M. TVLLI CICEEONIS 
 
 PRO PVBLIO SESTIO 
 
 OKATIO AD IVDICES 
 
 HOLDEN 
 
M. TVLLI CICEKONIS 
 PBO PVBLIO SESTIO 
 
 ORATIO AD IVDICES 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION 
 CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES 
 ^^^^^^AND INDEXES 
 
 / "or THK ^V 
 
 UNIVERSITY ) 
 
 REV. HUBERT A. HOLDEN, M.A. LL.D 
 
 
 EXAMINER IN GREEK TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 
 
 SOMETIME FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE 
 
 EDITOR OF CICERO BE OFFICIIS, PRO PLANCIO ETC. 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 HonUon 
 MACMILLAN AND CO 
 
 AND NEW YOEK 
 
 1889 
 
 All Rights reserved 
 
tic if 
 
 Printed and stereotyped by C. J. CLAY M.A. and SONS at 
 the Cambridge University Press 
 
 First impression 1883 
 Second impression revised 1887 
 Third impression revised 1889 
 
J ft? 
 
 PHEFAOES 
 
 In preparing this edition q^ Cicero's Sestiana I have 
 followed the same general plan as in the Planciana 
 (published in 1881 for the Syndics of the Cambridge 
 University Press), which has been very favourably 
 noticed in English and Foreign Reviews. 
 
 The speech is not one that is usually read in 
 English Schools or even Universities, and yet it 
 is full of interest. It contains some passages, espe- 
 cially those about M. cato (c. xxviii) and about 
 the different kinds of statesmen, as fine as anything 
 we have in Roman oratory ; and there is much 
 historic interest in the lively sketch of the state 
 of political parties at one of the most thrilling 
 periods. In short, it is a specimen of the writer's 
 best style, ' natural, direct, vivid, powerful, tremulous 
 with life and energy, perfect in form, genuinely Latin, 
 yet penetrated with the Greek feeling for finish and 
 clearness/ as Professor Nettleship well describes it 
 
in a recent Article in the Fortnightly Review, where 
 he institutes a comparison between the style of Cicero 
 and that of Catullus. 
 
 A scholar who is second to none in his intimate 
 knowledge of Cicero's Latinity, Mr James S. Reid, 
 Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, has kindly 
 read the proof sheets and furnished the remarks 
 distinguished by his initials J. S. R. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 June 1883 
 
 In revising the Second Edition I have consulted 
 the Essay by Martin Hertz entitled Zur Kritik von 
 Ciceros Rede fur Sestius (Leipzig 1881); also the edd. 
 of C. F. W. Muller, of Halm-Laubmann, Berlin 
 1886 and of Bouterwek, Gotha 1883. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 September 1887 
 
 The Third Edition has been carefully revised and 
 corrected throughout. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 August 1889 
 
 H. A. HOLDER 
 
ftlNlVERSlTY 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction ....... ix xxxii 
 
 Oratio pro Sestio 
 
 
 
 
 173 
 
 Exordium 1 2 
 Propositio 3 5 
 Conjirmatio 6 95 
 Refutatio 96 135 
 Digressio 136 143 
 Peroratio 144 147 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 346 
 
 4767 
 
 6771 
 
 7173 
 
 Notes 
 
 
 
 
 75259 
 
 Appendix on the Text 
 
 
 
 
 263276 
 
 Addenda et Corrigenda 
 
 
 
 
 277279 
 
 Index I .... 
 
 
 
 
 280289 
 
 Index II .... 
 
 
 
 
 290313 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 (AFTER BALM) 
 
 1. With the suppression of the Catilinarian 
 conspiracy M. Tullius Cicero had attained the zenith 
 of his political career. The hope which he in- 
 dulged, that together with the eternal gratitude of 
 his fellow-citizens he had secured for himself real 
 influence in the future course of public events, proved 
 at the end of his consulship to be null and void. For 
 at the close of his year of office he was about to address 
 the people on the occasion of resigning his authority, 
 when one of the tribunes Q. Caecilius Metellus 
 Nepos refused him leave to speak to the assembly, 
 saying that he who had condemned Roman citizens to 
 death without a hearing ought not to have a hearing 
 himself 1 . As the tribune would only allow him to 
 take the usual oath that he had done his duty, the 
 consul swore with a loud voice that he alone had pre- 
 served the Commonwealth from ruin 2 ; and the people 
 confirmed the truth of his statement with loud accla- 
 mations and escorted him home from the Forum with 
 
 1 Cic. ep. ad fam. v 2 8 qui in alios animadvertisset in- 
 dicta causa, dicendi ipsi potestatem fieri non oportere. 
 
 2 Plutarch Cic. c. 23 djivvev ov rov ira.rpi.ov d\X t8iov riva kqI 
 tcaivov opKov, Dion Cass. 37, 38, Cic. or. in Pis. c. 3. 
 
x INTRODUCTION 
 
 unusual demonstrations of respect. Though not only- 
 Cicero, but other prominent members also of the 
 senatorial party, such as the intrepid Q. Lutatius 
 Catulus 3 and the stubborn hero M. Porcius Cato, 
 must have experienced in the time which followed 
 similar attacks and calumnies, the senate succeeded 
 in maintaining a decided preponderance until the con- 
 sulship of Gaius Julius Caesar, their vigorous pro. 
 ceedings against the Catilinarians having given them 
 a fresh lease of authority and influence. 
 
 2. By his election to the Consulship for b. c. 59 
 Caesar was a step nearer to the accomplishment of 
 his long-cherished grand project of raising himself to 
 supreme power as the champion of the popular party. 
 Pompeius, who was angry with the senate because 
 they delayed the confirmation of his arrangements in 
 Asia after his victory over Mithridates and the assign- 
 ment of the lands which he had promised his soldiers, 
 was shortsighted enough to play into the hands of 
 Caesar. The latter succeeded in effecting a reconcilia- 
 tion between Pompeius and the wealthy and powerful 
 Crassus, who had quarrelled in their consulship and 
 had never been friends since. He won them over by 
 the argument that their mutual hostility could not 
 but enhance the influence of such men as Cicero and 
 Cato ; while an union of interests on the contrary 
 would reduce their opponents to insignificance. What- 
 ever secret projects were entertained by them indi- 
 vidually, the three were united in the determination 
 
 3 His death in the year b.c. 60 was a heavy loss to the party 
 of the optimates. 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 to obtain the overthrow of the aristocratical party 
 (optimates) by all means in their power. 
 
 3. The first result of this coalition was the pass- 
 ing of Caesar's land bill (lex agraria) in spite of the 
 resistance of the senate; and its adoption exposed 
 the weakness of the party of the optimates. The 
 other laws also which Caesar had carried during his 
 consulship, whether unaided or by the agency of his 
 instrument the tribune P. Vatinius, served more or 
 less to circumscribe and still further weaken the power 
 of the optimates. The control which the senate exer- 
 cised over the provinces of the Consuls was abolished. 
 In defiance of the lex Sempronia, which restricted the 
 occupation of a province to a single year, Caesar 
 obtained from the people, by means of a rogation 
 of Yatinius, the government of Cisalpine Gaul to- 
 gether with Illyricum, with a force of three legions, 
 for five years; and the senate, fearing lest he should 
 extort from the people whatever else it attempted to 
 withhold, anticipated them by extending his commis- 
 sion to Gallia Transalpina. Meanwhile Caesar pro- 
 vided against the reversal of his measures by pro- 
 curing the election of two creatures of his own to 
 the Consulship for the year b. c. 58, viz. Aulus 
 Gabinius, and L. Calpurnius Piso whose daughter 
 Calpurnia he had recently married. 
 
 4. But the opposite party had not yet surren- 
 dered all hope of subverting the paramount influence 
 of the triumvirate. An attempt to annul the acts of 
 the preceding year was made by the praetors for the 
 
xii INTRODUCTION 
 
 year b. c. 58, C. Memmius 4 and L. Domitius, in con- 
 junction with 0. Antistius, tribune of the people : 
 M. Cato made a great outcry about the tyrannical con- 
 duct of the three confederates : Cicero finally, after 
 the vain efforts made to detach him from the cause 
 of the optimates, although he had taken but little 
 part in politics during the year B.C. 59, was con- 
 stantly giving expression to his discontent with the 
 wretched condition of public affairs. To obviate 
 these storms and secure from attack the laws and 
 ordinances of Caesar, some of which were threatened 
 with reversal because they had been enacted in viola- 
 tion of the customary forms, it was of primary im- 
 portance that Cato and Cicero should be got rid of. 
 They were the two most dangerous opponents in the 
 senatorial party; the first, because he made no secret 
 of his conviction as to the nullity of all the Julian 
 laws and was a man to act as he thought, the second, 
 because of his eloquence. The execution of the mea- 
 sures resolved on against these two men was com- 
 mitted to the clever but dissolute Publius Clodius, 
 who commanded the rabble of Rome and was the 
 most likely person to plunge the state, already un- 
 settled, into fresh and still deeper troubles. 
 
 5. P. Clodius Pulcher, a member of the 
 ancient and noble family of the Claudii, began his 
 career in B.C. 70 when he served with his brother 
 Appius under their brother-in-law L. Lucullus in the 
 Mithridatic war. Disappointed ambition led him 
 while in Asia into mutinous attempts, which ended 
 4 See n. to 40, 1. 30. 
 
INTRODUCTION xiii 
 
 in his betaking himself to his other brother-in-law 
 Q. Marcius Rex, proconsul of Cilicia, by whom he was 
 entrusted with the command of his flotilla. Clodius 
 fell into the hands of the pirates, who however re- 
 leased him without ransom through fear of Pompeius. 
 It was on this occasion that Ptolemaeus, the rich 
 king of Cyprus, gave him mortal offence by offering 
 only two talents as his ransom : for which niggardli- 
 ness he paid dearly, for when Clodius became tribune 
 in B. c. 58, he brought forward a law to deprive him 
 of his kingdom and reduce Cyprus to a Roman 
 province 5 . On his return to Rome in B.C. 65 he 
 arraigned Catilina for extortion (repetundarum) in 
 his government of the province of Africa: but Cati- 
 lina bribed his accuser and judge and escaped. 
 
 6. In private life Clodius had already been 
 guilty of all sorts of excesses, and at the close of 
 B.C. 62, the year of his quaestorship, he committed 
 an act of sacrilege, which is especially memorable be- 
 cause it gave rise to that bitter enmity between him- 
 self and Cicero, which was fraught with such important 
 consequences to both and to Rome itself. In the pro- 
 secution of an intrigue with Caesar's wife Pompeia, he 
 ventured to disguise himself as a dancing-girl and steal 
 into Caesar's official residence in the Sacra Via, at the 
 time when the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which 
 the presence of men was strictly forbidden, were being 
 celebrated there ; but he was detected in the act 8 . 
 
 5 See 57, Appian B. C. n 23, Strabo xiv 6 6. 
 
 6 116 in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur. Cf. 
 Plutarch Cic. c. 28 \apwv ia-diJTa nal aicevrjv fakTptas. 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 The senate 7 , upon the matter being laid before them, 
 referred it to the pontifical college, who pronounced it 
 an offence against religion and declared that Clodius 
 ought to be put on his trial, and it was therefore 
 resolved to propose a bill (rogatio) to the Popular 
 Assembly for regulating the trial. The consuls moved 
 for the appointment of an extraordinary tribunal, in 
 which the indices should be selected by the Praetor 
 himself, and not, as usual, by lot. But the bill was 
 defeated through the influence of the party of Clodius, 
 the senate, on the recommendation of Hortensius, yield- 
 ing at length to the proposal of the tribune Q. Fufius 
 Calenus that he should be tried by an ordinary jury 
 taken from the three decuriae iudicum and not by a 
 special jury selected by the Praetor. Clodius was 
 then arraigned by P. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, but 
 acquitted, by means of bribery and intimidation, by 
 a majority of thirty -one to twenty-five. Cicero had 
 the courage to appear as a witness, asserting that 
 he had seen Clodius in his own house on the very 
 day of the religious ceremony, three hours before he 
 pretended to have been at Interamna (Terni) about 
 ninety miles from Pome. 
 
 7. Eager to wreak his vengeance upon Cicero, 
 Clodius now sought to arm himself with more formid- 
 able power by becoming a tribune of the people. For 
 this purpose it was necessary that he should be 
 adopted into a plebeian family; as he was sui iuris, 
 i. e. of full age and not in the power of his father, who 
 was dead, this adoption could only be effected by the 
 7 See or. p. Mil. 13, ep. ad Att. i 1216. 
 
INTRODUCTION xv 
 
 procedure called adrogatio in the Comitia Curiata 
 under the presidency of a Pontifex. Repeated at- 
 tempts were made by the tribune Gaius Herennius 
 to get this brought about, but unsuccessfully. At 
 last Cicero in his speech in defence of Gaius Antonius 
 Hybrida, his colleague in the consulate, happened to 
 give offence to Caesar by some political allusion, and 
 within three hours after the delivery of the speech, 
 Clodius became the adopted son of P. Fonteius and 
 was converted from a patrician into a plebeian. This 
 happened at the end of the year B.C. 59 8 . 
 
 8. In spite of this unfriendly act, Caesar per- 
 severed in his endeavours to conciliate Cicero, whom 
 he had no desire to ruin but only wished to humiliate 
 and deprive of the power of doing mischief in future. 
 He offered him a libera legatio and one of his own 
 lieutenancies, which after much hesitation Cicero 
 finally declined and thereby gave great offence to 
 Caesar 9 . He also offered to make him one of the 
 
 8 Cic. or. de dom. sua 41 : hora fortasse sexta diei questus 
 sum in iudicio, cum G. Antonium collegam meum defender em, 
 quaedam de re publico, quae mihi visa sunt ad illius miseri 
 causam pertinere. Haec homines improbi ad quosdam vivos 
 fortis longe aliter atque a me dicta erant detulerunt. Hora nona 
 illo ipso die tu es adoptatus. Hence the allusion in or. p. Sest. 
 16 legum sacratarum catenis solvit subito; Long Rom. Rep. 
 in p. 413 f. 
 
 9 ep. ad Att. n 18, 3 : a Gaesare valde liberaliter invitor in 
 legationem Mam, sibi ut sim legatus, atque etiam libera legatio 
 voti causa datur : or. de prov. cons. 41 consul Me egit eas 
 res, quarum me participem esse voluit : quibus ego si minus 
 adsentiebar, tamen illius mihi iudicium gratum esse debuit. Me 
 Me ut quinqueviratum acciperem rogavit: me in tribus sibi 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 five commissioners 10 (quinque viri) for carrying out 
 the agrarian law which was passed in that year, but 
 this offer also he refused. 
 
 9. With the assistance of the regents, Clodius 
 succeeded in obtaining the tribunate and entered upon 
 his office on the 10th of December B.C. 59. On 
 the last day of this year he treated the consul M. 
 Bibulus in the same manner as the tribune Metellus 
 had treated Cicero on a former occasion when laying 
 down his office, by preventing him from addressing 
 the people when he came forward to take the usual 
 oath that he had done his duty and with the inten- 
 tion of saying something on the state of public affairs. 
 He then proceeded to execute his projected plan of 
 revenge against Cicero, strengthened by a party which 
 he had formed for himself among the people, the 
 knights and even the senate itself, for Cicero had 
 made himself many enemies by his arrogance and by 
 the unbridled license of his tongue and love of satire, 
 and was generally more feared than loved 11 . 
 
 10. To attain this object and to conciliate the 
 good will of different parties Clodius had enacted 
 
 coniunctissimis consularibus esse voluit: mihi legationem, quam 
 vellem, quanto cum honor e vellem detulit. Quae ego omnia non 
 ingrato animo sed obstinatione quadam sententiae repudiavi. 
 
 10 ep. ad Att. n 19, 4. 
 
 11 Dio Cass. 38, 12, 4 iXiriffas avrbv pydicos, are teal 8lcl <p6- 
 pov fmWov $ 5t' evvoLCLv IcrxvoPTa, Kadaiprj<reiv t Plutarch (Cic. c. 
 24 28) has given the same testimony about his vanity and un- 
 ruly tongue and the enemies that he made by his sarcastic 
 remarks. 
 
INTRODUCTION xvii 
 
 several laws which caused them one and all to regard 
 him in the light of a benefactor. By the abrogation 
 of the lex Aelia Ficfia 12 he removed the check upon 
 tumultuous assemblies of the people, and so facilitated 
 the carrying of future measures ; by a lex frumen- 
 taria 13 for the relief of the poor citizens of Rome he 
 won the favour of the people ; by his lex censoria 14 , 
 which did not wholly abolish but only circumscribed 
 the power of the Censors, he gratified many members 
 of senatorial and equestrian standing ; finally, by the 
 restoration of the old guilds and street-clubs (collegia 
 compiialicia) which had been done away with, and the 
 creation of new ones which might easily assume a 
 political character, he formed for himself a sort of 
 praetorian cohort, which enabled him to carry by force 
 measures which he failed to secure by legal means. 
 
 11. As soon as the artful agitator had thus 
 prepared the w T ay for his attack on Cicero, he came 
 forward with a rogation to this effect, that whoever 
 had caused a Roman burgess to be put to death with- 
 out a regular trial and formal sentence should be 
 punished with banishment 15 . The bill, though it did 
 not expressly name Cicero, was clearly aimed at him. 
 For although it was in fact a condemnation of the 
 whole Senate, inasmuch as they in B.C. 63 had given 
 the consuls extraordinary power, and were guilty of 
 
 12 See n. on c. 15. 
 55. 
 
 14 55 ; Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xxxv. 
 
 15 ut qui civem Bomanum indemnatum interemisset, ei aqua 
 et igni inter dicer etur Tell. Paterc. n 45, 1; see also Dio Cassius 
 38 c. 14 ff. 
 
 II. . b 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 the judicial murder of the 5th December B.C. 63, still 
 it was Cicero who had denounced the conspirators in 
 the senate, voted for their condemnation and delivered 
 them to execution ; and therefore he was responsible 
 for the fatal decree. 
 
 12 As soon as he perceived that the rogation 
 was primarily aimed against himself, instead of assum- 
 ing the bold front of conscious innocence, Cicero at 
 once took guilt to himself and without awaiting the 
 progress of events, while it was yet uncertain whether 
 the bill would be carried or not, assumed the garb of 
 one accused, put off his senatorial dress and went 
 about in that of a knight 16 , soliciting the support and 
 sympathy of all who had influence, both friends and 
 enemies. He was the more hopeful of success inas- 
 much as there was no lack of strong demonstrations 
 in his favour 17 . 
 
 13. The Equites assembled on the Capitol and 
 some of them went as deputies to the Consuls and the 
 senate to beg their interposition in Cicero's favour; 
 and the deputation was joined by the senators 
 Q. Hortensius and Gaius Curio. L. Ninnius, the 
 tribune who all along supported Cicero, had urged 
 the people to put on mourning, as though a great 
 calamity had befallen the state; the senate also 
 passed a resolution for doing the same as the rest of 
 the city, and did not resume their ordinary dress 
 until forbidden by a special edict of both the consuls 
 to comply with their own resolution. 
 
 See n. on 26. 17 Dion Cassius 38, 16. 
 
INTRODUCTION xix 
 
 14. But the opposite party adopted violent 
 measures against these proceedings ; Clodius would 
 not allow Ninnius to address the people on behalf of 
 Cicero; Gabinius, the consul, forbade the deputation 
 from the Equites to approach the senate, and even 
 banished one of them, L. Lamia, who had shown par- 
 ticular attachment to Cicero, two hundred miles from 
 the city. He abased Hortensius and Curio for hav- 
 ing been present at the gathering of the Equites on 
 the Capitol, and taken part in the deputation. Clo- 
 dius went still further ; he made the delegates appear 
 at the assembly of the people on the pretence that he 
 would allow them to speak, and exposed them when 
 there to rough usage at the hands of his hired gang 18 . 
 
 15. Some days afterwards Clodius held a meet- 
 ing of the people 19 outside the Pomerium in the 
 Circus Flaminius, in order to obtain the opinion of 
 Caesar who was cum imperio. The consul Piso was 
 also there. He had been prevented by indisposition 
 from taking part in the proceedings of the last few 
 days, after Cicero, against whom he had hitherto 
 shown no hostility, had with indignant disdain rejected 
 his advice to leave Pome. Being asked by Clodius 
 what he thought of the proposed rogation, Piso 
 
 18 Cic. says 27 deprecatores salutis meae operarum suarum 
 gladiis et lapidibus obiecit: cf. also or. de domo sua 54 cum 
 eos, qui in conventu virorum bonorum verba de salute meafecerant, 
 adesse iussisti, eorumque advocationem manibus ferro lapidibus 
 discussisti, turn profecto ostendisti vim tibi maxime displicere; 
 Dion Cassius says 38, 16 els to 7rX^os elaayayuv irXrjyous dia 
 nvwv Trpo7rap(TKvacrfjL^v(jju avroi/s avp^KorJ/ev. 
 
 19 Dio Cass. 38 c. 16 ff. 
 
 12 
 
xx INTRODUCTION 
 
 answered that no such savage or cruel measure pleased 
 him, in which indirect reply he seems to have referred 
 to the punishment of Lentulus and the other con- 
 spirators. Gabinius was asked the same question and 
 his answer was still more impetuous, for he declared 
 that it was revolting to him not only that any one 
 should put citizens to death without trial and judg- 
 ment, but that he should bring disgrace upon the 
 senate and the Equites. When the tribune appealed 
 to Caesar also to declare his opinion, he condemned 
 the illegal proceedings against Lentulus and his asso- 
 ciates, but did not approve of the penalty proposed by 
 the bill of Clodius for what had been done. He said 
 that his opinion about the execution of the conspira- 
 tors was known to all (he had voted against their 
 capital punishment) ; still it appeared to him an 
 irregular proceeding that such a law as that of Clodius 
 should be enacted for acts now past. 
 
 16. Clodius was satisfied with this indirect 
 recommendation. The most powerful member of the 
 triumvirate had publicly pronounced the proceedings 
 against Lentulus to be a violation of the laws. Crassus, 
 through his son Publius, made some show of aiding 
 Cicero, but he himself went with the crowd. Pom- 
 peius indeed did promise his help to Cicero ; but when 
 it came to action, he made first one and then another 
 pretext, kept out of the way and left him in the 
 lurch. So deserted and betrayed on all sides Cicero 
 became alarmed, and guided chiefly by the advice of 
 Cato and Hortensius, who feared that a civil war 
 might arise from an attempt at armed resistance, deter- 
 
INTRODUCTION xxi 
 
 mined to leave Rome, although he had not yet been 
 impeached. 
 
 17. On the very same day on which he fled 
 from Rome, the rogation of Clodius received the sanc- 
 tion of the people, under which the consuls Piso and 
 Gabinius received the reward of their services, the 
 former the province of Macedonia with Achaia, the 
 latter the rich province of Asia, in defiance of the 
 lex Sempronia 20 . On this day also Clodius presented 
 to the Comitia a privilegium in the nature of a bill 
 of pains and penalties directed against Cicero, by 
 which bill he was interdicted the use of fire and 
 water 21 . The original bill named no limits to tho 
 interdict, but this was corrected before the bill was 
 enacted and the interdict was limited to 400 miles 
 from Rome 22 . Within these limits Cicero could not 
 remain, nor could any man harbour him in his house. 
 It was in fact banishment from Italy. Not a night 
 was suffered to elapse after the decree was passed, 
 
 20 or. p. Sest. 53, or. de dom. sua 55 quid? cum 
 Gabinio Syria dabatur, Macedonia Pisoni, utrique infinitum 
 imperium, ingens pecunia, ne turn quidem vis erat ? By a new 
 rogation Gabinius received at a later period permission to ex- 
 change Cilicia for the more lucrative province of Syria ; see n. 
 to 55. 
 
 21 de domo sua 47. 
 
 22 ep. ad Att. in 4. There is no evidence that the former 
 bill of Clodius, which was directed against any person who had 
 put or should put to death a Koman citizen without trial, was 
 ever enacted. The enactment would have been useless, for the 
 object of Clodius was only to drive Cicero away and that was 
 effected by the second bill which contained his name and no 
 other. Long Rom. Rep. in p. 457. 
 
xxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 before Cicero's property was seized by his unrelent- 
 ing enemies : his house on the Palatine was reduced 
 to ashes and on part of its site a temple to the god- 
 dess Libertas was consecrated. The villa at Tuscu- 
 lum, his favourite retreat on which he had spent 
 so much, was plundered, and the furniture and orna- 
 ments were carried off to the neighbouring villa of 
 the consul Gabinius. Cicero even says that his 
 children were sought for the purpose of being mur- 
 dered 23 . There was a clause in the bill to prevent 
 either the senate or the people from repealing the law 24 . 
 
 18. In the same year, soon after Cicero's exile, 
 Marcus Cato also was removed from Rome, his pro- 
 posed honourable mission, as quaestor with the rank 
 of praetor, to Cyprus having been confirmed by the 
 popular vote. The object was to annex that king- 
 dom, which as well as Egypt had fallen to the 
 Romans by the testament of Alexander II but had not 
 like Egypt bought off the Roman annexation, and to 
 strip its king Ptolemaeus of the crown -treasure and 
 bring it to Rome. Cato was at the same time com- 
 missioned to restore certain exiles to Byzantium and 
 to settle the complicated municipal affairs of that city, 
 for it was Clodius' object to keep him from Rome as 
 long as he could during his tribunate 25 . 
 
 p. Sest. 54. 
 
 24 ep. ad Att. in 15, 6. This prohibitive clause was to the 
 effect that no motion should be made and nothing said about 
 Cicero's restoration. 
 
 25 See cc. 28 and 29 : and cp. Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. iv 
 p. 50, p. 160, p. 217 f. 
 
INTRODUCTION xxiii 
 
 19. Clodius had worked in the interest of the 
 three regents only so long as his desire of revenge 
 against his enemies remained unsatisfied. When these 
 had been removed out of his way, he employed the 
 very power, which he owed to the confederates, as a 
 weapon of offence against them. He had the hardi- 
 hood to engage in a dispute with the regent of the 
 commonwealth on a question of little moment; and 
 the variance soon became a formal feud, which con- 
 verted Clodius iuto an implacable foe. This deter- 
 mined Pompeius to form a closer union with the 
 senate and to agitate for the recall of his arch-enemy 
 Cicero 26 . Caesar at first would not hear of it, but he 
 gave his consent at last, when he found that the tur- 
 bulent tribune at the close of his year of office had 
 the presumption even to declare the Julian laws null 
 and void because of their informality 27 . 
 
 20. But through the vehement opposition of 
 the party of Clodius and the street fights in which he 
 
 26 Dion 39, 6 says of b.c. 57: tclvtcl jukv eV rfj YaXaria iyiv- 
 to. HofiTrrjios 5 kv tovtcp rr\v Kadodov r< Kintpoovi \j/r}(pLadrji/ac 
 dteirpd^aro. ov yap 5ia rov KXw5ou i^eXrjXdKei, tovtou eV avrbv 
 iicelvov iiravrjyayev' ovtcj irov to dvOpdoireiov 5t' oXiyov re 
 <ttlv ore fxera^aXXerai, ical a0' wv cotpeXrjdrjaecrdaL rcves rj /cat 
 (3\a(3rj<Te<Tdai Pop,ifov<ri, ra evavTLWTara avTiXanfidvovcnv. Cp. p. 
 Sest. 67 and also or. de domo sua 66. 
 
 27 or. de domo sua 40 : tua denique omnis actio posterior - 
 ibus mensibus fuit, omnia, quae C. Caesar egisset, quod contra 
 auspicia essent acta, per senatum rescindi oportere: quod si 
 Jieret, dicebas te tuis umeris me custodem urbis in urbem rela- 
 turum. Still Quintus Cicero, before Caesar gave his consent, 
 was obliged to give some assurances in the name of his brother 
 of his political doings, on which subject several intimations 
 are found in his letters. Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. iv p. 312. 
 
xxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 engaged with his armed battalions of gladiatorial slaves 
 and ruffians the matter was put off until the second 
 half of the following year. The first proposal of 
 the tribune L. Ninnius on June 1 B.C. 58 28 for the 
 exile's recall, which passed the senate, as well as that 
 put forward by the eight tribunes on the 29th of 
 October 29 , was nullified by the opposition of the tri- 
 bune Aelius Ligus. But on the 1st of January b. c. 57 
 the consul P. Cornelius Lentulus proposed Cicero's 
 restoration in the senate without any opposition from 
 his colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus, who was no longer 
 hostile to Cicero but had at last become reconciled to 
 him chiefly out of regard to Pompeius 30 . 
 
 21. All the more determined were the measures 
 of Clodius in opposition, and now that he was a pri- 
 vate man, he sought to make up for his loss of power 
 by the open employment of arms. The resolution of 
 the 1st of January 31 was hindered by delay and fraud, 
 and on the 25th of the same month, the great day 
 which was fixed for the decision of the popular assem- 
 bly about the case, the tribune Q. Fabricius, who had 
 undertaken to propose the bill (rogatio), occupied the 
 
 28 68. Cf. Introd. to or. p. Plancio p. xn. 
 
 2 9 69 f. 
 
 30 Dion Cassius 38, 7 states expressly that he had declared 
 himself on Cicero's side for the first time in the course of this 
 year. He remarks that the contest between the two hostile 
 parties had been all the more stubborn in B.C. 57, because 
 both had a Consul at their head: ovroi re ovv i-rri irXtov tj 
 rpLVj are kclI tjyefjidvas rovs virdrovs exovres, /cat oi aXXot 
 ol ev Trj TroXei diaaravres irpbs eKartpovs idopvfiow. 
 
 n 72 ff. 
 
INTRODUCTION xxv 
 
 place of meeting before daylight 32 : but his opponents 
 were there still earlier with armed men and slaves and 
 some gladiators 33 belonging to the praetor Appius 
 Clodius, and forming the body-guard of his brother 
 Sextus, by help of whom he managed to inspire terror 
 everywhere. Fabricius was attacked; some of his 
 party were killed and many were wounded; amongst 
 others Cicero's brother Quintus. 
 
 22. On a subsequent occasion P. Sestiusas tri- 
 bune of the plebs appeared in the temple of Castor to 
 stop some proceedings of the consul Metellus (pbnun- 
 tiavit consuli), which he could legally do. Trusting 
 to the sanctity of his office he had come unprotected ; 
 but Clodius and his band taking advantage of the 
 opportunity attacked the tribune with swords, pieces 
 of the wooden partitions in the Forum and clubs; 
 and he fell with more than twenty wounds under the 
 blows of his enemies and only escaped with his life 
 because they thought he was killed 34 . It was now 
 time for Sestius to look after his own safety, and it 
 was not until he had suffered this violence, that he 
 protected himself by keeping a force which enabled 
 him to resist any attack 35 ; his colleague also T. An- 
 nius Milo collected a band of gladiators; it was the 
 preponderance which these bands obtained at last over 
 the hired gangs of Clodius, which made the restora- 
 tion of Cicero possible 36 . A resolution of the senate 
 
 32 c. 35. 33 Dj on Cass. 39, 7. 
 
 34 c. 37. 35 cc . 38j 39) 42. 
 
 36 Velleius 2, 45, Dion Cassius 39 c. 8 nal rtXos fxovo^a- 
 
 Xovs rivas koX clvtos (Milo) kclI &XKovs tCov tcl ccirra ol (3ov\o- 
 
xxvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 which was carried with only one dissentient voice, 
 was brought before the burgesses by the two consuls 
 and confirmed by them in the comitia centuriata on 
 the 4th of August, b. c. ^7. 
 
 23. The city continued to be disturbed by riots 
 even after the return of Cicero. On the twelfth of 
 November Clodius attempted to take possession of 
 and burn Milo's house in the Germalus, and Milo 
 was compelled to bring an action against him for 
 disturbance of the peace under the lex Plautia de vi. 
 Clodius made vigorous efforts to obtain the aedileship, 
 in the hope of eluding by this means the process with 
 which he was threatened. He could not be brought 
 to trial before the election to the aedileship was 
 decided, on the ground that the quaestors 37 , whose 
 duty it was to determine the indices by lot, were not 
 yet appointed, and the consul Metellus Nepos forbade 
 the praetor to admit any prosecution before the jujrors 
 were appointed. Now, as the election of aediles pre- 
 ceded that of the quaestors, Milo saw himself com- 
 pletely powerless, until it could be held, for the 
 punishment of Clodius or the protection of Clodius' 
 
 l^iviav q.Qpoti<ras is X ?P as T Q KXwSt^j avvex&s V L KC & cr<payal Kara 
 iravav ws elirelv tt\v irokiv eyiyvovro. '0 ovv NeVws <j>ofir)del$ 
 wpbs re rov avvdpxovros Kcd irpos rod Uofnrrjiov tCjv re olWojv 
 twp nrpdiTitiv (AerefiaXeTO /cat ovtws r\ re yepovala KareXdeiv rov 
 Kuctpuva rov "ZTTcvdrjpos iarjyrja-afiivov irpoefiovXeva'e, koX 6 drj/jios 
 d/iupoTe'pwv T(2v inraTOJu iaeveyKOvrcoj/ iipycplcraTO . 'AvrtXeye ixev yap 
 irpos avTOvs KXcodios, dXX' iiceliHp re 6 MiXcd? aVre'/cetro were 
 ixridhv (3taiov 8pd<rai Kcd r$ vopup aWoi re Kai 6 UofAirrjios avvel- 
 iroPf oicrre 7roXi) upeiTTOvs avrovs yeveadcu. 
 
 37 Dion Cass. 39. 7 quoted in note on 89 1. 18. 
 
INTRODUCTION xxvii 
 
 enemies : so he got his men together and prepared 
 to repel force with force. 
 
 24. Clodius was still powerful enough through 
 the influence of his friends to carry his election as 
 curule Aedile, but not until the twenty-second of 
 January B.C. 56, owing to the long postponement of 
 the comitia in the consulate of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus 
 Marcellinus and L. Marcius Philippus. The first 
 thing that he did was to commence a prosecution 
 before the people against Milo, whose tribunate had 
 ended on the tenth of December B.C. 57, for disturb- 
 ing the public peace (de vi 38 9 quod gladiatores adhi- 
 buisset y ut rogationem posset de Cicerone perferre 39 ), 
 i.e. he laid a charge against him for committing the 
 very same offence which he was himself guilty of, 
 and for which he had been prosecuted by Milo. This 
 he did, not because he hoped to bring Milo to justice, 
 but because he wished to furnish his opponents with 
 
 38 diem dixit et accusavit de vi Milonem, 95. The reason 
 why he brought this charge before the popular assembly is 
 probably because on the 2nd of February the indices had not 
 yet been named in consequence of the long postponement of 
 the election of magistrates. This will explain a passage in 
 Dion who remarks 39, 19 6 yap KXudios owws iirl irKeiov diropocTj 
 (Pompeius) ouk eta rbv cf>paTpiaTiKbv vbixov eaaxQfytu (ie. he 
 would not allow the lex curiata de imperio to be passed, with- 
 out which no court of justice could be constituted, and which 
 was essential because it conferred the imperium and the auspi- 
 da (Liv. v 52, 15, Cic. de leg. agr. n 30): irplv yap tueirou re- 
 Brjvai, oAt' &\\o tl tCov <nrov5alwv iv Tip Koivt^ irpaxQwai. oiSre 
 8iK7)v ovdefxiav eaaxdrjvaL i^rjv. 
 
 39 Schol. Bob. ad or. p. Mil. 40. 
 
xxviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 something to do, and so to find further occasion for 
 annoying their supporters and friends. 
 
 25. The charges which were brought against 
 P. Sestius on the 10th of February B. c. 5Q, at the 
 instigation of Clodius 40 , were equally malicious. He 
 was charged with bribery (de ambitu) by Gnaeus 
 Nerius, and on the same day by one M. Tullius Albi- 
 novanus with a breach of the peace (de vi) under the 
 lex Plautia of B.C. 89, because he had gone about as 
 tribune with armed bands disturbing the public 
 tranquillity 41 . Of the first charge nothing further is 
 known; Cicero is concerned only with the second. 
 Though there had been some little unpleasantness 
 between himself and Sestius, who seems to have been 
 a man of sullen and unpopular manners and fancied 
 himself neglected or not sufficiently requited by Cicero 
 for the part he took in his restoration, Cicero, having 
 heard of his indisposition, went in person to his house 
 and offered him his services 42 . On the following day, 
 February 11th, he seized the opportunity to predispose 
 the public favourably towards Sestius with a view to 
 
 40 or. in Vatin. 41. 
 
 41 p. Sest. 78 hie iam de ipso accusatore quaero, qui P. 
 Sestium queritur cum multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio 
 magno fuisse, and 84 homines, inquit, emisti, coegisti, 
 paras ti. 
 
 42 ep. ad Quint, fr. n 3, 5 ; a. d. mi Id. Febr. Sestius ab 
 indice Gn. Nerio Papinia de ambitu est postulatus, et eodem die 
 a quodam M. Tullio de vi. Is erat aeger. Domum, ut debuimus, 
 ad eum statim venimus eique nos totos tradidimus; idquefecimus 
 praeter hominum opinionem, qui nos ei iure suscensere putabant, 
 ut humanissimi gratissimique etipsi et omnibus videremur. 
 
INTRODUCTION xxix 
 
 his subsequent defence of him, in a speech (no longer 
 extant) on behalf of L. Calpurnius Bestia, who was 
 accused of electoral corruption when a candidate for 
 the praetorship in the preceding year 43 . Cicero ex- 
 tolled his services in protecting his client, when he 
 was attacked by the followers of Clodius in a street 
 conflict and wounded in the temple of Castor. 
 
 V 26. It is uncertain whether the trial of Sestius 
 took place before M. Aemilius Scaur us, to whom 
 Cicero appeals twice ( 101 and 116), in the course 
 of his speech. The jury was composed of senators, 
 knights and tribuni aerarii, in equal proportions ac- 
 cording to the lex Aurelia iudiciaria passed by Cotta 
 in B.C. 70. The principal witnesses against the de- 
 fendant were L. Gellius Publicola, a stepson of 
 L. Marcius Philippus consul B.C. 91, and P. Vati- 
 nius 44 , the notorious tribune of B.C. 59, one of Caesar's 
 tools, against whose credibility as a witness Cicero 
 delivered a smart invective in his extant speech, in 
 Vatinium testem interrogation which formed an inter- 
 lude in the process. Pompeius gave his laudatio of 
 the accused as did also a deputation from Capua 45 . 
 The case was defended by the two first orators of the 
 
 43 ibid. 6 ; a. d. m id. Febr. dixi pro Bestia de ambitu 
 apud praetorem Cn. Domitium in foro medio maximo conventu, 
 incidique in eum locum in dicendo t cum Sestius multis in templo 
 Castoris volneribus acceptis subsidio Bestiae servatus esset. Hie 
 Trpo^Kovofirjad/mrjv quiddam evKaipus de Us, quae in Sestium ap- 
 parabantur crimina, et eum ornavi veris laudibus t magno assensu 
 omnium. 
 
 44 or. p. Sest. 110 ff., and 132 fif. 
 
 45 ep. ad fam. i 9, 7. 
 
xxx INTRODUCTION 
 
 day Q. Hortensius and M. T. Cicero, and also by M. 
 Crassus and L. Licinius Oalvus 46 . 27. According 
 to his usual custom, where other advocates were em- 
 ployed with him, Cicero spoke last 47 , but he did 
 not concern himself with any charges in particular; 
 these had been dealt with already by Hortensius 48 and 
 others. Cicero's object is rather to present an outline 
 of the life and character of his client 49 , the most 
 important period of which was his tribunate, in such 
 a manner as to bring before the notice of the court 
 every circumstance the consideration of which might 
 influence their judgment. 
 
 28. In this point of view the historical survey 
 of the career of Sestius forms the gist of the whole 
 speech. But, as it was necessary to have some ac- 
 quaintance with the riotous and turbulent proceedings 
 of the previous year B.C. 57, in order to be able to 
 form a correct estimate of the claims to his country's 
 gratitude which Sestius had established in his tribu- 
 nate, Cicero launches into a digression (from 15 on- 
 wards) concerning his services, in order that he might 
 
 46 Arg. Schol. Bob. p. 292 ed. Orelli causam plurimi defen- 
 derunt, in quis fuit Q. Hortensius, M. Crassus, L. Licinius 
 Calvus,partibus inter se distributis, quas in agendo tuerentur. 
 
 47 3. Cf. Intr. to or. p. Plane, p. xx, Reid Intr. to or. p. 
 Sulla p. 33. 
 
 48 3, 5 singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt. 
 
 49 5 dicam ego de omni statu Sestii...contendamque, si 
 modo id consequi potero, ut in hac confusa atque universa 
 defensione nihil a me, quod ad vestram quaestionem, nihil 
 quod ad reum, nihil quod ad rem publicam pertineat, praeter- 
 missum esse videatur. 
 
INTRODUCTION xxxi 
 
 at the same time introduce the narrative of his own 
 banishment and vindication of his own behaviour, 
 which had been stigmatized by some as cowardly. 
 He returns in 71 to his proper subject which is 
 continued unto 95. 29. But before the conclusion 
 of his speech (peroratio 144), the orator in c. 45 ff. 
 introduces a still longer episode, containing a kind 
 of political dissertation on the nature and position of 
 the l caste ' (natio) of optimates (to use an expression 
 of Yatinius), on which some sneering reflections had 
 been made by the prosecutor, and he glorifies them as 
 the true friends of the people and protectors of their 
 country, in contrast with the selfish and tyrannical 
 demagogues (populares). With this episode the orator 
 very adroitly interweaves an account of his own glo- 
 rious restoration, in answer to the remarks which the 
 prosecutor had made about it and the way in which it 
 had been accomplished, and thus an admirable finish 
 is given to the preceding description of his exile. 
 The episode, it is true, has the appearance of being 
 brought in somewhat violently and spun out to a 
 disproportionate extent, but this defect, if it is a 
 defect, may be excused in consideration of the orator's 
 brilliant description. It may be assumed also that 
 this part of the speech was not fully elaborated until 
 after delivery. 
 
 30. The trial lasted with interruptions until the 
 fourteenth of March, when Sestius was acquitted as 
 we learn from a letter of M. T. Cicero to his brother 
 Quintus ii 4 : Sestius noster absolutus est pridie Id. 
 Mart, et, quod vehementer inter/uit rei publicae nullam 
 
xxxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 videri in eius modi causa dissensionem esse, omnibus 
 sententiis absolutus est. Illud, quod tibi curae saepe 
 esse intellexeram, ne cui iniquo relinqueremus vitupe- 
 randi locum, qui nos ingratos esse diceret, nisi illius 
 perversitatem quibusdam in rebus quam humanissime 
 ferremus, scito hoc nos in eo iudicio consecutos esse, ut 
 omnium gratissimi iudicaremur. Nam defendendo 
 moroso homini cumulatissime satis fecimus, et quod 
 ille maxime cupiebat, Vatinium, a quo palam oppug- 
 nabatur, arbitratu nostro concidimus, dis hominibusque 
 plaudentibus. Quin etiam Paulus noster, cum testis 
 productus esset in Sestium, confirmavit se nomen Vatinii 
 delaturum, si Macer Licinius cunctaretur; et Macer ab 
 Sestii subselliis surrexit ac se illi non defuturum adfw- 
 mavit. Quid quaeris? homo petulans et audax valde 
 perturbatus debilitatusque discessit. 
 

 OS" THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 M. TULLT CICERONIS 
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 
 
 AD IUDICES. 
 
 I. I Si quis antea, iudices, mirabatur quid esset quod 1 
 pro tantis opibus rei publicae tantaque dignitate imperii t 
 nequaquam satis multi cives iforti et magno animol 
 ' invenirentur,tqui_auderent'se et salutem suam in dis- 
 
 5 crimen offerrepro statu civitatislet pro communi liber- 
 tate, is{ex]hoc tempore imiretur potius, si quern' bonumi 
 et fortem civem viderit,quam si quern aut timidum aut 
 isibi potius quam rei publicae consulenteml /Nam ut 
 omittatis de unius^ cujiisaiie. casu cogitando recardaj&J 
 
 10 uno aspectu intueri potestis /eos, qui cum senatu, cum 
 bonis omnibus rem publicam adflictam excitarint et 
 latrocinio domestico liberarintj maestos, sordidatos, reos 
 <de capitej de fama, de civitate, de fortunis, de liberis 
 dimicantis ; eos autem, qui omnia divina et humana 
 
 16 violarlnt vexarint, perturbarint everterint, non solum 
 
 alacris laetosquefvolitare^ sed etiam fortissimis atque 
 
 optimis civibus periculum moliri,(de se nihil timere.) 
 
 (In quo cum multa) sunt indigna, tu^oa nihil minus est 2 
 
 ferendum, quam quod iam non per/ latrones)suos, non 
 
 20 per homines egestate etfscelere perditos, sed per vos 
 nobis, per optimos viros x optimis civibus) periculum 
 inferre conantur, et, quos lapidibus, quos ferro, quos 
 
 H. 1 
 
2 M. TULLI CICEROFIS 
 
 facibus, quos vi maim copiis delere non potuerunt/,hos) 
 ( vestra auctoritate, vestra religione,) vestris sententiis se 
 oppressuros arbitrantur. \, E go autem, iud ices, quommn 
 q ua v oce mihi j n ^agendis gratiis commemorandoque 
 eorum, qui de me optime meriti sunt, ibeneficio) esse 5 
 utendum putabamjea nunc uti cogor in eorum(periculis) 
 depellendis, iis potissimum vox haec serviat, quorum 
 opera et mihi et vobis et populo Romano restituta est. 
 
 3 II. Et quamquam a Q. Hortensio, clarissimo viro 
 atque eloquentissimo,f causa est P. Sesti perorata) nihil- io 
 que ab eo praetermissum est, quod aut f pr o re pu blica' 
 conquerendum fuit aut pro reo disputandum, tamen 
 adgrediar ad dicendum, ne mea propugnatio ei potissi- 
 mum defuisse videatur, per quern est perfectum, ne 
 ceteris civibus deesset. (Atque ego sic statuoj iudices, 15 
 a me in hac causa atque (hoc extremo dicendi loco) 
 
 1 pietatis) potius quam defensionis, querellae quam elo- 
 quentiae, doloris quam ingenii partis esse susceptas. 
 
 4 Itaque, si aut acrius^egero aut liberius/ quam qui ante 
 me dixerunt, peto a vobis ut tantum orationi meae 20 
 concedatis, quantum et pio dolori et iustae iracundiae 
 concedendumi putetis^ Nam nequelofneio coniunctior) 
 dolor ullus esse potest quam hie meus susceptus ex 
 hominis de me optime meriti periculo, neque iracundia 
 magis ulla laudanda est quam mea inflammata eorum 25 
 scelere, qui cum omnibus meae salutis defensoribus 
 
 5 bellum esse sibi gerendum iudicaverunt. Sed quoniam 
 singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt, dicam ego de 
 
 ( omni statu) P. Sesti, de genere vitae, de natura, de 
 moribus, de incredibili amore in bonos, de studio con- 30 
 servandae salutis communis atque otii contendamque, 
 s ^ modo id consequi potero, ut in hac iconfusaj atque 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 27 3 
 
 uni versa defensione nihil a me quod ^.d vestram 
 quaestionem} nihil quod lad reum) nihil quod ad rem 
 publicam pertineat, praetermissum esse videatur ; et j 
 quoniam in gravissimis temporibus civitatis atque in 
 
 5(ruinisjlfeversae atque adflictae rei publicaeJP. Sesti tri- 
 bunatus est a For tuna ipsa colloi&ins, non adgrediar 
 ad ilia maxima atque amplissima pri usj^u am docuero 
 quibus initiis ac fundamentisfhaecHantae summis ini 
 rebus* laudes^excitatae sinti 
 
 10 III. Parente P. Sestius natus est, iudices, homine, 6 
 ut plerique meministis, et sapiente etcsanctoJet severo : 
 qui cum tribunus plebis(primus inter homines nobilissi- 
 mos temp oribus op tinrij factus esset, reliquis honoribus 
 non tarn uti voluit quam dignus videri. lEsuauctore) 
 
 15 duxit ^honestissimi et < spectatissinii' viri, C. Albini, 
 
 filiam, ex qua hie est puer et nupta iam jfilja. Duobus 
 
 hisfgravissimae antiquitatisJviris sic probatus fuit, ut 
 
 utrique eorum et ( carus maxi me et iucun dus e sset.^ 
 
 C A^ m it Albino socer ijiome n mors fi liae^sed caritatem 
 
 20 illius necessitudinis et benevolentiam non ademit. 
 Hodie sic hunc diligit, ut vos facillime potestis ex hac 
 vella dsidu itatel eius vel sollicitudine eU molestiaJiudi- 
 care. Duxit iterum uxorem patre vivo roptimi et 7 
 calamitosissimi viri) filiam, L. Scipionis. /Clara in hoc) 
 
 25 P. Sesti pietas exstitit et omnibus grata, quod et 
 Massiliam statim profectus est, ut socerum videre 
 consolarique posset f fluctibus rei j publicae expulsum, 
 in^aliemsJ^rxi^JjMieE^m, quern in maiorum suorum 
 vestigiis stare oportebat, et ad eum filiam eius ad- 
 
 30 duxit, ut ille insperato aspectu complexuque si non 
 omnem, at aliquam partem maeroris sui deponeret, et 
 maximis praeterea adsiduisquejoniciisiet illius aerum- 
 
 12 
 
4 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 nam, quoad vixit, et ( filiae solitudinem/ sustentavit. 
 (Possum multa dicerej de liberalitate, de domesticis 
 officiis, de tribu natu m ilitari, (de provinciali in eo 
 magistratu abstinentia;; sed mihi ante oculos obver- 
 satur rei publicae dignitas, quae me ad sese rapit, haec 5 
 
 8/minora relinquere hortatur.) Quaestor hie C. Antoni, 
 collegae mei, iudices, fuit sorte* sed societate consilio- 
 rum meus. I Impedior non nullius officii J ut ego inter- 
 preter, religione, quo minus exponam, quam multa 
 P. Sestius,^cum esset cum collega meo,)<senseritp ad 10 
 me detulerit, quanto ante providerit. tAtque</ego de 
 Antonio nihil dico praeter unum, numquam ilium 
 
 ( illo summo timore ac periculoj civitatis neque com- 
 munem metum omnium nee propriam non nullorum 
 de ipso suspicionem aut(infitiando/tollere aut( dissimu- 15 
 landojsedare voluisse. In quo collegafsustinendo atque 
 moderandojsi meam in ilium indulgentiain<coniunctam 
 cumjsumma custodia rei publicae laudarecvere^solebatis, 
 par prope laus P. Sesti esse debet, qui ita suum con- 
 sulem observavit, ut et illi quaestor 1 bonus) et bonis 20 
 i omnibus Joptimus civis> videretur. 
 
 9 IV. c Idem,# cum ilia coniuratio ex latebris atque 
 ex tenebris erupisset (palamque armata volitaret) venit 
 cum exercitu Capuam, quam urbem propter plurimas 
 belli opportunitates ab ilia impia et scelerata manu 25 
 temptari suspicabamur : C. Mevulanum, tribunum 
 militum Antoni, Capua praecipitem eiecit, hominem 
 perditum et non obscure Pisaurijet in aliis agri Gallici 
 partibus (in ilia coniuratione versatumj (.IdemqueJ 0. 
 Marcellum, cum is non Capuam solum venisset, verum 30 
 etiam se quasi armorum studio (in maximam familiamj 
 coniecisset, exterminandum ex ilia urbe curavit.\' Qua 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 712 5 
 
 de causa et tumtconventus)ille Capuae, qui propter 
 salutem illius urbis consnlatu conservatam m'eo (me 
 unum patronum adoptavit,) huic apud me P. Sestio 
 maximas gratias egit, et^hocjempore eidem homines 
 5 (no mine co mmutato) colonij decurionesque, fortissimi 
 
 Etque optimi viri, beneficium P. Sesti testimoniol 
 eclarant, periculum decreto suo deprecantur. B,ecita,'10 
 quaeso, L.J->esti, quid decrerint Capuae decuriones, ut k*" 
 iam puerilis tua vox possitfaliquid significare inimicis 
 
 10 vestriSj)iquidnam, cum se conroborarit, effectura esse 
 videaturj decurion um decr eta. (Non recito decretum 
 officio aliquo expressum vicinitatis^ aut clientelae aut 
 hospitii publici aut lambitionis aut commendationis 
 gratia) sed (recito memoriam perjuncti periculij praedi- 
 
 15 caionem amplissimi beneficii, <vocem officii praesentis) 
 Testimonium praeteriti temporis. Atque illis tempori- 11 " 
 bus isdem, cum iam Capuam metu Sestius liberasset, 
 urbem senatus atque omnes boni depreh ensis atqu e 
 oppressis domesticis hostibus me duce ex periculis 
 
 20 maximis(extraxissent) ego litteris P. Sestium Capua 
 arcessivi cum illo exercitu, quern turn secum habebat. 
 Quibus hie litteris lectis|ad urbem confestim incredibili 
 celeritate advolavit. Atque ut I illius temporis atroci- 
 tatem j recordari possitis, audite litteras et vestram 
 
 25 memoriam (ad timoris praeteriti cogitationem) excitate. 
 
 LITTERAE CICERONIS^CQNSULIS. 
 
 V. Hoc adventu P. Sesti ( tribunorum plebis novo- 
 rum) qui (turn extremis diebus) consulatus mei res eas, 
 quas gesseram,(vexarejcupiebant, reliquaeque coniura- 
 30 tionis impet us et .co natus sunt retardati. Ac posteaA 12 
 quam est intellectum, M. Catone tribuno plebis, fortis- 
 simo atque optimo(civi)rem publicam defendente, per 
 
6 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 (se ip sum)senat um populumque Romanum sine militum 
 praesidio tueri facile maiestate sua dignitatem eorum, 
 qui salutem communem ipericulo suo* defenclissent, 
 Sestius cum illo exercitu summa celeritate C. Antonium 
 consecutus est. 'Hie lego quid praedicem, quibus hie 5 
 rebus consulem quaestor fad rem gerendam) excitarit, 
 quos stimulos admoverit homini studioso fortasse 
 victoriae, sed tamen nimium commun em M artem belli 
 casumque metuenti 1 L Longum estj ea dicere^ feed hoc 
 breve dicam^ Si M. Petrei non excellens fct nimus et ao 
 amor rei jpublicae,) non praestans(in re publica/vdrtus, 
 non summa ( auctoritasJapud milites, Jion mirificus usus) 
 in re militari exstitisset, neque adiiitor ei P. Sestius 
 ad excitandum Antonium, cohortandum, accusandum, 
 impellendum fuisset, Idatus illo in bello esset hiemi is 
 locus )neque umquam Catilina, cum e pruina Appennini 
 atque e/hivibus illis)emersist5et atque fiesta tern integrant) 
 nanctus Italiae cajlis-etpastorum stabula praeoccupare 
 coepisse^-siileinulto sanguine ac sine totius Italiae 
 
 13 vastitate miserrima concidisset. Hunc igitur animum 20 
 attulit ad tribunatum P. Sestius, flit quaesturam 
 (Macedoniae,) relinquamj et (aliquando ad haec propioraj 
 
 veniam. Quamquam non est omittenda singularis ilia 
 integritas provincialise cuius ego (nuperj in Macedonia 
 vidi vestigia non pressa leviter ad exigui praedica- 25 
 tionem temporis, sed fixa ad memoriam illius provinciae 
 sempiternam ; verum haec ija praetereamus\it tamen 
 intuentes et respectantes^ relinquamus : ad tribunatum, 
 qui ipse ad sese iam dudum vocat et quodam modo 
 (absorbed orationem meam, (contento) studio cursuque 30 
 veniamus. 
 
 14 VI. De quo quidem tribunatu ita dictum est a 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 1215 7 
 
 Q. Hortensio, ut eius oratio non defensioneni modo 
 videretur criminum continere, sed etiam memoria dig-4 
 nam iuventuti (rei publicae capessendae auctoritatemj 
 disciplinanique) praescribere. Sed tamen, quoniam(tri- 
 
 5 bunatus totus P. Sesti' nihil aliud nisi meum nomen 
 
 causamque sustinuitjnecessario mihi de isdem rebus 
 
 esse arbitror si^non subtilius disputanduin, at^certe 
 
 I dolentius Jdeplorandum. Qua in orationejjdj asperius 
 
 in quosdam homines invehi (vellem/quis non conce- 
 
 10 deret ut eos,\ quorum isceleris furore! violatus essem, 
 j-f vocis libertatefperstringerem)] Sed agam moderate et 
 huius potius tempori(serviam) quam dolori meo : (si qui) 
 occulte a salute nostra dissentiunt, lateant; si quijj 
 fecerunt(aliquid aliquando)atque eidem nunc tacent et jj 
 
 15 quiescunt, nos quoque simus obliti; si qui(se offerunt) j 
 insectantur, quoad ferri poterunt, perferemus, neque 
 quemquam offendet oratio mea, nisi qui se ita obtulerit, 
 ut in eum nonfinvasisse, sed incucurrisseWideamur. 
 
 Sed necesse est, ante quam de tribunatu P. Sesti 15 
 
 20 dicere incipiam, me totumfsuperioris annilrei publicae 
 naufragium^exponere, in i quo colligendo ac reficienda^ 
 salute communi omnia reperientur P. Sesti (facta, 
 dicta, consilia versata) 
 
 YIl/fFuerat ille annus iam in re publicaj)iudices, 
 
 25 cum in magno motu et multorum timore intentus est 
 
 (arcus in me unum, sicut vulgo ignari rerum loquebanA 
 tur, re(quidem)in universam rem publicam, traductionel 
 ad plebem^furibundi Jiominis] ac perjliti, mihi irati,' 
 sed multo acrius otii et communis^salutis inimici. 
 30 Hunc vir clarissimus mi hi que ( multia repngnantibu ^ 
 amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, ^omni cautione, foedere,} 
 exsecratione devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me 
 
\ M. TTJLLI CICERONIS 
 
 j esse facturum:(quodHlle nefarius,;ex omnium scele- 
 rum colluvione natus^ parum se foedus violaturum 
 arbitratus est, nisi ipsum|cautorem alieni pericul^suis 
 lb propriis periculis} terruisset. Hanc taetram imma- 
 
 j nemque beluam vinctam auspiciis, alligatam (more 5 
 maiorum^constrictam legum sacratarum catenis solvit 
 subitoUege curiata ' consul,^ vel, ut ego arbitror, exo- 
 ratus vel, |ut non nemo putabat, mini iratus^ ignarus 
 
 I quidem eerte) et(imprudensj impendentium tantorum 
 scelerum et malorum. ' QuiVtribunus plebisjfelix in 10 
 evertenda re publica fuit,lnullis suis nervis) qui enim 
 in eius modi vita nervi esse potuerunt hoministfraternis 
 flagitiis, sororiis stupris,) omnijinaudita libidine\exsan- 
 
 17 guis % sed fuit profecto iquaedam) ilia rei publicae 
 fortunaVfatalis) ut illefcaecus atque amens/tribunus pi. 15 
 nancisceretur \quid dicam ? consules 1) ^Eocine ut ego 
 nomine appellem \ eversores huius imperii, I perditores 
 vestrae dignitatis,} hostes bonorum omnium, qui fad 
 delendum senatumi (adfligendunV equestrem ordinem, 
 exstinguenda omnia iura atque instituta maiorum se 20 
 
 I illis fascibus ceterisque insignibus summi honoris) 
 atque imperii ornatos esse arbitrabantur. Quorum, 
 per deos immortales! si nondum scelera vulneraque 
 inusta rei publicaefvultis recordari,)vultum atque in- 
 cessum animis intuemini; facilius eorum facta occur- 25 
 rent mentibus vestris, si ora ipsa oculis proposueritis. , 
 
 18 VIII. Alter /unguentis affluens, calamistrata coma^ 
 despiciens conscios stuprorum ac veteres vexatores 
 aetatulae suae,/puteali et faeneratorum gregibus infla- 
 tus,) a quibus compulsus olim, ne in Seyllaeo illo aeris 30 
 alieni tamquam [injjfretu ad columnam adhaeresceret,') 
 inytribunatus portum perfugeratA contemn ebat equites 
 
PRO P. SESTIO OB AT 10 1520 9 
 
 Romanos, minitabatur senatui, v enditabat se operis 
 atq ue ab iis se ereptum T ne de ambitu causani diceret. 
 praedicaba^ ab isdemque se etiam invito senatu pro- 
 vinciam sperare dicebat ; eamque nisi adeptus esset, se 
 5 incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur. Alter, o di 19 
 boni! quamftaeterjincedebat, quam truqujentus, quam 
 terribilis aspectu ! Un um aliquem te ex barbatis ill is, 
 exeniplum imperii veteris,Vi inaginem antiquitatis, colu- 
 lnenjrei publicae diceres intuer i. Yestitus aspere nos- 
 
 10 tra hac purpura plebeia ac paene f usca, capillo ita 
 horrido, ut Capua, in qua ipsa turn imaginis ornandae 
 causa ( duumviratumJ gerebat, tSeplasiam) sublaturus 
 videretur. Nam quid ego de.' s upercilj o) dicam. quod 
 turn hominibus non supercilium, sed pignus rei publi- 
 
 15 cae videbatur ] Ta nta er at grajvitas^jn_ip^lo^J^nta 
 contr actio frontis, ut illo supercilio annus ille nlQ -? 
 ta mquam vade \ videre tur. Erat hie omnium sermo : 20 
 'Est tamen rei publicae magnum firmumque subsidium; 
 
 ( habeo quern opponam labi illi atque caeno); vultu 
 
 20 me dius fidius collegae sui libidinem levitatemque 
 franget; habebit senatus in hunc annum quern seq ua- C**" 
 tur; non deerit auctor et dux bonis \ Mihi denique 
 homines praecipue gratulabantur, quod habiturus 
 essem contra tribunum plebis furiosum et audacem 
 
 25 cum amicum et (adfinem) turn etiam fortem et gravem 
 consulem. 
 
 IX. Atque eorum/ alter) fefellit neminem. Quis 
 enim (clavumj tanti imperii tenere et (gubernacula rei 
 publicae tractare\Un maximo cursu ac fluctibusjjposse 
 
 30 arbitraretur hominem emersum subito ex diuturnis 
 tenebris(lustrorum) ac stuprorum, vino, ganeis, lenjici- 
 niis adulteriisque(confectum) cum is praeter spem in 
 
10 M. TULLI CICEROFIS 
 
 altissimo graduf alienis opibusl positus esset,/qui nonl 
 
 modo tempestatem impendentem intueri temulentusJ 
 
 21 sed ne lucem quideni insolitam aspicere posset 1/ Alter* 
 
 multos planefin omnis partis/fefellit : erat enim homi 
 
 num fopmioni nobilita'te ipsa, blanda co nciliatric ula) 5 
 commendatn s. Omnes(bonil semper 'nobilitati favemus,) 
 et quia utile est rei publicae nobiles homines esse 
 dignos maioribus suis, et^c[uia valet a^ud^nos^cjarorum 
 hominum et bene de re publiea meritorum memoria 
 etiam mortuorunu Quia tristem semper, quia tacitur- 10 
 num, quiajsubhorridumjatque incultum videbant, et 
 quod eratCeo nomine^ ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas 
 videretur, favebant, gaudebant et fad integritatem 
 maiorum s pe su a hominem vocabant materni generis 
 
 22 obliti. ) Ego autem vere dicam, iudices, ttantum is 
 essefin homine)sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis^quantum 
 (ipse cum re publiea sensi, numquam putavi) nequam 
 esse hominem et levem et [falsa opinione](errore,)homi- 
 num (ab adulescentia commendatum/ sciebam. CEtenim 
 animus eius vultu, flagitia parietibus tegebanturj sed 20 
 haecfcbstructioj nee diuturna est neque obducta ita, ut 
 (curiosis^oculis perspici non possit. 
 
 X. Yidebamus genus vitae,(desidiam) inertiam : 
 ( i nclusasl eius libidines, qui paulo propius acfl ftssftraTify 
 intuebantur; denique etiam sermo hominisfansas/dabat, 25 
 
 23(quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere possemusj Lau- 
 dabat homo doctus philosophos nescio quos neque 
 eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere, sed tamen eos 
 laudabat maxime, qui dicuntur praetey cetaros esse 
 fauctores) et laudatores voluptatis : ( cuius) et quo tern - 30 
 pore et quo mod o n on qnaerebat,; Iverbum ipsum 
 omnibus animi et corporis partibus devoraratj; eo_s- 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 2025 11 
 
 demque praeclare _dicere__a^l>a^ sapi^ntis omnia, sua 
 causa f'acere, (rem publicam capessere honiinemJ bene 
 sanum non oportere, nihil esse praestabilius otiosa 
 vita, (plena et conferta voluptatibus j) eos auteni, qui 
 
 5 dicerentldignitatiNesse serviendum, rei publicae consu- 
 lendum, officii (rationem in omni vita, non commodi 
 esse dueendam) iadeunda pro patria pericula)(yulnera 
 excipienda) mortem oppetendam,(vaticinari)atque insa- 
 nire dicebat. Ex bis assiduis eius coticlianisque ser- 24 
 
 10 monibus et quod videbam, quibuscum hominibus in 
 interiore parte aedium viveret, et quod ita domus ipsa 
 fumabat, ut multa eius lfsermonis\indicia redolerent, 
 statuebam sic, boni nihil abUllis nugis lexspectandum, 
 mali quidem certe nihil pertimescendum. C^Sed ita est^ 
 
 15 iudices : Ut, si gladium parvo puero autfsi imbecillo 
 seni aut clebili)dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat, 
 
 ( CsinJT ad nudum vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit, 
 possit ,acie ipsa et ferri viribus vulnerare :) sic, cum 
 hominibus enerv&fcis atque exsanguibus consulatus 
 
 20 tamquam gladius esset datus,fqui per se pungere ne- 
 minem umquam pot^issentj ii summi imperii nomine 
 armati nudatam rem publicam contrucidarunt. Foedus 
 fecerunt cum jbribuno plebisjpalam, ut ab eo provincias 
 acciperent, quas ipsi vellent, exercitum et pecuniam, 
 
 25 quantam vellent, (ea lege, si) ipsi prius tribuno plebis 
 
 Jadflictam et constrictam,)rom publicam tradidissent. 
 
