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FLORA 
 
 Vicinity of San Francisco, 
 
 By 
 
 H. H. BEHR, M. D. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., 
 1888. 
 
a 
 
The territory to which this book applies extends 
 from Sonoma to Santa Clara, and from Niles to 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Since the year 1884, when the Synopsis of Genera 
 was published, there have been added several 
 genera, which up to that time had escaped obser- 
 vation. Continued investigations will lead perhaps 
 to the discovery of some more; certainly, they will 
 lead to the addition of species hitherto unobserved 
 in the territory. I have followed as much as pos- 
 sible the admirable work of Asa Gray and Sereno 
 Watson " Botany of California/' and from their 
 views I have deviated only when opportunities 
 for studying the plants from specimens growing on 
 the spot afforded to me. ample grounds for a view 
 differing from that expressed by recognized au- 
 thorities. 
 
 As to many of the species characterized in this 
 book, there exists still a considerable degree of 
 uncertainty. Many of our Californian species split 
 into numerous variations, which mingle frequently 
 with variations of related, equally variable species. 
 Some of these variations owe their existence to hy- 
 bridization; and this circumstance is probably the 
 reason why several species described and charac- 
 terized by different authors have not been found 
 
 117646 
 
(4) 
 
 again. In annuals such spurious species will only 
 reappear occasionally. 
 
 Questionable types can be investigated only by 
 cultivation. Up to this time California does not 
 possess a botanical garden or experimental grounds 
 where such questions could be definitely settled. 
 Therefore the solution of many problems has been 
 left entirely to enthusiasts who utilize their leisure 
 hours in the cultivation of doubtful species, fre- 
 quently under great difficulties. 
 
 Owing to these circumstances, there is scarcely 
 an author writing on our Flora who has not been 
 compelled to frequently change or correct his pre- 
 vious views, and I hope the present author will be 
 excused if in future times investigations shall lead 
 him to add to, or to retract, some of his state- 
 ments. 
 
 H. H. BEHR, M. D. 
 
LINN^AN KEY. 
 
 MONANDRIA, 
 
 I. Monogynia, 
 
 1. Acsena. Calyx lobes valvate. Style ter- 
 minal. Akene enclosed in the calyx. 
 
 2. Hippuris. Calyx superior. Aquatic. 
 
 n, Digyni % Trigynia and Tetragynia, 
 
 1. Acaena. Calyx lobes valvate. Akenes 
 enclosed in the calyx. Styles of akenes 
 terminal. 
 
 2. Callitriche. Fruit a 4-coccous schizo- 
 carp. Aquatic. 
 
 3. Chenopodium. Perigonium 3-5-parted. 
 Fruit a utricle enclosed in the persistent 
 perigonium. 
 
 4. Festuca. Glumaceous. 
 
 5. Cyperus. Glumaceous, trigynous. 
 
 DIANDRIA. 
 I, Monogynia, 
 A. Floral parts incomplete, inferior. 
 
 1. Salicornia. Perigonium gamosepalous, 
 opening by a slit and immersed in an ex- 
 cavation of the rachis. 
 
(6) 
 
 2. Lemna. Perigonium compressed, grow- 
 
 ing out of the margin of a thallus. 
 Aquatic. 
 
 3. Scirpus. Glumaceous. Spikelets imbri- 
 cate from all sides. Inferior glumae 
 (1-2) sterile, but not smaller than the 
 rest. Perigonial bristles not exserted. 
 Fruit, a nutlet, apiculate by the persist- 
 ent base of the style. Aquatic. 
 
 4. Fraxinus. Ovary 2-celled, laterally 
 compressed. Fruit, a samara, Tree. 
 
 5. Acaena. Perigonium lobes valvate. Fruit 
 an akene enclosed in the perigonium. 
 Style terminal. 
 
 6. Alchemilla. Perigonium urceolate, brac- 
 
 teolate, not spinose. Akene enclosed in 
 the perigonium. Style lateral. 
 
 B. Floral parts complete, inferior, regular. 
 
 1. Fraxinus. Fruit, a samara. Tree. 
 
 2. Lepidium. Fruit, a silicula, laterally 
 compressed. 
 
 C. Floral parts complete, inferior, irregular. 
 
 a. Ovary entire. 
 
 1. Veronica. Calyx herbaceous 4-parted. 
 Ovary 2-celled. Fruit, an emargmate 
 capsule. Leaves opposite. 
 
(7) 
 
 2. Synthyris. Calyx herbaceous, 4-part- 
 ed. Ovary 2-celled. 
 
 3. Cordylanthus. Calyx spathaceous, 1- 
 sepalous. Ovary 2-celled. 
 
 4. (Jtricularia. Ovary 1-celled, centrosper- 
 mous. 
 
 b. Ovary divided into 4 partitions. 
 
 1. Lycopus. Anthers 2-celled. Cells par- 
 
 allel. Aquatic. 
 
 2. Salvia. Anthers 1-celled. Filament 
 with a lateral branch, geniculate. 
 
 3. Audibertia. Anthers 1-celled. Fila- 
 ment without lateral branch or spur. 
 
 4. Acanthomintha. Stamens ascending. 
 Anthers 2-celled. Cells divaricate. A 
 pair of staminodia indicating the place 
 of the upper pair of stamens. 
 
 II, Digynia, Trigynia and Tetragynia. 
 
 1. Acaena. Calyx lobes valvate, tube spin- 
 ose. Fruit, akenes enclosed in the calyx. 
 Styles terminal. 
 
 2. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteo- 
 late, not spinose. Fruit, akenes enclosed 
 in the calyx. 
 
 3. Chenopodium. Perigonium 3-5-parted, 
 not appendiculate. Fruit a compressed 
 utricle, inclosed in the perigonium. 
 
 4. Festuca. Glumaceous. 
 
(8) 
 
 TBIANDBIA. 
 I, Monogynia. 
 
 A. Floral parts complete, superior. 
 
 1. Plectritis. Limb of calyx obsolete. Co- 
 rolla gamopetalous, calcarate. 
 
 B. Floral parts complete, inferior. 
 
 1. Montia. Calyx 2-sepalous. Corolla cleft 
 on one side, 5-parted. 
 
 C. Floral parts incomplete. 
 
 a. Perigonium petaloid. 
 
 1. Iris. Perigonium 6-parted, superior, 
 alternate lobes reflexed. 
 
 2. Scoliopus. Perigonium 6-sepalous infe- 
 
 rior, alternate lobes reflexed. 
 
 3. Brodiaea. Perigonium 6-parted. infe- 
 rior. Stamens alternating with stamino- 
 dia. 
 
 b. Perigonium herbaceous. 
 
 1. Acsena. Calyx lobes valvate, tube spi- 
 
 nose. Fruit an akene enclosed in the 
 calyx. Style terminal. 
 
 2. Chenopodium. Perigonium 3-5-parted, 
 
 not appendiculate. Fruit a compressed 
 utricle enclosed in the perigonium. 
 
(9) 
 
 C. Floral parts glumaceous. 
 aa. Spikelets distichous. 
 
 1. Cyperus. Glumse oo, one or the two 
 lowermost smaller and empty. 
 
 bb. Spikelets imbricate on all sides. 
 
 1. Eleocharis. Perigoniar* bristles not ex- 
 serted. Caryopsis apiculate by the per- 
 sistent articulate base of the style. 
 
 2. Fimbristylis. Perigonial bristles not 
 exserted (sometimes wanting). Caryop- 
 sis apiculate by the persistent contin- 
 uous base of the style. Aquatic. 
 
 3. Scirpus. Perigonial bristles not exserted 
 (sometimes wanting altogether). Cary- 
 opsis apiculate by the persistent contin- 
 uous base of the style. Aquatic. 
 
 4. Eriophorum. Perigonial bristles ex- 
 serted, considerably longer than the 
 glumae. Aquatic. 
 
 Observation. All grasses which are rnon- 
 ogynous are put in Triandria Digynia. 
 
 II, Digynia, 
 
 A. Floivers glumaceous. 
 
 a. Spikelets single 1 -flowered, imbedded in the 
 notches of the rochis, each covered by its 
 glume. 
 I* 
 
(10) 
 
 I. Lepturus. 
 
 b. Spikelets all sessile on alternating notches 
 
 of the rachis. 
 
 1. Lolium. Terminal spikelet with 2 
 glumes, lateral spikelets but one glume. 
 
 2. Hordeum. Spikelets 3 at each notch of 
 the rachis, 1-flowered. Fruit a caryop- 
 sis wrapped and grown together with 
 the palese. 
 
 3. Elyinus. Spikelets 3 at each notch of 
 the rachis, 2 co-flowered. 
 
 4. Gymnostichum. Spikelets 1-3 at each 
 notch of the rachis. Gluuue rudiment- 
 ary or 0. 
 
 5. Triticum. Spikelet 1 at each notch of 
 the rachis. Glumas 2, placed right and 
 left (not dorsal and ventral.) 
 
 c. Spikelets pedicillate, 1- -^-flowered, but only 
 
 1 flower regularly developed. 
 
 aa. Spikelets dorsally compressed. 
 
 1. Panicum. Glumae 3, the lowermost very 
 small. Involucre 0. 
 
 2. Setaria. Glumse 3, the lowermost small; 
 bristly involucre below the spikelet. 
 
 bb. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumce 3. 
 The two inferior florets rudimentary, ter- 
 minal floret only developed. 
 
(11) 
 
 1. Phalaris. The 2 inferior florets reduced 
 to 2 awnless palese. 
 
 2. Anthoxantlium. The two inferior florets 
 reduced to 2 aristate paleae larger than 
 the developed terminal floret. 
 
 cc. S pikelets not dor sally compressed. Glumce 
 2. When a second floret is present it is 
 rudimentary and terminal. 
 
 aaa. Stigma fllamentose, eocserted on the apex of 
 the spikelet. 
 
 1. Alopecurus. Floret consisting of a 
 single palea. 
 
 2. Phleum Gluma3 carinate, longer than 
 the 2 palese of the floret. 
 
 3. Spartina. Glurme carinate, the inferior 
 shorter than the floret. Paleae unequal, 
 the superior longer. 
 
 bbb. Stigma on an elongated style, aspergilli- 
 form and exserted beloiv the apex of tJie 
 floret. 
 
 1. Cjnodon. Glumas small, spreading. 
 Superior palea linear, concave; inferior 
 palea laterally compressed, oval, char- 
 taceous. 
 
 ccc. Stigma plumose, exserted from the base of 
 the floret. Style very short. 
 
 1. Polypogon. Glumae obtuse, but aris- 
 tate. Paleae membranaceous. 
 
(12) 
 
 2. Agrostis. Glumas acute, the inferior 
 one larger. Paleas merabranaceous. 
 
 3. Calamagrostis. Glumes acute, the in- 
 ferior one larger. Pale* surrounded by 
 silky hair at the base. 
 
 4. Stipa. Glumae acute, sometimes aris- 
 tate. Paleae cartilaginous, the inferior 
 one cylindrically involute. Awn strong, 
 articulate at the base, persistent, de- 
 veloped from the apex of the palea. 
 
 6. Gastridium. Glumse acute, very much 
 compressed, ventricose at their base. 
 Palese membranaceous. 
 
 d. Spikelets pedicillate, 2- ^-flowered, the 
 uppermost floret frequently rudimentary. 
 
 aa. Stigma aspergittiform, exserted below the 
 apex of the floret. 
 
 1. Phragmites. S pikelets oo-flowered, 
 lowermost floret 3 or neuter, the other 
 florets and pilose. 
 
 2. Hierochloa. Spikelets 3-flowered, the 
 two inferior ones $ and triandrous, the 
 terminal one and diandrous. 
 
 bb. Stigma plumose, exserted near the base of 
 the floret. 
 
 1. Arrhenatherum. Spikelets 2-flowered; 
 inferior floret $ , aristate ; superior 
 floret $ , awnless. 
 
(13) 
 
 2. Holcus. Spikelets 2-flowered, inferior 
 floret , awnless; superior floret <3 , 
 aristate. 
 
 3. Aira. Spikelets 2-flowered, both $ ; 
 inferior palea 4-dentate at its apex, aris- 
 tate from its base. 
 
 4. Avena. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. Flor- 
 ets $ . Inferior palea 2-dentate at its 
 apex, aristate from its median nerve. 
 
 5. Danthonia. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. 
 Florets Q . Inferior palea 2-cleft, aris- 
 tate from the fissure. 
 
 6. Melica. Spikelets 2- co-flowered, florets 
 awnless, the inferior or 2 inferior, ; 
 the rest rudimentary. 
 
 7. Koeleria. Glunue and paleas membrana- 
 ceous. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. Flor- 
 ets lanceolate, compressed, carinate; 
 inferior palea mucrouate-aristate. 
 
 8. Dactylis. Glum as and pale 03 herba- 
 ceous. Spikelets 3- co-flowered. Flor- 
 ets ovate, carinate. Inferior palea 
 asymmetric, mucronate-aristate. 
 
 9. Poa. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. Florets 
 ovate, carinate, awnless, deciduous with 
 the joint of the axis. 
 
 10. Eragrostis. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. 
 Florets ovate, carinate, awnless; supe- 
 rior palea and axis persistent. 
 
(14) 
 
 11. Glyceria. Spikelets 2, co-flowered. Flor- 
 ets ovate, convex, awnless. Aquatic 
 grass. 
 
 12. LophochlaBna. Spikelets co-flowered, 
 compressed, Glum* membranaceous. 
 Inferior palea 2-lobed, aristate from the 
 mid-nerve. Superior palea 2-carinate 
 with a pair of dentate appendages. 
 
 13. Briza. Spikelets 2- co-flowered, densely 
 distichous. Florets awnless. Inferior 
 palea inflated, with auriculate cordate 
 base. 
 
 14. Festuca. Spikelets 2- co-flowered. Flor- 
 ets lanceolate, convex. Superior palea 
 ciliate. Style inserted on the apex of 
 the ovary. 
 
 15. Bromus. Spikelets co-flowered. Florets 
 
 lanceolate. Style inserted below the 
 apex of the ovary on its ventral side. 
 
 B. Flowers not glumaceous. 
 
 1. Pentacsena. Calyx 2-seriate, persistent. 
 External sepals 3, cucullate at the apex, 
 ending in a spine; internal sepals 2, 
 mucronate. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 Ill, Trigynia. 
 
 1. Tillaea. Calyx 3-sepalous. Corolla 3- 
 petalous. Fruit 3 follicles, each 2- 
 seeded. Aquatic. 
 
(15) 
 
 2 . Lastarrisea. Perigonium tubular, coria- 
 ceous, 6-dentate. Ovary 1. Fruit an 
 akene. Involucre 0. 
 
 3. Chorizanthe. Involucre 1-3 flowered, 
 coriaceous, 3-6 angular. Ovary 1. 
 Fruit, an akene. 
 
 4. Tricerastes (Datisca). Calyx superior 
 Petals 0. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 3- 
 quetrous. Styles 3, each 2-cleft. Ovary 
 I -celled. Placentae parietal. 
 
 5. Cyperus. Gluinaceous. Spiklets dis- 
 tichous. 
 
 6. Eleocharis. Glumaceous. Spiklets im- 
 bricate. Perigonial bristles not exserted. 
 Caryopsis apiculate by the persistent 
 articulate base of the style. 
 
 7. Fimbristylis. Glumaceous. Spikelets 
 imbricate. Perigonial bristles not ex- 
 serted. Caryopsis apiculate. Style 
 articulate above its base. Aquatic. 
 
 8. Scirpus. Glumaceous. Spiklets imbri- 
 cate. Perigonial bristles not exserted. 
 Caryopsis apiculate by the persistent 
 continuous base of the style. Aquatic. 
 
 9. Eriophorum. Glumaceous. Spikelets 
 imbricate. Perigonial bristles exserted, 
 considerably longer than the glumae. 
 Aquatic. 
 
(16) 
 
 TETRANDRIA, 
 
 I, Monogynia and Digynia, 
 A. Flowers complete. 
 
 a. Calyx double; the interior calyx adnate 
 to the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous. 
 
 1. Dipsacus. 
 
 b. Calyx simple. Corolla gamopetalous, 
 inferior. 
 
 1. Plantago. Corolla-limb regular, 4- part- 
 ed. Stigma filamentose. Capsule cir- 
 cumscissile. 
 
 2. Gentiana. Ovary 1. Placentae 2. Style 
 short. Stigmas 2, flat and thin. Cap- 
 sule septicidal. Seeds minute. 
 
 3. Microcala (Cicendia). Ovary 1. Pla- 
 centas 2. Style filiform. Stigma pel- 
 tate. Seeds minute. 
 
 c. Corolla gamopetalous, superior. 
 
 1. Galium. Corolla rotate. Fruit a 2- 
 coccous schizocarp. 
 
 d. Corolla 4-petalous, inferior. 
 
 1. Euonymus. Petals inserted on a glan- 
 dular disc. Stamens inserted on the 
 same disc, and alternating with them. 
 Eruit a capsule. Shrub. 
 
(17) 
 
 2. Ptelea. Stamens alternating with the 
 petals. Ovary on a convex disc, 2-celled. 
 Cells 2-ovulate. Fruit a 2-seeded sa- 
 mara. Shrub. 
 
 e. Corolla 4-petalous, superior. 
 
 1. Cornus. Calyx 4-parted. Fruit adrupe. 
 Tree. Shrub. 
 
 2. Eucharidium. Calyx tube extended be- 
 yond the ovary, its lobes reflexed. Pet- 
 als unguiculate, lobed. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 3. Gayophytum. Calyx tube not extended 
 beyond the ovary. Anthers versatile. 
 Stamens alternating with staminodia, 
 which are opposite to the petals. Fruit 
 a capsule. 
 
 B. Flowers incomplete. 
 
 a. Perigonium inferior. 
 
 1. Majanthemum. Perigonium corolline, 
 4-parted, rotate. 
 
 2. Acsena. Calyx lobes valvate, tube spi- 
 nose. Ovaries 1-2. Style or styles 
 terminal. Fruit 1 or 2 akenes, enclosed 
 in the calyx tube. 
 
 3. Alchemilla. Perigonium calycine; limb 
 8-cleft. Stamens inserted on an annu- 
 lar throat (faux). 
 
(18) 
 
 4. Sanguisorba. Perigonium caljcine ; limb 
 
 4-cleft, colored. Stamens inserted on 
 an annular throat (faux). 
 
 5. Negundo. Perigonium very small, 4- 
 dentate. Fruit a 2-seeded samara, Tree. 
 Shrub. 
 
 II. Tetragynia, 
 
 1. Tillasa. Calyx 4-sepalous. Corolla 4- 
 petalous. Follicles 4, each 2-seeded. 
 
 2. Sagina. Calyx 4-sepalous. Corolla 4- 
 petalous. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds ren- 
 iform. 
 
 3. Cuscuta. Corolla gamopetalous, 4-cleft. 
 Ovary 1; ovules few, inserted on the 
 base of the ovary. Oapsule circum- 
 scissile. Parasitic. 
 
 4. Potamogeton. Perigonium 4-parted. 
 Fruit, 4 sessile drupes. Aquatic. 
 
 PENTANDEIA, 
 I, Monogyma, 
 
 A. Floral parts gamopetalous, inferior. 
 
 a. Fruit 4 nutlets, each 1-3 seeded. 
 
 aa. Ovary with 4 sutures finally sepa- 
 rating into 4 nutlets. 
 
 1. Heliotropium. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
 throat naked, limb plicate. 
 
(19) 
 
 bb. Ovary Imparted, nutlets vent-ratty ad- 
 herent to the persistent style. 
 
 1. Echinospermum. Nutlets 3-quetrous, 
 glocliidiate on their edges. 
 
 2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets compressed, spi- 
 nose on their entire dorsal surface. 
 
 3. Pectocarya. Nutlets in pairs, divergent, 
 carinate, carina dentate. 
 
 cc. Ovary deeply J-parted, nutlets exca- 
 vated on their ventral side inserted on a 
 pyramidal disc. 
 
 1. Amsinckia. Nutlets coriaceous, inserted 
 above their base. Cotyledons 2-cleft. 
 
 dd. Ovary deeply ^-parted, nutlets in- 
 serted on a flat disc. 
 
 1. Krynitzkia (Eritrichium). Nutlets ven- 
 trally attached from near their base to a 
 columnar prominence inserted on the 
 otherwise flat disc. 
 
 2. Plagiobothrys [Eritrichium]. Nutlets 
 attached near the middle of their ventral 
 face to a columnar prominence, inserted 
 on the otherwise flat disc. 
 
 b. Fruit a 1 -celled capsule witli free 
 central placentation. 
 
 1. Dodecatheon. Corolla partitions re- 
 flexed. 
 
(20) 
 
 2. Anagallis. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, cap- 
 sule circumscissile. 
 
 c. Ovary 1 -celled ivith 2 parietal placen- 
 tas. 
 
 1. Menyanthes. Corolla funnel - shaped. 
 Stigma undivided. Capsule 2-valved, 
 valves bearing the seeds in their middle ; 
 placentae not detached from the exo- 
 carp. Aquatic. 
 
 2. Nemophila. Calyx with reflexed sinuses. 
 Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stig- 
 mas 2. Capsule 2-valved. Placentae de- 
 tached from the exocarp. 
 
 3. Ellisia. Calyx without reflexed sinuses. 
 Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stig- 
 mas 2. Capsule , 2-valved. Placentae 
 detached from the exocarp. 
 
 4. Romanzoffia. Calyx without reflexed 
 sinuses. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stig- 
 ma 1, undivided. Capsule loculicidal. 
 Seeds oo . 
 
 d. Capsule 2- <x>-celled. 
 
 1. Erythraea. Corolla funnel-salver-shaped. 
 
 Anthers finally spiral. Seeds minute. 
 
 2. Gentiana. Ovary 1. Placentas 2. Style 
 short. Stigmas 2. Capsule septicidal. 
 Seeds minute. 
 
(21) 
 
 3. Polemonium. Corolla rotate. Stigmas 
 3. Filaments inserted at equal heights 
 on the tube of the corolla, ascending; 
 anthers incumbent. 
 
 4. Gilia. Corolla rotate funnel-shaped. 
 Stigmas 3. Filaments straight, inserted 
 at equal heights; anthers incumbent. 
 
 5. Collomia. Corolla salver-shaped. Stig- 
 mas 3. Filaments inserted at unequal 
 heights and exserted. 
 
 6. Convolvulus. Corolla funnel-shaped, pli- 
 
 cate, 5-angular. Cells of ovary 2-ovu- 
 late. Calyx marcescent. 
 
 7. Datura. Corolla funnel-shaped, plicate, 
 5-angular. Calyx transversely decidu- 
 ous. 
 
 8. Nicotiana. Corolla funnel-shaped, pli- 
 cate, 5-angular. Calyx persistent. Cells 
 of ovary oo-ovulate. 
 
 9. Rhododendron. Corolla campanulate. 
 Stamens inserted on a disc, not on the 
 corolla. Cells of the anthers opening 
 by pores. Shrubs. 
 
 10. Pentstemon. Corolla irregular, funnel- 
 shaped. Stamens of unequal length, 
 one of them sterile. Capsule 2-celled 
 oo-ovulate. 
 
(22) 
 
 e. Fruit baccate. 
 
 1. Solanum. Corolla rotate. Anthers 
 opening by apical pores. 
 
 B. Floral parts gamopetalous, superior. 
 
 a. Fruit capsular. 
 
 1. Samolus. Staminodia 5, alternating 
 with the stamens. Ovary 1-celled. 
 
 2. Campanula. Corolla 5-lobed. Ovary 
 flat at its apex. Capsule turbinate de- 
 hiscent by lateral pores. 
 
 3. Heterocodon (Campanula). Corolla 5- 
 lobed. Ovary flat at its apex. Capsule 
 turbinate, laterally but irregularly dehis- 
 cent. 
 
 4. Specularia. Corolla rotate. Capsule 
 elongated, prismatic, dehiscent laterally 
 by valves. 
 
 5. Githopsis. Corolla tubular. Capsule 
 clavate, dehiscent at its apex by the fall- 
 ing off of the base of the style. 
 
 6. Downingia. Corolla irregular. Fila- 
 ments and anthers united into a tube. 
 
 b. Fruit baccate. 
 
 1. Lonicera. Corolla irregular. Ovary 2- 
 3-celled, oo-seeded. 
 
 2. Symphoricarpus. Ovary 4-celled. Ber- 
 ry 2-seeded. Shrubs. 
 
(23) 
 
 c. Floral parts polypetalous, inferior. 
 aa. Floral parts irregular. 
 
 1. Viola. Calyx 5-sepalous. Corolla 5-pet- 
 alous. Capsule 3-valved, placentae 3; 
 each ex-seeded. 
 
 2. JEsculus. Calyx 5-dentate. Corolla 4- 
 5-petalous. Capsule 3-valved, 1-seeded, 
 Tree. 
 
 bb. Floral parts regular. 
 
 1. Acer. Fruit a 2-seeded samara. Trees. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 2. Vitis. Petals coherent at the apex, and 
 caducous at the base, inserted on a disc. 
 Fruit baccate. 
 
 3. Euonymus. Petals 5, inserted on the 
 calyx. Stamens alternating with the 
 petals, inserted on a glandular disc. 
 Fruit capsular. Shrubs. 
 
 4. Ehamnus. Petals 4-5 with short claws, 
 inserted on the calyx. Stamens oppo- 
 site to the petals. Fruit a drupe with 
 several pyrense. Trees. Shrubs. 
 
 5. Ceanothus. Calyx and disc adnate to 
 the base of the ovary. Stamens oppo- 
 site to the petals. Petals with long 
 claws cucullate. Fruit a capsule, 3- 
 celled; cells 1-seeded. Capsule septici- 
 dal. Trees. Shrubs. 
 
(24) 
 
 6. Ptelea. Stamens alternating with the 
 petals. Ovary on a convex disc, 2-celled; 
 cells 2-ovulate. Fruit a 2-seeded samara 
 Shrubs. 
 
 7. Erodium. Carpidia 5, verticillate round 
 a columnar axis. Styles connate at their 
 apex. 
 
 8. Pentacaena. Sepals 2-seriate, persistent; 
 external sepals 3, with cucullate apex 
 terminating in a spine, internal sepals, 
 mucronate. Ovary 1-ovulate. Style 2- 
 cleft. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 9. Frankenia. Calyx tubular, 4r-5 lobed. 
 Petals 4 or 5, unguiculate. Capsule 1- 
 celled, dehiscent by valves. Ovules 
 few, inserted on parietal placentse. 
 
 d. Floral parts polypetalous, superior. 
 
 1. Eibes. Petals unguiculate and with the 
 stamens inserted on the calyx limb. 
 Fruit baccate, oo-seeded. Shrubs. 
 
 e. floral parts incomplete. 
 
 1. Glaux. Perigonium campanulate, 5- 
 lobed,petaloid. Ovary 5-valved. 
 
 2. Polygonum. Perigonium 5 - sepalous, 
 persistent. Stigmas 2-3, capitulate. 
 Fruit an akene enclosed in the persis- 
 tent perigoniuni. 
 
(25) 
 
 3. Acaena. Calyx lobes valvate, tube spin- 
 ose. Style terminal. Akene enclosed 
 in the calyx tube. 
 
 4. Negundo. Per igouiuni small, 5-dentate. 
 Fruit a samara. Tree. 
 
 5. Abrouia. Flowers capitulate. Involucre 
 oo-pliyllous. Perigonium gamosepalous, 
 salver-shaped. 
 
 II. Digynia, 
 
 A. Flowers incomplete. 
 
 1. Siueda (Schoberia). Perigonium 5~ 
 parted, not appendlculate. Embryo 
 spiral. 
 
 2. Chenopodium. Perigonium 5-parted, 
 not appendiculate. Embryo annular. 
 
 3. Acrena. Calyx lobes valvate, tube spin- 
 ose. Fruit, 2 akenes, enclosed in the 
 calyx tube. 
 
 B. Floivers complete, gamopetalom; floral parts 
 
 infeiior. 
 
 a. Ovaries 2. Seeds oo. 
 
 1. Apocynum, Ovaries distinct at the 
 base but united by their stigma. Five 
 scales in the tube of the corolla opposite 
 to the corolla lobes. 
 
 2 
 
(26) 
 
 b. Ovary l t tvith two opposite placentae. 
 
 1 . Gentiana. Lobes of the corolla without 
 nectaria. Capsule co-seeded. Seeds 
 minute. 
 
 2. Nemophila. Calyx with reflexed sin- 
 uses. Stamens shorter than the corolla. 
 Capsule 2-valved. Placentae detached 
 from the exocarp. 
 
 3. Ellisia. Calyx without reflexed sinuses. 
 Stamens shorter than the corolla. Cap- 
 sule 2-valved. Placentas detached from 
 the exocarp. 
 
 4. Phacelia. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 
 exserted, equal. Capsule loculicidal. 
 
 5. Emmenanthe. Corolla persistent. Sta- 
 mens exserted, equal. Capsule loculi- 
 cidal. 
 
 6. Eriodictyon. Capsule 4-valved (locu- 
 licidal and septicidal). Shrub. 
 
 c. Ovctry 1. Seeds few. Placentce on 
 the base of the ovary. 
 
 1. Cuscuta. Capsule circumscissile. Par- 
 asite. 
 
 C. Corolla 5-petaled. Floral parts inferior. 
 
 1. Heuchera. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 
 oo-ovulate, dehiscent by valves. Pla- 
 
centre parietal at the margins of the 
 valves. 
 
 2. Pentacsena. Calyx 2-seriate. Petals 
 minute. Ovary 1-ovulate. Fruit a 
 utricle. 
 
 D. Corolla 5-petaled. Floral parts superior. - 
 
 a. tloivers in a simple umbel. 
 
 1. Panax. Fruit baccate. 
 
 2. Hydrocotyle. Petals entire, acute. 
 Akenes laterally compressed. Costre 
 filiform. 
 
 3. Bowlesia. Petals obtuse. Akenes ovate, 
 turgid, without costae, pubescent. 
 
 4. Eryngium. Petals erect, connivent, 
 emarginate at their apex. Akenes terete, 
 obovate, without costre but squamate 
 and tuberculate. 
 
 5. Sauicula. Petals erect, connivent, emar- 
 ginate at their apex. Akenes spinose. 
 
 6. Panax. Fruit baccate. 
 
 b. Floicers in a compound umbel. 
 
 aa. Endosperm not excavated on its ver- 
 tral surface (Orthospermce). Costai J, 
 filiform; secondary costal 0. Akene 
 laterally compressed. 
 
 aaa. Petals entire. 
 
 1. Apium. -Petals stellate, rounded, with 
 involute apex. 
 
(28) 
 
 bbb. Petals obcordate with a small injlexed lobe. 
 Calyx limb obliterated. 
 
 1. Oarum. Petals regular. Styles re- 
 clined. Akenes oblong. Costoe fili- 
 form. Oil tubes solitary. 
 
 2. Pimpinella. Petals regular. Styles 
 tliin, divergent. Costae fiiliform. Oil 
 tubes 3 in each vallecula. 
 
 ccc. Petals obcordate with a small in flexed lobe. 
 Calyx limb 5-dentate. 
 
 1. Cicuta. Endosperm convex. Fruit con- 
 tracted. Oil tubes solitary. 
 
 2. Sium. Fruit contracted. Oil tubes su- 
 perficial, 3 in each vallecula. 
 
 3. Berula. Fruit contracted. Oil tubes 
 covered by a thickened pericarp, 3 in 
 each vallecula. 
 
 bb. Endosperm not excavated on its ventral 
 surface (Orthospermce). Costal 5, second- 
 ary costaz 0. Akenes terete or subterete. 
 
 1. Angelica. Petals not obcordate, lateral 
 costae extended into wings. 
 
 2. Selinum. Calyx limb obliterated. Pet- 
 als obcordate. Oil tubes solitary. Lat- 
 eral costee much broader than the dor- 
 sal. 
 
 3. (Enanthe. Calyx limb 5-dentate. Styles 
 erect. Oil tubes solitary. Carpophore 
 adnate. 
 
(29) 
 
 cc. Endosperm not excavated on its ventral 
 surface (OrtJiospermce). Costce, 5, fili- 
 form, secondly costce 0. Akenes dors- 
 ally compressed, lenticular. 
 
 1. Heracleum. Petals obcordate. Oil 
 tubes clavate. Lateral costae of the two 
 akenes touching each other and more 
 distant from the 3 dorsal costae than 
 these amongst themselves. 
 
 2. Peucedanum. Lateral and dorsal costae 
 equally distant. Oil tubes superficial. 
 
 dd. Primary costce 5, secondary costce 4. 
 
 1. Daucus. Primary costae fiiliform, brist- 
 ly. Secondary costae spinose. 
 
 ee. Endosperm concave on its ventral surface 
 by a longitudinal furrow (Coelosperma?) . 
 
 1. Caucalis. Primary costae spinose; sec- 
 ondary more prominent than the prim- 
 ary. 
 
 2. Coninm. Akenes laterally compressed. 
 Costa3 . undulate, crenulate; secondary 
 costae 0. Oil tubes 0. 
 
 3. Deweya. Akenes laterally compressed. 
 
 Costae prominent. Secondary costae 0. 
 Oil tubes 2-3 in each vallecula. 
 
 4. Osmorrhiza. Akenes linear, angulate. 
 Carpophore persistent. 
 
(30) 
 
 C. Flowers not umbellate. 
 
 1. Boykinia. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule co- 
 seeded. 
 
 2. Heuchera. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 
 
 oo-seeded, dehiscent by valves. 
 
 3. Ribes. Petals and stamens inserted on 
 the calyx limb. Petals unguiculate. 
 Fruit baccate, co-seeded. Shrubs. 
 
 Ill, Trigynia, 
 
 A. Floral parts complete, inferior. 
 
 1. Rhus. Fruit drupaceous, 1-pvrenous. 
 Pyrena 1 -seeded. Shrubs. 
 
 2. Calandrinia. Sepals 2, persistent. Pet- 
 als 5. Capsule 3-valved 2-celled. Pla- 
 centa central, co-seeded. Succulent. 
 
 3. Claytonia. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 
 5. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled. Placen- 
 ta central, few-seeded. Succulent. 
 
 4. Linum. Sepals 5. Capsule 3-celled. 
 Cells 2-ovulate. 
 
 5. Alsine. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Capsule 
 
 1-celled, 3-valved. Placenta central. 
 
 B. Floral parts complete, superior. 
 
 1. Sambucus. Corolla rotate. Berry 3- 
 seeded (Drupe 3-pyrenous.) Tree. 
 Shrub. 
 
 2. Whipplea. Ovary 3-celled, cells 1-ovu- 
 late. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 
 
(31) 
 
 IV. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. Aralia. Fruit a 5-pyrenous drupe. Py- 
 rense 1-seeded. 
 
 2. Tilkea. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. 
 Fruit 5-follicles. Aquatic. 
 
 3. Linum. Sepals 5. Capsule 4-5-celled, 
 cells 2-ovulate. 
 
 4. Statice. Calyx limb scarious. Ovary 1- 
 celled, 1-ovulate. Styles not plumose. 
 
 5. Armeria. Calyx limb scarious. Ovary 
 1-celled, 1-ovulate. Styles plumose. 
 
 6. Spergula. Calyx 5-sepalous. Petals 5, 
 entire. Capsule 1-celled, 5-valved. 
 Seeds winged. 
 
 7. Sagina. Calyx 5-sepalous. Capsule 1- 
 celled, 4-5-valved. Seeds reniform. 
 
 V. Polygynia, 
 
 1. Myosurus. Claws of petals longer than 
 the lamina. Carpidia GO. Akenes 1- 
 seeded. 
 
 HEXANDRIA. 
 I. Monogynia, 
 
 A. Floral parts complete. 
 
 1. Berberis. Petals 6, inferior. Fruit a 
 berry. Shrub. 
 
 2. Vancouveria. Petals 6, inferior. Fruit 
 a follicle. 
 
3. Trillium. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stig- 
 mas 3, almost sessile. 
 
 4. Ly thrum. Calyx tubular, 8-12-dentate. 
 Petals 48. 
 
 5. Trientalis. Calyx 6-7 cleft. Corolla 
 6-8 parted, spreading. Capsule 6-8- 
 valvcd, 1-celled. Placenta central. 
 
 6. Frankeuia. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Pet- 
 als 5, unguiculate. Capsule 1-celled, de- 
 hiscent by valves. Ovules few, inserted 
 on parietal placentae. 
 
 B. Floral parts incomplete. Perigonium corol- 
 line, gamosepalous. 
 
 1. Muilla (Hespsroscordum) Perigonium 
 deeply 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 
 inserted on the base of the perigonium. 
 
 2. Broduea. Perigonium 6 lobed, fnnnel- 
 shaped. Stamens inserted on the throat, 
 alternately sterile. 
 
 3. Triteleia. Perigonium 6-lobed, salver- 
 shaped. Stamens inserted alternately 
 on the throat and on the middle of the 
 tube, 
 
 C. Florol parts incomplete. Perigonium corol- 
 
 a. Style 3 -deft, or 3 sessile stigmas. 
 
 1. Fritillaria. Sapals of perigonium with 
 a nectarium at the base. 
 
(33) 
 
 2. Calochortus. Alternate sepals of differ- 
 enr shape; interior sepals larger. Stig- 
 mas sessile. Anthers basi-fixed. Cap. 
 sule 3-celled. 
 
 3. Trillium. External sepals herbaceous, 
 
 internal corolline. Stigmas almost ses- 
 sile. Fruit a berry. 
 
 b. Style entire or 0. Stigma entire or 
 3-lobed. 
 
 aa. Anthers basi-fixed. 
 
 1. Prosartes. Fruit baccate ; testa of the 
 
 seeds thin, membranaceous. 
 
 2. Clintonia. Fruit baccate ; testa of the 
 seeds crustaceous. 
 
 bb. Anthers versatile. 
 
 1. Lilium. Sepals with a nectariferous lon- 
 gitudinal groove. 
 
 2. Allium. Nectariferous grooves 0. Flow- 
 ers umbellate, before spreading enclosed 
 in a spathe. 
 
 3. Cyanotris (Cainassia). Sepals 6, 5 as- 
 cending, 1 deflexed. Stamens ascend- 
 ing. Style declined, its base persistent. 
 Fruit a loculiciclal capsule, several 
 seeded. 
 
 2B 
 
(34) 
 
 4. Chlorogalum. Sepals spreading, ligu- 
 late. Stamens spreading. Style decid- 
 uous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule Each 
 cell 2-seeded. 
 
 5. Smilacina. Style short, 3-lobed, per- 
 sistent. Fruit baccate, few-seeded. 
 
 D, Floral parts incomplete, Perigonium gluma- 
 ceous. 
 
 1. Juncus. Style with 3 filiform stigmas. 
 Fruit a capsule, oo-seeded. 
 
 2. Luzula. Style with 3 filiform stigmas. 
 Fruit a capsule, 3-seeded. 
 
 II, Trigynia. 
 
 1. Zygadenus. Perigonium 6~sepalous. Se- 
 pals glandular at the base. Anthers ex- 
 trorse, 1-celled. 
 
 2. Xerophyllum. Perigonium 6-sepalous. 
 Sepals not glandular at the base. An- 
 thers extrorse. 
 
 3. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, separated at 
 
 the base. Stigmas sessile, plumose. 
 
 4. Chorizanthe. Involucre 1-3 flowered, 
 tubular. Fruit an akene. 
 
 5. Rumex. Ovary 1, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Stigma plumose. 
 
 6. Pterostegia. Involucre 2-lobed, 1-flow- 
 ered. Fruit an akene enveloped by the 
 enlarged involucre. 
 
(35) 
 
 7. Anemopsis. Spadix with a several- 
 leaved involucre. Flowers bracteate. 
 Perigonium 0. Ovaries immersed in 
 the rachis, 1-celled, ao-seeded. 
 
 8. Frankenia. Calyx tubular, costate, 5- 
 cleft. Petals 5, unguiculate. Capsule 
 1-celled, dehiscent by valves. Ovules 
 few, inserted on parietal placentae. 
 
 Ill, Hexagynia Polygynia, 
 
 1. Triglochin. Stigmas sessile, plumose. 
 Aquatic. 
 
 2. Alisma. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Aquatic. 
 
 HEPTANDRIA, 
 
 I, Monogynia. (Number of parts somewhat inconstant.) 
 
 1. Trientalis. Calyx 7-claft. Corolla 7- 
 parted. Stamens inserted on the cor- 
 olla. 
 
 2. ^sculus. Calyx 5-dentate. Petals 4-5, 
 irregular. 
 
 II. Trigynia, 
 
 1. Portulaca. Corolla superior, Calyx 2- 
 sepalous, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Fruit 
 a circumscissile capsule. Succulent. 
 
 2. Calandrinia. Corolla inferior. Calyx 
 2-sepalous, persistent. Fruit a capsule, 
 3-valved, oo-seeded. 
 
(36 ) 
 
 III, Polygynia. 
 
 1. Portulaca. Corolla superior. Calyx 2- 
 sepalous, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Fruit 
 a circumscissile capsule. Succulent. 
 
 OCTANDEIA. 
 I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Floral parts polypetalous, inferior. 
 
 1. Acsr. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla 4-5 
 petals. Fruit a samara. Tree. 
 
 B. Floral parts polypetalous , superior. 
 
 1. Jussisea. Calyx tube not prolonged 
 beyond the ovary, lobes of the calyx 
 limb persistent. Petals inserted on the 
 calyx. Stigma capitate. Fruit a septic- 
 idal capsule. Aquatic. 
 
 a. Seeds loitli a liaAry croion. 
 
 1. Zauschneria. Calyx tube considerably 
 prolonged beyond the ovary; calyx limb 
 petaloid, deciduous. Petals not exceed- 
 ing the calyx lobes, 2-cleft, erect. Cap- 
 sule 4-valved, 1-celled, oo-seeded. 
 
 2. Epilobium. Calyx tube prolonged but 
 little beyond the ovary. Petals inserted 
 on an annular disc on the summit of the 
 calyx tube. Ovary 4-celled. Capsule 
 loculicidal. 
 
(37) 
 
 b. Seeds naked. 
 
 1. Gayophytum. Catyx tube not prolonged 
 beyond the ovary. Anthers versatile. 
 Stamens opposite the petals smaller than 
 alternates. Ovary 2-celled. Style short. 
 Capsule 2-celled, 4-valved. 
 
 2. (Eiiothera. Calyx tube prolonged be- 
 yond the ovary, lobes of the limb re- 
 flexed. Anthers versatile. Ovary 4- 
 celled, ovules oo. Style filiform. Capsule 
 4-celled, loculicidal. 
 
 3. Godetia. Calyx tube prolonged beyond 
 the ovary, funnel-shaped, lobes of the 
 limb reflexed. Anthers basi-fixed. 
 
 4. Clarkia. Calyx tube prolonged beyond 
 the ovary, lobes of the limb reflexed. 
 Petals unguiculate. Stamens alternately 
 smaller. Anthers basi-fixed. 
 
 6. Boisduvalia. Calyx tube prolonged be- 
 yond the ovary, lobes of the limb erect. 
 Petals sessile, 2-lobed. Alternate stamens 
 shorter. Anthers basi-fixed. 
 
 C. Floral parts complete, superior. Corolla 
 gamopetalous. 
 
 1. Vaccinium. Stamens inserted on the 
 margin of an epigynous disc. Cells of 
 anthers elongated into a tube at the 
 apex. Fruit a co-seeded berry. Shrub. 
 
(38) 
 
 D. Floral parts incomplete, inferior. 
 
 1. Dirca.- -Perigonium cam panulate. Limb 
 obliquely truncate. Style subterminal. 
 Fruit a drupe. Shrub. 
 
 2. Polygonum. Perigonium 4-5 sepalous, 
 persistent. Stigmas 2-3. Fruit an 
 akene, enclosed in the persistent peri- 
 gonium. 
 
 3. Acaena. Calyx tube contracted at the 
 throat, angular, the angles armed with 
 glochidate prickles. Stigma penicillate. 
 Akene enclosed in the calyx-tube. 
 
 II, Digynia and Trigynia. 
 
 1. Polygonum. Perigonium 4-5 sepalous, 
 persistent. Fruit an akene enclosed 
 in the perigonium. 
 
 III. Tetragynia, 
 
 1. Anemopsis. Spadix with a several 
 leaved involucre. Perigonium 0. Ovar- 
 ies immersed in the rachis, 1-celled oo - 
 ovuled. 
 
 ENNEANDBIA, 
 
 1. Oreodaphne. Anthers with valvular de- 
 hiscence. Fruit a drupe resting on an 
 enlarged thai am us. Tree. 
 
 2. Eriogomim .Involucre co-flowered, cam - 
 panulate, 6-dentate. Styles 3. Fruit 
 an akene. 
 
(39) 
 
 3. Chorizanthe. Involucre 1-3 -flowered, 
 tubular. Styles 3. Fruit an akene. 
 
 DECANDRIA, 
 I. Monogynia, 
 
 A. Corolla 1^-5 petalous, or petals 0. Never 
 gamopetalous. 
 
 1. Pyrola. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. 
 Hypogynous disc 0. Anthers dehiscent 
 by 2 pores. Seeds minute. 
 
 2. Cercis. Calyx scarcely dentate. Corolla 
 papilionaceous. Anthers versatile. Pet- 
 als unguiculate, carina 2-petalous, larger 
 than the upper petals. Legume flat co- 
 seeded. Ventral suture winged. Shrub. 
 Tree. 
 
 3. Thermopsis. Calyx cleft to the middle. 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Petals of the 
 carina partly connate, longer than vexil- 
 lum. Legume linear, compressed. 
 
 4. Pickeringia. Calyx repandly 4-dentate. 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Carina 2-peta- 
 lous, as long as vexillum. Legume linear, 
 compressed. Shrub. 
 
 5. Geranium. Carpidia 5, verticillate 
 around a columnar axis. Styles connate 
 at the apex. Stamens all fertile. 
 
 6. Erodiurn. Carpidia 5, verticillate 
 
(40) 
 
 around a columnar axis. Styles connate 
 at the apex. Alternate stamens sterile. 
 
 7. Limnantlies. Stamens inserted on aper- 
 igynous disc. Carpidia 5, each 1-ovulate. 
 Style entire from its base. Aquatic. 
 
 8. Jussiaea. Petals inserted on the calyx. 
 Stigma capitate. Fruit a septicidal cap- 
 sule. Aquatic. 
 
 9. Adenostoma. Calyx funnel-shaped, the 
 tube 10-costate. Carpidion 1. Fruit 
 an akene enclosed in the calyx tube. 
 Shrub. 
 
 10. Acaena. Calyx tube contracted at the 
 throat, angular, the angles armed with 
 glochidiate prickles. Petals 0. Stigma 
 penicillate. Fruit an akene enclosed in 
 the calyx tube. 
 
 B. Corolla gamopetalous. 
 
 1. Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted. Cor- 
 olla funnel-shaped, rotate. Stamens 
 ascending. Anthers dehiscent by an 
 apical pore. Capsule septicidal. Shrub. 
 Tree. 
 
 2. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla ur- 
 ceolate. Fruit a spurious berry, that is, 
 a capsule, 5-celled, co-seeded, enclosed 
 in the enlarged and fleshy calyx. 
 Shrub. 
 
(41) 
 
 3. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urceolate. 
 Ovary 5-celled, calls l-ovul&te. Fruit 
 baccate. Shrub. 
 
 4. Arbutus. Corolla urceolate. Ovary 5- 
 celled, cells ac-seeded. Fruit a berry. 
 Tree. 
 
 5. Samolus. Alternate stamens sterile. 
 Ovary 1-celled, oo-seeded with central 
 placentation. 
 
 II. Digynia. 
 
 1. Saxifraga. Ovary 2-celled, co-seeded. 
 Capsule loculicidal. 
 
 2. Tellima. Petals lobed. Ovary 1-celled, 
 
 cc-seeded. Styles short. Stigmas capi- 
 tate. Capsule dehiscent at the apex. 
 
 3. Tiarella. Petals entire. Ovary 1-celled. 
 Styles short. Stigmas simple. Capsule 
 dehiscent to the base; valves unequal. 
 
 4. Acrena. Calyx tube contracted at the 
 throat, angular, the angles armed with 
 glochidiate prickles. Petals 0. Stig- 
 mas penicillate. Akenes 2, enclosed in 
 the calyx tube. 
 
 in, Trigynia, 
 
 1. Silene. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-dentate, 
 without bracts at the base. Petals uu- 
 guiculate. Capsule dehiscent by teeth. 
 Seeds reniform. 
 
(42) 
 
 2. Alsine. Sepals 5, unchanged in fruit. 
 Petals entire. Capsule dehiscent by 
 3 valves. Seeds reniform. 
 
 3. Spergularia (Lepigonum) . Sepals 5. 
 Petals entire. Capsule dehiscent by 3 
 valves. Seeds compressed. Stipules 
 membranaceous. 
 
 4. Arenaria. Sepals 5. Petals entire. 
 Capsule dehiscent by 6 valves. Seeds 
 reniform. 
 
 5. Stellaria. Sepals 5. Petals 2-cleft. 
 Capsule dehiscent by 6 valves. 
 
 6. Portulaca. Corolla superior. Calyx 2- 
 sepalous, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Cap- 
 sule circumscissile. 
 
 7. Calandrinia. Corolla inferior. Calyx 
 2-sepalous, persistent. Capsule 3- 
 valved, oo-seeded. 
 
 8. Whipplea. Ovary 3-septate. Cells 1- 
 ovulate. Capsule septicidal. 
 
 IV. Tetragynia, 
 
 1. Sagina. Sepals 4. .Petals entire. Stig- 
 mas alternate with the sepals. Capsule 
 dehiscent by 4-5 valves. 
 
 V, Pentagynia. 
 
 1. Sagina. Sepals 5. Petals entire. Stig- 
 mas alternate with the sepals. Capsule 
 dehiscent by 5 valves. Seeds reniform. 
 Stipules 0. 
 
(43) 
 
 2. Spergula. Sepals 5. Petals entire. 
 Stigmas alternate with the sepals. 
 Capsule dehiscent by 5 valves. Valves 
 opposite to the sepals. Stipules meni- 
 branaceous. 
 
 3. Cerastium. Sepals 5. Petals 2-cleft. 
 Capsule dehiscent by 10 teeth. 
 
 4. Oxalis. Stamens monadelphous at their 
 base. Capsule 5-lobed. 
 
 5. Cotyledon (Echeveria). Calyx 5-parted. 
 Petals coherent by their claws. Ovar- 
 ies 5. Fruit 5-follicles. Succulent. 
 
 6. Sedum. Calyx 5-parted. Petals not 
 coherent by their claws. Ovaries 5. 
 Fruit 5-follicles. Succulent. 
 
 7. Portulaca. Corolla superior. Calyx 2- 
 sepalous, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Cap- 
 sule circumscissile. Succulent. 
 
 VI. Polygynia, 
 
 1. Horkelia. Calyx companulate, limb 5- 
 parted, augmented by 5 bractlets. 
 ovaries oo, inserted on a conical re- 
 ceptacle. Styles subterminal. 
 
 DODECANDRIA, 
 I. Monogynia, 
 
 1. Asarum. Perigonium 3-cleft, superior. 
 
 2. Portulaca. Calyx 2-sepalous, deciduous. 
 Petals 46. Capsule circumscissile. 
 Succulent. 
 
(44) 
 
 3. Calandrinia. Corolla inferior. Calyx 2- 
 sepalous, persistent. Capsule 3-valved, 
 oc-seedecl. Succulent. 
 
 4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular, inferior, 8-12- 
 dentate. Petals 4 6. 
 
 5. Adenostoma. Calyx funnel-shaped, 
 tube 10-costate. Petals 5. Fruit an 
 akene enclosed in the calyx tube. Shrub. 
 
 6. Cercocarpus. Calyx tube cylindrical. 
 Petals 0. Style terminal, long-exserted. 
 Fruit an akene, linear, terete, caudate 
 by the elongated plumose style. Shrub. 
 
 IE, Pentagynia, 
 
 1. Nuttallia. Ovaries 5, each 2-ovulate. 
 Styles subterminal. Fruit several drupes. 
 Shrub. 
 
 IC03ANDRIA. 
 I, Monogynia, 
 
 A. Floral parts complete, inferior. 
 
 1. Primus. Fruit a fleshy drupe. Endo- 
 carp not rugose. Shrubs. Tree. 
 
 2. Adenostoma. C a 1 y x funnel - shaped; 
 tube 10-costate. Petals 5. Akene en- 
 closed in the calyx tube. Shrubs. 
 
 3. Cercocarpus. Calyx tube cylindrical. 
 Petals 0. Style terminal, long-exserted. 
 Akene linear, terete, caudate by the 
 elongated exserted plumose style. Shrub. 
 
(45) 
 
 4. Portulaca. Calyx 2-sepalous, decid- 
 uous. Capsule circumscissile. 
 
 5. Calandrinia. Calyx 2-sepalous, persist- 
 ent. Capsule 3-valved, oc-seeded. 
 
 6. Eschscholtzia. Calyx gamosepalous, 
 circumscissile. Ovary terete. Stigmas 4. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, seeds on the 
 margins of the valves. 
 
 , Di-Tri-Tetra-Pentagynia. 
 
 1. Nuttallia. Ovaries 5, each 2-ovulate. 
 Style subterminal, subinternal. Fruit 
 several drupes. Shrub. 
 
 2. Photinia (Heteromeles). Ovaries 2, im- 
 perfectly united, half superior. Styles 
 2. Fruit a ponium, 2-celled. Cells 1- 
 seeded. Tree. 
 
 3. Amelaiichier. Ovary inferior, 3-5-cell- 
 ed, each cell imperfectly divided. Fruit 
 a pomum, 3-5-seeded. Eudocarp bony 
 (drupe). Shrub. 
 
 4. Spiraea. Ovaries several, several seeded. 
 Fruit several follicles. Testa of the 
 seeds membranaceous. Shrub. 
 
 5. Neillia. Ovaries several, several seeded. 
 Fruit several follicles. Testa of the 
 seed crustaceous. Slirub. 
 
 6. Horkelia. Calyx augmented by 5 bract- 
 lets. Ovaries on a conical receptacle. 
 Styles subterminal. Fruit akenes. 
 
(46) 
 
 7. Mesembrianthemum. Calyx partitions 
 unequal. Petals oo. Ovary co-celled, 
 oo-seeded. Fruit a capsule. Succulent. 
 
 8. Hypericum. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals 
 4-5. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 9. Mentzelia. Ovary inferior. Calyx limb 
 5-parted, persistent. Capsule 1-celled. 
 Placentae 3, parietal. 
 
 III. Polygynia, 
 
 1. Spiraea. Ovaries superior, several seed- 
 ed. Fruit several follicles. Shrub. 
 
 2. Eosa. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Fruit 
 akenes enclosed in the' calyx tube form- 
 ing a spurious berry. Shrub. 
 
 3. Calycauthus. Calyx cup-shaped, limb 
 
 oo-parted, co-seriate. Petals 0. Fruit 
 GO akenes enclosed in the persistent ca- 
 lyx tube. Shrub. 
 
 4. Eubus. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Fruit 
 
 co drupes on a conical receptacle. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 5. Horkelia. Calyx campanulate, augment- 
 ed by 5 bractlets. Styles subteriniiial. 
 Fruit co akenes. 
 
 6. Potentilla. Calyx flattened, augmented 
 by 5 bractlets. Ovaries on a slightly 
 conical receptacle. Styles lateral. Ak- 
 enes on a herbaceous thalamus. 
 
(47) 
 
 7. Fragaria. Calyx flattened, augmented 
 by 5 bractlets. Ovaries on a convex 
 receptacle. Styles lateral. Akenes on 
 a fleshy receptacle. 
 
 8. Mesembrianthemum. Calyx partitions 
 unequal. Petals oo. Ovary oo-celled, 
 
 co-seeded. Fruit a capsule. Succulent. 
 
 POLYANDBJA, 
 I, Monogynia, 
 
 A. Petals 4. 
 
 1. Dendromecon. Calyx 2-sepalous. Ovary 
 linear. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Cap- 
 sule 1-celled, 2-valved, seeds on the 
 margin of the valves. Shrub. 
 
 2. Eschscholtzia. Thalamus top-shaped. 
 Calyx garnosepalous, circumscissile. 
 Ovary terete. Stigmas 4. Capsule 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, seeds on the margin of 
 the valves. 
 
 3. Meconopsis. Calyx 2-sepalous, cadu- 
 cous. Anthers laterally dehiscent. 
 Ovary 1-celled. Placentae more than 2. 
 Style short. Stigma radiate. 
 
 4. Argemone. Calvx 2-3 sepalous. Pet- 
 als 4. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-cell- 
 ed, placentae more than 2. Style 0. 
 Stigma radiate. 
 
(48) 
 
 5. Actaea. Calyx 4-sepalous. Anthers ad- 
 nate, introrse. Ovary 1. Placenta ven- 
 tral. Style 0. Berry oo-seeded. 
 
 B. Petals 5. 
 
 1. Heliautheraum. Calyx double. Exter- 
 nal sepals 2, somstiinesO; internal 3, con- 
 torted in aestivation. Capsule 3-valved. 
 
 0. Petals 6. 
 
 1. Argemone. Calyx 3-sepalous. Fila- 
 ments filiform. Stigmas radiate. 
 
 2. Platystemon. Calyx 3-sspalous. Fila- 
 ments flattened their entire length, 
 ovary at List separating into its com- 
 ponent carpidia. 
 
 3. Platystigma. Calyx 3-sepalous. Fila- 
 ments flattened only at the base, ovary 
 not separating but ripening into a 3- 
 valved capsule. 
 
 II, Di- Tri-, Tatra-, Panta-, Polygaia, 
 
 A. Ovaries ventrally dehiscent. Fruit a follicle. 
 
 a. Flowers irregular. 
 
 1. Pelphinium. Calyx petaloid. Superior 
 sepal calcarate. 
 
 b. Flowers regular. 
 
 1. Platystemon. Sepals 3, caducous. Pet- 
 als 6. Filaments flattened. Carpidia at 
 first united into an oo-celled ovary. 
 
(49) 
 
 2. Paeonia. Sepals 5, herbaceous, carpidia 
 distinct from the beginning. 
 
 3. Aquilegia. Sepals petaloid. Petals fun- 
 nel-shaped, calcarate. 
 
 B. Ovaries 1-ovulate, indehiscent. Fruit, akenes. 
 
 a. ^Estivation of sepals imbricate. 
 
 1. Ranunculus. Petals unguiculate, claws 
 shorter than the lamina, a nectarium 
 near each claw. 
 
 2. Myosurus. Claws of the petals longer 
 than the lamina. 
 
 3. Anemone. Sepals petaloid. Petals 0. 
 Thalamus convex, conical. 
 
 4. Thalictrum. Sepals petaloid. Petals 0. 
 Thalamus flat, discoid. 
 
 b. ^Estivation of sepals valvate. 
 
 1. Clematis. Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 0. 
 
 DIDYNAMIA. 
 I. Gymnospermia. 
 
 A. Stamens and style enclosed. An interrupted 
 
 ring of hairs in the corolla below tlie in- 
 sertion of the stamens. 
 
 1. Marrubium. Akenes flat at their tops. 
 
 B. Style always exserted. An uninterrupted 
 
 ring of hairs in the corolla below the inser- 
 tion of the stamens. 
 3 
 
(50) 
 
 a. Calyx %-labiate. Stamens parallel. 
 1. Prunella. Calyx, closed in fruit. 
 
 b. Calyx 5-dentate. Stamens parallel. 
 
 1. Stachys. Calyx 5-10-nerved. Lobes of 
 the lower lip of the corolla obtuse. Sta- 
 mens ascending. 
 
 2. Sphacele. Calyx reticulately veined. 
 Lobes of the corolla 5, all obtuse. Sta- 
 mens ascending, Shrub. 
 
 c. No ring of hairs in the corolla. 
 
 1. Scutellaria. Upper lip of the corolla 
 concave. Stamens close together, paral- 
 lel. Calyx 2-labiate, lips entire. 
 
 2 Mentha. Stamens distant and divergent, 
 but straight. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4- 
 cleft, superior lobe emarginate. 
 
 3. Micromeria. Calyx teeth nearly equal. 
 Stamens ascending. 
 
 4. Monardella. Stamens straight, diver- 
 gent, exserted. Cells of the anthers at 
 length also divergent. Corolla lobes 
 narrow. 
 
 5. Pycnanthemuin. Stamens straight, dis- 
 tant, divergent. Cells of the anthers 
 parallel to the last. 
 
 6. Pogogyne. Stamens ascending, con- 
 vergent in pairs. Style villous. Calyx 
 deeply 5-cleft. 
 
(51) 
 
 7. Acanthomintha. Lower pair of stamens 
 ascending. Cells of the anthers divar- 
 icate. Calyx 2- labiate, teeth spinose. 
 
 8. Lophanthus. Upper pair of stamens 
 longer and declined, lower pair shorter 
 and ascending. Anther cells parallel. 
 Calyx 15-nerved. 
 
 9. Trichostemma. Stamens long-exserted, 
 lower pair longer. Tube of corolla slen- 
 der; Iimb5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined. 
 
 II, Angiospermia, 
 
 A. Base of the anther cells mucronate. 
 
 a. Ovary 1 -celled &-ovulate, placenta 
 parietal. 
 
 1. Anoplantlms. Flowers without bract- 
 lets. Parasitic. Chlorophyll 0. 
 
 2. Aphyllon. Flowers with bractlets. 
 Parasitic. Chlorophyll 0. 
 
 b. Ovary -celled, cc-ovulate. Fruit 1- 
 cc-seeded. / 
 
 1. Pedicularis. Calyx 5-dentate, superior 
 lip of corolla laterally compressed. 
 
 B. Base of anther cells not mucronate. 
 
 a. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta cc-seeded, 
 central. 
 
 1. Limosella. Calyx 5-dentate. Corolla 
 subregular. 
 
(52) 
 
 b. Ovary 2-celled. 
 
 1. Cordylanthus. Calyx spathaceous. Cells 
 of anthers distant and of different shape 
 and insertion. Lips of corolla short, 
 upper lip laterally compressed. 
 
 2. Orthocarpus. Calyx spathaceous, cleft 
 vertically. Cells of anthers distant 
 and of different shape and insertion. 
 Corolla lips personate, but upper lip the 
 smaller. 
 
 3. Castilleia. Calyx spathaceous, cleft ver- 
 tically. Cells of anthers distant and 
 of different shape and insertion. Co- 
 rolla ringent, the upper lip the larger. 
 
 4. Mimulus. Stigma dilated, petaloid. 
 Calyx angular, angles carinate. Placen- 
 tas of the capsule remain united and 
 only separate at last near the apex. 
 Valves of the capsule membranaceous. 
 
 5. Mimetanthe. Stigma dilated, petaloid. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, not angulate. Cap- 
 sule dehiscent only by the dorsal suture. 
 
 6. Diplacus. Stigma dilated, petaloid. 
 Calyx angular ; angles carinate. Placen- 
 tae of the capsule meeting, but in dehis- 
 cence separating their whole length. 
 Valves of the capsule coriaceous. Tube 
 of the corolla funnel-shaped. 
 
(53) 
 
 7. Eunanus. Stigma dilated, petaloid. 
 Calyx angular, angles carinate. Placen- 
 ta? of the capsule separate in dehiscence 
 for their whole length. Tube of co- 
 rolla slender, filiform. 
 
 8. Collinsia. Stigma small. Corolla per- 
 sonate, lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe 
 laterally compressed, carinate, hiding 
 the stamens. 
 
 9. Scrophularia. Stigma small. Coroll a 
 short, globular. Middle lobe of lower 
 lip reflexed. 
 
 10. Pentstemon. Stigma small. Corolla 
 ringent. One sterile stamen besides the 
 didynamous ones. 
 
 11. Antirrhinum. Corolla personate, sac- 
 cate at the base. Capsule opening by 
 pores. 
 
 12. Linaria. Corolla personate, calcarate. 
 Capsule dehiscent by valves. 
 
 13. Lippia. Calyx 2-cleft. Cells of ovary 
 1-seeded. Fruit drupaceous, separating 
 into 2 nutlets. 
 
 c. Ovary ^-celled. 
 
 1. Verbena. Cells of ovary 1-ovulate. 
 Fruit drupaceous, splitting into 4 parts. 
 
(54) 
 
 TETRADYNAMIA, 
 
 I. Siliculosa, 
 
 A. Fruit a % -articulate lomentum. 
 
 1. Cakile. Both articles of the lomentum 
 anceps. 
 
 B. Fruit a schizocarp. 
 
 1. Senebiera. Silicula 2-seeded, margin 
 not winged. 
 
 C. Fruit an indehiscent silicula. 
 
 1. Thysanocarpus. Silicula 1-seeded, mar- 
 gin winged. 
 
 D. Silicula regularly dehiscent, dor sally com- 
 
 pressed, septum narrow. 
 
 1. Lepidium. Cells 1-seeded. 
 
 2. Capsella. Cells oo-seeded. 
 
 E. Silicula regularly dehiscent, laterally com- 
 
 pressed, septum broad. 
 
 1. Alyssum. Cells 1-4-ovulate. 
 
 II. Siliquosa, 
 
 A. Siliqua indehiscent. 
 
 1. Eaphanus. Siliqua moniliform. 
 
 B. Siliqua regularly dehiscent. 
 
 1. Cardamine. Siliqua laterally com- 
 pressed. Valves linear] without nerves. 
 Ovules in each cell oo ? 1-seriate. 
 
(55) 
 
 2. Nasturtium. Siliqua linear. Valves 
 without nerves. Ovules in each cell oo, 
 2-seriate. 
 
 3. Cheiranthus. Siliqua laterally com- 
 pressed. Septum broad. Valves 1- 
 nerved. Ovules in each cell 1-seriate. 
 Lateral sepals saccate. Petals unguicu- 
 late. 
 
 4. Caulanthiis. Siliqua terete, valves 1- 
 nerved. Ovules in each cell 1-seriate 
 Lateral sepals saccate. Petals undulate. 
 
 5. Streptanthus. Siliqua laterally com- 
 pressed. Valves 1-nerved. Ovules in 
 each cell 1-seriate. All sepals equal. 
 Petals undulate. 
 
