MONOGRAPHIA ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. By whose power were the meanest creatures formed? By whose will do they live? Know that He who in the beginning created the heaven and the earth, said, ' Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind, and it was so.' Is it then to be considered as a degrading employment for men to examine those creatures which were formed by God ?'' Fleming. It is evident that the general tendency of the study is to lead us from the admiration of the works, to the contemplation of their Author ; to teach us to look through Nature up to Nature's God. It is a study which terminates in the conviction, the knowledge and the adoration of that Being, to whom we owe every thing that we enjoy." Bingley. MONOGEAPHIA ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA; OR, AN ESSAY ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PARASITIC INSECTS BELONGING TO THE ORDER ANOPLURA OF LEACH, WITH THE MODERN DIVISIONS OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE VIEWS OF LEACH, NITZSCH, AND BURMEISTER, WITH HIGHLY MAGNIFIED FIGURES OF EACH SPECIES. BY HENRY DENNY, AUTHOR OF " MOVOGRAPHIA PSKLAPHIDAR CM ET SCYDM.CNIDARUM BRITANNIA," HONORARY MEMBER OP THE YORKSHIRE AND LEEDS PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETIES, AND OF THE NORFOLK AND NORWICH MUSEUM. " Do not depreciate any pursuit which leads men to contemplate the works of their Creator." Southey. " Nothing can be so minute as to be unworthy of the investigation of man, which was not unworthy of being created by God." Boyle. " Think not that any thing he hath vouchsafed to create, is unworthy thy cognizance, to be slighted by thee. It is pride and arrogance, or ignorance and folly in thee so to think. "There is greater depth of art and skill in the structure of the meanest insect, thanthou art able for to fathom or comprehend. "The wisdom, art, and power of Almighty God shine forth as visibly in the structure of the body of the minutest insect, as in that of a horse or elephant: therefore God is said to be inaximus in minimus." Ray. " He who does not make himself acquainted with God from the consideration of nature, will scarcely acquire knowledge of him from any other source; for if we have no faith in the things which are seen, how should we believe those things which are not seen ?" Eefiections on the Study of Nature. LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCXLII. TO SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BARONET, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S , Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh ; Honorary Member of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the South African Institution, Cape of Good Hope, &c. &c. OF APPLEGARTH, DUMFRIESSHIRE ; ROBERT KAYE GREVILLE, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.A.S.E., Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh, of the Imperial Academy Naturae Curiosorum of Moscow, of the Natural History Society of Leipsic, of the Physiographical Society of Lund; Corresponding Member of the Natural History Society of Paris, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the Medico- Botanical Society of London, of the Linnean Society of Normandy ; Honorary Mem- ber of the Royal Irish Academy, of the Lyceum of Natural History of New Yoik, of the Natural History Society of Montreal, of the Liverpool Royal Institution, of the Cambridge and York Philosophical Societies, &c. OF EDINBURGH ; AND PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh ; Vice-President of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne; Honorary Member of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland, the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society, the Bristol Institution, &c. OF TWIZELL HOUSE, NORTHUMBERLAND. To whom, in conjunction with the individuals whose names occur in a succeeding page, can T dedicate this work with so much propriety, as to those, whose researches as Naturalists, and philanthropy as Men, equally command admiration and esteem ; since, but for their unwearied exertions in obtaining patronage for my humble labours, these pages might never have met the Public eye ? To them, therefore, in testimony of the feelings with which he shall ever remember their prompt assistance, this Monograph Is most respectfully inscribed by THE AUTHOR. TO THE REV. LEONARD JENYNS, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., Member of the Entomological Society of London, and of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; Honorary Member of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland, and of the Natural History Society of Boston, United States, &c. OF SWAFFHAM BULBECK, CAMBRIDGESHIRE; WILLIAM THOMPSON, ESQ., VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BELFAST, ETC., ETC.; AND HERMANN BURMEISTER, M.D., PH.D., Professor of Zoology in the University of Halle, and Director of the Museum of Zoology ; Member of the Imperial Academy of Naturalists, of the Physical and Medical Society of Erlangen, of the Natural History Society of Altenburg; Honorary Member of the Entomological Society of London, and of the Natural History Society of Berlin, &c. THRBE ARDENT ADMIRERS OP NATURE, Whose unceasing labours to elucidate the boundless variety of objects which own the Creator's care and proclaim his power, is only equal to their disinterested exertions and zealous endeavours to forward illustrations for the present Monograph, and without whose assistance it must have been materially abridged, This volume is inscribed, With gratitude and esteem, by THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. Family I. PEDICCLIDJE, character of * t Artificial divisions of the Family ^ Synopsis of the Species . Genus PHTHIRIUS, character of PEDICULUS, character of . Leeuwenhoek's experiments on the rapid increase of Pediculi . . 4 Note on ditto from the Wreck of the Wager HJEMATOPINIIS, character of, and species , Fam. II. PHILOPTERID^E, character of Artificial divisions of the Family Synopsis of the Species Genus I. PHILOPTERUS, character of Sub-Genus. Docophorus, character of, and species Nirmus Goniocotes Goniodes Lipeurus Ornithobius Genus II. TRICHODECTES Fam. III. LIOTHEID.E, character of, and artificial division of the Family . Synopsis of the Species Genus I. LIOTHEUM, character of . Sub- Genus. Colpocephalum, character of, and species Menopon Nitzschia Trinoton Eureum Laemobothrium Physostomum Genus II. GYROPUS, character of, and species . Explanation of the Plates . . English Index of the Quadrupeds and Birds from which Para- sites are figured . . r . Index of Species PACK. 3 4 7 8- 11 12 19 20 22 249 24 36 39 40 41 61 62 63111 112151 152154 155164 164182 183186 186194 197 198204 204205 206217 217229 230231 232236 236238 238240 241244 244246 250-255 256259 260262 ERRATA. Page 41, line 2, for " Phiilopteridae" read " Philopteridae." 51, 22, for ' clavaformis" read " claviformis." 65, 14, for " redibundus" read " ridibundns." 70, lait line, for " angle rotundate" read" angles rotundate." 117, 19, insert a comma after "lateral margin," dele the comma after " underside." 128, 19, after "each segment" read "in the female; male with deep chestnut fasciae." 160, 5, from the bottom, for " Plate XIII. fig. 8" read " fig. 3." 185, 30, for " Plate XXII" read " XXIII." PREFACE. IN treating upon any subject at the present day, it is generally the practice or wish of the author to give impor- tance to his labours or the object of his investigations, by impressing upon it the stamp of antiquity, from some Archa3ological notice to which he can lay claim. If there is any intrinsic value to be attached to ancient Bibliographical notices, the author of the present Monograph is fortunate in being able to call some such to his aid. As regards the period when Parasitic animals were first created, I shall not offer an opinion, the subject being one of those speculative theories which it is impossible to reduce to a demonstration. Though my venerable and esteemed friend, the father of British Entomologists, the Rev. Dr. Kirby, has conjectured, that Parasitic Insects infesting the human race, were not called into existence until after the fall of Adam. " Can we," (he says), " believe that man in his pristine state of glory, and beauty, and dignity, could be the receptacle and prey of these unclean and disgusting creatures ?''* If, however, we pass on to the period of the exode from Egypt, we then find not only a decided reference to the objects of our treatise, but an awful demonstration of the fact, that Jehovah can indeed make the weak things of this world to confound the mighty, and that however insigni- ficant and puny these animals may appear individually, yet when marshalled in countless myriads at the fiat of the Almighty, as the instruments of His displeasure, they then produce results the most dreadful. " And the Lord said unto Moses, say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod and smite * Bridgewater Treatise, vol. I. p. 13. V1H PREFACE. the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt. And they did so, for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man and in beast, all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt."* Not- withstanding the apparent simplicity of this passage, it has been the subject of much controversy between several learned commentators, some supposing Flies or Gnats, and others Ticks were intended by the sacred historian. From being totally ignorant of the Hebrew language 1 cannot of course presume to decide the question as to its philological accuracy. But taking it in another point of view, it appears to me at least to be very evident, that the animals referred to by Moses, were identical with what we now know to infest man and beast, and designate Lice, for were Flies or Gnats intended to be understood by the term employed, the habits of the Insects would not be in accord- ance with what we know to be usual. And I do not think we are justified in supposing that the natural habits of the animals employed as plagues were at all altered. The only circumstance which rendered them so great a calamity was the surprising increase in their numbers, and the miraculous manner in which that increase was effected. The Locusts differed in no wise, in their general economy, from locusts of the present day. The Frogs again only became annoying from their extraordinary multitudes, which caused them to spread over the land, and enter the houses of the Egyp- tians. The Flies, in like manner, from their countless swarms, filled their habitations, and tormented both man and beast. But supposing we grant, for the sake of argu- ment, that they were of the genera Chrysops Htzmatopota, Stomoxys, (Estrus, and Culex, or of the family Hippobos- cidce. This would have rendered nugatory the plague which immediately succeeded it, and is expressly stated to * Exodus viii. 15, 17. PREFACE. IX be a " swarm of Flies." Again, as Bryant has attempted to shew, the plague of Lice was at once so humiliating, and in opposition to the enjoined habits of the people, that the priests and magicians perceived immediately from what hand it came. He remarks, " The Egyptians affected great external purity, and were very nice both in their persons and clothing, bathing and making ablutions conti- nually, uncommon care was taken not to harbour any ver- min. They were particularly solicitous on this head thinking it would be a great profanation of the temple which they entered, if any animalculae of this sort were concealed in their garments. The priests, says Herodotus, are shaved, both as to their heads and bodies, every third day, to prevent any louse or other detestable creature being found upon them when they are performing their duty to the Gods.* The same is mentioned by Plutarch, who adds, that all woollen was considered as foul, and from a perishable animal, but flax is the product of the immortal earth, it affords a delicate and pure covering, and is not at all liable to produce lice.-J- We may hence see what an abhorrence the Egyptians showed towards this sort of ver- min, and what care was taken by the priests to guard against them. The judgments, therefore, inflicted by the hands of Moses, were adapted to their prejudices. It was conse- quently not only most noisome to the people in general, but was no small odium to the most sacred order in Egypt, that they were overrun with these filthy and detestable vermin."^: So far then, as the value of antiquity is con- cerned, I am safe, and the Parasitism of the Pediculi on our race, is recorded at a very early period of the history of the World. I must now, therefore, turn to the more immediate object of this treatise. * Herod, lib. II. c. 37. p. 121. t Plot, (de Isis et Osir. vol. II. p. 352. D.) J Bryant on the Plagues of Egypt, p 44-48. b PREFACE. During the year 1827, three or four specimens of Pavo cristatus having passed through my hands, upon each of which I observed for the first time, several examples of the large and well marked parasite of this bird, the Goniodes falcicornis, I was induced to examine whatever other species of birds, &c. might come in my way, to ascertain whether great diversity in size or appearance existed between the parasites of different species or genera. This I soon found to be so considerable, that I resolved upon forming a collection, and ascertaining what was written upon the parasitic tribes. In the prosecution of the former part of the task I found little difficulty, but with respect to the latter, I could make no progress, as no distinct treatises upon the families were in existence, and all that was available were either mere enumerations, without reference or figures, or occasional descriptions of species which were scattered through various w r orks, many of which were not easy to procure, especially in provincial towns, where, in the majority of cases, works on Natural History are only sparingly to be found. I therefore proposed to myself the illustration of the Pedi- culidce and NirmidcB^ under a conviction, that a work ex- clusively devoted to these families, concentrating all that was known, with figures of the species, however imperfectly it might be executed, was a desideratum to the Entomo- logical Literature of this country. Upon communicating these views to my learned friend William Sharp Mac Leay, Esq., he strongly urged me to proceed, and promised all the assistance his own extensive knowledge of Entomology enabled him to give, as well as that assistance which his friendship could secure from other distinguished individuals. With such promises of aid I could no longer delay the com- mencement, and carrying on this essay to its completion, which, however, has greatly exceeded the limits I had cal- culated upon at the outset; still it is most probable many species remain unrecorded, as several of the rarer, and some PREFACE. XI of the more common of our quadrupeds and birds have been searched in vain. The opinion that each and every animal has its own pe- culiar parasite, is not borne out by facts, for although in the majority of cases a distinct species of insect is found upon each particular animal, i. e. quadruped or bird, yet there are several instances where the same kind infests three or four different species of birds, but in such exceptions they are almost always confined to individuals of the same genera or family, or at least to species of similar habits. This is more strictly the case with birds than quadrupeds. For instance, Docophorus icteroides, I have found on nearly every species of duck which has come under my notice. I have received it from other birds also, but they were of aquatic habits, and belonging to the order Natatores. The Nirmus obscurus infests several species of Sandpipers, God- wits, &c. The Nirmus rufus, upon several of the Hawks and Falcons ; and Docophorus Lari upon nearly all the Gulls. In the instances among quadrupeds, it is rather doubtful whether the species is common to two different animals or not, or whether they may not have been merely transferred by associating or frequenting the same place of abode ; as for example, the Trichodectes scalaris found upon both the Ox and the Ass, where the animals are feeding in the same stall, or sleep together, a transfer of property might easily be made. The Hcematopinus Pili- ferous infests Dogs, and I have received specimens from the Ferret, which last animal was said to swarm with them. Here it is rather difficult to account for the occurrence, as I am not aware that the two animals ever live upon friendly terms with each other; and moreover, the person from whom I received them informed me he had not a dog. When we extend our observations to genera, we find they take a much wider range, and it is in only two or three cases, that we could with any confidence assert that they b 2 Xll PREFACE. were diagnostic of certain families of Vertebrata. It is easy to say whether they are belonging to quadruped or bird, but more difficult to pronounce the peculiar family of either, as some genera of each division appear perfect cosmopolites; as for instance, the genus Pediculus of Linn, (since divided into Pediculus and Haematopinus), besides infesting Man, is also found in the orders Quadrumana, on Monkeys ; Rodentia, on the Squirrel, Hare, Rabbit, Water Rat; Carnivora, on the Dog and Seal ; P achy der mat a^ on the Swine, Ass, and Camel; Ruminantia, on the Deer, Ox, and Buffalo. The genus Nirmus again is very extensively spread, infesting every order of birds but the Gallinacea. Docophorus all but Gallinacea and Columbidce ; Lipeurus infesting the orders Gallinacea, Grallce, Palmipedes, and Accipitres, while on the other hand, a few, as I have stated, are nearly certain indexes to the families Eureum only on Chelidones, Trinoton only on Palmipedes, Goniocotes and Goniodes only on Gallinacea and Columbidce, Gyropus only on the Guinea Pig in this country. Dr. Burmeister enumerates a species also from the Ai (Bradypus tridac- tylus), and lastly, the genus Phthirius on Man. From the great diversity in colour and size during life, and alteration of form and change of colour after death, considerable difficulty has been felt in coming to correct conclusions as to the proper form and colour of individual species, and even now the author is not without fear, that he may be charged with error. To this, however, he has only to reply, that as far as possible he has endeavoured to avoid misrepresentation, by re-drawing many species when fresh specimens could be procured, and even after some had been committed to copper, he has been compelled to re-engrave them. He therefore hopes upon this point to be criticised with mercy : again, so considerable is the dif- ference that exists between the early and adult state of many species, that their identity could only be inferred by PREFACE. Xlll examining a series of specimens, by which means he has in many cases removed doubts ; still he fears that in others, where he has not had this advantage, some specimens figured as species may eventually prove the young of others. One instance has occurred since the 12th plate was engraved, the 3rd figure of which Dr. Burmeister informs me is only the young of Goniodes falcicornis, which I shall not dispute. Though I would observe, that in examining spe- cimens of the G. Stilifer, Tetraonis and Compar, at various ages, I do not see such a difference in the structure of the antennae, as exists between these two insects. In the progress of this work, however, the author has had to contend with repeated rebukes from his friends for enter- ing upon the illustration of a tribe of insects .whose very name was sufficient to create feelings of disgust. " Why not take up some more interesting or popular department of Entomology" has been the frequent remark made to him. He considered, however, that if he wished to render any service to science, he must not consult popular taste or ephemeral fashion, but must take a page from that part of the great Book of Nature,* less generally read, and con- sequently, less understood and appreciated by the world at large, t The habits or size of an animal should form no item in the scale of man's estimation as to its usefulness. That each is formed especially for some part in the eco- nomy of the universe, and that its structure is admirably and peculiarly adapted and constructed for the accomplish- * " Nature is a book written on both sides within and without, in which the finger of GOD is clearly visible, a species of Holy writ in a bodily form a glorious Panegyric, as it were, on GOD'S OMNIPOTENCE, expressed in the most vivid symbols. The outer part of this sacred volume attests the supreme power, wisdom, and goodness of the Creator in characters too clear and luminous to be unperceived or misread by the dullest or the most vitiated eye. The inner pages comprise a still more glorious revelation, but their language is more mysterious." Fred, von Schlegel, Phil, of Life, p. 85. t There are yet " in the instructive book of nature, many leaves which hitherto no mortal has perused.'' Pontoppidan, Pref. p. 1. XIV PREFACE. ment of its office, no rational being can for an instant doubt. Therefore, if we cannot in every instance see the immediate end and object of their existence, it is surely more becoming our humility to admire in ignorance the wisdom of God in the works of creation, from a conviction that, that which is is right, than vainly endeavour to scru- tinize or criticise the individual links of that chain by which all nature is kept in harmony and order ; since the smallest, or the most loathsome creatures to human conception are alike to that Being, " Who giveth food to all flesh, for his mercy endureth for ever." The habits or history of the intestinal worms are, perhaps, equally unpleasing or dis- gusting to the partial admirers of nature. Yet by the la- borious investigations and patient research of Rudolphi, 993* species of Entozoa have been described in his im mortal Entozoorum Synopsis, by which he has erected for himself an imperishable monument, shewing that to a man of such gigantic powers of mind, whose studies embraced nearly every department of science, the noxious and obscure claimed his especial attention, well knowing that it was the same, whether with devout awe we contemplate the spanless arch of Heaven, lit up with countless myriads of distant glittering worlds, and endeavour to trace the laws by which they are governed and guided through the vast of space, or reduce our investigations to the structure and habits of those humble semi-motionless beings whose dwelling-place is cast in the Hepatic cells, or Cerebral sinuses of the sheep, the eye ball of the Perch, or the 20 species which infest almost every portion of the human frame,f all, and each alike dis- * Linnaeus had indicated only 11 species of intestinal worms in the 12th edition of his Syst. Nat. Gmelin in the 13th edition 299. Zeder. 391. Ru- dolphi's first great work on intestinal worms, Entozoorum historia naturalis, contains descriptions of 603. t More than 20 of these pestiferous creatures that attack man have been enumerated, some penetrate into the very seat of thought, (Echinococcus Hominis,) others disturb his bile, (Fasciola hepatica,) others circulate with PREFACE. XV play the wisdom, power, and all-superintending care of the Lord of earth and sky, who in the beginning created the heavens and the earth, with all that they contain, and who equally gives to man for his guidance and instruction his word and his works. "In His Creation as in His government, the Creator embraces at all times, with His all-comprehending kindness the innumerable and the unbounded the infinitesimals, as well as the immensities of nature the invisible from dis- appearing smallness, no less than the imperceptible from incalculable remoteness. We may overlook what is petty as beneath the notice of our pride ; but nothing, however small, has been deemed worthless, or is disregarded by Him, whom no name or language can sufficiently describe ; whose power is Omnipotence; whose presence is universal; whose knowledge is omniscience ; whose creations extend and constitute space ; and whose existence is eternity." " These are thy glorious works, thou Source of good ! How dimly seen, how faintly understood! Thine and upheld by thy paternal care, This universal frame, thus wondrous fair; Thy power divine, and bounty beyond thought, Adored and praised in all that thou hast wrought. Absorb'd in that immensity I see, I shrink abas'd, and yet aspire to thee ; Instruct me, guide me to that heavenly day, Thy words, more clearly than thy works display, That, while thy truths my grosser thoughts refine, I may resemble thee, and call thee mine." COWPBR. the blood in his veins, (Linguatula Venarum,) others again are seated in his kidneys, (Strongilus gigas,) others in his muscles, (Hydatigera cellulosa,) the guinea worm, (Filaria medinensis,) in his cellular tissue : the ovaries of females are infested by another (Linguatula pingnicula), the tape-worms extend themselves joint by joint to an enormous length in his intestines, (Tsenia solium and Botryocephalus Hominis,) some select the large intestine (Trichocephalus Hominis), and others, the small ones, (Ascarus lumbri- coides,) some even attack infants, and them only, (Oxyurus vermicularis.) "Kirby's Bridgewater Treatise," Vol. 1. p. 324. XVI PREFACE. A difference of opinion appears to have existed amongst Entomologists, as to whether the Pediculidae and Nirmidae, undergo any metamorphoses. The late distinguished Pro- fessor Nitzsch, who had paid more attention to the History of the Epizoica than perhaps any other Zoologist of the present day, in his paper on the families and genera of animal insects,* says " Metamorphosis indistincta sub- nulla, (larva pupaque agili, currente, vorante, imagini per- simili)." Our own talented country man, the late Dr. Leach, who had also attended to the economy of this tribe, and contemplated publishing upon them, was satisfied they underwent no change, at least not such as we consider metamorphosis. Hence he placed th m in his sub-class Ametabolia (insects undergoing no metamorphosis), while Dr. Burmeister, whom I consider the first authority for this tribe of insects, arranges them under his sub-class Hemi- metabola. ("Insects with an imperfect metamorphosis, i. e. larva, pupa, and perfect insect, strongly resembling each other, the pupa possessing locomotion and eating." ) This last I consider the most correct view which can be taken, for although there is not a metamorphosis as in the more persect insects, consisting of larva, pupae, and imago, widely differing from each other in general appearance, habits, and functions ; yet a series of semi-transformations takes place in the shedding of the skin a definite number of times, by which the individual acquires a greater symmetry of form and appearance, and most probably a greater perfec- tion of parts or organs ; though the latter may not be so evident to our sight as in the former. Having obtained several nits or ova of Hcematopinus, Eurysternus, and Suis, and placed the same in a quill which I carried in my waist- coat pocket, from the warmth they thus received I soon became sole proprietor of a family of my young friends. These I examined soon after their exit from the ova, but * Die Farnilien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten, Von Dr. C. L. Nitzsch. Germar's Magazin def Entomologie, iii. pp. 261, 31G. PREFACE. XV11 could not discover such a difference in their appearance, as would have led me to suppose them in the larvae state ; the antennae and legs were much thicker in proportion to the bulk of the whole body, than when full grown : in fact they bore pretty much the same resemblance to the mature insect, that a lamb bears to a ewe, being ill- proportioned in the legs, &c. In point of activity, however, they much exceeded the adult, and moved with a degree of rapidity not usual to such insects, at least to the Family Pediculidae. In many species as will subsequently appear, a very great difference in colour and markings is observable after each moult, so much so, that unless an opportunity of examin- ing a series of all sizes and ages occurs, the identity of the species would scarcely be conjectured. Lastly, Mr. Westwood, in his able and elaborate Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, holds the same opinion as Dr. Leach, that these animals undergo no metamorphosis, and from his investigations having induced him to consider a distinct metamorphosis as the fundamental characteristic of the class Insecta, he consequently excludes the Lice (Anoplura), as well as the Spring-tailed Insects (Thysa- nura), from the class Insecta altogether : I could have wished Mr. Westwood had given his views as to what class he considered they ought to belong ? With respect to the Classification and Natural History of this remarkable order of parasites, although both have been neglected, there is not such diversity of opinion concerning the former as there is obscurity and paucity in the latter. In the earliest at- tempt at the classification of animals with which we are acquainted, that of Aristotle (330, B.C.). there is a division of the insects, "Evrojua, into two orders, deduced from the presence or absence of wings, whence we have "Evro/za TTrtXwra, and "Evro^a aVre/oa ; divisions considered so per- fectly natural as to have been retained by nearly all suc- ceeding writers. Though the peculiar insects with which XV111 PREFACE. we have to do are not alluded to, yet we may be sure they were classed by him under his second order Aptera, and which, although containing an heterogenous assemblage of insects of very different habits and economy, but agreeing in the one character of being wingless, we find adhered to in the subsequent systems of Swammerdam, Linnaeus, De Geer, Clairville, Cuvier, Kirby, &c : in other systems it forms the basis, although different terms are employed. The first attempt at figuring or enumerating species occurs (I believe) in Hooke's Micrographia, 1665, in which is a good plate of Pediculus Humanus. In 1685, Swammerdam's " Biblia Naturae " appeared, containing elaborate anatomical details of the same insect. Redi, in 1688, produced his " Esperienze Intorno alia Generazione Degl' Insetti," with thirty-four figures of the Lice of Mammalia and Birds. In 1736 Albin published his " Natural History of Spiders, and other curious Insects," wherein are figures of all those spe- cies given by Redi. From 1761 to 1781 appeared the Systema Naturae, and Fauna Suecica of Linnaeus Sco- poli's Entomologia Carniolica Geoffrey's Histoire abregee des Insectes O. Fabricius's Fauna Grcenlandica Fabri- cius's Systema Entomologiae, and Species Insectorum, with one or two other works of less note, in all of which are enu- merated or described several species of Pediculus^ for up to this period no writer appears to have considered a separa- tion necessary of the Mandibulata from the Haustellata, but all were united under the Genus Pediculus. In 1783, however, De Geer in his OQ Q 25 00 p g ta 00 0! 