mR\ LITTLE BOOKS ON ART BOOKPLATES i I EDWARD ALMACK n (I UtllVEttsiTr iCAII Sf\N DIEGO ' OF I GO I hnA^.- 'J"t.'ie.^£>'%^,.j£'Mj jiii'i)iiriNiMi'i^fi,f,f^t;f;^?.r^',^,s.ANDiEGo ) nTjS J ]^Oli 3 1822 66577 2926 Central University Library University of California, San Diego Please Note: This item is subject to recall after two weeks. Date Due ^ef ^^mi TIuV ■'■ r ' - - -, ^' LITTLE BOOKS ON ART GENERAL EDITOR iJlCYRIL DAVENPORT] BOOKPLATES LITTLE BOOKS ON ART Demy IQmo. 2s. 6d. net. SUBJECTS MINIATURES. Alice Corkran BOOKPLATES. Edward Almack GREEK ART. H. B. Walters ROMAN ART. H. B. Walters THE ARTS OF JAPAN. Mrs. C. M. Salwey JEWELLERY. C. Davenport CHRIST IN ART. Mrs. H. Jenner OUR LADY IN ART. Mrs. H. Jenner CHRISTIAN SYMBOLISM. H. Jenner ILLUMINATED MSS. J. W. Bradley ENAMELS. Mrs. Nelson Dawson FURNITURE. Egan Mew ARTISTS ROMNEY. George Paston DURER. L. Jessie Allen REYNOLDS. J. Sime WATTS. Miss R. E. D. Sketchlev HOPPNER. H. P. K. Skipton TURNER. Frances Tyrrell-Gill HOGARTH. Egan Mew BURNE-JONES. Fortun6e De Lisle LEIGHTON. Alice Corkran REMBRANDT. Mrs. E. A. Sharp VELASQUEZ. WilfridWilberforce and A. R. Gilbert VANDYCK. Miss M. G. Smallwood DAVID COX. Arthur Tomson HOLBEIN. Beatrice Fortescue COROT. Ethel Birnstingl and Mrs. A. Pollard MILLET. Netta Peacock CLAUDE. E. Dillon GREUZE and BOUCHER. Eliza F. Pollard RAPHAEL. A. R. Dryhurst t see page lij BOOKPLATES BY EDWARD ALMACK, F.S.A. WITH FORTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON 1904 l^v.>"-v.^*- llh^^^^^-^JU^ CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY General remarks — Various modes of engraving — Styles in book- plates ..... page I CHAPTER II BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Very early plates— Albrecht Diirer— Other German artists— Early English . . . . ... II CHAPTER III BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Lucas Cranach — Charles V. — Hans Holbein — Early French and English bookplates — Sir Nicholas Bacon — Queen Elizabeth — Bookplates that are not armorial — Bookplates in Switzerland, Sweden, and Italy . . . ... 20 CHAPTER IV BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY The seventeenth century begins — German plates — William Mar- shall — Lord Littleton — Huet, Bishop of Avranches . . 30 CHAPTER V BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Some French and some German plates — The cap of liberty — Buonaparte — Alsace and Lorraine . . . . 38 CHAPTER VI BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING Viscount Cholmondeley— James Loch of Drylaw — William Pitt of Binfield . . . . ... 44 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER VII SOME SPECIMENS INSERTED IN A BOOK KEPT IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM FOR THAT PURPOSE Some bookplates kindly lent by Mr. G. F. Barwick — Wrest Park plates — Sir John Lubbock . . . page 53 CHAPTER VIII CHIPPENDALE AND CRESTPLATES William Sharp the engraver — The Rev. John Watson — Edward Trotter — Patrick Colquhoun . . ... 62 CHAPTER IX MODERN BOOKPLATES Remarks on examples given in The Studio, special winter num- ber, 1898-9 . . . . ... 69 CHAPTER X VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES The'proper place for a bookplate is in a book — Gordon of Buthlaw — Spencer Perceval — William Wilberforce — A bookplate for a special purpose— George Ormerod — Robert Surtees — Cathedral plates . . . . ... 76 CHAPTER XI BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA . . ... 121 CHAPTER XII INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS John Collet of Little Gidding — A book that was in the Battle of Corunna — Henry Howard — Sir Percivall Hart — John Crane and the Battle of Naseby . . . • • 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 172 »75 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS SAINT BENEDICT NOVACELLA MARIDAT, P. MALDEN, PAUL DE . MERCATOR, NICHOLAS PEPPER, PRESCOTT . VAUGHAN, FRA. THROCKMORTON, SIR ROBER'l MORS, SOLA RESOLVIT BECKWITH, THOMAS BUNSEN, CO.. EARL DE GREY LUBBOCK, SIR J. W. CARRUTHERS, WILLIAM SHARP, WILLIAM WATSON, THE REV. JOHN TROTTER, EDWARD GORDON OF BUTHLAW PERCEVAL, THE HONBLE. SPENCER EARL OF GUILDFORD WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM CONSTABLE, THE REV. JOHN . Frontispiece PAGE i6 38 40 44 46 48 SO 51 52 56 57 58 6q 6a 63 64 76 77 78 80 86 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS BATEMAN, WILLIAM DUKE OF BEAUFORT CONDUITT, JOHN WHEATLEY, HENRY B. RAINE, JAMES FIOTT, JOHN DUKE OF SUSSEX . CAMPBELL, THE HONBLE. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL OF SHAWFIELD GURNEY, HUDSON . CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL NEWCOME, THE REV. T. WOOD, THE REV. MAXLEY . PRINCESS SOPHIA . BANDINEL, BULKELEY BLISS, PHILIP DENHOLM, SIR JAMES STEWART OUSELEY, SIR GORE HEATHCOTE, GEORGE PARKER JARVIS, SAMUEL FARMAR 90 91 92 93 96 98 100 102 104 105 106 107 109 109 no 112 116 118 146 BOOKPLATES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY General remarks — Various modes of engraving — Styles in bookplates. OF course some people have exag"g"erated the importance of bookplates, and on the other hand some have affected to ignore them. Now the simple fact is that bookplates belong to books, and anything that has to do with books will assuredly charm cultivated minds until time shall be no more. If this essential point were oftener remembered, the exaggera- tions of both sides would be avoided. In Germany, a country where bookplates very earl}^ found a home, the word bibliothekzeicheuy or library label, is used. Germans also use the name ex lihris^ and in France the Latin expres- sion ex libris is the only term in use. Naturally the owner's name in the genitive case is always B 2 BOOKPLATES understood. In France manuscript inscriptions of ownership are very fittingly included as ex libris. It is too late to change now ; but, at all events, whether included or not under any- special word, manuscript inscriptions in books by their owners will always be a very interest- ing study. What, as explained above, are in France included under ex libris, were known long before the days of printing, as personal inscrip- tions with or without the delineation of armorial bearings are often to be found forming part of the text of books in manuscript. In fact the various relationships of wealthy patron, learned scribe, and skilled illuminator, gave much scope for these. To come to what may be said to be known everywhere as ex libris, is to treat of those wonderful days when the earliest printed books were still a novelty. Directly several people or institutions each had copies of a certain printed book, each copy being a duplicate of the other, a wish arose to distinguish owner- ship. Before treating further of bookplates, it will be well to clearly point out the different kinds of blocks or plates. The woodcut block, known LNTRODUCTORY 3 in some manner to the Chinese 400 years before, was first cut in Europe early in the fifteenth century. The St. Christopher engraved in Germany in 1423, is probably the earliest. The piece of wood to be engraved was cut longwise with the grain, as a plank is cut to- day. A thin piece of some soft wood, such as pear, apple, or lime, was chosen, the design drawn upon it, and then with a knife the en- graver cut away to a certain depth everything except the drawn design. In modern times — about 1785— a revolution took place in wood engraving, when Bewick began to engrave on a piece of wood cut end- wise, and with a graver instead of a knife. Bewick chose some very hard wood, usually box. This manner has been continued to this day ; and sometimes to distinguish the old art from the new, as the one is so different from the other, the former is called a woodcut and the latter wood-engraving. Next as to etchings. To produce an etching a copper plate is covered with wax, then with an etching-needle the design is drawn through the wax to the copper. Acid is then applied, which, of course, only eats out the copper where the design has been etched. Now as to copper-plate line engravings. The 4 BOOKPLATES engraver first traces on the plate the outline of his design, and then with the triangular- pointed graver he furrows out the lines, inclining his graver deeper or shallower according as he wishes to produce varying effects. Copper-plate engraving has been practised ever since early in the fifteenth century. About 1820 engraving on steel came into vogue. More impressions can be taken from a steel than from a copper plate ; but steel is more difficult to engrave upon. By a new process, however, a copper plate can now be strengthened with a steel film. Mezzotint engraving is an art by itself, and of great interest to English readers, because of the many charming mezzotint engravings after England's great portrait - painter, Sir Joshua Reynolds ; and also by reason of Prince Rupert, the brave cavalier's, close con- nection with the art. He has often been said to have invented mezzotint ; but the first credit for this is now given to another gallant soldier, Ludwig von Siegen, who engraved a plate in 1642, and kept his discovery a profound secret until, in 1654, he found himself in Brussels with Prince Rupert. The two kindred spirits meeting, the secret was soon unfolded. Rupert became as eager in another field as if he were leading a cavalry charge, and in four years' INTRODUCTORY 5. time appeared his splendid mezzotint engraving", The Executioner of John the Baptist. As the object of this book is not to give a serious treatise on elaborate methods of engraving, it will best express mezzotint to state that it is in general terms produced by the opposite process from a line engraving. A very smooth copper- plate surface is, as it were, engraved all over. Then the design is wrought on this by a scraping process. A kind of stipple or dotted engraving was known early in the sixteenth century ; but what is really famous as stipple and dotted engraving, only came into vogue in the eighteenth century. The copper plate was first covered with wax, and a dotted outline of the subject pricked through the wax with an etching - needle. Then the shadows were filled in, and finally acid used, as with an etching. Francesco Bartolozzi's is probably the name best known in this connection, though in masterly ability, William Ryland, who was hanged for forgery, far surpassed him. In aquatint engraving, the plate to be en- graved is covered with a solution made of resin and spirits of wine ; this process produces a surface more or less open to the action of acids when applied. In the hands of a skilful 6 BOOKPLATES manipulator, a fine engraving results from this " more or less " condition. Here, in beginning" to record the succeeding styles of ex libris, let us refer to the varieties which have prevailed at different times amongst Deutschland bookplates. In the first place careful note must be made regarding six coloured drawings of the fourteenth century which Herr Warnecke includes as bookplates, in his splendid work — Die Deutschen Biiche- zeichen. Now if once it be admitted that something inscribed in a book as in fact a necessary integral part of that book, is a bookplate, then it becomes impracticable to draw a distinguishing line. Next, if like the old preachers, we divided the description into three headings, firstly, secondly, and thirdly, we should on this subject record : firstly, German ex libris are armorial ; secondly, they are armorial ; thirdly, they are armorial. Especially in the earlier plates, the crest is always in its proper place over a helmet, and the helmet over the shield of arms. It would be well if with just an artistic frame to enclose the whole the bookplate stopped there ; but alas, there is only too often besides a multitude of fantastic accessories, which give a confusing instead of a pleasing impression. INTRODUCTORY 7 Coming down towards the seventeenth century, you are sometimes favoured (?) with a fantastic maze of the quarteringfs and emblems of the owner's relatives to the fortieth generation. Predominant in the seventeenth century is what is known as the Baroque style, with designs of endless curves and contortions, drawn in a very heavy manner. Some of the plates which are most pleasing, are those where the arms are surrounded by light wreaths of leaves and flowers. Reaching the eighteenth century, the Rococo or Shell style, begun in France, becomes common in German bookplates. Late in the century there are, too, some curious and pleasing alle- gorical plates. Of early nineteenth-century German ex libris, perhaps the less said the better ; but a few are good and all help in making history, so that it is interesting to know that the famous author and collector, Karl Emich Count zu Leiningen- Westerburg, had between seven hundred and eight hundred specimens. Since then, with the union of Germany, has come, as all the world knows, an artistic and literary development in ex lihris, as well as in other branches of art. All this, and a million other points about German bookplates, are 8 BOOKPLATES admirably told in the late Karl Emich Count zu Leiningen-Westerburg's book, translated into English for the ex libris series. In the styles of French bookplates, the more or less simple armorial is most often met in the earlier examples, although one of the best known — that of Charles Ailleboust, Bishop of Autun, had nothing armorial about it. Heraldry, of course, took an early and master- ful hold of the French aristocracy, although -even in France, in quite early years, it was found necessary to fix fearful fines and penalties for people assuming insignia to which they had no lawful claim. Up to about 1650, the almost rectangular shield prevailed in French bookplates ; but soon after this, oval shields predominate, and not seldom capped by coronets to which the owners had no title. There is often at the base of the shield a solid plinth, usually bearing the chief inscription. Then in the latter half of the eighteenth century comes the Rococo or Shell style of bookplate. At the same time, too, there are of course Field-Marshals' ex libris, defended by guns, and Lord High Admirals' bookplates reclining amongst anchors. In 1790 the French Assembly passed a decree INTRODUCTORY 9 annulling the titles of duke, count, marquis, viscount, baron, and chevalier ; also doing" away with all armorial bearings. In regard to the st3'les of English bookplates we cannot do better than, for the most part, to refer to the learning of Mr. W. J. Hardy^ — a man steeped to the finger-tips in ancient lore. Up to about 1720, " Simple Armorial " is the best brief record. The shield is surmounted by a helmet, on which are the wreath and crest. From the helmet is outspread mantling, more or less voluminous. In earlier examples this terminates generally in tassels, before reaching the base of the shield. In later examples its heavy folds descend quite to the base, and often ascend from the helmet to the level of the top of the crest. Below is a scroll for the motto, and below that, the owner's name. Next we come to what is known as the Jacobean style, but to which the much more fitting name of "Queen Anne and early Georgian" should be given. The style includes mainly an ornamental frame, suggestive of carved work, resting as often as not upon some kind of conventional support ; the ornamenta- tion of both frame and support being of the interior architectural order, making frequent lo BOOKPLATES use of fish scales and trellis or diaper patterns for the decoration of plain surface. Next we find the Rococo style introduced from across the Channel, and this before long time, merging into the well-known Chippendale style, so closely associated with English book- plates. After this, in English bookplates comes the festoon, or wreath -and -ribbon style, in which certainly many charming ex lihris were engraved. As Mr. Egerton Castle points out, one of the surest ways of knowing this later Georgian style is by the spade shape of the shields, and altogether a manner which calls up memories of designers and architects such as Sir W. Chambers, Adams, Wedgwood, or Sheraton. CHAPTER II BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Very early plates— Albert Dlirer— Other German artists — Early English. THE bookplate here given as a frontispiece, may be the oldest in the world. At all events, it remains to this day a fifteenth-century bookplate in a fifteenth -century book. The work is a Latin treatise on logic, in a German hand. Mr. W. H. J. Weale has very kindly looked at the book, and writes : "The binding is German, I think Bavarian; but although the same stamps, or rather, to be accurate, some of them, occur on several bookbindings I have copied, I have never been able to locate them. The S. Benedict with the book, and glass with the serpent issuing from it, is evidently German ; the arms have nothing to do with the Saint, or the order, nor are they the arms of an abbey, but no doubt those of a layman to whom the book belonged."* Now to come to the real or almost personal * Where not otherwise specified, the book or book- plate is in my own library. — E. A. II 12 BOOKPLATES story of engraved bookplates or ex libris, as we may call them indifferently. First we will talk of the oldest, and then gradually come down to our own time. Germany was the fatherland of bookplates, and it is of great interest to remember that it was, too, the fatherland of printing and of wood-engraving. The earliest known engraved bookplate is that of Hildebrand Brandenburg, a monk of the Carthusian Monastery at Buxheim, near Memmingen, to which he was evidently in the habit of presenting books. The woodcut shows an angel holding a shield on which are dis- played the arms of the Brandenburg family, a black ox with a ring passed through its nose. The late Karl Emich Count zu Leiningen- Westerburg, the great authority on German ex libris, suggests that either Biberach or Ulm was the birthplace of this bookplate, and in or about the year 1470, which is a year before Albert Diirer was born. Another bookplate, also armorial, of about the same date, and found in a book given to this same monastery at Buxheim, is that of Wilhelm von Zell. Lastly, there has as yet been found one other which is grouped with these two, as of about the same date. It re- presents a hedgehog with a flower in its mouth, BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 13 on grass strewn with flowers. It was eng"raved for Hans Igler. Igel means a hedgehog", and at the head of the ex Hbris is cut the inscription : " Hanns Igler das dich ein Igel Kiis." After this there may be mentioned the follow- ing six plates before we turn over the leaf of a new century. The inscribed armorial ex Hbris of Thomas Wolphius, Pontificii Juris Doctor, and that of Rupprecht Muntzinger^ a block of South German origin, and ascribed by some to the hand of M. Wohlgemuth. Two anonymous plates, both armorial, and in saying anonymous it must not be supposed that the owner was not well known in his day, and probably long afterwards. One represents the head of a bull caboshed, with a sickle issuing from it. The other, the fleur-de-lis, is on a shield, and for crest, the half figure of a man with a battle- axe. Then two bookplates, the body of which has been engraved and space left for one or another person to use them. Passing now into the sixteenth century, and still keeping to chronology as our main guide, we can turn at once to Albrecht Diirer as a designer of ex Hbris, and we now move on to safer ground, as we begin to find dates, and then soon names or monograms of engravers. Albrecht Diirer, the second son of Albrecht 14 BOOKPLATES Diirer, goldsmith, was born in the good city of Nuremberg on the 21st May, 1471. Like Benvenuto Cellini, born some thirty years later, young Albrecht Diirer's first ex- perience of handiwork was in the goldsmith's craft ; but with a difference, as Benvenuto Cellini learned the goldsmith's art against his father's will. On St. Andrew's Day, i486, young Albrecht had the joy of inducing his father to apprentice him for three years to Michel Wohlgemut. This