; or a political 
 speaker's utterances have been classed under Thought rather than Oratory, 
 to call attention to their value as thought. As readers become familiar with 
 different classes of readings they will see how many could be assigned to 
 more than one place, and that such as are not found in one are probably in 
 one kindred to it. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ^{{i 
 
 CHARACTERS IN HISTORY 
 
 CONSPICUOUSLY REPRESENTING THE CULTURE OF MANKIND 
 REFLECTED IN LITERATURE 
 
 Greek. — Homer, the earliest and the most delightful writer of Greek 
 poetry, unsurpassed in any age in either the poetic charm of his 
 verse, or the human interest of his pictures of action and charac- 
 ter; through his comprehensive interests accepted for 1,200 years 
 as an author of sacred Greek scripture ... 19 7551-61 
 
 Sappho, the supreme woman-poet of all history 32 12817 
 
 Solon, the typical Greek originator of social order based on a consti- 
 tutional state 3 4 13642 
 
 ^schylus, the earliest originator of Greek drama, and the greatest 
 
 tragic poet of all time i 184 
 
 Sophocles, the greatest artist of Greek drama, and most perfect repre- 
 sentative of the best age of Athenian intellect 34 13647 
 
 Euripides, the most modern in interest, the broadest and most thor- 
 ough in humanity, and of the greatest influence upon the later 
 development of drama, of all the Greek dramatists 14 5572 
 
 Aristophanes, by far the greatest master of comedy in all literature; 
 equaled only by Plato and Homer in his mastery of Greek 
 speech, either prose or verse 2 759-68 
 
 Thucydides, the Greek supreme master of dramatic historical narra- 
 tive; the first, and one of the greatest, of historians intent only 
 upon truth 37 14912-16 
 
 Socrates, the most elevated and the most creative example of Greek 
 genius; the largest and loftiest moral and humane figure of the 
 ancient world 34 13627 
 
 Plato, the most considerable figure, both as a great thinker and a 
 perfect writer, known to the history of philosophy; his greatness 
 duplicated by his masterly presentation of the teaching and 
 method of Socrates 29 11519-21 
 
 Aristotle, the greatest scientist and most influential thinker of the 
 ancient world; more even than Plato what Dante called «the 
 master of those that know»; in his personal character, one of 
 the typical examples of lofty human excellence; by far the most 
 advanced master of ancient science 2 788-92 
 
 Demosthenes, the preeminent Greek patriot of Athens, in her time of 
 later decline; his eloquence the supreme attainment of ancient 
 oratory 11 4535-41 
 
 Hippocrates, the first and the greatest name in scientific medicine, 
 the Greek initiator of medical study and medical practice entirely 
 
div OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 substituting natural science for priestly superstition; the medical 
 contemporary of the dramatists and philosophers of the greatest 
 
 age of Greece 44 79 
 
 Galen, the greatest physician of antiquity, nearly 600 years after 
 Hippocrates; in practice at Rome A. D. 170-200; notable for his 
 use of dissection, and the creator of a well-studied system of all 
 medical knowledge; from his day, for 1,500 years, the greatest of 
 medical authorities ... 44 79, 80 
 
 Latin. — Cicero, the unrivaled orator of Roman statesmanship, and 
 
 unsurpassed essayist of Latin literature g 3675-86 
 
 Julius Csesar, the Roman of unsurpassed military and political gen- 
 ius; initiator of imperialism in its loftiest form; and in every 
 way one of the supreme intellects of the human race 7 3037-46 
 
 Virgil, the preeminent Latin representative of classical culture based 
 on Greek and Roman mythology; his tradition for a thousand 
 years that of a Bible 38 15413-23 
 
 Livy, the great literary master of the story of Rome; at his best 
 
 in the many speeches ascribed by him to historical characters. .23 9091-94 
 
 Seneca, the most notable literary contemporary of Christ; a Roman 
 Stoic philosopher writing in praise of poverty, but immensely 
 wealthy; put an end to his own life at the command of Nero. 3 3 13119-23 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, one of the ideal figures of history beyond the limits 
 of Christianity; Roman emperor A. D. 160-180; author of a vol- 
 ume of ethical and religious thoughts written in Greek, the ethical 
 and spiritual veracity of which appeal to universal human interest. 3 1022-28 
 
 Chinese. — Confucius without exception, and with no second, the su- 
 preme character of Chinese culture 9 3629-36 
 
 Jewish. — Josephus, the conspicuous representative Jew of the time 
 directly after that of Christ; a man of the world of classical 
 culture rather than of narrow Judaism 21 8361-64 
 
 Maimonides, the great free-thinker of Judaism; the Jewish Aris- 
 totle of Cordova in Spain in the twelfth century 24 9589-94 
 
 Spinoza, one of the great representative independent thinkers of his- 
 tory, especially representing the highest type of Pantheism in 
 philosophy 35 13785-93 
 
 Polish. — Copernicus, originator of the true scientific view of our uni- 
 verse, as one of planets moving round the sun; a conception 
 notably dominating all subsequent intellectual progress 10 4040-44 
 
 Swedish. — Linnaeus, one of the great initiators of modern science; 
 of unparalleled influence through the revolution effected in natural 
 history ; the founder of biology 23 9077-81 
 
 Swedenborg, the conspicuous modem representative of spiritism as 
 
 the basis of an organic system of religion 36 14237 
 
 Dutch. — Erasmus, the greatest scholar and thinker of the middle 
 Christian centuries; the supreme master of reformation of Christ- 
 ian religion through exact recovery of the teaching of Christ .14 5509-22 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ^y 
 
 Vondel, Holland's greatest poet, the great anti-Calvinist satirist of 
 the period of Barneveldt's judicial murder; author of an epic 
 masterpiece, which suggested Milton's Satan 38 15491-93 
 
 Italian. — Dante, the supreme poet after Homer; the foremost genius 
 of the race which produced Rome and Italy; the author who 
 stands at the head of modern literature; in his personal story, 
 one of the most striking figures in history 11 4315-47 
 
 German. — Walther von der Vogelweide, the greatest of the minne- 
 singers ; Germany's greatest lyric poet before Goethe, and the first 
 supremely great lyric poet that the nations of modern Europe 
 produced 38 15580 
 
 Hans Sachs, the famous Shoe-Maker Poet of Nuremberg, in the age 
 of Luiher; one of the most national and interesting figures in 
 German literature from its dawn until Goethe 32 12609-13 
 
 Luther, a notable hero of German protest and struggle against Rome; 
 of especial permanent influence as the founder, by his translation 
 of the Bible, of German literature 23 9319-24 
 
 Lessing, a great historic representative of critical thought applied to 
 
 tradition and custom in belief and life 23 9005-24 
 
 Alexander von Humboldt, in the first sixty years of the nineteenth 
 century the most notable character of the world of learning and 
 science 19 7770 
 
 Goethe, the successor in European literature to Voltaire and Rous- 
 seau, as initiators of free and complete human culture — the democ- 
 racy of intellect and of learning 16 6385-95 
 
 Schiller, the preeminent German historical dramatist; notably success- 
 ful also in dramatic historical studies 33 12880 
 
 Immanuel Kant, the chief German philosopher ; as an original thinker 
 the only modern philosopher who can be put beside Plato and 
 Aristotle ; notable for a marvelous humanity of spirit 21 8477-85 
 
 J. G. Herder, the father of the modern evolutionary philosophy, con- 
 ceiving all culture as the natural product of collective human 
 life 18 7259 
 
 Fichte, a German thinker and scholar; author of one of the world's 
 greatest systems of philosophy; an ideal university educator, and 
 one of the founders of the University of Berlin 14 5673-74 
 
 Hegel, the successor of Kant, Fichte, and Schelling in the German 
 
 development of modern philosophy 18 7167 
 
 Arthur Schopenhauer, the fifth in time of the great German philoso- 
 phers ; in literary distinction and interest second only to Plato ..33 1 2923 
 
 David Friedrich Strauss, the conspicuous German representative of 
 negative and destructive thought applied to the early history of 
 Christianity; the fourth and definitive edition of his <Life of 
 Jesus > translated by George Eliot 35 14107-10 
 
 Leopold von Ranke, German founder of the objective school of his- 
 tory; university professor at Berlin; author of < History of the 
 Popes,* and other notable histories 30 12074-76 
 
^y{ OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Theodor Mommsen, the most illustrious of German historical scholars; 
 eminent for his masterly studies of history as a development un- 
 der laws of unity and progress 26 10206-08 
 
 Bismarck, one of the greatest Germans in history; the creator of the 
 
 final Germany of modern times 5 1929-34 
 
 Hermann Sudermann, a German novelist and dramatist of the end of 
 
 the century; one of the chief literary figures of modem Europe. 3 5 14163-66 
 
 Danish. — Ludvig Holberg, the chief representative in literature of 
 Scandinavian genius and culture; in his comedies, especially, a 
 Danish Shakespeare .18 7409-16 
 
 Russian. — Ivan Turgeneff, Russia's greatest artist in fiction; through 
 his superiority to Russian limitations one of the great novelists 
 of the world 37 15057-62 
 
 Spanish. — Armando Palacio Valdes, the most entertaining, natural, 
 
 and satisfactory of the later Spanish novelists 37 151 99 
 
 French. — Abelard, the conspicuous initiator of rationalistic protest 
 
 against blind faith i 27 
 
 Rabelais, the first complete type of French genius, followed by • 
 
 Moliere, Voltaire and Diderot, Balzac and Hugo 30 12001-06 
 
 John Calvin, a French reformer, notable for helping to create a liter- 
 ary French language; but of greatest fame in history for the re- 
 lentless dogmatic severity of his judgment of man's relation to 
 Deity 8 3117-20 
 
 Ronsard, the conspicuous initiator of- modern French poetry, compar- 
 able to Rabelais in prose; his songs unrivaled before Hugo 31 12378 
 
 Montaigne, the earliest and most original of modern essayists; un- 
 questionably takes a high place among the representative men of 
 humanity 26 10237-40 
 
 Descartes, a French philosophical scientist, notable for his efforts to 
 
 reconstruct the science of thought 11 4585 
 
 Moliere, the Shakespeare of French comedy; indubitably the greatest 
 
 of comic dramatists 26 10153-64 
 
 Madame de Sevigne, one of the most notable of French social figures; 
 of the highest literary distinction, through personal letters marked 
 by intellectual power and strongly ethical motive 33 13153-55 
 
 Bossuet, the greatest of French Catholic divines, and one of the 
 
 greatest French prose-writers and orators 5 2209 
 
 Racine, the greatest exemplar of French classical tragedy; most of 
 
 his characters women; the great parts given to the heroines .30 12027-30 
 
 Montesquieu, a French scholar in the study of laws on which states 
 are built, and of the principles which determine political develop- 
 ment; his chief work notably influential as the political guide- 
 book of the American Revolution 26 10249-54 
 
 Voltaire, the European representative of the great age of change 
 from an age of absolutism to an age of democracy, and from an 
 age of ecclesiastical rigor to an age of intellectual freedom. .38 15449-57 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dyii 
 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau, one of the most conspicuous precursors of the 
 French Revolution, notable as the most effective French writer of 
 his century 31 12438-39 
 
 Buflfon, French author of a great < Natural History, > which first 
 
 brought the subject into popular literature 6 2690 
 
 Diderot, a French thinker of original power; creator of the Encyclo- 
 pedic; one of the greatest modern initiators of research for new 
 knowledge and interest in new thought 12 4689-92 
 
 Lamarck, the great French originator of the theory that the cause of 
 variations and the origin of species is the action of the natural 
 conditions of existence in impressing and molding the plastic 
 organism 10 4253 
 
 Madame de Stael, a character of great distinction for her strenuous 
 opposition to Napoleon, and remarkable as the earliest cosmo- 
 politan initiator of French interest in German thought and let- 
 ters, as also in English politics and Italian art 35 13825-26 
 
 Balzac, the father of modern realism in fiction, and its greatest ex- 
 ponent ; Europe's greatest writer since Shakespeare 3 13 50-66 
 
 Victor Hugo, the greatest literary figure of nineteenth-century France ; 
 in his dramatic masterpiece, his best novel, and his lyrics, among 
 the greatest writers of all ages 19 7709-24 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, the modern typical French interpreter of literature and 
 
 life 32 12662 
 
 George Sand, the highest type of French woman of genius 32 12759 
 
 Ernest Renan, the conspicuous French nineteenth-century initiator of 
 the study of the history of religions, including Christianity, ac- 
 cording to the methods of natural science 31 12152-62 
 
 Edmond Scherer, a conspicuous European representative of the mod- 
 ern new-departure effort to interpret Christianity with critical 
 discernment of its permanent spiritual elements 33 12865-67 
 
 English — Baeda, the Shakespeare of Anglo-Saxon scholarship; one 
 of the greatest writers known to English literature; of immense 
 scholarly and educational activity; the father of English national 
 education, and in his greatest work, of English history 45 360 
 
 Alcuin, the most celebrated of early English educators, at York 
 Cathedral school; the initiator under Charlemagne of German 
 education and schools i 295-98 
 
 Alfred the Great, the first king of a notably united England; in 
 breadth and elevation of character without a peer among rulers 
 before Washington ; the earliest great builder of literature and edu- 
 cation for the English people; the first founder of English power at 
 sea, and successful defender of a realm under the English flag . . i 389-96 
 
 Roger Bacon, the earliest and greatest English initiator of modern 
 science; the originator of the conceptions commonly known from 
 Francis Bacon; his masterpiece, one of the most remarkable pro- 
 ductions of the human mind, dating from A. D. 1267 45 475 
 
dviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 John Wyclif, the great Oxford schoolman, whose translation of the 
 whole Bible into English, and demonstration of dissent from the 
 Catholic faith, broadly initiated English departure from the lim- 
 itations of Latin culture 39 16235 
 
 Chaucer, the greatest English genius in letters before Shakespeare, 
 and of hardly less quality than Shakespeare; the founder of mod- 
 ern English literature 9 3551-64 
 
 Sir Thomas More, one of the great master spirits of humanist cult- 
 ure; closely associated with Erasmus; the author of < Utopia, > 
 as a study of social ideals 26 10295-97 
 
 Francis Bacon, a preeminent thinker and prose-writer; of greatest 
 distinction for his ideas of the utility of science and the urgency 
 of human progress; a precursor, rather than a performer, of 
 thorough modern science 31 108-69 
 
 Shakespeare, the chief representative in literature of the English- 
 speaking peoples 33 13167 
 
 John Milton, one of the world's great epic poets, of splendid strain 
 and profound influence; in literary style perhaps the greatest of 
 English writers ; notably near to the great Greeks 25 10037-46 
 
 John Locke, an English independent thinker of g^reat importance after 
 Descartes, in the development of philosophy; a precursor of 
 Hume and Kant 23 9105-07 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton, one of the great scientists of history; notable for 
 discoveries and theories of the highest significance for modern 
 knowledge 27 10619-20 
 
 John Wesley, an English Oxford Churchman, drawn from strenuous 
 attachment to the Establishment by motives of intense moral 
 concern and human sympathy, and made, by the energy, fervor, 
 and wisdom of his immense labors, the greatest founder of new de- 
 parture in faith and ministry known to modern Christian history. 3 8 15790-94 
 
 Samuel Johnson, a supremely great scholar and critic in literature, 
 
 of the age following that of Shakespeare 21 8283-90 
 
 David Hume, an important initiator of literary treatment of Eng- 
 lish history; a permanent influence as an ethical essayist and 
 political thinker 19 7777-81 
 
 Edmund Burke, one of the most permanently effective statesmen- 
 orators of the English Parliament; of great influence on both 
 American and English development 7 2779-87 
 
 Edward Gibbon, author of an unchallenged and conspicuous histori- 
 cal masterpiece, giving him a secure place among the greatest 
 historians of the world 16 6271-78 
 
 Robert Burns, Scotland's greatest native poet; in the vernacular of 
 
 the common heart of man one of the greatest poets of all time . . 7 2833-45 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, the most attractive and satisfying master of ro- 
 mance in all literature 33 12995 
 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley, an English poet of the highest class, and of 
 very rare genius; notably a poet of intense passion for moral 
 aims, of advanced thought, and preeminently a poet of nature. 34 13265-70 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dix 
 
 George Grote, a preeminent British scholar in history; author of the 
 largest, truest, most adequate general picture ever drawn of 
 Greek story and culture from the days of Homer to the time of 
 Alexander 17 6745-47 
 
 Thomas Carlyle, the great Scotch protestant against « Hebrew old- 
 clothes » in religion, and against outworn traditions generally.. .8 3231-42 
 
 T. B. Macaulay, the most widely read of English essayists and his- 
 torians; notable for his enormous range of knowledge, and his 
 brilliant power of description and narration 24 9381-86 
 
 John Henry Newman, one of the most eminent literary Englishmen 
 of modern times; a leader at Oxford of a special religious devel- 
 opment of distinctly Romanist tendency 27 10597-605 
 
 John Stuart Mill, in several particulars one of the most remarkable 
 men of whom we have any record; characterized by singularly 
 strong passion for the improvement of mankind ; author of eco- 
 nomic writings and social studies of the highest rank 25 10007-14 
 
 Charles Robert Darwin, the recent representative advocate of the 
 theory of Evolution, with his own special theory that it is by 
 means of Natural Selection 11 4385-93 
 
 Alfred Tennyson, the most representative English poet of the nine- 
 teenth century; one of the master-minstrels of literature, of pro- 
 foundly believing and religious spirit 36 14581-87 
 
 W. M. Thackeray, the greatest English novelist of character and of 
 
 manners; the greatest English artist in fiction 36 14668-72 
 
 Charles Dickens, the great English humorist in fiction; of the broad- 
 est popularity, and immensely effective on the culture of the time ..11 4625 
 
 Gladstone, England's most notable statesman under Victoria; a mar- 
 
 velously powerful orator, and a prolific scholarly writer 16 6359-72 
 
 John Bright, one of the greatest statesmen-orators of modern Eng- 
 land, of the broadest humanist and humanitarian principles 6 2354 
 
 Charles Reade, a notably humanitarian novelist, to whom fiction was 
 «the highest, widest, noblest, and greatest of all the arts»; his 
 best novels aimed at the correction of abuses 31 12105 
 
 J. A. Froude, an English historian and essayist of great charm and 
 power as a writer; notable for clear and broad advanced views; 
 successor of E. A. Freeman as professor of history at Oxford. . 15 6059-64 
 
 George Eliot, one of the greatest English writers and thinkers; a 
 
 woman Socrates on the problems of life and of society 13 5359-75 
 
 John Ruskin, an epoch-making English interpreter of art and of spir- 
 itual culture, with special and passionate interest in moral and 
 social advance 32 12509-14 
 
 Herbert Spencer, an English embodiment of the modern attempt to 
 
 base philosophy on natural science 3 5 13707 
 
 Matthew Arnold, an English critic of culture, notably representing 
 
 new-departure thought at Oxford University 2 844-55 
 
 E. A. Freeman, one of the most prolific, versatile, and learned of 
 great English historians; without a living superior as an English 
 historian of the far past 15 5977-79 
 
dx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 F. Max Miiller, a celebrated German-English scholar in the lan- 
 guages and literature of India; editor of the great series of 
 < Sacred Books of the East > 26 10425-29 ; 4 3 395 
 
 T. H. Huxley, one of the greatest modern English masters of sci- 
 entific research, and of the application of scientific principles to 
 the study of culture; of unrivaled distinction as a speaker and a 
 writer 19 7805-14 
 
 William Stubbs, the gfreatest of scholars in the history of Germanic 
 civilization and constitutional order in England, Germany, 
 France, and Spain; an authority above all other 35 14139 
 
 Algernon Charles Swinburne, the latest surviving of the six preemi- 
 nent English poets under Victoria, 36 14289; the supreme Eng- 
 lish poet of childhood 36 14293 
 
 W. E. H. Lecky, an English historical writer of specially great im- 
 portance for his studies of the history of Thought and Morals ; and 
 for his great < History of England in the Eighteenth Century>.2 2 8929-34 
 
 John Addington Symonds, one of the chief humanist scholars and 
 expositors of modern times, author of histories of culture, Greek 
 and Italian, of very special value 36 14337-39 
 
 American. — Benjamin Franklin, next to Washington, the conspicuous 
 patriot of the American Revolution ; one of the great humanist 
 and scientist figures of the modern world 15 5925-37 
 
 George Washington, the preeminent example in history of genius 
 for patriotism; conspicuous above all other modern instances of 
 greatness through the intelligence and consistency which made 
 the American Revolution the initiation of the greatest nation 
 in history 38 15665 
 
 John Adams and John Quincy Adams, father and son, eminent intel- 
 lectual representatives of New England in early American states- 
 manship I 126, 134 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, an epoch-making figure in American political de- 
 velopment ; founder of the first party departure in American politics .21 8229 
 
 James Madison, the notable representative, after Washington, of clear 
 conceptions and conclusive reasoning looking to a Constitutional 
 Union 24 9531 
 
 John C, Calhoun, the ablest representative political thinker and states- 
 man of the pro-slavery South 7 3087-89 
 
 Henry Clay, the most brilliantly effective of American political orators ; 
 
 and a most notable exponent of American political culture 9 3761-73 
 
 Daniel Webster, the impressively great orator of the Nati^nal Con- 
 stitution of the United States, against both Calhoun's Nullification 
 and Clay's Compromise 38 15728-30 
 
 Washington Irving, the most conspicuous and interesting of the 
 
 founders of American literature 20 7991-8000 
 
 George Bancroft, the most literary of the earlier representatives of 
 American historical writing; author of a standard history of the 
 United States to the first administration of Washington 4 1433-39 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxi 
 
 William Ellery Channing, the earliest and ablest Boston initiator of 
 Ethical Culture Christianity in place of the Puritan Dogmatic 
 system 9 35i3 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, the conspicuous American master of Broad 
 Church humanist Puritanism ; one of the finest examples in 
 literature of original thought in both prose and verse. 13 5421-33; 17 6724 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, the most distinguished and most original of 
 American novelists; the preeminent romancer of New England 
 and of Puritanism 18 7053-61 
 
 Louis Agassiz, one of the greatest of modem teachers of natural sci- 
 ence; founder of the unsurpassed museum of zoology at Harvard 
 University i 212 
 
 William Cullen Bryant, America's chief early poet from 181 1, and a 
 journalist of unsurpassed eminence for culture and character — 
 the creator of the New York Evening Post 6 2623-25 
 
 Henry W. Longfellow, one of the artist founders of American litera- 
 ture; a New Englander with the spirit of Greek culture; his ver- 
 sion of Dante one of the few great translations of literature ... 2 3 9143-49 
 
 John Greenleaf Whittier, the New England humanist Puritan in 
 
 poetry and religious insight 39 15911-16 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, the most convincing speaker of his time; author of 
 speeches marked by clear expressive and persuasive eloquence, 
 of an art far beyond the common reach of statesmanship or ora- 
 tory 23 9059-64 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, the humorous and humanist poet and thinker 
 
 of Boston Puritanism 19 7457-62 
 
 Horace Greeley, an American journalist of heroic figure and epic dis- 
 tinction; of unsurpassed abilities and activities in the history of 
 journalism — the creator of the New York Tribune 17 6653 
 
 Charles Sumner, the conspicuous New England United States senator 
 
 and orator, of the period following that of Webster and Clay. 3 6 14221-23 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher, the most conspicuous and impassioned human- 
 ist of the modern pulpit; notably a thinker, humorist, and poet .4 1713-19 
 
 James Russell Lowell, foremost representative of American letters in 
 the last half of the nineteenth century; as a critical thinker and 
 poet of the finest Puritan type 23 9229-37 
 
 Julia Ward Howe, a conspicuously representative English-American 
 woman; a type of the best Boston culture; author of the < Battle 
 Hymn of the Republic > 19 7645-47 
 
 Francis Parkman, brilliant American historian of the great struggle 
 in North America between England and France, the result of 
 which was so profoundly decisive of American developments .28 1 1087-91 
 
 Phillips Brooks, an American Broad-Church pulpit orator of the high- 
 est international distinction 6 2417-20 
 
(ixii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 DRAMAS OF NOTE 
 
 AND DRAMATIC CHARACTERS FROM ALL LITERATURES, 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN 
 
 Greek. — ^schylus: <The Persians >; Xerxes, the Persian king; Atossa, 
 his aged mother ; a messenger who reports the defeat of Xerxes 
 at Salamis; the ghost of Darius; a Chorus of Persian elders... i 185 
 
 <The Suppliants^; Danaiis, father of fifty daughters; ^gyptus, father 
 of fifty sons; Pelasg^s, king of Argos; a Herald; Chorus, con- 
 sisting of the daughters of Danaiis i 186 
 
 *The Seven Against Thebes >; Eteocles and Polynices, sons of 
 CEdipus ; Adrastus, king of Argos ; Antigone and Ismene, daugh- 
 ters of CEdipus; a Messenger; a Herald; a Chorus of Theban 
 maidens i 187 
 
