UC-NRLF SB b? 7fiD in o Eleventh Series, No. 9 January 3, 1920 |Jttlletin SCORE CARD FOR VILLAGE AND RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS OF FOUR TEACHERS OR LESS BY G. D. STRAYER PROFESSOR OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND N. L. ENGELHARDT ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRICfc. 35 Published by Collie, (Eolitmbicr 525 West 120th Street New York City TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLETIN Published fortnightly from September to May, inclusive. Entered as second-class matter January 15, 1910, at the Post Office, New York, N. Y., under Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized. *"MN LIBRARY < ^ COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY G. D. STRAYER AND N. L. ENGELHARDT SCORE CARD FOR VILLAGE AND RURAL SHOOL BUILDINGS OF FOUR TEACHERS OR LESS This score card has been developed after the plan followed for the Strayer and Engelhardt Score Card for City School Buildings published by this bureau. The major items of the city school building score card have also been used here. These major items are Site, Building, Service Systems, Class- rooms and Special Rooms. In dividing among the sub-items the total number of points allotted to the ideal school situation, the judgments of about 250 judges have been utilized. The median judgment of this group was used in each instance as the basis for deter- mining the number of points to be allotted to any of the sub- divisions on the score card. A thorough knowledge of the standards which are pre- sented on pages 9 to 22 of this pamphlet is a prerequisite to a proper use of the score card. After these standards have been thoroughly studied, visits to buildings under the guidance of a competent student of rural school problems would add greatly in training persons to use this method of measurement of the school plant. Pages 5 to 7 should be utilized in the survey of the school plant preliminary to the actual scoring. On page 7, it will be found profitable to draw a complete outline showing the details of floor plans and of grounds. The score card itself is pre- sented on page 8.* In using this score sheet, judges, when actually examining the building, will score in the first blank column on the minor subdivisions of the score card. The details for these minor subdivisions may subsequently be car- ried forward into the second and third columns in order to secure the total scores for each of the major subdivisions and the total score for the building itself. For one familiar with school buildings and with the score card, much would be gained by checking over blueprints and specifications in the light of the score card before beginning * Pages 5 to 8 are a facsimile, reduced, of the Score Card for Rural School Build- ings. The score card may be obtained from the Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, New York City. [31 421259 4 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN the construction of a building. Here again, the value is in large measure to be found in the fact that each of the more important items will be brought to the attention of the one , who seek to criticise the plans and specifications, and their relative importance will at least in some measure be indicated. It will be found particularly worth while to score old buildings, in order to call attention to the necessity for recon- struction which is always to be found in buildings which have been in use over a considerable number of years. As one studies the problem of school buildings in the United States, he is impressed by the accidental or occasional repair or recon- struction which is provided. A careful study and scoring of these buildings will often indicate common deficiencies of very great importance which should receive immediate attention, and others which are of relatively less significance which may be postponed for a time. In the case of scoring school buildings, as with any other instrument of measurement, the result should suggest prob- lems, and in some measure indicate the direction in which reforms are to be brought about. Any person using the score card should supplement the mere scoring of the several items with a report upon any notable deficiency which renders the building unfit for use. It is entirely conceivable that a build- ing on most counts might stand high, but in some one particu- lar, say, with respect to fire protection or sanitation, might rate extremely low. In this case, the notation after the build- ing was scored would call attention to the fact that measures should be taken immediately to remedy particular defects, in which case the building would, possibly with a minimum of expense, be brought up to a very high standard of excellency. SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS RURAL SCORE CARD 1*10 I by BUREAU OF PUBLICATIONS TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY SCORE CARD OF VILLAGE OR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS OF FOUR TEACHERS OR LESS GEORGE D. STRAYER and N. L. ENGELHARDT Te.chf rs College, Columbia Univenity This score card may ct advantage be utilized in judging existing school buildings and 'grounds or in rating the plans of proposed school buildings. A distinct accrues from the use of the score card in that it fixes attention upon alHhe details of the building. The total score is the composite of the scores on all the individual items. The score card should only be used in conjunction with the bulletin which outlines the building standards which have been determined upon by the authors. The score on any subdivision is based on conditions found as contrasted with these standards. The score card may be used in making building surveys of school systems or as a filing record.' Name of School ................................................ District ........................................ - ..... Village ..................... _ ...................................... State. -------------------- ,_....!. ........... _.. ENROLLMENT FOR A S-YEAR PERIOD AVBRA Year Boys 1 Girls Total Original Addition Second Addition Total Cost of Site 8 * $ $ Length of Site ft. ft. ff ft. Width of Site ft. ft. ft. ft. Area of Site sq.ft. sq ft. sq.ft. sq. ft. Cost of Building $ * $ $ Year of Construction Length of Building ft. ft. ft. ft. Width of Building ft. ft. ft. ft. Area Occupied by Building sq.ft. sq.ft. sq.ft. sq. ft. Chief Material Used Number of Stories Length of Playground ft. ft. ft. ft. Width of Playground ft. ft. ft. ft. ' Area of Playground sq. ft. sq.ft. sq. ft. sq.ft. Accessibility: Percentage of patrons residing within I mile radius _ From 1-2 mile radius From 2-3 mile radius Above 3 miles from school PERCENTAGE OF SITE USED FOR: Law ns and Landscapes Buildings Recreation Gardening Total % % % % % Name the kinds of playground apparatus and number of I List the attractive features of the < the unattractive and unsanitary feat Travel : Distance from nearest rural school ; second nearest rural school ; third nearest rural school.. Cite evidences of general character of community, covering Buildings and Improvement Highways.-- , Productivity., Progressive methods. ___, ,,,, _-. .-..._ .,. ..; from nearest village school _.. Fire Protection : List the rooms in which any of the following fire apparatus is found : Date of last filling of fire extinguishers____.._~.. .. Fire hose^,.. , , . Is building fireproof. ; basement isolated from first floor. ; basement ceiling combustible and inflammable matdial stored in building . Automatic sprinkler. ... ._..... ; heating apparatus in fireproof enclosure. COPVKIOHT . BY TEACHIES COLLI TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN STAIRWAYS: Number Arc handrails provided Kind Height of riser Width of tread Length of tread No. of treads Maximum capacity of: To basement Basement To second floor Second floor Are stairways enclosed Fireproof Of what material constructed Has basement outside exit List important locations where doors open inward Are outer doors equipped with panic bolts Are outside fire escapes provided Fire gongs Dates of last 5 fire drills _ Time required to empty building Are outer doors locked during school hours..J Janitor Service: Does janitor remain on premises during school hours. Method of cleaning: Dry sweeping Vacuum cleaner. Frequency of mopping Sweeping compound used Oiled floors Frequency of cleaning Before school hours After school hours During school hours. How long before or after ..Dusting Dry cloth^ Oiled cloth. Not at all What evidences of efficient cleaning service prevail .-. Check type of Artificial Lighting System used: Oil lamps gas electricity Is the lighting direct, indirect, or semi-indirect Number of electric outlets in classrooms Corridors. Is artificial light provided in toilets Adequacy. _ Schedule and Emergency Equipment: Type of bell used. Is community telephone connection provided. Check type of Water Supply: Community water system ............ Deep driven or bored well ............. Dug well .......... : ......... Spring ....... _ ..... Neighbor's well ___ Has pressure tank been installed ............ Gasoline pump ............ Motor. ___________ Date of last scientific testing of water supply. ................... _______ ...... _ ...... ___________ Results.- ...................................................... _ ................................................................... Name locations of drinking fountains ___________ .......... __________________________ _.._.. Are these fountains sanitary. ........................... In good operating condition ............................ Number of washbowls ............................ Location. ......... .............. ----- Soap provided ............ Towels ............ Kind .................................... Hot water. ........... Baths ............ Kind .................. _ ................ Location. ____________________________________ Toilet System: Location. ........................................................................................................... Sanitary condition. ____________________ ............... _ .................................... No. of boys' toilet scats ........................ Urinals .................... ...No. of girls' toilet seats ........ ................... Toilet provisions for teachers. ________ .................................. Janitor ........................ Type of seats ... ....... _ ......... ...Arrangement .......................... Type of urinals ____________________ Arrangement __________________ Seclusion.... ............ .... Entrances: Number of .................... ............................................... Type! _________ ........................................................... Conditioa. ............................................... _ ..... ____ Type of foundation ........................................................................................................ Condition. ............................................................... _ ................................................. Type of roof. ...... ...... .................................................................................... . .................... Condition. ........................ Has the building a basement .................. .......What is its depth below grade ......................... Ratio between window area and floor area of basement .......... _ ....... List the uses made of basement ....................... ...................................................................................................................................... _ ...... _ ............. ................................. Has the building a vestibule ............................ List the uses made of vestibule .................................. _ ...................... _____ ...... _ ...... ____ ...... .......................................... _ Is vestibule painted ................ Color .................................... Are separate cloakrooms provided .......... ..Number ........ ...Are hooks adjusted to height of children..... Is natural light provided in cloakrooms ................ Are cloakrooms under teacher control ................ Are cloakrooms painted ...... Color..- CORRIDORS Width L-nsth Lighted Used as Cloakroom Obstructions First floor Secund floor Check kind of Heating System : Wood stove Gas stove Jacketed heater Hot air furnace Steam boiler. Hot water boiler... Is it reported satisfactory By whom List the rooms which cannot be satisfactorily heated _ What are the causes of unsatisfactory heating _ Is thermostatic control provided Date of last official boiler inspection Check kind of Ventilating System: Natural circulation Window ventilators Gravity system without exhaust accelerators Mechanically furnished fresh air supply Mechanical exhaust of foul air Is the system reported satisfactory By whom List the rooms not satisfactorily ventilated - Name of Room or Part of Building Repairs'needed SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS DETAILS OF THE CLASSROOMS AND SPECIAL ROOMS 1. Room 1 Room 2. Grade 26. Width of mullions inches 3. Pupil capacity 4. Pupil enrollment 27. Distance 1st window-front wall 28. Height of windows from door 6. Width,ft.... 30. Distance-window top to ceiling 7. Heigkft 31. Finish of wall 8. Floor ana, tq. ft 32. Color of wall 9. Are. per child of pupa capacity 33. Type of blackboard 1 0. Area per child of enrollment 34. Height blackboards from floor II. Area per child, 40 in class 35. Window shades-Type 12. Total cubical contents, cu. ft 36. Color 13. Cu. ft. per child of pupil capacity. . . . 37. Book closet 14. Cu. ft. per child of enrollment 38. No. adjustable desks 15. Cu. It. per child, 40 in clau 39. No. non-adjustable desks 16. Number of windows, front 40. No. sizes non-adjustable desks 17. left 41. Kind of teacher's desk 18. rear 1 42. Check rooms having clocks (J) 19. right 43. Check room, having fire extinginguisher 20. No. of windows size i 44. Check rooms having artificial light. .. 21. x 45. Check room, having thermometer.... 22. x 46. List other equipment here 23. X .;.... 24. Window glass area-sq. ft 25. Ratio window area to floor area. ... Draw a plan of the school grounds and a floor plan for each floor of building. Name all rooms on floor plans. Indicate doors by "d", windows by "w", stove by "s", heater by "h", teacher's desk by "td", blackboards by "bl", etc. Locate all buildings and appurtenances according to code. Indicate scale. Scale feet = % inch. Code: 1 = flagpole. 2 = well or pump. 3 =f uel shed. 4 = girls' toilet. 5 = boys' toilet. 6 = Horseshed. Name en- vironment of school grounds, such as forest, swamp, field, barns, lawns, etc. TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDING Score of Building 1 , .! , 2 3 I. SITE 160 E. Schedule and Emergency Equipment 20 A. Location 65 1. Clock 5 1. Accessibility 30 2. Bell 5 2. Environment 33 3. Telephone 5 B. Drainage 40 4. First Aid 5 1. Elevation 20 F. Water Supply System 50 2. Nature of Soil 20 1. Drinking 20 C. Sire, Form and Use 43 45 2. Washing 15 D. Flacpolc in 10 3. Bathing 5 II. BlILDING ?00 4. Hot and Cold 10 A. Placement 40 G. Toilet Systems 60 1. Orientation 19 1. Placement 15 2. Position on Site 15 2. Fixtures 10 B. Gross Structure 90 3. Adequacy 10 1. Type- 20 4. Seclusion, Sanitat'n and Condit'i 25 2. Material 10 IV. CLASS ROOMS 225 3. Height 10 A. Arrangement 10 10 4. Roof 5 B. Construction and Finish 80 5. Foundation 10 1. Size 20 6. Walls 10 2. Shape 15 7. Entrances 10 3. Floors 10 8. Aesthetic Balance 5 4. Walls 5 9. Condition 10 5. Doors 5 C. Internal Structure 70 6. Closets 5 1. Stairways and Corridors 25 7: Blackboards and Bulletin Boards 15 2. Basement 30 8. Color Scheme 5 3. Color Scheme 10 C. Illumination 60 4. Attic 5 1. Glass Area 30 III. SERVICE SYSTEMS 250 2. Window Placement 20 A. Heatin? and Ventilation 55 3. Shades 10 1. Kind ?0 D. Cloakrooms and Wardrobes 20 20 2. Installation and Distribution 10 E. Equipment 55 3. Air Supply 15 1. Scats and Desks 30 ' 4. Fans and Motors 5 2. Teachers' Desks 5 5. Temperature Control 5 3. Other Equipment 20 B. Fire Protection 20 V. SPECIAL ROOMS 165 1. Apparatus 5 A. Rooms for General Use 80 2. Fireproofness 5 1. Play Room 20 3. Exits 5 2. Community Room 30 4. Light Installation 5 3. Library 20 C. Cleaning System 25 4. Lunch Room 10 1. Kind and Equipment 10 B Officials' Consultation Room 20 20 2. Efficiency 15 C. Other Special Service Rooms 65 D, Artificial Lighting 20 1. Industrial Arts 30 1. Gas or Electricity 5 2. Household Arts 30 2. Outlets and Fixtures 10 3. Fuel Room 5 3. Illumination 5 Totals 1000 1000 1000 the second and third to be fil il scores should be recorded on the bas ichers Collese. Columbia University, h (2) For scoring three columns are allowed. While actually at work on ; credit is allowed for any single item not present and not needed in a bu outlined in the bulletin. The Strayer-Eneelhardt Score Card for Rural Sch : first need be STANDARDS FOR VILLAGE AND RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS OF FOUR TEACHERS AND LESS I. SITE A. LOCATION : 1. Accessibility: a. Location near intersecting main highways if possible. b. Centrality (present and future) desirable, but not more than 2 miles from farthest home served unless trans- portation at public expense is provided. 