3 P - - i H i M ^ 2 ^ P H S 2 a H D.-S a B "5 J H q H o s [OTHEU PH PnS S H ^ >^^v^>^/^/ v^V^/ ^v*^ 1 ^> . s| -a IiII i .9 ^ i . .S "^ * T3 O M H !: I ft fi 1 Q fc O _H w ^^ Co w Cfc- O .-H ^ il -H t- ^3 ~ 7' c -< (N 03 o t-( 3 &I1 s, li II 1 gr a o a> ^<5PH ^ 5.8 1 ? Ill, a 111 5 s e?.s g i^ & Illl VHnTdOKEV '5 vnnMVSAHX *t vioasNi VSO1HNMV XX11 PREFACE. As it was an indispensable part of my investigation to attach a specific appellation to each species which appeared undescribed, of which there occurred ninety- three ; I have been most anxious, in every instance, to avoid giving a fresh name where one was already in existence, when this could be ascertained, but in many cases it has been impracticable, from the fact, that although a great number of species have been named and described by the late Professor Nitzsch, his MSS. have not been published, thereby precluding the opportunity of comparing specimens with his characters. This loss has been partially compensated for by the worthy successor of Nitzsch to the chair of Zoology in the Uni- versity of Halle, Dr. Burmeister having characterized several species in his valuable works, the " Handbook of Ento- mology" and " Genera Insectorum." The remainder, it is to be hoped, will soon be made public in an extensive work Dr. B. is at present engaged upon, on the whole of the Theirinsecten or Epizoica of Nitzsch, comprising several hundred species. To fulfil this task no individual has such ample means at his disposal of doing justice to the subject, not only from his profound research and intimate acquaint- ance with the science, but from his succeeding to the in- valuable and extensive collection of specimens, as well as the MSS. of his predecessor. In expectation, therefore, of so valuable a contribution to the Entomological litera- ture of Europe, I wish this Monograph to be considered as only a Prodromus of the Anoplura of Great Britain, inas- much as many additions will undoubtedly be made of species which I have not had the good fortune to obtain ; and in every instance where I have given a specific appellation wish it to be provisional, and superseded by any other which may be thought more appropriate, or which may claim priority, but of whose existence I was ignorant. Indeed, had I been aware of the above work of Dr. Burmeister's, before I commenced my attempt at illustrating the same PREFACE. XX111 Families of Insects, it would not have been undertaken. In attaching names to such species as appeared undescribed, I have in most cases preferred deriving them from that of the genus or species of quadruped or bird upon which they are parasites, which affords a certain degree of information when looking over the synopsis for the purpose of ascer- taining a particular species. In conclusion, the Author feels that his gratitude is due for the interest taken in his labours by so many kind friends, whose assistance in forwarding specimens from various parts of the kingdom he begs publicly to acknow- ledge. Amongst these he is especially indebted to the Rev. Leonard Jenyns, A.M., of Swaffham Bulbeck, in Cambridgeshire ; William Thompson, Esq., of Belfast (both of whose entire collections were placed in his hands) ; William M. Tweedy, Esq., of Truro ; Sir William Jardine, Bart,, of Jardine Hall, Dumfriesshire ; Prideaux John Selby, Esq., of Twizell House, Northumberland; T. C. Heysham, Esq., of Carlisle; Professor Burmeister, of the University of Halle ; William Wallace, Esq., of Douglass, Isle of Man; Dr. Southby, of Amesbury, Wiltshire; Wm. Mil- ner, Esq., of Rochdale ; Henry Doubleday, Esq., of Epping; Rev. William Little, of Kirkpatrick, juxta Mof- fat, Dumfriesshire ; Mr. Abraham Clapham, of Potter Newton; Mr. Calvert, of Leeds; and Mr. G. R. Denny, of Norwich. To two of the above friends the Author is under obligation for assistance of another kind. From the great increase in the number of species above what was calculated upon when this Monograph was commenced, although it enabled him to render a greater service to science, at the same time placed such a barrier in the way, as to preclude the publication of the work at the original price announced in the prospectus ; for, independent of the work paying its expenses, which is the least remuneration an Author is entitled to look for, it threatened a serious XXIV PREFACE. loss ; while in this dilemma the British Association for the advancement of Science, held its meeting in Glasgow, when Sir William Jardine proposed, and Mr. Selby seconded, a recommendation that the sum of 50. sterling should be granted for the purpose of assisting to further our knowledge of the British Anoplura. This motion was carried, and the above sum very handsomely placed at my disposal to remove in part the above difficulty.* Lastly, to Dr. Greville, of Edinburgh, I feel deeply indebted for his exertions to forward my views, by procuring me patron- age, in the way of subscribers, which in the early part of my labours stimulated me to proceed. " Still let me various Nature scan, The world's my home, my brother man, And God is every where.'' PETRIE. * The following gentlemen were appointed as Trustees to see the object of the grant carried into effect Sir Wm. Jardine, P. J. Selby, Esq., Wm. Yarrell, Esq., and Dr. Lankester. t Note to page xx. Among the ARTICULATA collected by Captain Back, in his Overland Expedition, were several species of Nirmi which were de- scribed by Mr. Children in the Appendix to the account of the above jour- ney, and the arrangement followed is that of Nitzsch. SUBSCRIBERS. Wm. Aldam, Junr. Esq., M.P. Warms worth, Doncaster Robert Arthington, Esq., Leeds Charles C. Babington, A.M., F.L.S., &c. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Mr. Henry Baines, Yorkshire Phil. Society, York George Banks, Esq., St. Catharine's, Doucaster Peter Barrow, Esq., Manchester Rev. W. H. Bathurst, Barwick in Elmet, near Leeds The Belfast Library, Belfast Rev. Ed. Bigge, Merton Coll. Oxford Edwin Birchell, Junr. Esq., Leeds G. W. Bischoff, Esq., Leeds Thomas Blayds, Esq., Leeds John Blayds, Esq., Oulton, near Leeds Bindon Blood, Esq , F.R.S., &c. Edin- burgh Wm. Broderick, Esq., Moray-place, Edinburgh Wm. Brown Clark, Esq., Belford House, Northumberland Capt. Thos. Brown, F.R.S.E., Man- chester Thomas Brightwell, Esq. F.L.S., Nor- wich Professor Burmeister, University of Halle Mr. John Calvert, Leeds Charles Chadwick, M.D. Leeds John George Children, Esq. F.R.S., London Abraham Clapham, Esq., Potter Newton, near Leeds J. G. Cross, Esq. F.R.S., Norwich John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c. London Miss Currer, Eshton Hall, Yorkshire, (2 copies) T. T. Dibb, Esq., Leeds Wm. Hey Dykes, Esq., Hull Edwin Eddison, Esq., Leeds The Royal Society of Edinburgh The Advocates Library, Edinburgh The Writers to the Signet Library, Edinburgh The Wernerian Nat. Hist. Society, Edinburgh The University Library, Edinburgh Rev. John Fleming, D.D., Prof, of Nat. Philosophy, University of Aberdeen Sparke George, Esq., Headingly, Leeds William Gott, Esq., Leeds, (^copies) John Gott, Esq., Leeds John Gould, Esq., F.L.S., &c. London John Edward Gray, Esq. F.R.S., British Museum R. K. Greville,LL.D.,&c. Edinburgh A. H. Halliday, Esq. F.L.S., &c., Clifden, near Belfast Rev. R. W. Hamilton, Leeds Rev. Wm. V. Harcourt, F.R.S.,Bol- ton Percy, York Samuel Hare, Esq., Leeds William Hey, Esq., Leeds William Hey, Junr. Esq., Leeds T. C. Heysham, Esq. Carlisle Mrs. Richard Hobson, Leeds Rev. Joseph Holmes, D.D., Leeds Rev. F. W. Hope, A.M., F.R.S., &c. London (2 copies) The Hull Subscription Library, Hull SUBSCRIBERS. Adam Hunter, M.D. President of the Phil, and Lit. Society, Leeds Wm. Button, Esq. F.G.S., &c.New- castle-upon-Tyne H. C. Hyndman, Esq., Belfast Joshua Ingham Ikin, Esq., Leeds Benjamin Jackson, Esq., Leeds Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart. Jardine Hall, Dumfriesshire Rev Leonard Jenyns, A.M., F.L.S., &c. Swaffham Bulbeck, Newmarket George Johnston, M.D. &c. Berwick- upon-Tweed Professor Johnston, F.R.S., &c., University of Durham Rev.Wm. Kirby, D.D., F.R.S., Bar- ham, Suffolk John Lapage, Esq., Leeds Wm. Leathern, Esq., Heath, near Wakefield, Yorkshire John Wm. Leather, Esq., Leeds The Leeds Library, Leeds R. Leyland, Esq , Halifax Rev.Wm. Little, Kirk Patrick, near Moffat W. H .Lizars, Esq., 3, James-square, Edinburgh Dr. Lizars, Edinburgh Wm. Sharp Macleay, Esq. Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, N. S.Wales, (2 copies') The Manchester Nat. Hist. Society, Manchester Robert Mann, Esq., Manchester John Marshall, Esq., Halsteads, Cumberland James Garth Marshall, Esq., F.G.S., Headingly House, Leeds Wm. M. Maude, Esq., Leeds Thomas Meynell, Junr. Esq., Yarm, Yorkshire James Mills, Esq., Norwich Wm. R. Milner, Esq., Rochdale George Morley, Esq., Leeds His Grace the Duke of Northumber- land, Alnwick Castle The Bishop of Norwich, President of the Linnsean Society, Norwich Thomas Nunneley, Esq. Leeds Miss Gates, Leeds Wm. Osburn, Junr. Esq-, M.R.S. Lit. Leeds John Percy, Esq., Nottingham Robert Perring, Esq., Leeds Professor Phillips, F R.S., &c. York T. S. Ray, P^sq., Guernsey Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S., Stone Vi- carage, near Aylesbury George Reade, Esq., Leeds Miss Roberts, Leeds Rev. Adam Sedgwick, Professor of Geology, University of Cambridge, Norwich Prideaux John Selby, Esq. Twizell House, Northumberland George Selby, Esq.BelleVue, Alnwick Thomas Smith, M.D. Henry Stooks Smith, Esq. Leeds Edmund Sparshall, Esq., Norwich William Stark, Esq. F.G.S., Norwich J. F. Stephens, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Lambeth, Surrey Mrs. Taylor, Leeds George Tatham, Esq., Leeds Edward Tatham, Esq., Leeds T. P. Teale, Esq., F.L.S. Leeds Edward John Teale, Esq., Leeds Joseph Teale, Esq., Leeds Wm. Thompson, Esq.,Vice-President of the Nat. Hist. Soc. Belfast W. M. Tweedy, Esq., Truro George Walker, Esq., Killingbeck Lodge, Leeds Wm. Sykes Ward, Esq., Leeds Charles Waterton, Esq., Walton Hall, Yorkshire William West, Esq., Leeds Rev. Charles Wicksteed, Leeds Robert Wigham, Esq., Norwich John Wilkinson, Esq. Leeds Henry Willett, Esq., Norwich Rev. Edward Wilson, F.L.S. , Chapel Allerton, near Leeds Wm. Yarrell, Esq. F.L.S., &c., Ryder Street, St. James', London The Yorkshire Philosophical So- ciety, York ORDER II. ANOPLURA. FAMILY I. PEDICULID^E. And it became lice in man, and in beast. All the dust of the, land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt." EXODUS viii. 17. "It is not the heavens alone that "declare the glory of God," nor ''the firmament" only which " sheweth his wondrous works." His Omni- potence, his Wisdom, nnd his superintending Providence are eqtially manifested in the meanest worm that creeps upon the earth, and in the lowest of the radiated tribe? that slumber in the coral caves of Ocean." SUB-CLASS I. HEMIMETABOLA. Burmeister. ORDER II. ANOPLURA. (Leach.) Aptera Linne. Antliata, Fabr. Arachnida-Parasita, Latr. Rhophotera, Clairville. Rhynchota, Burmeister. Arachnides Acaridiennes, Lamarck. SECTION I. HAUSTELLATA. FAMILY I. PEDICULID^:. (Leach.) Hemiptera Epizoica (Nitzsch). Fam. II. Siphunculata, (Lat.) ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Antennae of five joints, mouth with a fleshy Hausteilum. NATURAL CHARACTER. Apterus, parasitical ; mouth consisting of a fleshy tubu- lous inarticulate haustellum, armed at the extremity with retractile hooks ; legs scansorial, tibiae short thick, armed at the apex on the inner side with a strong tooth, which, together with the large curved tarsus and unguis, forms a claw ; tarsus one-jointed, unguis single ; oesophagus none ; biliary vessels four, free, equal in length, enlarged towards their extremities. Males with two testicles on each side ; MONOGRAPH! A Females with five ovaries on each side the uterus, (pi. 19. fig. 3.) Coitus exercetur mare femine submisso. Food the blood of animals. O HH P w PH ARTIFICIAL DIVISIONS OF THE FAMILY. f I. Legs of two kinds, anterior ambulatory, posterior scan- sorial; thorax large, not dis- tinctly separated from the abdomen Genus I. PHTUIRIUS. I 1 . Legs all scansorial ; thorax large, not distinctly sepa- rated from the abdomen; abdomen of seven segments. Genus II. PEDICULUS. III. Legs all scansorial; thorax generally narrower than the abdomen, and distinctly se- parated ; abdomen of eight L or nine segments. . . Genus III. H.E MA TO PIN us. ANOPLUROHUM BRITANNIA. SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM, PEDICULID^:. GENUS I. PHTHIRIUS. I. INGUINALIS. P. Corpore subflavo, sordido, papillis minutissimis nitide distincto ; abdomine paululum quadrate ; thorace utrinque nigra macula circum spiracula magno, perspicuo, subfulvo; unguibus castanei coloris. Long, i 1. Hab. Genus Homo. GENUS II. PEDICULUS. Stirps I. Abdominis segmcntis septem. I. CAPITIS. P. Cinereo-albus, thorace elongo quadrato ; abdomine ovato; utrinque lobato cum margine subnigro, incontinuo. Long. 1J. Hab. Genus Homo. II. VESTIMENTI. P. Sordidus subalbus, immaculatus, elongatus, ovatus ; capite valde porrecto ; thorace antice compresso ; abdomine segmenta obscure impressa habente. Long. 1J 1J. Hab. Genus Homo. III. TABESCENTIUM. P. Subflavus ; capite rotundo ; antennis longis ; thorace magno, quadrato ; abdomine magno cum segmentis arete cohaerentibus. Hab. Genus Homo. GENUS III. H^MATOPINUS. Stirps II. Abdominis segmentis octo. I. ACANTHOPUS. H. Subflavus; capite et thorace sub ferrugineis ; abdominis margine laterali ferrugineo reflexo. 6 MONOGIIAPHIA spinuloso ; femoris posterioris apice valde edentate. Long. ^. Hab. Arvicola agrestis. II. SPINULOSUS, H. Subfulvus, spinulosus ; occipite lato, fere obtuso ; sex priorum segmentorum abdominis margine lateral! dentato ; pedum pare posteriori valde magno, crasso. Long. i. Hab. Mus decumanus. III. SPINIGER. H. Capite elongate ; occipite acuto ; abdomine ovato, cum sex priorum segmentorum margine lateral! valde edentato ; pedibus crassis, fere aequis. Long, i. Hab. Arvicola amphibia. Stirps III. Abdomine segmentis novein. IV. LYRIOCEPHALUS. H. Testaceus; abdomine glauco- flavo ; capite lyraeformi, fronte acuta, occipite acuminate ; an tennis subclavatis ; pedibus paululum gracilibus. Long, f . Hab. Lepus timidis. a. Capite brevi lato, thoracis longit.udine. V. PILIFEROUS. H. Testaceus ; capite brevi, lato, longitudinem thorace fere sequo; abdomine cadaveroso, capillis subfuscis dense umbrato. Long. 1 1J. Hab. Canis familiaris. VI. EURYSTERNUS. H. Nitidus, castanei coloris; capite subtriangulari ; occipite rotundo ; thorace transverse, quad- rate ; abdomine magno, ovato, cinereo-albo, cum spiraeulis fuscis, prominentibus. Long. 1 1J. Hab. Bos Taurus. VII. VENTRICOSUS. H. Opacus, castanei coloris; capite sub-lyraeformi ; abdomine magno, tumido, cadaveroso, albo; tarsis castanei coloris. Long. | . Hab. Lepus cuniculus. /3. Capite elongato angusto, thoracam exedente. VIII. VITULI. H. Castaneus; capite sub-lyrseformi ; abdomine longo, sub-cylindrico, cinereo-albo ; pedibus valde crassis. Long. 1 H. Hab. Bos Taurus. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. / IX. ASINI. H. Ferrugineus; abdomine magno, sub- fulvo, albo cum cornels excrescenteis utrinque circum spi- racula; capite valde longo, post antennas valde sinuato. Long. 1 If. Hab. Equus, Asinus. X. Suis. H. Fusco-ferrugineus ; abdomine csesio glauco, cinereo-flavo, piano cum excrescentia nigra cornea circum spiracula singula alba ; pedibus longis, crassis ; femore fas- ciato ; tibiis abrupte clavatis, apice fuscis. Long. If. Hab. Sus scrofa. X. SPH^EROCEPHALUS. H. Capite orbiculari : pallidus; segmentis abdominalibus quinque anticis dente recto ar- matis. Long. i. Hab. Sciurus vulgaris. XI. SERRATUS. H. Capite breviore, genis post anten- nas incrassatis; lividus, abdomine in basi angusto, segmentis utrinque dilatatis, marginem abdominis serratum referen- tibus. Long. i. Hab. Mus Musculus. XII. AFFINIS. H. Pallidus, sincipite parabolico genis post antennas incrassatis ; thorace rhornbeo. Long. |. Hab. Mus sylvaticus. XIII. SETOSUS. H. Fuscus, undique fusco setosus. Long. . Hab. Phoca Groenlandica. XIV. CRASSICORNIS. H. Capite majori cum thorace angustiori pedibusque testaceo, abdomine albido ; spiraculis non prominentibus. Long f . Hab. Cervus Elaphus. XV. STENOPSIS. H. Testaceus unicolor, abdomine elongate ovali, pilis longis sparsis obsesso. Long. 1. Hab. Capra hircus. MONOGRAPHIA GENUS I. PHTHIRTUS. (Leach.) (Pediculus of Authors.) GENERIC CHARACTER. HEAD pandureform ; anterior part produced, roundish or lobate ; apex prominent, sheathing the rostrum ; sides sinuated ; base broad and rotundate. EYES small, somewhat prominent, situated on the sides of the head immediately behind the antennae. ANTENNAE filiform, five-jointed ; the first the largest, the remainder nearly equal. (/) THORAX very broad and flat, wider than the abdomen, truncated anteriorly, and receiving the head in a deep sinus ; sides lobate, with a single spiracle on each side between the first and second pair of legs. ABDOMEN large, flat and cordate, intimately united with the thorax, of eight segments ; the first three very minute, and aggregated so as to appear as but one, but distin- guished by the three spiraculi nearly in a line ; the re- maining five segments large and distinct, especially at the lateral margin, which has four moveable fleshy pro- tuberances on each side arising from the inferior surface, having their apices terminating in a fasciculus of seti. LEGS long, heteronomus : anterior formed for walking (k) ; somewhat slender, gradually tapering ; tibia entire, cylindrical; ungues long and slender; posterior four, very much thickened, formed for climbing (m) ; tibia larger than the femur, sinuated at the apex, and armed about midway with a strong tooth ; tarsus very large, conical, inarticulate, slightly curved, and tuberculate on ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 9 the internal edge : unguis large, thick, reflexed towards the tooth near the apex of the tibia, from which several bristles arise, which enables the animal to adhere with greater pertinacity to the surface upon which it is moving. 1. PHTHIRIUS INGUINALIS. (Crab Louse.) Plate XXVI. Fig. 3. Body dirty yellow-white, beautifully chagreened with minute papillae ; abdomen somewhat quadrate ; thorax with a dark patch on each side, encircling the spiracle ; legs pale, fulvous; ungues chestnut. Length $ , 5 1. * Pht. inguinalis. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 65. Leach, Ediub. Ency. ix. p. 77. Leach, Ency. Brit. Supp. i. pi. 24. Samou. Ent. Comp. p. 142. Burmeister, Hand Ent. i. pt. 1. p. 58. Burmeister, Gen. Insect. Rhyn. Step. Cat. pt. ii. p. 329. Pediculus inguinalis. Redi Exper. pi. 19. Pediculus pubis. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1017. Faun. Suec. 1940. Fab. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 418. Syst. Antl. 341-3. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 305. Berk. Syn. i. p. 170. Stew. ii. p. 297. Turt. iii. 695. Albin. Spi. pi. 49. fig. sinist. Pou du pubis. Latr. Hist. Nat. d. Crus. et d. Inst. viii. p. 94. Le Morpion. Geoff. Hist, des Inst. ii. p. 597. Pou du pubis. Lam. Animaux San. Ver. t. 5. p. 50-3. Only one species of this genus is known ; which infests the pubic region generally of persons of dissolute habits. It however occasionally spreads over other parts of the body. Instances are known, though very rarely, of its ap- pearing upon individuals whose habits are quite the reverse. Specimens of this species were forwarded to me by a physi- cian of the highest respectability in the south of England, * The measurements adopted in this work refer to a line and its fractions. 10 MONOGRAPH IA together with the case of his patient, a lady who was in- fested by them in a most extraordinary manner. Although I do not feel at liberty to give the names of the parties, I cannot refrain, having his permission to make the circum- stances of the case public, by quoting a portion of his letter to me. " The accompanying insects were sent to me by a lady whom I attended for some years in Devonshire. The following is a slight sketch of her case. She was about fifty years of age, spare in person, of a highly susceptible tem- perament, and long subject to disordered digestion ; suffer- ing from severe headache, attended by biliary vomiting, and often followed by boils on or about the head. After a while, she informed me that she had been for some time troubled by insects coming apparently from the natural orifices of the body and infesting the surface, particularly when warmer than usual. She complained especially of the annoyance caused by their presence in her eyes and ears, and subse- quently about the neck of the bladder, and some other parts connected with external openings. She said that they were often numerous in her throat; and that they were more than once discovered adhering to matters ejected from the stomach, after having been for some time troubled by these parasites. They did not make any permanent lodge- ment on the surface, from which they were stated to be at times removed in great numbers ; nor did they get among the hair. The lady was a person in whose veracity I had much confidence, very intelligent, well-informed, and reli- gious. Her statement was in all its parts confirmed by a young woman who lived with her, partly as servant, partly as companion. She said that being now and then called upon to sleep with her mistress, she was at such times greatly tormented by these insects, which she caught in numbers on her skin, but which had no tendency to continue or ANOPLURORUM BR1TANNIJE. 11 breed there. The only parts on which I ever saw them myself were the inner angles of the eyes, on the tarsal con- junctiva, and in the ears. The application of those ex- ternal remedies which readily destroy the common species of Pediculi, failed entirely in extirpating these ; a variety of internal means were likewise used unavailingly, and the insects were not admitted to be sensibly diminished in number at the time of my quitting Devonshire ;" though the patient's general health had been a good deal benefitted by the treatment. In fact she considered that her feelings were on the whole most comfortable when these ' small deer ' were disposed to take an airing. A great similarity will be observed in this case and that of Lady Penruddock, re- corded by Mouffet, with the exception that her disease was Acariasis, and of a more terrific nature and termination ; while this was a pure case of Phthiriasis, and caused by the genus Phthirius. Whereas many of the cases attributed to this disease were said to be caused by Pediculi, some of which are correctly reported ; while others are doubtless caused by Acari, which an unentomological observer might easily confound. To one or other of these maladies, con- founded under the term Morbus pedicularis, however, we find that the rich, the wise, the noble, and the mighty have fallen victims. Exclusive of other names of less note are those of Pheretima, as recorded by Herodotus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the Dictator Sylla, the two Herods, the Em- peror Maximian, and Philip the Second. 12 MONOGRAPHIA GENUS II. PEDICULUS. Linn. Fabr. De Geer. Geoff. Redi. Hermann. Swam. Lam. Leach. Step. Nitzsch. Burmeister. GENERIC CHARACTER. HEAD flattened, subglobular, produced in front ; mouth at the extremity, lateral margin deeply sinuated before the antennae, occiput somewhat acuminate. HAUSTELLUM retractile within the head, when at rest, consisting of a soft tubulose sheath (e), capable of great extension at the apex (/) ; armed with a double series of minute horny hooks (g} } from the centre of which pro- ceeds four bristles converging to e'ach other at their points and forming a tube (h).* ANTENNAE filiform, of five joints, the second the longest, the remainder equal, the last joint terminated by a fasci- culus of bristles. PALPI none. EYES prominent, simple '( situated on the lateral margin of the head, about midway between the antennee and the occiput. THORAX narrower than the abdomen, sub-conical, with the pro-thorax, meso-thorax, and meta-thorax, indistinctly indicated, with a single spiracle between the first and second pair of legs, on each side of which is a setiferous papilla. ABDOMEN large, flat, indistinctly separated from the thorax. The segments seven in number, well defined at the lateral margin, but obscure in the centre ; surface beauti- fully papillose, having the appearance of chagreen; spiracles always six and placed upon the first six seg- * The letters refer to the dissections in plate 26. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNLE. 13 ments, and generally orbicular ; last segment in the female deeply bilobate. LEGS all formed for climbing; the anterior pair rather slender, posterior with the femur thickened ; tibia long, sub-clavate, strongly toothed at its apex ; tarsus slender, sinuated anteriorly with a large fleshy pulvillus, upon which is a few setae ; ungues long slender, curved with a protuberance at the base, in other respects like the posterior legs of the last genus. 1. PEDICULUS CAPITIS. (Head Louse.) Plate XXVI. Fig. 2. Ashy-white, thorax elongate, quadrate, abdomen ovate, lobate laterally, the whole with a blackish interrupted margin. Fed. capitis. Nitz. Germ. Mag. iii. 305. Burmeister. Hand. d. Ent. i. pt. 1. Burmeist. Gen. Insect. Lam. Ani. San Ver. v. p. 50. 2. Pou de la tete, Lat. Hist. nat. des Crust, et Inst. t. 8. p. 94. Latr. Gen. Crust, etlnst. i. 167. 1. Le Pou Ordinaire, Geoff. Hist, de Insect, t. 2. p. 597. Pou human de la tete, De Geer. Mem. Inst. t. 7. p. 67. pi. 1. f. 6. Pediculus humanus, Var. i. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1016. Faun. Suec. 1939. Fab. Syst. Ant. 340-75. i. Syst. Ent. 804. Spe. Insect. 476. Swamm. Bibl. Natu. p. 29. tab. i. f. 2. Mull prod. 2180. Faun Frid. 798. RediExpe. tab. 18. Redi Oper. tab. 25. Albin aran. t. 42. Bononin Microg. f. 56. Baker Micros, tab. 13. f. 4. Schaeff. Elem. tab. 95. Schrank. Bey tr. 112. Sulz. Inst. tab. 22. f. 145. f-edermull. Micros. 45. t. 21. Berk. Syn. i. p. 170. Bar but, genera Insec. pi. 18. 4. Stew. Elem. ii. p. 297. 2. Edit. Shaw Gen. Zool. vi. p. 450. Turt. iii. p. 695. Hooke'e Micro, p. 68. pi. 66. Ped. cervicalis, Leach. Edin. Ency. ix. p. 77. Leach Zool. Misc. iii. p. 66. Samouelle Ent. Comp. p. 142. Step. Cat. pt. ii. p. 329. Pou de la tete, Lam. Animaux. San Vert. t. V. p. 50-2. Cadaverous, ashy-white, chagreened and hairy ; head short, globose ; occiput rotundate. Eyes large, black, and 14 MONOGRAPH I A prominent; antenna? about f the length of the head, cylin- drical, rather thick (a) ; thorax elongate quadrate, longer and wider than the head ; its divisions slightly developed with a broad blackish interrupted margin ; abdomen large, elongate ovate, the lateral margin deeply emarginate, the first six segments, with a broad blackish margin in the female, in the male with a black patch only, encircling each spiracle ; legs long, thick, posterior ; femur much enlarged (j). Length $ f , ? U. Some little confusion appears to exist between the Synonyms of this, and the following species, which has arisen from the circumstance of nearly all the early writers having considered them as only varieties of the same species, which was denominated Ped. Humarius. Linnseus, how- ever, regarded them with greater precision ; and although he did not designate each by a peculiar name, assigned each its locality, which he considered as constant, and retained the one specific name of humanus. As, however, no doubt can exist as to the Capitis and Vestimenti being specifically distinct, I have ventured to place the majority of the Synonyms to the most common species, the Cer- vicalis of authors, the Capitis of De Geer, as the most probable one which they have been describing, or rather enumerating, for many give no diagnostic characters whatever. And although this is commonly called the Head Louse, and the following the Body Louse, by way of dis- tinction, they possess characters sufficient to identify them more correctly than a name derived from a locality, which I strongly suspect does not invariably hold good. For though the Capitis does, doubtless, prefer the head, and is most commonly found there, especially in those of children, from its being the part most suitable, on account of the greater quantity of hair, yet it. will stray over every part of ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 15 the body. I remember a case of an old man, whose body I examined after death at the Leeds School of Medicine, which presented one of the most humiliating spectacles it was possible to imagine, from the myriads of this species which were crawling over every part of it. In the nostrils, eyes, and corners of the mouth, were numbers congregated, and although the greater part of his hair had been cut off, what remained was literally swarming. This subject had died in one of the Fever Hospitals, and I considered the case rather uncommon, inasmuch as the Head Louse is not like its congeners, the companion of disease, or at least, ill health, produced from some temporary accident. On the contrary the Capitis, it is well known,' is common upon the most healthy children, as well as upon adults at particular periods, whose habits are not in the least uncleanly. Latreille states,* that the Louse found on the head of the negro is black, while that of civilized Europe is whitish. The former, I believe, he considers as a species, and de- signates it nigritarum ; Stark queries its being anything more than a variety of the humanus. If it is a variety at all, which I do not see any reason for supposing, it would more probably be of the Capitis. Blumenbach states that from his own knowledge the human Pediculus is also found on the Simia Troglodytes, and on the Cercopithecus paniscus. I do not presume to dispute such high authority, but would venture to observe, that the species of this family approach in many cases so closely, that any person who had not examined very minutely, would fail to detect the diagnostic marks, by which alone two similar species may be distinguished. I have found a Pediculus upon the Green monkey certainly very like the human species, but much smaller, and Dr. Burmeister enumerates one * Nouv. Die. et Hist. Nat. vol. xv. p. 152. 16 JMONOGRAPHIA Ped. Eurygaster, from the Simla Sinica, and other monkeys, which he thus describes: " Totus pallidus, segmentis abdominalibus hand bene terminatis, spiraculis segmenti quarti et quinti prominentibus fuscus. Long. 8." 2. PEDICULUS VESTIMENTI. (Body Louse.) Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. Dirty white, immaculate, elongate ovate ; head much produced, thorax contracted in front ; abdomen with the segments indistinctly indicated. Pediculus Vestimenti. Nitzsch. Ger. Mag. t. iii. p. 305. Burmeister, Handbuch. d. Ent. i. pt. 1. p. 60. Burmeis. Gen. Insect. Ord. Rhyn. No. 2. Ped. humanus, var. 2. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1016. Fabr. Syst. Ent. t. 4. p. 417. Fabr. Syst. Ant. 440. 75. i. Latr. Hist. Nat. d. Crust, et d. Inst. t. 8. p. 94. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Inst. i. 168. 2. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 66. 2. Edin. Ency. ix. p. 77. Samou. Ent. Comp. p. 142. i. Pou humain de corps. De Geer. Mem. Inst. vii. p. 67. pi. 1. fig. 7. Pou du corps. Lam. Animaux San Vert. 2nd edit, t. 5. p. 50. i. Ped. humanus. Step. Cat. pt. ii. 329. i. Wholly of a dirty white, chagreened with a few long stiff hairs scattered over the surface ; head much produced, more elongate than the preceding species; occiput con- tracted ; eyes large, prominent, black ; antennae long, slender, the second joint the longest (a) ; thorax broad, anterior part narrowed and rotundate, about the length of the head ; abdomen very large, elongate, ovate, the margin slightly lobate, and the sutures of the segments very in- distinctly defined ; legs long, slender ; the posterior femur enlarged, somewhat angular (b). Length $ l. 2 If. This species, commonly known as the Body Louse, is not by any means of such frequent occurrence as the preceding ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 17 species, and is readily distinguished from the former by its whiter colour and generally larger size. Although the Fed. Capitis, as I have stated, will spread over the body, I have never seen or heard of the Vestimenti being found any where but on the body, of course I include the linen in contact with the same. The sudden appearance of these creatures in vast numbers, in places where they were not known before, and upon individuals previously free from such companions, is a circumstance not easy to account for ; nor have I ever heard a plausible solution of the problem. This, like many other occurrences, has been viewed by the superstitious, and is still, as the prognostication of some impending evil, as sickness or misfortune, &c. to the indi- viduals so visited. Without endeavouring to clear up the mystery, I can only bear testimony to the fact of their sudden occurrence, having known an instance where this species appeared in such quantities that it was necessary to cleanse the bed-linen twice a day for several days, at each of which visitations there appeared no visible decrease in their numbers, though at last they as suddenly disappeared. A late medical friend of mine* held the opinion that the Pediculi migrate, and stated to me the following fact in confirmation of his belief. " His father, who was also a medical practitioner in the West Riding of Yorkshire for fifty years, had frequently in the course of his practice to enter the cottages of the poor in his neighbourhood, (i. e. colliers and cloth- weavers) ; on one occasion, having a case which required his attendance near the bed for about half an hour, he found himself on his return home literally swarming with these gentry, both his coat and waistcoat and beneath the collar of the former ; to use his own words, <{ you might have actually scooped them out with a tea- * Mr. Swinilen of Morley, near Leeds. C 18 MONOGRAPHIA spoon/' Now whether this was owing to his coming in contact with a legion on its march, or whether it might not be that a fresh subject has attractions for such puny perse- cutors, is a question for the decision of competent judges ; of one thing however we are certain, that this locality was well stocked with this peculiar species of game. The lower classes in Spain and Portugal, are said to be much infested with Lice, but whether under this generic name we are to understand the Capitis, or Vestimenti or both, I have never ascertained. Though it would appear most probable the latter is the case, as they are generally the companions of disease, poverty, and filth. These creatures however are not regarded as unwelcome visitors by all nations, since we are told that the Hottentots and other nations of Western Africa, as well as some of the American Tribes eat them, and are so well pleased with their dainty morsel that they not only collect them themselves, but employ their wives in the chase,* and have thence been called Phthirophagi ; Dr. Richardson informs me that during the overland expedition under Sir J. Franklin, he . tab. Gen. Phthirius, fig. 2. Pale yellow, shining and smooth, with a few hairs scat- tered over the surface ; head ferruginous, subcordate, obtuse in front, the lateral margin deeply sinuated behind the antennae; occiput acuminate; eyes not visible; antennae short and thick, the first joint very large, the second much the largest. Thorax ferruginous about the length of the head and subquadrate, depressed in the centre, lateral margins elevated, anterior part notched to receive the occiput, base slightly produced; abdomen large, elongate, ovate, the lateral margin of the first six segments pale ferruginous, reflexed, obliquely truncate and terminating in a spine ; legs thick, the four anterior pale yellow, the two posterior ferruginous, having the coxae armed with two minute teeth on the inner side, the femur terminating at the superior extremity, with a strong recurved tooth ; tibia clavate ; tarsus very large ; unguis slender and acute. Length i. The first example of this species which came under my notice was communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns, from the 26 MONOGRAPHIA Field Campagnol, (Arvicola Agrestis). From which animal I have also taken it myself, as well as from the Dormouse. Mr. Thompson also sent another specimen taken from a new species of Arvicola near Belfast. It appears however to be by no means of frequent occurrence. 2. H^EMATOPINUS SPINULOSUS. (Louse of the Rat.) Plate XXIV. Fig. 5. Pale fulvous yellow, spinulose ; occiput broad, nearly obtuse; abdomen with the lateral margin of the first six segments terminating with a tooth ; posterior pair of legs very large and thick. Pediculus spinulosus. Burmeister Genera Insectorum, Order Rhynchota, sp. 8. Pale fulvous yellow, thickly spinulose. Head large, sinu- ated on the sides, somewhat quadrate, the anterior part convex, with two depressed lines extending to the occiput which is nearly obtuse, with a slight prolongation in the centre. Eyes not visible ; antennae about the length of the head, very thick ; the first joint largest, second, third and fourth nearly equal, fifth smallest and conical; thorax shorter than the head, transverse, lateral margin prominent, basal angles acute; abdomen large, broad, obovate, segments equal, the lateral margins of the first six ferruginous, termi- nating in a strong tooth, beneath which rises a long bristle, last segment terminated with two tufts of hairs ; legs thick, the anterior pair short, posterior very large ; tarsi rather small ; ungues thick and ferruginous. Length . Infests the common rat (Mus decuman us) from which I obtained a few specimens. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 27 3. H^EMATOPINUS SPINIGER. ( Louse of the Water Campagnol.) Plate XXIV. Fig. 6. Head elongate ; occiput acute ; abdomen ovate, with the lateral margin of the first six segments terminating in a strong tooth ; legs thick and nearly equal. Pediculus spiniger. Burmeister Genera Insectomm, Ord. Rhyn. sp. 9. plate, Gen. Phthirius, fig 5. Pale tawny yellow ; head ferruginous, elongate ; occiput acute ; eyes small, situated at basal angles ; antennae very thick, shorter than the head and inserted in a sinus on the anterior margin ; thorax ferruginous, about half the length of the head, transverse, anteriorly with a deep sinus, poste- riorly concave truncate ; abdomen oblong ovate, the lateral margin of the first six segments terminating posteriorly in a sharp tooth ; the sutures well defined and spinulose ; apex and sides ferruginous ; legs thick ; femur short ; tibia very large with two teeth at the apical extremity ; ungues ferru- ginous and strong. Length . First communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns. Stirps II. Abdomen with nine segments. 4. HJEMATOPINUS LYRIOCEPHALUS. (Louse of the Hare.) Plate XXIV. Fig. 4. Testaceous ; abdomen greyish yellow : head lyrate, front acute; occiput acuminate; antennae sub-clavate; legs rather slender. Pediculus Lyriocephalus. Burmeister Gen. Insect. Order Rhyn. sp. 11. Elongate, testaceous, hairy ; head lyrate, front acute ; occiput acuminate, with two longitudinal impressed lines, 28 MONOGRAPHIA lateral margin sinuated before the eyes; antennae about half the length of the head, sub-clavate, last joint small and conical ; eyes flat and obscure ; thorax short, transverse, sides rotundate, base concave truncate, anterior notched; abdomen large, oblong, oval, inflated, grayish yellow, cha- greened, last segment very small ; legs light, testaceous, anterior pair the thickest; femur robust; tibia abruptly clavate, terminating anteriorly with two teeth and a fleshy pulvillus ; tarsus slender and conical ; ungues long, slender and curved. Length . This species I have obtained only once, though I have examined several hares at different seasons. It nevertheless may be owing to the Suctorious species of this order, leaving the body soon after death, while the Biting or Mallophagus division, whose food consists of the delicate fibres of feathers and hairs, or particles of epidermis, will remain many days or even weeks, the animal fluids or warmth of the body not being essential to their existence. a. Head short and broad, about the length of the thorax. 5. H^MATOPINUS PILIFEROUS. (Louse of the Dog.) Plate XXV. Fig. 4. Testaceous; abdomen cadaverous, thickly covered with pale fuscous hairs. Pediculus pilifcrous. Burmeister Gen. Insect. Ord. Rhyn. sp. 13. Pedi- culus canis-familiaris, Mull, prodr. 2182? Fabr. Faun. Groanl. p. 215, no. 183 ?. Head and thorax testaceous, the former short, broad, and obtusely hexangular ; anterior part slightly lobate,with a fur row down each side, about half way above the antennae, and two small foveolse in the centre ; labium produced ; haustel- lum broad; occiput acuminate; eyes very small, black and r ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 29 near the base ; antennae long, thick, situated in a concavity of the lateral margin, the first and second joints very thick, the remainder gradually smaller; thorax sub- conical, rather shorter than the head, the segments obscurely defined, centre slightly channelled, basal angles produced; abdomen large, ovate, ashy flesh-colour, but variable in tint, cha- greened, very hairy; intestine dull red and distinct; legs dull chestnut, long and stout ; tibia very large, internally clavate, and terminating in a strong tooth ; tarsus conical ; ungues slender and curved. Length 1 to l. I suspect this species to be the pilifcrous of Dr. Bur- meister. I have found it upon dogs two or three times, but it is by no means of common occurrence. I also received some specimens from the Ferret, (Mustela furo). It is rather variable in colour, for while some are of a dull ashy flesh colour, others have the whole abdomen tinged of a fine red, and this more especially when the Insect is gorged with blood. 6. ELEMATOPINUS EURYSTERNUS. (Louse of the Ox.) Plate XXV. Fig. 5. Chestnut and shining ; head sub-triangular ; occiput rotundate; thorax transverse, quadrate; abdomen large, ovate, ashy white ; spiraculi prominent and fuscus. llaematopinus eurysternus. Stephens Cata. pt. ii. p. 329. Pedi Eurystemus, Nitzscb. Germ. Mag. vol. iii. p. 305. Burmeister Gen. Insect. Ord. Rhyn. sp. 14. Head chestnut, sub-triangular, anterior part transversely and finely rugulose; occiput rotundate; eyes moderate, pale fuscus, situated on a projection of the temporal margin at about one-third from the base ; antennae cylindrical, pale, ochraceous and slender ; thorax dull chestnut, subquadrate, 30 MONOGRAPHIA convex, nearly twice the width of the head, concavo- truncate before and behind, with a deep oblong diagonal furrow on each side, in front of the spiraculum, basal margin much depressed ; abdomen large ovate, grayish white, or ochra- ceous gray, shining and smooth, with four longitudinal rows of fuscus horny excrescences, the lateral ones surrounding the spiracula ; sutures well defined and hairy, the last seg- ment with two uncinate black marks; legs chestnut, very long and thick, especially the four anterior ; tibia acutely toothed ; tarsus very large ; ungues strong and black at the extremity. Length 1 to 1^. Very common on Oxen, especially the mane and shoulders, where these animals are frequently observed to be devoid of hair, which has been rubbed off in order to rid themselves from the irritation caused by numbers of these insects which are there congregated. The young are much more agile than the mature insect, and differ in nothing except a want of proportion, the limbs being much thicker as com- pared with the bulk of the body, than when adult. Length 1 to 1. 7. HSEMATOPINUS VENTRICOSUS. Denny. (Louse of the Rabbit.) Plate XXV. Fig. 6. Dull chestnut; head sub-lyrate; abdomen large, inflated, cadaverous white; tarsi chestnut. Head large, sub-lyrate; occiput very broad, rotundate ; eyes small, flat, seated upon a temporal projection near the base, with a few stiff hairs in front ; antennae long, the first joint broad and much the largest, second cylindrical, the remainder nearly equal ; thorax very short, transverse, narrower before than behind, channelled in the centre, base ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIJE. 31 obtusely angular ; abdomen very large, oval, apparently inflated, chagreened and hairy ; cadaverous white ; legs pale ochraceous, short and thick ; tarsus small ; ungues chestnut, very robust and obtuse. Length | to . The first specimen of this insect which came under my notice was in the collection of the Rev. L. Jenyns, since which I have detected several upon Rabbits. This species varies in colour, but this will depend in a great measure upon whether the insect has just gorged itself with fresh blood, when the abdomen will have a much redder hue. In its motions it is very sluggish, and resembled, from the peculiar inflated and cushion like appearance of its abdomen, the females of Orgyia, antiqua and gonostigma; hence I have named it Ventricosus. /3. Head elongate, narrow, longer than the thorax. 8. HJEMATOPINUS VITULI. (Louse of the Calf.) Plate XXV. Fig. 3. Chestnut; head sub-lyrate; abdomen long, and sub-cylin- drical, ashy white ; legs very thick. . Hfematopinus Vituli, Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 329. Pediculus Vituli, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 1018. Faun. Suec. 1947. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 805. 7. Syst. Inst. ii. 478. 8. Berk. Synop. i. p. 170. Stew. Elem. ii. p. 279. Turt. iii. p. 696. Pediculus tenuirostris, Burmeister Gen. Insect. Order, Rhyn. sp. 17. Chestnut and shining ; head sub-lyrate, with a broad lon- gitudinal depression down the centre, and a depressed line on each side before the eyes ; occiput acuminate ; eyes flat, pale, fuscus ; antennae about half the length of the head, cylindrical, the first and second joints the largest, placed in a slight sinus before the eyes ; thorax cylindrical, shorter than the head, channelled down the centre, the segments 32 MONOGRAPHIA obscurely defined, anteriorly and posteriorly notched; abdomen very long, sub-cylindrical, grayish white, segments well defined, the 2nd to the 7th with two rows of oblong, fuscus, horny excrescences encircling the spiraculae ; sutures hairy, the terminal one with a triangular black spot on each side the apex ; legs very thick ; tibia short, with a large obtuse apical tooth; tarsus short, conical; ungues very thick and obtuse. Length 1 to 1. The only two examples of this species which I have examined were kindly forwarded to me by Rev. L. Jenyns, who found them upon a calf. Mr. J. named them Vituli, and I have no doubt they are the species so named by Linnaeus and Fabricius. It may appear somewhat strange that a young animal should have a .distinct species of parasite, which is not found upon its parents ; but, as far as we are able to judge, such is the fact. I have examined numbers of the lice from oxen, but never detected a single specimen of this species amongst them, though there were of Trichodectes Scalar is, which lives upon cattle, and in society with the H. Eurysternus. In describing and figuring this species, I have doubts as to *my accuracy, in consequence of all specimens of Pediculi (proper) alter- ing colour and form after death ; and as 1 have never seen this insect alive, I will not vouch for the exactness of either of these points. 9. H^MATOPINUS ASINI. (Louse of the Ass.) Plate XXV. Fig. 1. Ferruginous ; abdomen large, light tawny- yellow white, with horny excrescences on each side, surrounding the spiraculae ; head very long, deeply sinuated behind the antennae. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIJE. 33 Hasmatopinus Asini. Stepli. Cat. pt. ii. p. 329. Pediculus Asini, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1018, 12. Fabr. Spec. Insect, ii. 478, 10. Syst. Ent. 806. 9. Turt. iii. 695. Albins Aran. 76. tab. 51. Recli Expe, tab. xxii. fig. 1. Opera, tab. xxv. Pediculus macrocephalus. Burmeister Gen. Insect. Ord. Rhyn. spe. 18 1 Ferruginous yellow ; head very long, narrow, anteriorly, with two black patches on each side near the apex ; tem- poral region broad, and much produced on each lateral margin ; occiput contracted and lengthened ; antennae short, cylindrical joints nearly equal ; eyes very small and black, seated in a deep sinus behind the antennae ; thorax much wider than the head, transverse ; anterior margin retuse ; posterior truncate, with the angles acute ; abdomen large ovate, twice the width of the thorax, pale yellow- white transversely rugulose and hairy, with a fuscus horny excrescence surrounding each spiracula, the last segment with a large angular black spot on each side ; legs short, thick, and hairy : tibia and femur nearly equal ; tarsus large, conical ; ungues long and slender. Length 1 to If. This species is common upon the Ass, frequenting the mane and back. I have also received specimens from the Horse, from which circumstance I suspect it is the species described by Dr. Burmeister under the name of Macro- cephalus ; it is most certainly the insect figured by Redi. In a list of the species in the British Museum, commu- nicated by J. G. Children, Esq. I find a MS. name of Caballi. This I also suspect to be identical, from the fact of the Asini not being enumerated, and which, from its common occurrence, could not have escaped Dr. Leach's observation. In colour this species is rather variable in intensity, those having the abdomen nearly white is owing to their having but recently emerged from the egg, or cast their skin. D 34 MONOGRAPH I A 10. HJEMATOPINUS Suis. (Louse of the Swine.) Plate XXV. Fig. 2. Dusky ferruginous ; abdomen grey or ashy- yellow; flat and membranaceous, with a black horny excrescence surround- ing each spiracula, which is white ; legs long, thick ; femur banded ; tibia very abruptly clavate, dark at the apex. Hsematopinus Suis. Leach. Zool. Misc. iii. p. 65. pi. 146. Edin. Ency. ix. 77. Ency. Brit. Supp. i. 24. Samoa. Ent. Comp. p. 143. Step. Cat. pt. ii. p. 329. Pecliculua Suis. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1017. Panz. Faun. Ii. pi. 16. Stew. Elem. ii. p. 298. Wood, ii. p. 123. pi. 76. Pediculus Urius. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 305. Burmeister'sGen. Insect. Ord. Rhyn. Spe. 19. Ferruginous ; head somewhat pyriform and narrow, with an angular black line at the apex, and one on each side before the eyes ; haustellum very prominent and conical (e) ; eyes large, flat, ashy blue, seated about the centre of the lateral margin ; antennae filiform, slender, half the length of the head, pale ochraceous yellow ; the base of each joint fuscus ; thorax transverse, much wider than the head, with a strong elevated margin, anteriorly concave truncate, light ochraceous and wrinkled, posterior angles acute, lateral portion and base pitchy; abdomen large, flat, oval, and membranaceous, bluish or yellowish ash colour, sometimes nearly white, the segments well defined, with a Yew hairs scattered over the surface, the second and five following segments with a black horny excrescence on each side surrounding the spiracula, which is white, penultimate segment with two triangular black spots ; legs pale, ochra- ceous, long and thick ; femur nearly cylindrical, with several dark bands; tibia very abruptly clavate, with a blackish extremity; tarsus long and cylindrical, with a ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIJE. 35 large fleshy pulvillus ; unguis very long, curved, slender, and pitchy. Length 1 to 1|. This species is found in great numbers on Swine, but it does not appear so generally spread as might be expected from the dirty habits of the animals. It most frequently occurs on those fresh imported from the Sister Isle. It was many months before I could obtain a single example. I had applied to both farmers and pig butchers, neither of whom seemed to approve of the idea which I had conceived, of their pigs being lousy, but referred me to those of the Emerald Isle as being sure to gratify my wishes (forget- ting, I suspect, that the Irish pigs come to this market to meet English buyers). I accordingly visited a colony just arrived, where I most certainly met with a ready supply but here they were confined almost entirely to lean animals, and wherever I found a pig fat or healthy no game were to be seen. In walking this species uses the claw and tibial tooth with great facility (which act as finger and thumb), in taking hold of a single hair ; the male is much smaller, with the abdomen shorter, sub-orbicular, and the segments lobate; the Egg or Nit is f of a line in length, of a cream colour, and elegantly chagreened, oblong and slightly acuminated, surrounded by a lid, which, when the young insect is ready to emerge, splits circularly, or as a Botanist would say, has a circumcisiledehiscence. In addition to the above the following species enumerated by different authors, have been detected on the continent of Europe, and as the animals of which they are the para- sites are also indigenous to Great Britain, it is most probable they will eventually be .added to our Fauna. To obtain these I have used every exertion without success ; D2 36 MONOGRAPHIC, ETC. as however this work would be imperfect without some notice of them, I therefore append their specific characters from Dr. Burmeister's Genera Insectorum. 