 The < Prometheus * ; Force and Strength ; Hephaestus ; lo ; Hermes ; 
 
 Oceanus; Chorus of the daughters of Oceanus i 188 
 
 The ^ Agamemnon >; Clytemnestra, the queen; Agamemnon, the 
 king; a Herald; Cassandra; ^gisthus, Clytemnestra's paramour; 
 Chorus of Argive elders i 189 
 
 < The Choephori > ; Orestes, son of the murdered Agamemnon ; Pylades, 
 
 his friend; Electra, his sister; an old nurse; ^gisthus and 
 
 Clytemnestra ; Chorus of captured women i 190 
 
 <The Eumenides >; a Pythian priestess; Orestes; Apollo, who appears 
 to Orestes; the ghost of Clytemnestra; Athena; Chorus of the 
 
 Furies i 190 
 
 Sophocles : < Antigone > ; Polynices and Eteocles, brothers who kill 
 each other in combat; Creon, the king, who refuses funeral 
 rites to Polynices; Antigone who performs these in defiance of 
 the death penalty threatened by Creon 34 13650; 44 119 
 
 < QEdipus at Colonus > ; CEdipus, the aged hero ; Polynices, his unfilial 
 
 son; Antigone, the gentle and devoted daughter of CEdipus. .34 13664 
 
 < CEdipus the King > ; CEdipus, represented as a Greek ideal ; locasta, 
 
 thoughtless and skeptical; the soothsayer Tiresias. . 44 70 
 
 < Ajax > ; A jax, deprived of reason, and a suicide ; Teucer, his 
 
 brother ; Ulysses, to whom the arms of Achilles had been given 
 
 instead of to Ajax 34 13667 ; 44 192 
 
 Euripides: < Iphigenia,* a drama (407 B.C.); Iphigenia the heroine, 
 
 Orestes her brother, and Pylades his devoted friend 44 69 
 
 < Andromache > ; Pyrrhus, son of Achilles ; Andromache, Hector's 
 
 widow, slave to Pyrrhus; Hermione, wife of Pyrrhus; Peleus, 
 grandfather of Pyrrhus; Orestes, cousin of Hermione for whom 
 he slays Pyrrhus 44 120 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxiii 
 
 <Alcestis^; Admetus doomed to die, or find a substitute; Alcestis, 
 his wife, who offers herself in his place; Hercules who under- 
 takes to rescue Alcestis 44 190 
 
 <Ion* (423 B.C.); Ion, ancestor of the lonians of Athens; Creusa, 
 
 his mother, unwittingly seeking his death 44 190 
 
 Aristophanes: <The Birds > (414 B.C.), a burlesque on Greek myth- 
 ology; Euelpides and Peisthetaerus, a couple of old Athenians; 
 
 Tereus, king of birdland 2 763 ; 44 191 
 
 <The Clouds > (423); Strepsiades, an unscrupulous old rascal; his 
 spendthrift son Pheidippides ; Socrates importuned by the old 
 man to tell him how to cheat his creditors, — a savage satire 
 upon the great philosopher 2 761 ; 44 119 
 
 Latin. — Plautus: <Aulularia,> a Latin comedy; Euclion, an old miser; 
 
 a pot of gold which he digs up 44 120 
 
 French. — <Adam,> the oldest drama in the French language, by an un^ 
 
 known author in the twelfth century ; Adam ; Eve ; God ; etc ... 4 4 294 
 
 Aug^er, fimile; and Sandeau, Jules: <Mr. Poirier's Son-in-Law,> a 
 classic French comedy; Poirier, a rich tradesman; the Marquis 
 Gaston de Presles, a ruined aristocrat who marries his daughter 
 Antoinette; Madame de Montjoy, to whom the Marquis de- 
 votes himself; Verdelet, Poirier's friend 44 252 
 
 Beaumarchais : <The Barber of Seville > (1775), the first of the fa- 
 mous Figai'o trilogy of comedies, satirizing the privileged 
 classes; Figaro, a barber; Rosine, a coquettish beauty; Bar- 
 tholo, her tutor and guardian, in love with her; Count Alma- 
 viva, Rosine's lover; Don Basilio, an organist and Rosine's 
 teacher 44 307 
 
 Delavigne, Cassimir : <The Sicilian Vespers* (1819), a dramatic pic- 
 ture of the massacre of the French in Sicily in 1282; John of 
 Procida; his son Loredan; Montfort, Loredan's friend; Princess 
 Amelia, betrothed to Loredan but in love with Montfort 45 409 
 
 Moliere: <Les Precieuses Ridicules > (1659), a famous satirical comedy; 
 Madelon and Cathos, two country ladies affecting literary style ; 
 their lovers, of whom they require literary affectation ; Mascarille 
 and Jodelet, valets, whom the lovers cause to represent them 
 
 and make the ladies ridiculous 44 217 
 
 <L'Avare,> the Miser (1668), a prose comedy, one of the most fa- 
 mous by Moliere; Harpagon, an old miser; Mariane, whom he 
 designs to marry; Elise, his daughter, and Anselme, to whom 
 he wishes to marry her; Cleante, his son, preferred to him by 
 
 Mariane; Valere, in love with Elise; La Fleche, a valet ..44 308 
 
 *Tartuffe> (1669), one of Moliere's most famous comedies; Madame 
 Parnelle, an old lady, very devout; Orgon, her married son; 
 Elmire, wife to Orgon; their son and daughter; Tartuffe. a 
 
 typical religious hypocrite 45 526 
 
 *Les Femmes Savantes,> the Learned Women (1672), one of Moliere's 
 most popular comedies; Chrysale, an honest tradesman; Phila- 
 minte his wife, and Belise his sister, affecting a love of polite 
 33 
 
dxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 learning; Armande and Henriette, his daughters; Ariste, his 
 
 brother; Clitandre, suitor to Armande ... 4 5 424 
 
 <L'Ecole des Femmes,* the School for Wives (1662); Arnolphe, a 
 middle-aged man; Agnes, his young ward, whom he means to 
 marry; Horace, son of Arnolphe's old friend, and lover of Agnes. 45 557 
 *Le Malade Imaginaire> (1673), a three-act comedy, Moliere's last 
 work; Argan, who thinks himself ill; Monsieur Purgon, his 
 physician ; Angelique, his daughter ; Thomas Diafoirus, a young 
 doctor, designed by Argan for Angelique; Cleante, a lover pre- 
 ferred by Angelique; Beralde, Argan's brother, favorer of 
 Cleante; Toinette, a servant girl, disguised as a doctor 44 308 
 
 Racine: <Mithridate> (1673), a tragedy of great power, depicting 
 Mithridates, king of Pontus; Monima, his betrothed; Xiphares, 
 a chivalrous son in love with Monima; and Phamaces, a treach- 
 erous son .45 556 
 
 ^Andromache, ^ one of the author's greatest works; its Andromache 
 
 a modern character; a great love drama 44 120 
 
 <Athalie,> a biblical tragic drama; Athaliah; the boy king Joash. . . 44 122 
 
 Scribe and Legouve: <Adrienne Lecouvreur> (1849), a drama of witty 
 dialogue and strong dramatic situations; Adrienne Lecouvreur, 
 a beautiful actress; Maurice, Count de Saxe, her lover; the 
 Princess de Bouillon, of whom he had been an admirer 44 310 
 
 Voltaire: <Alzire,> a tragedy, Voltaire's masterpiece; Monteze, a native 
 ' king of Potosi; Alzire, his daughter; Guzman, Spanish gover- 
 nor of Peru, whom Alzire is over-persuaded to marry; Zamore, 
 her native lover, reported dead but reappearing as a captive to 
 Guzman ; Alvares, Guzman's father 44 309 
 
 German. — Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim: < Nathan the Wise,> a literary, 
 purpose drama, designed to teach charity and toleration; the 
 Jew Nathan; Recha, his adopted daughter; a Christian knight, 
 her lover; the Jewish patriarch; the Sultan Saladin 44 172 
 
 Schiller: < William TelP (1804), the latest of its author's dramas; Al- 
 brecht, duke and emperor; his bailiffs Gessler and Beringer; 
 William Tell ; Swiss patriots 45 407 
 
 Danish. — Ibsen, Henrik: < Ghosts > (1881), a powerful dramatic em- 
 bodiment of the significance of heredity; Oswald Alving, son of 
 a father whose vices were his death; Mrs. Alving, his mother; 
 her adviser Pastor Manders 44 313 
 
 Flemish. — Maeterlinck, Maurice: <The Blind,* a play of symbolism, 
 the characters of which are an old priest and a company of blind 
 men and women 44 312 
 
 Italian. — Guarini: <I1 Pastor Fido> (1585), a pastoral drama, its au- 
 thor's masterpiece; Amarilli, the heroine, and Silvio to whom she 
 is betrothed; Mirtillo, a lover of Amarilli whom she prefers; 
 Corisca, in love with Mirtillo 45 433 
 
 Spanish. — Echegaray, Jose: <The Great Galeoto* (1881); Julian and 
 his young wife Teodora; Ernest, their adopted son; Nebreda, 
 Who calumfiiates Teodora 44 121 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxv 
 
 English.— Addison, Joseph: <Cato of Utica> (1713), representing Cato's 
 last desperate struggle against Csesar; Cato and Caesar the chief 
 characters 44 118 
 
 Congreve, William: <The Mourning Bride > (1697); Almeria, daughter 
 of King Manual of Granada; Alphonso, whom she marries; 
 Anselmo, Alphonso's father; Garcia, son of Gonzalez; Zara, 
 captive African princess 44 120 
 
 Gay, John: <The Beggar's Opera> (1728); Captain Macheath, leader 
 of a gang of thieves; Peacham, receiver of stolen goods; Polly 
 Peacham, Macheath's wife, one of the most interesting charac- 
 ters in English drama 44 121 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver: <She Stoops to Conquer> (i773). an admirable 
 comedy, founded on an incident of the author's life; Squire 
 Hardcastle; Tony Lumpkin, his stepson; Kate, his daughter; 
 Marlow, a suitor to Kate; Constance Neville, designed for 
 Tony by his mother ; Hastings, in love with Constance 44 288 
 
 Shakespeare. See below. 
 
 Still, John: < Gammer Gurton's Needle > (1566), a Cambridge Univer- 
 sity play, one of the earliest comedies in English ; Gammer Gur- 
 ton, an old woman; her servant Hodge; Tib, her maid; Cock, 
 her servant boy; Diccon the Bedlam; Dame Chat and her maid 
 Doll; Master Baily and his man Scapethrift; Dr. Rat, the curate. 44 124 
 
 Swinburne, Algernon Charles: <Atalanta in Calydon,^ a tragedy on 
 the Greek model, verj' beautiful in its choral songs; CEneus, 
 and Althaea his wife; their son Meleager; Atalanta, a priestess, 
 beloved by Meleager; Toxeus and Plexippus, brothers of Althaea, 
 
 whom Meleager slays in a quarrel about Atalanta 44 122 
 
 <Chastelard> (1869), a tragedy protraying Mary Queen of Scots; 
 Mary the Queen and her lover Chastelard ; Murray, her minister 
 of state; Mary Beaton; Both well 44 228 
 
 Taylor, Sir Henry: < Philip van Artevelde* (1834), an English tragedy 
 of remarkable excellence; a picture of Philip van Artevelde's 
 great struggle as a popular leader at Ghent in 1381 and his 
 death in 1382 45 338 
 
 Udall, Nicholas: < Ralph Roister Doister> (1541), the first English 
 comedy; Gavin Goodluck, a thrifty merchant; his betrothed 
 Dame Custance, a rich widow; Madge Mumblecrust, her maid; 
 Ralph, a suitor to the widow, and Mathew Merrygreek, his go- 
 between 44 124 
 
 Shakespeare, William: < Love's Labour's Lost*; Ferdinand, King of 
 Navarre; his three lords, Biron, Dumain, and Longaville; the 
 Princess of France ; Rosaline ; Don Adriano, a fantastical Span- 
 iard; Sir Nathaniel, a curate; Holofernes, a schoolmaster 45 380 
 
 < Two Gentlemen of Verona > ; Valentine of Verona ; Proteus, his 
 faithless friend; Speed, his servant, a clown; Launce, servant 
 to Proteus; his dog Crab; Julia, the heroine; Silvia 45 381 
 
dxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <The Comedy of Errors > ; Antipholus of Ephesus, and Antipholus 
 of Syracuse, twin brothers; the Dromio twins, their servants; 
 Duke Solinus ; Adriana, wife to Antipholus of Ephesus ; Luciana, 
 
 her sister ; j^milia and ^geon ; Dr. Pinch 45 382 
 
 < Romeo and Juliet*; Capulet and Montagu, heads of rival houses; 
 Romeo a Montagu, and Juliet a Capulet, lovers; Mercutio and 
 
 Tybalt ; Friar Laurence ; a garrulous old nurse 45 382 
 
 < Henry VI., > Part i. ; Henry VI. ; Talbot and Exeter; York and 
 
 Warwick; Joan of Arc. 
 
 Part ii. ; King Henry VI. ; Margaret, his Queen ; Suffolk, her 
 
 guilty lover; Duke Humphrey, the Protector; Buckingham, 
 
 conspirator with Margaret against Humphrey's life; Jack 
 
 Cade, leader of an insurrection. 
 
 Part iii. ; Queen Margaret; Gloster (Richard III.); King Henry 
 
 VI., imprisoned and assassinated; Edward, Gloster's brother, 
 
 made King Edward IV.; Clarence, another brother 45 383 
 
 < Richard III.>; Gloster (Richard III.); Clarence, his brother, whom 
 he murders; Anne, widow of his murdered brother Edward; 
 Tyrrel, hired assassin of the two young sons of Edward: Hast- 
 ings and Buckingham; Richmond, who defeats Richard on 
 
 Bosworth Field, and becomes Henry VII 45 383 
 
 *The Merchant of Venice >; Antonio, a generous merchant; Shylock, 
 a Jew money lender; Bassanio, Antonio's friend; Portia, dis- 
 guised as a doctor-at-law ; Jessica, Shylock's daughter; Nerissa, 
 
 Portia's maid ; Lorenzo, Jessica's lover 45 384 
 
 *King John*; John, the base un-English king; the young prince, 
 Arthur, the rightful heir, whose death John compasses; Con- 
 stance, Arthur's mother; the Bastard, Faulconbridge, King 
 
 John's right-hand man 45 385 
 
 < Midsummer Night's Dream >; Duke Theseus; Hippolyta, whom he 
 is to wed ; Lysander and Hermia, lovers ; Demetrius and Helena, 
 lovers; Queen Titania, and her train of fairies; Oberon and 
 
 Puck ; Bottom, Snout, Snug the joiner 45 385 
 
 < Richard II.>; Richard II., a weak king; Bolingbroke, who sup- 
 planted him, and became Henry IV. ; old John of Gaunt; Ex- 
 ton, hired by Henry to kill John 45 386 
 
 < All's Well That Ends WelP; Bertram, a young count; Helen, 
 who wins him in marriage ; the old countess, Bertram's mother ; 
 
 ParoUes, a cowardly braggart 45 387 
 
 <The Taming of the Shrew >; Baptista, a rich old gentleman of 
 Padua; Katharina and Bianca, his daughters; Petruchio, who 
 seeks to win Katharina ; Lucentio, Bianca's lover ; Christopher Sly. 4 5 387 
 <King Henry IV. >; Part i. ; King Henry, who had caused the death 
 of Richard II. ; Prince Hal, his son ; Hotspur, head of the 
 Percy faction; Falstaflf. 
 Part ii. ; King Henry, who comes to his end ; Piince Hal, who 
 becomes Henry V.; Falstaff; Dame Quickly; Pistol; Justice 
 Shallow; Doll Tearsheet ... 45 388 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxvii 
 
 < Merry Wives of Windsor*; Sir John Falstaff; Bardolph, Nym, and 
 Pistol, his men; Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page, the Merry Wives; 
 Shallow, a country justice ; his cousin. Slender, and Slender's 
 man, Simple; Doctor Caius, and Dame Quickly, his housekeeper; 
 Anne Page, and Fenton, her lover 45 389 
 
 <King Henry V.>; bluff King Harry, Shakespeare's most notable 
 ideal; Fluellen, a Welsh companion of Henry; Kate, the French 
 King's daughter, whom Henry woos ; Pistol, Bardolph, and Nym . 4 5 390 
 
 <Much Ado About Nothing >; Hero, and her lover Claudio; Bea- 
 trice, and her lover Benedick; Don John, the villain of the 
 play; Dogberry, the constable, and goodman Verges; Friar 
 Francis 4 5 39o 
 
 <As You Like It>; Orlando, a manly youth; Oliver, his villainous 
 elder brother; Adam, their servant; Celia, daughter of the 
 reigning duke; Rosalind, her cousin; Touchstone, the clown; 
 Jacques, a blase libertine; Audrey 45 391 
 
 < Twelfth Night >; Olivia, a rich lady; the Duke Orsino, in love 
 with her; Malvolio, her steward; Sir Toby Belch, her kinsman; 
 Maria, her maid; Sir Andrew Aguecheek, a suitor; Viola, and 
 her brother Sebastian 45 391 
 
 < Julius Caesar >; Caesar; Brutus, Cassius, and Casca, chief conspira- 
 tors against Caesar ; Antony ; Portia, wife of Brutus 45 392 
 
 * Hamlet >; Hamlet, prince of Denmark; Claudius, his uncle, now 
 king, through killing Hamlet's father; the Queen, his mother, 
 married to Claudius; Polonius, an old counselor; Rosencrantz 
 and Guildenstem, treacherous courtiers ; Horatio, Hamlet's friend; 
 Ophelia, to whom Hamlet is engaged; Laertes, her brother... 4 5 393 
 
 <Troilus and Cressida*; Troilus, a young Trojan; Cressida, with 
 whom he is in love; Diomed, Ajax, Ulysses, Agamemnon, 
 Nestor, and Achilles, Greek leaders before Troy; Pandarus, 
 Cressida's uncle; Hector, the Trojan hero; the foul-mouthed 
 Thersites 45 393 
 
 < Othello >; Othello the Moor; Desdemona, whom he has wedded; 
 Cassio, appointed lieutenant by Othello ; lago, who hates Othello 
 for this appointment; Roderigo, in love with Desdemona, and 
 a tool of lago; Emilia, lago's wife 45 394 
 
 < Measure for Measure >; the Duke disguised as a friar; Angelo and 
 Escalus, his deputies ; Claudio, condemned to death by Angelo ; 
 Angelo's sister, Isabella; Mariana, formerly betrothed to Angelo. 45 395 
 
 < Macbeth >; Macbeth, king, by the murder of King Duncan; Ban- 
 quo, his comrade in a successful campaign; Lady Macbeth; 
 Malcolm and Macduff, Duncan's sons 45 395 
 
 <King Lear>; Lear, the king; Cornwall and Albany, sons-in-law to 
 whom he divides his kingdom ; Goneril and Regan, malignantly 
 wicked daughters; Cordelia, a faithful daughter; Gloster; Ed- 
 mund, an evil son to Gloster, and Edgar, a faithful son; Kent, 
 the king's nearest friend 45 396 
 
dxviii OUTLINE survey of the principal 
 
 <Timon of Athens >; Timon, a rich lord; Flavins, a faithful stew- 
 ard; Alcibiades, an old acquaintance; Apemantus, a cynical dog. 45 397 
 
 < Pericles, Prince of Tyre > ; Pericles, the prince ; Thaisa, his wife ; 
 
 Marina, their daughter; Cerimon, a good physician; Cleon and 
 
 Dionyza, with whom Marina grows up 45 397 
 
 < Antony and Cleopatra >; Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt; Antony, the 
 Roman soldier, her lover; Octavia, Caesar's sister, whom An- 
 tony marries ; Enobarbus, a follower of Antony 45 398 
 
 < Coriolanus * ; Coriolanus, a Roman patrician; Volumnia, his 
 
 mother; Virgilia, his wife; Valeria, her friend 45 398 
 
 <Cymbeline>; Cymbeline, the British king; Imogen, his daughter; 
 Posthumus, to whom she is secretly married ; Cloten, the king's 
 worthless stepson, whom he wishes Imogen to marry; lachimo, 
 who attempts a plot against Imogen 45 399 
 
 <A Winter's Tale>; Leontes, king of Sicily; Hermione, his wife, 
 about whom he is insanely jealous; Polixenes, king of Bohe- 
 mia, and guest of Leontes; Perdita, Hermione's daughter; Flo- 
 rizel, son of Polixenes, and Perdita's lover; Autolycus, with a 
 genius for thieving 45 399 
 
 -The Tempest*; Prospero, rightful duke of Milan; Miranda, his 
 daughter; Caliban, their slave; Antonio, his brother, in posses- 
 sion of the dukedom; the king of Naples, Antonio's confeder- 
 ate; Ferdinand, son of the king of Naples; Gonzalo, an old 
 friend of Prospero; Sebastian, a courtier; Stephano, a butler, 
 and Trinculo court jester 45 400 
 
 < Henry VIII.) ; King Henry; Queen Katharine; Anne, Henry's sec- 
 ond queen; Cardinal Wolsey; the Duke of Buckingham; 
 Cranmer, archbishop, tried for heresy; Bishop Gardiner, his 
 persecutor 45 401 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST (Jxix 
 
 NOVELS OF NOTE 
 
 AND CHARACTERS CREATED BY NOVELISTS 
 
 Alarc6n, Pedro Antonio de: <The Child of the Ball,> a powerful and 
 tragic novel ; Rodrigo, a debtor ; Perez, a money lender ; Manuel, 
 young son to Rodrigo; Don Trinidad, the curate; Soledad, 
 Perez's daughter, with whom Manuel falls in love; Antonio 
 
 Arregui, who marries Soledad . . 44 221 
 
 < Captain Veneno,> a story of Madrid in 1848; Captain Veneno, a 
 wounded soldier ; Doiia Teresa, who shelters him ; her daughter 
 Angustias 44 220 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey: <The Story of a Bad Boy,> a humorous, 
 partly autobiographical novel; Tom Bailey, the hero; Rev. 
 Wibird Hawkins, instructor in goody-goody conduct 45 542 
 
 Aleman, Mateo: < Guzman de Alfarache,> a Spanish romance of ras- 
 cal and vagabond life; Guzman, who tells his adventures 45 380 
 
 Allen, James Lane: <The Choir Invisible) (1897), a romance of pio- 
 neer life in Kentucky one hundred years ago; John Gray, an 
 idealist schoolmaster; Amy Falconer, a pretty flirt; Mrs. Fal- 
 coner, the ideal woman of the story 44 143 
 
 Andersen, Hans Christian: <The Improvisatore,* a Danish romance of 
 special autobiographic interest ; Antonio, a poor chorister boy in 
 Rome; Bernado, his patrician friend; Annunziata, a famous 
 Spanish singer, with whom both are in love 44 160 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf: ^Sforza^ (1889), a study of Italian scenes at 
 the opening of the sixteenth century; I^udovic Sforza, Duke of 
 Milan; Isabelle, widow of the murdered Duke; Louis XII. of 
 France; Hermes, nephew of Ludovic; Bernadino, in love with 
 Isabelle; Narvaez, a famous Spanish fencing-master; Almodoro, 
 a soothsayer ; the Chevalier Bayard 44 292 
 
 Auerbach, Berthold: <0n the Heights > (1865), considered the author's 
 finest work; Countess Irma at a German court; the King, fas- 
 cinated by her beauty; Walpurga, a peasant woman employed 
 by the Queen as a nurse 44 159 
 
 Balzac: ^ Cesar Birotteau>; Birotteau, a French shopkeeper; Constance, 
 his wife; Cdsarine, his daughter; Du Tillet, an unscrupulous 
 
 clerk; Roquin, the notary; Vauquelin, the great chemist 45 347 
 
 <The Chouans> (1829); Marie de Vemeuil, a young girl; the 
 Marquis de Montauran, royalist leader in Bretagne; Hulot, a 
 rough republican commandant; Marche-a-Terre, a ferocious, but 
 honest fanatic 44 182 
 
dxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 < The Country Doctor > (1833) ; Genestas, known as Captain Bluteau; 
 
 Dr. Benassis, a country doctor, the central character of the 
 
 story; Jacquotte, the doctor's cook 44 183 
 
 < Eugenie Grandet > (1833) ; Father Grandet, a rich miser; Eugenie, his 
 daughter, and her mother ; Charles, Eugenie's handsome cousin ; 
 Monsieur de Bonfons, an old friend whom she finally marries. 3 135 1 ; 44 183 
 
 *Pere Goriot* (1834), the story of a French Lear; Pere Goriot, a 
 retired manufacturer; Anastasie and Delphine, his married 
 daughters, to whom he has given his whole fortune ; Eugene de 
 Rastinac, who becomes Delphine's admirer 3 1351, 1360; 44 183 
 