2. Environment : a. Sanitary and healthful not adjacent to farm houses, barns, stock pens, open ditches, swamps, ponds, or dense woods. b. Free from disturbance by noise or mal-odors of railroad trains, mills, factories, and the like. c. If located in village, should no't be near business center, thus avoiding disturbing influence of picture shows, candy shops, village loafers, and street activities. d. Free from dangerous cliffs, deep or swift-running stream, or other elements likely to make for unnecessary hazard to children when not under direct supervision. .e. Pleasing, natural landscape, with trees, hedges, flowers, gardens, green lawns, artistic walks, and fences, /. Not unduly exposed to winter winds, storms, and floods. B. DRAINAGE : 1. Elevation : a. Natural elevation preferred slope away from building. b. Site should be underdrained with tile whenever necessary. 2. Nature of soil: a. Quick drying, sandy loam, fertile and well adapted to vegetation. 'b. Section devoted to playground should drain quickly and have finished surface of finely crushed stone or gravel. C. SIZE, FORM, AND USE: 1. Size: A minimum space of four acres, thus providing space for adequate playgrounds, athletic field, school garden, and pleasing location of building. 2. Form : Should be rectangular in shape, approximately 300 ft. by 55O ft., allowing for location of building on end or corner with well adapted space for playgrounds and garclen. 3. Grounds should have modern play apparatus, athletic field, and school garden. IO TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN D. FLAG POLE: Preferably on grounds in front of building pole higher than building. II. BUILDING A. PLACEMENT: 1. Orientation : Light exposure of classrooms should be, in order of preference, southeast, east, southwest, west. Classrooms should not have full north or south light exposure. 2. Position on site : a. Maximum artistic effect. b. Greatest possible utilization of grounds for play and gardening purposes. c. Should allow for future additions and expansion of plant. B. GROSS STRUCTURES : 1. Cottage type; three or four teacher buildings can be planned in T, E, or U type to advantage, thus allowing for easy additions. 2. Materials : hardburned brick, concrete, hollow tile stuccoed, or stone. Wood, if constructed along lines of modern fire-resistive methods. 3. Height: one story, above basement. No one to four teacher building will be approved if more than one story in height. 4. Roof : a. Sloping of asbestos shingle, slate, or tile, waterproof, properly sloped for drainage. b. Provided with eave gutters and leaders emptying into cistern connections or other outlets. c. Metal guards near eaves to prevent snow slides. 5. Foundation : a. Concrete or masonry walls with wide footing. b. Should extend below maximum freezing line. c. Wall inclosing basement should be made waterproof and dampproof. 6. Walls: a. Walls of hard brick laid in cement mortar, reinforced concrete, masonry, hollow tile, or wood. b. Outer walls of masonry buildings should be furred. c. If built of wood, fire stops of metal, asbestos, or brick should be inserted to prevent rapid spread of fire through building. SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS II 7. Entrances : a. Number : (1) One or two teacher building, one or more entrances, 6 to 8 feet in width with porch reached by con- crete steps, 6 inch risers, 12 inch non-slip treads. (2) Three and four teacher building should have at least two entrances. (3) Outside entrance to heating system if located in basement. (4) Community room, if located in basement, should have convenient outside entrance allowing use of room during school hours without disturbing school activities. b. All entrances should be kept free from outside obstruc- tions. c. Doors : (1) Two pairs of double doors, opening outward, sub- stantial but not so heavy as to be out of propor- tion to the strength of small children who will open them. (2) Should be provided with panic bolts, checks, and provision for holding open. (3) Size 3 x 7^ to 8 feet. 8. Aesthetic balance : a. The building should be symmetrical and pleasing in effect. b. All ornamentation not contributing to strength or utility should be avoided. c. Should vary in design from other buildings in same vicinity but set a standard of good taste. 9. Condition : The building should be well painted and kept free from defacements and demarkations. C. INTERNAL STRUCTURE: i. Stairways, vestibules, and corridors: a. Basement stairways: (1) Constructed of fireproof material. (2) Width 4^2 to 5 feet, 12 inch treads, 6 inch risers. (3) Landings : should equal in width the length of the treads. (4) Lighting: natural as well as artificial light should be provided in adequate amount. (5) No storage rooms should be located under stair- ways. (6) When leading to basement containing heating appar- tus should be closed off at base by fireproof doors. 