 Id autem foedus (meo ^^uine ietujn sanciri posse) 
 
 dicebant. Qua re patefacta neque enim dissimulari 25 
 
 tantum scelus poterat nee latere promulgantur uno 
 
 30 eodemque tempore rogationes^ab eodem tribuno (pie 
 mea pernicie et de provinciis consulum nominating 
 XI. ^Hic tumjsenatus sollicitus, vos, equites Ro- ; 
 
12 M. TULLI CICEROFIS 
 
 mani, excitati, Italia cuncta permota, omnes denique 
 omnium generum atque ordinum cives (suminae rei 
 publicae)a consulibus atque a summo imperio peten- 
 dum esse auxilium arbitrabantur, cum illi soli essent 
 praeter furiosum ilium tribunum duo rei p nh1ifia.q r 
 turbines, qui non modo( praecipitantij patriae non sub- 
 venirent, sed earn nimium tarde (conciderejmaererent. 
 Flagitabatur ab eis_ cotidie fiiim querellis boaoruni 
 omnium, tum_etiam^precibus senatus^Xnt mpRm na.nr 
 
 Sam aiigrjpftvgri^ a.gftrftnt. a!i^iiii3 r ilp.Tiiqnft fl.rl Rftr>fl.t,ni7) in 
 
 referrentj: (non modo negando, sed etiam inridendo) 
 amplissimum quemque illius ordinis insequebantur. 
 26 Hie subito cum incredibilis in Capitolium multitudo 
 ex tota urbe (cunctaque) Italia convenisset, vestem 
 mutandam omnes meque iam omni ratione privato is 
 consilio, quoniam publicis ducibus res publica^areret, 
 defendendum putarunt. Erat eodem tempore senatus 
 
 (in aede Concordiae) quod ipsum templum (repraesenta- 
 bai) memoriam consulatus mei, cum flens universus 
 ordo jci ncinna tumj consulem orabat ; nam alter ill e) 20 
 horridus et severus (consulto se domi continebat.^ Qua 
 turn superbiafcaenum illud ac labesjamplissimi ordinis 
 preces et clarissimorum civium lacrimas repudiavit, 
 me ipsum ut contempsit helluo patriae ! nam quid ego 
 
 / ' patrimonii \ dicam, quod ille totum, (quamvis quaestum 25 
 faceret) amisit? Venistis (ad) senatum, vos, inquam, 
 equites Romani et omnes boni veste mutata, vosque 
 pro meo capite ad pedes lenonis impurissimi proiecistis, 
 cum, vestrisjrecibus ab latrone illo re pud iatis, virtf^ 
 incredibili fide, magnitudine animi, constantia, L. 30 
 Ninnius,(ad senatum de re publica rettulit,)senatusque 
 frequens Vyestem pro mea salute mutandam censuit.) 
 
PRO P. SESTIO OEATIO 2529 13 
 
 XII. O diem ilium, indices, (funestum) senatui bo- 27 
 nisque omnibus, rei publicae luctuosum, mihi_ (ad_ 
 dom esticu m maerorem gra ven^ ad pos teritaj^mejnor, 
 riam gloriosum ! Quid enim quisquam potest (ex omni 
 
 5 memoria sumere) inlustrius, quam pro uno cive et 
 
 bonos omnis privato consensu et universum senatum 
 
 publico consilio mutasse vestem 1 ? (quae quidem] turn 
 
 mutatio non (deprecationis est causa) facta, sed luctus. 
 
 (Quern enim deprecarere) cum omnes essentf sordid atj.^ 
 
 10 cu mque hoc satis esset signi esse improbum, qui mutata 
 v este non es set 1, Hac mutatione vestis facta tanto in 
 luctu civitatis,(bmitto quid illejiribunus omnium rerum^A^ 1 ^ 
 divinarum humanarumque praedo fecerit^qui adesse 
 nobilissimos adulescentes, honestissimos equites Roma- 
 
 15 nos, deprecatores salutis meae iusseritjeosque op eraru m 
 suarum gladiis et lapidibus obiecerit : de consulibus 
 loquor, quorum fide res publica niti debuit. Exanima- 28 
 tus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo 
 atque vultu, quam si annis ante paucis(in creditorum 
 
 20 conventum incidisset); advocat contionem, habet ora- 
 tionem talem consul, qualem numquam Catilina (victor 
 habuisset) errare (homines,^ si etiam turn senatum ali- 
 quid in re publica posse arbitrarentur ; equites vero 
 Homanos daturos (ill ius die fl poenas, quo me consule 
 
 25 cu m gl adiis in clivo Capitolino f uissent : venisse tem- 
 pus eis, qui in timore fuissent coniuratos videlicet 
 dicebat ulciscendi sui. Si dixisset haec solum,{omni I 
 supplicio) esset dignus; nam oratio ipsa consulis perni- 
 ciosa potest rem publicam labefactare : quid fecerit 
 
 30 videte. (L. LamiamJ\ qui cum me ipsum pro summa 29 
 familiaritate, quae mihi cum patre eius erat, unice 
 diligebat, turn pro re publica vel mortem oppetere 
 
H M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 cupiebat, in contione frelegavr$ edixitque, ut ab urbe 
 abesset milia passuum ducenta, quod esset ausus pro 
 civi, pro bene merito civi, pro amico, pro re publica 
 deprecari. 
 
 XIII. ( Quid hoc homine facias) aut (quo') civem 5 
 importunum aut (quo potiusjhostem tarn sceleratum 
 reserves'? qui,(ut omittani cetera^) quae sunt ei cum 
 collega immani impuroque coniuncta atque communia, 
 hoc unum habet proprium, ut ex urbe (expulerit, rele- 
 garit)non dico equitem Eomanum, non ornatissimum 10 
 atque optimum virum, non amicissimum rei publicae 
 civem, non illo ipso tempore una cum senatu et cum 
 bonis omnibus casum amici reique publicae lugentem, 
 sed civem Eomanum sine ullo iudicio (ut edicto)ex 
 
 30 patria consul eiecerit. Nihil acerbius socii et Latini 15 
 ferre soliti sunt quam se, id quod/perrarojaccidit, ex 
 urbe exire a consulibus iuberi. ^Atque) illis turn ferati 
 reditus in suas civitates ad suos Lares familiaris et 
 in illo communi incommodo nulla in quemquam propria 
 ignominia nominatim cadebat. Hoc vero quid est ? 20 
 
 lexterminabitj civis Romanos edicto consul a suis dis 
 penatibus, expellet ex patria, deliget quern volet, 
 ^damnabit atque eiciet nominatim?) Hie, si umquam 
 "3 vos eos,(qui nunc estis) in re publica fore putasset, si 
 denique(imaginem iudiciorum aut simulacrumjaliquod 25 
 futurum in civitate reliquom credidisset, umquam 
 ausus esset senatum de re publica tollere, equitum 
 Komanorum preces aspernari, civium denique omnium 
 novis et inauditis edictis ius libertatemqueperverterej 
 
 31 Etsi me attentissimis animis, summa cum benignitate 30 
 auditis, iudices, tamen vereor ne quis vesjbrum forte 
 miretur, quid haec mea oratio tarn longaCaut tarn alte 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 2933 15 
 
 repetita)velit aut quid ad P. Sesti causam eorum, qui 
 ante huius tribunatum rem publicam vexarunt, delicta " 
 pert^eant. Mihi autemflhoc propositum est ostendere) * 
 o mnia consilia P. Sesti |nentemque)totius tribun atus 
 
 5 banc fuisse,_ ut_3dflictiaft Pit perditae rei piihlicafi 
 quantum posset me de retur. ,- , Ac. si in exponendis 
 vulneribus illis de me ipso(plura) dicere videbor,(ignos- 
 citote.) Nam et illam meam cladem vos et omnes 
 boni maximum esse rei publicae vulnus iudicastis, et 
 
 io P. Sestius est reus(non suo, sed meo nomine ^ qui cum tr* 
 VQmnem vim^sui tribunatus in mea salute con sump serit, 
 necesse est meam causam praeteriti temporis cum 
 huius praesenti defensione esse coniunctam. 
 
 XIV. /Erat igitur in luctu) senatus ; (squalebat 32 
 
 15 ci vitas Ipublico consilio veste mutata ; (null um erat Ita- 
 liae municipiurO j nulla colonia, nulla praefecturajnulla 
 Komae societas vectigalium, nullum(coll e gium)aut(con - 
 ciliumj aut pmnino aliquod comm une(consi lium\ quod 
 turn non bonorificentissime d e mea s alute (decrevisset J 
 
 20 cum subito edicunt_dup consules, ut ad suum vestitum 
 senatores redirent. Quis umquam consul senatum 
 ipsius decretis parere probibuit, quis tyrannus miseros 
 lugere vetuit ? (Pairumne est, Piso, Ait omittam Gab i_- 
 nium, quod tantum homines fefellisti,} ut neglegeres 
 
 2a auctoritatem senatua, optimi cuiusque consilia contem- 
 ners, r em publicam proder es. consulare nomen^adfli- 
 geres y etiamne edicere taudeas^ ne maererent homines 
 meam, suam, rei publicae calamitatem, (ne hunc) suum 
 dolorem veste significarent 1 Sive ilia vestis yrmtfltiQ 
 
 3o ad luctum ipsoru mLgive ad depre cand um valebat, quis _ 
 umquam tarn crudelis fuit, tqui prohiberetl quemquam 
 aut (sibi maerere) aut ceteris supplicare^ (Quid ^ua 33 
 
16 M. TULLI G ICE BONIS 
 
 sponte homines in amicorum periculis vestitum mutare 
 non solent ?^pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit? Aieisti 
 quidem, quos le ^ato^j^ojijaodo jiullo senatus consult flj 
 sedj etiam re pugnante se natu tibi jbu tejjggisti > Ergo 
 hominis desperati et proditoris rei publicae casum luge- 5 
 %*-> bunt fortasse qui volent : civisTprentissimi benevo- 
 
 Ilentia bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti peri- 
 culum ^coniunctum cum) periculo civitatis lugere se- 
 natui non licebit ? Eidemqueconsules, /si appellandi 
 sunt consules,/ quos nemo est quin/non modo ex 10 
 memoria, sed etiam ex fastis ^vellendos putet, pactjo 
 %jl. i am foede re provinciarum,(pronucti in circo Flaminio) 
 in contionem ab ilia furia sCc peste patriae, /inaximo 
 cum gemitu vestrol illa/dmnia, quae turn contra me 
 contraque rem publieam (agebanturfi voce ac sententia 15 
 sua comprobavgrunt. 
 
 XV. Is demq ue consulibus feedentibusVtque^nsp ec- 
 tantibus^ata lex estjhe aus picia valerent.ne qui&ebnu n- . 
 tiaret* ne quis leg i i nterced eret ) ut omnibtis fastiajdiebus : 
 legem f erri liceret, ut le x Aelia, l ex Fufia ne v a leret : q ua 2c 
 una rogatione quis est qui non intellegattuniversara rem 
 34 publieam esse deletam)? Isdemque consulibus inspec- 
 tantibus (servorum dilectus) habebatur (pro tribunali 
 Aurelio^ (nomine collegiorum) cum ( vicatiiri} homines 
 conscriberentur,(decuriarentur,Jp,d vim ad manus,(ad 25 
 caedem ad direptionem) incitarentur. Isdemque con- 
 sulibus arma(in templum Castorisjpalam comportaban- 
 tur, gradus eiusdem templi tollebantur, armati homi- 
 nes forum et ^ontiones Jbenebant, caedes lapj ^atj ones- 
 que fiebant, inullus erat senatus/ (ailiil reliqui magis- dt 
 tratus,) unus omnem omnium potestatem (armis et 
 latrociniis)po^sidebat non aliqua vi sua, sed, cum duo 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 3337 17 
 
 consules a re publica provinciarum foedere retraxisset, 
 ( insultabat J dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur, terrore ac 
 metu multos, plures etiam spe et promissis tenebat. 
 Quae cum essent eius modi, iudices, cum senatus duces 35 
 
 5 nullos (ac pro ducibus^ proditpres aut potius apertos 
 hostes haberet, equester ordo reus _ a consulibu s citare- 
 t ur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur, jal njiojaina- 
 tim_ relegaren t ur Jalii metu et periculo terrerentur , arma 
 essent in templis, armati in foro, (eaque non silentio 
 
 10 consilium dissimularentur, sed et voce et sententia com- 
 probarentur^cum omnes urbem nondum (excisam) et 
 eversam, sed iam captain- atque oppressam videremus : 
 tamen his tantis malis (tanto bonorum studio,} iudices, 
 restitissemus, sed me alii metus atque aliae curae sus- 
 
 15 picionesque moverunt. 
 
 XYI. Exponam enim hodierno die, iudices, om- 36 
 nem rationem(facti et consiliij mei neque_ hjuic_ _veatro 
 tanto studio audiendi nee vera buic tantae multrtudmi^. 
 quanta mea me moria num qua m ullo in Judicio fuit, 
 
 20 cleero. Nam si ego in causa tarn bona tanto studio 
 
 senatus, consensu tarn incredibili bonorum omnium, 
 
 (tarn parato) tota denique Italia ad omnem contentio- 
 
 nem expedita, cessi tribuni pl.,(despicatissimi)hominis, 
 
 furori, contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaci- 
 
 25 amque pertimui, nimium me timidum, (nullius animi, 
 
 nullius consilii fuisse/ confiteoiO Quid enim simile fuit 37 
 
 (in Q. Metelloj? cuius causam etsi omnes probabant, 
 
 tamen neque senatuslpublice) neque ullus ordofproprie) 
 
 neque suis decretis Italia cuncta susceperat. Ad suam 
 
 so enim quandam magis ille gloriam quam ad (perspicuam) 
 salutem rei publicae respexerat, cum unus in legem 
 per vim latam iurare noluerat: d enique vi debaturjjja 
 
18 M. TULLI CIGERONIS 
 
 . 
 c ondicionejtam for tis fuisse, ut cum (patriae _ carit%te ) 
 
 cons tantiae gloriam commutajiet. Erat autem res ei 
 
 cum exercitu C. Mari ( invicto,) habebat inimicum C. 
 
 Marium, conservator em patriae, (sextum iam ilium 
 
 consulatum gerentem) res erat cum L. Saturnino, 5 
 
 iterum tribuno pi., vigilante homine et in causa populari 
 
 (si non moderate, at certe populariter) abstinenterque 
 
 versato. Cessit, ne aut victus a fortibus viris cum de- 
 
 decore caderet autt victor) multis et fortibus civibus rem 
 
 38 publicam orbaret. Meam causam senatus palam, eques- 10 
 ter ordo acerrime, cuncta Italia publice, omnes boni 
 proprie enixeque susceperant. Eas res gesseram, qua- 
 rum non unus auctor, se d (dux) om niu m volunt atis Juis- 
 sem, quaeque non modo ad singularem meam gloriam, 
 sed ad communem salutem omnium civium et prope 15 
 gentium pertinerent; ea condicione gesseram, ut meum 
 factum semper omneslpraestare"Huerique deberent. 
 
 XYII. Erat autem mihi contentio non cum 
 victor e exercitu, sed cum (operis) conductis et ad 
 diripiendam urbem concitatis; habebam inimicum 20 
 non 0. Marium, (terrorem) hostium, spem subsidium- 
 que patriae, sed duo importuna prodigia, quos eges- 
 tas, quos aeris alieni magnitudo, quos levitas, quos 
 
 39(improbitas tribuno _ plebis const rictos addixerat t nee 
 mihi erat res cum Saturnino, qui, quod a se(quae- 25 
 store Ostiensilj per ignominiam ad principem et sena- 
 tus et civitatis, M. Scaurum, rem frumentariam 
 translatam sciebat][dolorem suum magna contentione 
 animi persequebatur J sed cum (gcurrarum lQCUDletium) 
 scorto, cum sororis adultero, cum stuprorum sacerdote, 30 
 cum venefico, cum (testamentarioj) cum sicario, cum 
 latrone quos homines si, id quod facile factu/uit et 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 3740 19 
 
 quod fieri debuit, quodque a me optimi et fortissimi 
 cives flagitabant, vi armisque superassemJnon verebar y 
 ne quis aut vim vi dep ulsam repr ehend eret au t perdi- 
 torum civium vel potius domesticorum hostium mortem 
 
 5 maereret. Sed me ilia moverunt : Omnibus in contio- 
 nibusfclla furia plamabat se ; quae faceret contra salu- 
 tem meam, facere auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro 
 mihique et nunc et, quoad licui t amicissimo. M. Cras- 
 sus, quocum mihi(bmnes erant amicitiae necessitudines^) 
 
 10 vir fortissirnus, ab eadem ilia peste infestissimus esse 
 meis fortunis praedicabatur ; C. Caesar, qui fa me 
 nullo meo merito alienus esse) debebat, inimicissimus 
 esse meae saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus dice- 
 batur. His se tribus auctoribuslin consiliis capiendis) 40 
 
 15 adiutoribus (in re gerenda) esse usurum dicebat ; (ex 
 quibus unum habere exercitum in Italia maximum); 
 duo, qui privati turn essent, et( praeesse et parare,) si 
 vellent,! exercitum posse idque facturos esse) dicebat. 
 Nee mihi^ illeiiudicium populi nejLie^iimam__ aliqiiain 
 
 20 conten tionem) nee disceptation em aut causae dictionem, 
 ( sed vim, ar ma, exerci tus, imperatores, castra) denun- 
 tiabat. 
 
 XVIII. I Quid ergo)? inimici oratio, vana prae- 
 sertim, tarn improbe in clarissimos viros coniecta me 
 
 25movit1 Me vero non illius oratio, sed eorum(taci- 
 turnitas,)in quos ilia oratio tarn improba (confer ebatur^ 
 qui turn, quamquam ob alias causas tacebant, tamen 
 hominibus omnia timentibus (tacendo loqui^ non infi- 
 tiando confiteri videbantur. Illi autem (aliquo Hum 
 
 30 timore perterriti, quod facta ilia atque omnis res)anni 
 superioris labefactari a praetoribus, infirmari a senatu 
 atque a/ principibus civitatisjputabant,^tribunum popu-^ 
 
 22 
 
20 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 larem a se alienare nolebant suaque sibi propiora esse 
 
 41 pericula quam mea loquebantur. Sed tamen et Crassus 
 (a consulibus)meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat 
 
 et eorum fidem Pompeius implorabat neque se priva- 
 tum (publice susceptae causae)defuturum esse dicebat ; 5 
 quern virum studiosum mei, cupidissimum rei publicae 
 conservandae (domi meae certi homines ad earn rem 
 positi)monuerunt ut esset cautior, eiusque vitae a me 
 insidias apud me domi positas esse dixerunt, atque 
 hanc eius suspicionem alii (litteris mittendis,) alii nun- 10 
 tiis, alii coram ipsi excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me 
 certe nihil timeret, ab illis, ne quid (meo nominej moli- 
 rentur, sibi cavendum putaret. Ipse autem Caesar, 
 quern maxime homines ignari veritatis mihi esse ira- 
 tum putabant, eratiad portas^erat cum imperio; erat 15 
 in Italia eius exercitus inque eo exercitu ipsius tribuni 
 plebis inimici mei^fratrem praefeceratj 
 
 42 XIX. Haec ergo cum viderem neque enim erant 
 occulta , senatum, sine quo civitas stare non posset, 
 omninoide civitate^esse sublatum, consules, qui duces 20 
 
 (publici eonsiliOesse deberent, perfecisse, ut per ipsos 
 publicum consilium funditus tolleretur, eos, qui pluri- 
 mum possent, (opponi omnibus contionibus, falso sed 
 formidolose tamem)(auctores ad perniciem meaml con- 
 tiones haberi cotidie contra me, (vocem pro me ac 35 
 pro re publica neminem mittere)Jintenta signa)\Jegio- 
 num existimari cervicibus ac bonis vestris falso, sed 
 putari tamen/^oniuratorum copias veteres et ^ffusam 
 illam ac superatam Catilinae importunam manunj) 
 novo duce et insperata ^ommutatione rerum^esse reno- 30 
 vatam: haec cum viderem, quid agerem, iudices? 
 Scio enim turn non mihi vestrum studium, sed meum 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 4045 21 
 
 prope vestro defuisse. Contenderem contra tribunum 43 
 plebis /privatus armis)? Yicissent improbos bonij fortes 
 inertis ; interfectus esset is, qui hac una medicina sola 
 potuit(a rei publicae peste depelli): quid deinde % quis 
 
 5 reliqua praestaret ? cui denique erat dubium, quin ille 
 sanguis tribunicius, nullo praesertim publico consilio 
 profusus, consules ultores et defensor es esset habitu- 
 rus ? cum quidam in contione dixisset aut mibi semel 
 pereundum aut bis esse vincendum. Quid erat bis vin- 
 
 10 cere ? id profecto, ut, cum amentissimo tribuno plebis 
 si decertassem, cum consulibus ceterisque eius ultor- ,, 
 ibus dimicarem. Ego vero, vel fei pereundum fuisset)44"\ 
 (ac non) accipienda plaga mihi sanabilis, illi mortifera 
 qui imposuisset, semel perire tarn en, iudices, maluissem 
 
 15 quam bis vincere. Erat eniniilla altera^ius modi conten- 
 tio, ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam tenere 
 possemus. (Quid,) si in|prima)contentione vi tribunicia 
 victus in foro cum multis bonis viris concidissem ? 
 Senatum consules, (credo, ) vocassent, quern totum de 
 
 20 civitate delerant ; ad arma vocassent, qui ne vestitu 
 quidem defendi rem publicam (sissent ) a tribuno plebis 
 post interitum meum dissedissent, qui eandem horam 
 meae pestis et suorum praemiorum esse voluissent. 
 
 XX. TJnum(enim)mihi restabat illud, quod forsi- 45 
 
 26 tan nonnemo vir fortis et acris animi magnique 
 dixerit: \Restitisses, repugnasses,^ mortem pugnans 
 oppetisses.' (De quoHe, te, inquam, patria, testor et 
 vos, Cpenates patriique dei, ; me vestrarum sedum tem- 
 plorumque causa, me propter salutem meorum civium, 
 
 30 quae mihi semper fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem 
 caedemque fugisse. Etenim si mihi in aliqua nave 
 cum meis amicis naviganti hoc, iudices, accidisset, ut 
 
22 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 multi ex multis locis praedones classibus earn navem 
 se oppressuros minitarentnr, nisi me uuum sibi dedi- 
 dissent, si id vectores negarent ac mecum simul 
 interire quam me tradere hostibus mallent, iecissem 
 ipse me potius in profundum, ut ceteros eonservarem, 5 
 quam illos mei tarn cupidos non modo ad certain mor- 
 46 tern, sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem. Cum 
 vero in hanc rei publicaemavem ereptis senatui guber- 
 naculis nuitantem in alto ttempestatibus) seditionum ac 
 discordiarum armatae tot classes, nisi ego essem unus 10 
 deditus, incursurae viderentur, cum(proscriptio^caedes, 
 direptio denuntiaretur, cum alii me suspicione periculi 
 sui non defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incita- 
 rentur, alii (mviderentA alii obstare sibi me arbitra- 
 rentur, alii ulcisci (dolorem aliquem suum \vellent, alii is 
 rem ipsam publicam atque (tunc bonorum statum 
 otiumquejodissent et ob hasce causas tot tamque varias 
 (me uuum deposcerent^ depugnarem potius cum summo 
 non dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro liberorum- 
 que vestrorum, quam id, quod omnibus impendebat, 20 
 unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subirem 1 
 47 1 XXL 'Victi essent improbi.' At cives,(at armis) 
 c at( ab eo private^ qui sine armis etiam fconsulN rem 
 publicam conservarat. Sin victi essent boni, qui super- 
 essentl nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam ven- 25 
 turam fuisse ? An mihi ipsi, ut qui dam putant, fuit 
 mors aequo animo oppetenda? (Quid turn)? mortemne 
 fugiebam 1 ? An erat res ulla, quam mihi magis optandam 
 putarem? aut ego illas res tantas in t^anta impro- 
 borum multitudinefcum gerebam, non mihi mors, non so 
 exilium ob oculos versabatur? non Qiaec^denique a 
 me turn tamquamffatalfcn ipsa re gerend^(canebantur? 
 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 4548 23 
 
 An erat mihi in tanto luctu meorum, tanta diiun- 
 ctione, tanta acerbitate, (tanta spoliatione ) omnium 
 rerum, quas mihi aut natura aut fortuna dederat, vita 
 retinenda? tarn eram rudis, tarn ignarus rerum, tarn 
 5 expers consilii aut ingenii 1 (nihil audieram,) nihil 
 videram, nihil ipse legendo quaerendoque cognoveram, 
 nesciebam vitae brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiter- 
 num; cum esset omnibus definita mors, optandum 
 esse ut vita, (quae necessitati deberetur,) patriae potius 
 
 10 donata quam reservata naturae videretur 1 nesciebam 
 inter sapientissimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse, 
 ut (alii dicerent^ animos hominum sensusque morte 
 restingui, alii autem turn maxime mentes sapientium 
 ac fortium virorum, cum (ex corpore excessissent\ sen- 
 
 15 tire ac vigere 3 quorum alterum fugiendum non esse, 
 carere sensu, alterum etiam optandum, [meliore esse 
 sensu./ Denique cum omnia semper ad dignitatem 48 
 rettulissem nee sine ea quicquam expetendum esse 
 homini in vita putassem, mortem, quam etiam( / virgines 
 
 20 Athenis regis, ^pinor^Erechthei filiae^ pro patria con- 
 tempsisse dicuntur, ego vir consularis tantis rebus 
 gestis timerem 1 praesertim cum eius essem civitatis, 
 fex qua C. Mucius solus in castra Porsenae venisset-) 
 eumque interficere {)roposita sibi morte jconatus esset : 
 
 25 (ex qua P. Decius primum pater, post aliquot annos 
 patria virtute praeditus filius se ac vitam suam 
 instructa acie pro salute populi Romani victoriaque 
 devovisset : ex qua innumerabiles alii partim adipis- 
 cendae laudis, partim vitandae turpitudinis causa 
 
 30 mortem in variis bellis aequissimis animis oppetissent: 
 in qua civitate ipse meminissem patrem huius M. 
 Crassi, fortissimum virum, ne videret victorem vivus] 
 
24 M. TULLI GIGERONIS 
 
 inimicum, cadem sibi maim vitam oxhausisse, ^iqua 
 mortem saepe hostibus obtulisset. 
 49 XXII. Haec ego et multa alia oogitana hoc Tide- 
 bam, si eausani publicam mea mors( peremisaetj nemi- 
 nem uniquain fore, qui auderet suscipere contra im- 5 
 probos cives salutem rei publicae. Itaque, uon solum 
 si vi interissem, sed etiam si morbo exstdnctua essoin, 
 fore putabam ut exeinplum rei publicae conservandae 
 raecuni simul interiret. Quis enim umquam me a 
 
 natu populoque Romauo tanto omnium bonorum io 
 studio non restituto, quod certe, si essem interfectus, 
 aooidere non potuisset, ullam rei publicae partem /cum 
 sua minima invidia) auderet attingerel Servavi igitur 
 rem publicam discessu meo, iudices oaedem a vobis 
 liberisque vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinaa meo 15 
 dolore luctuque depuli et unus bis rem publicam ser- 
 vavi, semel Igloria^ iterum aerumna mea. Neque enim 
 in hoc me liominem esse infitiabor umquam, ut me 
 optimo fratre, carissimis liberis, tidissima coniuge, 
 vestro conspectu, patria, hoc honoris gradu sine dolore 20 
 
 Icaruisse glorjer. fQuod si fecissem, quod a me bene- 
 nciuni haberetis, cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent 
 vjjia, reliquissem |)(HocSVjneo quidem animoX summi 
 in patriam amoris mei signum esse debet certissimum, 
 quod, cum abesse ab ea sine summo dolore non possem. 
 hunc me perpeti quam illam labefactari ab improbis 
 50 malui. Memineram, iudices, (jiivinumj ilium virum 
 atque(ex isdem quibus nos radicibus Vatum ad salutem 
 huius imperii, C. Marium, ,sumraa senectute,\cum vi 
 fprope iustorum) armorum profugisset, primo senile 30 
 corpus paludibus (occultasse)demersum, deinde ad in- 
 fimorum ac tenuissimorum hominum Minturnensium 
 
PRO 1\ 8E8TI0 RAT 10 4852 25 
 
 misericordiam confugisse j inde navigio perparvo/cum 
 orniiis portal terrasque fugeret,)in oras Africae desert- 
 issimas pervenisse. Atquejille vitam suam, ne inultus 
 esset, adVincertissimanijspern et ad rei publicae fatum 
 
 5 reservavit : ego, qui, quern ad modum multi in senatu 
 me absente dixerunt, (periculo rei publicaeNvivebam, 
 quique ob earn causam consularibus litteris de senatus 
 sententia exteris nationibus commendabar, nonne, si 
 meam vitam 'deseruissem,'} rem publicam prodidissem ? 
 
 10 in qua uideri^nunc)me re.stituto vivit mecum simul 
 exemplum fidei publicae. Quod si immortale retinetur, 
 quis non intellegit immortalem hanc civitatem futu- 
 ram? 
 
 XXIII. Nam (externa bellajregum, gentium, 51 
 
 15 nationum iam pridem ita exstincta sunt, ut praeclare 
 
 (cum iis agamusj quos pacatos esse patiamur ; ijenique^ 
 
 ex bellica victoria 'non fere quemquam) est invidia 
 
 civium consecuta ; domesticis malis et audacium ci- 
 
 vium consiliis saepe est resistendum, eorumque peri- 
 
 20 culorum est in re publica retinenda medicina ; quam 
 omnem, iudices, perdidissetis, si meo interitu senatui 
 populoque Romano doloris sui de me declarandi potes- 
 tas esset erepta. Qua re moneo vos, adulescentes, 
 atque hoc meo iure praecipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem 
 
 25 publicam, qui gloriam spectatis, ne, si quae vos ali- 
 quando necessitas ad rem publicam contra improbos 
 civis defendendam vocabit, segniores sitis et recorda- 
 tion mei casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis. Primum 52 
 non est periculum, ne quis umquam incidat in eius 
 
 so modi consults, ipraesertim si erit iis id quod debetur 
 persolutumj Deinde numquam iam, ut spero, quis- 
 quam improbus consilio et auxiliofbonorumj se oppug- 
 
26 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 nare rem publicam dicet illis tacentibus,; nee armati 
 exercitus Jberrorem)opponet togatis ; neque erit iusta 
 causa/ ad portas sedenti imperatori,) quare suum ter- 
 rorem falso iactari opponique patiatur. Numquam 
 denique erit tarn oppressus senatus, ut ei ne suppli- 5 
 candi quidem ac lugendi sit potestas, tain (captus) 
 equester ordo, ut equites Romani a consule relegentur. 
 QuaeVpum^ omnia atque etiaintoiulto alia) maiora, quae 
 consul to praetereo, accidissent, videtis me tamen in 
 meam pristinam dignitatem Ibrevi^tantum tempore 10 
 doloris interiecto rei publicae voce esse revocatum. 
 53 XXI Y. Sed ut revertar ad illud, quod mihi in 
 hac omni est oratione propositum, (omnibus malisjillo 
 anno scelere consulum rem publicam [esse confectam^ 
 primum illo ipso die, qui mihi funestus fuit, omnibus is 
 bonis luctuosus, cum ego me e complexu patriae con- 
 spectuque vestro eripuissem et metu vestri periculi, 
 non mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minis- 
 que cessissem patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima, 
 propter ipsius patriae caritatem reliquissem ; cum 20 
 meum ilium casum tarn horribilem, tarn gravem, tarn 
 repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta urbis ac 
 templa lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam, 
 nemo lucem aspicere vellet : illo, inquam, ipso die, 
 die dicol immo hora atque etiam puncto temporis 25 
 eodem mihi reique publicae pernicies, Gabinio et 
 Pisoni provincia rogata est. Pro dei immortales 
 custodes et conservatores huius urbis atque imperii, 
 quaenam ^illajin re publica (monstra^ quae scelera 
 vidistis ! Civis erat expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex 30 
 senatus auctoritate cum omnibus bonis defenderafe,(et 
 expulsus) non alio aliquo, sed eo ipso crimine. Erat 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 5255 27 
 
 autem expulsus sine iudicio, vi, lapidibus, ferro, fser- 
 vitid|> denique concitato ; lex erat lata vasto ac relicto 
 foro et sicariis servisque tradito et ea lex^quae ut ne 
 ferretur} senatus fuerat veste mntata. Hac tanta per- 54 
 
 5 turbatione civitatis |ne nocteni quidemjconsules inter 
 meum linteriturn) et suam praedam interesse passi 
 sunt : statim me perculso ad meum sanguinem haurien- 
 dum et spirant e(etianq) re publica ad eius spolia detra- 
 henda advolaverunt. Omitto (gratulationes^ epulas, 
 
 io partitionem aerarii, faeneficiaj spem, promissa, prae- 
 dam, laetitiam paucorum in luctu omnium; vexabatur 
 uxor mea, liberi ad necem quaerebantur, gener, et 
 Piso gener, a Pisonis consulis pedibus fcupplex^ reicie- 
 batur, bona diripiebantur feaque)ad consules defere- 
 
 15 bantur, domus ardebat in Palatio ; consules epula- 
 bantur. Quodsi meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis 
 tamen periculo commoverentur. 
 
 XX Y. Sed (ut a mea causa iam recedam,\ reli- 55 
 quas illius anni (pestes^/ recordamini sic enim facil- 
 
 20 lime perspicietis, quantam yim ^omnium remediorum 
 a magistratibus proximis res publica desiderarit . 
 legum multitudinem, cum earum, Quae latae sunt,) 
 turn vero, quae(promulgatae fuerunt.\ Sam latae 
 quidem sunt consulibus illis tacentibus dicam 1 
 
 25 immo vero etiam approbantibus, ut ((censoria notioj 
 et gravissimum iudicium sanctissimi magistratus de 
 re publica tolleretur ;) ut collegia non modo ilia Vetera 
 contra senatus consult um restituerentur, sed ab uno 
 gladiatore innumerabilia alia nova conscriberentur ; 
 
 30'ut remissis senis et trientibus quinta prope pars vecti- 
 galium tolleretur;^ ut Gabinio pro ilia sua Cilicia, 
 quam sibi, si rem publicam prodidisset, pactus erat, 
 
? 
 
 28 M. TTJLLI CICERONIS 
 
 Syria daretur et uni helluoni bis de eadem re delibe- 
 randi et rogata lege potestas per novam legem fieret 
 , provinciae commutandae. 
 
 56 XXYI. Mitto earn legem) quae omnia fura reli- 
 gionumj auspiciorum, lpotestatum,\ omnis leges, quae 5 
 sunt de iure et de tempore legum rogandarum, una 
 rogatione delevit ; mitto (pmnem domesticam labem -} 
 etiam exteras nationes illius anni [furore conquassatas) 
 widebamus.) ^ege tribunicial Matris Magnae Q?essi- 
 nuntius)ille sacerdos expulsus et spoliatus sacerdotio est 10 
 Cfanumque sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum reli- 
 gionum) venditum ^pecunia grandi Brogitaro,^impuro 
 homini atque indigno illa^religione, praesertim cumleam 
 sibi ille non colendi, sed (violandi causa^adpetisset; ap- 
 pellati reges & populojqui id numquam ne a senatu 15 
 quidem postulassent \ reducti exsules Byzantium con- 
 demnati turn, cum indemnaticives e civitate eiciebantur. 
 
 57(RexPtolomaeus, > ) qui, si nondum erat ipse a senatu 
 socius appellatus, erat tamen frater eius regis, qui, 
 cum esset dn eadem causa,\ iam erat a senatu societatis 20 
 et amicitiae honorem consecutus, erat eodem genere 
 eisdemque maioribus, (eadem vetustate societatis^) 
 denique erat rex, si nondum socius, at non hostis; 
 pacatus, quietus, fretus imperio populi Romani (regno 
 paterno atque avito fcegali otid perfruebaturN de hoc 25 
 nihil cogitante, nihil suspicante, eisdem (operis) suf- 
 fragium ferentibus est rogatum, ut sedens cum pur- 
 pura et sceptro et/illis insignibus regiis^praeconi pub- 
 lico subicereturj et imperante populo Romano, qui 
 etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, rex sc 
 amicus nulla iniuria commemorata, nullis rebus repe- 
 titis cum bonis omnibus publicaretur. 
 
PRO P. SESTIO BAT 10 5559 29 
 
 XXVII. Multa acerba, multa turpia, multa(tur- 58 
 bulentaj habuit ille annus : tamen illi sceleri, quod n 
 mejillorum immanitas edidit, (haud scio an recte hoc 
 proximuui esse Jdicamus. fAntiochuin Magnum) ilium 
 
 5 maiores nostri magna belli contentione terra marique 
 superatum (intra montem Taurum regnare) iusserunt : 
 Asiam, (qua ilium m ultaru ntj(AttaloA ut is regnaret 
 in ea, condonaverunt. Gum Armeniorum rege Tigrane 
 grave bellum nuper ipsi diuturnumque gessimus, cum 
 
 10 ille iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis [ bello prope 
 nos lacessisset.) Hie et ipse per se vehemens hostis 
 fuit et acerrimum hostem huius imperii (Mithridatem 
 pulsum Ponto opibus suis regnoque defendit, et ab 
 L. Lucullo, summo viro atque imperatore, repulsus, 
 
 is animo tamen hostili cum reliquis suis copiis in pris- 
 tina mente mansit. Hunc Cn. Pompeius, cum in 
 suis castris |supplicem) abiectum vidisset, erexit atque 
 insigne regium, quod ille de suo capite abiecerat, 
 reposuit et certis rebus imperatis regnare iussit, nee 
 
 20 minus et sibi et huic imperio gloriosum putavit con- 
 stitutuin)a se regem quam^constrictumVideri. Rex 59 
 igitur Armenius, qui et ipse hostis fuit populi E.o- 
 mani et acerrimum hostem in regnum recepit, qui 
 connixit, qui signa contulit, qui de imperio paene 
 
 25 certavit, regnat hodie et amicitiae nomen ac societatis, 
 quod armis violarat, id precibus est consecutus : ille 
 Cyprius miser, qui semper amicus, semper socius fuit, 
 de quo nulla umquam suspicio durior aut ad senatum 
 aut ad imperatores adlata nostros est, vivus, ut aiunt, 
 
 30 est et videns cum victu ac vestitu suo publicatus. En, 
 cur ceteri reges stabilem esse suam fortunam arbi- 
 trentur, cum hoc illius funesti anni prodito exemplo 
 
30 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 videant per tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas 
 se fortunis spoliari et regno omni posse nudari ! 
 
 60 XXVIII. At etiam eo negotio M. Catonis (splen- 
 dorem maeulare) voluerimt ignari,quid gravitas, quid 
 
 . integritas, quid magnitudo animi, quid denique virtus 5 
 valeret, (quae in tempestate saeva quieta estj et 
 lucet in tenebris et fpulsa loco^ manet tamen atque 
 haeret in patria (^splendetque per sese)seniper neque 
 alienis umquam sordibus (^bsolescit.) Non illi ornandum 
 M. Catonem, sed relegandum, nee illi committendum 10 
 illud negotium, sed imponendum putaverunt, qui in 
 contione palam [dixerint 'linguam se evellisse) M. 
 Catoni, quae semper contra extraordinarias potestates 
 libera fuisset. Sentient, ut spero, brevi tempore, 
 manere libertatem illam, atque hoc etiam, si fieri is 
 potuerit, (esse maiorem, quod J cum consulibus illis 
 M. Cato, etiam cum iam (desperasset) aliquid (auctori- 
 tate sua) profici posse, tamen voce ipsa ac dolore 
 pugnavit et post meum discessum iis Pisonem verbis 
 flens meum et rei publicae casum vexavit, ut ilium 20 
 hominem perditissimum atque impudentissimum paene 
 
 61 iam provinciae paeniteret. ' Cur igitur rogationi 
 paruit?' .Quasi vero) ille non in (alias quoque leges) 
 quas iniuste rogatas putaret, iam ante iurarit ! Non 
 offert se ille istis temeritatibusA ut, cum rei publicae 25 
 nihil prosit, se civi rem publicam privet. Consule 
 me cum esset designatus tribunus plebis, obtulit in 
 discrimen vitam suam : dixit earn sententiam, (cuius 
 invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam videbat^ 
 dixit vehementer; egit acriter, ea quae sensit prae 30 
 se tulit ; (dux, auctor, actor rerum illarum funy non 
 quo periculum ( suum \ non videret, sed in tanta rei 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 5964 31 
 
 publicae tempesfcate nihil sibi nisi de patriae periculis 
 cogitandum putabat. 
 
 XXIX. Consecutus est(ipsius)tribunatus. Quid 62 
 ego de singulari magnitudine animi eius ac de in- 
 
 5 credibili virtute dicam ] Meministis(illum diem) cum 
 
 /templo)a collega occupato, nobis omnibus de vita eius 
 
 viri et civis timentibus, ipse animo firmissimo venit 
 
 in templum et clamorem hominum auctoritate, impe- 
 
 tum improborum virtute sedavit. Adiit turn peri- 
 
 10 culum, sed adiit ob earn causam, quae Iquantajfuerit, 
 iam mihi dicere non est necesse. At si isti Cypriae 
 rogationi sceleratissimae non paruisset, haereret ilia 
 nihilo minus rei publicae turpitudo ; (regno enim iam 
 publicatq) de ipso Catone erat nominatim rogatum. 
 
 15 Quod ille si repudiasset, (^dubitatis quin ei vis esset 
 adlata,)cum omnia acta illius anni per unum ilium 
 labefactari viderentur 1 Atque etiam hoc videbat, 63 
 quoniam ilia in re publica macula regni publicati 
 rnaneret, quam nemo iam posset eluere, quod ex malis 
 
 20 boni posset in rem publicam pervenire, id utilius esse 
 per se conservari quam per alios. Atque ille, etiam 
 si alia quapiam vi expelleretur illis temporibus ex hac 
 urbe, Ifacile patereturj Etenim (qui superiore anno 
 senatu caruissetA quo si turn veniret, me tamen socium 
 
 25 suorum in re publica consiliorum videre posset, is 
 aequo animo turn, me expulso ett-meo nomine) cum 
 universo senatu, turn sententia sua condemnata, in 
 hac urbe esse posset? Ille vero eidem tempori, cui 
 nos, eiusdem furori, eisdem consulibus, eisdem minis, 
 
 so insidiis, periculis cessit. Luctum nos hausimus ma- r- 
 iorem, dolorem ille animi non minorem. ^ 
 
 XXX. His de tot tantisque iniuriis in socios, 64 
 
32 M. TULLI CIGERONIS 
 
 in reges, in civitates liberas 'consilium querella esse 
 debuit : in eius magistratus (tutelar reges atque exterae 
 nationes semper fuerunt. Ecquae vox umquam est 
 audita consulum ? 'Quamquam quis audiret, si maxime 
 queri vellent? De Cyprio rege quererentur ? ] qui me 5 
 civem nullo rneo crimine patriae nomine laborantem 
 non modo stantem non defenderunt, sed ne iacentem 
 quidem protexerunt? Cesseram, si alienam a me 
 plebem fuisse voltis, quae non fuit, invidiae;(si com- 
 moveri omnia videbantur, temporij si vis suberat, 10 
 armis ; si societas magistratuum, pactioni ; si peri- 
 
 65 culum civium, rei publicae. Cur, cum de capite civis) . 
 non disputo cuius modi civis et de bonis proscriptio 
 ferretur, cum et sacratis legibus et duodecim tabulis 
 sanctum esset, ut ne cui privilegium inrogari liceret 15 
 neve de capite nisi comitiis centuriatis rogari, nulla 
 vox est audita consulum, constitutumque est illo anno, 
 quantum in illis duabus huius imperii pestibus fuit, 
 iure posse per operas concitatas quemvis civem 
 nominatim tribuni plebis concilio ex civitate extur- 20 
 
 66 barijl Quae vero promulgata illo anno fuerint, quae 
 (promissa multis, quae conscriptaj quae sperata, quae 
 cogitata, quid dicam? Qui locus Vorbi terraeiam 
 non erat alicui destinatus 1 cuius negotii publici 
 cogitari, optari, fingi curatio potuit, quae non esset 25 
 attributa atque discripta? quod genus imperii aut 
 quae provincia, quae ratio aut flandae aut conflandae 
 pecuniae non reperiebatur 1 quae regio orave terrarum 
 erat latior, in qua non regnum aliquod statueretur? 
 quis autem rex erat, qui illo anno non aut emendum 30 
 sibi, quod non habebat, aut redimendum, quod liabe- 
 bat, arbitraretur 1 quis provinciam, quis pecuniam, 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 6468 33 
 
 ^uis legationem a senatu petebat 1 Damnatis de vi > 
 restitutio, consulates petitio ipsi illi populari sacerdoti") 
 comparabatur. Haec gemebant boni, sperabant im- 
 probi, agebat tribunus plebis, consules adiuvabant. 
 
 5 XXXI. Hie aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet, 67 
 Cn. Pompeius invitissimis iis, qui mentem optimi ac 
 fortissimi viri suis consiliis fictisque terroribus a defen- 
 sione meae salutis averterant, excitavit illam suam 
 non sopitam, sed suspicione aliqua retardatam cpnsue- 
 
 10 tudinem rei publicae bene gerendae, Non est passus 
 ille vir, qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis, 
 qui maximas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras 
 atque inauditas, qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui 
 etiam servitia virtute victoriaque domuisset, qui omni- 
 
 15 bus bellis terra marique compressis imperium populi 
 Romani orbis terrarum terminis definisset, rem pub- 
 licam everti scelere paucorum, quam ipse non so- 
 lum consiliis, sed etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset : 
 accessit ad causam publicam, restitit auctoritate sua 
 
 20 reliquis rebus, questus est de praeteritis. Fieri quae- 
 dam ad meliorem spem inclinatio visa est. Decrevit 68 
 senatus frequens de meo reditu Kalendis Iuniis, dissen- 
 tiente nullo, referente L. Ninnio, cuius in mea causa 
 numquam fides virtusque contremuit. Intercessit 
 
 25 Ligus iste nescio qui, additamentum inimicorum 
 meorum. Res erat et causa nostra eo iam loci, ut 
 erigere oculos et vivere videretur. Quisquis erat, qui 
 aliquam partem in meo luctu sceleris Clodiani atti- 
 gisset, quocumque venerat, quod iudicium cumque 
 
 30 subierat, damnabatur : inveniebatur nemo, qui se suf- 
 fragium de me tulisse confiteretur. Decesserat ex 
 Asia frater meus magno squalore, sed multo etiam 
 
 h. 3 
 
34 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 maiore maerore : huic ad urbem venienti tota obviam 
 civitas cum lacrimis gemituque processerat. Loque- 
 batur liberius senatus ; concurrebant equites Romani ; 
 Piso ille, gener meus, cui fructum pietatis suae neque 
 ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit, a propin- 5 
 quo suo socerum suum flagitabat ; omnia senatus 
 reiciebat, nisi de me primum consules rettulissent. 
 
 69 XXXII. Quae cum res iam manibus teneretur. 
 et cum consules provinciarum pactione libertatem 
 omnem perdidissent, qui, cum in senatu privati, utjle 10 
 me sententias dicerent, flagitabant, legem illi se Clodiam 
 timere dicebant ; cum hoc non possent iam diutius 
 sustinere, initur consilium de interitu Cn. Pompei. 
 Quo patefacto ferroque deprehenso ille inclusus domi 
 tarn diu fuit, quam diu inimicus meus in tribunatu. 15 
 De meo reditu octojtribuni promulgaverunt. Ex quo 
 intellectum est non mihi absenti crevisse amicos, in 
 ea praesertim fortuna, in qua non nulli etiam, quos 
 esse putaveram, non serant, sed eos voluntatem semper 
 eandem, libertatem non eandem semper habuisse. Nam 20 
 ex novem tribunis, quos tunc__habueram, unus me 
 absente defluxit, qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum 
 imaginibus adripuit, quo magis nationis eius esse quam 
 
 70 generis videretur. IJoc igitur anno magistratibus 
 novis designatis, cum omnes boni omnem spem melioris 25 
 status in eorum fidem convertissent, princeps P. Len- 
 culus auctoritate ac sententia sua, Pisone et Gabinio 
 repugnantibus, causam suscepit tribunisque plebis octo 
 referentibus praestantissimam de me sententiam dixit. 
 Qui cum ad gloriam suam atque ad amplissimi bene- 30 
 ficii gratiam magis pertinere videret causam illam 
 integram ad suum consulatum reservari, tamen rem 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 6872 35 
 
 talem per alios citius quam per se tardius confici 
 malebat. 
 
 XXXIII. Hoc interim tempore P. Sestius, iudices 71 
 designatus tribunus iter ad C. Caesar em pro mea salute 
 
 5 suscepit. Quid egerit, quantum profecerit, nihil ad 
 causam (equidem existimo, si ille, ut arbitror, aequiis 
 nobis fuerit, nihil ab hoc profectum; sin iratior, non 
 multum); sed_tamen sedulitatem atque integritatem 
 hominis videtis. Ingredior iam in Sesti tribunatum; 
 
 10 nam hoc primum iter designatus rei publicae causa 
 suscepit : pertinere et ad concordiam civium putavit 
 et ad perficiundi facultatem, animum Caesaris a causa ^ 
 non abhorrere. Abiit ille annus : respirasse homines 
 videbantur nondum re, sed spe rei publicae recupe- 
 
 15 randae. Exierunt malis ominibus atque exsecrationi- 
 bus duo vulturii paludati. Quibus utinam ipsis evenis- 
 sent ea, quae turn homines precabantur ! neque nos 
 provinciam Macedoniam cum exercitu neque equitatum 
 in Syria et cohortis optimas perdidissemus. Ineunt 72 
 
 20 magistratum tribuni plebis ; qui omnes se de me 
 promulgaturos confirmarant ; ex iis princeps emitur 
 ab inimicis meis is, quern homines in luctu inri- 
 dentes Gracchum vocabant, quoniam id etiam fatum 
 civitatis fuit, ut ilia ex vepr_eculis extracta nitedula 
 
 26 rem publicam conaretur adrodere. Alter vero, non 
 ille Serranus ab aratro, sed ex deserto Gavii Oleli ruie 
 a Galatis Gaviis in Calatinos Atilios insitus, subito 
 nominibus in tabulas relatis nomen suum de tabula 
 sustulit. Veniunt Kalendae Ianuariae. Vos haec me- 
 
 30 lius scire potestis, equidem audita dico, quae turn 
 frequentia senatus, quae exspectatio populi, qui con- 
 cursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta, quae virtus, actio, 
 
 32 
 
36 M. TULLI CICEROFIS 
 
 gravitasP. Lentuli consulis fuerit, quae etiam collegae 
 eius moderatio de me : qui cum inimicitias sibi mecum 
 ex rei publicae dissensione susceptas esse dixisset, eas 
 se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus rei publicae 
 permissurum. 5 
 
 73 XXXIV. Turn princeps rogatus sententiam L. 
 Cotta dixit id, quod dignissimum re publica fuit, nihil 
 de me actum esse iure, nihil more maiorum, nihil 
 legibus; non posse quemquam de civitate tolli sine 
 iudicio; de capite non modo ferri, sed ne iudicari 10 
 quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis; vim fuisse 
 illam, flammam quassatae rei publicae perturbato- 
 rumque temporum; iure iudiciisque sublatis, .magna 
 rerum permutatione impendente declinasse me paulum 
 et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus tern- 15 
 pestatemque fugisse : quare, cum absens rem publicam 
 non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tempore 
 praesens liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed^etiam 
 ornari a senatu decere. Disputavit etiam multa pru- 
 denter, ita de me ilium amentissimum et profligatissi- 20 
 mum hostem pud oris et pudicitiae scripsisse quae scrip- 
 sisset, iis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam si iure 
 esset rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset : qua re 
 me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, sed 
 74 revocari senatus auctoritate oportere. Hunc nemo 25 
 erat quin verissime sentire diceret. Sed post eum 
 rogatus Cn. Pompeius adprobata laudataque Cottae 
 sententia dixit sese otii mei causa, ut omni populari 
 concitatione def ungerer, censere ut ad senatus auctori- 
 tatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me 30 
 adiungeretur. Cum omnes certatim aliusque alio gra- 
 vius atque ornatius de mea salute dixisset fieretque 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 7276 37 
 
 sine ulla varietate discessio, surrexit, ut scitis, Atilius 
 hie Gavianus ; nee ausus est, cum esset emptus, inter- 
 cedere : noctem sibi ad deliberandum postulavit. Cla- 
 mor senatus, querellae, preces, socer ad pedes abiectus. 
 
 5 Ille se adfirmare postero die moram nullam esse factu- 
 rum. Creditum est ; discessum est. Illi interea delibe- 
 ratori merces longa interposita nocte duplicata est. 
 Consecuti dies pauci omnino Ianuario mense, per quos 
 senatum haberi liceret, sed tamen actum nihil nisi de 
 
 10 me. 
 
 XXXV. Cum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia 75 
 senatus auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem in conci- 
 lio de me agendi dies, vm Kal. Febr. Princeps roga- 
 tionis, vir mihi amicissimus, Q. Fabricius, templum 
 
 15 aliquanto ante lucem occupavit. Quietus eo die Ses- 
 tius, is qui est deji reus ; actor hie defensorque causae 
 meae nihil progreditur, consilia exspectat inimicorum 
 meorum. Quid? illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in 
 iudicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? Cum forum, 
 
 20 comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus 
 ac servis_plerisque occupavissent, impetum faciunt in 
 Fabricium, manus adferunt, occidunt nonnullos, vul- 
 nerant multos. Venientem in forum, virum optimum 76 
 et constantissimum, M. Cispium, tribunum plebis, vi 
 
 25 depellunt, caedem in foro maximam faciunt, univer- 
 sique destrictis gladiis et cruentis in omnibus fori par- 
 tibus fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum 
 meique amantissimum, oculis quaerebant, voce posce- 
 bant. Quorum ille telis libenter in tanto luctu ac 
 
 30 desiderio mei non repugnandi, sed moriendi causa 
 corpus obtulisset suum, nisi suam vitam ad spem mei 
 reditus reservasset. Subiit tamen vim illam nefariam 
 
38 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 consceleratorum latronum et, cum ad fratris salutem a 
 populo Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris 
 in comitio iacuit seque servorum et libertorum corpori- 
 bus obtexit vitamque turn suam noctis et fugae prae- 
 
 77 sidio, non iuris iudiciorumque defendit. Meministis 5 
 turn, iudices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri, 
 cloacas ref arciri, e f oro spongiis effingi sanguinem, ut 
 omnes tantam illam copiam et tarn magnificum appara- 
 tum non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et 
 praetorium esse arbitrarentur. 10 
 
 XXXVI. Nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque 
 hoc ipso turbulentissimo die criminamini Sestium. 
 ' Atqui vis in foro versata est.' Certe : quando enim 
 maior? lapidationes persaepe vidimus, non ita saepe, 
 sed nimium tamen saepe gladios : caedem vero tan- 15 
 tarn, tantos acervos corporum exstructos, nisi forte 
 illo Cinnano atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in 
 foro vidit ] Qua ex concitatione animorum ? Nam ex 
 pertinacia aut constantia intercessoris oritur saepe 
 seditio culpa atque improbitate latoris commodo aliquo 20 
 oblato imperitis aut largitione ; oritur ex concertatione 
 magistratuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore primum, 
 deinde aliqua discessione contionis ; vix sero et raro 
 ad manus pervenitur : nullo vero verbo facto, nulla 
 contione advocata, nulla lata lege concitatam noctur- 25 
 
 78 nam seditionem quis audivit ] An veri simile est, ut 
 civis Romanus aut homo liber quisquam cum gladio in 
 forum descenderit ante lucem, ne de me ferri pateretur, 
 praeter eos, qui ab illo pestifero ac perdito civi iam 
 pridem rei publicae sanguine saginantur 1 Hie iam de so 
 ipso accusatore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur cum 
 multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse, 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 7680 39 
 
 mini illo die f uerit % Oerte non fuit. Yicta igitur est 
 causa rei publicae et victa non auspiciis, non inter- 
 cessione, non suffragiis, sed vi, mami, ferro. Nam si 
 obnuntiasset Fabricio is [praetor], qui se servasse de 
 
 6 caelo dixerat, accepisset res publica plagam, sed earn, 
 quam acceptam gemere posset ; si intercessisset collega 
 Fabricio, laesisset rem publicam, sed rei publicae 
 iure laesisset. Gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata 
 aedilitate suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante 
 
 io lucem immijtas 1 magistratus templo deicias ? caedem 
 maximam facias 1 forum purges 1 et, cum omnia vi et 
 armis egeris, accuses eum, qui se praesidio munierit, 
 non ut te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defen- 
 dere? 
 
 ]5 XXX VII. Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit 79 
 Sestius, ut a suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum 
 gereret, rem publicam administraret. Itaque fretus 
 sanctitate tribunatus, cum se non modo contra vim et 
 ferrum, sed etiam contra verba atque interfationem 
 
 20 legibus sacratis esse armatum putaret, venit in templum 
 Castoris, obnuntiavit consuli: cum subito manus ilia 
 Clodiana, in caede civium saepe iam victrix, exclamat, 
 incitatur, invadit ; inermem atque imparatum tribunum 
 alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et 
 
 25 fustibus ; a quibus hie multis vulneribus acceptis ac 
 debilitato corpore et contrucidato se abiecit exanimatus 
 neque ulla alia re ab se mortem nisi opinmnejnortis 
 depulit. Quern cum iacentem et concisum plurimis 
 vulneribus extremo spiritu exsanguem et confectum 
 
 83 viderent, defetigatione magis et errore quam miseri- 
 cordia et modo ali quando caedere destiterunt. Et 80 
 causam dicit Sestius cte vi 1 quid ita 1 Quia vivit. At 
 
40 M. TULLI CIGEROmS 
 
 id non sua culpa; plaga una ilia extrema defuit, quae 
 si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset. Accusa 
 Lentidium ; non percussit locum ; male die Titio, 
 Sabino homini Reatino, cur tarn temere exclamarit 
 occisum. Ipsum vero quid accusas 1 num defuit gladiis ? 5 
 num repugnavit % num, ut gladiatoribus imperari solet, 
 ferrum non recepit? 
 
 XXXVIII. An haec ipsa vis est, non posse emori ? 
 an ilia, quod tribunus plebis templum cruentavit ? an 
 quod, cum esset ablatus primumque resipisset, non se 10 
 referri iussit 1 Ubi est crimen 1 quid reprehenditis ? 
 
 81 Hie quaero, iudices : Si illo die gens ista Clodia, quod 
 facere voluit, effecisset, si P. Sestius, qui pro occiso 
 relictus est, occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri? 
 fuistisne vos ad patrium ilium animum maiorumque 15 
 virtutem excitaturi 1 fuistisne aliquando rem publicam 
 
 a f unesto latrone repetituri 1 an etiam turn quiesceretis, 
 cunctaremini, timeretis, cum rem publicam a facinoro- 
 sissimis sicariis et a servis esse oppressam atque con- 
 culcatam videretis % Cuius igitur mortem ulcisceremini, 20 
 si quidem liberi esse et habere rem publicam cogitaretis, 
 de eius virtute vivi quid vos loqui, quid sentire, quid 
 cogitare, quid iudicare oporteat, dubitandum putatis ] 
 
 82 At vero ipsi illi parricidae, quorum ecfrenatus furor 
 alitur inpunitate diuturna, adeo vim facinoris sui 25 
 perhorruerunt, ut, si paulo longior opinio mortis Sesti 
 fuisset, Gracchum ilium suum transferendi in nos 
 criminis causa occidere cogitarint. Sensit rusticulus 
 non incautus neque enim homines nequam tacere 
 potuerunt , suum sanguinem quaeri ad restinguendam 30 
 invidiam facinoris Olodiani : mulioniam paenulam 
 adripuit, cum quaprimum Komam ad comitia venerat; 
 
PBO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8084 41 
 
 messoria se corbe contexit. Cum quaererent alii 
 Numerium, alii Quintium, gemini nominis errore 
 servatus est. Atque hoc scitis omnes, usque adeo 
 hominem in periculo fuisse, quoad scitum est Sestium 
 
 5 vivere. Quod ni esset patefactum paulo citius quam 
 vellem, non illi quidem morte mercennarii sui trans- 
 ferre potuissent invidiam in quos putabant, sed acerbis- 
 simi sceleris infamiam grato quodam scelere minuissent. 
 Ac si turn P. Sestius, iudices, in templo Castoris 83 
 
 10 animam quam vix retinuit edidisset, non dubito quin, 
 si modo esset in re publica senatus, si maiestas populi 
 Romani revixisset, aliquando statua huic ob rem pub- 
 licam interfecto in foro statueretur. Nee vero illorum 
 quisquam, quos a maioribus nostris morte obita positos 
 
 is in illo loco atque in rostris conlocatos videtis, esset P. 
 Sestio aut acerbitate mortis aut in rem publicam animo 
 praeponendus, qui cum causam civis calamitosi, causam 
 amici, causam bene de re publica meriti, causam senatus, 
 causam Italiae, causam rei publicae suscepisset, cumque 
 
 20 auspiciis religionique parens obnuntiaret, quod senserat, 
 luce palam a nefariis pestibus in deorum hominumque 
 conspectu esset occisus sanctissimo in templo, sanctis- 
 sima in causa, sanctissimo in niagistratu. Eius igitur 
 vitam quisquam spoliandam ornamentis esse dicet, 
 
 26 cuius mortem ornandam monumento sempiterno puta- 
 retis '? 
 
 XXXIX. ' Homines ' inquit ' emisti, coegisti, 84 
 parasti.' Quid uti faceret ? senatum obsideret 1 civis 
 indemnatos expelleret ? bona diriperet % aedis incende- 
 
 30 ret? tecta disturbaret? templa deorum immortalium 
 innammaret? tribunos plebis ferro e rostris expelleret? 
 provincias, quas vellet, quibus vellet, venderet ? reges 
 
42 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 appellaref* rerum capitalium condemnatos in liberas 
 civitates per legatos nostros reduceret ? principero 
 civitatis ferro obsessum teneret ? Haec ut efficere 
 posset, quae fieri nisi armis oppressa re publica nullo 
 modo poterant, idcirco, credo, manum sibi P. Sestius 5 
 et copias comparavit. 'At nondum erat maturum; 
 nondum res ipsa ad eius modi praesidia viros bonos 
 conipellebat.' Pulsi nos eramus, non omnino ista 
 manu sola, sed tamen non sine ista : vos taciti maere- 
 
 85 batis. Captum erat forum anno superiore, aede Castoris 10 
 tamquam arce aliqua a fugitivis occupata: silebatur. 
 Omnia hominum cum egestate turn audacia perditorum 
 clamore concursu, vi manu gerebantur : perferebatis. 
 Magistratus templis pellebantur, alii omnino aditu ac 
 foro prohibebantur : nemo resistebat. GladiatOres ex is 
 praetoris comitatu comprehensi, in senatum introducti, 
 confess!, in vincla coniecti a Milone, emissi a Serrano : 
 mentio nulla. Forum corporibus civium Romanorura 
 constratum caede nocturna : non modo nulla nova 
 quaestio, sed etiam Vetera iudicia sublata. Tribunum 20 
 plebis plus viginti vulneribus acceptis iacentem mori- 
 bundumque vidistis : alterius tribuni plebis, hominis*-- 
 dicam enim quod sentio et quod mecum sentiunt omnes, 
 divini, insigni quadam, inaudita, nova magnitudine 
 animi, gravitate, fide praediti, domus est oppugnata 25 
 ferro facibus exercitu Clodiano. 
 