1. Hcematopinus sphcerocephalus. (Louse of the Squir- rel.) Capite orbiculari ; pallidus ; segmentis abdominalibus quinque anticis dente recto armatis. Long. |. Habitat in Sciuro vulgari. 2. Hcematopinus serratus. (Louse of the Common Mouse.) Capite breviori, genis post antennas incrassatis ; lividus, abdomine in basi angusto, segmentis utrinque dilatatis, marginem abdominis serratum referentibus. Long. . Habitat in Mure musculo. 3. Hcematopinus nffinis. (Louse of the Field Mouse.) Pallidus, sincipite parabolico genis post antennas incras- satis ; thorace rhombeo. Long. . Habitat in Mure agrario et sylvatico. 4. Hcematopinus setosus. (Louse of the Harp Seal.)* Fuscus ; undique fusco setosus. Pediculus Phocse. Lucas in Guer. Mag. de Zool.iv. c. 9. p. 121. Habitat in Phoca groenlandica. 5. Hcematopinus crassicornis. (Louse of the Red Deer.) Capite majori cum thorace angustiori pedibusque testaceo ; abdomine albido; spiraculis non prominentibus. Long. f. Redi Exp. tab. 23. fig. sup. Hab. in Cervo Elapho. 6. Hcematopinus stenopsis. (Louse of the Goat.) Tes- taceus unicolor ; abdomine elongato ovali, pilis longis sparsis obsesso. Long. 1. * I am indebted to the kindness of Robert Ball, Esq. of Dublin, who, with a view of assisting me with the parasites of our Mammalia, forwarded some, which were found by Dr. Belliugham in the posterior nares of a specimen of Halichcerus Gryphus. These, however, were not the Hsema- topinus setosus, but belonging to another class, ACARI. FAMILY II. PHILOPTERID^E. " It is one material use of the Study of Nature, to illustrate this greatest of all truths : That there must be a God : that he must be Almighty, Omniscient, and Infinite in Goodness; and that although he dwells in a light, inaccessible to any mortal eye, yet our faculties see and distinguish him clearly in his works." PONTOPPIDAN, Pref. p. .1. " The works of the Lord are great, and sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." PSALMIST. " The Almighty Creator, when he clothed the world that he had made with plants, and peopled it with animals, besides the manifestation of his own glory, appears to have had two most important purposes in view ; the one to provide a supply for the mutual wants of the various living objects he had created, for the continuance of the species, and for the maintenance of a due proportion, as to numbers, of each kind, so that all might subserve to the good of the whole; and the other, that by them he might instruct his creature man in such civil, physical, moral, and spiritual truths, as were calculated to fit him for his station in the visible world ; and gradually prepare him to become un in- habitant of that invisible one for which he was destined." KIRBY. FAMILY II. PHILOPTERID^E. (Burmeister.) Orthoptera epizoica (Nitzsch). Nirmidse (Leach.) ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Antennae filiform, with three or five joints; maxillary palpi, none ; mouth with strong mandibles. NATURAL CHARACTER. Mouth beneath ; maxillae none ; mandibulae nearly con- cealed by the labium ; pro-thorax narrower than the head ; meso-thorax none, or hid by the meta-thorax, which is very large ; abdomen with nine segments ; oesophagus long, unilateral, ending somewhat acutely in the caecum ; biliary vessels four, free, equal, without any particular enlarge- ment. Males with two testicles on each side ; females with five ovaries on each side the uterus. Coitus exercetur mare feminee submisso huj usque pedes tertios tenente an- tennis, si hae sunt cheliformes. Metamorphosis indistinct, perhaps none ? 40 MONOGRAPHIA ARTIFICIAL DIVISIONS OF THE FAMILY. H- PH o I. Antennee fiveO jointed ; tarsi | with two claws ; r parasitic upon j birds j GENUS. PHILOPTERUS. SUB-GENUS. f I. Docophorus. IT. Nirmus. III. Goniocotes. IV. Goniodes. V. Lipeurus. I VI. Ornithobius. 1 1. Antennae three- jointed ; tarsi with one claw; parasitic upon quadrupeds II. TRICHODECTES. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 41 SYNOPSIS SPECIE RUM. PHIILOPTERID^E. GENUS I. PHILOPTERUS. SUB-GENUS J. DOCOPHORUS. * Metathorace postice in angulum finito, trabeculis magnis et distinctis, liueis capitis nigris diagonicis duabus. 1. ATRATUS. D. Lacteus, nitidus, pilosus ; abdomine ovato cum maculis lateralibus -triangulari bus, flavis, fuscis, nigre marginatis ; femore et tibiis nigre fasciatis. Long 1 . Hab. Corvus frugilegus. 2. OCELLATUS. D. Lacteus, nitidus, pilosus ; capite elongate, triangular! ; fasciis lateralibus abdominis nigris, turbinatis quarum singulae maculam albam magnam me* diam ostendunt; femore et tibiis annulis nigris exhiben- tibus. Long. 1. Hab. Corvus comix, v. Corvus corone. 4. SEMISIGNATUS. D. Lacteus, nitidus, pubescens ; capite magno, latissimo, subcordato, incolorate depresso antices ; segmentis abdominis septem prioribus fascia nigra conica utrinque impressis ; femore duabus fasciis nigris distincto. Long. 1. Hab. Corvus corax. 4. PICK. D. Capite et thorace nubilo-castaneis, nitidis margine nigro thoracem cingente ; abdomine pallide flavo, albo ; fasciis lateralibus piceis ; femore nigris annulis dis- tiiicto. Long, f . Hab. Pica caudata. 4. GUTTATUS. D. Lacteus: fasciis lateralibus abdominis 42 MONOGRAPH I A , quorum sex priores maculam albam, rotundam, mediam habent. Long, f . Hab. Corvus monedula. 6. CRASSIPES. D. Capite nubilo-castaneo, subtriangu- lari ; ante oculos valde sinuato ; abdomine ovato, lacteo cum fasciis lateralibus piceis ; pedibus valde crassis. Long. 1 . Hab. Nucifraga caryocatactes. 7. SUPERCILIOSUS. D. Splendide castaneus ; capite sub- triangulari, utrinque sinuato; margine laterali abdominis apicem versus serrato. Long. . Hab. Picus major. 8. COMMUNIS. D. Castaneus, nitidus cum albis pilis; capite elongate, triangulari, antice valde prolato ; trabecu- lis maximis, curvatis ; femore posteriore valde incrassato, inferne dentato. Long, f Hab. Ord. Insessores. 9. VARIABILIS. D. Capite et thorace castaneis, nitidis, illo elongate, triangulari; abdomine ovato, lacteo cum fasciis jecinorei coloris. Long, f . Hab. Tringa variabilis. 10. MERGULI. D. Gracilis, castaneus, Isevis, nitidus; capite magno, conico cum fasciis duabus longitudinalibus, transversis, subangularibus ; thorace multo quam caput minore, abdomine longo ovato. Long. A. Hab. Mergulus Alle. 11. FULVUS. D. Capite, thorace pedibusque fulvis, nitidis, pubescentibus ; capite maximo, elongate, trian- gulari utrinque sinuato ; trabeculis maximis ; antennis sub- clavatis ; fasciis lateralibus abdominis ferrugineis. Long, f . Hab. Garrulus glandarius. 12. LEONTODON. D. Capite et thorace castaneis, niti- dis illo antice valde prolato; fasciis abdominis elongatis, acutis cum multis pilis pallidis. Long, f . Hab. Sturnus vulgaris. 13. OSTRALEGI. D. Castaneus, flavis pilis nitidus; pro- thorace conico ; fasciis abdominis lingulatis, acutis ; tra- beculis curvatis, acutis. Long, f . Hab. Hsematopus Os- tralegus. ANOPLUttOUUM BR1TANMJE. 43 14. RALLI. D. Nitido castaneus, flavus, Isevis, splen- dens ; capite magno, triangulari ; pedibus valde crassis ; abdomine obtuse ovato cum margine fulvo-pallido. Long. | . Hab. Rallus aquaticus. 15. TURDI. D. Capite e-t thorace castaneo flavis, illo oblongo, antice valde prolato, duabus fasciis latis distincto ; abdomine fere orbiculari cum fasciis castaneis. Long. . Hab. Turdus musicus. 16. PASTORIS. D. Capite et thorace pallido-fulvis, illo acuminate cum fasciis duabus jecinoreis diagonicis ; abdo- mine ovato, cum fasciis pallido fuscis, margine reflexo. Long. f. Hab. Pastor roseus. 17. CELIDOXUS. D. Capite et thorace castaneo-flavis, nitidis ; clypeo prolato, sub marginato ; fasciis abdominis, castaneis, acute triangularibus ; suturis postice valde sinu- atis. Long. |. Hab. Alca Torda. 18. AURATUS. D. Capite et thorace fulvo-flavis, nitidis; clypeo arcto ; abdomine pallido, fulvo-flavo, albo cum mar- gine fusco, segmento ultimo castaneo, rotundo, splendente. Long. |-. Hab Scolopax rusticola. 10, FHINGILL^E. D. Castaneo-flavus, nitidus, laevis ; capite obtuse triangulari ; abdomine ovato cum fasciis la- teralibus brevibus, truncatis, confluentibus, pallido fuscis. Long. . Hab Fringilla montana. 20. COLYMBINUS. H. Castaneus, nitidus ; capite cum fasciis duabus lateralibus nigris semicircularibus ; metatho- race transverse ovato, postice subangulato ; abdomine ovato, piceo. Long. 1. Hab. Colymbus glacialis, arcticus et sep- tentrionalis. 21. AQUILINUS. D. Nitido-castaneus, laevis, nitidus; capite magno, triangulari, antice valde prolato, edentato ; abdomine lato, pallido flavo-albo : cum fasciis lateralibus 44 MONOGRAPHIA nitido-castaneis, acute cingularibus. Long. I . Hab. Aquila Chrysaetos et Albicjlla. *.* Metathorace postice in angulum finite, lineis capitis nigris diagouicis nullis. 22. CEPHALUS. D. Piceo-castaneus, nitidus, Isevis ; capite basim latissimo; abdomine lato, piceo, cum macula humeral! et segmentis duob. ultimis ferrugineis. Long. . Hab. Lestris parasiticus, et pomarinus. 23. PALLESCENS. D. Pallidus, ochraceo-flavus ; capite magno, antice prolate ; abdomine fere orbiculari, pilis denso, cum segmentis postice sinuatis. Long. . Hab. Par us major et palustris. 24. PLATYGASTER. D. Capite cordato, castaneo; ab- domine latissimo, fere orbicularis piano, cum fasciis latera- libus intense jecinoreis, quarum singulae duas foveolas ha- bent. Long. f . Hab. Uria Troile. 25. FUSIFORMIS. D. Capite et thorace nitido-castaneis, illo magno, elongate, sub cuneiformis; abdomine acute ovato, piceo-fusco. Long. i. Hab. Tringa minuta. 26. CANUTI. D. Capite et thorace castaneis, illo lon- gissimo, cuneiformi ; abdomine ovali jecinoreo, cum seg- mentis emarginatis. Long. J. Hab. Tringa Canutus. 27. CINCLI. D. Pallidus straminei coloris, pilosus ; capite subcordato ; metathorace magno, cum margine pos- teriore in cingulum producto ; abdomine obovato. Long. . Hab. Cinclus aquaticus. 28. LIMOS^E. D. Capite elongato, castaneo ; thorace fulvo ; fasciis abdominis piceo-nigris. Long, f . Hab. Limosa rufa, et melanura. 29. MEGACEPHALUS. D. Pallide fulvus ; capite magno obcordato ; abdomine flave albo. Long. ^. Hab. Uria grylle. 30. ROSTRATUS. D. Pallidus, castarieo-flavus ; clypeo ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 45 elongate, prolate, arcto, truncato. Long. 1. Hab. Strix flammea. 31. PARI. D. Pallido-fulvus, nitidus, pilosus ; ab- domine marginem obscure castaneum et maculas piceas habente. Long, f . Hab. Genus Parus. 32. HUMERALIS. D. Capite magno, triangulari, splen- dide castaneo ; abdomine flave albo, cum fasciis late- ralibus piceo-nigris, acute angularibus quarum tres priores maculam humeralem castaneam habent. Long. 1. Hab. Numenius arquata. 33. LARI. D. Nitide castaneus, laevis, nitidus; fasciis, abdominis piceo-nigris, confluentibus. Long. j. Hab. Genus Larus. 34. CONICUS. D. Pallide fulvo-flavus ; capite magno, subconico; abdomine elliptico. Long. |. Hab. Chara- drius pluvialis. 35. SERRILIMBUS. D. Pallide fulvo-flavus ; capite elon- gato, triangulari, cum margine laterali nigro-fusco. Long. f . Hab. Yunx torquilla. 36. REGULI. D. Fulvo-flavus; capite triangulari; fasciis lateralibus abdominis nitide-fulvis in colorem piceo- castaneum, desinentibus. Long . Hab. Regulus auro- capillus. 37. UPUP^:. D. Elongatus, obscure castaneus, nitidus capite maculam lateralem nigram angularem ante oculos ostendentse ; foveis stigmaticis abdominis et suturis pallido- ochraceis. Long. I. Hab. Upupa Epops. * * * Metathorace postice in semicirculum finite, vel abrupte truncato. 38. CEBLEBRACHYS. D. Splendens, laevis ; capite mag- no, cordato; nitide castaneo; abdomine albo, cum rnultis albis pilis, margine laterali fasciis transversis jecinoreis dis- tincto. Long. 1. Hab. Surnia nyctea. 46 MONOGRAPHIA 39. PLATYRHYNCHUS. D. Abdomine ovato, albo, mar- gine pedibusque rubris Hab. Accipiter palumbarius. 40. CYGNI. D. Capite thorace pedibusque nitido-cas- taneis, laevibus, splendentibus ; abdomine lato, ovato, albo, primo segmento maculaque humerali secundae et tertiee castaneis, reliquis fascias breves jecinoreas utrinque haben- tibus. Long. J. Hab. Cygnus Bewickii. 41. TESTUDINARIUS. D. Nitido-fulvus, nitidus, pu- bescens; centro et margin e abdominis piceo-fulvis. Long. 1 1. Hab. Numenius arquata. 42. LATIFRONS. D. Capite et thorace nitido-ferrugineis, illo antice latissimo, valde emarginato ; abdomine oblongo, ovato, albo, cum fasciis nitido ferrugineis in colorem intense castaneum vel jecinoreum, mutantibus. Long. J 1. Hab. Cuculus Canorus. 43. FUSCICOLLIS. D. Capite et thorace obscure cas- taneisj laevibus, nitidis, illo obtuse triangulari, antice acu- minate depresso ; abdomine glauce albo, fasciis lateralibus jecinoreo-fuscis. Long, f . Hab. Lanius Excubitor. 44. CHRYSOPHTHALMI. D. Capite et thorace nitide castaneis, illo magno, cum duabus fasciis diagonalibus cla- vatis ; abdomine lato, flave albo, fasciis lateralibus lingu- latis, undulatis, nitide castaneis in colorem jecinoreum intus desinentibus ; antennarum articulo secundo intus prolato. Long. 1. Hab. Clangula chrysophthalmos. 45. PLATALEJE. D. Capite et thorace intense castaneis, illo lato cum fasciis duabus jecinoreis ; abdomine fere orbi- culari, cum fasciis jecinoreis elongatis. Long. 1. Hab. Platalea leucorodia. 46. MEROPIS. D. Ferrugineus, Isevis, splendens ; capite triangulari ; clypeo valde emarginato ; abdomine obscure albo. Long. |. Hab. Merops A piaster. 47. CURSOR. D. Nitide castaneo-fulvus cum multis ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 47 albis pilis ; capite obtuse triangular! clypeo truncate ; fas- ciis abdominis obtuse triangularibus. Long, f 1. Hab. Otus vulgaris. 48. ICTERODES. D. Nitide ferrugineus ; capite oblon go ; clypeo lato, subtruncato ; abdomine albo, fasciis lateralibus confluentibus, cum fuscse macula. Long. ^. Hab. genus Anas. 49. THALASSIDROM^E. D. Capite et thorace fulvo- flavis ; fasciis abdominis intense piceo-nigris cum foveolis duabus magnis. Long. f. Hab. Thalassidroma pelagica. 50. PASSERINUS, D. Capite et thorace castaneo-flavis, illo parvo subpyriformi ; abdomine acuminate, fasciis late- ralibus intense castaneis. Long. J. Hab. Motacilla alba et flava. 51. TRICOLOR. D. Capite thorace pedibusque intense piceo-castaneis ; abdomine albo, fasciis lateralibus intense jecinoreis. Long. | 1. Hab. Ciconia nigra. 52. INCOMPLETUS. D. Fulvo flavus, nitidus, pubescens elongatus ; marginibus abdominis laterali et suturali dense fulvis ; unguibus castaneis. Long. 1J. Hab. Ciconia alba. 53. MERUL.E. D. Nitide castaneo-flavus ; fasciis ab- dominis brevibus, pedibus crassis, margine superiore fusco. Long f . Hab. Turdus Merula. 54. MODULARIS. D. Pallide castaneo-flavus; capite magno, triangulari ; thorace obscure castaneo, nigre emar- ginato ; abdomine magno, fasciis transversis longis ligulatis truncatis. Long. \ f. Hab. Accentor modularis. 55. RuBECUL^aE. D. Elongatus ; capite et thorace cas- taneo-flavis, hujus margine intense jecinoreo ; fasciis abdo- minis, intense castaneis, brevibus, subtruncatis ; articulis antennarum tribus ultimis castaneis. Long, f . Hab. Sylvia Rubecula. 56. PLATYSTOMUS. D Nitide castaneus ; capite magno; 48 MONOGRAPHIA clypeo lato, profunde emarginato ; fasciis abdominis acutis, castaneis, apicibus fulvis. Long. 1. Hab. Buteo vul- garis. 57. NISI. D. Nitide fulvo-flavus ; clypeo arcto profunde emarginato; fasciis abdominis nitido-fulvis, longis, acutis. Long, f . Hab. Accipiter nisus. 58. BASSANJE. D. Elongatus, intense castaneus ; ab- domine pallide fulvo, fasciis lateralibus intense jecinoreis, confluentibus. Long, f 1. Hab. Sula Bassana. 59. ALCEDINIS, D. Pallide fulvo-flavus ; capite magno, acuminato ; abdomine oblongo-ovato. Long. . Hab. Al- cedo Ispida. SUB-GENUS II. NIRMUS. * Capite rotundato et cordato. 1. CAMERATUS. N. Fusco-castaneus, pilosus, capite brevi cordato, abdomine subovato, cum fasciis disco et mar- ginalibus, suturalibus, pallidis flavo-albis. Long. f. Hab. Tetrao Scoticus. 2. DISCOCEPHALUS. N. Lsete fulvus, capite sub-orbicu- lari, cum maculo laterali, castaneo, ante antennis, et fasciis abdominalibus transversus. Long. . Hab. Aquila albi- cilla. 3. TURMALIS. N. Castaneus, nitidus capite cordato, abdomine elliptico, cum fasciis dorsalibus et suturalibus pallidus flavo-albis, pedib us longiset g acilioribus. Long. 1. Hab. Otis tarda. 4. NUMIDJE. N. Livide flavus, nitidus, laevis capite sub pariduriformi, margine laterali nigro, abdomine fasciis dorsalibus fuscis duobus interrupte distincto. Long, f . Hab. Numida meleagris. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 49 5. OLIVACEUS. N. Pallide fulvo-flavus; capite sub cor- dato, macula picea utrinque compuncto, abdominis margine lateral! piceo, femore superne fusco. Long. f. Hab. Nu- cifraga Caryocatactes. 6. GRACILIS. N. Pallide flavo albus, nitidus, laevis ; capite rotundato, macula conica, utrinque compuncto, ab- domine fasciis saturate castaneis in margine laterali dis- tincto. Long. . Hab. Hirundo urbica. 7. UNCINOSUS. N. Pallide flavo-albus ; capite subcor- dato, margine abdominis laterali maculis uncinatis piceis trans versis compuncto. Long. $ | $ f . Hab. Corvus comix. 8. MARGINALIS. N. Pallide fulvus, nitidus, glaber ; capite cordato, macula angulari plena utrinque distincto, margine metathoracis posteriori acute angulato, margine abdominis laterali fascia angusta fusca ornato. Long. f. Hab. Turdus pilaris. * * Capite oblongo et rotundato. 9. Fuscus. N. Testaceus, nitidus et pubescens, mar- gine obscure fusco circumcincto ; abdomine fascia lata dor- sali fusca interrupte distincto, femore macula fusca com- puncto. Long, f 1. Hab. Circus rufus et Milvus Ictinus. 10. RUFUS. N. Nitide fulvus, pubescens; margine me- tathoracis, posteriori tridentato, abdomine obscure cincto, capite fascia ferruginea prae an tennis impresso. Long. |, Hab. Falco Tinnunculus. 11. CUCULI. N. Fulvus, glaber, nitidus ; metathoracis margine posteriori ad medium producto, abdomine fasciis transversis obscurioribus distincto. Long. j. Hab. Cuculus Canorus. 12. TESSELLATUS. N Pallide flavo-albus, margine ni- gro ; capite panduriformi, abdomine macularum quadrangu- E 50 MONOGRAPHIA larum et pallide fuscarum duplici serie insperso. Long, f . Hab. Botaurus stellaris. 13. LIMBATUS. N. Pallide flavo-albus, glaber, nitidus, margine lateral! nigro ; capitis fronte rotundata, pedibus subcrassis et annulis obscuris, Long, f . Hab. Loxia cur- virostra. 14. SUBCUSPIDATUS. e. 5. Step. Cat. pt. ii. p. 380. Pulex Corvi. Recli Exp. pl.xvi. Fediculus Corvi. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 1018-14. Faun. Suec. 1050. Stew. Ele. Nat. Hist. ii. 279. Turt.iii. 696. Fab. Syst. Ent. 806. 13. Fab. Faun. Groen. 217. n. 185. Mull, prodr. 2190. Faun Frid. 806. Fugle-Laus. Bohn. v. 181. The Louse of the Crow, Albin. sp.pl. xlviii. fig. sup. Shaw Gen. Zool. vi. pi. 119. fig. supr. Groenl. Tullukab. Koina. Milky white, shining, and hairy ; head large, elongate, triangular, the anterior part with a deep fuscous, sub-rhom- boidal depression ; two black diagonal fascia extending from the anterior part to the occiput; eyes small, black, and prominent ; trabeculge very large, sub-conical, obtusely truncate ; antennae with the first and second joints the largest, the three terminal cylindrical and equal ; pro- thorax transverse, very narrow ; metathorax large, the width of the head, acutely angular behind, both with a broad black margin ; abdomen large, oval, segments nearly equal, each, except the penultimate, with an acutely tri- angular lateral patch on each side, of a deep fuscous yellow, or dark chestnut, margined internally with black ; the sutures of the abdomen and posterior margin of the thorax fringed with white hairs : legs long and thick ; tibia, with a black line on the external edge, terminating at the apex transversely ; anterior femur with a black band at the apex ; four posterior with two bands. Length 1 . This species, which is perhaps the best known, is very common on the Rook (Corvus frugilegus); from which bird it has been communicated from Cambridgeshire by the Rev. L. Jenyns ; and from Belfast by W. Thompson, Esq. ; from Northumberland, taken on the Hooded Crow (Corvus comix), by P. J. Selby, Esq. The lateral patches are oc- casionally all black. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 65 2 DOCOPHORUS OCELLATITS. (Louse of the Crow.) Plate III. Fig. 10. Milky white, shining and hairy ; head elongate, trian- gular ; abdomen with conical black lateral fasciae, having a large white central space in each; femur and tibia with black anuuli. Docophorus ocellatus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 920. Burmeister. Handbuch. d. Ent. ii pt. ii. p. 424. spe. 6. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 330. Lyonet. Mem. du Muse. 18. p. 266. pi. 13. fig. 3. Children App. to Back's Land Exped. p. 537. Pediculus Ocellatus. Scop. Ent. Carniol. 382. no. 1038. Pediculus cornicis. Fabr. Syst. Ant. 344. Syst. Ent. 807. Syst, Inst. ii. 479. 16. Milky white ; head large, elongate, triangular, anterior part deeply notched, with a large pale chestnut depression, and two diagonal black bands from the anterior of the trabeculae to the occiput, and a short one behind each eye ; eyes prominent and black ; antennae slender, the first joint large and conical, second very long, cylindrical, with a black spot on each side, the terminal three nearly equal, each with a dark base ; trabeculae large, curved, and coni- cal ; prothorax small, transverse, angles rounded, slightly channelled ; metathorax nearly the width of head, trans- versely triangular, both with a black lateral margin ; ab- domen large, ovate, the first seven segments having a conical black fascia?, with a large white central space on each side, the last two with a narrow transverse black band ; legs long and thick ; femora and tibia? with black fascia and annuli ; ungues chestnut Length 1. Communicated from the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), by Mr. Selby and Mr. G. R. Denny ; from the Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) by Rev. L. Jenyns. This species is readily distinguished from the A trains, with which it is F 66 MONOGRAPHIA occasionally found in society, by the central spaces to the lateral fasciae of the abdomen, being milky white, while in the former they are varied from dull yellow to a chestnut. It is also a widely spread species, having been brought home by the expedition under Captain Back in 1836. 3. DOCOPHORUS SEMISIGNATUS. (Louse of the Raven.) Plate I. Fig. 5. Milky white, shining, and hairy ; head large, very broad, subcordate, with a colourless depression in front ; abdomen with the first seven segments, having a conical black fasciae on each side; femora, with two black bands. Docophorus semisignatus ? Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 424. Head large, very obtusely triangular or subcordate, with a colourless depression in front, and two black diagonal bands from the antennae to the occiput; eyes small, black; antennae, with the first two joints very large, the last three small, equal and cylindrical, with a black spot on each side ; trabeculae large, thick, obtuse ; prothorax transverse, angles rotundate; metathorax about the width of the head, sub-triangular, lateral margins black ; abdomen very broad, nearly orbicular ; the first seven segments with a lateral, conical, black fascia, each having a white centre, last two all white ; legs thick ; femora with two black bands ; tibiae with a black annulus at the apex. Length 1. Found on the Raven (Corvus Corax), and communi- cated by that zealous investigator of the Zoology of Ireland, William Thompson, Esq. of Belfast. The great width of the head, and colourless anterior depression, are sufficient to distinguish this insect from D. ocellatus, to which it approaches very nearly ; Dr. Burmeister records the D. se- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 67 misignatus as parasitic on the Raven, but, as he does not give the specific character of that species, I have no means of identifying it with Mr. Thompson's specimens ; but, lest I should uselessly increase species, I have ventured to quote his synonyms. 4. DOCOPHORUS PICJE. Denny. (Louse of the Magpie.) Plate I. Fig. 9. Head and thorax dull chestnut and shining, the latter margined with black ; abdomen pale yellow white, lateral fascia pitch colour ; legs with black annuli. Head triangular, with two black diagonal bands extending from the trabeculse to the occiput; antennae rather thick, pale brown ; trabeculae large, sub-triangular ; prothorax nearly orbicular, slightly channelled in the centre, lateral margin black ; metathorax transversely triangular, superior margin rotundate, with a fovea at each side of the base of the prothorax, the lateral margin black ; abdomen elongate, ovate, pale yellow-white, and hairy, the first seven seg- ments with a pitch-coloured lateral fascia on each side, the eighth entirely pitch colour, ninth, pale like the central space ; legs pale brown ; femora and tibiae with black annuli. Length f. The only specimen of this species which I have seen, was forwarded by Rev. L. Jenyns, from the Magpie (Pica caudata). 5. DOCOPHORUS GUTTATUS. (Louse of the Jackdaw.) Plate III. Fig. 8. Milky white; abdomen with the lateral fasciae pitchy black, the first six with a white central circular spot. F'2 68 MONOGRAPHIC Docophorus guttatus. Burmeister Handbuch, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 425. Head very pale, tawny yellow, sub triangular, front pro- duced and notched, the anterior depression chestnut, the diagonal bands black, arising very near the apex ; eyes pro- minent; trabeculse strong and conical; antennae pale yellow, the first and second joints much the largest, the three remaining with a deep brown basal annulus; pro- thorax transverse about half the width of the head, chan- nelled in the centre ; metathorax the width of the head, transverse, basal margin sub-angular, fringed with stiff hairs, lateral margins of deep chestnut brown ; abdomen ovate, milky white, the segments nearly equal, the lateral patches and two last segments pitchy black, the first six with a circular white spot in the centre ; legs pale brown ; tibiae with a black annulus at the apex ; anterior femora with a black transverse band, last pair with two bands ; posterior femora very much thickened. Length j . Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns, from the Jack- daw (Corvus monedula), upon which bird I have since found a single example. The smaller size of this species, but more especially the circular white spots on the sides of the abdomen, readily distinguishes this species from the other Nirmi of the Corvine family. 