 6. Barbarea. Siliqua 4-angular. Valves 
 concave, 1-nerved. Ovules in each cell 
 1-seriate. 
 
 7. Erysimum. Siliqua 4-angular. Valves 
 carinate, 1-nerved. Ovules in each cell 
 1-seriate. 
 
 8. Tropidocarpum. Siliqua dorsally com- 
 pressed. Valves 1-nerved, carinate. 
 Septum very narrow. Ovules in each 
 cell 2-seriate. 
 
 9. Arabis. Siliqua laterally compressed. 
 Valves 1-nerved. Ovules in each cell 
 1-seriate. Petals not undulate. 
 
(56) 
 
 10. Sisymbrium. Siliqua linear. Valves 3- 
 nerved, concave. Ovules in each cell 
 1-seriate. 
 
 11. Brassica. Siliqua terete. Valves 3-5- 
 nerved, concave. Ovules in each cell 
 1-seriate. 
 
 MONADELPHIA. 
 I. Triandria. 
 
 1. Sisyrinchium. 
 n. Pentandria. 
 
 1. Erodium. Stamens alternating with 
 staminodia. 
 
 2. Downingia. Corolla gamopetalous, ir- 
 regular. 
 
 III. Octandria. 
 1. Poly gal a. 
 
 IV. Decandria, 
 
 1. Erodium. Alternate stamens sterile. 
 Fruit 5 akenes with persistent styles. 
 
 2. Geranium. Stamens all fertile. Fruit 
 5 akenes with persistent styles. 
 
 3. Oxalis. Styles 5. Fruit a 5-lobed cap- 
 sule. 
 
 4. Lupinus. Corolla papilionaceous. 
 
 5. Amorpha. Corolla represented by a 
 single petal. Shrub. 
 
(57) 
 
 V. Polyandria, 
 
 1. Lavatera. Calyx double. External 
 calyx 3-6-cleft. Shrub. 
 
 2. Malva. Calyx double. External calyx 
 3-sepalous. 
 
 3. Sidalcea. External calyx 0. Stigmas 
 not capitate. 
 
 4. Sphseralcea. Stigmas capitate. Cells 
 of capsule 2-ovulate. Shrub. 
 
 5. Sida. Stigmas capitate. Cells of cap- 
 sule 1-ovulate. 
 
 DIADELPHIA, 
 
 I, Hexandria. 
 
 1. Dicentra. Flowers 2-calcarate. 
 
 II. Octandria. 
 
 1. Polygala. Flowers irregular. Ovary 2- 
 celled. Cells 1-ovulate. 
 
 HI. Decandria, 
 
 A. Sub-monadelphoris. 
 
 1. Lupinus. Anthers alternately oblong 
 and reniform. 
 
 2. Amorpha. Corolla represented by a sin- 
 gle petal. Shrub. 
 
 3. Psoralea. Wings of the corolla united 
 to the carina. Ovary sessile, 1-ovulate. 
 Legume indehisceut, included in the 
 calyx. 
 
 3A 
 
(58) 
 
 "B. Genuinely diadelplious. 
 
 a. Style not pilose. 
 
 1. Hosackia. Petals unguiculate. Carina 
 rostrate. 
 
 2. Trifolium. Petals persistent, aclnate to 
 the stamineal tube. 
 
 3. Psoralea. Wings of the corolla adnate 
 to the carina. Ovary sessile, 1-ovulate. 
 Legume indehiscent, included in the 
 calyx. 
 
 4. Glycyrrhiza. Petals not adnate to the 
 stamineal tube. Carina 2-petalous. 
 
 5. Astragalus. Petals not adnate to the 
 stamineal tube. Carina blunt. Legume 
 imperfectly 2-celled. 
 
 6. Melilotus. Petals not adnate to the stam- 
 ineal tube. Ovary straight. Legume 
 globose. 
 
 7. Medicago. Petals not adnate to the 
 stamineal tube. Ovary crescent-shaped. 
 Legume spiral. 
 
 b. Style pilose. 
 
 1. Lathyrus. Style pilose only on the ven- 
 tral side which is flattened. 
 
 2. -Vicia. Style pilose on the dorsal side, 
 or all around the apex. Style not spi- 
 ral. 
 
(59) 
 
 POLYADELPHIA, 
 
 1. Hypericum. Ovary superior. Calyx 
 4-5-parted. Petals 4-5. Fruit cap- 
 sular. 
 
 2. Mentzelia. Ovary inferior. Calyx limb 
 5-parted, persistent. Capsule 1-celled. 
 Placentae 3, parietal. 
 
 SYNGENESIA, 
 I, JEqualis. 
 
 A. Flowers ligulafe. 
 
 a. Pappus plumose. 
 
 aa. Receptacle paleaceous. 
 
 1. Hypochseris. Palease of the receptacle 
 deciduous. 
 
 bb. Receptacle not paleaceous. 
 
 1. Microseris. Pappus paleaceous at base. 
 Akenes more than 5-costate, truncate at 
 apex. Scapigerous. 
 
 2. Stephanomeria. Pappus setaceous, 
 somewhat plumose. Akenes 5-costate, 
 truncate at apex and base. Caulescent. 
 
 3, Rafinesquia. Bristles of pappus arach- 
 noid, Akenes rostrate, 
 
 4, Malacothrix, Pappus 1 -seriate. Bristles 
 scabrous, silky, deciduous in a ring, 
 Apex of akenes developed into a crown, 
 
(60) 
 
 5. Troximon. Pappus capillary. Bristles 
 deciduous singly, not in a ring. Apex 
 of akenes rostrate; costae smooth. 
 
 6. Taraxacum. Pappus capillary. Bristles 
 persistent, Apex of akenes elongated, 
 rostrate; costae roughened. 
 
 7. Sonchus. Akenes flattened, not ros- 
 trate. Pappus silky, white, 
 
 8. Hieracium. Akenes terete, not rostrate, 
 Pappus brittle, discolored. 
 
 B. Floivers tubular. 
 
 a. Eeceptale naked. 
 
 aa, Branches of the style club-shaped. 
 
 1. Adenostyles. Involucre 1-seriate. 
 Branches of the style filiform. Pappus 
 copious, silky, white. 
 
 2. Bulbostylis. Involucre imbricate, 2-3 
 seriate. Branches of the style filiform. 
 Pappus copious, silky. 
 
 bb. Branches of the style flat and tipped 
 with an appendix. 
 
 aaa. Parts of pappus oo. 
 
 1. Bigelovia. Involucre imbricate. Pap- 
 pus 1-seriate, capillary, brownish at ma- 
 turity. 
 
(61) 
 
 2. Aplopappus. Involucre imbricate. Pap- 
 pus 1-seriate. Bristles rigid. 
 
 3. Chrysopsis. Involucre imbricate. Pap- 
 pus 2-seriate, internal capillary, external 
 scaly. 
 
 4. Lessingia. Kay-flowers enlarged, bnt 
 not ligulate. 
 
 5. Baccharis. Dioecious. Shrub. 
 
 bbb. Parts of pappus definite in num- 
 ber. 
 
 1. Pentachasta. Pappus of 5-scabrous 
 bristles, shorter than the corolla, some, 
 times depauperate. 
 
 2. Grindelia. Pappus aristate. 
 
 cc. Branches of style not flat, but tap- 
 ering, sometimes with an appendix. 
 
 aaa. Scales of the involucre herbaceous. 
 
 1. Chaenactis. Pappus paleaceous. 
 
 2. Senecio. Pappus capillary. 
 
 bbb. Scales of the involucre scarious. 
 
 1. Artemisia. Eeceptacle slightly convex. 
 Pappus 0. Akenes obovate with small 
 epigynous disc. 
 
 2. Tanacetum. Eeceptacle slightly convex. 
 Pappus 0. Akenes costate with large 
 epigynous disc. 
 
(62) 
 
 3. Matricaria. Eeceptacle cylindrical, hol- 
 low. 
 
 4. Baccharis. Dioecious. 
 
 b. Eeceptacle paleaceous or setaceous. 
 
 aa, Branches of style connected near the 
 apex, 
 
 1. Cnicus. Eeceptacle densely bristly. 
 Bristles of the pappus plumose, con- 
 nected at the base into a deciduous ring. 
 Filaments of stamens distinct. 
 
 2. Silybum. Keceptacle densely bristly. 
 Bristles of pappus not plumose, 1-seri- 
 ate. 
 
 3. Carthamus. Pappus 0. 
 
 4. Centaurea. Eeceptacle densely bristly. 
 Bristles of pappus not connected at their 
 base into a ring. 
 
 bb. Branches of style entirely distinct. 
 
 1. Bidens. Involucre 2-seriate, external 
 spreading, internal erect. Pappus of 
 2-4 awns. 
 
 2. Madia. Pappus 0. Eeceptacle some- 
 times only paleaceous near the ray and 
 naked at the disc. 
 
 II. Superflua. 
 
 A. Receptacle naked. 
 
 a. Anthers obtuse, at their base, at least not 
 calcarate. 
 
(63) 
 
 aa. Branches of the style flat and tipped 
 with an appendix. 
 
 aaa. Parts of pappus GO. 
 
 1. Bigelovia. Involucre imbricate: scales 
 dry. Pappus 1-seriate, capillary, at 
 maturity brownish. Ray flowers yellow. 
 
 2. Aplopappus. Involucre imbricate, 
 scales foliaceous. Pappus 1-seriate, 
 bristles rigid. Bay flowers yellow. 
 
 3. Chrysopsis. Involucre imbricate. Pap- 
 pus 2-seriate, internal capillary, external 
 scaly. Bay flowers yellow. 
 
 4. Lessingia, Kay flowers enlarged but 
 not ligulate. 
 
 5. Solidago. Involucre imbricate, scales 
 foliaceous. Pappus silky. Kay flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 6. Aster. Involucre imbricate, scales foli- 
 aceous. Kay flowers not yellow, 1-seri- 
 ate. 
 
 7. Erigeron. Involucre imbricate, scales 
 
 foliaceous. Kay flowers not yellow, 
 co-seriate. 
 
 bbb. Parts of pappus definite in number, 
 
 1. Pentachseta. Scales of involucre not her- 
 baceous. Pappus of 5 scabrous bristles 
 shorter than the corolla, sometimes de- 
 pauperate. Kays yellow. 
 
(64) 
 
 2. Grindelia. Scales of the involucre her- 
 baceous. Pappus aristate. Bays yel- 
 low. 
 
 3. Gutierrezia. Scales of the involucre her- 
 baceous. Pappus short, paleaceous. 
 Bays yellow. 
 
 bb. Branches of the style not flat but tapering, 
 sometimes with an appendix. 
 
 1. Coinogyne. Involucre regularly imbri- 
 cate. Scales broad. 
 
 2. Burriellia. Involucre consisting of 3-5 
 scales. 
 
 3. Baeria. Scales of the involucre in a single 
 series. Beceptacle conical, minutely 
 muricate. Akenes linear. 
 
 4. Eriophyllum (Bahia). Scales of the in- 
 volucre not embracing any akenes. Be- 
 ceptacle convex (not conical). Akeue 
 linear, with large terminal areola. 
 
 5. Monolopia. Scales of involucre united 
 at base. Beceptacle conical. Akeiie 
 oblong, with small terminal areola. 
 
 6. Lasthenia. Scales of involucre united 
 into a dentate cup. Receptacle conical. 
 Pappus 0. 
 
 7. Bigiopappus. Scales of involucre lin- 
 ear. Receptacle flat. Pappus 4-5 aris- 
 tate scales. 
 
(65) 
 
 8. Helenium. Scales of the involucre re- 
 flexed. Pappus of hyaline scales. Akenes 
 turbinate, costate. 
 
 9. Senecio. Scales of the involucre 1-seri- 
 ate, sometimes calyctilate. Pappus ca- 
 pillary, copious. 
 
 10. Arnica. Scales of involucre lanceolate, 
 linear, all equal. Pappus capillary, 1- 
 seriate. 
 
 b. Anthers calcarate. 
 
 1. Pluchea. Scales of involucre imbricate, 
 herbaceous. 
 
 2. Micropus. Scales of involucre scarious, 
 
 ? flowers enclosed in marginal scales, 
 which are laterally compressed and con- 
 duplicate. Pappus 0. 
 
 3. Stylocline. Scales of involucre scarious. 
 Eeceptacle cylindrical. ? flowers pro- 
 tected by carinate scales. 
 
 4. Filago. Scales of involucre scarious. 
 Scales subtending $ flowers not cari- 
 nate. 
 
 5. Anaphalis. Scales of involucre scarious. 
 
 $ flowers filiform. Style of $ flowers 
 nearly blunt. 
 
 6. Gnaphalium. Scales of involucre scari- 
 ous. ? flowers filiform. JStyle of flow- 
 ers 2-cleft. 
 
(66) 
 
 B. Receptacle paleaceous. 
 
 a. Anthers obtuse or sagittate at their 
 base, but never calcarate. 
 
 aa. Involucre 1-seriate or nearly so. 
 
 1. Iva. ? flowers reduced to short tubes 
 embracing the base of the style. flow- 
 ers: anthers scarcely connate. 
 
 2. Balsamorrhiza. Akenes of the disc 4-an- 
 gular. Pappus 0. 
 
 3. Wyethia. Akenes 4-angular or laterally 
 compressed. Pappus paleaceous, crown- 
 shaped. 
 
 4. Pugiopappus. Akenes villous. Pappus 
 2-aristate. 
 
 5. Leptosyne. Akenes naked, margined. 
 Pappus almost 0. 
 
 6. Madia. Involucre in a simple row, each 
 scale wrapped about a laterally com- 
 pressed akene. Pappus 0. 
 
 7. Holozonia. Involucre in a simple row, 
 each scale completely embracing an 
 akene. Pappus of the ray akenes hya- 
 line, of the disc generally 0. 
 
 8. Hemizonia. Involucre 1-seriate, each 
 scale embracing with its base half of a 
 ray akene. Pappus of the ray 0. 
 
(67) 
 
 9. Lagophylla. Ray flowers 5 in number, 
 cuneiform, 3-lobed. Involucre 5 scales, 
 each entirely embracing a ray akene. 
 Receptacle flat. 
 
 10. Layia. Capitulum co-flowered. Invo- 
 lucre 1-seriate. Scales acuminate, each 
 entirely enclosing a ray akene. Pappus 
 of the ray 0. 
 
 11. Achyrachfjena. Eay flowers short and 
 hidden by the scales of the 1-seriate 
 involucre. Receptacle naked in the 
 centre, paleaceous toward the margin. 
 Pappus paleaceous. Palejc co-seriate, 
 silvery. 
 
 bb. Involucre imbricate. 
 
 1. Achillea. Involucre of few series of 
 scales. Rays short, oval. 
 
 2. Anthemis. Involucre GO- seriate. Rays 
 long, ligulate. 
 
 b. Anthers calcarate. 
 
 1. Psilocarphus. Scales of the involucre 
 few. ? flowers each wrapped in a palea. 
 Pappus 0. 
 
 2. Stylocline. Scales of the involucre few. 
 
 ? flowers each bracteate by a carinate 
 palea, but not wrapped in it. Pappus a 
 few caducous bristles. 
 
(68) 
 
 3. Evax. Scales of the involucre 1-2 ser- 
 iate. Pappus 0. 
 
 4. Filago. Scales of tlie involucre imbri- 
 cate. Pappus pilose. 
 
 in. Frustranea, 
 
 1. Corethrogyne. Receptacle naked. 
 
 2. Centaurea. Receptacle bristly. 
 
 3. Bideiis. Palea3 of the receptacle decidu- 
 ous. 
 
 4. Helianthus. Palese of the receptacle per- 
 sistent. Pappus paleaceous, caducous. 
 
 5. Helianthella. Paleas of the receptacle 
 persistent. Pappus 2 persistent awns, 
 besides the caducous palese. 
 
 IV, Necessaria, 
 
 A. Receptacle naked. 
 
 a. Anthers obtuse at the base, at least not 
 calcarate. 
 
 aa. Branches of the style of the ? floioers 
 flat and tipped with an appendix. 
 
 1 Erigeron. 
 
 bb. Branches, of the style not flat, but 
 tapering, sometimes ivith an appendix. 
 
 1. Hemizonia. Involucre 1-seriate, each 
 scale with its base half embracing a ray 
 akene. Pappus of ray 0. 
 
(69) 
 
 2. Holozonia. Involucre 1-seriate, each 
 scale completely embracing a ray akene. 
 Pappus of the ray hyaline. 
 
 3. Lagophylla. Bay flowers 5, cuneiform, 
 3-lobecl. Involucre of 5 scales, each 
 completely enclosing a ray akene. Ke- 
 ceptacle flat. Palete 5, between disc 
 and ray. Pappus 0. 
 
 4. Blennosperma. Scales of the involucre 
 
 1-seriate, united at the base, not em- 
 bracing the akene. Pappus 0. 
 
 5. Artemisia. Involucre imbricate, scar- 
 ious. Flowers of the ray slender, dentate. 
 
 6. Soliva. Flowers of the ray oo-seriate, 
 without corolla. Pappus 0. 
 
 7. Nardosrnia. Pappus pilose. 
 
 B. Receptacle villous. 
 
 1. Artemisia. 
 G. Receptacle paleaceous. 
 
 a. Anthers obtuse or sagittate at their 
 base, but not calcarate. 
 
 1. Lagophylla. Rfty flowers 5, cuneiform, 
 3-lobed. Involucre of 5 scales, each 
 completely enclosing a ray akene. Re- 
 ceptacle flat. Palese 5, between disc and 
 ray. Pappus 0. 
 
 2. Holozonia. Involucre 1-seriate, each 
 
 scale embracing completely a ray akene. 
 Pappus of the ray hyaline. 
 
(70) 
 
 3. Heraizonia. Involucre 1 - seriate, each 
 scale with its base half embracing a ray 
 akene. Pappus of ray akene 0. 
 
 4. Madia. Involucre 1-seriate, each scale 
 completely enwrapping a laterally com- 
 pressed ray akene. Pappus 0. 
 
 b. Anthers almost distinct. 
 1. Iva. 
 
 c. Anthers calcarate. 
 
 1. Evax. Scales of involucre 1 2-seriate. 
 Pappus 0. 
 
 2. Stylocline. Scales of involucre very few. 
 Flowers of the ray bracteate by a cari- 
 nate palea, but not enwrapped by it. 
 Pappus a few caducous bristles. 
 
 3. Psilocarphus. Scales of the involucre 
 few. Each ray flower enwrapped in a 
 palea. Pappus 0. 
 
 V, Monogamia. 
 1. Downingia. 
 
 QYNANDKIA, 
 I, Monandria, 
 
 a. Labellum calcarate. 
 1. Habenaria. 
 
 b. Labellum not calcarate. 
 
 1. Epipactis. Labellum geniculate. 
 
(71) 
 
 2. Corallorhiza. Labellum not geniculate, 
 adnate to the column. Aphyllous and 
 and without chlorophyll. 
 
 3. Spiranthes. Labellum not geniculate, 
 embracing the column with its base. 
 Perigonium oblique. 
 
 II, Diandria, 
 
 1. Cypripedium. 
 
 III. Hexandria. 
 
 1. Aristolochia. 
 
 MONffiCIA, 
 
 I, Monandria, 
 
 1. Euphorbia. Involucre campanulate, 
 sometimes 2-phyllous. Flowers umbel- 
 late, androgynous. $ flowers without 
 perigonium, stipitate, bracteate, 9 flow- 
 ers single, central. Ovary 3-celled, styles 
 3, each 2-cleft. 
 
 2. Zostera. Spathe elongated into a lamina. 
 
 Spadix androgynous. Ovary 1-celled, 
 1-ovulate. Fruit a nutlet. Aquatic. 
 
 3. Lilsea. Flowers spicate. $ , $ , and 
 androgynous spikes present, besides 
 solitary axillary ? flowers. Aquatic. 
 
 4 Najas. Flowers axillary, solitary. $ 
 flowers included in a spathe : $ flowers 
 naked. Ovary 1, 1-ovulate. Fruit 
 drupaceous. Aquatic. 
 
(72) 
 
 5. Zannicliellia. Flowers axillary. 3 flower 
 naked, ? flower with, campanulate per- 
 igonium. Ovaries 4, each 1-ovulate. 
 Fruit nutlets. Aquatic. 
 
 6. Callitriche. Flowers axillary, 2-bracteo- 
 late. Ovary 4-celled; cells 1-ovulate. 
 Fruit a 4-coccous schizocarp. Aquatic. 
 
 II. Diandria, 
 
 1. Pinus. Anthers sessile on the bracts of 
 the amentum. Leaves fasciculate in 
 a sheath. Coniferous. 
 
 2. Pseudotsuga. Anthers sessile on the 
 bracts of the $ amentum. Leaves dis- 
 tichous. Branchlets smooth, the leaf 
 scars not being prominent. Coniferous. 
 
 3. Fraxinus. Flowers paniculate. Calyx 
 obsolete, 4-cleft. Fruit a 1-seeded sa- 
 mara. 
 
 III. Triandria. 
 
 1. Typha. $ spike and ? spike cylindrical. 
 
 6 spike above ? spike. Palese 0. 
 
 2. Sparganium. <5 spike and ? glomeru- 
 late. Flowers separated by a palea- 
 ceous perigonium. Aquatic. 
 
 3. Carex. Glumaceous. Spikes unisexual 
 or androgynous. Spikelets 1-flowered. 
 
 $ spikelet an external palea; ? spike- 
 let with 2 palesB, the interior one trans- 
 formed into a utricle including the 
 1-seeded ovary. 
 
(73) 
 
 4. Phoradendron. Flowers immersed in the 
 
 racliis of articulate spikes. Perigonium 
 3-lobed. Ovary inferior. Fruit a berry. 
 Parasitic. 
 
 5. Megarrhiza. Flowers complete. $ flow- 
 ers in racemes, ? flower solitary in the 
 axilla of the c$ raceme. 
 
 IV, Tetrandria, 
 
 A. Flowers complete. 
 
 1. Ptelea. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4. Stam- 
 ens alternate with the petals. Fruit a 
 2-seeded samara. Shrub. Tree. 
 
 B. Flowers perigoniate in $ and ? . 
 
 1. Urtica. ? perigonium 2-sepalous. 
 
 2. Hesperocnide. ? perigonium gamosepa- 
 
 lous. 
 
 C. Perigonium 0, or only present in one sex. 
 
 1. Cupressus. $ flowers : anthers attached 
 to a peltate bract. Cone globose". Seeds 
 angulate, narrowly winged. Leaves op- 
 posite. Coniferous. 
 
 2. Libocedrus. $ flowers : anthers attached 
 
 to a peltate bract. Cone oblong. Wings 
 of the seed unequal. Leaves opposite. 
 Coniferous. 
 
(74) 
 
 3. Sequoia. Anthers of the $ flowers at- 
 tached to a peltate fyract. Cone ovate. 
 Leaves alternate. Coniferous. 
 
 4. Alnus. $ flowers with 3-4 cleft peri- 
 gonium. ? flowers: perigonium 0. 
 
 V. Pentandria Polyandria . 
 
 A. Flowers complete, not amentaceous. 
 
 1. Myriophyllum. $ flower: stamens 8. ? 
 flower: ovary inferior, 4-celled, 4-ovu- 
 late. Aquatic. 
 
 2. Ptelea. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Sta- 
 mens alternating with petals. Style 1. 
 Fruit a 2-seeded samara. Shrub. 
 
 3. Rhus. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Pet- 
 als 5. Stamens 5, alternating with the 
 petals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate. 
 Styles 3. Fruit a drupe. 
 
 4. yEsculus. Calyx irregular, gamosepa- 
 lous. Petals 5, unguiculate. Filaments 
 ascending. Ovary 3-celled. Style 1. 
 Cells 2-ovulate. Fruit a 1-seeded cap- 
 sule. Shrub. Tree. 
 
 5. Acer. Stamens 8. Ovary 2-celled, 2- 
 lobed. Fruit a 2-seeded samara. Tree. 
 
 B. Flowers complete. $ flowers amentaceous. 
 1. Juglans. $ per igonium, 2-6 parted. $ 
 
 flowers with superior 4-dentate calyx. 
 Petals 4. Tree. 
 
(75) 
 
 C. Floivers incomplete not amentaceous. 
 
 1. Amarantus. Perigonium 3-5-sepalous. 
 Fruit a circumscissile capsule. 
 
 2. Atriplex. $ perigonium 5-sepalous. $ 
 perigonium 2-parted. Stigmas 2. Fruit 
 a compressed utricle. 
 
 3. Ceratophyllum. $ perigonium co-sepa- 
 lous. Anthers sessile. Ovary of the $ 
 flower 1-celled, 1-ovulate. Fruit a nut- 
 let with persistent style. Aquatic. 
 
 4. Eremocarpus. $ perigonium 5-6 part- 
 ed. $ perigonium 0. Ovary 1-celled, 
 1-ovulate. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. 
 
 5. Xanthium. $ inflorescence: involucre 
 
 oo-phyllous, oo-flowered. Perigonium 
 5-dentate. ? inflorescence: involucre 
 garnophyllous, 2-flowered. Fruit a pseu- 
 docarp enclosed in the indurated invol- 
 ucre. 
 
 6. Ambrosia. $ inflorescence: involucre 
 gamophyllus, co-flowered. ? -inflores- 
 cence: involucre gamophyllus, 1-flow- 
 ered. Spines of the involucre 1-seriate. 
 
 7. Franseria. $ inflorescence: involucre 
 gamophyllus, co-flowered. ? inflores- 
 cence: involucre gamoyhyllous, 1-4- 
 flowered. Spines of the involucre co-se- 
 riate. 
 
(76) 
 
 8. Iva. Involucre gamophyllus. Head an- 
 drogynous. $ flowers funnel-shaped, 
 central; ? flowers tubular, peripheral. 
 
 9. Platanus. Flowers without perigonium, 
 densely capitulate on a globose recep- 
 tacle. Tree. 
 
 D. Flowers incomplete; $ flowers amentaceous. 
 
 Stamens inserted on a perigonium. 
 
 1. Castanopsis. Involucre of $ flowers 1-3- 
 
 flowered, afterward enclosing the nut 
 in the shape of a prickly burr. 
 
 2. Quercus. Involucre of ? flowers 1 -flow- 
 ered, surrounding the base of the nut 
 in the shape of a cup. Trees. Shrubs. 
 
 E. Flowers incomplete. $ flowers or both ? 
 
 and $ , amentaceous. Stamens inserted 
 on bract. 
 
 1. Corylus. Fruit a nut, inclosed in a 2- 
 cleft, laciniate involucre. 
 
 2. Myrica. ? flowers amentaceous. Fruit, 
 drupaceous nutlets. Involucre 0. Tree. 
 
 DICE CIA, 
 I. Diandria. 
 
 1. Salix. Amentaceous. Perigonium 0. 
 Fruit an co-seeded capsule. Shrub. 
 
 2. Fraxinus. Flowers paniculate. Calyx 
 obsolete, 4-cleft. Fruit a 1-seeded 
 samara. Tree. 
 
(77) 
 
 II. Triandria. 
 
 1. Salix. Amentaceous. Perigonium 0. 
 Shrub. Tree. 
 
 2. Phoradendron. Flowers immersed in 
 
 the rachis of an articulate spike. 
 Perigonium 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled 
 dehiscent by 2 pores. Berry globose, 
 1-seeded. 
 
 3. Arceuthobium. $ perigonium 3-lobed. 
 
 ? 2-dentate. Anthers 1-celled, dehis- 
 cent by a slit. Berry compressed, 1- 
 seeded. 
 
 4. Atriplex. $ perigonium 3-sepalous. 
 
 $ 2-parted. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 5. Amarantus. Perigonium 3-parted. 
 Fruit a capsule with circumscissile de- 
 hiscence. 
 
 6. Brizopyrum (Distichlis). Glumaceous. 
 Inferior glume co-nerved. 
 
 7. Poa. Glumaceous. Inferior glume 1- 
 nerved. 
 
 Ill, Tetrandria. 
 
 1. Urtica. 6 flowers 4-sepalous. 9 
 flowers 2-sepalous. Stigma penicillate. 
 
 2. Negundo. Perigonium depauperate, 4- 
 cleft. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Fruit 
 a 2-seeded samara. Tree. 
 
 3. Ptelea. Calyx 4-5 sepalous. Petals 4. 
 Fruit a 2-seeded samara. Tree. 
 
(78) 
 
 4. Garrya. Flowers amentaceous. Bracts 
 decussate, connate in pairs. $ flowers 
 4-parted. Perigonium of $ flowers ru- 
 dimentary. Styles 2. Fruit a berry. 
 Tree. 
 
 IV, Pentandria, 
 
 1. Rhus. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Pet- 
 als 5. Stamens alternating with the 
 petals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Styles 
 3. Fruit a drupe. Tree. Shrub. 
 
 2. Ptelea. Calyx 5-parted, petals 5. Sta- 
 mens alternating with the petals. Style 
 1. Fruit a 2-seeded samara. Tree. 
 
 3. Ehamnus. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 0. 
 Stamens alternating with the partitions 
 of the calyx. Fruit 2-4-celled, 2-4- 
 seeded. Shrub. 
 
 4. Vitis. Calyx obsolete. Petals inserted 
 on a disc, coherent at their apex, and 
 deciduous at their base. Fruit baccate. 
 
 5. Negundo. Perigonium depauperate, 5- 
 cleft. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Fruit 
 a 2-seeded samara. Tree. 
 
 6. Juniperus. 3 flowers amentaceous. 
 Stamens adnate to the base of a scale. 
 ? flowers amentaceous. Ovules naked, 2 
 adnate to the base of each bract. Fruit 
 a galbulus. 
 
(79) 
 
 7. Atriplex. $ perigonium 5-sepalous. ? 
 perigonium 2-parted. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 8. Amarantus. Perigonium 5-sepalous. 
 Fruit a capsule with circumscissile de- 
 hiscence. 
 
 V. Hexandria. 
 
 1. Eumex. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Styles 3. Stigma plumose. 
 
 VI. Octandria, 
 
 1. Populus. Amentaceous. ? flowers cup- 
 shaped. Fruit an oo-seeded capsule. 
 
 VII. Dodecandria, 
 
 1. Nuttallia. Flowers complete. Ovaries 
 5. Fruit 1-5 drupes. Shrub. 
 
 2. Hendecandra (Croton). $ perigonium 
 5-cleft. ? perigonium 3-cleft. Ovary 
 3-celled. Fruit a 3-coccous capsule. 
 
 VIII. Icosandria. 
 
 1. Nuttallia. Flowers complete. Shrub. 
 
 2. Torreya. $ flowers amentaceous. ? 
 flowers single, ovule naked, immersed 
 in an urceolate arillus, in fruit simulat- 
 ing a drupe. Coniferous. 
 
 IX. Polyandria. 
 
 1. Thalictrum. 
 
 X. Syngenesia. 
 
 1. Baccharis. Shrub. 
 
(80) 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 
 
 Vascular Plants. 
 
 CLASS 1. PHANEKOGAM^E. 
 
 Sub-Class 1. ANGIOSPERM.^. 
 
 DIVISION 1. DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 SERIES 1. TETKACYCLIC^. 
 
 Plants with a tendency to arrangement of the 
 floral parts in 4 well-defined circles, and 
 with a well established numeric (quinary) 
 law. 
 
 Sub-Series 1. GAMOPETAKSE. 
 (Petals Consolidated.) 
 
 Section ANISOCARPJS. Number of carpidia 
 less than 5. 
 
 Sub-Section 1. EPIGYN.E. 
 
 ORDER 1- SYNANDB^. Stipules 0. Fila- 
 ments flattened. 
 
 Family 1, COMPOSITE. 
 
 Inflorescence capitulate. Calyx changed into 
 a pappus. Anthers syngenetic. Ovary 1- 
 celled, 1-seeded; fruit an akene. 
 
(81) 
 
 Sub-Family 1. Tubuliflorce. 
 Flowers, at least of the disc, tubular. 
 
 Tribe 1. ASTEROIDE.E. 
 
 Anthers without tails. Style branches of 
 disc-flowers, flat, with an appendix. Leaves 
 alternate. 
 
 a. Parts of the pappus of definite number. 
 
 1. Gutter rezia Lag. 
 
 Superflua. Heads few-flowered. Ray -flowers 
 about 3, ligulate; disc-flowers about 5. Scales 
 of the involucre coriaceous, imbricate, their 
 tips green, reflexed. Akenes terete. Pappus 
 of about 9, paleaceous scales. 11 . ^ . Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 1. G. CALIFOBNICA. Torr. & Gray. Suffru- 
 tescent ; leaves linear. Dry river beds. 
 Sonoma. Livermore. Summer. 
 
 2, Grindelia Willd. GUM-PLANT. 
 
 Superflua. JEqualis. Head oo-flowered. Bay- 
 flowers ligulate, 1-seriate. Scales of the hem- 
 ispherical involucre in several series, their 
 green tips squarrose. Akenes compressed. 
 Pappus aristate. 
 
 Resinous herbs; flower buds before opening, 
 bearing a drop of milky -looking resin. It . ^ . 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 4A 
 
(82) 
 
 1. G. HIBSUTULA. Hook. Hirsutely pubes- 
 cent. Dry hillsides. Common. Summer. 
 
 An infusion of the herb has been recom- 
 mended against asthma by the Californians of 
 Spanish descent. 
 
 2. G. GLUTINOSA Dunal. Glabrous; scales 
 of the involucre with short tips; awns of the 
 pappus 5 or more. Livermore. Summer. 
 
 3. G. CUNEIFOLIA Nutt. Glabrous; scales 
 of the involucre squarrose from the base; 
 awns of the pappus 5 or more; leaves clasp- 
 ing, obtuse. Salt marshes at Alvarado. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 4. G. ROBUST A Nutt. Glabrous; scales of 
 involucre squarrose from the base; awns of 
 the pappus less than 5; leaves clasping, acute. 
 Salt marshes. Common. Summer. Has been 
 recommended against the eczema caused by 
 Ehus (Poison oak.) 
 
 3. Pentachseta Nutt. 
 
 Superflua. .ZEqualis. Ray-flowers variable, 
 or altogether wanting. Scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate, scarious on the margin and tip, 
 loosely imbricate in about two series. Recep- 
 tacle convex. Pappus about 5 scabrous bris- 
 tles shorter than the disc-corolla, sometimes 
 depauperate. 0. Small vernal herbs. 
 
 1. P. BELLIDIFLORA Greene. Peduncles 
 glabrous; ray-flowers white. Corte Madera. 
 
(83) 
 
 2. P. EXILIS Gray. Stem erect; peduncles 
 villous; ray -flowers 0; disc-flowers purple. 
 Marin County. 
 
 3. P. ALSINOIDES Greene. Stem diffuse, 
 much branched; capitula almost sessile in the 
 axillae of branches; ray-flowers 0; disc-flowers 
 purple. Marin County. 
 
 b. Parts of the pappus GO. 
 4, Lessingia Cham. 
 
 .ZEqualis. Superflua. Ray-flowers with pal- 
 mate limb. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes 
 compressed, silky-villous; pappus 1-seriate; 
 bristles oo, scabrous, rigid. 
 
 1. L. GERMANOBUM Cham. Limb of ray- 
 flowers unequally lobed; stems spreading on 
 the ground; lower leaves spathulate, pinnati- 
 fid; flowers yellow. Sandhills. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. L. KAMULOSA Gray. Limb of the ray- 
 flowers unequally lobed; stem erect, diffusely 
 branched; leaves not pinnatifid; flowers pur- 
 ple. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 3. L. LEPTOCLADA Gray. Limb of ray-flow- 
 ers equally lobed; stem erect; branches fili- 
 form, terminated by the capitula; flowers pur- 
 ple, white. Nicasio. Summer. 
 
(84) 
 
 5. Chrysopsis Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER. 
 
 Superflua. ^Equalis. Head oo-flowered; ray- 
 flowers ligulate. Akenes compressed; pappus 
 2-seriate; outer row short paleaceous scales, 
 inner row long scabrous bristles. It . Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 1. C. SESSILIFLORA Nutt. Capitula radiate . 
 Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 2. C. OBEGANA Gray. Oapitula not rad- 
 iate. Livermore. Autumn. 
 
 6. Aplopappus Cass. 
 
 Superflua. 2Equalis. Head oo-flowered. 
 Bay-flowers ligulate. Bristles of the pappus 
 oo. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. A. LINEABIFOLIUS DO. Kays more than 
 9. ^ . Contra Costa mountains. Summer. 
 
 2. A. ERICOIDES Hook. Ray-flowers less 
 than 10. ^ . Sand hills. San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 7, Bigelovia DC. 
 
 JEqualis. Superflua by a single ray-flower. 
 Head few-flowered. Keceptacle narrow. Pap- 
 pus 1-seriate; bristles oo. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. B. ABBOBESCENS Gray. Scales of the 
 involucre irregularly imbricate and not in dis- 
 tinct ranks. ^ . Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
(85) 
 
 8, SolidagO k. GOLDEN ROD. 
 
 Superflua. Head co-flowered. Kay-flowers 
 ligulate, few, distant from each other. Akenes 
 terete, oo-costate; pappus of GO, capillary 
 bristles. 2. Autumn. Suffrutescent plants, 
 with long rod-like branches. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. S. OCCIDENTALIS Nutt. Stem branching. 
 It- Moist places. Summer. 
 
 2. S. CALIFORNICA. Nutt. Stem single ; the 
 whole plant pubescent. If. Moist sand. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 3. S. SEMPEEVIEENS L. Stem simple; the 
 plant completely glabrous. U- Salt marshes 
 near San Francisco. Autumn. 
 
 All Solidago species seem to be possessed of 
 diuretic powers. S. Virgaurea, a European 
 species, formerly officinal, is still in use as a 
 domestic remedy. 
 
 9, Corethrogyne DC. 
 
 Frustranea. Head co-flowered; ray -flowers 
 co, 1-seriate; scales of the involucre imbricate; 
 style appendages of disc-flowers with tuft-like 
 bristles; pappus of simple, unequal rigid bris- 
 tles. 2. Ray-flowers blue, purple; habit of 
 aster. 
 
 1. C. OBOVATA Benth. Contra Costa range. 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
(86) 
 
 10. Aster (Nees.) 
 
 Superflua. Head cc-flowered. Kay-flowers 
 1-seriate, ligulate. Scales of involucre imbri- 
 cate. Style appendages triangular-lanceolate 
 to subulate. Pappus of copious capillary, scab- 
 rous bristles. 2 . Ray-flowers rose-color, 
 white, blue. 
 
 1. A. RADULINUS Gray. Pappus rigid; some 
 of the bristles thickened toward the top; rays 
 white. 2. Berkeley. Autumn. 
 
 2. A. CHAMISSONIS Gray. Pappus soft; stem 
 glabrous, erect and branching, leafy; involucre 
 imbricate, its scales with green tips; ray-flow- 
 ers violet. 2f. San Francisco at the ceme- 
 tery. Autumn. 
 
 3. A. DIVABICATUS Nutt. Pappus soft; stem 
 glabrous, diffusely branched; branches slender; 
 involucre imbricate, its scales with scarious 
 margins. 0. Salt marshes, San Francisco. 
 Autumn. 
 
 11. ErigeronL- FLEA-BANE. 
 
 Superflua. Necessaria. Head co-seriate, lig- 
 ulate; scales of the involucre imbricate, linear. 
 Pappus scanty of scabrous, capillary bristles. 
 
 I.E. STENOPHYLLUS Nutt. Stem leafy; leaves 
 linear, scabrous, deep green; rays purple. 11 . 
 Livermore. Autumn. 
 
(87) 
 
 2. E. GLAUCQS Ker. Kadical leaves differing 
 from cauline, glaucous, entire, succulent; ray 
 purple. 2. Seashore. Summer. Autumn. 
 
 3. E. PHILADELPHICUS L. Leaves irregularly 
 dentate; ray -flowers narrow, numerous, red- 
 dish. !. Colma. Berkeley. Autumn. 
 
 4. E. CANADENSIS L. Leaves numerous, 
 small, rays inconspicuous, whitish. 0. Waste 
 grounds. Common. Summer. Autumn. 
 
 12. Baccharis L. 
 
 Dioecious. Head without rays. Scales of 
 the involucre oc-seriate, imbricate. 6 corolla 
 tubular with 5-cleft limb. Pappus capillary, 
 1-seriate. ? corolla filiform, truncate. Pap- 
 pus copious, capillary. 
 
 1. B. PILULARIS DC. Leaves sessilo cune- 
 iform, sinuately dentate; flowers whitish. . 
 Summer. Autumn. Common. 
 
 2. B. DOUGLASII DC. Glutinous; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, distinctly 3-nerved; capitula 
 in a compound, terminal corymb; receptacle 
 conical. 2. Moist sand. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. B. VIMINEA DC. Shrub with the as- 
 pect of a willow; leaves lanceolate, acute; cap- 
 itula in terminal corymbs and racemes, recep- 
 tacle flat. ^ . Kiver-bed, Niles. Livermore. 
 Summer. Autumn. 
 
(88) 
 
 Tribe II. 
 
 Anthers with tails, sagittate. Style bran- 
 ches without appendages. 
 
 13, Pluchea Cass. MARSH-FLKABANK. 
 
 Superflua. Necessaria. Head co-flowered. 
 $ flowers oo -seriate, tubular. Scales of the 
 involucre cc-seriate, ovate, imbricate. Recep- 
 tacle flat, naked. Pappus 1-seriate. 
 
 1. P. CAMPHORATA DC. Flowers rose-color. 
 
 0. Salt marshes. Autumn. 
 
 14, Adenocaulon Hook. 
 
 Necessaria. Head few-flowered,, all the flow- 
 ers tubular, Anthers sagittate, not tailed. 
 Scales of the involucre 5, 1-seriate, herbaceous, 
 at last reflexed. Receptacle flat, naked. 
 Akenes exserted, obovate, glandular near the 
 summit; pappus 0. It. Flowers pale. 
 
 1. A. BICOLOE Hook. Redwoods. Summer. 
 15, Micropus L. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Head of few flow- 
 ers, all tubular. 35,? 5, embraced by the 
 scales of the two-seriate involucre. Recepta- 
 cle narrow, naked. Akenes falling off with the 
 embracing scales of the involucre. Pappus 0. 
 
 0. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. M. CALIFORNICUS Fisch. & Meyer. Low 
 woolly herb. Common. Spring. 
 
(89) 
 
 16, Psilocarphus Nutt. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Head oo-flowered. 
 flowers few, tubular, 5-dentate. 9 flowers 
 oo-seriate, filiform, each wrapped in a palea. 
 Scales of the involucre few, scarious. Recep- 
 tacle convex, paleaceous externally, naked in 
 the center. Akenes enveloped in the palea). 
 Pappus 0. 0. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. P. OREGANUS Nutt. Covered with loose, 
 white wool; akenes cylindrical. Low ground 
 near creeks. Spring. 
 
 2. P. TENELLUS Nutt. Covered with ap- 
 pressed grey wool. Akenes fusiform. Low 
 ground near creeks. Spring. 
 
 17. Evax Gaertn. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Head oo-flowered. 
 flowers tubular, few 9 flowers co-seriate, 
 filiform. Scales of the involucre few, 1-2- 
 seriate, scarious. Eeceptacle elongate (like 
 the axis of a spike), paleaceous externally, 
 naked in the center with the $ flowers. Pap- 
 pus 0. 0. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. E. CAULESCENS Gray. Woolly annual. 
 Gravelly alluvium. San Rafael. Spring. 
 
 18, Filago L- 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowered. flowers 
 tubular, 4-dentate. ? flowers co-seriate, 
 filiform; external rows hidden between 
 
(90) 
 
 the scales of the involucre and the palese. 
 Scales of the involucre imbricate, sim- 
 ilar to the palese. Receptacle elongate (like 
 the axis of a spike). Pappus of oo, capillary 
 bristles, depauperate towards the periphery. 
 External row ?; pappus pilose. 0. Flowers 
 inconspicuous. 
 
 1. F. CALIFORNICA Nutt. Woolly annual. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 19. Anaphalis DC. PEABLY-EVEBLASTING. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Head oo -flowered. 
 tubular, 5-dentate; style scarcely divided, 
 blunt; ? flowers oo-seriate, filiform. Scales of 
 the involucre imbricate, oo-seriate, radiating; 
 external rows ovate; internal rows longer and 
 narrower. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus 1- 
 seriate, capillary, its bristles scabrous and dis- 
 tinct at base. It. 
 
 1. A. MARGARITACEA Benth. & Hook. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 20, Gnaphaliuml I*. EVERLASTING. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowered; $ flowers 
 tubular, 5-dentate. Style 2-cleft. ? flowers 
 filiform, co-seriate; involucre ovate. Scales 
 imbricate, 8-seriate, scarious; as long as the 
 head. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of 1- 
 seriate, capillary bristles. Flowers pale. 
 
(91) 
 
 1. G. MICBOCEPHALUM Nutt. Bristles of 
 pappus not united at their base into a ring; 
 involucre mainly scarious, decidedly imbri- 
 cate; leaves but slightly decurrent; white- 
 woolly; involucre turbinate. It- Contra 
 Costa. 
 
 2. G. SPKENGELII Hook. & Arn. Bristles 
 of pappus not united at their base into a ring; 
 involucre mainly scarious, decidedly imbri- 
 cate; leaves but slightly decurrent, white- 
 woolly; involucre hemispherical. 0. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 3. G. DECUBBENS Ives. Bristles of pappus 
 not united at their base into a ring; involucre 
 mainly scarious, decidedly imbricate; leaves 
 decidedly decurrent, glandular, white-woolly 
 only underneath; involucre conipanulate. 
 Smell of the plant like liquorice. 0. Sand- 
 hills. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 4. G. BAMOSISSIMUM Nutt. Bristles of 
 pappus not united at their base into a ring; 
 involucre mainly scarious, decidedly imbri- 
 cate; leaves decidedly decurrent, linear, invo- 
 lucre turbinate. Smell of the plant like liquor- 
 ice. 0. Sand dunes. Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 5. G. PALUSTBE Nutt. Bristles of pappus 
 not united at their base in a ring; scales of in- 
 volucre woolly, only scarious at their tips, all 
 nearly of the same length. . Moist grounds. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
(92) 
 
 6. G. PUEPUEEUM L. Bristles of pappus 
 united at the base into a ring. It. Near salt 
 marshes. Common. Summer. 
 
 Tribe III. AMBBOSLE. 
 
 Anthers of or <3 flowers distinct, not syn- 
 genetic. Style abortive, truncate. Corolla of 
 ? flowers rudimentary or 0; pappus 0. 
 
 21, IvaL, 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Headoo-flowered; S 
 or flowers oo, tubular, 5-lobed; ? flowers few, 
 5-dentate. Scales of the involucre 3 to 4, ovate. 
 Paleae of the receptacle linear. It. 
 
 1. I. AXILLAEIS. Pursh. Near the seacoast. 
 Summer. 
 
 22, Ambrosia DC. RAGWEED. 
 
 Monoecious. $ head oo-flowered; scales of 
 the involucre united into a cup; receptacle flat, 
 naked; ? head 1-flowered. Scales of the in- 
 volucre united into a cup. Corolla 0. Akenes 
 enclosed in the persistent involucre. 
 
 1. A. AETEMISI^FOLIA L. Leaves all bipin- 
 natifid. 0. Cultivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 2. A. PSILOSTACHYA DC. Upper leaves pin- 
 natifid, lower bipinnatifid. It- Cultivated 
 grounds. Summer. 
 
(93) 
 
 23, Franseria Cav. 
 
 Monoecious. $ head co-flowered. Scales of 
 the involucre united into a cup. Palese of the 
 flat receptacle filiform. ? head 1-, sometimes 
 2-4-flowered. Scales, of the involucre united 
 into a cup; if the cup be more than 1-flowered, 
 forming as many cells as there are flowers. 
 Involucre armed with cc rows of spines. Akenes 
 enclosed in the persistent involucre. It. 
 
 1. F. BIPINNATIFIDA Less. Leaves 2-3-pin- 
 nately divided. Sand dunes, San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. F. CHAMISSONIS Less. Leaves cuneate to 
 ovate, obtusely serrate, the lower sometimes 
 laciniate. Sand dunes, San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 24, Xanthium Tourn. COCKLEBUR. 
 
 Monoecious. 3 head co-flowered. Scales of 
 the involucre 1-seriate, distinct. Keceptacle 
 cylindrical, paleaceous. ? head 2-flowered. 
 Scales of the involucre united into a cup, armed 
 with hooked spines. Corolla filiform. Akenes 
 enclosed in the persistent involucre. 0. 
 
 1. X. STRUMARIUM L. Leaves green on both 
 sides, scabrous, irregularly serrate. Road- 
 sides. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. X. SPINOSUM L. Leaves whitish beneath, 
 most of them deeply lobed. Waste grounds. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
(94) 
 
 Tribe IV. HELI ANTHER. 
 Anthers without tails. Receptacle paleace- 
 ous, Pappus not capillary. 
 
 a. PalecB persistent. 
 
 25. Balsamorrhiza Hook. Nutt. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo -flowered. Bay -flowers 
 lanceolate. Receptacle flat, paleaceous. Pap- 
 pus 0. 11 Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. B. DELTOIDEA Nutt. Leaves with cor- 
 date base, entire to serrate. Niles. Spring. 
 
 2. B. Hookeri. Nutt. Leaves pinnately 
 or bipinnately parted. Hillsides near Lake 
 Chabot. Spring. 
 
 26. Wyethia Nutt. 
 
 Superflua. Head co-flowered ; ray-flowers 
 lanceolate. Scales of the involucre 2 3-seri- 
 ate: external foliaceous; internal paleaceous. 
 Receptacle flat, paleaceous. Pappus cup-shaped 
 *or aristate. If. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. W. HELENIOIDES Nutt. Involucre folia- 
 ceous, spreading; pappus chaffy, not aristate; 
 young plant tomentose; akenes pubescent 
 towards the apex. Dry hillsides. Mission 
 Dolores. Spring. 
 
 2. W. GLABRA Gray. Involucre foliaceous, 
 spreading; pappus chaffy, not aristate; plant 
 glabrous, glutinous; akenes glabrous. Tamal- 
 pais. Spring. 
 
(95) 
 
 3. W. ANGUSTIFOLIA Nutt. P?ippus aristate. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 27, Helianthella Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Frustranea. Head oo -flowered. Receptacle 
 flat; paleaceous. Akenes flattened; pappus 
 represented by 2, marginal, aristae, alternating 
 with 2, caducous paleae. 2. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. H. CALIFOBNICA Gray. Napa. Spring. 
 
 28. Helianthus L, SUNFLOWER. 
 
 Frustranea. Head co-flowered. Receptacle 
 flat, paleaceous. Akenes slightly compressed; 
 quadrangular. Pappus represented by 2, mar- 
 ginal caducous; palese with minute, intermedi- 
 ate ones. Ray-flowers yellow. 
 
 1. H. ANNUUS L. Receptacle flat; paleaa of 
 receptacle 3-cleft; disc brown; lower leaves 
 cordate, serrate. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. H. SCABERRIMUS Benth. Receptacle flat; 
 paleae of receptacle entire, aristate, the awn 
 as long as the disc-flowers; disc brown. 0. 
 San Rafael. Summer. 
 
 3. H. EXILIS Gray. Receptacle flat; palea3 
 of receptacle entire, aristate, the awn longer 
 than the disc-flowers; disc brown. 0. Lake 
 county. Summer. 
 
(96) 
 
 4. H. CALIFORNICUS DC. Receptacle 
 convex; paleae of receptacle blunt, not aris- 
 tate; disc-flowers yellow, only their anthers 
 brown. U- Berkeley hills. San Eafael. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 b. Palece deciduous. 
 
 29, PllgiopappUS Gray. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowered. Ray-flowers 
 broad, deeply crenate. Involucre 2-seriate. 
 Pappus of the disc 0; of the ray 2-aristate. 
 Flowers yellow. Leaves alternate. . 
 
 1. P. CALLIOPSIDEUS Gray. Alma. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 30. Leptosyne DC. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowered. Ray-flowers 
 broad, deeply crenate. Involucre 2-seriate, 
 Pappus 0. Flowers yellow. 0. 
 
 1. L. STILLMANI Gray. Alma. Summer. 
 
 31, Bidens L. BEGGAR-TICKS. 
 
 Frustranea. ^Equalis. Head oo-flowered. 
 Involucre 2-seriate. Pappus 2-4-aristate. 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES Michx. Flowers yel- 
 low. 0. Swamps near San Francisco (extinct) 
 Marin county. Summer. 
 
(97) 
 
 32, Madia Mol. TAB-WEED. 
 
 Superflua. Necessaria. Squalls. Ray- 
 flowers ligulate, 3-dentate, scarcely longer 
 "than the involucre. Involucre 1-seriate, her- 
 baceous; scales carinate, complicate, embrac- 
 ing the ray-akenes. Receptacle naked in the 
 center, with 1-2 rows of palese between the 
 disc and the ray. Akenes laterally compressed ; 
 pappus of the ray 0; of the disc usually 0. 
 Viscid, resinous herbs. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. M. NUTTALLII Gray. Ray-flowers ex- 
 serted and conspicuous; paleae of the pappus 
 fimbriate. 2. Redwoods, Marin county. 
 Spring, 
 
 2. M. RADIATA Kell. Ray-flowers ex- 
 serted and conspicuous, obtusely 3-dentate; 
 pappus 0. 0. Antioch. Spring. 
 
 3. M. ELEGANS Don. Ray-flowers exserted 
 and conspicuous, acutely 3-lobed; pappus 0. 
 . Common. Spring and summer. 
 
 4. M. SATIVA Mol. Ray-flowers short, 
 inconspicuous; pappus 0; akenes of the disc 4- 
 nerved,quadrangular. 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. M. DISSITIFLOKA Gray. Ray- flowers 
 short, inconspicuous; pappus 0; akenes of the 
 disc without the four nerves and angles. 0, 
 Marin county. Summer. 
 
 5 
 
(98) 
 
 6. M. FILIPES Gray. Bay-flowers short, in- 
 conspicuous; pappus 0; disc-flower solitary. 
 0. Antioch. Spring. 
 
 All the species covered by a resinous exu- 
 dation of strong, generally disagreeable odor. 
 Becom mended by the old settlers in affections 
 of the urinary organs. 
 
 33, Hemizonia DC. TAR-WEED. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Bay-flowers ligu- 
 late, dentate. Involucre 1-seriate, with con- 
 cave scales embracing the ray-akenes. Becep- 
 tacle flat, naked in the center, with a row of 
 paleae between disc and ray or sometimes 
 throughout. Akenes of the ray convex exter- 
 nally, flat internally; pappus of the ray 0; 
 pappus of the disc scaly, aristate, plumose or 
 0. 0. Viscid, resinous herbs; flowers yellow, 
 white. 
 
 1. H. LUZULjEFOLiA DC. Only the ray- 
 akenes developed, these obovate, triangular; 
 terminal area depressed; rays 3-lobed, fre- 
 quently white. 0. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. H. MACRADENIA DC. Bay-flowers numer- 
 ous with short liguliB. Bay-akenes turgid, 
 gibbose, the gibbosity pushing the terminal 
 area to the inner angle so that the area appears 
 lateral; receptacle conical; leaves not pungent; 
 flowers always yellow. 0. Tamalpais. Con- 
 tra Costa. Autumn. 
 
(99) 
 
 3. H. PARBYI Greene. Eay-flowers numer- 
 ous with short ligulae; ray-akenes turgid, very 
 gibbose, the gibbosity pushing the terminal 
 area to the inner angle so that the area appears 
 lateral, receptacle convex; bracts of involucre 
 pungent; palese of receptacle not pungent; 
 upper leaves short, acerose, lower pinnatifid; 
 flowers yellow. . St. Helena. Summer. 
 
 4. H. PUNGENS Torr. & Gray. Ray-flowers 
 numerous with short ligulse; ray-akenes turgid, 
 very gibbose, the gibbosity pushing the ter- 
 minal area to the inner angle so that the area 
 appears lateral; receptacle convex; upper 
 
 r leaves and bracts of the involucre pungent; 
 palese of the receptacle pungent also; lower 
 leaves frequently bipinnatifid; flowers yellow. 
 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. H. COEYMBOSA Torr. & Gray. Ray-flow- 
 ers cuneate, more than 10. Ray-akenes turgid, 
 very gibbose, the gibbosity pushing the termi- 
 nal area to the inner angle so that the area 
 appears lateral; akenes 4-5-nerved; receptacle 
 flat, naked on the disc, but the disc flowers 
 separated from the ray-flowers by a cup, formed 
 by connate paleae; ovary of the disc-flowers not 
 developed; flowers yellow. 0. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 6. H. ANGU ST I FOLIA DC. Ray-flowers 
 cuneate, more than 10; ray-akenes turgid, very 
 
(100) 
 
 gibbose, the gibbosity pushing the terminal 
 area to the inner angle so that the area appears 
 lateral; akenes 3-nerved, receptacle flat, naked 
 on the disc, but the disc-flowers separated 
 from the ray by palese, connate at their base. 
 Flowers yellow. 0. Berkeley. Tamalpais. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. H. TRUNCATA Gray. Bay-flowers few, 
 but with very large 3-lobed yellow ligula. 
 Plant glabrous. 0. Marin county. Summer. 
 
 8. H. MULTTGLANDULOSA Gray. Bay-flowers 
 few but with very large, 3-lobed ligula; plant 
 hispid-glandular. 0. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 Properties the same as Madia. 
 
 34. Holozonia Greene. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Disc flowers oo; 
 ray-flowers 5 to 8, cuneiform, 3-cleft. Scales 
 of the involucre corresponding in number to 
 the ray-flowers, and completely embracing 
 each akene. Bsceptacle flat, the paleae united 
 into a cup enclosing the disc-flowers. Pappus 
 of the disc generally 0; of the ray hyaline, 
 spreading 2 . Flowers white. 
 
 1. H. FILIPES Greene. 2. Sonoma. Au- 
 tumn. 
 
 35, Lagophylla Nutt. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Bay-flowers 5, cu- 
 neiform, 3-lobed. Involucre of 5 scales, acu- 
 
(101) 
 
 minate, with scarious margins, each completely 
 enclosing the corresponding ray-akene. Recep- 
 tacle flat, with 5 paleoe between the disc and 
 ray. Pappus 0. 0. Flowers yellow, whitish. 
 
 1. L. RAMOSISSIMA Nutt. Pubescent.- . 
 Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 2. L. CONGESTS Greene. Hispid. 0. Tam- 
 alpais. Summer. 
 
 36, Layia Hook. & Am. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowered; ray -flowers cune- 
 iform, 3-dentate. Involucre 1-seriate, herbace- 
 ous; scales acuminate, with scarious margins, 
 completely enclosing the ray-akenes. Receptacle 
 flat, with a row of paleae between disc and ray, 
 or paleaceous throughout. Ray-akenes linear, 
 attenuate at the base, and with a flat area at 
 the top; pappus of the disc various; of the 
 ray 0. 0. 
 
 1. L. CAENOSA Torr. & Gray. Pappus bris- 
 tles plumose; ray-flowers inconspicuous, small. 
 Sands of sea shore. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. L. HETEROTRICHA Hook. & Arn. Pappus- 
 bristles plumose, their hairs erect; ray-flowers 
 large, canspicuous, 3-lobed, white. Antioch. 
 Livermore. Mies. Spring. 
 
 3. L. ELEGANS Torr. & Gray. Pappus- 
 bristles plumose, their hairs woolly and inter- 
 laced; ray-flowers conspicuous, yellow. Marin 
 County. Spring. 
 
(102) 
 
 4. L. HIEEACIOIDES Hook. & Arn. Pappus 
 bristles plumose, their hairs straight and erect; 
 rays conspicuous, yellow, but little longer than 
 the disc-flowers. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 5. L. GAILLARDIOIDES Hook. & Arn. Pap- 
 pus-bristles plumose; their hairs straight and 
 erect; ray-flowers conspicuous, yellow; con- 
 siderably longer than the disc-flowers. Contra 
 Costa. Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 6. L. PLATYGLOSSA Gray. Pappus aris- 
 tate; awns equal; ray-flowers yellow, frequently 
 with white tips. Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 7. L. CA^LIGLOSSA Gray. Pappus aristate; 
 awns unequal; ray-flowers yellow with white 
 tips. Berkeley. Spring. 
 
 8. L. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES Gray. Pappus 0; 
 ray-flowers yellow with white tips. Alameda. 
 Milbrae. Spring. 
 
 37, Achyrachaena Schauer. 
 
 Superflua. Kay -flowers short and hidden. 
 Involucre 1-seriate; scales with scarious mar- 
 gins, embracing the ray-akenes. Keceptacle flat, 
 naked in the centre, paleaceous towards the 
 margin. Akenes clavate, those of the disc 
 truncate, those of the ray with an epigynous 
 disc; pappus of about 10 shining, silvery scales 
 in two series, the outer considerably shorter 
 than the alternate inner ones. 0. Flowers 
 yellow or pale. 
 
 1. A. MOLLIS Schauer. Common. Spring. 
 
(103) 
 
 Tribe V. HELENIE^:. 
 
 Keceptacle not paleaceous. Scales of the in- 
 volucre herbaceous; pappus not capillary. 
 
 38. Coinogyne Less. (Jaumea Pers.) 
 
 Superflua. Involucre 2-seriate, imbricate; 
 scales rounded. Receptacle conical, naked. 
 Pappus 0. It. Flowers yellow, leaves oppo- 
 site, fleshy. 
 
 1. C. CARNOSA Gray. Salt marshes around 
 San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 39. Burriellia DC. 
 
 Superflua. Bay-flowers few and short. 
 Scales of involucre 5, ovate. Receptacle subu- 
 late, naked. Pappus of the ray 2-aristate (some- 
 times 0), as long as the corolla; of the disc 
 4-aristate. 0. Flowers yellow. Leaves oppo- 
 site. 
 
 1. B. MICROGLOSSA DC. San Francisco, 
 Spring. 
 
 40. Baeria Fisch. & Mey. 
 
 Superflua. Ray-flowers ovate, exserted. 
 Scales of the involucre 10, ovate. Receptacle 
 conical, naked, rough. Akenes angled or 
 nerved; pappus paleaceous or aristate, some- 
 times 0. Flowers yellow. Leaves opposite. 0. 
 
 1. B. MACRANTHA Gray. Pappus aristate, 
 sometimes 0; akenes not quadrangular; recep- 
 
(104) 
 
 tacle muricate -roughened; leaves 3 -nerved, 
 ciliate. 0. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. B. CHEYSOSTOMA Fisch & Mey. Pappus 
 0; akenes not quadrangular; receptacle muri- 
 cate-roughened; leaves linear, not ciliate. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 3. B. GBACILIS Gray. Akenes quadrangu- 
 lar; pappus uniform, aristate; receptacle muri- 
 cate -roughened; plant hirsutely pubescent. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 4. B. CABNOSA Greene. Pappus uniform, 
 aristate; akenes quadrangular; receptacle mu- 
 ricate-roughened; plant glabrous. 0. Salt 
 marshes. Spring. 
 
 5. B. FBEMONTII Gray. Pappus 4 awns, 
 alternating with narrow, small palese ; recepta- 
 tacle muricate-roughened. Besides the entire 
 leaves, some palmate ones. . Contra Costa. 
 Spring. 
 
 6. B. ULIGINOSA Gray. Pappus 2-3 awns, 
 alternating with broad fimbriate palese (some- 
 times pappus altogether 0); receptacle muri- 
 cate-roughened. Besides the entire leaves, 
 some pinnately or bipinnately lobed ones. . 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 41. Eriophyllum Lag (Bahia DC.) 
 Superflua. Ray-flowers ovate, exserted. 
 Scales of the involucre lanceolate, united at 
 the base ; receptacle naked, alveolate. Pappus 
 
(105) 
 
 4, 8, or 12 mernbranaceous scales. Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 1. E. ST^CHADIFOLIUM Lag. Frutescent; 
 heads with short peduncles in loose cymes; re- 
 ceptacle alveolate. . San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. E. CONFEBTIFLOKUM Gray. Suffrutescent; 
 Head with very short peduncles in compact 
 cymes; receptacle not alveolate. 2. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 3. E. C^SPITOSUM Dougl. Herbaceous: 
 heads solitary, or few on large peduncles. 2. 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
 42, Monolopia DC. 
 
 Superflua. Scales of the involucre united 
 into a dentate cup. Rceptacle conical, naked, 
 papillate. Pappus 0. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. M. MAJOR DC. Ray-flowers with 3-4 
 lobed ligulae and an appendage on the oppo- 
 site side; bracts of the involucre united. . 
 Oakland. Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 2. GRACILENS Gray. Ray-flowers with 3- 
 4-lobed ligulse and an appendage on the oppo- 
 site side; bracts of the involucre distinct to 
 the base. . Santa. Cruz Mountains. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 43. Lasthenia Cass. 
 
 Superflua. Scales of the involucre united 
 into a dentate cup. Receptacle conical, naked, 
 
 5A 
 
(106) 
 
 papillose. Akenes linear compressed. Pappus 
 5 to 10 firm scales (sometimes 0). 0. Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 1. L. GLABERRIMA DC. Pappus palea- 
 ceous. Near salt marshes. Spring. 
 
 2. L. GLABRATA Lindl. Pappus 0. Per- 
 foliate. Common. Spring. 
 
 3. L. CALIF ORNICA Lindl. Pappus 0. 
 Leaves clasping, not perfoliate. Berkeley. 
 San Mateo. Spring. 
 
 44, Bigiopappus Gray. 
 
 Superflua. Scales of the involucre linear, 
 erect, rigid, half embracing the akene. Re- 
 ceptacle flat, naked. Pappus 3-5-aristate. 0. 
 Flowers pale, leaves alternate. 
 
 45, Chaenactis, DC. 
 
 .ZEqualis. Flowers of the ray tubular but 
 frequently enlarged. Involucre hemispheri- 
 cal; its scales narrow. Eeceptacle flat. Pap- 
 pus 4 to 12 obtuse, chaffy scales. 0. 
 
 1. C. LANOSA DC. Flowers yellow. Con- 
 tra Costa. Spring. 
 
 46, Blennosperma Less. 
 
 Necessaria. Ray flowers ovate, ligulate, 
 without tube. Scales of the involucre 1-seri- 
 ate, membranaceous. Receptacle flat, naked. 
 
(107) 
 
 Akenes pyriform, papillate, gelatinous when 
 wetted; pappus 0. 0. Flowers pale yellow. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. B. CALIFORNICUM Torr. & Gray. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 47, Helenium L- SNEEZK-WEKD. 
 