12 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN (7) Sanitation : where angles and corners would other- wise occur in stairway construction, the plans should provide for concaved surfaces (coves), thus preventing the accumulation of dust, dirt and germ-carrying filth in places inaccessible to brooms and brushes. b. Vestibules : (1) 8 to 12 feet wide. (2) So arranged as to serve as storm door entrance preventing cold drafts of air from entering school room or corridor when outer doors are opened. Should not be used as cloakroom. (3) Metal foot scraper mat flush with floor in vestibule. c. Corridors essential to any 3 and 4 teacher building plan. (1) Should provide easy access to classrooms and exits with least possibility of congestion. (2) Construction : (a) Material hard maple or hard pine or battle- ship linoleum glued on wood floors. Cement overlaid with battleship linoleum preferred. (b) Width 7 to 10 feet. (c) Doors all classroom and special room doors should open into corridor, glazed in upper portion. (d) Lighting adequate natural light, sunshine if possible, with provision for artificial lighting. (e) Heating should be as well heated as other parts of building, provisions being made for warming feet and drying wet and damp clothing. (f) Sanitation all intersecting surfaces should show cove finish, preventing accumulation of dust and dirt. Dirt catching ledges should be avoided. (3) Should be free from projections or obstructions. Pleasing effect- should be made attractive by furnishing with pictures, friezes, busts, plants, and the like. 2. Basement : a. Depth below grade except for heating plant and fuel room, basement should not extend more than 3^ feet below grade. b. Heating plant and fuel room should be separated from rest of basement by fireproof masonry walls and fire- proof ceiling with self-closing fire doors. SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 13 c. Floors and walls should be damp-proof. 3. Color scheme: (See Classrooms.) 4. Roof space properly ventilated. III. SERVICE SYSTEMS A. HEATING AND VENTILATING: The systems of heating and ventilating are here defined with a compound name the first part of which designates the heating system and the second part the ventilat- ing system. DEFINITIONS 1. The "Furnace-Gravity" system includes the following: a. Ventilating room heaters. These shall be located on the same floor with the room or rooms to be heated, but in separate compartments adjacent to these rooms; or b. Hot air furnace located in the basement and below the room or rooms to be heated. Both appliances (a) and (b) take the air from out of doors and deliver warm air to the rooms without the use of mechanical devices. Ducts or flues of proper size are provided. The air, in sufficient volume to ventilate the rooms, is heated to a temperature adequate to maintain the standards set up in these requirements. In addition, there is provided a corresponding gravity exhaust system, which withdraws vitiated air from the rooms and discharges it out of doors. The dis- charge may be effected with or without acceleration by means of an added source of heat. 2. The " Direct-Natural " system shall mean an equipment in- cluding direct radiators under the windows for heat- ing the room and properly designed deflecting venti- lators for the windows. These ventilators will allow the natural admission of the air from out of doors. A system of exhaust ventilation for the removal of vitiated air in the required volume, through specially located outlets in the room, is included. The follow- ing rules should be followed : a. This system should not be used in assembly rooms. b. It should be used only in connection with a steam atmos- pheric vapor system of heating, with graduating con- trol valves on the radiators. c. The radiators shall extend the full width of all windows. All windows shall be used for the admission of air to the room. Radiators shall contain not less than twice the radiating surface otherwise necessary to maintain the standard room temperature. d. Window deflecting ventilators, not less than twelve (12) inches high, should be placed on the sill and extend the full width of each window. They should be of such construction as to insure effective deflection and diffusion of the air without objectionable drafts. e. Vitiated air should be taken from each room through one or more openings located near the floor in the wall on the side of the room opposite from the window ventilators. If no accelerating heaters are placed in 14 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLET1N the exhaust flues, at least two such openings should be provided in each schoolroom. These openings should be spaced not less than eight (8) feet apart, center to center. Each opening should connect with ^ an independent exhaust flue extending through the roof. The combined areas of such flues should be not less than one (i) square foot for each five occupants of the room. Each flue should be provided with a shut-off damper. For a mechanical exhaust, or for a gravity exhaust system having accelerating heaters in the flues, a single exhaust opening and flue for each room may be provided. This single opening should be located as above required. 3. The. " Direct-Gravity " system includes : a. Direct radiators located within the rooms to be heated; and b. Indirect radiators, in suitable casings, located below the rooms to be ventilated. The air is taken from out of doors over the indirect radiators and delivered to the rooms in sufficient volume and at approximately the required room temperature, without the direct use of mechanical means. Ducts and flues of proper size are used for the delivery of air. Approved mechanical means should be provided for auxiliary use when neces- sary. A corresponding gravity exhaust system, which withdraws the vitiated air from the rooms and discharges it out of doors, should be installed. This exhaust system may be installed with or without acceleration by means of an added source of heat. 4. The "Direct-Mechanical" system includes the following: a. The " split system," providing both direct radiators located within the rooms to be heated, and a forced air supply for classrooms, study rooms, and the like. The forced air supply system consists of a mechanically operated fan or blower, which takes the air from out of doors and draws or forces it through suitably en- closed air heaters. At these heaters it is warmed to