 < Alkahest >; Balthazar Claes, a wealthy chemist seeking to solve 
 
 the mystery of matter; his daughter Marguerite, one of Balzac's 
 
 finest creations 45 378 
 
 < Cousin Bette^ (1846), a powerful picture of Parisian tastes and 
 
 vices; Lisbeth Fischer, or Cousin Bette, an eccentric poor rela- 
 tion ; Adeline, wife of Baron Hector Hulot ; Madame Marneflfe, 
 an unscrupulous beauty; the Baron, a base voluptuary ... 3 1362; 44 184 
 
 < Cousin Pons> (1847); Sylvain Pons, the hero, a simple-hearted 
 
 old musician ; the Marvilles, his purse-proud cousins ; Gaudissard, 
 
 a theatre director 3 1362 ; 4 4 184 
 
 <The Duchesse de Langeais,^ a study of the aristocracy of Paris 
 under the Restoration; the Duchess, a typical French lady, 
 Armand de Montriveau, a determined lover; the Duke, living 
 a military life apart 44 218 
 
 Baring-Gould, S.: < Richard Cable > (1888); Richard, a light-ship 
 keeper; Josephine, a young lady rescued by him; Richard's 
 seven daughters 45 423 
 
 Barr, Mrs. Amelia: ^Jan Vedder's Wife,* a story of Shetland Islands 
 life fifty years ago; Jan Vedder, a handsome young sailor, self- 
 indulgent and extravagant; Margaret, whom he marries, the 
 thrifty and stingy daughter of rich Peter Fae 44 144 
 
 Barrie, J. M. : <The Little Minister* (1891); Gavin Dishart, the hero, 
 a boy preacher ; Margaret Dishart, his mother ; Dominie Ogilvy, 
 who turns out to be Gavin's father; Babbie, the Egyptian, 
 promised bride of Lord Rintoul 44 54 
 
 Besant, Walter : <A11 Sorts and Conditions of Men,* a story which 
 suggested the famous People's Palace of East London; Angela 
 Messenger, a wealthy orphan, and university graduate, an 
 enthusiast for helping the workingfwomen of East London; 
 
 Harry Goslett, associated with her 44 274 
 
 <For Faith and Freedom* (1888); Rev. Comfort Eykin, chaplain 
 in Monmouth's Rebellion; Grace, his daughter, who tells the 
 greater part of the story; Robin Challis, her lover; Humphrey 
 Challis, also in love with Grace; Barnaby Eykin, her brother. ,44 106 
 < Children of Gibeon,* a study of social problems in London; Lady 
 Mildred Eldredge, a rich widow; Valentine and Violet, Lady 
 Mildred's daughter, and a waif adopted and brought up with 
 her; Claude, a young university man 44 149 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxi 
 
 Bjdrnson, Bjornstjerne : <Synnove Solbakken> (1857), Synnove, daugh- 
 ter of a Norwegian farmer; Thorbjorn Granliden, her schoolmate 
 and lover ; Thorbjorn's severe father ; Solbakken, Synnove's father. 4 5 524 
 <The Fisher Maiden > (1868); Petra, a strong-natured, imaginative 
 
 girl, said to embody many traits of the author 44 109 
 
 Black, William: <A Daughter of Heth> (1871) ; Catherine Cassilis, or 
 Coquette, a Scotch-French daughter of the sunny south of 
 France; her uncle, minister of Airlie in Scotland, w^hose ward 
 
 she becomes 44 255 
 
 <Green Pastures and Piccadilly* (1875), a story of England and 
 America; Hugh Balfour, a young reformer; Sylvia, his wife, 
 who thinks herself a hindrance to him; the Van Rosens, with 
 whom she goes to America 44 255 
 
 Blacktnore, R. D.: <Lorna Doone>; a Devonshire story, the author's 
 masterpiece; John Ridd, the hero; the Doones, a band of brig- 
 ands in Bagworthy Forest; John's mother, and sisters Annie 
 and Lizzie; Lorna, the child-queen of the Doones; Carver 
 
 Doone, with whom John fights a duel 5 2014 ; 45 518 
 
 <The Maid of Sker,> a story of the last twenty years of the eight- 
 eenth century in England and Wales; « Fisherman Davj'» 
 Llewellyn, a sailor; Bertha, the heroine; Rodney Bluett, a naval 
 veteran; « Black Evan's » five sons; Parson Chowne, a giant vil- 
 lain ; Lady Isabel Carey 45 542 
 
 Bourget, Paul: <The Disciple, > a story of Paris after 1870; an agnos- 
 tic philosopher; a young man who becomes his disciple; a 
 young girl whose death the disciple causes; her brother, who 
 
 kills the disciple in a duel 44 251 
 
 <Cosmopolis>; Countess Steno; Bolislas Gorka, an irritable Slav; 
 
 Lincoln Maitland, an American artist ; Dorsenne 44 93 
 
 Boyesen, H. H.: <Gunnar: A Tale of Norse Life> (1874); Gunnar 
 Thorson; his father, Thor Gunnarson, a cottager; his grand- 
 mother, old Gunhild; Atle Larsson, a land owner and leading 
 man ; his daughter Ragnhild, Gunnar's beloved .44 226 
 
 Bremer, Frederika: <The Neighbors,* a story delightfully picturing 
 Swedish domestic life ; Franziska Werner ; « Bear,» a country doc- 
 tor, her husband; his mother, of imperious temper; Bruno, his 
 brother; Serena, Bruno's sweetheart; Hagar, a Jewess, jealous 
 of Serena 44 249 
 
 Bront6, Charlotte: <Jane Eyre>; Jane Eyre, the heroine; Mr. Roch- 
 ester, to a ward of whom she becomes governess; Rochester's 
 insane wife 45 ^29 
 
 Brooke, Henry: *The Fool of Quality* (1777), a novel greatly valued 
 by John Wesley for its spiritual teaching; its notable character, 
 Harry, a youth of doubtful mind 44 236 
 
 Bulwer, Edward, Lord Lytton: <Kenelm Chillingly* (1873); Kenelm 
 ChiUingly, an attractive, high-minded heir of an old family; 
 Gordon Chillingly, an ambitious politician ; Lily Mordaunt, hero- 
 ine of Kenelm's love-affair 44 52 
 
dxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <Harold.,> a story of the last years of Edward the Confessor's 
 reign; Earl Harold; Edith the Fair betrothed to Harold; Duke 
 William of Normandy; Aldyth, whom Harold for state reasons 
 was compelled to marry; Tostig, a traitor brother of Harold's. 44 265 
 
 < Eugene Aram> (1832), a story based upon facts; Eugene Aram, a 
 poor scholar, forced to connive at a murder; Houseman, the 
 actual criminal; Madeline Lester, engaged to marry Aram 45 377 
 
 *A Strange Story, > a fascinating study of occult science; Doctor 
 
 Fenwick, who tells the story; Dr. Lloyd, a disciple of Mesmer.45 549 
 
 'Rienzi, the Last of the Roman Tribunes* (1848), a closely his- 
 torical story; Cola di Rienzi, the hero; Walter de Montreal, his 
 rival ; Nina, his wife ; Irene, his sister ; Adrian, Irene's lover .45 538 
 
 < The Caxtons * ( 1850) ; Austin Caxton, a great scholar ; his wife 
 
 Kitty much his junior ; his brother. Captain Roland ; Pisistratus, 
 son of Austin ; Herbert and Blanche, children of Roland ; Mr. 
 Trevanion and his wife Lady EUinor 44 134 
 
 <My Novel,* a close picture of English life in Bulwer's. day ; Squire 
 Hazeldean; Parson Dale; Audley Egerton, a politician; Baron 
 Levy, a money lender; Harley, the hero of the book; Doctor 
 Riccabocca, a political exile 45 544 
 
 *Paul Clifford* (1830), a story of exposure of the working of British 
 penal legislation; Paul Cliiford, an escaped criminal; Lucy Bran- 
 don, a young heiress; Sir William Brandon, her guardian; Lord 
 Mauleverer, in love with Lucy 45 532 
 
 <The Last Days of Pompeii* (1834), a tale of the destruction of 
 Pompeii; Glaucus, a young Greek; lone, with whom he is in 
 love; Arbaces, a villain, her guardian; Nydia, a blind girl ... .45 526 
 Cable, George W.: <The Grandissimes * (1880), a study of the Creole 
 population of Louisiana; the brothers Honors, of the Grandis- 
 simes; Aurora, widow of the last of the De Grapions, and her 
 only daughter Clotilde; Joseph Frowenfeld, a German-Ameri- 
 can; Palmyre, a former domestic slave; Raoul, a typical young 
 Creole 44 140 
 
 <Dr. Sevier* (1882); John Richling, the son of a rich planter; Dr. 
 
 Sevier, a kind-hearted physician ... 44 153 
 
 Caine, Hall : <The Deemster* (1877); Thorkell Mylrea, the Deemster, 
 and Gilchrist, his brother, bishop of the Isle of Man ; Ewan and 
 Mona, son and daughter of Thorkell, and Dan, the son of the 
 bishop 4 4 53 
 
 < The Bondman * ; Stephen Orry, a dissolute seaman ; Jason, his 
 
 son; Sunlocks, Orry's son by his second marriage; Greeba, 
 
 whose love Sunlocks wins 44 283 
 
 <The Christian* (1897), Glory Quayle, Manx clergyman's grand- 
 daughter; John Storm, a religious enthusiast 44 150 
 
 <The Manxman* (1894), a present-day romance of the Isle of Man; 
 Old Iron Christian, the deemster or judge; his two sons, Thomas 
 and Peter; Philip, son of Thomas; Peter Quilliam, son of Peter; 
 Kate Cregeen, young Peter's sweetheart 45 528 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxiii 
 
 Catherwood, Mary Hartwell: <The Lady of Fort St. John,> a ro- 
 mance of Acadia, in 1645; Marie de la Tour, command- 
 ing the defense of Fort St. John; D'Aulnay de Chamisay, in 
 command of a besieging force 45 535 
 
 Cherbuliez, Charles Victor: <Jean Teterol's Idea> (1878); Jean T^t- 
 erol, a young peasant; the Baron Saligneux; Lionel, son to 
 Jean after he has amassed wealth; Claire, the baron's daughter. .44 181 
 <The Revenge of Joseph Noirel,> a tragic story of the results of 
 social conditions; M, Merion, a manufacturer; Marguerite, his 
 daughter, unhappily married to a Count of criminal antece- 
 dents; Joseph Noriel, overseer to M. Merion, and in love with 
 Marguerite 4 5 472 
 
 Collins, Wilkie : <Antonina,> an historical romance of the fifth cent- 
 ury; the Emperor Honorius; Alaric, the Goth; Numarian, a 
 Roman Christian; Antonina, his daughter; Hermanric, a Gothic 
 
 chieftain in love with Antonina ; Ulpius, a pagan priest 45 370 
 
 tThe Moonstone > (1868); John Herncastle, a soldier in India; a 
 
 Brahmin; Miss Verinder, Herncastle's niece 44 52 
 
 Cooper, James Fenimore : < The Pilot> (1823), a sea story suggested 
 by Paul Jones's adventures; the Pilot, intended to represent 
 Paul Jones; Colonel Howard, and his nieces Cecilia and Kath- 
 erine; Dillon, the villain of the story; Griffith and Barnstaple, 
 
 lovers of the two girls; Long Tom, the coxswain 45 554 
 
 <The Red Rover > (1827); The Red Rover, a notorious pirate; 
 Henry Ark, a lieutenant on the English ship Dart; Miss Ger- 
 trude Grayson, and her governess Mrs. Wyllys 44 203 
 
 <The Bravo >; Don Camillo, a Paduan noble; Violetta. a young 
 orphan heiress with whom he has fallen in love; Jacopo, the 
 Bravo 44 203 
 
 Couperus, Louis Marie Anne: <Majesty> (1894), one of the great 
 works of modern Dutch fiction; more a prose-poem than a 
 novel; Othomar, a Crown prince; Oscar, the Emperor, his 
 father; Elizabeth, his mother; the Duchess, a beautiful coquette; 
 the Archduchess, to whom he becomes betrothed; Siegfried his 
 
 grandfather 44 248 
 
 < Footsteps of Fate,> a powerful Dutch story; Frank, a young Hol- 
 lander in his villa near London ; Bertie, a returned prodigal whom 
 he befriends ; Frank's lady love against whom Bertie plots ... 4 5 472 
 
 Craik, Mrs. Maria Muloch : <John Halifax, Gentleman> (1856); John 
 Halifax, a poor boy, the hero; Mr. Fletcher, a wealthy tanner 
 who employs him; Phineas Fletcher, his master's invalid son; 
 
 Ursula March, heroine of the story 44 199 
 
 < Hannah) (1871), a problem story; Bernard Rivers, a clergyman; 
 
 Hannah, his deceased wife's sister; Rosie, his infant daughter. .44 266 
 
 Crawford, F. Marion : < Mr. Isaacs > ; Mr. Isaacs^ a high-bred Persian, 
 married to three wives; Paul Griggs, his English friend; Miss 
 Westonhaugh, a beautiful Englishwoman, with whom the Per- 
 sian falls in love 45 546 
 
dxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <Dr. Claudius* (1883); Dr. Claudius, a student at Heidelberg, in- 
 heritor of an American fortune; the Countess Margaret, with 
 whom he is in love 44 282 
 
 <A Roman Singer > (1884); Nino Cardegna, the singer; Cornelio 
 Grandi, a professor at Rome who has adopted Nino; Hedwig, a 
 Count's daughter with whom Nino falls in love; Benoni, a rich 
 Jew, chosen" by Hedwig's father for her husband 44 155 
 
 <Don Orsino > (1892), a good picture of life at Rome; Orsino in 
 business at Rome; Del Ferice, who lends him money; Maria 
 Consuelo, whom he loves 45 371 
 
 <Casa Braccio> (1896); Sister Maria Addolorata, a beautiful nun; 
 Angus Dalrymple, a young Scotch physician, her lover; Stefa- 
 none, a peasant, father of a girl who kills herself for love of 
 Angus; Gloria, daughter of Angus; Reanda and Paul Griggs, 
 her lovers 44 150 
 
 *Corleone> (1897); Don Orsino, the leading character; Vittoria, a 
 
 Sicilian hero 44 198 
 
 <Greifenstein,> a story of Swabia and German student life about 1888; 
 Baron von Grdifenstein and his half-brother Von Rieseneck; 
 Clara Kurtz, wife to the Baron but in fact Von Rieseneck's 
 discarded wife; Greif, son to the Baron and Clara; Rex, Greif's 
 friend, son to Rieseneck; Hilda, Greif's cousin, and his be- 
 trothed 44 268 
 
 Crockett, Samuel R.: <The Raiders >; May Maxwell, of a family of 
 smugglers; Patrick Heron, the hero, in love with her; Hector 
 Faa, an outlaw chief, who demands May in marriage; Silver 
 
 Sand, who aids Patrick to rescue May 44 276 
 
 Daudet, Alphonse : < Numa Roumestan > ; Numa Roumestan, a genuine 
 
 Provengal, depicting Gambetta in early life 44 92 
 
 *The Nabob ^; Jansoulet, the Nabob, home from Tunis with a great 
 fortune ; Dr. Jenkins, inventor of an infallible pill ; the journal- 
 ist Moessard; several characters thinly disguised Parisian per- 
 sons 44 222 
 
 <The Immortal > (1888), a satire on the French Academy; a book- 
 worm, member of the Academy; his ambitious wife; and his 
 
 spendthrift son 44 182 
 
 De Forest, J. W.: <Miss Ravenel's Conversion*; Doctor Ravenel, a 
 secessionist at the opening of the war; Lillie, his daughter; 
 John Carter, Confederate Brigadier-General, her first lover; Ed- 
 ward Colburne, the ideal character of the book 44 304 
 
 <The Wetherel Affair* (1873); Judge Jabez Wetherel, a rich old 
 man mysteriously murdered; his nephew, Edward, on whom 
 some suspicion rests; Nestoria Bernard, with whom Edward is 
 in love; Count Poloski, the real murderer 45 481 
 
 ^ Irene the Missionary > ; Irene, the heroine, going as a missionary to 
 Syria; De Vries, a young scholar, her fellow- voyager ; a com- 
 monplace consul at Beirut; a fierce young doctor who teaches 
 her Syriac 44 214 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxV 
 
 < Kate Beaumont, > a vivid picture of South Carolina before the Civil 
 War; the Beaumonts and the McAllisters, powerful families at 
 feud with each other; Kate Beaumont, the heroine; Frank 
 
 McAllister, her lover 44 249 
 
 Deland, Mrs. Margaret: <John Ward, Preacher > (1888), a story of 
 Calvinism in belief; John Ward, a Presbyterian minister; Helen, 
 his Broad-Church wife; and her uncle, a liberal Episcopal rec- 
 tor 44 198 
 
 Dickens, Charles: < Oliver Twist > (1838); Oliver, a poorhouse waif; 
 the Artful Dodger; Fagin the Jew; Nancy Sykes; Bill Sykes, 
 house-breaker 44 48 
 
 <Barnaby Rudge* (1841); Barnaby, a poor half-witted lad; his 
 mother, and his raven Grip; Gabriel Varden, an old locksmith; 
 Dolly Varden, his daughter; Mrs. Varden, a religious zealot; 
 Sim Tappertit, an apprentice 45 354 
 
 <Dombey and Son> (1848); Mrs. Dombey, and her baby son Paul, 
 who die; Florence Dombey; Mr. Dombey, and the second Mrs. 
 Dombey; Mr. Carker, a crafty villain ; Captain Cuttle, Florence's 
 protector; Walter Gay, who marries Florence; Mr. Toots, and 
 Joe Bagstock 44 228 
 
 <David Copperfield> (1850); David, a child of many sad experi- 
 ences; his nurse Peggotty, married to Barkis the carrier; Betsy 
 Trotwood, David's aunt; Mrs. Copperfield, his mother; Steer- 
 forth, David's schoolmate ; Little Em'ly ; Tommy Traddles, and 
 Uriah Heep 44 229 
 
 <Little Dorrit> (1856-57); Amy, the «Little Dorrit»; Arthur Clen- 
 nam, her lover; Mrs. Clennam, a religious fanatic; Flintwinch, 
 an old hypocrite; Blandois, the author's most dastardly villain. 44 230 
 
 < Bleak House > (1853); Lady Dedlock, a beautiful society woman; 
 Esther Summerson, her child ; Mr. Jarndyce, Esther's guardian ; 
 Mr. Skimpole; Mrs. Jellyby; Mr. Guppy; Mr. Turveydrop; Mr, 
 Chadband ; poor Jo, the crossing-sweeper 44 169 
 
 <Hard Times > (1854), a satire on the false use of political economy; 
 Mr. Thomas Gradgrind; Louisa, his eldest daughter; Tom 
 Gradgrind, her brother; Sissy, daughter of a circus clown; 
 Josiah Bounderby, a self-made man 44 266 
 
 < Great Expectations) (1861), a novel, like < David Copperfield > more 
 or less autobiographical ; Pip, the central personage of the book ; 
 Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith, one of Dickens's most de- 
 lightfully humorous characters; Estella, Pip's sweetheart after 
 a long wooing; Mrs. Joe, Pip's termagant sister ; Uncle Pumble- 
 chook 44 133 
 
 <Our Mutual Friend> (1864-65); John Rokesmith. the hero; Mr. and 
 Mrs. Boffin; Jenny Wren, the doll's dressmaker; Lizzie Hexam; 
 Bradley Headstone, the schoolmaster; Bella Wilfer, who mar- 
 ries John Harmon ; Silas Wegg, an impudent scoundrel ; Eugene 
 Wrayburn, a society idol .44 230 
 
dxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 <A Tale of Two Cities, > London and Paris, during the French Revo- 
 lution; Dr. Manette, prisoner of the Bastille; Lucie, his daugh- 
 ter; Charles Darnay, who marries Lucie; Mr. Lorry, a London 
 solicitor; Sydney Carton, a bohemian; Defarge and his wife. .45 460 
 
 Dingelstedt, Franz: <The Amazon > (1868), a witty story of society 
 in Berlin; Roland, a noted painter; Armgard Krafft, daughter 
 of a rich banker; Seraphine, a prima donna, who poses for Ro- 
 land as an Amazon 44 180 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin: Earl of Beaconsfield : <Endymion> (1835); En- 
 dymion, a political portrait of the author; a widow whom he 
 marries; his sister who marries a Prime Minister; Nigel, 
 
 at Oxford, portraying John Henry Newman 44 5 
 
 'Coningsby* (1844), its author's most successful novel; the hero, 
 Coningsby; Lord Monmouth, his uncle; Sidonia, the author's 
 ideal Jew ; Oswald Millbank, said to represent W. E. Gladstone, 
 
 Rigby, portraying the critic J. W. Croker 44 139 
 
 *Lothair> (1870), a story of England about 1870; Lothair, a young 
 nobleman of great wealth, the hero; Lord Culloden, his uncle, 
 a Scotch Protestant and one of his guardians; Cardinal Grandi- 
 son, a Roman Catholic, his other guardian; Bertram, Lothair's 
 college friend; Lady Corisande, Bertram's sister, with whom Lo- 
 thair falls in love; Lord and Lady St. Jerome, and Miss Arun- 
 del, Catholic friends; Theodora, an Italian Protestant; Lord St. 
 Aldegonde, an ideal English character 45 551 
 
 Dosto6vsky, Feodor M. : < Crime and Punishment* (1866); Raskolni- 
 koflf, murderer of a repulsive old woman, a money lender; 
 Sonia, a girl of evil life whom he seeks to redeem 44 no 
 
 Doyle, A. Conan : * The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes > ; Holmes, a 
 
 scientific amateur detective 44 13 
 
 <The Great Shadow,* a story of Napoleon and of Waterloo; Jack 
 Calder, a Scotch youth; Edie, his girl cousin, to whom he be- 
 comes engaged; Jim Horscroft, Jack's friend, who wins away 
 Edie; De Lapp, a Napoleon soldier, with whom Edie elopes.. .44 260 
 <Micah Clarke,* an historical novel of the time of Monmouth's Re- 
 bellion ; Micah Clarke, the hero, enlisted under Monmouth ; Ruth 
 Timewell, a Puritan maid ; Reuben Lockarby, a tavern-keeper's 
 son, favored by Ruth; Master John Derrick, Ruth's Puritan 
 suitor 45 527 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre : ^ The Count of Monte Cristo * ; Edward Dantes, 
 mate of a merchant ship; Catalan Mercedes, his sweetheart; a 
 rich banker, a distinguished magistrate, and a famous general. 4 5 479 
 <The Forty -five Guardsmen,* a story of Paris in the autumn and 
 winter of 1585-86; Henri HI., the king; Anne, the queen; 
 Catherine de' Medici, queen-mother; Crillon, leader of the 
 
 guard ; Salcede, a convict murderer 45 378 
 
 < The Three Musketeers > ; D' Artagnan, a Gascon adventurer in 
 Paris; Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, three of Louis XIIL's mus- 
 keteers 45 461 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxVU 
 
 <Twenty Years After >; Cardinal Mazarin, prime minister; Anne of 
 Austria, mother of Louis XIV ; D'Artagnan; Porthos, Athos, 
 
 and Aramis 45 46i 
 
 <Vicomte de Bragelonne>; the Vicomte; Louise de la Valliere; 
 Louis XIV., the king; Maria Theresa whom he marries; Fou- 
 quet and Colbert, rivals for the king's favor; D'Artagnan and 
 his three friends 4 5 461 
 
 Du Maurier, George: < Trilby >; Trilby, a handsome artist's model in 
 Paris; Taffy, the Laird, and Little Billee, three artists who are 
 chums ; Svengali, an Austrian Jew of repulsive character 45 485 
 
 Ebers, Georg: <An Egyptian Princess > (1864); Cambyses, King of 
 Persia ; Nitetis, an Egyptian princess his ill-fated bride ; Bart ja, 
 brother of Cambyses; Sappho, Bartja's lady-love; Croesus, the 
 Lydian king famous for his wealth; Darius, who succeeded 
 Cambyses 44 20 
 
 Eckstein, Ernst: < Quintus Claudius* (1881), a story of the close of 
 the reign of Domitian. about A. D. 95; Quintus Claudius, son 
 of a priest of Jupiter; Cornelia, betrothed to him; Domitian, 
 
 the Roman Emperor; the Empress Domitia 45 539 
 
 •<Prusias,> a story of Capua in Italy, about B. C. 73; Prusias, secret 
 agent of Mithridates; Caius of Capua, to whom he is tutor; Lu- 
 cius, prefect of Capua; Sextus, brother of Caius; Quintilia, their 
 mother; Naevia, young wife of Lucius; Spartacus, a gladiator. 45 510 
 
 Eliot, George: ^Adam Bede> (1859); Adam, a village carpenter; Hes- 
 ter Sorrel, an ambitious little beauty; Mrs. Poyser, he.r aunt at 
 the Poyser farm ; Dinah Morris, a young woman preacher ; Mr. 
 