 Superflua. Flowers of the ray palmate. 
 Involucre 2-seriate; external scales GO, narrow, 
 foliaceous, spreading, at length reflexed; inter- 
 nal scales few, paleaceous. Receptacle globu- 
 lar, naked. Pappus 5 to 12, meinbranaceous 
 palete. Flowers of the ray yellow; disc pur- 
 ple; leaves alternate. 
 
 1. H. PUBEKULUM DC. 0. Moist places. 
 Summer. 
 
 Tribe VI. ANTHEMIDE^E. 
 
 Receptacle rarely paleaceous. Scales of the 
 involucre scarious. Pappus not capillary. 
 
 48, Anthemis L. MAY-WEED. 
 
 Superflua. Eay flowers ligulate. Scales of 
 the involucre imbricate. Receptacle convex or 
 conical, paleaceous. Akenes ribbed. Pappus 
 0. Ray-flowers white. Disc yellow. 
 
 I. A. COTULA L. 0. Common on waste 
 grounds, although not indigenous. Native of 
 Europe. 
 
(108) 
 
 49. Achillea L. YARROW. 
 
 Superflua. Head oo-flowerad; ray-flowers 6 
 to 6, ligulate, ovate. Involucre ovate; scales 
 imbricate, those of the receptacle hyaline. 
 Akenes marginate ; pappus 0. 11 . 
 
 1. A. MTLLEFOLIUM L. Eay-flowers and disc 
 pale. Common. Summer. 
 
 50, Matricaria L- CHAMOMILE. 
 
 Superflua. JEqualis. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre imbricate. Keceptacle conical, naked. 
 Akenes angulate. Pappus coroniform or 0. 
 Disc yellow; flowers of the ray white. 
 
 1. M. DISCOIDEA DC. Pappus 0; areola of 
 akene merely surrounded by a rim ; ray-flowers 
 white, depauperate. Summer. Common. 
 
 2. M. OCCIDENTALIS Greene. Pappus coro- 
 niform, unequal, the side toward the ray con- 
 siderably developed, the inner side reduced to 
 a rim. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 51, Chrysanthemum L. 
 
 Superflua. Involucre hemispherical, spread- 
 ing. Scales co-seriate, imbricate, appressed. 
 Receptacle not conical, naked. Akenes short, 
 somewhat terete, costate, truncate at the apex; 
 pappus 0. 
 
 1. C. REGETUM L. Eay-flowers yellow. 0. 
 Has been found near Oakland. Summer. 
 
(109) 
 
 52. Soliva Ruiz & Pavon. 
 
 Necessaria. Superflua. Ray-flowers GO, with- 
 out corolla. Style scarcely bifid, persistent. 
 Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes obcompressed, 
 winged, crowned by the style, sessile, pappus 
 0. 0. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. S. SESSILIS Ruiz & Pavon. Moist grounds 
 near the coast. All the year round. 
 
 53. Cotula L. BRASS-BUTTONS. 
 
 Superflua. Corolla of ray-flowers wanting. 
 Receptacle flat, naked, papillose. Akenes com- 
 pressed, winged, those of the ray stipitate; 
 pappus 0. 0. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. C. CORONOPIFOLIA L. Leaves pinnatifid. 
 Aquatic. All the year round. 
 
 2. C. AUSTBALIS Hook. Leaves bipinnatifid; 
 lobes linear. Waste places. All the year 
 round. 
 
 54. Tanacetum L. TANSY. 
 
 ^Equalis. Superflua. Ray-flowers not ligu- 
 late. Receptacle convex, naked. Akenes an- 
 gulate, with large epigynous disc. Pappus 
 coroniform, or 0. 2. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. T. CAMPHORATUM Less. Suffrutescent. 
 Sand dunes near San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 55. Artemisia L- WORMWOOD. SAGE-BRUSH. 
 ^Equalis. Superflua. Necessaria. Ray 
 flowers tubular. Scales of involucre dry, with 
 
(110) 
 
 scarious margins. Receptacle naked orvillous. 
 Akenes obovate,with small epigynous disc; pap- 
 pus 0. Heads small; flowers yellowish. 
 
 1. A. PYCNOCEPHALA DC. Superflua: flowers 
 of the disc , but sterile; their style not bifid ; 
 plant silky-villous ; leaves pinnately parted. 2 . 
 Seashore. Summer. 
 
 2. A. DBACUNCULOIDES Pursh. Superflua. 
 Flowers of the disc , but sterile; their style 
 not bifid; plant glabrous; leaves linear. 1. 
 Lake Chabot. Summer. 
 
 3. A. CALIFORNIA Less. Superflua. Flow- 
 ers of the disc , and fertile; their style bifid; 
 frutescent, paniculately branched, canescent; 
 leaves pinnately parted; lobes filiform. *? . 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 Branches and leaves insecticide of con- 
 siderable power. 
 
 4. A. LUDOVICIANA Nutt. Style of the flow- 
 ers of the disc bifid; involucre tomentose; 
 leaves lanceolate; the lower frequently parted 
 into 3-5 lobes. 1. Common. Summer. 
 
 Tribe VII. SENECIONID^}. 
 Receptacle naked. Pappus capillary. 
 
 56. NardoSHlia Cass. (Petasites, Tourn.) 
 
 Monoecia, Necessaria. Heads dimorphous, 
 3 or g contains $ flowers oc, ? flowers few. $ or 
 $ head contains Q or 6 flowers few, ? flowers oo. 
 
(Ill) 
 
 Involucre 1 -seriate, bracteolate. Receptacle 
 naked. Akenes glabrous, ribbed; pappus of 
 copious capillary bristles 2 . Flowers pale, 
 appearing before the leaves. 
 
 1. N. PALMATA Gray. Taylorville. Santa 
 Cruz Mountains. Spring. 
 
 57, Arnica L- 
 
 Superflua. Ray flowers elongate, with dis- 
 tinct, but sterile anthers. Involucre 2-seri- 
 ate. Pappus capillary. 2. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. A. DISCOIDEA Benth. Santa Cruz Mount- 
 ains. Summer. 
 
 58, Senecio L- GROUNDSEL. 
 Superilua. yE'jualis. Involucre 1-seriate, 
 bracteolate. Pappus capillary. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. S. HYDBOPHILUS Nutt. Glabrous; heads 
 erect; rays few, sometimes 0; leaves almost 
 entire; the radical, large, with long petioles; 
 upper cauline leaves sessile, clasping. It 
 Berkeley. Summer. 
 
 2. S. ABONICOIDES DC. Heads erect; ray- 
 flowers few, frequently 0; leaves repand-den- 
 ticulate; cauline variable, uppermost reduced 
 to bracts. It- Presidio. Spring. 
 
 3. S. EURYCEPHALUS Torr. & Gray. Rays 
 elongated; leaves pinnately parted; lobes cu- 
 neate and acutely incised. 1C. San Mateo. 
 Summer. 
 
(112) 
 
 4. S DOUGLASII DC. Ray-flowers elon- 
 gated; leaves linear or pinnately parted into 
 linear segments. 2. Contra Costa hills. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. S. VULGARIS L. Rays 0. 0. Waste 
 grounds. All the year round. Weed intro- 
 duced from Europe. 
 
 Tribe VIII. EUPATORIACE^;. 
 Style branches club-shaped. ^Equalis. 
 
 59. Blllbostylis DC. (Brickellia Ell.) 
 
 Scales of involucre imbricate, 2-3-seriate. 
 Receptacle flat, naked. Margin of the tubular 
 corolla minutely 5-dentate. Style bulbous at 
 base. Akenes 10-striate; pappus oo-seriate, 
 bristly, scabrous. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. B. CALIFORNIA Gray. Suffrutescent; 
 flowers pale. 2. Niles Station. Summer. 
 
 Tribe IX. CYNAROIDE,E. 
 Style branches concreted. Corolla deeply 
 5-cleft. Receptacle bristly. 
 
 60. Cnicus L- THISTLK. 
 
 .ZEqualis. Scales of the involucre co-seriate, 
 imbricate, ending in a spine. Pappus decidu- 
 ous, co-seriate; bristles plumose, connected at 
 their base into a ring. Filaments syngenetic. 
 00. 
 
(113) 
 
 1. C. AMEBICANUS Gray. Involucre ovoid; 
 bracts appressed, imbricate, with loose, sca- 
 rious tips; flowers ochroleucous. 00. Ma- 
 rin County. Summer. 
 
 2. C. EDULIS Gray. Bracts of the involucre 
 not appressed, not rigid, but loose, tapering 
 from a narrow base gradually into a short flac- 
 cid spine; corolla lobes filiform, with a thick- 
 ened tip; flowers purple or whitish. 00. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 3. C. HALLII Gray. Bracts of the involucre 
 not appressed, not rigid, but loose, tapering 
 from a narrow base gradually into a flaccid, 
 short spine; corolla lobes linear, flat; flowers 
 rose-color or whitish. 00. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. C. OCCIDENTALIS Gray. Bracts of the in- 
 volucre with short coriaceous base and squar- 
 rose, subulate tips; heads solitary, terminal, 
 very large; flowers crimson. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 5. C. FONTINALIS Greene. Bracts of the in- 
 volucre herbaceous, broad, reflexed, with a 
 short spinose tip; heads nodding; flowers 
 whitish. Crystal Springs; very local. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 6. C. QUERCETOBUM Gray. Bracts of the in- 
 volucre appressed, coriaceous, only the outer 
 mucronate, the inner unarmed; all plane without 
 
(114) 
 
 glandular viscid spot on the dorsal side; flow- 
 ers rose, purple or whitish. Presidio. Oak- 
 land. Summer. 
 
 7. C. BBEWEKI Gray. Bracts of the involu- 
 cre bearing on their dorsal side, near the tip, 
 an oval, viscid, glandular spot; bracts much 
 appressed, coriaceous, outer bracts tipped with 
 a squarrose, slender prickle; flowers pale, pur- 
 ple or whitish. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 61, Silybum Vaill. SPOTTED THISTLE. 
 
 ^Equalis. Pappus ao-seriate. Bristles rigid. 
 Filaments monadelphous. 0. Flowers pur- 
 ple. 
 
 1. S. MARIANUM Gaertn. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region. Seeds 
 of the plant used as an antispasmodic. 
 
 62, Centaurea L STAR- THISTLE. 
 
 Frustranea. ^Equalis. Involucre imbricate. 
 Ray-flowers funnel-shaped. Pappus of oo, sca- 
 brous, filiform bristles. 
 
 1. C. BENDICTA L. Akenes terete; flowers 
 yellow. 0. 
 
 Ballast-weed. Introduced from the Mediter- 
 ranean region. Summer. 
 
 2. C. MELITENSIS L. Akenes costate. Flow- 
 ers yellow. 0. 
 
(115) 
 
 Ballast-weed. Introduced from the Mediter- 
 ranean region. Summer. 
 
 Sub-Family 2. Liguliflorce. 
 
 All flowers of the head ligulate. 
 
 Tribe I. CICHORIACEJS. 
 63. Stephanomeria Nutt. 
 
 Head few-flowered. Involucre 1-seriate, 
 caljculate. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes 
 5-costate, with a callosity at their place of in- 
 sertion. Pappus 1-seriate, bristly, plumose, 
 white, coalescent. 0. 
 
 1. S. VIRGATA Benth. Flowers matutinal. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 64. Rafinesquia Nutt. 
 
 Head co-flowered. Involucre 1-seriate, 
 calyculate. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes 
 rostrate, with a callosity at their place of in- 
 sertion; pappus white, plumose, capillary, 
 coalescent. 0. Flowers pale. 
 
 1. E. UALIFORNICA Nutt. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 The smell of the plant resembles that of opium. 
 
 65. Hypochaeris L. 
 
 Involucre imbricate. Receptacle paleaceous. 
 Palese deciduous. Akenes rostrate; pappus 
 plumose. Flowers yellow. 
 
(116) 
 
 1. GLABBA L. 0. Ballast weed, introduced 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 66, (Microseris) Scorzonella Nutt. 
 
 Involucre campanulate, imbricate in several 
 ranks. Receptacle flat, naked, foveolate. 
 Akenes more than 5-costate; pappus palea- 
 ceous; paleae entire, lanceolate, tipped with a 
 barbellate awn. Heads nodding when in bud. 
 Plant caulescent. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. S. PKOCERA Gray. Head more than 100- 
 flowered; awns simply barbellate, 3 times longer 
 than the palese. 1. Sonoma. Summer. 
 
 2. S. PALUDOSA Greene. Head less than 
 75 flowered; awns simply barbellate, twice as 
 long as the palese. It. Marshy grounds. 
 Marin County near Corte Madera. Summer. 
 
 3. S. SYLVATICA Gray. Awns nearly plum- 
 ose, shorter than the paleae. 2. Contra 
 Costa. Summer. 
 
 67, ( Microseris} Calais DC. 
 
 Involucre conical, imbricate. Receptacle 
 flat, alveolate. Akenes more than 5-costate; 
 palete of the pappus 5, flat, bifid, with short 
 awns. Head always erect on hollow, scape- 
 like peduncles, that swell toward the head. 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
(117) 
 
 1. C. KELLOGGII Greene. Awn of the pap- 
 pus longer than the palea; palea emarginate 
 (not deeply cleft) . . San Bruno Mountains ; 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. C. LINDLEYI DC. Awn of the pappus 
 somewhat shorter than the palea; palea brown- 
 ish, persistent. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 3. C. LINEARIFOLIA DC. Awn of the pap- 
 pus not longer than the palea; palea white, 
 persistent. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 68, (Microseris) Microseris Don. 
 
 Involucral bracts imbricate, the outer rank 
 very short, calyculate. Receptacle flat, slight- 
 ly alveolate. Palese of the pappus entire, 
 tapering into a scabrous awn. Capitula nod- 
 ding on slender scapes, which are not thickened 
 towards the head. Flowers yellow. 0. 
 
 1. M. DOUGLASSII Gray. Pappus paleaceous; 
 paleae 5, boat-shaped, tapering abruptly into 
 an awn of the length of the akene. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. M. ATTENUATA Greene. Pappus palea- 
 ceous; palere 5, boat-shaped, tipped with an 
 awn shorter than the akene. Contra Costa. 
 Spring. 
 
 3. M. ACUMINATA Greene. Pappus palea- 
 ceous; paleiB 5, flat and straight, gradually ta- 
 pering into an awn, shorter than the palea. 
 Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
(118) 
 
 4. M. BIGELOVII Gray. Pappus paleaceous; 
 palese 5, flat and straight, passing into an awn 
 more than twice the length of the palea. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 5. M. ELEGANS Greene. Pappus paleaceous; 
 palese deltoid, very short, with a slender awn 
 twice their length. Mies. Spring. 
 
 6. M. APHANTOCARPHA Gray. Pappus palea- 
 ceous; paleaceous part nearly obsolete, aristate 
 part long but setaceous, slender, and very 
 fragile. San Francisco. Spring. 
 
 69, Malacothrix DC. 
 
 Beceptacle, flat, naked. Akenes truncate; 
 pappus 1-seriate, bristles scabrous, silvery, 
 deciduous in a ring. . 
 
 1. M. CALIFOENICA DC. Scapose; involucral 
 bracts in more than 2 ranks; flowers yellow. 
 Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 2. M. CLEVELANDI Gray. Branching; invo- 
 lucral bracts in 2 ranks of equal length; be- 
 sides the regular caducous pappus an external 
 accessory pappus of 1 persistent bristle and a 
 dentate crown; flowers yellow. Contra Costa. 
 Spring. 
 
 3. M. OBTUSA Benth. Branching; involucral 
 bracts in two ranks of unequal length; persis- 
 tent bristles 0; flowers white. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
(119) 
 
 70, Hieracium ourn. HAWKWEED. 
 
 Involucre co-seriate, imbricate. Akenes 
 terete, with a thin, crenulated ring on the 
 apex, pappus 1-seriate, capillary. 1C. 
 
 1. H. ALBIFLORUM Hook. Involucre co- 
 flowered; akenes linear; pappus sordid; flowers 
 white. Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 71, Troximon Nutt. 
 
 Involucre imbricate. Akenes linear. Apex 
 contracted. Pappus oo-seriate. Bristles silky, 
 not deciduous in a ring. 
 
 1. T. APARGIOIDES Less. Beak of the akene 
 about the length of body; flowers yellow. 2. 
 San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. T. HUMILE Gray. Beak of the akene sev- 
 eral times the length of body; pappus as long 
 as the beak; flowers yellow. It- Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. T. LACINIATUM Gray. Beak of the akene 
 several times the length of the body; pappus 
 much shorter than the beak; leaves laciniate 
 when more deeply parted and pimiatifid, the 
 lobes linear; flowers yellow. 1C. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 4. T. GRANDIFLORUM Gray. Beak of the 
 akene several times the length of body; pappus 
 much shorter than the beak; leaves runcinate 
 
(120) 
 
 when more deeply parted and pinnatifid, the 
 lobes not linear; flowers yellow. 1. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 5. T. HETEROPHYLLUM Greene. Beak of the 
 akene but little longer than body; flowers yel- 
 low. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 72, Taraxacum Haller. DANDELION. 
 
 Involucre imbricate. Akenes contracted 
 into a long beak; pappus oo-seriate; bristles 
 white, capillary nearly persistent. 2. Flow- 
 ers yellow. 
 
 1. T. OFFICINALE Weber. Ballast weed in- 
 troduced from Europe; rare. Summer. Offici- 
 nal under the old Linnean name. Leontodon 
 Taraxacum. 
 
 73, Sonchus L. SOW-THISTLE. 
 
 Involucre oo-seriate, imbricate. Akenes 
 compressed, truncate. Pappus oo-seriate, ca- 
 pillary. Hairs in fascicles, soft. Flowers yel- 
 low. 
 
 1. S. OLEEACEUS L. Auricles of the cau- 
 line leaves acute. 0. Common. All the 
 year round. Ballast weed from Europe. 
 
 2. S. ASPER Till. Auricles of the clasping 
 cauline leaves rounded. 0. Ballast weed 
 from Europe. 
 
(121) 
 
 Family 2. CAMPANULACEJE. 
 
 Calyx superior, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, alter- 
 nating with the divisions of the gamapetalous 
 corolla, and inserted between the corolla and 
 the ovary. Anthers introrse, filaments flattened. 
 Ovary 2-5 celled; cells oo-ovulate. Placentae 
 central. Style 1. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit capsular. 
 Leaves alternate. Lactescent herbs. 
 
 1, Githopsis Nutt. 
 
 Calyx tube clavate, 10-costate; with 
 5 narrow, persistent lobes. Corolla com- 
 panulate, 5-lobed. Filaments 5, membran- 
 aceous. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Cap- 
 sule clavate, 10-costate, enclosed by the calyx, 
 opening by a round hole at the apex. Seeds 
 oo. . Dwarfish. 
 
 1. G. SPECULARIOIDES Nntt. Flowers blue. 
 Marin County. Contra Costa. San Francisco. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. Specular ia Heister. VENUS 's LOOKING-GLASS. 
 
 Calyx-tube elongated. Lobes narrow. Co- 
 rolla rotate, 5-lobed. Filaments membrana- 
 ceous. Capsule elongated, opening by parie- 
 tal valves near the apex. Seeds GO. 0. Flow- 
 ers blue. 
 
 1. S. BIFLOBA Gray. Marin County. Contra 
 Costa. Spring, 
 
(122) 
 
 3, Campanula Tourn. BELL-FLOWER. 
 
 Calyx tube turbinate. Corolla campanu- 
 late. Filaments membranaceous at their 
 base. Capsule turbinate, opening by parietal 
 valves. Flowers blue. 
 
 1. C. EXIGUA Eattan. Stem-leaves lin- 
 ear. 0. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 2. C. PRENANTHOIDES Durand. Stem-leaves 
 ovate, serrate. 2. Marin County redwoods. 
 Spring. 
 
 4, Heterocodon Nutt. 
 
 Early flowers cleistogamic ; later ones ex- 
 panding. Calyx turbinate. Corolla campanu- 
 late. Capsule membranaceous, turbinate, open- 
 ing irregularly. 0. Flowers blue. 
 
 1. H. RARIFLORUS Nutt. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 Family 3. CUCURBITACE^, 
 
 Monoecious or dioecious. & : Stamens 5, 3- 
 adelphous. Cells of anthers contorted, flexuous. 
 9 : ovary 2-5-celled. Placentae parietal. Style 
 1. Stigmas 3. 
 
 1, Megarrhiza Torr. (Echinocyslis. Torr. & Gray.) 
 BIG-ROOT. 
 
 Monoecious. $ flowers racemose. ? flowers 
 single from the axil of the 6 raceme. Limb 
 of calyx minutely ^dentate. Cqrolla rotate, 
 
 . VS * w * ^ j. v* t -, . ' 
 
(123) 
 
 deeply 5-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds large, 
 globose. K- Boot large; stem climbing by 
 tendrils. Flowers greenish white. 
 
 1. M. FABACEA Naud. (Calif ornica Torr.) 
 Ovary globose, densely echinate; fruit globose, 
 covered with pungent spines; seeds globose. 
 San Francisco. Spring. 
 
 2. M. MARAH Kellogg. Ovary ovate, cov- 
 ered with soft spines; fruit ovate, muricate; 
 seeds lenticular. San Francisco. Spring. 
 
 The enormous rhizomes of both species 
 abound in an acrid, drastic juice, which renders 
 the fecula, contained in a fair proportion, poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 Order 2. BUBIALES. Filaments terete. 
 
 Family 1, DIPSACEJE. 
 
 Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. Flowers in 
 involucrate heads; single flowers protected by 
 a double (involucellate) calyx, tetrandrous. 
 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate. Fruit utricular. 
 
 1. Dipsacus Tourn. TEASEL. 
 
 Head oblong. Leaflets of the involucre radi- 
 ate. External calyx (involucellum) quadran- 
 gular; internal cyathif or m. 00. Spring. 
 
 1. D. FULLONUM L. Flowers pale. Culti- 
 vated grounds. Summer. Escaped from cuk 
 |iiyation ! Originally Mediterranean, 
 
(124) 
 
 Family 2, VALEBJANACEJE, 
 
 Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. Inflorescence 
 cymose. Calyx pappus-like. Ovary 3-celled; 
 2 cells sterile, and the fertile one 1-ovulate. 
 Fruit an akene. 
 
 1, Plectritis, DC. 
 
 Limb of calyx straight, entire, obsolete. 
 Tube of the corolla gibbous; limb 5-cleft, 2-la- 
 biate; triandrous. Akene winged by the per- 
 sistent, sterile cell. . 
 
 1. P. MACROCERA Gray. Corolla almost 
 regular; akene semilunar; dorsal angle of 
 akene obsolete; flowers white or rose-color. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 2. P. CONGESTA Lindl. Corolla distinctly 
 2-labiate; dorsal angle of akene distinctly ca- 
 rinate; fl o w e r s rose-color. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 Family 3, CAPRIFOLIACE^:, 
 Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. Fruit baccate. 
 
 1. SambllCUS Tourn, ELDER. 
 
 Limb of Calyx 5-dentate. Corolla rotate, 
 regular. Ovary 3-5-celled; cells 1-ovulate: 
 styles 9; stigmas 3-5. Fruit a 3-5-seeded 
 berry. 
 
 1. S. GLAUCA Nutt. Flowers cream-colored; 
 berries blue, pruinose. *?. Berries eatable; 
 root a powerful sudorific. 
 
(125) 
 
 2. Symphoricarpus Cass. SNOWBERRY. 
 
 Calyx-limb 5-4-dentate, persistent. Co- 
 rolla funnel-shaped, 5-4-lobed. Ovary 4- 
 celled; 2 cells oo-ovulate but abortive, alterna- 
 ting with 1-ovulate and fertile. Style filiform. 
 Berry 4- celled, 2-seeded. ^ . 
 
 1. S. RACEMOSUS Michx. Glabrous; 
 leaves oval; corolla narrowed at base; flowers 
 pinkish; berries white. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. S. MOLLIS Nutt. Pubescent; leaves or- 
 bicular; corolla with broad base; flowers pink- 
 ish; berries white. Common. Summer. 
 
 3, Lonicera ^- HONEYSUCKLE. TWIN-BERRY. 
 
 Calyx-limb small, 4-dentate. Corolla tubular 
 or campanulate. Limb irregular 5-cleft. Style 
 filiform. Berry 3-celled; cells few-seeded. 
 
 1. L. INVOLUCRATA Banks. Flowers in 
 pairs; bracts foliaceous, bractlets conspicuous 
 and accrescent in fruit; flowers orange-colored; 
 berries shining black, enveloped in dark red, 
 involucrate bracts. Stem erect. ^. Com- 
 mon. Summer. ' ' Twin-berry" 
 
 2. L. HISPIDULA Dougl. Flowers in whorls 
 round an axis, forming a loose spike; upper- 
 most leaves connate; flowers in different shades 
 of red and yellow; berries orange-red. Stem 
 not erect. . Common. Summer. 
 
(126) 
 
 Family 4, RUBIACEJE, 
 
 Leaves opposite or verticillate. If opposite, 
 stipulate. 
 
 1, Cephalanthus L- BUTTON-BUSH. 
 
 Flowers capitate. Limb of the calyx 4-den- 
 tate. Corolla tubular, slender, with 4-cleft 
 limb. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the 
 corolla. Style 1, exserted. Stigma capitate. 
 Ovary 2-4 celled. Cells 1-ovulate. ^ . 
 
 1. C. OCCIDENT ALIS L. Flowers white; rare. 
 Niles Station. Summer. 
 
 2, Galium L. BED-STRAW. CLEAVERS. 
 
 Limb of the calyx entire, obsolete. Corolla 
 4-3 cleft, rotate. Ovary 2-celled. Cells 1- 
 ovulate. Styles 2, connate at base, capitate at 
 apex. Fruit sometimes fleshy. Stems quad- 
 rangular. Leaves verticillate. 
 
 1. G. APARINE L. $ Fruit a dicoccous 
 schizocarp, granulate and setaceous; leaves 6-8 
 in a whorl; stem retrorsely bristly; flowers 
 white. . Common. Summer. 
 
 2. G. BOREALE L. . Fruit a dicoccous 
 schizocarp; leaves 4 in a whorl, 3-nerved, not 
 cuspidate; flowers white. It- Tamalpais. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. G. TRIFIDUM L. . Fruit a dicoccous 
 schizocarp; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, 1-nerved, not 
 cuspidate; flowers small, white. 2. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
(127) 
 
 4. G. ASPERRIMUM Gray. $ Fruit dicoc- 
 cous, a scabrous schizocarp; leaves 4-6 in a 
 whorl, cuspidate; cymes dichotomous; flowers 
 white. 2. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. G. TRIFLORUM Michx. Fruit dicoc- 
 cous, an uncinate hispid schizocarp; leaves 4- 
 6 in a whorl, cuspidate; flowers in 3-florous or 
 biternate cymes, whitish. 11. 
 
 In shady, moist places; Marin County. San 
 Mateo. Summer. This plant developes, in 
 withering, the fragrance peculiar to the Euro- 
 pean Asperula odorata, the Waldmeister of the 
 Germans. It is used frequently for the so- 
 called " May-drink." 
 
 6. G. CALIFORNICUM Hook & Arn. Dioecious. 
 Fruit baccate; leaves thinnish, ovate, acumi- 
 nate, 4 in a whorl; flowers yellowish. It- 
 San Francisco. San Mateo. Contra Costa. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. G. NUTTALLII Gray. Dioecious. Fruit 
 baccate; leaves coriaceous, small, oval, obtuse,- 
 mucronulate, 4 in a whorl; flowers yellowish; 
 
 ^ . Common. Summer. 
 
 8. G. ANDREWSII Gray. Dioecious. $ flow- 
 ers in a few flowered cyme; 9 flowers solitary; 
 fruit baccate ; leaves crowded, acerose subulate ; 
 4 in a whorl. 1 . Common. Summer. 
 
(128) 
 
 Sub-Section 2. HYPOGYN^:. 
 
 ORDER 1. GENTIANALES. Tendency to 
 develop an apocarpus ovary either by separat- 
 ing the two cells entirely or by making the 
 capsule septicidous. 
 
 Family 1, ASCLEPI ADAGES. 
 
 Monadelphous. Gynandrous. Anthers ex- 
 trose; their pollen changed into pollinaria. 
 Ovaries 2. Styles 2, united into a pentagonal 
 stigma. Fruit a pair of follicles, or by abor- 
 tion a single one. Lactescent plants. 
 
 1, Asclepias L. MILK- WEED. 
 
 Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal tube 
 short, expanding into a corona of 5 cucullate 
 processes, from the cavity of each of which 
 rises a corniform process. Cells of anthers 
 separated, each connected to the cell of the 
 neighboring one by an apical appendage, the 
 pollinia becoming suspended over a gland, 
 five of which protrude from the margin of the 
 stigma. Seeds oo, with a silky arillus. 2 . 
 
 1. A. SPECIOSA Torr. Follicles echinate; 
 flowers purplish. Marin County. Contra 
 Costa. Laundry Farm. Summer. 
 
 2. A. VESTITA Hook. & Arn. Follicles glab- 
 rous; erect on a deflexed pedicel; umbels oo- 
 flowered, terminal umbel pedunculate; lateral 
 
(129) 
 
 ones sessile; flowers whitish or purplish. Niles 
 Station. Summer. 
 
 3. A. MEXICANA Cav. Follicles glabrous; 
 erect on erect pedicels; umbels oo-flowered; 
 peduncles longer than the pedicels; flowers 
 whitish. Alameda on marshy places. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 2, APOCYNACEJE, 
 
 Stamens not monadelphous. Anthers in- 
 trose. Corolla contorted in aestivation and its 
 lobes oblique. Lactescent. 
 
 1. Apocynum Tourn. DOG-BANE. INDIAN HEMP. 
 
 Corolla companulate, 5-cleft, with 5 scales 
 opposite the lobes and near their base. Sta- 
 mens inserted on the base of the corolla. Fil- 
 aments very short. Anthers sagitate, conniving 
 into a ring. Ovaries 2, with 5, hypogynous 
 scales. Fruit 2-follicular. Seeds with a hairy 
 arillus. U- 
 
 1. A. ANDROSTEMIFOLIUM L. Cymes loose; 
 corolla campanulate; tube longer than the 
 calyx-lobes; corolla lobes revolute; flowers 
 flesh-color. Livermore. Summer. Bare. (Dog- 
 bane.) 
 
 2. A. CANNABINUM L. Cymes dense, com- 
 pact; corolla tube not longer than the calyx- 
 lobes; corolla lobes almost erect; flowers pale. 
 Alvarado, on marshy places; very local. Sum- 
 
 GA 
 
(130) 
 
 mer. (Indian hemp.) The strong, silky fiber 
 of the stem has been recommended as a textile 
 substance, comparable to hemp. 
 
 Family 3, GENTIANACEJE, 
 Anthers introrse. Lobes of the corolla not 
 oblique. Ovary oo-ovulate, septicidal. Not 
 lactescent. 
 
 1. Microcala Link. (Cicendia Adans.) 
 
 Calyx costate, 4-dentate. Corolla salver- 
 shaped. Withering anthers not spirally 
 contorted. Style filiform. Stigma peltate or 
 2-lobed. 0. Dwarfish herbs. Flowers yel- 
 low. 
 
 1. M. QUADRANGULARIS Gries. Saucelito. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. Erythraea Pers. CANCHALAGUA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, angular, 5-cleft. Corolla 
 funnel-shaped, withering, but not deciduous. 
 Withering anthers spirally contorted. Style 
 filiform, deciduous. Capsule 1-celled, half 
 divided by the prominent parietal placenta. 
 . Flowers pink. 
 
 1. E. FLORIBUNDA Benth. Anthers oblong; 
 lobes of corolla lanceolate; seeds globular. 
 San Bruno range. Spring. 
 
 2. E. MUHLENBERGII Gries. Anthers oblong; 
 lobes of corolla very obtuse; seeds oval. 
 San Miguel. Spring. 
 
(131) 
 
 3. E. DOUGLASII Gray. Anthers oblong; 
 lobes of corolla obtuse; seeds globular. San 
 Francisco. Spring. 
 
 4. E. TRICHANTHA Gries. Anthers linear; 
 lobes of corolla narrow, lanceolate. Marin 
 County. Spring. 
 
 5. E. VENUSTA Gray. Anthers linear; lobes 
 of corolla oval. San Leandro. Spring. 
 
 3, Gentiana k. GENTIAN. 
 
 Corolla campanulate 4-5 lobed, withering 
 but not deciduous. Style short or 0. Stigma 
 2-parted, persistent. Capsule septicidal. 2. 
 
 1. G. OREGANA Engelm. Flowers blue. Ta- 
 malpais. Very local. Autumn. 
 
 4, Menyanthes Toum. BUCK BEAN. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, induplicate in nesti- 
 vation, deciduous. Limb 5-lobed, bearded on 
 the upper surface. It- Aquatic. Flowers 
 white. 
 
 1. M. TRIFOLIATA L. San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. (Extinct since 1859.) 
 
 ORDER 2 DIANDK^E. Corolla regular. 
 Gamopetalous, 4-5 cleft or 0. Stamens 2. 
 Ovary 2-celled; ovules in each cell 1-3. Leaves 
 opposite. 
 
 Family 1. OLEACE^l, 
 
 ./Estivation valvate. 
 
(132) 
 
 1, Fraxinus Tourn. ASH. 
 
 Flowers diclinous. Calyx 2-4 parted or 0. 
 Corolla 2-4 parted; divisions 2-4 or 0. Ovary 
 2-celled; cells 2-ovulate. Stigma sessile, 
 2-cleft. Fruit a samara. ^ . 
 
 1. F. DIPETALA Hook. & Arn. Petals 2. 
 b . Livermore. Niles. Spring, 
 
 2. F. OKEGANA Nutt. Dioecious, apetalous. 
 "b . Near creeks. Mar in County. Menlo 
 Park. San Mateo. Niles. Spring. 
 
 Infusion of leaves has- formerly been used 
 at the Russian settlements against rheumatism. 
 
 ORDER 3 LAMIALES. Corolla 2-labiate. 
 Number of stamens less than lobes of the co- 
 rolla. Ovaries 2-4 or ovary 2-4 celled. 
 Cells 1-2 or 4-ovulate. Fruit; an akene, drupe 
 or capsule. Leaves opposite, Stipules 0. 
 
 Family 1, LABIATJE, 
 
 Ovary 4-cleft, 4-ovulate, inserted on a 
 hypogynous disc. Style 1. Fruit 4 akenes, 
 
 1, Trichostema Gronov. BLUE CUELS. 
 
 Tube of the corolla slender, limb 5-cleft. 
 Lobes oblong, declined. Stamens didyna- 
 mous, long-exserted. Filaments spiral in the 
 bud. 
 
 1. T. LANCEOLATUM Benth. Flowers blue. 
 0. Niles Station. Livermore. Dry river 
 beds. Summer. 
 
(133) 
 
 2, Mentha L. MINT. 
 
 Calyx 5-dentate. Tube of corolla included, 
 limb exserted, 4-lobed; upper lobe the larg- 
 est. Stamens 4, scarcely didynamous, erect, 
 distant. Anthers 2-celled. Cells parallel. If. 
 
 1. M. VIRIDIS L. Inflorescence terminal; 
 dense glomerules, crowded around narrow 
 spikes; spikes leafless; leaves almost sessile. 
 Irrigated grounds. Summer. Autumn. Es- 
 caped from cultivation. Native of Europe. 
 (Spearmint.) 
 
 2. M. PIPEBITA L. Inflorescence terminal; 
 glomerules on uninterrupted narrow spikes; 
 spikes leafless; leaves distinctly petioled; flow- 
 ers pale. Irrigated grounds. Summer. Au- 
 tumn. Escaped from cultivation. Native of 
 Europe. (Peppermint.) 
 
 3. M. CANADENSIS L. Inflorescence axil- 
 lary; uppermost axils of leaves without flow- 
 ers. Wet places. Native species. Summer. 
 
 3. Lycopus Tourn. WATER HOKEHOUND. 
 
 Diandrous. Posterior pair of stamens or 
 sterile. Otherwise as Mentha. If. 
 
 1. L. LUCIDUS Turcz. Flowers pale Mar in 
 County. Aquatic. Summer. 
 
 4, Pycnanthemum Benth. MOUNTAIN MINT. 
 Corolla tube as long as the calyx, limb 2- 
 labiate, upper lip nearly entire. Lower lip 
 
(134) 
 
 3-lobed. Lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, straight, 
 divergent. Cells of anthers parallel. 1C. 
 
 1. P. CALIFOIINICUM Torr. Flowers pale. 
 Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 5. Monardella B^nth. 
 
 Limb of corolla 2-labiate. Upper lip 2- 
 cleft. Lower lip 3-cleffc. All the lobes nar- 
 row. Stamens 4, straight, divergent. Cells 
 of anthers at last divergent or divaricate. 
 
 1. M. VILLOSA Benth. Flowers capitate; 
 leaves ovate, pinnately veined. Bracts ovate, 
 foliaceous; flowers purplish. if. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 2. M. DOUGLASII Benth. Flowers capitate; 
 leaves lanceolate; bracts ovate, pinnately 
 veined, membranaceous, tapering gradually into 
 a cusp; flowers purplish. 0. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. M. BREWERI Gray. Flowers capitate, 
 leaves ovate, pinnately veined, abruptly cuspi- 
 date; flowers purplish. 0. Contra Costa. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. M. LANCEOLATA Gray. Flowers capi- 
 tate; leaves lanceolate; bracts nerved, with 
 veinlets crossing from nerve to nerve; flowers 
 rose-color. 0. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 5. M. UNDULATA Benth. Flowers capitate; 
 leaves spathulate, obtuse, undulate-margined; 
 bracts ovate, nerved, without veinlets crossing 
 
(135) 
 
 from nerve to nerve; flowers purplish. 0. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 6, Micromeria Benth. YERBA BOHNA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 5-dentate. Cor- 
 olla 2-labiate. Stamens didynamous, ascend- 
 ing. 1C. 
 
 1. M. DOUGLASII Benth. Flowers white. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 Formerly much in use as a carminative. 
 
 7. Pogogyne Benth. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 15-nerved, 5-cleft. 2 
 lower teeth much longer than the three upper 
 ones. Corolla 2-labiate. Stamens didyna- 
 mous, ascending, convergent in pairs. Style 
 villous, . 
 
 1. P. DOUGLASII Benth. All stamens fer- 
 tile; inflorescence taking the shape of a contin- 
 uous spike; lower calyx lobes twice the length 
 of the calyx-tube; flowers violet. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. P. PARVIFLORA Benth. All stamens fer- 
 tile; inflorescence taking the shape of a con- 
 tinuous spike; lower calyx lobes about the 
 length of the calyx-tube; flowers violet. Berke- 
 ley hills. Summer. 
 
 3. P. SERPYLLOIDES Gray. Posterior pair 
 of stamens sterile; inflorescence taking the 
 shape of an interrupted spike; flowers violet. 
 Berkeley. Summer, 
 
(136) 
 
 8. Acanthomintha Gray. 
 
 Calyx tubular 13-nerved, naked in the throat. 
 Upper lip 3-dentate. Lower lip 2-parted, 
 shorter. Teeth spinulose. Corolla tube ex- 
 ceeding the calyx, naked. Upper lip curved, 
 entire or 2-lobed. Lower lip 3-lobed. Upper 
 pair of stamens sterile and shorter. Lower 
 pair ascending. Anthers 2-celled. Cells 
 divaricate. Bracts thorny. 0. 
 
 1. A. LANCEOLATA Curran. Flowers rose- 
 color. Niles. Summer. 
 
 9, Sphacele Benth. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, enlarged in fruit, 10- 
 nerved, reticulate-veined, 5-dentate. Tube of 
 the corolla wide, with a hairy ring near its 
 base, the 5 lobes of the limb obtuse . Lower 
 lobes the longer ones. Stamens ascending. 
 Cells of the anthers divergent. . Flowers 
 large, pale. 
 
 1. S. CALYCINA Benth, San Mateo. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 10. SalviaL- SAGE. 
 
 Calyx 2-labiate. Corolla ringent. Stamens 
 2, parallel. Anthers separated by a connective, 
 shaped like a branch of the filament; only the 
 posterior end of it bearing an anther cell. 
 
 1. S. CARDUACEA Benth. White-woolly with 
 cobwebby hair ; radical leaves sinuate to 
 
(137) 
 
 pinnatifid, spinulose ; upper lip of calyx 3-den- 
 tate; flower lavender-color. 0. Livermore. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. S. COLUMBARIA Benth. Puberulent; radi- 
 cal leaves pinnately parted; partitions crenate, 
 rugose; upper lip of calyx 2-dentate, teeth con- 
 nivent; flowers blue. 0. Niles station. 
 Spring. 
 
 11. Audibertia Benth. 
 
 Calyx 2-labiate. Corolla 2-labiate; upper 
 lip 2-cleft, spreading. Stamens ascending. 
 Anthers dimidiate, (upper half of the apparent 
 filament showing by an articulation or spur its 
 being originally a connective between the 2 
 cells of an anther.) 
 
 1. A. GRANDIFLORA Benth. Leaves hastate, 
 sticky ; flowers crimson. 1. . Bernal 
 Hights. Summer. 
 
 2. A. STACHYOIDES Benth. Leaves lanceo- 
 late; flowers violet. ^ . Lake Chabot. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 12, Lophanthus Benth. GIANT HYSSOP. 
 
 Calyx subregular, 15-nerved, 5-dentate. Up- 
 per pair of stamens longer and declined; lower 
 pair shorter and ascending. Anther 2-celled; 
 cells parallel. 2. Flowers purplish. 
 
 1. L. URTICIFOLIUS Benth. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
(138) 
 
 13. Scutellaria L. SKULLCAP. 
 
 Calyx 2-labiate, closed in fruit, at last split- 
 ting and the upper lip deciduous. Tube of 
 corolla exserted; upper lip crest shaped, with 
 2 lateral lobes; lower lip reduced to a single 
 lobe. Stamens didynamous, ascending, par- 
 allel. Anthers of the lower pair dimidiate. 
 
 1. S. TQBEROSA Ben tli. Koot stock filiform, 
 bearing tubers; none of thelioral leaves shorter 
 than the flowers; flowers blue. 2. San Fran- 
 cisco. Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 2. S. CALIFORNIA Gray. Koot stock fili- 
 form, but without tubers; uppermost floral 
 leaves shorter than the flowers; flowers 
 pale. 2. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 14. Prunella L. SELF-HEAL. 
 
 Calyx 2-labiate, closed in fruit and flattened. 
 Corolla with a scaly or hairy ring near its base; 
 upper lip concave; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 
 didynamous, ascending. Anthers approximate 
 in pairs. 2. 
 
 1. P. VULGARIS L. Flowers blue, San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 15. Marrubium L. HOREHOUND. 
 Calyx tubuLir, 5-10 dentate. In fruit the 
 teeth spreading. Tube of the corolla included. 
 Limb 2-labiate. Stamens didynamous, includ- 
 ed. Cells of anthers divaricate. 2. 
 
(139) 
 
 1. M. VULGARE L. Flowers white. San 
 Francisco. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 Native of Europe. Perhaps in older times 
 used as a medicinal herb. 
 
 16. Stachys. HEDGE-NKTTLK. 
 
 Limb of the corolla 2-labiate, upper lip 
 erect, concave, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, 
 middle lobe longest. Stamens ascending, ap- 
 proximate in pairs, parallel, contorted in with- 
 ering. 
 
 1. S. AJUGOIDES Benth. Corolla pale, tube 
 about the length of the calyx; leaves oblong 
 with rounded base; lower leaves petioled; up- 
 per sessile; none of the floral leaves shorter 
 than the clusters, which are arranged in an in- 
 terrupted spike. 2{. Common? Summer. 
 
 2. S. ALBENS Gray. Corolla pale, tube about 
 the length of the calyx; leaves oblong with 
 cordate base; lower leaves short-petioled; 
 upper nearly sessile; most of the floral leaves 
 shorter than the inflorescences, which are ar- 
 ranged in an interrupted spike. 2. Santa 
 Clara County. Summer. 
 
 3. S. PYCNANTHA Benth. Corolla pale; tube 
 about the length of the calyx; floral leaves all 
 reduced to small bracts. It- Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
(140) 
 
 4. S. BULLATA Benth. Corolla purple; tube 
 somewhat longer than the calyx. 71. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 5. S. CHAMISSONIS Benth. Corolla red; tube 
 twice as long as the calyx. 2^. Presidio. 
 Saucelito. Wild Wood Glen. Point Bonita. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 2, VERBENACE.E. 
 
 Didynamous. Ovary undivided. Fruit dru- 
 paceous or baccate, or splitting at length into 
 its component parts (nutlets.) 
 
 1, Verbena L. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit 
 at length splitting into four 1-seeded nutlets. 
 
 1. V. OFFICINALIS L. Flowers pale. 0. 
 Not common. Summer. 
 
 2, Lippia L. 
 
 Fruit 2-celled, splitting into two 1-seeded 
 nutlets. 
 
 1. L. NODIFLORA Michx. Flowers rose-color. 
 . Niles. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, PLANTAGINEJE, 
 
 Calyx 4-sepalous, persistent. Corolla gam- 
 opetalous, 4-cleft, scarious. Stamens 4, alter- 
 nate with the lobes of the corolla. Anthers 
 versatile. Style. 1. 
 
(141) 
 
 1. PlantagO L. PLANTAIN. 
 
 Flowers bracteate, spicate. Ovary 2-celled 
 (spuriously 4-lobed.) Fruit a capsule, trans- 
 versally dehiscent. 
 
 1. P. MAJOR L. Corolla glabrous; leaves 
 5-9 nerved; cells of ovary containing several 
 ovules. 1. Everywhere. Summer. 
 
 Popular remedy with the old inhabitants. 
 Leaves used as external application ; supposed 
 to cool when put to a sore with their under- 
 side, and to draw when put there by their up- 
 per side. 
 
 2. P. MABITIMA L. Corolla tube externally 
 pubescent; leaves linear, fleshy. It- On 
 rocks near the sea. Summer. 
 
 3. P. LANCEOLATA L. Corolla glabrous; 
 leaves 3-5 nerved; cells of ovary each con- 
 taining 1 ovule. 00. San Mateo. Summer. 
 
 4. P. PATAGONICA Jacq. Entire inflores- 
 cence silky pubescent; leaves 1-3-nerved; 
 cells of ovary each containing 1 ovule. 0. 
 Everywhere. Spring. 
 
 5. P. HIETELLA HBK. Dioecious; scape and 
 inflorescence hirsute; leaves 5-7 nerved; cells 
 of ovary each containing 2 ovules. 1C. Ocean 
 Lake. Berkeley, Summer. 
 
 An infusion of the leaves is much recom- 
 mended by old inhabitants as a gargle in diph- 
 theria. 
 
(142) 
 
 6. P. BIGELOVII Gray. Polygamous, dian- 
 drous; spikes short, thick, dense; leaves fili- 
 form, fleshy. 0. Salt marshes. Summer. 
 
 7. P. HETEEOPHYLLA Nutt. Dioecious; spike 
 slender; leaves fleshy. . Sandy ground. 
 Spring. 
 
 ORDER 4. PEKSONALES. Corolla gamo- 
 petalous, irregular, its lobes not corresponding 
 in number to the number of stamens which are 
 inserted into its tube. Ovarjr superior, consol- 
 idated from two seed-leaves. Ovules oo. Fruit 
 a capsule or berry. Stipules 0. 
 
 Family 1, OROBANCHEJE. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled; placentae parietal. Parasites 
 without chlorophyll. Leaves reduced to scales. 
 
 1, Anoplanthus Endl. (Aphyllon}. 
 
 Flowers without bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft. 
 Corolla tubular, curved; limb 5-cleft. Stamens 
 didynamous; cells of anthers separated, mucro- 
 nate at their base. Placentae 4. Capsule 1-celled, 
 dehiscent by 2 valves; each valve with a pla- 
 centa on each margin. 2. 
 
 1. A. UNIFLORUS L. Ehizome bearing only 
 a few scapes; calyx lobes longer than the 
 calyx-tube; flowers dull yellow, more or less 
 tinged with violet; fragrant. Saucelito, Bare, 
 
( 143 ) 
 
 2. A. FASCICULATUS Nutt. Ehizome bearing 
 fasciculate scapes (peduncles) ; calyx lobes not 
 longer than the calyx tube and much shorter 
 than the corolla; flowers dull yellow, more 
 or less tinged with purple. Saucelito. Rare. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Aphyllon Mitchell. 
 
 Flowers with bractlets. Otherwise nearly as 
 the preceding. 1. 
 
 1. A. COMOSUM Gray. Paniculate-racemose; 
 bractlets remote from calyx; calyx half the 
 length of corolla; flowers pink. Bare. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 2, SCROPHULARIACE^, 
 
 Ovary 2- celled. Placentae axillary or central. 
 Capsule 2-celled, with 2 or 4 valves, 
 
 Tribe 1. RHINANTHE.E. 
 
 Lower half of corolla in aestivation covering 
 the upper half. Corolla tubular ; limb 2-labiate. 
 
 1. Pedicularis Toum. 
 
 Didynamous. Corolla ringent; upper lip 
 laterally compressed. Anthers of equal size 
 and insertion. Capsule loculicidal, 1. 
 
 1. P. DENSIFLOEA Benth. Flowers crimson. 
 IJill-sides t Spring. 
 
(144) 
 
 2, Cordylanthus Nutt. 
 
 Calyx spathaceous; fissure, if present, lat- 
 eral; lips of corolla short; upper one laterally 
 compressed. Stamens didynamous or dian- 
 drous. Anthers 2-celled; cells separated and 
 of different shape and insertion. Capsule lo- 
 culicidal. 0. 
 
 1. C. MABITIMUS Nutt. Calyx 1-phyllous; 
 flowers sessile, axillary; anthers of the two longer 
 stamens 2-celled; anthers of the two shorter 
 stamens dimidiate; leaves and bracts entire, 
 pale green; corolla purplish. Salt marshes, 
 San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. C. MOLLIS Gray. Calyx 1-phyllous; flow- 
 ers sessile, axillary, diandrous; anthers 2-celled; 
 leaves and bracts linear, hirsute, the upper ones 
 sometimes dentate, laciniate; flowers pale. 
 Salt marshes. Vallejo. Summer. 
 
 3. C. PILOSUS Gray. Didynamous. Calyx 
 2-phyllous; all anthers 2-celled; leaves and 
 bracts soft, villous; flowers yellowish or pur- 
 plish. Santa Clara County, on dry grounds. 
 Spring. 
 
 4. C. FILIFOLIUS Nutt. Didynamous. Calyx 
 2-phyllous, all anthers 2-celled; floral 
 leaves hispid, flowers purplish. Santa Cruz 
 mountains. Spring. 
 
. ( 145 ) 
 
 3. Orthocarpus Nutt. 
 
 Calyx spatliaceous, cleft vertically. Corolla 
 personate, upper lip the smaller one, lower lip 
 saccate. Didynamous; cells separated and of 
 different shape and insertion. Capsule locu- 
 licidal. 0. 
 
 1. O. LITHOSPERMOIDES Benth. Lower lip 
 3-saccate; sacs ample, ventricose, much larger 
 than the upper lip ; upper lip straight, slender, 
 subulate, anther 2-celled; corolla white, tinged 
 with purple. Ocean Lake. Colma. Spring. 
 
 2. O. FAUCIBARBATUS Gray. Lower lip 3-sac- 
 cate, much larger than the straight slender 
 upper lip; anthers 1-celled; stamens wrapt 
 in the involute upper lip; plant glabrous, 
 only bracts puberulent; corolla pale. Contra 
 Costa. Spring. 
 
 3. O. ERIANTHUS Benth. Lower lip 3-saccate, 
 much larger than the straight, slender upper 
 lip: anthers 1-celled; stamens wrapt in the 
 involute upper lip; plant pubescent; corolla 
 yellow; in a variety (hybrid?) white or rose- 
 color, but upper lip always dark. Marin 
 County. Spring. 
 
 4. O. FLORIBUNDUS Benth. Lower lip 
 3-saccate, much larger than the straight slen- 
 der upper lip; anthers 1-celled; stamens not 
 wrapt in the lanceolate upper lip; corolla white, 
 tube twice the length of the calyx. Marin 
 
 County. Millbrae. Spring. 
 
 7 
 
(146) 
 
 5. O. PUSILLUS Benth. Lower lip 3-saccate, 
 larger than the slender, straight upper lip; an- 
 thers 1-celled; stamens not wrapt in the lanceo- 
 late upper lip; corolla purplish, its tube not 
 surpassing the calyx. Common. Spring. 
 
 6. O. PURPUBASCENS Benth. Lower lip sim- 
 ply saccate, broader but not longer than the 
 upper lip, the tip of which is incurved and 
 back bearded; bracts and corolla white, rose or 
 crimson. Common. Spring. 
 
 7. O. CASTILLEIOIDES Benth. Lower lip ven- 
 tricose; upper lip straight, its back not beard- 
 ed; leaves lanceolate, commonly laciniate; upper 
 leaves not attenuate, but cuneate-dilated and 
 deeply cleft; spike dense; bracts and corolla 
 pale, sometimes sprinkled with red. Marsh 
 near Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 8. O. DENSIFLORUS Benth. Lower lip ventri- 
 cose; upper lip straight, its back not bearded; 
 leaves linear; upper leaves attenuate; bracts 3- 
 cleft, as long as the flowers; spike dense; bracts 
 and corolla purple and white. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 9. O. ATTENUATUS Gray. Lower lip ventri- 
 cose; upper lip straight, its back not bearded; 
 leaves linear; bracts with slender lobes, her- 
 baceous and barely white- tipped; flowers pale; 
 lower lip purple-spotted; spike virgate. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
(147) 
 
 4. Castilleia Nutt. PAINTED-CUP. 
 
 Calyx spathaceous, cleft vertically. Corolla 
 ringent, upper lip the larger. Stamens didy- 
 namous. Cells of anthers separated and of 
 different shape and insertion. Capsule loculi- 
 cidal. 
 
 1. C. FOLIOLOSA Hook. & Am. Dorsal and 
 ventral side of calyx equally cleft; plant to- 
 mentose; leaves linear; bracts crimson. 2. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. C. PARVIFLORA Bong. Dorsal and ven- 
 tral side of calyx equally cleft; plant villous, 
 viscid; leaves laciniate, lobes linear; bracts 
 crimson, yellow or white. 1. San Mateo. 
 Summer. 
 
 3 C. LATIFOLIA Hook. & Arn. Dorsal and 
 ventral side of calyx equally cleft; plant vil- 
 lous, viscid; leaves oval, obtuse, usually entire; 
 when lobed, lobe obtuse, oval; bracts crimson, 
 yellow or white. 2. Common. Summer. 
 
 4. C. AFFINIS Hook & Arn. Ventral side of 
 calyx more deeply cleft than dorsal side. 
 Calyx and upper part of the bracts petaloid, 
 crimson, sometimes orange. 2. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 Tribe II. VERONICE^E. 
 
 Lower half of the corolla in aestivation 
 covering the upper half. Corolla not tubular 
 nor 2-labiate. 
 
(148) 
 
 1. Veronica k- SPEEDWELL. BROOKLTME. 
 Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, 
 upper lobe the largest. Ovary few-seeded. 
 Capsule compressed, emarginate. 
 
 1. V. PEREGRINA L. Upper leaves alter- 
 nate, sessile; lowest leaves opposite, petiolate; 
 flowers single, axillary bluish. 0. Low 
 grounds. Spring. 
 
 2. V. AMERICANA Schweinitz. All leaves 
 opposite; flowers in axillary racemes; corolla 
 bluish. 1. Aquatic, Not common. Summer. 
 
 2. Synthyris Benth. (Wulfmia Jacq.) 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla campanula te. Limb 
 of corolla 4-lobed; posterior lobe emarginate, 
 diandrous. Capsule 2-celled. Ovules oo. 
 
 1. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA Gray. Flowers pur- 
 plish. U- Lagunitas Creek. Spring. 
 
 3, Limosella L- MUDWORT. 
 
 Calyx 5-dentate. Didynamous. Limb of 
 corolla 5-cleft. Cells of anthers confluent, 
 transversely dehiscent. Capsule 1-celled, co- 
 seeded. 0. 
 
 1. L. AQUATICA L. Flowers pale. Salt 
 marshes. Summer. 
 
 Tribe III. GRATIOLE^E. 
 
 Upper lip in aestivation covering the lower. 
 Stigma flat, 2-lobed. 
 
(149) 
 
 1, Gratiola L. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, with two bractlets. Corolla 
 2-labiate. Filaments 4; two of them fertile, 
 two sterile (sometimes 0). Ovary oo-ovulate. 
 Capsule loculicidal, at length septifragal. 
 
 1. G. EBRACTEATA Benth. Corolla pale. 
 0. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. Mimetanthe Greene. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, not angulate. Capsule 
 dehiscent only by the dorsal suture. 
 
 1. M. PILOSA Greene. Corolla yellow. 0. 
 Dry river beds. Summer. The whole plant 
 has a nauseous smell, resembling that of Datura 
 stramonium. 
 
 3. Mimulus L. MONKEY-FLOWER. 
 
 Calyx angular; angles carinate. Placentae of 
 the capsule remain united and only separate at 
 last near the apex. Valves of the capsule mem- 
 branaceous. 
 
 1. M. INCONSPICUUS Gray. Glabrous; leaves 
 ovate, entire, 3-5 nerved; all cauline leaves ses- 
 sile; calyx ventricose, its teeth about equal and 
 very short; corolla yellow. 0. Livermore. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. M. NASUTUS Greene. Glabrous; stem 4- 
 augular; leaves dentate, 3-5 nerved, mostly 
 petioled; calyx ventricose, in fruit conspicu- 
 ously pointed by the projecting upper tooth; 
 
(150) 
 
 corolla yellow, commonly with a purple spot 
 on the lower lip. Common in marshy 
 places. Summer. 
 
 3. M. LUTEUS L. Glabrous; leaves variable 
 in form, dentate; upper leaves sessile, lower 
 leaves petiolate; calyx ventricose, inflated; 
 teeth unequal, but in fruit without the projec- 
 tion of the upper largest tooth; corolla 
 yellow, marked with purple. 24!. Common in 
 marshy places. Summer. 
 
 4. M. MOSCHATUS Dougl. Villous and vis- 
 cous; leaves pinnately veined; corolla yellow. 
 2. Wet places in the mountains. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 5. M. CABDINALIS Dougl. Villous and vis- 
 cous; leaves ovate, the upper connate; limb of 
 corolla very oblique; corolla scarlet. 1C . Wa- 
 ter-courses. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 4. Diplacus Nutt. STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER. 
 
 Calyx angular; angles carinate. Placentas 
 meeting, but in dehiscence separate through 
 their whole length. Valves of the capsule co- 
 riaceous. Tube of corolla funnel-shaped. 
 
 1. D. GLUTINOSUS Wendt. Flowers orange- 
 color, but running sometimes into different 
 shades of yellow and red. ^ . Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
(151) 
 
 5. Eunanus Benth. 
 
 Calyx angular; angles carinate. Placentae of 
 the capsule separate in dehiscence for their 
 whole length. Tube of corolla slender, fili- 
 form. 
 
 1. E. DOUGLASII Benth. Corolla red, 
 sometimes spotted . . Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 Tribe IV. DIGITALE^E. 
 
 Upper lip of corolla in aestivation covering 
 the lower lip. Stigma minute, not flat. Cap- 
 sule septicidal. 
 
 1, Pentstemon L'Herit. 
 
 Didynamous, with a fifth sterile filament. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Limb of corolla labiate. It. 
 
 1. P. AZUBEUS Benth. Anthers sagittate; 
 their cells confluent at the apex, dehiscent by 
 a common split, that does not extend beyond 
 the middle of the cell; corolla blue. Niles. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. P. CENTBANTHIFOLIUS Benth. Cells of the 
 anthers divaricate; dehiscent for their whole 
 length; corolla scarlet. Niles. Summer. 
 
 Tribe V. ANTIKRHINE^:. 
 
 Upper lip in aestivation covering the lower 
 lip. Tube of corolla gibbous or calcarate. 
 Capsule neither loculicidal nor septicidal. 
 
(152) 
 
 1. Collinsia Nutt. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, upper 
 lip erect, lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe later- 
 ally compressed, hiding the didynamous sta- 
 mens. Capsule few-seeded, septifragal. . 
 
 1. C. PAEVIFLORA Dougl. Flowers with 
 long pedicels, mostly solitary in the axils of the 
 leaves; throat of corolla longer than the limb; 
 corolla small, blue; upper lip sometimes white. 
 Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 2. C. SPARSIFLORA Fisch & Meyer. Flowers 
 with long pedicels; mostly solitary in the axils 
 of leaves; throat of corolla shorter than the 
 limb; corolla pale-purple lower lip violet. Ma- 
 rin County. Ocean Lake. Spring. 
 
 3. C. BARTSI^FOLIA Benth. Flowers with 
 short pedicels, crowded in the axils of leaves 
 or bracts; throat of corolla longer than broad; 
 corolla pale-p urplish. Mission Dolores. 
 Spring. 
 
 4. C. BICOLOR Benth. Flowers with short 
 pedicels, crowded in the axils of leaves or 
 bracts; throat of corolla as broad as long, in- 
 flated and saccate; upper lip of corolla pale, 
 lower lip violet. San Rafael. Spring. 
 
 2. Antirrhinum L- SNAPDRAGON. 
 Didynamous. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla sac- 
 cate, 2-labiate, personate. Capsule dehiscent 
 by pores at the apex. 
 
(163) 
 
 1. A. VAGANS Gray. Corolla, violet.- . 
 Contra Costa. San Mateo. Spring, 
 3. Linarla Tonrn. TOAD-FLAX. 
 
 Didynamous. Calyx 5-cleft, Corolla with 
 a spur, 2-labiate, personate. Capsule sepa- 
 rating at the apex into two valves. . 
 
 1. L. CANADENSIS Dumont. Corolla blue. 
 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 Tribe VI. VERBASCE^;. 
 Upper lip in aestivation covering the lower 
 lip. Corolla neither ringent nor personate. 
 Capsule septicidal. 
 
 1.' Scrophularia Touru. FIG WORT. 
 
 Corolla short, globular. Limb narrow, 5- 
 lobed. Middle lobe of lower lip reflexed. Di- 
 dynamous (rudiment of a fifth stamen). 
 
 1. S. CALIFORNICA Cham, Corolla dark pur- 
 ple. 2. Common. Summer. 
 
 Order 5. POLEMONIALES. Stamens as 
 many as the lobes of the corolla, and more 
 than the cells of the ovary. Stipules 0. 
 
 Family 1. SOLANACEJE, 
 
 Corolla regular. Ovary 2-4 celled; GO -ovu- 
 late. Fruit capsule or berry. 
 
 1. Solanum L- POTATO. NIGHTSHADE. 
 Calyx persistent in fruit. Corolla rotate ; in 
 aestivation valvate, induplicate. Anthers con- 
 74 
 
(154) 
 
 nivent, opening by apical pores. Fruit an co- 
 seeded berry. 
 
 1. S. NIGEUM L. Corolla deeply 5-cleft; 
 white or blue; berry black or orange. 0. 
 Common throughout the year. 
 
 Very variable species. The berries of most, 
 perhaps of all our Calif ornian variations are 
 not poisonous, and are frequently eaten by 
 children. 
 
 2. S. UMBELLIFERUM Esch. C o r o 1 1 a 
 
 merely 5-angled, rotate, blue; berries red. 11 . 
 
 >> . Common. FJowering at all seasons. The 
 
 berries of this species are at least suspicious. 
 
 2. Datura L. THOKN-APPLE. 
 
 Calyx tubular, circumscissile. Corolla fun- 
 nel-shaped, plicate and convolute in aestiva- 
 tion. Anthers dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary 
 spuriously 4-celled. Capsule ovate, septifra- 
 gal. Seeds reniform. 
 
 1. D. STRAMONIUM L. Corolla white, tinged 
 with pale blue. 0. Sunnyside. Summer. 
 
 Poisonous ballast-weed; differs from the Eu- 
 ropean and Asiatic type by the bluish tinge of 
 its corolla. 
 
 3. Nicotiana L. TOBACCO. 
 
 Calyx tubular, peristent. Corolla funnel or 
 salver-shaped. Anthers longitudinally dehi- 
 scent. Ovary 2-celled, oo-ovulate. Capsule 
 septicidal. Seeds oo, minute. 
 
(155) 
 
 1. N. BIGELOVII Watson. Flowers white. 
 . Buena Vista, Sonoma. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, BORRAGINE.E. 
 Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed. Cells 1-seeded. 
 Fruit 4 nutlets. Style 1. 
 
 1, Amsinckia Lehm. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver- or funnel- 
 shaped. Limb 5-lobed. Ovary 4-lobed. Style 
 central. Fruit 4 nutlets, attached to a conical 
 disc above its base. 0. Inflorescence circi- 
 nate. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. A. VEBNICOSA Hook & Arn. Nutlets tri- 
 quetrous, straight, smooth, shining; attached 
 at the lower part of the inner angle. Contra 
 Costa. Spring. 
 
 2. A. TESSELATA Gray. Nutlets testaceous, 
 tessellate, rugose; calyx lobes obtuse; corolla 
 orange-color. Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 3. A. INTERMEDIA Fisch. & Mey. Nutlets 
 scabrous, convex and carinate on the back; 
 calyx-lobes narrow, acute; corolla tube scarcely 
 exceeding the calyx. Paper Mill Creek. Spring. 
 
 4. A. SPECTABILIS Fisch. & Mey. Nutlets 
 granulate, convex and carinate on the back; 
 calyx lobes linear; corolla orange, tube at 
 least twice the length of the calyx lobes. 
 Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
(156) 
 
 6. A. LYCOPSOIDES Lehm. Nutlets reticu- 
 late, rugose; calyx lobes lanceolate. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 2, Krynitzkia Fisch. & Mey. 
 
 (Eritrichiam Schrad). 
 
 Nutlets ventrally attached to the conical or 
 columnar disc from near their base. 
 