step, important in the young artist's life, is especially important in our consideration, as, with the aid of Anton Koburger, the princely printer, who was Albrecht Diirer's godfather, Michel Wohlgemut founded the great Nuremberg school of wood-engrav- ing. From 1490 to 1494 Diirer was on his travels, and spent some while in Venice, where he was again in 1505 to 1507. On the 14th July, 1494, after his home-coming from his first wanderings, he was married to Agnes, the daughter of Hans Frey. For the rest, this is not the place for a history of his works. His noble life was closed on the 6th of April, 1528, and thus before he had reached the age at which many artists have done their best work ; but what vast treasures he had wrought within those fifty-seven years ! BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 15 The following" five ex libris have been, on good authority, distinctly ascribed to Albrecht Diirer's art : two varieties of a woodcut made for Willibald Pirckheimer, of Nuremberg", one with and one without the well-known motto " Sibi et Amicis." This is a fine armorial plate with helmet, and arms of himself and his wife. One of three ex libris used by Johann Stab, a learned mathematician and poet, a friend of Albrecht Diirer. This is an armorial plate, and is disting"uished by having a laurel wreath ; but no inscription. In the Albertina Museum at Vienna is Diirer's original drawing" in violet ink for the armorial woodcut bookplate of his friend Lazarus Spengler, Recorder of Nuremberg. The armorial woodcut ex libris of Johann Tscherte, exhibiting a satyr and dogs. Tschert, in Bohemian, means a satyr or devil. Besides the foregoing", there exist several sketches by Diirer which can hardly have been intended for anything" but bookplates ; and also, before passing from Diirer, the large bookplate for Dr. Hector Pomer, the last Prior of the Abbey of St. Laurence in Nuremberg, must be mentioned. In itself a beautiful work of art, it bears a date, 1525, and the wood-engraver's initials, " R. A." The drawing is worthy of the 1 6 BOOKPLATES hand of Durer himself, and " R. A." probably cut the block in Diirer's studio, from the great master's own design. On the chief shield are the arms of the monastery, the gridiron of St. Laurence quartering the arms of Pomer. By the shield, stands St. Laurence holding in one hand a gridiron, and in the other the martyr's palm. The motto: "To the pure all things are pure," is given, as was Durer's wont, in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. At the bottom of all is the owner's name, " D. Hector Pomer Praepos S. Lavr. " Before quite leaving Diirer, the earliest dated German bookplate should be named, as some think that he had a hand in it, especially as it was for a friend of his, Hieronymus Ebner von Eschenbach, born in Nuremberg on the 5th of January, 1477, educated at Ingolstadt, and afterwards in the household of the Emperor Maximilian, he became a learned lawyer and judge. He was a friend and ally of Martin Luther, and engaged in a cultivated corre- spondence with many of the leaders of that age. Following the start given by Albrecht Diirer, Nuremberg continued to be the home of book- plate engraving ; but very soon copper-plate engraving took the place of woodcuts. s ^ « • CO (J • »^ 1 ^ !-£3 a> ;0 H 1 cs Lq > O ;z; BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 17 Two of the best engravers were two brothers, Hans Sebald Beham, born in 1500, and Barthel Beham, born in 1502. Both were skilful en- gravers, and both were expelled their native city as heretics. The elder engraved the plate for one of Dr. Hector Pomer's smaller ex libris, and the younger brother engfraved the two varieties of bookplates for Luther's friend, Hieronymous Baumgartner. He also engraved a plate for Melchior Pfinzing", provost of a church in Mainz. Here we will turn aside from Germany for a moment just to refer to an undoubted English bookplate of this early period. It remains to this day in a book known to have belongfed to Cardinal Wolsey, and afterwards to Henry VOL This, though not an eng^raving*, is none the less a bookplate. Mr. W. J. Hardy, our best authority on English ex libris, has de- scribed it : A carefully drawn sketch of the cardinal's arms, with supporters, and sur- mounted by a cardinal's hat, the whole coloured by hand. Thus the very earliest English ex libris of which we know was used by the more than princely Thomas Wolsey, and at some time between 15 14 and his death in 1530, in which interval he was the arbiter of empires, some- c I 8 BOOKPLATES times journeying attended b}' a personal retinue of two hundred gentlemen in crimson velvet, and then, later, what a contrast — " He was without beds, sheets, table-cloths, cups and dishes ! " Matthias Jundt, born at Nuremberg in 1498, and died in 1586, engraved a good number of ex libris. He produced several for members of the Nuremberg family of Pfinzing, and in one of them, that of Seyfried Pfinzing von Hen- fenfeld, there is used one of those fanciful con- ceits so common of old; the motto "Saluti Patrije Vixisse Honestat " is used to show the owner's initials. Virgil Solis, born at Nurem- berg in 1 5 14, engraved both on copper and on wood, working mostly from his own designs. The engravings known to be by him number eight hundred. He engraved an ex libris block for Gundlach of Nuremberg in 1555. It re- presents Pomona, with the arms of Gundlach and Fiirleger, in a beautiful landscape. In the same year he engraved an armorial and landscape plate for Andreas Imhof, another Nuremberger. This is our first mention of landscape bookplates, but it will be by no means the last. The last of this set of en- gravers whom we will mention was not a native of Nuremberg, but came there from BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 19 Zurich, at the age of twenty-one, in 1560, and died there in 1591. His best work was in woodcuts. The curious in caUigraphy will find that he signed his initials in twelve different forms. His name was Jost Amman. In German Bookplates, translated for George Bell and Sons' ex libris series, nearly twenty bookplates engraved by Jost Amman are enu- merated, and good reproductions are given of several. There is the usual armorial shield, but a large amount of richly decorative renais- sance engraving outside it. In the plate engraved for Veit August Holzschuher, the owner has evidently signed his name in a space at the foot of the block left for it. His arms fittingly display a pair of wooden shoes to fit his name. One cannot help wishing that more of these early private ex libris had such a space, bearing the ancient owner's autograph. CHAPTER III BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Lucas Cranach— Charles V.— Hans Holbein — Early French and English bookplates — Sir Nicholas Bacon — Queen Elizabeth — Bookplates that are not armorial — Bookplates in Switzerland, Sweden, and Italy. IN the ex libris which Jost Amman made for "Johann Fischart genannt Mentzer " the initial letters J. F.G.M. are the initial letters, too, of the owner's motto: "Jove fovente gignitur Minerva." Leaving now the Nuremberg school, we come to Lucas Cranach the elder. He is just one of those figures of old time of whom one would like to know much more. His chivalrous attachment to Frederick the Magnanimous, the last of three Electors of Saxony, all of whom he served, points to noble traits of character. He shared all the sufferings of Frederick the Magnanimous in the five years that he was in the hands of Charles V., although himself an old man, went with him to Weimar on his release in 1552, and died there in his eighty- 20 BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 21 first year, on the i6th October, 1553. His painting's and engravings are without number, the latter mostly woodcuts. One special interest of his work is that he was fond of introducing homely portraits of his friends, and portraits always give great interest to ex libris. Among the ex libris from the hand of Lucas Cranach the elder are the woodcuts, in four dlflferent sizes, engraved for the Library of Wittenberg University, and each bearing the portrait of Frederick the Magnanimous. At the foot of each is the inscription — " Et patris, et patrui, famam, virtutibus, aequat. Sui patris et patrui, nobile noinen habet. Adserit, invicto divinum pectore verbum, Et Musas onini dexteritate juvat. Hiiic etiam ad promptos studiorum contulit usus, Inspicis hoc prsesens quod modo Lector opus." Hans Holbein has been credited with the designs for two woodcuts ex libris. With the great amount and variety of work done by Holbein it would be most natural that he should have designed some ex libris. We of to-day can only deal with what has survived. For instance, scores of precious works printed three hundred years ago have wholly passed out of knowledsfe. 22 BOOKPLATES What a charming- bookplate Hans Holbein would have invented — who knows that be did not? — say, for his noble martyr friend Sir Thomas More — perhaps depicting sweet Mar- garet Roper reading to her father, adding at foot of the plate some quaint motto from Erasmus ! Hans Holbein lived scarcely forty- six years. Next we will mention Hans Burgkmaier, born, too, at Augsburg in 1473, and a son of Hans Holbein the elder's father-in-law\ Several ex libris have been assigned to his hand ; but with no certainty. The Emperor Maximilian I. was his patron, and Albrecht Diirer his friend. Now we reach about the time of what, until lately, was accounted the earliest French book- plate with a date. This bears the brief but comprehensive inscription: "Ex bibliotheca Caroli Albosii. E. Eduensis. Ex labore quies." The earliest known dated English ex libris is also of 1574; but we always, in courtesy, put our friends before ourselves, and remember Napier's splendid remark on hearing that Lord Mahon had contemptuously spoken of Napier's History as the best "French" history of the war: "I always thought that to be generous to a noble foe was truly English, until my Lord Mahon informed me it was wholly French." BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 23 Sir Nicholas Bacon's bookplate bears his arms with helmet surmounted by crest ; the crest being-, of course, the only crest that could belong to Bacon. The Germans very properly never dreamt that a crest oug-ht to appear any- where but on a helmet. We have not been so correct. This recalls the blank amazement of a German on beholding- a British officer in plain clothes. I remember thirty years ago, in Ger- many, my friend FitzRoy Gardner happening to show a photograph of Field-Marshal Sir John Burgoyne in plain clothes. The exclama- tion came at once, " He cannot be an officer, he is not in uniform." This was, of course, the chivalrous old warrior who, in his yacht, brought the lovely Empress of the French safely to our shores. This very interesting and early English bookplate has at the foot Sir Nicholas Bacon's motto: " Mediocria Firma," and we need not go here in full into the point of its date, which is fairly established. It is with an inscription in books given in 1574 by Sir Nicholas Bacon to Cambridge University. Sir Nicholas, perhaps best known for being the father of Francis, was the close friend of Cecil, Lord Burleigh, and Matthew Parker, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, fellow - ministers with 24 BOOKPLATES him of Queen Elizabeth. Queen Bess often made herself his guest, and after her visit of six days in 1577, her host had the door by which she had passed under his roof nailed up, so that no one, after her, mig"ht cross the same threshold. Oh for the picturesque days of old ! Lord Beaconsfield alone, in our day, might have thought of such a graceful act. The second dated engraved English book- plate known at present is that of Sir Thomas Tresham, knighted by Queen Bess in 1575. The plate is armorial, with a huge array of quarterings ; helmet surmounted by crest in proper style. Inscription: " Fecit mihi magna qui potens est. 1585. Jun. 29,", and below the arms : " S Tho: Tresame Knight." Sir Thomas married Muriel, daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton, and their son was Francis, "a wylde and unstayed man," who first engaged in, and then revealed, the Gun- powder Plot. The father's dying, in 1605, was probably the cause of the son's not going forward in the plot, as he inherited property which would steady his aspirations. Sir Thomas left interesting memories of himself in fine buildings ; and particularly in his own county of Northampton, the market-house at Rothwell, and the triangular lodge at Rushton. BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 25 A characteristic German plate of about 1570 is that of Johann Hector zum Jungfen, with his name thus engraved in full under his arms, and the Latin motto : " Memorare nouissima tua," at the top of the plate. In the earliest ex lihris we did not find the owners' names engraved. So far almost everything has been purely armorial, and now we will turn to something different. This is a 1588 German plate; cer- tainly it bears a small shield of arms, but most of the plate is occupied with the following engraved inscription: "Reverendus et Nobilis Dominus Wolfgangus Andreas Rem a Ketz, Cathedralis Ecclesia August: Sum: Praepositus, librurn hunc uni cum mille et tribus aliis, variisque instrumentis Mathematicis, Biblio- thecffi Monasterii S. Crucis Augusta, ad per- petuum Conventualium usum, Anno Christi M.D.LXXXVIII. Testamento legauit. " We have noticed 1574 as the date of the earliest English dated bookplate, the next dated is not until 1585, and in France the gap is still wider ; 1574 is the earliest dated French plate, and the next that has been found is dated 161 1. In Sweden, too, many years passed after the 1595 example without a dated successor. In Switzerland, also, where the earliest dated ex libris was in 1607, a long interval followed, in 26 BOOKPLATES which we do not find dated Swiss ex Hbris. In Italy we do not find any dated ex Hbris before 1623. This 161 1 plate is that of Alexandre Bou- chart, Viscount de Blosseville. This was found in a folio cop}' of the works of Ptolemj' printed at Amsterdam in 1605, in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. The graver - work and probably the design, too, was done by Leonard Gaultier, who also executed an engraved por- trait of Alexandre Bouchart. Leonard Gaultier was born at Mayence in about 1561, and died in Paris in 1641, having engraved above eight hundred plates. Herr Carlander, the chief authority for Swedish bookplates, finds 1596 the earliest date, and this on the plate of Senator Thure Bielke, of whom we do not know much more than that to his own cost he took the wrong side in politics, was beheaded in 1600, and had therefore no further use for his dated ex Hbris. A German ex Hbris of near this date is interesting, as, like a good many others, it is to be found in three sizes. This is the ex Hbris of Johann Baptist Zeyll, designed by P. Opel, and cut on wood by C. L. in 1593. Of course now in the days of photography it is easy to have your bookplate in several BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 27 sizes ; but it was far otherwise in these old times. Next must be named a plate engraved in 1613 for placing- in the books presented by William Willmer, a Northamptonshire gentleman, to his college library in Cambridge. Mr. Griggs reproduced it among his eighty-three armorial examples. It is inscribed "Sydney Sussex Colledge Ex dono Wilhelmi Willmer de Sywell in Com. Northamtoniae, Armigeri, quondam pentionarii in ista Domi. Vizin Anno Domini 1599 seddedit in An° Dni 1613." In France, as likewise in England, there are hardly any dated bookplates at this period. Mr. Walter Hamilton, in writing of French ex libi'is before 1650, refers to three in different sizes, all engraved for Jean Bigot, Sieur de Sommesnil ; and somewhat later, another set differing from the former, and with the owner's name engraved as Johannes Bigot. After that we read of three bookplates engraved for the son, L. E. Bigot. In this connection the late Mr. Walter Hamilton is drawn on to give par- ticulars of a family of ardent book collectors, thus incidentally illustrating very happily how the possession of one dirty scrap of paper — an old ex libr is— nvdiy lead on from one fascina- ting inquiry to another. 28 BOOKPLATES A fine characteristic German ecclesiastical ex libris of 1624 is the plate given — page 330, George Bell and Sons— of Otto Gereon von Gutmann, Doctor of Theology, Electoral Coun- cillor, and Suffragan Bishop of Cologne, A very fine armorial plate, of which we do not know the designer, the engraver, nor the date, is that of Alexandre Petau. His father, Paul Petau, Conseiller au Parlement de Paris, died in 1613, bequeathing to his son a fine library of manuscripts and printed books. A bookplate in two sizes, engraved for Claude Sarrau, Councillor to the Parliament of Paris. He died in 165 1, and his son Isaac, in 1654, edited his father's correspondence with the learned of his time. The larger Sarrau plate, and probably the smaller as well, were engraved by Isaac Briot, who was born in 1585, and died in Paris in 1670. Reaching the seventeenth century, we find German ex libris multiplying greatly, but not improving in design. Armorial bookplates still predominate, but the shield is often in one way or another sur- rounded by wreaths of leaves and flowers. It can hardly be insisted on too clearly that there is nothing mysterious, though much that is interesting, about the varying modes and man- BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 29 ners of ex libris. They, in fact, represented the art, customs, learning, and taste of successive ag-es. Thus turn to Johann Sibmacher's Wappen- btichlein, published in 1596, and you will find plenty of illustrations of these wreaths, though with no reference to bookplates. CHAPTER IV BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY The seventeenth century begins — German plates— William Marshall— Lord Littleton— Huet, Bishop of Avranches. IN 1604 Eg-idius S adder of Munich engraved for Arnold von Reyger a plate which is both signed and dated. At the top of the plate is the Latin motto "Ad Deum Refugium," and in another part of the plate are the letters "Z.G. M.Z.," standing for " Zu Gott meine Zuflucht," the German version of the Latin motto. In 1619 Hans Hauer designed and Hans Troschel engraved a characteristic and very elaborate ex libris for Johann Wilhelm Krep von Krepenstein, of Nuremberg. Both designer and engraver were natives of Nuremberg, the former born in 1582, and the latter about six years later. In about the year 1623 Raphael Sadeler engraved a bookplate in three sizes for the Electoral Library of the Dukes of Bavaria at Munich. He also engraved a plate for the 30 BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 31 Elector Palatine's libraries in Heidelberg- and in Rome. Raphael Sadeler and his elder brother Jan, and their nephew Gillis or Egidius Sadeler, were all skilful with the graver. Raphael was born at Brussels in 1555, and with his elder brother travelled through Germany, producing many engravings, and afterwards settling at Venice. Egidius, the nephew, was born at Antwerp in 1575; taught by his uncles Jan and Raphael, he lived to far surpass his teachers. After spending some time in Italjs he was invited to Prague by the Emperor Rudolph II. He died at Prague in 1629. In 1640, or a little earlier, William Marshall engraved a bookplate for Edward, Lord Little- ton, born in 1589 at Munston, in Shropshire, his father being Sir Edward Littleton, Chief Justice of North Wales, and his mother being a daughter of Edmund Walter, Chief Justice of South Wales. From Christ Church, Oxford, Littleton, in 1608, entered the Inner Temple. On his father's death, in 162 1, he became Chief Justice of North Wales. In 1625 he became member of Parliament for Leominster. He became counsel to the University of Oxford, Reader to the Inner Temple, and Recorder of London. In 1634 he was made Solicitor- 32 