approximately room temperature and thence delivered to the rooms through properly proportioned ducts or flues. b. A "unit system," which includes in each room one or more ventilating units which are located under the windows and which contain electrically operated twin multi- blade fans, drawing the air directly from out of doors and delivering it to the room in the required volume. The ventilating unit also contains extended surface steam radiators for heating the air to the required temperature. In connection with either of the above systems a cor- responding mechanical or gravity exhaust system is installed. This exhaust system withdraws the vitiated air directly from the rooms and discharges it out of doors. The discharge may be effected with or with- out acceleration by means of an added source of heat. 5. The "Indirect-Mechanical" system permits of no direct radiators within the school rooms, but provides for both the heating and ventilation of school rooms to SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 15 the required standard by means of a forced system of air supply. A mechanically operated fan or blower is employed which takes the air from out of doors and draws or forces it through suitably enclosed steam or hot water indirect radiators or through hot air furnaces. When thus warmed to a sufficient tem- perature, the air is delivered to the classrooms through properly proportioned ducts or flues. A corresponding mechanical or gravity exhaust system for classrooms, study rooms, and the like, is used. This system provides for the withdrawal of the viti- ated air from the rooms and its discharge out of doors. This system may be installed with or without acceleration -by means of an added source of heat. The indirect mechanical system requires, in addition, direct radiators sufficient to heat all rooms where water is provided and also direct radiators at all en- trances. The " Direct-Indirect " system : The so-called "direct-indirect " system of heating and ven- tilation should not be used in any school room. By " direct-indirect " is meant the introduction of air at the base, or upon any part, of a " direct " radiator without the use of a fan as provided in the "unit system." 1. Kinds of systems acceptable: a. One and Two Teacher Schools : The " Furnace-Gravity " system, using either ventilating room heaters or hot air furnaces, is the standard; other systems, or ap- proved combination. thereof, may be used. b. Three and Four Teacher Schools: The "Furnace- Gravity " system, using hat air furnace only, is the standard; other systems, or approved combination thereof, may be used. 2. Installation and distribution : a. Ventilating room heaters : (1) Should not be installed in any school building con- taining more than twenty thousand (20,000) cubic feet of space to be heated. No single heater should serve more than ten thousand (10,000) cubic feet of space. (2) Approved vertical pattern, having insulated sheet metal shield entirely surrounding the heater. The shield should be not less than six (6) inches dis- tant from the radiating surface of the heater. The bottom of the shield should be not mote than fourteen (14) inches or less than eight (8) inches distant from the floor. 16 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN (3) Provided with approved water evaporating pan lo- cated within the shield, preferably on the heater. (4) Computed for size on the basis of: (a) Total heat necessary for heating building and warming the air for ventilation as required. (b) The heating value of fuel. (c) The rate of combustion. (d) The combined efficiency of furnace and grate. The heating surfaces and grate area of the heater shall be such that its rated and re- quired capacity may be obtained without forcing under any conditions of service. (5) Provided with an approved exhaust or vitiated air flue located in the same end of the room as the heater, and not less than four (4) feet distant therefrom. This flue should conform to either of the following standards: (a) When exhaust air is taken out through the smoke flue the flue should be not less than sixteen by sixteen ( 16 x 16) inches clear on the inside throughout its entire length. The flue should be provided with an approved mixing chamber which should insure a maximum ventilation of the room, together with a complete exhaust of the waste pro- ducts of combustion. (&) When the exhaust air flue is separate from the smoke flue it should be constructed of double brick walls and should be not less than twenty by twenty (20 x 20) inches from the floor inside throughout its entire length. The smoke flue which should be lo- cated in the center of the exhaust flue should not be less than eight (8) inches in diameter and constructed of iron of not less than 12 U. S. gauge metal. Double flue chimneys, in which it is proposed to use one flue for smoke and the other flue, for exhaust air, are not acceptable. Exhaust air connections from rooms should be near the base of the exhaust flue. Every such room opening should be fitted with a wall grille or register and a shut-off damper or equivalent device. Floor registers do not meet the standard. SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 17 b. Hot air furnaces: (1) Should be of approved design, having fire pot and radiator entirely surrounded by insulated sheet metal casing or masonry enclosure. This en- closure should be so arranged that no perceptible resistance is encountered by the air in passing to the warm air leaders. (2) Should be provided with approved water evaporat- ing pan located within the casing, preferably near the top. (3) Should be computed for size on same basis as speci- fied for ventilating room heaters. 