 86 XL. Et tu hoc loco laudasMilonem et iure laudas. 
 Quern enim umquam virum tarn immortali virtute 
 
 vidimus 1 qui nullo praemio proposito praeter hoc, quod 
 iam contritum et contemptum putatur, iudicium bono- 3e 
 rum, omnia pericula, summos labores, gravissimas 
 contentiones inimicitiasque suscepit; qui mihi unus 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 8488 43 
 
 ex omnibus civibus videtur re docuisse, non verbis, et 
 quid oporteret a praestantibus viris in re publica fieri 
 et quid necesse esset : oportere hominum audacium 
 eversorum rei publicae sceleri legibus et iudiciis resis- 
 
 5 tere ; si leges non valerent, iudicia non essent, si res 
 publica vi consensuque audacium ar mis oppressa tene- 
 retur, praesidio et copiis defendi vitam et libertatem 
 necesse esse. Hoc sentire prudentiae est, facere fortitu- 
 dinis, et sentire vero et facere perfectae cumulataeque 
 
 10 virtutis. Adiit ad rem publicam tribunus pi. Milo 87 
 (de cuius laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici 
 quam existimari malit aut ego hunc laudis fructum 
 praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis 
 consequi non possim, sed quod existimo, si Milonis 
 
 15 causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam probaro, vos in 
 hoc crimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos) adiit 
 igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem 
 patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. Simplex causa, 
 constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena con- 
 
 20 cordiae. Collegas adiutores habebat : consulis alterius 
 summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus : de 
 praetoribus unus alienus : senatus incredibilis voluntas, 
 equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, erecta 
 Italia. Duo_soli erant empti ad impediendum; qui si 
 
 25 homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sustinere 
 non potuissent, se causam, quam susceperat, nullo 
 labore peracturum videbat. Agebat auctpritate, agebat 
 consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat exemplo 
 bonorum ac fortium civium ; quid re publica, quid se 
 
 30 dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, quid maiori- 
 bus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime cogitabat. 
 
 XLI. Huic gravitati hominis videbat ille gladiator 88 
 
44 M. TULLI GIGERONIS 
 
 se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non posse : ad coti- 
 dianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se cum exercitu suo 
 contulit; domum oppugnare, itineribus occurrere, vi 
 lacessere et terrere coepit. Non movit hominem summa 
 gravitate summaque constantia ; sed quamquam dolor 5 
 animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus 
 fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi vim oblatam, prae- 
 sertim saepius,ut frangeret et refutaret, tanta moderatio 
 fait hominis, tantum consilium, ut contineret dolorem 
 neque eadem se re ulcisceretur, qua esset lacessitus, 10 
 sed ilium tot iam in funeribus rei publicae exsultantem 
 ac tripudiantem legum, si posset, laqueis constringeret. 
 89 Descendit ad accusandum. Quis umquam tarn proprie 
 rei publicae causa, nullis inimicitiis, nullis praemiis, 
 nulla hominum postulatione aut etiam opinione id eum 15 
 umquam esse facturum 1 ? Fracti erant animi hominis ; hoc " 
 enim accusante pristini illius sui iudicii turpitudinem 
 desperabat. Eccejtibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis 
 nova novi generis edicta proponunt, ne reus adsit, ne 
 citetur, ne quaeratur, ne mentionem omnino cuiquam 20 
 iudicum aut iudiciorum facere liceat ! Quid ageret vir 
 ad virtutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus vi sceleratorum 
 hominum conroborata, legibus iudiciisque sublatis 1 
 Cervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir 
 profligatissimo homini daret, an causam susceptam 25 
 abiceret, an se domi contineret % et vinci turpe 
 putavit et deterreri et latere; perfecit ut, quoniam 
 sibi in ilium legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque 
 in suo neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret. 
 00 XLII. Quo modo igitur hoc in genere praesidii 30 
 comparati accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem % 
 An qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris, focis ferrum 
 
PRO P. SESTIO OB AT 10 8892 45 
 
 flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere volt tuto esse in 
 foro, in templo, in curia, iure praesidium comparat : 
 qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, monetur 
 ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et iugulum ac 
 
 6 latera tutetur, liunc de vi accusandum pittas'? Quis 91 
 enim nostrum, iudices, ignorat ita naturam rerum 
 tulisse, ut quodarn^ tempore homines nondum neque 
 naturali neque civili iure descripto fusi per agros ac 
 dispersi vagarentur tantumque haberent, quantum 
 
 10 manu ac viribus per caedem ac vulnera aut eripere 
 aut retinere potuissent % Qui igitur primi virtute et 
 consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ii perspecto genere 
 humanae docilitatis atque ingenii dissipatos unum in 
 locum congregarunt eosque ex feritate ilia ad iustitiam 
 
 15 atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. Turn res ad 
 communem utilitatem, quas publicas appellamus, turn 
 conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae 
 sunt, turn domicilia coniuncta, quas urbis dicimus, 
 invento et divino iure et humano moenibus saepse- 
 
 20 runt. Atque inter hanc vitam perpolitam humanitate 92 
 et illam immanem nihil tarn interest quam ius atque 
 vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. 
 Vimvolumus exstingui: ius valeat necesse est, id est 
 iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur. Iudicia displicent 
 
 25 aut nulla sunt : vis dominetur necesse est. Hoc vident 
 omnes : Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim 
 depelleret. Altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vin- 
 ceret ; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia 
 vinceretur. Eademque ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in 
 
 so accusando neque enim per omnis fuit idem fieri 
 necesse , at certe in necessitate defendendae salutis 
 suae praesidioque contra vim et manum comparando. 
 
46 M. TULLI CIGERONIS 
 
 98 XLIII. O di immortales ! quenmam ostenditis 
 exitum nobis? quam spem rei publicae datis? quotus 
 quisque invenietur tanta virtu te vir, qui optimam 
 quamque causam rei publicae amplectatur, qui bonis 
 viris deserviat, qui solidani laudem veramque quaeraf? 5 
 cum sciat duo ilia rei publicae paene fata, Gabinium et 
 Pisonem, alterum haurire cotidie ex pacatissimis atque 
 opulentissimis Syriae gazis innumerabile pondus auri, 
 bellum inferre quiescentibus, ut eorum veteres inliba- 
 tasque divitias in profundissimum libidinum suarum 10 
 gurgitem profundat; villam aedificare in oculis omnium 
 tan tarn, tugurium ut iam videatur esse ilia villa, quam 
 ipse tribunus plebis pictam olim in contionibus explica- 
 bat, quo fortissimum ac summum civem in invidiam 
 
 94 homo castus ac non cupidus vocaret : alterum Thracibus 15 
 ac Dardanis primum pacem maxima pecunia vendidisse, 
 deinde, ut illi pecuniam conficere possent, vexandam 
 eis Macedoniam et spoliandam tradidisse ; eundemque 
 bona creditorum civium Romanorum, cum debitoribus 
 Graecis divisisse, cogere pecunias maximas a Dyrra- 20 
 chinis, spoliare Thessalos, certam Achaeis in annos 
 singulos pecuniam imperavisse neque tamen ullo in 
 publico aut religioso loco signum aut tabulam aut orna- 
 mentum reliquisse; illos sic inludere, quibus omnesup- 
 plicium atque omnis iure optimo poena debetur; reos 25 
 esse hos duos, quos videtis. Omitto iam Numerium, 
 Serranum, Aelium, quisquilias seditionis Clodianae; 
 sed tamen hi quoque etiam nunc volitant, ut videtis, 
 nee, dum vos de vobis aliquid timebitis, illi umquam 
 de se pertimescent. 30 
 
 95 XLIV. Nam quid ego de aedile ipso loquar, qui 
 etiam diem dixit et accusavit de vi Milonem? Neque 
 
PRO P. SESTIO OR AT 10 9397 47 
 
 hie tamen ulla umquam iniuria adducetur, ut eum tali 
 virtute tantaque firmitate animi se in rem publicam 
 fuisse paeniteat: sed qui haec vident adulescentes, 
 quonam suas mentes conferent? Hie, qui monumenta 
 
 5 publica, qui aedis sacras, qui domos inimicorum suo- 
 rum oppugnavit, excidit, incendit, qui stipatus semper 
 sicariis, saeptus armatis, munitus indicibus fuit, quo- 
 rum hodie copia redundat, qui et peregrinam manum 
 facinerosorum concitavit et servos ad caedem idoneos 
 
 10 emit et in tribunatu carcerem totum in forum effudit, 
 volitat aedilis, accusat eum, qui aliqua ex parte eius 
 furorem exsultantem repressit; hie, qui se est tutatus &^^ 
 sic, ut in privata re deos penatis suos, in re publica 
 iura tribunatus atque auspicia defenderet, accusare 
 
 15 eum moderate, a quo ipse nefarie accusatur, per senatus 
 auctoritatem non est situs. Nimirum hoc illud est, 96 
 quod de me potissimum tu in accusatione quaesisti quae 
 esset nostra 'natio optimatium'; sic enim dixisti. Rem 
 quaeris praeclaram iuventuti ad discendum nee mihi 
 
 20 difficilem ad perdocendum; de qua pauca, iudices, 
 dicam: et, ut arbitror, nee ab utilitate eorum qui 
 audient, nee ab officio vestro nee ab ipsa causa P. 
 Sesti abhorrebit oratio mea. 
 
 XLV. Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt 
 
 25 eorum, qui versari in re publica atque in ea se excel- 
 lentius gerere studuerunt : quibus ex generibus alteri 
 se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse volue- 
 runt. Qui ea, quae faciebant quaeque dicebant, multi- 
 tudini iucunda volebant esse, populares, qui autem ita 
 
 30 se gerebant, ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, 
 optimates habebantur. l Quis ergo iste optimus quis- 97 
 que*? Numero, si quaeris, innumerabiles (neque enim 
 
48 M. TULLI CICEROFIS 
 
 aliter stare possemus); sunt principes consilii publici, 
 sunt, qui eorum sectam sequuntur, sunt maximorum 
 ordinum homines, quibus patet curia, sunt municipales 
 rusticique Romani, sunt negotii gerentes, sunt etiain 
 libertini optimates. humerus, ut dixi, huius generis 5 
 late et varie diffusus est, sed genus universum, ut tol- 
 latur error, brevi circumscribi et definiri potest. Om- 
 nes optimates sunt, qui neque nocentes sunt nee 
 natura improbi nee furiosi nee malis domesticis impe- 
 diti. Est igitur, ut ii sint, quam tu 'nationem' appel- 10 
 lasti, qui integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesti- 
 cis constituti. Horum qui voluntati, commodis, opini- 
 onibus in gubernanda re publica serviunt, defensores 
 optimatium ipsique optimates grayissimi et clarissimi 
 
 98 cives numerantur et principes civitatis. Quid est 15 
 igitur propositum his rei publicae gubernatoribus, quod 
 intueri et quo cursum suum derigere debeanf? Id 
 quod est praestantissimum maximeque optabile omni- 
 bus sanis et bonis et beatis, cum dignitate otium. Hoc 
 qui volunt, omnes optimates, qui efficiunt, summi viri 20 
 et conservatores civitatis putantur. Neque enim 
 rerum gerendarum dignitate homines ecferri ita con- 
 venit, ut otio non prospiciant, neque ullum amplexari 
 otium, quod abhorreat a dignitate. 
 
 XLYI. Huius autem otiosae dignitatis haec fun- 25 
 damenta sunt, haec membra, quae tuenda principibus 
 et vel capitis periculo defendenda sunt; religiones, aus- 
 picia, potestates magistratuum, senatus auctoritas, 
 leges, mos maiorum, iudicia, iuris dictio, fides, provin- 
 
 99 ciae, socii, imperii laus, res militaris, aerarium. Harum 30 
 rerum tot atque tantarum esse defensorem et patronum 
 magni animi est, magni ingenii magnaeque constantiae. 
 
PRO P. S EST 10 RAT 10 97101 49 
 
 Etenim in tanto civium numero magna multitudo est 
 eorum, qui aut propter metum poenae peccatorum 
 suorum conscii novos motus conversionesque rei pub- 
 licae quaerant, aut qui propter insitum quendam ani- 
 
 5 mi furorem discordiis civium ac seditione pascantur, 
 aut qui propter implicationem rei familiaris communi 
 incendio malint quam suo deflagrare. Qui cum auc- 
 tores sunt et duces suorum sfcudiorum vitiorumque 
 nacti, in re publica fluctus excitantur, ut vigilandum 
 
 ]0 sit iis, qui sibi gubernacula patriae depoposcerunt, 
 enitendumque omni scientia ac diligentia, ut conserva- 
 tis iis, quae ego paulo ante fundamenta ac membra esse 
 dixi, tenere cursum possint et capere otii ilium portum 
 et dignitatis. Hanc ego viam, iudices, si aut asperam 100 
 
 15 atque arduam aut plenam esse periculorum aut insidi- 
 
 arum negem, mentiar; praesertim cum id non modo 
 
 intellexerim semper, sed etiam praeter ceteros senserim. 
 
 XLYIT. Maioribus praesidiis et copiis oppugnatur 
 
 res publica quam defenditur, propterea quod audaces 
 
 20 homines et perditi nutu impelluntur et ipsi etiam 
 sponte sua contra rem publicamincitantur; boninescio 
 quo modo tardiores sunt et principiis rerum neglectis 
 ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur, ita 
 ut nonnumquam cunctatione ac tarditate, dum otium 
 
 25 volunt etiam sine dignitate retinere, ipsi utrumque 
 amittant. Propugnatores autein rei publicae qui esse 101 
 voiuerunt, si levipres sunt, desciscunt; si timidiores, 
 desunt: permanent illi soli atque omnia rei publicae 
 causa perferunt, qui sunt tales, qualis pater tuus, M. 
 
 30 Scaure, fuit, qui a C. Graccho usque ad Q. Yarium 
 seditiosis omnibus restitit, quern numquam ullavis,ullae 
 minae, ulla invidia labefecit; aut qualis Q. Metellus, 
 
 h. 4 
 
50 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 patruus matris tuae, qui cum florentem hominem in 
 populari ratione, L. Saturninum, censor notasset cum- 
 que insitivum Gracchum contra vim multitudinis inci- 
 tatae censu prohibuisset cum que in earn legem, quam 
 non iure rogatam iudicarat, iurare unus noluisset, de 6 
 civitate maluit quam de sententia demoveri; aut, ut 
 vetera exempla, quorum est copia digna hums imperii 
 gloria, relinquam neve eorum aliquem, qui vivunt, 
 nominem, qualis nuper Q. Catulus fuit, quern neque 
 periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam 10 
 de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere. 
 
 102 XLVIII. Haec imitamini, per deos immortalis, 
 qui dignitatem, qui laudem, qui gloriam quaeritis! 
 Haec ampla sunt, haec divina, haec immortalia; haec 
 fama celebrantur, monumentis annalium mandantur, 15 
 posteritati propagantur. Est labor, non nego; peri- 
 cula magna, fateor; 
 
 'multae insidiae stint bonis' 
 verissime dictum est; sed te 
 
 'id, quod multi invideant multique expetant, inscitiast,' 20 
 inquit, 
 
 'postulare, nisi laborem stimma cum cura ecferas.' 
 Nollem idem alio loco dixisset, quod exciperent improbi 
 cives : 
 
 'oderint, dum metuant.' 25 
 
 103 Praeclara enim ilia praecepta dederat iuventuti. Sed 
 tamen haec via ac rajtio rei publicae capessendae olim 
 erat magis pertimescenda, cum multis in rebus multi- 
 tudinis studium ac populi commodum ab utilitate rei 
 publicae discrepabat. Tabellaria lex ab L. Cassio fere- so 
 batur. Populus libertatem agi putabat suam. Dissentie- 
 bant principes et in salute optimatium temeritatem mul- 
 
PRO P. SESTIO OEATIO 101105 51 
 
 titudinis et tabellae licentiam pertimescebant. Agra- 
 rian! Ti. Gracchus legem ferebat. Grata erat popnlo; 
 fortunae constitui tenuiorum videbantur. Nitebantur 
 contra optimates, quod et discordiam excitari videbant, 
 
 5 et, cum locupletes possessionibus diuturnis moverentur, 
 spoliari rem publicam propugnatoribus arbitrabantur. 
 Frumentariam legem 0. Gracchus ferebat. Iucunda res 
 plebei; victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore. 
 Repugnabant boni, quod et ab industria plebem ad 
 
 10 desidiam avocari putabant et aerarium exhauriri vide- 
 bant. ILLJJL. Multa etiam nostra memoria, quae con- 
 sulto praetereo, fuerunt in ea contentione, ut popularis 
 cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret. Nunc iam 104 
 nihil est, quod populus a delectis principibusque dis- 
 
 15 sentiat : nee fiagitat rem ullam neque no varum rerum 
 est cupidus et otio suo et dignitate optimi cuiusque et 
 universae rei publicae gloria delectatur. Itaque ho- 
 mines seditiosi ac turbulenti, quia nulla iam largitione 
 populum Eomanum concitare possunt, quod plebes 
 
 20 perfuncta gravissimis seditionibus ac discordiis otium 
 amplexatur, conductas habent contiones neque id 
 agunt ut ea dicant aut ferant, quae illi velint audire, 
 qui in contione sunt, sed pretio ac mercede periiciunt, 
 ut quidquid dicant, id illi velle audire videantur. 
 
 25 Num vos existimatis Gracchos aut Saturninum aut 105 
 quemquam illorum veterum, qui populares habebantur, 
 ullum umquam in contione habuisse conductum? Nemo 
 habuit; ipsa enim largitio et spes commodi propositi 
 sine mercede ulla multitudinem concitabat. Itaque 
 
 30 temporibus illis qui populares erant, offendebant illi 
 quidem apud gravis et honestos homines, sed populi 
 iudiciis atque omni significatione florebant. His in 
 
 42 
 
52 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 theatro plaudebatur, hi suffragiis quod contenderant 
 consequebantur, horum homines nomen, orationem, 
 vultum, incessum amabant. Qui autem adversabantur 
 ei generi, graves et magni homines habebantur; sed 
 valebant in senatu multum, apud bonos viros pluri- 5 
 mum; multitudini iucundi non erant, suffragiis offen- 
 debatur saepe eorum voluntas; plausum vero etiam 
 si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset 
 pertimescebat. Ac tamen, si quae res erat maior, 
 idem ille populus horum auctoritate maxime commo- 10 
 vebatur. 
 
 106 L. Nunc, nisi me fallit, in eo statu civitas est, 
 ut, si operas conductorum removeris, omnes idem de 
 re publica sensuri esse videantur. Etenim tribus locis 
 significari maxime populi Romani iudicium ac volun- is 
 tas potest, contione, comitiis, ludorum gladiatorumque 
 consessu. Quae contio fuit per hos annos, quae 
 quidem esset non conducta sed vera, in qua populi 
 Romani consensus perspici non posset? Habitae sunt 
 multae de me a gladiatore sceleratissimo, ad quas 20 
 nemo adibat incorruptus, nemo integer; nemo ilium 
 foedum vultum adspicere, nemo furialem vocem bonus 
 audire poterat. Erant illae contiones perditorum 
 
 107 hominum necessario turbulentae. Habuit de eodem 
 me P. Lentulus consul contionem ; concursus . est 25 
 populi Romani factus; omnes ordines, tota in ilia 
 contione Italia constitit. Egit causam summa cum 
 gravitate copiaque dicendi tanto silentio, tanta adpro- 
 batione omnium, nihil ut umquain videretur tarn 
 populare ad populi Romani aures accidisse. Productus 30 
 est ab eo Cn. Pompeius, qui se non solum auctorem 
 meae salutis, sed etiam supplicem populo Romano 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 105110 53 
 
 praebuit. Huius oratio lit semper gravis et grata in 
 oontionibus fuit, sic c,ontendo numquam neque elo- 
 quentia earn neque incunditate fuisse maiore. Quo 108 
 silentio sunt auditi de me ceteri principes civitatis ! 
 5 quos idcirco non appello hoc loco, ne mea oratio, si 
 minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata, si satis de omnibus, 
 infinita esse videatur. Cedo nunc eiusdem illius in- 
 imici mei de me eodem adjvjerum populum in campo 
 Martio contionem ! quis non modo adprobavit, sed 
 
 10 non indignissimum facinus putavit ilium non dicam 
 loqui, sed vivere ac spirare 1 quis fuit qui non eius 
 voce maculari rem publicam seque, si eum audiret, 
 scelere adstringi arbitraretur 1 
 
 LI. Yenio ad comitia, sive magistratuum placet 109 
 
 15 sive legum. Leges videmus saepe ferri multas. Omitto 
 eas, quae feruntur ita, vix ut quini, et ii ex aliena 
 tribu, qui suffragium ferant, reperiantur. De me, 
 quern ty ran mini atque ereptorem libertatis esse dicebat 
 ilia ruma rei publicae, dicit se legem tulisse. Quis est 
 
 20 qui se, cum contra me fQrebatar, inisse suffragiuai. 
 confiteatur "l cum autem de me eodem ex senatus 
 consulto comitiis centuriatis ferebatur, quis est qui 
 non profiteatur se adfuisse et suffragium de salute mea 
 tulisse 3 Utra igitur causa popularis debet videri, 
 
 25 iu qua omnes hongsiates civitatis, omnes aetates, 
 omnes ordines una consentiunt, an in qua furiae 
 concitatae tamquam ad funus rei publicae convolant ? 
 An, sicubi aderit Gellius, homo et fratre indignus, 110 
 viro clarissimo atque optiino consule, et ordine eques- 
 
 so tri, cuius ille ordinis nomen retinet, ornamenta con- 
 fecit, id erit populare 1 ' Est enim homo iste populo 
 Romano deditus.' Nihil vidi magis ; qui, cum eius 
 
54 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 adulescentia in amplissimis honoribus summi viri, 
 L. Philippi vitrici, florere potuisset, usque eo non 
 fuit popularis, ut bona solus comesset. Deinde ex 
 impuro adulescente et petulante, posteaquam rem 
 paternam ab idiotarmn__divitiis ad philosophorum re- 5 
 culam perduxit, Graecjilum se atque otiosum putari 
 voluit, studio litterarum se subito dedidit. Nihil 
 satiabant eum libelli, pro vino etiam saepe oppignera- 
 bantur ; manebat insaturabile abdomen, copiae deficie- 
 bant. Itaque semper versabatur in spe rerum no- 10 
 varum ; otio et tranquillitate rei publicae consenes- 
 cebat. 
 
 LII. Ecquae seclitio umquam fuit, in qua non 
 ille princeps 1 ecqui seditiosus cui ille non familiaris *? 
 ecquae turbulenta contio cuius ille non concitator? 15 
 cui bene dixit umquam bono ? bene dixit ? immo 
 quern fortem et bonum civem non petulantissime est 
 insectatus? qui, ut credo, non libidinis causa, sed, 
 111 ut plejaigola videretur, libertinam duxit uxorem. Is 
 de me suffragium tulit, is adfuit, is interfuit epulis 20 
 et gratulationibus parricidarum. In quo tamen est 
 me ultus, cum illo ore inimicos est meos saviatus: 
 qui quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit, ita ob earn 
 ipsam causarn est mihi inimicus, quia nihil habet. 
 Utrum ego tibi patrimonium eripui, Gelli, an tu 25 
 comedisti 1 quid, tu meo periculo, g urges ac vorago 
 patrimonii, helluabare, ut, si ego consul rem publicam 
 contra te et gregalis tuos defendissem, in civitate esse 
 me nolles 1 Te nemo tuorum videre volt, omnes 
 aditum, sermonem, congressum tuum fugiunt; te 30 
 sororis filius Postumius, adulescens gravis senili_iu- 
 dicio, notayit, cum in magno_numero tutorera liberis 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 110114 55 
 
 nonjnstituit. Sed latus odio et meo et rei publicae 
 nomine, quorum ille utri sit inimicior nescio, plura 
 dixi, quam dicendum fuit, in furiosissimum atque 
 egentissimum ganeonem. llluc revertor: contra me 112 
 
 5 cum est latum capta urbe atque oppressa, Gellium, 
 Firmidium, Titium, eiusdem modi furias illis mer- 
 cennariis gregibus duces et auctores fuisse, cum ipse 
 lator nihil ab horum turpitudine, audacia, sordibus 
 abhorreret. At cum de dignitate mea ferebatur, nemo 
 
 10 sibi nee valetudinis_excusationem nee senectutis satis 
 iustam [ullam] putavit; nemo fuit, qui se non rem 
 publicam mecum simul revocare in suas sedes arbi- 
 traretur. 
 
 LI II. Yideamus nunc comitia magistratuum. 113 
 
 is Fuit conlegium nuper tribunicium, in quiLtres minime, 
 vehementer duo p opul ares existimabantur. Ex iis, 
 qui populares non habebantur, quibus in illo genere 
 conductarum contionum consistendi potestas non erat, 
 duo a populo Komano praetores video esse fa^ios; et, 
 
 20 quantum sermonibus vulgi et suffragiis intellegere 
 potui, prae se populus Komanus ferebat, sibi ilium in 
 tribunatu Cn. Domiti animum constantem et egregium 
 et Q. Anchari fidem ac fortitudinem, etiam si nihil 
 agere potuissent, tamen voluntate ipsa gratum fuisse. 
 
 25 lam de C. Fannio quae sit existimatio, videmus; quod 
 iudicium populi Romani in honoribus eius futurum 
 sit, nemini dubium esse debet. Quid 1 ? populares illi 114 
 duo quid^egerunt ] Alter, qui tamen se continuerat, 
 tulerat nihil, senserat tantum de re publica aliud 
 
 30 atque homines exspectabant, vir et bonus et innocens 
 et bonis viris semper probatus, quod parum videlicet 
 intellexit in tribunatu, quid vero_populo probaretur, 
 
56 M. TULLI CICEROXIS 
 
 et quod ilium esse populum Romanum, qui in con- 
 tione erat, arbitrabatur, non tenuit eum locum, in 
 quern, nisi popularis esse voluisset, facillime perve- 
 nisset. Alter, qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat, 
 ut auspicia, legem Aeliam, senatus auctoritatem, con- 5 
 sulem, collegas, bonorum iudicium nihili putaret, 
 aedilitatem petivit cum bonis viris et hominibus primis, 
 sed non praestantissimis opibus et gratia : tribum suam 
 non tulit, Palatinam denique, per quam omnes illae 
 pestes vexare rem publicam dicebantur, perdidit ; nee io 
 quicquam illis comitiis quod boni viri vellent nisi 
 repulsam tulit. Yidetis igitur populum ipsum, ut ita 
 dicam, iam non esse popularem, qui ita vehementer 
 eos, qui populares habentur, respuat, eos autem, qui ei 
 generi adversantur, honore dignissimos iudicet. 15 
 
 115 LIY. Yeniamus ad ludos : facit enim, iudices, 
 vester iste in me animorum oculorumque couiectus, ut 
 mihi iam licere putem remissiore uti genere dicendi. 
 Comitiorum et contionum significationes sunt non- 
 numquam vitiatae atque corruptae ; theatrales gladia- 20 
 toriique consessus dicuntur omnino solere levitate non 
 nullorum emptos plausus exilis et raros excitare. Ac 
 tamen facile est, cum id fit, quern ad modum et a 
 quibus fiat efc quid integra multitudo faciat, videre. 
 Quid ego nunc dicam, quibus viris aut cui generi 25 
 civium maxime plaudatur'? Neminem vestrum fallit. 
 Sit liiic sane leve, quod non ita est, quoniam optimo 
 cuique impertitur; sed, si est leve, homini gravi leve 
 est; ei vero, qui pendet rebus levissimis, qui rumore et, 
 ut ipsi loquuntur, favore populi tenetur et ducitur, -so 
 plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri ne- 
 
 116 cesse est. Ex te igitur, Scaure, potissimum quaero, 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 114118 57 
 
 qui ludos apparatissimos magnifieentissimosque fecisti, 
 ecquis istorum popularium tuos ludos aclspexerit, ecquis 
 se theatro populoque Romano commiserit. Ipse ille 
 maxime_. ludius, non solum spectator, sed actor et 
 
 5 aeroama, qui omnia sororis embolia novit, qui in 
 coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, nee tuos ludos 
 adspexit in illo ardenti tribunatu suo nee ullos alios 
 nisi eos, a quibus vix vivus effugit. Semel, inquam, se 
 ludis homo popularis commisit omnino, cum in templo 
 
 10 Virtutis honos habitus esset virtuti Gaique Mari, 
 conservatoris huius imperii, monumentum municipi 
 eius et rei publicae defensori sedem ad salutem prae- 
 buisset. 
 
 LV. Quo quidem tempore quid populus Romanus 117 
 
 15 sentire se ostenderet, utroque in genere declaratum 
 est_: primum cum audito senatus consulto rei ipsi 
 atque absenti senatui plausus est ab universis datus; 
 deinde, cum senatoribus singulis spectatum e senatu 
 redeuntibus ; cum vero ipse, qui ludos faciebat, consul 
 
 20 adsedit, stantes ei manibus passis gratias agentes et 
 lacrimantes gaudio suam erga me benevolentiam ac 
 misericordiam declararunt. At cum ille furibundus 
 incitata ilia sua vaecordi mente venisset, vix se populus 
 Romanus tenuit, vix homines odium suum a corpore 
 
 25 eius impuro atque infando represserunt ; voces qukiem 
 et palmarum intentus et maledictorum clamorem 
 omnes profuderunt. Sed quid ego populi Romani 118 
 animum virtutemque commemoro, libertatem iam ex_ 
 diuturna servitute dispicientis, i n eo homine, cui turn 
 
 so petenti iam aedilitatem ne histriones quidem coram 
 sedenti pepercerunt ? Nam cum ageretur t ogat a, 
 * Simulans ', ut opinor, caterva tota clarissima concen- 
 
58 M. TULL1 CICEBONIS 
 
 tione in ore impuri hominis imminens contionata 
 est: 
 
 <huic, Tite, 
 tua post principia atque exitus vitiosae vitae !' 
 Sedebat exanimatus, et is, qui antea cantorum convicio 5 
 contiones celebrare suas solebat, cantorum ipsorum 
 vocibus eiciebatur. Et quoniam facta mentio est 
 ludorum, ne illud quidem praetermittam, in magna 
 varietate sententiarum numquam ullum fuisse locum, 
 in quo aliquid a poeta dictum cadere in tempus nos- 10 
 trum videretur, quod aut populum universum fugeret 
 
 119 aut non exprimeret ipse actor. Et quaeso hoc loco, 
 iudices, ne qua levitate me ductum ad insolitum genus 
 dicendi labi putetis, si de poetis, de histrionibus, de 
 ludis in iudicio loquar. LYI. ISTon sum tarn ignarus, is 
 iudices, causarum, non tarn insojens in dicendo, ut omni 
 ex_genere orationem aucuper et omnis undique noscu- 
 los carpam atque delibem. Scio quid gravitas vestra, 
 quid haec advocatio, quid ille conventus, quid dignitas 
 P. Sesti, quid pericuii magnitudo, quid aetas, quid 20 
 lionos meus postulet. Sed mihi sumpsi hoc loco doctri- 
 nam quandam iuventuti, qui essent optimates. In ea 
 explicanda demonstrandum est non esse popularis om- 
 nis eos, qui putentur. Id facillime consequar, si universi 
 populi iudicium verum et incorruptum et si intimos 25 
 
 120 sensus civitatis expressero. Quid fuit illud, quod recenti 
 nuntio de illo senatus consul to, quod factum est in 
 templo Virtutis, ad ludos scaenamque perlato consessu 
 maximo summus artifex et me hercule semper partium 
 in re publica tarn quarn in scaena optimarum flens et 30 
 recenti laetitia et mix to dolore ac desiderio meiegit ad 
 populum Eomanurn multo gravioribus verbis meam 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 118122 59 
 
 causam, quam egomet de me agere potuissein 1 Sammi 
 enim poetae ingenium non solum a rte s ua, sed etiam 
 dolore exprimebat. Qua enim vi 
 
 ' qui rem publicam certo animo adiuverit 
 5 statuerit steterit cum Achivis ' 
 
 vobiscum me stetisse dicebat, vestros ordines demon- 
 strabat : revocabatur ab universis 
 
 ' re dubia 
 haut dubitarit vitam offerre nee capiti pepercerit:' 
 10 haec quantis ab illo clamoribus agebantur ! cum iam 121 
 omisso gestu verbis poetae et studio actoris et exspec- 
 tationi nostrae plauderetur: 
 
 'surumum amicum, summo in bello ' 
 nam illud ipse actor adiungebat amico animo et fortasse 
 15 homines propter aliquod desiderium adprobabant : 
 'summo ingenio praeditum ! ' 
 LVII. Iam ilia quanto cum gemitu populi Roman i 
 ab eodem paulo post in eadem fabula sunt acta ! 
 <0 pater!'... 
 20 Me, me ille absentem ut patrem deplorandum putabat, 
 quern Q. Catulus, quern multi alii saepe in senatu pa- 
 trem patriae nominarant. Quanto cum netu de ill is 
 nostris incendiis ac ruinis, cum patrem pulsum, patriam 
 adflictam deploraret, domum incensam eversamque, 
 25 sic egit, ut, demonstrata pristina fortuna cum se con- 
 vertisset : 
 
 'haec omnia vidi inflammari' 
 fletum etiam inimicis atque invidis excitaret ! Pro di 122 
 immortales! quid? ilia quern ad modum dixit idem! 
 30 quae mihi quidem ita et acta et scripta videntur esse, 
 ut vel a Q. Catulo, si revixisset, praeclare posse dici vide- 
 rentur; is enim libere reprehendere et accusare populi 
 
60 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 nonnumquam temeritatem solebat aut errorem sena- 
 tus: 
 
 * o ingratifici Argivi, inmunes Graii,inmemores benefici ! ' 
 Non erat illud quidem verum ; non enim ingrati, sed 
 miseri, quibus reddere salutem, a quo acceperant, non 5 
 liceret, nee unus in quemquam nmquam gratior quam 
 in me universi ; sed tamen illud scripsit disertissimus 
 poeta pro me, egit fortissimus actor, non solum opti- 
 mus, de me, cum omnis ordines demonstraret, sena- 
 tum, equites Romanos, universum populum Romanum 10 
 accusaret : 
 
 ' exulare sinitis, sistis pelli, pulsum patimini.' 
 Quae turn significatio fuerit omnium, quae declaratio 
 voluntatis ab universo populo Romano in causa 
 hominis non popularis, equidem audiebam, existimare is 
 
 123 facilius possunt, qui adfuerunt. LYIII Et quoniam 
 hue me provexit oratio, histrio casum meum totiens 
 conlacrimavit, cum ita dolenter ageret causarn meam, 
 ut vox eius ilia praeclara lacrimis impediretur ; neque 
 poetae, quorum ego semper ingenia dilexi, tempori meo 20 
 defuerunt ; eaque populus Romanus non solum plausu, 
 sed etiam gemitu suo comprobavit. TJtrum igitur haec 
 Aesopum potius pro me aut Accium dicere oportuit, si 
 populus Romanus liber esset, an principes civitatis? 
 IsTominatim sum appellatus in Bruto : 25 
 
 Tullius, qui libertatem civibus stabiliverat/ 
 Miliens revocatum est. Parumne vide bat ur populus 
 Romanus iudicare, id a me et a senatu esse constitu- 
 tum, quod perditi cives sublatum per nos crimina- 
 
 124 bantur ? Maximum vero populi Romani iudicium 30 
 universi consessu gladiatorio declaratum est. Erat 
 enim munus Scipionis, dignum et eo ipso et illo Q. 
 
rno p. sestio oratio 122126 m 
 
 Metello, cui dabatur. Id autem spectaculi genus erat, 
 quod omni frequentia atque omni genere hominum 
 celebratur, quo multitudo maxime delectatur. In hunc 
 consessum P. Sestius, tribunus plebis, cum ageret nihil 
 
 5 aliud in eo magistratu nisi meam causam, venit et se 
 populo dedit, non plausus cupiditate, sed ut ipsi 
 inimici nostri voluntatem universi populi viderent. 
 Venit, ut scitis, a columna Maenia. Tantus est ex 
 omnibus spectaculis usque a Capitolio, tantus ex fori 
 
 10 cancellis plausus excitatus, ut numquam maior con- 
 sensu) aut apertior populi Romani universi fuisse ulla 
 in causa diceretur. Ubi erant turn illi contionum 125 
 moderatores, legum domini, civium expulsores ? aliusne 
 est aliquis improbis civibus peculiaris populus, cui nos 
 
 15 oflensi invisique fuerimus 1 
 
 LIX. Equidem existimo nullum tempus esse fre- 
 quentioris populi quam illud gladiatorium neque con- 
 tionis ullius neque vero ullorum comitiorum. Haec 
 igitur innumerabilis hominum multitudo, haec populi 
 
 20 Romani tanta significatio sine ulla varietate universi, 
 cum illis ipsis diebus de me actum iri putaretur, quid 
 declaravit nisi optimorum civium salutem et dignita- 
 tem populo Romano caram esse universo ? At vero 126 
 ille praetor, qui de me non patris, avi, proavi, maiorum 
 
 25 denique suorum omnium, sed Graeculorum instituto 
 contionem interrogare solebat, ' velletne me redire ', 
 et, cum erat reclamatum semivivis mercennariorum 
 vocibus, populum Romanum negare dicebat : is, cum 
 cotidie gladiatores spectaret, numquam est conspec- 
 
 30 tus, cum veniret. Emergebat subito, cum sub tabulas 
 subrepserat, ut ' mater te appello l dicturus videretur. 
 Itaque ilia via latebrosior, qua spectatum ille veniebat, 
 
62 Ml TULLI CIGEROFIS 
 
 Appia iam vocabatui\ Qui tamen quoquo tempore 
 conspectus erat, non moclo gladiatores, sed equi ipsi 
 
 127 gladiatorum repentinis sibilis extimescebant. Yidetisne 
 igitur quantum intersit inter populum Romanum et 
 contionem 1 dominos contionum omni odio populi 5 
 notari 1 quibus autem consistere in operarum contioni- 
 bus non liceat, eos omni populi Romani significatione 
 decorari 1 
 
 Tu mihi etiam M. Atilium Regulum commemoras, 
 qui redire ipse Carthaginem sua voluntate ad sup- 10 
 plicium, quam sine iis captivis, a quibus ad senatum 
 missus erat, Romae manere maluerit, et mihi negas 
 optandum reditum fuisse per familias comparatas et 
 homines armatos ? 
 
 LX. Yim scilicet ego desideravi, qui, dum vis 15 
 fuit, nihil egi, et quem, si vis non fuisset, nulla res 
 
 128 labefactare potuisset. Hunc ego reditum repudiarem, 
 qui ita florens fuit, ut verear, ne qui me studio gloriae 
 putet idcirco exisse, ut ita redirem 1 Quem enim 
 umquam senatus civem nisi me nationibus exteris 20 
 commendavit 1 cuius umquam propter salutem nisi 
 meam senatus pu blice socii s populi Romani gratias 
 egit? De me uno patres conscripti decreverunt ut, 
 qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent, qui quaestores 
 legatique essent, salutem et vitam custodirent. In 25 
 una mea causa post Romam conditam factum est, ut 
 litteris consularibus ex senatus consulto cuncta ex 
 Italia omnes, qui rem publicam salvam vellent, convo- 
 carentur. Quod numquam senatus in universae rei 
 publicae periculo decrevit, id in unius mea salute con- a) 
 servanda decernendum putavit. Quem curia magis 
 requisivit ? quem forum luxit 1 quem aeque ipsa tri- 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 126130 63 
 
 bunalia desideravcrunt 1 Omnia discessu raeo deserta, 
 horrida, muta, plena luctus et maeroris fuerunt. Quis 
 est Italiae locus, in quo non fixum sit in publicis 
 monumentis studium salutis meae, testimonium digni- 
 
 5 tatis? 
 
 LXI. Nam quid ego ilia de me divina senatus 129 
 consul ta commemorem 1 vel quod in templo Iovis 
 Optimi Maximi factum est, cum vir is, qui tripertitas 
 orbis terrarum oras atque regiones tribus triumphis 
 
 10 adiunctas huic imperio notavit, de scripto sententia 
 dicta mihi uni testimonium patriae conservatae dedit ; 
 cuius sententiam ita frequentissimus senatus secutus 
 est, ut unus dissentiret liostis idque ipsum tabulis 
 publicis mandaretur ad memoriam posteri temporis 
 
 15 sempiternam ; vel quod est postridie decretum in 
 curia populi ipsius Romani et eorum, qui ex muni- 
 cipiis convenerant, admonitu, ne quis de caelo ser- 
 varet, ne quis moram ullam adferret ; si quis aliter 
 fecisset, eum plane eversorem rei publicae fore idque 
 
 20 senatum gravissime laturum, et ut statim de eius facto 
 referretur. Qua gravitate sua cum frequens senatus 
 non nullorum scelus audaciamque tardasset, tamen 
 illud addidit ut, si diebus quinque, quibus agi de me 
 potuisset, non esset actum, redirem in patriam dignitate 
 
 25 omni recuperata. 
 
 LXII. Decrevit eodem tempore senatus ut iis, 130 
 qui ex tota Italia salutis meae causa convenerant, 
 agerentur gratiae atque ut idem, ad res redeuntes ut 
 venirent, rogarentur. Haec erat studiorum in mea 
 
 30 salute contentio ut ii, qui a senatu de me rogabantur, 
 eidem senatui pro me supplicarent. Atque ita in his 
 rebus unus est solus inventus, qui ab hac tarn impensa 
 
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 voluntate bonorum palam dissideret, ut etiam Q. 
 Metellus consul, qui mihi vel maxime ex magnis 
 contentionibus rei publicae fuisset inimicus, de mea 
 salute rettulerit. Qui excitatus cum summa auctori- 
 tate senatus, turn P. Servili divina quadam gravitate 5 
 dicendi, cum ille omnis prope ab inferis evocasset 
 Metellos et ad illius generis, quod sibi cum eo com- 
 mune esset, dignitatem propinqui sui men tern a Clo- 
 dianis latrociniis renexisset, cumque eum ad domestici 
 exempli memoriam et ad Numidici illius Metelli 10 
 casum vel gloriosum vel gravem convertisset, conla- 
 crumavit vir egregius ac vere Metellus totumque se 
 P. Servilio dieenti etiam turn tradidit, nee illam 
 divinam gravitatem plenam antiquitatis diutius homo 
 eiusdem sanguinis potuit sustinere et mecum absens 15 
 131 beneficio suo rediit in gratiam. Quod certe, si est 
 aliqui sensus in morte praeclarorum virorum, cum 
 omnibus Metellis, turn vero uni viro fortissimo et 
 praestantissimo civi gratissimum fratri suo fecit, socio 
 laborum, periculorum, consiliorum meorum. 20 
 
 LXIII. Reditus vero meus qui fuerit, quis ig- 
 noraf? quern ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam 
 totius Italiae atque ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint 
 Brundisini, cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies 
 adventus mei fuisset reditu sque natalis, idem caris- 25 
 simae nliae, quam ex gravissimo turn primum desiderio 
 luctuque conspexi, idem etiam ipsius coloniae Brundi- 
 sinae, idem, ut scitis, [e<fe] Salutis; cumque me domus 
 eadem optimorum et doctissimorum virorum, M. 
 Laeni Flacci et patris et fratris eius, laetissima acce- 30 
 pisset,quae proximo anno maerens receperat etsuo prae- 
 sidio periculoque def enderat. Cunctae itinere toto urbes 
 
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 130133 65 
 
 Italiae festos dies agere adventus mei videbantur, viae 
 multitudine legator um undique missorum celebraban- 
 tur, ad urbem accessus incredibili hominum multitudine 
 et gratulatione florebat, iter a porta, in Oapitolium 
 5 ascensus, domum reditus erat eius modi, ut summa 
 in laetitia illud dolerem, civitatem tarn gratam tarn 
 miseram atque oppressam fuisse. 
 
 E[abes_jgitur, quod ex me quaesisti, qui essent 132 
 
 optimates. Non est'natio',ut dixisti: quod ego verbum 
 
 10 agnovi ; est enim illius, a quo uno maxime P. Sestius 
 
 se oppugnari videt, hominis eius, qui hanc 'nationem.' 
 
 deleri et concidi cupivit ; qui C. Caesarem, mitem 
 
 hominem et a caede abhorrentem, saepe increpuit, 
 
 saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret ilium numquam, dum 
 
 15 haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum. Nihil profecit 
 
 de universis : de me agere non destitit ; me oppug- 
 
 navit primum per indicem Yettium, quern in contione 
 
 de me et de clarissimis viris interrogavit. In quo 
 
 tamen eos civis coniunxit eodem periculo et crimine, 
 
 20 ut sjaxe inierit gratiam, quod me cum amplissimis et 
 
 fortissimis viris congregavit. 
 
 LXIY. Sed postea mihi nullo meo merito, nisi 133 
 quod bonis placere cupiebam, omnis est insidias scele- 
 ratissime machinatus. Ille ad eos, aquibus audiebatur, 
 26 cotidie aliquid de me ficti adferebat; ille hominem 
 mihi amicissimum, Cn. Pompeium, monebat, ut meam 
 domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret ; ille se sic 
 cum inimico meo copularat, ut ilium meae proscrip- 
 tionis, quam adiuvabat, Sex. Clodius, homo iis dig- 
 30 nissimus quibuscum vivit, tabulam, sese scriptorem 
 esse diceret ; ille unus ordinis nostri discessu meo, 
 luctu vestro palam exsultavit. Be quo ego, cum 
 
 h. 5 
 
66 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 cotidie rujejret, verbum feci, iudices, numquam neque 
 putavi, cum omnibus machinis ac tormentis, vi, exer- 
 citu, copiis oppugnarer, de uno sagittario me queri 
 convenire. Acta mea sibi ait displicere. Quis nescit 1 
 qui legem meam contemnat, quae dilucide vetat 5 
 gladiatores biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit, 
 
 134 dare? In quo eius temeritatem satis mirari, iudices, non 
 queo. Facit apertissime contra legem; facit is, qui neque 
 elabi ex iudicio iucunditate sua neque emitti gratia po- 
 test neque opibus et potentia leges ac iudicia perfringere. 10 
 Quae res hominem impellit ut sit tarn intemperans? [Iste 
 nimia gloriae cupiditate] Familiam gladiatoriam, credo, . 
 nanctus est speciosam, nobilem, gloriosam. Norat 
 studia populi, videbat clamores et concursus futuros. 
 Hac exspectatione elatus homo flagrans cupiditate 15 
 gloriae tenere se non potuit, quin eos gladiatores 
 induceret, quorum esset ipse pulcjberrimus. Si ob 
 earn causam peccaret pro recenti populi Romani in 
 se beneficio populari studio elatus, tamen ignosceret 
 nemo : cum vero ne de venalibus quidem homines 20 
 electos, sed ex ergastulis emptos nominibus gladiatoriis 
 ornarit et sortito alios Samnitis, alios provocatores 
 fecerit, tanta licentia, tanta legum contemptio nonne 
 
 135 quern habitura sit exitum pertimescit? Sed habet 
 defensiones duas : primum 'Do 9 inquit ' bestiarios : 25 
 lex scrip ta [est] de gladiatoribus'. Festive! Accipite 
 aliquid etiam acutius. Dicet se non gladiatores, sed 
 unum gladiatorem dare et tolam aedilitatem in munus 
 hoc transtulisse. Praeclara aedilitas ! unus leo, du- 
 centi bestiarii. Yerum utatur hac defensione : cupio 30 
 eum suae causae confidere ; solet enim tribunos plebis 
 appellare et vi iudicium disturbare, cum diffidit. 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 133137 67 
 
 Quern non tarn admiror, quod meam legem contemnit 
 hominis inimici, quam quod sic statuit, omnino consu- 
 larem legem nullam putare. Caeciliam Didiam, Li- 
 ciniam Iuniam contempsit. Etiamne eius, quern sua 
 5 lege et suo beneficio ornatum, munitum, armatum solet 
 gloriari, C. Caesaris legem de pecuniis repetundis 
 non putat esse legem ? Et aiunt alios esse, qui acta 
 Caesaris rescindant, cum haec optima lex et ab illo 
 socero eius et ab hoc adsecula neglegatur ! LXY. Et 
 10 cohortari ausus est accusator in hac causa vos, iudices, 
 ut aliquando essetis severi, aliquando medicinam adhi- 
 beretis rei publicae. Non ea est medicina, cum sanae 
 parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur atque integrae; 
 carnificina est ista et crudelitas : ei medentur rei pub- 
 is licae, qui exsgcant pestem aliquam tamquam strumam 
 civitatis. 
 
 Sed ut extremum habeat aliquid oratio mea, et ut ^y 
 ego ante dicendi finem faciam quam vos mei tarn 
 attente audiendi, concludam illud de optimatibus 
 20 eorumque principibus ac rei publicae defensoribus, 
 vosque, adulescentes, et qui nobiles estis, ad maiorum 
 vestrorum imitationem excitabo, et qui ingenio ac 
 virtute nobilitatem potestis consequi, ad earn ratio- 
 nem, in qua multi homines novi et honore et gloria .^' 
 25 floruerunt, cohortabor. Haec est una via, mihi ere- 1$7 
 dite, et laudis et dignitatis et honoris, a bonis viris 
 sapientibus et bene natura constitutis laudari et diligi, 
 nosse discriptionem civitatis a maioribus nostris sapien- 
 tissime constitutam, qui cum regum potestatem non 
 30 tulissent, ita magistratus annuos creaverunt, ut con- 
 silium senatus rei publicae praeponerent sempiternum, 
 deligerentur autem in id consilium ab uni verso populo 
 
 52 
 
68 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 aditusque in ilium summum ordinem omnium civium 
 industriae ac virtuti pateret. Senatum rei publicae 
 custodem, praesidein, propugnatorem conlocaverunt ; 
 huius ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi 
 ministros gravissimi consilii esse [voluerunt] ; senatum 5 
 auteni ipsum proximorum ordinum splendore con- 
 firmari, plebis libertatem et commoda tueri atque 
 augere voluerunt. 
 
 138 LXVI. Haec qui pro virili parte defendunt, opti- 
 mates sunt, cuiuscumque sunt ordinis; qui autem 10 
 praecipue suis cervicibus tanta munia atque rem 
 publicam sustinent, hi semper habiti sunt optimatium 
 principes, auctores et conservatores civitatis. Huic 
 hominum generi fateor, ut ante dixi, multos adver- 
 saries, inimicos, invidos esse, multa proponi pericula, is 
 multas inferri iniurias, magnos esse experiundos et 
 subeundos labores : sed mihi omnis oratio est cum 
 virtute, non cum desidia, cum dignitate, non cum 
 voluptate, cum iis, qui se patriae, qui suis civibus, 
 qui laudi, qui gloriae, non qui somno et conviviis et 20 
 delectationi natos arbitrantur. Nam si qui voluptati- 
 bus ducuntur et se vitiorum inlecebris et cupiditatium 
 lenociniis dediderunt, missos faciant honores, ne attin- 
 gant rem publicam, patiantur virorum fortium labore 
 
 139 se otio suo perfrui. Qui autem bonam famam bono- 25 
 rum, quae sola vere gloria nominari potest, expetunt, 
 aliis otium quaerere debent et voluptates, non sibi. 
 Sudandum est iis pro communibus commodis, adeundae 
 inimicitiae, subeundae saepe pro re publica tempes- 
 tates : cum multis audacibus, improbis, non numquam 30 
 etiam potentibus dimicandum. Haec audivimus de 
 clarissimorum virorum consiliis et factis,haec accepipius, 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 137141 69 
 
 haec legimus. Neque eos in laude positos videmus, 
 qui incitarunt aliquando populi animos ad seditionem, 
 aut qui largitione caecarunt mentes imperitorum, aut 
 qui fortis et claros viros et bene de re publica meritos 
 
 5 in invidiam aliquam vocaverunt. Levis hos semper 
 nostri homines et audaces et malos et perniciosos civis 
 putaverunt. A t ve ro qui horum impetus et conatus 
 represserunt, qui auctoritate, qui fide, qui constantia, 
 qui magnitudine animi consiliis audacium restiterunt, 
 
 10 hi graves, hi principes, hi duces, hi auctores huius 
 di gnitati s atque imperii semper habiti sunt. 
 
 LXVII. ? Ac ne quis ex nostro aut aliquorum 140 
 praeterea casu hanc vitae viam pertimescat, unus in 
 hac civitate, quern quidem ego possum dicere, prae- 
 
 15 clare vir de re publica meritus, L. Opimius, indignis- 
 sime concidit : cuius monumentum celeberrimum in 
 foro, sepulcrum desertissimum in litore Dyrrachino 
 relictum est. Atque hunc tamen flagrantem invidia 
 propter interitum C. Gracchi semper ipse populus 
 
 20 Romanus periculo libera vit; alia quaedam civem 
 egregium iniqui iudicii procella pervertit. Ceteri vero 
 aut, repentina vi perculsi ac tempestate populari, per 
 populum tamen ipsum recreati sunt atque revocati, 
 aut omnino invulnerati inviolatique vixerunt. At 
 
 25 vero ii, qui senatus consilium, qui auctoritatem bono- 
 rum, qui instituta maiorum neglexerunt et imperitae 
 aut concitatae multitudini iucundi esse voluerunt, 
 omnes fere rei_publicae poenas aut praesenti morte 
 aut turpi exsilio dependerunt. Quod si apud Athe- 141 
 
 30 niensis, homines Graecos, longe a nostrorum hominum 
 gravitate diiunctos, non deerant qui rem publicam 
 contra populi temeritatem defenderent, cum omnes, 
 
70 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 qui ita fecerant, e civitate eicerentur, si Themistoclem 
 ilium, conseryatorem patriae, non deterruit a re publica 
 defendenda nee Miltiadi calamitas, qui illam civitatem 
 paulo ante servarat, neque Aristidi fuga, qui unus 
 omnium iustissimus fuisse traditur, si postea summi 5 
 eiusdem civitatis viri, quos nominatim appellari non 
 est necesse, propositis tot exemplis iracundiae levita- 
 tisque popularis tamen suam rem publicam illam de- 
 fenderunt : quid nos tandem facere debemus, primum 
 in ea civitate nati, unde orta mini gra vitas et magni- 10 
 tudo animi videtur, turn in tanta gloria insistentes, 
 ut omnia humana leviora videri debeant, deinde ad 
 earn rem publicam tuendam adgressi, quae tanta 
 dignitate est, ut earn defendentem occidere optabilius 
 sit quam oppugnantem rerum potiri 1 15 
 
 142 LXYIII. Homines Graeci, quos antea nominavi, 
 inique a suis civibus damnati atque expulsi, tamen, 
 quia bene sunt de suis civitatibus meriti, tanta hodie 
 gloria sunt non in Graecia solum, sed etiam apud nos 
 atque in ceteris terris, ut eos, a quibus illi oppressi 20 
 sint, nemo nominet, horum calamitatem dominationi 
 illorum omnes anteponant. Quis Karthaginiensium 
 pluris fuit Annibale consilio, virtute, rebus gestis, qui 
 unus cum tot imperatoribus nostris per tot annos de 
 imperio et de gloria decertavit? Hunc sui cives e 25 
 civitate eiecerunt : nos etiam hostem litteris nostris et 
 
 143 memoria videmus esse celebratum. Qua re imitemur 
 nostros Brutos, Camillos, Ahalas, Decios, Curios, Fa- 
 bricios, Maximos, Scipiones, Lentulos, Aemilios, innu- 
 merabiles alios, qui hanc rem publicam stabiliverunt : 30 
 quos equidem in deorum immortalium coetu ac numero 
 repono. Am emus patriam, pareamus senatui, consu- 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 141145 71 
 
 lamus bonis; praesentis fructus neglegamus, posteri- 
 tatis gloriae serviamus; id esse optimum putemus, 
 quod erit rectissimum; speremus quae volumus, sed 
 quod acciderit feramus : cogitemus denique corpus 
 5 virorum fortium magnorumque hominum esse mortale, 
 animi vero motus et virtutis gloriam sempiternam; 
 neque, hanc opinionem si in illo sanctissimo Hercule 
 consecratam videmus, cuius corpore ambusto vitam 
 eius et virtutem immortalitas excepisse dicatur, minus 
 
 10 existimemus eos, qui hanc tantam rem publicam suis 
 consiliis aut laboribus aut auxerint aut defenderint 
 aut servarint, esse immortalem gloriam consecutos. 
 
 LXIX. Sed me repente, iudices, de fortissimorum 144 
 et clarissimorum civium dignitate et gloria dicentem 
 
 15 et plura etiam dicere parantem horum adspectus in 
 ipso cursu orationis repressit. Video P. Sestium, meae 
 salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae defen- 
 sorem, propugnatorem, actorem reum ; video hunc 
 praetextatum eius filium oculis lacrimantibus me in- 
 
 20 tuentem; video T. Milonem, vindicem vestrae liber tatis, 
 custodem salutis meae, subsidium adflictae rei pub- 
 licae, exstinctorem domestici latrocinii, repressorem 
 caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque tec- 
 torum, praesidium curiae, sordidatum et reum; video 
 
 25 P. Lentulum, cuius ego patrem deum ac parentem 
 statuo fortunae ac nominis mei et fratris liberorumque 
 nostrorum, in hoc misero squalore et sordibus ; cui 
 superior annus idem et virilem patris et praetextam 
 populi iudicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in hac 
 
 30 toga rogationis iniustissimae subitam acerbitatem 
 pro patre fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem. 
 Atque hie tot et talium civium squalor, hie luctus, 145 
 
72 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 hae sordes susceptae sunt propter unum me, quia me 
 defenderunt, quia meum casum luctumque doluerunt, 
 quia me lugenti patriae, nagitanti senatui, poscenti 
 Italiae, vobis omnibus orantibus reddiderunt. Quod 
 tantum est in me scelus 1 quid tanto opere deliqui illo 5 
 die, cum ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones communis 
 exitii detuli, cum parui vobis? Ac si scelestum est 
 amare patriam, pertuli poenarum satis : eversa domus 
 est, fortunae yexatae, dissipati liberi, raptata coniunx, 
 frater optimus, incredibili pietate, am ore inaudito io 
 maxim o in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimicissi- 
 morum ; ego pulsus aris, focis, deis penatibus, dis- 
 tractus a meis carui patria, quam, ut levissime dicam, 
 corpore texeram : pertuli crudelitatem inimicorum, 
 
 146 scelus infidelium, fraudem invidorum. Si hoc non 15 
 est satis, quod haec omnia deleta videntur reditu 
 meo, multo mihi, multo, inquam, iudices, praestat in 
 eandem illam recidere fortunam quam tantam impor- 
 tare meis defensoribus et conservatoribus calamitatem. 
 An ego in hac urbe esse possim his pulsis, qui me 20 
 huius urbis compotem fecerunt. Non ero, non potero 
 esse, iudices ; neque hie umquam puer, qui his lacrimis, 
 qua sit pietate, declarat, amisso patre suo propter me, 
 me ipsum incolumem videbit nee, quotienscumque 
 me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem suam ac patris sui se 25 
 dicet videre. Ego vero hos in omni fortuna, quae- 
 cumque erit oblata, complectar: nee me ab iis, quos 
 meo nomine sordidatos videtis, umquam ulla fortuna 
 divellet ; neque eae nationes, quibus me senatus com- 
 mendavit, quibus de me gratias egit, hunc exsulem 30 
 propter me sine me videbunt. 
 
 147 Sed haec di immortales, qui me suis templis adveni- 
 
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 145 147 73 
 
 entem receperunt stipatum ab his viris et P. Lentulo 
 consule, atque ipsa res publica, qua nihil est sanctius, 
 vestrae potestati, iudices, commiserunt. Vos hoc 
 iudicio omnium bonorum mentes confirmare, impro- 
 5 borum reprimere potestis, vos his_civibus uti optimis, 
 vos me reficere et renovare rem publicam. Qua re vos 
 obtestor atque obsecro, ut, si me salvum esse voluistis, 
 eos conservetis, per quos me recuperavistis. 
 
NOTES 
 
 l, 2. Exordium 
 
 The object of the Exordium is to arouse the interest and 
 awaken the sympathy of the jury : Cicero accordingly points 
 out the momentous issues at stake in the present trial. 'It 
 ought not ' he says to be a matter of surprise if there be a 
 dearth of men willing to risk their lives for the public good and 
 tranquillity, when they see the melancholy position to which 
 those' who have so nobly rescued their country from the party of 
 disorder are reduced by their adversaries' persecution. The 
 worst part of it is that these men are now with a full sense 
 of personal security actually relying on the courts of justice to 
 enable them to commit injustice by effecting the ruin of the true 
 and loyal citizens, against whom their hired ruffians and despe- 
 radoes have so far been employed in vain. I am bound by the 
 ties of duty and gratitude to do all in my power to defend the 
 objects of these iniquitous attacks, and especially Sestius, who 
 was one of the most active in promoting my recall from exile. 1 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 P. 1, 1, 1. 1. quid esset quod] 'what was the reason that 
 considering the great resources of the state (from which merito- 
 rious citizens might expect rewards) and the grandeur of our 
 empire' (under which they might expect to attain to glory and 
 honour). si quis] so etns = Saris, cf. 14 1. 15. 
 
 1. 3. forti et magno animo] abl. of quality : Eoby Sch. Gr. 
 ( 502, Kenn. p. 399. Cf. 45 non nemo vir fortis et acris 
 animi magnique. 
 
 1. 4. invenirentur] for the tense see Madv. Gr. 383, 
 Kenn. p. 483, note to Cic. de off. n 1 1. 1, and for the mood 
 Roby Gr. 1680, 1686. qui auderent] subj. because in 
 
 a consecutive clause, and in sympathy with invenirentur. 
 
76 PRO P. SESTIO 12 
 
 se et salutem suam] 48 se ac vitam suam, or. p. Caelio 57 
 cui se, cui salutem suam credidit. in discrimen offerre] 
 61 obtulit in discrimen vitam suam, cf. or. p. Balb. 25 
 se in vitae discrimen inferret, or. p. Arch. 14 in dimicationes 
 se obicere. 
 
 1. 5. statu civitatis] 'our constitution;' cf. or. p. Sulla 
 33 statum orbis terrae, 63 status reipublicae maxime iu- 
 dicatis rebus continetur, or. p. Cael. 70 quae lex ad statum 
 patriae, ad salutem omnium pertinet, p. Mur. 24 omnia, quae 
 sunt in imperio et statu civitatis, or. p. Flacc. 3 ut totum 
 reip. statum in hoc uno iudicio positum esse putetis. 
 
 1. 6. ex hoc tempore] 'henceforward,' 'now and hereafter,' 
 not 'according to the temper of the times,' as some take it to 
 mean. Halm and Mtiller read hoc tempore. bonum] in 
 
 political sense, 'loyal,' 'patriotic,' 'well-disposed.' See index 
 s. v. and note on de off. n 35 1. 7. 
 
 1. 8. sibi consulentem] 'an egoist,' 'selfish person,' opp. 
 to bonum i.e. rei p. consulentem, 'patriotic' On the par- 
 ticiple used adjectively see my note on Cic. de off. n 11 
 1. 23, Madvig Gr. 425 b. 
 
 ut omittatis cogitando recordari] not a parenthetic final 
 clause (Kenn. Gr. p. 458), but a limitative clause = i ut non 
 recordemini,'' without having to call up in imagination. ' See 
 n. ou 29 1. 7. On the use of the word cogitatioto express 
 our 'imagination,' 'fancy,' see Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 8, 1, who 
 quotes or. p. Mil. 79 jingite animis liberae enim sunt nos- 
 trae cogitationes et quae volunt, sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus 
 quae videmus : jingite co gitatione imaginem huius conditionis 
 meae : or. pro Balb. 47 existat ergo ille vir parumper cogita- 
 tione vestra, quohiam re non potest, ut conspiciatis eum menti- 
 bus, quern iam oculis non potestis. On the ablative gerund, 
 almost an equivalent here to the present participle, cf. or. pro 
 Balb. 9: quern provinciae nostrae castiorem...aut sperando 
 umquam aut optando cogitaverunt, i.e. ' have imagined either 
 in their hopes or dreams' as Mr Beid translates it. 
 
 1. 10. eos, qui excitarint] ' men who have combined with 
 the senate and all loyal people in raising our country from her 
 low estate and freeing it from brigandage within her borders,' 
 alluding to the lawless and riotous proceedings of the hired 
 supporters of Clodius {Clodiani). Cf. 144 where Milo is 
 called exstinctor domestici latrocinii, and or. in Pis. 11 
 where the temple of Castor is spoken of as castellum forensis 
 latrocinii, ib. 25, pro Sull. 70 ad civile latr ocinium 
 natum. Excitare properly means ' to raise,' ' set on his legs 
 one who has been thrown down,' Gr. opdwcrai -jreabvra or 
 
NOTES 77 
 
 Kelfxevov. Comp. de orat. n 124 non dubitavit excitare reum 
 consularem, ib. 195 excitavi maestum ac sordidatum senem. 
 Hence metaphorically, ' to restore to one's former position,' 
 ' reinstate.' For another meaning of excitare see below 5 1.9. 
 
 1. 12. sordidatos] such as P. Lentulus (see on 144), 
 reos, such as Sestius and Milo; s. Intr. 24. Ramsay or. 
 p. Cluent. 18 has a good note on the meaning of sordidatus. 
 
 1. 13. de capite] their civil status. ' See n. on Cic. de off. n 
 50 1. 24. Caput is specialised by what follows, viz. fama, civi- 
 tas, fortunae, liberi, for capitis diminutio entailed on a man 
 exile, the sacrifice of property, and separation from his family 
 ( 7), and consequently loss of the patria potestas. 
 
 1. 14. dimicantis volitare] observe the change of con- 
 struction from the predicative accusative of the participle to 
 the infinitive in the two periods, which is to be explained 
 partly by the distance of volitare from the verb on which it 
 depends, partly because the inf. expresses the activity ex- 
 hibited by, the participle rather the personal condition of, the 
 party concerned. Cf. Livy xxi 33, 2. 
 
 1. 15. violarint vexarint, perturbarint everterint] notice 
 how the words go in pairs, an arrangement of which Cicero is 
 particularly fond ; see my note on de off. n 64 1. 4, Reid on 
 de amic. 17. 
 