BOOKPLATES General. In the meantime his great learning" and high character made him much respected, and the City Aldermen sent him a courteous gift of two hogsheads of claret and a pipe of canary. Next, he became Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and soon Lord Chancellor. In February, 1641, he was created Lord Little- ton of Munston, Happily for him he died young, as in those stormy times he was too just a man to be a good party politician. It is interesting to note that on May 21st, 1644, he was commissioned to raise a regiment of foot soldiers, consisting of gentlemen of the Inns of Court and Chancery and others, himself becoming colonel. The great Lord Clarendon wrote of Littleton as a " handsome and proper man of a very graceful presence, and notorious for courage, which in his youth he had mani- fested with his sword." Above all, Littleton was incorruptible, win- ning, and keeping the respect of such opposite men as Clarendon and Bulstrode Whitelocke. Here we get a glimpse of his library, as it is recorded that when the Commons seized his books Whitelocke interceded and got the books given into his own care, so that, as he ex- pressed it, "when God gave them a happy accommodation " he might restore them to BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 33 rightful hands. The arms on the bookplate are the arms of Lyttelton of Frankley. Littleton's first wife was a daughter of John Lyttelton (spelt as you please) of Frankley, Worcestershire. Littleton died at Oxford on August 27th, 1645, and is buried in Christ Church Cathedral. Not the least interesting point about this Littleton plate is that it was engraved by William Marshall, a name or initials found on such a great number of portraits and other book illustrations of this period. Not very much is known about him. The dates of his works range from 1591 to 1649. A characteristic German plate, dated 1645, is, by the good authority of Warnecke, the work of the engraver Raphael Custos of Augs- burg, eldest son of Dominions de Coster, painter and engraver, and grandson of Pieter De Coster or Balten, poet and painter. This plate, engraved for Wilhelm and Clara Krep von Krepenstein, embraces the coats-of-arms of the small number of thirty-one ancestors. " curae numen habet justii move 4° eneid. inde cruce hinc trutina armatus regfique deoque milito disco meis hsec duo nempe libris ex libris Petri Maridat in magno Regis consilio Senatoris" 34 BOOKPLATES are the inscriptions on the plate here illustrated of Theophilus Raynaud or Raynald, born in Piedmont, and died at the age of eighty in Lyons on October 31st, 1663. He was a learned Jesuit, and a most untiring- student all his life, but, unlike most inveterate readers, he was bitter and morose of temper. Perhaps this was caused by his reading excesses, as it is told that he thought fifteen minutes almost too much to give to any meal. His portrait is in his: " tractatus depileo, cceterisque capitis tegminibus tam sacris quam profanis. D. D. Petro de Maridat, in magno Regis Christian- issimi Consilio Senatori dicatus." Under the portrait is the shield-of-arms, as on the book- plate, and above it the motto: " Dextera Domini fecit virtutem." Below is: " Non potuit coelum Capiti par addere, tegmen, Hoc Coeli effigiem perficientis erit." The engraving is signed "L Spirinx fecit." Nagler gives Ludvvig Spirinx as an engraver born at Lyons or Dijon, and working in Brussels from about 1640 to 1660. Coming once more to Nuremberg, there is the 1674 plate engraved by D. Kriiger for Colonel Georg Christof Volckamer. There is no inscription on the plate, which shows a BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 35 cherub sitting on a hill and holding- a shield-of- arms. The colonel was not content to choose between helmet and coronet ; he has elected to have both. One of the many plates of which the en- graver is not known is that of Franz Ludwig Anton Freiherr von Lerchenfeld-Prennberg. The shield is borne on two flags crossing one another. At the foot of the plate is engraved " Ex Libris, Francisci Ludovici," etc., giving all the owner's titles. He was Chamberlain of the Munich High Court of Appeal. A well-known plate is that of Pierre Daniel Huet, Bishop of Avranches, and probably the best-remembered holder of that ancient See, and tenant of the famous Bishop's Palace. He was Bishop of Avranches from 1689 to 1699, but, born at Caen in 1630, he was already, in 1650, a renowned savant, and twelve years later founded the Academy of Sciences at Caen. He did not become a priest until he was forty- six years old ; but all his life he was an enormous reader, and gifted with a wondrous memory. Of course he wrote books as well as readinsf the lore of others. At Avranches visitors, calling for advice from their bishop, were told " He cannot see you. 36 BOOKPLATES he is studying " ; and in vain they claimed that they wanted to see a diocesan who had finished his studies. The plate was engraved in four sizes for the Jesuits' College in Paris, to which he gave his library in 1692. As he spent the latter years of his long life with the Paris Jesuits he was not long separated from his books, and lived ninety-two years, so that none might say that in him much study had produced a weariness of the flesh. In 1692 another library, left this time by will, and accordingly, too, another ex libris, came to the Jesuits of Paris, and from a friend of Huet, Gilles Menage. Like Huet, his appetite for study was vast and his memory unfailing. Born at Angers in 16 13, he died in Paris in 1692. Thus he spent some eighty years among the shrewd litterateurs of that day, and the following conversation need not be taken as a sign of want of veracity on his part. Angers seems, like Crete of old, to have had a lying reputation. He, asking a lady to define un- truthfulness, received for reply, that as for defining lying she did not quite know, but liar she would define as " Monsieur Menage ! " It will be seen how little it had yet become the custom for bibliophiles to have bookplates. BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 37 Neither Huet nor Menage used ex lihris for themselves, and to this day no bookplate of Moli^re, or Racine, or La Fontaine, or of many other leaders of that age has been found. After about 1650 a change is seen in the styles of French ex lihris. Helmets go out of use, and, for lack of better ideas, coronets are assumed, often by those who had not the faintest right to them. The square shield, in time, gives place to the oval form. CHAPTER V BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY Some French and some German plates — The cap of hberty — Buonaparte — Alsace and Lorraine. AS a date is always a signal advantage, the ^ bookplate "Petri Antonii Convers Lau- donensis. L Monnier Divione. 1762 " may be mentioned. It is, of course, topped by the irrepressible coronet. Louis Gabriel Monnier was born at Besancon in 1733, and died at Dijon in 1804. The Convers plate is wholly Rococo ; but taking from Walter Hamilton another French ex Hbris engraved but nine years later, we see that with some artists the heavy brigade is already on duty. Here we have a big gun, an armorial shield flanked by three flags on each side, but without any grace- ful design. Still the inevitable coronet, and below all, the inscription : " Le Ch'T De Belle- hache ofiicier de Cavalerie au Reg* D'artois / 1771." Here, after all, there is no possibility of mistaking for whom this plate was engraved, 3S INDE CRVCE HrWCTp-VTINA. ARl-TAIVJ liFGrCvEiiEOtf MlLtrO DYSCOlylElS liJlC DVO NE VIVZ URPJS Zr. I ibri'f Petn-MT-iJattii majuo Rcvjis Ccrifili'oSnmto'iij BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 39 and thus, though not beautiful, it quite fulfils its duty. Sixteen years later we have a plate which also has these essential points, but is in the shell-work mode, light and elegant. Round the upper part is a label inscribed : " Ex libris Ant. Franc Alex Boula de Nanteuil," and at the base: " Libellorum suplicum Magister. k mandatis Regise &° &." — et in supreme Galli- arum curii senator ad horrorem. 1777." The shield is azure, three bezants. Here is an instance of an ex lihris not inserted, but impressed, seemingly a copper-plate engrav- ing. The design is simple ; but quite serves its purpose. It is an oval frame surmounted by a ribbon tied in a bow, and in the oval the words " Ex Bibliotheca Ecclesia Aug. Conf. Posson." The book is a copy of Prodromus idiomatis . . . adparatus criticus ad linguam Hun- garicam . . . auctore Georgio Kalmar . . . Posonii, . . . 1770. The copy bears also another ownership inscription — in other words, another ex libris : " Obtulit / Frider. Frank. / Posen. /1789. /" A curious plate here illustrated is that of Peter Mairdat. Of about 1780 is the copper-plate of Klemens Wenzel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Bland, 40 BOOKPLATES Elector-Archbishop of Trier, and Bishop of Augsburg". The plate represents the arms of Aug-sburg-, of Trier, of Saxony, and also of Poland. This is not the place to write the story of the first great French Revolution ; but it is to the point of our subject in hand to note that on June 2oth, 1790, a decree was proposed and passed in the French Assembly suppressing the titles of duke, count, marquis, viscount, baron, and chevalier, and at the same time all armorial bearings were done away with. Now followed a bad time for bookplate artists and engravers. The cap of liberty and the bloody guillotine do not breathe high artistic inspira- tion. The plate of Marshal Jourdan consists chiefly of a shield wholly occupied with the simple in- scription " Bibliotheque du Marechal Jourdan." Coming to the days of the first Empire, Buonaparte, the despot, ruled armorial insignia with the same iron hand as he regulated anything else. His orders and restrictions were number- less, and in particular he introduced the various forms of a headdress denominated laie toque. Cities under Buonaparte's sway bore certain badges according to whether he ranked them as cities of the first, second, or third order. EK LtBRIS BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 41 Those of the first order had the honour of bearing- the Napoleon badge — three golden bees on a chief gules. The bookplate of the Bastille is well illus- trated in French Bookplates (Walter Hamilton), but must not be quite passed over here. It represents a shield on a bracket, bearing' the fleur-de-lis. The shield is ensigned with a crown and enclosed by the collars of the orders of S. Michel and the Sainte Esprit. Above all is the name " chateau royal de la bastille." In July of 1789 the Bastille was destroyed by the Paris mob. I give a reproduction of the characteristic French " Ex libris du Comte Paul de Maiden de la Bastille." In the ex libris of Claude Martin, cannon, cannon-balls and flags, tents and scaling- ladders, are to the fore ; whilst on a rock in the middle there is a lion rampant, holding up a sword in one fore paw and an ensign in the other. Since the Belg^ians disfigured the field of Waterloo with a hug^e mound to celebrate the tiny devotion of their race, a Hon on a hill does not stand for much ! At the head of this plate is the motto "Lahore et constantia," and at the foot " Ex libris Claudii Martin." 42 BOOKPLATES In 1814 Napoleon Buonaparte abdicated, and in the same year Louis XVIII., the younger brother of Louis XVI., became king. In 1824 Louis XVIII. died, and his younger brother, Charles X., came to the throne, which he held until 1830, when he was deposed, and his cousin Louis Philippe sat on this unstable throne. In 1848 he in turn abdicated, and a Republic was proclaimed, with Louis Napoleon as President. During these foregone thirty years the old nobility, after a manner, recovered their ancient titles, and many new nobility were created ; but it cannot be said to have been an age productive of fine or interesting ex libris. A variety from the sometimes too stern formality of ex libris designs is found in the plate engraved by D. Collin for Monsieur Riston. A fantastic R., or perhaps A. R., is figured on an oval, with child figures, a few books, and a pen and ink, all apparently in the open-air around. The ex libris of Pierre Antoine Berryer is not of any striking character, but is a fair specimen. In 1855 he was elected to the Academie Francaise ; but he was best known for his great defence of Count Montalembert before the French Courts in 1858. BOOKPLATES CHRONOLOGICALLY 43 Alsace and Lorraine have given us some good specimens of bookplates, and as might be expected, the manners and styles of several nations are here included. In some an in- teresting feature is the introduction of a view of the owner's parish church. CHAPTER VI BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING Viscount Cholmondeley — James Loch of Drylaw — William Pitt of Binfield. MR. G. F. BARWICK, to whom the Mercator ex libris belongs, has kindly sent me the following" : — "Nicholas Mercator was born at Cismar, Holstein, about 1620, and after completing his studies in Copenhagen he continued to reside there until 1660, when he came to England. His fame as a matheinatician was already well established, and he was almost immediately elected a member of the Royal Society, which had recently been founded. Some years later he entered the service of Louis XIV., and superintended the construction of the fountains at Versailles. For this work, however, he could not obtain payment, in consequence of his refusal to become a Catholic, and the trouble which it caused him is said to have shortened his life. He wrote a number of 44 y\^^6^z^.y^eraihr BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING 45 small treatises and contributed to the Philo- sophical Transactions, but his fame chiefly rests upon his Logarithmotechnia, London, 1668-74, 4to, in which he developed the well-known formula which bears his name. A portrait of him was formerly in the possession of Mr. T. D. F. Tatham of Althorne, Essex, a colla- teral descendant of the Mercators, and passed at his death into the possession of his nephew, Mr. W. Tatham-Hughes of Chelsea Hospital." A bookplate with fine mantling and sup- porters is that of "The Right Honourable Hugh Lord Viscount Cholmondeley. " It occurs in a copy of ' ' The causes of the Decay of Christian Piety . . . London, Printed by R. Norton for T. Garthwait, in S. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, near Smithfield, 1667." This copy — it belongs to Mr. E. F. Coates— has been finely bound, probably by Charles Mearne. Hugh, first Earl of Cholmondeley, succeeded his father, Viscount Cholmondeley, in 1681. Objecting to the arbitrary measures of James II., he was soon honoured by William and Mary, who, in 1689, created him Lord Cholmondeley of Nantwich. In 1706 Queen Anne made him Viscount Malpas and Earl of Cholmondeley. Later he held the appointments of Comptroller and Treasurer of Her Majesty's household. 46 BOOKPLATES The book has underneath one another, both in old but different hands, two sig-natures — "Elizabeth Cholmondeley. " It has also an inscription — " Wm. Lemon, 1855"; and since then it has travelled far, as it has twice in- scribed on it " W. A. Rebello, Sylvan Lodge, Simla. October, 1864." "John Stansfeld," an armorial plate with mantling. The arms are sable, three goats trippant argent. Crest a demi-lion rampant argent. An ancient family settled in Yorkshire at the Conquest. This modern plate is in a fine copy, belonging to Mr. E. F. Coates, of The Yorkshire Library, by William Boyne, 1869. I think that this John Stansfeld, Esq., was a collector of fine books, and especially about Yorkshire. A nice plate here illustrated is that of Prescott Pepper. A plate with good mantling is that of "James Loch of Drylaw." Given by Burke as arms or, a saltire engraded sable, between two swans naiant in fesse proper. Crest, a swan with wings endorsed, devouring a perch, both proper. Motto, " Assiduate non desidia." This is in a copy of A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy . . . Glasgow, Printed by Robert & Andrew Foulis, printers to the University. 1764. James BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING 47 Loch of Drylaw, born in 161 2, was treasurer of Edinburgh, and in 185 1 his descendant was James Loch of Drylaw, m.p., son of George Loch of Drylaw, and his wife a daughter of John Adam of Blair Adam. The arms were confirmed in 1673 by Sir Charles Erskine of Cambo, Knight, Lyon King-of-Arms. "William Pitt of Binfield, Berks Esq''—" here reproduced, has very full mantling and no crest, unless the Satyr-looking head in the top of the mantling be meant for a crest. This plate is taken from a copy of a 1648 edition of Eikon Basilike. A good Scotch ex libris with mantling, and engraved by Lizars, is that of "Brown of Waterhaughs," evidently connected with some scion of the clan Campbell. The crest is a lion holding a fleur-de-lis. The motto is "Tandem licet sero. " This is in a copy of a scarce little volume, Baxter's Anacreon — " Londini Augustas Imprimetatur Impensis Matthsei Hawkins, pro- statque venalis ad Angelum in Area Paulina." 1 7 10. The "errata" note at the end contains some facetious expressions — in English thus : "Correct if you please, friendly reader, those heavy printers errors, which were printed when we were off our guard, and fell out when we were intent on blackberries." 48 BOOKPLATES A plate with fine mantling is that of Richard Boycott. It is altogether a good plate. In an ornamental frame below the shield of arms is the engraved inscription: "Pro Rege et Re- ligione / Richard Boycott." Gules, on a chief argent, three grenadoes proper, and the motto, "Pro Rege et Religione," are of peculiar interest. These arms were granted by Charles II., in 1663, to Sylvanus Boycott of Hinton, and Francis Boycott of Byldwas, sons of William Boycott of Byldwas. The father had furnished Charles I. with grena- does and other supplies. The sons had aided Charles II. when a fugitive wanderer. The family claim to descend from the ancient Norman house of Bygod. This worthy plate is in a rich red morocco bound copy of Sermons, by George Stanhope, d.d. , preached at the Boyle Lectures in 1701. A bookplate with rather curious mantling is that of " Rowland W. D. CoUett." The arms seem to be intended for those borne by CoUett, who was Lord Mayor of London in i486, — Sable, on a chevron between three hinds trippant argent, as many annulets of the first. The motto is " virtutis pramium honor." An armorial plate with heavy mantling — "Thomas Maitland, Dundrennan." Burke's BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING 49 Armorial gives quarterly, first and fourth or, a lion rampant, dechausse, within a bordure em- battled g-ules ; second and third argent, the ruins of an old abbey on a mound proper. Crest a demi-monk vested grey, holding in the dexter hand a crucifix argent, in the sinister a rosary proper. The motto is " Esse quam videri." In the same volume, the round armorial plate "Johannis Whitefoord Mackenzie Armigeri." It is most fitting that the book holding these Scottish bookplates is a fine copy of the first edition of the great Montrose's Book, the book which the canting Covenanters hung round that hero's neck as he proudly trod the bloody scaffold. It is clothed in fine contemporary morocco, richly gilt. A modern bookplate with nice mantling is that of "Charles Lilburn." The family hails from the county of Durham. The arms argent, three water-bougets sable. Crest, a dexter arm in armour proper, holding a truncheon or. The motto is " Vis viri fragilis." This is in a copy of Montrose Redivivus, or the Portraicture of James, late Marquess of Montrose, . . . London: Printed for Jo. Ridley at the Castle in Fleet Street, neer Ram-alley, 1652. The water-bouget was a mediaeval vessel for carrying water, and was made of two E 50 BOOKPLATES leather pouches appended to a yoke or cross- bar. The " Hampson " plate is, in its way, as good a bookplate as one need wish to see. The clearly cut mantling is tastefully decked with light sprigs of evergreen. The arms are argent, three hemp-brakes sable. The crest is out of a mural crown argent, a greyhound's head sable collared of the first, rimmed or. Motto : " Nunc aut nunquam." Thomas Hampson, the son of Sir Robert Hampson, Knight, and Alderman of the City of London, was created a baronet on June 3rd, 1642. He died in 1655, leaving four sons and five daughters. The hempbrake, or hackle, was an instrument used for bruising hemp. The royal plate of Charles I. needs some explanation, as it is not a bookplate. It occu- pies the first leaf in the full-sized octavo issues in 1649 of Eikon Basilike. In photographing the Throckmorton bookplate the photographer, seeing this also at the beginning of the book, not unnaturally thought that it was a book- plate, and to be illustrated. This need not be regretted. It is a characteristic copy of an Eikon. The surrounding lines are old red ink, and the old ownership signature — BOOKPLATES WITH MANTLING 51 ** Fra: Vaughan" " : 1656 : " is as true and perfect an ex lihris as the finest draughtsman and engraver could ever produce. The very fine armorial plate of Sir Robert* Throckmorton, Bart. — "Virtus sola nobilitas " — is here reproduced from the above-named 1649 copy of Eikon Basilike. The armorial plate, with supporters, of Sir James Stewart Denholm, Bart., of Coltness and Westshiel, is here illustrated. I do not know the history of the plate with the two oval shields here illustrated. The motto, "Mors sola resolvit," seems rather to suggest a funeral hatchment. The illustration here given of the plate of "Tho^ Beckwith. of York Painter & F.A.S." is, of course, a piece of his own workmanship, and is inserted in a small, thick volume of manuscript genealogies, no doubt the work of T. Beckwith, and now in the library of Mr. Edward F. Coates. Thomas Beckwith was of an ancient, if not distinguished, York- shire family. He was born at Rothwell in 1730, "and served his time to George Fleming, an ingenious man and house painter, from whom he acquired his skill in drawing and painting, 52 BOOKPLATES and imbibed a love for antiquities." By means of his great knowledge of genealogies he com- posed manuscript pedigrees for some of the leading families of the North of England. He was not only an unwearied collector, but very generous in imparting information. He died at York on February 17th, 1786. t^«^>»^5mY^^»f^!