6. DOCOPHORUS CRASSIPES. (Louse of the Nutcracker.) Plate III. Fig. 6. Head dull chestnut, sub-triangular, deeply sinuated before the eyes ; abdomen ovate, milky white, with pitch coloured lateral fasciae ; legs very thick. Docophorus crassipes. Bnrmeister Handbuch, ii. pt. ii. p. 425, sp. 7. Head and thorax dull chestnut, shining, the former with two diagonal brown bands from the origin of the trabecula; ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 69 to the occiput, anteriorly notched with a sub-lozenge- shaped depression, lateral margin deeply sinuated before the eyes; trabeculae thick and strong and conical, slightly curved ; antennae pale tawny, slender ; eyes very prominent ; prothorax transversely oval, deeply channelled ; metathorax the width of the head, transverse, basal margin sub- an- gular, fringed with hairs, lateral margin black ; abdomen large, ovate, pale yellow-white, the lateral fasciae pitch coloured, obtusely conical ; legs fuscous, very thick ; poste- rior femora much incrassated, with an angular projection beneath; tibiae clavate; ungues tawny. Length 1. The only example of this species which I have seen, I found upon the skin of a Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryo- catactes). 7. DOCOPHORUS SUPERCILIOSUS. (Louse of the Great Black and White Woodpecker.) Plate 111. Fig. 9. Bright chestnut ; head subtriangular, sinuated on the sides ; lateral margin of the abdomen serrulated towards the apex. Docophorus superciliosus. Burmeister Handbuch, ii. pt. ii. p. 4'27, sp. 23. Head bright chestnut yellow, subtriangular, anterior margin notched, lateral deeply sinuated before the eyes ; two deep chestnut diagonal bands from before the trabeculae to the occiput ; eyes prominent, surrounded by a fuscous spot ; trabeculae large, acute, and conical ; antennae pale yellow ; prothorax small, transversely oval, channelled in the centre, and margined with deep chestnut; metathorax large, sub-triangular, posterior angle acute, ciliated, centre yellowish white, sides pale fulvous, extreme lateral margin 70 MONOGRAPHIA deep fuscous ; abdomen obtusely ovate, yellow, white, and hairy, the lateral fasciae bright chestnut, margined with deep brown, and a row of punctures, lateral margin serru- lated towards the apex ; legs pale, fulvous, very thick ; pos- terior femora very much incrassated, acutely angulated beneath, apex with a dark band ; tibiae short and clavate, apex with a dark annulus. Length f . I have seen but one specimen of this species, for which I was indebted to the Rev. L. Jenyns, who took it from the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Picus major). 8. DOCOPHORUS COMMUNIS. Plate V. Fig. 10. Chestnut and shining, with white hairs ; head elongate, triangular, anterior part much produced ; trabeculse very large, curved; posterior femora much incrassated and toothed below. Docophoru8 eommunis, Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. in. p. 920. Burmeister Hundbuch, ii. pt. ii. p. 425. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 230. Children Appen. to Back's Land Expe. p. 536. Ricinis Emberizse. De Geer, vii. pi. 4. fig. 9. Pediculus Emberizse. Fab. Ant. 349. Stewart, ii. p. 300. Turt. iii. p. 699. Pediculns Curvirostrae. Paiiz. Faun- 51. fig. 23. Schr. Beitr. Taf. 5. fig. 7-10. Pediculus Pyrrhulse. ^'chr. A. 506. Stew. ii. p. 300. Pediculus Chloridis. Schr. A. 506. Stew. ii. p. 300. Pedi- culus Citrinelle. Schr. A. 507. Stew, ii p. 300. Pediculus Rubecuke. Schr. A. 507. Stew. ii. p. 300. Nirmus Globifer. Olfer. 91. Head and thorax bright chestnut and shining, the former very long, triangular, the anterior part much produced, with a large depression, and two .dark diagonal bands from the antennae to the occiput, base convex and rotundate; trabeculae large, slightly curved and acute ; eyes small and black,. prominent ; antennae rather thick, second joint very long; prothorax transverse, angle rotundate, channelled AiNOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 71 in the centre ; metathorax the width of the head, acutely angular behind, posterior margin deep liver brown, ciliated with stiff hairs ; abdomen short, ovate, yellow white, with numerous white hairs, the first seven segments with the lateral patches shading from liver brown to chestnut, the first three broad, the four following long, narrow, uniting in the centre, the eighth chestnut, the last white, the under side with a large brown spot near the anus ; legs pale, variable, the anterior short ; femora somewhat securi- form, the posterior very large and thick ; the femora acutely angulated or toothed beneath ; tibiae much flattened and armed at the extremity with two prominent spines ; ungues when closed upon the apex of the tibiae scarcely visible. Length . Parasitical upon several of the Insessorial Birds. The Rev. L. Jenyns found it upon the common Bunting ; Mr. Double- day upon the Crossbill ; my brother sent me specimens from the Bullfinch and Nuthatch, and I have found it myself upon the Green Grosbeak, Yellow Bunting, Spar- row, and Lesser Whitethroat. 9. DOCOPHORUS VARIABILIS. Denny. (Louse of the Dunlin.) Plate III. Fig. 4. Head and thorax bright chestnut, the former elongate, triangular ; abdomen ovate, milky white, with deep liver- coloured fasciae. Head bright chestnut, elongate, triangular, anterior part much contracted, with a somewhat obtuse depres- sion, and deeply sinuated before the antennae, from which proceed a transverse and two diagonal impressed lines extending to the occiput, base broad and sub-trun- 72 MONOGRAPH I A cate; antennae pale, tawny yellow, slender, sub-clavate ; trabeculte long, curved, and acute ; eyes obscure ; pro- thorax somewhat conical, with a broad depression in the centre ; metathorax narrow, sub-triangular ; abdomen acutely ovate, milky white, with the lateral fasciae, and three terminal segments deep liver-brown ; legs long, rather slender, light chestnut. Length f . Communicated by W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, from the Dunlin (Tringa variabilis). 10. DOCOPHORIS MERGULI. Dmny. (Louse of the Common Rotche.) Plate HI. Fig.J. Slender, chestnut, smooth and shining ; head large and conical, with two transverse and two sub-angular longitudinal bands ; thorax much smaller than the head ; abdomen oblong, oval. Head bright chestnut, yellow, large, conical, with an acuminate depression in front, two transverse liver-coloured bands and two sub-angular deep chestnut ones, extending from the antennae to the occiput, where they become united ; antennae slender and cylindrical ; trabeculse large and acute ; eyes small but prominent ; prothorax very small, transversely conical, deeply channelled, lateral margin dark liver colour, base semicircular; metathorax small, posterior margin acutely angular ; abdomen the width of the head, oblong oval, milky white, first segment and the lateral transverse, fasciae on the six following deep chest- nut, becoming much darker towards their extremities, with two foveolae on each, eighth and ninth segments pale, tawny ; legs tawny, yellow ; anterior femora enlarged. Length 3. For an opportunity of figuring this species, which is the ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 73 only specimen I have seen, I am indebted to the friendship of T. C. Heysham, Esq. of Carlisle, who found it on the Common Rotche (Mergulus Alle). 11. DOCOPHORUS FULVUS. (Louse of the Jay.) Plate 1 1. Fig. 9. Head, thorax and legs bright, tawny, shining, and hairy ; head very large, elongate, triangular, sinuated on the sides ; trabeculae large ; antenna? sub clavate ; lateral fascia of the abdomen ferruginous. Docophorus fulvus. Burmeister Handbuch, ii. pt. ii. p. 425. spe. 3. Pou du Geai. Lyonet. Mem. du Muse. 18. p. 271. pi. 13. fig. 6. Head large, elongate -triangular, the anterior part pro- duced and notched with an oblong depression, and two transverse semicircular chestnut lines proceeding from the trabeculae to the centre, and two diagonal chestnut bands from the eyes to the occiput, lateral margin deeply sinuated, base convex and rotundate ; trabeculae large, strong, and curved ; eyes dark and prominent ; antennae slender, sub- clavate, and pale tawny ; prothorax small, transverse, with a fuscous channel in the centre, posterior margin convex ; metathorax about the width of the head, acutely angular behind with a row of setigerous punctures ; abdomen large, pale yellow white, with the first segment and the lateral fasciae to the six following ferruginous, becoming gradually darker towards the apex, the last two segments fuscous; legs strong and thick ; anterior femora angular. Length . I find this species not uncommon upon the Jay (Gar- rulus glandarius), and have received it from my brother, found on the same bird in Norfolk. 74 MONOGRAPH I A 1*2. DOCOPHORUS LEONTODON. (Louse of the Starling.) Plate V. Fig. 3. Head and thorax bright chestnut, the former very much produced anteriorly ; abdominal fasciae elongate and acute, with numerous pale hairs. Docophorus Leontodon. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 425. spe. 12. Pediculus Sturni. Schrank Beitr. pi. 5. fig. 1 1. Stew. ii. p. 300. sp. 48. Head elongate, triangular ; clypeus very much produced, concave at the extremity with a large oblong depression, two narrow diagonal dark chestnut bands, extending from the antennse to the occiput, basal margin rotundate ; tra- beculae prominent and acute ; antennae pale yellow, rather thick ; eyes small ; prothorax transverse channelled ; meta- thorax not so wide as the head, posterior margin deep chestnut and acuminate ; abdomen broad, obtusely ovate, ashy white, the first segment entirely chestnut and acutely angular in the centre, the six following with an elongate, acute, lateral chestnut fascia on each side, eighth entirely chestnut, ninth small, with a spot on each side, the whole fringed with a number of yellowish hairs ; legs pale chest- nut, rather thick and strong ; anterior femora sub-angular, Length }. Common upon the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). 13. DOCOPHORUS OSTRALEGI. Denny. (Louse of the Oyster-catcher. ) Plate V. Fig. 4. Chestnut, shining, with yellow hairs ; prothorax conical ; abdominal fasciae tongue-shaped and acute ; trabeculae curved and acute. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 75 Head sub-triangular, anteriorly notched,, with an oblong quadrate depression, and two diagonal dark brown bands from the trabeculae to the occiput, base rotundate ; eyes prominent ; trabeculse tolerably large, curved and acute ; antennae rather slender, pale chestnut; prothorax conical, posterior margin convex; metathorax transverse, rather wider than the head, posterior margin deep chestnut and angular ; abdomen broad, ovate, yellowish white, emar- ginate, the first eight segments with an elongate, acute,, tongue-shaped bright chestnut fascia on each side, spiracu- lar apertures pale, lateral margin liver colour, last segment chestnut ; legs thick ; anterior femora sub-angular. Length f . Common upon the Oyster-catcher (Haematopus Os- tralegus). 14. DOCOPHORUS RALLI. Denny. (Louse of the Water- Rail.) Plate V. Fig. 6. Bright chestnut, yellow, shining and smooth ; head large, triangular ; legs very thick ; abdomen obtusely ovate, with a pale tawny margin. Head bright chestnut, yellow, elongate, triangular, ante- riorly produced with an imperfect marginal line, two semi- circular lines meeting and uniting in the centre, and two dark chestnut diagonal narrow bands from the antennae to the occiput; eyes very small and black; antennae short, thick, and cylindrical ; trabeculse small ; prothorax trans- verse ; metathorax small, about the width of the head, lateral margin almost rectangular, posterior angular; ab- domen yellow white, obtusely ovate, with a broad light tawny-yellow lateral margin, sutures sinuated in the centre 76 MOXOGRAPHIA towards the apex ; legs pale, tawny yellow, very thick ; anterior femora angular ; tibiae strong. Length . Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns from the Water Rail ( Rallus aquaticus) . 15. DOCOPHORUS TURDI. Denny. (Louse of the Thrush.) Plate IV. Fig. 5. Head and thorax chestnut-yellow, the former oblong, much produced in front, with two broad bands ; abdomen nearly orbicular, with deep chestnut fasciae. Head elongate, anterior portion produced ; clypeus broad and emarginate, with a deep acuminate depression ending in a fuscous spot at the vertex, lateral margin sinuated before the eyes, two broad deep chestnut bands extending from the trabeculae to the occiput ; eyes black ; antennae pale, fulvous yellow, the sides of the joints with a dark spot, the second joint the largest; trabeculae large and strong, rather blunt ; prothorax transverse ; metathorax the width of the head, triangular ; abdomen short, nearly orbicular, yellow white, the first and last segment but one, with the lateral fasciae of the remainder deep chestnut brown, sutures deeply sinuated posteriorly, and ciliated with yellow hairs ; legs fulvous, yellow ; anterior femora securiform. Length \. In some species the abdominal fasciae nearly unite in the centre. This species is readily distinguished from D. Merulae by the greater length of the head, angular meta- thorax, more slender legs, and generally smaller size. I obtained my specimens from the Song Thrush (Turd us musicus) . ANOPLURORUM BRITANKI^E. 77 16. DOCOPHORUS PASTORIS. Denny. (Louse of the Rose- coloured Pastor.) Plate IV. Fig. 3. Head and thorax pale, tawny, the former acuminate with two diagonal liver-coloured bands ; abdomen ovate, with pale fuscous fasciae, margin reflected. Head pale, tawny, shining and smooth, anteriorly acu- minate, posteriorly very broad and rotundate, with two diagonal liver-coloured bands united at the occiput, passing into black at the trabeculse ; antennae cylindrical, pale ochraceous ; trabeculae long, recurved, and acute ; pro- thorax sub -quadrate, with a black patch on each side ; metathorax, broad, lateral margin convex, posterior con- cave, produced in the centre, margin black ; abdomen ovate, milky white, with transverse pale fuscous fascia?, sutures thickly fringed with long white hairs, lateral margin reflected ; legs pale, tawny yellow ; femora thick, sub- rotund ; tibiae sub-clavate. Length j. The only specimens of this species I have seen were com- municated by Win. Thompson, Esq. from the Rose-co- loured Pastor (Pastor roseus), shot near Belfast. 17. DOCOPHORUS CELIDOXUS. (Louse of the Razorbill.) Plate IV. Fig. 1. Head and thorax bright chestnut-yellow ; clypeus pro- duced, and sub-emarginate ; abdominal fasciae chestnut, acutely triangular, sutures deeply sinuated posteriorly. Docophorus celidoxus. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 426. sp. 15. Head brilliant chestnut-yellow, with two liver-coloured semicircular transverse bands before the antennas, and 78 MONOGRAPHIA two chestnut diagonal bands passing to the occiput ; clypeus narrow and produced, and sub-emarginate, with a some- what acuminate depression, terminating posteriorly in a deep chestnut spot, base broad and rotundate ; trabeculae strong, conical, slightly curved ; antennae thick, conical, and yellow ; prothorax transverse, with a dark spot on each side ; metathorax sub-triangular, deep chestnut, channelled, with a humeral liver-coloured spot ; abdomen broad, greyish white, with the first segment, and the transverse lateral fasciae bright chestnut, the latter acutely triangular, sutures of the posterior segments deeply sinuated in the centre ; legs strong and yellow ; posterior femora very short, and somewhat angular. Length j. This species, which is the constant parasite of the Alca Torda, I have also found upon two nearly allied genera, the Puffin (Fratercula arctica) and the Foolish Guillemot (Uria Troile), upon which birds it has also been found by Mr. Heysham at Carlisle ; the brilliant colours which render this species very striking, are occasionally changed to nearly black. 18. DOCOPHORUS AURATUS? (Louse of the Woodcock.) Plate IV. Fig. 5. Head and thorax bright tawny yellow ; clypeus narrow ; abdomen pale, tawny-yellow white, with a fuscous margin, last segment bright chestnut and rotundate. Docophorus auratus? Nitzsch Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290 ; Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 426, sp. 18. ? Head triangular ; clypeus produced and narrow, with an acuminate depression, base rotundate, a depressed line between the eyes, and two deep chestnut diagonal bands from the antennae to the occiput ; trabeculae and antennae ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 79 short and thick ; proihorax transverse and small ; meta- thorax triangular, ciliated with stiff hairs ; abdomen ovate, pale, fulvous -white, first segment tawny and angular, last chestnut and rotundate,the intermediate seven with a fuscous margin ; legs dull yellow, and strong. Length J. I have found this species twice upon the Woodcock (Sco- lopax rusticola), and suspect it is the Auratus of Nitzsch and Burmeister. The figure, however, in the posthumous paper of Lyonet, edited by De Hahn in the Memoirs du Museum, vol. 18, is not the Auratus, although given as such, but most probably the Nirmus sellatus. 19. DOCOPHORUS FRINGELLJE. Denny. (Louse of the Mountain Sparrow.) Plate III. Fig. 2. Chestnut yellow, shining, and smooth; head obtusely triangular ; abdomen ovate, the lateral fascia short, trun- cate and confluent, pale, fuscous. Head obtusely triangular; clypeus produced, emarginate, with a broad depression, and two semicircular lines uniting near the centre, lateral margin concave, with two diagonal fuscous bands passing to the occiput, base rotundate ; eyes flat ; trabeculae strong and curved ; antennae rather slender, the first joint long and cylindrical ; prothorax transverse ; metathorax chestnut, scarcely so wide as the head, lateral margin rotundate, posterior angular and pitchy, ciliated with stiff hairs; abdomen ovate, dirty yellow- white, the lateral fasciae of the first seven segments pale, fuscous, short, truncate, and confluent; eighth segment fuscous, ninth white, sutures well defined ; legs pale chestnut yellow ; posterior femora long ; tibiae abruptly clavate. Length |. Communicated by Mr. A Clapham, of Potternewton, near Leeds. 80 MONOGRAPHIA 20. DOCOPHORUS COLYMBINUS. Denny. (Louse of the Diver.) Plate VIII. Fig. 8. Chestnut and shining ; head, with two dark semicircular lateral fasciae ; metathorax transversely ovate, with a slight angle behind ; abdomen ovate and pitchy. Head and thorax bright chestnut, or tawny, the former obtusely triangular ; clypeus with a somewhat pyriform de- pression, a pitchy-black impressed semicircular lateral fascia before the antennae on each side, and two deep chestnut lines extending upwards from the occiput ; antennae and trabe- culee short and thick, pale yellow brown ; prothorax small, transverse ; metathorax the width of the head, transversely ovate, with an impressed margin, base slightly produced or angular ; abdomen ovate, pitchy chestnut, segments nearly equal, with a dark angular spot upon the lateral margin of each, stigmatic apertures deep ; legs chestnut ; tibiae with the apex fuscous. Length 1 . This species I have received from Mr. Selby, Mr. Tweedy, and Mr. Heysham, taken on the Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis) upon which Bird I have also found it several times ; my brother sent it from the Black- throated Diver (C. arcticus), and Mr. Heysham for- warded me a specimen found on the Northern Diver (C. glacialis), which although rather larger than the generality of the specimens occur, and of a bright chestnut, I still consider only a variety, as I have seen specimens taken from the Red-throated Diver quite as bright, although the usual colour of the abdomen is pitchy. Had I an oppor- tunity of examining a series of specimens from the C. gla- cialis, I might probably have reason to alter my opinion. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 81 21. DOCOPHORUS AQUILINU?. Denny. (Louse of the Eagle.) Plate II. Fig. 7. Bright chestnut, smooth and shining ; head large, trian- gular, much produced in front, and deeply notched ; ab- domen broad, pale, yellow white; lateral fasciae bright chestnut, and acutely angular. Head large, triangular, much produced in front, deeply notched, from which proceed an oblong depression to the centre of the vertex, and two dark depressed diagonal bands extending from the anterior lateral margin to the occiput ; trabeculse prominent, pale yellow ; antennae tawny ; eyes very small ; prothorax bright chestnut, transverse, sub- coni- cal, channelled in the centre ; metathorax nearly as wide as the head, sub-triangular, with two depressions at the base, a line down the middle, and two dark humeral spots, posterior margin ciliated ; abdomen large, broad, obtusely ovate, each segment with the central portion, pale, yellow- white, the lateral angular fasciae very acute, deep chestnut, shading into black; legs pale chestnut, rather short and stout. Length 1. I find this species tolerably common upon the Golden Eagle (Aquila Chrysaetos), from which bird it has also been sent me by the Rev. William Little of Moffatt, Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart. Mr. Calvert of Leeds, and Mr. G. R. Denny of Norwich, Mr. Thompson of Belfast has sent the same species from the White-tailed Eagle (Aquila albicilla). I have also found it on the Honey Buzzard (Falco apivorus). Metathorax terminating posteriorly in an angle ; head without dark diagonal lines. 22. DOCOPHORUS CEPHALUS. Denny. Plate II. Fig. 8. Deep pitchy chestnut, shining and smooth ; head very 82 MONOGRAPH I A wide at the base ; abdomen broad, pitchy, with a humeral spot, and the last two segments ferruginous. Head and thorax bright chestnut, the former very large and triangular, anteriorly much contracted and produced, with a semicircular black line on each side, from the trabe- culae towards the centre, base very broad, convex and rotundate, with two curved depressed lines arising from the occiput ; trabeculae acute ; antennae fulvous, rather short ; eyes flat ; prothorax very small, but one-third the width of the head, transverse, lateral margin rotundate, centre channelled ; metathorax small, acutely angular behind, with a depressed line in the centre, and one on each side ; abdo- men broad, obtusely oval, depressed in the centre, pitch colour, the last two segments, and a patch on the shoulders, ferruginous, the first seven segments, with a double row of fovea on each side, sutures setigerous ; legs ferruginous and thick ; anterior femora sub-angular. Length f . I have found this species upon the Arctic and Pomarine Skuas Lestris parasiticus and Pomarinus. W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, and Rev. L. Jenyns have sent it from the Common Sandpiper, Tringa Hypoleucos, and the latter gentleman has also found it upon the Ringed Plover (Cha- radrius Hiaticula). 23. DOCOPHORUS PALLESCENS. Denny. (Louse of the Titmouse.) Plate I. Fig. 8. Pale ochraceous yellow ; head large, produced in front ; abdomen nearly orbicular, very hairy, segments sinuated posteriorly. Head large, anterior part narrow, sinuated before the eyes, front deeply emarginate, with an oblong depression, base very broad, quadrate, rotundate ; eyes small, promi- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 83 nent, black, situated on the lower angle of the sinus; tra- beculae small, acutely conical ; antennae short, subclavate, the second joint the longest; prothorax narrower than the head, and transverse ; metathorax large, as wide as the head ; abdomen suborbicular, the first segment the largest, the remainder nearly equal, sutures with numerous long hairs ; legs long and thick. Length . Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns from the Marsh Titmouse (Parus palustris), and by Mr. G. R. Denny, from the Great Titmouse (Parus major). 24. DOCOPHORUS PLATYGASTER. Denny* Plate II. Fig. 5. Head cordate, chestnut ; abdomen very large, nearly orbicular, flat, lateral fasciae deep liver-colour, each with two foveolae. Head and thorax chestnut, smooth and shining, the former cordate, anteriorly notched and depressed, with a black semicircular transverse band before each eye, base rotundate, with two impressed lines extending upwards from the occiput ; eyes flat, fuscous ; antennae short, thick, rather abruptly setaceous, ferruginous yellow; trabeculae acute ; prothorax small, narrow, transverse, channelled in the centre ; metathorax not so wide as the head, with two depressions at the base, posterior margin obtusely angular, with a row of setigerous punctures ; abdomen yellow white, very broad, nearly orbicular, much contracted at the base, lateral sutures, very deep; lateral fasciae, dark liver colour, long, conical, each with two foveolae ; last two segments deep chestnut ; legs short and thick, pale, ferruginous ; an - terior femora sub-angular. Length f . I have taken this species from the Foolish Guillemot 84 MONOGRAPHIA (Uria Troile), and have received specimens from my bro- ther, taken off the Dotterel (Charadrius morinellus) and Ringed Plover (Charadrius Hiaticula). 25. DOCOPHORUS FUSIFORMIS. Denny. (Louse of the Little Stint.) Plate I. Fig. 2. Head and thorax bright chestnut, the former large, elon- gate, sub-cuneiform ; abdomen acutely ovate, pitchy brown. Head large, sub-cuneiform, very much produced in front, deeply notched, with an ovate depression extending to the centre, contracted before the eyes, temporal region convex and large, base rotundate truncate, with two depressed lines proceeding from the occiput ; trabeculae yellow brown, short, and strong ; antennae cylindrical ; prothorax trans- versely conical, base rotundate ; metathorax not so wide as the head, anterior margin convex and rotundate, posterior angular, ciliated with stiff hairs; abdomen acutely ovate, pitchy brown, the last two segments ferruginous, segments deeply emarginate ; legs long, fulvous yellow. Length J . Communicated by Mr. Thompson from Belfast, who took the specimen off the Little Stint (Tringa minuta). 26. DOCOPHORUS CANUTI. Denny. (Louse of the Knot.) Plate III. Fig. 5. Head and thorax chestnut, the former very long cunei- form; abdomen oval, deep liver brown, segments emar- ginate. Head bright, chestnut yellow, elongate, cuneiform, lateral margin concave, front with a sublanceolate depression, ex- tending to the centre of the vertex, two transverse deep ANOPLURORTJM BRITANNI2E. 85 liver coloured lines before the eyes, and one semicircular depression at the occiput ; eyes obscure ; antennae pale, tawny, and slender ; trabeculae acute ; prothorax small, transverse, posterior margin circular, centre channelled ; metathorax deep chestnut, posterior margin angular ; ab- domen rather small, oval, lateral margin serrulate, deep liver brown, last two segments chestnut ; legs chestnut ; femora thick. Length . For the only specimen of this species which I have seen, I am indebted to the kindness of W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, who found it upon the Knot (Tringa Canutus). 27. DOCOPHORUS CINCLI. Denny. ( Louse of the Water Ouzel.) Plate V. Fig. 8. Pale straw colour, and hairy, head somewhat cordate ; metathorax large, posterior margin produced into an angle ; abdomen obovate. Head subcordate, slightly produced in front, with an oval depression, a fuscous spot on each side, and one at the occiput ; eyes small and black ; antennae short and thick ; trabeculse slightly curved and conical ; prothorax transverse, angles rounded, with an impressed margin line, base con- cave ; metathorax large, pentagonal, basal angle much pro- duced ; abdomen short, obovate, first segment large, posterior margin angular, the remainder nearly equal, posterior margin deeply sinuated in the centre, ciliated with long white hairs ; legs rather thick. Length . Communicated by Mr. Abraham Clapham of Potter- newton, from the Water Ouzel (Cinclus aquaticus), upon which bird I have also found the species myself. 