 1. 16. volitare conveys the idea of a mischievous errand, 
 to flutter, bustle about ; ' cf. 9 cum ilia coniuratio palam 
 armata volitaret, 94 1. 28, or. in Pis. 8 Sextum Clodium 
 ludos facer e et praetextatum volitare passus es, or. in Cat. 
 ii 5 quos video volitare inforo, ib. 15 in armis volitare. 
 
 1. 17. de se nihil timere] ' to have no fears about them- 
 selves,' although, as he says 94 1. 24, its omne supplicium atque 
 omnis iure optimo poena debetur. Cp. 94 1. 29 nee dum vos de 
 vobis aliquid tijnebitis, illi umquam de se pertimescent. 
 
 2, 1. 18. in quo] = m qua re. multa] i.e. multa alia. 
 
 1. 19. latrones] hired fighters : ' Gr. Xarpts. 
 
 1. 20. scelere] villany,' ' profligacy,' the primary meaning 
 of the word, as in 4, 14, 22, 53, 86, 145. Cp. or. pro Rose. 
 Am. 8, 17. perditos] so 85 hominum cum egestate turn 
 audacia perditorum, pro Mur. 86 lacrimis ac maerore per- 
 ditos. vos nobis] observe the pointed collocation of the 
 pronouns. 
 
 1. 21. optimis civibus] ' most loyal citizens,' 1 1. 6. 
 
 P. 2, 1. 1. vi manu] cf. 34, 78, 85, 92. hos] not eos t 
 because especial reference is made to Sestius and Milo, who 
 
78 PRO P. SESTIO 25 
 
 are present in court: cf. hunc 90 and 144, and hi graves 
 etc. 139, qui hi 138. 
 
 1. 2. auctoritate] ' through the moral weight of your judi- 
 cial decision.' religione] ' through the obligation of your 
 oath,' which gives a sanctity to your verdict. 
 
 1. 3. ego autem, iudices, qua voce utendum putabam cet.] 
 Halm in ed. 1 adopted Hotoman's reading quia before qua 
 voce, which is found in the Bernese mss, but not in P ; but, 
 when Madvig pointed out that Cicero would at least have 
 written quoniam and not quia, in his later editions he substi- 
 tuted quoniam. I am inclined to agree with Madvig that 
 neither quia nor quoniam is required ; the sentence eis potissu 
 mum vox Jiaec serviat (i.e. servire debet) he thinks is genuine, 
 in confirmation of the previous ea nunc uti cogor. Bake and 
 Hirschfelder and Halm in his fifth edition omit the clause 
 altogether, Wesenberg would read depellendis, iis potissimum 
 ut vox haec serviat. Mr Keid is strongly in favour of quam- 
 quam, the drift being ' although I speak under regrettable 
 circumstances, still etc.' 
 
 1. 5. beneficio] 'favour,' meaning his own restoration. 
 
 1. 6. periculis] frequently used of the danger threatened 
 by criminal charges, with reference to the grave penalties 
 incurred in case of conviction. See Keid n. on p. Arch. 13. 
 
 35. Propositio 
 
 Hortensius has made a very complete defence of Sestius and 
 left little or nothing additional to be said; but I should be 
 ungrateful, if I did not exert my voice on behalf of one who is 
 placed in his present position because of the leading part he 
 took in my recall^ and I claim the consideration and indulgence 
 of the court, if in the course of my defence I give expression 
 somewhat freely to my sentiments of just indignation against his 
 persecutors. I shall begin with a general sketch of his character 
 and life, up to the time when he became tribune of the people, 
 that you may be in possession of full data for determining the 
 question of his guilt or innocence. 
 
 CHAPTEK H 
 3, 1. 9. a Q. Hortensio perorata est] 'has been last 
 dealt with by Hortensius.' See Introd. 27. In public trials 
 there was ordinarily only one leading counsel, assisted by 
 subscriptores, for the impeachment; for the defence there 
 were several (usually four) counsel-in-chief, all called patroni. 
 The arrangement was that each speaker should reply to a 
 single charge (Brut. 207 sqq.) ; the last speech was called 
 peroratio : cf. Brut. 127 exstat eius peroratio, qui epilogus 
 
NOTES 79 
 
 dicitur : qui tanto in honore pueris nobis erat, ut eum etiam 
 edisceremus. See Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xx. 
 
 1. 11. pro re publica] 'on behalf of,' 'in the interest of 
 the state,' a stronger expression than de re p. : cp. de orat. n 
 198 pro republica queri. Pro and de are opposed in 130. 
 
 1. 15. atque ego sic statuo] ' withal, indeed, I go so far as 
 to say.' See Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 193, 2, c. 
 
 1. 16. hoc extremo dicendi loco] Cic. was particularly 
 famous for his power of working on the feelings of the indices ; 
 hence where other advocates were employed with him, he 
 usually spoke last, as in the Speeches for Balbus and Sulla. 
 Cf. orat. 130 quid ego de miserationibus loquor? quibus eo 
 sum usus pluribus, quod, etiam si plures dicebamus, perora- 
 tionem ('the final speech') mihi tamen omnes relinquebant ; in 
 quo ut viderer excellere non ingenio sed dolore adsequebar, Brut. 
 190 Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, perorandi locum, 
 ubi plurimum pollet oratio, semper tibi relinquebat. 
 
 1. 17. pietatis] 'affection,' 'gratitude.' Cf. or. p. r. Deiot. 
 30 sed quamvis ingrate et impie necessitudinis nomen re- 
 pudiaretis, or. p. Plane. 80 quid est pi etas nisi voluntas 
 grata in parentis ? 
 
 4, 1. 19. acrius, ' more passionately :' liberius, ' more 
 frankly,' 'with a great deal of freedom of speech,' not so strong a 
 word as asperius : cf. or. p. Plane. 33 ' asperius' inquit 
 i locutus est aliquid aliquando, immo fortasse liberius. 1 
 
 1.22. [putetis is attracted to concedatis. j. s. r.] officio 
 coniunctior, 'more conformable to duty,' or. p. Plane. 25 
 rogatio officio coniuncta maxime, de off. i 6 praecepta 
 coniunc ta naturae, i.e. 'rational. ' The abl. with cum is some- 
 times used for the dative, but rarely without cum, see 8 1. 15. 
 
 5,1. 28. de omni statu] i.e. de omni Sestii condi- 
 tione et vivendi agendique ratione, 'on his political 
 position and circumstances.' moribus] ' character.' 
 
 1. 30. de studio conservandae sal.] ' about his zealous con- 
 servatism.' Cf. 15 1. 29 hominis...otii et communis salutis 
 inimici, for the opposite character. 
 
 1. 32.. confusa defensione] 'indiscriminate,' 'comprehen- 
 sive and general vindication ' which takes in all, without enter- 
 ing into a particular discussion of specific, charges. For this 
 meaning of conf under e see note on de off. i 95 1. 34, n 10 
 1. 8, and cf. Tusc. i 23 cuperem equidem utrumque, si posset ; 
 sed est difficile confundere, i.e. utrumque coniungere, 
 ' to combine the two,' de or. n 177 ut re distinguantur, verbis 
 
80 PRO P. SESTIO 5 6 
 
 confusa esse videantur, i.e. ' passing one into the other.' [Cf. 
 de legg. i 36 quae fuse olim disputabantur, ea nunc articu- 
 latim distincta dicuntur, Ac. ii 47 generatim )( confuse 
 loqui. J. s. e.] See Intr. 27. 
 
 P. 3, 1.1. ad vestram quaestionem, whether Sestius is 
 guilty or not ; ad reum, what concerns his character. 
 
 1. 5. minis] overthrow,' not ruins.' eversae at que 
 
 adflictae] ' ruined and down-trodden : ' cf. or. p. Kosc. Am. 33 
 ut omnes occisus perdiderit atque afflixerit, ep. ad Att. 
 in 10, 2 perditum afflictumque, Phil, xiv 14. 
 
 1. 6. a Fortuna] [the ancients understood by Fortune an 
 inscrutable divine agency,' as we do by 'Providence.' j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 8. haec] for this form of the nom. fern. pi. see n. on de 
 off. 1 152 1. 9. tantae laudes] 'such glorious achieve- 
 
 ments' as those he accomplished when quaestor and tribune 
 of the plebs (summis in rebus). 
 
 1. 9. excitatae] ' raised,' erected,' built up,' the word is 
 suggested by fundamentis, being properly applied to the erection 
 of a building, as in Livy xxix 18 ad aliquantum altitudinis ex- 
 c it at a erant maenia, xliii 18 postquam turres excitari vide- 
 runt. It is used figuratively de fin. iv 18 principiis autem a 
 natura datis amplitudines quaedam bonorum excitabantur. 
 
 695. Confirmatio 
 
 6 13. First part of the Confirmatio. Cicero has 
 divided what he had to say on the innocence of Sestius into three 
 sections, between the second and third of which a long digression 
 is interposed. In the first Section he gives a sketch of his client's 
 personal history before his appointment to the tribunate, his 
 parentage, marriage, his amiable qualities and domestic virtues, 
 in particular his exemplary discharge of his duties as military 
 tribune ( 6, 7); the services which he rendered, as quaestor to 
 Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Cicero's colleague in the Consulship, 
 (1) in watching his conduct during and after the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, and informing Cicero of the enemy's movements and 
 forestalling his treasonable designs, (2) in relieving Capua, the 
 head-quarters of the gladiators, from alarm at attempts of the 
 conspirators, (3)m hastening with his army to Rome, when fresh 
 commotions were feared from the attacks of the newly elected 
 tribunes of the people and the partisans of the conspirators upon 
 Cicero's acts during the remainder of the term of his Consulship, 
 (4) in urging Antonius, who had no inclination to fight ivith 
 Catiline, to force him to the necessity of a battle ( 8 12). His 
 upright administration as proquaestor in Macedonia 13. 
 
NOTES SI 
 
 CHAPTEK III 
 
 6,1. 11. sancto] 'morally pure.' 
 
 1. 12. primus] ' returned first among those elected with him,' 
 cf. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 2 ter praetor primus cunctis 
 centuriis renuntiatus sum. 
 
 1. 13. temporibus optimis] because in bad times, when the 
 tribunate was not always attained by honourable means nor 
 as a reward of merit, it was not necessarily a distinction to be 
 elected. 
 
 1. 14. eo auctore] i.e. de consensu patris, because as 
 long as he was filius familias and subject to the patria potestas, 
 the father's consent was necessary to his son's contracting a 
 justum matrimonium. Justinian Inst. 1 10 : iustas nuptias inter 
 se cives Bomani contrahunt, qui secundum praecepta legum 
 colunt; masculi quidem puberes, feminae autem viripotentes, 
 sive patres familias sint sive jilii familias ; dum tamen, si filii 
 familias sint, consensum. habeant parentu m, quorum in potes- 
 tate sunt. So Halm understands the words, but H. A. Koch 
 takes it to mean ' by his advice,' on the ground that it would 
 not have been any particular act of pietas in Sestius to perform 
 what was a necessary duty for him as a filius familias. See 
 p. 227. 
 
 1. 15. spectatissimi] ' most esteemed.' 
 
 1. 16. hicestpuer] because the defendant's son L. Sestius 
 (below 9, ep. ad fam. xm 8, 1) had been brought into court with 
 a view to moving the compassion of the judges, cf. 10, 144. 
 
 1. 17. gravissimae antiquitatis] ' of old-fashioned manners 
 and extreme dignity;' 19 imago antiquitatis, 130 illam 
 divinam gravitatem, plenam antiquitatis, or. p. Caec. 28 
 exemplar religionis antiquae, Aul. Gell. iv 14 decretum 
 tribunorum visum est gravitatis an ti quae plenum, or. pro 
 Eabir. Post. 27 P. Rutilius documentum fuit hominibus 
 nostris virtutis, antiquitatis, prudentiae, Plin. ep. v IB ex- 
 emplar antiquitatis, ib. n 1, 7 exemplar aevi prioris. See 
 my n. to or. p. Plane. 45 1. 11. 
 
 1. 18. cams, as son and son-in-law ; iucundus, because of 
 his amiable personal qualities. The two words form a standing 
 couple in Cicero; cf. Brut. 10 homines mihi cari itaque 
 iucundi ut cet., or. p. SuU. 62 car us utrisque atque 
 iucundus. 
 
 1. 19. ademit socerl nomen] the name which he bore so 
 long as the marriage with his daughter lasted. A dissolution ol 
 marriage by death or divorce involved a corresponding severance 
 
 H. 6 
 
82 PRO P. SESTIO 68 
 
 of the ties of affinitas, as is evident from or. p. Cluent. 33 
 apud Dinaeam, quae turn (during her husband's life) ei mulieri 
 socrus erat, ibid. 190 divortia atque affinitatumdiscidia, de 
 orat. i 24 venisse eodem, socer eius qui fuerat, Q. Mucius 
 dicebatur. C. F. Hermann quotes Julius Pollux Onom. in 6 
 to fitv yhos Tjiuv ofiov t?7 yevkaet <Tvve<TTi kclI ovk o~tiv ore wave- 
 tcll, rj 5 (Tvyyeveia (affinitas) /ccu/>< re apxerai kclI vdfxy 
 7rai5erar vopicp yap uiarrep o~vvlo~TaTai yd,uos, ovtoj teal Xverai ' 
 \vdi>Tos yap aira^ tov ydfiov Kal rd ovdfiara ret dib top yafiov 
 o-vvaTrkpxtTai. 
 
 1. 21. hodie] i.e. vel hodie 'even now,' 'even at the 
 present day,' 59, 95, 142. sichunc diligit, ut...potestis 
 iudicare] we should say 'you may judge how fond he is of 
 him ;' cf. or. p. Plane. 28 Macedonia sic eum diligit, ut iudicant 
 hi principes civitatem suarum, where see my n. 
 
 1. 22. adsiduitate] = assidua praesentia in iudicio, 
 1 attendance in court,' or. p. Plane. 27 1. 31 qualem hunc 
 putent, assiduitate testimonioque declarant. The friends of a 
 defendant (advocati) sat in court (aderant) during a trial to give 
 the weight of their influence, or. p. Plane. 28 1. 3. molestia] 
 fc vexation,' annoyance,' ' dejection.' 
 
 7, 1. 23. optimi et calamitosissimi] so excellent and yet 
 so unfortunate withal, or. p. Plane. 102 miserrimus et optimus. 
 [calamitas refers especially (as o-v^opd in Gt. orr. often 
 = aTi/xta) to civil disability resulting from conviction in a 
 court of justice : cf. my note on or. p. Sull. 15 1. 17 J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 24. L. Scipionis] a Marian, who when consul with his 
 colleague C. Norbanus in b.c. 83 was defeated at the battle of 
 Tifata by Sulla and deserted by his own soldiers. He died an 
 exile at Marseilles. Mommsen Hist, of Rome in p. 350 ed. ma., 
 Plutarch Sull. c. 28, Appian b.c. i 8086. 
 
 in hoc] ' in regard to him ' (Scipio), ' in his case ' or ' person ; ' 
 clara exstitit] ' showed itself in the most beautiful light ; ' 
 omnibus grata, 'which met with universal recognition.' 
 
 1. 26. Massiliam] it was to Marseilles that Milo went after 
 the murder of Clodius. [As the towns having ius exilii with 
 Rome were absorbed, Roman exiles had to go further and 
 further afield. At first Tibur was the common resort, then 
 Naples, at last Marseilles, j. s. e.] 
 
 1. 27. fluctibus rei p.] during the Marian civil war, 99. 
 
 1. 28. in alienis terris iacentem stare] alienae terrae is 
 opposed to maiomm vestigia i. e. sedesmaiorum, and iacen- 
 tem means ' stranded ' with reference to the metaphor of a 
 
NOTES 83 
 
 shipwreck. Cp. 42, 64, and my n. to or. p. Plane. 71 1. 
 25, 81 1. 17, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 127, 1. Fabri on Liv. xxi 41 
 compares Pindar Nem. 6, 15 txvzviv h Upa%i5auai>Tos di> iroda 
 
 1. 30. si non omnem, at aliquam partem] ' if not all, at 
 least some portion (measure).' Cp. 57 si nondumsocius, at 
 non hostis, 14, 37 si non at certe, 92 si minus at certe, 
 57 si non at tamen. See Munro on Catullus p. 126. 
 
 1. 32. officiis] * services.' Officium (opificium) is properly 
 an act done from motives of friendship or relationship. 
 
 P. 4, 1. 1. filiae solitudinem] i. e. separation from her father. 
 
 1. 2. possum dicere sed] * I might say, only,' cf. or. in 
 Verr. i 125 possum sexcenta decreta per f err e verum, or. 
 p. Caelio 53 possum dicer c.pos sum etiam ilia... per quir ere, 
 possum omnis latebras suspicionumperagrare dicendo...sed haec, 
 Virg. Georg. 1 176 and below 12 1. 9 n. Cf. Demosth. tt6\X av 
 Zxwv elireiv. domesticis] 'in private life ')(publicis. 
 
 1. 3. de tribunatu militari] Ascon. schol. on Cic. Verr. i 
 c. 10: tribunorum militarium duo genera : primum eorum, 
 qui rufuli dicuntur ; hi in exercitu creari solent: alii comi- 
 tiati, qui JRomae comitiis designantur. The military tribunes 
 of the legiones quattuor primae, which were designated for 
 regular active service, were chosen at the comitia tributa. See 
 Diet, of Antiq. pp. 502, 503. 
 
 de provincial! abstinentia] cf. integritas provincialis 
 
 13, Cic. ep. ad fam. v 19, 1 provinciale officium: seej.s.B.'s 
 note p. 277. in eo magistratu] the word magistratus shews 
 
 that the office was one to which the people elected : cf. Sail. 
 Iugurth. 63, 4 tribunatum militarem apopulo petit (Marius) 
 ...deinde ab eo magistratu etc. 
 
 1. 5. ad sese rapit] 13 1. 28 ad tribunatum qui ipse ad 
 sese iam dudum vocat...veniamus. minora, 'less important.' 
 
 1. 6. relinquere hortatur] a very rare construction for ut 
 relinquam. Zumpt Gr. 616. [Draeger Hist. Synt. gives one 
 ex. from Cic. de inventione, I have not noted any other in Cic. 
 j. s. B.] 
 
 8, 1. 7. collegae mei] Gaius Antonius Hybrida was 
 consul with Cicero b.c. 63. sorte] the Quaestors had to draw 
 lots for their provincia quaestoria in the Temple of Saturn on 
 the nones of December. 
 
 L 8, impedior non nullius officii religione] By reh 
 
 officii is meant ' respect for the special obligation imposed upon 
 
 62 
 
84 PRO P. SESTIO 89 
 
 him of allegiance to his colleague'. The expression occurs also 
 or. p. Sull, 10, Verr. in 2, v 35. The use of non nullm 
 in the singular is not uncommon; cf. or. Phil, i 11 nov 
 nullo eius officio, n 20 tua culpa non nulla, de am. 30 
 opinione non nulla, or. p. Mur. 37 rumore non nullo, or. p. 
 Mil. 11 non nulla apud bonos gratia. ut ego interpre- 
 ter] according to my view of the matter, 1 12 1. 5. 
 
 1. 10. cum esset cum collega meo] ' when attached to, in 
 attendance on, my colleague.' On the apparently harsh re- 
 petition of cum see Beid or. p. Sull. 16 1. 24. 
 
 senserit] because of the connexion of Antonius with the 
 party of Catiline ; quam multa is to be taken with the third 
 member also of the sentence quanto ante ( = multo or tan to 
 ante) provider it. Koch would read aliquanto ante, compar- 
 ing de off. i 81 futura aliquanto ante constituere. 
 
 1. 11. atque] 'and so,' 'accordingly,' Hand Turs. p. 175, 
 Nagelsb. 193, 2, b, Draeger H. S. 315 3c, Lewis-Short Diet, 
 p. 190 c 3, in 1. 
 
 1. 13. illo timore ac periculo] a temporal ablative, see 
 note on de off. in 114 1. 22 periculo mortis diffugissent, and 
 cp. below 54 hac tanta perturbatione civitatis. 
 
 1. 15. ipso] see Madvig n. on Cic. de fin. n 93, p. 297 ed. 
 2. infitiando] Manutius compares a verse from Accius 
 quoted by Cic. or. in Pis. 82 numquam istam imminuam 
 curam infitiando tibi ; cf. also or. p. red. in sen. 33 num- 
 quam infitiando suspicionem minuerunt. tollere sedare] 
 or. Phil, ii 46 quanta mala sedavi vel potius sustuli. 
 dissimulando] by pretending to know nothing about the plans 
 of the conspirators. 
 
 1. 16. sustinendo atque moderando] * checking and con- 
 trolling.' Cp. de am. c. 17 est prudentis sustinere ut cursum 
 sicimpetum benevolentiae, ep. ad Att. xni 21, 3 sustineas equos. 
 
 1. 17. coniunctam cum] 'never disconnected from,' 4 
 1. 22. Cf. or. in Pis. c. 2 : ego Antonium collegam, cupidum pro- 
 vinciae, multa in rep. molientem, patientia atque obsequio meo 
 mitigavi. Cicero had given up to him the province of Mace- 
 donia which had fallen to his own lot. 
 
 1. 18. vere] ' rightly,' or. p. Plane. 48. 
 
 1. 20. observavit] in a double sense 'paid respect to,' 
 and ' kept his eye upon;' cf. ep. ad fam. vn 27, 1 ego te in 
 consulatu observaram, ep. ad Quint, fr. m 9, 5 me ab eo ita 
 observatum scio, ut eiusista odia non sorbeam solum sed etiam 
 concoquam. On ita ut limitative, see Kenn. Gr. p. 453. 
 
NOTES 85 
 
 bonus] since the Consul should stand to his Quaestor in 
 the relation of parent {parentis loco), div. in Caecil. 61. 
 
 1. 21. optimus] ' most patriotic,' note on 1 1. 6, 2 1. 21. 
 Sestius reconciled his duty to his consul with his duty to the 
 State. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 9, 1. 22. idem] 'also,' Kenn. Gr. p. 284. 
 
 1. 23. volitaret] cf. 11. 16. The reference is to the events 
 of Nov. 7 B.C. 63, when Cic. delivered his first speech against 
 Catiline, who thereupon rushed out of the senate to join Man- 
 lius in Etruria. The senate had decreed, upon the news of 
 his arrival in the camp of Manlius, Antonius cum exercitu 
 Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. 
 
 1. 25. opportunitates] Cic. de leg. agr. n 90: quibus 
 omnibus bellis Capua. ..opportunissimam se nobis praebuit 
 et ad bellum instruendum et ad exercitus ornandos et tectis ac 
 sedibus suis recipiendos. 
 
 1. 26. temptari] in military sense. 
 
 1. 28. non obscure] cf. or. in Pis. 5 interitum urbis non 
 obscure sedpalam molientem. Pisaurl] 'at Pisaurum,' a town 
 on the Adriatic, on the great Flaminian road between Fanum 
 Fortunae and Ariminum. It was founded as a Eoman colony 
 in B.C. 184, at the same time as Potentia in Picenum, Liv. 
 xxxix c. 44. ager Gallicus was the strip of sea-coast north of 
 Picenum, formerly occupied by the Galli Senones, but at this 
 time reckoned a part of Umbria. 
 
 1. 29. in ilia coni. versatum] 'implicated in that conspiracy.' 
 C. Marcellum] probably the same G-aius Marcellus as the 
 one spoken of by Orosius vi 6 : motus etiam in Paelignis ortus 
 a Marcellis patre et Jilio, per L. Vettium proditus, patefacta 
 Catilinae coniuratione quasi succisa radice compressus est, et de 
 utroque per Bibulum in Paelignis, per Ciceronem in Bruttiis 
 vindicatum est. idemque, ' and so also he.' 
 
 1. 31. in familiam coniecisset] 'had placed himself in, 
 become a member of, a band of gladiators.' Capua was the 
 head-quarters of the gladiators' schools. Sallust Cat. 30: 
 itemque deer ev ere (senatores) ut gladiatoriae familiae 
 Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur pro cuiusque 
 opibus. The word familia, in its primary meaning, properly 
 embraced the entire body of free persons, clients and slaves, 
 under the patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In time the 
 meaning was divided, applying (1) either to a group of kins- 
 
86 PRO P. SESTIO 910 
 
 folk having a common name as Metellus, Scipio, Cicero, 
 Caesar ; (2) to a body or gang of slaves, as here. 
 
 quasi armorum studio] i.e. 'on the pretence that he wished 
 to learn the use of arms (o-rrXofiaxiaY [or 'as though from a taste 
 for armed spectacles.' j. s. b.] So of Cethegus (or. in Cat. 3, 
 10), se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse. 
 
 P. 5, 1. 1. conventus] Capua, which in the year b. c. 338 
 had obtained the Roman civitas sine suffragio, was punished 
 for its defection in the second Punic war by its dissolution as 
 a political community, and its population deprived of all the 
 rights belonging to it as such ; and all jurisdiction was placed 
 in the hands of a praefectus sent annually from Rome. 
 Liv. xxvi 16 ceterum habitari tantum tamquam urbem Capuam 
 frequentarique placuit ; corpus nullum civitatis nee senatus nee 
 plebis concilium nee magistratus esse; sine concilio publico, 
 sine imperio multitudinem, nullius rei inter se sociam, ad con- 
 sensum inhabilemfore, Cic. de leg. agr. n 89 maiores Capuam 
 receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque hor- 
 reum Campani agri esse voluerunt. N ow as such a place wag 
 called conciliabulum, so its united mhabitantsTwer e " called 
 corwen^^ This state of things^con- 
 
 tmue3~until b.c. 59, when, upon the motion of th e con sul 
 Caesar, a colony was led to Capua ; therefore at the time of 
 the delivery of this speech (hoc tempore) the Capuans were 
 eoloni with a senate (decuriones) and two chief magistrates 
 (duumviri sc. iuri dicundo 19). Veil. Paterc. n 44 in hoc 
 consulatu Caesar legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebei divide- 
 retur, suasore legis Pompeio. Ita circiter xx milia civium eo 
 deducta et ius civitatis restitutum post annos circiter clii, quam 
 bello Punico ab Romanis Capua in formam praefecturae redacta 
 erat; cp. Caesar B. Civ. i 14, 4 dilectumque colonorum qui 
 lege lulia Capuam deducti erant habere instituunt ; gladia- 
 tor 'es, quos ibi Caesar in ludo habebat, circum familias con- 
 ventus Campaniae custodiae causa distribuit, where, it will be 
 observed, conventus is used in a different sense, viz. that of ' a 
 district.' 
 
 1. 2. me unum patronum adoptavit] See Prof. Mayor's 
 note to or. Phil, n 107 1. 19. Strictly they had no right to 
 choose a patronus at all, being a multitudo ad consensum in- 
 habilis, but in practice the rule had long since been neglected. 
 We learn from Cicero's speech against Piso 25 that they 
 voted him also a gilded statue : quorum Capuae te praetexta- 
 tum nemo adspexit, qui non gemeret desiderio mei : cuius con- 
 silio cum universam remp., turn illam ipsam urbem meminerant 
 esse servatam. Me inaurata statua donarant; me patro- 
 num unum asciverant etc. He lays stress upon unum be- 
 
NOTES 87 
 
 cause as a rule states had more than one patronus. [Cic. 
 perhaps was thinking of the tres patroni usual in colonies, 
 where the tres viri coloniae deducendae usually became the first 
 patroni. j. s. e.] 
 
 1. 3. P. Sestio] possibly a gloss upon huic, 
 
 1. 7. deprecantur] = Gr. irapouTovvTai : see my n. on or. p. 
 Plane. 102. 
 
 10, 1. 8. L. Sesti] the son mentioned 6 1. 16. 
 
 1. 9. inimicis vestris] 'the enemies of your family,' as 
 Verr. iv 81 de vestris monumentis i.e. vestrae familiae. 
 
 aliquid significare] ' give some small preliminary intima- 
 tion.' aliquid, adverbial accusative 'in some degree,' to some 
 extent ' )(nihil. Hand Tursell. i p. 258. 
 
 1.10. quidnam...effectura esse videatur] 'what in the 
 future it is likely to accomplish.' 
 
 1. 11. non recito decretum vicinitatis] 'the resolution 
 which I read is not one forced from them by some obligation of 
 neighbourliness,' the genitive of relation ; see n. on or. p. Plane. 
 72 1. 4, and cf. div. in Caec. 14, or. p. Mur. 73 officium 
 necessitudinis, ' the obligation arising from my close connexion 
 with them.' On the meaning of officium see above 32, and 
 for vicinitas cf. or. p. Plane. 22 laudanda est vel etiam amanda 
 vicinitas. As Sestius was vicinus ox patronus or hospes con- 
 ventus Campanorum, there was almost a moral compulsion that 
 he should not be refused a laudatio. [These laudationes 
 were notoriously merely formal and hardly ever refused. As 
 to their value cf. or. p. Flacc. 36. J. s. e.] The primary 
 negative clause falls into two groups ; the first tripartite period 
 assigns the (possible but not real) motive, which might spring 
 from a duty of the Campanians to Sestius ; the second, such a 
 one as would detract from the importance of the decree. 
 
 1. 13. ambitionis] from secondary considerations, personal 
 interest ; commendationis gratia, for the purpose of commend- 
 ing Sestius to the judges, which often enough happened, and 
 in this case was only a subordinate aim. Aut before ambitionis 
 belongs to non recito 'nor such an one as, etc.': with ambi- 
 tionis gratia we must understand the general notion factum 
 by the figure zeugma from expressum. 
 
 1, 14. memoriam perfuncti periculi] ' a record of danger 
 surmounted,' Zumpt Gr. 632. 
 
 1. 15. vocem officii praesentis] ' the expression of present 
 gratitude,' in opp. to testimonium praeteriti temporis, cf. 31 
 causam praeteriti temporis p raesenti defensione. 
 
SS PRO P. SESTIO 1112 
 
 11, 1. 16. atque] = kcli trpos, * and furthermore.' Hand 
 Turs. i p. 484, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 193 2, c, see above 3 1. 15. 
 
 1. 19. ex periculis extraxissent] Ter. Hec. v 4, 35 me e x 
 quanta aerumna extraxeris ; a stronger word than eripere, 
 usually employed in this sense ; there is no other ex. in Cic. of 
 extrahere. domesticis, 'internal,' )( externis, cf. Cic. de off. 
 n 28. 
 
 1. 22. quibus hie litteris lectis] Ellendt in an exhaustive 
 note to Cic. de or. i 38 p. 98 n\ shows that this repetition of 
 the antecedent noun in the relative clause is borrowed from 
 the laws and juridical formulae, where accuracy was necessary, 
 as in our English Acts of Parliament. He adds that most of 
 the words with which it is found so repeated are terms of likely 
 occurrence in law documents, such as causa, edictum, dies, 
 foedus, fundus, lex, iudicium, locus, malejicium, mensis. It is 
 especially frequent in Caesar. The position of hie is perhaps 
 due to the fondness of the Latin language for placing pronouns 
 in juxtaposition. See Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 97 b, and cf. below 
 12 1. 5. incredibili celeritate] Kenn. Gr. p. 399. 
 
 1. 23. advolavit] 54 1. 9. temporis atrocitatem] reign 
 of terror.' 
 
 1. 24. recordarl] n. on or. p. Plane. 69 1. 22. 
 
 1.25. praeteriti temporis = de praeterito tempore. Cf. 
 or. p. Arch. 14 cogitatione hominum excellentium. 
 
 CHAPTEE V 
 
 1. 27. tribunorum plebis novorum] especially Q. Metellus 
 NeposandL. Calpurnius Bestia. 
 
 1. 28. extremis diebus] the tribunes of the people entered 
 on their office on the 10th of December, [and the three weeks 
 which elapsed till the new consuls entered on office were gene- 
 rally the stormiest of the year for Roman politicians, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 29. vexare] = incusare, 'to attack;' cf. below 60. 
 coniurationis] abstract for concrete ; cf. or. in Cat. i 13. 
 
 1. 30. impetus et conatus] cf. 139 1. 7. 
 
 12, 1. 31. Catone] the celebrated Cato of Utica, who on 
 hearing that Q. Metellus was a candidate for the tribuneship, 
 hastened to Rome in order that he might become a candidate 
 also himself and so oppose his measures. See n. to 62. 
 
 1. 32. civi] the usual form of the ablative in Cicero, though 
 cive also is found, as in 144 1. 31 : so angui, avi, bill, imbri, 
 orli ; see n. to or. p. Plane. 51 1. 32. 
 
NOTES 89 
 
 P. 6, 1. 1. per se ipsum] it is better to take ipsum with 
 the subject senatum. See Kenn. Gr. p. 288 and cf. 13 1. 29. 
 
 1. 3. periculo suo] 'at risk to themselves,' abl. of attend- 
 ant circumstances, Roby Gr. n 1242, Madv. Gr. 277, Zumpt 
 Gr. 646. 
 
 1. 5. hie ego quid praedicem] cf. 8 ut ego interpreter, 
 16 ut ego arbitror, 17 hocine ut ego nomine appellem. 
 
 hic] = hoc loco, ' at this point.' 
 
 1. 6. consulem quaestor] observe the juxtaposition of con- 
 trasted words. ad rem gerendam] ' to give battle.' 
 
 1. 8. nimium...metuenti] latenter significat Antonium non 
 alienum a coniuratis fuisse, qui a pugna prorsus abhorreret. man. 
 
 communem Martem belli casumque] ' the fortune and 
 chances of war. ' Mars was called communis * neutral, ' because 
 he favoured sometimes one, sometimes the other side. Hence 
 the epithet aWoirpocmWos which Homer applies to "Aprjs, 
 and wbs to 'EuvdXios, II. 18, 309. Cf. or. p. Mil. 56 adde 
 casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum Mar tern que communem, 
 or. Phil, x 20, Liv. xlii 14, Verr. v 132, ep. ad fam. vi 4, 
 1 cum omnis belli Mars communis et cum semper incerti 
 exitus proeliorum sint. In the de orat. in 167 speaking of the 
 figure metonymy he says : gravis est modus (traductionis atque 
 immutationis) in ornatu orationis et saepe sumendus, ex quo 
 genere haec sunt, Martem belli esse communem, Cererem 
 pro frugibus, Liberum appellare pro vino. Observe that belli 
 is to be taken also with casum ; cf. Liv. vm 31, 5 quod belli 
 casus ferunt Mars que communis. 
 
 1. 9. longum est] ' it would be a long business ; ' Roby 
 sch. Gr. 643, Kenn. Gr. p. 336, Madv. Gr. 348 obs. 1, Zumpt 
 Gr. 520. Cf. 17 note on the use of possum. 
 
 hoc breve dicam] 'make only this brief remark,' Parad. 
 vi 35 illud et breve et confitendum est, or. p. Cluent. 164 
 quam brevia responsu, cf. Verg. Aen. i 341 long a est iniuria. 
 
 1. 10. M. Petrei] Hie eodem bello Antonii legatus fuit, 
 quern praemiserat cum exercitu ad edendam dimicationem ; 
 cum ipse consul retardari pedum valetudine videretur, re 
 autem vera hostibus congredi nollet. schol. 
 
 animus et amor rei p.] cf. or. in Verr. n 9 117 si me ani- 
 mus atque amor in rem p.... non hoc facer e coegisset, or. p. 
 Flacco 103 qui turn animus L. Flacci ! qui amor in patriam ? 
 
 1. 11. in re publica] sc. gerenda, ' in official activity,' ol 
 military as well as civil achievements in the public service. 
 
90 PRO P. SESTIO 1214 
 
 1.12. auctoritas] 'personal weight,' 'influence.' miri- 
 ficus usus] ' extraordinary experience,' [Petreius was one of 
 the old soldier class of the type of Labienus. j. s. n.] Sallust, 
 Cat. c. 59 6 quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus 
 aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu fuerat. 
 
 1. 14. accusandum] 'taking to task,' * reproving' 122 1. 31. 
 
 1. 15. datus esset hiemi locus] i.e. bellum hiemi ces- 
 sisset, hiemis interventu interruptum esset, 'winter 
 would have had free course, and the pursuit of Catiline 
 would have been interrupted, because he could not under these 
 circumstances have been dislodged e pruina Appennini atque e 
 nivibus Mis, while in the south he was pressed hard by the 
 army of Antonius, and in the north his passage to Gaul was 
 opposed by Q. Metellus Celer, who (Sail. Cat. c. 57) sub ipsis 
 radicibus montium consedit, qua Mi descensus erat in Galliam 
 properanti. But had Catiline been fortunate in obtaining the 
 exact time of the year for military operations (aestas) and in 
 becoming master of the passes of the Apennines leading to 
 Italy and of the shepherds' huts, his destruction in any case 
 would have been at the expense of much bloodshed. The 
 battle of Pistoria, in which Catiline fell fighting against Petreius, 
 according to the calculation of Ideler (Handb. der Chronologie 
 ii p. Ill) is to be placed in the month of February b.c. 62. 
 
 1. 16. e pruina Appennini] or. in Cat. n 23 quo autem 
 pacto illi Appenninum atque illaspruinas ac nivesperferent? 
 
 1.17. nivibus illis] 'those terrible snow-fields.' aesta- 
 tem integram] ' the entire summer : ' or. de prov. cons. 17 
 annus integer. Karsten conj. integer i.e. nondum bello 
 lacessitus. 
 
 1. 18. Italiae callis] regiones silvestris et montosas a Cam- 
 paniae tergo mare superum versus sitas. Cf. Liv. xxn 14, 8 
 nos hie pecorum modo per aestivos saltus deviasque callis 
 exercitum ducimus conditi nubibus silvisque. 
 
 pastorum stabula] Liv. i 4, 9 nee in stabulis nee ad 
 pecora segnes i.e. 'neither at home nor in the chase.' From 
 these half -wild shepherds Catiline might have got a considerable 
 contingent for his band of followers. Cf. or. in Cat. in 14 : 
 idem decretum est in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos 
 pastores Apuliam esse attributam erat indicatum. [It is 
 important to note that these are the ergastula ; cf. or. p. Mur. 
 84, Flor. 2, 9, 11 and Brut. ep. ad Cic. xi 13, 2, quoted by 
 Wirz in Neue I. for 1875. J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 20. vastitate] 'desolation.' concidisset] ' would have 
 collapsed,' ' fallen powerless.' See Mayor on Phil, n 107. 
 
NOTES 91 
 
 13, 1. 20. igitur] resumptive, 32 1. 14, n. to or. p. 
 Plane. 36 1. 12. 
 
 1. 21. ut relinquam] to pass over,' a parenthetic final 
 clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, de off. in 94 1. 8. 
 
 1. 22. Macedoniae] whither he followed his former consul 
 Antonius Hybrida. aliquando] ' at length and high time too, ' 
 or. p. Plane. 33 1. 4, 36 1. 12. propiora] ' more recent.' 
 
 1. 24. integritas provincialis] 7 provincialem...abs- 
 tinentiam. nuper] when Cicero was staying as an exile at 
 Thessalonica in the summer of b.c 58. 
 
 1. 25. pressa] the more usual expression is imprimere 
 vestigia, as in orat. 12, or. p. Caec. 76, or. Phil, xm 30 : 
 but in Verr. iv 53 we find aliquo leviter press o vestigio. 
 
 1. 27. ita ut tamen etc.] in a limitative or restrictive sense, 
 see above 8 1. 20. Transl. : ' not without many a backward 
 
 glance.' 
 
 1. 29. ipse ad sese] see above 12 1. 1. 
 
 1. 30. absorbet orationem] sweeps it away as in a whirl- 
 pool, i.e. admits no dallying with other questions. Cp. delegg. 
 n 9 : vim istius caelestis legis explana, si placet, ne aestus 
 nos consuetudinis absorbeat et ad sermonis morem usitati 
 trahat, Brut. 282 sed hunc quoque absorbuit aestus quidam 
 insolitae adulescentibus gloriae. 
 
 contento] i. q. intento)( remiss o, 'eager,' 'intent,' cf. 
 or. p. Mur. 33, Tusc. n 54 ut oner a content is corporibus 
 facilius feruntur, remissis opprimunt, ib. 57 tormenta content a 
 atque adducta vehementius, ib. plaga missa contentius. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI 
 
 P. 7, 14, 1. 3. auctoritatem disciplinamque rei p. capes- 
 sendae] 'a model system of politics,' 'a pattern and lesson, how 
 men should work in public lif e. ' Cic. is fond of such boasts 
 about the useful end which speeches serve : see below 96, 
 119, or. Phil, ii 20, ep. ad Att. n 1, 3, Tusc. i 5. 
 
 1. 4. tribunatus totus P. Sesti] we should say ' P. Sestius 
 throughout his tribunate.' 
 
 1. 5. nihil aliud nisi sustinuit] 'did nothing else but 
 support.' On the elliptic phrase nihil aliud nisi see my n. 
 on or. p. Plane. 64 1. 21. nomen] ' name,' i.e. reputation, 
 honour as a citizen ( 144), not materially different from causa. 
 
 1. 6. de rebus deplorandum] Cf. or. p. Flacc. 23 querendum 
 est et deplorandum de omni accusationis iniquitate, Verr. in 
 45 de istius improbitate deplorare. 
 
92 PRO P. SESTIO H 15 
 
 1. 8. dolentius] 'with somewhat of indignation.' si 
 vellem] ' if I were inclined,' which I am not. Madv. Gr. 350 
 b, obs. 1. 
 
 1. 10. sceleris furore] for furioso seel ere to balance 
 vocis libertate = lihero, voce. 
 
 1. 11. perstringerem] 'reprimand,' 'censure,' lit. 'graze,' 
 ' wound slightly : ' cp. or. p. Plane. 33, or. p. Sull. 46 nemo 
 umquam me tenuissima suspicione perstrinxit, quern nonper- 
 culerim. [Note the subtle contrast between violatus and per- 
 stringerem. j. s. k.] libertas = irapp-qala, 'freedom of speech,' 
 a meaning it often bears in Cic. and Tacitus. 
 
 1. 12 huius potius tempori serviam cuam dolori meo] 'I 
 will minister to my client's exigence rather than gratify my 
 own resentment, [I will rather do what I can for his interests, 
 than satisfy my own desire for vengeance' (Long).] For the 
 first meaning of servire cp. de orat. 1 250 voci servire, i.e. as 
 Ellendt explains it facer e quae voci prosint s. curare 
 ut iuvetur, ep. ad fam. xiv 2 valetudini servire, Brut. 242 
 multorum vel honori velpericulo servire ; for the second, or. 
 de prov. cons. 2 non parebo dolori meo, non iracundiae 
 serviam. For the meaning of tempus see n. on 123. 
 
 1. 14. aliquid aliquando] aliquis is frequently used with 
 such kindred words for the sake of emphasis or rhetorical effect: 
 cf. or. p. Plane. 35 ego quia dico aliquid aliquando, de 
 orat. i 99 non despero fore aliquem aliquando, orat. 144 
 docendo aliquid aliquando. See Hand Turs. i p. 251. 
 atque eidem nunc] ' whereas they now on the other hand.' On 
 this use of idem to point a contrast between two statements or 
 actions see n. on de off. n 144 1. 13 and cf. 90 1. 31. 
 
 1. 15. si qui] The si is without its conditional force : so 
 in Gr. ehives often = oLTives. se offerunt] in opp. to incidunt, 
 said of a spontaneous, sought-for encounter, more closely 
 defined by the following verb insectantur, which, however, 
 some editors consider a gloss. 
 
 1. 18. invasisse] intentionally. incucurrisse] involun- 
 tarily, accidentally ; Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 129. 
 
 15 35. The Second part of the Confirmatio, con- 
 taining an account of the acts of Sestius in his tribunate, pre- 
 faced by a summary of the political events of the memorable 
 year b.c. 58, beginning with the act, which was the source of all 
 ensuing mischief, viz. the adoption in the preceding year of 
 P. Clodius, the enemy of Cicero but still more of his country, 
 into a plebeian house, in order that he might qualify for the 
 
NOTES 93 
 
 tribunate. He had pledged his word solemnly to Pompeius that, 
 when tribune, he would not take any measures against Cicero; 
 but not content with breaking his promises, he must needs 
 threaten Pompeius himself ( 15). The fatal consequences to the 
 state of the election of P. Clodius to the tribunate and his success 
 in securing the countenance and assistance of the two consuls, 
 Aulus Gabinius and L. Calpurnius Piso, in his revolutionary 
 projects ( 17) ; Cic. paints the character of these two men in the 
 blackest colours, representing them as a disgrace to their office, 
 and as ready to sacrifice the empire itself to their lusts and 
 pleasures ; the former he describes as a professed rake, so despe- 
 rate in his fortunes that he had no other resources or hopes of 
 subsistence but from the plunder of the republic; of the latter he 
 says, that while affecting the mien and garb of aphilosopher, he 
 got the credit of being a patriot and reviver of the ancient dis- 
 cipline, while he was inreality a mere sot and voluptuary ( 18 
 24). 
 
 Clodius secured these two sellers of their country by offering 
 to procure for them by a special grant of the people select and 
 lucrative provincial governments, instead of letting them take 
 their chance by lot as usual ( 24, 25), consequently the general 
 protest against the bill of Clodius affecting Cicero himself, and 
 the appeal of the better sort to the consuls to interfere on his 
 behalf, was treated by them with the utmost derision: whereupon 
 the people showed their sympathy with Cicero by putting on 
 mourning as a mark of respect. The senate itself when assembled 
 in the temple of Concordia condescended with suppliant entreaties 
 to implore the intervention of Gabinius, the only consul present, 
 only to meet with a rude and insulting reception from him; and 
 that august body passed a resolution for changing their dress 
 with the rest of the citizens in token of mourning ( 25 27). 
 Gabinius' angry address to the people and denunciation of the 
 senate and equites, and his irregular and arbitrary exercise of 
 power in banishing one of them, L. Aelius Lamia, for his 
 distinguished zeal and activity in Cicero's service ( 29 31). 
 (Apology to the jury for this lengthy narrative, which Cicero 
 shows not to be irrelevant to the case of Sestius ( 31)) : the 
 illegal assumption of power by the consuls in forbidding the 
 senate to comply with their own resolution and enjoining 
 them to resume their ordinary dress, and their scandalous conduct 
 in sacrificing the state by aiding and abetting Clodius in all his 
 designs and voting for his lawless measures ( 32 35). 
 
 15, 1. 20. superioris anni] the year which preceded the 
 tribunate of Sestius, consequently b.c. 58, when Piso and Ga- 
 binius were consuls : see Introd. 28. On the double genitive 
 dependent upon the same word see n. to or. p. Plane. 66 1. 17 
 and cf. 31 1. 12. 
 
94 PRO P. SESTIO 1516 
 
 1. 21. naufragium] used first in its usual sense, then with 
 conligere in its collective sense, 'the fragments, shattered 
 remains of the wrecked ship of the state,' just as in the Greek 
 word vavdyiov both meanings are united, so that in quo conli- 
 gendo = in cuius fragmentis conligendis. 
 
 reficienda] 'restoring,* cf. Tac. Ann. vi 17 sic refect a 
 
 .Mes. 
 
 1. 22. facta, dicta, consilia] ' actions, words and thoughts,' 
 a climax ascending from the outer to the inner. 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 1. 24. fuerat ille annus iam in re p. cum ] viz. the year 
 B.C. 59 in which Clodius' adoption into a plebeian family took 
 place, which was the beginning of Cicero's troubles. See ep. 
 ad Att. ix 5, 2. fuerat=praecesserat. See cr. n. 
 
 1. 27. quidem] adversative, as 16, 24, see n. on de 
 Plane. 75 1. 14, and cf. de or. 1 144 haec accendi arte pos- 
 sunt, inseri quidem ab arte non possunt. The phrase re quidem 
 is as common as re quidem vera. So re autem (re tamen) or. 
 p. Caec. 59, Veil. Paterc. n 6, 4) alternates with re autem 
 vera. 
 
 1. 28. furibundi hominis] P. Clodius, adopted by the 
 plebeian P. Fonteius, s. Intr. 7. mini irati] s. Intr. 6. 
 
 1. 29. otii] ' peace ' )( belli : de off. i 77 1. 26. com- 
 
 munis salutis inimici] on the use of the adjective as a sub- 
 stantive see my n. on Cic. de off. in 96 1. 31, 117 1. 4, 
 Madvig Gr. 247 b obs. 1, Zumpt Gr. 410. Cf. 124 1. 6. 
 
 1. 31. Cn. Pompeius] ep. ad Att. n 20, 2 Clodius adhuc 
 mihi denuntiat periculum, Pompeius adjirmat non esse pericu- 
 lum, adiurat ; addit etiam se prius occisum iri ab eo quam me 
 violatum iri: ibid, n 22, 2 cum hoc (Clodio) Pompeius vehe- 
 menter egit, cum diceret in summa se perjidiae et sceleris in- 
 famia fore, si mihi periculum crearetur ab eo, quam ipse ar- 
 masset, cum plebeium fieri passus esset; fidem recepisse sibi et 
 ipsum et Appium de me ; hanc si ille non servaret, ita laturum 
 ut omnes intellegerent nihil sibi antiquius nostra amicitiafuisse. 
 
 omni cautione] 'every kind of security,' both in promise 
 and in writing . foedere] 'compact,' * covenant.' 
 
 1. 32. exsecratione] * a solemn oath with an imprecation, 
 if broken,' or. in Verr. v 104, Sallust Cat. 22, 2 cum post ex- 
 secrationem omnes degustavisset. devinxerat] 'had en- 
 gaged, laid under obligation,' to give his word * nihil in tribu- 
 
NOTES 95 
 
 natu etc, ; on the omission of the subject before facturum, 
 because of the preceding accusative hunc cf. or. in Mil. 52 
 hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma exiturum. See Zumpt Gr. 
 605, Madvig Gr. 401, Mayor on Philipp. n 49 1. 2, Eeid 
 on or. p. Sull. 39 1. 4, Acad, i 18 ed. 2. 
 
 P. 8, 1. 1. quod] to be taken with foedus. 
 
 nefarius] used substantively like sceleratus and other ad- 
 jectives ; see above 1. 29. ex omnium scelerum conluvione 
 natus] a monster compounded of all sorts of abomination 
 and crime.' Manutius compares or. in Pis. c. 9 animal ex 
 nefariis stupris, ex civili cruore, ex omnium scelerum importuni- 
 tate et fiagitiorum impuritate conceptum. 
 
 1. 2. parum nisi] he is not satisfied unless,' ' not 
 enough but he must also.' Cf. below 32, or. p. Kosc. Am. 
 49 ut parum miseriae sit quod aliis coluit, non sibi, nisi 
 etiam quod omnino coluit, crimini fuerit, Liv. xxxviii 54, 9 
 parum fuisse non laudari pro rostris P. Africanum, postmor- 
 tem, nisi etiam accusaretur, vi 40, 18 parum est, si, cuius pars 
 tria adhuc nulla fuit, in partem eius venis, nisi partem pe- 
 tendo totum traxeris ? Plin. Paneg. 60 parum est ut in curiam 
 venias, nisi et convoces. 
 
 1. 3. cautorem alieni periculi] i.e. Pompeium, qui mi hi 
 a Clodio cavere voluerat. Cantor is qui alteri peri- 
 culum cavet, * one who protects another,' champion,' not as 
 it is explained in Lewis- Short's Dictionary, ' surety, ' ' bail.' [Mr 
 Reid doubts its genuineness and thinks it probably a gloss on 
 the original word.] suis propriis periculis] * dangers to him- 
 self exclusively.' 
 
 1. 4. terruisset] Intr. 19 and n. on 69 1. 14. 
 
 16, 1. 5. vinctam auspiciis] Cicero gives a detailed state- 
 ment on this subject in his speech de domo sua c. 14, in which 
 he seeks to prove that the adoption of Clodius was invalid, and 
 accordingly all that Clodius as tribune carried through must be 
 regarded as illegal : 37 bears especially upon this : quae maior 
 calumnia est quam venire imberbem adulescentulum, bene val- 
 entem ac maritum (Fonteius was barely 20 years old at the 
 time), dicere sefilium senatorem populi Romani sibi velle adop- 
 tare : id autem scire et videre omnis, non ut ille Jilius instituatur, 
 sed ut, si e patriciis exeat, tribunus plebis fieri possit, idcirco 
 adoptari? neque id obscure ; nam adoptatum emancipari statim, 
 ne sit eius Jilius qui adoptarit. Cur ergo adoptabat? probate 
 genus adoptionis; iam omnium sacra interierint, quorum cus- 
 todes vos esse debetis ; iam patricius nemo relinquetur...Ita 
 populus Romanus brevi tempore neque regem sacrorum neque 
 
96 PRO P. SESTIO 1617 
 
 Jlamines nee Salios Jidbeblt nee ex parte dimidia reliquos sacer- 
 dotes neque auctores centuriatorum et curiatorum comitiorum; 
 auspiciaque populi Romani, si magistratus patricii 
 creati non sint,intereant necesse est, cum inter rex nullus 
 sit, quod et ipsum patricium esse et a patriciis prodi necesse 
 est. 
 
 1. 6. more maiorum] not lege, because the transfer of a 
 patrician into the position of a plebeian was, though contrary 
 to usage, not absolutely forbidden by law. 
 
 legum sacratarum] certain laws, a breach of which en- 
 tailed sacratio capitis, that is, caused the offender to be 
 declared sacer, and liable to be slain by any one with impunity. 
 Fest. p. 318 sacratae leges sunt quibus sanctum est, qui quid 
 adversus eas fecerit, sacer alicui deorum sit cum familia pe- 
 cuniaque. Sunt qui esse dicant sacratas, quas plebes iurata 
 in monte sacro sciverit. Cp. Cic. de off. in 111 1. 16. It was 
 a lex sacrata which enacted that the tribunes must be chosen 
 exclusively from the plebs, and therefore Clodius, being by 
 birth a patrician, was ineligible, until he had been adopted 
 into a plebeian family. solvit] sc. his vinclis. 
 
 1. 7. subito] s. Intr. 7 note 9. 
 
 lege curiata] * by a decree of the patrician curiae,' whose 
 consent was necessary, when a patrician wished to leave his 
 gens. consul] i.e. Caesar, not in his capacity of consul, but 
 as pontifex maximus. The Comitia curiata in cases of arrogatio 
 (v. Aul. Gell. N. A.v 19) were held pro collegio pontificum, i. e. 
 by the Pontifex as representative of the whole collegium, who 
 had to examine the grounds for the transfer and to preserve 
 the sacra gentis. See j. s. b.'s note p. 277. 
 
 vel exoratus...vel iratus] cf. or. de prov. cons. 42 tra- 
 duxit ad plebem inimicum meum, sive iratus mi hi quod 
 me secum ne in benejiciis quidem videbat posse coniungi, sive 
 exoratus. Caesar appears to have taken offence at some- 
 thing which Cic. said at the trial of Gaius Antonius. 
 
 1. 8. non nemo putabat] ' somebody supposed.' [The mss 
 point rather to putarit ' will be likely to think.' J. s. a.] 
 
 1. 9. quidem certe] ' but in any case,' see n. to 151. 27. 
 
 imprudens] = non providens, 'not expecting.' 
 
 1. 10. tribunus plebis] = cum tribunus pi. esset, drjf^apxos u>v, 
 ' when tribune of the people. ' Cf. 47 1. 23. 
 
 1. 11. nullis suis nervis] more forcible than non aliqua vi 
 sua ( 34 1. 32), because Cic. represents him also as hominem 
 libidinibus en ervatum. The opposition follows in the clause 
 
NOTES 97 
 
 sed fuit profecto etc., which is tantamount to sed auxilio consil- 
 ium. For nervi cp. or. p. Sull. 24, p. Cael. 80, de off. n 36. 
 
 1. 12. fraternis flagitiis, 'by scandalous intercourse with 
 his own brothers and sisters,' upon which the Scholiast re- 
 marks: et Appius Claudius maior natu infamis in eundem 
 Clodium fuerat et soror Clodia, ut saepe iam diximus. Lucullus 
 swore in open court to one case of incest : other accounts 
 impute to him even incest with all his three sisters (ep. ad fam. 
 i 9, 15 ilia furia muliebrium religionum qui non pluris fecerat 
 Bonam Beam quam tris sorores) ; hence Cic. speaks of sororiis 
 stupris designedly instead of stwpris cum sorore, Stupra and 
 flagitia are frequently coupled in this sense, as Verr. i 14, 
 62, ii 110, iv 20, 71, 83, 102 etc., de harusp. resp. 43. 
 
 1. 13. sororiis stupris] Clodius had three sisters, the eldest 
 of whom married Q. Marcius Eex, cons. B.C. 68, the second 
 was the quadrantaria and /3oa>7rts of Cic. or. p. Caelio c. 26. 
 She married Q. Metellus Celer, cons. B.C. 60 ; the third Clodia 
 was the wife of L. Lucullus, cons. b.c. 74. inaudita] an 
 
 allusion to his profanation of the sacra Bonae Deae ; see Intr. 
 6. exsanguis] cp. 24 cum hominibus enervatis atque 
 
 exsanguibus consulatus tamquam gladius esset datus, 
 
 17, 1. 14. quaedam] de off. i 95 1. 29. 
 
 1. 15. fatalis] cf. 72 quoniam id etiam fatum civitatis fuit. 
 caecus atque amens] a combination of the metaphorical with 
 the natural expression, like caecus ac demens in Afranius (Nonius 
 p. 124), caeci atque improvidi, Q. Curt, vni c. 46, below 23 
 vaticinari atque insanire, 93 homo castus ac non cupidus, etc. 
 
 1.16. quiddicam? consules?] \eirav6p9u3<ns\ de Gabinio 
 et Pisone, magis eos reip. hostes quam consules iudicando, 
 quoniam haec dignitas plus animo quam habitu censeatur. 
 schol. So or. in Vat. 18 sedentibus in templo non consulibus, 
 sed proditoribus huius civitatis ac pestibus. hocine ut ego 
 nomine appellem, can I be expected to call ? ' For ut of an 
 impossible supposition put interrogatively, cp. Zumpt 609, 
 Madv. Gr. 353 obs., Eoby 1708, Kenn. p. 438 194, 4); 
 pro Plane. 31 pater ut in iudicio capitis obesse filio debeat y 
 Tusc. ii 42 egone ut te interpellem, Liv. iv 2, 12 illine u t 
 impune concitent jinitima bella, Ter. Phorm. n 1, 3 hicine ut 
 a nobis tantum argenti auferat t Hor. n Sat. 5, 18 utne tegam 
 spur co Damae latus ? 
 
 1. 18. vestrae dignitatis, 'your judicial dignity,' 'conside- 
 ration due to you as judges ; ' cp. 18 ab eis se ereptum, ne de 
 ambitu causam diceret t praedicabat. perditores] see cr. n. 
 
 1. 19. delendum] see n. to 44 quern totum de civitate 
 delerant. On the circumstance see c. 11 and c. 25 f. 
 
98 PRO P. SESTIO 1718 
 
 ad adfligendum, 'for the purpose of humiliating.' He 
 alludes to the treatment of L. Lamia, 26, 29. 
 
 1. 21. insignibus] besides the fasces, which were the chief 
 outward badges of distinction of the consuls, hence called Mis, 
 the rest were the sella curulis, the toga praetexta, and the 
 paludamentum in time of war, or. p. Cluent. 154, or. pro Rab. 
 Post. 16, Ramsay Horn. Antiq. p. 137, Rich Comp. Lat. Diet, 
 p. 199. 
 
 [summi honoris atque imperii: summus honos is one de- 
 signation for the consulate, summum imperium another; and 
 the two are put together after Cicero's favourite fashion, 
 j. s. e.] See n. on de off. i 26. 
 
 1. 23. si nondum voltis recordari, 'to which I must 
 bring you later on in my speech.' He proceeds to describe 
 their external appearance. 
 
 1. 24. vultum atque incessum] cf. Iuv. Sat. n 17 qui 
 vultu morbum incessuque fatetur f Philipp. xiii 4 or a vobis 
 eorum ponite ante oculos et maxime Antoniorum, incessum, 
 aspectum, vultum. So Sallust says of Catiline 15, 5: citus 
 modo, modo tardus incessus. 
 
 CHAPTER VIH 
 
 18, 1. 27. alter] i.e. Gabinius. 
 
 unguentis adnuens] cp. or. in Pis. 25 Gabinium si vi- 
 dissent duumvirum vestri illi unguentarii, citius agnovlssent. 
 Erant illi compti capilli et madentes cincinnorum fimbriae.. . 
 dignae Capua sed ilia vetere, or. post red. in senat. 12, or. 
 in Cat. ii 5, where Catiline's companions are spoken of as 
 qui nitent unguentis, ib. 10 unguentis obliti. See Becker's 
 G alius p. 378. calamistrata] ' with the marks of the curling 
 tongs (calamistrum) on his hair.' Cf. Verg. Aen. xn 99 crinis 
 vibratos calido ferro murraque madentis. 
 
 1. 28. stuprorum] quae ipse in flore aetatis (aetatula) 
 passus erat. Cf. de har. resp. 42 where he says of Clodius : 
 qui post patris mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad 
 scurrarum locupletium libidines detulit. 
 
 1. 29. puteali] the puteal Libonis, or Scribonianum, was a 
 monument at the east end of the Porum, so called from its re- 
 semblance to a well-mouth, enclosing a spot held to be sacred 
 according to the augural superstitions (fulguritum). It was 
 near the arch of Pabius and the site of the praetor's tribunal, 
 which will account for its association with usurers [faeneratores), 
 
NOTES 99 
 
 since this class of creditors would have frequent recourse to the 
 jurisdiction of the praetor (Hor. Sat. n 6, 34). It was altogether 
 distinct from the pu teal of the Comitium opposite the Curia 
 Hostilia. See Nichols, The Roman Forum, pp. 1279. 
 
 inflatus] according to Halm l swollen with anger against,' 
 joined with a dative after the analogy of offensus ( 125), in- 
 census alicui; comp. Liv. vi 18, 5 his simul inflatus exacer- 
 batusque; but it seems better to take it as the ablative over- 
 bearing, bloated with pride, because of. ' 
 
 1. 31. fretu] a heteroclite form for freto, see Verr. v 169. 
 ad Columnam] sc. Maeniam, which was the tribunal of the 
 triumviri capitales, for the trial of the lowest malefactors, see 
 n. on 124, Ramsay, E. A. p. 17. There is also an allusion to 
 the columna in the /return Siculum, called here Scyllaeum 
 /return, which the inhabitants of Ehegium had erected, rj 
 'Prjyivuv arvXls, a large tower-like erection put up in honour of 
 Poseiddn, mentioned in inscriptions. A similar one stood on 
 Pelorum, the opposite Sicilian headland (Strabo in 5, 5 p. 171: 
 26os yap iraXaibv vtttjpx^ rb rlOeadai toloijtovs opovs, Kaddirep 
 ol 'Priywoi tt\v (rrvXlda 'idecrav rr\v iiri r< iropdfJLip Kei.[xiv7]v t 
 irvpylov rt, Kai 6 rod HeXwpov Xeyofxevos vvpyos avriKurai ravry 
 TTj crrvXidt). adhaeresceret] in a double sense for nau/ra- 
 gium /aceret and proscriberetur. Stripped of metaphor the 
 whole passage would have run thus : ne aere alieno obrutus ad 
 columnam Maeniam proscriberetur. Transl. 'for fear he should 
 stick fast on the Pillar (i.e. be posted as a defaulter on the 
 Maenian column) in that dangerous whirlpool of debt.' 
 
 1. 32. in tribunatus portum] or. p. red. in sen. 11 qui 
 nisi in aram tribunatus con/ugisset, neque vim praetoris 
 nee multitudinem creditorum nee bonorum proscriptionem effugere 
 potuisset. Quo in magistratu nisi rogationem de piratico bello 
 tulisset, pro/ecto egestate et improbitate coactus piraticam ipse 
 /ecisset. On the descriptive genitive tribunatus see n. on de 
 off. in 101 I. 32, Kenn. Gr. p. 413. Gabinius protected him- 
 self against his creditors by getting the tribunate, for they 
 could not trouble him during his year of office. 
 
 P. 9, 1. 1. venditabat se, ' ingratiated himself with : ' cp. 
 ep. ad Att. vm 16 1 quomodo se venditant Caesari, Liv. in 
 35, 5 se plebi venditare. [It may be ablative : ' gave himself 
 airs on the strength of his hired ruffians.' j. s. R.] operls] 
 
 the proletarians who could be hired for any purpose ; so 27, 
 38, 59. Cf. or. p. Flacc. 97 operae /acessant, servitia sileant. 
 
 1. 2. de ambitu] ep. ad Quintum fr. 1 2 15 remp. /unditus 
 amisimus, adeo ut G. Cato, adulescens nullius consilii, sed tamen 
 civis Romanus et Cato, vix vivus effugerit t quod, cum Ga- 
 
 72 
 
100 PRO P. SESTIO 1820 
 
 binium de ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus 
 aliquot adiri possent vel potestatem sui facerent, in contionem 
 escendit et Pompeium privatum dictatorem appellavit. After 
 his return from the province Gabinius was accused of several 
 crimes against the state, and amongst them the second time de 
 ambitu or illegal canvassing at some election, and being found 
 guilty de repetundis or taking money from king Ptolemaeus 
 Auletes when he was defended by Cicero, was obliged to go 
 into exile, from which he did not return until B.C. 49, ep. ad 
 Quint, fr. in 3 ; iv 16. 
 