^?/?^«^:^>?^^ ^JPAjS CHAPTER VII SOME SPECIMENS INSERTED IN A BOOK KEPT IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM FOR THAT PURPOSE Some bookplates kindly lent by Mr. G. F. Barwick — Wrest Park plates — Sir John Lubbock. THE following are all in a small collection of ex libris in a book kept for the purpose in the British Mviseum. The press mark is C 66 f3 :— " Frhr, v. Barckhaus Wiesenhiitten Biblio- theck" is the inscription on the ornamental bracket of an elaborate armorial plate, with two most amiable-looking- young lions holding up the shield. On the same page in the same collection is a plate of somewhere near the same date, and hardly armorial. The form of the plate is, for the most part, a representation of carved stone- work. In the middle is a sort of oval shield, and within that a shield with a figure of a man with a child on one shoulder. Along the base of the structure are the words : " Ex libr Chro TheopChristofif Ulme." A few books are stand- 54 BOOKPLATES ing- on the ground against the stonework, and, as oftens happens in looking at such plates, one hopes they are not rare books or in interesting" bindings, as one would like to take more care of them. In the same collection is a remarkable plate g'iving" a view of a library interior, enclosed in a richly decorated oval frame. At foot the in- scription : '* Ex libris d. zach: conr: at uffen- bach, m.f.", and above: " non omnibus idem est quod placet petron fragm." At the very bottom, in tiniest letters, is "J U Kraus sculp." Johann Ulrich Kraus was born at Augsburg in 1645, ^"<^ ^i^d there in 17 19. He was a pupil of Melchior Kiisel ; he imitated the man- ner of Sebastien Le Clerc and did a large amount of engraving for the booksellers. A handsome plate is that "Ex Bibliotheca J. S. Ochs. at Ochsentein." It is a plate with heavy mantling to the shield. An ox is, of course, prominent in arms and crest. " P Feber sc " is in the corner. There is another very much smaller, but almost identical plate. From the same collection, and of rather uncertain date, is a plate subscribed : " Ex bibliotheca rosenbergiana." A rose tree is appropriately prominent in arms and crest. Another example is simply a Chippendale BRITISH MUSEUM SPECIMENS 55 fancy shell frame enclosing" the words : '* Ex supellectile libraria Bened: Guil: Zahnii." A bookplate very roughly engraved, and with some very curious - looking heraldry, is that subscribed " malmendier. = de malmedye," and " solum forti patria est." There is a circular plate with a Library view, and the library itself is evidently circular, the plate being engraved *' Bibliotheca regia par- mensis." Apollo, looking very cold, stands on a pedestal in the middle, holding his garment instead of putting it on, and sitting down quietly to read the books. Round the upper part is inscribed " Apollini palatino sacram." An armorial plate with fine mantling, then a helmet : on that a crown, and over that, for crest, a man girdled, holding in right hand a mallet, and in left a flag. Under the shield is the name engraved: "A. W. Schlegel von Gottleben." Pasted on to the same page is a plain small ex libris — arms, a fleur-de-lis ; name, " Franz Salmon Wiiss." Here is a plate which appears to be round. In the middle is placed what seems to be meant for a tomb, with a book placed open at the words : " vita lux hominum Joh I v 4." Near, and on the vault is engraved: "adhuc stat 56 BOOKPLATES terminus." Round the outside circle of the plate is engraved: "lex est non poena mort," Other plates of interest in this collection are those of Christian Gottlieb Joher, on page 5, Godefrid J. F. Thomas, on page 23, and on page 27 a plate dated 1757. Mr. Barwick's plate of a Baron Btlnsen is, he assures me, not that of the Baron Bunsen so familiar to, and appreciated by, cultivated English readers, not a generation ago. The plate is nice, as any approach to simplicity is always pleasing. The shield, hung from the coronet by the ribband of some order, is not loaded with charges. Dexter, a lion between two fleur-de-lis, sinister, three heads of barley- corn. The motto, too, is reverential and in keeping: "In spe et silentio." Below all is the legend, " ex libris christiani caroli bunsen. Uratislavi^ ad eadem S. Elis Ecclesiastes. " J. B. Stracchusky Sc Urat. Uratislavia spells Breslau, but very curiously the name Uratislavia seems to have some fitness on a bookplate ; as in Zedler's wonderful Lexicon^ of some sixty-six volumes, it is re- corded of Jacob de Uratislavia, a Benedictine monk who died in 1480, that his literary labours were so vast that seven powerful steeds could scarce drag: his load of books. EX LIBRIS CHRISTIAiTI CAROLI BVlSrSEN^ BRITISH MUSEUM SPECIMENS 57 Mr. G. F. Barwick has lent me three quite different Wrest Park bookplates. In an orna- mental frame, which forms the lower part of one, is engraved "Thomas Philip, Earl de Grey, Wrest Park." Two fearful - looking dragons support the shield, or rather seem bent on devouring the shield and then each other. Above is an earl's coronet, and below the motto, " Foy est tout." Thomas Philip, Earl de Grey, was born in 1 78 1, and was the elder son of Thomas Robinson, second Baron Grantham, and his wife the second daughter of Philip York, second Earl of Hardwicke. He was therefore a de- scendant of Henry Grey, ninth Earl of Kent. In 1833 his maternal aunt, Amabel Hume Campbell, Countess de Grey of Wrest, in Bedfordshire, dying, he became second Earl de Grey and Baron Lucas of Crudwell, Wilt- shire. From 1 84 1 to 1844 he was Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, and achieved great success in his administration there. In 1844 he was made a Knight of the Garter. The second of these plates consists of two crests, a dragon and a stag, encircled by the garter. Above is the earl's coronet, and over that the inscription "Wrest Park." Neither of the other plates has the garter. 58 BOOKPLATES In what, for distinction, may be called the third plate, the outspread and double-headed black eagle holding the shield-of-arms is the most prominent object, and in each beak it holds what, as argent, no doubt is a silver coin, but looks rather like an Osborne biscuit. Mr. Barwick has also two bookplates of "Sir John William Lubbock. Bart." Below the shield is the happy motto : " Auctor pre- tiosa facit." John William Lubbock was born in 1803, and in 1840 succeeded his father in the baronetcy. . He died in 1865. His scientific tastes and cultivated habits were just such as his own son, Sir John Lubbock, has pursued happily for so many years, in the knowledge of many now living. The other plate is evi- dently what he used for his books in his earlier years. The bloody hand of Ulster is absent from the shield, and below the shield is simply the monogram "J. W. L." The Sir John Frederick, Bart., plate of Mr. Barwick's is quite a change from the customary conventions. The shield fills a very small part of an oblong oval frame. The arms are by Burke, or on a chief azure, three doves argent. Crest on a chapeau azure turned-up ermine, a dove, within the beak an olive branch. Mr. Barwick has two ex libris of Thomas BRITISH MUSEUM SPECIMENS 59 James Tatham, Esq., a gentleman of Bedford Place, Russell Square, London, and a third which has belonged to some near kindred. It agrees with that which has merely the crest, but has engraved underneath: " T. D. F. Tatham." His chief plate has dexter, argent a chevron gules between three swan's necks, coupled sable. Sinister are presumably his wife's arms. Crest on a trumpet or, a swan's wings displayed sable. Mr. Carruthers has, with great kindness, contributed the following in reference to his interesting bookplate : — "The notion of the plate was to introduce two plants named by botanists after me. Many genera of plants have received their names in this way. "The outside plant was called Carrnthersia scandius Seem, by Dr. Seemann in his Flora Vitiensis, London, 1865-73. I described the ferns in this work (pp. 331-378), and otherwise had given assistance. The plant is described on pp. 155, 156, and figured on Table XXX. Appended to the description of the genus is this note : ' I have named this new genus in honour of my esteemed friend William Carruthers, Esq., F.Z.S., of the Botanical Department, British Museum, to whom I am indebted for 6o BOOKPLATES much kind assistance in working up the South Sea flora.' "The inner flower was named by Otto Kunze Carruthia Capcnsis, O.K. It was originally called Aitonia Capcnsis by Linnaeus the younger, but a diff"erent plant had been previously named Aitonia. Botanists do not allow the same name to be applied to diff'erent plants that are widely separated. O. Kunze wished to associate the plant with my name, and, following an example set by Linnaeus, he cut off the last syllable and formed a generic name which could not be confounded with Seemann's generic name. This arose from a curious accident. O. Kunze called on me at the Natural History Museum, and asked me to let him see the specimens of Aitonia. I inquired which Aitonia, and, showing him a seal I was wearing which belonged to Alton, who had engraved on it the Cape plant named after him, I asked if that was the plant. He exclaimed ' How strange ! that is the plant.' I showed him the specimen that the younger Linnaeus had named, which was in the Herbarium. When Kunze pub- lished the results of his work on these plants he gave it the name Carruthia Capcnsis. The seal was oval, and the drawing in the ^WlLLIAM CARKUTHER3 BRITISH MUSEUM SPECIMENS 6i centre is taken from the seal. I used for separation of the two plants an ornamental border of an early Edinburgh printer, I believe, for I got it in the binding of an old Edinburgh book. And the motto belongs to the section of the Carruthers tribe to which we belong. "The drawing was made by W. G. Smith, F.Z.S., a good botanist and an excellent drausrhtsman." CHAPTER VIII CHIPPENDALE AND CRESTPLATES William Sharp the Engraver — The Rev. John Watson — Edward Trotter — Patrick Colquhoun. THE few following bookplates are all in the manner known as Chippendale : — The Chippendale bookplate here given, with ** Wm. Sharp " engraved at the foot of it, was one, we may suppose, engraved by William Sharp, the engraver, for himself. He was the son of a gunmaker, in days when gun-barrels and other parts of guns were often finely en- graved. William Sharp was born in 1749, ^^'^ died at Chiswick on July 25th, 1824. Seeing that he became an engraver of very great skill and originality, the main points of his life are well worth recording. Born in Haydon Yard in the Minories, his father ap- prenticed him to Barak Longmate, an engraver and genealogist. Out of his indentures, he 62 CHIPPENDALE AND CRESTPLATES 63 soon married a Frenchwoman, and set up in Bartholomew Lane as a writing- eng-raver. About 1782 he sold this business and mi- grated to Vauxhall, where he now pursued the higher branches of his art. True to the prophet's fate, he was in due course elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy at Vienna and of the Royal Academy at Munich. In early days he had been a friend of Thomas Paine and Home Tooke, and was, in fact, examined before the Privy Council on treason- able charg-es, but soon dismissed as a harm- less enthusiast. After becoming- a convert to Swedenborg, he became a brave upholder of Joanna Southcott, and was the very last of her adherents to admit the reality of her death. A good Chippendale plate is that of ' ' The Rev. John Watson." He was born on March 26th, 1725, at Lyme Handley in the parish of Prestbury, Cheshire, and became a learned antiquary. He was elected F. S.A. in 1759, and contributed six papers to Archceologia. In 1775 appeared his best -known work, The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Hali- fax, Yorkshire, where he had held a curacy from 1750 to 1754. In 1782 he brought out two fine quarto volumes, Memoirs of the 64 BOOKPLATES Ancient Earls of Warren and Surrey. He died at Stockport on March 14th, 1783. A good Chippendale bookplate is that of "Edward Trotter, A.M." In the Lyon Register the arms are given as of Trotter of Gatchibravv, in Scotland, argent a chevron gules between three boars' heads, couped sable. Crest a horse trotting proper. This is in a copy of Essay snr I'histoire gencrale, et sur les inoeiirs et V esprit des nations, depuis Charlejimgne jusqii'a nos jours. 1756. A pleasing plate of late Chippendale style is that with the monogram "J. B. W." at the foot. On the title-page of the book "Six Discourses" . . . "Temple Church" . . . "Thomas Sherlock . . . 1725," is the auto- graph "J. B. Watkin." Burke's Armoury gives azure a fesse between three leopard faces, jessant de lis or. An unpretending little Chippendale book- plate, with crest only, is that of " Patk. Colquhoun." A stag's head, with above it the motto "si je puis." Patrick Colquhoun, Minister of the Hanse- towns, was born at Dumbarton on March 14th, 1745, and died at Westminster on April 25th, 1820. The following are a few crest bookplates named together : — CHIPPENDALE AND CRESTPLATES 65 The Marshall crest, a man in armour proper, holding- in the dexter hand a truncheon or, forms the very picturesque modern ex libris of " F. A. Marshall." The motto is fitting": "Nunquam sedeo." This in a collection of Actes, printed by Pynson in 1512-1514, '*con- cernynge — Archerye — Crossbows — Mummers," and other quaint subjects. As a specimen of a crest bookplate there is the "Beavan," which is simply the name Beavan under two crests, one a dove with out- spread wings and a ring in its beak, the other a lion. This can hardly be called a satisfactory plate. It is in a volume of The Edinburgh Revieii) of 1826. A pretty crestplate is that of "Henry St. Clair Feilden." The crest is a nuthatch feeding on a hazel branch. The crest is enclosed in an oval belt inscribed with the motto, " virtutis prasmium honor." This plate is in a copy of Benjamin Thorpe's History of England under the Nonnan Kings. Oxford, 1857. Another crest bookplate, that of "Walter Farquhar. " The crest is an eagle rising, proper. The motto, " mente manuque. " This plate is in a copy of Sermons preached in 66 BOOKPLATES the Parish -Church of Olney, ... By John Newton, Curate of the said Parish , . . 1767. A good crestplate is "John Savill Vaisey " 's, presumably of the race of the Viscounts de Vesci. The crest is a hand-in-armour, holding- a laurel branch, all proper. Over the crest is the motto, " sub hoc signo vinces." " Brownlow William Knox " 's bookplate is simply the Knox crest, a falcon close on a perch, all proper. It is in a copy of that work, which is so curious to study now, " Cata- logue of five hundred celebrated authors of great Britain, now living; . . . London 1788. " " Burns, Robert. A ploughman in the county of Ayr in the kingdom of Scotland." A good simple plate, merely a crest, below that a motto, and then at the foot of all, the name, — is the ex libris of "William J E Bennett." The crest is in a mural crown, or, a lion's head, gules. The motto is " de bon vouloir servir le roy." There was a nice bookplate in the volumes of the first work which I ever bought. Don Estehan was the title, and the date 1825. I was thirteen years old, and bought this in an auction in Mr, A. H. Beesley's, House Class-room, in that fine old home of the Seymours, then and now a part of Marl- CHIPPENDALE AND CRESTPLATES 67 borough College. The ex lihris is a simple name, crest, and motto: "Champion," a family belonging to Berkshire and Essex, The crest is an arm embowed and erect, in armour proper, garnished or, holding in the gauntlet a chaplet of laurel, vert. Motto: " Vincit Veritas." Marlborough, with the glorious beech avenues of Savernake Forest, is the home of the Ailes- burys, and in this connection the family book- plate should always be remembered, with its pathetic motto at the foot of it. They are Bruces, and the motto is "Fuimus." One day the then Marquis, alighting from his carriage and pointing to the motto beneath the arms, asked a small boy to translate it. " Fui, I was; mus, a mouse," was the ready reply. No Bruce of old could have behaved more honourably than the Marquis of those days, for when some boys had worried some of the deer, and Bradley said that he was afraid he would have to put the forest out of bounds, the Marquis replied : " No ; Savernake Forest shall always be free to every boy of Marl- borough College." A modern neat ex libris, with only the two family crests and mottoes, is that of the lat€ 68 BOOKPLATES Sir "Wroth Acland Lethbridg-e," Baronet. The baronetcy was created in 1804. The crests are : First, out of a mural crown, or, a demi- eagle displayed proper ; and second, out of a ducal coronet, two arms in armour, holding a leopard's face. Mottoes: "Truth" and *' Spes mea in Deo." The owner of this plate was born in 1831, and, after serving in the Rifle Brigade, succeeded his father as fourth baronet on ist March, 1873. A pretty crestplate of perhaps about 1770 is the ex libris of " Tho^ W" Plummer." The crest is a bird's head, and the bird seems very properly to be about to devour a plum. The crest is framed by two branches, presumably of plum trees. CHAPTER IX MODERN BOOKPLATES Remarks on examples given in The Studio, special winter number, 1898-9. MODERN bookplates are not easy to discuss satisfactorily. The following- are some of the plates which were named or illustrated in The Studio special winter number, 1898-9, which went out of print at once. Mr, Gleeson White, who was by no means blind to the failings of up-to-date ex libris, wrote this, and g-ave with it the large number of one hundred and forty-nine illustrations. On page 3 is given the ex libris, "T. Edmund Harvey," a gruesome