 1. K. MURICULATA Gray. Nutlets attached 
 to the disc from the base nearly up to the apex; 
 calyx in fruit somewhat longer than the nutlets, 
 its sepals lanceolate, armed with pungent bris- 
 tles; mid-rib of sepals of usual shape; nutlets 
 muricate ; corolla white. . Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. K. AMBIGUA Gray. Nutlets attached to 
 the disc from the base up to nearly the apex; 
 calyx in fruit considerably longer than the nut- 
 lets, its sepals narrow, armed with pungent 
 bristles; mid-rib of sepals prominent; nutlets 
 scabrous; corolla white. 0. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 3. K. TOEBEYANA Gray. Nutlets attached 
 to the pyramidal disc only up to their middle; 
 nutlets smooth, all four maturing ; corolla 
 white. 0. Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 4. K. LEIOCARPA Fisch. & Mey. Nutlets at- 
 tached to the subulate disc nearly their whole 
 length, smooth, all four maturing; corolla 
 white. . Saucelito. Spring. 
 
(157) 
 
 5. K. OXYCARYA Gray, Nutlets attached 
 only by their lower third to the conical gyno 
 base; only one of the four maturing; corolla 
 white.--. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 6. K. CHOBISIANA DO. Nutlets attached to 
 the disc only by their base; corolla nearly ro- 
 tate; scales near the throat conspicuous, puber- 
 ulent; corolla white. 0. Wet ground, San 
 Francisco. Spring. 
 
 7. K. CALIFOBNICA DC. Nutlets attached 
 to the disc only by their base; corolla incon- 
 spicuous; scales near the throat not puberu- 
 lent; corolla white. 0. Wet grounds. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 3. Plagiobothrys Fisch. & Mey. 
 
 ( Eritrichium Schrad ) . 
 
 Nutlets attached near the middle of their 
 ventral face to the conical disc. 
 
 1. P. NOTHOFULVUS Gray. Calyx cleft only 
 to its middle; corolla white. 0. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. P. CANESCENS Benth. Calyx cleft nearly 
 to the base; corolla white. 0. Livermore. 
 Spring. 
 
 4, Pectocarya DC. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped; throat closed. Style 
 central, very short. Fruit four nutlets, mar- 
 ginate and in pairs, 0. Flowers axillary, 
 sessile, white. 
 
(158) 
 
 1. P. PENICILLATA A. DC. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 5, Cynoglossum L- HOUND'S-TOXGUB. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped. Throat closed by 
 five scales. Ovary 4-lobed. Style central. 
 Fruit 4, depressed, echinate nutlets. It- In- 
 florescence paniculate, ebracteate, circinate. 
 
 1. C. GRANDE Dougl. Corolla blue. Com- 
 mon in woods. Spring. 
 
 6, Heliotropium L HELIOTROPE. 
 
 Corolla salver-shaped. Limb 5-lobed; sin- 
 uses plicate. Ovary 4-celled. Cells 1-seeded. 
 Style terminal, short. Stigma peltate. Fruit 
 a 4-pyrenous drupe. Inflorescence circinate. 
 
 1. H. CUBASSAVICUM L. Corolla pale. 7 . 
 Seashore. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, HYDROPHYLLE^E. 
 
 Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Style 2-cleft 
 or 2 styles. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 1. Efiodictyon Benth. YEKBA SANTA. 
 
 Corolla campanulate. Ovary 2-celled; cells 
 oo-ovulate: styles 2; stigmas clavate. Fruit 
 a capsule, 2-celled, few-seeded, at first loculi- 
 cidal, at last septicidal. *? . Inflorescence 
 circinate, arranged in a panicle. Flowers blue 
 or white. 
 
(159) 
 
 1. E. GLUTINOSUM Benth. Corolla pale or 
 bluish. Chaparral and chemisal. Summer. 
 
 An exceedingly variable species. The res- 
 inous exudation of the ;young branches and 
 leaves has a bitter, somewhat aromatic taste. 
 The plant is called " Yerba Santa.'' It acts as a 
 mild diuretic, and was used as such by the old 
 inhabitants of California. At present consid- 
 erable quantities are exported, partly for me- 
 dicinal purposes, ^partly as a harmless and 
 agreeable substitute for hops in brewing cer- 
 tain varieties of beer, especially porter. 
 
 2. Komanzoffia Cham. 
 
 Corolla salver-shaped. Style entire. Stigma 
 capitate. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, oo-ovu- 
 late. Capsule ovate, loculicidal. Seeds cc, 
 very small. 2. Inflorescence loosely circin- 
 ate. 
 
 1. R. SITCHENSIS Bongard. Corolla pale. 
 Sunnyside. Paper Mill Creek. Spring. 
 
 3. Emmenanthe Benth. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Sinuses naked; lobes equal. 
 Corolla campanulate, persistent. Ovary incom- 
 pletely 2-celled, oo-ovulate. Stigma 2-cleft. 
 . Inflorescence circinate. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. E. PENDULIFLORA Benth. Corolla cream- 
 colored. Livermore. Summer. 
 
(160) 
 
 4. Phacelia Juss. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, Sinuses naked. Lobes 
 equal. Corolla campanulate, deciduous. Ovary 
 incompletely 2-celled or 1-celled, with two pa- 
 rietal placentae. Number of ovules variable. 
 Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule incompletely 2-celled 
 or 1-celled, loculicidal. Inflorescence circi- 
 nate, cymose. 
 
 1. P. CIRCINATA Jacq. Ovary contains four 
 ovules, inflorescence thyrsoid, circinate, with 
 very short pedicels; leaves entire, the lower- 
 most tapering into a petiole with one or two 
 pairs of leaflets; corolla blue or white. It. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. P. MALV2EFOLIA Cham. Ovary contains 
 four ovules ; circinate spikes solitary or gemi- 
 nate, not collected into a thyrsoid inflores- 
 cence; all leaves petiolate, cordate, lobed, den- 
 tate; corolla pale. -0. San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. Leaves sting somewhat like nettles. 
 
 3. P. HISPIDA Gray. Ovary contains four 
 ovules; inflorescence thyrsoid, circinate; flow- 
 ers with short pedicels; sepals very narrow, 
 much longer than the capsule; leaves about 5- 
 parted; corolla red. 0. Livermore. Spring. 
 
 4. P. DISTANS Benth. Ovary contains four 
 ovules; inflorescence thyrsoid, circinate; flow- 
 ers sessile; sepals unequal and much longer 
 than the capsule; leaves finely and decom- 
 
(161) 
 
 poundly dissected; stamens scarcely exserted; 
 corolla whitish, ochroleucous or violet. 0. 
 Alameda. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 5. P. TANACETIFOLIA Benth. Ovary con- 
 taining four ovules; inflorescence thyrsoid, cir- 
 cinate; flowers with very short pedicels: sepals 
 but little longer than the capsule; leaves finely 
 and decoinpoundly dissected; stamens much ex- 
 serted; corolla bluish. . Strawberry Valley. 
 Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 6. P. CILIATA Benth. Ovary containing four 
 ovules; inflorescence cymose, circinate; the 
 circinna rather short; sepals in fruit accrescent 
 and transversely veined: leaves pinnately 
 parted, the parfcitionspinnatifid; stamens some- 
 what shorter than the corolla; white or blue. 
 0. Belmont. Spring. 
 
 7. P. DIVAEICATA Gray. Ovary containing 
 more than four ovules; inflorescence in ra- 
 cemes; pedicels short; leaves ovate, entire; co- 
 rolla blue. 0. Tiburon. Spring; 
 
 5, Ellisia L. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, sinuses naked. Corolla 
 campanulate, stamens included. Ovary 1- 
 celled with two parietal placentae. Stigma 2- 
 cleft. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal, 
 the placentae separating from the capsular 
 valves, simulating a second internal capsule. 
 0. Flowers pale. 
 
(162) 
 
 1. E. CHRYSANTHEMIFOLIA Benth. Corolla 
 whitish. Oakland hills. Spring. 
 
 6, Nemophila Nutt. 
 
 Calyx with reflexed, appendiculate sinuses. 
 Corolla campanulate. Ovary 1-celled, with two 
 parietal placentae. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule 
 membranaceous, loculicidal, the placentae 
 separating from the capsular valves, simulating 
 a second internal capsule. . 
 
 1. N. INSIGNIS Dougl. Ovary containing 
 more than four ovules; scales on the base of 
 corolla rounded and partly free; corolla blue. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 2. N. MENZIESII Hook. & Arn. Ovary con- 
 taining more than four ovules; scales at the 
 base of corolla narrow and wholly aduate; co- 
 rolla blue or white, more or less marked by 
 dots. Common. Spring. 
 
 3. N. AUBITA Lindl. Ovary containing but 
 four ovules ; scales on the base of corolla in 
 pairs, broad and partly free; corolla violet. 
 San Mateo. Spring, 
 
 4. N. PARVIFLORA Dougl. Ovary contains but 
 4 ovules; scales on the base of corolla oblong, 
 wholly adnate by one edge; corolla light blue 
 or white. Common in shady places. Spring. 
 
 Family 4, POLEMONIACE^i, 
 ^Estivation imbricate. Ovary 3-celled. Style 
 3-cleft. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folia- 
 ceous. 
 
(163) 
 
 1, Polemonium Tourn. JACOB'S-LADDEB. 
 
 Corolla rotate. Stamens ascending. Fila- 
 ments dilated at their base. Seeds oo. 
 
 1. P. CAENEUM Gray. Corolla blue. 2f . 
 Point Bonita, near the lighthouse. Summer. 
 
 2, Gillia Ruiz & Pavou. 
 
 Corolla funnel or salver-shaped. Stamens 
 straight, equally inserted. 
 
 1. G. PUSILLA Benth. Leaves opposite, 
 uppermost sometimes alternate, palmately di- 
 vided; divisions filiform; corolla short, funnel- 
 shaped; pedicels capillary; corolla purplish, 
 with yellowish throat, sometimes pale. 0. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. G. DICHOTOMA Benfch. Leaves all oppo- 
 site; corolla salver-shaped, its tube shorter 
 than the calyx; flowers almost sessile, but not 
 capitate; corolla white. . Livermore. 
 Spring. 
 
 4. G. DENSIFLORA Benth. Leaves opposite, 
 palmately parted, fascicled in the axils; corolla 
 salver-shaped, its tube about the length of the 
 obovate lobes; flowers in glomerules; bracts 
 herbaceous; corolla red or white. 0, Alame- 
 da. San Kafael. Spring. 
 
 4. G. ANDEOSCAEA Steud. Leaves opposite, 
 palmately parted; corolla salver-shaped, its 
 tube more than twice the length of the lobes; 
 
(164) 
 
 flowers in glomerules; bracts herbaceous, hir- 
 sute, much shorter than the corolla tube; co- 
 rolla red or white, with yellowish throat. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 5. G. MICRANTHA Steud. Leaves opposite, 
 palmately parted; corolla salver - shaped, its 
 tube more than four times the length of the 
 lobes; flowers in glomerules; bracts herbaceous, 
 pubescent, shorter than the flower-tube; co- 
 rolla red, white, lilac or yellow. 0. 
 
 6. G. -TENELIA Benth. Leaves opposite, 
 palmately parted; corolla salver- shaped, its 
 tube more than four times the length of the 
 corolla lobes; flowers in glomerules; bracts 
 herbaceous, hispidulous, shorter than the co- 
 rolla tube; corolla purple or pink, with yellow 
 throat. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 7. G. CILIATA Benth. Leaves opposite, pal- 
 mately parted; corolla salver-shaped, its tube 
 more than four times the length of the lobes; 
 flowers in glomerules; bracts very hirsute, 
 about the length of the corolla tube; calyx 
 lobes acerose; corolla rose, violet or pale. 0. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 8. G. SQUAEEOSA Hook. & Arn. Leaves 
 alternate, pinnately parted, partitions parted or 
 incised; corolla funnel-shaped; flowers in glo- 
 merules, densely bracteate; bracts rigid, pun- 
 gent; stamens included in the tube of the co- 
 rolla; corolla blue. 0. Common. Summer, 
 
(165) 
 
 The disagreeable smell of this plant is the 
 cause of its California name, " Skunkweed." 
 
 9. G. COTUL^BFOLIA Steud. Leaves alternate, 
 2-pinnately parted; corolla funnel-shaped; flow- 
 ers in glomerules, densely bracteate; bracts 
 spinescent; stamens exserted; ovules no more 
 than two in each cell; corolla bluish or pale. 
 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 Smell somewhat like Chamomile. 
 
 10. G. INTERTEXTA Steud. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnately parted, partitions but little, if at all, 
 divided; flowers in glomerules, densely brac- 
 teate; bracts with very villous base; corolla 
 funnel-shaped, not exceeding the calyx lobes; 
 stamens exserted; ovules more than two in 
 each cell; corolla small and white. 0. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 11. G. LEUCOCEPHALA Gray. Leaves alter- 
 nate, pinnately parted, soft; partitions slender 
 and frequently entire; flowers in glomerules; 
 bracts barely pungent; corolla funnel-shaped, 
 exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens consider- 
 ably exserted: ovules two in each cell; corolla 
 white. 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 12. G. VISCIDULA Gray. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnately parted; partitions entire, subulate: 
 flowers in glomerules; bracts dilated at their 
 base; corolla funnel-shaped, about twice the 
 length of the spinescent calyx-lobes; plant 
 
(166) 
 
 viscid, pubescent; corolla violet. 0. Tamal- 
 pais. Summer. 
 
 13. G. DENSI FOLIA Benth. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnatelylaciniate, lobes spinulose; corolla sal- 
 ver-shaped; stamens exserted; flowers in glo- 
 merules; bracts foliaceous; stems leafy to their 
 tops; corolla blue. It- Livermore. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 14. G. VIRGATA Steud. Leaves alternate, 
 filiform, simple or 3-parted, the partitions fili- 
 form; corolla salver-shaped; stamens exserted; 
 flowers in glomerules; bracts foliaceous; stems 
 with but few leaves; virgate; corolla blue. 0. 
 Livermore. Summer. 
 
 15. G. CAPITATA Dougl. Leaves alternate, 
 2-3-pinnately divided into slender lobes; co- 
 rolla funnel-shaped, its throat being very 
 slightly dilated; flowers crowded but not ses- 
 sile, the cluster itself on a long stalk; bracts 
 inconspicuous; calyx glabrous; stamens in- 
 serted into the sinuses of the light blue corolla. 
 . Marin County. Summer. 
 
 16. G. ACHILLE^FOLIA Benth. Leaves alter- 
 nate, 2-3-pinnately divided into slender lobes; 
 corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, but its throat 
 abruptly and amply dilated; flowers in clusters 
 but not sessile; bracts inconspicuous; calyx 
 woolly; corolla blue. 0. Sand hills. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
(167) 
 
 17. G. MULTICAULIS Benth. Leaves alter- 
 nate, 2-pinnately parted into linear lobes; co- 
 rolla funnel-shaped, its tube shorter than the 
 calyx and about the length of the ovate corolla 
 lobes; flowers in clusters, pedicels in fruit 
 about equaling the calyx; bracts inconspicu- 
 ous; corolla violet. 0. Oakland hills. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 18. G. TRICOLOR Benth. Leaves alternate, 
 2-pinnately parted into linear lobes; corolla 
 much longer than the calyx with very short 
 tube, but ample, funnel-shaped throat; lobes 
 of the corolla longer that the stamens; flowers 
 in short peduncled clusters; pedicels very 
 short; bracts inconspicuous; tube of the corolla 
 yellowish, throat marked with purple; lobes 
 violet. 0. Livermore. Summer. 
 
 19. G. INCONSPICUA Dougl. Leaves alter- 
 nate, pinnatifid; lobes short, mucronate; co- 
 rolla narrowly funnel-shaped, about the length 
 of the calyx; bracts inconspicuous; corolla vio- 
 let. 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 3, Collomia Nutt. 
 
 Corolla salver-shaped, with long tube. Sta- 
 mens unequally inserted. 
 
 1. C. GRACILIS Dougl. All leaves sessile, 
 entire; corolla violet; the tube yellowish. 0. 
 Tamalpais, Spring. 
 
(168) 
 
 The seeds when moistened develop a muci- 
 lage, which in Mexico is called "Chia" and 
 used in the preparation of a cooling drink. 
 
 2. C. GILIOIDES Benth. Lower leaves petio- 
 late and most of them pinnately incised; calyx 
 rounded at base; corolla pink. 0. Tamal- 
 pais. Spring. 
 
 3. C. HETEROPHYLLA Hook. Lower leaves 
 petiolate, 2-pinnatifid; calyx acute at its base; 
 corolla pink. 0. Lagunitas Creek. Spring. 
 
 Family 5. CONVOLVULACE.E. 
 
 Estivation contorted. Ovary 2-3 or 4-celled. 
 Embryo curved. Cotyledons foliaceous, con- 
 duplicate, corrugate. 
 
 1. Dichondra Forst. 
 
 Ovary divided into two carpidia, each 2-ovu- 
 late. Creeping herb. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. D. REPENS Forst. Flowers pale. 1C. 
 Telegraph hill. Spring. 
 
 2, Convolvulus L. 
 
 BlND-WEED. MORNING-GLOBY. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corrolla funnel- 
 form, 5-angulate, 5-plicate. Cells of the cap- 
 sule 2-ovulate. 2f . 
 
 1. C. SOLDANELLA L. Margin of corolla en- 
 tire; stigmas ovate, thickish; corolla pink. 
 Seashore. Summer. 
 
(169) 
 
 2. 0. CALIFORNICUS Clioisy. Margin of co- 
 rolla entire; stigmas linear-oblong, flat; bracts 
 at the base of the calyx; corolla white or red- 
 dish. Berkeley. Summer. 
 
 3. 0. LUTEOLUS Gray. Margin of corolla 
 entire; stigmas linear, flat; bracts distant from 
 the calyx; corolla pale-yellow, sometimes red- 
 dish. Common. Summer. 
 
 4. 0. ARVENSIS L. Margin of corolla en- 
 tire ; stigmas filiform ; bracts at the base of the 
 pedicel and minute; corolla white, sometimes 
 tinged with rose. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. C. PENTAPETALOIDES L. Corolla deeply 
 5-cleft, purplish. 0. Not common. Contra 
 Costa. Summer. 
 
 3, Cressa L, 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-parted, not plicate. 
 Styles 2. Cells of the ovary 2-ovulate. Fruit 
 a 1-seeded capsule. !.* 
 
 1. C. CRETICA L. jDorolla white, silky out- 
 side. Seashore. Si*mmer. 
 
 4, GuSGUta Tourn. DODDER. 
 
 Aphyllous. Destitute of chlorophyll. Co- 
 rolla urceolate. Limb 4-5-lobed. Ovary 2- 
 celled; cells 2-ovulate. Capsule indehiscent, 
 sometimes circumscissile. Embryo spiral. 
 Cotyledons 0. 
 8 
 
(170) 
 
 1. C. SALINA Engelm. Calyx lobes as long 
 as the tube of the white corolla. Common. 
 Summer. Parasite of Salicornia and other salt- 
 marsh herbs. 
 
 2. C. SUBINCLUSA Durand & Hilgard. Calyx 
 lobes much shorter than the tube of corolla; 
 corolla white, calyx usually reddish. Parasites 
 on Ceanotlius and other shrubs. Not common. 
 Summer. 
 
 Section II. ISOCARPKLE (Number of carpidia 
 corresponding to number of floral parts). 
 
 Order 1. PEIMULALES. 
 
 Stamens opposite to the lobes of corolla. 
 Ovary 1-celled. Placenta central. 
 
 Family 1, LENTIBULARLE, 
 
 Diandrous. Corolla irregular, spurred. 
 
 1, Utricularia L. BLADDERWORT. 
 1. U. VULGARIS L. Corolla yellow. Aqua- 
 tic. Olema. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, PLUMBAGINE^E. 
 
 All parts in fives except the ovule, which is 
 single. 
 
 1, Armeria Willd. THRIFT. 
 
 Flowers in an involucrate head. Corolla 5- 
 parted or five distinct petals. Styles 5. 2. 
 
 1. A. VULOARIS Willd. Corolla rose-color. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
(171) 
 
 2. Statice L. SEA-LAVENDER. 
 
 Flowers bracteate in one-sided spikes. 2. 
 
 1. S. LIMONIUM L. Corolla violet. Salt 
 marshes. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, PRJMULACEJE, 
 Pentandrous. Placenta central, oc-ovulate. 
 
 1. Dodecatheon L- SHOOTING STAB. 
 Flowers umbellate. Filaments shorter than 
 the anthers, connivent in a cone. Acaulescent. 
 Flowers purple, pink or white. 2 . 
 
 2. D. MEADIA L. Common. Spring. 
 
 2, Androsace Tourn. 
 
 Flowers umbellate. Filaments shorter than 
 the anthers, included in the salver-shaped 
 corolla. 
 
 1. A. OCCIDENT ALIS Pursh. Flowers white. 
 . Contra Costa Range. Santa Cruz mount- 
 ains. Spring. 
 
 3. GlaUX L- MlLKWOET. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, colored. Corolla 
 0. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 
 calyx. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. 1C- 
 Leaves decuscate; flowers white. 
 
 1. G. MARITIMA L. Salt marshes. Summer. 
 4. Trientalis L. STAR-FLOWER. 
 
 Flowers several , terminal. Floral parts 5 to 
 7. Capsule few-seeded, longitudinally dehi- 
 scent. U- 
 
(at). 
 
 1. LATIFOLIA Torrey. Corolla pink or pale. 
 Shady woods. Spring. 
 
 5, Anagallis Tourn. PIMPERNEL. 
 
 Flowers axillary. Lobes of the corolla broad. 
 Capsule transversely dehiscent. Leaves oppo- 
 site. 
 
 1. ARVENSIS L. Corolla red, sometimes pale, 
 purple or blue. 0. Common all the year 
 round. An infusion of this herb was used by 
 the old Californians for headache. 
 
 6. Samolus Tonrn. BROOKWEED. 
 
 Calyx half-superior. Corolla campanulate. 
 Stamens 10; the five fertile opposite to the lobes 
 of the corolla; the five sterile, alternate. Cap- 
 sule 5-valved, co-seeded. Leaves alternate; 
 flowers white . If. . 
 
 1. L. VALERANDI L. Bare. Formerly in a 
 marsh near San Francisco; at present found 
 occasionally in Marin County. 
 
 ORDER 2. EEICALES. Stamens alternate 
 with the lobes of corolla or twice as many. 
 Placentae axillary. 
 
 Family 1. PYROLACE^E, 
 
 Corolla split into petals. Hypogynous disc 
 0. Seeds minute. 
 
(173) 
 
 1. Pyrola Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-petalous. Sta- 
 mens 10. Style filiform. If. In forest shades. 
 1. P. APHYLLA Smith. Parasitic without 
 chlorophyll; petals white. Lagunitas Creek. 
 Summer, 
 
 Family 2, RHODORACEJE. 
 Ovary free. Fruit a capsule, septicidal. 
 1, Rhododendron L. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 ascending. Cells of anthers dehiscent by an 
 apical pore. Seeds oc, minute. . 
 
 1. E. OCCIDENTALE Gray. Corolla white, 
 upper lobes yellow. Point Bonita. Taylor- 
 ville. Sonoma. Summer. (Azalea.) The root 
 of this shrub contains a powerful narcotic. 
 
 Family 3, ERICACEAE, 
 
 Gamopetalous. Fruit either baccate or a 
 loculicidal capsule. 
 
 1, Gaultheria L- WINTERGREEN. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, petaloid. Corolla urceolate. 
 Stamens 10. Cells of anthers dehiscent by an 
 apical pore. Fruit a spurious berry, i. e.,a 
 capsule, 5-celled, oo-seeded, enclosed by the 
 enlarged and fleshy calyx. Leaves evergreen. 
 Flowers white, rosy. *? . 
 
(174) 
 
 1. G. SHALLON Pursh. Berry red, at last 
 black. Edible. Saucelito. Tainalpais. 
 
 2. ArctOStaphylos Adaus. MANZANITA. 
 
 Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10. Disc hypogy- 
 nous. Cells of ovary 1-ovulate. Fruit a berry. 
 Cells 1-seeded; seeds sometimes coherent by 
 their covering. Leaves evergreen. Flowers 
 white, rosy. \ . Fruit edible. 
 
 1. A. PUNGENS HBK. Almost glabrous; 
 leaves entire, coriaceous, mucronate; petioles 
 slender; pedicels glabrous; drupe glabrous; 
 corolla white. *> . Common. Spring. 
 
 2. A. TOMENTOSA Dougl. Young branchlets 
 tomentose, old ones bristly; leaves almost en- 
 tire, coriaceous, petioled; ovary hirsute; drupe 
 puberulent, but becoming glabrous at last; co- 
 rolla white. Hillsides. Spring. 
 
 3. A. ANDERSONII Gray. Branchlets puber- 
 ulent and bristly; leaves generally conspicu- 
 ously serrulate, thin, almost sessile; drupes de- 
 pressed, densely covered with viscous bristles. 
 Livermore. Spring. 
 
 3. Arbutus Tourn. MADRONA. 
 
 Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10. Disc hy- 
 pogynous. Cells of ovary oo-ovulate. Fruit 
 a berry. Cells several-seeded. Leaves ever- 
 green. Flowers white. ^ . 
 
(175) 
 
 1. A. MENZIESII Pursh. Common. Spring. 
 Fruit edible. 
 
 Family 4, VACCINIE^, 
 Ovary inferior. 
 
 1, Vaccinium L HUCKLEBERRY. 
 Anther cells separate, elongated at the apex 
 into a tube. Fruit a berry, co-seeded, crowned 
 by the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. V. OVATUM Pursh. Corolla pink. ^. 
 Redwoods. Spring. 
 
 Sub-Series 2. POLYPETAL^E. 
 
 Section 1. DISCOPHOR^E. Ovary inferior and 
 crowned by a well developed disc. 
 
 OBDEE 1. UMBELLALES. Cells of ovary 
 1-ovulate. Stamens alternate. 
 
 Family 1. UMBELHFEILE. 
 Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. 
 Fruit a schizocarp. (Cremocarp.) 
 
 1, Caucalis L. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Secondary 
 ribs of the cremocarp more prominent than the 
 primary. Margins of the endosperm inflexed 
 0. Flowers white. 
 
 1. C. NODOSA Hudson. Decumbent; umbels 
 naked. Marin County. Livermore. Spring. 
 
(176) 
 
 2. C. MICBOCABPA Hook. & Am. Erect; 
 umbels involucrate. Common. Spring. 
 
 The chewing of this herb, called by the 
 Spanish "Yerba de vibora," or an infusion of 
 it, is recommended by them as an antidote 
 against the bite of the rattlesnake. 
 
 2. Daucus Tourn. CARROT. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Secondary 
 ribs of the cremocarp more prominent than 
 the primary. Intervals 1-vittate. Face of the 
 endosperm flat. 
 
 1. D. PUSILLUS Michx. Flowers white. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 3, Ferula Tourn. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed. Marginal ribs winged. 
 Wings coherent. Dorsal ribs filiform. Vit- 
 tse oo. Flowers yellow. 1[. 
 
 1. F. CALIFORNIA Gray. Sunnyside. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 4. Heracleum k COW-PARSNIP. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed. Marginal ribs winged. 
 Wings coherent. Vittae shorter than the mer- 
 icarp. 2. Flowers white. 
 
 1. H. LANATUM Michx. Common. Sum- 
 mer. Herb of suspicious qualities. 
 
(177) 
 
 5. Peucedanum L. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed. Marginal ribs winged. 
 Wings coherent. Vittas as long as the meri- 
 carp. If. 
 
 1. P. DASYCAKPUM Torr. & Gray. Leaves 
 much dissected; cremocarp tomentose; flowers 
 white. Common. Summer. 
 
 Smell of entire plant like celery. 
 
 2. P. UTRiouLATUM Nutt. Leaves much dis- 
 sected; cremocarp glabrous, distinctly ribbed; 
 flowers yellow. Common. Summer. 
 
 3. P. CARUIFOLIUM Torr & Gray. Leaves much 
 dissected; cremocarp glabrous; dorsal ribs ob- 
 solete, only the marginal ones developed; flow- 
 ers yellow. Common. Summer. 
 
 4. P. TRITERNATUM Nutt. Leaves 2-ternate 
 to 3-quinate; umbellules involucellate; flowers 
 yellow. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 5. P. LEIOCARPUM Nutt. Leaves 2-ternate 
 to 3-quinate; umbellules naked; flowers yel- 
 low. Livermore. Summer. 
 
 The roots of several species of Peucedanum 
 have been used as food, but as those used in 
 this way are not sufficiently identified it is 
 safer to abstain from using them till the differ- 
 ent species have been subjected to an exami- 
 nation, not merely in regard to their botanical 
 SA 
 
(178) 
 
 characters, but also in regard to their effects 
 on the human organism. 
 
 6, Angelica L- 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed. Marginal ribs winged. 
 Wings distinct; intervals 1-vittate. Flowers 
 white. 2. 
 
 1. A. TOMENTOSA Watson. Common. Sum- 
 mer. Properties like those of the officinal 
 Angelica ArcJiangelica. 
 
 7, Selinum L. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed, 4-winged by very distinct 
 marginal ribs, and only coherent by a carinate 
 commissure. 1C. Flowers white. 
 
 1. S. PACIFICUM Watson. Saucelito. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 8. Ligusticum L. LOVAGE. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 dorsally compressed, 4-winged by the very dis- 
 tinct lateral ribs. Mericarps coherent by a 
 convex commissure. It. 
 
 1. L. APIIFOLIUM Benth. & Hook. Flowers 
 white. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 9, (Enanthe L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 terete, ovate. Ribs obtuse. Intervals 1-vit- 
 tate. Aquatic. Flowers white. 2. 
 
(179) 
 
 1. (E. CALIFOENICA Watson. Common. 
 Aquatic. Summer. 
 
 The European congeners of this plant, (E.fis- 
 tulosa and (E. crocata, are undoubtedly pois- 
 onous. Our species is eagerly eaten by cattle, 
 a fact that becomes very evident in a swamp 
 near the Presidio, where it grows in company 
 with Cieuta Californica, the latter not being- 
 touched by the animals when (Enanthe is eaten 
 up to the roots. It would be desirable to in- 
 vestigate the properties of the species. 
 
 10. Osmorrhiza Raf. SWEET CICELY. 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 terete, elongate, angulate, sulcate, hispid. 
 Vitt?e 0. Flowers white. 7J. . 
 
 1. O. BRACHYPODA Torr. Involucral bracts 
 linear and acuminate, equaling the flowers. 
 Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 2. O. NUDA Torr. Involucre and involucels 
 small and caducous. Common. Summer. 
 
 11, Slum L- WATER-PARSNIP. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally compressed, oblong. Mericarp dor- 
 sally convex, plain on the face, 5-ribbed. 
 Kibs filiform. Intervals more than 1-vittate. 
 Flowers white. 1C. 
 
 1. S. CICUT^EFOLIUM Gmelin. Aquatic. 
 Baden Station. Summer. Probably poison- 
 ous. 
 
(180) 
 
 12, Gicuta L- WATER-HEMLOCK. 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally contracted. Ribs flattened, intervals 
 1-vittate. Mericarp terete. Aquatic. Flowers 
 white. 2|:. 
 
 1. C. CALIFOKNICA Gray. Leaves pinnate, 
 the lower sometimes 2-pinnate at base; leaflets 
 serrate, the veinlets lunning into the teeth. 
 Presidio. Summer. 
 
 2. C. BOLANDERI Watson. All leaves 2-pin- 
 nate; leaflets serrate, the veinlets running into 
 the sinuses; involucral bracts linear. Suisun. 
 Alvarado marshes. Summer. 
 
 3. C. MACULATA L. Lower leaves 2-pinnate; 
 leaflets serrate, the veinlets running into the 
 sinuses; involucre obsolete. Tamalpais. Sum- 
 mer. Poisonous aquatics. 
 
 13. Berula Koch. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally contracted, ovate. Mericarp terete, 
 5-ribbed, lateral ribs not contiguous. Epi- 
 carp thick, corky. Ribs filiform. Intervals 
 oo-vittate. 
 
 1. B. ANGUSTIFOLIA Koch. If. Flowers 
 white. Baden Station. Summer. 
 
 14. Pimpinella L. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally contracted, ovate. Mericarp convex, 
 
( 181 ) 
 
 dorsally, plain on the ventral side. 5-ribbed. 
 Eibs filiform. Lateral ribs contiguous. Inter- 
 vals oo-vittate. It. 
 
 1. P. APIODORA Gray. Flowers pale. Contra 
 Costa. Belmont, San Mateo. Summer. 
 
 Odor pleasant, like celery. An infusion of 
 the root is used in cases of chronic catarrh, like 
 the tincture of its European congener. P. 
 Saxifraga. 
 
 15. Carum L- CARAWAY. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally compressed, oblong. Mericarp equally 
 5-ribbed. Kibs filiform. Lateral ribs contig- 
 uous. Commissure plain. Intervals 1-vittate. 
 Flowers white. 00. 
 
 1. C. KELLOGGII Gray. -Presidio. Alameda. 
 Sunny side. Summer. Seeds very fragrant. 
 
 16, Apiastrum Nutt. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 very much contracted at the commissure, cor- 
 date. Mericarp incurved at base and apex, 
 5-ribbed; ribs little elevated. Intervals 1- 
 vittate. Flowers white. 0. 
 
 1. A. ANGUSTiFOLiUMNutt. Niles. Spring. 
 
 17. Conium L - HEMLOCK. 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally compressed. Endosperm deeply sul- 
 
(182) 
 
 iate on the ventral side. Mericarp 5-ribbed; 
 ribs undulate, crenate. Vittse 0. Flowers 
 white. . 
 
 1. C. MACULATUM L. San Mateo. Sunny- 
 side. Summer. 
 
 A well known medicinal and poisonous herb. 
 18, Deweya Ton. & Gray. 
 
 Umbels regularly compound. Cremocarp 
 laterally compressed. Mericarp reniforni in 
 transverse section, 5-ribbed. Intervals more 
 than 1-vittate. Flowers yellow. It- 
 
 1. D. HARTWEGI Gray. Ribs of mericarp 
 prominent. Oakland hills. Wild-Cat Creek- 
 Strawberry Valley. Spring. 
 
 2. D. KELLOGGII Gray. Eibs of mericarp 
 filiform. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 19, Sanicula Tourn. SANICLB. 
 
 Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of 
 calyx limb foliaceous. Flowers polygamous. 
 Cremocarp subglobose, aculeate. Eibs 0. Vit- 
 tse oo. !(!. 
 
 1. S. TUBEROSA Torr. Leaves 2-3-pinnate; 
 flowers yellow. Tiburon. Spring. 
 
 2. S. BIPINNATIFIDA Dougl. Ripe crernocarp 
 sessile; leaves long petiolate, triangular in out- 
 line, pinnately 3-5-lobed; segments distant, 
 incisely lobed and decurrent on their rachis; 
 flowers purple, in some localities yellow. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
(183) 
 
 3. S. LACINIATA Hook. & Arn. Ripe crem- 
 ocarp sessile; leaves triangular in outline, 3- 
 parted, the partitions pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid. 
 flowers yellow. Tamalpais. Spring, 
 
 4. S. MENZIESII Hook. & Arn. Ripe crem- 
 ocarp pedicillate; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed; the 
 lobes broad, dentate; flowers yellow. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 5. S. ARCTOPOIDES Hook. & Arn. Eipe 
 cremocarp pedicillate; leaves deeply 3-lobed, 
 the lobes laciniately cleft; flowers yellow. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 6. S- MARITIMA Kellogg. Lower leaves en- 
 tire, or slightly 3-lobed; upper leaves pal- 
 mately parted, partitions cuneate and some- 
 what lobed; flowers greenish. Alameda 
 marshes. Summer. 
 
 22. Eryngium Tourn. ERYNGO. 
 
 Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of 
 tho calyx-limb rigid. Cremocarp tuberculate. 
 Ribs 0. Vittae 0. Spinose plants. 
 
 1. E. PETIOLATUM Hook. Flowers bluish. 
 0. Marshes. Summer. 
 
 21, Bowlesia Ruiz & Pavon. 
 
 Umbels simple. Cremocarp ovate, much 
 contracted on the commissure, plane on the 
 dorsal sides of the mericarps. Ribs 0. vitta3 
 0. Leaves opposite. 
 
(184) 
 
 1. B. LOBATA Euiz & Pavon. Flowers 
 white. 0. Golden Gate Park. San Mateo. 
 Spring. 
 
 22. Hydrocotyle Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT. 
 
 Umbels simple. Oremocarp laterally com- 
 pressed, carinate. Bibs filiform. Vittae 0. 
 Aquatic. If. 
 
 1. H. PROLIFEKA Kellogg. Leaves peltate, 
 emarginate at base, crenate. Flowers green- 
 ish. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. H. BANUNCULOIDES L. Leaves orbicu- 
 lar, not peltate, lobate; lobes crenate; flowers 
 greenish. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, ARALIACE^, 
 
 Fruit a berry or drupe. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1, Panax L- (Fatsia Bentb. & Hook). 
 
 Polygamous. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary 
 2-celled. Styles 2. Fruit a 2-celled berry. 
 
 1. P. HOKBIDUM Benth. & Hook. Flowers 
 greenish. . Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 2. Aralia L. SPIKENARD. 
 
 Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5. Fruit a drupe, 
 with five pyrenae. 
 
 1. A. CALIFORNICA Watson. Flowers green- 
 ish; berry dark purple or black. If. Shady 
 gulches. Summer. 
 
(185) 
 
 Family 3, CORNACE.E. 
 
 Stamens 4. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1, Cornus L. CORNEL. DOGWOOD. 
 
 Flowers , Petals 4. Ovary 2-celled. 
 Style 1. Fruit a drupe, with two pyrense. ^ . 
 
 1. C. NUTTALLII Audubon. Flowers in a 
 dense glomerule, supported by a conspicuous 
 petaloid involucre ; flowers greenish; fruit 
 red. Formerly in the vicinity of San Fran- 
 cisco, where it is now extinct. Still to be 
 found on Bolinas Heights. Common in the 
 Sierra. 
 
 2. C. CALIFORNICA C. A. Meyer. Flowers 
 in a cyme, not involucrate white ; fruit white, 
 sometimes blue. Crystal Springs. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 2. Garrya Dougl. TASSEL TREE. 
 
 Dioecious. Flowers amentaceous, ternate 
 between decussate bracts. Petals 0. Ovary 
 1-celled ; styles two, persistent. Ovules two. 
 Fruit a berry. . 
 
 1. G. ELLIPTICA Dougl. Leaves sessile, un- 
 dulate; fruit purple. Shady ravines around 
 the bay. Spring. 
 
 2. G. FREMONTII Torr. Leaves petiolate, 
 not undulate; fruit purple. Wright's Station. 
 Santa Cruz moan tains. Spring. " Quinine 
 
(186) 
 
 tree" of the settlers. All parts intensely bit- 
 ter; even the berries, which in G. elliptica are 
 sweet and edible, although the bark and leaves 
 partake of the bitterness of the other species. 
 
 ORDER 2. COENICULAT^E. Calyx gamo- 
 sepalous; stamens equaling or double the num- 
 ber of the petals: always correspondent. Ovar- 
 ies compound of several carpidia, each carpid- 
 ion oo-ovulate. 
 
 Family 1. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 
 
 Number of carpidia less than that of the 
 petals. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 1, Saxifraga L. SAXIFRAGE. 
 
 Stamens 10. Pistils two. Ovary 2-celled. 
 Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 24!. 
 
 1. S. VIRGINIANA Michx. Petals white. 
 Lagunitas Creek. Sunnyside. Spring. 
 
 2, Boykinia Nutt. 
 
 Stamens five. Pistils two. Ovary 2-celled. 
 Fruit a 2-celled capsule. 2. 
 
 1. B. OCCIDENTALIS Torr. & Gray. Petals 
 white. Lagunitas Creek. Summer. 
 
 3, Tellima R- Brown. 
 
 Stamens 10. Pistils 2-3. Petals lobed. 
 Ovary 1-celled; styles short; stigmas capitate. 
 Capsule valvularly dehiscent near the apex. 
 
(187) 
 
 1. T. GRANDIFLORA R. Br. Petals laciniate- 
 ly pinnatifid, purple. Saucelito. Tamalpais. 
 San Miguel. Spring. 
 
 2. T. BOLANDERI Gray. Petals almost en- 
 tire; styles smooth; calyx almost liypogynous; 
 petals white. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 3. T. HETEROPHYLLA Hook. & Am. Petals 
 obtusely 3-lobed; styles smooth; calyx almost 
 hypogynous; petals white. Common. Spring. 
 
 4. T. AFFINIS Bolander. Petals 3-dentate; 
 styles granulose; calyx perigynous; petals 
 white. San Eafael. Spring. 
 
 6, Tiarella L. 
 
 Stamens 10. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary 
 1-celled; styles long; stigmas simple. Capsule 
 valvularly dehiscent to the base. Yalves un- 
 equal. Placentae parietal. Flowers white. 24! . 
 
 1. T. UNIFOLIATA Hook. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 5. Heuchera L. ALUM-KOOT. 
 
 Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary 
 1-celled; styles long. Capsule valvularly de- 
 hiscent. Valves equal. If. 
 
 1. H. MICRANTHA Dougl. Calyx pointed at 
 the base, shorter than its pedicel. Camp Tay- 
 lor. Summer. 
 
(188) 
 
 2. H. PILOSISSIMA Fisch. & Mey. Calyx 
 rounded at the base; about the length of its 
 pedicel. Camp Taylor. Tamalpais. Crystal 
 Springs. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, RIBESIACEJE. 
 
 Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves 
 alternate. 
 
 1. Ribes L. 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. CURRANT. 
 
 Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal, oo- 
 ovulate placentae. ^ . 
 
 1. K. MENZIESII Pursh. Thorny; vernation 
 plicate; anthers sagittate; calyx tube campanu- 
 late, purple; petals white; berry prickly, yel- 
 lowish. Common. Spring. Fruit scarcely 
 edible. "Prickly Gooseberry." 
 
 2. E. DIVARICATUM Dougl. Thorny; verna- 
 tion plicate; anthers not sagittate; calyx tube 
 campanulate, dull colored; petals white; berry 
 not prickly, dark purple. Common. Spring. 
 Fruit edible. 
 
 3. E. SANGUINEUM Pursh. Not thorny; ver- 
 nation plicate; calyx tube cylindrical, rose-red; 
 berry glandular, dark. Common. Spring. 
 "Wild Currant." Fruit scarcely edible. 
 
 4. E. AUREUM Pursh. Not thorny; verna- 
 tion convolute; flowers yellow. Eare. Straw- 
 'berry Valley. Wild-Cat Creek. Spring. "Gol- 
 den Currant." 
 
(189) 
 
 Family 3, PHILADELPHE.ZE, 
 
 Ovary inferior or half inferior. Number of 
 carpidia disposed to correspond with calyx 
 lobes. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. Whipplea Torr. 
 
 Stamens 5. Pistils 3-5. Ovary 3-5-celled. 
 Cells 1-ovulate. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 
 Flowers white. ^ . 
 
 1. W. MODESTA Torr. Eedwoods. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 4. CRASSULACEJE, 
 
 Calyx, corolla and stamens alternating. If 
 the stamens form two circles the inner circle is 
 opposite to the petals. Ovaries opposite the 
 petals. Fruit follicles with central dehiscence. 
 
 1. Cotyledon L, 
 
 (Echeveria DC.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, coherent by their 
 claws. Stamens 10. It. Fleshy herb. 
 
 1. C. C^SPITOSA Ha worth. Flowers yellow. 
 Rocky places. Summer. 
 
 2, Sedum L. STONE CROP. 
 
 Petals 5, entirely free. Stamens 10. 2f. 
 Fleshy herbs. 
 
 1. S. SPATHULIFOLIUM Hook. Leaves glau- 
 cous, obtuse, narrowed toward the base; flow- 
 ers yellow. Bocks near the Presidio. Summer. 
 
(190) 
 
 2. S. STENOPETALUM Pursh. Leaves acute, 
 lanceolate; flowers yellow. Camp Taylor. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 3, Tillaea L. 
 
 Stamens as many as petals. 0. Minute 
 vernal aquatics. 
 
 1. T. MINIMA Miers. Flowers clustered, 
 white. San Miguel. 
 
 2. T. ANGUSTIFOLIA Nutt. Flowers solitary, 
 white. Mission Dolores. 
 
 Section 2. CENTROSPERMZE. Central placen- 
 tation from the base of the ovary. 
 
 ORDER 1. FICOIDALES. Anomalous, 
 transitional types. 
 
 Family 1, FICOIDEJE, 
 
 Calyx superior. Petals oo. Stamens oo- 
 seriate, inserted with the petals. Ovary 4-20- 
 celled, oo-ovulate. Fruit a capsule, oo-seeded. 
 Stipules 0. 
 
 1. Mesembrianthemum L. Fia-MAEYGOLD. 
 
 Characters of the family. 
 
 1. M. ^QUILATERALE Haworth. Flowers 
 red. It. Rocks near the seashore. Summer. 
 Fruit edible. 
 
 ORDER 2. CARYOPHYLLALES. Flowers 
 regular. Calyx inferior. Sepals as many as 
 
(191) 
 
 petals. Stamens as many or twice as many. 
 Ovary 1-celled, placenta central. 
 
 Family 1, SILENE.E. 
 
 Calyx gamosepalous. Petals and stamens 
 inserted into a carpophore. Stamens if equal 
 to the petals alternating with them. Ovary oo- 
 ovulate. Styles several. Fruit a capsule. 
 Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. 
 
 1. Silene L. 
 
 CAMPION. CATCHFLy. 
 
 Calyx 5-dentate without scales at the base. 
 Petals unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 3. 
 Capsule dehiscent by teeth; seeds reniform. 
 
 1. S. GALLICA L. Villous; leaves spathu- 
 late; flowers nearly sessile, racemose; petals 
 pale, entire, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 0. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. S. ANTIERHINA L, Glabrous; leaves lan- 
 ceolate; flowers in a leafless, dichotomous pan- 
 icle on long pediclels; petals obovate, equaling 
 the calyx. 0. Livermore. Summer. 
 
 3. S. CALIFORNICA Durand. Flowers few on 
 the ends of branches; petals deeply parted, 
 with bifid segments; scarlet. 0. Oakland 
 waterworks. Summer. 
 
 4. S. LACINIATA Cav. Flowers paniculate; 
 petals deeply 4-cleft, with linear, acute lobes; 
 bright scarlet. 1C. Contra Costa range. 
 Summer. 
 
( 192 ) 
 
 5. S. VEBECUNDA Watson. Petals bifid, rose- 
 colored. 2. Cemetery of San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 2, ALSINE^l. 
 
 Sepals distinct to the base. Carpophore 0. 
 Stamens, if equaling the petals, alternating 
 with them. Ovary co-ovulate; styles several. 
 Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite; stipules 0. 
 
 1. Cerastium L. 
 
 MOTJSE-EAE CHICKWEED. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate. Stamens 
 10. Stigmas 5. Capsule cylindrical, dehis- 
 cent by 10 teeth. Flowers white. 
 
 1. C. AEVENSE L. Petals about twice the 
 length of the sepals. 2. Common. All the 
 year round. 
 
 This weed has, in Europe, the reputation of 
 being poisonous to sheep. 
 
 2. C. PILOSUM Ledebour. Petals but little 
 exceeding the sepals. U Punta de los Eeyes. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Stellaria L- CHICKWEED. 
 
 Petals 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-5. 
 Capsule globose, dehiscent by 6-10 valves. 
 Flowers white. 
 
 1. S. MEDIA L. Flowers on slender pedi- 
 cels. 0. Common. All the year round. 
 
 Ballast weed, introduced from Europe. 
 
(193) 
 
 2. S. NITENS Nutt. Flowers on short pedi- 
 cels. 0. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 3, Arenaria L. SANDWORT. 
 Sepals unchanged in fruit. Petals entire. 
 Stamens 5 or 10. Stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid, 
 dehiscent by 3 valves, these valves sometimes 
 2-parted. Flowers white. 
 
 1. A. DOUGLASH Torr. & Gray. Valves of 
 the capsule entire; leaves filiform; sepals 
 acute, 3-nerved. 0. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 2. A. CALIFORNICA Brewer. Valves of the 
 capsule entire; leaves lanceolate; sepals acute, 
 3-nerved. 0. Oakland Hills. Spring. 
 
 3. A. PALUSTRIS Watson. Valves of the 
 capsule entire; leaves linear; sepals obtuse, 
 without nerves. Formerly in a marsh near 
 San Francisco, where at present it is extinct. 
 Has not been found in any other locality. 
 
 4. A. MACROPHYLLA Hook. Valves of the 
 capsule 2-cleft; sepals acuminate, 1-nerved. 
 2. Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 4. Sagina L- PEARLWORT. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens twice 
 4 or twice 5. Stigmas 4 or 5, alternate with 
 the sepals. Capsule dehiscent in 4 or 5 valves, 
 opposite to the sepals. . 
 
 1. S. OCCIDENTALS Watson. Petals white. 
 San Francisco. Spring. 
 9 
 
(194) 
 
 Family 3. PARONYCHIE.2E. 
 
 Like Alsinea3, but the parts frequently de- 
 fective or reduced in numbers. Leaves with 
 scarious stipules. 
 
 1. Spergula L- CORN-SPURREY. 
 Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary oo-ovulate; styles 
 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved. 
 Valves opposite to the sepals. 0. 
 
 1. L. ARVENSIS L. Flowers white. San 
 Francisco. Summer. Ballast weed, introduced 
 from Europe. 
 
 1. Spergularia Pers. (Lepigonum Fries). 
 SAND-SPURREY. 
 
 Ovary co-ovulate; style 3-5-cleft. Capsule 
 3-5-valved. 
 
 1. S. MACROTHECA Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves 
 with large ovate stipules; flowers rose-col- 
 ored. 1. Margins of salt marshes. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. S. MEDIA Fries. Leaves with short sti- 
 pules; flowers white. 0. Contra Costa. 
 Spring. 
 
 3, Pentacsena Bartl. 
 
 Divisions of the calyx unequal, persistent in 
 fruit; the three external with cucullate apex, 
 ending in a spine; two internal mucronate. 
 Petals 5, minute. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 1- 
 ovulate; style 2-cleft. Fruit a utricle. 0. 
 
( 195 ) 
 
 1. P. RAMOSISSIMA Hook. & Arn. Prostrate; 
 pungent; everlasting. 2. Presidio. Cemetery. 
 Spring. 
 
 Family 4, PORTULACACE^l, 
 
 Flowers regular, but parts not correspond- 
 ing in numbers. 
 
 1. Portulaca Tourn. PURSLANE. 
 
 Calyx tube connate with ovary. Limb 2- 
 parted, free and circumscissile. Petals 4-6. 
 Stamens 8 to GO. Capsule circumscissile. 
 
 1. P. OLEBACEA L. Fleshy herb; petals yel- 
 low. 0. San Francisco. Spring. Summer. 
 Escaped from cultivation. 
 
 2, Calandrinia HBK. 
 
 Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5 to GO, equal. 
 Stamens opposite to the petals, variable in 
 number. Ovary oo-ovulate; style 3-cleft. Cap- 
 sule 3-valved, co-seeded. 
 
 1. C. MENZIESII Hook. Petals red. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 3. Claytonia L MINER'S LETTUCE. 
 
 Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal. Sta- 
 mens 5, opposite to the petals. Ovary 3 or 6- 
 ovulate; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 
 seeded. 
 
 1. C. SIBIRICA L. Inflorescence in loose, 
 simple racemes. Herbaceous bracts with most 
 
(190) 
 
 of the pedicels; single pair of cauline leaves 
 distinct; leaves thin; petals rose-color. 2[. 
 Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 2. C. PERFOLIATA Don. Inflorescence fas- 
 ciculate; bracts few and minute; leaves thick, 
 succulent; single pair of cauline leaves entirely 
 connate; petals white. 0. Common. Spring. 
 The whole plant edible as a salad. 
 
 3. C. PARVIFLORA Dougl. Inflorescence be. 
 coming at last racemose;' bracts few and minute ; 
 leaves thick, succulent; single pair of cauline 
 leaves imperfectly connate, sometimes on one 
 side entirely distinct; petals pale rose-color. 
 . Berkeley. Spring. 
 
 4. C. SPATHULATA Dough Inflorescence in 
 a loose raceme; bracts few and minute; leaves 
 thick, succulent; single pair of cauline leaves 
 lanceolate but little connate, frequently entirely 
 distinct; petals bright rose-color. 0. Tibu- 
 rori. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 5. C. CHAMISSONIS Eschsch. Several pairs 
 of cauline leaves; petals white. 0. Tiburon. 
 Spring. 
 
 6. C. LINEARIS Dougl. Leaves alternate. 
 Petals white. 0. Guerneville. Spring. 
 
 4, Montia L. 
 
 Sepals 2, persistent. External petals 3; in- 
 ternal petals 2, connate. Stamens 3 or 5. 
 Ovary 3-ovulate ; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3- 
 valved, 3-seeded. Flowers white. 0. 
 
(197) 
 
 1. M. FONTANAL. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 Sunnyside. Spring. 
 
 ORDER 3. CHENOPODIALES. Corolla 0, 
 Perigonium inferior. Stamens opposite to the 
 sepals. Ovary 1-celled, centrospermous. 
 Stipules 0. 
 
 Family 1. AMARANTACE^E. 
 
 Perigonium without tube, 3-bracteate; an- 
 terior bract longer than the two lateral ones. 
 Style simple. 
 
 1, Amarantus L. 
 
 Polygamous, monoecious. Stamens distinct. 
 Style short; stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a circurn- 
 scissile utricle. 0. 
 
 1. A. RETRO PLEXUS L. Flowers green. Cul- 
 tivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, CHENOPODIACE^. 
 
 Perigonium without tube, not more than 1- 
 bracteate. 
 
 1, Ghenopodium L- PIG WKED. 
 
 Bracts 0. Perigonium 5-cleft. Lobes dor- 
 sally carinate. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled, 1- 
 ovulate; stigmas 2. Fruit a depressed utri- 
 cle enclosed in the persistent perigonium. 
 
 1. C. ALBUM L. Leaves smooth, pruinose, 
 rhombic, sinuate; the uppermost lanceolate, 
 
(198) 
 
 entire; flowers densely clustered in dense 
 spikes, forming a strict, close panicle. 0. 
 Cultivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 Ballast weed, introduced from Europe. 
 
 2. C. MUEALE L. Leaves shining, rhombic, 
 dentate; flowers clustered in loose spicate pan- 
 icles. . Cultivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 Ballast weed, introduced from Europe. 
 
 3. C. AMBROSIOIDES L. Leaves lanceolate, 
 dentate; flowers clustered in slender axillary 
 spikes. 0. Cultivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 Introduced from South America. Possesses 
 anthelminthic properties. 
 
 4. C. CALIFORNICUM Watson. Leaves trian- 
 gular, hastate; flowers densely clustered in 
 simple terminal spikes. It- Cultivated 
 grounds. Summer. 
 
 2, Atriplex L. ORACHB. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. $ and $ perigo- 
 niurn 3 or 5-parted. ? perigonium 2-parted. 
 Stigmas 2. Fruit a compressed utricle. 
 
 1. A. PATULUM L. Leaves 3-angular, has- 
 tate; lower leaves opposite; bracts large, rhom- 
 bic to hastate. 0. Cultivated grounds. Sum- 
 mer. Ballastweed, introduced from Europe. 
 
 2. A. CORONATUM Watson. All leaves alter- 
 nate; bracts orbicular, surrounded by a herba- 
 ceous, dentate margin. 0. Contra Costa. 
 Summer. 
 
(199) 
 
 3. A. LEUCOPHYLLUM Dietr. All leaves alter- 
 nate; fruiting bracts spongy, rhombic to ovate. 
 0. On the seashore. Summer. 
 
 4. A. CALIFORNICUM Mag. Lower leaves op- 
 posite, sessile; stem and leaves furfuraceous; 
 fruiting bracts meinbranaceous ; rhombic. It. 
 On the seashore. Summer. 
 
 3, Salicornia Toum. SAMPHIRE. 
 
 Flowers in threes, immersed in a rachis, 
 decussately arranged and forming a spike. 
 Perigonium gamophyllous, saccate. Stamens 
 1 or 2. Fleshy, articulate, aphyllous, saline 
 plants. 
 
 1. S. AMBIGUA Michx. 2. Salt marshes. 
 Summer. 
 
 4, Suaeda Forsk. SEA ELITE. 
 
 Flowers axillary, with minute, scale-like 
 bracts. Perigonium urceolate, 5-cleft. Stamens 
 5. Fruit a utricle, enclosed in the inflexed peri- 
 gonium. Leaves terete, fleshy. 
 
 1. S. CALIFORNICA Watson 1C. Salt marshes 
 on an island near Alameda. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, NYCTAGINE^l, 
 
 Flowers involucrate. Perigonium gamo- 
 phyllous, corolla-like, its persistent tube en- 
 closing the akene. 
 
(200) 
 
 1, Abronia 
 
 Involucre 5-leaved, oo-flowered, persistent. 
 Perigonium salver-shaped. Stamens 5, in- 
 cluded. Stigma clavate. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. A. UMBELLATA Lam. Leaves attenuate 
 into a slender petiole; perigonium rose-col- 
 ored. 2f. Seashore. Summer. 
 
 2. A. LATIFOLIA Esch. Petioles distinct, 
 but short; perigonium yellow. 1. Seashore. 
 Summer. 
 
 Section 3. EUCYCLIC.E. Floral parts distinct 
 in well defined circles. 
 
 ORDER 1. TBICOCC^E. Flowers diclinous. 
 Ovary superior. Ovules 1-2 collateral, pendu- 
 lous from the summit of cells, which separate 
 at last from a central axis. 
 
 Family 1, EUPHORBIACE.3E, 
 
 Cells 1-ovulate. 
 
 1. Eremocarpus Benth. 
 
 Monoecious. Flowers cymose. $ : perigo- 
 nium 5 -parted; stamens 6 or 7, central, inflexed 
 in aestivation. ? : perigonium 0; ovary with 
 5 glands at the base, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; style 
 simple; capsule 2-valved. 0. 
 
 1. E. SETIGER Benth. 0. Mariu County. 
 Niles. Summer. 
 
(201) 
 
 The herb has the smell of strawberries, but 
 is poisonous. The crushed leaves are used by 
 the Indians to catch fish by stupefying them. 
 
 2. Hendecandra Each. 
 (Croton L.) 
 
 Dioecious. 5 : flowers in racemes; peri- 
 goniuin 5-cleft, with 5 glands opposite to the 
 lobes; stamens more than 5. ? flowers: per- 
 igonium, 5-cleft; glands 0; ovary 3 -celled; 
 styles 3, each 4-parted; capsule 3-coccous, 
 each coccus 2-valved. 
 
 1. H. PEOCUMBENS Esch. (Croton Calif orni- 
 cus Mull. Arg.) 1. Common in sandy soil. 
 Summer. Drastic poison. 
 
 3. Euphorbia L- SPURGE. 
 
 Monoecious. Androgynous. Flowers um- 
 bellate. Involucre campanulate. 6 : flowers, 
 perigonium 0; inonandrous, stipitate; brac- 
 teate. $ : flower solitary in the center of the 
 umbel; perigonium dentate or 0; ovary 3- 
 celled; styles 3, each 2-cleft. 
 
 1. E. OCELLATA Dur. & Hilg. Glands of 
 tke involucre petaloid; leaves all opposite, en- 
 tire. 0. Sonoma. Millbrae. Summer. 
 
 2. E. SERPYLLIFOLIA Pers. Glands of the 
 involucre with a narrow, white margin; leaves 
 all opposite; base oblique; apex denticulate. 
 0. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 9A 
 
(202) 
 
 3. E. LEPTOCEEA Engelm. Glands of the in- 
 volucre crescent-shaped, without colored mar- 
 gin; cauline leaves scattered, those of the 
 branchlets opposite . . Common. Summer. 
 
 4. E. LATHYEIS L. Glands of the involucre 
 crescent-shaped, without colored margin; 
 leaves all opposite. 00. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Poisonous plant introduced from Europe 
 and found everywhere. The seeds contain an 
 oil analogous to that of croton. This plant 
 is said to drive away or kill rats, as also the 
 castor-oil plant. Ricinus communis. 
 
 ORDER 2. MAL VALES. Flowers regular. 
 Calyx free, 5 -parted, valvate in aestivation. 
 Corolla 5-parted, contorted in aestivation. Sta- 
 mens often monadelphous. Carpidia several, 
 free, or connate with the central axis into an 
 oo -celled ovary. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
 
 Family 1, MALVACEAE, 
 
 Claws of petals united with each other, and 
 with the column of oo, monadelphous stamens. 
 Anthers reniform, 1-celled. 
 
 1. Lavatera L- TREE MALLOW. 
 
 Involucre 3-6-cleft. Ovaries oo, verticil- 
 late; 1-ovulate. Style 1, springing from the 
 central axis; stigmas GO. filiform. Fruit a 
 schizocarp; seeds ascending. 
 
(203) 
 
 1. L. ASSURGENTIFLORA Kellogg. Petals 
 rose-colored. . Near cultivated places. 
 Summer. 
 
 Native of the island of Anacapa, but having 
 escaped cultivation, now spontaneous in differ- 
 ent localities. 
 
 2. Malva L. MALLOW. 
 
 Involucre 3-leaved. Ovary oo-celled; cells 
 1-ovulate. Styles as many as cells, united at 
 base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit a depressed cap- 
 sule; seed ascending. 
 
 1. M. BOREALIS Wallman. Flowers pale. 
 0. Cultivated grounds. Summer. Ballast 
 weed from Europe. 
 
 3. Sidalcea Gray. 
 
 Involucre 0. Ovary oo-celled; cells 1-ovu- 
 late. Styles as many as cells, united at base. 
 Fruit 5-10-coccous schizocarp; seed ascend- 
 ing. 
 
 1. S. HUMILIS Gray (malvceflora? Gray). 
 Eaceme long and loose; petals rose or purple. 
 7 . Common. Summer. 
 
 2. S. DIPLOSCYPHA Gray. Flowers in um- 
 bellate clusters; pedicels subtended by per- 
 sistent, hispid bractlets; petals rose or purple. 
 . Sufiol. Summer. 
 
 3. S. MALACHROIDES Gray. Flowers in close, 
 racemose, nearly spicate clusters; petals small, 
 white. 0. Marin County. Summer. 
 
(204) 
 
 4, Malvastrum Gray (Sphcerakea St. Hilaire). 
 
 Ovary oo-celled; cells 2-ovulate. Styles as 
 many as cells, united at base; stigmas capi- 
 tate. Fruit 'a loculicidal capsule, at length 
 also septicidal. 
 
 1. M. THUEBEEI Gray, Petals pale. . 
 San Mateo. Niles. Summer. 
 
 5, Sida Kunth. 
 
 Ovary oo-celled; cells 1-ovulate. Styles as 
 many as cells, united at base; stigmas capi- 
 tate. Fruit a oo-seeded capsule. Seeds pen- 
 dulous from the apex. It. 
 
 1. S. HEDERACEA Torr. Flowers pale. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 Order 3. GERANIALES. Calyx free, im- 
 bricated in aestivation. Petals 5, contorted or 
 convolute in aestivation ; stamens hypogynous; 
 definite. Ovary the compound of a definite 
 number of carpidia. 
 
 Family 1, GERANIACE-ffi. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5; hypogynous; alternate 
 with the sepals ; stamens 10. Carpidia 5, 
 verticillate round a columnar axis (gynophore). 
 Styles distinct at base; connate towards their 
 apex. Carpidia 5, 2-ovulate, 1-seeded. vent- 
 rally dehiscent. Leaves stipulate. 
 
(205) 
 
 1. Geranium L. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, all fertile. Styles 
 persistent. 
 
 1. G. CAROLINIANUM L. Corolla rose-color. 
 . Common. Summer. 
 
 2, Erodium L'Her. 
 STORKSBILL. PIN-CLOVEB* 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, alternately sterile or 
 depauperate. Styles persistent. 
 
 1. E. CICUTARIUM L'Her. Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets pinnatifid, with narrow acute lobes; 
 flowers rose-colored. 0. Common. Summer. 
 Fodder plant, called Alfilerilla (alfiler, in Span- 
 ish, needle) from the shape of the fruit. If the 
 plant is not indigenous, it must have been in- 
 troduced for a considerable time, or else it 
 would not have a distinct name from the 
 old settlers. 
 
 2. E. MOSCHATUM L'Her. Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets ovate, doubly serrate; stipules conspicu- 
 ous; flowers rose-color. . Cultivated 
 grounds. Summer. Ballast weed, introduced 
 from Europe. 
 
 3. E. BOTEYS Bertol. Leaves pinnatifid, 
 lobes dentate, stipules small ; petals pale. 0. 
 Cultivated grounds. Summer. 
 
 4. E. MACBOPHYLLUM Hook. & Arn. Leaves 
 reniform, lobed. 0. Niles. Summer. 
 
(206) 
 
 Family 2, OX ALICE .ZE. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals hypogynous. Ovary 5 
 carpidia, opposite the petals, attached to the 
 axis by their central angle, 2-to-oo-ovuled ; 
 ovules vertically arranged, styles 5, persistent. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. OxallS L WOOD-SORREL. 
 
 Petals 5. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 
 5 opposite the petals shorter. Capsule oblong. 
 
 1. O. OREGANA Nutt. Peduncles 1 -flowered; 
 petals white or rose-color. 2 . Crystal Springs . 
 Camp Taylor. Spring. 
 
 2. O. CORNICULATA L. Peduncles two to sev- 
 eral-flowered; petals yellow. 2. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 Family 3, LINEJE. 
 
 Calyx persistent. Petals hypogynous, un- 
 guiculate. Perfect stamens 5, sometimes 4. 
 Ovary 5, sometimes 4, 3 or 2-celled; cells 2- 
 ovulate. Ovules collateral, more or less sep- 
 arated by a spurious septum. Styles equalling 
 the cells in number. Capsule globose. 
 
 1. Linum. FLAX. 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5. 
 
 1. L. PERENNE L. Pentagynous; petals 
 blue. 1C- Colma. Millbrae. Summer, 
 
(207) 
 
 2. L. BREWERI Gray. Trigynous; pedicels 
 short; stipular glands conspicuous; flowers al- 
 most solitary; petals yellow. 0. Contra Cos- 
 ta hills. Summer. 
 
 3. L. CONGESTUM Gray. Trigynous ; pedi- 
 cels short; stipular glands very small; sepals 
 pubescent; flowers in terminal fascicles; petals 
 dark-red. 0. Tamalpais. Summer. Kare. 
 
 4. L. CALIFORNICUM B e n t h . Trigynous; 
 pedicels short; stipular glands conspicuous; 
 upper flowers cymose, lower flowers solitary; 
 petals rose-colored. 0. San Francisco cem- 
 etery. San Rafael. Summer. 
 