3. Air supply: a. Supply 1800 to 2000 cubic feet of air per hour to each child in classroom. b. Maintain temperature of 65 to 68 degrees F. on coldest days without recirculation of air. c. Air must be kept in motion in all parts of the room allow- ing no dead air pockets to exist. d. Supply air at relative humidity of from 40 to 50. e. Humidification steam jets or vaporization by means of trays or tanks of heated water in contact with air to be circulated. /. Recirculation of air not permitted while children are in building unless passed through air washer. B. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM : 1. Apparatus Small hand fire extinguishers easily accessible from any part of building. Should be two in each work room and one near heating plant. 2. Fireproofness Desirable from standpoint of security and durability of structure. Not essential to safety of occupants if exits are well planned. Door leading to furnace room should be fireproof and self-closing. Furnace room should be fireproof. 3. Exits No part of building, including basement, should be without direct and unobstructed passage to outside of building. 4. Light installation Electric wiring and lighting fixtures in- stalled in accordance with the latest rules of the Na- tional Board of Fire Underwriters. Inspection and certificate of approval by underwriters required. Acetylene gas or gasoline tanks should be located be- low surface at safe distance from building with con- nections that meet underwriters' standards. Note: For standards of steam, hot water boilers, radiators, etc., consult the Stray er-Engelhardt Score Card for City School Buildings, published by the Bureau of .Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. l8 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN C. CLEANING SYSTEM : 1. Kind and equipment Oil brushes, cleaning compound, and dust cloths. Corn brooms and feather dusters should not be used for cleaning purposes. Portable vacuum cleaner, with suitable appliances, will be found de- sirable for the three and four-teacher buildings. Electric generator for cleaning, where no public ser- vice electric supply exists, is desirable. 2. Efficiency All parts of building and equipment should be neat and sanitary. All cleaning should be done out- side of school hours. D. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING SYSTEMS: 1. Kind Electricity or gas. Electric generator for light, where no public electric service exists, should be provided. 2. Outlets and fixtures 6 to 9 per classroom ; special attention should be paid to lighting of auditorium or com- munity room. 3. Standard illumination 9 foot candles at each desk with no glare, shadows, or light in direct line of vision. E. SCHEDULE AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT : 1. Clock in each classroom. 2. Electric gong desirable. Hand bell or belfry signals allow- able as substitutes. 3. Telephone connection with community telephone system. 4. First-aid case with complete emergency equipment available in case of minor accidents. F. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM : Source of water: community water system or deep drilled, bored, or driven wells precluding possibility of sur- face drainage or contamination. Dug wells or springs not acceptable. (a) Building should be equipped with pressure tank, gasoline, or motor-driven pump and complete water supply piping and fixtures. (b) Water periodically tested, i. Drinking : a. One automatic bubbling fountain, of type preventing mouth coming in contact with bubbler, for each fifty pupils. b. Should _ be located in corridor with provision for easy use by small children. c. Drinking facilities should never be placed in toilet rooms. d. Individual drinking cups required where drinking foun- tains are not installed. SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS IQ 2. Washing : Wash bowls adapted to height of children in toilet rooms. Officials' consultation room and work rooms should have washbowls where possible. Sinks should be located in work rooms, basement and janitor's closet. 3. Bathing : Provision for shower baths. Individual shower stalls and adjoining dressing stall with canvas curtain should be provided for girls. Heads of showers located on angle and at sides of shower compartment. Separate valves for hot and cold water. 4. Hot and cold water should be supplied to above washing facilities. Hot water heater separate from heating plant. Soap and towels 'liquid soap and paper towels should be furnished. G. TOILET SYSTEM : 1. All toilets should be placed inside of building on same floor as classrooms. Separate toilets should be provided for teachers. 2. Fixtures : a. Porcelain seats of open type with individual flush. Height adapted to children. b. Boys' individual urinals of porcelain (non-absorbent and easily cleaned). 3. Sewage disposal plant with septic tank and filtration field or chemical toilet or sewer connection. 4. Adequacy one seat for each 25 boys or fraction thereof; one urinal for each 15 boys. One seat for each 15 girls. 5. Seclusion, sanitation, and condition : a. Seclusion -Non-communicating, soundproof walls be- tween adjoining rooms provided for the two sexes. Entrances to toilet rooms should be well screened. Stalls with light swinging doors for each seat. b. Sanitation and condition Light, airy rooms; sunshine desirable. Separate duct for ventilating purposes ; exposed plumbing, non-absorbed floors and walls. All interior walls finished in moisture-proof cement painted white, capable of being washed. No demar- cations or defacements should be permitted to remain in any toilet rooms. IV. CLASSROOMS A. ARRANGEMENT : Easy of access to exits. Minimum of congestion in pass- ing "to and from rooms. 