jumble of sticks and bones. This plate is by Cyril Goldie. In any comments now written no injurious reflections are intended ; as, for one thing, it is impracti- cable, and probably undesirable, to know whether, and in what proportions, owner, artist, or manufacturer, are responsible. Be- sides these three, there is a fourth and oft- 69 70 BOOKPLATES predominating partner to be considered, namely, fashion. Probably the only value of the im- pressions here written is that they are formed by one who is an entirely independent critic and a true lover of beautiful ex libris. The phrases of professionals will not therefore be expected. On pag"e 4 is g^iven the ex libris " Eduard John Margetson," by W. H. Margetson. This plate seems simple and pleasing enough. On the other hand, it is not exhilarating to find in this evidently very fair sample volume no less than twenty-seven bookplates, each depicting a female and a book. On page 5 the ex libris " Richard Trappes Lomax," by Paul Woodrofife, is very refreshing to look upon. It has all the familar points of a bookplate, in that it is armorial, with man- tling, and flowery foliage. At the same time the plate is not common, crowded, or eccentric. Now, on the other hand, turn to page 7, where is a plate " From among the books of Fred. W. Brown." In this there is doubt- less some good work, but in looking at the plate the eye and brain at once feel tired and bewildered ; you seem to long to turn from a crowded hotch-potch, if only, it might be, to stare for a while at a blank barn door. MODERN BOOKPLATES 71 On page 9 are three plates by W. R. Weyer. These are distinctly good to look at ; there seems a wholesome taste about them ; there is plenty of decoration, without any attempt to crowd a volume of emblems and a market- gardener's flower-show into two inches by one and a half. In each the owner's name is clearly given, and, of course, no bookplate ought to want this. In addition, two are dated — that of Richard Chapman, 1892, and Reginald Balfour's, 1898. On page 12 is a distinctly satisfactory modern plate. It is a portrait-plate, and is by J. W. Simpson, for himself. He has depicted him- self enjoying a long clay pipe. Beneath is the simple record in the plainest of letters : " J. W. Simpson His Book." On page 14 are the presumably portrait- plates of "Mary A. Bridger " and "Julia Eustace," both by M. E. Thompson. These may be pretty, but seem, as in so many modern bookplates, to lack simplicity. On the next page is a portrait-plate, " Edith E. Waterlow," by J. Walter West. This, although the portrait is only a face in an oval, and outside the constant florist's paraphernalia, still the plate has some saving simplicity. On page 16 is what seems a sensible book- 72 BOOKPLATES plate. It is by E. H. New, for Edward Morton, and seems to give simply a view of Edward Morton's home, a modern house built in old style, and named King-sclere. On page 48 is shown a plate to which we would gladly give the palm for ugliness. We suppose it is meant for a bookplate, as it is given in this volume, and the words ex libris are distinguishable through the gloom. On page 49 is a plate, Aubrey Beardsley, inscribed ex libris "Olive Custance." It is not much to be admired. On pages 50 and 51, where we are among the French ex libris, may be seen at one glance some half-dozen plates, which all happen to illustrate what is a marked eyesore in many bookplates, but has not been seriously noticed. A bookplate is naturally designed for use in a book. Now, with books should always be associated the idea of something to be valued and taken care of. How does this agree with the plates here shown ? I think that symbol- ism should avoid this disturbing element. There is water to drown the precious volumes, and there are beasts to devour them. In one a poor disconsolate-looking tome is shown trvins: to float on the dark cold waters of the MODERN BOOKPLATES 7Z deep, and as if that were not a sufficiently uncomfortable position for a book, a bird seems to be flying down, with open beak, to have a peck at it. In another cheerful composition, an angry tiger is in charge of the library of precious volumes, and has the talons of one paw on a beautiful binding, while it sticks the talons of its other paw into the leaves of an open volume. In a third plate, a wolf is in a library, and, of course, behaving there as a wolf would. In yet another plate, a wolf is playing with a fine folio, and forming altogether as incongruous a picture as a bull in a china shop. On page 54 is reproduced a plate, by Leon Leb^gue. This may be, in disguise, a lovely creation of modern art ; but the ordinary observer would take it to be a muddled map of everything or nothing, and would not paste it inside the cover of any book he or she hoped ever to open again. As another painful instance of bookplates exhibiting books in the very last position any- one would care to see them in, on page 56, is shown a book being drowned in a pond. This is by Bracquemond. From page 58 to page 60 some American ex libris are pourtrayed. Among these gene- 74 BOOKPLATES rally there is, as should be where books are thought of, a feeling- of rest and refinement. Between pages 6i and 68 are given a number of plates of modern German ex libris, thanks, as we are reminded, to the inspiriting influence of Warnecke, Leiningen-Westerburg, Doepler, and Hildebrandt. Germany, and to some extent Austria, too, have produced some very original and interesting bookplates within the last few years. Illustrated on pages 6i and 65 are two plates which should surely come under the category of the error of associating books with incon- gruous surroundings. In the one, by Doepler for the Bibliothek des Koeniglichen Kunst- gewerbe Museums, Berlin, the centre repre- sents an open book — that would be well enough; but the leading feature of the plate is a great, rough, brawny hand holding a big hammer and pressing on the open volume. In the plate on page 65, by Sattler, the design pictures a human skeleton bearing a pile of books. Between pages 64 and 65 is a leaf bearing three pleasing plates, by Paul Voigt. One of the three is apparently for his own books. It depicts a room with, of course, some very old books, and the most prominent is in a position MODERN BOOKPLATES 75 which would break the back of a modern book ; but not much fault need be found. In those good times books were not bound in a day or for a day. The hides were well chosen, well seasoned, and good workmanship was put into the binding. Facing Paul Voigt's own plate is a good plate by him for W. L. Busse. This has a fine smell of the sea about it. Tossing in the frothy deep is an ancient ship, which but for masts and sails might be a nautilus shell. Below is a rugged anchor, and around all a stout cable serves to frame a pleasing picture. On page 68 is a cleverly designed plate by Joseph Sattler. There is an altogether pleasing absence of misty, mystic, mythological allu- sions and complications. On the other hand, an hour-glass indicates the sands of time, and the simple word "Jetzt" (now) points a simple moral, irresistibly apt for the book-lover. There is no pursuit of which it can be more truly said — that he (the book-collector) who hesitates is lost. chaptp:r X VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES The proper place for a bookplate is in a book— Gordon of Buthlaw — Spencer Perceval — William Wilberforce — A bookplate for a special purpose — George Ormerod — Robert Surtees — Cathedral plates. IN the pag-es here following are recorded many British bookplates, none of them very early ; but they are referred to here, as, after all, this book must chiefly appeal to readers in our own tong^ue. If in this and other parts of this book the writer be thought to mention too much of books and owners, it must be borne in mind that to the writer a bookplate is first of interest as connected with a book, and a book is of interest for its subject and its owner's identity. Gordon of Buthlaw. In the General Armoury Gordon of Lessmoir, Aberdeenshire, is de- scribed as descended from William, second son of John Gordon of Scudargue, Baronet, 1625, and title dormant since 1839. The arms 76 /4 <2?i '.''t/A-C/z^r/iy..^^l KAtNK VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 93 Bedford Mansions have been built on the site. Kemble lived in the house from 1787 (when he married) to 1799, when he removed to a larger house in Great Russell Street." A good plate is the ex libris of Robert Surtees of Mainsforth, the well-known anti- quary and topographer. It was drawn by himself, and engraved by Samuel John Neele, who was born in 1758 and died in 1824. Surtees was born in the South Bailey of the ancient city of Durham in 1779. On 28th October, 1796, he matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, and took his M.A. in 1803. His father had just died, so he now settled at Mainsforth, the family home. As an under- graduate at Oxford he was already planning to record the history of his native shire. Settled at Mainsforth, he used to drive about the county with a groom ; and his friend and kindred spirit, James Raine, whose plate I give from a book kindly lent me by the Rev. Prebendary Deedes, has recorded the groom's testimony that it was "weary work, for Master always stopped the gig, and we never could get past an auld beelding." Surtees suffered from constant ill-health, but his house was always open to scholars and antiquaries. He died at Mainsforth on February nth, 1834. 94 BOOKPLATES This plate is in a volume of two tracts — one about Marston Moor, 1650. On the inside of the end cover is a plate in the Bewick style : " T. Bell, 1797," and the autograph facsimile "Thomas Bell." This is no doubt the book- plate of Thomas Bell, the antiquary, born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1785. He died in his native place in i860, and his library, rich in antiquarian lore, printed and in manuscript, was sold there after his death. An armorial plate of the palm-branch man- ner is that of "Thomas Lang-ton" in a book of sermons by Richard Hurd, d.d. , 1788. As given by Burke, the crest is an eagle displayed with two heads, vert, charged on the breast with a trefoil, or. The motto is " Loyal au mort." A curious succession of bookplates con- nected one with another is shown in two volumes before me. One work is ''^ViiidicicB Pietatis : . . . By R. A. London: Printed in the year 1663." The other is a book as far asunder as the poles. It is catalogued **Des Livres, Estampes & Desseins, du Cabinet .... Appartenent Au Baron Tessin, Marechal de la Cour du Roy & sur-intendent de Bati- ments & Jardins Royaux de Suede. . . . Stockholm, 1712." The first volume has three bookplates, all VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 95 armorial. First, the plate of Sir William Lee, Knig-ht, with the motto " verum atque decens." "Mutlow, sculp. , York Street, Covent Garden." Then a smaller and different plate, but by the same engraver, and with the same arms, crest, and motto, but pertaining- to ''William Lee Antonie, Esq'"." After this, again, comes the third ex libris in the book, and this is without name engraving-, but is evidently Lee quarter- ing Fiott. John Fiott, a London merchant who died at Bath in 1797, married Harriet, second daughter of William Lee, of Totteridge Park, Hert- fordshire. Their son John, fifth wrang^ler at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1805, and LL.D. in 1816, assumed, in 1815, by royal licence, the name of Lee under the will of William Lee Antonie, of Colworth House, Bedfordshire, his maternal uncle. At the same time he acquired the estates of Colworth in Bedfordshire, and Totteridge Park, Hertford- shire. He lived eighty-four years, and in 1863, at the age of eighty, he was admitted a barrister of Gray's Inn. Between 1807 and 1810 he held a travelling bachelorship from Cambridge, and made a learned tour through the Ionian Isles and other parts. In 1828 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and he 96 BOOKPLATES left valuable collections to the Society. He was even more interested in science than in antiquities, and in 1830 built an observatory in the south portico of Hartwell House. Leaving- no children, his property passed to his brother, the Rev. Nicholas Fiott, who took the surname of Lee. The Lee crest is a bear with a chain. Guillim has recorded : " Hee beareth Sable, a Beare passant, iVrgent, . . . The Shee Beare is most cruelly imaged against any that shall hurt her yong, or dispoile her of them : as the Scripture saith, in setting- forth the fierce anger of the Lord, that he will meete his aduersaries, as a Beare robbed of her whelps. Which teacheth vs how careful! Nature would haue vs to bee of the welfare of our children, sith so cruell beasts are so tender harted in this kind." "Vindiciae Pietatis: . . . B}' R. A. London: Printed in the year, 1663." The author of this precious volume was Richard Alleine, born in 161 1 at Ditcheat, in Somersetshire. In 1641 he became Rector of Batcombe in the same county. The Dictionary of Xational Biography is for once induced to warmly clothe the dry skeleton, with which it has usually tried to make us content. " For twenty years Alleine ^i^'Tt' ^-^^^y >^3J^. VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 97 remained at Batcombe, and was idolized by his parishioners. . . . Vindiciae Pietatis . . . refused Hcense by Sheldon . . . was published without . . . was rapidly bought up and did much to mend this bad world. Roger Norton, the royal printer, caused a large portion of the first edition to be seized on the ground of its not being licensed, and to be sent to the royal kitchen. But, glancing over its pages, he was arrested by what he read, and on second thoughts it seemed to him a sin that a book so holy and so saleable should be killed. He therefore bought back the sheets, says Calamy, for an old song, bound them, and sold them in his own shop." The closing lines of Vindicice Pietatis are : "But by the grace of God, whilst God is a God of holinesse, whilst holinesse is the Image and Interest of God, whilst these words of the Lord, Be ye holy, follow holinesse, live righteously, soberly, and godly in this present world, whilst these and the like words of the Lord, stand unrepeal'd, by the Grace of God, I will be a Friend, an Advocate, a Confessor, a Practitioner of Holinesse to the end of my days. This is my resolution, and in this resolution I commit myself to God, and so come on me what will." H 98 BOOKPLATES So much for the first book of the two. The second — Baron Tessin's Catalogue — has two ex libris. The first is that of John Fiott before he took the name of Lee. It is the plate of "John Fiott, B.A./ St. John's College, Cam- bridge, / 1806/." The plate shows a globe floating in the air, with the Fiott arms en- graved on it, and the crest, a horse coup6, over it. Of course, as a wrangler he could not help being an astronomer ; but this indicates his early taste for studying the heavens. Of this crest Guillim tells us: — **A horse erected boult vpright may bee termed enraged, but his noblest action is expressed in a saliant forme. This of all beasts for mans vses, is the most noble and behoofefuU either in Peace or Warre. And sith his service and courage in the Field is so eminent, it may bee maruelled why the Lion should be esteemed a more honourable bearing. But the reason is because the horse's seruice and strength is principally by helpe of his Rider, whereas the Lions is his owne : and if the Horse be not mounted, he fights auerse turning his heeles to his aduersary, but the Lion encounters affront, which is more manly." The Duke of Sussex used two plates amongst THE DUKK OK .sf SLX VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 99 his books in Kensington Palace, one "Perkins and Heath. Patent Hardened steel plate." The main feature of this plate is a Knight of the Garter's chain forming a circle enclosing a lion on a coronet at the base of the plate, a helmet on one side, and an owl on the other. The other plate is here reproduced. A pretty armorial plate of about this time, the shield resting on flowers, and a palm branch at each side, is the ex librls of "Charles Gordon Esq'' of Beldorny and Wardhouse." Below the shield is engraved a ribbon, but without any inscription. The motto — "in hoc spes mea " — is fittingly over the crest, which is described as a cross crosslet fitchee. The arms of Gordon of Beldorny are quarterly, first and fourth, azure, a lion rampant argent between three boars' heads erased of the second; second and third, azure, three boars' heads within a bordure engrailed argent. Now for old Scotland — " Fraser of Lede- clune " ; this is a splendid modern ex libris. This plate is worthily found in a fine, large- paper copy of "poems by goldsmith and parnell. london : printed by W, Bulmer and CO. Shakspeare Printing Office, Cleveland row. 1795"- "To raise the art of Printing in this country from the neglected state ... to com- lOO BOOKPLATES bine the various beauties of Printing, Type- founding-, Engraving, and Paper-making ; as well with a view to ascertain the near approach to perfection which those arts have attained in this country, as to invite a fair competition with the best Typographical Productions of other nations . . . The whole of the Types, . . . are executed by Mr. William Martin, in the house of my friend Mr. George Nicol, whose unceasing endeavours to improve the art of Printing &c. . . . The ornaments are all en- graved on blocks of wood, by two of my earliest acquaintances, Messrs. Bewicks, of Newcastle upon Tyne and London, ... I ma}' venture to say, without being supposed to be influenced by ancient friendship, that they form the most extraordinary effort of the art of engraving upon wood, that ever was produced in any age, or any country ..." Of the paper it is only necessary to say that it comes from the manufactory of Mr. Whatman. Burke's General Armoury gives : — "Quarterly, first and fourth, azure, a bend en- grailed between three cinquefoils (or frasiers), argent, a canton gyronny of eight or and sable ; second and third, argent, three antique crowns gules (the latter quartering was given VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES loi to Sir Simon Frazer for having thrice saved the life of Robert Bruce at the battle of Methven). Crest a buck's head, erased gules. Supporters, two stags proper, attired and unguled or, collared azure, pendent therefrom an escutcheon gyronny of eight gold-and-sable, each resting one foot on an anchor of the last. Motto: 'Je suis pret.' The branches of yew in the bookplate are the ancient badge of the clan Fraser. This book has been beautifully bound, evidently by Kalthoeber." "The Honourable Archibald Campbell Esq'". 