86 MONOGRAPH I A 28. DOCOPHORUS LIMOS^E. Denny. (Louse of the Godwit.) Plate IV. Fig. 2. Head elongate, chestnut; thorax fulvous; abdominal fasciae pitchy black. Head chestnut, elongate, triangular; clypeus produced, with two transverse lines united in the centre, base rotun- date, with two depressed lines, from the occiput to the antennae, where they unite with two black transverse bands ; antennae thick, the second joint large, pale ferruginous; trabeculse conical ; prothorax transverse ; metathorax small, pentagonal, the centre angle very acute, base and central channel dusky ; abdomen obovate, pale, fulvous, hairy, the first and last two segments and lateral obtuse fasciae of the remainder pitchy black, a chestnut humeral band extending through the first three ; legs thick, pale, ferruginous ; an- terior femora enlarged arid angular. Length . Communicated by William Thompson, Esq. from the Bar- tailed Godwit (Limosa rufa), from the Black- tailed Godwit (Lirnosa melanura), by Mr. G. R. Denny. 29. DOCOPHORUS MEGACEPHALUS. Denny. (Louse of the Black Guillemot.) Plate V. Fig. 5. Pale fulvous ; head large, obcordate ; abdomen yellow white. Head and thorax pale, fulvous, yellow, the former very large, obcordate, a diagonal line from the occiput to the antennae on each side, lateral margin, with a chestnut band, interrupted at the trabeculae ; clypeus small, rotundate ; antennae short, thick, and cylindrical, pale fulvous yellow ; trabeculse conical and strong ; prothorax transverse, nearly ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 87 as wide as the head ; metathorax small, triangular, poste- rior angle much produced and acute ; abdomen oval, pale, yellow white and hairy ; legs pale, ferruginous ; tibiae very thick; anterior femora angular. Length . I found a single specimen of this species on the Black Guillemot (Uria Grylle). 30. DOCOPHORUS ROSTRATUS. (Louse of the White Owl.) Plate II. Fig. 4. Pale chestnut yellow ; clypeus elongate, produced, nar- row and truncate. Docophorus rostratus. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt.ii. p. 427. spe. 20. Elongate, pale chestnut yellow, smooth and shining ; head acuminate ; clypeus narrow, much produced and truncate, with an oblong depression near the apex, and a transverse depressed line between the trabeculae, lateral margin sinu- ated before the eyes, base rotundate, truncate ; eyes pro- minent and black ; trabeculae acute ; antennae cylindrical, the first joint much the largest; prothorax transversely oval ; metathorax the width of the head, lateral margins rotun- date, base acutely angular, ciliated with pale yellow hairs ; abdomen elongate ovate, milky white, the first, last two, and the lateral fascia of the six intermediate chestnut yellow ; legs long, rather slender, especially the two pos- terior pair; femora of the first and second pair enlarged. Length 1. Found upon the White Owl (Strix flammea), and com- municated by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns and my brother. 31. DOCOPHORUS PARI. Denny. (Louse of the Titmouse.) Plate VI. Fig. 6. Pale fulvous, shining and hairy ; abdomen with a dull chestnut margin and pitchy spots. 88 MONOGRAPHIA Head sub-acuminate; clypeus produced, two semicircular transverse lines uniting in the centre, two diagonal ones from the antennae to the occiput, base large and rotun- date, a pitchy spot on each lateral margin before the tra- beculae ; eyes small, fuscous ; antennae filiform ; trabeculae acute ; prothorax small, transverse, lateral angles rounded ; metathorax triangular, lateral angles deep pitch colour, posterior angles acute; abdomen elliptical, pale fulvous, central portion and margin dull chestnut, segments nearly equal with a pitchy spot on each side of all except the last two ; legs pale yellow ; extremity of the femora dusky. Length f . Communicated by the Rev. L, Jenyns from the Long- tailed Titmouse (Parus caudatus) ; I have taken it myself from the Cole Titmouse (Parus ater), and the Blue Tit- mouse (Parus cceruleus). 3'2. DOCOPHORUS HUMERALIS. Denny. (Louse of the Curlew.) Plate V. Fig. 7. Head large, triangular, brilliant chestnut; abdomen yellow white, with the lateral fasciae acutely angular and pitchy black, the first three with a chestnut humeral patch. Head and thorax brilliant chestnut, shining and smooth, the former large, triangular, anterior part with an angular depression extending down to the centre of the vertex, two dark liver-colour transverse fasciae before the eyes, and a somewhat lyre-shaped depression at the base ; occiput slightly trilobate ; antennae long, slender, pale yellow, the second joint very long ; trabeeulse acute, conical ; prothorax small, transverse, channelled, the posterior margin semicircular ; metathorax large, posterior margin acutely angular, ciliated, with numerous yellow hairs, anterior portion shaded with ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 89 black ; abdomen large, obtusely ovate, pale yellow, white and hairy, the first segment angular and well defined, lateral fascise and terminal segment pitchy black, the first three with a bright chestnut humeral patch ; legs thick, pale yellow. Length 1. Although this very beautiful species is a common Para- site on the Curlew (Numenius arquata), from which bird I first received it through Mr. Thompson of Belfast, I have also found it upon the Gannet, Whimbrel, and Foolish Guillemot, though sparingly. Varieties are observed in which the lateral fasciee were very narrow, leaving a broad sutural band of white, and others in which they were of a bright chestnut. 33. DOCOPHORUS LABI. (Louse of the Gull.) Plate V. Fig. 9. Bright chestnut, smooth and shining ; abdominal fasciae pitchy black and confluent. Pediculus Lari ? Fabr. Faun. Green, p. 219. no. 189 ? Head elongate, triangular, clypeus broad, nearly emar- ginate, pale ochraceous, two semicircular impressed lines uniting in the centre, and two transverse deep pitchy bands, base rotundate ; eyes obscure ; trabeculae conical and strong; antennae chestnut ; prothorax transverse, channelled ; meta- thorax not so wide as the head, triangular, with a depression at the base; abdomen ovate, dull yellow white, the first and last two segments, with the lateral fascia on the re- mainder, deep pitchy black, the latter long and conical, with two deep fovea, anterior sutures angular and pro- duced, posterior sinuated ; legs dark chestnut ; extremity of the femora with a dark ring. Length f . This species appears common to nearly all our Gulls. 90 MONOGRAPHIA Mr. Heysham sent it to me from the Larus islandicus, canus, and tridactylus ; Rev. L. Jenyns from the Larus ridi- bundus, and Mr. Thompson from the Larus rissa, marinus, argentatus, and ridibundus, and from several of the above species of Gulls I have taken it myself. The female has the abdomen much broader than the male and more rotund. This species is very variable in size, and also in the extent of the lateral abdominal fasciae, some specimens exhibiting scarcely any of the pale discoid space. 34. DOCOPHORUS CONICUS. Denny. (Louse of the Golden Plover,) Plate V. Fig. 2. Pale fulvous yellow; head large, sub-conical; abdomen elliptical. Head chestnut, large and conical ; clypeus produced, a transverse depressed line between the trabeculse, base ro- tuudate; eyes small, black; trabeculoe acute and strong; aiitennse short, thick, filiform ; prothorax transverse, chan- nelled, posterior margin rotundate ; metathorax depressed at each shoulder, posterior margin subangular, ciliated with stiff hairs; abdomen large, acutely elliptical; legs short, chestnut ; femur with a dark annulus. Length i. I have seen but a single specimen of this species which I took from the Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis). 35. DOCOPHORUS SERRILIMBUS. (Louse of the Wryneck.) Plate VII. Fig. 9. Pale fulvous yellow ; head elongate, triangular, lateral margin blackish brown. Docophorus serrilimbus. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 427. spe. 23. Head elongate, triangular; clypeus much produced and truncate, with an acuminate depression and two semicir- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 91 cular lines uniting in the centre, a transverse interrupted line between the eyes, lateral margin with a black band ; antennae long, slender; trabeculse prominent and acute ; prothorax quadrate ; metathorax pentagonal, posterior mar- gin ciliated with strong hairs ; abdomen oblong, club- shaped, yellow white, sutures very distinct, lateral margin of each segment, together with that of the thorax, blackish, shading into deep chestnut, sutural margin of the posterior segments sinuated ; legs stout, pale fulvous. Length f. Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns, Mr. Thompson, and Mr. Doubleday, from the Wryneck (Yunx torquilla). 36. DOCOPHORUS REGULI. Denny. (Louse of the Golden- crested Regulus.) Plate VI. Fig. 4. Fulvous yellow ; head triangular ; abdomen with the lateral fascia bright fulvous, terminating in pitchy chestnut. Head and thorax tawny yellow, the former triangular; clypeus emarginate, with an oblong ovate depression, and two diagonal lines from the antennae to the occiput, base broad and truncate ; eyes black ; antennae yellow ; trabe- culse small ; prothorax transverse, lateral and posterior mar- gins rotundate ; metathorax not so wide as the head, sub- triangular, posterior margin ciliated with stiff hairs ; abdo- men ovate, dusky white, segments nearly equal, the lateral fascia deep fulvous, shading into pitchy chestnut ; legs pale fulvous ; femur thick and sub-angular. The first specimen of this species, which I had an oppor- tunity of examining, was in the possession of the Rev. L. Jenyns, since then I have obtained others, all of which were from the Golden-crested Regulus (Regulus aurocapillus) . The colour and extent of the abdominal fasciae is subject to great variation. 92 MONOGRAPHIA 37* DOCOPHORUS UPUPJE. Denny. (Louse of the Hoopoe.) Plate VIII. Fig. 1. Elongate, chestnut and shining ; head with a dark angular lateral patch before the eyes ; abdomen with the sutures and stigmatic fovea pale ochraceous. Head subtriangular ; clypeus produced, acute, and pale, lateral margin with a dark angular patch before the eyes, terminating in an impressed line at the occiput, base large, and rotundate ; trabeculse small and acute ; antennae slen- der, pale fulvous ; prothorax small, quadrate ; metathorax subconical, as wide as the head, lateral margin straight, angles acute, base produced into a very acute angle, slightly channelled ; abdomen elongate ovate, the sutures and stig- matic areola pale ochraceous, lateral margin pitchy black, segments nearly equal and ciliated ; legs pale chestnut ; anterior femora thick, with a fuscous patch at the apex; tibiae long, slender. Length 1. I am indebted to W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, for the first examples of this rare species, since which T. C. Hey- sham, Esq. forwarded me another specimen taken from a Hoopoe (Upupa Epops) shot near Carlisle. * * * Metathorax terminating posteriorly in a semicircle, or abruptly truncate. 38. DOCOPHORUS CEBLEBRACHYS. (Louseof the Snowy Owl. ) Plate I. Fig. 3. Shining and smooth ; head large, cordate, bright chest- nut; abdomen white, with numerous white hairs, lateral margin with liver-coloured transverse bands; legs bright ochreous yellow. Docophorus ceblebraehys ? Nitzsch's MSS. vol. iv. p. 197. Head and thorax bright chestnut yellow, the former very ANOPLt'RORUM BRITANNIA, 93 large, cordate, with two diagonal liver-coloured fasciae, ex- tending from the front to the occiput, base rotundate, ante- rior part with a broad depression, terminating in a point near the centre ; eyes small, fuscous ; antennae pale yellow, very short, filiform; trabeculse short, conical, arid strong; prothorax transverse, anterior and posterior margin semi- circular, slightly channelled ; metathorax transverse, nearly the width of the head, lateral margin rotundate, anterior part depressed in the centre ; abdomen white, broad, ovate, the first seven segments with a transverse liver-coloured tongue-shaped fascia on each side, the eighth chestnut, ninth white, the spiracular apertures sometimes nearly white ; legs bright chestnut yellow, long, very thick ; the extremities of the femora and tibiae with a dark band. Length 1. On the 13th of February, 1837, a fine male specimen of the Snowy Owl (Surnia nyctea) was shot on Barlow Moor, near Selby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, which came into the possession of my friend, Mr. Abraham Clapham of Potternewton, upon which he found an abundance of this species of Docophorus. I have also received specimens taken from the same bird by Mr. Selby at Twizell House, and from Mr. Thompson of Belfast. I should have had no hesitation in pronouncing this insect the Hcematopus of Sco- poli, which he says is found upon the Snowy Owl, and which Nitzsch quotes as synonymous with his Platyrhynchus, found by him, however, only upon the Goshawk (Astur palum- barius) . But Dr. Burmeister, to whom I am indebted for much valuable information, informs me that the species found on the Nyctea was named by Nitzsch Ceblebrachys. I therefore quote this specific name, doubting not that our insects are indentical ; as, however, I have never seen the Platyrhynchus, and the species must approach so very near, I shall feel under a great obligation to any friend who can 94 MONOGRAPH I A furnish me with a specimen. The size and figure of the lateral fasciae on the abdomen are very variable. In some specimens they are nearly united, while in others the sutural white lines are very broad; again, the metathorax, which is generally uniform in colour with the prothorax, is some- times very dark and obscure. 39. DOCOPHORUS PLATYRHYNCHUS. (Louse of the Gos- hawk.) Abdomine ovato albo, margine pedibusque rubris. Docopliorus platyrhynclms, Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Children app. to Back's Land Exp. p. 53G. Pedi- cuhis Hsematopus, Scop. Ent. Carnoil. p. 381, n. 1035. Pediculus Strigis Fabr. Ant. 343. Syst. Ent. 806. 12. Syst. Inst. ii. p. 478. 14. Faun. Grcenl. p. 210. 184. Mull. Prodr. 2189. Atl. Dan. 699, tab. xxx. Stew. Ele. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 298. Turt. iii. p. 279. Caput subcordatum, obtusum, antice declive nudum, splendens spadiceo fulvum ; antennae mobiles ; capiti con- colores ; abdomen linea dorsali nigri utrinque. Although I have never seen this species, I consider it- ought to be enumerated, and have therefore given Scopoli's original description for reasons to be seen hereafter. If it is really distinct from the preceding, it will most probably be a British species, as the Astur Palumbarius belongs to our Fauna. But not a little obscurity hangs over it, and diversity of opinion exists ; Dr. Burmeister says it is found only on the Goshawk, while Scopoli, the Fabriciuses, Mul- ler, Stewart, Stephens, and Turton quotes it as infesting Owls. Now Scopoli's description given above, agrees in every respect with the preceding species, excepting the abdomine linea dorsali nigri utrinque, and the specific name of Nitzsch's would suit that species admirably, which has a broader front to the head than any other species I am ac- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 95 quainted with. But as I feel great delicacy in differing from such high authority as that of Dr. Burmeister, I have thought it better to place it as the next species to Ceble- brachys. Still the question arises, what is the Pediculus Strigis of authors, if not the same as platyrhynchus ? is it identical with the Docophorus Cursor, which is also found on Owls, and to which the " Abdomine ovato albo, margine pedibusque rubris," of Fabricius, would apply very well? But here again Dr. Burmeister, the only author who enu- merates this species, makes no reference to the synonyms of preceding writers, with which he must necessarily be familiar, and which would seem to imply that it was not their Strigis. 40. DOCOPHORUS CVGNI. Denny. (Louse of the Swan.) Plate I. Fig. 1. Head, thorax, and legs bright chestnut, smooth and shin- ing ; abdomen broad, ovate, white, the first segment and a humeral spot on the second and third chestnut, the remain- der with abbreviated dark liver-coloured fasciae on each side. Pulex Cygni secundi generis, Redi Expe. pi. ix. fig. inf. Albln Aran. p. 70. tab. 48. Docophorus icterodes, Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331 ? Head obtusely conical, anterior part slightly emarginate, with two short semicircular lines uniting in the centre, a dark liver-coloured cuneiform transverse band on each side before the antennae, from which passes a straight band of the same colour to the occiput ; eyes small ; antennae pale chestnut, short and thick, the first and second joints large and thick, the remainder short, nearly equal ; trabeculae rather small, apex slightly recurved ; prothorax short, transverse, chan- nelled in the centre ; metathorax as wide as the head, trans- verse, posterior margin circular, lateral margin produced 96 MONOCRAPHIA and angular, with two basal and two lateral dark spots ; abdomen large, ovate, more than twice the width of the head, the first segment semicircular and chestnut, the second to the seventh with broad liver-coloured lateral fasciae, the second and third with a chestnut humeral spot on each side, eighth deep liver colour, ninth small and white ; legs very strong and thick, with a dark band at the apex of the femora and tibiae. Length J. For specimens of this elegant species I am indebted to Mr. Thompson, who took them from the Cygnus Bewickii at Belfast. I have also received it both from the same species of bird killed near Carlisle, and from the Bean Goose, through the kindness of T. C. Heysham, Esq. The lateral fasciae are variable both as to diameter and extent, as well as intensity of colour. 41. DOCOPHORUS TESTUDINARIUS. (Louse of the Curlew.) Plate I. Fig. 6. Bright fulvous, shining and hairy ; abdomen with the centre and margin pitchy brown. Nirmus testudinarius ? Children's Appen. to Back's Land Exp. p. 538. sp. 6. Bright fulvous, shining and hairy ; head obtusely sub- triangular in the male, longer and narrower in the female, anterior extremity slightly emarginate, with sub -quadrate depression, lateral margin with a somewhat hook-shaped pitchy band on each, terminating at the occiput, and a small spot below the eyes; base wide, rotundate and convex; eyes small and prominent ; trabeculse strong, conical, and ob- tuse ; antennae slender, pale fulvous, the second joint much the largest; prothorax small, transverse, posterior angles rounded, centre and lateral margin deep brown ; meta- thorax as wide as the head, lateral margin somewhat an- gular, posterior semicircular, with a humeral pitchy spot on ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 97 each side ; abdomen broad and obtusely ovate in the male, oblong elliptical in the female, each segment, excepting the first and last, with a deep pitchy chestnut margin, the dorsal portion of the first eight of the same colour, leaving the sutures and a broad band down each bright fulvous, last segment chestnut in the male, obscure in the female ; anus with numerous long hairs ; legs thick and strong, pale ochraceous Length, male 1, female 1|. Communicated by Mr, Thompson from Belfast, and Mr Heysham from Carlisle. 42. DOCOPHORUS LATIFRONS. (Louse of the Cuckow.) Plate I. Fig. 4. Head and thorax bright ferruginous, the anterior part of the former very broad, and deeply emarginate ; abdomen oblong, ovate, white, with bright ferruginous fasciae, shad- ing internally into a deep chestnut or liver brown. Docophorus latifrons. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Pediculus Cuculi. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 807. 17. Syst. Jnst. ii. 479. 20. Pediculus fasciatus. Scop. Ent. Carniol. 383. n. 1040. Ferruginous, oblong, depressed and shining, with white hairs; head large, sub -triangular, the anterior part very broad and retuse, with a semi-oval depression, and two dark chestnut lines uniting in the centre, and two broad diagonal bands from the antennse to the occiput; eyes very small, fuscous ; trabeculae thick and strong ; antennae rather short, pale ochraceous, the first joint short and thick, the second much longer, cylindrical, the remainder short and equal; prothorax about half the width of the head, sub-conical, sides deeply margined ; metathorax large transverse, sides rotundate, base the broadest and truncate, ciliated with stiff hairs, centre channelled ; abdomen oblong 98 MONOGRAPHIA ovate in the female, white, the lateral fasciae bright ferru- ginous, shading into deep pitch or liver colour, in the male nearly orbicular, the fasciae longer and converging, so as frequently to unite in the centre ; legs pale, ferruginous, long, thick ; ungues darker ; anterior femora large and angu- lar, posterior curved internally, concave. Length to 1. This species, which 1 find common on the Cuckow (Cu- culus canorus), I have received from Mr. Tweedy of Truro, and Mr. Doubleday of Epping ; the latter also sent me the same species taken by him from a Wryneck (Yunx tor- quilla). 43. DOCOPHORUS FUSCICOLLIS. (Louse of the Cinereous Shrike.) Plate I. Fig. 7. Head and thorax dull chestnut, smooth and shining, the former obtusely triangular, anterior part with an acumi- nate depression ; abdomen greyish white, lateral fasciae liver brown. Doeophorus fuscicollis. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 425. sp. 10. Head obtusely triangular, anteriorly deeply notched, with a large acuminate depression, bordered with pitchy black, and two broad diagonal bands, from the trabeculse to the occiput, where they are united by a transverse band ; trabe- culae large, strong, and curved; antennae pale chestnut; eyes flat, obscure, pale fulvous ; prothorax about half the width of the head, nearly quadrate, lateral margin dark pitch colour, centre depressed, posterior margin rotundate ; metathorax the width of the head, lateral margin nearly rectangular, posterior semicircular, margined with pitchy black ; abdomen ovate, greyish white, the first seven seg- ments with deep liver-coloured lateral fasciae, the eighth ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 99 with a transverse pitchy band, ninth greyish white ; legs long, stout, dull brown ; femora banded at the apex with black. Length . The only specimens I have seen of this species were communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns from Cambridge- shire, and Mr. Heysham from Carlisle, taken off the Cinereous Shrike (Lanius excubitor). Dr. Burmeister states it is also found upon the Jay (Garrulus glandarius). 44. DOCOPHORUS CHRYSOPHTHALMI. Denny. (Louse of the Golden-Eye Garrot.) Plate III. Fig. 3. Head and thorax brilliant chestnut, the former large, with two broad diagonal clavated bands ; abdomen broad, yellow-white, the lateral fasciae tongue-shaped, wavy, bright chestnut, terminating internally in a blackish liver colour ; antennae with the second joint internally produced. Head large, triangular, anteriorly deeply notched and pale, with an oblong somewhat pear-shaped depression, two dark diagonal bands extending from the occiput to the lateral margin, where they become considerably enlarged and cuneiform ; antennae rather short and thick, the second joint much the longest, and slightly produced beneath ; trabeculae short and conical ; prothorax transversely co- nical ; metathorax transverse, channelled in the centre, posterior margin semicircular, lateral margin rotundate, with a dark spot ; abdomen broad, ovate, pale yellow- white, the first seven segments with a tongue-shaped wavy trans- verse fascia on each side, bright chestnut, shading internally into blackish liver colour, last two segments chestnut ; legs thick, pale, tawny- yellow; anterior femora angulated ; tibiae abruptly clavate, with two long spines on the base ; tarsi very short. Length 1. H 2 100 MONOGRAPHIA The only specimens of this species which have come under my notice were kindly forwarded by Prideaux John Selby, Esq. of Twizell House, Northumberland, who found them upon the Golden-Eye Garrot (Clangula chrysoph- thalmos) . 45. DOCOPHORUS PLATALE^E. Denny. (Louse of the Spoonbill.) Plate IV. Fig. 9. Head and thorax deep chestnut, the former broad, with two liver-coloured bands; abdomen nearly orbicular, with elongate liver-coloured fasciae. Head chestnut, obtusely triangular, the anterior part truncate, with an oblong depression, and two semicircular transverse lines uniting in the centre, and two deep liver- coloured spots before the antennae, from which pass nearly perpendicular bands, increasing in width to the occiput, base very broad, convex, and rotundate ; eyes small, black ; trabeculae very small ; antennae pale, tawny-yellow, long and slender, the first joint large and thick, the second long sub-clavate, the remainder gradually decreasing ; prothorax very short and transverse, slightly channelled ; metathorax large, nearly the width of the head, very convex towards the posterior margin, lateral margin rotundate, base trans- Tersely truncate, ciliated with numerous yellow-white hairs; abdomen nearly orbicular, pale yellow- white , the first eight segments with elongate, wavy, acutely triangular, lateral fasciae, of a fine deep liver-colour, shading internally into chestnut ; legs pale chestnut, and rather thick. Length 1J. I found an abundance of this insect upon a specimen of the White Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), which was killed at Yarmouth in Norfolk in 1829. The abdominal fascia ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 101 vary very considerably both in colour and extent. I have seen some specimens in which they extended nearly across the medial line, so as to obliterate almost entirely the cen- tral white space. 46. DOCOPHORUS MEROPIS. Denny. (Louse of the Bee-eater.) Plate IV. Fig. 4. Ferruginous, smooth, and shining ; head triangular ; cly- peus deeply emarginate ; abdomen dull white. Head obtusely triangular, anterior somewhat channelled ; clypeus deeply emarginate, posterior convex and rotunda te, two diagonal impressed lines from the eyes to the occiput ; trabeculae acutely conical, placed very near the anterior portion ; antennae slender ; eyes black and flat ; prothorax conical and narrow ; metathorax transverse and rotundate ; abdomen obovate, dull white and hairy, transverse, lateral fasciae ferruginous, acutely triangular ; legs pale, tawny, rather thick. Length . For the only specimen I have seen of this species, I am indebted to Wm. Thompson, Esq. who took it upon a Bee-eater (Merops A piaster), which had been shot near Belfast. 47. DOCOPHORUS CURSOR. (Louse of the Short and Long- eared Owls.) Plate II. Fig. 1. Brilliant chestnut-yellow, with numerous white hairs; head obtusely triangular ; clypeus truncate ; abdominal fas- ciae obtusely triangular. Docophorus cursor. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 426. spe. 14. Head obtusely triangular ; clypeus broad, truncate, with MONOGRAPH IA an oval depression, and two semicircular lines uniting in the centre of the vertex, and two diagonal deep chestnut bands from the antennae to the occiput ; eyes prominent, small, and fuscous ; trabeculae recurved, conical, and acute ; antennae fulvous-yellow, thick, and cylindrical ; prothorax transverse, channelled ; metathorax transverse, lateral mar- gins rotundate, posterior nearly circular ; abdomen elongate- ovate, milky white, the first eight segments with an obtusely triangular lateral fascia on each side, bearing two foveola ; sutures with numerous white hairs ; legs tawny yellow, thick and strong ; anterior femora angular, posterior curved. Length f to 1 . I have taken this species upon the Long-eared Owl (Otus vulgaris), and received it from the Rev. L. Jenyns, and my brother, who found it upon the Short eared Owl (Otus Bra- chyotos) . I should have considered this species as the Pedi- culus Strigis of Fabr. Stew. &c. had not Dr. Burmeister remained silent upon the subject, and makes no reference to preceding writers for synonyms, while Mr. Stephens in his Catalogue of British Insects quotes the P. Strigis, as synonymous with Nitzsch's Platyrhynchus, and Scopoli's Hcematopus, vide page 95. 