 5. L. SPEBGULINUM Gray. Trigynous; ped- 
 icels conspicuous; stipular glands 0; flowers 
 rose-colored or wh ite. . Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 4, LIMNANTHEJE. 
 
 Calyx persistent, valvate in aestivation. Pe- 
 tals alternating with calyx lobes, inserted in- 
 to a perigynous disc. Stamens twice as many 
 as petals. Carpidia verticillate, free, 1-ovulate; 
 style central on the apex, 5, sometimes 3-cleft. 
 Fruit 5, sometimes 3 akenes. Stipules 0. 
 
 1, Limnanthes R. Br. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, cuneiform. Ovaries 
 5. Fruit 5, rugose akenes. . 
 
(208) 
 
 1. L. DOUGLASII R. Br. Sepals glabrous; pe- 
 tals white or rose-colored, claws always yellow. 
 Suimyside. Summer. 
 
 2. L. ALBA Hartweg. Sepals villous; pe- 
 tals white, claws yellow. Millbrae. Summer. 
 
 Order 4. TEKEBINTHALES. Flowers 
 regular. Calyx free. Petals 5, imbricate or 
 valvate in aestivation, not contorted, nor truly 
 convolute, inserted into a disc. Stamens 5, or 
 a multiple. Ovary 1-5 carpidia, syncarpous 
 or apocarpous; carpidia 1-2-ovulate. 
 
 Family!, RUTACEJE. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the external margin of 
 the disc. Carpidia more than 1-ovulate. Sti- 
 pules 0. 
 
 1. Ptelea L- HOP-TREE. 
 
 Polygamous. C aly x 4-5-parted. Petals 
 4 or 5. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the 
 petals. Ovary on a convex disc, 2-celled; cells 
 2-ovulate; style 1. Fruit a 2-seeded samara. 
 Flowers white or greenish. ^ . 
 
 1. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA Benth. Niles. Spring. 
 
 Family 2 TEREBINTH ACEJ2. (Anacardiacece). 
 
 Stamens inserted on the inner margin of the 
 disc. Ovary 1, or if more, only one fertile; 1- 
 ovulate. Fruit indehiscent. 
 
(209) 
 
 1, Rhus L. 
 POISON -OAK. YEDKA. 
 
 Polygamous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. 
 Stamens 5. Ovary one, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; styles 
 3. Fruit a dry drupe. 
 
 1. K. DIVERSILOBA Torr. & Gray. Flowers 
 paniculate; petals greenish. Fruit pale. T ? . 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. P. AKOMATICA Ait. Flowers spicate; pe- 
 tals yellow; fruit red. ^. Livermore. Spring. 
 
 Juice and exhalation of this shrub unlike 
 those of E. diversiloba do not produce eczema^ 
 but are entirely harmless. 
 
 Family 3. JUGLANDE^, 
 
 (Connecting link between Terebinthaks and Cupuliferce.) 
 
 Flowers diclinous. <3 : amentaceous ; peri- 
 gonium adnate to the bract, and imbricate in 
 aestivation; petals 3, or its multiple. 9 : ag- 
 gregate or racemose; perianth connate with the 
 imperfectly 2-4-celled, 1-ovulate ovary; fruit 
 a 1-pyrenous drupe; pyrena of valvular dehis- 
 cence. Leaves imparipinnate, stipules 0. 
 Juglans L. WALNUT. 
 
 $ : stamens more than six. $ flowers : few, 
 terminal; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; style 2. V . 
 
 1. J. CALIFORNICA Watson. Very local. 
 Walnut Creek. Spring. 
 
(210) 
 
 ORDER 5. SAPINDALES. Parts of the an- 
 droeciuin not symmetrical. Calyx free, imbri- 
 cate in aestivation. Petals inserted into a hypo- 
 gynous disc. Stamens generally more than 
 petals, but not their multiple. Carpidia 3, 
 sometimes 2, more or less connate into an 
 ovary. Ovules of definite number. 
 
 Family 1. POLYGALACEJE, 
 
 Flowers irregular, often imitating Papilona- 
 cece. Sepals 5, the two lateral petaloid (wings). 
 Petals 5, sometimes 3, connate with the sta- 
 mineal tube. Anterior petal concave (carina). 
 Stamens 8, sometimes 4 or less, usually mona- 
 delphous. Ovary 2-celled; style 1. Stipules 0. 
 
 1. Poly gala L- 
 
 Calyx persistent. Stamens 8, ascending. Fila- 
 ments united at base into an anteriorly cleft 
 tube. Ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovulate. Cap- 
 sule loculicidal. 
 
 1. P. CUCULLATA Benth. Flowers rose- 
 color. It- Tamalpais. Crystal Springs. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 2. SAPINDACE^i, 
 
 Sepals 5, often irregular and more or less 
 connate. Disc fleshy. Petals alternate with 
 sepals, and appendiculate at their claws 
 sometimes one or all of them wanting. Sta- 
 
( 211 ) 
 
 mens 1-seriate, more than 5. Ovary generally 
 3-celled; cells 1-2 ovulate. 
 
 1, JEsculus L. BUCKEYE. 
 Polygamous. Calyx irregular, gamosepalous. 
 
 Petals unguiculate, 5, or by abortion of the 
 anterior one, 4. Stamens 6-8, filaments as- 
 cending. Cells of ovary 2-ovulate. Fruit a 
 capsule, generally by abortion 1-celled, 1-seed- 
 ed. Leaves palmate, deciduous. . 
 
 1. JE. CALIFORNICA Nutt. Petals white, 
 tinged with red and yellow. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 The seeds contain an active principle not yet 
 sufficiently examined. 
 
 2. Acer Mcench. MAPLE. 
 
 Polygamous. Petals as many as sepals, in- 
 serted into the margin of the lobate, hypogy- 
 nous disc. Stamens 8, inserted with the petals. 
 Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed; cells 2-ovulate. Fruit 
 a 2-seeded samara. ^ . Leaves opposite, pal- 
 mately lobed, deciduous. 
 
 1. A. MACEOPHYLLUM Pursh. Flowers yel- 
 low. San Mateo. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 3. Negundo Mcenoh. Box ELDER. 
 
 Polygamous. Dioecious. Petals 0. $ : 
 stamens 4, sometimes 5, opposite to the calyx 
 teeth. ? : ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed; cells 2-ovu- 
 
(212) 
 
 late; fruit a 2-seeded samara. Leaves oppo- 
 site, imparip innate, deciduous. " . 
 
 1. N. CALIFORNICUM Torr. & Gray. San 
 Mateo. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 ORDER 6. CELASTEALES. Parts of the 
 flower correspondent in number. Disc tumid, 
 adnate to the base of the calyx. Stamens in- 
 serted with the petals on the margin of the 
 disc. Ovules definite. 
 
 Family 1, RHAMNACEJE, 
 
 Calyx conspicuous, gamosepalous, valvat in 
 aestivation. Stamens inserted with the petals 
 and alternate with the calyx lobes. Ovary 2- 
 3-celled ; cells 1-ovulate. Styles 2-3, more 
 or less connate. 
 
 1. Rhamnus Jusa. 
 
 Calyx-tube urceolate, margin 4-5-cleft. Pet- 
 als minute, with short claws, or 0. Ovary free. 
 Fruit a 2-3-pyrenous drupe. Leaves alternate, 
 stipulate. ^ . 
 
 1. E. CROCEA Nutt. Flowers 4-merous, ape- 
 talous; fruit red. Lake Chabot. San Eafael. 
 Taylorville. Spring. 
 
 2. E. CALIFORNICA Esch. Flowers 5-merous; 
 petals small, ovate, emarginate ; ripe fruit 
 black.- Common. Summer. 
 
 "Cascarasagrada" of. the old Californians. An 
 infusion of the bark of this species and of B. 
 
(213) 
 
 Purshiana of Northern California was in use 
 among them as a purge. There also was a be- 
 lief that the infusion of the bark, if the branch 
 was scraped towards the top, would act as an 
 emetic. 
 
 An infuso-decoct. of the leaves is one of the 
 most reliable remedies against fresh cases of 
 the eczema caused by poison oak. 
 
 2. Ceanothus L. 
 CALIFORNIA LILAC. CHAPPARAL. 
 
 Calyx-tube hemispherical, concave; margin 
 petaloid. Petals unguiculate ; margin cucul- 
 late. Ovary half immersed into the disc; 
 style 3-cleft. Fruit a 3-seeded capsule with 
 base embraced by the calyx tube, dehiscent at 
 the inner angle of the cells. Leaves simple. ^ . 
 
 1. C. THYRSLFLOKUS Eschsch. Leaves all al- 
 ternate, 3 -nerved from their base; flowers in 
 dense, compound racemes, blue, fragrant. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. C. DENTATUS Torr. & Gray. Leaves all 
 alternate, frequently faseicled, 3-nerved from 
 the base; flowers in small fascicles on naked, 
 terminal peduncles, blue. Tamalpais. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 3. C. DTVABICATUS Nutt. Leaves all alter- 
 nate, 3-nerved from their base; flowers in 
 racemes, pale; branches spinose. Niles. Liv- 
 ermore. Summer. 
 
(214) 
 
 4. C. PAPILLOSUS Torr. & Gray. Leaves 
 all alternate, pinnately veined, glandular; 
 flowers blue. Redwood City. Alma. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 5. 0. CEASSIFOLIUS Torr. Leaves often 
 opposite, with numerous straight veins, ob- 
 long; young branches tomentose; flowers in 
 dense fascicles, pale. Wright's Station. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 6. C. CUNEATUS Nutt. Leaves often oppo- 
 site, cuneate, with numerous straight veins; 
 young branches almost smooth; flowers in 
 loose fascicles, pale. Marin County. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 2, CELASTRACE2E, 
 
 Calyx conspicuous, gamosepalous. Stamens 
 alternate with the petals and opposite to the 
 calyx lobes. 
 
 1, EuonymilS Tourn. SPINDLE-TBEE. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5, spreading. Ovary 
 3-4-celled, half immersed into the disc. 
 Capsule loculicidal. 
 
 1. E. OCCIDENTALS N n 1 1 . Flowers dark 
 brown. ^. Crystal Springs. Taylorville. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 3. AMPELIDE^, 
 
 Calyx inconspicuous. Stamens inserted with 
 the petals, opposite and of equal number. 
 
(215) 
 
 Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovulate; ovules collat- 
 eral. Fruit a berry. Lower leaves opposite; 
 upper by the transformation of one of the pair 
 into a tendril, apparently alternate. 
 1. Vitis Tourn. GRAPE. 
 
 Petals coherent at their apex, caducous. 
 
 1. V. CALTFOBNICA Benth. ^. . 
 
 ORDER 7. GUTTIFERALES. Flowers 
 regular. Calyx free, sepals 4 or 5, imbricate 
 or 2-seriate, never regularly valvate in aestiva- 
 tion. Petals convolute in aestivation, some- 
 times 0. Stamens oo, more or less connate at 
 base, sometimes reduced in number. Carpidia 
 several, connate into an ovary. 
 
 Family 1, HYPEBICINE^. 
 
 Sepals 2-seriate. Petals as many as sepals 
 and alternate. Carpidia 3 or 5. Ovules GO, 2- 
 seriate in each. Styles 3 or 5, more or less uni- 
 ted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Leaves oppo- 
 site. Stipules 0. 
 
 1, Hypericum L- ST. JOHN'S-WORT. 
 
 Stamens polyadelphous : stigmas capitate. 
 Flowers yellow. If.. 
 
 1. H. CONCINNUM Benth. Leaves not clasp- 
 ing; stamens decidedly polyadelphous in three 
 phalanges; petals longer than the sepals. 
 Tamalpais. Camp Taylor. Crystal Springs. 
 Summer. 
 
(216) 
 
 2. H. ANAGALLOIDES Cham. & Sclileclit. 
 Leaves clasping; stamens rather polyandrous; 
 petals somewhat shorter than the sepals. 
 Presidio. Saucelito. Lagunitas. Summer. 
 
 Family 2. SALICINEJE 
 
 Dioecious. Amentaceous. $ : perigonium 0; 
 stamens central. ? : perigonium 0; ovary 
 2 carpidia, connate into one; ovules GO; styles 
 2; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, co-seeded; seeds 
 with hairy arillus. Leaves deciduous, alter- 
 nate, stipulate. 
 
 1. Salix Tourn. WILLOW. 
 
 Bracts entire. 
 
 1. S. L^VIGATA Bebb. Stamens more than 
 2; petioles downy; aments coeval with leaves. 
 
 . Alms House. Spring. 
 
 2. S. LASIANDEA I3enth. Stamens more 
 than 2; petioles glandular at their upper ends; 
 aments coeval with leaves. - - ^ . Alameda. 
 Spring. 
 
 3. S. LONGIFOLIA Muhl. Diandrous; scales 
 deciduous; aments coeval with leaves. ^. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 4. S. LASIOLEPIS Benth. Diandrous; scales 
 persistent, darker at the apex; capsules acute, 
 smooth, dark green; aments precocious. . 
 Common. Spring. 
 
( 217 ) 
 
 5. S. COULTEBI Anders. Monandrous; 
 ameuts in the axils of persistent leaves. V . 
 Mar in County. Spring. 
 
 2. Populus Tourn. 
 POPLAR COT ION WOOD. 
 Bracts fimbriate, laciniate. !? . 
 1. P. TRICHOCARPA Torr. & Gray. J? . Ha- 
 rm County. Niles. Spring. 
 
 ORDER 8. PAEIETALES. Ovary 1-celled; 
 placentation parietal; ovules oo. 
 
 Family 1, CISTINE^. 
 
 Calyx 2-seriate; 2 external sepals smaller 
 than the 3 internal, contorted to the left in 
 aestivation, sometimes 0. Petals 5, caducous, 
 contorted to the right in aestivation. Stamens 
 GO . Ovary free, formed by several connate 
 carpidia; style 1. Fruit a capsule; placenta- 
 tion sometimes apparently axillary, by pla- 
 centae protruding towards the center. 
 
 1. Helianthemum Tonm. ROCK-ROSE. 
 
 Ovary 3-valved. Placentas in the middle of 
 the valves; each valve more than 2-seeded. 
 .Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. H. SCOPARIUM Nutt. U. Tamalpai?. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 2. LOASACE^E, 
 
 Calyx-tube more or less connate with the 
 10 
 
( 218 ) 
 
 ovary, costate; margin 4 or 5-parted. Petals 
 4 or 5, and their multiples. Stamens GO , 
 some of the external sometimes petaloid. 
 Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules GO ; style 1. 
 Fruit a capsule immersed in the calyx tube. 
 
 1, Mentzelia L 
 
 Calyx limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals not 
 cucullate. Stamens oo, inserted in the throat 
 of the calyx below the petals. Style 3-cleft. 
 Capsule dehiscent near the apex. 
 
 1. M. LINDLEYI Torr. & Gray. Petals obo- 
 vate, abruptly acuminate, yellow. 0. Niles. 
 Sunol. San Leandro. Summer. 
 
 2. M. L^EVICAULIS Torr. & Gray. Petals 
 lanceolate, cream-colored. 0. Arroyo del 
 Monte, near Livermore. Summer. 
 
 Family 3. DATISCE-ffi, 
 
 Calyx tube connate with ovary. Petals 0. 
 Ovary 1-celled; placentae on the middle nerve 
 of the carpidia: ovules oo ; styles on the mar- 
 gins of the carpidia, 2 for each placenta, some- 
 times united into a contiguous style. Fruit a 
 capsule, crowned by the calyx margin and 
 style. 
 
 1. Tricerastes Presl. (Datisca L). 
 
 Flowers $ . Calyx-tube 3-angular; margin 
 3-dentate. Stamens 3, alternate with the lobes 
 of the calyx; anthers extrorse. Ovary with 
 
(219) 
 
 3 placenta?; styles 3, 2-parted, opposite the 
 calyx-teeth. It. 
 
 1. T. GLOMERATA Ben th & Hook. Sunny- 
 side. Mies. Summer. 
 
 Family 4. FRANKENIACEJE, 
 
 Flowers regular. Calyx gamophyllus free, 
 tubular, costate, persistent. Petals alternate 
 with the lobes of calyx, unguiculate. Stamens 
 not correspondent in number to petals; an- 
 thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a cap- 
 sule 2-4-valved, included in the persistent 
 calyx-tube. 
 
 1. Frankenia L- 
 
 Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. U . 
 1. F. GRANDIFLORA Cham. Schlecht. Pe- 
 tals pink. Seashore. Summer. 
 
 Family 5. VIOLACE^E, 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. 
 Stamens inserted into a hypogynous disc, fila- 
 ments flat; anthers short, introrse, pressed 
 against the ovary, the connective elongated 
 beyond the anthers. Ovary free, 1-celled, 
 formed by 3 carpidia; ovules oo, 2-seriate; 
 style 1, persistent; fruit a 3-valved capsule; 
 valves bearing the seeds on the middle nerve. 
 Leaves stipulate. 
 
(220) 
 
 1. Viola L. VIOLET. 
 
 Sepals unequal, appendiculate at base. Pet- 
 als unequal, the inferior longest and calcarate. 
 Stamens 5; anthers cohering into a tube, the 
 two inferior ones appendiculate at their base. 
 
 1. V. ODORATA L. Stemless; petals violet. 
 7. Throckmorton Eanch. Spring. 
 
 Sweet violet; probably escaped from culti- 
 vation. 
 
 2. V. CANINA L. Stem leafy; spar as long 
 as the sepals; petals violet. 1C. Cemetery, 
 Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 3. V. OCELLATA Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, 
 leafy. Leaves cordate; stipules small, sca- 
 rious; spur merely saccate; petals gradually 
 changing color from purple to white. 1. 
 Tamalpais. Santa Cruz Mountains. Summer. 
 
 4. V. PEDUNCULATA Torr. & Gray. Stem 
 leafy, ascending; leaves rhombic; stipules nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, foliaceous; sepals lanceolate; 
 spur merely saccate; petals yellow, the out- 
 side tinged with purple. It- Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 5. V. AUREA Kellogg. Stem leafy, ascend- 
 ing; leaves lanceolate: stipules lanceolate,folia- 
 ceous; sepals linear, acuminate; spur merely 
 saccate; petals yellow. 1C- Contra Costa 
 mountains. Summer. 
 
(221) 
 
 6. V. SARMENTOSA Dougl. Stem prostrate, 
 leafy; leaves cordate, finely crenate; petals 
 yellow. 1. Tamalpais. Taylorville. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 7. V. LOBATA Benth. Erect leafy stem; 
 cauline leaves palmate; petals yellow, exter- 
 nally tinged with purple. 2. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 Series 2. APHANOCYCLIC^E. Floral parts 
 showing a tendency to spiral arrangement, and 
 generally distinct. Parts of the gyncecium 
 only occasionally connate. Calyx and corolla 
 often of the same or similar structure. Numer- 
 ical law not yet established. Stamens gener- 
 ally more numerous than sepals and petals. 
 
 ORDER 1. CKUCIFLOK/E. Calyx and cor- 
 olla formed from 2 and its multiples. Circles 
 of stamens more than 1. Carpidia 2 and its 
 multiples. 
 
 Family 1, CRUCIFEILffi, 
 
 Sepals 2 pairs. Petals 4. Stamens tetra- 
 dynamous. Ovary free, compound of 2 lateral 
 carpidia; placentae parietal, on the margins of 
 a spurious septum (replum); style 1. Fruit a 
 siliqua, silicula or lomentum. Leaves alter- 
 nate; stipules 0. 
 
 1. Raphanus Tourn. RADISH. 
 
 Indehiscent siliqua irregularly moniliform, 
 several-seeded, 
 
( 222 ) 
 
 1. E. SATivusL. 0. Common all the year 
 round. 
 
 Escaped from gardens. Originally a native 
 of China, now in cultivation over the whole 
 earth. 
 
 2, Thysanocarpus Hook. 
 
 Indehiscent silicula (samara) orbicular, 
 winged, 1-seeded. 0. Spring. 
 
 1. T. PUSILLUS Hook. Pubescent through- 
 out; cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile, but not 
 clasping; silicula orbicular, hirsute. Niles. 
 
 2. T. LACiNiATUsNutt. Cauline leaves linear, 
 scarcely auricled at their clasping base; sili- 
 cula obovate, slightly pubescent. Niles. 
 
 3. T. CURVIPES Hook. Glabrous; cauline 
 leaves conspicuously auricled at the clasping 
 base; silicula orbicular. Common. 
 
 3, Senebiera Poir. 
 
 Indehiscent silicula (schizocarp) 2-seeded. 
 Seeds globose, rugose. Flowers minute, white. 
 1. S. DIDYMA Pers. 0. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 4. Lepidium R- Br. PEPPERGRASS. 
 
 Silicula dorsally compressed, ovate, with ca- 
 rinate valves and narrow replum. Seeds soli- 
 tary in each cell, pendulous from the apex of 
 the replum. 
 
( 223 ) 
 
 1. L. NITIDUM Nutt. Silieula shining, gla- 
 brous; petals whitish. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 2. L. LATIPES Hook. Silicula strongly re- 
 ticulated; petals greenish. 0. Marin Coun- 
 ty. Summer. 
 
 5. Capsella Vent. SHEPHERD'S-PUBSE. 
 
 Silicula dorsally compressed, with carinate, 
 1-nerved valves and narrow replum. Seeds 
 several. Flowers white. 0. 
 
 1. C. BUBSA-PASTOBIS L. Common all the 
 year round. 
 
 Ballast weed, introduced from Europe. 
 
 6, Tropidocarpum Hook. 
 
 Siliqua dorsally compressed, linear, with 1- 
 nerved, carinate valves, and very narrow re- 
 plum. Seeds oo. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. T. GBACILE Hook. Marin county. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 7. Nasturtium R Br. WATER-CRESS. 
 
 Siliqua linear, with concave valves, and only 
 rudimentary nerve. Seeds GO, 2-seriate in each 
 valve. Aquatic. 
 
 1. N. OFFICINALE B. Br. Petals white. 2. 
 Common all the year round. 
 
 Introduced from Europe, at present perfectly 
 naturalized. 
 
( 224 ) 
 
 8, Sisymbrium L- HEDGE-MUSTARD. 
 
 Siliqua linear, with concave, 3-nerved valves. 
 Seeds oo, 1-seriate in each valve. 
 
 1. S. OFFICINALE Scop. Branches divari- 
 cate; siliqua closaly appressed to the axis of 
 the raceme; petals yellow. 0. Common all 
 the year round. 
 
 Ballast weed from Europe. 
 
 2. S. ACUTANGULUM DC. Branches ascend- 
 ing; siliqua erect; petals yellow. 0. Mission 
 Dolores. San Jose. Summer. 
 
 Ballast weed, native of the Mediterranean re- 
 gion. 
 
 3. S. EEFLEXUM Nutt. Branches but few; 
 siliqua deflexed; petals yellow, white or red. 
 0. Presidio. Saucelito. Alameda. Summer. 
 
 9, Cakile Tourn. SEA-ROCKET. 
 Fruit a 2-articulate lomentum. 
 1. C. AMERICANA Nutt. Petals rose-colored. 
 0. Berkeley salt marshes. Summer. 
 
 10, Barbarea K. Br. WINTER-CRESS. 
 
 Siliqua linear, 4-augular with concave, 1- 
 nerved valves. Seeds oo, compressed, 1-seriate 
 in each valve. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. B. VULGABIS B. Br. 2. San Mateo. 
 Summer, 
 
(225) 
 
 11. BrassicaL. MUSTARD. 
 Siliqua linear, with concave, more than 1- 
 nerved valves. Seeds oo, globose, 1-seriate in 
 each valve. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. B. CAMPESTRIS L. Upper leaves clasping, 
 auriculate. 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 Native of Europe, but escaped from cul- 
 tivation and naturalized. 
 
 2. B. NIGRA Boiss. All leaves petioled. 0. 
 Very common. Summer. 
 
 Black mustard. Probably like the former 
 escaped from cultivation, but at present a trou- 
 blesome weed, plentiful enough to impart a 
 disagreeable taste to milk and honey. 
 
 12. Erysimum L. 
 
 Siliqua linear, 4-angular, with carinate, 1- 
 nerved valves. Seeds oo, globose, 1-seriate in 
 each valve. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. E. ASPERUM DC. 00. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 . 13, Caulanthus Watson. 
 
 Sepals equally saccate. Petals undulate. 
 Siliqua elongated, terete, sessile; valves 1- 
 nerved. Seeds oo, oblong, 1-seriate in each 
 valve. 00. 
 
 1. C. PROCEEDS Watson. Petals greenish 
 white. Common, Summer, 
 
 1QA 
 
(226) 
 
 14, Gheiranthus L. WALL-FLOWKR. 
 
 Lateral sepals saccate. Petals unguiculate. 
 Siliqua laterally compressed; repluin broad; 
 valves 1-nerved. Seeds compressed, 1-seriate 
 in each valve. 
 
 1. C. ASPEE Cham. & Schlecht. Petals in 
 different localities of different coloration, viz., 
 near San Francisco cream-color, at San Mateo 
 orange-color, in Saucelito light yellow. . 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 15, Streptanthus Nntt. 
 
 Sepals colored and equal. Petals undulate. 
 Siliqua laterally compressed; valves flattened, 
 1-nerved. Seeds oo, 1-seriate, marginate, com- 
 pressed. 
 
 1. S. GLANDULOSUS Hook. Hispid; lat- 
 eral pair of sepals not turned inward behind 
 the upper petals; sepals and petals white or 
 red. 0. Sunnyside. Spring. 
 
 2. S. PERAMCENUS Greene. Hispid; lateral 
 pair of sepals turned inward behind the upper 
 petals; sepals dark purple, petals pale. 0. 
 Wright's Station. Oakland Hills. Summer. 
 
 3. S. NIGER Greene. Glabrous, glaucous; 
 sepals obtuse, dark purple; petals pale with 
 purple claws. 0. Tiburon. Spring. 
 
 16, Arabis L- ROCK-CRESS. 
 Petals not undulate. Siliqua laterally com- 
 
(227) 
 
 pressed, linear; valves flattened, with promi- 
 nent nerve. Seeds oo , 1-seriate, compressed, 
 marginate. 
 
 1. A. BLEPHAROPHYLLA Hook & Arn. Leaves 
 conspicuously ciliate; cauline leaves oblong, 
 sessile; petals purple. 2f. Presidio. Sau- 
 celito. Spring. 
 
 2. A. PERFOLIATA Lam. (Tarritis glabra L.) 
 Glaucous; cauline leaves ovate, clasping by 
 the sagittate base; petals pale. 0. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 17, Gardamine L. BITIER-CRESS. 
 
 Siliqua laterally compressed, linear; valves 
 flat, without nerve. Seeds GO, 1-seriate; funi- 
 cle filiform. 
 
 1. C. PAUCiSECTABenth. Lower leaves simple 
 or 3-lobed,cau]ine leaves 5-foliolate. 2. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 2. C. OLIGOSPERMA Nutt. All leaves pinnate. 
 , Saucelito. San Mateo. Spring. 
 
 18. Alyssum L. 
 
 Silicula laterally compressed, orbicular; 
 valves concave; replum broad. Seeds 1 or 2 
 in each valve. 
 
 1. A. CALYCINUM L. Petals white or yellow, 
 but little exceeding the sepals. 0. San Fran- 
 cisco. Summer. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, escaped 
 from gardens, 
 
(228) 
 
 2. A. MAEITIMUM L. Petals white,twice longer 
 than the sepals. It. Oakland. Summer. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, escaped 
 from gardens. 
 
 Family 2, FUMARIACEJE, 
 Sepals 1 pair. Corolla irregular. Stamens 
 6 more or less connate, cliadelphous. 
 
 1. Dicentra Bork. BLEEDING-HEART. 
 
 Sepals small, two lateral petals flat, anterior 
 and posterior petals calcarate. Ovary 1-celled, 
 with two parietal placentae; oo-ovulate. Fruit 
 a 2-valved capsule. 2f . 
 
 1. D. CHBYSANTHA Hook. & Arn. Flowers 
 yellow, panicled on a leafy stem. Crystal 
 Springs. Summer. 
 
 2. D. FORMOSA DC. Flowers rose-color, race- 
 mose on a scape. Colma. Taylorville. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Family 3, PAPAVERACE^l. 
 
 Sepals 2 or 3, caducous. Corolla regular; 
 petals two pairs, sometimes three. Stamens 
 not connate. Ovary free. 
 
 1, Platystemon Benth. CREAM CUPS. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens oo; filaments 
 flattened their whole length. Carpidia several, 
 oc-seeded, at first syncarpous; stigmas free ? 
 sessile, linear, Fruit at last apocarpous, dis- 
 
(229) 
 
 solving into several follicles. Plant villous. 
 Flowers creain color. 0. 
 
 1. P. CALiFOKNicusBenth. Common. Spring. 
 2. Platy stigma Benth. CREAM Curs. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens GO; filaments 
 flattened only at the base. Ovary 3-angular, 
 1-celled; placentae 3; stigmas 3. Fruit a cap- 
 sule, 3-angular, 3-valved, co-seeded. 0. Ex- 
 ternal petals yellow, internal cream color. 
 
 1. P. LINEARE Benth. Filaments flat. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 2. P. CALIFORMCUM Benth. & Hook. Fila- 
 ments terete. San Mateo. Spring. 
 
 3. Dendroinecon Benth. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens GO. Ovary 
 terete, linear with 2 placentae; ovules GO; stigma 
 sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule 1-celled, 2- 
 valved; seeds on the margin of the valves. 
 Flowers yellow. Leaves rigid, entire. . 
 
 1. D. EIGIDUS Benth. Tamalpais. Wright's 
 Station. Summer. 
 
 4, Eschscholtzia Cham. CALIFORNIA POPPY. 
 
 Calyx and corolla inserted into a turbiuate 
 thalamus. Calyx gamosepalus, circumscissile 
 at base. Petals 4. Stamens oo, adhering to 
 the base of petals; filaments very short; an- 
 thers extrorse. Ovary free, terete, 1-celled, 
 with 2 placentas; stigmas 4. Fruit a capsule. 
 
(230) 
 
 10-nerved, 2-valved; seeds ou the margins of 
 the valves. 
 
 1. E. CALIFOUNICA Cham. Flowers 
 orange 2. Common. Summer. 
 
 5, Meconopsis Viguier. 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens GO; 
 anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary obovate, 
 1-celled, with more than 2 placentae; style 
 short, persistent; stigmas radiating. Fruit a 
 1-celled capsule, dehiscent by several slits near 
 the apex. 
 
 1. M. HETEROPHYLLA Benth. Petals scarlet. 
 0. Sunnyside. San Mateo. Niles. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 6, Argemone Touru. PRICKLY POPPY. 
 
 Sepals 2 or .3. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens oo; 
 anthers extrorse. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 
 more than 2 placentas; stigmas nearly sessile, 
 radiating. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by 
 several valves near the apex. 0. 
 
 1. A. HISPIDA Gray. Petals white. Niles. 
 Summer. 
 
 ORDER 2. POLYCAEPIC^. Floral parts 
 with a tendency to arrange themselves spirally, 
 and gradually merge into each other. 
 
 Family 1, LAURINE^. 
 
 Perigonium 6-parted. Lobes 2-seriate, im- 
 bricate in aestivation. Disc adnate to the base 
 
(231) 
 
 of the perigonium; Stamens inserted on the 
 margin of a disc, 6 or its multiple; anthers 
 dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled, com- 
 pound of 3 carpidia, but only 1 ovule devel- 
 oped; style 1. Fruit baccate or drupaceous. 
 Leaves alternate; stipules 0. 
 
 1. Oreodaphne Nees (Umbdlularia Nutt). 
 
 Margin of perigonium deciduous. Stamens 
 9-12, in 3 rows; anthers of the two external 
 rows introrse, of the third extrorse, their fila- 
 ments 2-glandular at the base. Fruit a drupe 
 resting on an enlarged thalamus. ^ . 
 
 1. O. CALIFORNIA Nees. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Bay tree. California laurel. 
 
 Family 2, BERBERIDKffi, 
 
 Sepals, petals and stamens 1-3-seriate, oppo- 
 site each other. Anthers extrorse, dehiscent 
 by valves. Ovary 1-celled, with ventral pla- 
 centa co-ovulate. Fruit capsular, follicular or 
 baccate, 1 to several-seeded. Leaves alternate; 
 stipules 0. 
 
 1. VancOUVeria Decaisne. 
 
 Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 6. Fruit a 
 follicle, several-seeded. Flowers white. 2. 
 
 1. V. SEXANDBA Morr. & Decaisne. Marin 
 County. Spring. 
 
(232) 
 
 2, Berberis k. BARBERRY. 
 
 Sepals 6, protected by bracts. Petals 6. 
 Stamens 6. Fruit baccate, few-seeded. Flow- 
 ers yellow. ^ . 
 
 1. B. PINNATA Lag. Leaflets pinnately 
 veined, shining above, acuminate; first pair of 
 leaflets near the base of the petiole. Colma. 
 Mission Hills. Spring. 
 
 Berries glaucous, edible. Stem and root 
 contain a yellow dye. 
 
 2. B. AQUIFOLIUM Pursh. Leaflets pinnately 
 veined, shining above, acuminate; first pair of 
 leaflets remote from the base of the petiole. 
 Crystal Springs. Spring. 
 
 3. B. KEPENS Lindl. Leaflets pinnately 
 veined, not shining above, not acuminate. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 4. B. NERVOSA Pursh. Leaflets palmately 
 nerved. Marin County. Spring. 
 
 Family 3, RANUNCULACEJE, 
 
 Petals alternate with sepals and imbricate in 
 aestivation. Stamens oo ; anthers extrorse (lat- 
 eral), longitudinally dehiscent. Ovaries sev- 
 eral, rarely reduced to 1, apocarpous. Fruit 
 akene, follicle or berry. Stipules 0. 
 
 1, Paeoilia Touru. PEONY. 
 
 Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals equal 
 5 or 10. Stamens oo; ovaries few, seated on a 
 
(233) 
 
 fleshy disc, oo-ovulate; stigmas sessile. Fruit 
 of few follicles, coriaceous, oo-seeded. 
 
 1. P. BEOWNII Dougl. Petals dark red. It- 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
 2, Actaea L- BANEBEBUY. 
 
 Sepals 4, equal, caducous. Petals 4, Ovary 
 but 1, 1-celled with ventral placenta, ovules 
 2-seriate; stigma sessile. Fruit baccate, oo- 
 seeded. It- Flowers white. 
 
 1. A. SPICATA L. Berry red. Redwood 
 Peak. Tamalpais. Nicasio. Spring. 
 
 Narcotic poison. 
 
 3, Delphinium Tourn. LARKSPUR. 
 
 Sepals 5, petaloid; upper one calcarate. 
 Corolla irregular; upper petal 0; 2 lateral pet- 
 als projecting by their appendices into the 
 calyx-spur. Ovaries not more than 5, oo-ovu- 
 late. Fruit several follicles. 
 
 1. D. NUDICAULE Torr. & Gray. Leaves 
 almost all radical, 3-5-lobed, segments broad, 
 obtuse, mucronulate; flowers in lax racemes, 
 scarlet. 0. Contra Costa Range. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 2. D. CALIFOENICUM Torr. & Gray. Stem 
 smooth, foliose; leaves 3-5-cleft, divisions 
 lobed; flowers in strict, dense racemes; pedi- 
 cels and flowers velvety, pale, sometimes tinned 
 with violet. It. Saucelito. Mission Dolores, 
 Summer. 
 
( 234 ) 
 
 3. D. DECORUM. Fisch. & Mey. Pubes- 
 cent: lower leaves 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, 
 upper leaves with narrow, linear divisions; 
 flowers on long pedicels in an open raceme; 
 follicles glabrous; flowers blue. 11!. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 4. D. VARIEGATUM Tor r. & Gray. Pubescent; 
 upper and lower leaves dissected, segments 
 oblong or linear; flowers on long pedicels in an 
 open raceme; follicles pubescent; flowers blue 
 or white. It. Marin County. Crystal Springs. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. D. SIMPLEX Dougl. Canescent; upper 
 and lower leaves dissected, segments linear; 
 flowers on short pedicels in dense racemes; 
 follicles pubescent; flowers white, yellow, red, 
 blue or dark purple. 0. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 This genus needs investigation in regard 
 to its toxic properties. One of the species is 
 known to the ( sheep-herders as dangerous to 
 their flocks. Perhaps all the perennial species 
 may contain an acrid, narcotic substance. 
 4, Aquilegia Tourn. COLUMBINE. 
 
 Sepals 5, petaloid, equal. Petals 5, bilab- 
 iate, prolonged backward into a spur. Fruit 5 
 follicles. 2. 
 
 1. A. TRUNCATA Fisch. & Mey. Flowers 
 orange. Common. Spring. 
 
(235) 
 
 5, Ranunculus L- BUTTERCUP. 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5 or multiple, with a scale 
 at the base. Ovaries oo, 1-ovulate. Fruit oo- 
 akenes. 
 
 1. K. HEBECARPUS Hook. & Arn. Akenes 
 hispid, roughened; floral parts of small size 
 and reduced in their typical number. 0. 
 Marin County. Niles. Spring. 
 
 Flaccid annual of the habit of Bowlesia. 
 
 2. E. MURICATUS L. Lower leaves rounded, 
 3-lobed, irregularly crenate; akenes tubercu- 
 late, spinose; floral parts typical and of ordi- 
 nary proportions; petals yellow. 00. Pre- 
 sidio. Summer. 
 
 3. E. MAXIMUS Greene. Leaves broad, alter- 
 nately divided; radical leaves on very long 
 petioles; leaflets laciniately lobed; akenes 
 glabrous, flat, orbicular, thin-edged; styles 
 long; petals more than 5, yellow. It- San 
 Eafael. Corte Madera. Summer. 
 
 4. E. CALIFORNICQS Benth. Eadical leaves 
 pinnatqly ternate; leaflets laciniately cut; 
 akenes glabrous, flat, firmly edged; styles 
 short; petals more than 5; yellow. If. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 5. E. BLOOMERI Watson. Leaves 3-5-lobed, 
 crenate; akenes lenticular; styles long, straight; 
 petals yellow. 2. Sunnyside. Summer. 
 
(230) 
 
 6. E. FLAMMULA L. Leaves entire; akenes 
 smooth ; stamens more than 10; petals bright 
 yellow. 2. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 7. E. PUSILLUS Poir. Leaves entire; akenes 
 granulate; stamens never more than 10; petals 
 yellow. 0. Inundated places near Napa. 
 Summer. 
 
 8. E. LOBBII Hiern. Aquatic; leaves float- 
 ing, 3-lobed; submerged Leaves 0; styles long, 
 filiform, with small terminal stigma; petals 
 white with yellow claws. 2. Olema. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 9. E. AQUATILIS L. Aquatic with submerged 
 capillary, multifid leaves; styles subulate, 
 not longer than the ovary, introrsely stigma- 
 tose; petals white with yellow claws. If. 
 Presidio. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 All perennial species possess an acrid, pois- 
 onous principle, which disappears by drying, 
 so that the plant, avoided by animals in its 
 growing state, becomes harmless when made 
 into hay. 
 
 6, Myosurus L- MOUSETAIL. 
 
 Sepals 5, ca4carate. Petals 5, on filiform 
 claws. Fruit oo-akenes, crowded on an elon- 
 gated, spike-like receptacle. . Dwarf plants 
 with radical leaves. 
 
 1. M. MINIMUS L, Niles. Spring. 
 
( 237 ) 
 
 7, Thalictrum Touru. MEADOW-ROE. 
 
 Jnvolucre 0. Sepals 4 or 5, very caducous. 
 Petals 0. Ovaries GO, 1-ovulate. Fruit co- 
 capitate akenes. Leaves ternately compound. 
 K. 
 
 1. T. FENDLERI Engelm. Flowers violet. 
 Saucelito. San Mateo. Summer. 
 
 8. Anemone Hall. 
 
 Involucre 3-foliate. Sepals petaloid, 5 or a 
 multiple. Petals 0. Ovaries GO, 1-ovulate. % 
 Fruit GO, capitate akenes. It- 
 
 1. A. GBAYI Kellogg & Behr. Flowers 
 white, tinged with blue or purple. Tamalpais. 
 Camp Taylor. Spring. 
 
 9, Clematis L. VIRCIN'S-BOWER. 
 
 Sepals 4, petaloid, not imbricate in aestiva- 
 tion. Petals 0. Ovaries 1-ovulate. Fruit GO 
 akenes, caudate by the persistent style. 
 
 1. C. LASIANTHA Nutt. Tomentose; flowers 
 solitary on long peduncles, pale. It. Niles. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. C. LIGUSTICIFOLIA Nutt. Almost gla- 
 brous; Flowers paniculate, pale. It. San Ma- 
 teo. Niles. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 ORDER 3. RANALES. Floral parts having 
 a pronounced tendency to merge gradually into 
 each other. 
 
(238) 
 
 Family 1, NYMPHJEACE.E, 
 
 Sepals and petals inserted into a fleshy, cup- 
 shaped thalamus. Stamens oo, co-seriate, in- 
 serted with the petals; filaments flat, petaloid, 
 anthers introrse, adnate. Carpidia several, 
 immersed in the thalamus, and presenting the 
 appearance of a co-celled ovary; ovules GO, 
 inserted on the partitions; styles united and 
 forming a radiate, peltate stigma, projecting 
 beyond the thalamus and persistent. 
 1. Nuphar Smith. WATER-LILY. 
 
 Sepals more than 4, petaloid. Petals oo, 
 short, densely crowded round the thalamus. 
 Stigma stipitate. Fruit a baccate pseudocarp. 
 2. Aquatic. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. N. POLYSEPALUM Engelm. Sepals more 
 than 7. Near the Marine Hospital. Taylor- 
 ville, Paper-mill Creek. Summer. 
 
 SERIES 3. PEBIGTN^E. Thalamus cup- 
 shaped, bearing sepals, petals and stamens, 
 and receiving the carpidia in shape of a recep- 
 tacle, which in many instances surrounds the 
 carpidia enough to form an inferior ovary. 
 
 Section 1. CALYCIFLOR.E. Petals present and 
 distinct, 4 or 5. Stamens 4 or 5, or their mul- 
 tiples. 
 
 ORDER 1. MYKTALES. Calyx lobes val- 
 vate in aestivation. Petals as many, or a mul- 
 
(230) 
 
 pie, rarely a divisor. Carpidia united into a 
 single ovary. 
 
 Family 1. HALORRHAGIDE^, 
 
 Calyx tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4-parted. 
 Petals, if present, alternate with calyx lobes. 
 Stamens not more than twice as many as petals; 
 if of equal number opposite to them. Pla- 
 centse central, 1-ovulate. Styles as many 
 as cells. 
 
 1, Hippuris L- MARE'S TAIL. 
 
 Flowers $ , or sometimes polygamous, mo- 
 nandrous; filament subulate. Ovary 1-celled, 
 1-ovulate, style filiform. Fruit a caryopsis. 11 . 
 Aquatic. Leaves verticillate; flowers minute, 
 solitary in the axils. 
 
 1. H.VULGABIS L. Marine Hospital (at pres- 
 ent extinct). Summer. 
 
 2, Myriophyllum L. WATKR MILFOIL. 
 
 Monoecious. $ : petals caducous; stamens 8. 
 ? : calyx limb and petals minute; stigma vil- 
 lous; ovary 4-celled, 4-ovulate. 
 
 1. M. SPICATUM L. Marine Hospital. 
 Camp Taylor. Summer. 
 
 Family 2, ONAGRACE^, 
 
 Calyx tube adnate to the ovary. Petals al- 
 ternate with them, not valvate in aestivation. 
 Stamens inserted with petals, as many or a 
 
(240) 
 
 multiple; anthers introrse. Placentae central, 
 oo-ovulate. Style 1. Stipules 0. 
 
 1. Jussiaea L- 
 
 Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 
 but forming an epigynous disc ; lobes 4-6, 
 persistent. Petals 4-6 ; stamens twice as 
 many. Cells of ovary as many as calyx-lobes; 
 stigma capitate. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 
 
 1. J. EEPENS L. Flowers yellow; leaves 
 alternate. 2f. Aquatic. Niles. Alvarado. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Zauschneria Presl. 
 
 Calyx-tube prolonged considerably above the 
 ovary, funnel-shaped, colored, with 4-lobed, 
 deciduous limb. Petals not exceeding the 
 calyx-lobes, 2-cleft, erect. Stamens 8, in- 
 cluded. Ovary 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds with 
 a hairy crown. Fruit a capsule, linear, imper- 
 fectly 4-celled, oc -seeded. Flowers scarlet ; 
 upper leaves alternate. U . 
 
 1. Z. CALIFORNICA Presl. Oakland Water- 
 works. Mies. Summer. 
 
 3, Epilobium L- WILLOW-HERB. 
 Calyx-tube prolonged but little beyond the 
 ovary; limb 4-parted, soon deciduous. Petals 
 4, obovate, or obcordate, inserted into an an- 
 nular disc on the summit of the calyx-tube. 
 Stamens 8. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a 4-angular, 
 
(241) 
 
 4-celled, loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a 
 crown of long hair. 
 
 1. E. FRANCISCANUM Barbey. Stem angu- 
 lar; leaves serrulate; stamens shorter than the 
 style; petals purple. II. Fort Point. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. E. MINUTUM Lindl. Stem terete; leaves 
 almost entire; four of the stamens as long as 
 the style; petals rose-color. 0. Tamalpais. 
 Summer. 
 
 4, Gayophytum Juss. 
 
 Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 
 limb 4-parted, reflexed, deciduous. Petals 4. 
 Stamens 8; anthers versatile, those opposite 
 the petals smaller and usually sterile. Ovary 
 2-celled; style short; stigma capitate or cla- 
 vate. Fruit a capsule, 2-celled, uneqally 4- 
 valved. . Slender herbs. 
 
 1. G. DIFFUSUM Torr. & Gray. Petals pale 
 rose-color. Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 5. (Enothera L. EVENING PRIMROSE. 
 
 Calyx tube more or less prolonged above the 
 ovary; lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8; 
 anthers versatile. Ovary 4-celled; ovules oo ; 
 style filiform. Fruit a 4-celled capsule, loculi- 
 cidal; seeds GO, smooth. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. (E. BIENNIS L. Stigma lobes linear; 
 flowers in a leafy spike, yellow. 0. San 
 
 Mateo. Niles. Summer. 
 11 
 
(242) 
 
 2. (E. CALIFORNIA Watson. Stigma lobes 
 linear; flowers axillary, white, at last pinkish. 
 U Niles. Summer. 
 
 3. (E. OVATA Nutt. Stigma capitate; .calyx 
 tube filiform, above the ovary; petals yellow. 
 1C . Common. Spring. 
 
 Leaves and flowers formerly in use as a salad. 
 
 4. (E. CHEIRANTHI FOLIA Hornem. Stigma 
 capitate; calyx tube obconic; capsule 4-angu- 
 lar with acute angles; canescent; leaves thick, 
 entire; petals yellow. 2. Seashore. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 5. (E. MICRANTHA Hornem. Stigma cap- 
 itate; calyx tube obconic; capsule 4-angular 
 with acute angles, very much contorted; leaves 
 denticulate; petals yellow. 0. Niles. Al- 
 varado. Summer. 
 
 6. (E. DENTATA Cav. Stigma capitate; 
 calyx tube obconic; capsule elongated, linear, 
 shortly beaked; petals yellow. . Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. (E. STRIGULOSA Torr. & Gray. Stigma 
 capitate; calyx tube obconic; capsule elongated, 
 linear, obtuse, petals yellow. 0. Common. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 6, Godetia Spacb. 
 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, fun- 
 nel-shaped, the lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Sta- 
 mens 8, unequal; anthers basifixed. Capsule 
 ovate to linear; seeds smooth, oo. 0. 
 
(243) 
 
 1. G. PURPUREA Watson. Flowers in a 
 leafy, terminal cluster; capsule oblong; seeds 
 in a double row in each cell; petals purple. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. G. LEPIDA Lindl. Flowers in short sim- 
 ple spike; capsule oblong, ovate; seeds in a 
 simple row in each cell; petals rose-colored, 
 with a darker spot near the apex. Niles. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. G. QUADRIVULNERA Spach. Capsule lin- 
 ear, sessile, villous, 2-costate; petals purple. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 4. G. TENELLA Watson. Capsule linear, 
 sessile, puberulent, not costate; petals purple. 
 Niles. Summer. 
 
 5. G. AMCENA Lilja. Capsule linear, atten- 
 uate at each end, pedicillate; plant minutely 
 puberulent; petals rose-color, tinged with pur- 
 ple, Common. Summer. 
 
 6. G. EPILOBIOIDES Watson. Capsule linear, 
 attenuate into a short pedicel, acuminate at 
 the apex; plant tomentosely pubescent; petals 
 rose-color. Niles. Summer. 
 
 7, Clarkia 
 
 Calyx- tube prolonged beyond the ovary, ob- 
 conical, deciduous, the lobes reflexed. Petals 
 4, unguiculate. Stamens 8, alternately depau- 
 perate; anthers basifixed. Capsule linear; 
 seeds oo, smooth. 0. 
 
(244) 
 
 1. C. ELEGANS Dougl. Petals rose-color. 
 Alameda. Summer. 
 
 8, Eucharidium Fisch. & Mey. 
 
 Caljx-tube linear, elongated beyond the 
 ovary, its lobes re flexed, deciduous. Petals 4, 
 unguiculate. Stamens 4, alternate with the 
 petals; anthers basifixed. Seeds oo, smooth. 
 0. 
 
 1. E. CONCINNUM Fisch. & Mey. Flowers 
 red. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 9, Boisduvalia Spach. 
 
 Calyx- tube prolonged beyond the ovary; fun- 
 nel-shaped, deciduous; the lobes erect. Petals 
 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 8, those opposite 
 the petals shorter; anthers basifixed. Capsules 
 4-celled; seeds oo, smooth. 0. Flowers pur- 
 ple. 
 
 1. B. DENSIFLOBA Watson. Canescent; cap- 
 sules oblong; partitions of the dehiscent cap- 
 sule separating from the valves. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. B. GLABELLA Walpers. Capsules oblong, 
 almost straight; partitions of the dehiscent 
 capsule adhering to the valves. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. B. CLEISTOGAMA Curran. Capsules ob- 
 long, 4-angular, curving outward from the 
 stem; partitions of the dehiscent capsule ad- 
 herent to the valves. Sunol. Summer. 
 
(245) 
 
 Family 3, LYTHRABI2E, 
 
 Calyx tube not adnate to the ovary. Sta- 
 mens inserted with the petals, and of definite 
 number; anthers introrse Ovary free, with 
 central placentae, compound of carpidia; ovules 
 GO ; style 1. 
 
 1, Lythrum L. LOOSE-STRIFE. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 8-12-costate ; limb 8-1 2-den- 
 tate; dentitions alternating in size. Petals 4-fi, 
 opposite the smaller dentitions of the calyx. 
 Stamens 8-12. Ovary 2-celled, covered by the 
 persistent calyx. Flowers purple. 
 
 1. L. ALATUM Pursh. It. Tamalpais. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 ORDER 2. BOSIFLOK^E. Calyx lobes 
 imbricate in aestivation, as many as the per- 
 igynous petals. Ovaries several, in different 
 degrees of consolidation, in rare cases reduced 
 to a single one, the eccentric position of which 
 indicates the abortion of its fellows. 
 
 Family 1, AMYGDALACEJE, 
 
 Calyx free, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, 
 convolute in aestivation. Ovaries almost always 
 reduced to one, 1-celled, 2-ovulate. Fruit a 
 drupe, by abortion generally 1-seeded. Leaves 
 alternate, stipulate; stipules caducous. 
 
(246) 
 
 1, Prunus L. PLUM. CHEREY. 
 Drupe fleshy; endocarp not rugose. +> . 
 
 1. EMARGINATA Wa 1 p e r s . Flowers in a 
 corymb; petals white. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 Black, cherry-like fruit. Not poisonous, 
 although not edible. 
 
 2. P. DEMISSA Walpers. Flowers in termi- 
 nal racemes; petals white. Mills Seminary. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 Dark red or purplish cherry. Edible. 
 1 'Choke-cherry." 
 
 3. P. ILICIFOLIA Walpers, Flowers in leaf- 
 less racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves; 
 petals white. Common. Spring. "Holly- 
 leaf Cherry." 
 
 Bed or purplish cherry, not of bad taste, but 
 suspicious. The leaves at times prove poison- 
 ous to sheep and cattle, probably only when 
 by their withering hydrocyanic acid is devel- 
 oped, the smell of it in the withering leaves 
 becomes very perceptible. 
 
 2, Nuttallia Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Ovaries 5. Fruit sev- 
 eral 1-seeded drupes. Flowers white. . 
 
 1. N. CERASIFORMIS Torr. & Gray. Flowers 
 white. Common. Spring. 
 
 Drupes blue, of agreeable but slightly bitter 
 taste, but suspicious. 
 
(247) 
 
 Family 2. SPIRMEIE. 
 
 Ovaries verticillate, rarely reduced- to 1. 
 Fruit follicular. 
 
 1, Spiraea L. 
 
 Seeds small exalbuminous, with inembrana- 
 ceous testa. 
 
 1. S. DISCOLOR Pursli. Flowers reddish. *?. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. Neillia Don. NINE-BARK. BRIDAL- WREATH. 
 
 Seeds albuminous, with a shining crusta- 
 ceous testa. Flowers white. . 
 
 1. N. OPULIFOLIA Benth. & Hook. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, DRYADACE^E, 
 
 Ovaries collected around a convex recepta- 
 cle, rarely reduced to 1, 1-ovulate. Fruit in- 
 dehiscent, frequently drupaceous. 
 
 1, Rubus I;- BLACKBERRY. KASPBERRY. 
 
 Calyx persistent, concave or flattened; limb 
 5-parted. Stamens oo. Ovaries on a convex 
 receptacle. Fruit drupes oo, on a conical re- 
 ceptacle. 
 
 1. E. NUTKANUS Moc. Leaves palmately 
 lobed; petals white. . Common. Summer. 
 ' 'Salmon-berry." 
 
 2. E. SPECTABILIS Pursh. Armed with stout 
 prickles; leaves 3-foliolate, underneath slightly 
 
(248) 
 
 pubescent; flowers almost solitary, red. . 
 Colina. Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 Fruit looks like a raspberry, red or yellow, 
 rather insipid. 
 
 3. E. LEUCODERMIS D o u g 1. Armed with 
 stout prickles; leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets un- 
 derneath white- tomentose; flowers in few-flow- 
 ered corymbs, white. . Los Gatos Creek. 
 Summer. 
 
 Fruit a raspberry, red, of agreeable flavor. 
 
 4. R. URSINUS Cham. & Schlecht. Armed 
 with slender bristles or bristle-like prickles; 
 leaves generally 3-foliolate, not tomentose un- 
 derneath; flowers white. ^, Common. Sum- 
 mer. ' ' Wild-blackberry." 
 
 2, Fragaria I*. STRAWBERRY. 
 Calyx concave or flattened, persistent, 5- 
 lobed, augmented by 6 bractlets. Petals 5. 
 Stamens a multiple of 5. Ovaries oo, on a con- 
 vex receptacle; styles lateral. Fruit GO akenes 
 on an enlarged, fleshy receptacle. 2f . 
 
 1. F. CHILE N sis Ehr. Leaves perfectly 
 smooth and shining on their upper surface. 
 Flowers white. Presidio. Cliff House. Point 
 Bonita. Summer. 
 
 2. F. CALIFORNIA Cham.& Schlecht. Leaves 
 sparingly villous and not shining on their up- 
 per surface. Common. Summer. 
 
(249) 
 
 3, Potentilla L. FIVE-FINGEE. 
 
 Calyx concave or flattened, 5-lobed, aug- 
 mented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a 
 multiple of 5. Ovaries oo, on a slightly coni- 
 cal receptacle. Styles lateral. Fruit GO akenes. 
 Receptacle not enlarged. 
 
 1. P. GLANDULOSA Lindl. Flowers cymose; 
 petals pale yellow, sometimes white. If. 
 Contra Costa range. Summer. 
 
 2. P. ANSEBINA L. Flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary, yellow. 2. Common on moist places. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. Horkelia Cham. & Schlecht. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, limb 5-parted, augment- 
 ed by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a mult i- 
 of 5. Ovaries inserted on a conical receptacle; 
 styles subterminal. Fruit akenes. U- 
 
 1. H. CALIFOENICA Cham. & Schlecht. Glan- 
 dular pubescent; calyx-tube deeply campanu- 
 late; petals white. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. H. KELLOGGII Greene. Silky pubescent; 
 calyx-tube spreading; cupuliform; petals white. 
 Alameda. Summer. 
 
 Family 4, SANGUISORBACE^E. 
 
 Calyx-tube contracted at its apex, including 
 the ovaries. Petals often 0, Stamens and 
 ovaries often reduced in number. Ovaries 1- 
 ovulate. 
 
 llA 
 
(250) 
 
 1. Adenostoma Hook. & Am. 
 
 CHEMISAL. GBEASEWOOD. 
 
 Calyx funnel-shaped; tube 10-costate; limb 
 5-parted. Petals 5; stamens a multiple. Ovary 
 1, with truncate, pubescent apex. Fruit an 
 akene, included in the persistent calyx-tube. 
 Flowers white. . 
 
 1. A. FASCICULATUM Hook. & Arn . Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 2, Alchemilla Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE. 
 
 Calyx-tube urceolate, persistent; limb 4- 
 parted, with 4 minute, deciduous bractlets. 
 Petals 0. Stamens reduced, 1-4. Ovaries 1-4; 
 styles basilar. Fruit 1-4 akenes. 
 
 1. A. ABVENSIS Scop. 0. Common. Spring. 
 3. Acsena Vabl. 
 
 Calyx-tube contracted at the throat, oblong, 
 angular, the angles armed with glochidiate 
 prickles; limb persistent. Petals 0. Sta- 
 mens reduced 1-5. Ovaries 1 or 2; styles 
 terminal; stigmas peiiicillate. Fruit an akene, 
 enclosed in the persistent calyx. 2. 
 
 1. A. TKIFIDA Euiz & Pavon. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. Cercocarpus HBK. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. 
 
 Calyx-tube cylindrical, persistent; limb 
 turbinate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 0. Sta- 
 mens multiple of 5. Ovary 1; style termi- 
 
(251) 
 
 nal, long exserted. Fruit an akene, linear, 
 terete, caudate by the elongated, plumose, 
 twisted style. ^ 
 
 1. C. PARVIFOLIUS Nutt. San L e a n d r o . 
 Lake Chabot. Spring. 
 
 Family 5, ROSACEJE, 
 
 Carpidia oo, 1-ovulate, indehiscent, included 
 in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Stamens oc. 
 
 1. Rosa Tourn. ROSE. 
 
 Calyx-tube urceolate, constricted at the 
 throat; limb 5-parted. Petals 5. Styles lat- 
 eral, exserted. Fruit oo-akenes, included in 
 the fleshy calyx-tube. . 
 
 1. E. CALIFORNIA Cham. & Schlecht. Fol- 
 iage and inflorescence tomentose; fruit globose; 
 calyx lobes persistent. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. E. GYMNOCARPA Nutt. Glabrous; petioles 
 and stipules glandular; fruit ovate; calyx lobes 
 deciduous. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 Family 6. CALYCANTHE^. 
 
 Calyx fleshy; tube obconical; limb di- 
 vided into oo-seriate lobes. Petals 0. Sta- 
 mens oo ; anthers extrorse. Ovaries GO, 1- 
 ovulate inserted on the whole inner surface of 
 the calyx-tube; styles oo, terminal, exserted. 
 Fruit oo-akenes, enclosed in the fleshy calyx- 
 tube. Leaves opposite. Stipules 0. 
 
(252) 
 
 1, Calycanthus Lindl. SPICE-BUSH. 
 
 Inner lobes of the oo-seriate calyx-limb 
 smaller than the external. Outer series of 
 stamens fertile, inner sterile. Flowers dark 
 purple. . 
 
 1. C. OCCIDENTALIS Hook. & Am. Sonoma. 
 Napa. Summer. Leaves and branches fra- 
 grant when bruised. 
 
 Family?, POMACEJE, 
 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5- 
 parted. .Carpidia 2-5, 2-ovulate; styles 2-5. 
 Fruit baccate. 
 
 1. Photinia Lindl. 
 
 (Heteromeles J. Rcemer.) TOYON. 
 
 Carpidia 2, imperfectly united and only half 
 immersed in the calyx-tube; styles 2. Calyx- 
 limb growing fleshy in fruit and covering the 
 upper half of the carpidia, which are 1-seeded 
 by abortion. Flowers in corymbose panicles. 
 *>. 
 
 1. P. ARBUTIFOLIA Koemer. Flowers white. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 Berries coral red, of astringent taste, but 
 used by the original settlers in the preparation 
 of a refreshing drink. 
 
 2, Amelanchier Medik. 
 JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-BERRY. 
 Ovules of carpidion separated by an incom- 
 
(253) 
 
 plete septum, 1 ovule becoming abortive in the 
 ripe fruit. ^ . Flowers in racemes. 
 
 1. A. ALNIFOLIA Nutt. Flowers white. 
 Common. Summer. Berries purplish, edible. 
 
 ORDER 3. LEGUMINOSJE. Ovary 1, 1- 
 celled. Fruit a legume. Leaves alternate, 
 stipulate. 
 
 Family 1, PAPILIONACE^l, 
 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10. 
 1, Pickeringia Nutt. 
 
 Petals of the carina not connate. Stamens 
 not diadelphous. Legume linear, compressed. 
 Flowers purple; leaves palrnately 3-foliolate, 
 evergreen; stipules evanescent. *> . 
 
 1. P. MONTANA Nutt. Tamalpais. Crystal 
 Springs. Wright's Station. Summer. 
 
 2. Thermopsis R. Brown. 
 
 Petals of the carina partly connate. Stamens 
 not diadelphous. Legume linear, compressed. 
 Flowers yellow; leaves palmately 3-foliolate; 
 stipules persistent, foliaceous. If. 
 
 1. T. CALIFORNICA Watson. San Rafael. 
 Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 3, Lupinus L. LUPINE. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately 
 oblong and reniform. Leaves palmate; stip- 
 ules adnate. 
 
(254) 
 
 1. L. ARBOREUS Sims. Slightly silky pub- 
 escent, pubescence appressed; flowers on 
 slender pedicels; bracts linear, equaling the 
 calyx, deciduous; superior and inferior calyx 
 lip nearly equal; ovules more than 6 in the 
 legume; petioles short; flowers yellow. 0. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. L. CHAMISSONIS Esch. Appressed silky 
 pubescence; pubescence dense; flowers on slen- 
 der pedicels; bracts lanceolate, shorter than 
 the calyx, deciduous; superior and inferior 
 calyx lip nearly equal; ovules more than 6; 
 petioles short; flowers violet or pale. . 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 3. L. DOUGLASII Agardh. Almost torn en - 
 tose; flowers on slender pedicels; bracts linear 
 exceeding the calyx, deciduous; superior and 
 inferior calyx lip nearly equal; ovules more 
 than 6; petioles short; flowers purple. 1. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 4. L. POLYPHYLLUS Lindl. Leaflets glab- 
 rous above; flowers on long pedicels; bracts 
 lanceolate, not longer than the calyx; superior 
 and inferior calyx lip nearly equal, entire; 
 ovules more than 6; petioles considerably 
 longer than the leaflets; flowers blue, purple 
 or white. 1C. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. L. RIVULARIS Dougl. Leaflets glabrous 
 above; flowers on long pedicels; bracts setace- 
 ous, exceeding the calyx; superior and inferior 
 
(255) 
 
 calyx-lip nearly equal; ovules more than 6; 
 petioles equalling the leaflets; flowers purple. 
 1 . Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 6. L. LITTORALIS Dougl. Leaflets glabrous 
 above; flowers on short pedicels. Racemes 
 short; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; 
 ovules more than 6; petioles longer than the 
 leaflets; flowers violet marked with yellow. 1 . 
 Marin County near the seacoast. Summer. 
 
 7. L. ALBICAULIS Dougl. Bracts subulate, 
 shorter than the calyx; deciduous; calyx-lips 
 nearly of equal length, the upper narrowed 
 and dentate; vexillum acute, its margins near 
 the apex coherent ; ovules about 6 ; petioles 
 not longer than the leaflets; flowers pale blue. 
 11 . Marin County. Summer. 
 
 8. L. AFFINIS Agard. Pubescent ; racemes 
 formed by regular whorls; bracts short; supe- 
 rior calyx -lip 2-cleft; legume linear; ovules 
 about 6; petioles twice as long as the leaflets; 
 flowers blue with a white spot on the vexillum, 
 which afterwards turns red. 0. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 9. L. NANUS Dougl. Pubescent ; racemes 
 formed by regular whorls ; bracts exceeding 
 the calyx ; superior calyx-lip 2-cleft ; ovules 
 6-8 ; petioles much longer than the leaflets; 
 flowers blue marked with white. 0. Berke- 
 ley. Spring. 
 
(256) 
 
 10. L. MICEANTHUS Dougl. Villous; racemes 
 formed by regular whorls; bracts shorter than 
 the calyx ; superior calyx-lip 2-lobed; lobes 
 short 3-angular; lower lip almost entire; flow- 
 ers blue, sometimes marked with white. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 11. L. TRIPIDUS Watson. Villous; racemes 
 generally reduced to a single whorl; superior 
 calyx-lip 2-lobed, inferior calyx-lip 3-cleft ; 
 flowers blue marked with white. 0. San 
 Francisco sand hills. Spring. 
 
 12. L. TBUNCATUS Nutt. Nearly glabrous; 
 flowers of the raceme scattered, not in whorls; 
 superior calyx-lip 2-cleft; leaflets truncate at 
 the apex; legume 8-ovuled; petals dark pur- 
 ple. . Contra Costa hills. Spring. 
 
 13. L. MICEOCAEPUS Sims. Villous; calyx 
 densely villous, its lips dentate, the upper very 
 short; legume ovate, 2-ovuled; flowers purple, 
 rose-color or white. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 14. L. DENSIFLOEUS Benth Villous; calyx 
 almost glabrous; legume ovate, 2-ovuled; flow- 
 ers yellow or pale. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 4, Trifolium Tourn. CLOVER. 
 Diadelphous. Petals persistent and adnate 
 to the stamineal tube. Legume utriculate, ir- 
 regularly dehiscent. Leaves palmately com- 
 pound; stipules adnate. 
 