1708" is engraved at the base of an armorial plate, with mantling, and lions for supporters. This is the plate of Archibald Campbell, second son of Lord Niel Campbell, who was second son of Archibald, Marquis of Argyll. The owner of this plate had a remarkable life. First, he is said to have taken part in the rebellion headed by his uncle, the ninth Earl of Argyll, in 1685, and then to have made his escape to Surinam. That fine old Tory, Dr. Samuel Johnson, says of him, that after his youthful whiggish days " he kept better company and became a violent tory." On the 25th of August, 171 1, he was consecrated a bishop at Dundee by Bishops Rose, Douglas, and Falconer. He died in 102 BOOKPLATES London in 1744. This plate is in his inter- leaved and copiously annotated copy of the New Testament in Latin: "Theodore Beza's, Londini excudebat Thomas Vautrollerius, Typo- graphus, 1581." It belongs to Mr. E. F. Coates. The nice plate of "Campbell of Shawfield " gives a shield-of-arms, not just corresponding with Burke's General Armoury, which records: Gyronny of eight or and sable, within a bordure of the first, charged with as many crescents of the second. Crest a griffin erect, holding the Sun between the forepaws. Motto : " Fidus amicis." Campbell of Shawfield might be dubbed doubly Campbell, as being a time back re- presented by Walter Frederick Campbell, of Islay and Shamfuld, son of Colonel John Campbell and his wife Charlotte, youngest daughter of John, Duke of Argyll. Guillim wrote: "This forme of helmet, placed sidelong and close, doth Ger Leigh attribute to the dignity of a Knight, but in mine understanding, it fitteth better the calling of an Esquier. ... of these, each Knight had two to attend him in the warres, withersoeuer he went, who bare his helmet and shield before him ; forasmuch, as they did hold certaine lands VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 103 of him in scutag-e, as the Knight did hold of the King" by Military seruice." This Campbell of Shawfield plate is in a copy of .The History of the Siege of Toulon. . . . Done from the French Copy, Printed at Paris, and Dedicated to the French King". London ... at the Raven in Pater Noster Row. 1708. " Hudson Gurney " was born in Norwich on the 19th of January, 1775, ^is father being Richard Gurney, of Keswick Hall, Norfolk. Hudson Gurney was indeed a proper man to have a bookplate, and he had several. He gave his money generously to help the publi- cation of works of antiquarian interest. From 1822 to 1846 he was a Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries. He had a library of from ten to fifteen thousand volumes, and was not content merely to have his books, but was an ardent reader. He was also very ready to help others : he was kind, liberal, and hospit- able. He died on the 9th November, 1864. His family, as the ancient Norman family of De Gournay, owned Keswick Hall and West Barsham, both in Norfolk, for many centuries. The arms (see Burke) : Argent, a cross engrailed gules. The smaller bookplate, not reproduced here, represents one crest of the family, namely, I04 BOOKPLATES on a chapeau gules, turned-up ermine, a gurnet fish in pale, with the head downwards. The Hastings bookplate is simply armorial with supporters, and underneath it the inscrip- tion "Hastings." The barony of Hastings, created by Edward I. in 1290, having fallen into abeyance, the House of Lords reported that Henry L'Estrange Styleman Le Strange, Esq., of Hunstanton, Norfolk, and Sir Jacob Astley, Bart., were co-heirs to the barony. Whereupon Sir Jacob had the abeyance termi- nated in his favour, and was summoned to Parliament by writ in 1841 as Baron Hastings. On his death, in 1S59, he was succeeded by his elder son, Jacob Henry Delaval, Baron Hastings, who died in 1871, and was succeeded by his brother, the Vicar of East Barsham, in Norfolk. He died in September, 1872, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, who, however, dying in 1875, unmarried, was succeeded by his next brother, George Man- ners. The arms are : Quarterly, first, azure a cinquefoil pierced ermine within a bordure, engrailed, or for Astley ; second, argent a lion rampant gules ducally crowned, or for Con- stable ; third, argent two lions passant, gules for L'Estrange ; fourth, or a maunch, gules for Hastings. Supporters, on either side a ^ c^C/i^6^n Oii^yne^J, CHICHEKTEK CATHF.DRAL VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 105 lion gules, ducally crowned, and gorged with a collar or, therefrom pendent an escutcheon of the arms of Hastings. The motto is "Justitiae tenax." Old Guillim illustrated the maunch, and wrote: "The Field is Topaze, a Maunch Ruby. This Coat armour pertained to the honourable Family of Hastings, Earles of Pembroke, and is quartered by the right Honourable Henry Gray, now Earle of Kent. Of things of Anti- quity, saith Leigh, that are growne out of vse, this is one, which hath beene, and is taken for the sleeue of a garment." The view bookplate of the library of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester is interesting. Beriah Botfield described the library as a long room over the only remaining portion of the cloisters attached to that noble building. It is curious to note that this bookplate is in a folio copy of the Rcliqidce Sacrce, or writings of Charles I., and that many of the chief books in the library were the generous bequest of Bishop Morley, the friend of Charles L, and who, tradition says, helped the issue of Eikon Basilike. The books are in the old open oak bookcases in which they stood in the good bishop's palace of Wolvesey. In the library is in manuscript "A Catalogue of all the io6 BOOKPLATES Bookes in his Lordship's Library, bequeathed by his Lordship's Will to the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity of Winchester ; and which the longer his lordship lived, he declared by his letters should be the more and not the fewer." The bookplate in the Bewick style of the *'Rev'' T. Newcome. Brook sculp. 302 Strand." is in an imperfect volume of an eig'hteenth- century duodecimo edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras. Of cathedral libraries an interesting book- plate, and lent to me by Mr. G. F. Barwick, is that of the Dean and Chapter of Chichester. The Rev. Prebendary Deedes, of Chichester, has very kindly written to me the following note : — "This is the earlier of the two bookplates used in the Cathedral Library. That at pre- sent in use, which is substantially the same design, has no embellishment and is not so well engraved. "See a paper on 'The Arms of Chichester Cathedral' in Sussex Arch. Transactions y\o\. xi., with illustrations from seals, now in the posses- sion of the Bishop or the Dean and Chapter. The design is intended to represent our Lord as described by St. John the Divine in Revela- e6{/r-^??i€/ '^'-^^^:pn^uju>{'U"^"'^ VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 107 tion i. The heralds of the seventeenth century mistook it for ' Prester John,' the mythical Emperor of Abyssinia in the Middle Ages, and it is sometimes so described in Heraldic Manuals, There is a difference of treatment as to tinctures. The ' field ' is, I believe, uni- formly blue, the throne gold, the figure usually gold, but occasionally white, which my friend Dr. Codrington maintains is correct. The earlier seals generally give a badge of the Holy Trinity, which is the Dedication of the Cathedral. The motto — 'Liber monumente coram eo ' — is the Vulgate version of part of Malachi iii. 16." Of about this date, with a garland surround- ing the shield and crest at a little distance, and two palm branches crossed, is the bookplate of the " Rev''. Manley Wood. Middle Temple." The family is of North Taunton, Devon, and the arms, as given by Burke : Sable, three bars or ; on a canton gules, a demi-woodman, hold- ing a club over the dexter shoulder or. Crest a woodman proper, wreathed about the temples and loins vert, holding in the dexter hand an olive branch of the last. This bookplate of a Devon man is in a Devon book, and it is "down along" all over. It bears the inscrip- tion: " W. Beal ex dono authoris. Plymouth." io8 BOOKPLATES The book is "the Plain Truth: . . . By John Agate M.A. . . . Exon : Printed by Jos. Bliss, and Sold by the Booksellers in Exon MDCCVIII." I have only quoted about a twentieth part of the title-page, but must give a scrap or two from "To the Reader": "Be it known, that supposing Mr. Wither had not (as 'tis shamefully notorious he has) first broken the Peace, by drawing me to the Press, yet his Harangue about Union and Moderation, is all Banter and Grimace : for how ridiculous is an everlasting Cant and Din about Peace and Union, from One who, . . . if he does not Love, yet manifestly lives by Divisions ! . . ." The armorial bookplate with large margin of "The R' Hon^''« The Earl of Suffolk, is in a splendid folio large-paper copy of The Book of Common Prayer . . . Printed by Thomas Buck and Roger Daniel, printers to the Uni- versitie of Cambridge. Anno Dom. 1638. The latter half of the volume is the Whole Book of Psalmes, Collected into English metre, by Th. Sternhold, John Hopkins, and others, . . . with apt notes to sing them withall:" — the same printer and date. The whole volume being ruled in red lines in the very effective way used with special copies, and bound in fine VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 109 old black morocco, gilt extra, evidently by good Thomas Buck of Cambridge town. The arms, with an earl's coronet above, and lions for supporters, are first, gules, a bend between six cross crosslets, fitchee, argent ; on the bend an escutcheon, or, charged with a demi-lion, rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure, flory- counter flory, gules, for Howard ; second, gules, three lions passant-guardant, in pale or, and a label of three points, argent, for Thomas of Brotherton ; third, chequy, or and azure, for Warren ; fourth, gules, a lion rampant, argent, for Mowbray. Below the shield is the motto, "Nous Maintiendrons." The family of the Earls of Suffolk and Berkshire comes from the famous house of Howard, springing from Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk and his second wife. In the ex libris of "HRH Princess Sophia" there seems something delightfully simple and suitable to a virgin Princess. The Princess Sophia, one of the numerous family of George HI., was born in 1777, and lived until 1848. This bookplate is a lesson in the art of sim- plicity. It is in "Memoires du Prince Eugenie de Savoie ... A Londres 181 1." Here, also, is the bookplate of '* Bulkeley I lo BOOKPLATES Bandinel DD Bodleian Librarian, Oxford," This little plate tells all that could be wished. It is in a copy of the 1720 edition of Wishart's Montrose, and has Bandinel's autograph. It has lately belonged to Mr, William Twopeny, I give also the plate of Philip Bliss, another famous custodian of Bodley's, In any of his books which had not his bookplate he had a playful habit of marking the B sheet signa- ture. The ex libris now mentioned is in a curious copy of a curious work. "The North Briton . , . london : Printed for J, Williams, near the Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street. MDCCLXIII." Two volumes bound in one, and including all the forty-five numbers. The volume is bound in calf and lettered ^'■poison for the Scotch.'' Inside is an armorial bookplate with two winged monsters for supporters. It is evi- dently the bookplate of a Fletcher. The arms that Burke gives are sable, a cross flory argent between four escallops. Crest a bloodhound azure, ducally gorged or. The mott6 is " Dieu pour nous," ' ' Robert Plumptre " 's bookplate gives argent, a chevron between two mullets pierced in chief, and an amulet in base sable, the arms of Plumptre ; and the crest a phoenix or out I JJfc Q^ lr%^))/ VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES iii of flames proper. The motto given is "turpi secernere honestum." Another small shield- of-arms is placed over the Plumptre shield. Nottingham has been the chief abiding-place of the Plumptres for many centuries. This bookplate is in a copy of oeuvres de Mr. Pavilion de CAcademie Francoise. a la Haye, . . . 1715. There are two ex lihris in a copy belonging to Mr. E. F. Coates, of " Report of Pro- ceedings . . . Oyer & Terminer and Gaol Delivery. County of York, held at the castle of York . . . 1813." The first is that of "William Stretton Lenton Priory," which words are engraved under a simple armorial shield. Arms : argent, a bend engrailed sable, cotised gules. The second plate has the in- scription "Sempronius Stretton Lenton Priory." In this plate the shield, with different bearings from the other, is represented as held by an eagle. This Sempronius Stretton of Lenton Priory, in Nottinghamshire, was, I fancy, a colonel in the army ; and hanging just below the shield are two objects looking like war medals. In a fine copy of Baxter's Anacreon—a. rare little work — is the armorial plate "Brown" (Waterhaughs, County Ayr, 1806). Burke 112 BOOKPLATES gives : Quarterly, first and fourth, gules, on a chevron between three fleur-de-lis or, a ship sails furled sable, a bordure of the second ; second and third, gyronny of eight wavy, ermine and gules, for Campbell. Crest a demi-lion proper, holding in his dexter paw a fleur-de-lis or. A good plate here given is that of Sir J. S. Stewart, Baronet. In a 1649 Eikon Basilike is a modern round bookplate of "John Bailey Langhorne. " The arms were granted to the Langhornes of Bed- fordshire 20th January, 1610. Sable a cross argent ; on a chief of the second three bugle- horns of the field, stringed gules. Crest a bugle-horn sable, stringed gules, between two wings expanded, argent. "John Warren, BA, LLB." The name and, to some extent, the arms will remind incident- ally bookplate collectors of the first historian of English bookplates. The motto is "tenebo." The arms are chequy or and azure ; on a canton gules a lion rampant argent. Crest on a chapeau gules, turned-up ermine, a wyvern argent, wings expanded, chequy or and azure. " Thomas James Tatham," an ex libris about fifty years old. Thomas James Tatham lived in Bedford Place, Russell Square, and bore for Sim JAMJES STEWAjRT ]DTEKM(D)JLM VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 113 his own arms, argent, a chevron gules between three swans' necks couped sable. Crest, on a trumpet or, a swan with wings displayed sable. The motto : " perseverance." A bookplate very interesting from the iden- tity of its owner is that of "Henry Crabb Robinson," the warm friend of Lamb, Cole- ridge, Wordsworth, Southey, and a host of other interesting characters. He died at his house, 30, Russell Square, on February 5th, 1867, at the good age of ninety-one years. A sensible armorial plate is that inscribed at foot as "Right Hon*'.'" Sir Robert Peel Bart," and across the top "Drayton Manor." The arms, as granted to Robert Peel of Manchester, father of the first baronet, were : Argent three sheaves of as many arrows proper, banded gules ; on a chief azure a bee volant or. Crest a demi-lion rampant argent, gorged with a collar azure, charged with three bezants, hold- ing between the paws a shuttle or. Motto : " Industria." " Rob*^ D Mayne," a facsimile signature, is under a modern plate, where, of course, both arms and motto have something to say about hands. The arms are : Ermine, on a bend sable, three dexter hands couped argent. The motto runs : " manus justa decus." I 114 BOOKPLATES Of martial mottoes, "militavi non sine gloria " is a good specimen. It is on the bookplate, about forty years old, which has under it the engraved signature of "J Knight." The crest is a spur between two wings. '* Wynfield." This is a shield with Wynfield arms — vert on a bend argent, three crosses patonce sable, and a host of quarterings ; also two crests, one a lion's head, and the other a falcon. The motto is " aut vincere aut mori. " "William Holgate." This is a plain ar- morial bookplate. Or, a bend between two bulls' heads, couped sable. The crest is, out of a mural coronet argent, a bull's head sable, gorged with a collar of the first, charged with two bends gules. " T. A. Dale." A very small shield, with simply the name underneath. Arms of Dale of Rutlandshire, confirmed in 1602 : Paly of six argent and gules, on a chief azure three garbs or. Crest three Danish battle-axes erect, handled or, headed argent, enfiled with a chap- let of roses of the first. The bookplate, also armorial, with two palm leaves, of " Hon'''" Edmund Phipps. " The arms are, of course, the Normandy coat. Quarterly first and fourth, sable, a trefoil slipped between eight mullets argent, for VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 115 Phipps ; second and third, paly of six argent and azure ; over all a bend gules for Annesley. Crest, a lion's gamb erect sable holding a trefoil slipped argent. This in a 1648 copy of Eikon Basilike. A pleasant variety in style is the plate of "George Cardale." It is evidently a real book- man's bookplate. In good large letters on a scroll around the shield are the words, " stu- dendo et contemplando indefessus." In the arms and crest is seen the Cornish chough. An Eikon Basilike^ 1648, with a bookplate, "Rev*^ Charles Chester." Below and beside the armorial shield is a neat design of two palm leaves. The arms, ermine, on a chief sable a griffin passant or, armed argent. Crest, a dragon passant argent, are those of Chester of Blabie in Leicestershire, descended from an uncle of the first Sir Robert Chester of Royston, who, as one of the gentlemen of the Privy Chamber to King Henry VIII., re- ceived from that monarch a grant of the monastery of Royston. ** Fothergill sc " is on the ex lihris of "Cecil D. Wray, A.M. / F.C.C. Manchester." Arms: azure, on a chief or, three martlets gules. Crest an ostrich or. Motto: " et juste et ii6 BOOKPLATES vray." The Rev. Cecil Daniel Wray, Canon of Manchester Collegiate Church, was son and heir of the Rev. Henry Wray, of Brogden House, in Kelfield, Lincolnshire, and his wife the daughter of George Lloyd, of Holm Hall, near Manchester. The Wrays come from Sir Christopher Wray, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench in the days of Queen Bess. A pretty little plate, and not armorial, is that of " John T. Beer." The centre represents an open mouth of a well, with an owl perched on the further edge of it. At each side of the well rise tropical palms. Besides the name ribbon are these three inscriptions: "know- ledge is high," " truth is straight," "wisdom is wealth," An unpretending ex libris is that of " Robert Buchanan Stewart." These words are in- scribed on a circular strap enclosing a fancy monogram. Below is " ubi thesaurus ibi cor." Below are spaces for filling in number, class, and case. As a good specimen of a Society's bookplate may be given one engraved for the " Royal Institute of British Architects. Tite Donation 1868." Sir William Tite, the architect of the Royal Exchange and of many great buildings, f^4 'ft VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 117 was born in 1798 in the parish of St. Bar- tholomew the Great, London, and died at Torquay in 1873. He represented Bath in the House of Commons from 1855 until his death. His valuable library of early English books and other rarities was sold at Sotheby's after his death. The Right Honorable Sir Gore Ouseley, Baronet, Grand Cordon of the Persian Order of the Lion and Sun, and Grand Cross of the Imperial Russian Order of St. Alexander Newski — a famous Oriental scholar. Fellow of the Royal Society, and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries — was born in 1770, and created a baronet in 1808. His wife was Harriott- Georgiana, daughter of John Whitelocke, Esq. In 1810 Sir Gore Ouseley became Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Persia, and afterwards at St. Petersburg. He died in 1844 at Hall Barn, Beaconsfield, which had belonged to Edmund Waller, the poet, and which he had twelve years before purchased from the poet's de- scendant, Mr. Waller of Farmington. " Whalley Hamerton " is a good idea in bookplates. It looks like unto a picture of some fine old seal. Whale's heads for Whalley. It is in a scarce book : Marshal Ney. Report ii8 BOOKPLATES of the trial . . . Paris : Printed and sold at Galignani's . . . 