48. DOCOPHORUS ICTERODES. (Louse of the Duck.) Plate V. Fig. 11. Bright, ferruginous ; head oblong ; clypeus broad, sub- truncate ; abdomen white, lateral fasciae confluent, with a fuscous spot on the sides. Docophorus icterodes. Nitzscli. Germ. Mag. iii. 290. Burmeister Hand- buch ii. pt. ii. p. 424. spe. 4. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. De Geer. Mem. vii. pi. 4. fig. 14. Pediculus dentatus. Scop. Ent. Carniolica, 383. n. 1042 ? Head oblong ; clypeus broad and produced, subtruncate, ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 103 with an interrupted transverse impressed line, two dark chestnut, semicircular, transverse fasciae before the antennae, united with two bands passing to the occiput ; trabeculae and antennae short, the second joint the longest ; prothorax sub-conical ; metathorax transverse, slightly channelled, with a deep chestnut spot on each lateral margin ; base semi- circular, ciliated with strong white hairs ; abdomen obtusely ovate, white, the first and last segments, together with the lateral transverse fasciae, deep ferruginous, the latter con- fluent and abruptly truncate, with a dark chestnut spot on the lateral margin ; legs tawny yellow. Length i. A common parasite on Ducks. I have found it on the Mallard (Anas Boschas), Wigeon (Mareca penelope), Scaup Pochard (Fuligula Marila), common Pochard (Fuligula ferina), Shoveller (Anas clypeata) ; the Rev. L. Jenyns sent it me from the Goosander (Meigus merganser), White- fronted Goose (Anas albifrons), upon the Scaup and Sho- veller ; it has also been found by Mr. Heysham at Carlisle ; Mr. Thompson has sent it from Belfast, where he found it upon the Teal (Anas crecca) ; Dr. Burmeister states that it is also found upon the Smew (Mergus albellus). 49. DOCOPHORUS THALASSIDROTOE. Denny. (Louse of the Stormy Petrel.) Plate II. Fig. 6. Head and thorax tawny yellow ; abdominal fasciae deep pitchy black, with two large foveola. Elongate, smooth and shining ; head sub-triangular ; cly- peus narrow and produced, with an oblong depression, two deep liver-coloured transverse fasciae before the antennae, uniting in the centre, from which pass two perpendicular impressed lines to the occiput, (which are sometimes rather 104 MONOGRAFH1A darker), base large and rotund ; occiput sub-truncate ; tra- beculse acute ; antennae pale yellow ; prothorax small, trans- verse, channelled in the centre ; metathorax as wide as the head, lateral margin rotundate, posterior semicircular, deeply channelled, shaded on the sides with chestnut ; abdomen elongate ovate, pale tawny white, the sutures deeply im- pressed, posteriorly sinuated, lateral transverse fasciae pitchy black, with two large foveolae ; legs thick, pitchy brown. Length j. Communicated by W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, from the Stormy Petrel (Thalassidroma pelagica), to whom I am indebted for much valuable assistance. 50. DOCOPHORUS PASSERINUS.- Denny. (Louse of the Wag-tail.) Plate V. Fig. 12. Head and thorax chestnut, yellow, the former small, sub- pyriform ; abdomen acuminate ; lateral fasciae deep chestnut. Head sub-pyriform ; clypeus slightly emarginate, with an acuminate depression, two deep liver-coloured bands from the antennae to the occiput, contracted in the centre ; tra- beculae strong and curved ; antennae short ; prothorax small, transverse, chestnut ; metathorax small, margins deep chest- nut, base semicircular, ciliated with stiff white hairs ; abdo- men acuminate, dull yellow white, the lateral transverse fasciae and last two segments deep chestnut ; legs thick and strong, tawny yellow ; anterior femora angulate. Length . Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns from the Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba), by Mr. G. R. Denny from the Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) ; I once took a specimen from the Sedge Warbler (Sylvia Phragmitis). ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 105 51. DOCOPHORUS TRICOLOR. (Louse of the Black Stork.) Plate VI. Fig. 9. Head, thorax, arid legs dark pitchy chestnut ; abdamen white, the lateral fasciae deep liver colour. Docophorns tricolor. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 424. ape. 3. Mitzsch Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290. spe. 12. Head triangular ; clypeus truncate, base rotundate, with a transverse impressed line before the trabeculae, and two dark diagonal narrow bands from the occiput to the antennae, eyes black ; trabeculae short, thick, and conical ; antennae slender, filiform, pale chestnut ; prothorax transverse, qua- drate ; metathorax not so wide as the head, sub-conical, channelled in the centre, base truncate, and ciliated with hairs ; abdomen oblong, club-shaped and yellow, white and hairy, the lateral transverse fasciae short and rotundate, deep liver-colour, each with two foveola ; legs chestnut, long and slender ; anterior femora large and sub-angular. Length f 9 1. For the opportunity of figuring this species from the Ciconia nigra, I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Professor Burmeister of Halle, who, with a liberality rising superior to the dictates of self-interest, and which only those who love science for its own sake will put in practice, for- warded me specimens of several species, which I could not obtain elsewhere. When I state that Dr. Burmeister is himself engaged upon a work on Parasitic Insects, with figures of the species, his disinterested conduct requires no comment. 52 DOCOPHORUS INCOMPLETUS. (Louse of the White Stork) , Plate VI. Fig. 5. Fulvous-yellow, shining, hairy and elongate; abdomen 106 MONOGRAPHIA with the lateral and sutural margins darker ; ungues chestnut. Docophorus incompletus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 290. spe. 13. Head large, triangular; occiput concave, from which passes two diagonal curved lines to the antennae ; eyes black ; antennae short, thick, and cylindrical; trabeculae short and conical; prothorax transverse, posterior margin semicircular; metathorax the width of the head, broadest at the base, lateral margin rotundate, posterior truncate, slightly sinu- ated in the centre ; abdomen cylindrical, apex ovate, first segment deeply sinuated with a fuscous spot on each side, lateral margin darker; legs pale tawny yellow, rather thick; anterior femora very large ; ungues chestnut. Length 1 to . I suspect this to be the incompletus of Nitzsch and Bur- meister. I found it upon a specimen of the White Stork (Ciconia alba), which was killed at Yarmouth in Norfolk in 1829. 53. DOCOPHORUS MERUL^. Denny. (Louse of the Blackbird.) Plate III. Fig. 1. Bright chestnut-yellow ; abdominal fasciae short ; legs thick, superior margin dark. Head obtusely triangular ; clypeus broad, with an ovate depression, lateral margin deeply sinuated, with two deep chestnut diagonal bands extending to the occiput, base broad and rotundate ; eyes very prominent ; trabeculae strong and conical ; antennae pale fulvous yellow, filiform : prothorax small ; metathorax the width of the head, lateral margin nearly rectangular, posterior semicircular ; abdomen obtuse ovate, yellow- white and hairy, the lateral transverse fasciae short, deep chestnut, internally pitchy, sutures sinuated pos- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 107 teriorly ; legs pale fulvous yellow, very thick, superior mar- gin chestnut ; posterior femora angulate beneath. Length f . This species has been found on the Blackbird (Turdus merula), and communicated by Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., Mr. Selby, and Rev. L. Jenyns; the latter gentleman has also taken it from the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), and I once found a specimen on the Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus). But from the circumstance of its being found on the Black- bird in three different and widely separated parts of the kingdom, I should consider that Bird its proper nidus. 54. DOCOPHORUS MODULARIS. Denny. (Louse of the Hedge Accentor.) Plate III. Fig. 3. Pale chestnut-yellow ; head large, triangular ; thorax dull chestnut, with a black margin ; abdomen large, with the transverse fasciee long, strap-shaped and truncate. Head pale chestnut-yellow, triangular, much elevated in centre ; clypeus produced with an acuminate depression, the diagonal bands bright chestnut, terminating at each extremity in a black angular space, base transverse, trun- cate ; eyes flat ; antennae pale fulvous yellow, the second joint much the longest ; trabeculae thick, conical ; prothorax quadrate, lateral margins nearly black ; metathorax small, posterior margin circular, ciliated with stiff hairs ; abdomen ovate, yellow white, transverse lateral fasciae and last two segments fuscous, the former long, strap-shaped, and trun- cate ; legs pale chestnut ; tibiae sub-clavate, with a black spot at the apex ; posterior femora thick. Length $ \ f . The only specimens of this species which I have seen were forwarded by my brother from Norwich, who found them on the Hedge accentor (Accentor modularis). 108 MONOGRAPHIA 55. DOCOPHORUS RUBECUL.E. (Louse of the Redbreast.) Plate II. Fig. 2. Elongate; head and thorax chestnut-yellow, margin of the latter deep liver-colour; abdominal fasciae deep chestnut, short and subtruncate; last three joints of the antennae chestnut. Nirnms Rubeculae. Leach MSS. I Head triangular ; clypeus produced, entire, with two semi- circular lines uniting arid extending to the centre of the vertex, two diagonal liver-coloured bands ; trabeculae large, abruptly acuminate ; antennae long, slender, pale fulvous yellow, the last three joints chestnut; prothorax long, sub- conical ; base rotundate, lateral margin pitchy black ; meta- thorax the width of the head, transverse, lateral margin convex, base sub-truncate ; abdomen elongate ovate, white and hairy, the lateral fasciae very short, sub-truncate or ob- tuse, deep chestnut, stigmatic apertures white ; legs pale chestnut, thick, apex of tibiae dusky ; anterior femora secu- riform. Length f . I have found this species on the Red-breast (Sylvia Rubecula), and Rev. L. Jenyns has sent it to me from the Chaffinch (Fringilla ccelebs), and the Snow Bunting (Em- beriza nivalis) . 56. DOCOPHORUS PLATYSTOMUS. (Louse of the Buzzard.) Plate IV. Fig. 7. Bright chestnut; head large; clypeus broad, deeply emar- ginate ; abdominal fasciae chestnut and acute ; apices dusky. Docophorus platystomus. Burmeister Handbuch ii.pt. ii. p. 426. spe. 13. Head and thorax bright chestnut, shining and smooth, the former large, sub-triangular; clypeus broad, deeply ANOPLUROBUM BRITANNIA. 109 emarginate, with a quadrangular depression and two chestnut curved lines uniting in a fuscous spot near the vertex, late- ral margin sinuated with two broad diagonal liver-coloured bands to the occiput ; eyes prominent ; trabeculae strong, conical ; antennae pale fulvous yellow; prothorax sub-conical; mesothorax transverse, posterior margin rotundate ; abdo- men broad, nearly orbicular, white, flat, segments nearly equal ; lateral fasciae acutely conical, slightly emarginate, bright chestnut, terminating internally in deep pitchy brown ; legs bright fulvous yellow and stout ; the apex of the femora and extremities of the tibiae chestnut ; anterior femora sub- angular. Length 1. Communicated from the Common Buzzard (Buteo vul- garis), by Rev. L. Jenyns, and Mr. Heysham ; from the Rough-legged Buzzard by Mr. Henry Doubleday, upon which bird I have taken it myself. 57. DOCOPHORUS NISI. Denny. (Louse of the Sparrow- Hawk.) Plate III. Fig. 11. Bright fulvous-yellow ; clypeus narrow and deeply emar- ginate ; abdominal fasciae bright fulvous, long and acute. Head long, acuminate, bright fulvous-yellow ; clypeus produced, deeply emarginate, with an oblong or pyriform depression ending in a deep chestnut patch, diagonal bands deep chestnut ; trabeculae conical and strong ; antennae pale yellow, the second joint the largest ; eyes flat, obscure ; pro- thorax sub-conical, slightly channelled ; metathorax trans- verse, less in width than the head, posterior margin slightly produced and convex, with deep chestnut humeral markings ; abdomen ovate, yellow white, the lateral fasciae long, very acute, bright fulvous-yellow, posterior segments with the 110 MONOGRAPHIA sutures deeply sinuated ; legs thick ; tibiae with a dark band at the apex ; anterior femora enlarged. Length f . Communicated by the Rev. L. Jenyns and Mr. G. R. Denny from the Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus). Although this species resembles the preceding in several respects, its smaller size, narrow clypeus, and pale fulvous-yellow lateral fascia, sufficiently distinguishes it ; add to which, I have not found this species infesting the Buzzards, or the D. platy- stomus the Sparrow- Hawk. 58. DOCOPHORUS BASSAN.E. Denny. (Louse of the Gannet.) PlateVI. Fig. 3. Plate VII. Fig. 3. Elongate, deep chestnut; abdomen pale fulvous, with the lateral fasciae deep liver-colour and confluent. Pediculus Bassani? Muller's Prodr. 2193. Fabr. Faun. Green. 218,188. Groenl. Kuksub. Koma. Head and thorax deep chestnut, the former obtusely tri- angular ; clypeus pale, slightly produced and curved, black band extending from the anterior part of the lateral margin before the eyes to the occiput, base obtuse ; antennae and trabeculse short, pale yellow ; eyes black, prominent ; pro- thorax transverse, anterior margin rounded, posterior con- vex, slightly channelled ; metathorax quadrate, deep liver- colour, with a transverse line and two punctures, base trun- cate, with a tuft of hairs seated in a deep fovea at each angle ; abdomen elongate ovate, fulvous yellow, lateral fasciae deep liver-brown, confluent, except the last three ; stigmatic apertures large and deep; sutures deeply im- pressed ; legs chestnut, rather thick ; anterior femora large, subangular. Length 1 to 1J. Immature. Head and tho- rax chestnut, the sutures pale yellow, and a transverse dark ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. Ill band anteriorly ; antennae and trabeculae short, thick, and yellow ; abdomen elongate and cylindrical, pale yellow white, lateral fasciae deep liver-brown, narrow and inter- rupted at the stigmatic orifice ; legs stout, pale yellow. Length f to 1. I am induced to consider these two Insects, although dif- fering considerably at first sight, as the adult and immature state of the same species. I had drawn both and committed them to copper, under an impression that they were spe- cifically distinct, but since, upon examining many specimens taken from recent Birds, I find such varieties in size, pro- portion, markings, and colour, as to convince me that the fig. 3 of plate 7, is nothing more than the last moult but one ; many specimens in still earlier stages exhibit a greater diversity of appearance, and it is only by comparing a series that the identity of the whole can be inferred, sometimes the fasciae are without the notch, at other times pale brown, and extending nearly across the abdomen. I have received this species in three different ages from the Rev. L. Jenyns, taken on the Gannet (Sula Bassana), I have found it myself both in the adult and immature state upon the same Bird, and also on the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Carbo), and the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). 59. DOCOPHORUS ALCiiDiNis. Denny. (Louse of the King-fisher.) Plate VI. Fig. 1 . Pale fulvous-yellow ; head large, acuminate ; abdomen oblong ovate ; head and thorax bright fulvous, the former large, acuminate ; clypeus much produced, narrow, and truncate, dusky, two faint lines from the antennae to the occiput, base broad and rotundate ; eyes small ; antennae 112 MONOGRAPHIA slender, pale yellow ; trabeculae small ; prothorax small, transverse ; metathorax transverse, sub-conical, posterior margin rotundate ; abdomen elongate ovate, pale fulvous, lateral margin and last three segments obscure chestnut ; legs pale yellow, thick and strong. Length f . The only specimen of this species which I have seen, was forwarded by the Rev. L. Jenyns, from the King-fisher (Alcedo Ispida). SUB-GENUS II. NIRMUS. Nitzsch, Bunneister, Stephens, Children. Pediculus. Linnaeus. SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Body generally narrow and elongate; head of moderate magnitude, temporal margin rotundate ; trabeculae none, or very small and rigid ; antenna? generally alike in both sexes, rarely thicker in the males, and still more rarely branched;* abdomen with the last segment in the males entire and rounded ; mesothorax none. * Head rotundate or cordate. 1. NIRMUS CAMERATUS, (Louseof the Black & Red Grouse.) Plate IX. Fig. 9. Deep chestnut and pilose ; head short and cordate, cen- tral band and sutural margins of the abdomen pale yellow- white ; abdomen sub-ovate. Nirmus cameratus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 291. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Bunneister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. Pediculus Tetraonis. Linn. ii. 1020 ? Stew. Elemt. ii. p. 300 ? Pediculus Lagopodis. Linn, ii. 1020? Stewt. Elemt. ii.p. 300. spe. 35? Pediculus Lagopi. Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 220. 192 ? Mull, prodr. 2200 ? Head cordate, anterior part slightly produced, lateral * I know of no British example with this character, which is given by Nitzsch. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA 1 13 margin, with small fuscous spot before the antennae, and an impressed line passing to the occiput ; vertex concave ; an- tennae short and cylindrical, the second joint the longest; trabeculae very small ; prothorax transverse ; metathorax about the width of the head, sub-conical, base angular, and produced in the centre ; abdomen sub-ovate, thickly pilose, hairs long and yellow, the first and last two segments deep chestnut, the intermediate six with a broad transverse fascia on each side, dorsal space and suture pale yellow white; legs thick, pale fulvous ; anterior femora sub-triangular. Length f . Common upon the Red Grouse (Tetrao Scoticus), and Black Grouse (Tetrao Tetrix), and I suspect also upon the Ptarmigan (Tetrao lagopus). From the first species I have received specimens from P. J. Selby, Esq. of Twizell, and William Thompson, Esq. of Belfast. In some specimens the lateral margin of the abdomen is pale. 2. NIRMUS DISCOCEPHALUS. (Louse of the Cinereous Eagle.) Plate IX. Fig. 10. Bright fulvous ; head nearly orbicular, with a chestnut lateral spot before the antennae, and transverse bands on the abdomen. Nirraus discocephalus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii.p. 291. Stepli. Cat pt. ii. p. 331. Bunneister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. sp. 21. Head large, nearly orbicular, with a narrow chestnut band, anteriorly terminating in a large spot on each side before the antennae, vertex, concave, base sub-truncate ; eyes small ; antennae very short and cylindrical, the second joint the longest ; trabeculae short and thick ; prothorax small, transverse ; metathorax transverse, posterior margin i 1 14 MONOGRAPHIA sub-angular, and produced, deeply marginate and convex ; abdomen sub-ovate, pale yellow-white, with transverse chestnut or brown fulvous bands ; sutures ciliate ; legs pale fulvous, short and thick. Length f . I have twice found this species on the Cinereous Eagle (Aquila albicilla), but notin great numbers. 3. NIRMUS TURMALIS. (Louse of the Great Bustard.) Plate VI. Fig. 10. Chestnut and shining; head cordate; abdomen elliptical, with the dorsal and sutural fasciae pale yellow-white ; legs long and slender. Nirmus turmalis. Nitzsch. MSS. Head cordate, with two diagonal lines from the trabeculse to the occiput ; eyes fuscous ; trabeculae very small and acute ; antennae slender, and filiform ; prothorax small and transverse, with a fuscous spot on each lateral margin ; metathorax sub-conical, lateral angles acute, anterior, with two fuscous uncinate spots ; abdomen claviform, the first and last three segments deep chestnut, the five interme- diate with a broad chestnut band on each side ; the dorsal fascia and sutural margins pale yellow- white, ciliated with long hairs, lateral margin with a narrow dark line, stigmata large and prominent ; legs long and slender, pale fulvous. Length 1. The extreme rarity of the Bustard (Otis tarda) in this country, rendered the idea almost hopeless of obtaining the louse from a British specimen. I have therefore drawn my figure from German specimens, taken from the Bustard in the neighbourhood of Halle, for the opportunity of doing which I am indebted to the zeal of Dr. Burmeister. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNLZE. 115 4. NIRMUS NUMID^E. Denny. (Louse of the Pintado.) Plate X. Fig. 5. Livid yellow, shining and smooth ; head sub-panduri- form, lateral margin black; abdomen with two fuscous in- terrupted dorsal fascia3. Head large, sub-panduriform, a quadrangular spot before each eye, and the lateral margin black; vertex concave, basa 7 angles acute ; eyes prominent, pale yellow ; antennae short, filiform, rather thick, the second joint very long ; prothorax transverse, posterior margin rotundate, lateral margin with a pitchy spot on each side anteriorly ; metathorax the width of the preceding, much produced in the centre of the pos- terior margin, with a fasciculus of hairs in a sinus on each side ; abdomen ovate, the lateral margin with a narrow fuscous band, the first seven segments with a double series of fuscous patches, forming two interrupted dorsal bands, last two with a sub-angular fascia ; legs pale yellow-white, rather thick, with a dark annulus at the extremity of the femora and tibiae ; tarsi ferruginous yellow. Length 1 . I found two specimens of this species on a Pintado (Nu- mida Meleagris). 5. NIRMUS OLIVACEUS? (Louse of the Nutcracker.) Plate XI. Fig 5, Pale fulvous-yellow ; head subcordate, with a pitchy spot on each side ; abdomen with a pitchy black lateral margin ; superior margin of the femora fuscous. Nirmus olivaceus? Buraieister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p, 431. sp. 26. Head subcordate, clypeus emarginate, base truncate, lateral margin pale fuscous, with a pitchy conical spot, and deep sinus before each eye, and two impressed sigmoid lines from the antennae united at the occiput ; eyes small ; i 2 116 MONOGRAPHIA antennae slender and filiform, the second joint rather the longest ; prothorax quadrangular, lateral margin fuscous ; metathorax as wide as the head, posterior margin angular, lateral margin fuscous and produced ; abdomen oblong, the lateral margin of the first seven segments, with a pitchy black fascia, shading internally into chestnut, the eighth segment with a transverse chestnut band ; legs pale yellow, femora with the superior margin, and tibiae with a spot at the apex, fuscous. Length f . I have seen but one specimen of this species, which I took from a skin of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatac- tes), and suppose it to be the N. Olivaceus of Dr. Bur- meister. 6. NIRMUS GRACILIS. (Louse of the House Martin.) Plate XI. Fig. 7. Pale yellow- white, shining and smooth ; head rotun- date, with a conical spot on each side ; abdomen with deep chestnut fasci on the lateral margin. Nirmus gracilis. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 429. sp. 15. Head and thorax bright chestnut yellow, the former ro- tundate-trigonate, slightly depressed in the centre; clypeus sub-emarginate, lateral margin entire, with an angular liver coloured spot before the antennae, base truncate ; antennae short and slender; prothorax quadrangular; metathorax transverse, posterior margin angular and produced, lateral margin of both deep chestnut ; abdomen obovate, lateral margin serrulate, the first seven segments with a deep chestnut subangular patch on each side, darker beneath ; legs short and thick ; tibiae with a fuscous line on the supe- rior margin. Length^. Infests the House Martin (Hirundo urbica). ANOPLURORUM BRITANNLE. 117 7. NIRMUS UNCINOSUS. (Louse of the Hooded Crow.) Plate V. Fig. 1. Pale yellow-white ; head subcordate ; lateral margin of the abdomen with pitchy uncinate transverse spots. Nirmus uncinosus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 291. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. sp. 23. Head and thorax pale yellow, the former subcordate, much wider in the male, lateral margin deeply sinuated before the eyes, base concave, a small pitchy spot above the eye, a broad oblique fascia before the antennae, and two on the anterior margin of the clypeus, a depressed semicircular line from the eyes to the occiput; trabeculae short and acute ; antennae thick, pale fulvous, the third and fourth joints with a fuscous band ; eyes pale and flat ; pro thorax small, transverse ; metathorax large, transverse, base rotun- date, lateral margin oblique ; abdomen nearly orbicular in the male, oblong oval in the female, the first seven seg- ments with a transverse pitchy-black hook-shaped spot on each lateral margin underside, with the central portion of each segment deep brown; legs strong; anterior femora en- larged, extremity of tibiae with a fuscous band. Length i*t> The only specimens of this species I possess, were for- warded by P. J. Selby, Esq. from the Hooded Crow (Cor- vus cornix). The great dissimilarity of form in the two sexes is greater here than in any other species I know, for while the female has all the appearance of a Nirmus, from its oblong body, the male resembles a Docophorus, from its great breadth of abdomen, as well as head. The peculiar hook-like markings on the lateral margin of the abdomen readily distinguishes this from all the other species of the sub- genus. 118 MONOGRAPHIA 8. NIRMUS MARGINALIS. (Louse of the Fieldfare.) Plate VIII. Fig. 2. Pale fulvous, shining and smooth ; head cordate, with a large angular spot on each side ; posterior margin of the metathorax acutely angular ; lateral margin of the abdo- men with a narrow fuscous band NirmiiB marginalis. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 431. sp. 27. Head large and cordate, bright fulvous yellow, anterior lateral margin, with two large acutely angular chestnut patches, terminating in impressed lines at the occiput; antennae slender ; trabeculae very small ; prothorax small, transverse, lateral margin rotundate, deep chestnut ; meta- thorax sub-triangular, the superior margin rotundate, with a deep chestnut lateral spot, posterior angles acute ; abdo- men subclavate, centre pale yellow, lateral margin pale fulvous, each segment, except the last two, with a narrow fuscous band ; legs thick, pale yellow ; anterior femora enlarged ; tibiae banded with black. Length f . Communicated from the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) by the Rev. L. Jenyns, from the Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus) by Henry Double- day, Esq. of Epping, from which bird I have also taken specimens myself. * * Head oblong and rotundate. 