(257) 
 
 1. T. BEPENS L. All peduncles axillary, 
 longer than the leaf. Petals white. If. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 2. T. MACRAE Hook. & Arn. Heads not iii- 
 volucrate; flowers sessile; petals dark purple. 
 . Marin County. Spring. 
 
 3. T. CILIATUM Nutt- Heads not involu- 
 crate; flowers shortly pedicillate; calyx teeth 
 lanceolate, rigid, ciliate at the bottom; petals 
 white or purplish. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 4. T. GBACILENTUM Torr. & Gray. Heads 
 not involucrate; flowers shortly pedicillate; 
 leaflets obovate; petal rose-color. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 5. T. BIFIDUM Gray. Heads not involu- 
 crate ; flowers shortly pedicillate ; leaflets bifid 
 at the apex; corolla rose-color. 0. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 6. T. INVOLUCBATUM Willd. Heads involu- 
 crate; involucre herbaceous, deeply lobed, the 
 lobes deeply dentate; corolla not becoming in- 
 flated; legume more than 4-ovulate; petals rose- 
 color. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 7. T. TBIDENTATUM Lindl. Heads involu- 
 crate; involucre herbaceous, deeply lobed, the 
 lobes deeply dentate; corolla not becoming in- 
 flated; legume 1-2-ovulate; calyx teeth rigid, 
 abruptly narrowed into aspinulose apex; petals 
 considerably exceeding the calyx, purple with 
 paler or white tips. 0. Common. Spring 
 
(258) 
 
 8. T. PAUCIFLOEUM Nutt. Heads involu- 
 crate; involucre herbaceous, deeply lobed, the 
 lobes deeply dentate; corolla not becoming in- 
 flated; legume 1-2-ovulate; petals scarcely ex- 
 ceeding the calyx, purple or rose-eolor. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 9. T. MICROCEPHALUM Pursh. Heads invo- 
 lucrate; involucre membranaceous, its lobes 
 entire; corolla not becoming inflated; petals 
 pale. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 10. T. MrcRODON Hook. & Arn. Heads in- 
 volucrate; involucre membranaceous, its lobes 
 3-dentate; corolla not becoming inflated; petals 
 white or pale. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 11. T. BARBIGERUM Torr. Heads involu- 
 crate; involucre broad, oo-dentate; corolla be- 
 coming inflated; petals purple. 0. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 12. T. FUCATUM Lindl. Heads involucrate; 
 involucre deeply lobed; corolla becoming in- 
 flated, pale. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 13. T. DEPAUPERATUM Desv. Involucre al- 
 most 0, reduced to a mere disc; corolla becom- 
 ing inflated, white or purple. 0. Common. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 5, Melilotus Tourn. MELILOT. 
 
 Diadelphous. Petals free from the column 
 of stamens and deciduous. Legume globose. 
 Flowers racemose. Leaves pinnately 3-foli- 
 olate; stipules adnate. 
 
( 259 ) 
 
 1. M. PABVIFLORA Desf. Flowers yellow. 
 . Common the year round. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, but at 
 present perfectly naturalized. 
 
 6, MedicagO Tourn. MEDICK. 
 Diadelphous. Petals free from the column 
 of stamens and deciduous. Legume globose. 
 Flowers racemose. Leaves pinnately 3-foliol- 
 ate; stipules adnate. 
 
 1. M. SATIVA L. Legume without prickles, 
 spirally rolled up, the spiral leaving an open 
 space in the center; flowers purple. If. 
 Common all the year round. "Alfalfa." 
 
 Native of Europe, but escaped from cultiva- 
 tion in different countries. 
 
 2. M. DENTICULATA Willd. Legume spirally 
 rolled up and armed with a double row of 
 prickles; flowers yellow. 0. Common all the 
 year round. 
 
 Native of Europe, a fodder plant, but owing 
 to the prickles that infest its legume, not de- 
 sirable in wool-growing districts. 
 
 3. M. LUPULINA L. Legume without prickles, 
 spirally rolled up, the spiral leaving no open 
 space in the center; flowers yellow. 0. Com- 
 mon all the year round. 
 
 Native of Europe, now naturalized. 
 
(260) 
 
 7, Hosackia Dougi. 
 
 Diadelphous. Petals unguiculate. Legume 
 cylindrical, linear, almost straight, dehiscent, 
 sessile. Ovules more than 2. Flowers umbel- 
 late, or by depauperation solitary. Leaves 
 imparipinnate, 2 to several-foliolate; stipules 
 often minute. 
 
 1. H. STIPULAEIS Benth. Stipules large, 
 foliaceous; flowers purplish. It- Contra Costa 
 range. Summer. 
 
 2. H. GRACILIS Benth. Stipules scarious; 
 vexillum yellow; wings and carina purple. 1 . 
 Colma. Talmalpais. Summer. 
 
 3 . H. STRIGOSA Nutt. Stipules reduced to 
 blackish glands; rachisof leaf flattened; vexil- 
 lum attenuate below, carina obtuse ; flowers 
 yellow. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 4. H. PARVIFLORA Benth. Stipules reduced 
 to blackish glands; rachis of leaf flattened; 
 vexillum cordate; carina acute; flowers pale. 
 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 5. H. PURSHIANA Benth. Stipules reduced 
 to glands; leaves almost sessile; flowers pe- 
 duncled, pale; vexillum pink. 0. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 6. H. SUBPINNATA Torr. & Gray. Stipules 
 gland-like, leaves petioled; flowers almost ses- 
 sile; legume 5-seeded; petals yellow. 0. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
(261) 
 
 7. H. BRACHYCARPA Benth. Stipules gland- 
 like; leaves petioled; flowers almost sessile, 
 legume less than 5-seeded; petals yellow. 0. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 8, Syrmatium Vogel. (ffosackia, Dougl.) 
 
 Diadelphous. Petals unguiculate. Legume 
 indehiscent, incurved. Ovules less than 3. 
 Umbels few-flowered. Stipules reduced to 
 dark colored glands. 
 
 1. S. GLABRUM Torr. Glabrous; calyx teeth 
 narrow, erect; flowers yellow. It- Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. S. CYTISOIDES Benth. Glabrous. Calyx 
 teeth attenuate, recurved; flowers yellow. If. 
 Half Moon Bay. Crystal Springs. Summer. 
 
 3. S. TOMENTOSUM Hook. & Arn. Pubescent 
 throughout; calyx teeth filiform; flowers yel- 
 low. If. Marine Hospital. Summer. 
 
 9, Psoralea k- 
 
 Diadelphous. Glandular. Wings united to 
 the carina. Ovary sessile, 1-ovulate. Legume 
 included in the calyx, indehiscent. Leaves 
 imparipinnate, 3-5-foliolate; stipules not ad- 
 nate. 
 
 1. P. ORBICULARIS Lindl. Stems prostrate; 
 corolla purple, sometimes white. If. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
(262) 
 
 2. P. STROBILINA Hook. & Am. Stem erect; 
 stipules large, membranaceous, acuminate; pe- 
 duncles shorter than the leaves; flowers in 
 short spikes; bracts large, deciduous; corolla 
 purple. It- Contra Costa range. Summer. 
 
 3. P. MACROSTACHYA DC. Stem erect; sti- 
 pules small, lanceolate; peduncles much ex- 
 ceeding the leaves; spikes cylindrical; bracts 
 large, acuminate; corolla purple. 2. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 4. P. PHYSODES Dougl. Stems erect; sti- 
 pules small, lanceolate; peduncles about equal- 
 ing the leaves; flowers in racemes; bracts 
 small; corolla white or 'purplish. 1C- Coast 
 Eange. Summer. 
 
 10, Amorpha L. FALSE INDIGO. 
 
 Monadelphous. Vexillum unguiculate. Wings 
 and carina 0. Ovary sessile, 2-ovulate. Le- 
 gume very late, dehiscent. Glandular. Leaves 
 imparipinnate. ^ . 
 
 1. A. CALIPOENICA Nutt. Flowers purple. 
 Marine County. Summer. 
 
 11. Glycyrrhiza L. LIQUORICE. 
 Diadelphous. Calyx not bracteolate. Vex- 
 illum, wings and carina straight. Anthers 
 confluent. Legume ovate, compressed, few- 
 seeded, echinate. Glandular. Leaves impari- 
 pinnate. It- 
 
(263) 
 
 1. G. LEriDOTA Nutt. Flowers ochroleu- 
 cous. Niles. Summer, 
 
 12, Astragalus L- 
 
 BATTLE WEED. LOCO-WEED. 
 
 Diadelphous. Carina blunt. Legume more 
 or less divided by the intrusion of the dorsal 
 suture. Seeds reniform. Leaves imparipin- 
 nate. 
 
 1. A. DIDYMOCABPUS Hook. & Arn. Legume 
 transversely wrinkled, 2-seeded; corolla white 
 and violet. Contra Costa. Summer. 
 
 2. A. TENEE Gray. Legume ao-seeded, not 
 inflated; corolla white, sometimes violet tipped. 
 0. Golden Gate Park. Cemetery. Summer. 
 
 3. A. LEUCOPHYLLUS Torr. &] Gray. Legume 
 inflated, stipitate in the calyx; corolla pale. 
 It- Sunol, Summer. 
 
 4. A. CROTALARLE Gray. Legume inflated, 
 sessile in the calyx; stipules distinct; corolla 
 white, more than twice the length of the calyx. 
 1C . Sandhills near San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 5. A. MENZIESII Gray. Legume inflated, 
 sessile in the calyx; stipules connate, opposite 
 the petiole; corolla white, more than twice the 
 length of the calyx. If . 
 
 6. A. DOUGLASII Gray. Legume inflated, ses- 
 sile in the calyx; corolla pale, hardly twice the 
 length of the calyx. 2. Coast Range. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
(264) 
 
 7. A. PYCNOSTACHYUS Gray. Legume co- 
 riaceous, not inflated, lenticular, reticulated; 
 ovules 5; seeds less than 4; corolla pale. It. 
 Bolinas Bay. Summer. 
 
 Some species of Astragalus have the repu- 
 tation of being poisonous to cattle, sheep and 
 horses. The specimens sent to the Academy 
 of Sciences do not belong to any species found 
 in the territory of the local flora. The whole 
 matter is still wrapt in a mystery, like the one 
 connected with the properties of Gastrolobium, 
 a leguminous plant in Australia. 
 
 13, Vicia L. VETCH. 
 
 Diadelphous. Style filiform; apex pilose. 
 Leaves paripinnate, terminating in branched 
 tendrils. 
 
 1. V. GIG ANTE A Hook. Flowers in a ra- 
 ceme; leaflets more than 9 pairs; corolla pale- 
 purple. 2. Coast Range. Summer. 
 
 2. V. AMERICANA Muhl. Flowers in ra- 
 cemes; leaflets less than 9 pairs; corolla pur- 
 ple. It. Common. Summer. 
 
 3. V. EXIGUA Nutt. Flowers pedunculate, 
 solitary, rarely 2 ; leaflets less than 5 pairs ; co- 
 rolla purple. 0. Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 4. V. SATIVA L. Flowers almost sessile; 
 leaflets more than 4 pairs; corolla violet. -0. 
 Fields, hedges. Spring. 
 
Escaped from cultivation, originally Euro- 
 pean. 
 
 14, Lathyrus L. WILD PEA. 
 
 Style ventrally flattened toward the apex, 
 concave, pilose along the inner side. Leaves 
 paripiunate, ending in branched tendrils. 71. 
 
 1. L. VESTITUS Nutt. Leaves cirrhate; pe- 
 duncles oo-flowered; petals rose-color, chang- 
 ing before withering into violet. It- Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 2. L. PALUSTEIS L. Leaves cirrhate; pedun- 
 cles 2-6-flowered; petals purple. Marin Coun- 
 ty. Summer. 
 
 2. L. LITTORALIS Endl. Leaves not cirr- 
 hate; leaflets 1-3 pairs and a small terminal 
 one; vexillum purple; wings and carina pale. 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
 15, Cercis L. 
 
 RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. 
 
 Stamens not diadelphous, anterior longer 
 than the posterior ones; anthers versatile. 
 Petals unguiculate, those forming the carina 
 separate, and larger than the rest. Legume 
 flat, stipitate, co-seeded; ventral suture 
 winged. ^ . Flowers purple in axillary fasci- 
 cles. Leaves simple, appearing after the flow- 
 ers. 
 
 1. C. OCCIDENTALS Torr. Petals'rose-color. 
 Sunol. Spring. 
 12 
 
(266) 
 
 ORDER 4. DAPHNALES. Petals 0. Per- 
 igonium and stamens inserted in a perigynous 
 disc. Stamens 2 or its multiple. Carpidion 
 1, ovules never basilar. Stipules 0. 
 
 Family 1, THYMELACE^, 
 
 Perigonium garnosepalous. Ovary 1-celled, 
 1-ovulate; ovule lateral, attached near the 
 apex; style lateral. 
 
 1. Dirca L- LEATHER WOOD. 
 
 Flowers . Perigonium corolline, campan- 
 ulate; limb obliquely truncate. Stamens 8, 
 the alternate ones shorter. Hypogynous scales 
 0. Style filiform, subterminal. Fruit a drupe. 
 %. 
 
 1. D. OCCIDENTALIS Gray. Perigonium 
 greenish-yellow; drupe orange. Contra Costa 
 hills. Coast Range. Spring. 
 
 Bark acrid, blistering when applied to the 
 skin. 
 
 Family 2. LORANTHACE.E, 
 
 Evergreen, dichotomous, parasitic peren- 
 nials. Branches articulate. Leaves opposite; 
 stipules 0. Flowers epigynous. Stamens in- 
 serted on the perigonium, opposite its lobes 
 and of the same number. Ovary 1-celled, 1- 
 ovuled. Fruit baccate. Seed often containing 
 several embryos. 
 
(267) 
 
 [ Affinities doubtful, perhaps connecting the 
 Gymnosperm families of Taxinece and Gnetacece 
 to the Angiosperm families mentioned here 
 and the Proteacece.'] 
 
 1. Phoradendron Nutt. MISTLETOE. 
 Flowers diclinous; $ and ? , on separate 
 spikes. Anthers 2 - celled. Stigma sessile. 
 Fruit crowned by the persistent perigonium. 
 
 1. P. FLAVESCENS Nutt. ^. Boss Station. 
 Spring. 
 
 Parasite on oaks, poplars, etc. 
 
 2. Arceuthobium Bieb. PINE MISTLETOE. 
 
 Dioecious. $ flowers sessile. Lobes of the 
 perigonium ovate, spreading. Anthers sessile, 
 inserted on the middle of the perigonium lobes, 
 1-celled, transversely dehiscent. ? flowers 
 shortly pedicillate, compressed, with 2-dentate 
 limb. Stigma sessile. Berry transversely de- 
 hiscent at the base. 
 
 1. A. OCCIDENTALE Engelm. ^. Contra 
 Costa mountains. Autumn. 
 
 Parasite on conifers. 
 
 Series 4. MONOCHLAMYDE^E. 
 
 Flowers incomplete. Number of carpidia 
 corresponding to number of floral parts. 
 
 ORDER 1. SEEPENTAEI^. Leafy plants 
 containing chlorophyll, as distinguished from 
 the other order of the series, the Rhizanthece, 
 
(268) 
 
 which are parasitic plants without chloro- 
 phyll. 
 
 Family 1, ARISTOLOCHIE^E, 
 
 Perigonium gamosepalous. Stamens 6, or a 
 multiple. Ovary inferior, 6-celled. 
 
 1. Asamm Tourn. WILD GINGER. 
 
 Stamens 12, free. Perigonium entirely 
 epigynous; limb regular. Rhizome dichoto- 
 mous. U- 
 
 1. A. CAUDATUM Lindl. Flower dark -pur- 
 ple. Strawberry Valley. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 2, Aristolochia Tourn. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. 
 
 Stamens 6, gynaudrous. Limb of perigonium 
 oblique, irregularly cleft. 
 
 1. A. CALIFORNICA Torr. Flowers greenish ; 
 twining creeper. It- Saucelito. Ocean lake. 
 Boss Station. Spring. 
 
 SERIES 5. J U L I F L O R M. Inflorescence 
 dense; flowers apetalous. Leaves never com- 
 pound. 
 
 ORDER 1. Flowers diclinous; $ flowers 
 amentaceous. Fruit 1- seeded, indehiscent. 
 Stipules deciduous. 
 
 Family 1, CUPULIFER^l, 
 
 Epigynous. Style 1; stigmas several. Fruit 
 a nut (akene), the base of which is surrounded 
 by a cupula or a persistent involucre. 
 
( 269) 
 
 1, Quercus L- OAK. 
 
 Monoecious. Aments slender. $ perigo- 
 nium 4-8-parted; ? , 6-dentate; style short; 
 stigmas 3. Ovary 3-cellecl, 6-ovulate, surround- 
 ed by a scaly, budlike involucre, which in fruit 
 enlarges into a cup. ^ . 
 
 1. 2. LOBATA Nee. 3 : aments pendulous; 
 abortive ovules at the base of the developed 
 seed; acorns maturing the first year; leaves 
 deciduous; branchlets glabrous; nut conical. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 "White oak." "Boble." Large, stately 
 tree. 
 
 2. Q. DOTJGLASII Hook. & Arn. $ : aments 
 pendulous; abortive ovules at the base of the 
 developed seed; acorns maturing the first year; 
 leaves deciduous; branchlets pubescent; nut 
 oblong. Niles. Sonoma. 
 
 "Blue oak." 
 
 3. Q. DUMOSA Nutt. $ : aments pendulous; 
 abortive ovules at the base of the developed 
 seed; acorns maturing the first year; leaves 
 persistent, coriaceous; nut oval. Tamalpais. 
 
 4. Q. CHBYSOLEPIS Liebm. 6 : aments pen- 
 dulous; abortive ovules scattered over the sur- 
 face of the developed seed; acorns biennial; 
 leaves persistent, coriaceous; nut obtuse. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 Tall tree, frequently called live oak. 
 
( 270 ) 
 
 5. Q. AGRIFOLIA Nee. $ : aments pendu- 
 lous; abortive ovules apical; acorns maturing 
 the first year; leaves persistent, coriaceous, not 
 reticulate; nut acute. Common. Spring. 
 
 Tall tree, the genuine "live oak" of the 
 Californians. 
 
 6. Q. WISLIZENI DC. $ : aments pendu- 
 lous; abortive ovules apical; acorns biennial; 
 leaves persistent, coriaceous, reticulate, entire 
 to sinuately lobed; petioles short; nut acute. 
 Mies. Spring. 
 
 Stately tree, frequently mistaken for "live 
 oak." 
 
 7. Q. KELLOGGII Newb. 3 : aments pen- 
 dulous; abortive ovules apical; acorns biennial; 
 leaves deciduous, pinnatifid-lobed; petioles 
 long; nut obtuse. Marin County. Spring. 
 "Black Oak." 
 
 8. Q. DENSIFLOEA Hook. & Arn. Aments 
 erect, androgynous. Marin County. Santa 
 Cruz mountains. Summer. "Chestnut." "Tan- 
 ner's bark." 
 
 2, Castanopsis Spach. CHINQUAPIN. 
 
 Monoecious, Aments slender, panicled on 
 the young shoots. $ perigonium 5-lobed; 
 stamens 10. ? flowers 1-3, in a scaly invo- 
 lucre, sessile at the base of the ament; peri- 
 gonium 6-lobed, 2-seriate; fruit 1-3 nuts en- 
 
(271) 
 
 tirely closed in a prickly, irregularly ruptur- 
 ing involucre. V . 
 
 1. C. CHEYSOPHYLLA A. DC. Tamalpais. 
 Santa Cruz mountains. Summer. 
 
 In Northern California a tall tree, in our lo- 
 cal flora, a shrub. 
 
 3, Corylus Tourn. HAZEL. 
 
 Monoecious. Aments slender. Scales (bracts) 
 imbricated. <5 flowers besides the scales 2- 
 bracteolate. Stamens 8; anthers 1-celled. 
 ? flowers immersed into a bud; uppermost 
 scales containing flowers, the rest empty. 
 Ovary 2-bracteolate, crowned by a minute per- 
 igonium, 2-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit a nut, sur- 
 rounded by a large incised involucre, formed 
 by the growth of the two bractlets. . 
 
 1. C. ROSTJRATA Ait. Common. Spring. 
 
 Family 2, BETULACEJE. 
 
 ffypogynous. $ ament : bracts shield-shap- 
 ed, each enclosing 3 flowers with minute peri- 
 gonium and four stamens. ? aments : bracts 
 3-lobed, each enclosing 3 naked flowers; 
 ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovulate; styles 0; stig- 
 mas 2. Fruit an akene (nutlet) affixed to the 
 lignescent bract, and collected into a strobi- 
 laceous inflorescence. 
 
 1. Alnus Tonrn. ALDER. 
 
 Fruit lignescent; nutlets attached to lignes- 
 cent bracts on a lignescent axis. . 
 
(272) 
 
 1. A. EUBRA Bongard. Nutlets wi nge d, 
 Contra Costa Mountains . Spring. 
 
 2. A. RHOMBIFOLIA Nutt. Nutlet not winged, 
 but having a thickened margin. Niles. Santa 
 Cruz mountains. Spring. 
 
 Family 3, MYRICACE^l, 
 
 Flowers diclinous, amentaceous, each bract 
 containing a single, naked, sessile flower. 6 
 aments filiform; ? ovate. Ovary connate with 
 some hypogynous scales, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; 
 style very short; stigmas 2. Fruit a nutlet; 
 drupaceous by the incrassate, hypogynous 
 bracts. 
 
 1. Myrica L. WAX-MYRTLE. 
 
 Only genus. " . 
 
 1. M. CALIFOENICA Cham. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 ORDEE 2. UKTICALES. Flowers diclin- 
 ous. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the 
 perigonium. Ovary superior. Fruit 1-seeded. 
 Leaves stipulate. 
 
 Family 1. PLATANE^l, 
 
 Monoecious. Flowers naked, capitulate on 
 globose receptacles. S head: stamens co , ir- 
 regularly mingled with scales. ? head: ova- 
 ries oo, placed irregularly among scales; fruit 
 a coriaceous nutlet. Leaves alternate, pal- 
 mately lobed. 
 
(273) 
 
 1. Platanus L. SYCAMORE. 
 Only genus. . 
 1. P. RACEMOSA Nutt. Common. Spring. 
 
 Family 2, URTICACE^. 
 
 <3 perigonium 4-lobed; stamens 4; fila- 
 ments inflexed in aestivation; anthers introrse, 
 2-celled; ovary rudimentary. ? perigonium 
 2 to 4-lobed; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate; fruit 
 an akene, sometimes baccate by the persistent 
 and succulent perigonium. Stipules generally 
 persistent. 
 
 1. Urtica To urn. NETTLE. 
 
 $ perigonium regular and spreading. ? 
 perigonium 2-parted, with sessile, penicillate 
 stigma. Herbs covered with stinging hairs. 
 
 1. U. HOLOSERICEA Nutt. Inflorescence uni- 
 sexual; petioles short, stout. 2f. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. U. LYALLII Watson. Inflorescence uni- 
 sexual; petioles long, slender. if. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 3. U. URENS L. Inflorescence androgynous. 
 . Cultivated lands. Spring. 
 
 Introduced from Europe. 
 
 2. Hesperocnide Torr. 
 
 $ perigonium gamophyllous, urceolate, com- 
 pressed, minutely dentate. 0. 
 
 12A 
 
(274) 
 
 1. H. TENELLA Torr. San Francisco. Sau- 
 celito. Spring. 
 
 Small stinging herb. 
 
 Family 3, POLYGONACE^, 
 
 Perigonium imbricate in aestivation. Stamens 
 definite, inserted on the base of the perigon- 
 ium. Ovary superior, originally compound of 
 
 2 or 3 carpidia; by abortion 1 -celled, 1-ovulate; 
 but showing the 2 or 3 styles of the original 
 carpidia. Ovule basilar. Fruit indehiscent. 
 Stems articulate. Leaves alternate, sheathing. 
 
 [ Affinities of this family not yet settled. The 
 articulate stem approaches it to the Piperacew. 
 the basilar ovule to the Chenopodiacece.^ 
 1. Rumex L. DOCK. SHEEP-SORREL. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, 2-seriate; 3 inner 
 segments larger and more petaloid. Stamens 
 6, in pairs opposite the outer sepals. Styles 
 
 3 with penicillate stigmas. Fruit a 3-cornered 
 akene inclosed in the 3 inner sepals, forming 
 a spurious capsule. Flowers racemose. 
 
 1. K. SALICIFOLIUS Weinm. Calyx valves 
 entire or denticulate, bearing large callosities; 
 leaves linear to lanceolate, not undulate, atten- 
 uate into a short petiole. 11- Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. R. CETSPUS L. Calyx-valves entire, bear- 
 ing callosities; leaves lanceolate, undulate, 
 truncate at base. 2. Common. Spring. 
 
(275) 
 
 "Yellow dock." Native of Europe, now 
 naturalized. 
 
 3. K. CONGLOMERATE Murray. Calyx valves 
 entire, bearing callosities; leaves lanceolate, 
 the lower leaves cordate, slightly undulate. 
 2. Common. Spring. 
 
 Also called "yellow dock,' 7 native of Europe, 
 and at present naturalized. 
 
 4. R OBTUSIFOLIUS L. Calyx valves with 
 slender awn-like teeth and bearing callosities. 
 1C Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 7. E. ACETOSELLA L. Dioecious. Yalves 
 without callosities; leaves hastate. 11. Com- 
 mon. Spring. "Sheep-sorrel." 
 
 2, Polygonum L- KNOT-GRASS. 
 Perigonium 5, sometimes 4-phyllous. Sta- 
 mens 3-8, single or in pairs opposite to the 
 sepals. Styles 3, sometimes 2; stigmas capi- 
 tulate. Fruit a 3-cornered or lenticular akene, 
 enclosed in the persistent perigonium. 
 
 1. P. PARONYCHIA Cham. & Schlecht. Flow- 
 ers in leafy spikes; leaves lanceolate, with re- 
 volute margins; flowers pale, veined with green. 
 1$. . San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. P. AVICULARE L. Flowers axillary, pale. 
 0. Common. Spring, Summer. 
 
 3. P. CALIFORNICUM Meissn. Flowers spi- - 
 cate; bracts foliaceous, each bract containing 
 
(276) 
 
 a single sessile flower; leaves linear; flowers 
 rose-color. . Niles. Spring. 
 
 4. P. NODOSUM Pers. Flowers spicate; 
 bracts scarious, each bract protecting a fasci- 
 cle; stamens 6; styles 2, included; leaves cune- 
 ate at base; flowers pale. 0. Marine Hos- 
 pital. Spring. 
 
 5. P. MUHLENBEEGII Watson. Flowers spi- 
 cate; bracts scarious, each bract protecting a 
 a fascicle; stamens 5; style 2-cleft, exserted; 
 leaves cordate at base; flowers rose-color. 2. 
 Marine Hospital. Spring. 
 
 6. P. CONVOLVULUS L. Stem twining; leaves 
 hastate; flowers pale. 0. Cultivated grounds. 
 Summer. 
 
 Ballast weed, introduced from Europe. 
 3, Eriogonum Michx. 
 
 Involucre co-flowered, campanulate, slightly 
 angulate, 6-dentate. Flowers pedicillate, 
 exserted, seated on a receptacle with scarious 
 bracts. Perigonium 6-parted, 2-seriate. Sta- 
 mens 9, in pairs opposite to the external lobes; 
 singly to the internal ones. Styles 3; stigmas 
 capitate. Fruit a 3-angled, rarely a lenticular, 
 akene. Peduncles 2-3-chotomous. 
 
 1. E. ANGULOSUM Benth. Involucre nerve- 
 less, hemispherical ; flowers pale. 0. Niles. 
 Spring. 
 
(277) 
 
 2. E. LATIFOLIUM Smith. Involucres 5- 
 6-nerved, collected into a glomerule ; peduncles 
 stout, solid; flowers rose-color. 2. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. E. NUDUM Dougl. Involucres 5-6-nerved, 
 collected into a glomerule; peduncles slender, 
 fistulose; flowers pale.- 2. Coast Range. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. E. TEUNCATUM Torr. & Gray. Involucre 
 5 or 6-nerved, solitary, forming a cyme; leaves 
 rosulate, mostly radical; flowers rose-colored. 
 . Niles. Spring. 
 
 5. E. VIRGATUM Bentli. Involucre 5 or 6-- 
 nerved, solitary, forming a dichotomous pani- 
 cle; leaves lanceolate; bracts shorter than the 
 involucre; flowers pale. 0. Coast Eange. 
 Spring. 
 
 6. E. VIMINEUM Dougl. Involucre 5 or 6- 
 nerved, solitary, forming a dichotomous pani_ 
 cle; leaves orbicular; flowers pale. 0. Com_ 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 7. E. GRACILE Benth. Involucre 5 or 6- 
 nerved, solitary, forming a dichotomous pani- 
 cle; leaves lanceolate; bracts longer than the 
 involucres; flowers pale. 0. Santa Cruz 
 mountains. Spring. 
 
 3. Chorizanthe R. Br. 
 
 Involucre 3-flowered, tubular, 3-angular, 6- 
 dentate, mucronate or aristate. Flowers , 
 
(278) 
 
 scarcely exserted. Perigonium 6-parted, 2-se- 
 riate. Stamens typically 9, in pairs opposite 
 to the external lobes; singly to the internal 
 ones; occasionally by abortion 6 or 3. Styles 
 3; stigmas capitate. Fruit a 3-angular akene. 
 Peduncles dichotomous. 
 
 1. C. MEMBRANACEA Benth. Stem erect; in- 
 volucre equally 6-cleft, 3-flowered, only one 
 flower developed; leaves scattered. 0. Niles. 
 Spring. 
 
 2. C. DOUGLASII Benth. Stem erect; in- 
 volucre unequally cleft, 1 -flowered; leaves ver- 
 ticillate. . Santa Oruz mountains. Spring. 
 
 3. C. PUNGENS Benth. Stem procumbent; 
 involucre unequally dentate, teeth alternately 
 smaller; leaves mostly opposite. 0. Presi- 
 dio. Spring. 
 
 5 Lastarriaea Remy. 
 
 involucre 0. Perigonium coriaceous, tubu- 
 lar, 6-dentate, the dentations uncinately aris- 
 tate; stamens 3, inserted on the throat. Fruit 
 a 3-angled akene. 0. Diffusely branched. 
 
 1. L. CHILENSIS Eemy. Common. Spring. 
 
 6, Pterostegia Fisch. & Mey. 
 Involucre a single 2-lobed bract, subtending 
 a single $ flower. Perigonium 6-parted, per- 
 sistent. Stamens 6 (rarely fewer). Fruit a 
 3-angular akene, loosely enveloped by the en- 
 
(279) 
 
 larged involucre. Prostrate, diffusely dicho- 
 tomous; leaves opposite. . 
 
 1. P. DRYMARIOIDES Fisch & Mey. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 ORDER 3. PIPEEALES. Flowers sessile, in 
 dense spikes or racemes, bracteate, without 
 perigonium. Stem articulate. 
 
 Family 1, SAURURE.E. 
 
 Ovary central, compound of several follicu- 
 larcarpidia; stigmas several. 
 
 1. Anemopsis Nutt. YEKBA MANSA. 
 
 Flowers in a dense, conical spadix, with a 
 several-leaved, persistent, colored involucre; 
 each flower subtended by a colored bract. Sta- 
 mens adnate to the base of the ovary. Ovary 
 immersed into a rachis, 1-celled, with parietal 
 placentae. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent from the 
 apex. Leaves mostly radical. If. 
 
 1. A. CALIFORNICA Hook. Bracts and in- 
 volucre white. San Pablo marshes. Summer. 
 
 Herb and root-stock aromatic. 
 
 Family 2. CERATOPHYLLEJE, 
 
 Monoecious. Involucre 12-cleft; lobes linear, 
 truncate. $ flowers : anthers oo, sessile. $ 
 flowers: ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate; style termi- 
 nal; fruit a nutlet, with persistent style and 
 involucre. If. Submersed aquatics; stem ar- 
 
(280) 
 
 ticulate; leaves verticillate, sessile, dichoto- 
 mous. 
 
 Affinities doubtful. Further investigations 
 even may remove them altogether from the 
 Angiosperms and place them near the Gneta- 
 cece, together with the Podostcmonece. 
 
 1. Ceratophyllum L- 
 Only genus of the family. 
 1. C. DEMEESUM L. Common aquatic. 
 
 DIYISION 2. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 SERIES 1. COKOLLIFLOB.E. 
 
 Perigonium 2x3 parted. Ovary 3 carpidia, 
 syncarpous in different degrees. 
 
 ORDER 1. GYNANDK^E. 
 Family 1, ORCHIDEJE, 
 
 Placentae parietal. 
 
 1. Epipactis Haller. 
 
 Anther 1, persistent, not connate with the 
 column; pollinia 2, attached to the common 
 gland. Perigonium spreading; labellum geni- 
 culate, inferior part concave. Ovary contorted 
 only at base; column short, terete. 2 Cau- 
 lescent, flowers in a loose, few-flowered raceme. 
 
 1. E, GIGANTEA Dougl. Sepals brownish- 
 green, labellum white, dotted. San Francisco 
 [extinct]. Camp Taylor. Summer. 
 
(281) 
 
 2, Spiranthes Richard LADIES' TUE&SES. 
 
 Anther 1, persistent, not connate with the 
 column; pollinia 2, attached to the common 
 gland. Perigoniuni oblique ; labellum en- 
 closed, canaliculate, embracing with its base 
 the short column. 2. Flowers forming a 
 spiral spike. 
 
 1. S. ROMANZOFFIANA Cham. Callosities of 
 the lip smooth, obscure; flowers greenish- 
 white. Presidio. Marin County. Autumn. 
 
 2. S. PORRIFOLIA Lindl. Callosities of the 
 lip prominent, pointing downward ; flowers 
 greenish-white. Marin County. Autumn. 
 
 3, Habenaria Willd. 
 
 Anther 1, persistent, entirely connate witli 
 the column; pollinia 2, divergent at the lower 
 end. Perigonium ringent, galeate ; lip elon- 
 gate, spreading, calcarate. Column short. 
 2 . Caulescent. 
 
 1. H. ELEGANS Bolander. Sepals 1-nerved; 
 flowers green. Oakland hills. San Mateo. 
 San Francisco [extinct]. Summer. 
 
 2. H, LEUC o STACK YS Watson. Sepals 
 3-nerved ; flowers white. Saucelito. San 
 Francisco [extinct]. Summer. 
 
 4, Corallorhiza Haller! CORAL-ROOT. 
 
 Anther 1, terminal, caducous, not adnate to 
 to the column; pollinia 4, globose. Perigonium 
 
( 282 ) 
 
 ringent. Lip adnate to the column, serrate at 
 base, 3-lobed; lateral lobes very small. Col- 
 umn semi-terete. 11. Aphyllous and without 
 chlorophyll; flowers in spikes. 
 
 1. C. MULTIFLOBA Nutt. Flowers calcarate; 
 sepals greenish; lip white, dotted with red. 
 Crystal Springs. San Mateo. San Francisco 
 [extinct]. Summer. 
 
 2. C. BIGELOVII Watson. Spur 0, sepals 
 purple. Tamalpais. Summer. 
 
 5. Cypripedium L. LADY'S SLIPPER. 
 
 Anthers 2. Lip inflated. 2. Flowers few 
 or solitary. 
 
 1. C. MONTANUM Dougl. Sepals brownish; 
 lip pale, veined with purple. Santa Cruz 
 Mountains. Summer. 
 
 ORDER 2. EPIGYN^. Stamens free, 3 or 6. 
 Ovary inferior. 
 
 Family 1. IRIDACE^, 
 
 Stamens 3, opposite to the external segments 
 of the perigonium; anthers extrorse. 
 
 1. Sisyrinchium L- BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 
 Divisions of the perigonium equal. Sta- 
 mens monadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, 
 filiform, involute, alternate with the stamens. 
 Fruit a capsule, obovate. 
 
( 283 ) 
 
 1. S. BELLUM Watson. Filaments united to 
 the top; flowers blue with yellow center. 1. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 2. S. CALIFORNICUS Ait. Filaments united 
 only at the base; flowers yellow. 2. Colma. 
 Saucelito. Summer. 
 
 2, IrisL. 
 
 Perigonium tubular at the base; segments 
 equal, but differing in shape; the 3 external 
 reflexed; the 3 internal erect. Stigrna 3-parted, 
 petaloid. U- 
 
 1. I. MACROSIPHON Torr. Tube of the peri- 
 gonium elongated, cylindrical; stem leafy; 
 capsule ovoid, acute at each end; flowers varia- 
 ble in color, but most frequently lilac-purple. 
 Marin County. Spring. 
 
 2. I. DOUGLASIANA Herbert. Tube of the 
 perigonium elongated, cylindrical; stem leafy; 
 .capsule oblong, 3-gonal; flowers pale lilac, ex- 
 ternal sepals with white center, lined with 
 purple. Common. Spring. 
 
 3. I. LONGIPETALA Herbert. Tube of the 
 perigonium short and funnel-shaped; stems al- 
 most naked; flowers lilac, external sepals 
 white, veined with violet; midrib yellow. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 ORDER 3. COBONARiaS. Perigonium 6- 
 parted in different degrees. Stamens 3 or 6. 
 Ovary superior. 
 
(284) 
 
 Family 1, SMILACE-2E. 
 
 Anthers not extrorse. Ovary 3-celled, with 
 central placenta. Fruit a berry. Testa of the 
 seed not crustaceous. 
 
 1. Smilacina Desf. FALSE SOLOMON s SEAL. 
 
 Divisions of the perigoniurn equal. Sta- 
 mens inserted at the base of the segments. 
 Cells of the ovary 2-ovulate; cells of the ripe 
 fruit 1-seeded. It. Leaves sessile and am- 
 plexicaul. 
 
 "1. S. AMPLEXICAULIS Nutt. Flowers green- 
 ish-white, panicled; stamens exceeding the 
 perigonium; berry red. Common. Spring. 
 
 2. S. SESSILIPOLIA Nutt. Flowers in a sim- 
 ple raceme, white; stamens shorter than the 
 perigonium; berry dark. Common. Spring. 
 
 2, Maianthenium Mcench. 
 
 Perigonium 4-parted. Stamens 4. U- 
 Leaves petiolate. 
 
 1. M, BIFOLIUM DC. Flowers white; berry 
 red. Saucelito. Spring. 
 
 3, Prosartes Don. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, campanulate; seg- 
 ments saccate at base. Stamens 6, attached at 
 the base of the sepals, and deciduous with 
 them. Anthers adnate, dehiscing laterally. 
 Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovulate; style decidu- 
 
( 285 ) . 
 
 ous. Cells of the berry 1-2-seeded. It . 
 Leaves alternate, sessile, amplexicaul. 
 
 1. P. MENZIESII Don. Perigonium gibbous 
 at base, its sepals almost erect; flowers green; 
 berry red. Lagunitas Creek. Spring. 
 
 2. P. HOOKERI Torr. Perigonium narrow 
 at base, its sepals spreading above; flowers 
 green; berry red. Common. Spring. 
 
 3, Trillium L- WAKE-KOBIN. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; 3 external sepals 
 herbaceous, persistent; 3 internal petaloid, 
 marcescent. Stamens 6; anthers linear, lateral; 
 connective broad. Ovary 3-celled, oo-ovulate; 
 styles 3. .Berry oo-seeded. 2.' Leaves 3, 
 verticillate; nervation reticulate. 
 
 1. T. SESSILE L. Flowers sessile; corolla 
 variable; berry red. Common. Spring. 
 
 Hhizome, and probably also berry, an acrid 
 poison. 
 
 2. T. OVATUM Pursh. Flowers peduncu- 
 late, white, gradually turning red. Tamal- 
 pais. Camp Taylor. Spring. Poisonous. 
 
 Family 2, LILIACE.3E. 
 
 Anthers not extrorse. Ovary 3-celled. Testa 
 of the seed crustaceous. 
 
 1, Clintonia Kaf. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous. campanulate, decid- 
 uous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the 
 
. ( 286 ) 
 
 sepals; anthers versatile. Style slender, decid- 
 uous. Fruit a berry. It. Flowers on a 
 scape. 
 
 1. 0. ANDBEWSIANA Torr. Flowers scarlet; 
 berry blue. Los Gatos. Lagunitas Creek. 
 Summer. 
 
 2- Chlorogalum Kunth. SOAP-BOOT. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; sepals linear, persis- 
 tent, marcescent. Stamens 6, adnate to the 
 base of the sepals; anthers versatile. Cells of 
 the ovary 2-ovulate; style filiform, deciduous. 
 Fruit a membranaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal 
 capsule. It. Bulbous; inflorescence race- 
 mose, paniculate. 
 
 1. C. POMERIDIANUM Kunth. Flowers white. 
 Common. Summer. 
 
 In former times used in washing linen. Old 
 settlers consider it beneficial to the growth of 
 the hair, like the bark of the Chilean Eosa- 
 cous tree ' ' Quillaja." 
 
 3, Allium L. ONION. 
 
 Perigonium persistent. Stamens 6, adnate 
 to the base of the segments; filaments naked 
 with dilated base ; anthers versatile. Ovary 3- 
 lobed; cells 2-ovulate; style filiform, persis- 
 tent; stigma simple. Fruit a loculicidal cap- 
 sule. It; bulbous; scapigerous; inflorescence 
 umbellate. 
 
(287) 
 
 1. A. UNIFOLIUM Kellogg. Capsule not 
 crested; leaves linear, flat; flowers rose-color. 
 Tamalpais. Berkeley. Summer. 
 
 2. A. ATTENUIFOLIUM Kellogg. Capsule 6- 
 crested; leaves convolute, filiform; perigonium 
 at last thin and lax; flowers pale. Colrna- 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
 3. A. SERBATUM Watson. Capsule 6-crested, 
 crests narrow, central; perigonium fleshy, rigid; 
 flowers rose-color. Colma. Lake Chabot. 
 Summer, 
 
 4. A. LACUNOSUM Watson. Capsule bearing 
 toward the summit 6 obtuse ridges. Peri- 
 gonium fleshy, rigid; flowers rose-color. Al- 
 ma. Summer. 
 
 4. Cyanotris Kaf. 
 
 (Camassia Lindl.) CAMASS. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, persistent; 5 supe- 
 rior sepals ascending; inferior one deflexed. 
 Filaments filiform, ascending; anthers versa- 
 tile. Ovary ovate, 3-celled; cells oo-ovulate; 
 style filiform, declinate; stigma slightly 3-cleft. 
 Fruit a loculicidal, 3-angulate capsule; cells 
 oo-seeded. 1. Bulbous; scapigerous; flow- 
 ers in a simple raceme. 
 
 1. C. ESCULENTA Lindl. Flowers of differ- 
 ent shades of blue. Marin County. Summer. 
 
 The bulb has a taste like garlic, and is eaten 
 bv the Indians. 
 
(288) 
 
 5, Brodiaea Smith. 
 
 Perigoniura funnel-shaped, angulate, persis- 
 tent. Stamens 3, alternating with as many 
 staminodia. Hypogynous disc 3-lobed. Ovules 
 oo. Style persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Cap- 
 sule loculicidal. 2. Scapigerous; umbellate. 
 
 1. B. GEANDIFLOEA Smith. Leaves about 
 equaling the scape; cells of the ovary 6-8- 
 seeded; flowers purple to rose-color. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 2. B. MINOE Watson. Cells of the ovary 3- 
 seeded; flowers purple. Marin County. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 3. B. TEEEESTEIS Kellogg. Leaves consid- 
 erably longer than the short scape ; cells of the 
 ovary 6-8-seeded; flowers purple. Crystal 
 Springs. Summer. 
 
 4. B. CONGESTA Smith. Flowers subcapi- 
 tate; segments of perigonium twice longer 
 than the tube; flowers purple. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 6, Triteleia Hook. 
 
 Perigonium salver-shaped, persistent. Fer- 
 tile stamens 6; filaments short, 3 inserted on 
 the throat, and 3 half way down the tube. 
 Ovary stipitate; ovules GO. Capsule loculici- 
 dal. It. Scapigerous umbellate; capitate. 
 
 1. T. CAPITATA Benth. Stamens in 2 rows; 
 flowers subcapitate; segments of perigonium 
 
(289) 
 
 little longer than the tube; flower blue, vary- 
 ing from purple to white. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. T. LAXA Watson. Stamens in 2 rows; 
 flowers umbellate; tube of perigonium exceed- 
 ing the lobes; flowers blue. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 3. T. PEDUNCULARIS Watson. Stamens in 
 2 rows; flowers umbellate; lobes of perigonium 
 exceeding the tube; flowers purple, sometimes 
 white. Tiburon. Summer. 
 
 4. T. IXIOIDES Watson. Stamens almost in 
 a simple row, inner filaments exceeding the 3 
 outer ones; flowers yellow, marked with pur- 
 ple. San Rafael. Summer. 
 
 5. A. LACTEA Watson. Stamens almost in 
 a simple row; all six filaments alike; flowers 
 pale with green nerve. Common. Summer. 
 
 7. Muilla Watson. 
 
 Perigonium subrotate, persistent. Stamens 
 6, inserted near the base; anthers versatile. 
 Ovary sessile, oo-ovulate; style persistent, cla- 
 vate, at length splitting. Capsule globose, 
 loculicidal. 1. Scapigerous; umbellate. 
 
 1. M. MAEITIMA Watson. Sepals white with 
 2 green nerves. Common. Summer. 
 8, I ilium L. LILY. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; sepals equal, spread- 
 ing with a nectariferous groove near the base, 
 13 
 
( 290 ) 
 
 deciduous. Ovary oo-ovulate; style undivided; 
 stigma 3-angular. 2 . Bulbous. Pedicels 
 bractless. 
 
 1. L . PABDALINUM Kellogg, Flowers orange- 
 color, with purple dots. Marin County. Con- 
 tra Costa. Summer. 
 
 9, Fritillaria L. 
 
 Perigonium deciduous; 6-sepalous, campanu- 
 late, with a smooth nectariferous pit near the 
 base of each sepal. Ovary oo-ovulate; style 3- 
 parted. 1C. Bulbous. Flowers bracteate. 
 
 1. F. LILIACEA Lindl. Leaves in a single 
 whorl near the base of the stem; capsule stipi- 
 tate, with obtuse angles; flowers greenish- 
 white. South San Francisco. Mission Hills. 
 Lake Chabot. Summer. 
 
 2. F. LANCEOLATA Pursh. Leaves in 1 to 
 3 whorls on the upper part of the stem ; flowers 
 dark purple, mottled with yellow. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 Bulb of this species probably poisonous, 
 like that of its European congener F. Melea- 
 gris. 
 
 10. Calochortus Pursh. MAEIPOSA. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, deciduous; 3 external 
 sepals smaller and lanceolate; 3 internal, broad, 
 with a conspicuous nectariferous gland near 
 the base. Ovary oo-ovulate; style 0; stigmas 
 3, reflexed, persistent. 1C. Bulbous. 
 
(291) 
 
 1. C. ALBUS Dougl. Flowers subglobose, 
 nodding; glandular pit of sepals shallow; with 4 
 transverse scales; flowers white. San Mateo. 
 Marin County. Summer. 
 
 2. PULCHELLUS Dougl. Flowers subglobose, 
 nodding; glandular pit of sepals deep and cov- 
 ered by stiff appressed hairs; flowers yelloAV. 
 Napa. Summer. 
 
 3. C. LILACINUS Kellogg. Flowers pale-lilac; 
 erect; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit. 
 Oakland Resorvoir. Lagunitas. Summer. 
 
 4. C. LUTEUS Dougl. Flowers and capsules 
 erect on stout pedicels; glands of the sepals 
 rounded and about as broad as the claw; color 
 of inner sepals variable (yellow, white or 
 lilac) marked with purple. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 5. C. VENUSTUS Benth. Flowers and cap- 
 sules erect on stout pedicels; gland of the inner 
 sepals much narrower than the claw; color of 
 inner sepals white or lilac, with a reddish spot 
 near the top, and a purple spot bordered with 
 yellow. Contra Costa Range. Summer. 
 
 Family 3. MELANTHACE.E, 
 
 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3. 
 Capsule septicidal. Testa of the seeds not crus- 
 taceous. 
 
(292) 
 
 1. ScoliopUS Torr. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, spreading, decidu- 
 ous; 3 external sepals lanceolate; 3 internal 
 linear. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the 
 external sepals; anthers 2-celled, attached above 
 the base. Ovary 3-quetrous, 1-celled, with 3 
 parietal placentae; ovules 2-seriate on each; 
 styles 3, linear, persistent, recurved, canalicu- 
 late. Capsule irregularly d e h i sc e n t. K . 
 Leaves 2. Peduncles long, 1 -flowered, ar- 
 ranged in an umbel. 
 
 1. S. BIGELOVII Torr. Outer sepals dark 
 purple, inner sepals pale, lined with purple. 
 Saucelito. Tamalpais. Spring. 
 
 2, Zygadenus Michx. ZYGADENE. 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; sepals unguiculate, 
 2-glandular at the base, persistent; stamens 6, 
 inserted on the claw, anthers reniform. Ovary 
 3-celled, oo-ovulate, styles 3, divergent; cap- 
 sule septicidal. !. Bulbous. Leaves lanceo- 
 late. Inflorescence racemose. 
 
 1. Z. FREMONTII Torr. Outer sepals ungui- 
 culate ; flowers greenish-white. Marin County. 
 Crystal Springs. Spring. 
 
 Has the reputation of being poisonous. 
 
 2. Z. VENENOSUS Watson. All sepals ungui- 
 culate; flowers greenish-white. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
(293) 
 
 Has the reputation of being poisonous, but 
 is certainly not so to hogs, who devour its 
 bulbs greedily and without any injury to them- 
 selves. 
 
 3, Xerophyllum Rich. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; sepals sessile, per- 
 sistent; 3 internal ones smaller. Stamens in- 
 serted on the base of sepals; anthers laterally 
 dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; cells few-ovulate; 
 styles 3, recurved, persistent. Capsule septici- 
 clal. 2. Hhizomatous. Leaves linear, elon- 
 gate. Inflorescence racemose. 
 
 1. X. TENAX Nutt. Flowers white. --Tamal- 
 pais. Wright's Station. Spring. 
 
 This plant is remarkable by its flowering 
 plentifully at certain years and then disappear- 
 ing altogether for a long period. This circum- 
 stance is probably owing to the fact that the 
 plant requires a fixed age before flowering and 
 then dies after having ripened its seeds. We 
 find the same peculiarity in many species of 
 Bamboo, in some palms, viz. : Corypha, and in 
 Agave, all of which plants are annuals in a 
 botanical sense, but require a number of years 
 to complete their biological cycle. 
 
 Family 4, JUNCACE^l, 
 
 Perigonium glumaceous. Anthers basifixed. 
 
(291) 
 
 1, Juncus L- BOG-RUSH. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous; 3 external sepals 
 carinate. Ovary 3-celled; cells oo-ovulate. 
 Capsule 3-valved, with central placentae, oo- 
 seeded. Mostly aquatics. 
 
 1. J. KOBUSTUS Watson. Stem naked. In- 
 florescence lateral; flowers of the panicle 
 branches clustered; leaves terete and pungent. 
 It. Santa Clara. Summer. 
 
 2. J. LESEURII Bolander. Stem naked, te- 
 rete; inflorescence lateral; flowers of the com- 
 pound panicle branches solitary; leaves 0; 
 capsule oblong, acute, but not rostrate. 2. 
 Presidio. Summer. 
 
 3. J. BALTICUS Dethard. Stem naked, te- 
 rete; inflorescence lateral; flowers of the com- 
 pound panicle branches solitary; leaves 0; 
 capsule oblong, rostrate. Common. Summer. 
 
 4. J. COMPRESSUS HBK. Stem naked, 
 somewhat flattened; inflorescence lateral; flow- 
 ers of the loosely few-flowered panicle solitary; 
 leaves terete, sometimes 0; capsule oblong. 
 l{. . Santa Clara. Summer. 
 
 5. J. BREWERI Engelmann. Stem naked, 
 somewhat flattened; inflorescence lateral; flow- 
 ers of the small, but dense panicle, solitary on 
 their branches; leaves 0; capsule oblong. 2. 
 Santa Cruz. Summer. 
 
(295) 
 
 6. J. EFFUSUS L. Stem naked; inflores- 
 cence lateral ; flowers of the panicle solitary on 
 their branches, triandrous; leaves 0: capsule 
 clavate obtuse. 2_. Presidio. Summer. 
 
 7. J. PATENS Meyer. Stem naked; inflores- 
 cence lateral ; flowers on panicle branches sol- 
 itary, hexandrous; leaves 0; capsule subgiobose. 
 It. Common. Summer. 
 
 8. J. BUFONIUS L. Stem leafy, branched; 
 inflorescence terminal; flowers remote, hexand- 
 rous. 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 9. J. KELLOGGI Engelmann. Stem leafy, 
 branched; inflorescence terminal; peduncles 1 
 or 2-flowered; flowers triandrous. 0. San 
 Francisco. Spring. 
 
 10. J. TENUIS Willd. Stem naked, simple; 
 inflorescence terminal, a diffuse cyme of soli- 
 tary flowers. It- Lake Chabot. Summer. 
 
 11. J. FALCATUS Meyer. Stem leafy; leaves 
 sheathing, flat. It . Lone Mountain. San Fran- 
 cisco. Summer. 
 
 12. J. XIPHIOIDES Meyer. Stems leafy, an- 
 cipital; leaves equitant, laterally compressed; 
 flowers capitate; heads paniculate; anthers ex- 
 ceeding the filaments. It- Coast Range. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 13. J. PH^OCEPHALUS Engelm. Stem leafy, 
 ancipital; leaves equitant, laterally compressed; 
 flowers capitate; heads paniculate; anthers ex- 
 
(296) 
 
 ceeding the filaments. It- Coast Range. 
 Crystal Springs. Summer. 
 
 2, Luzula DC. WOOD-KUSH. 
 
 Perigonium 6-sepalous, all the segments flat. 
 Ovary 1-celled, 3-ovulate. Capsule 3-valved, 
 3-seeded. 1C- 
 
 1. L. COMOSA Meyer. Common. Spring. 
 
 SERIES 2. MICEANTH^E. Flowers incon- 
 spicuous. Inflorescence oo-flowered. 
 
 ORDER 1. GLUMACE^E. Flowers in the 
 axils of bracts, and arranged in spikelets. 
 Spathes 0. Perigonium depauperate. Ovary 
 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit a caryopsis, with en- 
 dosperm. 
 
 Family 1, GRAMINE^E, 
 
 Stem articulate. Leaves distichous, alter- 
 nate, sheathing, with ligule (stipule) at base. 
 Flowers protected by an anterior and a poste- 
 rior bractlet (palet). Spikelet generally pro- 
 tected by one or two bracts (glumes). Stamens 
 usually 3. Pistils 2. 
 
 1. Panicum ^- PANIC-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered; upper one , lower re- 
 duced to a single palet. Glumes unequal, the 
 lower smaller. Leaves flattened. 
 
 1. P. SANGUINALE L. Spikelets in pairs; 
 one sessile, the other pedicillate; crowded on 
 
( 297 ) 
 
 one side of the simple flattened branches, 
 which are digitately clustered at the top of the 
 culm. 0. Common. Summer. 
 Probably introduced from Europe. 
 
 2. P. AGEOSTOIDES Spreng. Spikelets dis- 
 posed in panicles; panicle elongated, racemose. 
 2 . San Jose. Summer. 
 
 3. P. CAPILLAEE L. Panicle diffuse and 
 spreading; spikelets scattered, disposed in 
 panicles and pointed. 0. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. P. DICHOTOMUM L. Panicle diffuse and 
 spreading. Spikelets scattered, disposed in 
 panicles and obtuse. 0. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. P. CEUSGALLI L. Spikelets crowded on 
 the secund, spikelike branches of the panicle. 
 0. Common. Summer. 
 
 Introduced from Europe. 
 
 2, Phleum L- TIMOTHY. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, 8 . Glumes 2; aristate; 
 the upper palet sometimes bearing at its base 
 the rudiment of a second flower. Leaves flat- 
 tened. Panicles spikelike. 
 
 1. P. PEATENSE L. Awn shorter than its 
 glume. 11. Common. Summer. Native of 
 Europe. 
 
 2. P. ALPINUM L. Awn about as long as its 
 glume. 1C- San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 ISA 
 
(298) 
 
 3, Alopecurus L. FOXTAIL. 
 
 Spikelet 1 -flowered, . Glumes 2, navicu- 
 lar, connate at their base; lower palet carinate; 
 upper wanting. 2: Leaves flattened. Pani- 
 cles spikelike. 
 
 1. A. FBATENSIS L. Culm erect. Niles. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. A. GENICULATUS L. Culm procumbent, 
 ascending from the lower nodes. Marin Coun- 
 ty. Summer. 
 
 4, Beckmannia Host. CATERPILLAR GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered. Flowers $ , sessile. 
 Glumes 2, navicular; lower palet ovate, 3- 
 nerved, embracing the upper 2-cleft, 2-nerved, 
 one. 1. Leaves flattened. Spike sessile; 
 spikelets alternate, sessile, 1-sided, 2-seriate. 
 
 1. B. EEUC^FOBMIS Host. Marin County. 
 Summer. 
 
 5, Phalaris L- CANARY GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 3 -flowered, upper 3 , 2 lower neu- 
 tral, depauperate. Glumes 2, carinate. Palets 
 2, navicular; the lower larger and embracing 
 the upper. Spikelets pedicillate. Leaves flat- 
 tened. 
 
 1. P. CANAEIENSIS L. Panicle dense and 
 spikelike; glumes broad with a broad keel. . 
 Common near houses. Spring. 
 
(299) 
 
 "Canary grass." Native of the Mediterranean 
 region; used as bird's food and probably es- 
 caped with the rubbish of birds' cages. 
 
 2. P. INTERMEDIA Bosq. Panicle dense and 
 spike-like; glumes pointed with a broad keel. 
 . Common. Spring. 
 
 3. P. AMETHYSTINA Trin. Panicle dense and 
 spike-like; glumes with a narrow keel. 1C 
 Contra Costa hills. Summer. 
 
 4. P. ARUNDINACLE L. Panicle branched; 
 glumes not all carinate, pointed, 3-nerved. 2. 
 Niles. Summer. 
 
 6. Hierochloa Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets3-flowered; flowers sessile. Glumes 
 equal, carinate. Upper flower S ; lower palet 
 carinate; upper 1-nerved. 2 lower flowers 6 ; 
 lower palet carinate, upper 2-carinate. 1. 
 Spikelets pedicillate. Leaves flattened. 
 
 1. H. MACROPHYLLA Thurb. Tamalpais. 
 Summer. 
 
 Fragrant grass, perhaps containing cumarine 
 like our Galium triftorum and the European 
 Asperula odorata (Waldmeister). 
 
 7. Anthoxanthum L- SWEET VERNAL-GKASS. 
 Spikelets 3-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate; 
 lower glume shorter, 1-nerved; upper 3-nerved. 
 Upper flower $ , with 2 navicular palets with- 
 out awns; lower palet wrapt round the upper. 
 
(300) 
 
 Stamens 2. Lower 2 flowers neutral, with a 
 single, aristate, canaliculate palet. 2. Leaves 
 flattened. Panicle contracted. 
 
 1. A. ODOKATUM L. Marin County. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Fragrant grass, probably introduced from 
 Europe. 
 
 8, Polypogon Desf. BEARD GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate, 
 aristate, much longer than the flower. Palets 
 2, upper 2-carinate, lower truncate at the apex. 
 Leaves flattened. 
 
 1. P. MONSPELIENSIS Desf . Glumes notched, 
 their awns 2 or 3 times their own length. 0. 
 Coast Kange. Spring. 
 
 2. P. LITTOEALIS Smith. Glumes tapering 
 into an awn about their own length. 2f. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 9. AgrostlS L. BENT-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate, 
 awnless, larger than the flowers. Palets 2; 
 lower sometimes aristate; upper 2-carinate, 
 sometimes wanting. Tufted. Leaves sometimes 
 involute. Panicles with verticillate branches. 
 
 1. A. ALBA L (vulgar is With). Glumes 
 nearly equal, upper palet nearly half the length 
 of the lower. !. Common, although not in- 
 digenous. Summer. 
 
 Native of Europe. 
 
(301) 
 
 2. A. VERTICILLATA Vill. G 1 u m e s nearly 
 equal; upper palet nearly as long as the lower. 
 11 . San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 3. A. EXAEATA Trin. Glumes nearly equal; 
 upper palet minute, about the length of the 
 ovary ; lower palet 5-nerved and marked on the 
 back by a longitudinal furrow. It . San Fran- 
 cisco. Summer. 
 
 4. A. SCABBA Willd. Glumes unequal, the 
 lower longer, acute and scabrous; upper palet 
 very minute, sometimes 0. 0. San Francisc- 
 co. Spring. 
 
 10, Gastridium Pal. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, ventricose 
 at the base, much larger than the flower and 
 closed. Palets 2; the inferior sometimes aris- 
 tate, embracing the superior 2-carinate one. 
 0. Leaves flattened. Panicles contracted, 
 spikelike. 
 
 1. G. AUSTRALE Beauv. San Francisco. 
 Spring. 
 
 11. Stipa L- FEATHER-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, flowers stipitate. 
 Glumes 2,membranaceous, larger than the flow- 
 er. Palets 2, involute, superior shorter, 2- 
 nerved; inferior aristate, with a simple twisted 
 awn. Ovary stipitate; caryopsis terete, and 
 closely wrapt in the palets. H Spikelets pe- 
 dicillate, paniculate. 
 
(302) 
 
 1. S. SETIGERA Presl. Panicle open, with 
 spreading rays; lower palet tuberculate, only 
 the nerves hairy. Common. Summer. 
 
 2. S. EMINENS Cas. Panicle open, with 
 spreading rays; lower palet hairy all over. 
 Coast Ranges. Summer. 
 
 3. S. VIRIDULA Trin. Panicle narrow, with 
 short erect rays. Coast Range. Summer. 
 
 All the species of Stipa are by their long 
 awns more or less injurious to the wool of sheep, 
 which they make impure and intractable. Some 
 species even endanger the life of the animals, 
 as their awns are liable to work their way 
 from the wool through the skin into the lungs. 
 
 12. Deyeuxia Clar. (Calamagrostis Adans). 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, flowers sessile, with a 
 bearded base and the rudiment of a superior 
 flower, reduced to a plumose pedicel. Glumes 
 2, canaliculate, awnless. Palets 2; inferior 
 aristate, superior 2-carinate. 1. Leaves flat- 
 tened. Panicles branched. 
 
 1. D. ALEUTICA Trin . San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 13. Spartina Scbreb. MARSH GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, 1-flowered; flower 
 naked, sessile. Glumes 2, carinate, awnless; 
 the upper embracing the lower, which is much 
 smaller. Palets 2, awnless; the lower com- 
 pressed; the upper larger navicular. Ovary 
 
(303) 
 
 sessile. 2. with creeping rhizome, rigid, and 
 with involute leaves. 
 
 1. S. STRICTA Both. Salt marshes. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 14. Cynodon Rich. BERMUDA GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, 1-flowered, often 
 with rudiment of a superior flower. Glumes 
 2, carinate, awnless, the upper embracing the 
 lower. Palets 2; the lower carinate, acute. 
 Ovary sessile. If. Bhizome creeping. Leaves 
 flattened. Spikes in our species digitate. 
 
 1. C. DACTYLON Pers. San Jose. Summer. 
 
 15, Danthonia DC. 
 
 Spikelets 2-oo -flowered; rachis hairy. Flow- 
 ers distichous, the uppermost depauperate. 
 Glumes 2, awnless, somewhat longer than the 
 flower. Palets 2; upper 2-carinate; lower con- 
 cave, ao-nerved, 2-cleft, aristate. Ovary stipi- 
 tate; caryopsis compressed, free. It- Turfy. 
 Leaves flattened. Spikelets pedicellate, pan- 
 iculate. 
 
 1. D. CALiFOBNiCABolander. Contra Costa 
 hills. Summer. 
 
 16. Avena L OAT. 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, the uppermost depau- 
 perate. Glumes 2, awnless. Palets 2; lower 
 2-cleft, aristate; upper 2-carinate, awnless. 
 
(304) 
 
 Ovary sessile, hirsute at the apex; caryopsis 
 terete, adherent to the upper palet. 0. 
 1. A. FATUA L. Common. Summer. 
 17, Trisetum Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets 2-4-flowered. the uppermost depau- 
 perate. Glumes 2, carinate, awnless, shorter 
 than the flower. Palets 2; lower 2-dentate, 
 aristate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis compressed, 
 free. Leaves flattened. 
 
 1. T. CANESCENS Buckl. Spikelets 2 or 3- 
 flowered, narrow; lower glume narrow, con- 
 siderably shorter than the brojid ovate upper 
 one. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 2. T. BARBATUM Steud. Spikelets 3-5-flow- 
 ered, lar^e, much flattened; both glumes nar- 
 row, the lower but little shorter than the up- 
 per one. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 18, Aira L. HAIR-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, often with the rudiment 
 of a superior one. Flowers sessile. Glumes 2, 
 carinate, awnless, larger than the flower. Palets 
 2; the lower 2-cleft, dorsally aristate. Ovary 
 sessile; caryopsis free. 
 
 1. A. (LESPITOSA L. Glumes not longer than 
 the florets; Spikelets much compressed. 1. 
 San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. A. HOLCIFORMIS Steud. Glumes not longer 
 than the florets; spikelets nearly terete. 1C- 
 Common. Summer. 
 
(305) 
 
 3. ELONGATA Hook. Glumes longer than 
 the florets; panicle long and narrow, its rays 
 unequal, distant, mostly appressed. 1. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 4. A. DANTHONOIDES Trin. Glumes longer 
 than the florets; panicle loose and open, the 
 lowermost rays in threes, the upper in pairs or 
 solitary. 1. Oakland. Summer. 
 
 19, Arrhenatherum Beauv. 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered : lower $ ; middle $ ; 
 upper neutral. Glumes 2, concave, awnless; 
 the upper larger than the lower. Palets of 6 
 flower 2; lower dorsally aristate near the base; 
 upper 2-carinate, awnless. Palets of $ flower 
 2; lower dorsally aristate near the apex, upper 
 adnate to the caryopsis. If. Leaves flattened. 
 Panicles with verticillate branches. Spikelets 
 pedicillate. 
 