1815, "A fenwyke ! a fenwyke " is the motto at the foot of a Fenwick bookplate, probably Fenwick and Robinson. First and fourth, six martlets counterchanged, three cinquefoils. The Fenwicks were an intrepid race haunting the northern borders, and the proud House of Percy never went to battle without the valiant Fenwicks to help them. *' Richard Clark Esq"". Chamberlain of Lon- don." Such are the words engraved below the plain armorial plate. Argent on a bend gules three swans proper, between as many pellets, a canton sinister azure charged with a demi-ram mounting of the first, armed or between two fleur-de-lis in chief of the last ; on it a baton dexter of the field. The motto is "est modus in rebus." Guillim remarks: "The Swan is a Birde of great Beautie, and strength also : and this is reported in Honour of Him, that hee vseth not his strength, to Prey or tyrannize ouer any other Fowle, but onelie to be reuenged on such as first offer Him wrong; in which case he often subdueth the Eagle." A good ex libris, engraved perhaps about 1820, and in an 1824 copy of Eikon Basilike, is VARIOUS BRITISH BOOKPLATES 119 the bookplate of "Harry Kerby Pott." The motto is " fortis et astutus." The arms are: azure, two bars or, over all a bend of the last. The crest a leopard, or ounce, sejant proper, collared, lined and ringed azure. According to the Herald's College, these arms were granted in 1583- The quite modern, fantastic plate of "Thomas Bradshaw. Stackhouse. Settle. " seems to repre- sent Father Time with his scythe ; and Father Time seems to be expressed as an old man in a hurry, who has learnt to fly without wings. This plate is in a Yorkshire West Riding poll- book of 1838, belonging to Mr. E. F. Coates. A very pleasing modern non-armorial plate is " George Parker Heathcote " 's. In a prettily formed rectangular frame is seen an angel holding a shield and pointing to the mono- gram "G P H ", which occupies the shield. The names in full are round the framework. This plate is in a volume of the Camden Society. Appropriately, in a copy belonging to Mr. E. F. Coates, of Poulson's Holderness, Hull, 1840, is a bookplate of a member of a family that hails from Knaresborough. "John Rhodes " is the facsimile signature at the foot of the plate, below the motto " ung durant ma I20 BOOKPLATES vie." The arms are: argent on a cross en- gfrailed, between four lions rampant gules, as many bezants. Crest a leopard sejant or, spotted sable, collared and ringed argent. Two nineteenth-century ex libris — one of "Thomas Tindal Methold," and the other of "Henry Methold." The Methold arms are : azure six escallops or. The crest is a goat's head erased argent, attire and beard sable. The Metholds, or Methuolds, are an old Norfolk family. A simple nineteenth-century ex libris is that of "Christopher Roberts," with the motto " un roy une foy une loy." The arms, granted on 2nd June, 1614, to Roberts of Truro, Corn- wall, are : azure, on a chevron argent, three mullets pierced sable. Crest a demi-lion azure holding a mullet argent, pierced sable. CHAPTER XI BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA SIXTY years ago the intelligent European reader would have rubbed his eyes and looked at his feet to be sure that they were not where his head ought to be, if told that American readers formed, in a marked degree, a very large class to whom publishers and authors should look for sympathy and en- couragement. That is all changed now, and there is probably no country in the world where books, and all that is implied in that magic word, arouse so keen an interest. It will not be out of place to pause and think of the honoured names of a few of those who have helped to prepare the road for this change. Of course, some seeds of good fruit were sown many generations before. Passing over Sir Walter Raleigh, colonist and author^ we reach, in a few years, George Sandys, poet and colonist, one of the brave companions of Captain John Smith, 122 BOOKPLATES John Smith was a member of the council of the 105 emigrants who on December 19th, 1 606, set out from Black wall to found a colony in Virginia. Combining- prudence with intrepid enterprise, he became the trusted founder and leader of the colony. In one expedition inland in December, 1607, he was taken prisoner by the Indians, and is said to have been rescued by the intervention of Pocahontas, the Indian Princess. George Sandys, son of the Archbishop of York, born in 1578, two years before John Smith, was, in 161 1, named as one of the "Undertakers" in the third Virginia charter, and in 162 1 was made Treasurer of the Virginia Company, not very long- before the colony was taken over by the Crown. What is to the point of our story is that, in his colony home on the banks of James River, he translated Ovid's Metamorphoses^ dedicated to Charles I., and published in folio in London in 1626. In 1623 the Rev. William Morrell, armed with a commission to superintend the churches there, went out in Captain Robert Gorges' ex- pedition to Massachusetts, lived at Plymouth there one year, and, returning to England, published in London, in 1525, in quarto, Latin hexameters, with a translation into English BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 123 heroic verse, and entitling the book: "New- England, or a briefe Enarration of the Ayre, Earth, Water, Fish, and Fowles of that Country, With a Description of the . . . Habits and Religion of the Natives." In 1629 William Wood emigrated from England to Massachusetts, and after staying there about four years, he came back to England, and in 1634 published his "New England's Prospect : A true, lively, and ex- perimental! Description of that part of America commonly called New England : Discovering the State of that Countrie, both as it stands to our new-come English Planters and to the old Native inhabitants : Laying downe that which may both enrich the Knowledge of the mind-travelling Reader, or benefit the future Voyager, London, by Thomas Cotes for John Bellamie. 1634." The author soon went back to the colony, became a representative in the State Legisla- ture, became the chief founder of Sandwich in Plymouth Colony, and died there in 1639. Of the youth of Roger Williams, the next colonist author, a curious incident is recorded : " He attended trials in the Court of Star Chamber, in order to take down notes of them in a shorthand." Many will recall at once, 124 BOOKPLATES how often working as a reporter, has led to a literary career. In this connection the name of Charles Dickens, and a host of other authors, occur at once. In 1626 Roger Williams took his B.A. degree from Pembroke College, Cambridge ; and on December ist, 1630, he embarked from Bristol in a ship named the Lyon, and after a voyage of over two months, reached Nantasket Feb- ruary 5th, 1631. He had been ordained in England ; but neither in the old country nor the new did his ideas of a Church and Church government generally agree with the views of those in authority. In January, 1636, he was cited by Boston, but declining to appear. Captain John Underbill was despatched to Salem with a sloop to arrest him and put him aboard ship for England. Receiving a hint from Winthrop " to arise and flee into the Narrohiganset's country, free from English Pattents," with a few companions he " steered his course for the land of the Narra- gansett Indians, being sorely tossed for one fourteen weeks in a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed did mean." In 1639 he became an Anabaptist, was duly im- mersed, and founded the first Baptist church in Providence — the mother of 18,000 Baptist BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 125 churches m America. In a few months he completely separated from the Baptists, and became a "Seeker." His whole life and journeys to and from the old country cannot be followed here. He lived till 1683, " preach- ing the Gospel of Christ, not only to his own people, but to the Children of the Forest, who received the Missionary, and loved the Man." Some of his chief published works were : — "A key into the Language of America, or an Help to the Language of the Natives in that Part of America called New England ; together with Briefe Observations of the Cus- tomes, Manners and Worships of the aforesaid Natives in Peace and Warre, in Life and Death, London, Gregory Dexler, 1643." "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, discussed in a Conference . . . 1644." " Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health and their Preservatives. London 1652." "George Fox digg'd out of his Burrowes, or an Offer of Disputation on fourteen Pro- posals made this last Summer, 1672, (so call'd) unto G. Fox, then present on Rode Island, in New England. Boston. Printed by John Foster 1676." John Winthrop, born on January 12th, 1588, 126 BOOKPLATES at Edwardston in Suffolk, was one of the twelve signatories at Cambridge on August 26th, 1629, to the document which practically made Massachusetts self-governing. Those who signed undertook to set sail with their families to inhabit and continue in New England, provided that the whole government, together with the patent for the plantation, be first by an order of court legally transferred and es- tablished, to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the said plantation. Shortly John Winthrop was elected to be governor, and in March of the next year sailed from England. His literary character was in evidence even throughout the voyage, as the famous diary was then begun, and also in his journey across the seas he wrote a little manual, the manuscript of which now belongs to the New York Historical Society, and is called Christian Charitie. A Modcll hereof. Now we come to talk of a man who is perhaps the most interesting figure in early American authorship. John Eliot, the Indian apostle, born in Herefordshire in 1604, took his degree at Cambridge in 1622, and after- wards entered Holy Orders. He landed at Boston, New England, in 1631. On Novem- ber 5th, 1632, he was made a " teacher of the BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 127 Church at Roxbury, and held this post until his death at Roxbury on May 20th, 1690." In the meanwhile, between 1632 and 1690^ John Eliot had, among-st other vast labours, translated the whole Bible into native Indian ; but to be more precise ; First came the New Testament in 1661, and a second edition in 1680, In 1663 the whole Bible, first edition, and in 1685 the second edition. These wonderful works were published at Cambridge, in New England. He also helped in the preparation of the English Metrical version of the Psalms, the first book printed in New England. This was known as the Bay Psalm-book, and was printed by Stephen Daye in 1640. Everett declared of him: "Since the death of the Apostle Paul, a nobler, truer, and warmer spirit than John Eliot never lived." Again, Mather wrote of him : "He that would write of Eliot, must write of Charity, or say nothing." Richard Baxter, another contemporary, re- corded : "There was no man on earth whom I honour'd above him." The credit for the first really original work published in America seems to belong to Anne Bradstreet, whose maiden name was Anne Dudley, her father, Thomas Dudley, becoming 128 BOOKPLATES Governor of Massachusetts. She was born in Northamptonshire, and at the early age of sixteen married Simon Bradstreet, and in 1630 went with him to America. Her husband be- came Governor of Massachusetts in 1680. Mrs. Anne Bradstreet's poems were first pubhshed in 1640, under the title of "Several Poems, compiled with great variety of Wit and Learning, full of delight ; wherein especially is contained a compleat Discourse and Descrip- tion of the Four Elements, Constitutions, Ages of Man, and Seasons of the Year, together with an exact Epitome of the Three first Monarchies, viz: The Assyrian, Persian, and Grecian ; and the beginning of the Roman Commonwealth to the end of their last King, with divers other pleasant and serious Poems : by a Gentlewoman of New England." This is not a treatise on history, and we must pass on to later days, and soon find firm ground with American-born literary men and women. Jonathan Edwards, born at Windsor, in Con- necticut, became a student at Yale College in 1716. Already, at thirteen years old, he was reading Locke on The Human Uniicrslanding, "with a keener delight than a miser feels when gathering up handfulls of silver and gold BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 129 from some newly-discovered treasure." The g-reatest of his many writings was "A careful and Strict Inquiry into the modern prevailing- notion that Freedom of Will is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency," and this work has been described as undoubtedly the great bul- wark of Calvinistic theology. Edwards' father had been fifty years minister of a church in America, and his ancestors first emigrated from England in Queen Elizabeth's days ; but the origin of Benjamin Franklin, to whom we come now, was much humbler. His father, Josiah Franklin, came from England, and started in Boston as a tallow chandler. Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17th, 1706, and when ten years old his father took him home from school to cut wicks for the candles ! The boy became anxious for the life of a sailor ; but the father, with what now, looking back, we may call happy instinct, apprenticed Benjamin to his elder brother, James, who, just returned from a voyage to London, had, in 1717, set up a printing-press in Boston. This change brought Benjamin at once within reach of reading, and as what is here written relates wholly to books, the following words of Benjamin Franklin, written to a son of Cotton K 130 BOOKPLATES Mather in his later years, are worth repeating: "When I was a boy, I met a book entitled Essays to do Good, which I think was written by your father. It had been so little regarded by its former possessor that several leaves of it were torn out, but the remainder gave me such a turn of thinking as to have an influence upon my conduct through life ; for I have always set a greater value on the character of a doer of good than any other kind of reputa- tion: and if I have been, as you seem to think, a useful citizen, the public owes all the advan- tage of it to that book." In 1724, with aid from Sir William Keith, Governor of Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin came to England with the object of obtaining and bringing over a printing-press and all materials for himself; but not succeeding in this, he stayed two years in London, working at his trade, and at this time, 1725, he published A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. This publication is not in any old collection of Franklin's writings, and even now only one copy seems to be known. In 1730 Benjamin founded the Public Library in Philadelphia. In 1753 he became Postmaster- General for British America. In 1743 he had originated the American Philosophical Society, BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 131 and in 1749 he became the real founder of the University of Pennsylvania. The year 1752 saw the verification of his theory identifying- lig-htning with electricity. After the Declara- tion of Independence Franklin was, in 1776, appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to France. In 1785 he became President of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, and in 1787 sat with Washing-ton and Hamilton in the Federal Con- vention which framed the Constitution of the United States. On his death, on April 17th, 1790, Mirabeau announced in the General Assembly of France : "The genius which had freed America, and poured a flood of light over Europe, had returned to the bosom of the Divinity." Nicolas Triibner, in the interesting Introduc- tion to his Guide to At?ierican Literature, London, 1859, points out that until 1793 no American devoted himself exclusively to litera- ture as a profession. In this year Charles Brockden Brown's first novel appeared. The title of this was Wiehvid ; or, the Transforma- tion. The author was born in Philadelphia in 1771. The great historian William HicklingPrescott, whose grandfather. Colonel William Prescott, commanded at Bunker's Hill, was born at 132 BOOKPLATES Salem, in Massachusetts, in 1796. In 1814 he graduated from Harvard with honours, although in 181 1, his first year at Harvard, he had lost the sight of one eye, and shortly afterwards the other eye was seriously affected in sympathy with it. This unfortunate accident was caused by a blow from a crust of bread thrown at random at a college dinner. The years from 1815 to 1817 he spent in England, *' delighting not the less in the charms of nature because by him they could be seen only" as through a glass, darkly. He returned, re- solved "that the ample page of knowledge, rich with the spoils of time," if obscured to his external organs, should be no strang^er to his intellectual vision. In 1837 his first g-reat work, The History of Ferdinand and Isabella, was finished. With inborn modesty he did not mean it to be pub- lished ; but his father, Judge William Prescott, of course insisted on its publication, and soon it was published, not only in the author's own tongue, but in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, in the respective languages of those lands. In 1843 appeared The History of the Conquest of Mexieo, and in 1847 his History of the Conquest of Peru. Next came the first volumes of the irreat work which Prescott was BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 133 never destined to finish. In 1855 were pub- lished the two first volumes of The Histoiy of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, and in December, 1858, appeared the third volume. Early in the year he had been attacked by a slight stroke of paralysis. Early in the next year this was followed by a second, and he passed away on January 28th, 1859. In a conversation only forty-eight hours before his death he spoke of various friends, and par- ticularly of George Ticknor, whom he described as "having shortened and brightened what, but for him, must have been many a sad and weary hour." Asked if he was not coming to New York, he said : " No ; I suppose that the days of my long journeys are over. I must content myself, like Horace, with my three houses. You know I go at the commencement of summer to my cottage by the seaside at Lynn Beach ; and at autumn to my patrimonial acres at Pepperell, which have been in our family for two hundred years, to sit under the old trees I sat under when a boy ; and then with winter come down to hibernate in this house. This is the only travelling, I sup- pose, that I shall do until I go to my long home." George Ticknor, to whom the dying historian 134 BOOKPLATES Prescott made such interesting- allusion, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on August ist, 1 791, and from early childhood displayed a passion for books. He became a barrister, but could not long- keep away from literature and learning^. In 1815 he came to Europe, and haunted some of the best libraries and univer- sities of the Old World. Actually, before his return home to America, he was, in 1817, appointed Smith Professor of Modern Lan- guages and Literature in Harvard College. In 1819 he returned to America, and for fifteen years held this chair of teaching, delivering all the while the most valuable courses of lectures. In 1835 he gave up his professorship in order to go again to Europe and study for preparing his great book. After three years he came back to his native land, and, in 1849, The History of Spanish Literature was first pub- lished in New York by Harper and Brothers, in London by John Murray. Of it Washington Irving wrote to the author: "No one that has not been in Spain can feel half the merit of your work, but to those who have it is a perpetual banquet. It is well worth a lifetime to achieve such a work." Washington Irving, almost the first author BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 135 noticed as a native of the city of New York, was born on April 3rd, 1783. His father was a Scot, and his mother English. Passing- over interesting publications like Salmagiuidi ; or, The Whi7n-Whams, and Diedrich Knicker- bocker's History of Neiv York, we come to The Sketch Book, first issued in 1819. Curi- ously enough, Washington Irving, as a fact, wrote the MS. for this in England ; but it was at first only printed and published in New York. Incidentally, Lockhart, in Blackimod's Magazine, February, 1820, paid a high com- pliment : — "We are greatly at a loss to comprehend for what reason Mr. Irving has thought fit to publish his Sketch Book in America earlier than in Britain ; but, at all events, he is doing himself great injustice by not having an edition printed here of every number after it has appeared in New York. Nothing has been written for a long time for which it would be more safe to promise great and eager accept- ance." Washington Irving's fame was now secure, and these few concluding words, from AUibone, must suffice : ' ' When Bracehridge Hall was ready for the press, in 1822, Mr. Murray was ready to offer 1,000 guineas for the copyright 136 BOOKPLATES without having- seen the MS. He obtained the coveted prize at his offer, and subsequently gave the same author ;^2, coo for the chronicle of The Conquest of Granada, and 3,000 g-uineas for the History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. " Very few words here must be written of John Lothrop Motley, born in Massachusetts in 1814. It is enoug-h to mention his splendid work, The History of the Rise of the Dutch Republic. Now, from what is gone before, it will readily be granted that America was well prepared, by the work of her own sons, to take a proud position in Literature, and in concluding these introductory remarks only one honoured name shall be mentioned fur- ther. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, on February 27th, 1807, and was descended from William Long^fellow, who, born in Hampshire, England, in 165 1, emi- grated to Massachusetts. The chief incidents of the life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are like household words, and to think of all that is pure and noble in America without naming- him, is impossible. All his writings are instinct with the breath of a pure and noble life. BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 137 "Softly the Ang-elus sounded, and ov'er the roofs of the village Columns of pale blue smoke, like clouds of incense ascendingf, Rose from a hundred hearths, the homes of peace and contentment. Thus dwelt together in love those simple Acadian farmers, — Dwelt in the love of God and of man. Alike were they free from Fear, that reigns with the tyrant, and envy, the vice of republics. Neither locks had they to their doors, nor bars to their windows ; But their dwelling-s were open as day and the hearts of the owners ; There the richest was poor, and the poorest lived in abundance." Naturally we turn, at first, to look at books taken to America by early English atid Dutch settlers. They and their near descendants, when using- a bookplate at all, mostly adopted an armorial plate. Copper-plate engraving was, of course, in vogue then, and most of their ex libris are from copper-plates. There are a few from wood-blocks. Of comparatively late plates, some are steel plates ; but the copper are usually the more satisfactory ; the steel being so difficult to work. In comparing a number of the earlier specimens of bookplates in America an inter- esting point involuntarily arises. From which 138 BOOKPLATES of two views is an ex lihris the more interesting? Is it a work of art or a piece of history? In spite of all that skilled designers and cunning workers in metals may say, the majority will probably value most what for want of a better name may be called the historical aspect. When the Tudor, Stuart, and Guelph Exhibitions were held in London, somewhat unfortunately so many of the expert critics, in writing of portraits, groups, or historical scenes, seemed only able to write from a pure art point of view. As an instance, not con- nected with any exhibition, I had, but am afraid that I have lost it, a somewhat seedy- looking oil painting, perhaps 18x12 inches, which depicted an earnest, bent old figure on horseback returning the salute of a wonder- struck old countryman and his good dame. Following the keen old horseman is another horse, bearing the groom with despatch-bag. The scene is, in fact, a contemporary repre- sentation from life of "The Duke " just before passing out of Birdcage Walk for Apsley House. In the left background is the Welling- ton Monument, as many of us remember it, and on the right the Hercules statue. These accessories fix the date as in the last few years of the great Duke's life. BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 139 What thousand-guinea portrait, plastered with elaborate uniform and robes and satu- rated with a learned artist's technical postures and perfections, could have so perfectly pour- trayed the most interesting figure ever seen in London half a century ago? Field-Marshal Moltke was respected throughout Germany as Der Schweiger — the Silent. Wellington, too, and the late Lord Salisbury as well, did not revel in long-winded talk. Once, in the Duke's last years, he had become very unpopular with the ignorant crowd. Stepping out of the House of Lords into Old Palace Yard, he was met by the howls and threats of an angry mob. His groom was there with the aged Duke's horse for him to ride home as usual. By a sign, sending away horse and groom, the calm old veteran walked into and with the mob. Before he and they came to Apsley House, the wild threats and jeers had become good British cheers. The old man spoke no single word, but only pointed to his study windows, which had lately been barred up owing to a mob breaking the glass. I bought this painting from Charles Dickens' friend, old Mrs. Haines, as it hung in her inner parlour or sanctum, I also bought from the old lady an old crockery clock-case, depicting I40 BOOKPLATES the young Pretender and Flora MacDonald ; also a separate figure of Flora MacDonald. The old dame talked the while of her recollec- tions of uninteresting (!) folk, such as Lord Byron and Charles Dickens. To hear her talk of her own father, a Thames waterman, landing Byron at the Tower stairs, carried one in fancy almost back to Wenceslaus Hollar's London, with its picturesque quaintness. Describing Dickens' appearance when first he came to London, she spoke of him as having somewhat the look of a groom. Then she pointed with pride to the plain chair in which Dickens, in later years, spent many an hour of many a day reading her husband's library books. This house, No. 24, Fetter Lane, has long been pulled down, and the foregoing remarks are from my memory of my last call there about nineteen years ago. In an article shortly afterwards (5th January, 1884) in the Pall Mall Gasette — I have just looked it up in one of my commonplace books- — are many curious par- ticulars, and two good illustrations: "The walls are lined all round with books that hav^e long been forgotten by the world, all arranged with some attention to regularity. A little angular counter protects them from the profane touch of curio-hunters. This is covered with BOOKPLATES IN AMERICA 141 old books, prints, tarnished silver, glass cases, tattered engravings, and paintings cracked and stained. In one corner Dame Haines sat down. * Here,' she said, ' I have seen Dickens sit many hundreds of times, and here he used to lean his shoulder on the counter. Ah ! ' she went on, making a movement with her hands, and with ecstasy expressed on every one of her wrinkled features, ' I can see him now, with his pleasant face, his quiet, rippling laugh and his gentle ways." Now, the earlier bookplates hailing from the more northern colonies of America differ generally from those of southern colonies. Most of the early northern families were of stern, unimaginative mettle, rather despising as unholy anything so "worldly" as an ex libris, and bringing few such gewga%, and on another is written, "Ex libris/T. H. Foster/In Festi Purificationis/ B.V.M. 88/ + ". The book is in its original stamped binding, with clasps. Now this short gossip on ex libris must draw to a close. In one sense — that of variety — the study of bookplates can be elaborated in a never- ending course. You can set your mind on collecting, arranging, and studying the book- plates of lawyers. Again, you can limit that, and collect only the bookplates of barristers, as distinguished from solicitors; you can limit your attention to judges ; you can confine it to a century, a country, or even a county ; you can strive to put together all the Chippen- dale bookplates ever made ; you can strive to collect every portrait-plate, every plate with a ship, every landscape-plate, every military bookplate, or collect military bookplates, at the same time excluding every aspirant below a general ! The varieties are endless ; it is merely a question of ringing the changes. Perhaps one of the most sensible divisions, in a small way, is that of collecting the plates of the various members of certain families. Memorable words were spoken in March, 1891, by John Leighton, f.s.a., the first chair- INSCRIPllONS IN BOOKS 169 man of the Ex Libris Society: "The Society should be select, and in no way connected with profit, other than the pleasure to be derived in making- the past patent to the present and future." The present writer is not a bookplate col- lector; but an honoured member of the Council of the Ex Libris Society has kindly lent most of the numbers of the Society's Journal, from the date of its foundation. One or two of several years he had lost, and very many of the numbers had not, till now, made the ac- quaintance of a paper-knife. There is, I need hardly say, much in the Journal of interest, and reflecting- hig-hly on the ingenuity of Mr. W. H. K. Wright, fellow of the Royal His- torical Society. In turning- over the numbers of the Journal a fond, vain wish seizes one ; and it is this — Oh ! that I could strike out the trade journal element, or relegate it to certain pages, wholly apart from the interesting historical and anti- quarian portions. Alas ! how could this be expected, seeing that leading members of the Society were professionally busied with book- plates? Perhaps this has all been remedied. Then, too, in turning over numbers one can- not help thinking that a bookplate of simple I70 BOOKPLATES taste was sadly discouraged. In the first place, a "fanciful" design was directly recommended ; and in the second place, by constantly urging that each member of the Society must sport at least one bookplate of his own, and must be ready to exchange. Thus anyone who has joined the Society, and whose own library may be limited to Bnidshaw and the Stock Ex- change Year Book, must start an ex libris, not to place in the primary proper place for book- plates, but to post to Dick, Tom, and Harry, similarly placed. Again, unless he wish to be ignored, he must make every effort to have as grand and fantastic a plate as his neighbour. A volume has just, on going to press, come into my hands, which, although printed as late as 1850, is deliciously redolent of old-world life. The work is the Life of James Davies, a village schoolmaster, written by Sir Thomas PhiUips. London : John W. Parker, West Strand, 1850. On the inner cover, facing the half-title, is a most charming black silhouette profile portrait of a lady of some ninety years ago, subscribed "ever your sincere Friend Sarah Jones." Above is written, "S Jones born g**" April 1771." In, of course, another hand, is written at the foot, "Died July 18*'': 1852." The portrait is of the wife and widow INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS 171 of the Rev. William Jones, as shown by several marked passag^es of the book. Her husband was in pastoral charge, and she his devoted helper, where James Davies was the earnest and evidently very unpedantic pedag"og"ue : "It was in the summer of 1815 that James Davies removed from Usk to the Devauden, and received the charge of rude, ragged, and boisterous mountain children, whom he long instructed by precept and example." This biography, the work of Sir Thomas Phillips, a neighbouring squire, is illustrated with very good engravings, and altogether recalls at every turn, scenes worthy of good George Herbert and Nicholas Ferrar. BIBLIOGRAPHY Les Ex Libn's Fran^ais, hy A. Poulet-Malassis. Paris, 1874. A Guide to the Study of Bookplates, by the Hon. John Byrne Leicester Warren. J. Pearson, London, 1880. pp. iii. and 238. Revue des Ex Lihris Alsaciens, by A. Stoeber. Mul- house, 1881. Die DeutscJien Biidierzeiclien, by F. Warnecke. Berlin, 1890. pp. 255. Composite Bookplates, by E. B. Ricketts. London, 1890. Les Ex Lihris, by H. Bouchot. Paris, 1891. pp. 104. Bibliography of Bookplates, by H. W. Fincham and J. R. Brown. Plymouth, 1892. pp. 24. Heraldic Bookplates, by A. M. Hildebrandt. Berlin. 1892. French Bookplates, by W. Hamilton. London, 1892. pp. 175. Also in Bell's Ex Libris Series, 1896. pp. 360. English Bookplates, bv Etjerton Castle. London, 1893. Rare Bookplates of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, by F. Warnecke. London, 1893. Dated Bookplates, by W. Hamilton. London, 1894. The Processes for the Production of Bookplates, by J. \'inycomb. London, 1894. pp. 96. Illustriertes handbuch de Ex Libris kunde, b_v G. -A. Seyler. Berlin, 1895. pp. 88. Wardour Press Series of Armorial Plates. London, 1895, etc. Ex Libris Series, J. W. G. White. London, 1895, etc. 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 American Bookplates, by C. D. Allen. London, 1895. Bookplates, by \V. J. Hardy, F.s.A. London, 1897. Artists and Engravers of British and American Book plates, by H. \V. Fincham. London, 1897. Bookplates Old and Xeiv, bv J. A. Gade. New York, 1898. Bookplates and their J'aliie, by J. H. Slater. London, 1S98. Die Sch7veizerisclien Bibliothekzeichen, by L. Gerster. Kappelen, 1898. Odd Volumes and their Bookplates, h\ W. Hamilton. London, 1899. INDEX Adams, J- T., 15 Agate, T-, 107 Ailleboiist, C, 8 Ailesbury, Marquis, 67 Albosius, C. , 8 Aldrich, T. B., 151 Alleine, R., 96 Amman, J., 19, 20 Antonie, W. L. , 94 Architecture, Royal Insti- tute of, 116 Arundel], F., 165 Bacchus, J., 158 Bacon, Sir W. , 23 Bandinel, B. , 109 Bartolozzi, F. , 5 Barwick, G. F., 44, 53, 56, 57. 58, 106 Bastille, The, 40 Bates, H. C, 153 Bateman, T., 89 Bateman, W., 89 Baumgartner, H., 17 Baxter, Anacreon, 47, 11 1 Baxter, J- P-, 152 Beall, W., 107 Bardsley. A., 72 Beaufort, Duke of, 90 Beavan, 65 Beck with, T., 50 Beer, F. T., 115 Beesly, A. H., 66 Beham, H. S. , 17 Beham, B., 17 Bell, T., 93 Bell, G. , and Sons, 28 Benedict, St., 11 Bennett, W. J. G., 66 Berry, G., 159 Berryer, P. A., 42 Bewick, 3 Bewick, Messrs., 100 Bielke, T., 26 Bierstadt, E. H., 151 Bigot, J., 27 Bigot, L. E., 27 Binning, W. , 160 Bliss, P., 109 Bouchart, A., 26 Boycott, R., 47 Boycott, S., 48 Bradshaw, T., 118 Bradstreet, A., 127 Brandenburg, H., 12 Bridges, Mary A., 71 Briot, J., 28 Brook, 105 Brown of Waterhaughs, 47, III Boulais de Nanteuil, A. F. A., 39 Buhner, W., and Co., 99 I7S 176 BOOKPLATES Bull, M., 153 Bunsen, Baron, 56 Burgkmaier, H., 22 Burgoyne, Sir J., 23 Burns, R., 66 Busse, VV. L. , 75 Campbell, A., loi Campbell of Shawfield, loi Cardale, G. , 114 Carlander, Herr, 26 Carruthers, W., 59 Castle, E., 10 Chambers, C. , 156 Chambers, M., 157 Chambers, W., 157 Champion, 67 Chester, C, 1 14 Chichester Cathedral, 106 Cholmondeley, H., Vis- count, 45 Christoff, T., 53 Clark, A., 159 Clark, R., 117 Cleveland, S., 150 Coates, E. F., 45, 46-51, 80, 87, loi, no, 118, 119 Collet, T., 156 Collett,"R. W. D.,48 Collins, D. , 42 Colquhoun, P., 64 Compton, C. , 82, S;^ Conduit, J., 90 Constable, t-. 86 Constable, \V. , 86 Convers, P. A., 38 Coster, D. de, 33 Coster, P. de, ^;i Corunna, 159 Crane, J., 164 Crane, W. , 152 Cranach, L., 20, 21 Custance, O., 72 Custos, R. , 33 Dale, T. A., 114 Davies, J., 170 Deedes, Prebendary, 93, 106 Denholme, J. S., 51 Bering, T., 144 Dickens. C, 124 Dubbs, J. H., 151 Dudley, A., 127 Diirer, A., 14, 15, 16, 131 Edwards, J-, 128 Eikoii Basilike, 165 Eliot, J., 126 Elizabeth, Queen, 24 Eschentach, H. E. von, 16 Eustace, J., 71 Ex Libris Society, 169 Farquhar, W., 65 Farrington, 153 P'aulkner, E., "146 Feilden, H. St. C , 65 Fenwick, 117 Fischart, J., 20 Fiott, J., 94-97 Forbes, C, 87 Fothergill, 115 Foster, T. H., 168 Franklin, B., 129 Frederick, Sir J., Bart., 58 Fraser of Ledeclune, 97 Gardner, F., 23 Goldie, C, 69 INDEX 177 Gordon, C. , 98 Gordon of Buthlaw, 76 Georges, R., 172 Grey, T. P., Earl de, 57 Griggs, 27 Grolier Club, 153 Gualther, L., 26 Guildford, Earl of, 78 Gumey, H., 102 Guthry, H., 77 Gutman, O. G. von, 28 Haines, AI., 20, 138 Hamerton, W., 117 Hamilton, H., 27 Hamilton, W., 38, 41 Hampson (Family), 50 Hapgood, M. H., 151 Hauer. H., 30 Hardy, W. J., 9 Harper, W., 159 Hart, G. E., 152 Hart, Sir P., 163 Hart, W., 163 Harvey, T. E., 69 Hastings (Family), 103 Hearn, E. N., 141 Heathcote, G. P., 119 Holbein, H., 21, 22 Holgate, W., 113 Holler, J., 166 Holmes, O. W., 147 Howard, H., 60 Holzschuher, V., 19 Huet, P. D., 35 Huntington, W. R., 152 Hard, N., 143 Hutt, L., 148 N Igler, H., 13 Imhof, A., 18 Irving, W., 134 Jarvis, S. F., 146 Jeffries, J., 146 Joher, C. G., 56 Jones, W., 171 Jourdan, Marshal, 40 jund, L. M., 18 Jungen, J. H. zum, 25 Knight, J., 113 Knox, B. W., 66 Kolrirger, A., 14 Kraus, J. O., 54 Krep von Krepenstein, 33 Kriiger, D., 34 Langhorne, J. B., in Langton, T. , 94 Leach, A., 158 Lebegue, L., 73 Lee, T., 153 Lee, Sir W., 94 Leighton, J., 168 Leiningen-Westerburg, Count, 7, 12 Lemond, W., 46 Lerchenfeld-Prennberg, von, 35 Lethbridge, Sir W., 68 Lilburn, C. , 49 Littleton, Edward, Lord, 31, 32, 33 Lizars, D., 47 Loch, J., 46 Lomax, R. T. , 70 Longfellow, H. W., 136 178 BOOKPLATES Longmate, B. , 62 Lubbock, Sir T. W., 58 Macdonald, Flora, 140 Macintosh, C. C, 87 Mackenzie, J. W., 49 Mahon, Lord, 22 Maitland, T. , 48 Maiden, P. de, 41 Manwood, Sir R., 163 Margetson, E. J-, 70 Margetson, W. H., 70 Maridat, P., 39 Marshall, F. A., 65 Marshall, W., 31, 33 Martin, C, 41 Martin, W., 99 Mayne, R. D. , 113 Menage, G., 36 Mercator, N., 45 Methold, T. T., 119 Monnier, L. , 38 Montrose, Marquis, 49 More, Sir T., 22 Moore, Sir J., 159 Moore, S., 84 Morrell, W., 122 Morton, E. , 72 Mors sola resolvit, 50 Motley, J. L., 136 Muntzinger, R., 13 Napier, Sir W. , 22 Naseby, 164 Neele, S. J., 92 New, E. H., 72 Newcome, Rev. T. , 105 Newstift, 167 Nicol, J., 99 North, F., 78 Northampton, Earl of, 160 Novacella, 16 Northampton, Marcjuis of, 82, 83 Nuremberg, 14 Ochs, T- S., 54 Opel, P., 26 Ormerod, G., 88 Ouseley, Sir G., u6 Palmer, 85 Parker, J. W., 170 Pearce, E., 85 Peel, Sir R., 112 Percival, S., 77 Petan, A., 28 Pfinzing, M., 17 Phillips, Sir T., 170 Phipps, E., 114 Pirckheimer, 15 Pitt, W., 47 Plummer, T. W., 6S Plumptre, R., no Poison for the Scotch, no Pomer, S. H., 15, 171 Pott, H. K., n8 Prescott, W. H., 131 Prince, T., 143 Procter, R., 18 Quincy, J., 145 Raine, R., 93 Raleigh, Sir W., 121 Raynard, T. , 34 Rebello, W. A., 46 Reyger, A. von, 30 INDEX 179 Reynolds, Sir J. , 4 Rhodes, J-, 119 Riston, 42 Rol^erts, C, 119 Robinson, H. C- , 112 Roper, Margaret, 22 Rosenberg, 54 Royal Society, 161 Rupert, Prince, 4 Ryland, W., 5 Sadeler, E., 31 Sadeler, J., 31 Sadeler, R., 30 Sandy, G., 121 Sarrau, C. , 28 Sarrau, I., 28 Sattler, J., 74, 75 Sharp, W., 62 Sibmaker, J. , 29 Sieger, E., 4 Simpson, J. W., 71 Smith, J., 121 Solis, v., 18 Solly, E., 159 Sophia, Princess, 109 Soul of Soldiery, 149, 150 Spence, R , 160 Spengler, L. , 115 Spiring, L., 34 Stansfeld, ]., 46 Stab, J., 15 Stewart, Sir J. D., 116 Stewart, Sir J. S., 112 Stretton, S., in Stretton, W., in Suffolk, Earl of, 108 Surtees, R., 92 Sussex, Duke of, 98 Tate, Z., 165 Tatham, F. D. P., 59 Tatham, T. J., 59, 112 Thackeray, W. M., 148 Thomas, ]. , 44 Thomas, M., 85 Thomas, T. J. F., 56 Thompson, N. E., 71 Throckmorton, F., 24 Throckmorton, Sir R. , 24, Ticknor, G., 133 Tite Donation, 116 Trenchard, E. , 148 Tresham, Sir T., 24 Trotter, E., 64 Troschet, H., 30 Triibner, N., 131 Tschert, J., 15 Twopeny, W., 109 Vaughan, F., 50 Vaisey, J. S. , 66 Voigt, P., 74, 75 Volckamer, G. C., 34 Walpole, S., 78 Wappenbiichlein, 29 Warnecke, Herr, 6, 33 Warren, J., 1 12 Washington, G., 142 Waterlow, E. E., 11 Watson, J., 63 Watson, T- B. , 64 Wray. C." D., 1x5 Weale, W. H. J., n Wellington, Duke of, 138 Wenzel, C, 39 West, J. W., 71 i8o BOOKPLATES Weyer, W. C, 71 Wheatley, H. B., 90 Wiesenhutten, B. , 53 Wilberforce, S. , 80 Wilberforce, W., 80 Wild, Colonel, 158 Williams, J-, 142 Williams, R., 122 Willmer, W. , 27 Winchester Cathedral, 105 Winthrop, J-, 125 Wittenberg University, 21 Wohlgemuth, M., 13, 14 Wolphins, 13 Wolsey, Cardinal, 17 Wood, M., 107, 123 Wood, W., 123 Woodroffe, P., 70 Wrest Park, 57 Wright, W. H. K., 169 Wuss, F. S., 55 Wynfield, 113 Zahn, B. G., 55 Zell, W. von, 12 Zeyll, J. B., 26 PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON PRINTERS ^WL^-f., UCSOUTHtR^.J ^^^^^is^^