9. NIRMUS FUSCUS ? Plate IX. Fig. 8. Testaceous, shining, and pubescent, with a dark fuscous margin ; abdomen with a broad, dorsal, interrupted, fuscous baud ; femora with a fuscous spot. Nirmus fuscus? Nitzsch. MSS. Nirmus discocephalus ? Lynet, Mern. duMuse. torn. 18. plate 12. fig. 8. ANOPLURORUM BRITANNL3S. 119 Head sub-panduriform, vertex concave, lateral margin with a deep fuscous band, interrupted at the insertion of the antennae, occiput concave; antennae slender, subclavate, the first joint short and thick, second long and slender, third and fourth short and transverse, with a broad fuscous band, fifth the largest, fuscous at the base ; trabeculae short and conical ; prothorax not so wide as the head, transverse, lateral margin fuscous ; metathorax transverse, sub-conical, base slightly produced in the centre, posterior lateral angles somewhat acute and deep fuscous ; abdomen oblong, sub- claviform, with a broad deep fuscous dorsal band inter- rupted at the sutures, lateral margin of the first seven segments, with a fuscous deeply notched fasciae, sutural margin pale; legs rather stout, with a dark spot at the apex of the femora, anterior femora enlarged at the base. Length f to 1. The first specimens of tnis species I examined, were com- municated by the Rev. L. Jenyns, who took them upon a Moor Harrier (Circus rufus), in which the dark dorsal fascia and lateral margins are very conspicuous. In two other specimens from the Common Buzzard (Buteo vul- garis), in the same gentleman's collection, which I suppose to be immature, the lateral margin is wanting, the dorsal band less distinct. I have since received examples from the Kite (Milvus ictinus), and also from the Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus), I suppose this to be the N.fuscus of Nitzsch, MSS. and probably the N. discocephalus of Lyonet, though it differs somewhat from his figure in the prothorax. 10. NIRMUS RUFUS. (Louse of the Kestril.) Plate XL Fig. 11. Bright fulvous and pubescent ; metathorax with the pos- 120 MONOGRAPHIA terior margin tridentate ; abdomen obscurely banded ; head with a ferruginous band on each side before the antennae. ISTirmus rufus ? Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. spe. 20. Nirmus Platyrhynchus ? Lyonet Mem. du Muse. torn. 18. pi. 13. fig. 4. Head sub-panduriform, with a ferruginous marginal patch before the antennae, terminating in two curved impressed lines united at the occiput ; antennae rather short, filiform, the second joint much the longest; trabeculae short and acute ; prothorax small, transverse, with a channel in the centre ; metathorax sub-conical, lateral angles acute, centre of the posterior margin produced ; abdomen oblong, sub- claviform, with obscure transverse bands, sutural and lateral margin sometimes much paler ; legs thick ; anterior femora slightly enlarged. Length f . This species, which I suppose to be identical with Dr. Burmeister's rufus, I have found on the Kestril (Falco tinriuriculus), and received specimens from my brother taken on the Merlin (Falco ^Esalon), and Sparrow- Hawk (Accipiter fringillarius). It approaches very near to the preceding species, but is generally smaller, and always devoid of the dark margin. I suspect it is the insect figured by Lyonet as N. platyrhynchus. In my figure the clypeus is represented rather too broad. 11. NIRMUS CUCULI. Denny. (Louse of the Cuckow.) Plate X. Fig. 11. Fulvous, smooth and shining, posterior margin of the metathorax produced in the centre ; abdomen with obscure transverse bands. Head sub-panduriform, depressed at the occiput ; clypeus with a chestnut margin ; apex pale ; antennae very slender, filiform joints nearly equal; trabeculae very small; pro- ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 121 thorax transverse ; metathorax much darker, posterior mar- gin acutely produced in the centre ; abdomen oblong, sub- claviform, with obscure transverse dorsal bands ; legs rather slender, pale fulvous. Length f . I have found this species on the Cuckow (Cuculus canorus), and received specimens of W. M. Tweedy, Esq. of Truro, taken off the same bird, which I at first supposed to be Dr. Burmeister's N. latirostiis^ but as all examples I have seen are without the black spots on the abdomen, which Dr. B. gives in his specific character of that species, I have ventured to constitute this as a new species. 12. NIRMUS TESSELLATUS. Denny. (Louse of the Bittern.) Plate VII. Fig. 2. Pale yellow-white ; margin black ; head panduriform ; abdomen with a double row of quadrangular pale fuscous spots. Head panduriform ; clypeus rotundate, the exterior mar- gin blackish, the anterior dull ferruginous, base truncate ; antennae short, thick, and subclavate, the second joint the longest and obconical ; eyes prominent ; prothorax narrow, sub-quadrangular, slightly channelled in the centre ; meta- thorax ochraceous, as wide as the head, much produced behind with a small fasciculus of hairs from each lateral angle, and a bi-furcated fuscous band on the lateral mar- gin ; abdomen lanceolate, each segment, excepting the last, with a black marginal band, and two pale fuscous qua- drangular spots in the centre ; legs pale yellow-brown, rather thick; the anterior femora enlarged and sub-trian- gular, with the superior margin reflected. Length J. I have seen but a single specimen of this species, which 122 MONOGRAPHIA I found on the Bittern (Botaurus Stellaris), and supposing it undescribed, have named it in allusion to the tessellated appearance of the abdomen. 13. NIRMUS LIMBATUS. (Louse of the Crossbill.) Plate IX. Fig. 3. Pale yellow-white, smooth, and shining, lateral margin black ; head rotundate in front ; legs rather thick with dark annuli. Nirmus limbatus ? Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 429. spe. 13. Head and thorax pale luteous ; clypeus rotundate, mar- gined with black, base sub-truncate, vertex slightly chan- nelled ; antennae filiform, the second joint much the longest; trabeculse very short ; prothorax short, quadrangular; meta- thorax transverse, posterior margin produced in the centre ; abdomen oblong, apex obtuse, dirty white, somewhat ful- vous down the centre, underside with a distinct brown band from base to apex, lateral margin black ; legs pale yellow, very strong ; tibia3 and femora with a dark annulus, the an- terior femora enlarged. Length j. Communicated by my brother from the Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). 14. NIRMUS SUBCUSPIDATUS. (Louse of the Roller.) Plate XI. Fig. 1 . Pale fulvous-yellow, smooth, and shining ; head with a chestnut angular patch on each side; clypeus sub-acuminate; abdomen with transverse fulvous bands. Nirmus subcuspidatus. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. Head sub-cordate, fulvous ; clypeus sub-acuminate and depressed, a chestnut acutely angular patch on each side ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIA. 123 before the antennae, extending to, and uniting at, the occiput ; trabeculae small and acute ; antennae very slender, filiform, the first joint the largest arid conical, the second the longest, the third and fourth with a fulvous band ; pro- thorax narrower than the head, transverse ; metathorax transversely conical, posterior margin slightly produced in the centre ; abdomen oblong, sub-claviform, segments ful- vous, sutural margins pale ; legs pale yellow, rather stout ; ungues chestnut. Length f ] . I am again indebted to the friendship of Dr. Burmeister for the opportunity of figuring this species, of which I in vain sought for a British specimen, owing to the rarity of the Roller (Coracias garrula) in this country. 15. NIRMUS ARGULUS. (Louse of the Rook.) Plate VI 1 1. Fig. 4. Elongate ; head and thorax testaceous ; transverse fasciae on the abdomen marked with two united white spots on each side ; antennae and tibiae with fuscous annuli. Nirmus argulus. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 291. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p. 331. spe. 5. Burmeister Handbuch ii. pt. ii. p. 430. spe. 24. Head sub-cordate ; clypeus with a deep pitchy margin, a depressed diagonal line on each side from the base of the antennae uniting on the vertex, base truncate, each tem- poral lobe bearing a long stiff hair ; eyes prominent ; antennae pale yellow, long, sub-filiform, the first joint large, the second, third, and fourth, with a broad fuscous band ; trabeculee very small, acute ; prothorax testaceous yellow, small, and quadrangular ; metathorax transverse, wider than the head, posteriorly somewhat angular, produced in the centre, lateral margin with a broad pitchy band ; abdomen oblong, pale testaceous yellow, the first eight segments 124 MONOGRAPHIA with a transverse conical pitchy fascia on each side, marked with two circular white spots united by a line ; legs pale yellow, thick and strong ; femur and tibia with a fuscous annulus at the apex. Length 1 . I have found this species upon the Rook (Corvus frugi- legus), but by no means plentiful. Dr. Burmeister states it is also found on the Raven (Corvus corax). I received a specimen from J. C. Dale, Esq. of Glanvilles Wotton, Dorset, which he informs me was found on the Blackbird (Turdus merula). This however had most probably been only a* temporary sojourner ; Mr. Stephens in his Syste- matic Catalogue of British Insects mistakes the Menopon en^y sternum of Burmeister for this species, at least I sus- pect so, from his Synonyms, with one exception, referring to the former, and not to the Nirmus argulus of Nitzsch. 16. NIRMUS VISCIVORI. Denny. (Louse of the Missel Thrush.) Plate VII. Fig-. 7. Pale stramineus, shining and smooth ; head fulvous yel- low, with a broad semicircular chestnut fascia on each side ; sutures of the abdomen strongly marginate, lateral margin fulvous. Head sub-cordate, with an oblong depression in front, and a transverse impressed line connecting the lateral fasciae; vertex concave, lateral margin slightly sinuate before the eyes, with a long stiff hair from each temporal lobe, base truncate ; antennae rather thick, the second joint somewhat obconic ; trabeculae conical ; prothorax trans- verse ; metathorax wider than the head, subtriangular, lateral margins oblique, posterior acutely produced in the centre and setose ; abdomen oblong oval, sutures of the ANOPLURORUM BRITANNIJE. 125 first segment acutely angular, of the fifth, sixth, and seventh semicircular, last segment very small, stigmatic orifices large ; legs thick and strong. Length f . Found on the Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus), by Rev. L. Jenyns in Cambridgeshire, Mr. G. R. Denny in Norfolk, and by myself in Yorkshire. 17. NIRMUS FULIC^. Denny. (Louse of the Coot.) Plate IX. Fig. 2. Short, pale testaceous yellow, shining and smooth, lateral margin fulvous; clypeus with a broad chestnut margin. Head large, sub-rotundate ; clypeus produced, with the lateral margin chestnut, base broad, occiput with a trans- verse chestnut fascia, each temporal lobe bearing a long stiff hair; eyes prominent; antennae short, pale yellow, placed in a sinus of the lateral margin ; prothorax trans- verse, broader behind than in front, posterior margin rotun- date ; metathorax the width of the head, lateral margin rotundate, posterior much produced and acute, strongly cilia te ; abdomen short and oval, the lateral margin ful- vous ; legs thick ; femur broad, pale yeUow. Length . Found on the Coot (Fulica atra). I should have consi- dered this species the Nirmus minutus of Nitzsch, which infests the Coot, but he refers to fig. 3. in plate IV. of Redi, which is certainly not our Insect, but rather I should have supposed a Docophorus ? * * * Head sub-triangular or sub-conical. 18. NIRMUS DECIPIENS. (Louse of the Avocett.) Plate 1 1. Fig. 2. Testaceous, smooth, and shining, slightly pubescent; lateral margin of the thorax and abdomen deep fuscous ; head and prothorax dull chestnut. 126 MONOGRAPHIA Nirmus decipiens. Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. iii. p. 291. Steph. Cat. pt. ii. p, g31. Pediculus Recurvirostrse. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1019. Faun. Suec. 1956. Fabr. Syst. Eut. 808. 25. Syst. Inst. ii. 481. 29. Stewart. Elemt. ii. 299. 28. Tart. iii. Head sub-triangular ; clypeus narrow, lateral margin entire, with a somewhat curved, impressed line on each side, from the antennae to the occiput ; eyes flat ; antennae slender, pale yellow ; prothorax transverse, much narrower than the head, slightly channelled in the centre ; metathorax, pale chestnut, acutely angulated posteriorly, lateral margin fuscous ; abdomen ovate, pale, testaceous yellow, the first seven segments with a broad fuscous lateral margin, the last three segments chestnut ; legs pale yellow, rather stout. Length * anterior leg ; l } antennae ; in, posterior leg. t t No allusion is made in the body of the work to fig. 7, pi. VI. which was drawn from a specimen found beneath the wing of an Avocett, which had been stuffed upwards of 20 years. Several months subsequently, I re- ceived recent specimens of the Nirmus decipiens, pi. XI. fig. 2. from Dr. Burmeister, and upon comparing the above with these, I suspected it might be the immature state of that species, but from the dried and evidently much altered appearance of the specimen, I could not satisfy myself upon their identity, though it bore a strong resemblance in some points. For this reason I omitted any description lest I should lead to error. 256 ALPHABETICAL ENGLISH INDEX OP QUADRUPEDS AND BIRDS, FROM WHICH PARASITES ARE FIGURED, WITH REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. Acccnter, Hedge, Plate fig. 3. - PAGE. III. - 107 Ass, XXV.fig.l ; XVII. fig. 9. 32,191 Auk, Little, 1 1 1. fig. 7. - 72 - Razor-bill, IX. fig. 1 ; IV. %. 1. - 137,77 Avocett, Scooping, VI. fig. 7 ; XI. fig. 2. (note p. 255) - 125 Badger, common, XVII. fig. 3. 187 Bee-eater, common, X. fig. 4 ; IV. fig. 4. - - 133, 101 Brent, Goose, XV. fig. 4. - 178 Bittern, common, VII. fig. 2 ; XIV. fig. 3. - - 121,173 Blackbird, III. fig. 1 ; VII. fig. 1. - - 106,128 Bramblirig, Xl.fig. 6. -160 Buck, XVII. fig. 8. - - Bullfinch, common, V. fig. 10. Bunting, common, V. fig. 10. - Yellow, V. fig. 10; 192 70 70 70 220 108 114 XXI. fig. 3. -- Snow, II. fig. 2. - Bustard, great, VI. fig. 10. - - thick -kneed, VII. fig. 8; VIII. fig. 5. - 138,132 Buzzard, common, IX. fig. 8; IV. fig. 7. - - 108 -- Honey, XVIII. fig. 2; II. fig. 7. - - 206, 81 - Moor, IX. fig. 8. - 118 . - Rough-legged, IX. fig. 8; IV. fig. 7. - 118, 108 Calf, XXV. fig. 3. - - 31 Campagnol, field, XXIV. fig. 3. 25 --- water, XXIV. fig. 0. 27 Cavy, variegated, XXIV. fig, 1,2 - - 245,246 Chaffinch, II. fig. 2; XXIII. fig. 6. - - 108,242 Chatterer, Bohemian, XXIII. fig. 5. - - 242 PAGE. Chough, Cornish, XX. fig. 4. - 208 Cock, domestic, XIII. fig. 4; Xll.fig. 6; XIV. fig. 6; XXI. fig. 5 j XX. fig. 153, 217, 162, 164 Coot, common, IX. fig. 2; X. fig. 12. - - 125, 182 Cormorant, common, VI. fig. 3. 110 Corn-Crake,IX.fig. 2; X.fig.2. 134 Crane, common, XIII. fig. 5. - 179 Cross- bill, common, V. fig. 10 ; IX. fig. 3. - - 122,70 Crow, Carrion, III. fig. 10. 65, 213 Hooderl, 1 1 1. fig. 10; XX. fig. 2; IV. fig. 8; V. fig. 1. 64,65,223, 117 red-legged, XX. fig. 4. - 208 Cuckow, common, I. fig. 4; X. fig. 11. - - 97,120 Curlew, common, I. fig. 6 ; V. fig. 7 ; XX. fig. 1 ; IX. fig. 6; X.fig.6. - 96,88,144 pigmy, X. fig. 6; X. fig. 7. - - 147, 144 Whimbrel, X. fig. 7 ; V. fig. 7. - 144, 89 Deer, Fallow, XVII. fig. 8. - 192 , Red, XVII. fig 6. - 194 Dipper, European, V. fig. 8. - 85 Diver, black-throated, VIII. - 80 Northern, VIII. fig. 8. - 80 red-throated, VIII. fig. 8. 80 Dog, XVII. fig. I ; XXV. fig. 4. - - - 28,188 Dormouse, XXIV. fig. 3. - 20 Dotterel, II. fig. 5. - - 83 little Ring, X. fig. 8. - 148 Dove, Ring, IX. fig. 7 ; XV. fig. 3. - - 131,173,153 Stock, IX. fig. 7 ; XV. fig 3. - - 255, 173, 153 Tui tie, IX. fig. 7. 153 Duck, common, V. fig. 11 ;XIV. fig. 5. - 176,102 Ill IV N 40 a. 3^ XV XVH XV I U 1IX .". XXII ^ Js d ' ENGLISH INDEX. 257 PAOE. Duck, Pintail, XXII. fig. 2. - 234 Scaup, V. fig. 11 ; X. fig. 6. - 103, 147 Golden eye, II. fig. 3 ; XXII. fig. 2." 99,234 Wigeon, V. fig. 11. 103, '234 Teal, V. fig. 11; XXII. fig. 2. - 234, 103 Shoveller, V. fig. II ; XXII. fig. 3. - 236,103 Pochard, V. fig. 11; XIV. fig. 5. - 103, 177 Dun-diver, XIV. fig. 7. - 175 Dunlin, III. fig. 4; X. fig. 6; XVIII. fig. 3; XX. fig. 8. 71,147,211 Eagle, Cinereous, II. fig. 7 ; IX. fig. 10 ; XV. fig. 1 ; XVI. 81, 113 Golden, II. fig. 7 ; XVI ; XVIII. fig. 2. - 81,207 Ermine, XVII. fig. 2. - 190 Falcon, Peregrine, XVIII. fig. 2. - 207 Rough-legged, IV. fig. 7; IX. fiff.8. - 108,118 Ferret, XXV. fig. 4. - - 28 Fieldfare, VIII. fig. 2 ; XXIII. fig. 6.; III. fig. 1. - 118,103 Finch, Cbaf, II. fig. 2 j XXIII. fig. 6? - - 108,241 Gold, XX. fig. 7. - 228 Mountain, XI. fig. 6. - 150 Fox, XVII. fig. 5. - - 189 Gallinule, common, X. fig. 2. VI. fig. 2. 130, 122 Gannet, common, VII. fig. 3; VI. fig. 3 ; V. fig. 7 ; XV. fig. 2. 110,180,89 Goat-sucker, European, VI. fig. 8. - - 141 Godwit, Bar-tailed, XL fig. 3; X.fig. (5; XVIlI.fig.3; IV. fig. 2. 146,147,86 Black-tailed, XI. fig. 3; X.fig. 6; IV. fig. 2. 146,86 Golden Eye, II. fig. 3; XXII. fig. 2. - - - 98 Goldfinch, XX. fig, 7. - 228 Goosander, XV. fig. 7 ; XXII. fig. 2. - 176,103,235 Goose, Brent, XV. fig. 4. - 177 Canada, XXIII. fig. 2, 3. 184,185 Domestic. XXII. fig. 1. 236 Graying, XV. fig. 4. 103, 177 White-fronted, V. fig. 11 ; XIV. fig. 4; XXII. fig. 3. - 103, 236 PAGE. Goose, Bean, I. fig. 1 ; XV. fig. 4. - - 95,177 Solan, VII. fig. 3; VI. fig. 3 ; V. fig. 7 ; XIV. fig. 2. - 110,180,89 Grebe, Crested, X. fig. 1. - 136 Eared, X. fig. 1. - 136 common or Little, X. fig. 9 ; XVIII. fig. 9. 222, 1 42 Red-necked, X. fig. 9. 142 Greenshank, IX. fig. 5. -143 Grosbeak, common, V. fig. 10. 70 Grouse, Black, IX. fig. 9 ; XIII. fig. 3. - 161,112 Red or Scotch, IX. fig. 9. - - 112, 161 Wood, XIII. fig. 3. - 160 Guillemot, Foolish, V. fig. 7 ; II. fig. 5; IV. fig. 1. 89,77, 83 Black, V. fig. 5. - 86 Guinea Pig,XXIV.fig. 1,2. 245,246 Gull, Arctic, II. fig. 8. - 83 Black-backed, V. fig. 9. - 89 Black-headed, VII. fig. 5 ; V. fig. 9 ; XX. fig. 3. 89. 127, 227 Herring, V. fig. 9 ; VII. fig. 5. - - 127 Kittiwake, V. fig. 9 ; VII. fig. 5 ; XX. fig. 1 ; XXI. fig. 7. 127, 89, 226 common, V. fig. 9. 89, 233 Iceland, V. fig. 9. - 89 Hare, common, XXIV. fig. 4. 27 Harrier, Marsh, IX. fig. 8. - 118 Hawk, Sparrow, 1 1 1. fig. 11. 119, 109 Heron, common, XV. fig. 4 ; XVIlI.fig. 1. - 214, 174 common Night, XX. fig. 9. - - -215 Hobby, common, XXIII. fig. 4. 239 Hog, common, XXV. fig. 2. - 34 Hoopoe, VIII. fig. 1. - 92 Horse, XVII. fig. 7. - - 191 Jackdaw, III. fig. 8. - 67 Jay, VIII. fig. 3 ; II. fig. 9. 73, 129 Kestril, XI. fig. 11. - - 119 King-fisher, common, VI. fig. 1 . Ill Kite, IX. fig. 8. - - 119 Kittiwake, V. fig. 9; VII. fig. 5; XX. fig. I; XXI. fig. 7. 89, 127, 226 Knot, III. fig. 5 ; X. fig. 10. 85, 146 Lapwing, Crested, IX. fig. 5. - 143 Magpie, I. fig. 9 ; XV11I. fig. 6. - - 67,213 Mallard, V. fig. 11; XIV. fig. 5. - - 176, 102 25$ ENGLISH INDEX. PAGE. Martin, Bank or Sand, XI. fig. 9. - - 148 Martin, House, VII. fig. 4 ; XI. fig. 7. - 140,116 Merganser, Red-breasted, XIV. fig. 7; XXII. fig 2. 175,235 Merlin, XI. fig. 11. - - 120 Mouse, short-tailed, XXIV. fig. 3. - - 25 Night Heron, XX. fig, 9. - 215 Night-jar, VJ. tig. 8. - 141 Nutcracker, III. fig. 6 ; XI. fig. 5. - - 68,115 Nuthatch, V. fig. 10. - 70 Osprey, XIX. fig. 1. - - 216 Ouzel, Ring, XXIII. fig. 6 ; VIII. fig. 2. - 242,118 Rose-coloured, IV. fig. 3 ; IX. fig. 4. 77, 130 Water, V. fig. 8. - 85 Owl, Short-eared, II. fig. 1. - 101 Snowy, I. fig. 3. - 92 White, II. fig. 4. - 87 Long-eared, II. fig. 1. - 101 Ox, common, XVII. fig. 9 ; XXV. fig. 5. 29, 191 Oyster-catcher, common, V. fig. 4; X. fig. 3; XVIII. fig. 3. - - 74,126,211 Partridge, common, XII. fig. 5; XXI. fig. 9. - 159,221 Virginian, XIII. fig. 6. - 158 Pastor, rose-coloured, IX. fig. 4; IV. fig. 3. - 130, 77 Peacock, Crested, XII. fig. 1,3. 155 Petrel, Stormy, II. fig. 6; XIV. fig. 2. - - 103, 174 Leach's, XIV. fig 2. - 1 74 Phalarope, Gray, VIII. fig. 6. 139 Pheasant, common, XII. fig. 4. 158 Pigeon, Domestic, XV. fig. 3; XIII. fig. 2; XXI. fig. 2. 172.152 Turbet, XXI. fig. 1. - 208 Pintado, Guinea, X. fig. 5 ; XIII. fig. 7. 115,163 Pintail, common, XXII. fig. 2. 234 Plover, Dotteril, II. fig. 5. - 83 Golden, V. fig. 2. - 90 Kentish, X. fig. 6. - 148 Little Ringed, X. fig. 8. 148 Ringed, XI. fig 10; XVIII. fig. 3.; II. fig. 5.; II. fig. 8. - - 83.136,211 Plover Gray, VII. fig. 6. - 128 Pochard, common, XV, fig. 5. - - 177,103 PAGE. Pochard, Scaup, X. fig. 6. - 103 Puffin, IV. fig. 1. - - 77 Quail, common, XXI. fig. 6. - 218 Rabbit, XXV. fig. 6. - 30 Rail, Land, IX. fig. 2; X.fig. 2. 134 Water, V. fig. 6 ; VI. fig. 2; XVIII. fig. 3. 75,130,137,232 Rat, Brown, XXIV. fig. 5. - 26 Water, XXIV. fig. 6. - 27 Raven, I. fig. 5. - 66, 124 Razor-bill, IV. fig. 1 ; IX. fig. 1 ; XX. fig. 1 ; XXI. fig. 7. - 77,137 Red-breast, II. fig. 2. - 108 Red-shank, X. fig. 2 ; X. fig. 6 ; X.fig. 8; XX. fig. 1. 135,148 Red-wing, IX. fig. 4. - 130 Regulus, Gold-crested, VI. fig. 6. - - 91 Roller, XI. fig. 1. - - 122 Rook, IV. fig. 8; XVIII. fig. 5 ; XX. fig. 2 ; VIII. fig. 4. - 63,213, 123 Rotche, common, III. fig. 7. - 72 Ruff, X. fig. 10; XI. fig. 3; XX. fig. 1. 145,224, 147 Sanderling, XX. fig. 8 ; X. fig. 6. - - 147 Sandpiper, common, XVIII. fig. 3; X.fig. 6; II. fig. 8. 211, 147 Wood, X. fig. 6. - 148 Green, X. fig. 6 ; XL fig. 12. - - 147,134 Scoter, Black, XIV. fig. 5. - 177 Shag, Crested, XIII. fig. 8. - 181 Sheep, XVII. fig. 4 - - 193 Sheldrake, common, XIV. fi?. 6. 170 Shoveller, V. fig. 11; XXII. fig. 3. - - 236,103 Shrike, Cinereous, I. fig. 7. - 98 Red-backed, XXI. fig. 4. - 219 Skua, Pomarine, II. fig. 8. - 81 Arctic, II. fig. 8. - 81 Smew, XXII. fig. 2. 234 Snipe, common, XI. fig. 8 -149 Brown, XVIII. fig. 3. - 211 Sparrow, House, V. fig. 10. - 70 Mountain, III. fig. 2. 79 Spoonbill, White, IV. fig. 9. - 101 Stag, XVII. fig. 6. - - 194 Starling, common, V. fig. 3; XI. fig. 13; VIll.fig.5. - 74,132 Rose-coloured, IV. fig. 3; IX. fig. 4. 77,130 ENGLISH INDEX. 259 PAGE Stoat, XVI I. fig. 2. - - 190 Stork, Black, VI. fig. 9. - 105 White, VI. fig. 5 ; XIV. fig. 7; XVIII. fig. 8; XIX. fig. 2. - 105,210,216 Stint, Little, I. fis. 2 ; X. fig. 6. - - 84, 147 Swan, Bewick's, XXIII. fig. 1 ; I.fig.l. - 95,232,183 Canada, XXIII. fig. 2, 3. 184, 185 Tame or Mute, XXIII. fig. 1 ; XXII. fig. 1. 183,232 Wild or Whistling, XXIII. fig. I ; IX. fig. 5. 183, 143 Swift, common, XXII. fig. 4,5. 230,237 Teal, common, V. fig. 11 ; XXII. fig. 2. - - 235 Tern, Black, X. fig. 6. - 147 Sandwich, XVIII. fig. 4. - 212 common, VI. fig. 3 ; XIV. fig. 1; VII. fig. 5. 127, 110 Lesser, XVIII. fig. 3. - 211 Thick-knee, common, VII. fig. 8; VIII. fig. 5. 138,132 Thrush, Missel, VII. fig. 7; VIII. fig. 2. - 124, 118 Redwing, IX. fig. 4. - 130 Song, IV. fig. 5. - 76 Titmouse, Blue, VI. fig. 6. - 88 Great, I. fig. 8 ; XX. fig. 6. - ' 82,222 PAGE Titmouse, Long-tailed,VI. fig. 6. 88 Marsh, I. fig. 8. - 82 Cole, VI. fig. 6. - 88 Turkey, common, XII. fig. 2 ; XV. fig. 5. 156, 165 Turnstone, common, XI. fig. 4; VII. fig. 5; XXI. fig. 8. - - ' 135, 128, 227 Wagtail, Pied, V. fig. 12. - 104 Yellow, V. fig. 12. -104 Water- Hen, X. fig. 2; VI. fig. 2 ; VIII. fig. 7 ; XVIII. fig. 9. 130,222 Warbler, Hedge, III. fig. 3. - 107 Sedge. V. fig. 12. - 104 Wax-wing, Bohemian, XXIII. fig. 5. - - 242 Weasel, common, XVII. fig. 2. 190 Whimbrel, X. fig. 7; V. fig. 7. 144 White-throat, V. fig. 10 - 70 Wigeon, common, V. fig. 11; XXII. fig. 2. - 234, 103 Woodcock, IV. fig. 5; XX. fig. 8. - 78, 228 Woodpecker, Great - spotted, III. fig. 9; VIII. fig. 9. 69,139 Lesser-spotted, III. fig. 9. 242 Green,VIII. fig. 9; XX fig. 5. 139, 219 Wren, common, XVIII. fig. 7. 221 Golden-crested, VI. fig. 6. 91 Wryneck, VII. fig. 9. - 98, 90 %* The Author will feel greatly obliged by the receipt of any Parasitic Insects from animals not recorded in this List, as also for foreign specimens of the same tribe, which may frequently be seen adhering to the feathers of skins brought to this country, more particularly under the wings. INDEX. COLPOCEPHALUM eurysternum flavescens fregili . Haeliaeeti . importunum Nyctarde . Ochraceum piceum . 4-pustulatum sub-sequale turbinatum zebra DOCOPHORUS Alcedinis Aquilinus atratus auratus . Bassansc Canuti . cephalus 'ceblebraehys celidoxus Cincli conicus communis Chrysopthalmi Colymbinus crassipes , . cursor . Cygni Fringillse fulvus . fusiformis fuscicollis . guttatus humeralis . icterodes incompletus . leontodon Limosse . Lari latifrons Merulse . megacephalus PAGE PAGE . 206 DOCOPHORUS continued . . 213 Merguli . . 72 . 206 Meropis . . . 101 . 208 modularis . . 107 . 216 Nisi . . ,.. . 109 t . 214 ocellatus . . 65 . 215 Ostralegi . 74 . 211 Pari . 87 . . 212 pallescens . . 82 . 216 Passerinus . 104 , . 213 Pastoris . * . 77 . 209 Piece . 67 . 210 platyrhynchus . 94 . 53 platygaster Plata! ese . 83 . 100 . Ill platystomus . . 108 . 81 Ralli . 75 . 63 rostratus . . 87 . 78 Reguli . . 91 . 110 RubeculsB . 108 . 84 serrilimbus . 90 . 81 superciliosus . . . 69 . 92 semisignatus . . 66 . 77 Turdi . 76 . 85 testudinarius . 96 . 90 tricolor ; . ; , 106 . 70 Thalassidromse . 103 . 99 Upupse ' . 92 . 80 variabilis . ' . 71 . 68 EUREUM . >: . 235 . 101 Cimicoides . . . 237 . 95 Malleus . 238 . 79 73 GONIOCOTES . 152 84 compar . . 152 ! 98 hologaster . 153 . 67 GONIODES . . . 155 B . 88 Colchici . 158 . 102 Chelicornis . 160 . 105 dispar . . 159 . 74 dissimilis . . 162 . 86 Falcicornis / . . 155 . 89 Numidianus . 163 . 97 Oi-tygis . 158 . . 106 Stylifer . 156 . 86 Tetraonis . 161 INDEX. 261 GYROPUS . gracilis ovalis , H^EMATOPINUS acanthopus affinus Asini crassicornis Eurysternus lyriocephalus piliferus serratus setosus sphaerocephalus sj)iuiger epinulosus Suis Stenopsis ventricosus Vituli LAEMOBOTHRIUM atrum . gilvum giganteum hasticeps laticolle LIOTHEIDJE LlOTHEUM LlPEURUS bilineatus Baculus brevicornis Ebrseus .. gyricornis jejunus leucopygus luridus pelagicus polytrapezius quadripustulatus squalidus Staphylinoides Stellaris sulcifrons temporalis . Tadornae variabilis versicolor MENOPON Carduelis Citririellae cucullare fulvo-maculatum fnsco-cinctum giganteum . PAGE . 244 MENOPON continued . 246 gonophseum . 245 icterum . 24 leucoxarithum . 25 lutescens . 36 mesoleucum 32,33 36 nigro-pleurum Perdicis . 29 phanerostigmaton . 27 Pici . 28 pallidum . 36 ridibundis . 36 f Scopulacorne . 36 sinuatum . 27 Stramineum . 26 Strepsilae . 34 trans versus . 36 tridens . . 30 trogloditi . 31 . 238 NIRMUS . 240 Alcae . 240 annulatus . 240 Apiastri . ib. argulus . . 239 atteauatus Cameratus . . 197 claviformis . . 204 Cuculi 164. cuspidatus 1 U- 1 og cingulatus J O~ 172 cyclothorax Jl / A 181 cruciatus 1 O 1 17Q decipiens J. / \j . 167 177 discocephalus elongatus i / / eugramraicus fissus . 182 fuse us . 173 fusco-marginatus * "'" Fulicae . 167 furvus . . 176 Glandarii . . 180 1 70 gracilis . I/O . 169 Hsematopi . Hiaticuloe . . 175 . 170 . 164 . 171 holophseus hypoleucos . liiaci junceus . . 217 limbatus . 228 marginalis . 20 Merulensis . 229 nebulosus . 218 Numenii . 219 Numidse . 225 nycthemerus , PAGE . 229 . 228 . 229 . 223 . 224 . 225 . 229 . 219 . 217 . 227 . 221 . 222 . 229 . 226 . 226 . 229 . 221 . 112 . 137 . 132 . 133 . 123 . 134 . 112 . 131 . 120 . 130 . 146 . 150 . 151 . 125 . 113 . 140 . 151 . 148 . 118 . 136 . 125 . 151 . 129 . 116 . 126 . 136 . 145 . 141 . 130 . 143 . 122 . 118 . 128 . 132 . 144 . 115 . 151 202 INDEX. NIRMUS continued obscurus Ochropi (Edicriemi olivaceus Phalaropi Podicepis Phseopi punctatus Rallinus rufus Scolopacis sellatus Strain incus Stenopyx Strepsilaris . subcuspidatua tennis . tessellatus turmalis . uncinosus varius . Viscivori Vanelli NlTZSCHIA Burmeisteri ORNITHOBIUS atro-marginatus Cygni goniopluros PEDICULID^E PAGE . 147 . 134 . 138 . 115 . 139 . 142 . 144 . 151 . 137 . 119 . 149 , 127 . 139 , 151 . 135 . 122 148 . 121 , 114 , 117 151 , 124 . 128 , 230 , 230 . 183 , 185 . 183 , 184 PEDICULUS capitis tabescentiutn Vestimenti . PHILOPTERID.E PHILOPTERUS PHYSOSTOMUM Bombycillse frenatum irascens raystax nitidissimum sulphureum PHTHIRIUS . inguinalis TRICHODECTES erassus dubius . Equi '. latus ; longicornis Similis ; Scalaris Sphserocephalus Subrostratus Vulpis TRINOTON conspurcatum lituratum luridum squalidum PAGE . 12 13, 16 18, 19 16, 18 . 37 41,62 . 241 . 242 . 244 . 244 . 241 . 244 . 244 . 8 . 9 . 186 . 187 . 190 . 191 . 188 . 192 . 194 . 191 . 193 . 189 . 189 . 232 . 232 . 236 . 234 . 235 THE END. G. NORMAN, PRINTER, MAIDEN LANE, C'OVENT GARDEN, ENTUATED LIST of British Lepidoptera. >, 4s. 6d. 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