 1. A. AVENACEUM Beauv. Common. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 European species, probably introduced as a 
 fodder grass. 
 
 20. Holcus L. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered ; flowers pedicillate ; 
 lower g ; upper $ . Glumes 2, navicular. 
 Palets of the flower 2; lower navicular, awn- 
 less; upper 2-carinate. Ovary sessile, pyri- 
 form; caryopsis free. Palets of the $ flower 
 2; upper 2-carinate ; lower aristate near the 
 
(306) 
 
 apex. Leaves flattened. Panicles branched. 
 Spikelets pedicellate. 
 
 1. H. LANATUS L. It- Common. Summer. 
 21, Phragmites Trin. REED. 
 
 Spikelets 3-6-flowered; flowers distichous, 
 somewhat remote; the lower one $ , the rest . 
 Glumes 2, carinate, acute; the upper larger. 
 Palets 2; lower elongate, subulate, upper 2- 
 carinate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis free. 2. 
 Aquatic. Leaves broad, flattened. Panicles 
 diffused. 
 
 1. P. COMMUNIS Trin. Common on river 
 banks. Summer. 
 
 22. Dactylis k. ORCHARD GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 1-sided, 2-7-flowered. Glumes 2, 
 carinate, mucronate aristate. Palets 2; upper 
 2-carinate, lower 5-nerved, mucronate aristate; 
 carina ciliate. Ovary sessile. Caryopsis free. 
 It. Leaves carinate. Panicles glomerate, 1- 
 sided. 
 
 1. D. GLOMERATA L. 
 
 Introduced from Europe as a fodder-grass. 
 23. Koeleria Pers. 
 
 Spikelets 2-7-flowered. Flowers distichous. 
 Glumes 2, carinate, awnless, unequal. Palets 
 2; lower enlarged, upper 2-carinate, 2-cleft. 
 Caryopsis terete, free. Leaves flattened. Pani- 
 
(307) 
 
 cles contracted, spikelike. Spikelets pedicel- 
 late. 
 
 1. K. CRISTATA Pers. 1. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 24. Melica L. MKLIC-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2 inferior flowers $ , 
 the rest depauperate. Glumes 2, concave, awn- 
 less, unequal. Palets 2, sessile, smooth. Ca- 
 ryopsis terete, free. Leaves flattened. Spike- 
 lets pedicellate. 
 
 1. M. IMPERFECTA Trin. Glumes nearly 
 equaling the florets; lower palet scarious mar- 
 gined, 7-nerved; spikelets one $ floret and one or 
 two sterile. 2. Cemetery. Summer. 
 
 2. M. BULBOSA Geyer. Glumes nearly 
 equaling the florets; lower palet scarious-mar- 
 gined, 7-nerved; spikelets contain 2 or 8 Q 
 florets. -2. Coast Bange Summer. 
 
 3. M. BROMOIDES Gray. Glumes distinctly 
 shorter than the lower floret; lower palet acute. 
 2 . Marin County. Summer. 
 
 4. M. HARFORDI Bolander. Glumes dis- 
 tinctly shorter than the lower floret; lower 
 palet truncate. 2. Nicasio. Summer. 
 
 25. Brizopymm Link. (Dlstichlis Raf.). 
 
 Dioecious. Spikelets compressed, co-flower- 
 ed. Glumes 2, narrow, carinate. Palets 2: 
 lower coriaceous, cc-nerved, not carinate; up- 
 
(308) 
 
 per carinate with involute margins. Ovary 
 stipitate; caryopsis obovate, free. It. Creep- 
 ing. Leaves rigid, distichous, spreading. 
 Panicle spicate-racemose. 
 
 1. B. MARITIMUM Raf. San Francisco. 
 Salt marshes. Summer. 
 
 26, Lophochlaena Nees. 
 
 Spikelets oo-flowered. Flowers $ . Rachis 
 articulate, deciduous. Glumes 2, shorter than 
 the flowers, upper 3-nerved, lower smaller, 1- 
 nerved. Palets 2 : lower chartaceous, oo-nerved, 
 membranaceous at the apex, 2-lobed, aristate 
 from the cleft; upper complicate, chartaceous, 
 margin and apex membranaceous, 2-nerved, 
 2-carinate, margin dentate, apex emarginate. 
 Caryopsis compressed, 2-horned. Leaves short. 
 Panicle secund (one-sided), simply racemose. 
 
 1. L. CALIFORNICA Nees. 0. Contra Costa. 
 Spring. 
 
 27, Glyceria R- Br. 
 
 Spikelets oo-flowered. Glumes 2, obtuse, 
 the lower shorter. Palets 2 : upper 2-carinate, 
 lower concave, ovate, rotund, 7-nerved. Cary- 
 opsis free. Aquatics. Leaves flattened. 
 Branches of the panicle semi-verticillate. 
 
 1. G. PAUCIFLORA Presl. 0. San Fran- 
 cisco. Spring. 
 
(309) 
 
 28, Poa L. 
 
 Spikelets2- oo-flowered. Glumes 2, obtuse. 
 Palets 2, both deciduous, lower carinate, upper 
 2-carinate. Ovary sessile. 
 
 1. P. DISTANS Grieseb. Lower palet round- 
 ed; all leaves short and narrow, mostly convo- 
 lute. If. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. P. CALIFORNICA Munro Ms. Dioecious; 
 lower palet rounded; radical leaves half as 
 long as the culm, mostly flat; culm-leaves short, 
 frequently reduced to a mucro. If. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 3. P. TENUIFOLIA Nutt. Lower palet round- 
 ed; radical leaves exceedingly narrow, mucro- 
 nate; culm-leaves but little wider.-. San 
 Francisco. Spring. 
 
 4. P. SCABRELLA Gray. Dioecious; lower 
 palet rounded, leaves carinate. If. Oak- 
 land. Summer. 
 
 5. P. ANNUA L. Lower palet acute; branches 
 of the panicle single or in pairs; all leaves flat. 
 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 6. P. PRATENSIS L. Florets $ ; lowei palet 
 acute; branches of the panicle mostly in fives; 
 the entire plant smooth, only the margins of 
 the leaves slightly scabrous. If. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. P. TRIVIALIS L. Florets : lower palet 
 acute; branches of the panicle mostly in fives; 
 the entire plant rough. 2f . Common. Summer. 
 
(310) 
 
 8. P. DOUGLASII Nees. Dioecious ; lower 
 palet acute; radical leaves setaceously convo- 
 lute. 2. San Francisco. Sand dunes. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 29. Eragrostis Beanv. 
 
 Spikelets 2- oo-flowered. Glumes 2, obtuse. 
 Palets 2; upper palet persistent. 
 
 1. E. PO^EOIDES Beauv. 0. San Francisco- 
 Spring. 
 
 Probably introduced from Europe. 
 30, Briza L. QUAKING-GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets oo-flowered; flowers imbricate, dis- 
 tichous. Glumes 2, concave, rounded, ventri- 
 cose. Palets 2: lower rotund, concave, with 
 cordate base; upper much smaller, 2-carinate. 
 Caryopsis compressed. Leaves flattened. 
 Spikelets pedicellate, paniculate. 
 
 1. B. MEDIA L. 2. Common. Summer. 
 31, Festuca L- FESCUK GRASS. 
 
 Spikelets 2- ao-flowered ; flowers distichous. 
 Glumes 2, carinate, unequal. Palets 2; lower 
 not carinate, mucronate, sometimes aristate; 
 upper 2-carinate. Ovary sessile, smooth. 
 
 1. F. MYUEUS L. Monandrous; panicle con- 
 tracted, spikelike, narrow, rays appressed ; 
 lower glume minute; upper glume half as long 
 as the lowest floret. . San Francisco. 
 Spring. 
 
(311) 
 
 2. F. TENELA Wild. Diandrous; panicle 
 contracted, spikelike, lower rays in unequal 
 pairs; glumes acute, the lower at least half as 
 long as the upper. . San Francisco. Spring. 
 
 3. F. MICBOSTACHYS Nutt. Monandrous ; 
 panicle contracted spike like ; branches not 
 appressed; glumes acute, the lower 1-nerved 
 and smaller than the 3-nerved upper; upper 
 glume almost as long as the lowest floret. 0. 
 Common. Spring. 
 
 4. F. OVINA L. Panicles loose, not spike- 
 like; rays mostly solitary; glumes about equal; 
 lower palet indistinctly nerved. 1C . Coast 
 Range. Summer. 
 
 5. F. SCABRELLA Torr. Panicles loose, not 
 spikelike; lower rays distant in pairs; upper 
 glume somewhat longer than the lower and half 
 as long as the lowest floret; lower palet mem- 
 branaceous, distinctly 5-nerved. 2 . Oakland. 
 Summer. 
 
 6. F. PAUCIFLORA Thunb. Panicles loose, 
 not spikelike; lower rays distant in pairs; 
 glumes narrow, the upper twice as large as the 
 lower; lower palet distinctly 5-nerved. 1. 
 San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 32, Bromus L. BROME-GRASS. 
 Spikelets 3- oo-flowered; flowers distichous; 
 glumes 2, unequal. Palets 2: lower rotund, 
 convex, sometimes aristate ; upper 2-carinate, 
 
(312) 
 
 the carina ciliate. Ovary sessile ;. hissute at 
 the apex. Leaves flattened; spikelets pedicel- 
 late, paniculate. 
 
 1. B. MAXIMUS Desf . Lower glume 1-nerved, 
 upper 3-nerved; glumes hyaline, the upper al- 
 most equalling the floret ; lower palet scab- 
 rous. 0. San Francisco. Mission. Spring. 
 
 2. B. SECALINUS L. Lower glume 3-5-nerved, 
 upper 5-7 -nerved; lower palet, inside rounded, 
 convex, outside, carinate; rays of the panicle 
 spreading, even when in fruit.- . Mission. 
 Spring. 
 
 3. B. RACEMOSUS L. Lower glume 3-5-nerved, 
 upper 5-7 -nerved; lower palet, inside rounded, 
 convex, outside, carinate; rays of the panicle 
 contracted when in fruit. 0. Oakland. 
 Spring. 
 
 4. B. CILIATUS L. Lower glume 1-nerved, 
 upper 3-nerved; glumes acute; the upper more 
 than half the length of the lower floret; lower 
 palet silky. 1. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 5. B. GKANDIFLORUS Hook (Ceratochloa 
 Beauv.). Lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 
 9-nerved; lower palet compressed, carinate. 
 H . Nicasio. Summer. 
 
 33, Lepturus R. Br. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, with rudiment of a su- 
 perior flower. Glumes 2, rigid, subulate in 
 the terminal spikelet opposite, in the lateral 
 
(313) 
 
 ones collateral; lower glume sometimes want- 
 ing. Palets shorter than the glumes, the lower 
 enclosing the upper. 0. Leaves narrow and 
 flattened. Spikelets solitary, immersed into 
 alternate excavations of the rachis, the inflores- 
 cence representing a slender spike. 
 
 1. L. INCUBVATUS Trin. Tiburon. Marin 
 County. Spring. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 34, Lolium L. Darnel. 
 
 Spikelets co-flowered, flowers imbricate, dis- 
 tichous. Glumes 2, blunt, the posterior often 
 wanting. Palets 2: the lower concave, some- 
 times aristate; upper 2-carinate with the cary- 
 opsis adhering. Leaves flattened. Spikelets 
 solitary, immersed into alternate excavations 
 of the rachis, placed edgewise with it, and rep- 
 resenting a single spike. 
 
 1. L. PERENNE L. Glume much shorter 
 than the spikelet. It- Common. Summer. 
 
 Native of Europe, but frequently escaped 
 from cultivation. 
 
 2. L. TEMULENTUM L. Glume as long as the 
 spikelet. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 Has the reputation of being a narcotic poi- 
 son, but varies considerably in regard to inten- 
 sity and character of the symptoms caused by 
 it. 
 
 H 
 
(314) 
 
 35, Triticum L- WHEAT. 
 
 Spikelets 3- co-flowered. Flowers distich- 
 ous, placed with their flat sides to the rachis. 
 Glumes 2, lower sometimes wanting. Palets 2, 
 lower rounded, upper 2-carinate, the carinate 
 ciliate. Leaves flattened. Spikelets solitary, 
 immersed into the excavations of the rachis, 
 representing a single spike. 
 
 1. T. REPENS L. It- Common. Summer. 
 
 36. Hordeum L. BAET.EY. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiment of a 
 superior floret, ternate; the central spikelet , 
 the lateral ones depauperate. Glumes 2, linear- 
 lanceolate, aristate; all anterior. Palets 2; 
 lower concave, aristate. Leaves flattened. 
 Spikelets representing a single spike. 
 
 1. H. NODOSUM L. Glumes all setaceous 
 from a broad base. 0. Oakland. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. H. MURINUM L. Glumes of the central 
 spikelet lanceolate with a long awn and ciliate; 
 outer glumes of the lateral spikelets setaceous; 
 inner glumes like those of the central spikelet. 
 0. San Francisco. Spring. 
 
 Native of Europe. 
 
 3. H. JUBATUM L. Glumes capillary, run- 
 ning into very long awns. 0. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 " Squirrel-tail." 
 
(315) 
 
 37. Elyinus L. WILD-RYE. 
 Spikelets 1- oo-flowered, all $ ; florets dis- 
 tichous, the uppermost rudimentary. Glumes 
 2, equal, anterior. Palets 2, low or concave. 
 Ovary hirsute. 2. Leaves flattened. Spike- 
 lets representing a single spike. 
 
 1. E. ARENARIUS L. G 1 u m e s acuminate, 
 shorter than the spikelet; lower palet carinate 
 towards the cuspidate tip; leaves pungent. 
 Cliff House. Summer. 
 
 Introduced under the name " Esparto Grass," 
 to keep the sand dunes from moving. 
 
 2. E. CONDENSATUS Presl. Glumes subu- 
 late-setaceous, shorter than the spikelet; lower 
 palet 5-nerved, mucronate, sometimes shortly 
 aristate; leaves ample, flat. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. E. SIBIRICUS L. Glumes linear, 3-5- 
 nerved, acute or shortly aristate; lower palet 
 aristate, the awn longer than the palet. San 
 Francisco. Summer. 
 
 4. E. SITANION Schult. Glumes very long, 
 sometimes 2-parted, ending in several very long 
 awns. San Kafael. Summer. 
 
 38, Gymnostichum Schreb. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. 
 Spikelets 1-4-flowered; florets remote, the 
 uppermost rudimentary. Glumes rudimentary, 
 often wanting. Palets 2, lower aristate, em- 
 
(316) 
 
 bracing the upper. 7 . Leaves flattened. 
 Spikelets representing a spike. 
 
 1. G. CALIFORNICUM Bolander. Saucelito. 
 Summer. 
 
 Family 2, CYPERACE^l, 
 
 Stem a calamus. Leaves all radical, sheath- 
 ing but not split at their base; lamina parallel- 
 veined. Anthers basifixed. 
 
 1, Car ex L SEDGE. 
 
 Flowers diclinic. $ spikelets 1-flowered ; 
 glume 1, external, ? spikelets 1-flowered with 
 2 glumes; the external like that of the $ ; the 
 internal transformed into a utricle including 
 the ovary. 1C. Leaves flattened. Stem tri- 
 quetrous. Spikelets collected in diclinic or 
 androgynous spikes. 
 
 1. C. MABCIDA Boott. Inflorescence the 
 compound of many sessile spikes; spikes irregu- 
 larly androgynous, sometimes the whole inflor- 
 escence ? ; stigmas 2; utricle (perigynium) 
 ovate with a short 2-dentate apex; spikes al- 
 most black. Santa Clara marshes. Summer. 
 
 2. C. DOUGLASII Boott. Dioecious ; inflor- 
 escence the compound of many sessile spikes; 
 utricle (perigynium) ovate, acuminate into a 
 slender beak; spikes pale -brown. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
(317) 
 
 3. C. MUBICATA L. Inflorescence the com- 
 pound of many sessile spikes; $ spikes or 
 androgynous spikes at the top; inflorescence 
 oblong, the compound of 4-10 spherical 
 spikes; stigmas 2; bracts ovate, aristate, longer 
 than the spikes; spikes chestnut-color. Marin 
 County. Summer. 
 
 4. C. GLOMERATA Thunb. Inflorescence the 
 compound of many sessile spikes; 6 or an- 
 drogynous spikes at the top; inflorescence elon- 
 gated, the compound of co-small rounded spikes; 
 stigmas 2; bracts setaceous, longer than the 
 spikes; spikes brown. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. C. PANICULATA L. Inflorescence the com- 
 pound of many sessile spikes; <3 or androgy- 
 nous spikes on the top; inflorescence almost 
 linear, the compound of oblong spikes (some* 
 times branched); stigmas 2; bracts setaceous; 
 spikes brown or pale. Presidio. Summer. 
 
 6. C. F E s T i v A Dewey. Inflorescence the 
 compound of many sessile spikes, forming a 
 capitulum; 6 spikes at the bottom or centre; 
 spikes brown. Oakland. Summer. 
 
 7. C. DEWEYANA Schwein. Spikes of the 
 inflorescence distinct, androgynous; 6 florets 
 at the base; stigmas 2; spikes pale. Napa 
 Valley. Summer. 
 
 8. C. BIFIDA Boott. Spikes of inflorescence 
 distinct, the uppermost androgynous with <3 
 florets on the base, the rest of the spikes ? , 
 
( 318 ) 
 
 stigrnas3; spikes dark-colored. Marin county. 
 Summer. 
 
 9. C. NUDATA Bolander. Spikes unisexual, 
 the upper 6 , the rest ? (sometimes androgy- 
 nous) stigmas 2; 3 spike single ^sometimes an- 
 drogynous); utricle (perigynium) elliptic, com- 
 pressed, slenderly nerved. Tamalpais. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 10. C. AQUATILIS Wahl. Spikes unisexual?' 
 the upper 1-4 spikes <3 , the lower (2-5) ? ; 
 stigmas 2; utricle (perigynium) elliptic, stipi- 
 tate, nerveless. Wright's Station. Summer. 
 
 11. C. SITCHENSIS Prescott. Spikes unisex- 
 ual; the upper 1-4 spikes 3 , the rest (3-5) ? ; 
 stigmas 2, utricle (perigynium) orbicular, tur- 
 gid, stipitate, coriaceous, nerveless. Presidio. 
 Summer. 
 
 12. C. JAMESII Torr. Spikes unisexual; 
 upper 1-4 spikes $ , the rest (3-4) ? ; stigmas 2, 
 utricle (perigynium) oval, strongly nerved, ab- 
 ruptly ending in a 2-dentate beak; bracts about 
 the length of the stem. Sonoma. Summer. 
 
 13. C. LACINIATA Boott. Spikes unisexual; 
 upper 1-2; spikes $ , the rest (3-4) $ ; stigmas 
 2, utricle (perigynium) oval, lenticular com- 
 pressed, bracts far exceeding the stem. Coast 
 Kange. Summer. 
 
 14. C. GLOBOSA Boott. Spikes unisexual, 
 upper spike $ , rest (3-5) ? ; stigmas 3; utricle 
 
(319) 
 
 (perigynium) globose, tapering to the base, ab- 
 ruptly rostrate; beak short. Mar in county. 
 Summer. 
 
 15. C. PSEUDOCYPEEUS L. Spikes unisex- 
 ual, upper 1 $ ; rest (3-5) ? , drooping; stigmas 
 3; utricle coriaceous, ovate, triquetrous, attenu- 
 ate into a long slender beak. San Francisco. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Fimbristylis Vahl. 
 
 Spikelets , co-flowered ; palets closely im- 
 bricate all round, the lowermost empty. Peri- 
 goniurn 0. Style incrassate at base, persistent. 
 Leaves narrow. Spikelets, if solitary, bracteate; 
 if capitate or umbellate, involucrate. 
 
 1. F. MILIACEA Vahl. 0. San Francisco. 
 Folsom street. Spring. 
 
 This tropical species has not been found again 
 since the filling in of that part of the city. 
 
 3. Isolepis L. 
 
 Spikelets , oo-flowered. Palets imbricate 
 all round, the lowermost empty. Perigonium 0. 
 Base of the style deciduous, cespitose, slender. 
 
 1. I. RIP ARIA E. Br. Nutlets triquetrous, 
 the sides convex. 0. Common. Spring. 
 
 2. I. CARINATA Hook. & Arn. Nutlets tri- 
 quetrous, the sides straight. 0. San Fran- 
 cisco. Spring. 
 
(320) 
 
 4. Scirpus L. BULRUSH. 
 
 Spikelets $ , co-flowered. Palets imbricate 
 all round, the lowermost empty. Perigonium 
 6-setaceous. Style articulate with its base. 
 
 1. S. LACUSTHIS L. Inflorescence apparent- 
 ly lateral, with a single erect involucral leaf; 
 stem almost terete; bristles of perigonium 6, 
 slender, with scattered barbs 2. Common. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. S. TATOKA Kunth. Inflorescence appar- 
 ently lateral, with a single erect involucral leaf; 
 stem almost terete; bristles of perigonium less 
 than 6, stout and retrorsely plumose. 1C . Be- 
 nicia. Summer. 
 
 3. S. OLNEYI Gray. Inflorescence appar- 
 ently lateral, with a single erect involucral leaf; 
 stem triquetrous. It. Presidio. Summer. 
 
 4. S. MABITIMUS L. Involucre spreading; 
 spikelets large in a sessile cluster or sparingly 
 umbellate. 1. Common. Summer. 
 
 5. S. SYLVATICUS L. Involucre spreading; 
 spikelets small in a supra-decompound inflores- 
 cence. 1. Common. Summer. 
 
 6. S. ACICULABIS L. (EleocJiaris R. Br.). 
 Spike distichous or 3-ranked, few-flowered, 
 terminating a leafless stem. 0. Common. 
 Spring. 
 
 7. S. PALUSTRIS Eeichenb. (Ekocharis E. 
 Br.). Spike terete, oo-flowered, terminating a 
 leafless stem. It. Common. Summer. 
 
(321) 
 
 5t Eriophorum L. COTTON-GRASS. 
 
 Hpikelets $ , co-flowered. Palets imbricate 
 all round, the lowermost empty. Perigonium 
 oo-setaceous, in fruit exserted, and silky. 1C. 
 
 1. E. GEACILE Koch. San Francisco. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Aquatic ; formerly found in a swamp near the 
 mouth of Mission creek. Not yet rediscovered 
 in our neighborhood, but frequent in the higher 
 
 Sierras. 
 
 6. Cyperus L 
 
 Spikelets $ . Palets imbricate, distichous, 
 the lowermost empty. Perigonium 0. Inflor- 
 escence involucrate. 
 
 1. C. DIANDRUS Torr. Style 2-cleft; nutlet 
 lenticular, the edge turned to the rachis of the 
 spikelet. 0. San Francisco. Summer. 
 
 2. C. ARISTATUS Kottl. Style 3-cleft; nut- 
 let triquetrous. Floret monandrous. It. Com- 
 mon. Spring. 
 
 ORDERS. SPADICIFLORE. Inflorescence 
 a spadix surrounded by a spathe. Bracts de- 
 pauperate. Ovary superior, one to several- 
 celled; cells 1-ovulate. Leaves alternate with 
 sheathing base. 
 
 Family 1. TYPHACE^l, 
 
 Flowers diclinous, in a sometimes interrupted 
 club-shaped spadix, each division of which is 
 HA 
 
(322) 
 
 protected by foliaceous spathes. Upper part 
 of spadix $ ; perigonium 0; anthers basifixed, 
 irregularly mixed with scales. Lower portion 
 of spadix ? ; ovaries surrounded at their bases 
 by co-bristles, sometimes by 3 scales; stigma 
 1, lateral. Fruit a utricle; endosperm copious. 
 Leaves linear, straight-nerved. Aquatic. 1. 
 
 1. Sparganium Tourn. BUR-REED. 
 
 Flowers in crowded glomerulate heads, con- 
 stituting a simple or a branched spadix. Fila- 
 ments slender. Ovaries sessile, surrounded by 
 some linear scales. 
 
 1. S. EURYCARPUM Engelm. West Oakland 
 (extinct); rediscovered at Niles. Summer. 
 
 2. Typha Tourn. CAT-TAIL. FLAG. 
 
 Flowers in a club-shaped, continuous spadix. 
 $ : filaments connate, very short. ? : ovaries 
 stipitate, surrounded by o bristles. 
 
 1. T. LATIFOLIA L. Common. Summer. 
 
 SERIES 3. HELOBIZE. Aquatics. Type 
 generally ternate. Seed nearly without endos- 
 perm. Embryo with very pronounced radicle. 
 
 ORDER!. POLYCAKPIOE. Ovaries 3- oo. 
 Endosperm entirely wanting. 
 
 Family 1, ALISMACE.E 
 
 Calyx 3-sepalous. Corolla 3-petalous. Stam- 
 ens 6-00 . Ovaries 3-co , with terminal styles 
 
(323) 
 
 and ventral placentation. Carpidia dry, inde- 
 hiscent. Lamina of leaves nervose. 
 
 1. Alisma L. WATER- PLANTAIN. 
 
 Flowers $ . Calyx herbaceous. Corolla pet- 
 aloid. Ovaries GO , 1-ovulate. Akenes GO , ver- 
 ticillate. if. Aquatic. Scapigerous. Inflores- 
 cence verticillate, paniculate. 
 
 1. A. PLANTAGO L. Flowers pale. Com- 
 mon. Summer. 
 
 Family 2. JUNCAGINE^E, 
 
 Calyx not differing from corolla. Lamina of 
 leaves abortive. 
 
 1, Triglochin L. ARROW- GRASS. 
 
 Perigonium deciduous, 3 inner sepals some- 
 times wanting. Ovary 6-celled; ovules in each 
 cell solitary, basal. Styles 3-6; stigmas plum- 
 ose. Capsule separating into carpidia; finally 
 opening ventrally. 2. Scapigerous. Inflores- 
 cence spicate. 
 
 1. T. MABITIMUM L. Common. Summer. 
 
 Family 3, POTAME.E, 
 
 Perigonium if present, 4-cleft. Stamens 1, 
 2, or 4. Ovaries 4- oo, 1-ovulate. Carpidia in- 
 deliiscent. Leaves stipulate. 
 
 1, Potamogeton TOURN. PONDWEED. 
 
 Flowers $ . Perigonium 4-cleft. Anthers 4, 
 sessile, inserted on the base of the sepals. 
 
(324) 
 
 Ovaries 4, styles 0. U- Jointed aquatics. In- 
 florescence pedunculate; spikes axillary. 
 
 1. P. NATANS L. Floating leaves coria- 
 ceous; submerged leaves filiform. Marine 
 Hospital. Lake Merced. Taylorville. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 2. P. LUGENS L. Leaves uniform, lanceo- 
 late. Mission Dolores. Lake Merced. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 3. P. PAUOIFLOBUS Pursh. Leaves linear 
 with distinct stipules. Ocean Lake. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 4. P. PECTINATUS L. Leaves linear, sti- 
 pules united with the sheathing base of the 
 leaf. Common. Summer. 
 
 ORDER 2. CENTEOSPERM^E. Perigonium 
 0. Ovules basilar. 
 
 Family 1, NAIADACE^l, 
 
 Flowers diclinous. Ovary 1, 1 -celled, 1- 
 ovnlate. Fruit a nutlet. 
 
 1, Lilaea HBK. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. $ , spicate, 1-bracteate, 
 monandrous, sometimes mingled with ? flow- 
 ers. ? flowers partly spicate and 1-bracteate; 
 partly solitary, axillary and without bracts. 
 Styles of the upper ? flowers short, of the 
 lower elongate; stigmas capitate. 0. Aqua- 
 tic. Leaves radical, terete, sheathing at base. 
 
(325) 
 
 1. L. SUBULATA HBK. San Francisco. 
 School House Station. Searsville. Spring. 
 
 2, Zoster a L. EEL-GRASS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Spathe elongated into 
 a lamina. Spadix flattened, dorsally naked, 
 ventrally covered by alternate stamens and 
 ovaries arranged in two rows. Anthers 1-celled, 
 sessile. Ovary rostrate. Style persistent. 
 It . Stems and roots submerged. 
 
 1. Z. MARINA L. Brackish inlets around the 
 bay. Summer. 
 
 The bulbous root is edible, and is eagerly 
 sought for by the canvas-back duck. 
 
 Family 2, LEMNACE.E, 
 
 Aquatic plants without axis. Flowers en- 
 closed in a thin membranaceous spathe. Sta- 
 mens 1 or 2. Ovary sessile, i-celled; ovules 
 1-6; style short. Fruit a utricle. 
 1, Lemna L- DUCKWEED. 
 
 Stamens 2. 
 
 1. L. TBISULCA L. Ovule solitary; fronds 
 oblong, stalked, remaining connected. Presi- 
 dio. Autumn. 
 
 2. L. VALDIVIANA Philippi. Ovule solitary; 
 fronds not stalked, soon separating; bract reni- 
 form. Marine Hospital. Autumn. 
 
(326) 
 
 3. L. MINOR L. Ovule solitary; fronds not 
 stalked, soon separating; bract cucullate. 
 Outlet of a creek between the Fort and the 
 Cliff House. Autumn. 
 
 4. L. GIBBA L. More than 1 ovule. Com- 
 mon. Autumn. 
 
 Sub-Class 2. GYMNOSPERBO:. 
 
 ORDER 1. CONIFERS. 
 
 Family 1. TAXINEffi, 
 1. Torreya Arn. NUTMEG-PINE. 
 
 Flowers from scaly buds. $ : consisting of 
 bracts on the base of the axis, imbricated in 
 4 rows; stamens oo; connectives peltate; an- 
 thers 4 to each stamen. ? : ovule immersed 
 into an urceolate arillus. 1 . Branches oppo- 
 site. Leaves linear, decurrent, rigid, mucronate. 
 
 1. T. CALIFORNIA Torr. Tamalpais. La- 
 gunitas Creek. Spring. 
 
 Wood and seed have the odor of nutmeg, 
 the seed occasionally being used as such. 
 
 Family 2, ABIETINE^l, 
 1. Pinus Tourn. PINE. 
 
 $ flowers on elongated axes; the different 
 axes crowded into an inflorescence round the 
 base of a new shoot. ? flowers with fertile 
 scales protected by bracts, which are much 
 
(327) 
 
 smaller than the scales. Scales of the cone 
 persistent and elevated into a tumor (umbo). 
 It. Leaves 1-5, from a squarnous sheath. 
 
 1. P. SABINIANA Dougl. Leaves in threes; 
 cones on a well developed peduncle; apophyses 
 of the scales stout, projecting. Napa Valley. 
 Spring. 
 
 "Blue-pine." Seeds eaten by the Indians. 
 
 2. P. INSIGNIS Dougl. Leaves in threes; 
 cones on short peduncles in clusters. Scales 
 toward the base enlarged, thick and hemis- 
 pherical. 2. Bolinas heights. Santa Cruz 
 mountains. Spring. 
 
 " Monterey pine." Frequently cultivated. 
 
 3. P. TUBERCUL ATA Gordon. Leaves in threes; 
 cones verticillate, peduncled; scales angular, 
 enlarged by a conical uinbo. Marin County. 
 Spring. 
 
 4. P. MURICATA Don. Leaves in pairs- 
 Bolinas. Spring. 
 
 2. Pseudotsuga Carriere. DOUGLAS SPKCTCK. 
 
 Flowers from the axils of last year's leaves, 
 crowded; $ on elongated axes; scales of? flow- 
 er considerably smaller than the bracts, per- 
 sistent. Cones pendulous. ^ . Leaves dis_ 
 tichous, petioled. 
 
 1. P. DOUGLASII Carr. Tamalpais. Santa 
 Cruz mountains. Spring. 
 
( 328 ) 
 
 Family 3, CUPRESSINE^l, 
 
 1, Sequoia Emll. 
 
 .Cones ovate; scales GO , cuneiform, spreading 
 at maturity, decussately arranged. *> . Leaves 
 alternate, decurrent, carinate. 
 
 1. S. SEMPERVIRENS Endl. Leaves spread- 
 ing, distichous. Branchlets spreading. Marin 
 County. Coast Range. Contra Costa Range. 
 Spring. " Redwood." 
 
 2. S. GIGANTEA Decaisne. Leaves not dis- 
 tichous. Branchlets pendulous. In a gulch of 
 the Santa Cruz mountains near Meyers' vine- 
 yard. Otherwise only in the high Sierras. 
 
 " Big tree." 
 
 2, OupresSUS Tourn. CYPKESS. 
 Cone globose; scales 6-10, thick, peltate, 
 valvate, oo-ovulate. Seeds angulate, narrowly 
 winged. J? . Leaves decussate, adnate, squa- 
 mate, imbricate, not distichous. 
 
 1. C. MACROCARPA Hartw. Cones of 5 or 
 6 pairs of scales. Monterey. In our local flora 
 only escaped from cultivation. Spring. 
 
 Monterey Cypress. 
 
 2. C. GOVENIANA Gordon. Cones of 3 or 
 4 pairs of scales. Nicasio. Spring. 
 
 3. Juniperus L- JUMPER. 
 
 Fruit a galbulus. Scales succulent, uniting 
 in fruit. Seeds osseous. *? . Leaves oppo- 
 site, not distichous. 
 
(329) 
 
 1. J. CALIFORNIA Carr. Walnut Creek. 
 Spring. 
 
 CLASS 2. CEYPTOGAM^. 
 
 Section 1. DICHOTOMY (Ijycopodiacece). 
 Ramification dichotomous. Each leaf produc- 
 ing only one sporangium, borne on the upper 
 surface of the leaf or near its axil. 
 
 Family 1. SELAGINELLKffi. 
 
 Macrosporangia and Microsporangia. Leaves 
 small and of two different kinds. 
 1, Selaginella Beanv. 
 
 Sporangia axillary, globose, transversely de- 
 hiscent. 2. Leaves 4-8-ranked. 
 
 1. S. BUPESTKIS. Spring. Tamalpais. 
 
 Family 2, ISOETE.32. 
 
 Heterosporous. All leaves long and grass- 
 like. 
 
 1, Isoetes L- QUILL wo KT. 
 
 Characters of the family of which it is the only 
 genus known. 
 
 1. sp. Submerged aquatic. Corte Madera. 
 Found by Mrs. Curran, but not yet identified. 
 
 2. sp. Growing on places inundated only 
 during the rainy season. Olema. 
 
 Found by Mrs. Curran, but not yet identified. 
 
( 330 ) 
 
 Section 2. FILICINE^. Ramification not 
 dichotomous. Leaves developed, frondose. 
 Sporangia not single and never on the upper 
 surface of the leaf. 
 
 ORDER 1. RHIZOCARP^. Sporangia in 
 sporocarps (conceptacula); heterosporus; mi- 
 crosporangia, oo-spored; macrosporangia gen- 
 erally 1-spored. 
 
 Family 1, MARSILJ3 ACE^ffi. 
 
 Sporocarps 2-4-celled, 2-4-valved, contain- 
 ing macro- and microsporangia. Sporangia 
 parietal; macrosporangia, always 1-spored. 
 Vernation circinate. 
 
 1, Marsilaea L- 
 
 Macro- and microsporangia in the same spo- 
 rocarp. 1C- Fronds petiolate, 4-foliolate. 
 
 1. M. VESTITA Hook. & Grev. Fort Point. 
 (Extinct.) 
 
 2, Pillularia L. 
 
 U . Fronds filiform. 
 
 1. P.AMERICANA Al.Braun. Marin County. 
 
 Family 2, SALVINIACE^E. 
 
 Sporocarps2to oo, on the same petiole 
 (transformed half of a frond) , macro- and mi- 
 crosporangia in distinct sporocarps. Verna- 
 tion not circinate. 
 
(331) 
 
 1. Azolla Lam. WATEK-FEBN. 
 
 Sporocarps in pairs. Macrosporangia 1- 
 spored. Aquatics, moss-like, floating, green 
 or purplish. 
 
 1. A. CAHOLINIANA Willd. Presidio. Sau- 
 celito. 
 
 ORDER 2. FILICES. Isosporous. Spor- 
 angia formed from the epidermis, bursting by 
 an elastic ring. Fronds without stipules. Ver- 
 nation circinate. 
 
 Family 1, POLYPODIACEJE. 
 
 Sporangia hypophyllous, somewhat globular; 
 ring vertical. 
 
 1. Gymnogramme Desf. GOLD-FERN. 
 
 Sori linear, placed on branching primary 
 veins. Indusium 0. 1. 
 
 1. G. TRIANGULARIS Kaulfuss. Common. 
 
 2, Cheilanthes Swartz. LIP-FEKN. 
 
 Sori placed separately at the end of veinlets. 
 Spurious indusium rudimentary, formed by the 
 reflexed margin of the frond. 1. 
 
 1. C. CALIFORNICA Nutt. Fronds green on 
 both sides, 4-pinnatifid. Tamalpais. 
 
 2. C. MYRIOPHYLLA Desv. Fronds covered 
 underneath with brown scales; 3-4-pinnate. 
 Wright's Station. 
 
( 332 ) 
 
 3, Allosorus Benth. (Pellcealjiuk.) KOCK-BRAKK. 
 
 Sporangia on veins which are oblique to the 
 midrib. Spurious indusium continuous, formed 
 by the reflexed margin of the frond. It. Gla- 
 brous, cespitose ; fertile fronds contracted ; 
 petioles not green. 
 
 1. A. ANDROMEMSFOLIUS Fee. Pinnules oval, 
 obtuse. San Rafael. Tamalpais. 
 
 2. A. ORNITHOPUS Hook. Pinnules rhom- 
 boid, mucronulate. Piedmont. Lagunitas 
 reservoir. 
 
 3. A. DENSUS Hook. Pinnules linear, mu- 
 cronate. Lagunitas reservior. 
 
 4, Poly podium L. POLYPODY. 
 Sori round, placed on the veins. Indusium 
 0. K. 
 
 1. P. VULGARE L. Veins of the segments 
 uniformly free and none anastomosing. Com- 
 mon. 
 
 2. P. SCOULERI Hook & Gray. Veins of 
 the segments anastomosing by ve inlets. Sau- 
 celito. Tamalpais. 
 
 5 Pteris L. BRACKKX. BUAKE. 
 
 Sporangia at the end of the veinlets, con- 
 nected into a vein-like receptacle which sur- 
 rounds the frond without interruption, indu- 
 sium continuous, membranaceous, attached at 
 its marginal side, free on its inner side. 2 . 
 
(333) 
 
 1. P. AQTJILINA L. Common. The fronds 
 before expanding are edible, and were used in 
 former times as a pot herb. 
 
 6, Adiantum L. 
 MAIDEN'S HAIR. FIVE-FINGEK. 
 
 Sporangia at the end of distinct veins. Sori 
 covered by the semi-lunar reflexed margins. 
 Indusium continuous with the margin of the 
 leaf, free on its inner side. 2^. Petioles not 
 green. 
 
 1. A. EMAEGINATUM Hook. Eachis of the 
 frond continuous to the apical pinnule (leaflet). 
 Common. 
 
 2. A. PEDATUM L. Eachis of the frond 2- 
 furcate, each partition bearing several pinnate 
 branches on its apical side. Camp Taylor. 
 Saucelito. 
 
 7, Blechnum L- (Lomaria, Willd.) DEKR-FERN. 
 
 Sporangia forming a linear sorus on each 
 side of the mid-rib and parallel to it. Indu- 
 sium membranaceous, attached to the recepta- 
 cle and free on the inner side. 1C . 
 
 1. B. SPICANT Desvaux. Tennessee Val- 
 ley. Wild-wood Glen. 
 
 8, Woodwardia L. CHAIN -FERN. 
 
 Sporangia placed on reticulate veinlets, 
 forming oblong sori on each side of the mid- 
 
(334) 
 
 rib. Indusium coriaceous, attached to the re- 
 ceptacle, and opening at the inner side. 2. 
 
 1. W. RADICANS Smith. Common. 
 9. Asplenium L- SPLENWORT. 
 
 Sori linear, placed on veinlets. Indusium 
 membranaceous, attached laterally to the vein- 
 let and opening toward the mid-rib. 2. 
 
 1. A. FILIX FCEMINA Bernh. Marine Hospi- 
 tal. Tamalpais. " Lady-fern." 
 
 10, Aspidium Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. 
 
 Sori round, placed at the end of the veinlets. 
 Indusium umbilicate, free on all sides and af- 
 fixed by a column. It . 
 
 1. A. RIGIDUM Swartz. Indusium reniform ; 
 fronds 2-pinnate. Common. 
 
 Specific against the tapeworm, like its Euro- 
 pean congener, A. Filix mas. 
 
 2. A. MUNITUM Kaulfuss. Indusium pel- 
 tate; fronds pinnate, pinnae serrate. Com- 
 mon. 
 
 3. A. ACULEATUM Swartz. Indusium pel- 
 tate; fronds 2-pinnate, sometimes simply pin- 
 nate, the pinnae deeply cut. Tamalpais. 
 
 2. Cystopteris Bernh. BLADDER-FERN. 
 Sori round, placed on the middle of the vein- 
 let, solitary in the disc of the lacinia. Indu- 
 
(335) 
 
 slum hyaline, laterally affixed, free towards the 
 margin of the frond. It. 
 
 1. C. FRAGILIS Bernh. Tamalpais. 
 
 ORDER 3 STIPULATE. Isosporous. 
 Leaves stipulate. 
 
 Family 1. OPHIOGLOSSEJE, 
 
 Sporangia capsular developed in the paren- 
 chyma of half of the frond. Vernation not 
 circinate. 
 
 1. Botrychium Swartz. 
 
 Fertile segment of the frond a componnd 
 spike. Sporangia distinct, glabrous, distich- 
 ous, nearly 2-valved. It. 
 
 1. B. TERNATUM Swartz. San Francisco. 
 (Extinct.) 
 
 Section 3. EQUISETACEJE. Stem artic- 
 ulate; internodes surrounded by sheathing 
 whorls of scarious leaves. Sporangia on the 
 under side of verticillate, peltate receptacles 
 forming a terminal spike. Spores oo, each 
 furnished with two elaters. 
 
 1, Equisetum k- 
 
 HORSETAIL. SCOURING-RUSH. 
 
 Only genus. 
 
 1. E. TELMATEIA Ehrh. Sterile stems green 
 with verticillate branches; fertile stems with- 
 
(336) 
 
 out chlorophyll, unbranched. Marin County, 
 Contra Costa. Spring. 
 
 2. E. ROBUSTUM Al. Braun. All stems green 
 unbranched. Fort Point. Marin County, 
 Spring. 
 
ABIETINE.33 326 
 
 Abronia 25, 200 
 
 latifolia 200 
 
 umbellata 200 
 
 Acasna, 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 25, 38 
 
 40, 41, 250. 
 trifida.... 250 
 
 Acauthomintha 7, 51, 136 
 
 lanceolata 136 
 
 Acer ....23, 36, 74, 211 
 
 macrophyllum 211 
 
 Achillea 67, 108 
 
 millefolium 108 
 
 Acliyrachsena 67, 102 
 
 inollis 102 
 
 Actaea 48, 233 
 
 spicata 233 
 
 Adenocaulon 88 
 
 bicolor 88 
 
 Adenostoma 40, 44, 250 
 
 fasciculatum 250 
 
 Adenostyles 60 
 
 Adiantum 333 
 
 emarginatum 333 
 
 pedatum 333 
 
 .Esculus 35, 74, 211 
 
 California 211 
 
 Agrostis 12, 300 
 
 alba 300 
 
 exarata . 301 
 
 scabra 301 
 
 verticillata 301 
 
 15 
 
 Aira.... 13, 304 
 
 caespitosa 304 
 
 danthonoides 305 
 
 elongata 305 
 
 holciformis 304 
 
 Alchemilla 35, 250 
 
 arvensis 250 
 
 Alfilerilla 205 
 
 Alder 271 
 
 Alisma 35, 323 
 
 plantago 323 
 
 ALISMACE.E 322 
 
 Allium 33, 286 
 
 attenuifolium 287 
 
 lacunosum 287 
 
 serratum 287 
 
 uuifolium 287 
 
 Allosorus 332 
 
 andromedaefolius 332 
 
 densus 332 
 
 ornithopus 332 
 
 Alnus 74, 271 
 
 rhombifolia 272 
 
 rubra 272 
 
 Alopecurus 11, 298 
 
 geuiculatus 298 
 
 pratensis. 298 
 
 Alsine 30, 42 
 
 ALSINE.E 192 
 
 Alum-root 187 
 
 Alyssum 54, 227 
 
 calycinum 227 
 
(338) 
 
 Alyssum maritimum.. .228 
 
 AMARANTACE.E 197 
 
 Amarantus... .75, 77, 79, 197 
 
 retroflexus 197 
 
 Ambrosia 75, 92 
 
 artemisiaefolia 92 
 
 psilostacbya 92 
 
 AMBROSLZE 92 
 
 Amelanchier 45, 252 
 
 nlnifolia 253 
 
 Amorpha 56, 57, 262 
 
 Californica 262 
 
 AMPELIDE.3E 214 
 
 Amsinckia 19, 155 
 
 intermedia 155 
 
 lycopsoides 156 
 
 spectabilis 155 
 
 tesselata 155 
 
 AMYGDALACKE 245 
 
 ANACARDIACKE 208 
 
 Anagallis 20, 172 
 
 arvensis 172 
 
 Anaphalis 65, 90 
 
 margaritacea 90 
 
 Anemone 49, 237 
 
 Grayi 237 
 
 Anemopsis 35, 38, 279 
 
 Californica 279 
 
 Angelica 28, 178 
 
 tomentosa 178 
 
 ANGIOSPERIOE 80 
 
 ANISOCABP.ZE 80 
 
 Anoplanthus 51, 142 
 
 fasciculatus 143 
 
 uniflorus 142 
 
 ANTHEMIDE.E 107 
 
 Anthemis 67, 107 
 
 Anthemis cotula 107 
 
 Anthoxanthum 1 1, 299 
 
 odoratum 300 
 
 ANTIRRHIXE.E 151 
 
 Antirrhinum 53, 152 
 
 vagans 153 
 
 Aphyllon 51, 142, 143 
 
 comosum. ... 143 
 
 APHANOCYCLIC.ZE 221 
 
 Apiastrum... 181 
 
 angustifolium 181 
 
 Apium 27 
 
 Aplopappus 61, 63, 84 
 
 ericoides 84 
 
 linearifolius 84 
 
 APOCYNACKE 129 
 
 Apocynum 25, 129 
 
 androsaemifolium 129 
 
 cannabinum 129 
 
 Aquilegia 49, 234 
 
 truncata .234 
 
 Arabis 55, 226 
 
 blepharophylla. ...... 227 
 
 perfoliata 227 
 
 Aralia 31, 184 
 
 Californica 184 
 
 ARALIACE.E 184 
 
 Arbutus 41, 174 
 
 Menziesii 175 
 
 Arceutbobium 77, 267 
 
 occidentaJe 267 
 
 Arctostaphylos 41, 174 
 
 Andersonii 174 
 
 pungens 174 
 
 tomentosa 174 
 
 Arenaria 42, 193 
 
 Californica . . . . 193 
 
(339) 
 
 Arenaria Douglasii 193 
 
 macrophylla 1D3 
 
 palustris 193 
 
 Argemone 47, 48, 230 
 
 hispida 230 
 
 Aristolochia 71, 268 
 
 Californica 268 
 
 ABISTOLOCHLE 268 
 
 Armeria 31, 170 
 
 vulgaris 170 
 
 Arnica 65, 111 
 
 discoidea Ill 
 
 Arrhenatherum 12, 305 
 
 hvenaceum 305 
 
 Arrow-grass 323 
 
 Artemisia 61, 69, 109 
 
 Californica 110 
 
 drac-unculoides 110 
 
 Ludoviciana 110 
 
 pycnocephala 110 
 
 Asarum 43, 268 
 
 caudatum 268 
 
 ASCLEPIADACKE 128 
 
 Asclepias 128 
 
 Mexicana 129 
 
 speciosa 128 j 
 
 vestita.. . . .^ 128 
 
 Ash'/T^ . . . .T. 7l3lT 
 
 Aspidium 234 
 
 aculeatum 234 
 
 munitum 234 
 
 rigidum 234 I 
 
 Asplenium 334 i 
 
 Filix fcemina 33i 
 
 Aster 63, 86 
 
 Chamissonis 86 
 
 divaricatus . . 86 
 
 Aater radnlinus 86 
 
 ASTEROIDE^: 81 
 
 Astragalus 58, 263 
 
 crotalariae 263 
 
 didymocarpus 263 
 
 Douglasii 263 
 
 leucophyllus. . 263 
 
 Menziesii 263 
 
 pycnostachyus 264 
 
 tener 263 
 
 Atriplex 75, 77, 79, 198 
 
 Californicum 199 
 
 corouatum 198 
 
 leucophyllum 199 
 
 patulum. ... 198 
 
 Audibertia 7, 137 
 
 grandiflora 137 
 
 stachyoides 1 37 
 
 Avena 13, 303 
 
 Azolla 331 
 
 Baccharis 61, 62, 67, 87 
 
 Douglasii 87 
 
 pilularis 87 
 
 viminea 87 
 
 Baeria 64, 103 
 
 carnosa 104 
 
 chrysostoma 104 
 
 Fremontii 104 
 
 gracilis 104 
 
 macrantha 103 
 
 uliginosa 104 
 
 Bahia 104 
 
 Balsamorrhiza 66, 94 
 
 deltoidea 94 
 
 Hookeri 94 
 
 Baneberry 233 
 
(340) 
 
 Barbarea 55, 224 
 
 vulgaris . . . , 224 
 
 Barberry 232 
 
 Barley 314 
 
 Bay-tree 231 
 
 Beard-grass 300 
 
 Beckmannia 298 
 
 erucsBformis 298 
 
 Bed-straw 126 
 
 Beggar-ticks 96 
 
 Bellflower 122 
 
 Bent-grass 300 
 
 BERBERIDK2E 231 
 
 Berberis 31, 232 
 
 aquifolium 232 
 
 nervosa . . . ... 232 
 
 pinnata 232 
 
 repens 232 
 
 Berula 28, 180 
 
 angustifolia 180 
 
 BETULACE^J 271 
 
 Bidens 62, 68, 96 
 
 chrysanthemoides 96 
 
 Big-root 122 
 
 Big-tree 328 
 
 Bigelovia 60, 63, 84 
 
 arborescens 84 
 
 Bind-weed 168 
 
 Bitter-Cress 227 
 
 Blackberry 247 
 
 Bladder-fern 334 
 
 Bladderwort 170 
 
 Blechmim 333 
 
 spicaut 333 
 
 Bleeding-heart 228 
 
 Blennosperma 69, 106 
 
 Californicum.., ..107 
 
 Blue-Curls 132 
 
 Blue- eyed Grass 282 
 
 Blue-pine 326 
 
 Boisduvalia 37, 244 
 
 cleistogama 244 
 
 densiflora , 244 
 
 glabella 244 
 
 BORRAGINE^; 155 
 
 Botrychium 335 
 
 ternatum 335 
 
 Bottle brush grass 315 
 
 Bowlesia 27, 183 
 
 lobata 184 
 
 Boykinia 30, 186 
 
 occidentalis. 186 
 
 Box-Elder 211 
 
 Brass-buttons 109 
 
 Bracken 332 
 
 Brake 332 
 
 Brassica 56, 225 
 
 campestris 225 
 
 nigra 225 
 
 Brickellia 112 
 
 Bridal- wreath 247 
 
 Briza 14, 310 
 
 media 310 
 
 Brizopyrum. 77, 307 
 
 maritimum . . .308 
 
 Brodisea 8, 32, 288 
 
 congesta 288 
 
 grandiflora 288 
 
 minor 288 
 
 terrestris. 288 
 
 ^Brome-grass 311 
 
 Bromus 14, 311 
 
 ciliatus 312 
 
 grandiflorus 312 
 
(341) 
 
 Bromus maximus 312 
 
 racemosus 312 
 
 secalinus 312 
 
 Brooklime 148 
 
 Brookweed 172 
 
 Buck-bean 131 
 
 Buckeye 211 
 
 Bulbostylis 60, 112 
 
 Californica.. 112 
 
 Bulrush 320 
 
 Bur-reed 322 
 
 Burrielia 64, 103 
 
 microglosaa, 103 
 
 Buttercup .235 
 
 Button-bush.... 126 
 
 Cakile 54, 224 
 
 Americana 224 
 
 Calais... 116 
 
 Kelloggii 117 
 
 Lindleyi . 117 
 
 linearifplia ,,,..;.. 117 
 
 CalamagrQttis. .... 12, 302 
 
 Calandrinia, 30, 35, 42, 44 
 45, 195, 
 
 Menziesii 195 
 
 California Lilac .213 
 
 California Poppy 229 
 
 Calochortus.. 33, 290 
 
 albus 291 
 
 lilacinus, 291 
 
 luteus,. lfi 291 
 
 pulchellus 291 
 
 venustus 291 
 
 CALYCANTHACKE. 252 
 
 Calycanthus 46, 252 
 
 occidentalis 252 
 
 15A 
 
 CALYCIFLORAB 238 
 
 Cdmassia 33, 287 
 
 Campanula 22, 122 
 
 exigua 122 
 
 preu<mthoides 122 
 
 CAMPANULACE.E 121 
 
 Campion 191 
 
 Canary-grass. , 298 
 
 Canchalagua 130 
 
 CAPKIFOLIACE^J 124 
 
 Capsella 54, 223 
 
 Bursa-pastoris 223 
 
 Caraway , 181 
 
 Cardamine 54, 227 
 
 oligosperma 227 
 
 paucisecta 227 
 
 Carex 72, 316 
 
 aquatilis 318 
 
 bifida,... 317 
 
 Deweyana 317 
 
 Douglasii 316 
 
 festiva ,, 317 
 
 globosa. 318 
 
 glomerata. 317 
 
 Jamesii. 318 
 
 laciniata 318 
 
 marcida .,,... 316 
 
 muricata.. . . , . 317 
 
 nndata 318 
 
 paniculata 317 
 
 pseudocyperus 319 
 
 Sitchensis 318 
 
 Carrot... 176 
 
 Carthamus 62 
 
 Carum ...........28, 181 
 
 Kelloggii.. 181 
 
 CARYOPHYLLALES 190 
 
Cascara sagrada 212 
 
 Castanopsis 76, 270 
 
 chrysophylla 271 
 
 Castilleia 52, 147 
 
 affinis 147 
 
 foliolosa 147 
 
 latifolia 147 
 
 parviflora . . 147 
 
 Catchfly 191 
 
 Caterpillar- grass 298 
 
 Cat-tail 322 
 
 Caucalis 29, 175 
 
 microcarpa 176 
 
 nodosa. 175 
 
 Caulanthus 55, 225 
 
 procerus 225 
 
 Ceanothus 23, 213 
 
 crassifolius 214 
 
 cuneatus 214 
 
 dentatus 213 
 
 divaricatus 213 
 
 papillosus 214 
 
 thyrsiflorus 213 
 
 CELASTRACRE 214 
 
 CELASTRALES 212 
 
 Centaurea 62, 68, 114 
 
 bendicta 114 
 
 melitensis J 14 
 
 CENTROSPERM.2B 190, 234 
 
 Cephalanthus 126 
 
 occidentalis 126 
 
 Cerastium 43, 192 
 
 arvense 192 
 
 pilosum 192 
 
 Ceratochha 312 
 
 CERATOPHYLLE.E 279 
 
 Ceratophyllum 75, 280 
 
 Ceratophyllum demer- 
 
 sum 280 
 
 Cercis 39, 265 
 
 occidentalis 265 
 
 Chamactis 61, 106 
 
 lanosa 106 
 
 Chain- fern 333 
 
 Chamomile 108 
 
 Cbapparal 213 
 
 Cheilanthes 331 
 
 Californica 331 
 
 myriophylla 331 
 
 Cheiranthus 55, 226 
 
 Chemisal 250 
 
 CHENOPODIACE2E 197 
 
 CHENOPODIALES 197 
 
 Chenopodiuni 5, 7, 8, 25, 197 
 
 album 197 
 
 ambrosioides 198 
 
 Calif ornicum 198 
 
 murale 198 
 
 Cherry 246 
 
 Chickweed 192 
 
 Chinquapin 27 
 
 Chlorogalum 34, 286 
 
 pomeridianum 286 
 
 Chorizanthe..l5, 34, 39, 277 
 
 Douglasii 278 
 
 membranacea. 278 
 
 pungens 278 
 
 Chrysanthemum 108 
 
 segetum 108 
 
 Chrysopsis 61, 63, 84 
 
 Oregana 84 
 
 sessiliflora 84 
 
 Cicendia 16, 130 
 
 ClCHORIACE^E . . . . 115 
 
(343) 
 
 Cicuta.. 28, 180 
 
 Bolanderi 180 
 
 Californica 180 
 
 maculata 180 
 
 CISTINE^: 217 
 
 Clarkia 37,243 
 
 elegans 244 
 
 Claytonia 30, 195 
 
 Chamissonis 196 
 
 linearis 196 
 
 parviflora 196 
 
 perfoliata 196 
 
 Sibirica 195 
 
 spathulata 196 
 
 Cleavers 126 
 
 Clematis 49, 237 
 
 lasiantha 237 
 
 lignsticifolia 237 
 
 Clintonia 33, 285 
 
 Andre wsiana 285 
 
 Clover 256 
 
 Cnicus 62, 112 
 
 Americanus 113 
 
 Breweri 114 
 
 edulis 113 
 
 fontinalis 113 
 
 Hallii 113 
 
 occidentalis 113 
 
 quercetorum 113 
 
 Cocklebur 93 
 
 Coinogyne 63, 103 
 
 carnosa 103 
 
 Collinsia 53, 152 
 
 bartsiasfolia 152 
 
 bicolor 152 
 
 parviflora 152 
 
 sparsiflora 152 
 
 Collomia 21, 167 
 
 gilioides 168 
 
 gracilis 167 
 
 heterophylla 168 
 
 Columbine 234 
 
 COMPOSITE 80 
 
 CONIFERS 326 
 
 Coninm 29, 181 
 
 maculatum 182 
 
 CONVOLVULACRE 168 
 
 Convolvulus 21, 168 
 
 arvensis 169 
 
 Calif ornicus 169 
 
 luteolus 169 
 
 pentapetaloides 169 
 
 Soldanella 168 
 
 Coral-root 281 
 
 Corallorhiza 71, 281 
 
 Bigelovii 282 
 
 multiflora 282 
 
 Cordylanthus 7, 52, 144 
 
 filifolius 144 
 
 maritimus 144 
 
 mollis 144 
 
 pilosus 144 
 
 Corethrogyne 68, 85 
 
 obovata 85 
 
 Corn-spurrey 194 
 
 CORNACE.2B 185 
 
 Cornel 185 
 
 CORNICULAT^! 186 
 
 Cornus 17, 185 
 
 Californica 185 
 
 Nuttallii 185 
 
 CORONARY 283 
 
 Corylus 76, 271 
 
 rostrata . . . . 271 
 
(344) 
 
 Cotton-grass 321 
 
 Oottonwood 217 
 
 Cotula 109 
 
 Australia 109 
 
 coronopifolia 10.) 
 