 1. 3. invito senatu, 'in defiance of the senate,' which 
 according to the lex Sempronia> passed by Gaius Gracchus in 
 B.C. 123, had to assign to the future Consuls before their 
 election the provinces which they were to govern after the 
 expiration of their term of office. How Gabinius came to have 
 the province which he coveted, will be seen from c. 55. 
 
 1. 5. incolumem fore, 'would escape bankruptcy;' or. 
 Phil, ii 4 tu nee solvendo eras nee te ullo modo nisi eversa 
 re p. fore incolumem putabas, or. Cat. n 18 neque enim isti 
 qui possessiones habent alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt, 
 i. e. as regards their pecuniary relation. [Is not the reference 
 rather to condemnation in a criminal trial? Incolumis 
 and calamitas are often contrasted, j. s. e.] 
 
 19, 1. 5. alter] i.e. Pi so. 
 
 1. 6. taeter, 'offensive,' ' loathsome, ' illuviosus et foetidus, 
 'Kkovaiav et illuviem affectabat, ut philosophus crederetur ; 
 cf. Arist. Nub. v. 836 : airtKelpar avdels wiciroT ovd' TfXdipaTO, 
 ovd' els fiahaveiov 7)\de \ov<r6fjLej>os. ABR. 
 
 1. 7. barbatisj Plin. nat. hist, vn 59 211 in Italiam ex 
 Sicilia venere tonsores post Bomam conditam a, ccccliii (b.c. 
 301), adducente P. Titinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro ; antea 
 intonsi fuere. Primus omnium radi cotidie instituit Africanus 
 sequens. Cp. or. p. Cael. 33 aliquis mihi ab inferis excitandus 
 est exbarbatis illis ; non hac barbula, qua ista delectatur, sed 
 ilia horrida, quam in statuis antiquis atque imaginibus videmus t 
 or. p. Mur. 26, de fin. iv 62, Hor. Od. n 15, 11 intonsi 
 Catonis, Ovid Fast, vi 264 intonsi Numae, Iuv. xvi 31 dignum 
 barb a dignum que capillis maiorum, where see Mayor's n. 
 
 1. 8. imaginem antiquitatis, 'a type, pattern of the old 
 regime;' see n. to 6. columen] prop, 'gable, pillar,' hence 
 'prop,' 'stay;' Hor. Od. n 17, 4 mearum grande decus 
 columenque rerum. 
 
 1. 10. ^purpura] on the edge of the tunica and as a border 
 of the praetexta, the white upper garment ; great luxury was 
 
NOTES 101 
 
 displayed in the choice of the most costly and brilliant purple 
 stuffs, as appears from the or. p. Caelio ( 77), who had been 
 taunted by his prosecutor amongst other things with purpurae 
 genus. By nostra haec plebeia is meant the common homely 
 sort, which was more violet and inclined to black, in contrast 
 with the Tarentina which was of a deeper red, and the still 
 more costly Tyria, which at that time had become fashion- 
 able. Plutarch Cato min. 6, 2 e7rei iropcptipav ecopa rrjv Kara- 
 Kopws epudpav kclI 6eiav (dibapham sc.) a-yairujixivnv, avrds icpopei 
 ttjv fttXaivav, i. e. fuscam et obtusam. See j. s. e. p. 277. 
 
 1. 11. Capua... Seplasiam suolaturus] i.e. prohibiturus 
 ne in eo vico unguenta venderentur (Abrami) : cp. or. 
 Verr. iv 93 Agrigento signum sustulisti, 112 Henna 
 simulacrum Cereris sustulerit, Eoby Gr. n 1258, Madv. Gr. 
 262, Kenn. Gr. 158. 
 
 1. 12. duumviratum] see n. to 9. It was not unusual 
 for distinguished Romans to hold magistracies in municipia 
 and coloniae, but here Cic. is taunting Piso with vanity as if 
 his object were to embellish his future imago with grander 
 titles. It was only curule magistrates that had the jus 
 imaginis. Seplasiam] the fashionable street in Capua, where 
 hairdressers and perfumers had their shops : or. in Pis. 24 
 incessus Seplasia dignus et Capua. 
 
 1. 13. nam quid dicam] nam indicates not, as usually, 
 the reason of what precedes, but the reason why what precedes 
 did not include what is now added : cf. 26 1. 20, 95 1. 31 
 and see note on de off. n 47. 
 
 1. 14. pignus rei p.] cf . ep. ad Att. 1 19, 3 ut nos duo quasi 
 pignora reip. retineri videremur. 
 
 1. 16. supercilio, 'haughtiness,' 'sternness,' cf. or. in 
 Pis. 1 oculi, supercilia, frons, voltus denique totus, qui 
 sermo quidam tacitus mentis est f hie in fraudem homines im~ 
 pulit, decepit, fefellit, induxit, 20 neque hercule ego super- 
 cilium tuum fugi, neque tarn fui timidus ut frontis tuae 
 nubeculam ,pertimescerem } 70, de prov. cons. 8, 17. 
 
 annus... tamquam vade] see cr. n. 
 
 20, 1. 18. tamen, 'after all,' though the other consul is 
 so bad. 
 
 1. 19. hafoeo quern opponam, ' I have a set-off against that 
 vile and shameful fellow,' 26 caenum Mud ac labes. 
 Labes (Gr. Aw/377, Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 372) 'a disgrace,' 
 not as Abrami takes it, 'one who causes ruin.' See Lewis- 
 Short s.v. p. 1023 a, b. caeno] Plaut. Pseud. 1 3, 132 
 
102 PRO P. SESTIO 2021 
 
 (366). Cf. lutum Mil. gl. n 3, 54 (325), True, iv 4, 1, Most, 
 v 2, 45. 
 
 1. 20. me dins fidius, ' by the god of truth ! most certainly !' 
 see L. S. Diet. s.v. vultu ' by his mere look'; cf. nutu 100. 
 
 1. 22. auctor et dux] 38, 61, 112, 139. 
 
 1. 25. adfinem] for at that time his daughter Tullia was 
 married to her first husband C. Piso Frugi, the excellent 
 son-in-law whom Cic. lost by death shortly before his return 
 from exile, and who was related to the consul L. Piso. Cf. 
 or. p. red. in sen. 17 tu misericors me adfinem tuum, quern 
 comitiis tuis praerogativae primum custodem praefeceras, quern 
 Kal. Jan. tertio loco sententiam rogaras, inimicis rei publicae 
 tradidisti. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX 
 
 1. 27. alter] Gabinius. 
 
 1. .28. clavum] properly 'the tiller' or handle of the 
 rudder, hence the ' rudder ' or ' helm ' itself : Enn. Ann. v 472 
 ed. Vahlen, ut clavum rectum teneam navimque gubernem. 
 Quint. 2, 17, 24 dum clavum rectum teneam. gubernacula 
 tractare] 'to handle the government,' cf. Aesch. S. c. Th. 
 1. 3 ol'a/ca vwfxqy, or. pro Eosc. Am. 51 qui omni tempore ad 
 gubernacula reip. sedere debebant, de orat. 1 46 repelli a 
 gubernaculis civitatum, Liv. iv 3, 17 ad gubernacula 
 reip. accedere. The word in this sense is generally found in 
 the plural. For tractare cf. Tac. Ann. n 67 qui regnum interim 
 tractaret. 
 
 1. 29. in maximo cursu ac fluctibus, ' when at full speed 
 and when the waves run very high,' i. e. in stormy times. 
 
 1. 31. lustrorum, 'dens,' 'haunts of vice.' Lustra 
 ' significant lacunas lutosas, quae sunt in silvis aprorum cubilia : 
 a qua similitudine hi, qui in locis abditis et sordidis ventri 
 et desidiae operam dant, dicuntur in lustris vitam agere.' 
 (Fest. Pomp. Paul. p. 120 Muell.) Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 91 quod 
 in lustris comedim f Cic. Phil, xm 11, 24. 
 
 1. 32. confectum, used up,' ' worn out,' Liv. xxm 45, 2 
 vino et scortis omnibusque lustris per totam hiemem confectos, 
 or. Phil, ii 6 vino lustrisque confectam. 
 
 P. 10, 1. 1. alienis opibus, ' by the aid of others,' i.e. of 
 Caesar, Pompeius and Crassus. Pompeius was bound to him 
 because of his rogatio de bello piratico ; see n. to 18 1. 32. 
 
NOTES 103 
 
 non modo tempestatem...sed ne lucem quidem] i. q. ne 
 lucem quidem nedum tempestatem. If both clauses 
 have a common predicate, to which the negative belongs, and 
 the predicate stands in the last clause, the negation which lies 
 in ne quidem may be referred to the whole, so that we have in 
 the first clause only non modo instead of non modo non. Cf. 
 45 and see Madvig Gr. 461 b, Zumpt Gr. 724 b, Kenn. 
 Gr. p. 326 b, n. 50, Cic. de off. Ill 77 1. 34. Translate : 
 ' who, sot as he was, was so far from able to see the coming 
 storm, that he could not even look at the light of day which 
 was so strange to him.' tempestatem impendentem intueri] 
 'to perceive the signs of a coming storm,' which is the proper 
 business of a skilful pilot, temulentus, ' because he was drunk. 
 
 1. 3. lucem insolitam] Cic. de fin. n 23 : nolim enim mihi 
 Jingere asotos, qui de conviviis auferantur crudique postridie 
 se rursus ingurgitent; qui solem, ut aiunt, nee occidentem 
 umquam viderint nee orientem. 
 
 21, 1. 4. in omnis partis] i. q. ex omni parte 'in 
 all respects,' 'on all sides,' de off. i 7, cf. Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 
 67, 3. 
 
 1. 5. opinioni, ' the good opinion,' div. in Caec. 71 de quo 
 nulla umquam opinio fuit. blanda conciliatricula] 'which 
 woos so persuasively,' Nagelsb. 117, 2 : cp. de nat. deor. i 77 
 non vides quam blanda conciliatrix sit natura? For the 
 allusion cf. or. in Pis. 1 obrepsisti ad honores commendatione 
 fumosarum imaginum. boni, ' we patriots.' 
 
 1. 6. nobilitati favemus, ' are partial to high birth.' Cf. 
 or. p. Plane. 18 1. 10 omnes qui nobilitati favent. 
 
 1. 11. subhorridum cet., 'roughish,' 19 1. 11. 
 
 1. 12. eo nomine] i.e. because his name was Piso, it was 
 believed he must also be a homo frugi, since the most illus- 
 trious of the Pisones were both frugi and were called Frugi. 
 Nom,en must be understood here of the cognomen of the 
 familia, as or. in Verr. iv 25 57 : nimirum ut hie (Verres) 
 nomen suum comprobavit, sic ille (L. Piso Frugi) cognomen. 
 familiae] dative after ingenerata. 
 
 1. 13. gaudebant] Halm suggests that this word is an 
 interpolation, because this reading sins against the canon of 
 Madvig that in an enumeration of three persons or things only 
 que, not et ae or atque, may be used alone between the last two. 
 'Ciceronem, ubi tria membra coacervet, aut repetita coniunc- 
 tione uti aut extremo quoque loco omittere aut que ponere.' 
 Ep. ad Or. p. 39. See also Opusc. i p. 332 ff., Gr. 434 obs. 
 1, Zumpt Gr. 783. Perhaps favebant gaudebant may be 
 
104 PRO P. SESTIO 2123 
 
 considered as forming one clause, to which et vocabant is ap- 
 pended. 
 
 et ad integritatem maiorum spe sua vocabant] they hoped 
 he would be as honest as his ancestors. 
 
 1. 14. materni generis] his mother was of Gaulish descent. 
 Of his father's father-in-law Cic. says in a fragment of his 
 speech against Piso: Insuber quidam fuit, idem mercator et 
 praeco : is cum Bomam cumfilia venisset, adulescentem nobilem 
 Caesoninum, hominis furacissimi fdium, ausus est appellare, 
 filiam conlocavit. Cf. or in Pis. 53 where he calls him bracatae 
 cognationis dedecus f ib. 62 where he speaks of his grandfather 
 as Mediolanensis praeco, a public crier at Milan.' 
 
 22, 1. 15. vere dicam] see cr. n. to or p. Plane. 24 1. 17 
 p. 209. 
 
 1. 16. in homine] emphatically for in eo, 'in the man,' as 
 1. 25 sermo hominis and 53, 88, 89. Homo and vir are often 
 used for ille and is, and so res for id, s. Fabri on Liv. xxi 4, 8, 
 Kuhner ad Tusc. Disp. I 49, Kritz ad Sail. lug. c. 70 p. 377. 
 sceleris cet.] genitive of divided indefinite whole after tantum, 
 Madv. Gr. 215 b, Zumpt Gr. 432, Boby n 1296 (b). 
 
 1. 17. cum re publ. sensi, 'I felt in common with the state.' 
 
 numquam putavi, ' I never should have thought,' Germ. 
 ich hatte nie geglaubt, Gr. ovdiwor vXiriaa (Arist. Av. v. 956). 
 Cp. de off. 1 81 with note, Sallust lug. xi 7 quod verbum in 
 pectus Iugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit, 
 de imp. Pomp. 25 quantum incolumis numquam est ausus 
 optare, i.e. 'never would have dared.' nequam sciebam] 
 
 1 though I certainly did know he was a rogue.' 
 
 1.18. errore, 'misconception,' 'delusion.' Falsa opinione 
 seems to be a gloss on errore which has crept into the text. 
 
 1. 19. ab adulescentia commendatum, ' from his youth 
 onwards,' or perhaps 'by his youth;' cp. ep. ad fam. xin 10, 1 
 satis enim commendatum tibi eum arbitrabar ab ipso more 
 maiorum; or. p. Sull. 71 intellegetis unum quemque eorum 
 prius ab sua vita quam vestra suspicione esse damnatum, where 
 Mr Eeid notes that the ablative with ab after a passive 
 verb is only found in the best Latin, when the noun is capa- 
 ble of being personified. 
 
 1. 20. animus eius voltu tegebantur, ' his mind was con- 
 cealed in his face, his scandalous acts by the walls of his 
 house.' Cf. or. de pr. cons. 8 lateant libidines eius illae tene- 
 bricosae, quas fronte et supercilio, non pudore et temperantia 
 contegebat. animus = ' his true, real feelings.' 
 
NOTES 105 
 
 1. 21. obstructio, 'barrier,' 'screen,' i.e. dis simula tio in 
 reference to voltus : obducta ' drawn in front of,' * interposed.' 
 
 1. 22. curiosis, inquisitive.' 
 
 CHAPTEE X 
 
 1. 23. desidiam, 'deficiency of energy,' inertiam, 'in- 
 capacity to do anything useful : ' the deses does not make use 
 of the power which he has, the iners has none. 
 
 1. 24. Inclusas, 'confined,' i.e. secret, paulo propius] in 
 
 aedes ipsius. man. 
 
 1. 25. sermo hominis] above 1. 16, see cr. n. 
 
 ansas quibus tenere possemus, 'handles to enable us to 
 apprehend his inmost sentiments.' Ansa in the metaph. sense 
 of 'occasion,' 'opportunity' ( = Gr. \a(3rj), is rare in class. Latin. 
 Cicero uses it in or. p. Plane. 84 si locus habet reprehensionis 
 ansam aliquam, or. p. Caecin. 17 ansam retinere omnium 
 controversiarum, de am. 59 quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas 
 ad reprehendendum, where the metaphor is qualified by tam- 
 quam. Tenere is used as appropriate to ansas. 
 
 23, 1. 27. nescio quos] spoken contemptuously, and 
 perhaps also to avoid the appearance of learning. neque 
 eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere] * without however being 
 able to tell their names.' Hence in the speech in Pison. 37 he 
 addresses him as Epicure noster, ex haraproducte, non ex schola. 
 Piso had for a companion (or. in Pis. 68 est quidam Graecus 
 qui cum isto vivit) the Epicurean Philodemus. 
 
 1. 30. auctores] i.e. doctores, 'teachers,' 'professors,' 
 the founders and representatives of the doctrine that pleasure 
 (voluptas, rjdovrj) is the summum bonum. The Cyrenaics and 
 Epicureans are meant. 
 
 cuius] sc. voluptatis; for with Epicurus mere sensual 
 pleasure did not pass for the summum bonum, but that com- 
 fortable calmness of soul, in which free from sorrow and fear 
 and all exciting emotions (drapa^ia) he lived in unmolested 
 enjoyment. So he says in a letter preserved by Diogenes 
 Laertius x 131: orau ovv Xtycofxev rjdovrjv t\os (i.e. summum 
 bonum) virapxeiv, ov ras tqv do-coroov rjSovcis Kal tcls kv diroKavcu 
 tceifxevas \kyofiev, dWct, to fjLrjre aXyeiv Kara acafxa jx-qre rapar- 
 recrdai Kara ipvxfy* 
 
 quo tempore] sc. percipiendae. A passage in the speech 
 against Piso 68 furnishes a comment on this ; see also or. 
 p. red. in sen. 14. Beid suggests cuius de tempore et modo. 
 
106 PRO P. SESTIO 2324 
 
 L 31. verbum ipsum] sc. voluptatis. 
 
 1. 32. omnibus animi et corporis partibus] The substan- 
 tive with which omnibus agrees is not found in the best mss. 
 The most probable supplement is virions or partibus. Cf. or. 
 p. red. in sen. 14 eos qui disputent...in omni parte corporis 
 semper oportere aliquod gaudium delectationemque versari } ep. 
 ad Att. in 7, 3 ad te plura scriberem, nisi mihi dolor mens cum 
 omnis partis mentis... ademis set. The allusion is illustrated by 
 a passage in the speech against Piso 69 : itaque admissarius 
 iste, simul atque audivit voluptatem a philosopho tanto opere 
 laudari, sic suos sensus voluptarios omnis incitavit...ut non 
 magistrum virtutis, sed auctorem libidinis a se ilium inventum 
 arbitraretur. 
 
 devorarat, 'had devoured,' i.e. accepted with eagerness 
 and greedily, ep. ad Att. vn 3, 2 illos libros devorasti, 1 16, 10 
 Begis hereditatem spe devorarat, Plaut. Asin. in 3, 59 mea 
 dicta devorate, Poen. v 2, 9 quam orationem hanc aures dulces 
 devorant I Cf. Shakesp. Oth. i 3, 150 and with a greedy 
 ear devour up my discourse. 
 
 P. 11, 1. 1.- sua causa facere, ' act in their own interest,' 
 selfishly, in opposition to rei publicae consulere ( 1), since 
 Epicurus, in pursuance of his motto ' Xdde (3iuaas, J taught that 
 it behoves the wise man not iroXtreveadaL rem publicam 
 capessere 'to meddle with politics,' nor rvpavveveiv (Diog. 
 Laert. 10, 119). What to him a life diroXirVTos = otiosa was, 
 would by many be misrepresented as a life plena voluptatum. 
 Cp. ep. ad fam. (Trebat.) vn 12, indicavit mihi Pansa mens 
 Epicureum te esse factum. Sed quonam modo ius civile defendes, 
 cum omnia tua causa facias, non civium; ib. 2 quis bonus 
 est qui facit nihil nisi sua causa? Quid fiat porro populo 
 Ulubrano, si tu statueris ToXireveadcu non oportere? ; de fin. i, ii. 
 
 1. 2. bene sanum] Horat. Sat. i 3, 61 pro bene sano 
 ac non incauto Jictum astutumque vocamus, ib. 9, 44 mentis 
 bene sanae. 
 
 1. 4. plena et conferta voluptatibus] i. e. { when crammed 
 full of delights,' Tusc. in 44 confertus voluptatibus, de 
 fin. ii 64 vita conferta voluptatum omnium varietate. 
 
 eos autem cet.] as the Stoics, Academics and Peripa- 
 tetics, who wished their pupils to be irpaKTLKoi. Cic. de fin. 
 in 68: cum ad tuendos conservandosque homines hominem 
 natum esse videamus, consentaneum est huic naturae, ut sapiens 
 velit gerere et administrare rempublicam, Hor. Epist. I 1, 16 
 with Orelli's note. 
 
 1. 5, dignitati] a fitting position in public life. 
 
NOTES 107 
 
 L 6. rationem ducendam] i.q.habendam, 'that we must 
 take account of,' 'pay regard to:' cf. ep. ad fam. vn 3, 1 
 malim ... quam salutis meae rationem due ere, or. p. Sext. 
 Bosc. Am. 128 non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit, 
 or. in Verr. n 129 qui non tarn caeli quam caelati argenti 
 rationem duceret t ib. in 126 debere eum aiebatsuam quoque 
 rationem ducere. 
 
 1. 7. adeunda] = subeunda, below 62, Tusc. n 58 ilia 
 pericula adeuntur in proeliis, de fin. n 56 adeunda sunt 
 saepe pericula decor is honestatisque causa, vulnera excipienda] 
 Tusc. v 79 ita propugnant ut vulnera excipiant, Quintil. 
 vi 3, 75 ostendenti vulnus ore exceptum. Similarly we find 
 plagas and metaph. impetum t vim, pericula, invidiam ex- 
 cipere. 
 
 1.8. vaticinari, 'to rave,' 'dote,' 'talk idly and quix- 
 otically,' like an enthusiast, ep. ad fam. n 16, 6 sed ego fortasse 
 vaticinor et haec omnia meliores habebunt exitus. We find 
 hariolari used in a similar sense by Plautus and Terence. On 
 the combination of vaticinari and insanire see n. to 17, 
 1.15. 
 
 24, 1. 12. sermonis] we should have expected some 
 word, as Halm suggests, like sordium, caeni ( = sordidae vitae) 
 or disciplinae as suggested by Koch, who reads nidoris. 
 
 1. 13. ab illis nugis, 'those triflers:' ep. ad Att. vi 3, 5 
 amicos habet meras nugas. 
 
 1. 14. quidem certe] see n. to 15 1. 27. sed ita est] 
 
 115 sit hoc sane leve : quod non ita est, de orat. in 35 quod 
 non est ita. Observe that ut is correlative to sic 1. 18. 
 
 1. 15. imbecillo ac detail, ' infirm and disabled.' 
 
 1. 17. sin] does not stand in opposition to dederis, but to 
 the conditional sentence implied in ipse = si nullis nisi suis 
 ipsius viribus utatur, 'of himself, by his own effort he 
 could not harm anybody, but if he approached an unarmed 
 man, he might inflict a wound by the mere sharpness of the 
 weapon.' 
 
 1. 20. qui per se pungere neminem u. potuissent, who 
 of themselves would never have had the power to inflict a 
 scratch on the skin of a single individual.' Contrucidarunt 
 =a Ka.riKQ.vov ' cut to pieces : ' cf. 79. Observe the chiasmus 
 pungere neminem remp. contrucidarunt. 
 
 1.23. tribuno pi.] P. Clodius. provincias] see 55, 
 
 71, 93 and Introd. 18, and cf. or. p. red. ad Quir. 13 cum 
 
108 PRO P: SESTIO 2426 
 
 duo consules, empti pactione provinciarum, auctores se 
 inimicis reip* tradidissent. 
 
 1. 24. exercitum et pecuniam] for their proconsular govern- 
 ment ; see or. in Pis. 37 habebas exercitum tantum, quantum 
 tibi non senatus aut populus Rom. dederat, sed quantum tua 
 libido conscripserat : aerarium exhauseras etc, 
 
 1. 25. ea lege si, 'on condition that.' 
 
 1. 26. constrictam] ' bound hand and foot,' so that it 
 could not stir. 
 
 1.27. [ictum cannot be taken with Halm hypothetically 
 for si ictum esset, as the conclusion of the league was 
 not hypothetical. F. "W. Schmidt Neue I. 1875 p. 490 pro- 
 poses actutum. I think ictum spurious, j. s. r.] Tr. when 
 struck.' 
 
 meo sanguine sanciri posse, ' might be ratified by the shed- 
 ding of my blood,' in lieu of sacrificing some animal. Cf. or. in 
 Pis. 28 tu scilicet homo religiosus et sanctus foedus, quod meo 
 sanguine in pactione provinciarumiceras (sanxeras ?),frangere 
 noluisti, or. post red. ad Quir. 13, cum omnia cum omnibus 
 foedera reconciliations gratiarum sanguine meo sancirentur, 
 Liv. xxin 8, 11 iam ego sanguine Hannibalis sanciamRoma- 
 num foedus, xxv 16, 6 nisi imperatoris capite ac sanguine 
 foedus cum hostibus sanxisset. 
 
 25, 1. 30. rogationes] 53, Introd. 17. 
 
 1. 31. de provinciis consilium nominatim] or. de dom. 24 
 provincias consularis . . . extra ordinem, sine sorte nominatim 
 dedisti non consulibus sed rei publicae pestibus. The word re- 
 fers only to de provinciis consulum, for the first bill of Clodius 
 did not mention Cicero byname, but was directed against all 
 who had put Roman citizens to death without a trial. 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 1. 32. hie turn, thereupon,' in these circumstances,' 
 Hand Turs. in p. 79, Lewis- Short, Diet. p. 853 b ii. vos, 
 equites Romani] Cic. addresses those of the indices who were 
 of equestrian rank as in 26. In 145 he appeals to those 
 of them who were senators. 
 
 P. 12, 1. 2. summae rei publicae... auxilium, aid to the 
 
 state in its most vital interests,' ' in its supreme danger.' See 
 my n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 25. Cf. or. in Cat. in 13 consului 
 de summa re publica quid fieri placeret, or. p. Rose. Am. 
 
NOTES 109 
 
 148 sum ma res public a in huius periculo temptatur t Verg. 
 Aen. ii 322 quo res summa loco ? 
 
 1. 3. asummo imperio] sc. consulari. 
 
 1. 4. cum essent, * although or whereas they were.' 
 
 1. 5. duo rei p. turbines] or. de dom. sua 137 iu, procella 
 patriae, turbo ac tempestas pads atque otii. 
 
 1. 6. praecipitanti] intrans. = ruenti, or. p. Sull. 1 
 praecipitante re p., 87 reip. praecipitanti subveni. 
 
 1. 7. concidere] see n. to 79. 
 
 1. 8. bonorum, patriots,' 'conservatives.' See above 1 
 1.6. 
 
 1. 9. ut meam causam susciperent] 41 1. 2. Crassus a 
 consulibus meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat, or. in 
 Pis. 77 ut causam publicani susciperetis, ut ad senatum refer- 
 retis. 
 
 1. 10. agerent aliquid cet.] 'should not be passive, in short 
 should submit some definite measure to the senate,' that they 
 might have an opportunity of giving expression to their sen- 
 timents on the subject of Clodius' actions. Cf. or. in Pis. 29 
 ecquis audivit non modo actionem aliquam aut relationem, 
 sed vocem omnino aut querellam tuam. 
 
 1. 11. non modo negando sed etiam inridendo inseque- 
 bantur, 'set them down, snubbed them not only with a liat 
 refusal, but with raillery.' Cf. ep. ad Att. xiv 14, 5 homines 
 benevolos grave est insequi contumelia, or. p. Cluent. 24 
 clamore hominem ac minis ins e qui , or. p. Sull. 81 vitae eius 
 turpitudinem non insequebantur. Koch's suggestion asper- 
 nabantur ( 30) or ludijicabantur is superfluous. 
 
 1. 13. in Capitolium cet.] see or. p. Plane. 87, Introd. 
 13. 
 
 26, 1. . 14. [tota urbe cunctaque Italia : Cic. seems to 
 affect cunctus with names of countries, or. p. Arch. 4 cuncta 
 Graecia, Brut. 32. j. s. e.] vestem mutandam] 27 1. 7. 
 
 1. 15. omni ratione] i.e. eventually even with armed 
 resistance. privato consilio] 'by some measure inde- 
 
 pendently of the executive.' 
 
 1. 16. quoniam car er et] = quoniam car ere videbant, 
 Madv. Gr. 357 a, Kenn. Gr. 209. 
 
 [1. 17. senatus, ' a meeting of the senate,' as in the phrase 
 senatum dare alicui. j. s. b.] 
 
110 PBO P. SESTIO 2627 
 
 1. 18. In aede Concordiae] in the cella of which on the 
 5th of Dec. b.c. 63 the Senate pronounced its decree for the 
 execution of the Conspirators: or. Phil, n 19 cum in hac 
 cella Concordiae, in qua me consule salutares sententiae 
 dictae sunt, quibus ad hanc diem viximus, cum gladiis homines 
 collocati stent. repraesentabat] 'realised' or 'revived.' 
 
 1. 19. universus ordo] sc. equitum, as represented by 
 their deputies. Cf. Dion Cass. 38, 16 ot re iirireis trweX- 
 66vt$ is to KaTTirdbXiov Tpia^eLS virtp avrov irpos re rovs 
 
 VTTCLTOVS Kai TV t V yepQVGiaV.. . IT 6 }X \}/ a V, KoX 6 NlwiOS TO. T ClMd 
 
 clvt awfjpeTO, Kai rr\v iadrJTa ry irXrjdeL, ws icai eiri tlvi KOLvy 
 (Tviicpopq., fJLTa(3a\\eiv iraprjveae' koX voWol tovto Kai t&v fiovXev- 
 t&V Kai ov irpbrepbv ye pLere^aXXovro, irplv toi)s v7rdrovs aiplcn dtcL 
 Trpoypacpyjs iTriTifjLrjcrai. flens] ' with tears,' rhetorically for 
 ' in pathetic tones. ' 
 
 1. 20. cincinnatum] i.e. Gabinius; cf. 18 calamistrata 
 coma. nam alter ille] 'for as to that other consul' (Piso). 
 On this elliptical use of nam, cf. 95 1. 31, 129 1. 6 and see 
 n. on de off. n 47, or. p. Plane. 21 1. 13. 
 
 1. 21. horridus] 21 1. 11. consulto se domi continebat, 
 'stayed at home on purpose,' according to Dion Cassius 38, 16 
 because he was unwell, cf. or. in Pis. 13, Intr. 15. 
 
 1. 22. caenum illud ac labes] 20 1. 19. 
 
 1. 25. patrimonii] sc. helluonem. quod ille totum] 
 see n. to 11 1. 22. 
 
 quamvis quaestum faceret, 'notwithstanding his filthy 
 trade,' 18 1. 28, or. post red. in sen. 11 qui cum suam rem 
 non minus strenue quam postea publicam confecisset, egestatem et 
 luxuriem domestico lenocinio sustentavit. Cf. Aesch. c. 
 Timarch. 94 airodavfxdfav ovv TrepUpxeraL Kai Teparevofiepos 
 Kara ttjp ayopav el 6 avrbs weirdpvevTai re Kai ra irarpQa 
 Karedrjd oKev. 
 
 1. 26. venistis ad senatum] see cr. n. Ad senatum, not in 
 senatum, because the deputation were not allowed to enter, 
 Introd. 14. 
 
 1. 29. latrone] 1 1. 14. 
 
 1. 30. L. Ninnius] 68 1. 23, or. p. red. in sen. 3 qui non 
 multo post dicessum meum me universi revocavistis, referente L. 
 Ninnio, fortissimo atque optimo viro ; quern habuit ille pestifer 
 annus et maxime Jidelem et minime timidum, si dimicare placu- 
 isset, defensorem salutis meae, ep. ad Att. in 23. 
 
NOTES 111 
 
 1. 31. de re publica rettulit, * brought before the senate 
 for discussion the state of public affairs in general,' which was so 
 serious as to appear to require a vestis mutatio. As the consul 
 had refused the relatio, the tribune of the plebs exercised his 
 right of proposing the subject for debate, a right which he 
 possessed together with that of holding the senate (vocatio 
 senatus). 
 
 1. 32. vestem mutandam censuit] or. p. Plane. 29 1. 22, 
 87 1. 18. When the senate, as a mark of sorrow, passed a 
 resolution to change their dress, this consisted in the magis- 
 trates laying aside their official garb, the toga praetexta, the 
 rest of the senators changing the latus clavus or broad vertical 
 stripe of purple in front of their tunic for the angustus ; while 
 the Equites discontinued wearing their tunica angusticlavia 
 and gold ring and the rest of the citizens probably wore the 
 toga pulla. [The Senate not unfrequently passed these resolu- 
 tions when public affairs seemed serious, Liv. Epit. cv cum 
 Gaii Catonis tribuni plebis intercessionibus comitia tollerentur, 
 senatus vestem mutavit. j. s. R.] 
 
 CHAPTEE XII 
 
 P. 13. 27, 1. 1. funestum] because the senate as well as 
 himself had suffered a fatal blow ; 53 Mo ipso die, qui mi hi 
 funestusfuit, bo?iis omnibus luctuosus. 
 
 1. 2. ad domesticum maerorem gravem, 'with regard 
 to' is expressed with adjectives by ad, when mention is 
 made of something external to the subject, in reference to 
 which the judgment is expressed, Madvig Gr. 253 obs., Kenn. 
 Gr. p. 294, Eoby Gr. n 1209, Zumpt 206, n. to Cic. de off. 
 ii 50 1. 25, and add to the examples there quoted Cic. de orat. 
 i 113 ad memoriam Jirmi atque diuturni, or. in Cat. in 19 
 insignis ad deformitatem puer, de nat. deor. n 62 ad rationem 
 sollertiamque praestantior, or. in Verr. n 58 ad speciem 
 magnifico ornatu, ad sensum cogitationemque acerbo, de leg. ii 
 13, 33 multa ad veritatem admirabilia, in 8, 19 insignis ad 
 deformitatem. 
 
 1. 4. ex omni memoria sumere, ' to choose from all 
 history:' sumere = elig ex e, as in Verr. in 104 unum annum 
 eligam...sumam annum tertium, or. p. Eosc. Am. 47 verum 
 homines notos sumere odiosum est, 
 
 1. 5. pro uno cive] [a> rod irpdy/uiaTos] quidem videtur ' 
 illorum temporum memoriam recensere ; sed plurimum ad 
 praesentem defensionem P. Sestii valet ; quippe si omnes 
 ordines statim post expulsum Ciceronem de eius reditu labora- 
 
112 PBO P. SESTIO 2729 
 
 runt, non tantum excusatione sed laude dignus videbitur 
 Sestius, qui praesidiis, quibuscumque posset, enisus sit ut 
 P. Clodii conspiratio vinceretur. schol. 
 
 1. 7. quae quidem] the quidem serves to give greater promi- 
 nence to the relative : ' yet this change of raiment.' 
 
 non deprecationis causa] [When the senate resolved 
 vestem mutandam pro ('in defence of) mea salute, it was trying 
 to secure Cic. by its authority and not by deprecatio ; only the 
 Equites were deprecatores salutis suae. j. s. u.] 
 
 1. 9. quern deprecarere, 'with whom should one intercede ?' 
 i.e. when all were intercessors except the improbi who would 
 alone be without mourning. On this use of the conjunctive see 
 Kenn. Gr. p. 339 n e. omnes] 32 L 15. sordidati] 
 shabbily dressed,' 11. 12, 14 i 1. 24. 
 
 1. 10. signi] gen. after the quantitative adverb satis, Kenn. 
 p. 419. esse improbum] indef. subject. qui mutata veste 
 non esset] the non-change of raiment, a closer definition of 
 hoc, the subject of satis esset signi. So in Greek 6s av is used 
 for idv ns, above 1 1. 1. For the abl. see Eoby Gr. n 1232, 
 Madv. Gr. 272, 287 obs. 2. 
 
 1. 12. [omitto quid, an ellipse of dicere not uncommon after 
 omitto; cf. or. p. Balb. 43 omitto quantis ornamentis popu* 
 lum affecerit. j. s. b.] rerum divinarum...praedo] see 56. 
 
 1. 13. adesse iusserit =arcessiverit 'summoned,' see Intr. 
 14 
 
 1. 15. deprecatores salutis meae, 'intercessors for my 
 safety;' cf. or. p. Plane. 102 1. 24 deprecatorem fortunarum 
 tuarum. Elsewhere deprecator takes the genitive not as here of 
 the thing which it is sought to secure but of that which it 
 is desired to avert by praying, as in or. p. Elacco 1 miseriarum 
 deprecatorem. On the meaning of deprecor see my n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 102 1. 30. operarum] 38 1. 1. 
 
 1. 16. obiecerit] Intr. note 21. 
 
 28, 1. 19. quam si incidisset] i.e. quam fuisset, si inci- 
 disset, a common form of ellipsis : cf. Liv. xxi 2, 6 hand alio 
 quam si evasisset vultu, xxn 22 18 acta per eundem ordinem, 
 quo si Garthaginiensium nomine sic ageretur t sc. quo actaforent 
 si, xxiv 8, 18 suadeo eodem animo, quo si stantibus vobis in aciem 
 armatis repente deligendi duo imperatores essent, hodie quoque 
 consules creetis. ante] 18 1. 28. creditorum conventum] 
 'meeting of creditors.' Eor another meeting of conventus see 
 9 1. 1. 
 
NOTES 113 
 
 28,1.21. victor] = si victor fuisset : see above 16 1. 10, 
 24 1. 27. 
 
 1. 22. homines, ' men in general,' the public,' 71 1. 13, 
 105 1. 2. aHquid )( nihil, 10 1. 9, see n. to or. p. Plane. 
 20 1. 4. 
 
 1. 24. illius diei] the 5th of December b.c. 63 (or. p. Flacco 
 102), when the Equites occupied the ascent to the Capitol (clivus 
 Capitolinus) to protect the senators who were holding a meeting 
 in the temple of Concord for the condemnation of the Catilina- 
 rians, Cic. or. Phil, n 16 1. 23 ed. Mayor, post red. in s. 
 12, 32, Sallust Cat. c. 49 4, ep. ad Att. n 1 7 whence we 
 learn that Atticus was active among the foremost. [There is a 
 curious comment on this passage in Aulus Gellius N. A. 9, 14, 
 6 in which he says that Caesellius asserts that Cic. wrote dies 
 here for diei. j. s. e.] Mr^lReid thinks that qui me (quine 
 ms P) is right, the clause qui fuissent being causal. 
 
 1. 25. cum gladiis fuissent] 82 1. 32. 
 
 1. 27. omni supplicio, 'every kind of,' 'every possible 
 punishment.' Cf. below 94 quibus omne supplicium atque 
 omnis iure optimo poena debetur, 127 1. 5. 
 
 1. 28. ipsa, ' alone.' 
 
 29, L 30. L. Lamiam] Cic. ep. ad fam, xi 16, 2 L. 
 Lamia praeturam petit : hoc ego utor uno omnium plurimum... 
 nihil mihi eius est familiaritate iucundius. Magno praeterea 
 beneficio eius magnoque merito sum obligatus ; nam Clodianis 
 temporibus, cum equestris ordinis princeps esset proque mea 
 salute acerrime propugnaret, a Gabinio consule relegatus est, quoa 
 ante id tempus civi Romano Romae contigit nemini. 
 
 P. 14, 1. 1. relegavit] Festus p. 278 MUller: relegati 
 dicuntur proprie, quibus ignominiae autpoenae causa necesse est 
 ab urbe Roma aliove quo loco abesse lege senatuisve consulto au\ 
 edicto magistratuis (i.e. under the empire, for during the 
 Eepublic the magistrates had no right whatever to banish 
 citizens by edict, j. s. b.], ut etiam Aelius Gallus iudicat. 
 Eelegatio therefore was a milder punishment than exsilium, 
 because the offender was sent only a certain distance from Eome 
 and usually for a limited time, without incurring capitis 
 deminutio. Hence Ovid Trist. n 137 says relegatus, non exsul 
 dicor in illo (edicto), v 11, 21 ipse relegati, non exsulis, utitur 
 in me Nomine. 
 
 1. 2. quod esset ausus, 'ascribing as the cause, that he 
 dared,' Madv. Gr. 357 a, Eoby Gr. n 1744. 
 
 1. 3. civi] See above 11 1. 32, n. to or. p. Plane. 51 1. 32. 
 
 H. 8 
 
114 PRO P. SESTIO 2931 
 
 CHAPTEK Xin 
 
 1. 5. quid hoc nomine facias, ' what is one to do with such 
 a fellow as this?' pure subjunctive of the modified question, 
 Madvig Gr. 353, Roby Gr. 1610, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, cf. 27 
 1. 9. The dative also is used in this sense after facio and^o, 
 Madv. Gr. 241 obs. 5, 267 obs. [The ablative is a sort of 
 instrumental abl.; the dative a sort of dat. commodi. 
 j. s. R.j 
 
 1. 6. quo] = a d q u i d. importunum, ' abominable, as in 
 38, 42. For the history and meaning of the word see Reid on 
 or. p. Sull. 66 1. 19. aut quo potius] Verr. in 173: 
 quae est ergo ista ratio aut quae potius amentia frumentum 
 improbare id etc.? 
 
 1. 7. ut omittam] not a final parenthetical clause ( 32 
 1. 23, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, n. on or. p. Plane. 25 1. 26), but a 
 limitative clause, 'under such circumstances that, supposing 
 that, I do not speak of his other qualities,' cf. 1 1. 8. 
 
 1. 8. immani impuroque] cf. de re p. i 9 cum impuris 
 atque immanibus adversariis decertantem. 
 
 1. 9. expulerit, relegarit] When an enumeration consists 
 only of two members, Cic, except in certain special cases, never 
 omits the copula ; when there are three or more members, he 
 either puts et before each member after the first or leaves it out 
 altogether. See Madvig on de fin. iv 56 and opusc. i p. 333 sq., 
 Reid on de amic. 12 1. 7. Hence some editors bracket 
 relegarit. 
 
 1. 12. cum bonis omnibus, 'with all loyal citizens,' see 
 above 1 1. 6. 
 
 1. 14. sed ut edicto eiecerit] the ut is an emphatic repetition 
 of the ut before expulerit, but that by his edict, I say, etc' 
 
 30, 1. 15. socii et Latini] a standing formula for the 
 designation of the Italian people dwelling out of Rome who 
 were under the protection of and allied with Rome, de am. 12. 
 [It is a common error to suppose that Latini cannot be described 
 under the term socii. J. s. .] 
 
 1. 16. perraro] the last time it happened was when Gaius 
 Gracchus had proposed to bestow the franchise on them. The 
 senate then carried a resolution, on the motion of the consul 
 Fannius b.c. 122, permitting the ejection from the city of all 
 non-burgesses before the day for the decisive vote. Plutarch 0. 
 Gracch. c. 12, Appian b. c. i 23, Mommsen's Hist. Rome in p. 
 
NOTES 115 
 
 130 ed. ma. [There was also a lex of Gaius Papius (b.c. 65?) 
 containing the same provisions respecting all who were not 
 domiciled in Italy, j. s. k. ] 
 
 1. 17. atque] advers. 'and yet.' erat, 'was open, free.' 
 
 1. 21. exterminabit] = exterminare ei licebit, a rhe- 
 torical future in a question, which is proposed to the judg- 
 ment for forming a conclusion : the present subjunctive is used 
 similarly, as audeas 32 1. 27. Cf. Hor. Ep. I 7, 63 neget Me 
 mini ? suis] Kenn. Gr. p. 489. 
 
 1. 22. deliget damnabit] a rhetorical asyndeton for 
 deligat ut damnet. 
 
 1. 23. nominatim] cf. 65, or. p. dom. 43 acerbitas Sullani 
 temporis quid habet, quod maxim* sit insigne ad memoriam 
 crudelitatis, opinor, poenam in civ is Romanos nominatim 
 sine iudicio constitutam, propria, ' personal/ 
 
 1. 24. eos qui nunc estis, ' the men you now are,' in the 
 absolute and uncontrolled exercise of your judicial office. si 
 denique, 'yes, if.' 
 
 1. 25. imaginem iudiciorum] for such an offence would 
 have been liable to a charge de maiestale. Cf. ep. ad fam. xi 
 1 in qua (rep.) nee senatus nee populus vim habet ullam nee leges 
 ullae sunt nee indicia, nee omnino simulacrum aliquod ac 
 vestigium civitatis. Imago and simulacrum are the most general 
 terms for any representation, whether in statuary or paint- 
 ing : imago (eUwv) being allied to the original, as to a pattern, 
 by a striking likeness of form : simulacrum (ddaAov) being 
 opposed to the original, as a real being, by a deceptive imitation 
 of its form ; the latter comprehends the whole figure, whereas 
 the former denotes the copying of the characteristic parts, viz. 
 the features. 
 
 1. 29. ius libertatemque pervertere] as he did by banish- 
 ing Lamia. 
 
 31, 1. 32. aut tarn alte repetita] aut for et because the 
 sentence is virtually negative. Cf. 100 1. 15. alte repetita] 
 ' going so far back.' Cf. or. p. Cluent. 58 incipit longo et alte 
 petito proemio respondere, de orat. in 91 quorum haec spectat 
 tarn longa et tarn alte repetita oratio, de leg. i 18 alte et a 
 capite repetis quod quaerimus, de rep. iv 4, 4 ita sunt alte 
 repetita fundamenta quaedam verecundiae. 
 
 P. 15, 1. 1. ad P. Sesti causam] See the scholiast's observa- 
 tion on 27 1. 5, and also Intr. 28. 
 
 1. 2. ante huius tribunatum] because Gabinius was consul 
 the year before the tribunate of Sestius. 
 
 82 
 
116 PRO P. SESTIO 3132 
 
 1. 3. hoc ostendere] the infinitive is epexegetic of hoc, 
 as in 82 1. 3. 
 
 1. 4. mentem, ' policy,' f aim,' ' purpose.' Cf . ep. ad fam. x 
 13, 6 quae mens eum a tanta gloria avocarit, xn 14, 4. 
 
 1. 6. mederetur] cf. 51 horum periculorum est in republica 
 retinenda medecina. 
 
 1. 7. ignoscitote] See Eeid on or. p. Balb. 17 1. 22. The 
 forms of the imperative in -to, -tote convey a somewhat stronger 
 and more formal command or entreaty than the ordinary 
 forms. The attempt to distinguish tenses in the imperative 
 forms is quite futile. plura= ' more than enough,' * too much.' 
 
 1. 10. non suo sed meo nomine] i.e. not because he is 
 chargeable with any offence personally, but because he has 
 been mixed up with my concerns. Cf. 64 me civem nallo 
 meo crimine sed patriae nomine laborantem, 146 1. 28. 
 
 1. 11. [omnem vim: would Cic. bring the idea of force 
 here into connexion with Sestius' action? For omne ul read 
 omne ius. j. s. k.] in mea salute consumpserit] so or. p. 
 
 Plane. 73 ut omne studium meum in Cn. Plancii honor e 
 consumerem. 
 
 1. 12. meam causam praeteriti temporis] cf. 15 1. 20 
 totum superioris anni rei publicae naufragium, or. p. Mur. 8 
 hominis amplissimi... causam tanti periculi. 
 
 CHAPTEK XIV 
 
 32, 1. 14. igitur] resumptive, see n. on or. p. Plane. 
 36 1. 12. erat in luctu] an example of the figure fxeptcrfios, 
 with which we may compare the famous one in or. p. Milone 
 20, where Cicero is describing (ironically) the general grief 
 at the death of Clodius. P. Clodii mortem aequo animo nemo 
 ferre potest: luget senatus, maeret equester ordo, tota civitas 
 confecta senio est; squalent municipia, adjiictantur coloniae; 
 agri denique ipsi tarn benejicum civem desiderant. 
 
 squalebat civitas, ' the whole state wore a garb of woe. ' 
 Civitas is here identified with the boni cives ( 27), who fol- 
 lowed the example of the senate (26). 
 
 1. 16. municipium, colonia, praefectura] the three kinds 
 of towns with the right of Boman citizenship since the passing 
 of the lex Iulia b. c. 98 ; the first was a town governed by its 
 own laws and magistrates, the second was a settlement in a 
 conquered country, who retained the rights and privileges of 
 
NOTES 117 
 
 Roman citizens, and whose government was an imitation on a 
 small scale of that at Rome, consisting of a senate (decuriones) 
 and officers (duumviri) representing consuls ; the third was an 
 Italian city governed by an officer (praefectus iuri dicundo) 
 from Rome, nominated annually by the praetor urbanus, and in 
 some cases elected at the comitia tributa under his presidency. 
 [Observe that Italiae goes with all three words, j. s. b.] 
 
 1.17. societas] sc. publicanorum. See n. to or. p. Plane. 
 24 1. 5. conlegium] ' club,' ' guild ;' see my Intr. to or. p. 
 Plane. 22. The genuineness of the words aut concilium is 
 doubted by some. 
 
 1. 18. consilium, 'deliberative body, 'an assembly for 
 consultation,' whereas concilium applies to any meeting or 
 gathering of people, for whatever purpose assembled. On ali- 
 quod see n. to 28 1. 22. 
 
 1. 19. decrevisset, 'had already passed the decree, when 
 etc.' 
 
 1. 20. duo consules] ' the two consuls,' 34 1. 32, or. p. 
 leg. Man. 62. or. in Vatin. 18, de domo s. 9, or. in Verr. 
 act. i 29. edicunt-ut-redirent] du Mesnil legg. i. p. 78 
 
 1. 22. ipsius decretis]= suis ipsius decretis, as in 1. 30 
 ad luctum ipsorum. See Madv. ad Cic. de fin. in 12 40 p. 
 411 ed. 2 : ' Cicero in infinita oratione ita demum ipse pro 
 reflexivo ponit, si in ipso homine vel re notanda et ab aliis 
 separanda momentum orationis est, velut pro Sest. 32.' 
 quis tyrannus cet.] Cf. or. in Pis. 18 quis hoc fecit ulla 
 in Scythia tyrannus, ut eos, quos luctu ajjicerety lugere non 
 sine ret ? 
 
 1. 23. parumne est quod, ' is it not enough that you have 
 so belied, are you not satisfied with having deceived, public ex- 
 pectation so greatly that etc' Cf. above 15 1. 2, Ter. Phorm. 
 in 3, 13 (545) parumne est, quod dmnibus nunc ndbis suscenset 
 senex, ni instigemus etiam ? On homines fefellisti cf. 21 1. 4. 
 
 ut omittam] final parenthetical clause, 29 1. 7, Kenn. 
 Gr. p. 458, n. on de off. in. 95. 
 
 1. 25. auctoritatem, 'expressed opinion,' the technical 
 expression. 
 
 1. 26. adfligeres, ' degraded, ' ' lowered,' 17 1. 19, Brut. 47 
 rem auger e posse laudando vituperandoque rursus adfligere. 
 
 1. 27. audeas, ' must you presume,' are you to risk with 
 impunity,' the conjunctive in a question of surprise or dis- 
 approbation, Madvig Gr. 353, Roby Gr. 1610, Kenn. Gr. p. 
 339 : cf. 30 1. 21, 78 1. 8. The use of the imperfect mae- 
 
118 PEO P. SESTIO 3233 
 
 rerent after audeas is to be explained by a construct ad sen- 
 sum, the implied meaning being edicere audeas quod edixisti 
 ne maererent ; we have in fact the same sequence of tenses, as 
 after an historical present, see above 9. Halm ed. 5 suggests 
 that ediceres may be the true reading for edicere audeas; 
 Muller inclines to audebas, the reading of two mss. 
 
 1. 28. ne nunc] a rhetorical asyndeton for neve, 30 1. 22, 
 
 1. 30. luctum ipsorum] = suum ipsorum luctum, see 
 above 1. 22. 
 
 ad deprecandum] n. on 27 1. 9. 
 
 1. 31. tarn crudelis qui prohiberet] consecutive subj. 
 with qui ; Kenn. Gr. p. 456. 
 
 1. 32. sibi maerere] i.q. pro se maerere, suam calami- 
 tatem maerere, 'to mourn for themselves, on their own 
 account.' Cf. Cic. ad Qu. fr. i 4, 1 sibi pertimuit, Plaut. 
 Trinum. 1.918 memini mi hi, Liv.xxi33, 5 sibi quoque tendente. 
 
 ceteris supplicare] not 'supplicate others,' but ' intercede 
 for, on behalf of, others' = pro ceteris supplicare; the dative 
 is probably used to balance sibi. 
 
 33, 1. 32. quid ?] sc. ais, censes ? * how ? ' a form of transi- 
 tion in rhetorical passages, followed immediately by the em- 
 phatic word of the clause, Zumpt Gr. 769 obs. 1. 
 
 P. 16, 1. 1. periculis] 2 1. 21. 
 
 1. 2. pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit] an apostrophe to 
 Piso in his absence, for he was at this time in his province 
 Macedonia. By the use of the future mutabit Cic. intimates 
 his expectation that Piso on his return may be liable to an 
 action de repetundis. Cf. Ovid ep. ex Ponto iv 3, 29 quid 
 fads, a demens ) cur, si fortuna recedit, \ naufragio lacrimas 
 eripis ipse tuo 1 
 
 1. 3. nullo SCto] abl. of attendant circumstances with adj. as 
 predicate, Zumpt Gr. 646, Madv. Gr. 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405, 
 Eoby Gr. 1242. The appointment of legati was in the gift 
 of the pro-consuls and pro-praetors, but required the confirma- 
 tion of the senate, Cic. charges Vatinius with constituting 
 himself a legatus without such sanction, or. in Vatin. 35 ne 
 hoc quidem senatui relinquebas, ut legati ex eius ordinis auctori- 
 tate legarentur ) 
 
 1. 4. legisti] I have adopted Mr Eeid's reading for the 
 vulgate legasti. Madvig and others have suspected legatos. 
 ergo] introduces the argumentatio ex contrario. On the 
 parataxis or co-ordination of contrasted clauses see n. to or. 
 p. Plane. 26 1. 5, 41 1. 32, 142 1. 20. 
 
NOTES 119 
 
 1. 5. desperati] qui ut recte agat aut sentiat, sperari non 
 potest. MAN. 
 
 1. 6. qui volent] 30 1. 22 de.liget quern volet, 
 
 1. 8. coniunctum cum, ' inseparable from, ' 8 1. 17. 
 
 1. 9. si appellandi sunt consules] Kenn. Gr. 220, viii 3) 
 p. 475. 
 
 1. 10. non modo ex memoria sed etiam ex fastis, I do 
 not say from the recollection of men, but even from the records.' 
 On the use of non modo sed etiam see n. to or. p. Plane. 
 78 1. 19, 81 1. 19. Cf. Or. in Pis. 30 hos consules non 
 dicam animi hominum, sed fasti ulli ferre possunt? or. de 
 prov. cons. 20 an vero M. ille Lepidus non solum me- 
 moriae testimonio, sed etiam annalium litteris et summi 
 poetae voce laudatus est? Mr Keid doubts whether certain 
 examples can be produced of auin immediately followed by a 
 negative. 
 
 1. 12. product!] The tribunes of the people had the 
 privilege alios in concionem producendi and of putting ques- 
 tions to those whom they introduced and extorting confessions 
 from them, a right which was used as a powerful means of 
 agitation. See Intr, 15 for the account given by Dion Cassius. 
 
 in circo Flaminio] the circus constructed in b.c. 220 
 by the censor Gaius Flaminius Nepos, who fell at the 
 battle of the Trasimene lake, the same who constructed the 
 great northern road, named after him via Flaminia. The 
 ludi Taurii and Apollinares were frequently held here, and here 
 also the people and senate sometimes met, when it was neces- 
 sary to convene them outside the walls. It was situated in the 
 district lying between the Southern part of the Via Lata or 
 the modern Corso and the Tiber (not in the modern Piazza 
 Navona). Burn Rome and the Campagna p. 313. Clodiua 
 chose it as the place of assembly in order that Caesar who had 
 then the imperium might be present. 
 
 L 13. maximo cum gemitu vestro, 4 to your very great 
 sorrow,' or. in Verr. n 1 c. 19 49 hunc ipsum dbstulit magno 
 cum gemitu civitatis, below 46 L 18. 
 
 1. 15 agebantur] there is a hiatus in the ms, to supply 
 which there have been many conjectures:; fiebant (Wesen- 
 berg), parabantur (Koch), ferebantur (Orelli), agebantur (Halm, 
 Miiller). 
 
120 PRO P. SESTIO 33 
 
 CHAPTEB XV 
 
 33,1. 17. sedentibUB, 'sitting still,' with an implication 
 of inactivity. Cf. Hor. Ep. I 17, 37 8 edit, qui timuit ne non 
 succederet, Vergil Georg. in 456 meliora deos sedet omnia 
 poscens. inspectantibus] Cic. or. in Pis. 9 Ms fundamentis 
 positis consulatus tui triduo post inspectante et tacente te 
 afatali portento reip. lex Aelia et Fufta eversa est. 
 
 1. 18. lata lex est] quattuor leges reip. perniciosas tulit 
 P. Clodius in tribunatu ; de annona, ut populo f rumen turn 
 gratis daretur; alteram, ut collegia restituerentur ; tertiam, 
 ut infirma censorum potestas esset; quartam hanc, de qua 
 hie Cicero loquitur; v. infr. c. 25, 26, or. in Pis. c. 5, Dion 
 Cass. 38 c. 13. man. Introd. 10. 
 
 ne auspicia cet.] the reference is to the lex Aelia et Fufia, 
 of the time and authors of which we have no exact informa- 
 tion, except that Cic. tells us that it was passed about 100 
 years before the consulship of Piso and Gabinius (a.u.c. 695 
 = b.c. 58). It is doubtful whether there was one law only 
 or two, the one being supplementary to the other. One of 
 the chief provisions of the lex Aelia was, that any of the 
 superior magistrates should have the right on the days when 
 the comitia were held to watch the heavens {servare de caelo), 
 and, if they saw lightning, to report this {obnuntiare) to the 
 presiding magistrate. The augurs had not this right of spectio 
 (or. Philipp. n 81) but only the magistratus, whose bare an- 
 nouncement to the presiding magistrate that they were engaged 
 in watching the heavens, se servaturos (or servasse) de caelo, 
 was enough to make the comitia impossible for the day. The 
 object and effect of these laws was to prevent rash and hasty 
 legislation, by empowering every magistrate to stay proceedings: 
 hence Cic. speaks of them as propugnacula murique tranquilli- 
 tatis et otii (or. inPison. 9), and asserts that (or. in Vat. 18) 
 frequently tribunicios furores debilitarunt et represserunt. 
 
 The clause ne quis legi intercederet does not point to any new 
 provision in the lex Aelia; it is only a rhetorical amplification 
 of the consequence of obnuntiatio, by which the higher magis- 
 tratus had obtained a means of repression similar to that which 
 the tribunes had in virtue of their intercessio. So that the two 
 clauses together = ne quis obnuntiando legi intercederet. 
 
 The fourth clause ttt omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret 
 refers to a provision of the lex Fufia (if indeed it differed from 
 the Aelia) which provided that the comitia should not be held 
 for legislation on all dies fasti. Clodius probably aimed at 
 putting the legislative comitia on the same footing in this 
 
NOTES 121 
 
 respect as the law courts. [Among the dies fasti non comi- 
 tiales the most important were the nundinae, which were 
 especially excluded because they were the days on which it 
 was easiest to collect a mob. Hence chiefly the demagogues' 
 anxiety on this point. J. s. b.] 
 
 1. 21. rem p. esse deletam] in the view of the optimate 
 party. Cf . or. in Vat. 23 qui primum earn rem p., quae aus- 
 piciis inventis constituta est, isdem auspiciis sublatis conarere 
 evertere : and 18 quoted in n. to 1. 18. 
 
 34. 1. 23. [servorum dilectus : it is worth noting that servi 
 were never excluded from the sacra whether publica or privata. 
 j. s. r.] pro tribunali Aurelio, ' in front of the Aurelian 
 
 tribunal.' Cf. or. in Pis. 11. The gradus Aurelii mentioned 
 in or. p. Clu. 93, or. p. Flacco 66, are supposed to have 
 been a flight of steps leading up to the raised dais of this 
 Tribunal, which was in the Forum near the Temple of 
 Castor. The whole structure is supposed to have been the 
 work of M. Aurelius Cotta, cos. b.c. 74. [Is there not an 
 allusion to the use of the phrase in the sense ' officially ' ? I 
 do not think this reference is barred by the addition of 
 Aurelio. J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 24. nomine collegiorum, ' as if his object were to form 
 street-clubs.' The collegia which were restored by P. Clodius 
 in b.c. 58, after they had been suppressed by the senate in b.c 
 68, were the compitalicia, such as the inhabitants of the same 
 compitum formed, connected with the worship of the lares 
 compitales. It was found that the action of such organised 
 bodies of men could be made very efficient for political 
 purposes, and threatened disturbances of social order. To 
 pave the way for their re-introduction, one of the tribunes in 
 b.c 61 endeavoured to celebrate the games connected with 
 the festival (ludi compitalicii) : but he was prevented by 
 Q. Metellus Celer the consul elect. But three years afterwards 
 Clodius succeeded in reviving them and three days subsequently 
 carried his bill de collegiis restituendis novisque instituendis . 
 Cicero was for some time under the delusion that he was a 
 gainer by this enactment, on the ground that he and his friends 
 might have their hired partisans as well as Clodius. See my 
 Introd. to or. p. Plancio (Pitt Press Series) pp. xxxiv, xxxv. 
 
 vicatim, 'by streets,' 'from street to street.' Cf. or. p. 
 dom. 54 cum in tribunali Aurelio conscribebas palam non 
 modo liberos sed etiam servos ex omnibus vicis concitatos. 
 
 1. 25. decuriarentur] lit. ' were divided into sections of 
 ten men each,' 'were organised in military fashion;' see n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 45 1. 14, Mommsen de coll. et sodal. p. 57, de 
 
122 PRO P. SESTIO 34-35 
 
 trib. roin. p. 11. Cf. or. de dom. s. 13 cum desperatis ducibus 
 decuriatos ac descriptos haberes exercitus perditorum. ad 
 vim ad manus, ad caedem ad direptionem] to be taken in pairs 
 after a fashion of which Cic. is fond. See above 11. 15, 
 Index Cic. de off. p. 423. 
 
 1. 26. isdem consulibus] Halm thinks that some participle 
 must be supplied such as tacentibus or quiescentibus or coniven- 
 tibus, corresponding to the two participles sedentibus and inspec- 
 tantibus, but perhaps Mr Keid is right in suggesting that it is 
 a dative of the persons interested, 'for these same consuls.' 
 
 1. 27. in templum Castoris] The templeof Castor and 
 Pollux was on the South-western side of the Forum Eomanum 
 between the Basilica Sempronia and the Temple of Vesta. It was 
 first begun by the Dictator Aulus Postumius in B.C. 494 after 
 the battle of the lake Kegillus in the Latin War, and dedicated 
 by his son in B.C. 484. It was restored (1) by L. Metellus 
 Dalmaticus in B.C. 119, (2) by Drusus and Tiberius in a.d. 6. 
 The Temple was often used for meetings of the Senate ; and 
 the flight of steps which led up to it afforded a convenient 
 place for the delivery of harangues {contiones) to the crowds in 
 the Forum. Bibulus, when he tried to oppose Caesar who 
 was speaking here, was thrown down the steps by the mob and 
 escaped with difficulty. On account of the height of its base- 
 ment it commanded the Forum and was frequently occupied by 
 troops or bodies of insurgents during the Gracchan and Clo- 
 dian riots. Clodius' mob tried to convert it into a fortress by 
 pulling down the steps, when the voting upon the leges Clodiae 
 took place. Cf. below 85, or. in Pis. 11 arma in templo 
 Castoris, o proditor templorum omnium, vidente te constitue- 
 bantur ab eo latrone, cui templum illudfuit te consule arx civium 
 perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum 
 forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum, ib. 23, 
 or. de dom. s. 54, p. red. in sen. 32 aditus templorum erant 
 non solum praesidiis et manu, verum etiam demolitione sublati, 
 Dion Cass, xxxvin 6. Burn Rome and the Campagna p. 100 
 102. See also note on 79 1. 20. 
 
 1. 29. contiones] Verrius Flaccius ap. Aul. Gell. N. A. 
 xviii 7, 5 contionem autem tria signijicare (1) locum sugges- 
 tumque unde verba fierent, item (2) coetum populi adsistentis, 
 item (3) orationem ipsam, quae ad populum diceretur. lapida- 
 tiones] or. in Pis. 23 cum...viri boni lapidibus e foro pelle- 
 rentur. 
 
 1. 30. nullus erat, ' was obliterated.' See Keid on Cic. de 
 sen. 74, de off. i 35 1. 20 n. reliqui magistratus] not 
 the gen. sing, but the nom. pi. with mftz=nihili 'of no use,' 
 as predicate. Cf. div. in Caec. 47 ipse nihil est, nihil 
 
NOTES 123 
 
 potest, ep. ad fam. vn 27, 2 in quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil 
 esse cognosceres, 33, 1 nihil sumus; cf. below 114. Reliqui 
 is in opposition to senatus. 
 
 1. 31. armis et latrociniis, * by his armed body of marau- 
 ders.' Cf. or. in Cat. i 31 si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus 
 tolletur, or. p. Eosc. Am. 61, or. in Pis. 26. 
 
 1. 32. non aliqua vi sua] cf. 16 nullis suis nervis. 
 duo consules] n. to 32 1. 20. 
 
 P. 17, 1. 1. provinciarum foedere] see Intr. to or. p. Plancio 
 p. ix and to the present Speech 17. 
 
 1. 2. Insultabat, 'behaved insolently;' Liv. ii 45, 10 
 quippe impune se insultaturos, vi 23 hostis, cuius animos 
 cunctando auximus, iam minime toleranda superbia insult at: 
 the following clause terrore ac metu multos tenebat corresponds 
 to and explains insultabat, dominabatur, 
 
 35, 1. 4. senatus duces nullos haberet] cf. 42 consules, 
 qui duces publlci consilii (i.e. senatus) esse dcberent. 
 
 1. 5. ac pro ducibus] On the adversative use of copula- 
 tives after a negative see n. to Cic. de off. i 22 1. 32, 32 
 1. 10, 100 1. 15. 
 