 Irwine, the parson; Bartle Massey, the schoolmaster 45 485 
 
 <The Mill on the Floss* (i860); Maggie Tulliver, the miller's 
 daughter; her brother Tom; Mrs. Legg and Mrs. Pullet, her 
 aunts; Philip Wakem, crippled son of a lawyer, in love with 
 Maggie; Lucy, Maggie's cousin; Stephen Guest, Lucy's be- 
 trothed 45 440 
 
 < Silas Marner* (1861); Silas, a hand-loom weaver whose life has 
 
 been wrecked by a charge of theft; a girl baby who becomes 
 his ward; Dolly Winthrop, the wheelwright's wife; Mr. Macey, 
 
 the parish clerk 45 549 
 
 <Romola> (1864), an historic romance of Italy in the time of 
 Savonarola; Romola, the heroine, daughter of an aged scholar; 
 Tito, a Greek who marries Romola, in addition to a pretense 
 of marriage with a peasant girl 45 514 
 
 < Felix Holt, the Radical* (1866); Felix, the hero, a young work- 
 
 man full of radical ideas ; Esther Lyon, his sweetheart ; Esther's 
 father, a rusty Puritan preacher; Harold Transome, a fine gen- 
 tleman ; Mrs. Transome. his mother 44 137 
 
 < Middlemarch > (1872); Dorothea Brooke; Celia, her sister; Mr. 
 Brooke, their uncle; Rev. Edward Casaubon, whom Dorothea 
 marries; Will Ladislaw, a young cousin of Mr. Casaubon, who 
 succeeds him in Dorothea's interest; Caleb Garth, said to be 
 
dxxviii OUTLINE survey of the principal 
 
 drawn from the author's father; Mary Garth, his daughter; 
 Rosamond Vincy and her lover, Dr. Lydgate; Fred. Vincy, 
 
 Mary Garth's lover 45 519 
 
 < Daniel Deronda> (1876); Daniel Deronda, the hero, of fine educa- 
 tion and great talents; Gwendolen Harleth, the heroine, poor 
 and proud; Henleigh Grandcourt, whom she marries; Mordecai, 
 Mirah Lapidoth, and other Jewish characters 44 g 
 
 Farjeon, B. L.: <Grif> (1870), a study of Australian life; Grif, a 
 homeless waif ; Alice Handheld, who rescues and educates him ; 
 Dick Handheld, her husband, miserably poor; Matthew Nuttall, 
 her rich father, who disowns her because of Dick 44 2S7 
 
 Farrar, Frederick W. : *■ Gathering Clouds > ; John Chrysostom, a great 
 pulpit orator at Antioch; the Emperors Theodosius and Arca- 
 dius; Eutyche, a young martyr 44 io6 
 
 Fielding, Henry: < Joseph Andrews* (1742); Joseph Andrews, brother 
 of Richardson's Pamela ; Fanny, his sweetheart ; Parson Adams, 
 
 an old-style country clergyman 44 41 
 
 <Tom Jones > (1749); Tom, a young man of wild conduct; Squire 
 Western, a typical English country gentleman; Sophia West- 
 ern, his daughter and Tom's sweetheart 44 42 
 
 ^Amelia * (1751); Amelia, the heroine, a portrait of Fielding's wife; 
 Mr. Booth, supposed to represent Fielding himself; Miss 
 
 Matthews, the doubtful character of the book 44 243 
 
 <The History of Jonathan Wild the Great,* a story of vulgar Eng- 
 lish life about 1742; Jonathan Wild, a dissolute character; Count 
 La Ruse, a French gambler; Bagshot, a scoundrel; Heartfree 
 and Mrs. Heartfree ; Letitia Snap, to whom Wild is married .45 544 
 
 Flaubert, Gustave : < Madame Bovary* (1856), a story of fatalistic 
 pessimism; Doctor Bovary in a provincial French town; 
 
 Madame Bovary, the doctor's wife ; her successive lovers 45 433 
 
 <Salammb&* (1864), a picture of ancient Carthage; Salammb6, 
 beautiful daughter of Hamilcar, sister of Hannibal; Matho, a 
 common soldier passionately in love with Salammbo; the high 
 priest 44 315 
 
 Foote, Mary Hallock: <The Led Horse Claim* (1883), a romance of 
 Western mining life ; Conrath, manager of a mining camp ; Cecil 
 Conrath, his sister; Hilgard, manager- of a rival camp 45 536 
 
 Fothergill, Jessie: < The First Violin* (1877), a notable musical 
 novel ; May Wedderburn, the heroine, an English g^rl ; Eugen 
 Courvoisier, an orchestra « first violin** whom she meets in 
 Germany 44 137 
 
 Frederic, Harold: <The Damnation of Theron Ware* (1896); Theron 
 Ware, an eloquent young Methodist preacher in New York, 
 whose acquaintance with a beautiful woman is his damnation. 44 148 
 
 Freytag, Gustav: <The Lost Manuscript*; Felix Werner, a university 
 professor; Use, daughter of the owner of Bielstein castle, who 
 becomes his wife ; the sovereign who brings Use into an equiv- 
 ocal position 45 551 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxix 
 
 Fuller, Henry B.: <The Cliff-Dwellers,> a story of Chicago, George 
 Ogden, a well-bred Easterner; Erastus Brainerd, self-made 
 
 and selfish ; the beautiful Mrs. Ingles 44 198 
 
 <With the Procession, > a story of modern Chicago life; Mr. and 
 Mrs. Marshall, old-fashioned people; Jane and Rosamund Mar- 
 shall, energetic and ambitious daughters; Truesdell Marshall, 
 educated abroad and aristocratic; Mrs. Granger Bates, a society 
 leader; Mrs. Belden, a glaringly vulgar person 45 552 
 
 Gald6s, Benito Perez: <Dona Perfecta> (Eng. trans. 1880); Dona Per- 
 fecta, a wealthy widow, a perfect type of the spirit of old 
 Spain; Don Jose, her nephew, the hero of the story, a young 
 
 radical 44 221 
 
 <Leon Roch,* a story of the conflict of science and dogma; Leon 
 Roch, a young scientist; Maria, his wife, expecting to convert 
 him ; her confessor, who directs her conduct ; her brother Luis, a 
 religious fanatic 45 409 
 
 Gaskell, Mrs. E. C: <Mary Barton> (1848); John Barton, a Man- 
 chester weaver; Mary, his beautiful daughter; Mr. Carson, the 
 
 mill-owner's son; Jem Nilson, Mary's lover 44 48 
 
 <Cranford,> a delightfully humorous story; the Misses Deborah and 
 Matty Jenkyns; their brother Peter; Captain Brown; Mr. Hol- 
 brook, Miss Matty's old lover; Mrs. Jamieson and Lady Glen- 
 mire; Dr. Hoggins; Miss Betty Barker and Miss Pole 44 156 
 
 Gautier, Th6ophile: <The Romance of a Mummy,) a story of the life 
 and customs of ancient Egypt, about the time of Moses; the 
 Theban High Priest; Tahoser, his daughter; Poeri, a young 
 Jew, steward of Pharaoh, with whom Tahoser is in love; 
 
 Ra'hel, a Jewess, with whom Poeri is in love 44 252 
 
 < Captain Fracasse> (1863), a story carefully picturing the manners 
 and morals of the age of Louis XIIL of France; Sicognac, a 
 young French baron living alone in poverty; his faithful Pierre; 
 Isabella, a pretty actress with a troop of players; Martamoro, 
 an actor, upon whose death the baron takes his place as Cap- 
 tain Fracasse ^4 251 
 
 Gissing, George: <In the Year of Jubilee > (1895), a tale of middle- 
 class Philistinism; Nancy Lord, the heroine; Mary Woodruffe, 
 her servant 45 540 
 
 Goethe: <Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship) (1796); Wilhelm, the 
 hero, with a passion for the theatre; Marianne, a charming 
 actress who returns his love; Felix, an unacknowledged son.. .45 404 
 
 Gogol, Nikolai F.: <Taras Bulba> (1839), a story of Cossack life; 
 Taras, the Cossack leader; Ostap and Andrii, his sons; the 
 Voivod's beautiful daughter; her maid, Andrii's sweetheart 45 497 
 
 Goodwin, Mrs. Maud Wilder: < White Aprons,> a romance of early 
 Virginia history; Governor Berkeley ; Bacon, leader of a rebel- 
 lion; Bryan Fairfax, a young soldier with Bacon; Penelope 
 Payne, Fairfax's sweetheart; Samuel Pepys, Penelope's uncle in 
 
 London ^5 529 
 
 34 
 
dxxx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Grand, Madame Sarah: <The Heavenly Twins > (1893); Evadne, the 
 heroine, who leaves her husband; Dr. Galbraith, a physician 
 who marries her ; the Twins, a boy and a girl 44 147 
 
 Gras, F61ix: <The Reds of the Midi> (1896); Pascal La Patine, a 
 
 character representing the author; the Marquis; his daughter. 44 17 
 
 Gr6ville, Henri: <Sonia> (1878), a powerful story of home life in 
 Russia; Sonia, a poor serf girl who becomes a handsome and 
 capable maid; Boris Grebof, a tutor; Lydie, a pupil of Boris, 
 
 to whom he becomes engaged 45 506 
 
 <Dosia^ (1877), a story of Russian life; Leodocia, a madcap heroine; 
 Pierre, with whom she attempted to elope ; the Princess Sophie, 
 who takes her in hand; Count Platon, brother of the Princess. ... 44 181 
 <Dosia's Daughter' (1886). a picture of Russian society life; the 
 
 Count and Countess Tourof ; their daughter Agnes 44 181 
 
 Haggard, H. Rider: < Allan Quatermain,' story of hunting advent- 
 ures in Africa; Allan Quatermain, an old hunter and traveler; 
 Sir Henry Curtis, his soldier companion ; Captain Good, a re- 
 tired seaman ; Umslopogaas, a trusty and gigantic Zulu ; Flossie 
 Mackenzie, a missionary's daughter captured by the blacks. . . 44 323 
 < Cleopatra > ; Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt ; Harmachis, priest and 
 magician; various nobles who plot to make Harmachis Queen 
 in her stead 44 214 
 
 Hal6vy, Ludovic : <The Abbe Constantin' (1882), an immensely suc- 
 cessful novel; the Abbe, village cur^; his godson Jean; two 
 ladies received at the vicarage 44 261 
 
 Hardy, Thomas: ^Tess of the D'Urbervilles>; Tess, a beautiful girl, 
 the victim of betrayal; Angel Clare, a gentleman's son, who 
 
 marries and deserts her. ... 45 516 
 
 <Far from the Madding Crowd >; Bathsheba Everdene, a clever 
 and ambitious country girl; Farmer Oak, her lover; Sergeant 
 
 Troy, her worthless suitor 44 52 
 
 *Jude the Obscure > (1896), a painful story of vulgar tragedy; Jude, 
 ambitious to go to Oxford ; Arabella, in love with him, but a 
 drag upon him; Sue, a refined woman, whom he loves, but 
 
 who does not help him 44 234 
 
 <The Return of the Native > (1878); Clym Yeobright, returned from 
 Paris to undertake a mission; Eustacia Vye, a divinity whom 
 he marries 45 425 
 
 Harte, Bret: < Gabriel Conroy> (1876), a mining camp California 
 story; Captain Conroy; Grace Conroy, the heroine; her brother 
 Gabriel and sister Oily; Philip Ashley, in love with Grace; Dr. 
 Devarges, a famous scientist; Peter Dumphy 44 259 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel: <The Blithedale Romance > (1852); Zenobia, 
 its central figure, perhaps portraying Margaret Fuller; Hollings- 
 
 worth, a transcendental philanthropist 44 12 
 
 * The House of the Seven Gables > ; Hephzibah Pyncheon , a de- 
 cayed gentlewoman; Clifford, her brother; Judge Pyncheon, 
 their cousin; another cousin, Phcebe, a bright country girl 44 139 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxxi 
 
 <The Marble Faun> (i860); Kenyon, an American sculptor; Hilda 
 and Miriam, studying art in Rome; Donatello, with an acci- 
 dental resemblance to the Faun of Praxiteles 44 289 
 
 <The Scarlet Letter > (1850); Hester Prynne, the heroine; Arthur 
 Dimmesdale, a young minister, her lover; Pearl, their child; 
 Roger Chillingworth, Hester's aged husband detained for two 
 
 years in Holland 45 404 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell: <The Guardian Angel,> a story illustrating 
 heredity; Myrtle Hazard, a beautiful orphan girl; Clement 
 Lindsay, a young sculptor; Professor Gridley, who undertakes 
 the care of her; Murray Bradshaw, a lawyer, who plots to 
 win her for her estate of which he knows 44 156 
 
 * Elsie Venner> (1859), ^ richly humorous New England story, 
 with a problem of heredity in it; Elsie, the heroine; her father, 
 a widower 44 276 
 
 < Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, > a Boston boarding-house story 
 of unique interest; the Autocrat; the Schoolmistress; the old 
 gentleman; the Young Man John; the landlady and her daughter; 
 
 the Poor Relation ; and the Divinity Student 44 277 
 
 Howard, Blanche Willis: <Guenn> (1883); Guenn, a fisher girl of 
 Plouvenec on the Breton coast; Hamor, a young American artist 
 to whom she poses; Nannie, her deformed brother; Thymert, 
 
 an ideal parish priest. ... 44 142 
 
 Howells, William Dean: <A Chance Acquaintance* (1873); Kitty 
 Ellison, a pretty Western girl ; Mrs. Ellison, a commonplace but 
 kind-hearted woman; Mr. Miles Arbuton, a Boston aristocrat .. 4 4 2 
 
 < Landlord of Lion's Head* (1897); Mr. and Mrs. Durgin, New Eng- 
 land farm people; Jeff Durgin, their son at Harvard ; Westover, 
 an artist visitor ; Whitwell. a rural philosopher ; Cynthia, his daugh- 
 ter, an ideal country girl ; Bessie Lynde, a Boston society g^rl ... 4 4 234 
 
 <The Undiscovered Country,* a study of spiritualism ; Doctor Boynton, 
 a country doctor, and enthusiastic spiritualist ; Egeria, his daugh- 
 ter, brought up as a medium ; members of the Shaker commu- 
 nity in which they take refuge 44 291 
 
 <A Foregone Conclusion* (1875); Florida Vervain, a young girl 
 sojourning in Venice; Mrs. Vervain, her mother; Mr. Ferris, 
 her lover ; Don Ippolito, a priest 44 320 
 
 <A Modern Instance* (1881) ; Bartley Hubbard, an unprincipled young 
 man, a journalist; Marcia Gaylord, whom he marries; Judge 
 Gaylord, her father; Ben Halleck, in love with Marcia after 
 Bartley's death 45 430 
 
 <A Hazard of New Fortunes*; Dryfoos, a Pennsylvania German in 
 New York ; Basil March, editor for Dryfoos ; two vulgar daugh- 
 ters of Dryfoos: Conrad, his son, a nobler type; Lindau, an 
 old German socialist 45 439 
 
 <The Lady of the Aroostook* (1879); Lydia Blood, the heroine, on 
 a visit to Venice; Mr. Dunham and Mr. Staniford, her fellow 
 passengers on the voyage 45 496 
 
dxxxii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 < April Hopes > (1887), a very realistic Puritan story; Alice, the hero- 
 ine, a Puritan girl; Dan Mavering, a Harvard graduate, her lover. 44 250 
 
 Hughes, Thomas: <Tom Brown's Schooldays > (1857); Tom Brown, a 
 middle-class English schoolboy; Arthur, a lad of gentle and 
 high character, afterwards known as Dean Stanley 44 51 
 
 Hugo, Victor: < Ninety-three > (1874); the Marquis de Lantenac, a 
 Breton nobleman; Gauvain, the marquis's nephew; Cimourdain, 
 an ex-priest, and a republican; Marat, Danton, and Robes- 
 pierre, historical characters in 1793 44 89 
 
 <Notre-Dame de Parish; a study of France in the fifteenth century, 
 and of Louis XL and his barber Olivier-le-Daim ; Quasimodo, 
 the deaf and deformed bell-ringer; Esmeralda, the heroine, a 
 beautiful singer and dancer; Claude FroUo, archdeacon of the 
 
 cathedral 44 163 
 
 <Les Miserables> (1862); a comprehensive picture of Paris in the 
 nineteenth century; Jean Valjean, a hard-working peasant, a 
 
 convict for stealing bread; the good Bishop of D ; Fantine, 
 
 a grisette, abandoned to die; little Cosette, her child 45 450 
 
 Ibsen, Henrik: < Ghosts > (1881); a terribly searching study of social 
 conditions; Oswald Alving, who inherits evil tendencies from a 
 dead father; Mrs. Alving, his mother, a tj^ical new woman; 
 Pastor Manders, representing conventional morality 44 313 
 
 James, Henry: < Daisy Miller > (1878); Daisy Miller, an admirably 
 pretty young country girl of unconventional but charming type 
 of rectitude and innocence; she travels in Europe with her 
 
 mother, Mrs. Miller, and her small brother, Randolph 44 4 
 
 <The Princess Casamassima> (1886); the Princess, and Lady 
 Aurora, women of rank and wealth; Hyacinth Robinson, the 
 
 son of a lord left in care of a poor dressmaker 45 435 
 
 <The Portrait of a Lady> (1882); Isabel Archer, the heroine., a high- 
 bred American girl; Lord Warburton, and Caspar Goodwood, 
 who wish to marry her; Henrietta Stackpole, a newspaper 
 correspondent; Madame Merle, an adventuress; Gilbert Osmond, 
 
 an art amateur ; Pansy, his daughter 45 440 
 
 <The Bostonians,) a present-day story (1886); Olive Chancellor, a 
 strong-minded Boston woman; Verena Tarrant, daughter of a 
 
 mesmeric healer; Miss Birdseye, a philanthropist 44 205 
 
 *The Europeans^; Felix Young and his sister, the Baroness Miins- 
 ter, foreign visitors to a suburb of Boston ; Gertrude, their 
 American cousin, and her sister Charlotte; Mr. Brand, a clergy- 
 man 44 140 
 
 Jewett, Sarah Orne: <Deephaven> (1877); a fine picture of a pictur- 
 esque New England seaport town; Kate Lancaster and Helen 
 Denis, bright girls from the city; Mrs. Kew, of the lighthouse; 
 Mrs. Dockum, and the Widow Jim; Mr. Lorimer, the minister; 
 Miss Chauncey, an old lady who has lost her mind 44 145 
 
 J6kai, Maurice : < The Green Book > ; Pushkin, the famous Russian 
 poet; Zeneida, a favorite opera singer and the great character 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxxiii 
 
 of the book; the Tsar Nicholas; Princess Ghedimin; Sophie 
 Narishkin, her daughter; and Bethsaba, a beautiful young girl. 44 108 
 < Black Diamonds' (1870), a famous story of industrial and aristo- 
 cratic life in Hungary; Ivan Behrends, the hero, owner of a 
 coal mine; Edila, a colliery girl beloved by Ivan, who marries 
 
 a rich banker, but eventually returns to Ivan 44 168 
 
 <Eyes Like the Sea> (1890), a striking picture of Hungarian social 
 life; Bessy the heroine, a strange character five times married; 
 J6kai himself the second character of the book 44 224 
 
 Keary, Annie: < Castle Daly' (1875), the most popular of the author's 
 stories; a tale of Ireland in the famine of 1846; Squire Daly; 
 Ellen, his daughter; Connor, her brother; Cousin Anne; Pel- 
 ham, the Squire's son ; Thornely, an English character 44 236 
 
 Kingsley, Charles: ^ Hypatia ' (1838); Hypatia, a beautiful woman 
 devoted to Greek culture at Alexandria; Philammon, a young 
 Christian monk ; Cyril, an arch-fanatic 44 103 
 
 Kingsley, Henry: <Leighton Court > (1866), a story of English social 
 life, in the time of the mutiny in India; Sir Charles Seckerton; 
 Laura, his daughter; Robert Poynitz, keeper of Sir Charles's 
 hounds; Sir Harry Poynitz, his brother; Lord Hatterleigh, 
 Laura's accepted lover. 45 529 
 
 Kipling, Rudyard: < Captains Courageous' (1897); Harvey Cheyne, the 
 spoiled son of an American millionaire ; Disko Troop, a Gloucester 
 skipper who gives the boy a season of work on a fishing schooner. 4 4 144 
 <The Light that Failed' (1890); Maisie, a pretty but shallow girl; 
 Dick Heldar, a young artist in love with Maisie; Torpenhow, 
 a war correspondent, and Dick's friend 44 263 
 
 Kraszewski, Joseph Ignatius: <The Jew,' a powerful Polish story of 
 chiefly ethical and ethnical interest; Jean Huba, a Polish exile, 
 known as Ivas; Signor Firpo, landlord of a tavern; Jacob Har- 
 mon, an educated Jew, who seeks to convert Ivas 44 248 
 
 Lawless, Emily: <Grania: The Story of an Island' (1892), a re- 
 markable picture of Irish characteristics; Grania, the heroine; 
 her invalid sister, Honor; Murdough Blake, her lover; Shan 
 
 Daly, a vagabond ; Peggy O'Dowd, a gossip 44 134 
 
 <Hurrish' (1886), a capital novel of life on the west coast of Ire- 
 land; Hurrish O'Brien; Ally, a pretty lass; Maurice, a ward of 
 Hurrish ; Mat, Maurice's brother 44 257 
 
 Lermontof, Mikhail : <A Hero of Our Times,' a story of the vices of 
 
 the modern Russian of rank; Petchorin, a Russian Don Juan. .44 226 
 
 Lie, Jonas: <The Commodore's Daughters' (1889), a story of family 
 hfe in Norway; the Commodore; his ill-tempered wife; their 
 son Karsten, a naval officer duped by a marriage for money; 
 Cicely and Martha, their daughters 44 109 
 
 Loti, Pierre: <The Marriage of Loti ' (1880); Rarahu, the Tahitian 
 
 heroine; Turiri, her cat; Loti, who deserts a princess for her. .44 18 
 (Madame Chrysantheme ' (1887); the Madame, an olive-hued Japan- 
 ese wife ; Loti, the sailor who marries her for a term of months. .44 93 
 
dxxxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Maartens, Maarten: <Tlie Sin of Joost Avelingh>; Joost, an orphan; 
 an old uncle with whom he lives to manhood; Agatha, whom 
 Joost marries; Arthur, next heir to Joost to the uncle's money; 
 a servant suborned by Arthur to accuse Joost of the murder of 
 his uncle 45 470 
 
 Macdonald, George: < Robert Falconer > (1875), a story of revolt against 
 rigid Scotch theology; Robert Falconer, child of a worthless 
 father, deceased; his grandmother rigidly theological; Mary St. 
 John, the heroine of the story; Eric Ericson, a radical thinker. 4 4 317 
 
 Maclaren, Ian : < Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush > ; Domsie, the school- 
 master of Drumtochty; Dr. Davidson, the minister; Marget 
 Howe, the sympathetic mother ; Dr. Maclure 44 283 
 
 Manzoni, Alessandro: <The Betrothed > (1825-26); one of the great 
 romances of modern European literature; Renzo, a humble 
 peasant; Lucia, a village maiden, his betrothed; Don Rodrigo, 
 a robber-baron ; Abbondio, a craven village curate ; Cristoforo, 
 an heroic priest ; Cardinal Borromeo 44 173 
 
 Marryat, Captain: <Masterman Ready; or the Wreck of the Pacific >; 
 Mr. Seagrave and family shipwrecked on a voyage to Austra- 
 lia; Juno, a black servant; Masterman Ready, an old sailor; 
 Tommy, the scapegrace of the family 45 427 
 
 Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de: <Lazarillo de Tormes > (1553), a famous 
 Spanish « picaresque >^ novel, or vagabond thieves' story ; Laz- 
 arillo, a young rogiie; a beggar, a priest, a country squire, and 
 other characters, with whom the hero operates '■ ■ 45 450 
 
 Meredith, George: <The Egoist > (1879), a picture of fair women; Sir 
 Willoughby Patterne, egoist suitor; Constantia Durham, Clara 
 
 Middleton, and Laetitia Dale, ideal women 44 140 
 
 < Diana of the Crossways> (1885); Diana, the heroine, an Irish- 
 woman of good family; Mr. Warwick, whom she unfortunately 
 
 marries while yet a girl 44 53 
 
 < Beauchamp's Career, > a story representing Meredith's most striking 
 qualities; Nevil Beauchamp, the hero; Renee de Croisnel, in 
 love with Nevil, but betrothed by her father to a Marquis; Dr. 
 Shrapnel, a radical politician, and Jenny his daughter; Rosa- 
 mund, a housekeeper 44 258 
 
 Merim^e, Prosper: < Carmen >; Carmen, a fascinating gipsey; Garcia, 
 
 her husband ; Don Jose, her lover 44 100 
 
 Morgan, Lady: <The Wild Irish Girl,> a famous romance of Irish 
 life; the Prince of Inismore; Lady Glorvina, his daughter; a 
 young English nobleman, her lover 45 438 
 