2O TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN B. CONSTRUCTION AND FINISH : 1. Size : a. 18 square feet of floor space and 200 cubic feet of air space per pupil as minima. b. 22* x 28' x 12' seating 30 pupils. 24' x 32' x 12' seating 4o pupils. 2. Rectangular seated on the long axis. 3. Floors Hard wood or wood overlaid with battleship lin- oleum. 4. Walls and ceiling: standard hard, smooth, non-gloss finish plaster. Picture mold and wall space for pictures, maps, and the like. 5. Doors substantial but not heavy, 3 feet x 7 feet, opening outward. No raised thresholds across door openings. 6. Closets or closed cases At least one in each classroom pro- viding space for supplies, books, -globes, etc. 7. Blackboards : a. High grade slate 4 feet wide, mounted with firm back- ing; perfectly butted and shaved joints. Height from floor should vary with age of children. For lower grades 24 inches, upper grades 32 to 36 inches. Should run full length of front wall and wall opposite win- dows. No blackboard should be placed on window wall. b. Bulletin boards Part of space not utilized for black- board should be used for cork or burlap display. In one- and two-teacher schools blackboards should be installed at two heights 24 inches and 32 inches. 8. Color scheme Walls light buff or light gray ; ceilings white or very light cream. Woodwork and furniture to harmonize in tone in dull finish. C. ILLUMINATION : 1. Glass area equal to 1/5 to 1/4 of floor area. 2. Window placement Unilateral from pupils' left, banked as closely as construction will permit, extending from rear of room to within 7 feet of front wall. Sill of window should be from 3 to 4 feet from floor and top should be as near ceiling as possible. Mullions should not exceed ten inches in width. Optional: Counterbalance windows may be found desirable. 3. Shades Double mounted at center of window or adjust- able, one pulling each way; light tan or straw color; in good condition and repair. D. CLOAKROOMS AND WARDROBES : Should provide ample space for winter wraps for full ca- pacity of classrooms. Rack for umbrellas. Cloak- rooms should be separate from corridors and class- SCORE CARD FOR RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 21 rooms. Hooks or hangers in cloakrooms should be placed at heights to conform to the size of children expected to use the classrooms for which cloakrooms are provided. The heights of children vary approx- imately as follows : 5 year olds 39 inches to 46 inches 6 year olds 39 inches to 49 inches 7 year olds 40 inches to 52 inches 8 year olds 42 inches to 54 inches 9 year olds -45 inches to 56 inches 10 year olds 47 inches to 59 inches 11 year olds 48 inches to 63 inches 1 2 year olds 50 inches to 66 inches 13 year olds 53 inches to 69 inches 14 year olds 55 inches to 71 inches 15 year olds 57 inches to 72 inches 16 year olds 58 inches to 72 inches Adequate shelving should be provided in cloakrooms for children's lunch boxes.* E. EQUIPMENT: 1. Seats and desks Should be individual, adjustable, and adjusted. Movable chairs are preferable to screwed clown seats. No double seats, seating two children, should be installed in any school. For children excep- tionally large, the front or back seat of a row should be placed to suit. In all cases pupils should be com- fortably seated. Where adjustable desks only are used in one to four-teacher schools, there should be three sizes, capable of being adjusted as to height of seat and desk. 2. Teachers' desks Substantial, attractive, adequate to needs, not mounted on platform. Preferably size 52 x 32 (approximately) and with body raised from floor to permit of sweeping underneath. 3. Other equipment Maps, globes, stereopticon, books, pictures, phonograph, etc. Suitable boards cut to fit tops of desks, making tables for school or community exhib- its, dinners, etc. V. SPECIAL ROOMS A. ROOMS FOR GENERAL USE; i. Play room Basement space of classroom size or greater. For buildings of three or more rooms two play rooms should be provided, one each for boys and girls. Movable furniture in classroom, when moved aside, may provide play space for smaller children. 22 TEACHERS COLLEGE BULLLETIN 2. Community room : a. In case of one-teacher buildings, provided in basement. (space otherwise used as play room). Must have convenient outside entrance. Classroom and adjoin- ing spaces for library and manual arts may be used for community purposes when movable furniture is installed. b. In case of two- to four-teacher building, two classrooms may be thrown together by means of sliding or fold- ing doors or larger space may be provided in basement with platform or stage. 3. Library Not less than 80 square feet for one-teacher school, and increasing in size with "the number of teachers and pupils. Book shelves, library tables and chairs. Well selected books. Library should be well lighted and attractive. Teacher control either by means of glass partition or screen. 4. Lunch room In conjunction with or adjoining domestic science room. Tables, chairs, and provision for serv-. ing hot lunches or supplementing children's lunch with hot soup, cocoa, and the like. R. SCHOOL OFFICIALS' CONSULTATION ROOM General purpose: room to serve as teachers' room, visiting nurses' quarters, school board meetings, and private conferences of teachers with pupils, parents, and school officials. C. OTHER SPECIAL ROOMS: 1. Industrial arts room with benches, tools, stock rack, and lockers. Teacher control from classroom. 2. Household arts room equipped for teaching cookery and sewing. Teacher control from classroom. 3. Fuel room inside building convenient to heating apparatus. Dustproof and capable of being closed off from class- room or heating room. 4. Fireproof ash-bin in basement if ashcans are not provided.