 1. 6. reus citaretur] 28 1. 23. Cf. or. in Mil. 50 tota 
 denique rea citaretur Etruria. 
 
 1. 7. Italiae auctoritas] See on 32 1. 25. alii nomi- 
 natim relegarentur] he means L. Lamia. On the rhetorical 
 plural cf. or. in Pis. 23 cum equites Bomani relegarentur, 
 below 78 magistratus templo deicias, 54 liberi ad necem 
 quaerebantur. 
 
 1. 9. non sed] for non dico sed. silentio dissimula- 
 rentur] the consuls might have kept silence and so made it 
 appear that they saw nothing to object to in these proceedings. 
 They did more, they showed their approbation of them et voce 
 et sententia, * both in their speeches and by their votes.' 
 
 1. 11. excisam] Halm reads exscissam from exscindo, 
 though most edd. have excisam from excido, cf. 95 1. 6. 
 Mr Eeid's assertion (de senect. p. 94) that 'to raze a city' is 
 urbem exscindere, not excidere, must surely be as controvertible 
 as his spelling of exscissus, viz. exscisus. What is to be said to 
 Virgil Aen. n 637 abnegat excisa vitam producer e Troia, xii 
 762 excisurum urbem minitans, Hor. Od. in 3, 67 ter pereat 
 (murus) meis | excisus Argivis? in all of which passages I find 
 no vv. II. In Cic. or. Phil, iv 14 the mss read Karthaginem 
 exciderunt; on the other hand in de off. i 76 in ex- 
 scindenda Numantia. 
 
124 PRO P. S EST 10 3537 
 
 1. 12. captam atque oppressam] below 52 1. 5, 112 
 1. 5, ep. ad Att. iv 6, 2 si taceo, existimor oppress us et 
 
 captus, Liv. ii 23, 2 fremebant se foris dimicantis domi 
 
 a civibus cap to s et oppressos esse, de imp. Cn. Pomp. 33 
 classis a praedonibus capta atque oppress a est, 
 
 1. 13. tamen his tantis malis] a repetition of quae cum 
 essent eius modi 1. 4, due to the length of the sentence. 
 tanto bonorum studio] ablative of attendant circumstances with 
 adjective as predicate, Boby Gr. n 1242, Kenn. Gr. p. 405, 
 p. 411, above 12 1. 3, 33 i. 2. 
 
 1. 14. restitissemus, sed me moverunt] i.q. nisi me mo- 
 vis sent. Cf. Liv. in 25 et forsitan ad ultimum impedissent : 
 sed novus subito additus terror est. So d\Xa is used for el 
 \xt) Horn. II. v 22 ovhh yap ovte K.ev avrbs vireKcpvye icfjpa fiphaivav, 
 ctXX' "HcpaicTTos Zpvro, Od. ix 79 Kai vv nev aJKrjBrjs Uo/JLrjv is 
 irarpida yaiav, ctXXd fie /cupf aTrioxre. 
 
 alii metus...aliae curae] see 39 sed me ilia moverunt etc. 
 
 3652. Digressio 
 
 Cicero here enters into a long explanation of his motives for 
 quitting the field to his enemies, and a justification of himself 
 against the charge of cowardice. 
 
 He had with him, he says, not only all the best but much 
 the greatest part of the city, determined to run all hazards and 
 expose their lives for his safety, and ivas more than a match for 
 all the strength of Glodius and the two consuls ; and so far he ivas 
 in abetter position than Q. Gaecilius Metellusivhen he volun- 
 tarily withdrew from the city rather than risk disturbances 
 ( 3539). 
 
 But it was the attitude of the triumvirate which alarmed 
 him : the boast of Clodius that he had their authority for all 
 that he did was not contradicted by any of them, and their 
 silence was virtually a confession of the truth of his assertions ; 
 the fact was, they feared the reversal of their acts of the preced- 
 ing year if they failed to secure the friendship of the powerful 
 tribune ( 3940). 
 
 The conduct of Pompeius was most discouraging to him,, who, 
 noticithstanding his professions of friendship and solemn assur- 
 ances only the year before, had now retired to his Alban villa 
 from pretended fright at the warnings which the partisans of 
 Clodius had whispered into his ear, that his life was threatened 
 by the machinations of Cicero and his friends ; Caesar was at 
 the gates of the city with an army, in which the brother of 
 Clodius held a command ( 41). 
 
NOTES 125 
 
 What was Cicero to do in such circumstances ? If he resolved 
 on extreme measures and opposed force to force, and one enemy 
 Clodius, like a second Catiline, whose scattered forces he had 
 reunited, was got rid of, there were many more behind to be 
 conquered and to avenge that enemy's death, so that neither 
 his victory nor his fall would have restored the peace of the 
 state ( 42 44). He yielded therefore to the necessity of the 
 times and determined to give way before his various enemies 
 rather than endanger the existence of the state by staying ( 45 
 47). Not that he was afraid of death, which indeed would have 
 been to him rather a boon, but his life was of some consequence to 
 the state, and to sacrifice it wantonly would have been a derelic- 
 tion of duty to his country ; for he could not fail to be recalled, 
 if he retired for a time, whereas his extinction would have been 
 as great a triumph to the enemies of order, as his restoration 
 was to the enemies of disorder, while it was an earnest of future 
 security, peace and glory to the commonwealth ( 48 52). 
 
 CHAPTEB XVI 
 
 36, 1. 16. exponam] here follows a long digression from 
 c. 16 to c. 23. 
 
 1. 17. facti et consilii] = et consilii quod in eo secutus 
 sum, only an apparent hysteron proteron. Cf. div. in Caec. 
 6 quis tandem esset, qui meum factum aut consilium posset 
 reprehendere ? neque deero] 'nor shall I fail to respond.' 
 
 1. 18. tanto studio] 35 1. 13 n. nee vero, * and cer- 
 
 tainly not,' i.e. ' much less.' Cf. Tusc. v 93 secundum genus 
 cupiditatum nee ad potiundum difficile esse censet nee vero ad 
 carendum. 
 
 1. 22. tarn parato] sc. ad agendum, so ready for anything 
 that my critical position required. Cf. Plane, ep. ad fam. x 8, 
 6 habeo provinciam paratissimam et summa contentione ad 
 officia certantem, or Phil, v 43 studio paratiore. 
 
 1. 23. despicatissimi] a stronger word than contemptus, to 
 which it bears the same relation as ' despised ' to despicable.' 
 The two are found together or. in Verr. in 98 also ne con- 
 temptissimi ac despicatissimi esse videamur. 
 
 1. 25. nullius animi fuisse] Kenn. Gr. p. 415 168 in a 4. 
 Translate : ' that I was spiritless, helpless. ' 
 
 37, 1. 27. in Q. Metello] sc. Numidico. Cicero frequently 
 parallels the circumstances attending his own discessus with 
 Metellus' voluntary retirement, in order to avoid causing dis- 
 
126 PRO P. SESTIO 3738 
 
 turbances at Borne. See below 101, or. p. Plane. 89 1. 17, 
 in Pis. 20, or. p. Balbo 11, ep. ad fam. i 9 16. When, as 
 tribune in B.C. 100, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, the 
 most notable leader of the popular party, carried his law 
 for the division of the lands in i>aul lately occupied by the 
 Cimbri {lex Appuleia agraria), there was a clause in it that within 
 five days after its passing every senator should on pain of 
 forfeiting his senatorial seat take an oath to faithfully observe 
 it. Metellus alone, at whom the clause was specially aimed, 
 refused compliance, preferring to go into voluntary exile. He 
 was restored however in b. c. 99 on the motion of the tribune 
 Q. Calidius. Cf. or. p. Plane. 89. [The penal clause was to 
 supply the lack of previous consent on the part of the Senate : 
 the lex Bantia seems to show that Appuleius had precedents 
 for his action, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 28. proprie, ' individually,' )( publice * authoritatively,' 
 1 in the name of the state ; ' 38 1. 11, 89 1. 13. 
 
 1. 30. quandam] serves to modify the statement that in 
 his conduct he was influenced by selfish motives rather than 
 pure patriotism. Cf. 82 1. 8. perspicuamj * manifest.' 
 
 1. 31. salutem] because the refusal of Metellus alone 
 could not be of any benefit to the state. respexerat] 
 
 See cr. n. in legem iurare] i.e. as explained by Appian 
 
 b. civ. I 29 iiro/uLoaat iraadi^eadai r vcfiip, iurare se legi 
 fariturum. [The resolution of the comitia tributa was of 
 course legally binding upon the Senate, whether it gave its 
 consent beforehand or not, though it was usual to ask the con- 
 sent. But this law was per vim lata and the Senate would, 
 Saturninus thought, cancel it unless forced to swear, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 32. per vim latam] 61 leges quas iniuste rogatas pu- 
 tarat, 101 legem quam non iure rogatam iudicarat. 
 
 ea condicione, ' at such a price, ' ' on such terms, ' as well as 
 in the sure expectation that, fuisse, ' to have shewn himself.' 
 
 P. 18, 1. 1. patriae caritate] for he turned his back on his 
 country as a voluntary exile. Cf. 53 1. 20, de off. in 100 
 1. 14, or. p. Plane. 69 1. 18 n. 
 
 1. 3. invicto, * invincible,' see above 1. 23, n. to or. p. 
 Plane. 12 1. 1. 
 
 1. 4. sextum iam ilium consulatum, * who was at that time 
 serving his sixth consulship.' Cf. Caesar b. G. v 25 tertium 
 iam nunc annum regnantem inimici eum inter fecerunt. 
 
 1. 7. si non moderate, at certe populariter, ' if not without 
 violence, yet at least in the interest of the people.' See n. to 
 
NOTES 127 
 
 14 1. 7, or. p. Plane. 29 1. 12. abstinenter] quod non 
 
 lucrum captarat aut aliorum bona invaserat, ut Clodius. 
 
 EBNESTI. 
 
 1. 9. victor, 'if conqueror,' 28 1. 22. 
 
 38, 1. 12. proprie] 37 1. 28. 
 
 1. 13. dux] we must understand in quibus gerendis from 
 quarum. 
 
 1. 17. praestare, 'to guarantee,' ' to take the responsibility 
 of.' Cf. below 43 1. 5, 61 1. 29 cuius invidiam capitis periculo 
 sibipraestandam videbat, de or. i 11 3 istam culpam, quam 
 vereris, ego praestabo, where see Prof. Wilkins' note, ep ad 
 Qu. fr. i, c. 4 12 horum non modo facta, sed etiam dicta 
 omnia, praestanda nobis sunt, or. in Cat. rv 24 habetis eum 
 consulem qui ..ea quae statueritis . . .defender e et per se ipsum 
 praestare possit. See Madvig Opusc. i p. 151. 
 
 CHAPTEK XVH 
 
 1. 19. operis] operae = operarii in the sense of hirelings,' 
 * hired abettors,' is not infrequent in Cic, or. Phil, i 12 ut 
 dicere auderet se publicis operis disturbaturum...domum, ib. 
 22 ut ipse ad operas mercennarias statim protrahatur, ep. ad 
 Att. iv 3, 3 facile operas aditu prohibuerunt, above 18 1. 1, 
 28 1. 30, Hor. Sat. n 7, 118 accedes opera agro nona Sabino, 
 
 1. 21. terrorem, * object of fear,' more frequently used in 
 the plural in this sense as in Cic. de rep. i 71 duobus huius 
 urbis terroribus depulsis, Veil. Paterc. n 4, 5 terrores reip, 
 (Carthago et Numantia). Cf. Justin in 1, 1 Xerxes, terror 
 antea gentium, 
 
 1. 22. duo importuna prodigia, quos] Cf. Cic. ep. ad fam. 
 9, 15 primum ilia furia muliebrium legionum, qui nonpluris 
 fecerat BonamDeam quam tres sorores, impunitatem est illorum 
 sententiis adsecutus, [or. Verr. n 79 monstrum aut prodigium 
 qui, Liv. x 1, 3 capita coniurationis caesi, Hor. Od. I 37, 21 
 fatale monstrum quae (Cleopatra). So in Greek /3/>^0os, ueipd- 
 klop and the like are often followed by masculine attributes. 
 Nor does German consistently treat Mddchen, Weib and the 
 like as neuters. J. s. b.] 
 
 egestas cet.] the first three clauses refer especially to Ga- 
 binius. 
 
 1.24. addixeratji.q. inservitutemtradiderat, 'had made 
 unwilling slaves.' Addico was the technical word used when 
 
128 PRO P. SESTIO 3839 
 
 the praetor * made over ' or awarded any property to a claimant. 
 Hence addictus was said of a debtor who had been given up as 
 servant or bondman to his creditor. Cf. Hor. Ep. i 1, 14 
 nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri, Cic. Tusc, n 2, 5 
 certis quibusdam...sententiis quasi addicti... sunt eaque neces- 
 sitate coacti ut etiam, quae non probare soleant, ea cogantur 
 constantiae causa defender e. 
 
 39, 1. 25. quaestore Ostiensi, 'when he held the pro- 
 vincia Ostiensis as quaestor.' The important colony of Ostia 
 at the mouth of the Tiber, founded by Ancus Marcius, was made 
 the station of a Roman fleet in b. c. 217 and was granted peculiar 
 exemptions on account of its importance to Eome, which it 
 furnished with its principal supplies of corn. It gave its name 
 to one of the four provinciae quaestoriae into which Italy was 
 divided. The other three were Calena or Callium (provin- 
 cia tacita etquietaor. p. Mur. 13, Tac. Ann. iv. 27); Gallica 
 (cf. Plutarch Sert. 4, Sueton. Claud. 24); aquaria or Baiana 
 (or. in Vatin. 12). The provincia Ostiensis was naturally 
 as Cic. tells us or. p. Mur. 18 negotiosa et molesta and there- 
 fore unpopular (cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam adclamari 
 solet). 
 
 1.26. per ignominiam] i. q. ignominiose: cf. per im- 
 prudentiam or. p. Plane. 31 1. 9, per ridiculum de off. i 134 
 1. 6 where also see my note. principem senatus] the sena- 
 tor whose name was placed first upon the roll of the 
 Censors bore this title, which was regarded as in the highest 
 degree honourable, but conferred no power of privilege. 
 
 1. 27. M. Scauram] Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, the 
 son of highly aristocratic but not wealthy parents, raised himself 
 to the consulship in B.C. 115 and censorship in b.c 109. He 
 was long the chief of the Senate and the political oracle of his 
 order, and immortalized his naune not only as an orator and 
 author, but also as the originator of some of the principal 
 public buildings and works, such as the via Aemilia, executed in 
 this century. In B.C. 112 he headed an embassy to Jugurtha 
 and afterwards took the post of a commander in the African 
 army sent against him under the consul Lucius Calpurnius 
 Bestia. The Numidian king obtained favourable terms of 
 peace by bribing the consul and his legatus, at which the 
 general indignation was so great that an extraordinary jury- 
 commission was appointed to investigate the high treason, of 
 which Scaurus himself, though a party in the guilfcy transac- 
 tion, was chosen one of the presidents. There are many lau- 
 datory notices of him in Cicero's works. When Lucius Appu- 
 leius Saturn inus was quaestor at Ostia, the charge of the 
 importation of corn which had fallen to him in the usual 
 
NOTES 129 
 
 way had been withdrawn from him by decree of the senate, not 
 so much perhaps on account of maladministration, as in order 
 to confer the office upon Scaurus, as one of the heads of the 
 government party, rather than upon an unknown young man 
 belonging to none of the ruling families. Mortification at this 
 drove the aspiring man into the ranks of the opposition, and 
 as tribune of the people in b.c. 103 he repaid what he had re- 
 ceived with interest. See Cic. de harusp. resp. 43 Satur- 
 ninum, quod in annonae caritate quaestorem a sua frumentaria 
 procuratione senatus amovit eique rei M. Scaurum praefecit, 
 tcimns dolore factum esse popularem. Mommsen Hist, of Rome 
 Bk iv cc. 5, 6, Vol. in p. 144 ft See j. s. n. in Add. p. 277. 
 
 1. 28. scieloat] in reference to per ignominiam. He knew 
 that his office was taken from him for no other reason than to 
 mortify him. dolorem suum...persequebatur] 'was carried 
 away by his indignation,' or ' sought revenge for his vexation.' 
 
 1. 29. scurrarum, not 'buffoons' but 'gallants,' 'rakes,' 
 'elegant debauchees,' as in de har. resp. 42 qui post patris 
 mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad scurrarum locuple- 
 tium libidines detulit, quorum intemperantia expleta in domes- 
 ticis est germanitatis stupris volutatus ; auct. ad Herenn. iv 
 14 ubi istum vidit scurram exhausto rubor e, qui se putaret 
 nihil habere, quod de existimatione perderet, ut omnia sine 
 famae detrimento facer e posset. [Plaut. Trin. 1. 202 urbani 
 adsidui cives quos scurras vocant. j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 30. sororls] the wife ofQ. Metellus Celer [or rather 
 of Lucullus, as evidence had been given concerning her in a 
 court of justice, j. s. e.] stuprorum sacerdote, instead of 
 sacerdote Bonae Deae (ep. ad Att. n 4, 2). Below 66 1. 2 and 
 again or. in Pis. 89 he calls him the popularis sacerdos. 
 
 1. 31. veneflco] qui Q. Seium Postumum veneno sustulit, ut 
 eius domum ab heredibus sibi compararet ; or. de domo s. 115 
 [de har. resp. 30]. abrami. testamentario] i. q. testamen- 
 torum subiectore, 'forger of wills,' as in de off. in 73 1. 6. 
 Cf. or. de har. resp. 42 inde cum Murena se in Galliam contulit, 
 in qua provincia mortuorum testamenta conscripsit, pupillos 
 necavit, nefarias cum multis scelerum pactiones societatesque 
 conflavit: unde ut rediit, quaestum ilium maxime fecundum 
 uberemque campestrem totum ad se ita redegit, ut homo popularis 
 fraudaret improbissime populum, idemque vir clemens divisores 
 omnium tribuum domi ipse suae crudelissima morte mactaret. 
 
 1. 32. facile factu] the same pleonasm of the supine occurs 
 in de off. I 71 1. 26, de nat. deor. m 1 difficile factu. 
 
 P. 19, 1. 1. optimi cives] such as L. Lucullus : see Plu- 
 tarch Luc. c. 31. 
 
 H. 9 
 
130 PRO P. SESTIO 3940 
 
 1. 2. non verebar, ' there was no need for me to be afraid.' 
 1. 6. ilia furia] 34 1. 13 ab ilia furia ac peste patriae. 
 
 1. 8. et nunc et (sc. antea) quoad licuit] h. e. et post resti- 
 tutionem et illo tempore, quoad licuit vel per Caesarem socerum 
 vel -peijictos terrores, quibus Vatinius et eius index Vettius eius 
 mentem a Cicerone averterant; cf. 41, 67, 133. orelli. 
 Cf. or. p. Plane. 85 1. 29. 
 
 1. 9. omnes necessitudines, * all possible friendly relations : 
 cf. or. p. Ligar. 21 haec novi ego propter omnes necessi- 
 tudines, quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuber one, or. p. Quinct. 48 
 quicum... omnes denique causae et necessitudines veteres 
 inter cedebant, ep. ad fam. xni 12, 1 quocum mihi omnes neces- 
 situdines sunt. So above 28 1. 27 omne supplicium, below 
 53 omnibus malis, 55 omnium remediorum, Caesar b. G. 
 v 6 omnibus precibus peter e, or. p. Plane. 26 1. 9. 
 
 1. 10. ilia peste] 34 1. 13. 
 
 1. 11. C. Caesar cet.] Haec omnia latentes querellae sunt de 
 Pompeio, Crasso et Caesare, quos non ambigitur partim mani- 
 festius, partim vero occultius id egisse, ut urbe Tullius eiceretur. 
 Sed (ev\a(3us) quoniam viri potentes sunt, non audet exertius 
 queri ; sed ipsum Clodium alia de illis iactitasse confingit, ut, 
 quod ex sua persona haberet offensam, sub aliena moderatius 
 delitescat. schol. [qui a me nullo meo merito alienus 
 esse debebat, 'who was not forced to be my enemy by any 
 demerit of mine.' j. s. e.] : cf. or. de prov. 43 accepi iniuriam, 
 inimicus esse debui. Alienus is a much weaker expression 
 than inimicissimus. The chief reason for their estrangement, 
 which Cic. here intimates might have been helped, was the 
 support which Caesar gave to Clodius' adoption into a plebeian 
 house. See Sueton. Jul. a. 20.. -On the abl. nullo meo merito, 
 1 no action of mine which would have made such punishment 
 of me deserved,' cf. 133 1. 22 and see n. to 35 1. 13. 
 
 40, 1. 14. in consiliis capiendis, i.e. de pernicie mea; 
 in re gerenda, i.e. in me eiciendo. We must understand 
 in the former clause uti from the usurum esse of the second. 
 
 1. 16. exercitum in Italia] Caesar remained with his army 
 in the neighbourhood of Rome, until Clodius had carried his 
 bill about Cicero and Cato. 
 
 1. 17. privati )( armati or cum imperio, as appears 
 from the old formula from the censoriae tabulae in Varro de 
 1. 1. vi 86: omnes Quirites, pedites, armatos privatosque... 
 voca inlicium hue ad me. 
 
NOTES 131 
 
 praeesse, absolutely 'to have a command,' as praeficere 
 ( 41 1. 17) 'to give a command ;' or exercitui is to be under- 
 stood from exercitum which follows: cf. 95 qui diem dixit 
 (Miloni) et accusavit de vi Milonem. Praeesse is emphasized 
 because as privati they could not be duces exercitus, except in 
 some unconstitutional manner. et parare] Crassus by his 
 great wealth, Pompeius by his personal influence, as he had 
 already when a young man by his connexions in Picenum 
 raised an army of three legions for Sulla. 
 
 1. 18. idque facturos, 'and would do so,' i.e. exercitum 
 paraturos. On this vicarious use of facere see n. to Cic. de 
 off. i 4 1. 18. 
 
 1. 19. legitimam contentionem] in opp. to iudicium 
 populi, 'a law-suit' based on some law, in the court of a magis- 
 trate, therefore a legal proceeding such as were usual in the 
 quaestiones perpetuae Or 'standing commissions.' In both of 
 these iudicia there would be discussions about right (disceptatio) 
 with pleas and counter-pleas, and the causae dictio, the free 
 defence against any charges (crimina) that were laid. See 
 Addenda. 
 
 1. 20. disceptationem] see my n. to or. p. Plane. 87 1. 30, 
 de off. i 34 1. 6, 64 1. 10, or. p. Cluent. 90 quid ? ilia tandem 
 quaestio aut disceptatio aut iudicium fuit ? See J. s. B.p. 277. 
 
 1. 21. vim arma exercitus imperatores castra] duo prima 
 verba ad ipsum Clodium, triapostrema adCaesarem [Pompeium 
 Crassumque] refero. manutius. Cf. or. p. Mil. 74 non in- 
 iustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos sed castris, exeixitu, 
 signis inferendis petebat. 
 
 1. 23. quid ergo ?] see n. on quid turn 47 1. 27. vana 
 
 praesertim] ' especially since it was false,' de off. i 150 1. 13. 
 
 1. 24. coniecta] cf. or. p. Mur. 73 haec crimina in tuam 
 nimiam diligentiam coniecta sunt. 
 
 1. 25. me vero] Hoc dicit Cicero : ' movit me taciturnitas, 
 quae suspectior esse debebat ob hoc ipsum, quod, ut vos dicitis, 
 improba erat oratio, cuius a se maculam reicere debuerant.' 
 madvig. taciturnitas] ' persistent silence.' 
 
 1. 26. conferebatur, 'was ascribed.' See n. on or. p. Plane. 
 35 1. 29, 1. 4. 
 
 1. 28. tacendo loqui, ' to be eloquent without words.' For 
 this intentional contrast of words, which when strictly used 
 
 92 
 
132 PRO P. S EST 10 4042 
 
 contradict each other, cf. or. in Cat. i 8, 21 de te autem, Catilina, 
 cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, 
 clamant; div. in Caec. 21 cur nolint, etiam si taceant, 
 satis dicunt, p. Sull. 82 quorum tacit a gravitas . . .de uno 
 quoque loquitur ; and for the use of the gerund 1 1. 1. 
 
 1. 29. aliquo] Cic. lays stress purposely on this word, to 
 show that their fear was of no great importance. Cf. 67 1. 9 
 suspicione aliqua. 
 
 1. 30. acta, explained sufficiently by the following omnis res, 
 implies all that Caesar had carried through in his consulship, 
 especially the leges, as well those which he had himself carried, 
 as those which he had stamped with his approval. The 
 Scholiast remarks : * de act is loquitur, quae habuit in consu- 
 latu Gaius Caesar inauspicato, ut videbatur: qua de re ad- 
 versus eum egerant in senatu C. Memmius et L. Domitius 
 praetores, et ipsius Caesaris orationes contra hos exstant, 
 quibus et sua acta defendit et illos insectatur.' Cf. or. in 
 Pis. c. 32, de prov. cons. c. 18, de dom. s. c. 15. 
 
 1. 31. a praetoribus] v. Suet. Iul. c. 23 functus consulate, 
 C. Memmio Lucioque Domitio praetoribus de superioris anni 
 actis referentibus, cognitioneui senatui detulit : nee illo siu<- 
 cipiente triduoque per irritas altercationes absumpto in pro- 
 vinciam abiit; et statim quaestor eius in praeiudicium aliquot 
 criminibus arreptus est. Cf. eundem in Ner. c. 2. manuzio. 
 infirmari is a softened expression for rescindi. 
 
 1. 32. principibus civitatis] he means Caesar's enemies, 
 M. Bibulus, M. Cato, L. Domitius; also other members 
 of the optimate party, as L. Cotta, P. Servilius Isauricus, 
 Q. Hortensius. tribunum popularem] who might through 
 his influence with the people prove dangerous to them, if out 
 of vexation he joined the opposite side. 
 
 P. 20, 1. 1. propiora pericula] according to the proverb 
 tunica propior pallio est. Cf. 'iyyiov yow KvrjfjLTjs Athenaeus ix 
 p. 383 c, airwripw rj yow Kv-q/xa Theocr. Idyll, xvi 18. 
 
 41, 1. 3. a consulibus] the abl. of the agent instead of 
 the usual dative after the gerundive, in order to bring the 
 activity of the subject into greater prominence {Halm), cf. 
 Draeger Histor. Synt. 1 189 p. 468; or perhaps to avoid am- 
 biguity, as consulibus might be taken for the dative after dice- 
 bat, see Koby Gr. 1146, 1147, Kenn. Gr. 141 7, p. 390, Madvig 
 Gr. 250 b. Cf. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 34, or. p. Sull. 23 r 
 or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 4. 
 
NOTES 133 
 
 1. 5. puolice susceptae = si a consulibus suscepta 
 esset. Mayor on Plin. m 9 4 1. 15. defuturum] n. to 
 
 36 1. 20, 80 1. 5, 101 1. 28. 
 
 1. 6. rei p. conservandae] 49 1. 8. 
 
 1. 7. domi meae.. positi, 'placed in my house for that 
 purpose,' i.e. as spies, or. p. domo sua 55 ; also he complains 
 of his enemies having filled his house with their friends, certi 
 homines, not merely quidam, but those who were as well known 
 to his hearers as to the speaker himself, above all Vatinius 
 133 1. 26. Cf. or. in Pis. 76, or. in Verr. iv 103, or. p. 
 Flacco 104. It is better to take domi meae with esset cautior. 
 
 1. 8. ut esset cautior, ' that he should be more on his 
 guard,' keep at a greater distance from Cicero's house. 
 
 1. 9. apud me domi] so Liv. in 33, 10 defosso cadavere 
 domi apud Sestium, Ter. Eun. i 2, 125 venturum ad me 
 constituit domum, Hec. v 3, 24 ad me confugere domum. 
 atque] 'and so.' 
 
 1. 10. litteris mittendis, * by sending letters.' 
 
 1. 11. coram ipsi] especially Vatinius; see below 133, 
 and on the whole subject or. in Pis. 46. For the pleonasm of 
 the expression cf. Plant. Pseud, v. 1142 quia tedipsus coram 
 praesens praesentem videt. 
 
 1. 12. meo nomine, 'on my account.' Cf. 146 1. 28. 
 
 1. 14. ignari veritatis] i. q. ignari rerum 15 1. 26, 47 
 1.4,' not acquainted with the true state of things.' 
 
 1. 15. erat ad portas] Caesar did not go to the seat of 
 war until Cicero left Rome, above 40 1. 16, Plut. vit. Caes. 
 c. 14. 
 
 1. 17. fratrem] Gaius Claudius Pulcher, the second 
 brother of Publius; see Diet, of Biogr. i p. 771a. prae- 
 
 fecerat] 'had given him a command,' see n. on 40 1. 17, and 
 cf. Liv. 37, 41, 1 rex Antipatrum in laevo cornu praeposuit. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 42, 1. 19. s":are = consistere, Gr. dpOovaOai; see n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 71 1. 25, and cf. below 64 1. 7, 97 1. 1, or. in 
 Verr. n 1, 7, 20 ut pop. Rom. iudicaret isto absoluto remp. stare 
 non posse. 
 
 1. 20. de civltate] not de re publico, (as in 30 1. 27, 55 
 1.26), inasmuch as the senate constituted a special ordo among 
 the cives ; so in 44 1. 20 quern totum de civitate delerant. 
 
134 PRO P. SESTIO 4243 
 
 1.21. publici consilii] i.e. senatus, 'the Council of State, 'not 
 'the policy of the state ' (de orat. i 211). Cf. or. p. Eosc. Am. 
 151 di prohibeant, ut hoc, quod maiores consilium publicum 
 vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur, ib. 153, or. 
 Phil, iv 14 senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere 
 gestit, ipse (Antonius) consilium publicum nullum habet, Liv. 
 xxni 2, 4, 22, 2, xxiv 22, 6 senatus inde haberi coeptus est, quod 
 sicut regnante Hierone manserat publicum consilium, ita 
 post mortem eius ante earn diem nulla de re neque convocati 
 neque cqnsulti fuerant, n 23, 11 moderatores publici consilii 
 circumsistunt, in 63, 10; vi 6, 15 praesidem huius publici 
 consilii, or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 4 agitur nihil aliud in hdc 
 causa, nisi, ut nullum sit posthac in re publica publicum 
 consilium, where however Mr Heitland understands it to 
 mean a common ' or state policy ' in opp. to the selfish aims 
 of unscrupulous demagogues. 
 
 1. 23. opponl omnibus contionibus, 'were paraded before 
 all public assemblies falsely, it is true, but nevertheless so as 
 to inspire alarm as those who sanctioned my destruction.' 
 On the meaning of oppono cf. 52 nee armati exercitus terrorem 
 opp one t togatis. falso sed formidolose tamen] we should 
 
 expect falso illos quidem or falso quidem; but cf. Ovid Fast, n 
 203 porta vacat culpa; sed tamen omen habet, or. in Pis. 27 
 collegit ipse se vix, sed collegit tamen. We sometimes find 
 omnino or scilicet in lieu of quidem, 74 1. 8, 84 1. 8. 
 
 1. 24. ad perniciem] ' with a view to my ruin.' Cf. 12 
 adiutor ad excitandum Antonium, 116 sedem ad salutem. 
 
 1. 25. vocem mittere, 'to utter a syllable:' cf. Liv. xxx 
 12 si captivae apud dominum vocem supplicem mittere licet. 
 
 1. 26. intenta ... cervicibus ... vestris, 'were aimed at, 
 threatened, your necks:' or. p. Mil. 36 actionem perduel- 
 lionis intenderat (which Purton wrongly translates 'had laid 
 an impeachment for high treason'), de orat. i 42 singulae 
 familiae litem tibi intenderent, or. p. Eosc. Am. 7 pericu- 
 lum quod in omnis intenditur. 
 
 1. 28. coniuratorum copias veteres] Cic. regarded Clodius 
 as a second Catiline or as ultor Catilinae, who had reunited 
 the arch conspirator's broken forces : cf. or. in Pis. 11 cur 
 (Clodio) templum Castoris fuit arx civium perditorum, recepta- 
 culum veterum Catilinae militum, ib. 16 quod maius indicium 
 exspectatis, nihil inter vos et Catilinam interfuisse, quam quod 
 eandem illam manum ex intermortuis Catilinae reliquiis conci- 
 tastis ? effusam ac superatam, 'scattered and vanquished.' 
 
 Orelli, Dobree, Wesenberg, Eberhard, objecting unreasonably to 
 the combination of these participles, would ve&dfusam ac dissi* 
 
NOTES 135 
 
 patam; but cf. de leg. agr n 89 effusis ac dissupatis/rwcrt&w* 
 vestris, [or. p. Deiot. 11 perturbatus est, ut audivit omnis con- 
 sularis, cunctum senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam. J. s. b.] 
 
 1. 30. commutatione r., 'change in the position of affairs.' 
 
 1. 31. quid agerem, ' what was I to do?' Madv. Gr. 353, 
 Zumpt Gr. 530, Kenn. Gr. p. 339 n e. 
 
 1. 32. meum prope vestro defuisse] quod iis pro ipsius 
 salute contra Clodium pugnare cupientibus non permisit; v. 
 ep. ad fam. i 9. man. Cf. above 36 1. 30, or. p. Plane. 86 
 dixisti non auxilium mihi sed me auxilio defuisse, 89 hisce 
 ego auxiliis salutis meae si idcirco defui, quia nolui dimicare, 
 fatebor, id quod vis, non mihi auxilium sed me auxilio defuisse 
 etc. See j. s. k. in Addenda p. 277. 
 
 P. 21, 43, 1. 2. pnvatus armis] 40 1. 17, or. p. Plane. 
 88 1. 8 arma quae privatus P. Scipio ceperat. vicissent 
 interfectus esset] for si vicissent , si inter fectus esset; for the 
 suppression of si in conjunctive protasis cf. Hor. Sat. i. 3, 15 
 deciens centena dedisses huic parco,...quinque diebus nil erat 
 in loculis, Cic. de off. in 75 1. 10, Kenn. Gr. p. 473, Boby 
 Gr. n 1552, Zumpt Gr. 780. The apodosis is contained in 
 quid deinde ? etc. [I doubt whether si is omitted ; Cic. means 
 1 In that case the well-affected would have overcome the dis- 
 affected;' the following words interfectus depelli seem to fall 
 in with this interpretation better than with the other. J. s. n.] 
 fortes inertis] Liv. xxn 60, 17 ni strictis gladiis fortissimi 
 inertes summovissent, Cic. in Cat. n 10 hoc qui ferre possit, 
 inert es homines fortissimis viris insidiari? Hor. ep I 5, 17 
 ebrietas ad proelia trudit inert em. Iners combines the notion 
 of cowardly remissness with that of stolid indifference. 
 
 1. 3. hac una medicina sola] cf. below 130 unus est solus 
 inventus, qui etc., or. in Pis. 96 cives Rom., qui in eis locis 
 negotiantur, te unum solum...hostem venisse senserunt. Unus 
 does not exclude others but gives prominence to one in particu- 
 lar, whereas solus excludes all others. 
 
 1. 4. a rei publicae peste depelli] i.e. a peste rei p. infe- 
 renda, 'from bringing ruin on the state.' Cf. de or. 1 3 
 fluctibus qui per nos a communi peste depulsi in nosmet ipsos 
 redundarent. quid deinde, sc. factum esset. 
 
 1. 5. praestaret] see n. on 38 1. 16. 
 
 1. 6. sanguis trifounicius] cum tribunus plebis esset sacro- 
 sanctus. abrami. 
 
136 PRO P. SESTIO 4345 
 
 1. 8. quidam] according to the Scholiast PisoorGrabinius. 
 But Cic. would probably have mentioned them by name, if it 
 had been either of them or Clodius. 
 
 1. 9. quid erat bis vincere] cf. or. p. Plane. 88 1. 2. 
 
 1. 11. si decertassem] if I should suceeed in bringing the 
 struggle to an end.' ceteris ultoribus] Caesar, Pompeius 
 
 and Crassus are meant. 
 
 44, 1. 12. vel si pereundum fuisset, * even if I had fore- 
 seen, that I should be annihilated. ' Cic. is here speaking not 
 of physical but of political extinction. This did not come 
 about, but he received only a plaga sanabilis, because his exile 
 was followed by restitutio, which in return brought defeat upon 
 Clodius and his party. 
 
 1. 13. ac non, ' and not rather.' See n. to or. p. Plane. 
 61 1. 11, 70 1. 7, 71 1. 12. 
 
 1. 15. ilia altera] sc. cum consulibus. manuzio. 
 
 1. 16. ut possemus] epexegetic of eius modi. victi = 
 
 si victi essemus, because the state would have fallen into 
 the hands of a few ; victores, because it would have been 
 brought to the verge of ruin. rem publicam tenere] de or. 
 I 38 quod nisi fecisset, rempublicam, quam nunc vix tenemus, 
 iam diu nullam haberemus. 
 
 1. 17. quid... si concidissem] for quid factum esset, si con- 
 cidissem ? For concido see n. on 25 1. 7. prima for priore. 
 
 1. 19. credo] ironically. de civitate delerant] see n. on 
 17 and 42 1. 20. 
 
 1. 20. ad arma vocassent] Halm ed. 4 has vocarent and 
 calls attention to the change of tense from the pluperfect to the 
 imperfect conjunctive which he considers to be a coniunctivus 
 dubitativus of the past, ' they would have called,' l were they to 
 call.' In the fifth edition he gets rid of vocarent altogether and 
 substitutes concitassent. See cr. n. [Changes from pluperfect 
 to imperfect are not so very uncommon, cf. or. p. Sull. 36. 
 A remarkable passage is Propert. i 17, 19 23 sepelissent 
 staret...donasset poneret...clamasset. Cf. 47 1. 24 victi essent 
 superessent. j. s. r.] ne vestitu quidem] 32. 
 
 1. 21. sissent] i.q. sivissent, 122 exsulare sinitis, sistis 
 pelli. 
 
 1. 22. eandem horam] see n. to 53 1. 25. praemi- 
 
 orum] 34. 
 
NOTES 137 
 
 OHAPTEE XX 
 
 45, 1. 24. enim] must mean 'certainly,' 'no doubt,' unless 
 it be a dittography of unum. Halm in his earlier editions 
 altered it into etiam, but reverts to the mss reading in ed. 5 ; 
 Keil reads tamen. 
 
 1. 26. dixerit] potential : Kenn. Gr. 94 i (d). 
 
 r estitisses] = resistere debuisti, ' you should have made 
 resistance,' jussive past as in 54 commovercntur, see n. to 
 p. Plane. 72 1. 6, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. 36 p. 208, Zumpt Gr. 
 529 n., Madv. Gr. 351 g, obs. 4. Cf. Ov. Trist. iv 3, 34 
 tristis es : indignor quod sim tibi causa doloris ; non es, at 
 amisso coniuge digna fores i.e. digna esse debebas, Verr. in 
 195 quid facer e debuisti?... quod superaret pecuniae, rettu- 
 lisses, ib. n 57 quid debuit praetor facere ? non in eum, qui 
 accepisset, animadvertisset. Mr Keid has a note upon or. 
 p. Sulla 25 in which he points out that subjunctives of this 
 class are merely parts of elliptic propositions, where the protasis 
 is suppressed. The words r estitisses, repugnasses are taken by 
 some editors to be an octonarius verse from some old tragedy or 
 comedy. If so, we must write, says Halm, reppugnasses on the 
 analogy of reddo, redduco, reccido, rellatum, relligio, relliquiae. 
 See Lachmann on Lucretius p. 281 and 303. 
 
 1. 27. de quo, 'in regard to this,' ' as to this,' see above 
 2 1. 18, n. to Cic. de off. i 47 1. 20, 82 1. 35. 
 
 1. 28. penates patriique dei, ' ye household gods and gods 
 of our fathers.' The term Penates includes all the deities 
 worshipped at the domestic hearth and in this sense com- 
 prehends the Lares or the departed spirits of ancestors, who 
 were worshipped as tutelary gods. Deipatrii (7rarp$oi or irarpioi) 
 are those worshipped by all members of a place, state or nation 
 in common (whence they are called eyxupwi, tto\lovxol, iyyevels) 
 as their tutelary gods. The Penates may be included in the dei 
 patrii ; there were publici Penates as well as publici Lares, see 
 Eamsay R. A. p. 321. See Hand on J. F. Gronovii Diatr. ad 
 Stat. Vol. i p. 449. Cf. or. p. Sull. 86 quamobrem vos, dei 
 patrii atque penates, qui huicurbi atque imperio praesidetis 
 ...testor, Liv. i 47 4 dei penates patriique. vestrarum 
 
 sedum causa] ne homines nefarii vestris templis sceleratas 
 faces inferrent. man. 
 
 1. 30. carior] or. in Cat. i 27 patria quae mihi vita mea 
 multo est carior. 
 
 1. 31. si mihi...accidisset...si id vectores negarent] an 
 example of a conditional clause subordinate to a primary con - 
 
138 PRO P. SESTIO 4547 
 
 ditional clause, where we should insert a copulative particle in 
 some cases so as to make it a coordinate clause. The si of the 
 secondary clause may be best translated * in case that.' See n. 
 to Cic. de off. in 30 1. 9, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. p. 328 ed. 2, 
 who quotes as instances or. p. Eosc. Am. 2, ep. ad fam. xin 
 26, 3, Verr. iv 10, de imp. Pomp. 59, or. p. Cluent. 6, or. 
 p. Balbo 16. 
 
 1. 32. ut...mlnitarentur] a consecutive clause, epexegetic 
 of hoc, 47 1. 12, 61 1. 25. 
 
 P. 22, 1. 2. nisi dedidissent] see n. on 11. 
 
 1. 3. vectores, 'the passengers.' Vector est et qui vehit 
 et qui vehitur (iiri^drns), Servius on Verg. Aen. viii 532. 
 The passive sense is very rare with nouns in -tor, affixed to the 
 theme of the supine. 
 
 1. 6. mei cupidos] n. to or. p. Plane. 43 1. 25. non 
 
 modo] -non dicam ( 46 1. 19) 'I do not say,' see n. to or. p. 
 Plane. 81 1. 19, below 108 1. 9 where non modo and non dicam 
 occur in the same sentence. 
 
 46, 1. 8. gubernaculis] 20 1. 28. 
 
 1. 9. fluitantem in alto )( cursum tenentem suum, cf. 
 below 99 1. 13, or. p. Plane. 94 1. 17. tempestatibus] 
 
 ablative of cause, Kenn. 144. 
 
 1. 11. proscriptio] not, as Halm understands it, the sen- 
 tence of aquae et ignis interdictio which was pronounced against 
 him after his voluntary retirement from Eome, cf. below 133, 
 or. p. Plane. 97 1. 30, or. in Pis. 30, de prov. cons. 45, 
 but [a general proscription after the fashion of Sulla. The 
 words caedes and direptio suit better with this sense, and Cic. 
 often declares that Clodius and the remnant of the Catilina- 
 rians were enemies of the state more than of himself. Cf. the 
 similar expressions in 49. J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 12. suspicione periculi sui] he refers to Pompeius, see 
 41. 
 
 1. 13. vetere odio bonorum] cf. or. in Vatin. 6 cum odium 
 diuturnum, quod in bonos iam inveteratum habebatis, satu- 
 rare cuperetis. 
 
 1. 14. inviderent] sc. mihi, as a nouns homo. In obstare 
 sibi Caesar is especially referred to. 
 
 1. 15. dolorem aliquem suum, 'some personal grievance,' 
 see note to 39 1. 28. 
 
NOTES 139 
 
 1.16. hunc.statum, 'the present order and settled go- 
 vernment.' See n. on 1 1. 5. 
 
 1. 18. me unum deposcerent] sc. ad poenam. de- 
 
 pugnarem] not = depugnare debebam, as in 45 1. 26, but 
 the dubitative conjunctive, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Madv. Gr. 353, 
 Roby Gr. n 1610. Cf. a similar passage or. p. Plane. 94 
 - 1. 17. cum summo exitio] ' to the utter ruin,' 34 1. 13, 
 
 49 1. 12. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 47, 1. 22. at armis] sc. victi essent. The words at 
 armis are not in any ms, but are a suggestion of Heraeus, which 
 is better than that of Lambinus ab eo armato privato, 
 
 1. 23. ab eo privato] he would have had to carry arms, 
 without being authorised to do so by holding any state office. 
 See on 40 1. 17. consul] = cum consul esset, viraros 
 
 tSv : cf. 16 1. 10. 
 
 1. 24. qui superessent ?] sc. nulli nisi Clodiani, i.e. servi, 
 conducti, facinorosi, egentes ; denique faex plebis, qua domi- 
 nante res publica nulla est. wesenberg. Cf. 81, or. p. 
 dom. 89. 
 
 1. 25. ad servos venturam fuisse, 'would have fallen into 
 the hands of slaves.' Kenn. Gr. 229, 9) p. 486, Madvig Gr. 
 409 obs. , Zumpt Gr. 593 n. For the expression cf. ep. ad 
 fam. iv 9, 3 miserius nihil quam ipsa victoria, quae etiam si ad 
 meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores reddit, Verr. 5 38 
 neque illud rationis habuisti ... earn provinciam ...ad summaw 
 stultitiam nequitiamque venisse, ib. 126 cum videamus ad 
 paucos homines omnis nationum pecunias venire. 
 
 1.27. quid turn? 'what next?' is often used by Cic. to 
 draw attention to something emphatic which is to follow; cf. 
 or. p. Flacc. 55, Hor. Sat. n 3, 230, Verg. Aen. iv 543. Cf. 
 quid ergo 40, or. p. Rose. Am. 2. 
 
 1. 29. aut ego cet.] is the second member of the question 
 introduced by quid to avert the reproach of cowardice. Aut, 
 not an, is used because this new question does not contain an 
 alternative to the former mortemne fugiebam ; that is contained 
 in p. 23, 1. 1: an erat mihi in tanto etc. in tanta improbo 
 
 rum multitudine] or. p. Sull. 38 non sum nescius quanta 
 periculo vivam in tanta multitudine improborum, cum 
 mihi uni cum omnibus improbis aeternum videam bellum esse 
 susceptum; Cat. iv 22 quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeter- 
 num bellum susceptum esse video. 
 
140. PRO P. SESTIO 4748 
 
 1. 31. exilium] so Madvig : Wesenberg, Kayser, Eberhard 
 and others read after Hotoman exitium. HaJm, however, 
 prefers the reading of the mss exilium, as Cic. is here speaking 
 of the time of his consulship, not of that when he was hesitating 
 whether to leave Eome or not. Mors and exilium are often 
 opposed as 'natural' and 'civil death,' see or. p. Plane. 97 
 1. 30, or. p. Arch. 14, de orat. I 194, Tusc. in 29, ep. ad 
 Att. ii 18, 1. 
 
 haec] quae sum perpessus. man. 
 
 1. 32. fata, 'prophecy;' de divin. i 100 ex fatis, quae 
 Veientes scripta liaberent, or. in Cat. in 9 fatis Sibyllinis. 
 in ipsa re gerenda] at the moment of action/ in opp. to the 
 time of his exile, when he shows that he had no longing for 
 life. canebantur] ' were predicted,' a meaning which arose 
 
 from the fact of the responses of oracles having been originally 
 given in verse. Cf. or. in Cat. in 18 ut haec, quae nunc Jiunt, 
 cane re di immortales viderentur, and the verb vaticinor. 
 The reference is to a passage in Cat. iv 3 : deinde, si quid 
 obtigerit, aequo animo fortique moriar. 
 
 P. 23, 1. 2. spoliatione, ' loss by robbery.' cf. 54. 
 
 1. 3. natura, to whom he owed his children ; fortuna, to 
 whom he owed his estate. 
 
 1. 4. ignarus rerum] 41 1. 14. 
 
 1.5. nihil audieram? 'had I heard nothing,' i.e. 'had 
 I not read in history : ' see Eeid on de am. 41 1. 12. 
 
 1. 9, necessitati] sc. naturae ; or. in Cat. iv 7 intellegit 
 mortem esse aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum quietem. 
 patriae donata] or. Philipp. x 20, non est viri minimeque 
 Romani dubitare eum spiritum, quern naturae debeat, patriae 
 reddere, xiv 9 31 o fortunata mors, quae naturae debita 
 pro patria est potissimum reddita, auct. ad Herenn. iv c. 43 
 vita, quae fato debetur, salute patriae potissimum solvatur. 
 deberetur] see Kenn. Gr. p. 483, Madvig Gr. 383. potius 
 
 quam] ' instead of.' 
 
 1. 11. hanc ut alii dicerent] the ut- clause with consecu- 
 tive subjunctive serves to expand the pronoun, a very common 
 use in Cic. : see above 45 1. 32, or. p. Plane. Index p. 245. 
 
 1. 12. alii, as the Epicureans, alii, Socrates, as he 
 appears in Plato's dialogues, the Phaedo, Phaedrus and Timaeus. 
 
 1. 13. turn maxime] illo potissimum tempore, illo tempore 
 exacte defmito, 'just at that time,' 'precisely then.' See Hand 
 
NOTES 141 
 
 Tursell. in p. 603, Drakenborch ad Liv. xxvn 4, 2. It expresses 
 the idea of ' then ' more emphatically than turn alone. 
 
 mentes sapientium] Cie. Lael. 13 animos hominum esse 
 divinos eisque cum ex corpore excessissent, reditum in 
 caelum patere, optimoque et iustissimo cuique expeditissimum, 
 where Mr Eeid observes that ex corpore is not used in the 
 abstract sense of ' the body ' but for ex corporibus, since as in 
 Greek so in Latin when a number of persons are mentioned 
 and then some one thing common to them all, that thing is 
 often put into the singular, where our idiom would require the 
 plural. Cf. Tusc. i 40 animos cum e corpore excesserint, 72 
 animorum e corpore excedentium, de sen. 81. 
 
 1. 14. sentire ac vigere] Cato mai. 83 sed nescio quo modo 
 animus erigens se posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat, quasi, 
 cum excessisset e vita, turn denique victurus esset, or. p. 
 Mil. 54 in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat 
 ac sentiat, Tusc. i 21 nee sit quicquam, nisi corpus unum et 
 simplex, ita figuratum, ut temper atione naturae vigeat ac 
 sentiat. 
 
 1. 16. meliore esse sensu, ' to enjoy a better i. e. a clearer 
 consciousness;' the abl. of quality or descriptive abl., Madv. 
 Gr. 272, Zumpt Gr. 471, Kenn. Gr. 399, Eoby Sch. Gr. 
 502. The infinitive is in apposition to the subject alterum. 
 
 48, 1. 17. omnia ad dignitatem rettulissem, ' I made 
 honor (the enjoyment of consideration amongst my fellow- 
 citizens) the rule or standard of my life, the principle of my 
 thoughts and actions.' Cf. 23 1. 5 dignitati esse serviendum, 
 ep. ad fam. xn 22, 3 te reip. causa hortor, ut omnia refer as 
 ad dignitatem, Phil, x 20 ita a maioribus instituti atque 
 imbuti sumus, ut omnia consilia atque facta ad dignitatem 
 et ad virtutem referremus. In this sense derigo and revoco 
 also are found. Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 107, 2. 
 
 1. 19. virgines Athenis...Erechthei flliae;] The oracle had 
 promised Erechtheus victory in a war against Eumolpus of 
 Eleusis, if he sacrificed one of his daughters. He offered 
 Agraulos his youngest; with her the other sisters Erse 
 and Pandrose sacrificed their lives, having taken an oath 
 amongst themselves to share the same fate. Aristides Panath. 
 (Vol. i p. 191 ed. Dind.) Xiyerai yap 'EpexOevs fiev iv ry irpos 
 EvjxoXirov Tovrip iroXtfjup Tr\v Qvyarkpa virep ttJs iroXews kiridovvai 
 rod 0eov xPW&vtos, irpocrayayeiv 5' avriju KOfTfiifja-acra r\ ^r\rt]p 
 dxrirep els Oeuplav -rrifxirovcra, where the Scholiast observes : 
 dvyaripa Xtyei ttjv "AypavXov, irepi -qs kclI Arjfj.oaOe'vrjs iv rep irapa- 
 Trpeo-fteias (prjcrl, kclI tCov tov <pr)(3ov rrjs 'AypavXov ftpKiav. Al 8e 
 TavT7)s ddeXcpal (TvvaveTXov iavras rfj ddeXcpy, yj re "Epo~r] kclI 
 
142 PRO P. SESTIO 4850 
 
 ILavbpbar)' opKCt) yap a\\r)\as kcltc K:\eia av KOLvwrjcrcu iv airacnv 
 eavrah. See Cic. de N. D. in c. 19, Tusc. i c. 48, de Fin. 
 ?. c. 22. 
 
 1. 20. opinor] Cic. disclaims accurate knowledge of Greek 
 history ; cf. below 118, and cf. or. p. Flacco 65, or. p. Scauro 
 14, p. Eosc. Am. 46, in Verr. iv 4, 5, 39. 
 
 1. 22. timerem] 43 1. 20. 
 
 1. 23. ex qua C. Mucius venisset, ' from which came C. 
 Mucius, who went, &c.' 
 
 1. 24. proposita sibi morte, ' although death stared him in 
 the face.' See n. to or. p. Plane. 5 1. 30. 
 
 1. 25. P. Decius primum pater... post films] The two Decii, 
 father and son, gave their lives as a propitiatory offering to the 
 unseen powers, in order to bring victory to the Eoman arms.' 
 The former in B.C. 337 at the battle of Veseris (near Vesuvius) 
 fought against the Latins and Campanians (Liv. vin 9); the 
 latter, P. Decius Mus, in b.c. 295 at the battle of Sentinum 
 against the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Gauls (Liv. x 
 28, Cic. de off. i 61 1. 12, in 16 1. 27, de fin. n 61). 
 
 1. 26. se ac vitam suam] 1 1. 4 se ac salutem suam. 
 
 1. 31. patrem M. Crassi] the father of M. Crassus ' ( 39 
 1. 8). 'De P. Crasso dicit, qui a victoribus L. Cinna et C. 
 Mario proscriptus, cum ad mortem quaereretur, sua se dextera 
 interfecit, vir illustris et qui de Hispania triumph aver at ' 
 (Scholiasta). P. Licinius M.F.P.N. Crassus Dives Lusi- 
 tanicus was consul in b.c. 97 and triumphed in b.c 93 for 
 his successes over the Lusitanians. In the Civil war he sided 
 with Sulla and put an end to his life on the return of Marius 
 and Cinna to Home in b.c 87. Cf. or. p. Plane. 32 1. 25, 
 de orat. in 9. huius might mean now living ; ' but more 
 
 probably it is used because Crassus was present in court, as 
 one of Sestius' supporters. 
 
 1. 32. ne videret victorem vivus] not a reminiscence of a 
 passage from some poet, as suggested by 0. Muller, for, as 
 Mr Eeid observes, Cic. never introduces any but the most 
 hackneyed quotations without some warning. The superfluous 
 vivus is used proverbially as in 59 vivus ut aiunt, est et 
 videns cum victu ac vestitu suo pvblicatus, where, as in this 
 passage, observe the alliteration. 
 
 P. 24, 1. 1. inimicum] L. Cinna. exhausisse] Halm 
 
 explains this on the analogy of such expressions as exkaurire 
 
NOTES 143 
 
 laborem, periculum etc., as if his life had been aerumriosa, but 
 cf. 80 plaga...si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset, 
 where it simply means 'to empty,' 'drain out.' 
 
 CHAPTEK XXII 
 
 49, 1. 4. peremisset, ' should give the final blow to. 
 See or. p. Plane. 90 1. 8, 101 1. 11 n., de off. m 33 1. 7 n. 
 For the use of the pluperfect tense cf. above 43 1. 11, 45 
 1.2. 
 
 1. 8. exemplum rei publicae conservandae cet.] as in ep. 
 ad fam. i 9, 15: qui cum tribunus pi. poenas a seditioso civi per 
 bonos vivos iudicio persequi vellet, exemplum praeclarissi- 
 mum in posterum vindicandae seditionis de republica 
 sustulerunt. 
 
 1. 10. tanto bonorum... studio...] 35 1. 13 n. 
 
 1.11. quod = quae restitutio. 
 
 1. 12. ullam partem] or. p. Mil. 68 sed qui non Intel- 
 legit, omnis tibi rei publicae partis aegras et labantis... 
 esse commissas ? cum sua minima invidia] i. e. even if he 
 
 had only the least and not the greatest degree of unpopularity 
 to fear : cf. above 46 1. 18, or. p. Plane. 90 1. 32. 
 
 1. 17. gloria, ' by a glorious act,' the suppression of Catiline. 
 
 neque enim in hoc me hominem esse...ut...glorier] 'for 
 in this point, that I should boast me... sine dolore caruisse etc., 
 I will not deny I am but human ; I have, I confess, too much 
 the feelings of a man to boast.' A rhetorical amplification for 
 neque enim gloriabor. 
 
 1. 20. hoc honoris gradu] i. e. as a consular. 
 
 1. 21. quod benef. haberetis] ' what should I have offered 
 you as a service, when for your sakes I left behind me only 
 what I held cheap?' villa )( car a. 
 
 1. 23. meo animo, 'according to my feelings.' 
 
 1. 26. nunc] sc. dolorem. me perpeti . . . malui] on the 
 
 construction see n. to de off. i 65 1. 19. 
 
 50, 1. 27. divinum, ' extraordinary,' ' superhuman,' as in 
 85 1. 24, or immortal.' 
 
 1. 28. ex isdem radicibus] for Arpinum was the birth- 
 place of both. See below 116 1. 11, or. p. Plane. 20 1. 3, 
 1. 4 nn. natum ad salutem] or. p. Sull. 23 ex eo muni- 
 
144 PRO P. S EST 10 5051 
 
 cipio, unde iterum iam salus huic urbi imperioque missa est, 
 where see Eeid's note. 
 
 1. 29. summa senectute] he was in his 70th year, Veil. 
 Paterc. n 19, 2, Plutarch Mar. c. 41. 
 
 1. 30. prope iustorum] because, though arma civilia could 
 never be considered as absolutely iusta, they were more justifi- 
 able in the case of Sulla, because he was consul. pro- 
 fugisset] sc. ex urbe. 
 
 1. 31. occultasse] the perfect infinitive is used after 
 memini of a thing of which one has not been oneself a witness, 
 the present of a past transaction of which one has been one- 
 self a witness, Madvig Gr. 408 b, obs. 2. For the story cf. 
 or. p. Plane. 26, or. in Pis. 43, de finn. 105. 
 
 P. 25, 1. 1. cum fugeret, 'since he avoided.' 
 
 1. 2. oras Africae desertissimas] Veil. Paterc. n. 19, 4 at 
 ille...cursum in Africam direxit, inopemque vitam in tugurio 
 ruinarum Carthaginiensum toleravit. 
 
 1. 3. atque, 'and so.' 
 
 1. 4. ad incertissimam spem] his position was so insecure 
 that he could scarcely hope for any turn of fortune, much less 
 the power of taking revenge on his enemies. ad rei p. fatum] 
 because the return of Marius was attended with the murder 
 and proscription of the best citizens, whereas Cic. periculo rei 
 p. vivebat. But the reading is doubtful; see cr. n. 
 
 1. 6. periculo rei p. vivebam] i.e. vitameaservatacon- 
 tinebat salutem reipublicae. bake. Because risk to his 
 life would have brought risk to the state. The ablative of 
 attendant circumstances with noun in the genitive case as pre- 
 dicate, cf. above 49 1. 10, or. p. Flacc. c. 17, 41 nostro periculo 
 vivere tuos contubernalis, Liv. 23, 49, 2 ut publico periculo 
 essent, i.e. ut, si quid damni veniret, id ad remp. pertineret. 
 
 1. 7. consularibus litteris] those of P. Lentulus Spin- 
 ther, which were written in pursuance of a decree of the senate, 
 passed during a sitting in the temple of Hoiwn et Virtus. See 
 128, and or. p. Plane. 78 1. 12; also or. in Pis. 34 me idem 
 senatus exteris nationibus, me legatis magistratibusque nostris 
 auctoritate sua consularibus litteris commendavit. By ex- 
 terae nationes are meant those subject to Home. de senatus 
 sententia] see Eeid's note on or. p. Balb. 11 1. 29. 
 
 1. 9. si deseruissem, 'if I had failed to protect.' nunc] 
 'as it is.' quidem] adversative, in which however.' 
 
NOTES 145 
 
 1. 11. fidei publicae] i.e. quam resp. ipsa praestitit, 
 cive optimo in patriam restituto, quam intuentes boni semper 
 parati erunt de patria bene promereri:cf. or. p. Plane. 90 1. 8, 
 quid peremption esset mea morte id exemplum, qualis futurus 
 in me retinendo fuisset senatus populusque Homanus. Tac. Ann. 
 xrv 48 publicae clementiae exemplum. halm. 
 
 CHAPTEK XXni 
 
 51, 1. 14. externa bella )( domesticis malis: cf. 56 
 1. 7, or. de pr. cons. 31, in Cat. n 11 nulla est natio quam 
 pertimescamus, omnia sunt externa unius virtute ...pacata; 
 domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt etc., de leg. agr. 
 i 26 nullum externum periculum est, non rex non gens ulla, 
 non natio pertimescenda est: inclusum malum, intestinum ac 
 domesticum est, or. p. Mur. 78. gentium, nationum] 
 
 gens is a 'stock' or 'race' to which several nationes i.e. 'sepa- 
 rate tribes ' or political aggregates may belong. 
 
 1. 15. ut praeclare cum Us agamus, 'that we deal well 
 with those,' ' treat them well,' cf. Phil, xrv 30 facile est bene 
 agere cum his, Val. Max. v 3, 3 bene egissent Athenienses 
 cum Miltiade. The passive impersonal is more frequent or. 
 in Verr. i 9 praeclare nobiscum actum iri, in 50 intelleget 
 secum actum esse pessume. 
 
 1. 16. denique, in a word,' ' in fact,' often so used in the 
 second member of a period, as div. in Caec. 58, or. in Verr. 
 i 149, ii 167, in 31, v 69 etc. pacatos] see Add. p. 279. 
 
 1.17. non fere quemquam = non facile quemquam, 
 'hardly any one;' or. p. Mur. 13 nemo fere saltat sobrius, 
 Tusc. disp. ii 8 Epicurum autem...non fere praeter suos quis- 
 quam in manus sumit, i 38 rationem illi sententiae suae non 
 fere reddebant. See Hand Tursell. ii p. 695. est...con- 
 
 secuta] Ter. Phorm. v 1, 23 matrem ipsam ex aegritudine 
 miseram mors consecuta est. 
 
 1. 18. domesticis] 56 1. 7. invidia] ' hatred,' * dislike.' 
 
 1. 20. retinenda medicina] with especial reference to his 
 client Sestius, who stood in danger of exile, because of the 
 active part he had taken, as tribune, against the revolutionary 
 party. [This refers rather to the senatus consultum ultimum 
 which was attacked in Cicero's person, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 23. adulescentes] cf. 96, 119 : solebant autem adu- 
 lescentes audiendi discendique causa causis illustrioribus in- 
 teresse; v. Plin. Ep. iv 16. abrami. 
 
 H. 10 
 
146 PRO P. SESTIO 5153 
 
 1. 24. meo iure] because I have earned the gratitude of my 
 country. dignitatem, ' honourable position in public life,' 
 
 rem publicam, ' the welfare of the state.' 
 
 1. 25. si aliquando] see a good note by Mr Reid on de 
 am. 24 1. 23. 
 
 1. 27. recordatione mei casus] reditus enim gloria, non 
 discessus calamitas cogitanda vobis est. manutius. 
 
 52,1.29. umquam] i. i- umquam iam * ever again.' 
 eius modi consules] i.e. such as Gabinius and Piso. 
 
 1. 30. si erit iis id quod debetur persolutum, 'if they 
 meet with the treatment which they deserve : ' or. in Pis. 93 
 se quae deberentur postero die persoluturum, or. p. Sull. 87 
 persolvi patriae quod debui. Eis not his, which would refer to 
 the consuls of that year, Cn. Lentulus and L. Philippus. 
 
 1. 32. bonorum] he means Caesar, Pompeius, and Crassus. 
 
 P. 26, 1. 1. illis tacentibus, 'without any objection on their 
 part.' See 40 1. 25. 
 
 1. 2. terrorem, 'bugbear, 5 38 1. 20. togatis, 'peace- 
 
 able citizens.' 
 
 1. 3. ad portas sedenti imperatori] Caesar was still before 
 the gates of Rome, when Cic. left the city in b. c. 58. 
 
 suum terrorem] suum is emphatic by its position. Cf . Verr. 
 m 68 formidiriem illam suam, ' the dread inspired by him.' 
 
 1. 4. iactari] cf. or. p. Quin. 47 minae iactentur. 
 opponi] 42 1. 23. 
 
 1. 5. ne supplicandi quidem] cf. 26, 32. 
 
 1. 6. captus, 'weakened,' ' disabled.' See on 35 1. 12. 
 
 1. 7. relegentur] 29 1. 1, or. in Pis. 23. 
 
 1.8. cum, 'although.' multo alia maiora] for alia 
 
 multo maiora; Cic. is fond of separating tanto, quanto, multo, 
 hoc, quo, paulo, tarn, quam by some generally small words 
 from the words which they qualify. Cf. de or. n 96 multo 
 eius oratio esset pressior, de am. 70 multo profecto mag is, 
 
 1. 10. brevi tempore] 17 months. He left Rome in 
 March b.c. 58, and returned on Sept. 4 B.C. 57. 
 