 Newman, John Henry: <Callista: A Sketch of the Third Century >; 
 CalHsta, a beautiful Greek girl; Agellius, a Christian, in love 
 with Callista; Jucundus, a pagan, uncle to Agellius; Cyprian, 
 bishop of Carthage 45 365 
 
 Norris, W. E.: ^ Heaps of Money > (1877), Linda Howard, the her- 
 oine ; her father, a gambler ; her uncle, from whom she inherits 
 a fortune 44 152 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxxv 
 
 < Clarissa Furiosa,^ a satire on the «New Woman »; Clarissa, a rich 
 orphan ; Guy Luttrell, a soldier whom she marries and separates 
 from 4 4 214 
 
 Oliphant, Mrs. Margaret: <The Chronicles of Carlingford,> a group 
 of six novels of notable English ^ interest, — < Salem Chapel, > 
 <The Rector, > < The Doctor's Family, > < The Perpetual Curate, > 
 <Miss Marjoribanks,^ and < Phoebe Junior >; Arthur Vincent, 
 preacher; Lady Western; Mildmay, her brother; Mr. Tozer, 
 rich butter merchant; his daughter Phoebe; Dr. Marjoribanks ; 
 Dr. Rider; Mr. Wentworth, the curate; the Wodehouse family .44 257 
 
 Ouida (Louise de la Ramee): < The Massarenes,^ her latest novel, a 
 powerful satire upon the English aristocracy; William Massa- 
 rene, a low-born rich American who buys his way into the 
 highest English society; , an English nobleman portray- 
 ing a genuine aristocrat 27 10887 
 
 < Moths, > portraying the corruption of modern society; Lady Dolly, 
 an ignoble woman of fashion; Vera, her daughter by iirst mar- 
 riage 45 431 
 
 Pardo-Bazdn, Emilia : <A Christian Woman > ; a story of modern 
 Spanish life; Salustio Unceta, a liberal in politics and religion; 
 his uncle Felipe; Carmen Aldoa, whom Felipe marries 44 222 
 
 Parker, Gilbert: <The Seats of the Mighty > (1896), a romance of 
 Quebec in the French-English War; Robert Moray, an English 
 hostage in Quebec; Doltaire, in command at Quebec; Alixe 
 Duvarney, with whom he is in love; Gabord, the jailer; Vau- 
 ban, the barber ; Mathilde, Vauban's sweetheart 44 292 
 
 Pater, Walter: ^Marius, the Epicurean > (1885), a story of Rome in 
 the second century, the time of Marcus Aurelius; Marius, a 
 young Roman noble; Cornelius, one of the imperial guard, but. 
 a Christian 45 433 
 
 Payn, James: <Lost Sir Massingberd> (1864), a tale of modern Eng- 
 lish country life; Sir Massingberd Heath, a godless character; 
 his nephew Marmaduke, whom he tries to murder; Harvey 
 Gerald, Marmaduke's friend; Gerald's daughter. Lucy, with 
 whom Marmaduke falls in love 45 536 
 
 Pushkin, Alexander: <The Captain's Daughter > (1832), a story of 
 Pugachef's rebellion under Catherine IL ; Piotr, son of a rich 
 noble, serving in the army at a fortress; Savelich, an old fam- 
 ily servant with him; Mironof, the commandant; Maria, his 
 daughter, to whom Piotr becomes a welcome lover; Schvabrin, 
 her rejected lover; Pugachef, a Cossack leader of insurgents. . .44 248 
 
 Reade, Charles: <Peg Woffington> (1852); Margaret Woffington an 
 Irish actress; Ernest Vane, a wealthy country gentleman, and 
 Sir Charles Pomander, her admirers; James Triplet, a poor 
 
 author and scene painter ; Mabel Vane 44 50 
 
 <Hard Cash> (1863), an exposure of the abuses of private insane 
 asylums; Richard Hardie, a bankrupt banker; David Dodd, a 
 sea-captain, whom he defrauds; Julia, Dodd's daughter; Alfred 
 
dxxxvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Hardie, in love with Julia; Doctor Sampson, a sturdy Scotch 
 physician 44 267 
 
 < Cloister and the Hearth >; Gerard, a Dutch youth of the fifteenth 
 
 century; Margaret Brandt, to marry whom he gives up a 
 
 church career _ 44 106 
 
 < Put Yourself in His Place* (1870); Henry Little, workman and 
 inventor in an English manufacturing centre; his uncle. Squire 
 Raby, gentleman of the old school; Old Smitem, president of 
 the Saw-Grinders' Union; Doctor Amboyne, philanthropist .... 4 4 135 
 < Griffith Gaunt,* one of Reade's best novels; Griffith Gaunt; Cath- 
 arine, an heiress, whom he marries; Father Leonard, a young 
 priest, who estranges Catharine from Griffith; Mercy Vint, to 
 whom Griffith under a false name becomes nominally married; 
 Father Francis who reconciles Catharine and Griffith; Thomas 
 Leicester, Caroline Ryder, and Sir George Neville, who figure 
 in the denouement 44 260 
 
 Reuter, Fritz: <01d Story of My Farming* (i860), one of the great- 
 est of modern humorist productions; Uncle Zacharias Brasig, 
 the inspector; Hawermann, his little maid; Triddelfitz 44 158 
 
 Richardson, Samuel: < Pamela* (1740); Pamela Andrews, an English 
 
 serving-maid; Mr. B , son and heir of the family, her lover. 4 4 41 
 
 < Clarissa Harlowe* (1751); Clarissa, the heroine; Lovelace, a profli- 
 gate gentleman who brings her to grief 44 42 
 
 Rives, Amdlie: <The Quick or the Dead* (1883); Barbara Pomfret, a 
 young widow whose husband is dead two years ; John Deering, 
 her husband' s cousin with whom she falls in love 44 8 
 
 Rydberg, Viktor: <The Last Athenian* (1880), a story of Athens in 
 the fourth century; Chrysanteus. a philosopher; Hermione his 
 daughter; a young Athenian aristocrat, Hermione's lover 45 452 
 
 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold: < Seraph*; Seraph Temkin and his mother; 
 
 Eroilian; Magdalina, adopted daughter of Emilian 45 468 
 
 Sand, George: < Indiana* (1832), a story in part of the author's early 
 married life; Delmare, a retired French officer; Indiana, his 
 youthful Creole wife; Raymond, her reckless lover; Sir Ralph, 
 
 an English cousin who secretly loves her 45 407 
 
 <Consuelo* {1842); Consuelo, a noble girl endowed with a wonderful 
 voice; the Baroness Amelia, at whose castle in Bohemia she 
 lives; Count Albert, over whom she exercises a remarkable in- 
 fluence 44 184 
 
 <The Haunted Pool* (1846); Germain, its cent-al figure, a handsome 
 widower ; Catherine Gu6rin, a farmer's daughter ; Pierre, his son, 
 and Mary, a young girl 44 185 
 
 < Little Fadette * (1848); Pere and Mere Barbeau; their twin boys 
 
 Landry and Sylvain ; Fadette, with whom both the boys fall in love. 44 185 
 Saunders, John: ^Israel Mort, Overman* (1876), an appeal to public 
 interest on behalf of workers in the English coal mines; Israel 
 Mort, fiercely determined not to be crushed by his life as a 
 miner; David, his timid, imaginative son; his gentle wife 44 136 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxxvii 
 
 Scheffel, Joseph Victor von : < Ekkehard > a story of the tenth cent- 
 ury; Ekkehard, the hero, a young Benedictine monk in Suabia; 
 Cralo, an old man, the abbot; Hadwig, Countess of Suabia, a 
 
 widow with whom the poet monk falls in love 44 226 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter: <Waverley> (1814), a tale of the rebellion of 1745 
 in Scotland ; Edward Waverley, an English captain ; Baron Brad- 
 wardine, a strong Jacobite; Rose, his beautiful daughter; Fer- 
 gus Mac Ivor, a Highland chief; Donald Bean, a cattle robber; 
 Flora, sister of Fergus; Colonel Talbot, friend to Waverley . . .45 434 
 
 <Guy Mannering> (1815); Guy Mannering, a young Englishman; 
 Godfrey Bertram, Laird of EUangowan; Lucy, his daughter; 
 Dominie Sampson, Lucy's Guardian; Meg Merrilies, a gaunt 
 gipsy 44 45 
 
 <The Heart of Midlothian) (1818), by many called the finest of the 
 Waverley novels ; Effie Deans, the heroine, accused of the death 
 of her child; George Staunton, her lover; Jeanie Deans, her sis- 
 ter, who procures a pardon by walking to London to see the 
 king; black Donald, chief of a troop of brigands 44 152 
 
 <Ivanhoe> (1819) ; Ivanhoe, a young Saxon knight; Rowena, his 
 lady-love ; Rebecca, a Jewess, Scott's favorite of all his charac- 
 ters; Richard the Lion-Hearted ; Gurth, a typical feudal re- 
 tainer; Ulrica, a vindictive old Saxon hag; Isaac of York, a 
 wealthy Jew 44 19 
 
 <Kenilworth' (1819); Queen Elizabeth; Burleigh; Edmund Spenser; 
 Sir Walter Raleigh; the Earls of Surrey and Leicester; Amy 
 Robsart, secretly married to Leicester; Richard Varney, an 
 unscrupulous follower of Leicester; Tressilian, formerly a lover 
 of Amy 44 209 
 
 'Quentin Durward> (1823); Quentin Durward, a brave young Scot; 
 Isabelle the heroine; Louis XL, king of France; Charles, Duke 
 of Burgundy ; William de la Marck, a notorious brigand 44 105 
 
 < Redgauntlet > (1824); Red Gauntlet, guardian to the infant son 
 and daughter of his brother; Alan Fairford, a young Scotch 
 solicitor, friend to the son, and said to be a portrait of Scott 
 himself; the sister who marries Alan 44 209 
 
 <The Abbot, > a story of the time of Mary Queen of Scots; Edward 
 and Halbert Glendinning; Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned at 
 Lochleven Castle ; Adam Woodcock the falconer ; Lindsay and 
 Ruthven, commissioners to secure Mary's abdication 44 272 
 
 <The Bride of Lammermoor>; Edgar, the penniless and proud hero 
 of the book ; Sir William Ashton, to whom Edgar's estates have 
 been lost; Lucy, his daughter, with whom Edgar is in love; 
 Caleb Balderstone, the devoted and amusing old steward 44 168 
 
 <The Antiquary); Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, the antiquary; Sir Ar- 
 thur Wardour, his friend; Sir Arthur's beautiful daughter Isa- 
 bella ; Dousterswivel, an adept in the black arts ; William Lovel, 
 the hero of the tale, in love with Isabella; Captain Hector 
 M'Intyre, also in love with Isabella; daft Edie Ochiltree 44 273 
 
dxxxviii outline survey of the principal 
 
 < Anne of Geierstein,> a vivid picture of life in the Middle Ages; the 
 
 Earl of Oxford, disguised as Philipson; Arthur, his son; Anne, 
 countess of Geierstein; Arnold Biedermann, her uncle; Charles 
 the Bold; Count de Hagenbach, his steward; Margaret of Anjou; 
 Henry of Richmond 44 273 
 
 <The Fair Maid of Perth > (1831); David, the scapegrace son of King 
 Robert III. of Scotland; Catharine, the heroine; the Black 
 Douglas 44 105 
 
 <Count Robert of Paris* (1831); the hero. Count Robert; Brenhilda, 
 his wife ; Hereward the Saxon ; Alexander Comnenus, the Em- 
 peror (1080-1118); Briennius, his son-in-law; Agelastes, a false 
 philosopher 44 138 
 
 < Woodstock > (1826), an English historical novel of the time of 
 
 Cromwell; King Charles II. disguised as a Scotch page; Sir 
 Henry Lee, his son Albert, and his daughter Alice; Colonel 
 Everard, a favorite of Cromwell; Roger Wildrake, a dissipated 
 Cavalier ; Joceline Joliffe, and his sweetheart Phoebe Mayflower ; 
 Joseph Tomkins, a Cromwellite soldier and spy 45 545 
 
 Sheppard, Elizabeth Sara: < Charles Auchester> (1853), a musical 
 novel of unique interest; Charles Auchester who seeks a musi- 
 cal education in Germany; Seraphael portraying Mendelssohn; 
 Clara Bennette supposed to represent Jenny Lind 44 135 
 
 Shorthouse, J. H.; <John Inglesant> (r88i); John Inglesant, the hero, 
 an ideal gentleman of Charles I.'s time; St. Clare, a Jesuit 
 father 44 208 
 
 Sienkiewicz, Henryk: < Children of the SoiP (1894); a story of mod- 
 ern Polish life; Polanyetski, a man of wealth and education; 
 Maryina, with whom he falls in love; Plaritski, her father, who 
 makes trouble; Litka, a little invalid girl through whom a rec- 
 onciliation comes about 44 146 
 
 * Quo Vadis > ; a story of Rome in the times of Nero ; Nero, the em- 
 peror; Petronius, a Roman noble; Eunice and Lygia, Roman 
 
 ladies .• 45 406 
 
 <With Fire and Sword,> < The Deluge,^ and <Pan Michael,* a mag- 
 nificent trilogy of Polish historical novels; characters of blood 
 and iron 45 457 
 
 Spielhagen, Friedrich: < Problematic Characters* (i860); Oswald 
 Stein, the hero, private tutor in a noble family; Melitta, the 
 heroine of his most remarkable experience; Bruno, a ward of 
 
 Oswald 44 316 
 
 < Hammer and Anvil* (1869); a study of German social conditions; 
 George Hartwig, the hero; Von Zehren, a smuggler of noble 
 origin; Constance, his beautiful and heartless daughter; and 
 Von Zehren, prison director, and an ideal character; his daugh- 
 ter Paula 44 303 
 
 < Through Night to Light ^ (1861), a sequel to < Problematic Char- 
 
 acters*; Oswald Stein, the hero; Melitta, H61ene, C6cile, her- 
 oines 45 410 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxxxix 
 
 Stevenson, Robert Louis: <Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde> (1886); Dr. 
 Jekyll, a physician of position and character; Mr. Hyde, the 
 same person changed by the influence of a magical drug; Ut 
 terson, a lawyer; Dr. Lanyon, another of Jekyll's lawyer 
 
 friends 4 4 54 
 
 < Kidnapped > (1886); in the author's opinion his best novel; David 
 Balfour, kidnapped and cast away in the year 1751; Alan 
 Stewart, a notorious Highland Jacobite; Ebenezer Balfour, 
 
 David's uncle, a miser and villain 44 143 
 
 <The Master of Ballantrae> (1889); a Scotch romance of the eight- 
 eenth century; James Durrie, the master, on the side of King 
 Charlie; Henry, his brother, on that of King George; Alison 
 Graeme, a rich kingswoman, designed for James, but married 
 to Henry; John MacKellar, devoted to Henry; Chevalier Burke, 
 a companion of James 44 238 
 
 < David Balfour > (1893); a sequel to < Kidnapped >; David, the 
 
 hero; Alan Breck Stewart, his friend; Alan's brother unjustly 
 charged with murder; Catriona Drummond, with whom David 
 goes off to Holland; Catriona's father, James Drummond, a 
 plausible scoundrel 44 238 
 
 Stimson, F. J.: 'Guerndale> (1882); Guy Guerndale, whose story is 
 told by his friend, John Strang; Annie Bonnymort, a childhood 
 companion with whom he is in love; Philip Symonds, a gay 
 good-for-nothing who marries Annie; Norton Randolph, Guy's 
 
 devoted friend in the Turko- Russian war 44 142 
 
 <King Noanett>; Moore Carew, who tells the story of his life; Mis- 
 tress St. Aubyn, his love for whom is a chief motive of the 
 story; Miles Courtenay, an Irish cavalier said to portray John 
 Boyle O'Reilly; King Noanett, the mystery character of the 
 plot 44 105 
 
 Stockton, Frank R.: < The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. 
 Aleshine > ; Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine, two middle-aged 
 widows ; Mr. Craig, with whom they are cast away on an island 
 in mid -ocean 44 152 
 
 Stoddard, Mrs. Elizabeth: <The Morgesons' (1862), the story of a 
 seacoast town in New England; Cassandra, who tells the story; 
 her sister Veronica; their father and mother; Temperance, a 
 
 female servant ; Ben Somers, Cassandra's friend 45 430 
 
 <Two Men> (1865), another New England seaport town; Sarah 
 Auster, heiress, and head of the house; her husband, Jason, 
 once a ship-carpenter; her son Parke; Qsmond Luce, a seaman, 
 and part heir to the estate; Philippa, his daughter; Charlotte 
 Lang, a beautiful girl of partly negro blood 45 484 
 
 < Temple House > (1867); Argus Gates, a retired sea-captain in a 
 
 decaying New England seaport; his sister-in-law Roxalana; 
 her child Tempe, a girl widow; Sebastian Ford, rescued 
 by Argus from shipwreck; Virginia Brande, lady-love of 
 Argus 45 496 
 
dxl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Stowe, Harriet Beecher : < Uncle Tom's Cabin > (1851); Uncle Tom, 
 the typical good slave; Mr. and Mrs. Shelby, from whom he is 
 sold South; St. Clare, owner of Tom; his daughter Eva; Le- 
 gree, a brutal master who buys Tom on St. Clare's death; 
 Cassy and Emeline, victims of Legree; Eliza, Cassy's daughter; 
 Aunt Chloe, Uncle Tom's wife; Miss Ophelia, Eva's spinster 
 
 aunt ; Topsy, a darkey sprite 45 518 
 
 <The Minister's Wooing > (1859), a New England tale of love and 
 theology; Mary Scudder, the heroine; James Marvyn, her lover, 
 supposed to be lost at sea; Dr. Hopkins, the minister, to whom 
 she becomes engaged; Miss Prissy Diamond, a dressmaker; 
 Madame de Frontignac, a notable character; Candace, a colored 
 
 servant 45 527 
 
 <The Pearl of Orr's Island > (1862), a story of a Maine fishing 
 hamlet; Mara Lincoln, the heroine; Captain and Mrs. Pennel, 
 her grandparents; Moses, the hero of the book; Mr. Adams, a 
 Boston suitor ; Sally Kittridge, Mara's friend ; Captain Kittridge ; 
 Miss Roxy and Ruey Toothacre 45 527 
 
 Sudermann, Hermann: < Dame Care* (1888), a story of povertj^ and 
 misfortune, full of pathos and beauty; Paul, the hero; Mrs. 
 Meyerhofer, his suffering mother, and Mr. Meyerhofer, his 
 shiftless father; his younger sisters who become a disgrace; 
 Elsbeth, whose attractions brighten his life 44 250 
 
 Sue, Eugdne: <The Wandering Jew> (1845), one of the famous books 
 of the world; Ahasuerus, a shoemaker in Jerusalem; Gabriel 
 Rennepont, a Jew turned Jesuit; Rodin, leader of the Jesuits. 
 
 4 5 468 ; 35 14182 
 
 <The Mysteries of Paris, > a brilliant socialistic novel, crowded 
 
 with characters. . 35 14182 
 
 Taylor, Bayard: < Hannah Thurston, > a Pennsylvania story; Maxwell 
 Woodberry, a returned traveler; Hannah Thurston, a Quaker 
 girl; Mr. Dyce, a spiritualist medium; Silas Wattles the tailor; 
 Mr. Waldo the minister ; Bute, a farmer ; Carry, his wife ... 4 4 267 
 
 Thackeray, W. M. : < Vanity Fair > ( 1847-48) ; Becky Sharp the heroine, 
 Amelia, Becky's school intimate; Rawdon Crawley, her matri- 
 monial victim 45 406 
 
 <Pendennis> (1850) ; Arthur Pendennis, an unheroic hero; his adopted 
 sister Laura; Major Pendennis, a typical old man-about-town ; 
 Fanny Bolton, a pretty girl of the lower class; Blanche Amory, 
 
 a flirt with a fortune 45 458 
 
 <Henry Esmond* (1852); Henry Esmond, the hero; Lady Castle- 
 wood, her son Francis, and a beautiful daughter, Beatrix; 
 
 Prince , the Pretender 44 50 
 
 <The Newcomes* (1854); Colonel Newcome, a typical English gen- 
 tleman; Clive Newcome, his son; Ethel Newcome, Clive's 
 
 cousin 45 507 
 
 <The Virginians* (1859) ; Colonel Henry Esmond and Lady Esmond; 
 Madame Warrington, a sharp-tongued colonial dame; Colonel 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ^xli 
 
 George Washington, a visitor in the family; Harry Warrington 
 and his brother George ; the Baroness Bernstein, formerly Bea- 
 trix Esmond 44 5i 
 
 Tolstoy, Count Lyof: <Anna Karenina> (Eng. trans. 1886); Anna 
 Karenina, a young Russian noblewoman married to a man much 
 older than herself,— subtle psychological study; Count Vronsky, 
 a lover whose fascinations she cannot resist 44 I 
 
 <The Cossacks, > a study of the life of the Cossacks of the Terek; 
 Olenin, a ruined young noble, who joins the Cossacks ; Marianka, 
 a Cossack maiden whom he sets about taming; Lukashka, 
 Marianka's Cossack lover 44 225 
 
 <War and Peace, > perhaps the greatest of Tolstoy's novels; Napo- 
 leon ; Koutouzoff ; other characters 4 5 457 
 
 Trollope, Anthony: <The Prime Minister, > one of four semi-political 
 stories; the Prime Minister, known in the other stories as 
 Plenty Paul, and his wife. Lady Glencora, — two characters re- 
 garded by the author as his greatest successes 44 196 
 
 < Doctor Thome, > a story of quiet, country life; Mary Thorne, a 
 sweet modest girl, the heroine; Doctor Thome, her uncle; 
 Frank Gresham, her lover; Miss Dunstable, a wealthy heiress; 
 Lady Arabella, Frank's mother; Roger Scatcherd, Mary's uncle. 44 197 
 
 «Barchester Towers >; Bishop Proudie, a typical English church- 
 man; Mrs. Proudie, his sharp-tongued wife; Eleanor Bold, a 
 
 typical English girl 44 291 
 
 Turgeneff; Ivan: < Annals of a Sportsman > (1852), twenty-two short 
 sketches of Russian peasant life; among them <The Burgomas- 
 ter,) <The Singers,) <The District Doctor > 44 167 
 
 < Dmitri Rudin> (i860); Daria Mikhailovna, a great lady ambitious 
 
 to patronize literature and art ; Dmitri, a vainglorious pretender . 4 4 223 
 
 <0n the Eve*; Andre Bersieneff, a young Russian doctor of phi- 
 losophy, and Paul Shubin, a gay artist; Elena Strashof, a 
 beautiful girl with whom both are in love; Dmetri Insarof, a 
 young Bulgarian patriot, whose noble character wins Elena.. 44 223 
 
 < Fathers and Sons> (1861); Bazarof, the « nihilist » character of the 
 story; Arcadi Kirsanof, his friend and host; Kirsanof's father 
 and uncle representing conservatism 44 no 
 
 ^Virgin Soil,) a study of Russian nihilism; Neshdanoff, the hero, a 
 young university student; Marianne, daughter of a government 
 official who elopes with him; Solomine, a manufacturer devoted 
 to social reform 45 473 
 
 <Nest of Nobles) (1858); Maria, a rich widow; Liza, her beautiful 
 daughter; Panshin, paying court to Maria; Lavretsky, separated 
 
 from a faithless wife 44 109 
 
 Vald6s, Armando Palacio: <Maximina,) a vivid picture of modern 
 Spain; Maximina, a modest country girl; Miguel, who marries 
 her; Mendoza, a politican; Don Alphonso, a fashionable roue. .44 99 
 
 <The Grandee) (1895), the story of a Spanish town; De Leon the 
 Grandee: Amalia his young wife; Luis her lover; Fernanda, 
 
dxlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 whom Luis is engaged to marry; Don Christobal and his four 
 daughters ; Paco Gomez, a rough jester 44 100 
 
 Valera, Juan: ^Pepita Ximenez>; Pepita Ximenez the heroine, a widow 
 at nineteen ; Don Pedro, a suitor ; his son Luis, about to become 
 a priest, falls in love with Pepita; Count de Genazahar, a re- 
 jected suitor of Pepita 44 166 
 
 <Dona Luz> (1891), a brilliant emotional story of recent Spain; 
 Dona Luz, heiress of a dissipated marquis; Don Ascisclo, the 
 old steward of the estate; Don Miguel, the parish priest; Don 
 Anselmo, a physician and thorough materialist; Father En- 
 rique, a missionary of noble character; Don Jaime Pimental, 
 the hero 44 221 
 
 Verga, Giovanni: <The House by the Medlar Tree,> a story of lower- 
 class Italian life in a fishing village; Padron 'Ntoni, the good- 
 hearted grandfather; his grandsons and other characters 44 107 
 