 Cotyledon 43, 189 
 
 csespitosa 189 
 
 Cow-parsnip 176 
 
 CRASSULACE.E 189 
 
 Cream Cups 228, 229 
 
 Cressa 169 
 
 cretica . , 169 
 
 Croton...... 79, 201 
 
 Calif ornicus 201 
 
 CRUCIFER2E 221 
 
 CKUCIFLOB^E 221 
 
 CRYPTOGAMS 329 
 
 CUCURBITACE.E 122 
 
 CUPULIFER2E 268 
 
 CUPRESSINES 328 
 
 Cupressus. 73, 328 
 
 Goveniana. ... . . 328 
 
 macrocarpa 328 
 
 Currant 188 
 
 Cusouta, ,,,..... 18, 26, 169 
 
 salina.... 170 
 
 subinclusa, 170 
 
 Cyanotris... 33, 287 
 
 esculenta. 287 
 
 CYNAROIDE.S:. 112 
 
 Cynodon. ........ ..11, 303 
 
 dactylon. ........ 303 
 
 Cynoglossum ...... 19, 158 
 
 grande , , 158 
 
 CYPERACES ....... 316 
 
 Cyperus..., ,,,.5, 9, 15, 321 
 
 aristatus... ..321 
 
 Cyperus diandrus 321 
 
 Cypress 328 
 
 Cypripedium 71, 282 
 
 montanum 282 
 
 Cystopteris 334 
 
 fragilisi 335 
 
 Dactylis 13, 306 
 
 glomerata 306 
 
 Dandelion 120 
 
 Danthonia 13, 303 
 
 Calif ornica 303 
 
 DAPHNALES 266 
 
 Darnel 313 
 
 Datisca, ......15, 218 
 
 DATISCEJS 218 
 
 Datura.............. 21, 154 
 
 stramonium 154 
 
 Daucus 29, 176 
 
 pusillus 176 
 
 DECANDRIA 39 
 
 MONOGYNIA 39 
 
 DIGYNIA 41 
 
 TBIGYNIA 41 
 
 TETBAGYNIA. 42 
 
 PENTAGYNIA. 42 
 
 POLYGYNIA. . 43 
 
 Deer-fern 333 
 
 Delphinium 48, 233 
 
 Califqrnicum 233 
 
 decorum 234 
 
 nudicaule 233 
 
 simplex 234 
 
 variegatum 234 
 
 Dendromecon 47, 229 
 
 rigidus 229 
 
 Deweya 29, 182 
 
(345) 
 
 Deweya Hartwegi 182 
 
 Kelloggii.. 182 
 
 Dej-euxia. 302 
 
 Aleutica 302 
 
 DIADELPHIA 57 
 
 DlANDB^E 131 
 
 DlANDRIA 5 
 
 DI-TRI-TETRAGYNIA 7 
 
 MONOGYNIA 5 
 
 Dicentra 57, 228 
 
 chrysantha 228 
 
 formosa 228 
 
 Dichondra 168 
 
 repens. . 168 
 
 DICHOTOMY .... 329 
 
 DlCOTYLEDONES 80 
 
 DlDYNAMIA 49 
 
 ANGIOSPERMIA 51 
 
 GYMNOSPERMIA 49 
 
 DlGITALE^ 151 
 
 DICECIA 76 
 
 DlANDRIA 76 
 
 DODECANDRIA 79 
 
 HEXANDRIA 79 
 
 ICOSANDRIA 79 
 
 OCTANDRIA 79 
 
 PENTANDRIA 78 
 
 POLYAXDRIA 79 
 
 SYNGENESIA 79 
 
 TETRANDRIA 77 
 
 TRIANDBIA 77 
 
 Diplac-ns 52, 150 
 
 glutinosus 150 
 
 DIPSACE2E 123 
 
 Dipsacus 16, 123 
 
 fullonum 123 
 
 Dirca.. ..38,266 
 
 Dirca occidentals 266 
 
 DISCOPHOR.E 175 
 
 Distichlis 307 
 
 Dock 274 
 
 Dodder 169 
 
 DODECANDRIA 43 
 
 MONOGYNIA 43 
 
 PENTAGYNIA 44 
 
 Dodecatheon 19, 171 
 
 Meadia 171 
 
 Dogbane 129 
 
 Dogwood 185 
 
 Douglas Spruce 327 
 
 Downingia 22, 56, 70 
 
 Duckweed 325 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe 268 
 
 Echeveria 43, 189 
 
 Echinocystis 122 
 
 Echinospermum 19 
 
 Eel-grass 325 
 
 Elder 124 
 
 Eleocharis 9, 15, 320 
 
 Ellisia 20, 26, 161 
 
 chrysanthemifolia 162 
 
 Elymus 10,315 
 
 arenarius 315 
 
 condensatus 315 
 
 Sibiricus 315 
 
 Sitanioii 315 
 
 Emmenanthe 26, 159 
 
 penduliflora 159 
 
 ENNEANDBIA 38 
 
 EPIGYN^E 80, 282 
 
 Epilobium 36, 240 
 
 Franciscanuni 241 
 
 nrinutum 241 
 
(346) 
 
 Epipactis 70, 280 
 
 gigantea 280 
 
 EQUISETACE.E 335 
 
 Equisetum 335 
 
 Telmateia 335 
 
 robustum 336 
 
 Eragrostis 13,310 
 
 poaeoides 310 
 
 Eremocarpus 75,200 
 
 setiger 200 
 
 ERICACE^: 173 
 
 ERICALES 172 
 
 Erigeron 63, 68, 86 
 
 Canadensis 87 
 
 glaucus 87 
 
 Philadelphicus 87 
 
 stenophyllus 86 
 
 Eriodictyon 26, 158 
 
 glutinosum 159 
 
 Eriogonum 38, 276 
 
 angulosum 270 
 
 gracile 277 
 
 latifolium 277 
 
 nudum 277 
 
 truncatum 277 
 
 viorineum 277 
 
 virgatum 277 
 
 Eriophorum 9, 15, 321 
 
 gracile . .321 
 
 Eriophylluru 64, 10 1 
 
 cffispitosum 105 
 
 confertiflomm 105 
 
 staechadifolium 105 
 
 Eritrichium 19, 156, 157 
 
 Erodium 24, 39, 56, 205 
 
 botrys 205 
 
 cicutarium . . .205 
 
 E odium-macrophyllum . 205 
 moschatum 205 
 
 Eryngium 27, 183 
 
 petiolatum 183 
 
 Eryngo 183 
 
 Erysimum 55, 225 
 
 asperum 225 
 
 Erytlmea 20, 130 
 
 Douglasii 131 
 
 floribunda 130 
 
 Mnhlenbergii 130 
 
 trichantha. . 131 
 
 venusta 131 
 
 Eschscholtzia. . . .45, 47, 229 
 Californica. 230 
 
 Esparto Grass 315 
 
 Eucharidium 17, 244 
 
 concinuum 244 
 
 EUCYCLIC^: 200 
 
 Eunanus 53, 151 
 
 Douglasii 151 
 
 Euonymus 16, 2S, 214 
 
 occidentalis 214 
 
 EUPATOKIACKE 112 
 
 Euphorbia 71, 201 
 
 lathyris 202 
 
 leptocera 202 
 
 ocellata 201 
 
 serpyllifolia 201 
 
 EUPHORBIACKE 200 
 
 Evax 68, 70, 89 
 
 caulescens 89 
 
 Evening Primrose 240 
 
 Everlasting 90 
 
 False Indigo 262 
 
 False Solomon's-Seal 284 
 
(347) 
 
 Fatsia 184 
 
 Feather-grass 301 
 
 Ferula 176 
 
 Californica 176 
 
 Fescue Grass 310 
 
 Festuca 5, 7, 14, 310 
 
 microstachys 311 
 
 myurus 310 
 
 ovina 311 
 
 pauciflora 311 
 
 scabrella 311 
 
 FICOIDKE 190 
 
 FICOIDALES 190 
 
 Fig- marigold 190 
 
 Figwort 153 
 
 Filago 65, 68, 89 
 
 Californica 90 
 
 FILICES 331 
 
 FILICINEJE 330 
 
 Fimbristylis 9, 15, 319 
 
 miliacea 319 
 
 Five-finger 233, 249 
 
 Flax ...206 
 
 Fleabane 86 
 
 Fool's Parsley 178 
 
 Foxtail 298 
 
 Fragaria 47, 248 
 
 Californica 248 
 
 Chilensis 248 
 
 Frankenia. . . .24, 32, 35, 219 
 grandiflora 219 
 
 FRANKENIACE2E 219 
 
 Frauseria 75, 93 
 
 bipiunatifida 93 
 
 Chamissonis 93 
 
 FraximiB 6, 72, 76, 132 
 
 dipetala , 132 
 
 Fraxinus Oregana 132 
 
 Fritillaria 32, 290 
 
 FUMARIACEJE 228 
 
 Galium 16, 126 
 
 Andrewsii 127 
 
 aparine 126 
 
 asperrimuin 127 
 
 boreale 126 
 
 Calif ornicum 127 
 
 Nuttallii 127 
 
 trifidum 126 
 
 triflorum 127 
 
 GAMOPETAL^E 80 
 
 Garrya 78, 185 
 
 elliptica 185 
 
 Fremontii 185 
 
 Gastridium 12, 301 
 
 australe 301 
 
 Gaultheria 40, 173 
 
 Shallon 174 
 
 Gayophytum 17, 37, 241 
 
 diffusum 241 
 
 Gentian 131 
 
 Gentiana 16, 20, 26, 131 
 
 Oregana 131 
 
 GENTIAXACILE 130 
 
 GENTIANALES 128 
 
 GERANIACE2E 204 
 
 GERANIALES. 204 
 
 Geranium 39, 56, 205 
 
 Carolinianum 205 
 
 Giant Hyssop 137 
 
 Gilia 21, 163 
 
 achille&folia 166 
 
 androsacea 163 
 
 capitata 166 
 
(348) 
 
 Gilia ciliata 164 
 
 cotulsefolia 165 
 
 densifolia 166 
 
 densiflora 163 
 
 dichotoma ... 163 
 
 inconspicua 167 
 
 intertexta 165 
 
 micrantha 164 
 
 multicaulis 167 
 
 leucocephala 165 
 
 pusilla 163 
 
 squarrosa 164 
 
 tenella 164 
 
 tricolor 167 
 
 virgata 166 
 
 viscidula 165 
 
 Githopsis 22, 121 
 
 specularioides 121 
 
 Glaux 24, 171 
 
 maritima 171 
 
 GLTTMACEJE 296 
 
 Glyceria 14,308 
 
 paucifloia 308 
 
 Glycyrrhiza.. 58, 262 
 
 lepidota 263 
 
 Godetia 37, 242 
 
 amcena 243 
 
 epilobioides 243 
 
 lepida 243 
 
 purpurea 243 
 
 quadrivulnera 243 
 
 tenella 243 
 
 Golden Aster 84 
 
 Golden-rod ... 85 
 
 Gold-fern 331 
 
 Gooseberry 188 
 
 GRAMINEJE... ..296 
 
 Grape 215 
 
 Gratiola 149 
 
 ebracteata 149 
 
 GRATIOLKS;. 148 
 
 Greasewood. 250 
 
 Grindelia 61, 64, 81 
 
 cuneifolia 82 
 
 glutiuosa 82 
 
 hirsutula 82 
 
 robusta 82 
 
 Groundsel Ill 
 
 Gum-plant 81 
 
 Gutierrezia 64, 81 
 
 Californica 81 
 
 GUTTIFERALES 215 
 
 Gymnogramme 331 
 
 triangularis 331 
 
 GYMNOSPEBM.E 326 
 
 Gymnostichum 10, 315 
 
 Calif ornicum 316 
 
 GYNANDR.E 280 
 
 GYNANDRIA 70 
 
 DIANDRIA 71 
 
 HEXANDRIA 71 
 
 MONANDRIA 71 
 
 Habenaria 70, 281 
 
 elegans 281 
 
 leucostachys 281 
 
 Hair-grass 304 
 
 HALORRHAGID^: 239 
 
 Hawkweed 119 
 
 Hazel.,,.. 271 
 
 Hedge-nettle 139 
 
 HELENIE2E 103 
 
 Helenium. 65, 107 
 
 puberulum ... 107 
 
(349) 
 
 HELIANTHEJE 95 
 
 Helianthella 68, 95 
 
 Californica 95 
 
 Helianthenmm 48, 217 
 
 scoparium 217 
 
 Helianthella 68, 95 
 
 Californica 95 
 
 Helianthus... 68, 95 
 
 annuus 95 
 
 Californicus 96 
 
 exilis.. 95 
 
 scaberrimus 95 
 
 Heliotrope 158 
 
 Heliotropium 18, 158 
 
 cnrassavicum 158 
 
 HELOBIJE 322 
 
 Hemizouia... 66, 68, 70, 98 
 
 angustifolia 99 
 
 corymbosa ... 99 
 
 luzulffifolia 98 
 
 macradenia 98 
 
 mnltiglandulosa 100 
 
 Parryi 99 
 
 pungens 99 
 
 truncata 100 
 
 Hemlock 181 
 
 Hendecandra 79, 201 
 
 procumbens 201 
 
 HEPTANDRIA 35 
 
 MONOGYNIA 35 
 
 POLYGYNIA 35 
 
 TRIGYNIA 35 
 
 Heracleum 29, 176 
 
 lanatum 176 
 
 Hesperocnide 73, 273 
 
 tenella 274 
 
 Hetercodon . ...... .22, 122 
 
 16 
 
 Hetercodon rariflorus.. . 122 
 
 Heleromeles 45, 252 
 
 Heuchera 26, 30, 187 
 
 micrantha 187 
 
 pilosissima 188 
 
 HEXANDRIA 31 
 
 HEX-POLYGYNIA 31 
 
 MONOGYNIA 35 
 
 TRIGYNIA 34 
 
 Hieracium 60, 119 
 
 albiflorum 119 
 
 Hierochloa 12, 299 
 
 macrophylla 299 
 
 Hippuris 5, 239 
 
 vulgaris 239 
 
 Holcus 13, 305 
 
 lanatus -306 
 
 Holozonia 66, 69, 100 
 
 tilipes 100 
 
 Holy Grass .299 
 
 Honeysuckle ... 125 
 
 Hop-tree 208 
 
 Hordeum 10, 314 
 
 jubatum 314 
 
 murinum 314 
 
 nodosum 314 
 
 Horehound 138 
 
 Horkelia 45, 46 
 
 Horsetail 335 
 
 Hosackia 58, 260, 261 
 
 bracbycarpa 261 
 
 gracilis 260 
 
 parviflora 260 
 
 Purshiana 260 
 
 stipularis 260 
 
 strigosa 260 
 
 subpiiinata 260 
 
(350) 
 
 Hound's-tongue 158 
 
 Huckleberry 175 
 
 Hydrocotyle '..27, 181 
 
 prolifera 184 
 
 ranunculoides 18 1 
 
 HYDROPHYLLES: 158 
 
 HYPERICINE,E 215 
 
 Hypericum 46, 59, 215 
 
 anagalloides 216 
 
 concinnum 215 
 
 Hypochseris 59, 115 
 
 glabra 116 
 
 HYPOGYKE 128 
 
 ICOSANDRIA 41 
 
 DI - TRI - TETRA - PENTA - 
 
 GYNIA 45 
 
 MOXOGYNIA 47 
 
 POLYGYNIA 46 
 
 Indian Hemp 129, 130 
 
 INULE^E 88 
 
 IRIDACE.E 282 
 
 Iris 8,283 
 
 Douglasiana 283 
 
 longipetala 283 
 
 macrosiphon 283 
 
 IsocARPioaE 170 
 
 ISOETKE 329 
 
 Isoetes 329 
 
 Isolepis 319 
 
 carinata 319 
 
 riparia 319 
 
 Iva ..66, 70, 76, 92 
 
 axillaris 92 
 
 Jacob's-ladder 163 
 
 Jaumea . . . . 103 
 
 Judas Tree 
 
 JUGLANDE^E . . 
 
 Juglans 74, 
 
 Californica ... 
 
 JULIFLOR JE 
 
 JUNCACE.E 
 
 JUXCAGINE.S: 
 
 Juncus 34, 
 
 Balticus 
 
 Breweri 
 
 bufonius . . . 
 
 compressus 
 
 effusus 
 
 falcatus 
 
 Kelloggii 
 
 Leseurii 
 
 patens 
 
 phseocephalus 
 
 robustus 
 
 t-nuis 
 
 xiphoides 
 
 Jnne-Berry 
 
 Juniper . 
 
 Juniperus 78, 
 
 Califoruica 
 
 Jussiaea 36, 40, 
 
 repens 
 
 265 
 .209 
 
 209 
 .209 
 
 268 
 .293 
 
 323 
 
 294 
 .294 
 .294 
 .295 
 .294 
 .295 
 .295 
 .295 
 .294 
 .295 
 .295 
 .294 
 
 295 
 .295 
 .252 
 
 3?8 
 
 328 
 329 
 
 '240 
 240 
 
 Knot-grass. 275 
 
 Koeleria 13, 306 
 
 cristata 307 
 
 Krynitzkia 19, 156 
 
 ambigua 156 
 
 Californica 157 
 
 Chorisiana 57 
 
 leiocarpa 156 
 
 muriculata . . ..156 
 
(351) 
 
 Krynitzkia oxycarya.. . . 157 
 Torreyana 156 
 
 LABIATJS 132 
 
 Ladies'-Tresses 281 
 
 Lady's-Mantle 250 
 
 Lady's-slipper 282 
 
 Lagophylla 67, 69, 100 
 
 cougesta 101 
 
 ramosissima ... 101 
 
 LAMIALES 132 
 
 Larkspur 233 
 
 Lastarrisea 15, 278 
 
 Chilense 278- 
 
 Lastheuia 64, 105 
 
 Califoruica 106 
 
 glaberrima 106 
 
 glabrata 106 
 
 Lathyrus 58, 265 
 
 littoralis 265 
 
 palustris 265 
 
 vestitus 265 
 
 LAURINE.X 230 
 
 Lavatera 7, 202 
 
 assurgentiflora 230 
 
 Layia 67, 101 
 
 calliglossa 102 
 
 ehrysanthemoides 102 
 
 caruosa 101 
 
 elegans 101 
 
 gaillardioides 102 
 
 heterotricha 101 
 
 hieracioides 102 
 
 platyglosaa 102 
 
 Leatherwood 266 
 
 LEGUMINOS.S: 253 
 
 Lemna 6, 325 
 
 Lemna gibba 326 
 
 minor .326 
 
 trisulca 325 
 
 Valdiviana 325 
 
 LEMNACE^E 325 
 
 LENTIBULABIA 170 
 
 Lepidium 6, 54, 222 
 
 latipes 223 
 
 nitidum 223 
 
 Lepigonum 194 
 
 Leptosyne 66, 96 
 
 Stillmani 96 
 
 Lepturus 10, 312 
 
 incurvatus 313 
 
 Lessingia 61, 63, 83 
 
 Germanorum 83 
 
 leptoclada 83 
 
 ramulosa 83 
 
 Libocednis 73 
 
 LIGULIFLOB. 115 
 
 Ligusticum 178 
 
 apiif olium 178 
 
 Lilsea 71, 324 
 
 subulata 325 
 
 LILIACEAS 285 
 
 Lilium.. ...33, 289 
 
 pardalinum 290 
 
 Lily 289 
 
 LIMN ANTHER 207 
 
 Limnantbes 40, 207 
 
 alba 208 
 
 Douglasii 208 
 
 Limosella 51, 148 
 
 aquatica 148 
 
 Linaria 53, 153 
 
 Cauadensis 153 
 
 ..206 
 
( 352 ) 
 
 Linum 30, 31, 206 
 
 Breweri . . 207 
 
 Calif ornicum 207 
 
 congestum 207 
 
 perenne 206 
 
 spergulimim 207 
 
 Liquorice 362 
 
 Lip-fern 331 
 
 Lippia 53, 140 
 
 nodiflora 140 
 
 LOASACE.PE 217 
 
 Loco-weed 263 
 
 Lolium 10, 313 
 
 perenne 313 
 
 temulentum 313 
 
 Lomaria 333 
 
 Lonicera 22, 125 
 
 involticrata 125 
 
 hispidula 125 
 
 Loose-strife 245 
 
 Lophanthus 50. 137 
 
 urticifolius 137 
 
 Lophochlsena 14, 308 
 
 Calif ornica 308 
 
 LORANTHACE2E 266 
 
 Lovage 178 
 
 Lupine 253 
 
 Lupinus 56, 57, 253 
 
 affinis 255 
 
 albicaulis 255 
 
 arboreus 254 
 
 Chamissonis 254 
 
 densiflorus 256 
 
 Douglasii 254 
 
 littoralis 255 
 
 micranthus 256 
 
 microcarpus 256 
 
 Lupinus nanus 255 
 
 polyphyllus 254 
 
 rivularis 254 
 
 trifidus 256 
 
 truncatus 256 
 
 Luzula 34, 296 
 
 comosa 296 
 
 LYCOPODIACEJC 329 
 
 Lycopus 7, 133 
 
 lucidus 133 
 
 LYTHRABI^: 245 
 
 Ly thrum ....32, 44, 245 
 
 alatum 245 
 
 Madia 62,66,70, 97 
 
 dissitiflora 97 
 
 elegans 97 
 
 filipes 98 
 
 Nuttallii 97 
 
 radiata 97 
 
 sativa 97 
 
 Madrofia 174 
 
 Maianthemum 17, 284 
 
 bifolium 284 
 
 Maiden's-Hair 333 
 
 Malacothrix 59, 118 
 
 Californica 118 
 
 Cleveland! 118 
 
 obtusa 118 
 
 Mallow 203 
 
 Malva 57, 203 
 
 borealis 203 
 
 MALVACE2E. 202 
 
 MALVALES 202 
 
 Malvastrum 204 
 
 Thurberi 204 
 
 Manzanita 174 
 
(353 ) 
 
 Maple 211 
 
 Mare's-tail 239 
 
 Mariposa 290 
 
 Marrubium 49, 138 
 
 vulgar-. 139 
 
 Marsh- tieabane 88 
 
 Marsitea 330 
 
 vestita 330 
 
 Matricaria 62, J08 
 
 discoidea 108 
 
 occidentalis 108 
 
 Mayweed 107 
 
 Meadow-rue 237 
 
 Meconopsis 47, 230 
 
 heterophylla 230 
 
 Medicago 58, 259 
 
 denticulata 259 
 
 lupuliua. 259 
 
 sativa 259 
 
 Medic!? 259 
 
 Megarrhiza 73, 122 
 
 Calif arnica 123 
 
 fabacea 1 23 
 
 inarah 123 
 
 MELANTHACR 29 
 
 Melica 13, 307 
 
 b: omoides 307 
 
 bulbosa 307 
 
 Harfordii 307 
 
 imperfecta 307 
 
 Melic-grass 307 
 
 Melilot 258 
 
 Melilotus 58, 258 
 
 parviflora 259 
 
 Mentha 50, 133 
 
 Canadensis 133 
 
 piperita 133 
 
 i Mentha viridis 133 
 
 I Menyauthes. 20, 131 
 
 trifoliata 131 
 
 j Meutzelia 46,59, 218 
 
 Ittjvicaulis 218 
 
 Lindleyi 218 
 
 Meseinbryanthemum..46, 47 
 
 190. 
 aequilaterale 190 
 
 | MICRANTH2E 296 
 
 j Microcala 16 130 
 
 quadrangularis 130 
 
 I Micro in eria. 50, 135 
 
 Douglasii 135 
 
 1 Micropus 65, 88 
 
 Calif or nicus 88 
 
 Microseris 59, 116, 117 
 
 acuminata 117 
 
 aphantocarpha 118 
 
 attenuata 117 
 
 Bigelovii 118 
 
 Douglasii... 117 
 
 elegans 118 
 
 j Milkweed . 128 
 
 Milkwort 171 
 
 Mimetanthe 52, 149 
 
 pilusa 149 
 
 Mhnulus 52, 54, 149 
 
 cardinalis 150 
 
 iuconspicuus 149 
 
 luteus 150 
 
 moschatus 150 
 
 nasutus 149 
 
 Miner's-lettuce 195 
 
 Mint 133 
 
 Mistletoe 267 
 
 Mistletoe (pine) 267 
 
( 354 ) 
 
 MONADELPHIA 56 
 
 DECANDRIA 56 
 
 OCTANDRIA 56 
 
 PENTANDRIA 56 
 
 POLYANDHIA 57 
 
 TRIANDRIA ... 56 
 
 MONANDRIA 5 
 
 DI-TRI-TETRAGYNIA .... 5 
 
 MONOGYJSIA 5 
 
 Mouardella 50, 134 
 
 Breweii 134 
 
 Douglasii 134 
 
 Lmceolata 134 
 
 undulata 134 
 
 villosa 134 
 
 Monkey-flower 149, 150 
 
 MONOCHLAMYDEJE 267 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONES 280 
 
 MONCECIA 71 
 
 DIANDRIA 72 
 
 MONANDEIA 71 
 
 PENT POLYANDRIA 74 
 
 TETRANDRIA 73 
 
 TBIANDRTA . 72 
 
 MONOGAMIA. 70 
 
 Mouolopia 64, 105 
 
 gracilens 105 
 
 major 105 
 
 Monterey-pine 327 
 
 Montia 8, 196 
 
 fontana 197 
 
 Morning-glory 168 
 
 Mountain Mahogany. . . .250 
 
 Mountain Mint 133 
 
 Mouse-ear Chickweed . . . 192 
 
 Mousetail 236 
 
 Mudwort.. ..148 
 
 Muilla 32, 289 
 
 maritima 289 
 
 Mustard 225 
 
 Myosurus.. 31, 49, 236 
 
 minimus 236 
 
 MYRICACEJE 272 
 
 Myrica 76, 272 
 
 Californica 272 
 
 Myriophyllum 74, 239 
 
 spicatum 239 
 
 MYRTALES 238 
 
 NAIADACE.E 324 
 
 Naias (Najas) 71 
 
 Nardosmia 69, 110 
 
 palmata Ill 
 
 Nasturtium 55, 223 
 
 officinale 223 
 
 Negundo..l8, 25, 77, 78, 211 
 
 Calif ornicum 212 
 
 Neillia 45, 247 
 
 opulifolia. 247 
 
 Neniophila 20, 26 
 
 Nettle 273 
 
 Nicotiana 21, 154 
 
 Bigelovii 155 
 
 Nightshade. 153 
 
 Nine-bark 247 
 
 Nuphar 238 
 
 polysepalum 2:j8 
 
 Nutmeg Pine 326 
 
 Nuttallia 44, 45, 246 
 
 cerasiformis 246 
 
 NYCTAGINILE 199 
 
 238 
 
 269 
 
 Oak. 
 
( 355 ) 
 
 OCTANDRIA 36 
 
 DI-TRIGYNIA 38 
 
 MONOGYNIA 36 
 
 TETRAGYNIA 38 
 
 (Enanthe 28, 178 
 
 California 178 
 
 (Enothera.. 37, 241 
 
 biennis 241 
 
 Californica 242 
 
 Cheiraotkifolia 242 
 
 dentata 242 
 
 micrantha 242 
 
 ovata 242 
 
 strigulosa . . 242 
 
 OLEACE^: 131 
 
 ONAGEACE^S 239 
 
 Onion 286 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSE^: 335 
 
 Orache 198 
 
 Orchard grass. 306 
 
 ORCHIDACE^B 280 
 
 Oreodaphne 38, 231 
 
 Californica 231 
 
 OROBANCHACEJB 142 
 
 Osmorrhiza 29, 179 
 
 brachypoda 179 
 
 nuda. 179 
 
 OXALIDEJE ...206 
 
 Oxalis 43, 56, 206 
 
 oorniculata 206 
 
 Oregana 206 
 
 Paeonia 49, 232 
 
 Brownii 233 
 
 Painted-Cup 147 
 
 Panax 27, 184 
 
 horridum. . , . . 184 
 
 Pauicuin 10, 290 
 
 PAPAVERACE.E 228 
 
 PAPILIONACEJE 253 
 
 PARIETALES 217 
 
 PARONYCHIJS 194 
 
 Pearly-Everlasting 90 
 
 Pearlwort 193 
 
 Pectocarya 19, 157 
 
 pevicillata 158 
 
 Pedicularis 51, 143 
 
 densiflora 143 
 
 Pellcea 332 
 
 Pentacna....l4, 24, 27, 194 
 
 ramosissima 195 
 
 Pentachrcta 61,63, 82 
 
 alsinoides 83 
 
 bellidiflora 82 
 
 exilis 83 
 
 PENTANDRIA 18 
 
 DIGYNIA 25 
 
 MONOGYNIA . 18 
 
 PENTAGYNIA 31 
 
 POLYGYNIA 31 
 
 TRIGYNIA 31 
 
 Pentstemon 21, 53, 151 
 
 azureus 151 
 
 centranthif olius 151 
 
 Peony 232 
 
 Peppergrass 222 
 
 PRIGYN^J 238 
 
 PERSONALES 142 
 
 Petasites 110 
 
 Peucedanum 29, 177 
 
 caruifolium 177 
 
 dasycarpum 177 
 
 leiocarpum 177 
 
 triternatum 177 
 
(356) 
 
 Peucedanum u t r i c u 
 
 latum 177 
 
 Phacelia 26, 160 
 
 ciliata 161 
 
 circinata . . 160 
 
 divaricata 161 
 
 distans 10 
 
 hispida 160 
 
 malvaefolia 160 
 
 tanacetifolia 161 
 
 Phalaris 11, 298 
 
 amethystina 299 
 
 arundinacea 299 
 
 Canariensis 298 
 
 intermedia 299 
 
 PHANEROGAMS 80 
 
 PHILADELPHB^I 189 
 
 Pbleum 11, 297 
 
 alpintim 297 
 
 pratense 297 
 
 Phoradendron . . .73, 77, 267 
 
 flavescens 267 
 
 Photinia 45, 252 
 
 arbutifolia 252 
 
 Phragmites 12, 306 
 
 communis 306 
 
 Pickeringia 39, 253 
 
 montana 253 
 
 Pigweed 197 
 
 Pilularia 330 
 
 Americana 330 
 
 Pimpernel 172 
 
 Pimpinella 28, 180 
 
 apiodora . 181 
 
 Pin-clover 205 
 
 Pine ..326 
 
 Pinus .72, 326 
 
 Pinus insignis 327 
 
 nmricata 327 
 
 Sabiniana 327 
 
 tubeiculata 327 
 
 PIPERALES 279 
 
 Plagiobothrys 19, 157 
 
 canescens 157 
 
 nothofulvus 157 
 
 PLANTAGiNE.33 140 
 
 Plantago 16, 141 
 
 lanceolata 141 
 
 major 141 
 
 maritima 141 
 
 Patagonica 141 
 
 Plantain 141 
 
 PLATANES 272 
 
 Platanus 76, 273 
 
 racemosa 273 
 
 Platystemon. 48, 228 
 
 Calif ovnicus 229 
 
 Platystigma 48, 229 
 
 Calif ornicnm 229 
 
 liueare 229 
 
 Plectritis 8, 124 
 
 congesta 124 
 
 macrocera 124 
 
 Plnehea 65, 88 
 
 camphorata 88 
 
 Plum 246 
 
 PLUMBAGINES 170 
 
 Poa 13, 309 
 
 annua 309 
 
 Culifornica 309 
 
 distans ....309 
 
 Douglasii 310 
 
 pratensis 309 
 
 scabrella . . . . 309 
 
(357) 
 
 Poa tenuifolw 309 
 
 trivialis 309 
 
 Pogogyne 50, 135 
 
 Douglasii 135 
 
 parviflora 135 
 
 serpylloides 135 
 
 POLEMONIACKE 162 
 
 POLEMONIALES 153 
 
 Polemonium 21, 163 
 
 carneum 163 
 
 POLYADELPHIA 59 
 
 POLYANDRIA 47 
 
 DI - TRI - TETRA - PENTA - 
 POLYGYNIA 48 
 
 MONOGYNIA 47 
 
 PoLYCARPioas 230, 322 
 
 Poly gala 56, 57, 210 
 
 cuoullata 210 
 
 POLYGALACE^J 210 
 
 POLYGONACE^! 274 
 
 Polygonum 24, 38, 275 
 
 aviculare 275 
 
 Californicuin 275 
 
 convolvulus 276 
 
 Muhlenberghii 276 
 
 nodosum , 276 
 
 paronychia 275 
 
 POLYPETAKE 175 
 
 POLYPODIACE2B 331 
 
 Polypodium 332 
 
 Scouleri 332 
 
 vulgaris 332 
 
 Polypody 332 
 
 Polypogon 11, 300 
 
 littoralis 300 
 
 Monspeliensis 300 
 
 PoMACEja. . ..252 
 
 Pondweed 323 
 
 Poplar 217 
 
 Populus 79, 217 
 
 trichocarpa 217 
 
 POTAME^J 323 
 
 Potamogeton 18, 323 
 
 lucens 324 
 
 natans 324 
 
 pauciflorus , 324 
 
 pectinatus 324 
 
 Potentilla 46, 249 
 
 anserina 249 
 
 glandulosa 249 
 
 Portulaca, 35, 36, 42, 43, 45 
 
 195. 
 oleracea 195 
 
 PORTULACACES; 195 
 
 Prickly Poppy 230 
 
 PRIMULACE^E 171 
 
 PRIMULALES 170 
 
 Prosartes 33, 284 
 
 Hookeri 285 
 
 Menziesii 285 
 
 Prunella 50, 138 
 
 vulgaris 138 
 
 Prunus 246 
 
 demiBsa 246 
 
 emarginata 246 
 
 ilicifolia 246 
 
 Pseudotsuga. . 327 
 
 Douglasii 327 
 
 Psilocarphus 67, 70, 89 
 
 Oreganus 89 
 
 tenellus 89 
 
 Psoralea 57, 58, 261 
 
 macrostachya 262 
 
 orbicularis 261 
 
(358) 
 
 Psoralea physodes 262 
 
 strobilina 262 
 
 Ptelea, 17, 24, 73, 74, 77, 78 
 208. 
 
 angnstifolia 208 
 
 Pteris S32 
 
 aquilina 333 
 
 Pterostegia 34, 278 
 
 drymarioides 278 
 
 Pugiopappus 66, 96 
 
 calliopsideus 96 
 
 Purslane 195 
 
 Pyenanthemuin 50, 133 
 
 Californicum 134 
 
 Pyrola 39, 173 
 
 aphylla 173 
 
 PYROLACEJE 172 
 
 Quaking-grass 310 
 
 Quercus 76, 269 
 
 agrifolia 270 
 
 chrysolepis 269 
 
 densiflora 270 
 
 Douglasii 269 
 
 duinosa 269 
 
 Kelloggii 270 
 
 lobata 269 
 
 Wislizenii 270 
 
 Quillwort 329 
 
 Quinine-Tree 185 
 
 Kadish 221 
 
 Rafinesquia, 59, 115 
 
 Californica 115 
 
 Ragweed 92 
 
 RANALES 237 
 
 RANUNCULACE^E. . . . . 232 
 
 Ranunculus 49, 235 
 
 aquatilis 236 
 
 Bloomeri 235 
 
 Calif ornicus 235 
 
 flammula 236 
 
 hebecarpus 235 
 
 Lobbii 236 
 
 maximus 235 
 
 muricatus 235 
 
 pusillus 236 
 
 Raphanus 54, 221 
 
 sativus 222 
 
 Raspberry 247 
 
 Rattleweed 263 
 
 Redwood 328 
 
 Reed 306 
 
 RHAMNACE.E 212 
 
 Rhamnus 23, 78, 212 
 
 Calif oruica 212 
 
 Crocea 212 
 
 Purshiana 212 
 
 RHINANTHE.S: . 143 
 
 RHIZANTHE2E 267 
 
 RHIZOCARP.E 330 
 
 Rhododendron 40, 173 
 
 occidentale 173 
 
 RHODOBACE^I 173 
 
 Rhus... ...30, 74, 78, 82, 209 
 
 aromatica 209 
 
 diversiloba 209 
 
 Ribes 24, 30, 188 
 
 aureum 188 
 
 divaricatum 188 
 
 Menziesii 188 
 
 sanguineum 188 
 
 Rigiopappus 64, 106 
 
 leptocladus see Errata. 
 
(359) 
 
 Rock-brake 332 
 
 Rock-cress 226 
 
 Rock-rose 217 
 
 Romanzoffia 20, 159 
 
 Sitchensis 159 
 
 Rosa 46, 251 
 
 Californica 251 
 
 gymnocarpa 251 
 
 Rose 251 
 
 ROSACES 251 
 
 ROSIFLOR2E 245 
 
 RUBIACE.ZE 126 
 
 RUBIALES 133 
 
 Rubus 46, 247 
 
 leucodermis 248 
 
 Nutkanus 247 
 
 spectabilis 247 
 
 uroiuus 248 
 
 Rumex 34, 79, 274 
 
 acetosella 275 
 
 conglomerates 275 
 
 crispus 274 
 
 obtusifolius .... 275 
 
 salicifolius 274 
 
 RUTACEJE... ..208 
 
 136 
 
 s-brush 109 
 
 Sagina 31, 42, 193 
 
 occidentalis 193 
 
 SALICINEJE 216 
 
 Salicornia 5, 199 
 
 ambigua 199 
 
 Salix 76,77, 216 
 
 Coulter! 217 
 
 lasvigata 216 
 
 lasiandra . . . . .216 
 
 Salix lasiolepis 216 
 
 longifolia 216 
 
 Salvia 7, 136 
 
 carduacea 136 
 
 Columbarias 137 
 
 SALVINIACELE 330 
 
 Sambucus 30, 124 
 
 glauca 124 
 
 Samolus 22, 41, 172 
 
 Valerandi 172 
 
 Samphire 199 
 
 Sand-spurrey . . .194 
 
 Sandwort 193 
 
 Sanicle 182 
 
 Sanicula 27, 182 
 
 Sanguisorba 18 
 
 SANGUISORBACEJE 249 
 
 SAPINDACEJS 210 
 
 SAPINDALES 210 
 
 SAURUREJB 279 
 
 Saxifraga 41, 186 
 
 Virginica 186 
 
 SAXIFRAGACE.S: 186 
 
 Saxifrage 186 
 
 Scirpus 6, 15, 69, 320 
 
 acicularis 320 
 
 lacustris . . . 320 
 
 maritimus 320 
 
 Olneyi 320 
 
 palustris 320 
 
 Tatora 320 
 
 sylvaticus 320 
 
 Scoliopus 8, 292 
 
 Bigelovii 292 
 
 Scorzonella 116 
 
 paludosa 116 
 
 procera 116 
 
(360 
 
 Scorzonella sylvatica . . 116 
 
 Scouring-rush 335 
 
 Scrophularia 53, 153 
 
 California 153 
 
 SCROPHULARI.E 143 
 
 Scutellaria 50, 138 
 
 Californica 138 
 
 tuberosa 138 
 
 Sea-blite 199 
 
 Sea-lavender 171 
 
 Sea-Kocket 224 
 
 Sedge 316 
 
 Sedum 43, 189 
 
 spathulifolium 189 
 
 stenopetalum 189 
 
 Selaginella 329 
 
 rupestris 329 
 
 SELAGINELLE^ 329 
 
 Self-heal 138 
 
 Selinum 28, 178 
 
 Pacificum 178 
 
 Senebiera 54, 222 
 
 didyma 222 
 
 Senecio 61, 65, 111 
 
 aronicoides Ill 
 
 Douglasii 112 
 
 eurycephalus Ill 
 
 hydrophilus Ill 
 
 vulgaris 112 
 
 8ENECIONID.2E 110 
 
 Sequoia 74, 328 
 
 gigantea 328 
 
 sempervirens 328 
 
 SERPENTARI^I 267 
 
 Service-berry 252 
 
 Setaria 10 
 
 )-sorrel 274,275 
 
 Shepherd's-purse 223 
 
 Shield-fern 334 
 
 Shooting-star 171 
 
 Sida 57, 204 
 
 hecleracea 204 
 
 Sidalcea 57, 203 
 
 diploscypha 203 
 
 humilis 203 
 
 malachroides ..... 203 
 
 malvcKflora 203 
 
 Silene 41, 191 
 
 antirrhina 191 
 
 Californica 191 
 
 Gallica 191 
 
 laciniata 191 
 
 verecunda 192 
 
 SILENE^ 191 
 
 Silybum 114 
 
 Marianum 114 
 
 Sisymbrium 56, 224 
 
 acutangulum . 224 
 
 officinale 224 
 
 reflexum 224 
 
 Sisyrinchium 56, 282 
 
 bellum 283 
 
 Calif orni cum 283 
 
 Sium 28, 179 
 
 cicutaefolium 179 
 
 Skullcap 138 
 
 SMILACE^E 284 
 
 Smilacina 34, 284 
 
 amplexicaulis 284 
 
 sessilifolia 284 
 
 Snapdragon 152 
 
 Sneezeweed 107 
 
 Snowberry 125 
 
 Soap-root 286 
 
(361) 
 
 SOLANACKE 153 
 
 Solanum 22, 153 
 
 nigrum 154 
 
 umbelliferum 154 
 
 Solidago 63, 85 
 
 Californica . . 85 
 
 occidentalis 85 
 
 sempervirens 85 
 
 Soliva 69, 109 
 
 sessilis 109 
 
 Sonchus 60, 120 
 
 asper . . 120 
 
 oleraceus 120 
 
 Sow-thistle 120 
 
 SPADICIFLOB.S; 321 
 
 Sparganium 72. 322 
 
 eurycarpum 322 
 
 Spartina 11, 202 
 
 stricta 203 
 
 Specularia. 22, 121 
 
 biflora 121 
 
 Speedwell 148 
 
 Spergula 31, 43, 194 
 
 arvensis 194 
 
 Spergularia 42, 194 
 
 macrotbeca 194 
 
 media 194 
 
 Sphacele 50, 136 
 
 calycina 136 
 
 Sphaeralcea 57, 204 
 
 Spice-bush 252 
 
 Spikenard 184 
 
 Spindle-tree., 214 
 
 Spinea 45, 46, 247 
 
 discolor 247 
 
 SPIR35E.E 247 
 
 Spiiauthes 71, 281 
 
 17 
 
 Spiranthes porrifolia. . .281 
 
 Romanzoffiana 281 
 
 Spleenwort 334 
 
 Spotted Thistle 1 14 
 
 Spurge 201 
 
 Squirrel-tail 314 
 
 St. John's- wort 215 
 
 Stachys 50, 139 
 
 ajugoides 139 
 
 albens. . . : 139 
 
 bullata. 140 
 
 Chamissonis 140 
 
 pycnantha 139 
 
 Star-flower 171 
 
 Star-thistle 114 
 
 Statice 31, 171 
 
 limonium 171 
 
 Stellaria 42, 192 
 
 media 192 
 
 nitens 193 
 
 Stephanoraeria .. ..59, 115 
 
 virgata 115 
 
 Stipa H ." . . 12, 301 
 
 eminens 302 
 
 setigera 302 
 
 viridula 302 
 
 STIPULATE 335 
 
 Stone-crop 189 
 
 Stork's-bill 205 
 
 Strawberry 248 
 
 Streptanthus 55, 226 
 
 glandulosus 226 
 
 niger 226 
 
 peramcenus 226 
 
 Slylocline 65, 67, 70 
 
 Suteda 25, 199 
 
 Californica.. ..199 
 
(362) 
 
 Sunflower 95 
 
 Sweet Cicely 179 
 
 Sweet Vernal-grass 299 
 
 Sycamore 273 
 
 Symphoricarpus 22, 125 
 
 mollis 125 
 
 racemosus 125 
 
 SYNANDR^: 80 
 
 SYNGENESIA 59 
 
 JEQUALIS : 59 
 
 FRUSTRANEA 68 
 
 NECESSARIA 68 
 
 SUPERFLUA 62 
 
 Synthyris 7, 148 
 
 rotundifolia 148 
 
 Syrmatium 261 
 
 cytisoides 261 
 
 glabrum 261 
 
 tomentosum ..... . . 261 
 
 Tanacetum 61, 109 
 
 camphoratum 109 
 
 Tansy 109 
 
 Taraxacum 60, 120 
 
 officinale .120 
 
 Tar- weed 97, 98 
 
 Tassel-tree 185 
 
 TAXINE.E . . 326 
 
 Teasel 123 
 
 Tellima .......41, 186 
 
 affinis 187 
 
 Bolanderi 187 
 
 grandiflora 187 
 
 heterophylla 187 
 
 TEREBINTH ACEJE 208 
 
 TEREBINTHALES .... 208, 209 
 TETRACYCLIC^J. . . 80 
 
 TETRADYNAMIA 54 
 
 SILICULOSA 54 
 
 SILIQDOSA 54 
 
 TETRANDRIA 16 
 
 DIGYNIA 16 
 
 MOXOGYNIA. 16 
 
 Thalictrum 49, 79, 237 
 
 Fendleri ; 237 
 
 Thermopsis.. . 39, 253 
 
 Californica 253 
 
 Thistle . 112 
 
 Thorn-apple 151 
 
 Thrift ...... ....170 
 
 THYMELACE.E . . . 266 
 
 Thysanocarpus 54, 222 
 
 curvipes 222 
 
 laciniatus 222 
 
 pusillus 222 
 
 Tiarella. ','.', .41, 187 
 
 unifoliata 187 
 
 Tilkea... 14, 18, 31, 190 
 
 augustifolia 190 
 
 minima 190 
 
 Timothy 297 
 
 Toad-Flax..... 153 
 
 Tobacco... 154 
 
 Torreya 79, 326 
 
 Californica. 326 
 
 Toyon 252 
 
 Tree-Mallow .... 202 
 
 TRIANDRIA.. 8 
 
 DIGYNIA 9 
 
 MONOGYNIA 8 
 
 TRIGYNIA 14 
 
 Tricerastes 15, 218 
 
 glomerata 218 
 
 Trichostema .. ...51, 132 
 
(363) 
 
 Tricht-stema lanceola- 
 tum ......... ...132 
 
 TRICOCOE 200 
 
 Trientalis 32, 35, 171 
 
 latiiulia 172 
 
 Trifolium 58, 256 
 
 barbigerum 258 
 
 bifidum ....... 257 
 
 ciliatiim. 257 
 
 depauperatum . .258 
 
 fueatum . 258 
 
 gracilentum 257 
 
 involueratum 257 
 
 Macnei. 257 
 
 microcephalum 258 
 
 microdon . . , 258 
 
 pauciflorum 258 
 
 repens .257 
 
 trideutatum 257 
 
 Triglochin .. .....34, 35, 323 
 
 maritimum 323 
 
 Trillium.. 32, 33, 285 
 
 ovatum 285 
 
 sessile 283 
 
 Trisetrum. 304 
 
 barbatum. . . . . 304 
 
 canescens . . 304 
 
 Triteleia. :.::.: 32,288 
 
 capitata 288 
 
 ixioides 289 
 
 lactea,... ....,.....,.-.. .289 
 
 laxa. : .,. 289 
 
 peduncularis. 289 
 
 Triticunx ....10, 314 
 
 repens, 314 
 
 Tropidocarpnm 55, 223 
 
 gracile - 223 
 
 Troximon 60, 119 
 
 apargioides 119 
 
 grandiflorum. 119 
 
 heterophyllum 120 
 
 bundle 119 
 
 laciniatum 119 
 
 TUBULIFLOR.S; 81 
 
 Turritis glabra 227 
 
 Twin-berry 125 
 
 Typb.a 72, 322 
 
 latifolia 322 
 
 TYPHACE^J 321 
 
 UMBELLALES 175 
 
 UMBELLIFER^J 175 
 
 Umbdlularia 231 
 
 URTICALES 272 
 
 Uitica 73, 77, 273 
 
 holoserioea.. 273 
 
 Lyallii. 273 
 
 urens 273 
 
 Utricularia 7, 170 
 
 vulgaris 170 
 
 VACCINEJB. 175 
 
 Vaccinium 37, 175 
 
 ovatum 175 
 
 VALERIANACK2B 124 
 
 Vaucouveria. 31, 231 
 
 bexaudra 231 
 
 Veuus Looking-glass. . . .121 
 
 VERBASCE^S. . 153 
 
 Verbena 53, 140 
 
 officinalis 140 
 
 VERBENACELE 140 
 
 Veronica 6, 148 
 
 Americana... ..148 
 
(364) 
 
 Veronica peregrina 148 
 
 VEBOXICJB 147 
 
 Vetch 264 
 
 Vicia 58. 264 
 
 Americana 264 
 
 exigua 264 
 
 gigantea 264 
 
 sativa 264 
 
 Viola 23, 220 
 
 aurea 220 
 
 canina 220 
 
 lobata 221 
 
 ocellata 220 
 
 odorata 220 
 
 pedunculata 220 
 
 sarmentosa 221 
 
 VIOLACEJS 219 
 
 Virgin's Bower 237 
 
 Vitis 23, 78,215 
 
 Californica 215 
 
 Wake-robin 285 
 
 Waldmeister 127 
 
 Wall-flower 226 
 
 Walnut 209 
 
 Water-cress 323 
 
 Water-fern 331 
 
 Water- hemlock 180 
 
 Water-horehound 133 
 
 Water-lily..... 238 
 
 Water-milfoil 239 
 
 Water-parsnip 179 
 
 Water-pennywort 184 
 
 Water-plantain 323 
 
 Wax-Myrtle 272 
 
 Wheat 314 
 
 Whipplea 30,42, 189 
 
 modesta . . . . 189 
 
 Wild-Ginger 268 
 
 Wild-Pea 265 
 
 Wild-Rye 315 
 
 Willow 216 
 
 Willow-herb 240 
 
 Winter cress 224 
 
 Wintergreen 173 
 
 Wood-sorrel 206 
 
 Wood-rush 296 
 
 Woodwardia . 333 
 
 radicans 334 
 
 Wormwood 109 
 
 Wulfenia 148 
 
 Wyethia 66, 94 
 
 angustifolia 95 
 
 glabra 94 
 
 helenioides 94 
 
 Xanthium 93 
 
 spinosum 93 
 
 strumarium 93 
 
 Xerophyllum 293 
 
 tenax 293 
 
 Yarrow 108 
 
 Yedra 209 
 
 Yellow-dock 275 
 
 Yerba buena 135 
 
 Yerba santa 158 
 
 Yerba mansa 279 
 
 Zauschneria 240 
 
 Californica 240 
 
 Zostera 71, 325 
 
 marina 325 
 
 Zygadene 292 
 
 Zygadenus 34, 292 
 
 Fremontii 292 
 
 venenosus 292 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTE. In this work, in order to conform with most American 
 treatises on botaiiy, the word loculus is replaced by the less exact 
 word cell. 
 
 0. Annual. 
 
 Q0. Biennial. 
 
 QJ.. Perennial. 
 
 Tp . Shrub or tree. 
 
 tf. Male. 
 
 9 . Female. 
 
 . Hermaphrodite, i. e., both sexes in the same flower. 
 
 oo. Many, or an indefinite number. 
 
 Acaulescent. Stemless. 
 
 Accrescent. Increasing with age. 
 
 Acerose. Needle-shaped. 
 
 Aculeate. Having sharp points or prickles. 
 
 Acuminate. Tapering to a point. 
 
 jEqualls. All flowers hermaphrodite. 
 
 Acute. Sharp pointed. 
 
 Adnate. United by the surface. 
 
 Akene. A dry, hard, indehisceut, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit. 
 
 Alveolate. Pitted like a thimble 
 
 Ament, Amentum. A unisexual spike with scaly bracts. 
 
 AmplexlcauL Clasping the stem. ' 
 
 Anceps, Ancipital. Two-edged. 
 
 AndrcBcium. Stamens and corolla. 
 
 Androgynous. Having both male and female flowers. 
 
 Angiosperm, Angiospermce. Bearing seeds in a closed 
 pericarp. 
 
 Anisocarpce. Number of Carpels less than lobes of Cor- 
 olla. 
 
 Annular. King- like. 
 
 Anther. The part of the stamen bearing pollen. 
 
 Aphyllous. Without leaves. 
 
 17A 
 
ii APPKND;X. 
 
 Apetalous. Withont petals. 
 Apocarpous. Carpels (Carpidia) distinct. 
 Apophyses. E largements, structurally united. 
 Appressed. Pressed close. 
 Arachmoid. Cobwtb-like. 
 
 Arillus. An expanded appendage attached to the seed. 
 Aristate. Haviug an awn. 
 Articulate. Jointed. 
 Ascending. Rising, but not erect. 
 Asptrgilliform. Brush-like. 
 Auriculate. Having an ear-like lobe at the base. 
 Awn. A bristle-like appendage. 
 
 Axil. The angle formed by a baf or branch with the 
 stem'. 
 
 Baccate. Berry-like. 
 
 Barbellnte. Having minute awns with reflexed points. 
 Basifixed. Attached by the lower end. 
 Bifid. Two-cleft. 
 Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
 
 Bract. A leaf, or modification of one, subtending a flower 
 or cluster. 
 
 Bracteolate. Haviug secondary bracts upon the pedicel. 
 
 Caducous. Falling very early. 
 Ccespitose, Cespitose. Growing in tufts. . 
 Calamus. A stuffed scape. 
 Calcarate. Spurred. 
 Calydne. Calyx-like. 
 Calyculate. Calyx-like. 
 Campanulate. Bell-shaped. 
 Canaliculate. Fluted. 
 
 Canescent. Hoary with a gray pubescence. 
 Capillary. Very slender and hair-like. 
 Capitate. Collected into a head. 
 Capitulate. Diminutive of capitate. 
 Carina. Keel. 
 
 Carpidia. A simple pistil, or one of the several p irts of 
 a compound pistil. 
 
APPENDIX. iii 
 
 Carpophore. A prolongation of the axis between the car- 
 pels. 
 
 Caryopsis. Seed inseparably united to the wall of the 
 ovary. 
 
 Caudate. Tailed. 
 
 Caulescent. Having a manifest stem. 
 
 Cautine. Belonging to the stem. 
 
 Centra spermcv. Seeds affixed to the centre of a 1-celled 
 ovary. 
 
 Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants. 
 
 -chotomous. Forked. 
 
 Ciliate. Fringed with hairs. 
 
 Circinate. Coiled from the tip. 
 
 Circumscissile. Opening by a transverse circular line. 
 
 Cirrhate. Tendril-bearing. 
 
 Clavate. Club-shaped. 
 
 Cleistogamic. Having fertile but undeveloped flowers. 
 
 Coccus. The indehiscent segment of a compound ovary. 
 
 Ccelospermce. Internal surface of Endosperm concave. 
 
 Commissure. The surface by which two carpels adhere. 
 
 Complicate. Folded together. 
 
 Conduplicate. Doubled together lengthwise. 
 
 Connate. United in one. 
 
 Connective. The part of the filament which connects the 
 anther cells. 
 
 Contorted. Twisted. 
 
 Convolute. Rolled together from one edge. 
 
 Cordate. Heart shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous. Leathery. 
 
 Corniform. Horn-shaped. 
 
 Corolline. Like a corolla. 
 
 Corona. Crown. 
 
 Corymb. A depressed raceme. 
 
 Costa. A rib. 
 
 Cotyledon. The seed leaf or lobe of the embryo. 
 
 Cremocarp. Fruit of Umbelliferse. 
 
 Crenate. Having rounded teeth. 
 
iv APPENDIX. 
 
 Crenulate Finely crenate. 
 
 Cryptogamce. Fructifying without stamens and pistils. 
 
 Cucullate. Like a cowl or hood. 
 
 Cuneate. Wedge-shaped enlarging upward. 
 
 Cuneiform. Same as cuneate. 
 
 Cupula. A cup-shaped involucre inclosing a nut as in 
 the acorn. 
 
 Cusp. A sharp rigid point. 
 
 Cyathiform. Cup-shaped. 
 
 Cyme. A bro id and flattish inflorescence, flowering from 
 the centre outward. 
 
 Decandria Ten stamens. 
 
 Declined. Bent or curved downward. 
 
 Decompound. Keptatedly compound or divided. 
 
 Decumbent. Keclining at base, the summit ascending. 
 
 Decurrent. Kunning down the stem. 
 
 Decussate. In pairs or threes alternating at right angles. 
 
 Deftexed. Bent or turned down abruptly. 
 
 Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc. 
 
 Deltoid. Broudly triangular like the Greek letter Delta. 
 
 Dentate. Toothed. 
 
 Denticulate. Minutely toothed. 
 
 Diadelphia. Stamens in two sets or clusters. 
 
 Divndria Two stamens. 
 
 Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs. 
 
 Diclinic. Of separate sexes; unisexual. 
 
 Dicotyledones. Having an embryo with two cotyledons. 
 
 Didynamia. Having two long and two short stamens. 
 
 Diffuse. Widely and loosely spreading or branched. 
 
 Digitate. Fingered; spreading like the fingers. 
 
 Digynia. Two pistils. 
 
 Dimidiate. Halved, as though one-half were wanting. 
 
 Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. 
 
 Dioecia. Male and female flowers on separate plants. 
 
 Distichous. Two ranked. 
 
 Divaricate. Widely diverging. 
 
 Dodecandria. Having twelve stamens. 
 
APPENDIX. V 
 
 Dorsal. Relating to the dorsum or back. 
 Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the seed inclosed in 
 a hard or stony casing. 
 
 Ebracteate. Without bracts. 
 Echinate. Beset with hooked prickles. 
 Elater. Coiled elastic thread. 
 Emarginate. Notched at the extremity. 
 Endosperm. Layer of substance in the seed usually 
 enveloping the germ. 
 Enneandria. Nine stamens. 
 Epicarp. Outer layer of the pericarp. 
 Epigynce. Above the ovary. 
 Equitant. Astride, as in leaves of Iris. 
 Exocarp. The outer portion of a pericarp. 
 Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope. 
 Extrorse. Directed outward. 
 
 Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. 
 
 Filament. The part of the stamen which supports the 
 anther. 
 
 Filiform. Thread-shaped. 
 
 Fimbriate. Fringed with narrow cuttings. 
 
 Floret. A small flower; one of a head. 
 
 Foliate. Having leaves, leafy. 
 
 Foliolate. Having leaflets or small leaves. 
 
 Follicle. A pod formed from a simple pistil dehiscing 
 only along the ventral suture. 
 
 Foveolate. Marked by minute pits. 
 
 Frond. The leaf of ferns, liverworts or of Lemna. 
 
 Frustranea. Florets of the disk hermahprodite, of the 
 ray neutral. 
 
 Frutescent. Shrnbby. 
 
 Funicle. The stalk of an ovule or seed. 
 
 Furfuraceous. Scurfy. 
 
 Oalbulus. An indehiscent cone, becoming berry-like. 
 Qakate. Formed like a helmet. 
 Qamopetalce. Petals more or less united. 
 
Vi APPENDIX. 
 
 Gamosepalous . With more or less united or coalescent 
 sepals. 
 
 Geminate. Twinned; in pairs. 
 
 Geniculate. Bent like the knee. 
 
 Gibbous Swelling out at one side. 
 
 Glabrous. Smooth; without hairs or roughness. 
 
 Glaucous. Bluish-hoary; covered with a fine whitish 
 bloom. 
 
 Glochldiate. Barbed like a fish- hook. 
 
 Glomcrule. A compact somewhat capitate cyme. 
 
 Glume. The chaff-like bracts subtending the spikelets. 
 
 -gonal. Ke'ating to the angles. 
 
 Gymnospermia. Plants having naked seed. 
 
 Gynandria. Having the stamens adnate to or borne upon 
 the pistil. 
 
 Gynobase. A short thick prolongation of the axis upon 
 which the pistil rests. 
 
 Gyncecium. The pistil or aggregate pistils of a flower. 
 
 Gynophore. A stem bearing the ovary. 
 
 Hastate. Triangular or arrow-shaped. 
 
 Heptandria. Having seven stamens. 
 
 Hermaphrodite. Both sexes in the same flower. 
 
 Heterosporous. Bearing more than one kind of spores. 
 
 Hexandria. Having six stamens. 
 
 Hexagynia. Having six pistils. 
 
 Hirsute. Having rather coarse or stiff hairs. 
 
 Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs. 
 
 Hyaline. Transparent or partially so. 
 
 Hypogynous. At the base of, or below the pistil. 
 
 Icosandria. Having more than twelve stamens inserted 
 on the calyx. 
 
 Imbricate. Overlapping 
 
 Imparipinnate Pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet. 
 
 Incised. Irregularly, sharply and deeply cut. 
 
 Incrassate. Thickened. 
 
 Incumbent. Lying upon. 
 
APPENDIX. Vii 
 
 Induplicate. With margins folded inward. 
 Indusium. In ferns, the scale like cover of the fruit spot. 
 Inferior. Lower; below the corolla. 
 Inftexed. Bent or turned abruptly inward. 
 Inflorescence. The flowering portion of a plant. 
 Introrse. Turned inward toward the axis. 
 Involucre. A circle or circles of scales, bracts or leaves, 
 distinct or united, surrounding a flower or flower-cluster. 
 Involute. Rolled inward. 
 
 Labeltum. A Hp, as in orchids. 
 
 Labiate. Lipped; having an irregular calyx or corolla 
 unequally divided into two lips. 
 
 La-ciniate. Cut into narrow slender teeth or lobes. 
 
 Lactescent. Yielding milky juice. 
 
 Lamina. The blade or dilated part of a leaf. 
 
 Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head. 
 
 Legume. A 1-celled capsule opening by two valves, as 
 the pea. 
 
 Lenticular. Lens, or lentil-shaped. 
 
 Lignescent. Woody; becoming woody. 
 
 Ligule. A tongue or strap-shaped body, as the corolla of 
 ray-flowers in Composite. 
 
 Lobate. Divided into lobes. 
 
 Loculicidal. Dehiscence of the cells of a capsule through 
 the dorsal suture. 
 
 Lomentum. Loment. A legume jointed, and usually con- 
 stricted between the seeds. 
 
 Macro. Large or long. 
 Marcescent. Withering and persistent. 
 Marginate. Furnished with a border. 
 Membranaceous. Thin and translucent. 
 Mericarp. Division of schizocarp. 
 -merous. In parts. 
 Micro. Small. 
 
 Monadelphia. Stamens united by their filaments into one 
 get. 
 
viii APPENDIX. 
 
 Monandria. One stamen. 
 Moniliform. Like a string of beads. 
 Monocotyledones. Embryo with one cotyledon. 
 Moncecia. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the 
 same plant. 
 
 Monogamia. A. syngenetic flower not belonging to a head. 
 Monogynia. Having one pistil. 
 Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip. 
 Mucronate. Having a mucro. 
 Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucronate. 
 Multifid. Cleft into many lobes and segments. 
 Muricate. Hough, with short hard points. 
 
 Navicular. Boat-shaped. 
 
 Nectaria, Nectary. Organs which produce a sweet secre- 
 tion within a flower. 
 
 Necessaria. Florets of the disk male; of the ray female; 
 or hermaphrodite. 
 
 Nervose. Having veins or ribs. 
 
 Neutral. Neither male nor female. 
 
 Obcompressed. Flattened dorsally. 
 
 Obconic. Like an inverted cone. 
 
 Obcordate. Inverted cordate. 
 
 Obovate. Inverted ovate. 
 
 Obtuse. Blunt. 
 
 Ochroleucous. Yellowish white. 
 
 Octandria. Eight stamens. 
 
 Orthospermce. Having the endosperm straight (flat). 
 
 Osseous. Bony. 
 
 Ovoid. Egg-shaped. 
 
 Palea, Palet. Chaff, or a chaffy bract; in grasses the two 
 inner bracts of the flower. 
 
 Palmate. Compound, with the leaflets radiating. 
 
 Panicle. A compound raceme. 
 
 Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like. The peculiar corolla of 
 the Leguminosae. 
 
 Papillate. Beset with minute thick projections. 
 
APPENDIX. IX 
 
 Pappus. The hairs, bristles or scales crowning the 
 akenes in Composite. 
 
 Parietal. Relating to or upon the wall of a cavity. 
 
 Paripinnate. Evenly pinnate; without the odd terminal 
 leaflet. 
 
 Pedicel. The footstalk of a flower. 
 
 Peduncle. A general or primary flower-stalk. 
 
 Peltate. Shield-shaped. 
 
 Pendulous. Drooping, or hanging nearly inverted. 
 
 Penicillate. Resembling a brush of fine hairs. 
 
 Pentandria. Having five stamens. 
 
 Pentagynia. Having five pistils. 
 
 Perianth. The floral envelopes i. e. t the calyx and cor- 
 olla, so far as present. 
 
 Pericarp. The seed-vessel or ripened ovary. 
 
 Perigonium. A simple floral envelope. 
 
 Perigynium. The sac-like envelope, or the bristles or 
 scales which in the Cyperaceaa represent the perianth. 
 
 Personate. Closed, as in Labiate flowers with prominent 
 palates. 
 
 Petal. One of the parts of a polypetalous or nearly divided 
 corolla. 
 
 Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf. 
 
 Petaloid. Petal-like. 
 
 Phalanges. Stamens united in sets by their filaments. 
 
 Phanerogamce. Plants which fructify by means of sta- 
 mens and pistils. 
 
 -phyllous. Leafy, leaved. 
 
 Pilose. Hairy, with soft distinct hairs. 
 
 Pinnce. Primary divisions of a compoundly pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft into opposite nearly equal 
 segments. 
 
 Pinnule. A secondary pinna i. e., one of the pinnate 
 divisions of a pinna. 
 
 Pistil. The female organ of a phanerogam consisting of 
 the ovary with its styles and stigmas. 
 
 18 
 
X APPENDIX. 
 
 Placenta. That part of the ovary or fruit which bears the 
 ovules and seeds. 
 
 Plicate. Folded into plaits like a fan. 
 
 Plumose. Pluine-like; having fine hairs on each side, like 
 a feather. 
 
 Polyadelphia. Having stamens united by the filaments 
 into many sets. 
 
 Polyandria. Having many stamens. 
 
 Polygamia. Having both hermaphrodite and unisexual 
 flowers. 
 
 Polygynia. Having many pistils. 
 
 Pollinia. Concrete masses of pollen. 
 
 Pomum, Pome. A fleshy fruit like the apple, inclosing 
 several leathery or bony carpels. 
 
 Procumbent. Lying upon the ground. 
 
 Pruinose. Covered with a minute bloom or powder. 
 
 Pseudocarp. Fruit including other organs in addition to 
 the ovary. 
 
 Puberulent. Very minutely pubescent. 
 
 Pubescent. Covered witli hairs usually short and soft. 
 
 Pungent. Terminating in a rigid and stout point or 
 prickle. 
 
 Pyrena. '1 he stone of a drupe. 
 
 Pyriform. Pear-shaped. 
 
 -quelrous. Cornered. 
 Quinate. In fives. 
 
 Raceme. A form of inflorescence, with pedicellate flowers 
 developing from below upward upon a simple prolonged 
 axis. 
 
 Rachis. The axis of a spike, etc. 
 
 Radicle. The part of the embryo below the cotyledon. 
 
 Ray. The marginal flowers in composite. 
 
 Receptacle, The more or less expanded surface forming a 
 support for the organs of a flower or a head of flowers. 
 
 Reflexed. Bent abruptly down or backward. 
 
 Reniform Kidney-shaped. 
 
APPENDIX. Xl 
 
 Replum. The frame-like placenta left by the falling away 
 of the valves in Cruciferae. 
 
 Retrorse. Turned back or downward. 
 
 Revolute. With the margin or apex rolled backward. 
 
 Rhizome. An underground, somewhat horizontal, root- 
 ing stem. 
 
 Ringent. Gaping; applied to labiate flowers with open 
 throats. 
 
 Rostrate. Beaked. 
 
 Rotate. Wheel-shaped. 
 
 Rugose. Wrinkled ; ridged. 
 
 Runcinate. Deeply-toothed or lobed, with the segments 
 directed backwards. 
 
 Saccate. Sac-shaped. 
 
 Samara. An indehis^eut, membraneously-wiuged fruit, 
 as in the ash and maple. 
 
 Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head 
 
 Scabrous. Hough to the touch, with minute rigid points. 
 
 Scape. A naked peduncle rising from the ground. 
 . Scapigerous. Producing scapes. 
 
 Scarious. Thin, dry and membranaceous. 
 
 Schizocarp. An ovary which divides into its component 
 parts, each part usually remaining c-losed over its seed. 
 
 Secund. One-sided. 
 
 Septicidal Opening through the lines of junction of the 
 carpels. 
 
 Septifragal. Breaking away from the partitions in de- 
 hiscence. 
 
 Serrate. Having teeth directed forward, like those of a 
 saw. 
 
 Serrulate. Finely serrate. 
 
 Sessile. Without footstalk. 
 
 Setaceous. Bristle-like. 
 
 Siliculosa. Short cruciferous pod, as Capsella. 
 
 Sillquosa. Long cruciferous pod, as in mustard. 
 
 Sinuate. With a strongly wavy margin. 
 
ill APPENDIX. 
 
 Sinus. An indentation, either angular or rounded, separat- 
 ing parts. 
 
 Sordid. Kusty or dirty-colored. 
 
 Sorus, Sori. A cluster of sporangia. 
 
 Spadix. A spike with a thickened, fleshy rachis, usually 
 subtended by a spathe. 
 
 Spathe. A sheathing bract. 
 
 Spvthulate. Narrowly attenuate downward from an ab- 
 ruptly rounded summit. 
 
 Spicate. Like a spike. 
 
 Spike. Resembling a raceme, but the flowers sessile, or 
 nearly so. 
 
 Spinescent. Ending in a spine or spiny point. 
 
 Spinulose. Having diminutive spines. 
 
 Sporangia. Cases which contain spores. 
 
 Spores. The minute bodies in cryptogams, which answer 
 somewhat to the seeds of other plants. 
 
 Squamose. Furnished with scales. 
 
 Squarrose. Irregularly spreading. 
 
 Stipitate. Borne upon a stipe. 
 
 Stipule. An appendage to the base of a petiole. 
 
 Stamen. The male organ of flowering plants, consisting 
 of an anther borne usually upon a filament and containing 
 the pollen. 
 
 Staminodia. A sterile or undeveloped stamen. 
 
 Strobilaceous. Inflorescence formed of imbricated scales, 
 as in the Coniferae. 
 
 Subulate. Awl-shaped. 
 
 Suffrutescent. Slightly shrubby; woody at base. 
 
 Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed. 
 
 Suture. A line of union. 
 
 Syiiandrce. Having united anthers. 
 
 Syncarpous. Having united carpidia. 
 
 Syngenesia. United anthers. 
 
 Tendril. A thread-like production in climbers. 
 Terete. Cylindrical, or nearly so. 
 Ttrnate. In threes. 
 
APPENDIX. xiii 
 
 Testa. The outer seed-coat. 
 
 Tetr adynamia. Having four long and two short stamens; 
 Cruciferse. 
 
 Tetragynia. Having four pistils. 
 
 Tetrandria. Having four anthers. 
 
 Thalamus. End of peduncle. 
 
 Thallus. A cellular expansion taking the place of stem 
 and foliage. 
 
 Thyrse. A contracted or close ovate cyme. 
 
 Tomentose. Pubescent, with matted wool. 
 
 Triandria. Having three stamens. 
 
 Trlgynia. Having three pistils. 
 
 Triquetrous. Triangular, with the sides concave or chan- 
 neled. 
 
 Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut off transversely. 
 
 Tumid. Swelled. 
 
 Turbinate. Top-shaped. 
 
 Turgid. Inflated. 
 
 Umbel. An umbrella-shaped inflorescence, the pedicels 
 radiating from the summit of the common peduncle. 
 
 Umbilicate. Pitted in the centre. 
 
 Uncinate, Hooked at the extremity. 
 
 Undulate. Wavy. 
 
 Unguiculate. Narrowed below into a claw. 
 
 Urceolate. Cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted at or 
 below the open orifice. 
 
 Utricle. A small, bladdery, usually 1-seeded, pericarp. 
 
 Vallecula. Groove between the ribs of umbelliferous 
 fruits. 
 
 Valvate. Opening by valves. 
 
 Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of a car- 
 pel; the opposite of dorsal. 
 
 Ventricose. Swelling unequally or on one side. 
 
 Versatile. Swinging; turning freely on its support. 
 
 Verticillate. Arranged in whorls. 
 
Xiv APPENDIX. 
 
 Vexillum. The large upper petal of a papilionaceous 
 flower. 
 
 Villous, Bearing long and soft straight, or straightish, 
 hairs. 
 
 Virgate. Slender, straight and erect. 
 
 Vittce. The longitudinal oil-tubes in the pericarp of 
 most umbelliferse. 
 
 Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc., around 
 the stem. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 106. After generic description of Kigiopappus read 
 
 "R. leptocladus. Niles. Spring." 
 Page 163. For " Gillia " read " Gilia." 
 Page 163. For "androscaea" read "androsacea." 
 Page 171. 6th line from bottom, for "decuscate" read 
 
 "decussate." 
 
 Page 172. 9th line from bottom, for "L" read "S." 
 Page 215. 7th line from top, after "]?." insert " 
 
 Niles. Summer." 
 
 Page 262. 10th line from bottom, omit comma between 
 
 "late" and "dehiscent." 
 
 Page 275. 12th line from top, for "7 " read "5." 
 Page 283. 4th line from top, for " Calif ornicus " read 
 
 " Calif ornicum." 
 
 Page 299. llth line from top, after "not " insert "at." 
 Page 311. 1st line, for ' ' tenela " read ' ' tenella. " 
 Page 330. For ' ' Pillularia ' ' read ' ' Pilularia. " 
 

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