 After the Digression Cicero reverts to the subject of the bill 
 of Clodius, and proceeds to comment indignantly on the state 
 of public affairs after his own departure, and the indecent haste 
 
NOTES 147 
 
 with which the consuls, the natural guardians of the public 
 peace, with all their seditious crew around them, indulged in 
 public feasting and revelry and mutual congratulations on their 
 victory and on having revenged the death of their old friends on 
 the head of Cicero. Clodius in the meanwhile, not content with 
 exerting his vengeance only on Cicero's houses, pursued his wife 
 and children with the same fury and made several attempts to 
 get his son into their hands, to kill him ( 53 54). 
 
 CHAPTEE XXIV 
 
 53, 1. 12. sed] resumptive, or. p. Plane. 8 1. 31, 10 
 1. 32. in hac omni oratione, * in all this recital, throughout 
 this part of my speech.' Cf. above 14, or. p. Eosc. Am. 143. 
 
 1. 13. omnibus malis, 'all possible misfortunes.' So 39 
 omnes necessitudines, 55 omnium remediorum. 
 
 1. 14. scelere] see n. to 2 1. 20. esse confectam] de- 
 
 pendent upon illud, cf. 112. 
 
 1. 15. funestus luctuosus] 27 1. 1. 
 
 1. 17. eripuissem] or. p. Plane. 97, where eripere means 
 'to snatch away,' it takes e or de with ablative of the thing, 
 or the dative of the person; when the sense is 'to rescue' it 
 is followed by ex in Cic. See Eeid on Cic. or. p. Sull. 28 1. 3. 
 
 1. 18. perfidiae] see 15. telis minisque, ' actual and 
 
 threatened violence.' 
 
 1. 20. patriae caritatem, ' affection for my country.' Cf. 
 37 1. 1. 
 
 1. 22. tecta lugerent] cf. or. in Pis. 21 cum omnes boni 
 abditi inclusique maererent, templa gemerent, tecta ipsa urbis 
 lugerent, or. in Vat. 8. 
 
 1. 24. lucem, ' publicity,' ' the public gaze. ' So Brut. 32 
 forensi luce car ere, de sen. 12 in luce atque in oculis civium 
 magnus. 
 
 1. 25. die dico?] in the figure correctio or retractatio 
 the word is repeated alone or with dico, inquam and sometimes 
 autem as in or. Phil, n 48, or. p. Eab. Post. 10. 
 
 1. 26. pernicies rogata est] i.e. in the first rogatio of 
 Clodius against Cicero, which was put to the vote and carried. 
 See Intr. to Plane, p. x, above 25 1. 30. 
 
 1. 27. provincial Cilicia and Macedonia. The lex Clodia 
 provided for the exemption of the two consuls from the restric- 
 
 102 
 
148 PRO P. SESTIO 5354 
 
 tions of the lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus, which 
 required the Senate to name annually two consular provinces 
 before the consuls for the next year were elected, so that the 
 provinces might be named before the Senate knew who would 
 be consuls. See Long, Decline of the R. R. i p. 270. 
 
 1. 29. ilia] 37 1. 4. monstra, * abominations. ' 
 
 1. 30. ex senatus auctorltate] i.e. by the extremum atque 
 ultimum senatus consultum as Caesar calls it (bell. civ. 1, 5) 
 quo nisi paene in ipso urbis incendio atque in desperatione 
 omnium ...numquam ante descensum est, dent operam con- 
 sules praetores, tribuni plebis quique pro consulibus sint ad 
 urbem, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat. See Intr. 
 11, Ramsay K. Ant. p. 149, Heitland or. p. Babir. pp. 8388, 
 where the subject is most fully treated. 
 
 1. 31. et expulsus] rhetorically for isque, and that too.' 
 Cf. 78 victa est causa rei publicae...et victa, 54 lex erat 
 lata...et ea lex, ib. gener et Piso gener. 
 
 P. 27, 1. 1. servitio] collective noun, slaves,' 67 1. 14, 
 or. in Pis. 9 ere omni faece urbis ac servitio, Verr. n 5 9 
 coeptum esse in Sicilia moveri servitium suspicor, Cf. 34 
 1.31. 
 
 1. 2. vasto, ' desolate,' de leg. agr. n 70 genus agrorum 
 v as turn atque desertum, Liv. in 7, 3 in vasto ac deserto agro. 
 Halm 6 Klotz and Miiller read vastato. 
 
 1. 3. quae ut ne ferretur] a final clause. On the dim- 
 cult subject of the syntax of ut ne Reid has an admirable note, 
 or. p. Sull. 27 1. 24. 
 
 1. 4. fuerat veste mutata] 26 1. 32. For the abl. see 
 n. on 27 1. 10. 
 
 54. nac tanta perturbatione] Madv. Gr. 277, P. S. Gr. 
 161. 1. 5. ne noctem quidem] * not even one night.' 
 
 1. 6. interitum] either this word or casum must be sup- 
 plied to fill up the gap in the mss. Cicero uses one or other 
 of these words, and sometimes clades, pestis and pernicies in 
 speaking of his banishment. See 29, 44, 51, 53, 60, 123, 
 140, 145. [Volnus would suit the context very well. j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 7. statim me perculso] cf. or. p. red. in sen. 17 cum 
 ego una cum republica non tribunicio sed consulari ictu conci- 
 dissem, tanto scelere fuisti, ut ne unam quidem horam inter esse 
 paterere inter meam pestem et tuam praedam. 
 
 1. 8. etiam] temporal * still.' Dicit autem spirante repub- 
 lica, cum de se ipso loquatur, quia remp. una cum ipso percul- 
 sam confectamque esse vult existimari ; cf. 53, in Pis. c. 9. 
 manuzio. Translate : * while the state had still life in it.' 
 
NOTES 149 
 
 1. 9. advolaverunt] cf. 109 1. 27 tamquam ad funus con- 
 volant, gratulationes, 'jubilations,' 'manifestations of 
 joy,' generally used of a religious festival of joy and thanks- 
 giving. Cf. 111 is interfuit epulis et gratulationibus par- 
 ricidarum, or. in Pis. 22, or. p. Flacco 98, Philipp. 10, 1, 
 or. Verr. n 4, 74. 
 
 1. 10. partitionem aerarii] 24 1. 24, or. p. dom. 23, or. 
 in Pis. 86. beneficia] military promotions and appoint- 
 
 ments on the future staff (cohors praetor ia) of the proconsuls. 
 Cf. Suet. Tib. c. 12 beneficii sui centuriones, and cf. n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 12 1. 20. [Beneficium, beneficiarii, ' privileged 
 soldiers,' are very common in inscriptions of the empire, 
 j. s. r.] spem, promissa] 34 1. 3. 
 
 1. 11. vexabatur uxor mea] After Cicero's banishment 
 Clodius demolished his house on the Palatine, which he had 
 bought of Crassus for 32 million sesterces, and several of his 
 country houses ; his wife Terentia was driven away, and took 
 sanctuary with her sister Fabia, in the temple of Vesta, but 
 was dragged out of it forcibly by order of Clodius to the 
 Valerian Exchange to be examined about the concealment of 
 her husband's effects. 
 
 gener et Piso gener=gener isque Piso, *a son-in-law 
 and that son-in-law Piso.' See above 53 1. 31, ep. ad fam. 2, 
 7, 4 a tribuno plebis et a Curione tribuno, ep. ad Att. 5, 2, 2 
 cum Hortensius veniret et infirmus et tarn longe et Hortensius. 
 Cic. had three sons-in-law, C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Furius 
 Crassipes, P. Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella. 
 
 1. 13. supplex] i.e. cum supplex esset. Cf. or. p. 
 Plane. 50 1. 17 numquam fere nobilitas...a populo Rom. sup- 
 plex repudiata est, and above 16 1. 10, 47 1. 23. 
 
 L 14. "bona... ad consules deferebantur] cf. or. p. red. in 
 sen. 18 domus mea diripiebatur, ardebat; bona ad vicinum 
 cousulem (Piso) de Palatio, de Tusculano item ad vicinum 
 alterum cons. (Gabinius) deferebantur : and or. p. dom. 62 
 cum domus in Palatio, villa in Tusculano, altera ad alterum 
 consulem transferebatur ; columnae marmoreae ex aedibus meis 
 inspectante populo Ro. ad socrum consulis portabantur : infun- 
 dum autem vicini consulis non modo instrumentum aut orna- 
 menta villae, sed etiam arbores transfer ebantur ; or. in Pis. 
 26. eaque, ' and that too.' 
 
 1. 17. commoverentur] see on 45 1. 26. 
 
 Cic. then proceeds to the consideration of the other laws and 
 measures of b.c. 5i8, apart from the bill affecting himself, by which 
 
150 PRO P. 8ESTI0 5455 
 
 Olodius sought to appear in the light of a benefactor to the people 
 but the real tendency of which was to relax the public discipline 
 at a time when it wanted most to be reinforced, and to set aside 
 many wise institutions of antiquity : (1) that the censors should 
 not expel from the senate or inflict any mark of infamy on any 
 man who was not first openly accused and convicted of some crime 
 by their joint sentence; (2) the revival of the old companies 
 (collegia), which the senate had abolished, the incorporation of 
 new ones which might easily assume a political character; 
 (3) that corn should be distributed gratis to the citizens; (4) 
 the transfer of Gabinius from Cilicia to the wealthy province of 
 Syria ; (5) the repeal of the lex Aelia Fufia, the only check upon 
 tumultuous assemblies that had subsisted for a whole century, 
 and which Cic. calls the bulwark and fortress of public tran- 
 quillity ( 55 56) ; (6) on the deprivation of the priest of Gybele 
 at Pessinus and the appointment of Brogitarus of Galatia in his 
 stead, and the conferring of the title of king upon him ; (7) on 
 the restoration of certain exiles of Byzantium, whom their city 
 had driven out for crimes against the public peace ; (8) on the 
 deprivation of Ptolomaeus, king of Cyprus, and the confiscation 
 of his whole estate an unparalleled act of injustice, and the 
 appointment of Gato as extraordinary commissioner to carry 
 out the law, which was really only a means of getting rid 
 of a troublesome adversary for the remainder of his magistracy 
 and to gratify the vain desire of tarnishing the reputation 
 of a man so distinguished ( 57 63). Against these measures 
 the consuls, had they done their duty to the state, ought to have 
 protested ; what could be expected of men who stood aloof when 
 a grievous injustice was being done to a citizen who had deserved 
 so well of his country as I had ( 64 65). This state of things 
 might have continued and other mischievous and unconstitutional 
 laics been framed but for the intervention of Pompeius, who, 
 having for some time stood aloof from public affairs, at length 
 declared against Clodius ( 66 67). 
 
 CHAPTEE XXV 
 
 55 1. 18. sed ut recedam] a parenthetic final clause, 
 Kenn. Gr. p. 458 : Tusc. 5 76 ut iam a laqueis Stoicorum 
 recedamus. 
 
 1.19. pestes, * distempers.' 
 
 1. 20. vim, 'number.' omnium] 53 1. 13, 39 1. 9. 
 
 1.21. proximis = proximi anni, 'next year's magis- 
 trates.' 
 
 1. 22. legum multitudinem] This was one pestis ; the list 
 of others should have followed, but is interrupted by the de- 
 
FOTES 151 
 
 tailed account which Cic. gives of the different measures pro- 
 posed (promulgatae) or enacted (latae) by Clodius. Abrami 
 aptly compares Tac. Ann. in c. 27 corruptissima re publico, 
 plurimae leges. latae sunt, * were carried once for aft.' 
 
 1. 23. promulgatae fuerunt] i. e. aliquamdiu promul- 
 gatae pependerunt ('continued to be mere projects '),Madvig 
 Opusc. n p. 219, who compares or. p. Sull. 65 lex dies fuit 
 proposita paucos, i.e. * remained during a few days as a pro- 
 ject,' where Mr Eeid observes that this form of the perfect 
 passive is comparatively rare before Livy, and refers to Eoby 
 Gr. ii 1453. 'Saepe hanc,' says the Scholiast, 'ostendi 
 promulgatae legis et latae differentiam: nam trinundino 
 proponebantur ut in notitiam populi pervenirent, quo exacto 
 tempore ferebantur in iuris validi firmitatem.' Pompeius' 
 secession from Clodius, followed by that of Caesar in the 
 second half of the year, was probably the cause why the laws 
 were only promulgatae^ not proceeded with. See Intr. 19, 
 Mayor Phil, n p. 138. 
 
 1. 24. tacentibus dicam ?] see n. to 53 1. 25. 
 
 1. 25. ut censoria notio tolleretur, 'that the censors' 
 power of marking a man with ignominy should be abolished.* 
 Cicero makes the same statement in the speech de provinc. 
 cons. 46 censorium iudicium ac notionem et illud morum 
 severissimum magisterium non esse nefariis legibus de civitate 
 sublatum. But according to Asconius on or. in Pison. 9 (Orelli 
 Cic. V. 12, p. 9) the bill of Clodius only provided that the cen- 
 sors should not pass over any man when they were constituting 
 the senate, nor mark any man with ignominy, unless he had 
 been charged before them and condemned by the judgment of 
 both censors : 'Diximus L. Pisone et A. Gabinio coss. P. Clo- 
 dium, tribunum plebis, quattuor leges perniciosas populo Romano 
 tulisse; (1) annonianam,...ut frumentum populo, quod anteasenis 
 aeris ac trientibus in singulos modios dabatur, gratis daretur ; 
 (2) alteram ne quis per eos dies, quibus cum populo agi liceret, 
 de caelo servaret, propter quam rogationem ait legem Fufiam et 
 Aeliam, propugnacula et muros tranquillitatis atque otii, eversam 
 esse; obnuntiatio enim, qua perniciosis legibus resistebatur, quam 
 Aelia lex confirmaverat, erat sublata; (3) tertiam de collegiis 
 restituendis novisque instituendis, quae ait ex servitiorum faece 
 constituta; (4) quart am, ne quern censor es in senatu legendo 
 praeterirent, neve qua ignominia afficerent, nisi qui apud eos 
 accusatus et utriusque sententia damnatus esset; hac ergo eius 
 lege censuram, quae magistra pudoris et modestiae est, sublatam 
 ait. This law, according to Dio Cassius 40, 57, was repealed 
 by Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompeius, in B.C. 52. 
 
 notio = cognitio, de off. in 111. 
 
152 PRO P. SESTIO 5556 
 
 1. 26. de re publica] not de civitate, because the censoria 
 animadversio was an integral part of the constitution. 
 
 1. 27. conlegia] see n. on 34 1. 24. 
 
 1. 30. remissis senis et trientibus, ' by the remission of 
 the payment of six and one third asses ' the modius. This was 
 the fixed price at which the grain was sold to the citizens, 
 probably at the rate of 5 bushels a month, by the State accord- 
 ing to the frumentarian law of Gaius Gracchus b.c. 123 (Plutarch 
 C. Gr. c. 5), renewed in the lex Terentia Cassia of b.c. 73. 
 In Cicero's time the bushel {modius) was worth at least 3 ses- 
 tertii =12 asses. Clodius proposed to give the corn gratis 
 which would have caused a loss of nearly one fifth of the 
 revenues of the state {vectigalia). 
 
 1. 31. sua, 'his proper province.' Cf. or. de domo sua 
 23 cui quidem (Gabinio) cum Ciliciam dedisses, mutasti pac- 
 tionem et Ciliciam ad praetorem item extra ordinem transtulisti; 
 Gabinio pretio amplijicato illam opimam fertilemque Syriam 
 nominatim dedisti. 
 
 1. 32. prodidisset] for the tense see n. to 43 1. 11, 45 
 1. 2, 49 1. 4. 
 
 P. 28, 1. 1. uni helluoni] i.e. Gabinius, cf. 20 1. 27, 
 26 1. 25, or. in Pis. 41, de prov. cons. 11. 
 
 1. 2. rogata lege] qua Ciliciam obtinuerat. fekeat. See 
 n. to 53. After rogata there is a blank in the mss, which has 
 been variously filled up : see cr. n. 
 
 CHAPTER XXYI 
 
 56, 1. 4. earn legem] This refers to the proposal of Clodius 
 that no magistratus, when the popular assembly was summoned 
 for business, should have power to watch the heavens. 'Dion's 
 statement,' says Long, 'that Clodius proposed to get rid of this 
 practice that he might not be hindered in his design on Cicero 
 seems to be true. Thus were abolished the famous law or laws 
 named Aelia and Fufia, which as Cic. (or. in Vatin. 23) says 
 in Gracchorum ferocitate et in audacia Saturnini et in colluvione 
 Drusi et in contentione Sulpici et in cruore Cinnano, etiam inter 
 Sullana arma t vixerunt. iura religionum] ' the rules of law 
 about religious ceremonies,' 98. On the meaning of the word 
 religio some useful observations will be found in Ihne's Eom. 
 Hist. Book vi ch. 13. 
 
 1. 5. potestatum] not 'state officers' but 'political offices' 
 or ' magisterial powers,' as in 98 1. 28, with reference to the 
 
NOTES 153 
 
 right of obnuntiatio ( 33) belonging to the magistratus pares et 
 maiores and the tribunes of the people: de iure, the lex Aelia; 
 de tempore the lex Fujia. See on 33. [leges quae sunt, 
 
 cf. de sen. 59 1. 16 in eo libro qui est de tuenda re familiari. 
 J. s. R.] 
 
 1. 7. domesticam labem, ' the mischief done (at home) to 
 the state,' )( exteras nationes. Cf. above 51 1. 14, de off. n 
 26 externa libentius in tali re quam domestica recordor. 
 
 1. 8. furore, * mad acts.' conquassatas, ' shaken to 
 
 the foundation,' 73 jlammam quassatae rei publicae, or. in 
 Vat. 19 adeone non labefactatam rem publicam te tribuno 
 neque conquassatam civitatem. 
 
 [1. 9. videbamus, 'we saw over a considerable period,' 'we 
 grew accustomed to see ; ' for the tense cf. de am. 37 Grac- 
 chum rem p. vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus, de 
 sen. 49 1. 28. j. s. r.] Kather, there stood before our eyes.' 
 
 lege tribunicia] by a plebiscite, and not by a decree of 
 the senate to whom the administration of foreign affairs exclu- 
 sively belonged, said in contempt, 64 1. 4. 
 
 Pessinuntius 'atPessinus,' the capital of Galatia, of which 
 Strabo 12, 5, 3 says : ipLvopelov r&v rculrr) p.kyiGrov, lepbv %x ov 
 TTJs fMTjrpbs Tu>v BeCov crepao-fiov fieydXov rvyxdpov kclKovgi 8' airriv 
 "Aydurriv. Ot 5' iepels to irahaLOV dwaarai rwks rjaaVf lepojavvqv 
 KapTTov/xevoi. fieydXrjv k.t.X. 
 
 1. 11. sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum religionum, 
 'the seat of the most holy and time-hallowed cult.' For the 
 gen. see above 36 1. 23, Kenn. 168, Eoby 524. 
 
 1. 12. pecunia grandi, 'for a large sum of money.' Brogi- 
 tarus was son-in-law to King Deiotarus. Cf. de har. resp. 
 28 sed quid ego id admiror? qui accepta pecunia Pessi- 
 nuntem ipsum, sedem domiciliumque Matris deorum, vastaris et 
 Brogitaro Gallograeco, impuro homini ac nefario, cuius legati 
 te tribuno dividere in aede Castoris tuis operis nummos solebant, 
 totum ilium locum fanumque vendideris ? sacerdotem ab ipsis 
 aris pulvinaribusque detraxeris ? omnia ilia, quae vetus- 
 tas, quae Persae, quae Syri, quae reges omnes semper summa 
 religione coluerunt, perverteris ? 
 
 1. 13. religione, 'sacred office.' praesertim cum, 'and 
 
 that too though.' Madv. on Cic. de fin. n 25, de off. n 56, 
 Eoby Gr. 734, Eeid or. p. Sull. 6, who says in Cic. prae- 
 sertim not seldom introduces a consideration which is con- 
 trasted with what precedes, though oftener the second con- 
 sideration is confirmatory of the first.' 
 
154 PRO P. SESTIO 5658 
 
 earn] the conj. of Manutius for the ms reading ea. 
 
 1. 14. violandl causa, 'in order to profane, desecrate it.' 
 
 1. 15. a populo] This was another encroachment on the 
 prerogative of the senate, who alone could confer the title of 
 king.' Liv. 30, 15, 11 ; Tac. Ann. 4, 26. Cf. de har. resp. 
 29 atque liunc tamen Deiotarum, saepe a senatu regali nomine 
 dignum existimatum, tu etiam regem appellari cum Brogitaro 
 tubes : sed alter est rex iudicio senatus per nos, pecunia Bro- 
 gitarus per te appellatus, or. p. Mil. 73 eum qui regna 
 dedit, adernit, or. p. dom. 129 regum appellationes venales 
 erant. postulassent] ' had demanded as a right.' 
 
 1. 16. Byzantium] which was a libera civitas, see on 64, 
 84. condemnati] i.e. after a formal trial and that on 
 
 a capital charge (rerum capitalium) as we learn from 84. 
 Ingessit (Clodius) invidiam, restitutos tunc eos, qui damnati 
 legitime fuerant, cum ipse indemnatus Cicero in exilium fuisset 
 eiectus. schol. bob. Cf. Cic. de leg. agr. n 10 neque vero ilia 
 popularia sunt existimanda, iudiciorum...perturbationes, resti- 
 tutio damnatorum, qui civitatum adjlictarum perditis iam rebus 
 extremi exitiorum solent esse exitus, Verr. v 12 perditae 
 civitates hos solent exitus exitialis habere, ut damnati in integrum 
 restituantur, vincti solvantur, exsules reducantur, res iudi- 
 catae rescindantur. 
 
 57, 1. 18. rex Ptolomaeus] Ptolomaeus, King of Cyprus, 
 an illegitimate son of Ptolomaeus Lathyrus, and the younger 
 brother of Ptolomaeus xi Auletes King of Egypt B.C. 80, who in 
 the consulship of Caesar B.C. 59 and through his favour had 
 obtained from the Roman senate the ratification of his title to 
 the crown by vast bribes (Caes. de bell. civ. in c. 107). The 
 ostensible ground for Clodius' proposal to deprive him of his 
 kingdom was that he neglected to ransom him when he had 
 fallen into the hands of the Cilician pirates. For the real 
 ground see Intr. 5. Observe the anacoluthon in this long 
 sentence : rex Ptolomaeus should have been followed bjpraeconi 
 subiectus est. 
 
 1. 20. cum esset in eadem causa, * though he was in the 
 same position ' i.e. though his case was the same as that of his 
 brother the King of Cyprus, and his deserts no higher. Cf. de 
 fin. 1 49 qua (cura) qui ajfecti sunt in eadem causa sunt, qua 
 antequavi nati with Madvig's note, or. Verr. v 53, 111, de leg. 
 i 48 eadem omnium virtutum causa atque sententia est. 
 
 1. 21. erat] Supply qui as also before denique erat rex. 
 
 1.22. eadem vetustate societatis] i.q. eadem vetusta 
 societate: cf. below 88 1. 32, 141 1. 30, de off. in 105 
 
NOTES 155 
 
 1. 15, Mayor on Phil, n 64 1. 1. The King of Cyprus only 
 wanted the formal recognition by investiture with the title of 
 socius. 
 
 1. 23. si nondum at non, 'if not yet at least not.' See 
 n. on 7 1. 30, 14 1. 7, or. p. Plane. 29 1. 12. 
 
 1. 24. regno paterno atque avito perfruebatur, 'he was 
 
 in the full enjoyment of his paternal, indeed his ancestral 
 dominions with kingly ease.' regali otio is the modal ablative. 
 
 1. 26. operis, 'hired agents,' 18, 28, 38. 
 
 1. 27. sedens] sc. in sella regia. ' 5eiv6repov facere voluit, 
 exprimens maiestatem regiam per ipsa habitus lineamenta, 
 quae venerationi esse debuerint.' schol. bob. 
 
 1. 28. et illis insignibus regiis, ' and that especial badge 
 of regal dignity,' the crown. Cf. 58. praeconi publico 
 
 subiceretur, ' should be sold by public auction ; ' the mention 
 of his person for his kingdom gives additional rhetorical pathos. 
 Cf. Phil, ii 65 Pompei sector for sector bonorum Pompei, or. 
 p. dom. sua 20 cum lege nefaria Ptolemaeum (i.e. Ptolemaei 
 bona) publicasses, Suet. Claud, e.g. Claudius venalis pependit, 
 Flor. in 9, 3 of the same affair : populus regis confiscationem 
 mandavit. Nagelsbach Stil. 16. So we speak of a person 
 being ' sold up.' 
 
 1. 31. nulla iniuria commemorata] ad morem fetialium et 
 patris patrati alludit qui commemorabant iniurias, priusquam 
 bellum indicerent. abrami. 
 
 nullis rebus repetitis, ' without making any demand for 
 restitution or satisfaction,' i.e. without any formal declaration 
 of war. Cf . Varro ap. Non. p. 529 (quoted by Nic. Abrami) : 
 itaque bella et tarde et magna diligentia suscipiebant, quod 
 bellum nullum nisi pium putabant geri oportere : priusquam 
 bellum indicerent Us, a quibus iniurias factas sciebant, fetialis 
 legatos res repetitum mittebant quattuor, quos or a tores 
 vocabant. Cf. Liv. i 22 ; Eamsay R. A. p. 331. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 P. 29, 58, 1. 1. turbulenta, 'revolutionary acts,' ' storms.' 
 
 1. 2. in me, ' in my case,' ' in my person.' 
 
 1. 3. haud scio an recte, 'I am inclined to think rightly,' 
 lit. I don't know whether (wrongly or rather) rightly,' since an 
 is always used in the second member of an alternative question . 
 See n. on p. Plane. 33 1. 11. 
 
 / 
 
156 PRO P. SEST10 58-^9 
 
 1. 4. Antioclmm Magnum] Antiochus, the King of Syria, 
 who was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae in B.C. 191, 
 and again at Mt Sipylus near Magnesia by L. Scipio in b.c. 
 190, when peace was granted him on condition of his ceding 
 all his dominions E. of Mount Taurus. The terms imposed on 
 Antiochus are given by Livius 38, 38, 4 : excedito urbibus agris 
 vicis castellis cis Taurum montem usque ad Halyn amnem et a 
 valle Tauri usque ad iuga, qua in Lycaoniam vergit: that is, 
 he was compelled to cede all his possessions in Europe and all 
 the territory in Asia Minor to the west of the river Halys through- 
 out its course, and of the mountain-chain of the Taurus, which 
 separates Cilicia and Lycaonia, so that he retained nothing in - 
 the Anatolian peninsula but Cilicia. Mommsen Eom. Hist. Bk 
 in ch. 9 Vol. ii p. 291. 
 
 Magnum magna] an instance of paronomasia, to 
 heighten effect, which reminds us of Homer's kcito jxtyas 
 fieyaXoxrrl (II. xvi 776), and Virgil's ipse gravis graviter- 
 que ad terram ponder e vasto concidit, Aen. v 447. 
 
 1. 6. intra montem Taurum] i.e. from the point of view of 
 Antiochus, ne montem T. egrederetur. regnare, 'to be king.' 
 
 1. 7. qua ilium multarunt] Cf. Cic. or. p. Balb. 41 
 Hispanis agris stipendioque multatis, Tusc. v 106 multan- 
 tur bonis exules, Tac. Hist, i c. 66 publice armis multati. 
 Attalo] a slip or historical error for Eumenes n, son of Atta- 
 lus i, King of Pergamum b.c. 197 b.c. 158, who was the ally 
 of the Romans against Philip and the Achaei. His fidelity 
 and services to Rome were rewarded by the cession to him of 
 several provinces in Asia and the Chersonese with Lysimachia 
 in Europe (Mommsen I.e. in p. 293). Eumenes was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother At talus n, who also fought on the side 
 of the Romans against Antiochus. 
 
 1. 8. Tigrane] Tigranes was king of Armenia and several 
 of the adjacent provinces (paaiketis ftaarCktuv as he called himself 
 Appian Syr. c. 48, Plut. Lucull. c. 14) b.c. 96 b.c. 56, and, 
 in consequence of dissensions amongst the royal family of 
 Syria, became in B.C. 83 master of the whole Syrian monarchy 
 from the Euphrates to the sea. He was defeated, his capital 
 Tigranocerta being taken by Lucullus in b.c. 69 and 68. 
 On the arrival of Pompeius he made overtures of submission 
 to him, and was left in possession of Armenia proper. 
 
 1. 9. nuper ipsi )( maiores nostri 1. 5. 
 
 1. 10. iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis] by his aggres- 
 sive conquests in Cappadocia, Syria and Cilicia, Mommsen 
 Hist. E. Vol. iv p. 47 ff. 
 
NOTES 157 
 
 In socios] cf. Liv. 24, 16, 1 tanta vi se in host em intu- 
 lerunt, 9, 25, 2 in agros atque urbes Ausonum helium intu- 
 lerunt, Cic. ep. ad fam. xv 2, 1 hello in provinciam Syriam 
 illato. bello lacessisset, 'had assumed the aggressive.* 
 
 [prope=prope dixerim. j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 12. Mithridatem] Mithridates the great, whose 
 daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes. 
 
 1. 17. supplicem] 'in the posture of a suppliant,' in appo- 
 sition with abiectum, as predicate. Cf. above 54 1. 13, or. 
 p. Mil. ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abieci. 
 
 The story is told by Plutarch v. Pomp. c. 33 : 6 5 /3a<n\eu? 
 Htypdv^s rifxepov riva ry rpdrrq) Kal irpq.ov irvObfievos elvai rbv 
 Kofiwrjiov, dvaXafiuv rods ipiXovs Kal cvyyeveTs avrbs iiropeijero 
 irapabuScrwv iavrbv. 'fis be rjXdev linrbrrjs iirl rbv x&P aKa ('the 
 camp'), pafidouxoi. btio rod Hofiirrj'tov irpocreXObvTes itiXevaav 
 aTropTjpai rod lirirov Kal ire^bv eXOelv ovb&a yap dvdp&irujv e<t> 
 Xmrov Kadefofievov iv 'Pw/^ai'/cy arparoiribti) Trdnrore 6<f>6rjvai, Kal 
 ravra ovv 6 Tiypdvrjs iweidero Kal rb i-i<po$ aureus aTroXvcdfievos 
 irapebtbov' Kal riXos, ios irpbs avrbv r)Xde rbv HopLirifCov^ dcpeXb- 
 ixevos rr\v Klrapiv aipfirjae irpb tQv rrobQv delvai Kal KarafiaXtov 
 iavrbv, atax^ra brj Trdvrwv, irpoaireaeiv avrov rots ybvaav. 
 'A XX' 6 UofjLirrjLos 'icpdrf ttjs bet-ids avrov XafibpLevos rrpoa ay ay iaBac 
 Kal TrXrjaiov idpi'icaadai eavrov, rbv be vlbv iirl ddrepa, rcav [xev 
 aXXoiv Z<p7]cre belv alndadai AevKoXXov, U7r' iKeivov yap d<priprjadaL 
 'Lvplav, QoivIktjv, KiXidav, TaXariav, 'Zuxprjv/jV a be axpis iavrov 
 biarerrip7}Kev ffetp iKrlaavra iroivrjv i^aKicrxlXia rdXavra ''Pco/j.aiots 
 ttjs ddiKias' iirl rotirois 6 Tiypdvrjs rjyaTrwo-e, See also Mommsen 
 Hist. R. iv p. 127. 
 
 1. 19. certis rebus imperatis] Dio 36, 53 (36) : r# varepala 
 Hofnrrjios Sia/coi/cras avrwv (Tigranes and his son) rip fiev irpea- 
 (Svripy rr\v irarpcpav iracrav dpxw diribaiKev' rd ydp irpoo~KT7]~ 
 Bivra vrr* avrov (r)v be dXXa re Kal 1-77$ Ka7r7ra5o/cas rrjs re livpias 
 /J-ipv, r\ re QoivLkt) Kal 7) ^hxprjVT] X^P a T0 ? s ' ApfievLois Trpbaopo? 
 ov a/juKpa) irapeiXero avrov Kal rrpoairi Kal xp^ara avrov rjrno'ev 
 r(p be veuripip rrjv H,w(pr)V7]v p.bvr\v drrhup^ev. 
 
 1. 20. constitutum quam constrictum] * set up ' ' than 
 shut up,' i.e. placed on his throne than if he had been con- 
 fined to a narrow circle. videri] passive, should be seen,' 
 Verr. iv 100, v 43, 86, 94, 137. 
 
 59, 1. 23. acerrlmum hostem in regnum recepit] Plut. 
 Luc. c. 22 : Tt7 pdvqs be MiOpibdrrjv irpbrepov fxev ovb' Ibeiu r\^jnaaev 
 ovbe Trpoaenre'iv, oIkclov dvbpa, (3ao-t\eias ^KTreirroiKbra TTjXt/catfr^r, 
 dXX' arlfjuas Kal vrrepritydvus drrordrw irepielbev avrbv rpbrrov tlvcl 
 <ppovpo{f/j.evop iv x^piots eXajbeat Kal voaepoh' rbre be avv rifjirj Kal 
 (piXocppoo'vv'fl jxeTeiriix\f/aTO avrov. 
 
158 PRO P. SESTIO 5960 
 
 1. 24. de imperio] i.e. uter orbi terrarum imperaret. 
 
 1. 26. id] sc. nomen, added to emphasize the contrast 
 between his former and later conduct, as in 69 1. 11 Mi after 
 qui. ille etc. adversative asyndeton, * whereas that poor 
 
 Cyprian king.' 
 
 1. 28. suspicio durior] i.e. of having supported the Cilician 
 pirates. Cf. ep. ad fam. 12, 25 a, 7 de Cn. Minucio rumores 
 duriores erant. 
 
 1. 29. vivus et vldens] an alliterative proverb, which is 
 found in Lucr. in 1046 tu vero dubitabis et indignabere obire> 
 mortua cui vita est prope iam vivo at que videnti, Ter. Eun. 
 1, 1, 28 prudens sciens, vivus vidensque pereo, Cic. p. Quinct. 
 50 huic acerbissimo vivo videntique funus ducitur. So in 
 Gr. $G)v /cat /3\*7tcoj/, Aesch. Ag. v. 662. 
 
 1. 30. cum victu ac vestitu = cum omnibus suis gazis, 
 another alliterative proverb, as appears from or. p. Quinct. 
 19 cuius... etiam victus vestitusque necessarius sub prae- 
 conem subiectus est. On the fondness of the Latins for asso- 
 nance particularly in proverbs see Seyffert Palaestr. Cic. p. 73 
 ed. 5. In the present passage it is employed to heighten the 
 effect of the description. On the use of cum see 82 1. 32. 
 
 en, cur ceteri etc.] an expression of ironical indignation, 
 lit. ' behold, a reason why other kings should consider,' i.e. 
 * and what must other kings think of their security to see by 
 this precedent that their crowns and fortunes may be at the 
 disposal of a tribune and some hundred mercenaries?' Cf. 
 Verr. n 1 93 en cui tuos liberos committas, 5 124 en quod 
 Tyndaritani libenter praedicent, 
 
 1. 32. hoc prodito exemplo] cf. or. p. Flacc. 25 in hoc 
 ego reone quod perniciosum exemplum prodatur pertimescam. 
 The usual phrase is edere exemplum. 
 
 P. 30, 1. 1. per tribunum aliquem etc.] non sine pernicie 
 hoc exemplum de Ptolemaeo ad posteritatem prodi asserit : 
 quoniam fieri possit, ut reges alienentur a fide ac societate. 
 Sed ut omnem auctoritatem Clodianae rogationis everteret, per 
 tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas ' inquit ; quo manifestum 
 sit, de hoc non populum Romanum iudicasse sed factionem 
 quandam perditorum. schol. bob. operas] 18 1. 1, 28 
 
 1. 30. sescentas, used for an indefinite number. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVm 
 
 60, 1. 1. M. Catonis splendorem maculare, ' to tarnish 
 the lustre of M. Cato's name.' This was M. Porcius Cato 
 Uticensis who was charged by Clodius , law with the an- 
 
NOTES 159 
 
 nexation of the kingdom of Cyprus, as well as the regulation 
 of the complicated municipal affairs of the Byzantines. ' The 
 engaging Cato,' says Middleton, 'in such dirty work was a 
 masterpiece and served many purposes of great use to Clodius ; 
 first to get rid of a troublesome adversary for the remainder of 
 his magistracy ; 2dly, to fix a blot on Cato himself ; [and show, 
 that the most rigid pretenders to virtue might be caught by a 
 proper bait ;] 3dly, to stop his mouth for the future, as he 
 openly bragged, from clamouring against extraordinary com- 
 missions ; 4thly, to oblige him, above all, to acknowledge the 
 validity of his acts by his submitting to bear a part in them.' 
 Veil. Paterc. n 45: idem P. Clodius in tribunatu sub honori- 
 Jicentissimo ministeri titulo M. Catonem a republica relegavit : 
 quippe legem tulit, ut is quaestor cum iure praetorio adiecto 
 etiam quaestore mitteretur in insulam Cyprum ad spoliandum 
 regno Ptolemaeum, omnibus morum vitiis earn contumeliam merl- 
 tum y Cic. p. dom. s. 20, 67, M. Cato invisus quasi per bene- 
 Jicium Cyprum relegatur, de prov. cons., Plut. Caes. c. 21, Cat. 
 min. c. 34. 
 
 1. 4. gra vitas] ' sterling worth,' * solidity,' the chief part 
 of the ideal Roman character. 
 
 1. 6. quae in tempestate saeva quieta est etc.] maxims 
 of the Stoic philosophers, to whose school Cato belonged, 
 though Epicurus speaks quite in the same way about his 
 <ro<pos. 
 
 1. 7. pulsa loco, * though driven from its ground, ' ' dis- 
 lodged,' i.e. banished, Cf. or. in Cat. n 1, 1 loco ille motus 
 est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. 
 
 1. 8. splendet per sese] de off. 1 30 aequitas lucet ipsa 
 per se. Dobree and Eberhard insert exul before haeret. 
 
 1. 9. obsolescit, ' is soiled, tarnished,' * loses its polish.' 
 Cf. Hor. Ep. 17, 46 o nee paternis obsoleta sordibus, Q. 
 Curt. 9, 6, 14 cito gloria obsolescit in sordidis hostibus, Plin. 
 Paneg. 4, 5 enituit aliquis in bello sed obsolevit in pace, 
 
 1. 11. imponendum] Plut. Cat. min. c. 34 dvaKpay6vros d 
 rod K&tuvos, ws eue'dpa t6 irpayaa /cat irpoTrrjXaKtafids, ov xa/ws 
 iarijf, vTrepri<f>avG)S 6 KXcodtos kolI oXiyoopcos 'Ovkovp* elirep 'ei fj.y 
 xdpiv x ets > otA/LUifxevos irXevari^ /cat irpocreXduv avdis els rbv 5tj/iov 
 eKvpcaae vojuLcp ttjv ^KTrefixpiv rod KdraH'os, Dio 38, 30. 
 
 qui palam dixerint, ' since they gave out publicly.' 
 
 1.12. linguam se evellisse] i. q. elinguem reddidisse, 
 or. p. Elacc. 22, had stopped his mouth ' for the future 
 against the tribunician laws of the year b.c. 58. 
 
160 PEO P. SESTIO 6062 
 
 1. 13. extraordinL. 'as p Utes] Cato's commission was 
 extraordinaria inasmuch as (i; he was homo privatus, having 
 been quaestor only and tribune of the people, (2) because it 
 was given him nominatim (or. de dom. sua 21 : ad hunc homi- 
 nem imperium extra o- > din cm nominatim rogatione tua de- 
 tulisti), (3) because it combined two different objects (Plut. Cato 
 c. 34 ds 8e [iLKpbv gpyop avrf Ktiirpop Kal UroXejULaiop dvadeh kri 
 koI BvfavTiw <pvyd8as Kar^tP irpotrera^e (3ovX6[jlpos otu irXeiVTov 
 Xpfoov ktto8up dpxoPTOs clvtov yeptadai top Kdrawa). 
 
 1. 15. manere] i. e. superesse, durare, still continues.' 
 hoc maiorem, quod, 'all the greater, because,' 52 1. 8. 
 
 1. 17. aliquid] 28 1. 22. auctoritate sua, 'by his 
 
 personal influence ' in opposition to voce ipsa ac dolore, loud 
 expression of indignation.' desperasset, ' no longer hoped.' 
 
 1. 19. post meum discessum] Plutarch therefore must be 
 mistaken, when he says 6 8e KXuSios ov8e KiKtpwpa /caraXiWw 
 TJXmfc K&T(avo$ wapoPTos. 
 
 1. 20. flens] 26 1. 19. meum et rei publicae easum^ 
 
 33, 42 1. 19. 
 
 1. 22. provinciae paenlteret] cuius mercede inductus cum 
 Clodio de mea pernicie consenserat. manutius. 
 
 61, 1. 23. quasi vero] to correct an erroneous supposition, 
 or. p. Plane. 61 1. 10. 
 
 in alias leges] Significat Iulias 0. Caesaris leges, in 
 quas cum diu perseverasset non iurare, ad extremum coactus 
 suasionibus plurimorum videtur accommodasse consensum. 
 schol. bob. Cf. Dio 38, 7. Plutarch Cat. c. 32 says that there 
 was a clause in the land bill, by which all the senators were 
 required to swear that they would maintain it and we learn 
 from a letter of Cic. (ad Att. n 18) that candidates for state 
 orifices were also compelled by the land bill to swear that they 
 would never say anything about the land being held on any 
 other terms than those fixed by the Julian laws (see Introd. to 
 or. p. Plane, p. xix). He then continues : 6 8e /xdXitrra avfi- 
 irelcras Kal dyayuv iirl top 6'pKOP fjp KiK^pcap 6 prjrwp irapaipoov 
 Kal diddaKWP, cos T&xa- y& ov8e 81kcli6p eart tois eypcaapL^Pots 
 Koipy /jlopop oteadat delv aireiQeip, p Se dtWdrco ry juLeraaTrjaal 
 ti tu)p yeyopdrcop d<pei8e?p eavTov iraPTCLTracnp clpotjtop Kal /jlclplkop' 
 e , o~x aTOV 8e kclklop, el cV rjp cbrapra Trpdrrei itoXip irpoe'p.epos rots 
 iTTi^ovXevovaip (JUcnrep da/jLe'pcos cbraXXd^eTcu tQp virep avrrjs dyu)~ 
 puyp' Kal yap, el /at? Kdriop rrjs 'Petfju??s, dXX' 17 'Pco^ delrai 
 Kdrwpos. 
 
 1. 24. non offert se ille istis temeritatibus, 'he is not 
 
 the man to sacrifice himself (his life) to those rash actions of 
 
NOTES 161 
 
 his enemies/ This is the ai^ ; to a-.ftiiestion implied in cur 
 igitur rogationi non paruit, which includes also the question 
 why did he not choose to go into exile rather than obey ? ' 
 
 1. 26. se civi rem p. privet] 'affording to his famous 
 saying: el fMrj Karon/ ttjs 'Pw/xt?s,' niX t) P 07x77 deircu Kdrwvos. 
 
 1. 27. cum esset designatus trib. pi.] i. e. on the 5th of 
 December b.c. 63, which Cic. (or. p. Flacco 102) calls diem 
 vere natalem huius urbis aut ccrte salutarem. Veil. Paterc. 2, 
 35, 3 hie (M. Cato) tribunus plebis designatus et adhuc admodum 
 adulescens, cum alii suaderent, ut per municipia Lentulus 
 coniuratique custodirentur, paene inter ultimos interrogatus 
 sententiam, tanta vi animi atque ingeni invectus est in coniura- 
 tionem, eo ardore oris orationem omnium lenitatem suadentium 
 societate consili suspectam fecit, sic impendentia ex commuta- 
 tion status publici pericula exposuit, ita consults virtutem am- 
 plificavit, ut universus senatus in eius sententiam transiret 
 maiorque pars ordinis eius Ciceronem prosequerentur domum. 
 Cato's speech is given by Sallust Cat. c. 52; it was the un- 
 compromising opinions which he expressed on this occasion 
 that marked him out as a leader of the optimates. 
 
 L 28. cuius invidiam ... sibi praestandam videbat, 'for 
 the unpopularity of which he saw he must be answerable.' Cf. 
 38 1. 16, 43 1. 5. 
 
 1. 31. dux, auctor, actor, ' leader, instigator, perpetrator : ' 
 cf. Caesar b. c. i 26 illo auctore atque agente. 
 
 non quo sed] common in Cic. for non quo sed quod 
 ( 87 1. 14) (quia)-, cf. my note on or. p. Plane. 73, and add 
 to the exx. there quoted, ep. ad Att. 16, 15, 5; 4, 15, 7; or. in 
 Verr. 3 39, or. p. ilacco U, Acad, n 37. suum, ' personal.' 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX 
 
 P. 31, 62, 1. 3. ipsius] for rhetorical effect instead of eius 
 (Halm), unless we read with Eberhard ipse eius in opp. to the 
 time of his being designatus tr. pi. 61 1. 27. * 
 
 1. 5. meministis ilium diem] the day on which the tribune 
 Q. Metellus Nepos made an attempt to procure a popular vote 
 entrusting Pompeius (then in Asia) with the conduct of the 
 war against Catiline in Italy, but failed to do so principally 
 because of the energetic resistance of his colleague Cato. Plut. 
 Cat. min. c. 26 evrevdev els rrjv dnfJ-apxlav i/unreadi* 6 MireXXos 
 iKKXrjcrias re dopvfiwdeis avvrjye kclI vbfxov ZypaxJ/e Hou-Try'iov Mdy- 
 vov ttva.i Kara raxps //.era T<du bvvdfxewv els 'IraXLav ical wapa- 
 XafiovTa. aueu> rr\v iroXiu ws vrro KariXiva Kivdvvevovcrav. *H^ 
 
 H. 11 
 
162 PRO P. SESTIO 6264 
 
 hk tovto \6yos ev7rpTr^s, f-pyov 8 tov vbuov Kal t4\os ey%- 
 piaai ra irpay/JLara Hofiirrjiu) Kal wapadovvai ttjv Tjye/xovLau. Cf. 
 Mommsen E. H. Vol. iv p. 198 ff. 
 
 1. 6. templo] i.e. of Castor and Pollux; 34 1. 27, 79 
 1. 21, 83 1. 9, 85 I 10. ^ Plut. 1. c. c. 27 : w<? ovv torurrte o 
 1\6.tuv Kdretde tov vewv twv AiocrKovpwv 8ir\ois irepiexbfJLevov 
 Kal ras ava(3aaeis <ppovpovpi.fr as viro pLovo/j.axw avrbv bk KaOi]- 
 t-Levov dvio fiera Kalaapos (who being praetor at the time sup- 
 ported the bill) tov MlreWor, inGTpt\pa$ irpos tovs <pi\ovs 
 ' ui Opaatos ' elirev * dvOpcowov Kal SeiXou, 6s /ca#' ivos dvbirkov 
 Kal yv/jvov toctovtovs io-TparoXoyrjaev. 1 H. A. Koch holds with 
 Manutius that the 'Rostra' which were also called templum 
 ( 75 1. 14) are meant here. 
 
 1. 9. adiit...periculum] 23 1. 7. 
 
 1. 10. quanta = quam iusta. 
 
 1. 11. non est necesse] this he savs for fear of offending 
 Pompeius. Cypriae rogationi, ' bill concerning Cyprus.' 
 
 1. 12. haereret rei p.] the dat. is less frequent than the 
 abl. with or without in; cf. or. p. Eosc. com. 17 potest hoc 
 homini huic haerere peccatum? 
 
 1. 13. regno iam publicato, not till after the confiscation 
 of his kingdom.' 
 
 1. 15. quod] as if illud had preceded rogatum. Cf. 73 
 ut etiamsi esset iure rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset, 
 
 duoitatis quin ei vis esset adlata, 'do you doubt that 
 force would have been employed to make him?' It rarely 
 happens that the conjunctive of the simple pluperfect or imper- 
 fect stands both hypothetically and also for some other reason 
 (as here because of quin): and it can only happen in the 
 passive. Madv. Gr. 381. [The usage is really analogous to 
 the use of present for future. Here esset adlata is strictly im- 
 perfect, ' was on the way to be employed.' Precisely the same 
 explanation applies to expellcretur 1. 22. j. s. r.] 
 
 63, 1. 19. quod...boni] Madv. Gr. 285 b, Eeid on or. 
 p. Sull. 58, Eoby n 1296 (Z>), Kenn. Gr. p. 419. By boni is 
 meant the enrichment of the treasury: by malis a bad transac- 
 tion, viz. the annexation of Cyprus. Cf. Philipp. n 117 ex 
 plurimis malis quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta hoc tamen 
 boni exstitit. 
 
 1. 21. per se, as a man of unflinching rectitude ; per 
 alios, with whom the interests of the state might suffer by 
 their misappropiiation of some of the plunder. 
 
NOTES 163 
 
 1. 22. expelleretur] see above 1. 15 n. 
 
 1. 23. facile pateretur, ' would have been content.' See n. 
 to or. p. Plane. 62 1. 31. superiore anno] consule C. 
 
 Caesare (b.c. 48), cuius actionibus Cato nee adversari destric- 
 tius volebat nee tamen consentire poterat. schol. bob. 
 
 1. 24. senatu caruisset, 'had been cut off from the senate,' 
 Acad, ii 1 caruit rebus urbanls, below 145 1. 13. quo si] 
 for ubi si eo by a common attraction of the relative into the 
 subordinate sentence. tamen = salt em, certe, i.e. when 
 
 everything else failed. 
 
 1.26. me expulso] explanatory of turn: as in 118 turn 
 petenti iam, de amic. 53 turn exsulantem se intellexisse. 
 meo nomine, in my person.' 
 
 1. 27. sententia sua condemnata, after his vote about the 
 conspirators was condemned,' ipse enim Cato tribunus pi. 
 designatus Lentulum et Cethegum et ceteros censuerat capite 
 puniendos. schol. bob. 
 
 1.28. illevero, 'he certainly.' cui nos] sc. cessimus. 
 
 1. 30. luctum dolorem] luctus is grief as expressed by 
 outward signs, as in the dress, dolor is grief as felt inwardly: 
 cf. ep. ad Att. xn 28, 2, or. p. Balb. 60 dolorem alii, nos 
 luct urn maeroremque suscepwius. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 64, 1. 32. his de tot...iniuriis] Zumpt Gr. 324. On the 
 use of de with its dependent case after the substantive querella 
 see n. to Cic. de off. n 19 1. 21. in socios, the people 
 
 of Pessinus; in reges, Ptolemaeus of Cyprus; in civi- 
 tates liberas, Byzantium, see c. 26. 
 
 P. 32, 1. 1. querella] so we must write and not querela; 
 loquella and not loquela ; luella and not luela : but cautela, 
 suadela, tutela, corruptela, custodela. See Munro Intr. to 
 Lucretius n p. 33. 
 
 1. 2. In eius] 'a lively asyndeton' says Halm 'for in eius 
 enim. 7 tutela] because the consuls presided over the senate, 
 to which exclusively belonged the administration of foreign 
 affairs ; see n. on 56 1. 9. 
 
 1. 4. quamquam = kclItol and yet,' 'however,' n. on or. p. 
 Plane. 3 1. 3. quis audiret, ' who would have listened, if 
 
 they had chosen to complain ever so loudly,' when the senate 
 were powerless, and the people the slaves of Clodius ? 
 
 112 
 
164 PRO P. SESTIO 6466 
 
 1. 5. quererentur, * should they have complained,' ' were 
 they to complain ? ' See n. to Cic. de off. in 88 1. 4. 
 
 1. 6. nullo meo crimine, ' without any charge being laid to 
 my account,' 36 1. 20, Madv. Gr. 277. 
 
 1. 7. non modo...non...sed ne...quidem] Madvig Gr. 
 461 b, Kenn. Gr. p. 326 b. It is only when the two clauses have 
 a common predicate that non modo takes the place of non modo 
 non in the first, 20 1. 1, 73 1. 10. 
 
 1. 8. cesseram] referring to nullo meo crimine, cesseram 
 enim non ob delictum aliquod sed etc, si...voltis, 'if you 
 
 will have it so. ' 
 
 1. 9. si commoveri omnia videbantur, if a general revo- 
 lution was expected.' 
 
 1. 11. societas magistratuum] the compact between the 
 consuls and tribunes of the people and Clodius. 
 
 1. 12. rei publicae, ' to the general good,' 'the common weal.' 
 
 65, 1. 12. de capite civis] as if lex followed. Cf. or. in 
 Pis. 30 illam legem... quae erat contra omnes leges indemnati 
 civis atque integri capitis bonorumque tribunicia proscriptio. 
 
 1. 13. cuius modi civis] sc. tit, proscriptio] see n. to 
 46 1. 11. 
 
 1. 14. sacratis legibus] 16 1. 6, 79 1. 20. 
 
 1. 15. sanctum esset] see my n. on Plane. 47 1. 6. 
 privilegium, 'any exceptional bill' in favour of or against an 
 individual : or. de domo sua 43 vetant leges sacratae, vetant 
 XII tabulae, leges privis hominibus irrogari, id est enim privi- 
 legium; Aul. Geh. x 20, 4 quo circa (iussa de singulis con- 
 cepta) privilegia potius vocari debent, quia veteres priva 
 dixerunt, quae nos singula dicimus, de legg. in 45 in priva- 
 tos homines leges Jerri noluerunt; id est enim privilegium; 
 quo quid est iniustius ? cum legis haec vis sit, ut sit scitum et 
 iussum in omnis ? ferri de singulis nisi centuriatis comitiis 
 noluerunt. descriptus enim populus censu, ordinibus, aetatibus, 
 plus adhibet ad suffragium consilii quam fuse in tribus convoca- 
 tus; ib. 11 privilegia ne inroganto; de capite civis nisi per 
 maximum comitiatum. . .ne ferunto. 
 
 1. 18. quantum in illis...fuit, 'so far as depended on 
 those twin curses of this empire.' 
 
 1. 19. operas] 59 1. 1. 
 
 1. 20. trib. pi. concilio, * by a packed meeting of a tribune 
 of the people,' in opp. to the comitia of the whole people. Cf. 
 
NOTES 165 
 
 Laelius Felix ap. A. Gell. 15, 27, 4 is qui non ut universum 
 populum, sed partem aliquam adesse iubet, non comitia sed 
 concilium edicere debet: Cic. p. dom. sua 79 consulari homini 
 P. Clodius, eversa re publico,, civitatem adimere potuit, concilio 
 advocato, conductis operis non solum egentium sed etiam scr- 
 vorum. The root of concilium is calare=Ka\e?Vy not ciere* 
 
 66, 1. 21. quae vero promulgata] as opposed to lata 
 55 1. 22. fuerint] the subjunctive of oblique question 
 
 dependent upon quid dicam. For the tense see n. on 55 1. 23. 
 
 1. 22. conscripta, * written ' as opp. to promissa * verbal 
 promises.' [I think rather 'what plans were sketched,' cf. 
 below 1. 26 discripta. j. s. r.] [sperata cogitata, ' what 
 
 hopes were indulged, what imaginations ; ' the contrast is 
 practically the same as that between sperare and optare, for 
 which see my n. on or. p. Balbo 9 and cf. Liv. 4, 15, 6. Cf. 
 1. 25 optari. J. s. R.] < 
 
 1. 23. orbi terrae] for in orbe terrae, a local ablative, found 
 only in this expression after the analogy of ruri, domi, militiae ; 
 so in the best texts or. p. dom. s. 24, Verr. iv 82. 
 
 1. 26. attributa atque discripta, ' assigned and appor- 
 tioned.' Cf. 137 discriptionem civitatis. The testimony 
 of mss and inscriptions is in favour of this form and not 
 describere when the meaning is ' to divide.' See n. on de off. i 
 51 1. 33. 
 
 1. 27. provlncia, ' sphere of activity,' department of the 
 public service. ' Mr Watson has a good note on the meaning 
 of this word in his Select Letters of Cicero p. 118 note b, and 
 on that of imperium p. 120 note e, ed. 2. 
 
 flandae, 'casting,' 'coining.' Flare pecuniam = pec. 
 flando efformare was the technical term for ' casting ' metals 
 by blowing. Cf. Varr. R. E. 2, 1, 9 aes antiquissimum, quod 
 est /latum, pecore est notatum, id. ap. A. Gell. N. A. 2, 10, 3 
 j lata signataque pecunia. So Vitruv. de arch. 2, 7, 4 in aeris 
 flatura, Plin. 7, 56 197, flaturae argentariae, Wilmanns 
 exx. Inscr. 1378 d. The word is not used like conjlare in a 
 metaph. sense ' to scrape together ' (see Eeid on or. p. Sull. 
 13). The letters AA.A-F-F., abbreviations of auro ar- 
 gento aeri flando feriundo, appear frequently upon coins after 
 the names of individual commissioners of the mint (triumviri 
 monetales). See the cuts in Ramsay R. A. p. 414 and p. 416. 
 [Jlandae must refer to some project for debasing the coinage, 
 j. s. it.] 
 
 1. 29. latlor, ' of any extent.' See cr. n. 
 
166 PRO P. SESTIO 6668 
 
 1. 32. pecuniam = omationem provinciae, allowance in 
 
 taking possession of a province. 
 
 P. 33, 1. 1. damnatis de vi] the Catilinarians, who had 
 been condemned in b.c. 62 under the lex Plautia de vi and had 
 left the country. That the democratical party had begun to 
 talk about their restoration (restitutio in integrum) as early as 
 b. c. 59 appears from the speech pro Flacco 96 litemus igitur 
 Lentulo, parentemus Cethego, revocemus eiectos. 
 
 1. 2. populari, ' democratic,' as Clodius is called also or. in 
 Pis. 89 quid? quod populari illi sacerdoti sescentos ad 
 bestias amicos sociosque misisti 1 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXI 
 
 67, 1. 5. aliquando, ' at length and high time too,' see n. 
 on 13 1. 22. serius quam...vellet, i.e. si liceret, 'later 
 
 than he would wish,' if he had the choice, if it were possible 
 for his wish to be fulfilled. An incomplete conditional sen- 
 tence such as is common in all languages, see Eeid n. on or. 
 p. Sull. 1 1. 1, below 82 1. 5 citius quam vellem. Halm 
 thinks the conjunctive is used after the analogy of the conj. 
 after prius (ante) quam, when there is a past tense in the pre- 
 ceding clause. Por the statement cf. or. p. dom. 25 sed exci- 
 tatus aliquando Cn. Pompeii...nimium diu reconditus...animi 
 dolor subvenit subito rei publicae. 
 
 1. 7. fictis terroribus] see 41, 133 1. 26. [suis... 
 
 fictis ; these words are evenly balanced. Is suis a corruption of 
 saevis ? J. s. b.] or rather stultis ? 
 
 1. 9. retardatam] cf. or. in Pis. 76 cum certi homines non 
 studium eius a me alienassent, sed auxilium retardassent. 
 
 1. 10. rei p. bene gerendae] which was impossible, so long 
 as he served the purposes of a particular party. 
 
 1. 11. sceleratissimos civls] he means the Marian party, 
 Gnaeus Carbo, Gnaeus Domitius and Q. Sertorius, 
 whom Pompeius defeated in Sicily, Africa and Spain respec- 
 tively, acerrimos hostis...maximas nationes] cf. or. p. leg. 
 Man. c. 11, 12. 
 
 1.12. reges] Hiarbas, Mithridates, Tigranes ; gentes 
 feras, the tribes who refused him passage when in pursuit of 
 Mithridates. 
 
 p. 13. manum, implying the absence of regular organisa- 
 tion, j. s. B.] 
 
NOTES 167 
 
 1. 14. etiam servitia, * even the bands of slaves,' 53 1. 1 : 
 Cic. says etiam, because some denied Pompeius the credit of 
 terminating the servile war. M. Licinius Crassus had con- 
 quered the followers of Spartacus in a regular battle at Silarus 
 in B.C. 71, but about five thousand of them, who escaped to 
 Gaul, fell into the way of Pompeius on his return, who destroyed 
 them all and wrote to the senate to say that he had pulled up 
 the war by the roots. Cf. ep. ad Att. 1, 14. 
 
 1. 16. orbis terrarum terminis] see n. on 129 1. 9. 
 de&msset =finisset, cf. or. p. Arch. 23 si res eae quas 
 gessimus orbis teirarum terminis definiuntur, 
 
 1. 18. sanguine suol he was wounded and nearly lost 
 his life in the battle with Sertorius at Tucro in Spain in 
 B.C. 75, Plut. Sertor. c. 19, Pomp. c. 19, App. b. c. 1 c. 110 
 irpwdr) dopaTL is rov [xypdv tiriiavdvvus 6 UofiTrrjios. 
 
 1. 19. accessit ad causam publicam, * took up the cause of 
 the state,' which was given up to unprincipled factions. Cf. 
 87 1. 16 adiit ad causam rei publicae. auctoritate sua, 
 
 'by his moral influence,' not potestate 'official authority,' be- 
 cause he was only privatus. The difference of meaning in the 
 two words appears clearly from or. in Pis. 8 ille designatus 
 consul, cum quidam tribunus pi. suo auxilio magistros ludos 
 contra SCtum facer e iussisset, privatus fieri vetuit, atque id 
 quod nondum potestate poterat, obtinuit auctoritate. 
 
 1. 20. reliquis rebus )( praeteritis ; cf. 73 spe reliquae 
 tranquillitatis praesentis jluctus fugisse and see 66. 
 
 1. 21. inclinatio, 'tendency upwards,' generally applied to 
 ' a movement downwards, change for the worse,' see n. on or. 
 p. Plane. 94 1. 26, and cf. Gr. poir-q. ad meliorem spem 
 
 i.q. ad spem melioris status, 701.25. 
 
 68 95. Third part of the Con fir ma t io. Cic. now comes 
 back to the tribunate of Sestius but, before rebutting the charge 
 against him, he gives an account of the measures taken for his own 
 restoration in b.c. 58 up to the negotiation on January 25 : the 
 motion of the tribune Ninnius on the 1st of June, the opposition 
 of another tribune Aelius Ligur to the resolution of the senate 
 ( 68) ; the pretence of the two consuls that they were restrained 
 from interference in his favour by the prohibitive clause in the 
 bill of Clodius ; the attempt on the life of Pompeius, and his 
 consequent retirement from public affairs during the remainder 
 of Clodius 1 tribunate ; the bill of the eight tribunes on Oct. 29 
 again opposed by Ligur ( 69) ; the journey of Sestius, now tri- 
 bune elect, into Gaul to solicit Caesar's consent to Cicero's resto- 
 ration ; the bill of Lentulus brought forward on Jan. 1 b.c. 57, 
 but prevented by various obstructions from passing until the 25tJi 
 
168 PRO P. SESTIO 6869 
 
 of January, the day fixed for the decision of the comitia 
 about his case ( 71 75) ; the attack on tlie tribunes Fabriciu* 
 and M. Cispius; the narrow escape of his brother Quintus Cicero; 
 the non-appearance of the tribunes Sestius and Milo on that 
 occasion ( 75 78); the subsequent attack of the Clodians on 
 Sestius in the temple of Castor, whither he liad gone unprotected to 
 oppose some measure of the consul Metellus, on which occasion he 
 only escaped with his life because they thought he was killed 
 ( 79 83); the determination of Sestius thereupon to protect 
 himself by keeping armed men about him to repel force with force, 
 as Milo also did ( 84 85). Cicero's reply to the invidious 
 comparison suggested by the accuser between Sestius and Milo, 
 because Milo, before he proceeded to defend himself by main 
 force, had endeavoured to prosecute Clodius in a legal manner 
 ( 86 92). The circumstance that the Senate itself did not 
 sanction this prosecution, thereby appearing to leave its own 
 party in the lurch, the critical position of Cicero's defenders in 
 comparison with the successful situation of his opponents and the 
 question of Albinov anus founded upon this fact, ivho asked de- 
 risively where the ' caste' of optimates, so highly lauded by 
 Cicero, was really to be found ( 93) all these lead Cicero 
 to the fourth head, ivhich treats of the optimates and their 
 relation to the popular es ( 93 95). 
 
 68, 1. 23. L. Ninnio] who was one of the tribunes of the 
 people, see 26 1. 31. 
 
 1. 24. numquam...contremuit, 'has never wavered,' from 
 contremisco, not contremo. intercessit, 'interposed his 
 
 veto,' 34 1. 19. 
 
 1. 25. Ligus] the tribune Sextus Aelius, who assumed 
 the cognomen Ligus, see n. on 69 1. 22. additamentum=: 
 Gr. irpocrd-qKn (Dem. Olynth. in 31) 'an accession,' 'make- 
 weight,' used in a contemptuous sense. See 69 1. 23. 
 
 1. 26. eo loci] in ea conditione, in eo statu, ep. ad 
 Att. i 13, 5 res eodem est loci quo reliquisti, Tac. Ann. xiv 
 c. 61 non eo loci res suas agi, ut de matrimonio certet, Madv. 
 Gr. 284 obs. 11, Zumpt Gr. 434. 
 
 1. 27. erigere oculos et vlvere, ' to lift its eyes and come 
 to life,' a bold metaphor, as if the causa were regarded as 
 sepulta: cf. Ovid Met. 4, 145 ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam 
 morte gravatos Pyramus erexit. [videretur, surely Cic. must 
 have written videremur. J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 28. aliquam partem ... attigisset, 'had been connected 
 with... in some way or other.' in meo luctu, 'during the 
 
 mournful trial which had befallen me.' 
 