 Vigny, Alfred de: < Cinq-Mars,^ an historical romance of 1642; Rich- 
 elieu, the great figure of the time; King Louis XIII., domi- 
 nated by Richelieu; Cinq-Mars and De Thou, conspirators 
 against him; Father Joseph and Laubardemont, his servitors. .44 218 
 
 Voynich, E. L.: *The Gadfly >; Arthur Burton, the English hero of 
 the story, studying at the Catholic seminary in Italy ; Monta- 
 nelli, his devoted friend, later known as his father; Gemma 
 Warren, an English girl, heroine of the love tragedy of the 
 book; the Gadfly, Arthur himself as he returned from many 
 years' exile in South America 44 107 
 
 Wallace, Lew: * Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ >; Judah Ben Hur; 
 Valerius, the Roman Governor; Messala, a Roman noble; John 
 
 the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth 44 208 
 
 <The Fair God> (1873), a romance of the Spanish conquest of 
 Mexico; Montezuma the Emperor; Guatamozin, his nephew and 
 son-in-law; Cortez, chief of the invading Spaniards 45 368 
 
 Ward, Mrs. Humphry: < Robert Elsmere> (1888); Robert Elsmere; 
 
 Catherine his wife, and Rose her sister 45 459 
 
 < David Grieve > (1892); David Grieve the hero, and his sister 
 
 Louie; Sandy Grieve a Scotch workingman, their father 44 53 
 
 <Marcella> (1894); Marcella, English girl of high aspirations; Al- 
 dous Raeburn, to whom she becomes engaged; Wharton, a 
 socialistic demagogue, who makes trouble; Hurd, a poacher, 
 
 put to death under the game laws 44 145 
 
 <Sir George Tressady > (1896), a sequel to < Marcella'; Tressadj-, a 
 young baronet ; Mrs. Tressady, a mere girl ; Marcella, now Lady 
 Raeburn ; Aldous Raeburn her husband 44 256 
 
 Weyman, Stanley J.: <A Gentleman of France > (1893); Gaston de 
 Bonne, in the service of Henry of Navarre; Mademoiselle de 
 la Vire, heroine of many adventures; the Duke de Rosny, 
 
 Navarre's chief counselor 44 104 
 
 *The Red Cockade > (1896); Vicomte de Saux, the hero; D6nise de 
 
 St. Alais the heroine ; Madame de St. Alais. her mother 44 16 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxliii 
 
 Wolff, Julius: <The Robber Count > (1890), an immensely successful 
 romance of Germany in the fourteenth century ; Count Albrecht ; 
 the bishop of Halberstadt, his enemy; Jutta von Kranichfeld, 
 the Count's lady love; the countess Oda; Siegfried, in love 
 with Oda 44 '422 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Henry: <East Lynne> (1861), an immensely popular 
 emotional story: Lady Isabel Vane; Archibald Carlyle, whom 
 she marries; Francis Levison, the villain- of the story 44 147 
 
 Woods, Katharine Pearson: <Metzerott, Shoemaker,> an American 
 factory-town socialistic story; Karl Metzerott, freethinker and 
 communist; Ernest Clare, a Christian socialist; jolly Father 
 McClosky; Louis, Karl's only child; Randolph, a millionaire; 
 Dr. Richards, inclined to atheism 44 144 
 
 Zangwill, I.: < Children of the Ghetto > (1892), a study of Jewish life 
 and characteristics ; Reb Shemuel, a typical rigid Jew ; Raphael 
 Leon, and Esther, higher types; Strelitski, a zealous fanatic; 
 the Goldsmiths, ambitious hypocrites 44 149 
 
 Zola, 6mile: <The DownfalP (1892), a novel of the Franco-Prussian 
 War; Jean Macquart, a French corporal; Maurice Levasseur, a 
 young lawyer; Delaherche, a Sedan manufacturer; Henriette, 
 sister of Maurice 44 288 
 
dxliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 THE WARNER LIBRARY 
 
 COURSE IN LITERATURE 
 
 ||0R the convenience of persons desiring to undertake Com- 
 prehensive Courses of Reading or Study, covering the 
 entire field of Literature in the four years of a regular 
 School, College, or University Course, the chief contents of the 
 Library are arranged below in Four Grand Divisions, each occu- 
 pying a year, and in nine monthly parts for each year, and four 
 weekly sections for each month. 
 
 Readers will note that the Index Guide at large provides com- 
 plete guidance and aid for a great variety of elective courses on 
 special topics, and large exhibits of information for those who 
 consult the Library as a vast treasury of knowledge. 
 
 To make the most of the Comprehensive Course, readers or 
 students should consult the Chronological Conspectus of the Lit- 
 erature in hand, also the Biographical Dictionary of Authors in 
 Volumes 42 and 43, and the Comprehensive Analytical and Criti- 
 cal Index to the entire Library. 
 
 FIRST YEAR 
 
 BABYLONIAN— EGYPTIAN— ARABIC LITERATURE 
 
 OCTOBER 
 
 First Week. — Accadian-Babylonian Literature, i 51-83; Maspero on Chal- 
 dsea, 45 343; Layard's < Nineveh and Its Remains,^ 45 476; Peters's < Nippur: 
 or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, > 44 20; < Babylonian Influ- 
 ence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs,^ 44 21; < Recent Research in Bible 
 Lands,* 44 189. 
 
 Second Week. — Egyptian Literature, 13 5225-344; < A History of Egypt* 
 by Flinders Petrie, 44 20; Maspero on Egypt, 45 343; Maspero' s < Manual of 
 Egyptian Archaeology,* 44 335; Wiedemann's < Ancient Religion of the Egyp- 
 tians.* 45 413; Ebers's <An Egyptian Princess,* 44 20. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST ^xlv 
 
 Third Week. — Arabic Literature, — The Arabic Poets, 2 665-704; the 
 Koran or Qu'ran, 22 8707-24; 45 420; Ibn Sin^, a Persian- Arabic philosopher 
 and medical authority, 19 7835-38- 
 
 Fourth Week. — Avicebron, a Jewish-Arabic philosopher and poet, 3 1099- 
 105 ; Averroes, a famous Arabic expositor of Aristotle, 3 1079-83 ; Antar, the 
 great Arabic romance, 2 586-97; Ibn Tofail, an Arabic philosopher and physi- 
 cian, 42 282; Abulfaraj and Abulfeda, Arabic scholars, 42 3; the Arabian 
 Nights, 2 622-64; Palgrave's < Central and Eastern Arabia,> 44 iii, and his 
 < Hermann Agha,> 44 no. 
 
 PERSIAN— GREEK LITERATURE 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 
 First Week. — Persian Literature, — The Avesta, 3 1084-99; i^ Synopses of 
 Sacred Books, 45 418; Firdausi, national poet of Persia, 14 5735-54; Omar 
 Khajrydm, a great poet-astronomer of Persia, 2 i 8541-64. 
 
 Second Week. — Nizami, famous author of < Five Treasures > of poetry, 2 7 
 10665-71; Sa'di, the best Persian ethical poet, 32 12634-58; Rumi, author of 
 famous Persian epic of tales, legends, and counsels, 32 12487-94; Hafiz, the 
 greatest of the Persian poets, i 7 6793-806 ; Jami, Persia's latest classical poet, 
 20 8110-16. 
 
 Third Week. — Greek Literature, — Homer and the Homeric Hymns, 19 
 7551-88; Hesiod, 18 7326-32; Dyer's <The Gods in Greece,> 45 512. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Greek Lyric Poetry, 37 15 161-84; Pater's < Greek Studies,* 
 45 448; Symonds's < Studies in the Greek Poets, > 45 497. 
 
 DECEMBER 
 GREEK LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week.— Alcman, i 281; ^sop, author of Fables, i 200-09; Solon, 
 earliest Greek lawgiver, 34 13642-46; Sappho, greatest of woman poets, 32 
 12817-24; Alcseus, great lyric poet, i 268-72. 
 
 Second Week. — Anacreon and Simonides, Ijrric poets, 2 492-500; 34 
 13462-70; Thales, Pherecydes, and Anaximander, early Greek philosophers, 43 
 520, 427; and 42 18; Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Xenophanes, noted early 
 philosophers, 43 446; 18 7247-51; and 43 587. 
 
 Third Week.— Parmenides, Anaxagoras, and Empedocles, noted philoso- 
 phers, 28 11114-16; 42 18; and 14 5467-74; Theognis, a didactic poet, 37 
 14789-94; .^schylus, greatest of tragic poets, i 183-200; Herodotus, the Father 
 of History, 1 8 7285-306. 
 
 Fourth Week.— Pindar, a supremely great author of odes, 29 11487-505; 
 Sophocles, the finest artist in Greek drama, 34 13647-76; Euripides, the great- 
 est in human interest of the Greek dramatists, 14 5569-90; Thucydides, the 
 greatest of Greek historians, 37 14909-31. 
 35 
 
dxlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 JANUARY 
 
 GREEK LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Socrates, one of the greatest of thinkers and teachers, 34 
 13627-41; Xenophon, notable story and historical writer, 39 16243-60; Aris- 
 tophanes, most famous of comic poets, 2 759-87; Plato, the most interesting 
 of Greek philosophers, 29 11 519-56. 
 
 Second Week. — Zeller's ^Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy,^ 
 44 116; Aristotle, the greatest ancient philosopher-scientist, 2 788-801; Aristotle 
 in English, 44 332; .^schines, a noted lawyer-orator of Athens, 1 178-82; 
 Demosthenes, the greatest of Greek orators and statesmen, 1 1 4535 ; Theocritus, 
 Greek pastoral poet, 37 14769-88. 
 
 Third Week. — Philemon, author of plays, 29 11397-408; Menander, noted 
 author of comedies now lost, 29 11405; <Lost Attic Comedy,^ 29 11397-408; 
 Cleanthes, a Stoic philosopher, 9 3784-86. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Bion, Callimachus, and Moschus, notable Greek poets, 4 
 1893; 7 3101-06; and 26 10360-64; The Argonautic Legend, 2 731-40; Ptolemy 
 of Alexandria, the most famous ancient astronomer, 43 443; Polybius, author 
 of an important History of Greece, 30 11701-10. 
 
 FEBRUARY 
 GREEK LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Aristides, father of Greek prose romance, 42 24; Posi- 
 donius, an eminent scholar and Stoic philosopher, 43 438; Strabo, noted Greek 
 geographer, 43 509; Greek anthology, a collection of short Greek poems, 16 
 6637-52; Babrius, author of fables in verse, 3 1148-54; Epictetus, eminent Greek 
 Stoic philosopher, 14 5497-508. 
 
 Second Week. — Plutarch, author of < Lives of Famous Men,> Greek and 
 Roman, 29 11601-50; Pausanias, author of a great work on Greek Antiq- 
 uities, 28 1 1210-22; Alciphron, a noted Athenian, author of letters forming a 
 novel, I 275-80. 
 
 Third Week. — Diogenes Laertius, author of < Lives and Sayings of the 
 Philosophers,* i 2 4711-24; Athenseus, author of a great work entitled <The Feast 
 of the Learned,* 2 923-32; Plotinus, celebrated Neo-Platonic philosopher, 43 
 432- 
 
 Fourth Week. — Heliodorus, a Greek bishop, author of a novel, 18 7221- 
 28; Chrysostom, a Christian Greek pulpit orator of marvelous eloquence, 9 
 3665-74; Synesius, a Greek bishop, poet, and orator, 43 513; Agathias, a Greek 
 historian at Constantinople, i 223-24; Longus, author of a Greek romance, 
 <Daphnis and Chloe,* 43 349. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxlvii 
 
 ITALIAN LITERATURE 
 
 MARCH 
 
 First Week. — Francis d' Assisi, Dante's precursor, i 5 5919-24 ; Dante, the 
 greatest of Italian poets, 11 4315-78; Petrarch, Italy's second great poet, 29 
 11357-83; Boccaccio, famous author of the <Decameron,> 5 2089-115; Pulci, au- 
 thor of the earliest Italian romantic poem, 30 1 1891-903; Amerigo Vespucci, 
 celebrated Itahan navigator, 43 546. 
 
 Second Week. — Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest of artists, 43 549; 
 Machiavelli, Italy's greatest early prose writer, 24 9479-94; Copernicus, 
 famous Italian scientist, i o 4040-44 ; Ariosto, the most notable Italian poet after 
 Dante and Petrarch, 2 741-59; Michel Angelo, a great poet, sculptor, painter, 
 and architect, 25 9977-81. 
 
 Third Week.— Castiglione, a great improver of Italian style, 8 3339-46; 
 Firenzuola, author of novels, comedies, and ballads, 14 5755-65; Benvenuto 
 Cellini, author of very interesting <Memoirs,> 8 3371-402. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Vasari, author of a great work on Painters, Sculptors, 
 and Architects, 37 15248-56; Tasso, the latest of Italy's four greatest poets, 
 36 14469-517; Bruno, the famous freethinker burned at the stake in Rome, 6 
 2613-22; Filicaia, author of celebrated patriotic odes, 14 5732-34; Goldoni, the 
 father of modern Italian comedy, 16 6475-92; Parini, brilliant author of 
 satires, 28 11042-46. 
 
 APRIL 
 ITALIAN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Alfieri, the founder of Italian tragedy, i 371-82; Manzoni, 
 a noted Italian patriotic poet, and author of brilliant fiction, 24 9671-701; 
 Pellico, famous author of a story of imprisonment, 28 11263-82; Leopardi, 
 author of poems of remarkable perfection, 22 8977-83. 
 
 Second Week.— Rosmini, a notable Italian thinker and philosopher, 43 
 468; D'Azeglio, an Italian statesman, and author of novels of patriotism, 3 
 1129-40; Gioberti, an Italian liberal philosopher and statesman, 42 2i8;Cantu, 
 famous author of a great < Universal History,^ 8 3199-205; Mazzini, celebrated 
 Italian agitator, 25 9843-52. • 
 
 Third Week. — Ruffini, an ardent Italian patriot, and author of fine 
 novels, 31 12471; Giusti, a patriotic poet and satirist, 16 6355-58; Aleardi, a 
 brilliantly patriotic poet, i 349-53 ; Villari, author of great works on Savonarola 
 and Machiavelli, 38 15354-76. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Carducci, an Italian poet of the highest national distinc- 
 tion, 8 3206-20; Verga, an Italian novelist of very great power and interest, 
 38 15297-312; De Amicis, popular author of stories and travels, i 453-78; 
 Matilde Serao, a notable woman journalist, and author of interesting novels, 
 3 3 13133-52; D'Annunzio, an Italian novelist unsurpassed for naturalistic 
 realism, 2 574-85. 
 
dxlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 SPANISH LITERATURE 
 
 MAY 
 
 First Week.— The Cid, famous epic poem of about 1200 A. D., with 
 which Spanish literature begins, 9 3725-36; Alfonso the Wise, the father of 
 Spanish literature, i 383-88 ; Ximenes, a famous Spanish churchman, who pub- 
 lished the < Complutensian Polyglot Bible, > 43 588. 
 
 Second Week. — Villena, one of the earliest Spanish poets, 5 2203; Santil- 
 lana, an early Spanish dramatist, 43 479; Las Casas, a notable author of books 
 referring to the discoveries of Columbus, 8 3333-38; Las Casas's < History of 
 the Indies,) 44 219; Boscan, the first cultivated writer of Spanish verse, 5 
 2203-08; Del Castillo, author of a < True History of the Conquest of Mexico. > 
 II 4613-19. 
 
 Third Week. — Mendoza, author of a satirist romance which suggested Le 
 Sage's <Gil Blas,> 43 378; Alcdzar, a notable Spanish poet of the age of 
 Shakespeare, i 272-75; Cervantes, the famous creator of <Don Quixote,* 8 3451- 
 502; Lope de Vega, a most prolific author of Spanish comedies, 38 15287-96; 
 Calderon, Lope de Vega's great successor, 7 3071-86; Molinos, the famous Span- 
 ish mystic, founder of Quietism, 43 386; 44 330. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Caballero, a woman author of Spanish novels of high life 
 7 3001-16; Espronceda, a Spanish poet of the highest distinction, 14 5549-55; 
 Zorrilla, Spain's latest great poet, 39 16325-30; Valera, notable as a scholar, 
 poet, essayist, and novelist, 37 15220-36; Echegaray, a Spanish dramatist of 
 high rank, 13 5101-12. 
 
 JUNE 
 SPANISH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Alarc6n, a famous author of remarkable novels, i 262-67; 
 Pereda, the most original of recent Spanish writers of fiction, 29 11305-22; 
 Galdds, notable author of historical romances and didactic novels, 15 6153-73; 
 Madame Pardo-Bazan, a woman critic, essayist, and novelist, of rare genius, 
 28 1 1025-41; Valdes, the most interesting of recent Spanish novelists, 37 
 15199-219. 
 
 Second Week. — Jorge Isaaks, a South American Spanish-Jewish novelist, 
 20 8046-56; Gabriel Valdes, a Cuban negro poet, one of the most popular of 
 Spanish-American poets, 43 541; Mendive, a Spanish-Cuban poet of distinc- 
 tion, 43 378; Latin -American Literature, 22 8903-28. 
 
 PORTUGUESE LITERATURE 
 
 Third Week. — Lobeira, an early Portuguese troubadour, 8 3129; Resende, 
 an early Portuguese poet, 8 3130; Lopes, the father of Portuguese prose, 8 
 3130; Ribeiro, a notable author of lyrics, and of a prose pastoral romance, 43 
 456; Gil Vicente, the father of Portuguese drama, 8 3130. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dxlix 
 
 Fourth Week.— Camoens, Portugal's greatest poet, 8 3129-58; Barros, fa- 
 mous historian of Portuguese discoveries and conquests, 8 3130; Ferreira, author 
 of one of the earliest tragedies ever produced in Europe, 42 185; Nascimento, 
 the celebrated author of Odes and other Poems, 8 313 1; Almeida-Garrett, a 
 notable Portuguese dramatist, 8 3131; Herculano, an eminent scholar, journal- 
 ist, historian, and novehst, 42 260. 
 
 SECOND YEAR 
 
 LATIN LITERATURE 
 OCTOBER 
 
 First Week.— Andronicus, a poet and actor, 14 5475; Nsevius, author of 
 tragedies and comedies, 14 5475; Plautus, the greatest Latin comic poet, 29 
 11557-72; Ennius, author of an epic poem and <Annals,> 14 5475-83; Cato, 
 author of a work on Agriculture, of Speeches, and of works on History, Elo- 
 quence, Medicine, and Military Art, 8 3347-52- 
 
 Second Week. — Terence, author of six highly finished comedies reflecting 
 Greek culture, 36 14643-62; Cicero, the greatest of Latin orators, and author 
 of many writings of extreme interest, 9 3675-724; Caesar, the greatest of Ro- 
 mans, soldier, statesman, orator, and writer, 7 3037-66. 
 
 Third Week. — Lucretius, a most notable poet thinker, very critical on re- 
 ligious questions, 23 9304-18; Catullus, an exceptionally fine lyric poet, 8 
 3359-70; Sallust, author of two small histories, which seem designed to serve 
 as political writings, 32 12743-58; Virgil, the greatest of Latin poets, and in 
 some ways the most interesting of Latin writers, 38 15413-38. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Horace, the court poet of Augustus, 19 7619-40; Livy, 
 the most interesting of Latin historians, 23 9091-104; Tibullus, a notable ele- 
 giac Latin poet, 37 14932-42; Propertius, author of the best Latin elegies, 
 30 1 1861-70; Ovid, one of the most notable poets of the age of Augustus, 28 
 10915-36. 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 ■ LATIN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Seneca, the most brilliant literary figure in the second gene- 
 ration of the first century; a Stoic philosopher, 33 13 119-32; Petronius, author 
 under Nero of very interesting satires, 29 11384-96; Pliny the Elder, author 
 of histories and of an encyclopedia of Natural Science, 29 11573-82; Martial, 
 author of Latin epigrams of the highest quality, 24 9750-58; Persius, author 
 of Latin satires in the worst days of Rome, 29 11343-46. 
 
 Second Week. — Quintilian, author of a remarkable treatise on Orators 
 and Oratory, 30 11980-12000; Statins, an epic, lyric, and dramatic poet, 35 
 
dl OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 13845-56; Tacitus, author of a work on Germany and the Germans, and of 
 two great historical works, 36 14369-88; Juvenal, in his satires one of the 
 greatest of Latin writers, 21 8411-24; Pliny the Younger, a typical cultivated 
 Roman writer of the time of Trajan, 29 11583-600. 
 
 Third Week. — Lucian, a famous critic of the popular Roman religion, 23 
 9285-303; Antoninus, a moral and religious writer of extreme Christian interest, 
 3 1022-44; Suetonius, author of interesting lives of twelve of the Caesars, 35 
 14202-08; ^lianus, author of a book about animals, and of historical studies, i 
 172-77; Apuleius, author of <The Golden Ass,* a brilliant Latin novel, 2 597-612, 
 
 Fourth Week. — Gellius, author of < Attic Nights, > picturing Roman life 
 and usages, 16 6253-60; TertuUian, a notable Latin Church Father and theo- 
 logical writer, 43 519; Athanasius, an eminent African-Latin Father of the 
 early Christian Church, 42 28; Prudentius, a Christian Spanish-Latin poet; 
 author of hymns and religious poems, 43 442; Ambrose, an eminent father of 
 the Latin Church, 42 16; Lactantius, a Christian author, tutor to the son of 
 Constantine; known as the Christian Cicero, 43 320; Vincent of Lerins, a not- 
 able Church writer, 43 548; Boetius, the latest of classical Latin writers, 5 
 2133-40; Augustine of Hippo, an African-Latin Church Father, the precursor 
 of Calvin in theology, 3 1014-16. 
 
 FRENCH LITERATURE 
 
 DECEMBER 
 
 First Week. — St. Victor, a great hymn writer, 32 12727-31; Froissart, an 
 author of picturesque historical chronicles, 1 5 6035-58 ; Villon, the father of 
 French poetry, 38 15392-412; Comines, a second great French author of 
 Chronicles, 10 3923-34; Rabelais, the earliest and greatest type of French 
 genius, 30 12001-26; Marguerite of Navarre, her <Heptameron,> a collection of 
 stories, 24 9702-13; Marot, an early French poet, 24 9729-36. 
 
 Second Week. — John Calvin, the g^reat Frenchman of Protestant theology, 
 8 3117-28; Ronsard, next to Villon, the father of French poetry, 31 12373-83; 
 Brantome, author of valuable < Lives' of the Valois period, 6 2319-27; Mon- 
 taigne, the famous author of <Essays,> 26 10237-48; St. Francis de Sales, 
 the precursor of Fenelon in pietism, 32 12732-42; Descartes, an eminent 
 original French thinker, 1 1 4585 ; Corneille, the earliest modern French dramatist, 
 10 4065-78. 
 
 Third Week. — Rochefoucauld, author of famous < Maxims' and < Me- 
 moirs,' 31 12320-34; La Fontaine, author of celebrated < Fables,' 22 8779- 
 8800; Moliere, the greatest of modern comic dramatists, 26 10153-205; Pascal, 
 eminent French thinker, 28 11 143 ; Madame de Sevigne, famous author of 
 letters, 33 13153-66. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Bossuet, notable French pulpit orator, 5 2209-26 ; Per- 
 rault, author of < Mother Goose' tales, 29 11323-42; Madame de La Fayette, 
 author of one of the earliest French novels, 22 8767-78; Boileau, author of 
 < Epistles' and <Art of Poetry,' 5 2141-51; Racine, the greatest of writers 
 of French tragedy, 30 12027-40; La Bruyere, great French satirist, 22 8760- 
 66; Fenelon, notable mystic and pietist and eloquent preacher, 14 5641-48. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dli 
 
 JANUARY 
 FRENCH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week.— Massillon, one of the greatest of French pulpit orators, 
 25 9780-96; Le Sage, a notable author of fiction, 22 8984-9004; Saint-Simon, 
 author of interesting <Menioirs,> 32 12709-26; Montesquieu, a great French 
 writer on constitutional law, 26 10249-70. 
 
 Second Week.— Piron, author of epigrams and satires, 29 11506-12; Vol- 
 taire, an immensely productive thinker and writer in the age before the French 
 Revolution, 38 15449-90; Prevost, author of a famous novelette, 30 11805-19; 
 Madame du Deflfand, a woman writer of rare genius, 1 1 4471-78; Crebillon, au- 
 thor of interesting tragedies, 10 4167-80. 
 
 Third Week.— BuflEon, author of a monumental < Natural History,> 6 2689- 
 96; Rousseau, a famous precursor of the Revolution, 31 12435-56; Diderot, 
 chief author of the famous < Encyclopedic,) 12 4689-703; D'Alembert, a notable 
 French scientist, i 354-70; Casanova, author of -^Memoirs,) 8 3321-32. 
 
 Fourth Week.— Beaumarchais, author of famous comedies, 4 1657-73 ; Saint- 
 Pierre, author of <Paul and Virginia,) 32 12695-708; Mirabeau, famous political 
 orator, 25 10077-96; Joubert, author of < Thoughts,) 21 8385-98; Brillat-Sava- 
 rin, author of a work of great wit on <The Physiology of Taste,) 6 2365-80; 
 Florian, author of < Fables,) 14 5849-52. 
 
 FEBRUARY 
 FRENCH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week.— Chenier, a poet of note, 9 3601-08 ; De Maistre, author of 
 fiction, 24 9617-22; Madame de Stael, a woman of brilliant genius, and con- 
 spicuous service to French culture, 35 13823-44; Chateaubriand, a foremost man 
 of letters of his day in France, 9 3531-38; Cuvier, an eminent French scientist, 
 10 4251-66; Senancour, author of <Obermann,) 33 13111-18. 
 
 Second Week. — Sismondi, author of economical and historical works, 34 
 13471-86; Nodier, author of remarkable fiction, 27 10672-84; Quesnay, notable 
 writer of stories, 30 11925-46; Beranger, a chief French lyric poet, 4 1783-800; 
 Lamennais, an advanced religious writer, 22 8845-60; Beyle, writer of travels, 
 criticism, and fiction, 4 1861-83; Guizot, a notable French historian, 17 6771- 
 80; Arago, a brilliant French scientist, 2 704-22. 
 
 Third Week. — Lamartine, a notable writer of poetry and of history, 22 
 8801-16; Scribe, a famous French author of plays, 33 13083-98; Cousin, a 
 brilliant lecturer on Philosophy, i o 4079-88 ; Delavigne, a lyrical poet and dram- 
 atist, 1 1 4528-34 ; Thierry, celebrated French historian, 3 7 14803-20 ; Thiers, an 
 eminent French statesman and historian, 37 14821-44. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Comte, founder of a school of radical thought, 10 3935-44; 
 Michelet, notable brilliant French historian, 25 9982-94; Balzac, greatest of 
 French novelists, 3 1348-432; De Vigny, poet and novelist, 38 15341-53; Bas- 
 tiat, notable economist and journalist, 4 1607-16; Victor Hugo, the most not- 
 able of French poets, novelists, and dramatists, 19 7709-67. 
 
dlii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 MARCH 
 
 FRENCH LITER A TURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Merimee, author of fiction, history, and criticism, 25 9941- 
 55; Dumas, Sr., famous author of novels, 12 4957-5000; Quinet, brilliant thinker 
 and political leader, 30 1 1961-79; Eugene Sue, author of notable novels, 35 
 14181-201; Sainte-Beuve, eminent French critic, 32 12659-77; George Sand, fa- 
 mous woman of genius, author of novels, 32 12759-805; De Tocqueville, famous 
 author of < Democracy in America, > 37 14965-84. 
 
 Second Week. — Souvestre, author of plays, stories, and historical works, 
 35 13693-706; De Guerin, brother and sister, authors of letters and journals, 
 17 6761-70; Musset, French poet of rare genius, 26 10487-510; Gautier, author 
 of novels, criticisms, and poems, 15 6221-36; Sandeau, author of novels and 
 plays, 32 12806-16; Laboulaye, author of fairy tales; also of scholarly historical 
 works, 22 8747-59. 
 
 Third Week. — Victor Duruy, eminent historical writer, 12 5069-74; Es- 
 quiros, notable journalist, novelist, historical and political writer, 14 5556-68; 
 Charles Blanc, an art writer and critic of distinction, 5 2051-63; Veuillot, a 
 notable Catholic journalist, 38 15330-40; Scherer, an eminent liberal religious 
 writer, 32 12865-76; Leconte de Lisle, a notable French poet; 22 8952-56; 
 Villemarque, an eminent scholar in Breton lore, 38 15377-91; Mace, author of 
 fairy tales and stories for children, 24 9473-78. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Augier, a notable dramatist, 3 998-1014; Madame Craven, 
 a Catholic writer of stories and biographies, 10 4139-50; Baudelaire, author of 
 notable poems, 4 1617-32; Flaubert, a brilliant novelist, 14 5815-43; Amiel, a 
 poet thinker of rare genius, 2 479-92; Feuillet, a popular novelist, and author 
 of plays, 14 5663-72; Murger, notable writer on « Bohemians,'* in art and litera- 
 ture, 26 10473-86; Du Camp, author of travels, criticisms, and political writ- 
 mgs, 12 4951-56; the brothers Goncourt, authors of superior novels, 16 6549-64; 
 Erckmann-Chatrian, novelists of distinction, 1 4 5538-48. 
 
 APRIL 
 
 FRENCH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — De Banville, poet, dramatist, and critic, 4 1474-80; Renan, 
 celebrated liberal writer on the history of religion, 31 12149-94; Boissier, a 
 notable writer of biographies, 5 2152-62; Dumas, Jr., novelist and dramatist, 
 12 5001-40; Taine, eminent critical and historical writer on literature, 36 14399- 
 452; Sarcey, famous French dramatic critic and lecturer, 32 12825-36; Cher- 
 buliez, author of novels, criticisms, and reviews, 9 3609-24; Droz, popular 
 author of novels and short stories, 12 4885-96. 
 
 Second Week. — Theuriet, author of notable novels and short stories, 37 
 14795-802 ; Pailleron, brilliant author of satiric comedies and plays, 2 8 10961- 
 74; Halevy, writer of delightful fiction and dramas, 17 6831-47; Gaboriau, au- 
 thor of popular detective novels, 15 6137-52; Fr&hette, a French-Canadian 
 poet, 15 5964-70; SuUy-Prudhomme, a scholarly and thoughtful poet, 36 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dlHi 
 
 14209-20 ; Desjardins, a notable religious thinker and writer, 1 1 4596-608 ; Zola, 
 a novelist of immense fertility and power, 39 16283-324; Rambaud, an eminent 
 French educator and historical writer, 30 12041-60. 
 
 Third Week. — H6redia, a famous writer of sonnets, 18 7277-84; Copp6e, 
 author of poems, novels, and plays, 10 4045-64; Mendes, famous author of 
 short stories and sketches, 25 9900-14; Verlaine, a poet of strange but great 
 genius, 38 15313-22; France, novelist, essayist, and critic of distinction, 15 
 5909-18; Deroulede, famous author of < Songs of the Soldier,> 1 1 4580-84; Vogiie, 
 an ethical and religious writer, 38 15439-48; Darmesteter, a French Oriental- 
 ist of great distinction, 1 1 4379-84. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Brunetiere, celebrated literary critic and review editor, 
 6 2603-12; Maupassant, poet and novelist, 25 9803-27; Loti, a novelist and 
 poet, 23 9203-15; Bourget, notable author of biographical studies and, novels, 
 5 2252-62; Lemaitre, a critic, essayist, and novelist of distinction, 22 8963- 
 76; Rod, author of markedly realistic novels, 31 12335-44; Jasmin, a modem 
 Provengal poet, 20 8187-207; Mistral, a great Provengal poet of our time, 25 
 10097-109. 
 
 SWEDISH — DANISH LITERATURE 
 
 MAY 
 
 First Week. — Swedenborg, religious initiator, 36 14237-58; Linnaeus, 
 notable European scientist, 23 9077-90; Dalin, father of modem Swedish 
 poetry, to 4278-84; Bellman, author of lyric poems and songs, 4 1763-72; 
 Tegner, a chief Swedish poet, 36 14563-80; Atterbom, one of the gfreatest 
 lyric poets of Sweden, 2 933-42. 
 
 Second Week. — Almquist, author of romances, lyrics, epics, and dramas, 
 I 439-46; Fredrika Bremer, author of novels and travels, 6 2328-42; Runeberg, 
 the greatest name in Swedish literature, 3 2 12495-508 ; Madame Emilia Carlen, 
 Swedish author of distinction, 8 3225-30; Madame Anne Edgren, notable 
 author of dramas and novels, 13 5162-74; <Kalevala,> a g^reat Finnish epic, 21 
 8443-54. 
 
 Third Week. — Danish Literature, — Holberg, the greatest of Scandinavian 
 poets, 1 8 7409-44 ; Ewald, a notable figure in Danish literature after Hol- 
 berg, 14 5614-26; Baggesen, one of the greatest of Danish poets, 3 1235-42; 
 Oehlenschlager, author of tragedies and poems, esteemed the best in Danish 
 literature, 2 7 10745-74 ; Blicher, popular author of peasant stories and poems, 
 5 2064-74; Ingemann, the Danish Walter Scott, 20 7982-90. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Hertz, Danish author of < King Rene's Daughter,* 18 
 7317-25; Andersen, famous author of wonder tales and fairy dramas, 2 500-39; 
 Faludan-Miiller, author of poems, plays, and tales, 28 11017-24; Brandes, a 
 Danish literary critic of great distinction and influence, 5 2299-2310; Drach- 
 mann, author of poems, dramas, and novels, 12 4840-50. 
 
dliv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 NORWEGIAN— ICELANDIC— CHINESE— JAPANESE- 
 INDIAN LITERATURE 
 
 JUNE 
 
 First Week. — Welhaven, a critic and poet, 38 15779-89; Wergeland, author 
 of a lyrical drama, 38 15779; Asbjornsen, a Norwegian scientist and famous 
 collector of folk tales and legends, 2 905-16; Ibsen, author of social dramas 
 and dramatic poems, 20 7839-64; Bjornson, author of tales, plays, and novels, 
 5 1959-82. 
 
 Second Week. — Lie, author of famous novels and stories of the sea, 2 3 
 9048-58; Boyesen, author of stories, tales, and criticisms, 5 2272-78; Kielland, 
 author of novels of boldly progressive tendency, 2 i 8565-72 ; Garborg, famous 
 novelist representing extreme radicalism, 15 6185-94; Nansen, famous Arctic 
 explorer, 27 10555-64. 
 
 Icelandic Literature, — Arnason, famous author of collections of Icelandic 
 tales and legends, 2 802-12. 
 
 Third Week. — Chinese Literature, 9 3629-48. 
 
 Japanese Literature, 20 8145-86. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Indian Literature, 20 7905-67; 45 415-17; Pilpay, 29 
 11437-86; Indian Epigrams, 41 16989-95; Kalidasa, the Shakespeare of Sanskrit 
 Literature, 21 8455-76; Jayadeva, a noted Sanskrit poet, 20 8208-14; Baber, 
 Emperor of India and author of < Memoirs, > 3 1 141-48; Tom Dutt, a recent 
 young native poetess of India,- i 3 5075-83. 
 
 THIRD YEAR 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 OCTOBER 
 
 First Week. — Anglo-Saxon Literature, 2 543-73; Csedmon, earliest poet, 
 2 547, 552, 572; 45 361; Bede, famous early scholar, educator, historian, 2 545, 
 555, 556; 45 360; Alfred the Great, i 389-98; 2555-56; Alfric, author of <Homi- 
 lies,> 2 556-57. 
 
 Second Week. — Celtic Literature, 8 3403-50; Aneurin's <Gododin,> 2 539-42; 
 <Ossian,> 27 10865-84; the Mabinogion, 23 9373-80; the Arthurian Legends, 2 
 886-904; Sir Thomas Malory's <Morte d'Arthur,* 24 9645-54. 
 
 Third Week. — The Legend of the Holy Grail, 19 7515-50; the Ballad, 3 
 1305-47; < English and Scottish Ballads,^ 44 299; Folk-Song, 15 5853-77; Myths 
 and Folk-Lore, 26 10522-42; Gesta Romanorum, 16 6261-70; Bestiaries, 4 
 1852-60; < Physiologus,* 44 61. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Roger Bacon, founder of English science in 1267 A. D., 
 4 5 475; Sir John Mandeville, author of book of travels, 24 9655-63; John 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dlv 
 
 Wyclif, great English scholar, Bible translator, and reformer, 39 16235-42; 
 Langland, poet of the people's protest against priests and princes, 43 326; 45 
 402; Chaucer and Gower, great English poets, 9 3551-600; 16 6579; Dunbar 
 and Barclay, Scotch poets, 12 5064-68; 4 1496-502; Sir Thomas More, famous 
 author of < Utopia, > 26 10295-303; Juliana Berners, first English woman author, 
 4 1834-36. 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 ENGLISH LITERA TURE— Continued 
 
 First Week.— Wyatt, court poet of Henry VIII., 39 16230-34; Ascham, a 
 noted educator, 2 916-23; Holinshed, author of famous < Chronicles, > 19 7445- 
 50; Spenser, eminent Elizabethan poet, 35 i375i-7i; Hakluyt, great writer on 
 voyages to America, 17 6807-20; Peele, dramatist and lyric poet, 28 11258-62; 
 Hooker, famous divine and prose writer, 42 272; 45 367; Sidney, celebrated 
 soldier and poet, 34 13385-98; Lodge, Chapman, and Drayton, poets of note, 
 23 9139; 9 3523; 12 4877. 
 
 Second Week. — Greene, early dramatist, 42 232; Bacon, famous essayist 
 and philosopher, 3 1155; 42 34; Marlowe, dramatist of note, 24 9714-28; 
 Shakespeare, the world's greatest dramatist, 33 13167-264; 45 380-402; 
 Campion, author of songs, 8 3184-88; Dekker and Aytoun, lyric poets, 11 
 4521-27; 3 1106-09; Donne, poet and divine, 12 4771-78. 
 
 Third Week. — Ben Jonson, famous dramatist, 21 8341-60; Webster, 
 author of great tragedies, 38 15758-68; Burton, noted prose writer, 7 2904-08; 
 Massinger, dramatist, 25 9797-802; Beaumont and Fletcher, famous dramatists, 
 4 1674-98; Selden, a great lawyer and wit, 33 13099-110; Drummond, Wither, 
 and Herrick, poets, 12 4913; 39 16123; 18 7307; Ford, dramatist, 15 5889-94; 
 Hobbes, philosopher, 18 7381-88; Browne, Herbert, and Carew, poets, 6 2511; 
 18 7252; 8 3221; Walton, author of <The Complete Angler,^ 38 15601-22. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Sir Thomas Browne, 6 2473-510; Waller, poet first using 
 style of a new school, 38 15555-64; Milton, the great Puritan poet and famous 
 prose writer, 25 10037-76; Suckling, poet of gay lyrics, 35 14155; Fuller, 
 historian and biographer, 15 6129-36; Clarendon, noted historian, 9 3737-44; 
 Butler, satirist of the Puritans, 7 2927-34; Jeremy Taylor, famous divine, 36 
 14551; Cowley and Marvell, poets, 10 4089; 24 9770; Evelyn, famous diarist, 
 14 5591; Vaughan, poet, 37 15257- 
 
 DECEMBER 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Bunyan, 7 2747-66; Dryden, eminent poet, 12 4919-50; 
 Locke, philosopher, 23 9105-10; Pepys, famous diarist, 28 11283-304; Sir 
 Isaac Newton, 27 10619-26; Hamilton, author of < Memoirs,* 17 6913-24; Defoe, 
 II 4479-512; Prior, lyric poet, 30 11837; Arbuthnot, satirist, 2 722; Swift, 
 famous satirist and political writer, 36 14259-88; Congreve, dramatist, 10 3945; 
 
dlvi OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Steele and Addison, famous essayists, 35 13875-98; i 148-71; Watts, author 
 of hymns, 38 15717; Young, religious poet, 39 16277; Berkeley, philosopher, 
 
 4 1801-08; Gay, author of <Fables,> 15 6237; Ramsay, pastoral poet, 30 12061. 
 
 Second Week. — Pope, famous poet, 30 11711-56; Montagu, author of 
 Letters, 26 10217; Richardson, father of the English novel, 31 12225; Ches- 
 terfield, author of Letters, 9 3625; Thomson, Scottish poet, 37 14851-64; John 
 and Charles Wesley, famous founders of Methodism, 38 15790-818; Fielding, 
 famous novelist, 14 5693-731; Samuel Johnson, great scholar and writer, 21 
 8283-316; Hume, historian and philosopher, 19 7777-90; Sterne, humorist, 35 
 13899-926; Shenstone and Gray, poets, 34 13307; 16 6623; Walpole, author 
 of Letters, 38 15565; Foote, dramatist, 15 5878; Gilbert White, naturalist, 39 
 15867; Smollett, humorous novelist, 34 13575; Akenside, poet, i 252; Gold- 
 smith, 16 6501-32. 
 
 Third Week. — Adam Smith, famous economist, 34 13519-36; Burke, ora- 
 tor and statesman, 7 2779-808; Cowper, poet, 10 4107; Colman, dramatist, 10 
 3901; Gibbon, famous historian, 16 6271-332; Boswell, notable biographer, 5 
 2227; Young, writer on agriculture, 39 16261; Mrs. Barbauld, 4 148 1 ; Dibdin, 
 dramatist and song writer, 11 4620; Grattan, famous orator, 16 6615; Bentham, 
 philosopher, 4 1773; Sheridan, author of comedies, 34 13317-62; Chatterton, 
 poet, 9 3539; Burney, novelist, 7 2817; Crabbe and Blake, poets, 10 41 17; 
 
 5 2041 ; Beckford, story writer, 4 1699 ; Robert Burns, 7 2833-66 ; Wollstone- 
 craft, noted woman writer, 39 16129-44; Joanna Baillie, dramatist of note, 3 
 1253-71; Rogers, London poet, 31 12345; Lady Naime, fine Scottish poet, 27 
 10543; D'Israeli, 12 4725. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Edgeworth, novelist, 13 5151; Canning, orator-statesman, 
 8 3189; Hogg, Scotch poet, 18 7403; Wordsworth, noted poet, 39 16193-229; 
 Scott, great popular novelist, 33 12995-3082; Sydney Smith, thinker and wit, 
 3 4 13556; Coleridge and Southey, noted poets, 9 3843-70; 35 13677; Austen, 
 famous woman novelist, 3 1045-79; Lamb, delightful humorist, 22 8817-44; 
 Landor, able prose writer, 22 8861-79; Campbell, Scottish poet, 8 3159-83; 
 Hallam, historical writer, 17 6853; Hazlitt, essayist and critic, 18 7115; Moore, 
 popular Irish poet, 26 10271-94; Morier, story writer, 26 10304; Croly, novel- 
 ist and poet, 10 4197. 
 
 JANUARY 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Ferrier, novelist, 14 5649; Heber, religious poet, 18 7153; 
 Hunt, essayist, i 9 7791 ; Wilson, noted essayist, 3 9 16032 ; De Quincey, essay- 
 ist, II 4555; Peacock, humorous novelist, 28 11223; Mitford, story writer, 25 
 10143; Procter and Byron, noted poets, 30 11849; 7 2935-3000; Hook, humor- 
 ist, 19 7613; Barham, humorist, 4 1503; DeVere, poet, 11 4609; Shelley, poet 
 of great genius, 34 13265-306; Keble, religious poet, 21 8513; Bowring, hymn 
 writer and verse translator, 5 2263; Marryat, novelist, 24 9737-49. 
 
 Second Week. — Maginn, essayist, 2 4 9564 ; Hemans, poet, i 8 7229 ; Lock- 
 hart, critic and biographer, 23 9125; Grote, eminent historian, 17 6745; Keats, 
 poet, 21 8497-512; Carlyle, eminent essayist and historian, 8 3231; Haliburton, 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dlvii 
 
 famous humorist, 17 6848; Motherwell, 26 10365; Lover, Irish story writer, 23 
 9216; Banim, John and Michael, stories of Irish life, 4 1458; Hood, noted hu- 
 morist and poet, 19 7589; Macaulay, eminent EngHsh historian, 24 9381. . 
 
 Third Week.— Barnes, a dialect poet, 4 1563; Taylor, dramatist, 36 
 14539; Newman, noted preacher and religious writer, 27 10597; Praed, society 
 poet, 30 1 1757; Griffin, author of Irish stories, 17 6699; Mangan, Irish poet, 
 24 9664; Jerrold, dramatist" and humorist, 21 8257; Bulwer-Lytton, novelist 
 and dramatist, 6 2697; Borrow, story writer, 5 2175; Home, poet, 19 7641; 
 O'Mahony, Irish essayist, 27 10845; Beaconsfield, novelist and statesman, 4 
 1633; Maurice, religious writer, 25 9828; Martineau, eminent liberal thinker, 
 24 9759; Lever, Irish novelist, 23 9025; Mill, eminent thinker, 25 10007; 
 Turner, poet, 36 14638. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Mrs. Browning, notable woman poet, 6 2523; Darwin, 
 eminent scientist, 11 4385-434; Fitzgerald, poet and translator, 14 5797-814; 
 Kinglake, historian, 21 8599; Tennyson, English poet, 36 14581-637; Glad- 
 stone, eminent statesman and writer, 16 6359-72; Gaskell, novelist, 15 6205; 
 Brown, story writer and essayist, 6 2437-60; Thackeray, very eminent novel- 
 ist, 36 14663-732; Bright, orator and statesman, 6 2354-64; Dickens, great 
 novelist, 11 4625-88; Macleod, popular editor and story writer, 24 9495-502; 
 Robert Browning, 6 2557. 
 
 FEBRUARY 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Reade, popular novelist, 31 12103; Trollope, eminent novel- 
 ist, 37 15031-56; Robertson, noted liberal preacher, 31 12305; Bronte, novelist, 
 6 2381-416; Bailey, poet, 3 1243; Lewes, scientist and biographer, 23 9037. 
 
 Second Week. — Froude, eminent historian, 15 6059; Clough, radical poet, 
 9 3821-42; Kingsley, novelist and poet, 22 861 1; George Eliot, philosophical 
 novelist and poet, 13 5359-420; Ruskin, noted art writer, 32 12509-62; Tyndall, 
 famous scientist, 37 15141; Spencer, eminent philosopher, 35 13707-50; Buckle, 
 noted historical writer, 6 2673-88; Burton, famous explorer, 7 2883; Baker, 
 African explorer, 3 1277; Locker-Lampson, society poet, 23 91 11. 
 
 Third Week. — Maine, writer on law, 2 4 9605 ; Matthew Arnold, poet, 
 critic, and essayist, 2 844-85; Cupples, author of sea stories, 10 4208-20; Wallace, 
 scientist and explorer, 38 15517; Galton, scientist, 15 6174; Freeman, eminent 
 historian, 15 5977; Hughes, story writer, 19 7695; Patmore, poet, 28 11 179; 
 Goldwin Smith, eminent liberal thinker, 34 13537-55; Max Miiller, noted 
 Orientalist, 2 6 10425 ; Dobell, poet and thinker, 1 2 4733 ; Wilkie Collins, novel- 
 ist, 9 3879; Macdonald, novelist, 24 9455; Procter, author of lyrics, 30 11849; 
 Edersheim, biblical scholar and writer, 13 5 145 ; Huxley, eminent scientist, i 9 
 7805; Stubbs, great scholar in history, 35 14139. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Blackmore, novelist, 5 201 1; Bagehot, noted economist, 3 
 1203; Buckland, popular science writer, 6 2661; Craik, novelist, 10 4123; Ros- 
 setti, poet of note, 31 124 11-34; AUingham, poet, i 428; Oliphant, novelist 
 and historical writer, 27 10819; George Meredith, novelist, 25 9915. 
 
dlviii OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 MARCH 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Miss Rossetti, religious poet, 31 12397-410; Ingelow, poet, 
 
 2 o 7968 ; McCarthy, novelist and historian, 2 4 9440 ; Calverley, verse writer 
 and translator, 7 3107; Owen Meredith, poet, 23 9348; Farrar, noted preacher, 
 14 5627; Harrison, critic and essayist, 17 6975; Carroll, author of wonder 
 tales, 8 3307; Edwin Arnold, poet and editor, 2 819; Hamerton, art writer, 
 17 6875; Du Maurier, novelist and comic journalist, 12 5041; Shorthouse, 
 novelist, 34 13363; Morris, noted poet, 26 10337; Baring-Gould, 4 1529-42; 
 Lubbock, scientist, 23 9279. 
 
 Second Week. — Gilbert, humorous writer, 1 6 6333 ; Green, philosophical 
 writer, 1 7 6683 ; J. R. Green, historian, 1 7. 6663 ; Swinburne, eminent poet, 3 6 
 14289; Braddon, novelist, 5 2279; Besant, novelist, 4 1837; Bryce, historical 
 writer, 6 2643; Lecky, eminent historian, 22 8929; Morley, essayist and bio- 
 grapher, 26 10323; Mrs. Ritchie, novelist, 31 12273. 
 
 Third Week. — Mahaffy, historical writer, 24 9569; Pater, noted critic and 
 essayist, 28 11157; Symonds, historical writer, 36 14337; Thomas Hardy, 
 novelist, 17 6933; Dobson, poet, 12 4741; Ouida, novelist, 27 10885; Black, 
 novelist, 5 1983 ; Dowden, literary essayist and critic, 1 2 4806 ; Myers, noted 
 essayist, 26 10511; Lang, verse, novel, and essay writer, 22 8880; Russell, 
 author of sea stories, 32 12563; Mathilde Blind, novelist, 5 2075. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Norris, novelist, 2 7 10685 ; Jefferies, author of essays and 
 stories, 20 8215; Allen, novelist and essayist, i 399; Balfour, philosophical 
 essayist, 3 1287; Gosse, poet and essayist, 16 6565; Henley, poet and essayist, 
 I 8 7236 ; Mallock, essayist and novelist, 2 4 9623 ; Stevenson, popular novelist, 
 
 3 5 13927-76; Birrell, essayist, 4 1898; Watson, story writer, 38 15692; Drum- 
 mond, essayist, 12 4897; Ward, novelist, 38 15641; Caine, novelist, 7 3067; 
 Wm. Watson, poet, 38 15705; Robinson, poet and essayist, 31 12315; Doyle, 
 novelist, 12 4815; Woods, story writer, 39 16153; Barrie, novelist, 4 1571; 
 Roberts, story writer and poet, 31 12295; Parker, novelist, 28 11047; Quiller- 
 Couch, essayist and novelist, 30 11947; Schreiner, story writer, 33 12957; Kip- 
 ling, novelist and poet, 22 8633. 
 
 SCOTCH LITERATURE 
 APRIL 
 
 First Week. — Barbour, poet of ancient Scotland, 42 42; John Knox, 
 great Scottish reformer, 43 310; Home, Scottish dramatist, 42 271; Mungo 
 Park, explorer in Africa, 43 416; Thomas Chalmers, noted pulpit orator, 42 
 loi ; Mrs. Somerville, famous scientist, 43 499; McCuUoch, noted political econ- 
 omist, 43 358; Alison, historian, 42 14. 
 
 Second Week. — Murchison, noted geologist, 4 3 397 ; Robert Chambers, 
 author of < Vestiges of Creation, > 42 loi ; Fergusson, historian of architecture, 
 42 183; Bonar, hymn writer, 42 67; Blackie, famous scholar and educator, 42 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dHx 
 
 6i; Bain, eminent writer on philosophy, 42 37; Shairp, essayist and critic, 43 
 491; Muir, eminent Orientalist, 43 394; Stewart, physicist of distinction, 43 
 506; Geikie, eminent geologist, 42 212; Robertson Smith, eminent scholar and 
 writer, 43 499. 
 
 RUSSIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Third Week. — Kantemir and Lomonossov, fathers of Russian writing, 
 43 297, 348; Fonvizin, author of comedies, 42 194; Krylov, popular author of 
 fables, 43 316; Kotliarevsky, founder of Little Russian Literature, 43 313; 
 Zogoskin, novelist known as the Russian Walter Scott, 43 598; Pushkin, great 
 Russian poet and dramatist, 30 11904-24; Gogol, author of novels and come- 
 dies of the highest character, 16 6455. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Gonchardf a great novelist, 16 6533; Lermontov, cele- 
 brated poet, 43 337; Turgeneff, brilliant novelist, 37 15057; Dostoevsky, 
 novelist of the highest distinction, 12 4779; Maikov, the most noted of living 
 Russian poets, 4 3 363 ; Tolstoy, the great humanist of Russian fiction, 3 7 
 14985-15030; Russian lyric poetry, 32 12583-608. 
 
 POLISH — DUTCH — FLEMISH LITERATURE 
 
 MAY 
 
 First Week. — Krasicki, the « Polish Voltaire, » 43 314; Zablocki, the crea- 
 tor of Polish comedy, 4 3 592 ; Mickiewicz, greatest of Polish poets, 2 5 9995 ; 
 Slowacki, the Polish Byron, 34 13508; Krasinski, a poet of great power, 22 
 8735; Sienkiewicz, author of magnificent historical novels, 34 13399. 
 
 Second Week. — The Dutch poet. Cats, 8 3353; Hooft, father of Dutch 
 poetry, 19 7610; Vondel, great Dutch poet, 38 15491; Spinoza, eminent Jew 
 philosopher, 35 13785; Bilderdijk, famous Dutch poet, 4 1884-92; Kampen, 
 Dutch scholar of vast learning, 43 296; Limburg-Brouwer, father and son, 
 scholarly writers of great distinction, 43 343; Dekker, story writer of note, 11 
 4513; Maartens, very successful novelist, 23 9357-72. 
 
 Third Week. — Maerlant, father of Dutch poetry, of Flemish connection, 
 4 3 361 ; Mercator, celebrated Flemish geographer, 4 3 379 ; ficrevisse, noted 
 Flemish novelist, 42 162; Jenneval, French-Belgian poet, author of Belgian 
 national hymn, 42 289; Blommaert, Flemish poet and historian, 42 63; 
 Laurent, Belgian jurist and writer on law, 43 329. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Henri Conscience, the Flemish Walter Scott, 10 3957-72; 
 Kerkhoven, a notable popular author of novels, dramas, and poems, 43 302; 
 Greyson, poet, essayist, and educator, 42 233; Geiregat, notably successful 
 author of stories and plays reflecting Flemish life, 42 212; Cort, a Flemish 
 Burns, 42 121; Eekhoud, novelist and poet, 13 5189-214; Maeterlinck, poet, 
 novelist, and essayist, 24 9541-63. 
 
dlx OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 AUSTRIAN— HUNGARIAN— BOHEMIAN 
 LITERATURE 
 
 JUNE 
 
 First Week. — Littrow, Austrian scientist, 4 3 345 ; Ziegler, poet of nota- 
 ble genius, 43 596; Miklosich, eminent Slavic philologist, 43 382; Ambros, 
 noted musical historian, 42 16; Kremer, Orientalist of distinction, 43 315; 
 Hameriing, eminent popular poet, 42 246; Sacher-Masoch, notable novelist, 
 4 3 475; Scherer, literary historian of distinction, 43 483. 
 
 Second Week. — Sandor Kisfaludy, first great Hungarian poet, 43 307; 
 Kdroly Kisfaludy, father of Hungarian drama, 43 306; Katona, author of the 
 finest of Hungarian tragedies. 43 298; Jdsika, novelist notable for realism, 
 42 293; Vorosmarty, famous national poet, 43 552; Liszt, great pianist and 
 composer, 43 345. 
 
 Third Week. — Eotvos, poet, novelist, and statesman of the highest dis- 
 tinction, 14 5484; Beck, author of fine poems, romances, and tales, 42 49; 
 Arany, noted poet and translator, 42 22; Petofi, Hungary's greatest poet, 29 
 11347; Madach, Hungary's greatest dramatist, 24 9515; Jokai, the greatest of 
 Hungarian authors, 2 1 8331. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Bohemian Litherature, — Dobrovsky, eminent literary critic 
 and philologist, 42 147; KolMr, noted Panslavist poet, 43 311; Palacky, Bo- 
 hemian historian, 43 413; Hlinka, popular novelist, 42 266; Havlicek, a 
 noted «new Czech» writer, 42 253; Gindely, famous historian, 42 218; Jera- 
 bek, famous author of tragedies, 42 289; Cech, the most popular Bohemian 
 poet, 42 100. 
 
 FOURTH YEAR 
 
 GERMAN LITERATURE 
 OCTOBER 
 
 First Week. — <The Nibelungenlied,> 27 10627-56; Eginhard, a German 
 scholar under Alcuin, 42 165; Heinrich von Veldecke, early poet, 42 258; 
 Eschenbach, a famous early poet, 42 172; Hartmann von Aue, notable early 
 poet, 42 251; Albertus Magnus, famous schoolman, 42 10; Gottfried von 
 Strassburg, notable poet, 42 227; Walther von der Vogelweide, Germany's 
 greatest lyric poet before Goethe, 38 15580-600. 
 
 Second Week. — Tauler, famous early preacher, 43 516; Thomas ^ Kempis, 
 author of the < Imitation of Christ.* ai 8529; Reuchlin, noted scholar and 
 reformer, 44 244; Brandt, popular satirist, 5 231 1; Luther, famous reformer 
 and Bible translator, 23 9319; Hutten, poet, satirist, and reformer, 44 244; 
 Sachs, great popular poet, 32 12609; Fleming, lyric poet of note, 14 5844; Leib- 
 nitz, eminent thinker, 43 333; Mosheim, church historian of distinction, 43 393. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OP INTEREST dlxi 
 
 Third Week. — Bodmer, a new era German writer, 5 2128; Wilhelmine, 
 noted woman of genius, 39 15969; Klopstock, a new era poet, 22 8691; Kant, 
 greatest of modern philosophers, 2 1 8477 ; Lessing, critic and new era thinker, 
 23 9005; Wieland, humanist poet of great influence, 39 i5954; Raspe, < Baron 
 Munchausen, > 43 396, 451. 
 
 Fourth Week.— Herder, a notable thinker, 18 7259; Biirger, noted poet of 
 naturalism, 7 2767; Holty, lyric poet, 19 7505; Goethe, Germany's greatest 
 poet and representative genius, 16 6385-454; Schiller, great dramatist, 33 
 12877; Wolf, famous classical scholar, 43 582; Heeren, eminent historian, 42 
 257; Paulus, Orientalist and biblical scholar, 43 420. 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 
 GERMAN LITER A TURE — Continued 
 
 First Week.— Fichte, eminent educator, thinker, and patriot, 14 5673; 
 Richter, liberal thinker, 31 12247; Wilhelm Humboldt, noted scholar and 
 critic, 42 278; A. W. Schlegel, noted OrientaUst, critic, and translator, 43 
 484; Schleiermacher, famous liberal thinker, 43 484; Beethoven, great composer, 
 4 1749; Alexander von Humboldt, unsurpassed scientist, 19 7768; Arndt, poet of 
 patriotism, 2 813; Hegel, famous philosopher, 18 7161. 
 
 Second Week.— Novalis, poet-thinker, 2 7 10724 ; Schlegel, critic of litera- 
 ture, 33 1 291 3; Tieck, story-teller, poet, critic, and essayist, 37 14943; Schel- 
 ling, one of the leading German philosophers, i 8 7162 ; Hoffmann, noted author 
 of stories, 18 7389; Niebuhr, eminent historical writer, 27 10657; Gorres, 
 great journalist, scholar, and writer, 42 226; Becker, popular historical writer, 
 42 49. 
 
 Third Week. — Kleist, popular patriotic poet, 22 8665; Fouque, celebrated 
 romancer, 15 5895; Savigny, great writer on law, 43 481; Chamisso, poet and 
 stor>'-teller, 9 3503 ; Froebel, noted educator, 1 5 6022 ; Grimm Brothers, famous 
 collections of tales and legends, 1 7 6733 ; Kerner, notable author of songs, 
 4 3 302. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Elisabeth Brentano, 6 2348; Uhland, very popular poet, 
 37 15 1 85; Eichendorff, famous lyric poet, 13 5345; Schopenhauer, the latest of 
 great German philosophers, 33 12923; Riickert, a noted humanist thinker, 31 
 12457; Neander, church historian of note, 43 402; Hey, author of popular 
 < Fables, > 42 263. 
 
 DECEMBER 
 
 GERMAN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Komer, poet-soldier of German nationality, 22 8725; Ritter, 
 philosophical writer, 43 460; Grillparzer, greatest of Austrian-German poets, 
 17 6714; Baur, eminent biblical scholar, 42 47; Miiller, lyric poet, father of 
 Max Miiller, 26 10442; Zunz, noted Jewish writer, 43 599; Ranke, eminent 
 historical writer, 30 12074; Platen, notable poet and dramatist, 29 11513. 
 36 
 
dlxii OUTLINE SURVEY OP THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 Second Week. — Immermann, famous novelist and dramatist, 20 7896; 
 Meinhold, noted story-teller, 2 5 9853 ; Heine, brilliant poet and thinker, 1 8 
 7185; Hoffmann, poet and philologist, 42 268; Dollinger, eminent liberal 
 Catholic, 42 149; Lassen, Orientalist of distinction, 43 328; Moltke, famous 
 military authority, 4 3 387 ; Hauff , a fine story-teller, 1 7 7014. 
 
 Third Week. — Liebig, noted author on chemistry, 4 3 342 ; Morike, a fa- 
 mous lyric poet, 26 10318; Gervinus, noted Shakespeare critic, 42 214; 
 Strauss, biblical scholar of extreme radical views, 35 14107; Weil, historian of 
 Mohammedanism, 43 566; Mendelssohn, musical composer and author, 25 
 9886; Reuter, great novelist, 31 12195. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Freiligrath, ardently radical poet, 15 6002; Auerbach, 
 noted novelist, 3 961 ; Wagner, musical composer and writer of the highest 
 distinction, 38 15499; Luise Miihlbach, popular novelist, 43 394; Dingelstedt, 
 novelist and dramatist, 12 4704; Curtius, eminent historian, 10 4241; Zeller, 
 eminent historian of Greek philosophy, 43 595. 
 
 JANUARY 
 GERMAN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Geibel, poet and scholar, 1 5 6248 ; Bismarck, statesman 
 and political author, 5 1929; Freytag, novelist and dramatist of foremost rank, 
 15 6011; Gneist, famous jurist, 42 221; Storm, famous novelist and poet, 35 
 14039; Sybel, historical writer, 43 512; Mommsen, Germany's greatest scholar 
 in history, 26 10206. 
 
 Second Week. — Marx, great socialist writer, 43 371; 44 12; Du Bois-Rey- 
 mond, eminent scientist, 42 153; Hesekiel, journalist and biographer, 42 262; 
 Keller, story writer, 21 8518; Bodenstedt, Orientalist and novelist, 5 21 16; 
 Gregorovius, noted historian, 42 232; Virchow, famous medical scientist, 43 
 549; Schliemann, famous explorer in Greece, 43 484; Gottschall, novelist, poet, 
 and critic, 16 6571. 
 
 Third Week. — Fischer, brilliant scholar in philosophy and literature, 14 
 5766; Lassalle, eminent Socialist writer, 43 328; Keim, noted biblical scholar, 
 4 2 299 ; Meyer, Germany's greatest novelist, 2 5 9965 ; Scheffel, immensely 
 popular novelist, 32 12837; Herman Grimm, a foremost German author, 17 
 6723; Spielhagen, novelist of great note, 35 13772; Heyse, poet and novelist, 
 1 8 7333 ; Haeckel, eminent scientist, 1 7 6781. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Dahn, noted novelist and dramatist, 10 4267; Wilbrandt, 
 notably successful dramatist, 43 575; Ebers, historical novelist, 13 5091; Hoist, 
 historical writer, 19 7496; Ambrosius, a peasant woman author of rare genius, 
 I 446; Sudermann, novelist and dramatist of great distinction, 35 14163; 
 Hauptmann, dramatist of g^eat power, 1 7 7025. 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dlxiii 
 
 AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 FEBRUARY 
 
 First Week.— Bradford, historian of Pilgrim Fathers, 42 72; Edwards, 
 famous divine, 13 5175: Franklin, statesman and scientist, 15 5925; Washing- 
 ton, statesman and first President, 38 15665: Henry, orator and statesman, 
 18 7241; John Adams, statesman and President, i 126: Mrs. Abigail Adams, 
 I 84; Paine, political writer, 28 10975; Jefferson, statesman and President, 
 21 8229 ; Madison, statesman and President. 24 9531; Barlow, poet, 4 1557. 
 
 Second Week.— Hamilton, political writer, 17 6891; Wilson, ornithologist, 
 39 16017; J. Q. Adams, I 134; Brown, earliest American novelist, 6 2425; 
 Wirt, orator and lawyer, 39 16090; Clay, orator and statesman. 9 3761: Pauld- 
 ing, novelist and poet, 28 11195; Channing, liberal divine. 9 3513. Audubon, 
 3 956; Calhoun, political thinker and statesman 7 3087. Webster, orator and 
 statesman, 38 15725- 
 
 Third Week. — Irving, famous founder of literature. 20 7991: Dana, poet 
 and novelist, 11 4285; Cooper, famous novelist. 10 3985; Halleck, poet, 17 6861: 
 Everett, orator and statesman, 14 5605; Choate, orator and lawyer, 9 3649 
 Bancroft, famous historian, 4 1433. 
 
 Fourth Week.— Bushnell, liberal pulpit orator. 7 2909; Brownson, Cathohc 
 writer, 6 2594; Emerson, eminent thinker^ poet, and essayist. 13 5421; Haw 
 thorne, greatest American novelist, 18 7053; Willis poet and journalist, 39 
 16001; Simms, poet and novelist, 34 i3445S Hildreth. historian, 18 7371 
 Agassiz, eminent scientist, i 209; Longfellow, great popular poet, 23 9143. 
 
 MARCH 
 
 AMERICAN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Whittier, popular New England poet, 39 15911; Lincoln, 
 orator and President, 23 9059; Poe, poet and critic, 29 11651; Holmes, poet, 
 novelist, and essayist, 19 7457; Fuller, noted woman author, 15 61 19; Parker, 
 famous radical preacher. 28 11073. Greeley, famous journalist, 17 6653; Sum- 
 ner, orator and statesman, 36 1422 1 ; Draper, scientist, 12 4865. 
 
 Second Week. — Phillips, orator and reformer; 29 11409: Mrs. Stowe, 35 
 14067; Judd, novelist, 21 8399; Beecher. great pulpit orator. 4 1713; Dwight, 
 musical writer, 13 5084; Motley, very successful historian. 26 10373; Dana, Jr., 
 novelist, 1 1 4302 ; Thoreau radical essayist and poet, 3 7 14871 ; Weiss, liberal 
 preacher and critic, 38 15769; Holland, poet and story writer, 19 7451. 
 
 Third Week. — Whipple, essayist and critic, 39 15839; Lowell, eminent 
 poet, essayist, critic, and publicist, 2 3 9229 ; Whitman, very original poet, 3 9 
 15885; Parsons, poet and Dante translator, 28 11 117; Mrs. Howe, notable 
 woman author, 19 7645; Brownell. poet, 6 2519; Sherman, soldier and author 
 of < Memoirs, > 43 493; White, Shakespeare editor, 39 15876. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Read, poet, 30 12094: Parton, journalist and biographer, 
 28 1 1 123; Hale, story writer, 17 6821; Johnston, Southern novelist, 21 8317; 
 
dlxiv OUTLINE SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAI 
 
 Mitchell, popular essayist and story writer, 25 loiio; Wasson, liberal preacher, 
 38 15683; Boker, poet, 5 2163; Parkman, historical writer of the highest dis- 
 tinction, 28 1 1087; Mrs. E. B. Stoddard, notable novelist, 35 14013. 
 
 APRIL 
 
 AMERICAN LITER A TURE — Continued 
 
 First Week. — Curtis, noted editor, orator, and essayist, 10 4221; Higgin- 
 son. essayist and journalist, 18 7351; Taylor, poet, novelist, author of travels, 
 and translator, 36 145 18; Prime, essayist and editor, 30 11820; Stoddard, poet 
 and critic. 35 14029; Cooke, poet and story writer, 10 3973; Norton, Dante 
 scholar and critic, 27 10707; Winthrop, notable novelist, 39 16075. 
 
 Second Week. — Stillman. writer of travels and magazine papers, 35 
 13977; Timrod, Southern poet, 37 14961 ; Mitchell, novelist, 25 10123; Schurz, 
 orator and journalist, 33 12974; Godkin, journalist, 16 6373; Hayne, Southern 
 poet. 18 71 10; Alcott story -viTiter. i 282; Mrs. Barr. novelist, 42 43; Hayes 
 Arctic explorer, 42 254; H. H. Bancroft, eminent historical collector, 42 40. 
 
 Third Week. — Baird, historical writer. 3 1272; White, eminent educator 
 and historical writer, 39 15851: Mulford, liberal divine and political thinker, 
 26 10415; Stedman, poet and critic, 35 13857; Browne, noted humorist, 6 
 2461: Stockton, story writer, 35 13991; Brooks, famous liberal divine, 6 2417; 
 Mrs. Spoflford, novelist and poet, 3 5 13805 ; Tyler, historian of literature, 3 7 
 15131: Clemens, noted humorist, 9 3787. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Alden. magazine editor, i 303; Aldrich, poet and novel- 
 ist, I 312; Mrs. Thaxter. poet, 37 14760; Winter, critic and essayist, 39 16061 ; 
 Burroughs, naturalist and essayist, 7 2867; Eggleston, novelist, 13 5215; How- 
 ells, novelist, poet, and essayist, 1 9 7653 ; Hay, poet and historical writer, i 8 
 7097, Lounsbury, eminent literary historian, 43 351. 
 
 MAY 
 
 AMERICAN LITERATURE— Continued 
 
 First Week. — Bret Harte, novelist and poet, 1 7 6985 ; Mrs. Dodge, nota- 
 ble writer for young folks, 12 4757, Miller. Western poet, 25 10027; Sill, poet, 
 34 13439; Snider, author of travels, 34 13601; Lanier, Southern poet and liter- 
 ary critic, 22 8891; Fiske, historian and philosophical writer, 14 5777; James, 
 novelist and essayist, 20 8071. 
 
 Second Week. — O'Reilly, poet and journalist, 27 10857; Mrs. Phelps 
 Ward, novelist. 38 15623; Cable, novelist 7 3017; Gilder, poet and editor, 16 
 6347; Julian Hawthorne, novelist, 17 7041; Hardy, novelist, 17 6925; Woolson, 
 novelist, 39 16165 ; Harris, author of negro stories. 17 6961; Rhodes, historian, 
 31 12206; Mrs. Burnett, novelist, 7 2809; Janvier, novelist, 20 8117; Jewett, 
 story writer, 2 i 8269 ; Allen, novelist, i 409. 
 
 Third Week. — Sloane, historical writer, 43 496; Lanman, eminent Orien- 
 talist, 43 326; Lodge, statesman and historical writer, 43 347; Murfree, novel- 
 
TOPICS AND CHIEF LINES OF INTEREST dlxv 
 
 ist, 26 10453: Eugene Field, poet and journalist, 14 5687; Hearn. author of 
 travels, 18 7131 : McMaster. historian. 24 9503; Riley, popular Western poet, 
 31 12265; Van Dyke, preacher, poet, and essayist, 37 15237. 
 
 Fourth Week. — Ely, political economist, 42 169; Crawford, novelist, 10 
 4151; Page, author of fine tales and sketches, 28 10937; Thomas, poetess, 37 
 14845; Bunner. poet and essayist. 7 2731: Woodberry, poet and essayist, 39 
 16145; Wilkins, story writer. 39 15983; Waldstein, notable art writer, 43 556^ 
 Frederic, novelist 15 5971. 
 
 JUNE 
 
 AMERICAN LITERATURE— Concluded 
 
 First Week. — Wilson, historical writer. 39 16047; Mrs. Stuart, story 
 writer, 35 14119; Mrs. Deland. novelist. 42 137, Miss King, historical writer, 
 2 1 8573 ; Roosevelt, historical writer, 3 1 12384 ; Fuller, novelist 1 5 6101 ; 
 Wharton, humorous story writer, 39 15819; Wister. story writer. 39 16101; 
 Thanet, story writer, 37 14733; Garland novelist 15 6195; Carman, poet, 8 
 3302; Slosson, story writer, 34 13487. 
 
 HEBREW-CHRISTIAN— JEWISH LITERATURE 
 
 Second Week. — Hebrew-Christian Literature. — The Old Testament. 27 
 10775-818; the ^Apocrypha.* 27 10809-18; The New Testament, 27 10565-96: 
 the < Talmud, > 36 14453; 44 22. 
 
 Jewish Literature — Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher at Alexandria in 
 the time of Christ, 4 3 428 ; Josephus a Roman-Greek Jew of the last half of 
 the first century, 21 8361-84; the Kabbalah, or Jewish Theosophy. ai 8425-42. 
 
 BULGARIAN— ROUMANIAN— MORAVIAN— SERVIAN 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 Third Week. — Bulgarian Literature. — Boteff and Vazoff, patriot poets 
 38 15265-86. 
 
 Roumanian Literature, — Carmen Sylva 36 14329-36. 
 
 Moravian Literature, — Comenius. great educational reformer, 10 3909-22. 
 
 Servian Literature. — Karadzic, famous modern founder. 43 297. Milicevic 
 geographical and historical writer, and novelist, 43 382; Jovanovic, eminent 
 journalist, poet, and humorist. 42 293. 
 
 TURKISH — ARMENIAN LITERATURE 
 
 Fourth Week. — Turkish Literature. — Mesihi, renowned poet, 43 380: 
 Baki, greatest of Turkish lyric poets. 42 38. Lami'i, author of epics and of 
 translations, 43 323. Ibrahim of Aleppo, famous writer on Turkish law, 42 
 282; Ziver Pasha, a popular Turkish poet, 43 597. 
 
 Armenian Literature, — Emine, Armenian scholar, translator into Russian, 
 and author of great < History of Armenia,) 42 169; Ambroise Calfa, a French- 
 Armenian writer, 42 89; Corene Calfa, popular poet, 42 89. 
 
^