 NOTES f U NXVEB r 169 
 
 1.29. quocumque venerat, 'wherever he went*. ie. to 
 whatever place of public entertainment, the theatres or gladia- 
 torial shows, he was greeted with hisses (damnabatur). For 
 the iterative use of the plup. ind. see Madv. Gr. 338 a obs., 
 Zumpt 579, Roby n 1717, Kenn. p. 334 91 and cf. Cic. de 
 off. in 38 1. 16. quod iudicium cumque subierat, ' what- 
 
 ever court of justice he entered, he was sure of being condemned,' 
 so great was his unpopularity. Cf. 106, or. de dom. sua 49 
 amici illi tui (i.e. of Clodius), qui se populo commiserant, ita 
 repellebantur, ut etiam Palatinam tuam perderent; qui in 
 iudicium venerant, sive accusatores erant sive rei, te depre- 
 cdnte damnabantur. quod iudicium cumque] quicumque 
 
 is frequently in Cic. separated by the interposition of an 
 unaccented word. See Madv. Gr. 87 obs. 2 and cf. de or. in 
 60 quam se cumque in partem dedisset, de div. 2 72 quo 
 te cumque verteris, de legg. 46 quod ad cumque legis 
 genus. 
 
 1. 31. confiteretur] 109 1. 21. decesserat] in B.C. 58 
 
 Quintus Cicero left his province of Asia, which he had governed 
 as propraetor since b.c 61. See n. on or. p. Plane. 65 1. 26. 
 
 1. 32. magno squalore] abl. of attendant circumstances 
 with adjective as predicate, Madv. Gr. 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405, 
 Eoby Gr. 1242. Squalor ad habitum vestitus refertur, 
 maeror ad animi angorem. schol. bob. 
 
 P. 34, 1. 4. fructum...ferre, 'to reap the fruits,' 'earn the 
 reward.' Piso, Tullia's first husband, died in B.C. 57 before 
 Cicero's return from exile: he was a kinsman of Piso the 
 cos. of b.c. 58. 
 
 1. 5. ex me, from my gratitude directly, a populo Romano, 
 from the hands of the people indirectly, by receiving some mark 
 of their consideration. a propinquo suo] L. Calpurnius 
 
 Piso Caesoninus. 
 
 1. 7. nisi de me primum coss. rettulissent] cf. or. in Pis. 
 29 an turn eratis consules, cum, quacumque de re verbum facere 
 coeperatis, cunctus ordo reclamabat ostendebatque nihil esse 
 vos acturos, nisi prius de me rettulissetis. Primum, not 
 prius, because omnia precedes. For the tense see 49 1. 4, 55 
 1. 32. 
 
 CHAPTEB XXXII 
 
 69, 1. 8. quae cum res etc.] The three sentences begin- 
 ning with cum are not coordinate, but the two first are subordi- 
 nate to the third. The meaning is, ' when this matter was as 
 
170 PRO P. SESTIO 6970 
 
 good as accomplished and when on the other side the consuls' 
 hands were tied, who screened themselves from the demands of 
 the opposite party behind the clause of the Clodian bill (see 
 Intr. 17) in these circumstances, seeing that resistance was 
 no longer possible, they plan the assassination of Pompey.' 
 
 1. 9. libertatem] 14, 1. 11, 88 1. 6. 
 
 1. 10. privati )( to tribuni, which follows. Cf. or. in Pis. 
 30 quae lex (Clodia) privatis Jwminibus esse lexnon videbatur, 
 inusta per servos... contra omnes leges nullo scripta more : hanc 
 qui se metuere dicer ent, Jws consules non dicam animi hominum, 
 sed fasti ulli ferre possunt ? The privati demanded permission 
 to deliver their opinion (ut sententias sibi dicer e liceret), which 
 they could not do, unless they were asked by some magistratus 
 with authority to summon the senate (relatio consularis). 
 
 1. 11. ut dicerent = ut dicere liceret, for the senators 
 could not deliver their opinions on any matter, unless the 
 magistratus who had authority to summon the senate brought 
 a matter before them and asked their opinion. qui illi] 
 
 cf. 59 1. 26. legem Clodiam] in which there was a clause 
 
 that no person should move for Cicero's return; ep. ad Att. 
 3, 23, 2, or. post red. in sen. 8. 
 
 1. 12. hoc sustinere, withstand the pressure thus put upon 
 them,' as in 130 1. 15. Others, as Orelli, wrongly interpret 
 'keep up this pretence about the Clodian law,' * maintain 
 this.' [On hoc as against haec cf. Acad. 2, 48 : soritas hoc 
 vocant. J. s. k.] 
 
 1. 14. quo] sc. consilio. ferroque deprehenso] Asconius 
 on or. p. Mil. 37 : Pisone et Gabinio coss. pulso Cicerone in 
 exsilium, cum III Idus Sextiles Pompeius in senatum venit, dici- 
 tur servo P. Clodii sica excidisse, eaque ad Gabinium consulem 
 delata dictum est, servo imperatum a P. Clodio, ut Pompeius 
 occideretur. Pompeius statim domum rediit et se domi tenuit, 
 obsessus est etiam a liberto Clodii Damione ut ex actis eius (anni) 
 cognovi; or. in Pis. 28 deprehensus cum ferro ad senatum (i.e. 
 in the vestibule of the temple of Castor) is, quern ad Cn. Pom- 
 peium interimendum collocatum fuisse constabat; or. p. dom. 
 67. inclusus fuit] 55 1. 23. 
 
 1. 15. in tribunatu] sc. fuit . 
 
 1. 16. octo] all except Clodius and Aelius Ligus. 
 promulgaverunt] 55. This happened on the 29th of Octo- 
 ber B.C. 58. 
 
 1. 17. crevisse] see cr. n. 
 
 1. 19. esse] sc. amicos. non erant] sc. amicimihi. 
 
NOTES 171 
 
 1. 20. libertatem, freedom of action.' nam] refers 
 
 back to his statement non crevisse amicos. 
 
 1. 21. tunc habueram] i.e. when I went into exile. 
 
 L 22. defluxit, 'fell off,' 'deserted,' ep. ad fam. ix 20, 3 
 ubi salutatio defluxit, Uteris me involvo, Sail. Jug. 1, 4 ubi 
 per socordiam vires tewpus, ingenium defluxere. 
 
 cognomen sibi ex A. i. adripuit, 'he appropriated a 
 cognomen taken from the busts of the gens Aelia? by which 
 however, Cic. adds, he got nothing more than the reputation of 
 belonging to the (Ligurian) people rather than to the (Aelian) 
 family. There is a very similar hit at one Staienus in the or. 
 pro Cluentio 72, whom Cicero taxes with having dubbed him- 
 self Paetus, which was another of the cognomina of the same 
 gens in preference to that of Ligus, lest he should be mistaken 
 for a barbarian of that name. Quid tu, inquit, Paete hoc 
 enim sibi Staienus cognomen ex imaginibus A eliorum delegerat, 
 ne, si se Ligurem fecisset, nationis magis quam generis 
 uti cognomine videretur. Cf. or. p. dom. 49, de harusp. 
 resp. 5. 
 
 1. 23. quo, 'whereby' not 'in order that,' ironically, 
 nationis erus] sc. Ligurum. 
 
 70, 1. 24. hoc anno] the same year, B.C. 58, when Piso 
 and Gabinius were still consuls and P. Cornelius Lentulus 
 Spinther, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos were the 
 consuls elect (consules designati). igitur] resumptive, 
 
 12 1. 20. 
 
 1. 25. boni] 1 1. 6. 
 
 1. 26. princeps] as consul elect, he voted first. 
 
 1. 27. auctoritate] see n. on 67 1. 19. 
 
 1. 29. referentibus] on the 29th of October, as we learn 
 from a letter of Cicero to Atticus, in 23, 1. When Cic. ascribes 
 this relatio to the eight tribunes, he means of course that one 
 moved it with the consent of his seven colleagues. 
 
 1. 30. cum, ' although. ' 
 
 1. 31. causam reservari] this proposition stands for the 
 subject olpertinere, cf. 11 1. 11. 
 
 1. 32. integram] 13 1. 17. 
 
 P. 35, 1. 1. per alios citius quam per se tardius] i.e. by 
 
 others, who might get the matter done more quickly, than by 
 himself, who would be more slow about it. 
 
172 PRO P. SESTIO 7172 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 71, 1. 3. hoc interim tempore] Cic. now resumes the 
 sketch of Sestius' early life, which had been interrupted with a 
 description of the turbulent period of the previous year B.C. 58 
 ( 15- 70). 
 
 1. 4. tribunus] see cr. n. iter ad Caesarem suscepit] 
 
 In B.C. 58 Caesar, after defeating the Helvetii and the German 
 Ariovistus, crossed the Alps into Gallia Cisalpina to make his 
 circuits (ad conventus agendas b. G. i c. 54), and Sestius would 
 find him at the close of the year in North Italy. {Long.) 
 
 1. 5. quid egerit] subjunctive of oblique question depend- 
 ent on nihil ad causam (est or pertinet), 'it does not concern, 
 bear on, the case.' Cf. the phrase nihil ad rem, and for the 
 reference Introd. 19. Translate : his object, his success.' 
 
 1.6. ille] sc. C. Caesar. aequus, 'favourable,' 
 
 ' friendly.' [fuerit can hardly be right : the cod. Ursin. had 
 fuerat: either that Olfuit seems needed, j. s. b.] 
 
 1. 7. nihil ab hoc profectum, ' that no good was got by 
 him.' Profectum is of course from projicio, not projiciscor. 
 
 1.8. integritatem, 'singleness of purpose.' Sed tamen 
 = Gr. 5' ovv, 'be that as it may,' 'any how,' whatever the 
 result was, in reference to nihil ad causam: sed tamen prae- 
 termittendum non fuit ut videatis etc. hominis] 
 
 22 1. 16, 53 1. 18, 88 1. 4. 
 
 1. 11. ad concordiam civium] we gather from a letter of 
 Cic. to Lentulus that his return was not opposed by Caesar: 
 ad fam. 1, 9, 9 seque, quae de mea salute egisset, voluntate 
 Caesar is egisse ipsum meum fratrem testatus est Pompeius. 
 
 1. 12. a causa non abhorrere] cf. or. de prov. cons. 43 
 pertinere ad causam illam putabatis voluntatem C. Caesaris 
 a salute mea non abhorrere. For construction see 70 
 1.31. 
 
 1. 13. abiit, ' came to an end.' Cf. Ov. ep. ex Pont. 3, 4, 
 60 : dum venit hue rumor... annus abisse potest. W. Bauer and 
 E. Ortmann, cited by Halm 5, think that the words abiit ille 
 annus to perdidissemus 1. 19 should be transposed and placed 
 after 1. 29 de tabula sustulit ; because the consuls did not 
 retire from their office before Jan. 1, while the tribunes entered 
 on their office on Dec. the 10th. 
 
 1. 14. nondum re sed spe rei publicae recuperandae, i. q. 
 cum nondum re res p. esset recuperata sed spes 
 
NOTES 173 
 
 esset eius recuperandae. Translate; 'Men were begin- 
 ning to think they had recovered their breath, not that they 
 really had got back, but because they were in hopes of getting 
 back, the government. ' See cr. n. 
 
 1. 15. exierunt] they left Home to go to their respective 
 provinces, Piso to Macedonia, Gabinius to Syria. maris 
 
 ominibus] Kenn. Gr. 151. Cf. or. in Pis. 33 an quod tibi 
 prqftciscenti evenit ut omnes exsecrarentur, male precarentur, 
 unam tibi illam viam et perpetuam esse vellent ? ' When M. 
 Crassus left Kome for his eastern expedition, he was cursed in 
 all due form.' (Long.) 
 
 1. 16. vulturii] because of their rapacity : cf. or. in Pis. 
 38 vulturius illius provinciae. paludati, 'wearing the 
 
 paludamentum, or 'military mantle,' for which during military 
 service the toga or garb of peace was relinquished. Cic. ep. 
 ad fam. 15, 17, 3, or. in Pis. 31 an cum proficiscebamini 
 paludati in provincias vel emptas vel ereptas, consules vos 
 quisquamputavit ? Translate : ' vultures in the garb of generals.' 
 
 ipsis] to them only and not to the state. Observe that 
 utinam evenissent serves for the protasis of neque perdidisse- 
 mus. 
 
 1. 18. Macedonian^ Macedonia extended along the coast 
 of the Hadriatic at this time from the Lissus on the Drilo to 
 the Aous. During Piso's administration it was overrun by 
 hordes of Thracians, who extended their predatory raids as 
 far as Aetolia. equitatum] Cic. does not say either here 
 
 or in his speech de prov. cons. 9 in fighting against what 
 enemies. Appian (Syriac. c. 51) mentions that he was preparing 
 to attack the Arabs, who had given trouble to both his prede- 
 cessors, when he was induced by the Parthian king Mithridates 
 to assist him against his brother Orodes, who had usurped 
 the royal power and driven him from Media. 
 
 72, 1. 21. princeps] Numerius Quintius Eufus. 
 
 1. 22. homines] 28 1. 19, 71 1. 13. 
 
 1. 23. Gracchum] The point of the joke is uncertain. 
 Halm suggests that he is so called because of his peculiar 
 screeching voice, from the natural note gra whence graculus 
 * a jack-daw.' [The context shews that this must be a corrup- 
 tion of some word which contained an allusion to gnawing or 
 eating. I once thought of escarium, which might have lost 
 its first syllable owing to the last of inridentes being the same 
 with it. Gracchum in 82 1. 27 might have caused the corrup- 
 tion here. J. s. r.] Cic. was fond of making cutting jokes on 
 personal peculiarities, and fathering them upon the public, 
 
174 PRO P. SESTIO 7273 
 
 by which, Plutarch tells us, he gave great offence. See Intr. 
 9 and cf. below 126 1. 1, and Prof. Mayor's note on Phil, n 
 39 1. 8. 
 
 1. 23. quoniam] refers to emitur. fatum civitatis] cf. 
 
 17. 
 
 1. 24. nitedula = mus agrestis rubeus, 'a field-mouse,' 
 as it is explained by Servius on Virg. Georg. i 181. See the 
 comm. on Hor. Ep. i 7, 29, where Bentley proposed to read 
 nitedula for vulpecula. The man's name Rufus, and perhaps 
 his tawny complexion and mean appearance and puny figure 
 may have suggested the comparison, while his ignobilitas 
 is hinted at in the phrase ex vepreculis extracta. Cf. or. in 
 Pis. 18 tu ex tenebricosa popina consul extractus. 
 
 1. 25. adrodere, 'to nibble at :' cf. or. Phil, xm 27 est 
 etiam ibi Decius ab illis, ut opinor, Muribus Deciis itaque 
 Caesaris munera rositj where there is the same punning allu- 
 sion to the name. Cf. Arist. Vesp. 672 cj) 8 ttjs dpxrjs ay<nrq.s 
 ttjs crrjs rods dpye\6<povs irepLTpioyoov. 
 
 alter] Sextus Atilius Serranus, 'not the hero from 
 the plough,' Gaius Atilius Eegulus (Calatinus) cons. 
 B.C. 257, who was called Serranus, because he was found 
 sowing his land, when summoned to take command, or. p. 
 Rose. Amer. 50, Valer. Max. iv 4, 5, Plin. N. H. xvm 20 
 serentem invenerunt dati honores Serranum, unde ei et cog~ 
 nomen, Virg. Aen. vi 845 te sulco, Serrane, serentem. 
 
 1. 26. ex deserto insitus] Cic. is here ridiculing Atilius, 
 who by means of arrogatio, not unattended by fraud, had 
 managed to get himself transferred from the gens Gavia into 
 the Atilia. To this transitus in aliam gentem the term insert 
 is applied (in reference also to Serranus), in continuation of 
 the metaphor from husbandry. It is uncertain where Cic. 
 makes Atilius come from, because the reading of the mss 
 after deserto viz. gaviolaeliorea is unintelligible. Halm follows 
 Madvig in writing Gavii (Gavi) Oleli rure, as if to mark meta- 
 phorically the decayed condition of some particular family. 
 The uncertain cognomen Olelus is confirmed by an inscription 
 found at Lyons. If the reading a calatis Gaviis (with a play 
 upon the words comitia calata and possibly upon the cognomen 
 Calatinus) be correct, Cic. means to say that Atilius had 
 been transplanted into the gens Atilia from the obscure Gavii, 
 who were summoned to give their approval of his so exchang- 
 ing into another gens. But as in a case of arrogatio it was 
 not the Gavii but the Pontifices and the people that had to 
 be consulted, there is much probability in Mommsen's conjec- 
 ture a Galatis Gaviis, insinuating a Gallic descent. For 
 other conjectures about this difficult passage see cr. n.. 
 
NOTES 175 
 
 1. 28. nominibus in tabulas relatis] 'after he had entered 
 in his ledger (tabulae accepti et expensi) the sum promised him 
 by Clodius, he withdrew his name from the board on which 
 the tribunes' bill was published' (pr omul gat a). There is a 
 similar play on the words tabulae and tabula in or. Phil, xi 
 14, or. in Cat. 2 18. 
 
 1. 29. Kal. Ianuariae] the day on which the new consuls 
 entered on their duties. 
 
 1. 30. audita dico, * I speak from hearsay.* 
 
 1. 31. quae frequentia senatus, * what a crowded house 
 there was,' expecting to hear the bill of the consul Lentulus on 
 Cicero's restoration. 
 
 1. 32. quae virtus, actio, gravitas, 'how manly, ener- 
 getic, earnest his speech was.' 
 
 P. 36, 1. 1. conlegae eius] Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, 
 the first cousin of Clodius and brother of Q. Metellus Celer 
 to whom Cic. addresses a letter (ad fam. v 2) giving a detailed 
 account of the proceedings of Dec. 10 b.c. 63. It was he who 
 declared that the execution of Catilina's associates was murder 
 and prevented Cic. from making a speech at the end of his 
 consulship, allowing him only to take the usual oath that he 
 had done his duty. Cf. below 130, or. de prov. cons. 22, 
 or. in Pis. 35, Introd. 1. 
 
 1. 3. rei publicae dissensione, i.q. de re publica dis- 
 sension e, 'political differences.' Cf. Heitland on or. p. Eabir. 
 18, Kenn. Gr. 163 b, Eoby n 1395, Madv. Gr. 283 obs. 3 
 who compares de am. 20 amicitia est omnium divinarum 
 humanarumque rerum...consensio ('agreement in'). Cf. also 
 130 1. 3 contentiones rei publicae. 
 
 1. 4. temporibus rei p. permissurum, 'would waive his 
 private animosities in obedience to the exigencies of the 
 state.' Cf. or. de pr. cons. 44 where he says me dolor em et 
 inimicitias meas rei publicae concessisse, or. Phil, v 50 
 omnes Caesar inimicitias rei p. condonaviU 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIY 
 
 73, 1. 6. L. Cotta] L. Aurelius Cotta, who was first 
 asked to give his opinion (it does not appear why), was cos. 
 b.c. 65. As praetor in b.c. 70, he carried the lex Aurelia 
 iudiciaria which provided that the iudices should be selected 
 from the senatus, the ordo equester and the tribuni aerarii. 
 See Introd. to or. p. Plane, p. xxxix f. [Cotta no doubt spoke 
 
176 PRO P. SESTIO 7374 
 
 first by private arrangement with the persons most interested. 
 This appears to have been sometimes done. j. s. k.] 
 
 1. 7. dignissimum re publica] whose organ the senate 
 must be considered. nihil de me actum esse iure] see or. 
 
 p. dom. sua c. 26, de legg. in 45 ; quo verius in causa nostra 
 virmagni ingenii summaque prudentia, L. Cotta, dicebat nihil 
 omnino actum esse de nobis; praeter enim quam quod 
 omnia ilia essent armis gesta servilibus, praeterea neque tributa 
 capitis comitia rata esse posse neque ulla (i. e. neither tributa 
 nor centuriata) privilegii (i.e. quibus privilegium irroga- 
 retur). Quo circa nihil nobis opus esse lege, de quibus nihil 
 omnino actum esset legibus. 
 
 1. 10. non modo ferri sed ne iudicarl quidem posse] The 
 
 negative in ne quidem extends its influence to the preceding 
 clause. See 20 1. 1, n. on or. p. Plane. 30 1. 33. What had 
 befallen Cicero was not a case of iudicari, but of ferri without 
 the employment of provocatio and a plebiscite based upon it 
 (Introd. 11). Cotta's argument then was that a man could 
 not even be tried, much less deprived of his citizenship, except 
 by or under the authority of the comitia centuriata. 
 
 1. 11.. vim fuisse illam, ' that the proceeding at that time 
 was a violent one. For Me see n. on 37 1. 4. 
 
 1. 12. [flammam quassatae rei p., the clause is abruptly 
 introduced, and the mixture of metaphors is too bold even for 
 Cicero : rei publicae Jlamma, temporum flamma and the like 
 occur, but nothing resembling Jlamma quassatae rei publicae. 
 The fault seems to lie in quassatae, and ac must be put before 
 Jlammam. J. s. e.] 
 
 1. 13. iure iudiciisque] ius is the 'right, 'the law;' indi- 
 cium 'the tribunal,' or proceeding where or by which the 
 right is contested and declared. There were two functions per- 
 fectly distinct and usually entrusted to different hands, the 
 magistrates and the iudex. To the former belonged the func- 
 tions described by the words edicere, ius dicere ; to the iudex 
 those expressed by the word iudicare. The functionary who 
 had the iurisdictio, i.e. the magistrate, was clothed with state 
 power; but the judge was a simple citizen appointed to each 
 particular case to decide the matter at issue, selected from the 
 class of citizens qualified under the constitution to exercise 
 that function, and his powers were imparted to him by the 
 magistrate. The magistrate exercised his jurisdiction, in 
 view of all the people, seated on his tribunal, generally in the 
 forum ; the judge examined and decided the suit in the forum 
 also or some other public place, seated on his subsellium. 
 
NOTES. 177 
 
 1. 14. permutatione] Cf. 42 1. 30. declinasse paulum, 
 * had stept a little aside,' to avoid the encounter. 
 
 1. 15. reliquae, subsequent,' * future.' Cf. 67 1. 20. 
 
 1. 16. absens, ' by my retirement.' 
 
 1. 17. quodam tempore, 'at a certain (well-known) crisis.' 
 
 1. 19. ornari, 'to be honoured,' 'complimented.' 
 
 1. 21. pudoris, the general, pudicitiae, the particular idea. 
 The words are often found together in Cic. , de legg. 1 50, or. 
 Verr. in 6, or. p. Cluent. 12, or. p. Deiot. 28. 
 
 1. 22. eis verbis, rebus, sententiis] in explanation of ita, 
 cf. or. p. dom. 47, 50. 
 
 1. 23. vim habere non posset] because the rogatio was in- 
 formal. 
 
 1. 24. nulla lege] without any vote of the people, in opp. 
 to senatus auctoritate, i.e. a mere formal expression of the 
 senate's opinion possessing no legal validity, not consulto i.e. 
 'a formal resolution.' See Eamsay B. A. p. 220. [I hardly 
 think the expression is technical here. Cic. would hardly ex- 
 pect to be recalled without some formal resolution. The sense 
 is 'influence of the senate.' j. s. R.] 
 
 1. 25. nemo erat quin] Madv. Gr. 365 obs. 3, Zumpt Gr. 
 538, Kenn. Gr. p. 456, Koby Sch. Gr. 704. 
 
 74,1. 26. verissime] i.q. rectissime, 'most justly,' a 
 frequent sense of verus, on which see n. to 8 1. 18, Cic. de off. 
 in 43 1. 19. 
 
 1. 28. otii mei causa cet., ' for the sake of my peace, that 
 I might have done with,/5e secure from} all popular dis- 
 turbance. ' **" * 
 
 1. 30. beneficium] Pompeius proposed that the auctoritas 
 of the senate should be confirmed by a vote of the people, 
 which Cic. calls beneficium, a term frequently applied by him 
 to an office conferred by popular election. See my note on 
 or. p. Plane. 12 1. 20. 
 
 1. 31. gravius] sententiis. ornatius] verbis. 
 
 1. 32. fleret sine ulla varietate discessio, 'when a vote 
 was on the point of taking place without any difference of 
 opinion,' i.e. when all were going to vote unanimously for it. 
 Cf. or. in Cat. in 13, Eamsay B. A. p. 220. varietate] 
 
 sc. sententiarum : cf. 118 1. 9, de nat. deor. I 2 tanta 
 sunt in varietate et dissensione. 
 
 II. 12 
 
178 PRO P. SESTIO 7475 
 
 P. 37, 1.1. ut scitis] Cic. appeals to those of tlie indices 
 who were senators and therefore present during the proceedings 
 spoken of. 
 
 1. 2. Gavianus] Cic. calls him by this agnomen ironically, 
 as though he had become a member of the gens Atilia by formal 
 arrogatio and not by a fraud. The fashion was for those who 
 passed out of one gens into another to lengthen their old gentile 
 name by the addition of -anus; see Eamsay R. A. p. 62 f. 
 cum esset emptus, ' although he had been bribed to veto the 
 bill.' nee, adversative, * but. ..not.' 
 
 1. 3. noctem postulavlt, 'asked a night to consider,' which 
 was a polite form of putting a veto, when it was not possible to 
 stave off a question by wasting the whole day in speaking (diem 
 dicendo eximere). See the passage from the letter to Atticus, 
 quoted in the next note. 
 
 1. 4. socer ad pedes abiectus, his father-in-law (Gnaeus 
 Oppius Cornicinus) threw himself at his feet.' In his 
 letter to Atticus iv 2, 4 Cicero speaks of his repeating this old 
 trick of his, when there was a resolution before the senate 
 about the restoration of his house (on Oct. 1 of the same 
 year) : cum ad Clodium ventum esset, cupiit diem consumere sed 
 odio et strepitu senatus coactus est aliquando perorare. Cum 
 jieret SCtum in sententiam Marcellini, omnibus praeter unum 
 adsentientibus, Serranus intercessit. Be intercessione statim 
 ambo coss. referre coeperunt...S err anus pertimuit et Cornicinus 
 ad suam veterem fabulam rediit: abiecta toga se ad 
 generi pedes abiecit. Ille noctem sibi postulavit ; 
 non concedebant : reminiscebantur enim Kal. Ian. 
 
 1. 5. postero die] at the next sitting of the senate. 
 
 moram facturum] 129 1. 18. 
 
 1. 6. illi deliberatori, that man of hesitation.' 
 
 1. 7. longa interposita nocte, ' after the. intervention of a 
 long night indeed.' He means of course the whole time his 
 adversaries gained by the adjournment of the question. There 
 were, it is true,' he continues, 'only a few more days in January 
 on which the senate could be held; but on all these days 
 nothing was discussed but the subject of my restoration.' The 
 days on which the senate could meet were the Kalendae Jan., 
 iv Non., the Nonae, the vn and vi Idus and xix, xvu, xvi 
 Kal. Feb. The last days were comitiales, on which it was not 
 usual for the senate to sit. 
 
 1.8. consecuti = consecuti enim. pauc omnino... 
 
 sed tamen, ' few to be sure. ..but,' see n. to 84 1. 8. 
 
NOTES 179 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV 
 
 75, 1. 11. calumnia, * chicanery.' |3ee my n. on Cic. de 
 off. i 33 1. 16. omni= all possible.' 
 
 1. 12. in concilio] see cr. n. and n. on 65 1. 20. [Concilio 
 will make very good sense, ' the day arrived for the assembly.' 
 
 J. S. B.] 
 
 1. 13. prlnceps rogationis, ' the proposer of the bill.' 
 
 1. 14. templum = rostra. See n. on 62 1. 6 and cf. or. 
 in Vat. 24 in rostris, in illo, inquam, augurato templo ac 
 loco; Liv. viii 14, 12 rostris earum (navium Antiatium) sug- 
 gestion in foro exstructum adornari placuit, rostraque id 
 templum appellatum. It was only in places that were inaugu- 
 rate (Bamsay B, A. p. 325) that auspicatoagicumpopulopoterat. 
 
 1. 15. aliquanto ante lucem, ' some time before day-break,' 
 lest his opponents should get there before him. 
 
 1. 16. actor hie defensorque] 144 1, 18. Hie refers to 
 Sestius. 
 
 1. 17. nihil progreditur] 'takes no step forwards,' 'remains 
 passive,' 'does not assume the iuitiative at all.' nihil in 
 
 nulla re : on this adverbial use of nihil see n. on or. p. Plane. 
 91 1. 23 and cf. below 77 1. 11. 
 
 1. 18. quid illi?] See Madv. Gr. 479 d, obs. 1 and cf. 114 
 1. 27, 122 1. 29 : by illi are meant Clodius and his party, who 
 put forward Albinovanus as prosecutor of Sestius. 
 
 1. 20. comitium] This was the most important spot in the 
 Forum Bomanum f the old meeting-place of the citizens of Eome. 
 It was situated in the north-western end of it, under the Capitol, 
 close to the Curia Hostilia which occupied its north-eastern 
 side on a slightly higher level. The Comitium' was a regularly 
 consecrated templum or space open to the air and not a covered 
 building. The harangues delivered from the Bostra, which 
 stood between the Comitium and Forum, were delivered to 
 open-air assemblies of the people.' Burn Borne and the Campagna 
 p. 82, Nichols' Boman Forum p. 143 ff., p. 188 . 
 
 multa de nocte = cum etiam turn multa nox esset, 
 'in the depth of night,' Zumpt Gr. 308, Eoby Gr. n 1908, 
 1911. 
 
 1. 21. servis plerisque, 'most of them slaves.' 
 
 1. 22. manus adferunt, 'lay violent hands on,' cf. or. p. 
 Caec. 49 hoc intellegamus necesse est, eum detrudi f cui manus 
 adferantur, above 2 1. 1, 34 1. 26, 
 
 122 
 
180 PBO P. SESTIO 7678 
 
 76, 1. 26. cruentis] sc. gladiis, * swords already blood- 
 stained.' Koch suggests that manibus has fallen out before in 
 omnibus. 
 
 1. 28. mei amantissimum] see n. on or. p. Plane. 13 1. 4, 
 55 1. 1. voce] shouting out his name, ' loudly.' 
 
 1. 30. non repugnandi causa, 4 not for the purpose of 
 engaging in combat with them. ' 
 
 1. 31. spem mei reditus, * my hoped-for return.' 
 
 1. 32. subiit tamen, 'he was exposed to their violence,' 
 although he tried to escape it. 
 
 P. 38, 1. 1. ad fratris salutem ... deprecandam, 'for the 
 purpose of interceding with the people on behalf of his brother's 
 restoration.' See n. on or. p. Plane. 102 1. 30 and cf. above 
 27 1. 15. 
 
 1. 2. e rostris] The rostra stood on the South-west of the 
 Comitium, in front of the Curia, so that the speakers could turn 
 either to a patrician or a plebeian audience. See above 1. 20 
 and note on Plut. Gracch. c. 5. Nichols' Roman Forum p. 150, 
 p. 198 f. 
 
 1.3. se...obtexit] i.e. se tuebatur, 'sheltered himself,' 
 'concealed himself behind.' Cf. 145. Plutarch, probably 
 from misunderstanding the meaning of Cicero, says that he lay 
 concealed among the bodies, as though dead, wore iv tois peKpois 
 Cos TedvrjKdra KeLfxevov diaXadecv, vit. Cic. c. 33. 
 
 1. 5. iuris iudiciorumque] see n. to 73 1. 13. 
 
 77, 1. 7. cloacas refarciri, ' the sewers were choked.' 
 spongiis effingi, ' was wiped up with sponges.' Cf. Cato de re 
 rust. c. 67, 2 Jiscinas spongia effing at. 
 
 1.8. copiam, 'multitude.' tarn magnlfi cum apparatum 
 cet., 'such a grand array, enough to make everybody think it 
 must belong not to (Clodius himself, who was only) a private 
 person and a plebeian, but to (his brother Appius Claudius 
 Pulcher) a patrician and praetor. It seems from c. 39 that 
 Appius lent Clodius the gladiators, which he had provided for 
 the funeral games of his kinsman Marcus. The story is told in 
 detail by Dio Cassius 39, 7. See Intr. 21. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI 
 
 1. 11. nihil... criminanimi Sestium] i.q. nullius faci- 
 noris neque ante hoc tempus neque hoc die commissi 
 arguitis. On nihil see n. to 75 1. 17. 
 
NOTES 181 
 
 1. 14. non ita saepe, 'not so very often.' See n. on Cic. 
 
 de off. in 81 1. 36. 
 
 1. 15. gladios] Appian b. c. i 17: ovtcj Tp&icxos avrjprjTo 
 ti dTjfAapx&v iv ry Ka7TLT0j\i(p Kal irpdorov kv iKKXrjaiq, rode /xtiaos 
 yevofievov ov 5i\nrev, del tlvos o/xolov yiyvo/xfrov irapa. fxtpos. 
 
 1. 17. Cinnano atque Octaviano die] when in b.c. 87 the 
 consul Gnaeus Octavius attacked with an armed force and 
 defeated his colleague L. Cinna. See Mommsen R. H. vol. 
 in p. 332, Ihne R. H. vol. v p. 315, and cf. or. in Cat. in 24 
 Cn. Octavius consul armis ex urbe collegam suum expulit: 
 Dmnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. 
 
 1. 18. qua ex concitatione animorum] sc. caedes orta 
 est; 'what excitement of feeling was there to cause such 
 shedding of blood?' ex pertinacia aut constantia inter- 
 
 cessoris, from the obstinacy or firmness of a tribune in pro- 
 testing, when by the fault or dishonesty of the proposer of a 
 measure some advantage or bribe is offered to the mob/ Cf. or. 
 p. Sull. 65 agrariae legis intercessor em fore prof essus est, 
 
 1. 20. Mihi verbis culpa largitione addi videtur, quando 
 et qua causa pertinaces sint intercessores. c. f. w. muller. 
 
 [1. 21. largitione: the missing word comes better here; 
 possibly ostentata; cf. or. de leg. agr. 10, where Cic. uses 
 largitionem ostentare verbis. J. s. R.] 
 
 1.23. discessione, sc. in partes, 'division into parties;* 
 cf. 74 1. 32. Halm compares Aul. Gell. N. A. n 12 si ob 
 discordiam dissensionemque seditio atque discessio populi in 
 duas partes Jieret. 
 
 1. 24. ad manus pervenltur, ' they come to an actual con- 
 flict,' 76 1. 22. 
 
 1. 25. advocata, ' formally summoned.' Until the herald 
 had duly proclaimed silence (praeco audientiam fecit), no meet- 
 ing could be considered as a concio. 
 
 78, 1. 26. an veri simile est, ut cet., 'is it a likely inference 
 that?' veri simile est with ut and the subjunctive (instead of 
 the accusative of the subject with the infinitive) is rare except 
 in Cicero's writings and only found in sentences where the idea 
 is negative, or, as here, quasi-negative, and it has the meaning 
 of the periphrasis, non videtur re vera factum esse ut. See 
 Zumpt Gr. 623. It occurs three times besides in Cic, or. p. 
 Rose. Am. 121, or. in Verr. 4 11, or. p. Sull. 57 where 
 Mr Reid observes that with this construction the fact which 
 the clause contains is regarded as an inference from some 
 other fact ; in the other case as a fact merely. 
 
182 PRO P. SESTIO 7879 
 
 1. 29. civl] 11 1. 32, 28 1. 3, 61 1. 26, or. p. Plane. 
 51 1. 32. 
 
 1.30. rei p. sanguine, 'with the marrow of the state.* 
 saginantur] like gladiators ; cf. Tac. Hist. 2, 88 : singulis ibi 
 militibus Vitellius paratos cibos ut gladiatoriam saginam 
 dividebat, Prop, v (iv) 8, 25 qui dabit immundae venalia fata 
 saginae, i.e. 'who will sell himself to be trained and coarsely 
 fed for a gladiator.' de ipso accusatore] M. Tullius 
 
 Albinovanus. Qua erere in the sense of 'to inquire,' 'seek 
 to learn,' is used with ab, ex or de before the person from whom 
 the information is sought. 
 
 1. 31. cum multitudine] Halm compares ep. ad Qu. fr. n 
 2, 3: de rege Alexandrino factum est SCtum, cum multitu- 
 dine eum reduci periculosum rei p. videri. 
 
 1. 32. cum praesidio, 'with a military escort,' as in time 
 of war: or. Phil, viii 6 dilectus tota Italia decreti sublatis 
 vacationibus ; saga eras sumentur : consul se cum praesidio 
 descensurum esse dixit, Cf. 84, 90. 
 
 P. 39, 1. 1. victa et victa] 54 1. 13. 
 
 1.2. non auspiciis] i.e. non obnuntiatione facta, 
 a right which the lex Aelia conferred on the tribunes, as well 
 as the magistratus maiores. 
 
 1. 3. vi manu] 2 1. L 
 
 1. 4. [is [praetor] qui:] Mommsan Staatsrecht i p. 36 
 defends the reading of the mss i.e. praetor and dixerat, but, I 
 think, without success. I should like to see another passage 
 in which it is definitely assumed that a praetor (particularly 
 in the period after the passing of the lex Clodia) might in- 
 terrupt a plebeian assembly by the obnuntiatio. There is 
 another prima facie difficulty which does not seem to have 
 been noticed, that servare de caelo and obnuntiatio at first sight 
 seem to be distinguished in this passage alone. I wonder no 
 German scenter of glosses has proposed to excise the words 
 is dixerat: (Kimmig p. 55 f. has done so). The only way to 
 make sense of it is to take is qui...diceret as merely a de- 
 scription or definition of the subject to obnuntiasset : 'if some 
 one had stopped proceedings on religious grounds I mean, 
 by stating that he watched for an omen from the sky.' j.s. b.] 
 Appius Claudius Pulcher is meant. 
 
 1. 5. plagam, sed earn, quam acceptam g-emere posset, 
 'blow indeed, but one the infliction of which it might put up 
 with' (lit. lament), because, being constitutional, it was not 
 fatal. Quam is for quam tamen; see, however cr. n. [I cannot 
 but think this interpretation too forced. The word appears to 
 me corrupt, but none of the emendations I have seen are 
 
NOTES 183 
 
 probable. Sanare would give the right sense and is nearer the 
 mss but not near enough, j. s. r.] Redimere would come 
 nearer the ductus litterarum. See however note in Addenda. 
 
 1.8. iure] i.e. legitimo et iusto impedimenti 
 genere usus. man. tu] an apostrophe to P. Clodius. 
 
 novicios] i.e. nondum exercitatos, whose first experience 
 would be a street fight. 
 
 1. 9. aedilitate] i.e. munere aedilicio, cf. 135, Cic. de 
 off. ii 57 splendor aedilitatum. Clodius was aedilis in 
 B.C. 56, the year in which this speech was delivered. 
 
 suppositos, 'counterfeit,' because procured on false pre- 
 tences, viz. that he required them for a show. 
 
 1. 10. immittas, 'are you to let loose,' 'set on,' subj. of 
 dubitative question, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Mad v. Gr. 353, Zumpt 
 530. magistratus] meaning Fabricius, a rhetorical 
 
 plural. templo] 75 1. 14. 
 
 1.11. purges, i.q. vacuum reddas, 'clear;' Tusc. v. 
 65 immissi cum falcibus famuli purgarunt et aperuerunt 
 locum. omnia... egeris] see note to 79 1. 15. 
 
 1. 12. accuses] to be understood of Sestius whom Clodius 
 had accused indirectly, as well as of Milo whom he had charged 
 directly, 95. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII 
 
 79, 1. 15. id egit...ut, 'made it his object to,' Madv. Gr. 
 372 a. 
 
 1. 16. tuto] adv. ' in safety.* 
 
 1. 17. rem p. administraret] Halm compares Auct. ad 
 Herenn. iv 31 Ti. Gracchum, rem p. administrantem (i.e. 
 tribunatum gerentem) indigna prohibuit nex diutius in ea com- 
 morari, or. in Verr. i 4 cognoscite hominis principium magis- 
 tratuum gerendorum et rei p. adminis tr andae. So gubernare 
 is said of the agency of a tribune, or. p. Plane. 13. Tor the 
 asyndeton cf. below 92 1. 26, div. in Caec. 11. 
 
 1. 18. sanctitate tribunatus] Eamsay R. A. p. 141. 
 
 1. 19. interfationem, ' interruption.' Cf. Dion. Halic. 
 ant. VII 13 : brjixapxov ypwpiip ayopetiovros firjdels Xeytra) firjdtv 
 evavHou ^5^ fieo-oXapelTO) top \6yov, i.e. neve interfator. 
 This right was secured by the lex Icilia b. c. 492 and formed 
 the keystone to the leges sacratae concerning the tribunes of 
 the people. Bamsay 1. c. p. 144. 
 
184 PRO P. SESTIO 7980 
 
 1. 20. legibus sacratis] 16 1. 6, 65 1. 14. Bams. R. A. 
 p. 191. 
 
 templum Castoris] This was the temple as rebuilt by L. Metellus 
 Dalmaticus consul b.c. 119, which formed one of the most conspicuous obj ects 
 of the Forum. It was frequently used for meetings of the senate (Cic. or. in 
 "Verr. n 1 129), and in turbulent times became a position of great political 
 importance. Its terrace and steps served the purpose of Rostra, whenever 
 popular assemblies were held, as was frequently the case, in front of it. It was 
 here that the consuls Sulla and Q,. Pompeius Rufus were attacked in b. c. 88 by 
 the tribune Sulpicius and the Marian faction. It was the scene of the contest 
 between Cato and Metellus respecting the recall of Pompeius from Asia (Plut. 
 Cato min. c. 28). It was here that in b. c. 59 the consul Bibulus, when opposing 
 the agrarian law of his colleague Caesar, was pushed down the steps and driven 
 from the Forum. It was this temple which Clodius occupied with his armed 
 
 followers, and made it, in the language of Cicero, arx civium perditorum, 
 
 casteUum forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum (or. in Pis. 
 11). Lastly it was from the steps of this temple that Octavianus and the 
 tribune Canutius harangued the people against Antonius (Appian bell. civ. in 
 41). It was again rebuilt in the time of Augustus, and the existing marble 
 columns are probably a relic of this restoration, Nichols' Roman Forum, 
 p. 103 ff. See also n. on 34 1. 27. 
 
 1. 21. obnuntlavit consul!, 'opposed some measure (we do 
 not know what) of the consul,' i.e. Metellus. manus 
 
 Clodiana] 85 1. 26 exercitu Clodiano. victrix] cf. 38. 
 
 1. 24. fragmentis saeptorum, ' with broken pieces of the 
 polling-pens of the forum.' Tor convenience in taking the 
 suffrages of the several tribes, the space where they met was 
 divided by saepta, formed of posts and ropes.' Nichols' Roman 
 Forum p. 142. 
 
 1. 26. se ablecit exanimatus, threw himself down in a fit 
 of exhaustion.' [Observe the collocation and cf. Vergil's infert 
 se medius. j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 27. opinione mortis, ' the belief that he was dead. ' Cf. 
 de off. ii 39 1. 21 n., i 133 1. 29, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 59, a, 1. 
 
 1. 28. concisum, ' cut to pieces ' from concido : another 
 reading is conscissum from conscindo. There is the same variety 
 of reading in excisus and exscissus: cf. 35 1. 11 and Mr Reid's 
 note on de sen. 18, where, however, for exscisam an im- 
 possible word read exscissam. 
 
 1. 30. errore] because they thought him dead. 
 
 1. 31. modo, 'moderation,' 'forbearance.' Cf. or. p. Mar- 
 cello 1 tantum in summa potestate omnium rerum modum. 
 aliquando, see n. to 13 1. 22. 
 
 80, 1. 31. et=Gr. elra 'and after this.' Seen, on or. 
 p. Plane. 71 1. 24, and cf. below 135 1. 7. 
 
 1. 32. quid ita? 'why so?' 'why should this be?' Cf. 
 or. p. Rose. Am. 34 accusatis S. Roscium. quid ita? quia 
 de, manibus vestris effugit. 
 
NOTES 185 
 
 P. 40, 1. 1. id] sc. fecit. Cf. 14 1. 5. quae si acces- 
 sisset, ' the addition of which.' 
 
 1. 2. exhausisset] the subject isplaga, not Sestius, 48 1. 33. 
 
 1. 3. locum, 'the right place,' i.e. he did not inflict a 
 deadly blow (Kaiptav irXyyrjv). See cr. n. 
 
 male die cur] For this use of cur for quod chiefly after 
 verbs expressive of blame, surprise, annoyance, anger, see 
 Hand Turs, n p. 176 f. and cf. Cic. or. in Verr. in 7, 16 Mud 
 accuso cur in re tam vetere quicquam novi feceris, Plin. Ep. 
 in 5, 16 repeto me correptum ab eo, cur ambularem, Hor. Od. 
 I 33, 3, Ep. i 8, 9, Tac. Ann. vi 4 consules invasit cur silerent. 
 
 1. 4. Sabino homini Reatino, 'a Sabine of Reate,' and 
 therefore not so well known as Lentidius. Keate (now called 
 Rieti), was one of the most ancient cities of that people, situated 
 in a fertile valley (Cic. ep. ad Att. iv 15, 5, Verg. Aen. vn 712) 
 on the banks of the lake and river Velinus, about 48 miles 
 from Rome. See or. in Cat. in 5. 
 
 tam temere, so precipitately,' or. p. Cael. 64 quos quidem 
 tu quamobrem temere prosiluisse dicas atque ante tempus 
 non reperio. 
 
 1.5. num defuit, 'did he avoid the assassins' swords?' 
 Cf. 101 1. 28, or. Phil, n 71 cui bello propter timiditatem 
 tuam defuisti, ep. ad Att. xiv 13, 4 quod reip. defuerim tam 
 gravi tempore. 
 
 1. 7. num ferrum non recepit, ' did he not, as it is the 
 fashion to bid the gladiators do, meet the stroke?' recipe 
 ferrum f * receive the death-blow,' was the common cry of the 
 people to a conquered gladiator whose life they did not wish 
 spared, usually because of his want of bravery. Cf. or. pro 
 Rose. Am. 33, Tusc. 2 48 quis (gladiator), cum decubuisseU 
 ferrum recipere iussus collum contraxit ? 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVHI 
 
 1. 8. an] see n. to or. p. Plane. 33 1. 11. non posse 
 emori] epexegetic of hoc. an ilia, sc. vis est 1 
 
 1. 9. templum] sc. Castoris, 79 1. 20. 
 
 1. 10. cum primum resipisset, ' when he had just come 
 to himself again,' ' recovered his senses.' 
 
 1. 11. ubi est crimen? 'where is the foundation for a 
 charge V The same words occur in or. p. Flacco 68, or. p. 
 
186 PRO P. SESTIO 8083 
 
 dom. 46, or. p. Balb. 7 where Mr Beid properly observes 
 that in Cic. and early Latin crimen never has exactly the 
 meaning of our word crime, ' but signifies either a charge ' 
 or the criminal act, viewed as foundation for a charge.' 
 
 81, 1. 12. gens ista Clodia] i.e. the brothers Appius 
 ( 126 1. 24) and Publius and the rest of their family, including 
 slaves and freedmen. 
 
 1. 14. fuistisne ituri = ivissetisne? 'would you have had 
 recourse to arms?' Cf. or. p. Ligar. 24 quaero, quid facturi 
 fuistis, ep. ad Att. xiv 14, 2 quae ille facturus non fuit, 
 ea Jiunt, Ovid ep. ex Pont, i 7, 41 quod nisi delicti pars 
 excusabilis esset, parva relegari poena futura fuit i.q. fu- 
 isset, Liv. xl 40 quo modo fefellissent ? quo modo autem ipsi 
 evasuri fuerunt, n 1 quid futurumfuit, si ilia plebs agi- 
 tari coepta esset tribuniciis procellis ? Zumpt Gr. 498, Kenn. 
 Gr. p. 485, Madv. Gr. 342 a. 
 
 1. 16. fuistisne rem p. repetituri, ' would you have re- 
 covered from his grasp,' what belongs to you by right. Cf. 
 1.21 habere rem publicam, aliquando, 'at last.' See 
 n. to 79 1. 31. 
 
 1. 17. quiesceretis, 'were you to remain passive?' On 
 the use of the pure conjunctive in inquiries as to what is 
 (or was) to be done, when it is intended to indicate that some- 
 thing will not be (or has not been) done, see Madv. Gr. 353 
 and cf. 27 1. 9, 29 1. 5, 78 1. 10. 
 
 1. 20. ulcisceremini] conditional. 
 
 1. 21. si quidem = Gr. d ye, ' if indeed.' habere 
 
 rem. p.] cf . 44 1. 16 ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam 
 ten ere possemus. 
 
 1. 22. vivi] observe the position of the word and cf. n. on 
 124 1. 31. 
 
 82, 1. 24. at vero, * but assuredly,' see n. on 126 1. 33. 
 
 1. 25. vim, ' effect,' ' consequence.' 
 
 1. 26. opinio mortis] 79 1. 27. 
 
 1. 27. [Gracchum : an independent joke of Cicero's here ; 
 see my n. on 72 1. 23. j. s. e.] transferendi] the assassins 
 were so completely shocked at what they had done, that they 
 thought of murdering one of the tribunes on their own side, 
 for the purpose of shifting the charge on to their adversaries, 
 the party of Sestius. 
 
 1. 28. occidere cogitarint occisurifuerint. In the direct 
 form the sentence would have been occidere cogitarunt t si... 
 
NOTES 187 
 
 fuisset: hence in the dependent sense cogitarint is required, 
 not cogitassent. See Madv. opusc. n p. 227 sq. and Eeid's note 
 on or. p. Sull. 44 1. 27. rusticulus] a contemptuous 
 
 diminutive, ' churl,' 110 1. 6, 126 1. 25. 
 
 1. 30. restinguendam] cf. the common expressions ardere, 
 Jlagrare invidia. 
 
 1.32. cum qua = qua indutus, 'in which.' A common 
 use of cum, or. in Verr. iv 24, 54 in hac officina cum tunica 
 pulla sedere solebat et pallio, or. in Vat. 31 quis in funere 
 familiari cenavit cum toga pulla? Cf. the phrase cum telo, 
 cum gladiis 28 and 78, 57 1. 28, 59 1. 30. ad comltia] 
 in order to give his vote. 
 
 P. 41, 1. 1. messoria corbe] a conical-shaped wicker- 
 work basket, used for measuring corn in the ear, whereas 
 in the modius it was measured after it was threshed out. 
 
 1. 2. Numerium Quintium] His name was Numerius 
 Quintius (Quinctius) Eufus. The probable explana- 
 tion is that while some cried out 'let us kill Numerius 
 Eufus,' others did not know who was meant, Numerius, 
 his praenomen, being usually a gentile name ; others cried 
 'let us kill Quinctius Eufus,' the only name by which they 
 knew him : and so between the two he escaped gemini nominis 
 errore, * through a misunderstanding caused by his having two 
 names.' 
 
 1. 3. usque adeo quoad, ' all the time until.' 
 1. 4. in periculo] so 28 in timore, 32 in luctu. 
 
 1. 5. citius quam vellem, ' sooner than I could wish,' if I 
 still had the choice. Cf. above 67 1. 5, or. Phil, n 1 mihi 
 poenarum illi plus quam optarem dederunt. Cic. expresses a 
 wish that the victors had not so soon found out that Sestius 
 was alive, for then Numerius would have been murdered by 
 them and so got what he deserved. ni] not often used by 
 
 Cicero, except in the formal language of law, agreements, pro- 
 mises &c, and phrases of ordinary occurrence. 
 
 1. 6. non ill! quidem, ' they would not, it is true, have 
 been able, 5 see my n. to Cic. de off. i 2 1. 14, 60 1. 29, or. p. 
 Plane. 21 1. 7, and cp. below 105 1. 30. 
 
 1. 7. in quos putabant] i.e. se translaturos esse. 
 
 1. 8. grato quodam, 'which I may say was wished for.' 
 On the use of quidam with adjectives see n. to de off. i 95. 
 
 83, 1. 10. animam edidisset, ' had given up the ghost, 
 breathed his last ;' see n. to or. p. Plane. 90 1. 1. So agere, 
 efflare, exhalare, exspirare, amittere^ emittere are used. 
 
188 PRO P. SESTIO 8384 
 
 1. 11. si modo si] notice the two protases, not connected 
 by a conjunction, and see n. to 45 1. 31. 
 
 1. 12. revixisset] periisse enim videbatur cum Clodii furor 
 dominaretur. man. Observe the change of tense from esset 
 * existed ' denoting a continued state and revixisset ' had been 
 restored' once and for all. aliquando, 'at some time or 
 
 other.' 
 
 1. 13. statueretur] on the hypothetical conjunctive see n. 
 to 62 1. 15. nee vero] 125 1. 18. 
 
 1. 14. quos positos videtis, * to whom you see statues 
 erected.' morte obita] sc. in the service of their country. 
 
 1. 15. in rostris] Plin. xxxiv c. 6 23 : inter antiquissimas 
 (statuas) sunt et Tullii Cloelii, L. Boscii, Sp. Nautii, C. Ful~ 
 cinii in rostris, a Fidenatibus in legatione interfectorum. 
 Hoc a re publico, tribui solebat iniuria caesis, sicut aliis et 
 P. Iunio, Ti. Coruncanio, qui ab Teuta Illyriorum regina 
 inter jecti erant...Non praeteribo et Cn. Octavlum ob unum sci- 
 licet verbum. Hie regem Antiochum, daturum se responsum 
 dicentem, virga quam tenebat forte circumscripsit priusque 
 quam egrederetur circulo illo responsum dare coegit. In qua 
 legatione inter fecto senatus statuam poni iussit quam ocula- 
 tissimo loco, eaque est in rostris. Cf. also Liv. 4, 17 and 
 Cic. or. Phil, ix 4. atque is explanatory of illo loco. 
 
 1. 17. esset praeponendus, 'would deserve to be pre- 
 ferred.' calamitosi] see Keid's note on or. p. Arch. 9 
 1. 22 and cf. above 7 1. 24. 
 
 1. 18. bene de re p. meriti, ' of one who had deserved 
 well of his country,' used substantively in connexion with civis 
 and amid. 
 
 1. 20. quod senserat] his obnuntiatio was not imaginary 
 or fictitious, or made with any dishonest purpose. 
 
 1. 21. luce palam, 'in broad daylight,' )( noctu clam or. 
 Verr. i 46. pestibus] 34 1. 13, 39 1. 10. in deorum 
 hominumque conspectu] de off. in 37 si omnis deos homines- 
 que celare possimus, or. Phil, ii 64 dis hominibusque hostis, 
 de rep. n 48 tyrcmnus, quo neque foedius nee dis hominibus- 
 que invisius animal ullum cogitari potest. 
 
 1. 23. eius vitam, ' him in his lifetime.' Cf. 14 1. 4. 
 
 1. 25. cuius mortem] abstract for concrete = quem post 
 mortem, as in or. Phil, rx 15 grati simus in eius morte 
 decoranda, cui nullam iam aliam gratiam referre possumus, de 
 sen. 75 M. Marcellum, cuius interitum ne crudelissimus 
 quidem hostis honore sepulturae carere passus est, putaretis] 
 conditional. 
 
NOTES 189 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX 
 
 84, 1. 27. homilies emisti cet.] This was the charge 
 against Sestius that he collected a force about him. To get 
 men together in order to accomplish anything by violence 
 is treason, if the violence is directed against the sovereign 
 power; and it is riot, or whatever else is the proper name, 
 if it is directed against a private person, or more than one. 
 Against this second kind of violence, which the Romans called 
 vis, the penalties of the lex Plautia were directed. (Long.) 
 [Surely Long's definition does not hold. The violence punished 
 by the lex Plautia was as often as not directed against the res 
 publica and trials under it were distinctly substituted for the 
 old perduellio-'process. J. s. b.] 
 
 1.28. quid uti faceret? 'to do what, I ask?' [Cf. Liv. 
 iv 49, 15 quid ut a vobis sperent? and Weissenborn's note, 
 who quotes Cic. de nat. deor. in 74 quid ut iudicetur? Liv. 
 XL 13, 4; xliv 39, 5 ut quo victor es nos reciperemus? For 
 the position of ut see my n. on or. p. Sull. 47. J. s. R.] 
 Cicero cannot deny the charge against his client, but he urges 
 in his justification that he was obliged to keep armed men 
 about him for the protection of his person, and that he only 
 armed himself against violence. Observe that the final con- 
 junctions, which are in Greek always prefixed to interroga- 
 tives, are in Latin placed either before or after. 
 
 senatum obsideret, was it for the purpose of laying siege 
 to the senate ' like Clodius ? ; an allusion to the story told by 
 Plutarch in his Life of Cicero c. 31 ov fity dXXd ry KiidpwvL 
 irp&Tov (xkv dXiyov deiv atj/jurai/ rb r&v iTnriKwv irXrjdos <rvfjLfie- 
 Tt(3a\e tt\v icrdrjra Kal diajuLvpiojj/ ovk eXdrrovs vuv TraprjKoXov'- 
 dovv ko/jlCovtcs Kal o~wikTvovts' %TreiTa rrjs j3ov\rjs (TVPeXd over rjs, 
 forws \l/7]<f>LcrcLLTo t6p 89i/j.oj> ws iwl irevdtai fiera^akelv ra l/nana 
 Kal t&v vtt&twv vavTi(i)dvTO)v, K\o)8tov 8 aLdr}po<popov/JL4- 
 vov ire pi to ^ovXevTTjptop, e^dpa/mov ovk oXiyoi tCou jSouAeu- 
 tlkwv Karappriyvvfiepoi rovs x<> T u> va s K0 ^ (So&vres, i.e. 'however, 
 at first nearly all the equites changed their dress when Cicero 
 did, and not less than 20,000 young men accompanied him 
 with their hair uncut and joined in his suppliant entreaties. 
 Also when the senate had met in order to pass a vote that the 
 people should change their dress as in a time of mourning, 
 and the consuls were opposed to it, and Clodius was in 
 arms about the Senate house, a number of the senators 
 ran out, rending their clothes and calling aloud.' 
 
 1. 30. disturbaret, ' demolish.' Lucr. n 1102 aedis saepe 
 suas disturbet % Cic. or. Phil, v 19 fabros se missurum, 
 et domum meam disturb aturum esse dixit, templa 
 
190 PRO P. SESTIO 8486 
 
 inflammaret] see n. to 95 1. 5. Cic. often charges 
 Clodius with having set fire to the temple of the Nymphs, 
 in which the censors' records were kept. See or. p. Mil. c. 27, 
 or. p. Cael. c. 32, or. de harusp. resp. 57, parad. 31. 
 tribunos plebis expelleret] 75 ff. 
 
 1. 32. provincias venderet, 24 and c. 28. [quas vellet 
 et quibus vellet would be more like Cicero's usage, j. s. r.] 
 reges appellaret, 'dub men kings,' 56 1. 14. Notice the 
 omission of the proper object. 
 
 P. 42, 1. 1. rerum capitalium cet.] 56 1. 16. 
 
 1. 2. principem civltatis] Cn. Pompeius, 691. 13. 
 
 1. 3. ut idcirco] or. p. Plane. 4 1. 19, 86 1. 4. 
 
 1. 5. credo, ironically, I dare say,' 44 1. 19. 
 
 1. 6. at nondum erat maturum, 'but, I shall be told, the 
 time was not yet come, ' to have recourse to arms in defence of 
 the state. To this objection Cicero replies with a description of 
 the general weakness of the boni and the paralysis of lawful 
 government. 
 
 1. 8. non omnino sed tamen, ' not to be sure but yet.' 
 Cf. 74 1. 8 and see my n. on or. p. Plane. 37 1. 31, de off. 1 
 79 1. 6, Tusc. ii 35, iv 53, de fin. in 11, Rep. ii 43. 
 
 1. 9. taciti] without giving expression to your grief. 
 
 85, 1. 10. anno superiore, in the year before last, i.e. 
 B.C. 58, the year of Clodius' tribunate, when he occupied 
 Castor's temple as his castellum: cf. 15 1. 20. aede 
 
 Castoris] 34 1. 27, or. in Pis. c. 10, p. dom. sua c. 21. 
 
 1. 11. fugitivis] the lowest class of slaves. silebatur, 
 
 'there was a general silence,' no one daring to utter a com- 
 plaint. 
 
 1. 12. cum egestate turn audacia perditorum] cf. 2 1. 20 
 homines egestate et scelere perditos, and 99. 
 
 1. 13. vi, manu] 2 1. 1, 78 1. 30. perferebatis, ' you 
 submitted patiently.' CatuLL. 8, 11 sed obstinata mente perfer, 
 obdura, Ovid Am. in 11, 7. 
 
 1. 14. templis pellebantur] 75. 
 
 1.15. alii] sc. magistratus. Where alius is used in the 
 second clause, it is often omitted in the first ; cf. 34 1. 2. 
 aditu ac foro means rather more than aditu fori ; by aditu it 
 is meant that they were forbidden access to the forum, by 
 
NOTES 191 
 
 foro, that they were prevented from making use of it, so that 
 all exercise of their magisterial authority was denied them, 
 prohibebantur] 76. 
 
 1. 16. praetoris] Appius Claudius Pulcher, eldest 
 brother of P. Clodius, 126 1. 24. 
 
 1. 17. confess!, * were made to confess.' Cf. or. p. Sail. 
 33 quinque hominibus comprehensis atque confessis interitu 
 remp. liberavi. emissi] by Sextus Atilius Serranus 
 ( 72 1. 26), as tribune, in virtue of his right of intercessio, 
 
 1. 18. mentio nulla] sc. in senatu facta est, ' not a word 
 was said.' Cf. de off. in 47. 
 
 1. 19. nulla nova quaestio] 'no special commission of 
 enquiry* )( quaestio perpetua 'standing commission. ' A nova 
 quaestio might be appointed by the Comitia in special cases 
 where the ordinary leges iudiciorum publicorum were considered 
 insufficient. Such was the lex Peducaea of b.c. 113 against the 
 Vestal Virgins, the lex Fufia de religione of B.C. 61 against 
 Clodius for his violation of the sacra Bonae Deae, the lex 
 Pompeia de caede in Appia via facta, the lex Pedia relating to 
 the murderers of the Dictator Caesar etc. 
 
 1. 20. Vetera iudicia sublata] by the intercessio of Serra- 
 nus. 
 
 1. 21. plus viginti] Madv. Gr. 305. 
 
 1. 22. alterius] T. AnniusMilo, whose house was attacked 
 by Clodius. 
 
 1. 23. dicam] the future is more common in such paren- 
 thetical remarks ; see Wilkins on Cic. de or. i 98. 
 
 1. 24. divlni] 50. 
 
 1. 25. domus est oppugnata] In a letter from Cic. to 
 Atticus (iv 3) it is expressly stated that this attack on Milo's 
 house was made on Nov. 12 b.c 57 and therefore could not 
 have formed the ground of Milo's charge de vi against Clodius. 
 It is suggested by Halm that there may have been some prior 
 demonstration against Milo's house, which Cic. in the lan- 
 guage of rhetorical exaggeration speaks of as an oppugnatio. 
 exercitu Clodiano] 79 1. 21. 
 
 CHAPTEB XL 
 
 86,1.27. hoc loco, 'on this topic,' i.e. when speaking 
 of the attack on Milo's house. laudas] for the purpose of 
 
 making Sestius' case appear worse. 
 
192 PRO P. SESTIO 8688 
 
 1. 28. tarn immortal! vlrtute] the descriptive abl., 27 
 1. 10, 47 1. 16. For the alliteration of words with v cf. 59. 
 
 1. 29. hoc, the ordinary, familiar one, of everyday occur- 
 rence (cf. or. Verr. iv 62 mittit homini munera satis large, haec 
 ad usum domesticum, or. p. Eosc. Am. 134 mitto hasce artes 
 vulgares) to be taken with indicium, not with praemium, 
 
 1. 30. contritum et contemptum, obsolete, trite and con- 
 temptible.' Cf. Tusc. v 85 reliqua ex collatione facile est 
 conterere atque contemnere. On the meaning of con temptus 
 see n. to or. p. Plane. 13 1. 1. iudicium, ' recognition.' 
 
 P. 43, 1. 2. oporteret, ' should be done ' in accordance with 
 and obedience to the laws. in re publica] to be taken with 
 
 fieri; cf. or. p. Plane. 33 1. 13 multa in re p. molientis y Tusc. 
 iv 52 nescio ecquid ipsi nos fortiter in re publica fecerimus, 
 
 1. 3. necesse esset, must,' even in defiance of the laws. 
 
 1. 4. sceleri, 'depravity,' * profligacy,' see n. to 2 1. 20. 
 
 1. 6. armis oppressa, abl. of instrument, 84 1. 4 ; vi con- 
 sensuque] abl. of manner. 
 
 1. 9. cumulatae, 'complete,' ; perfectae, 'ideal.' 
 
 87, 1. 10. adiit ad rem publicam = causam rei p. sus- 
 cepit, as in 67 1. 19 accessit ad causam publicam. 
 
 1. 11. non quo sed quod] Kenn. Gr. p. 460, Madv. 357 b 
 obs. Cf. 61 1. 31. 
 
 1. 12. existimari, 'have judgment passed on them.' 
 laudis fructum, ' merited praise,' lit. ' reward which consists in 
 praise,' descriptive gen., see Kenn. p. 413 166, Madv. Gr. 
 286 obs. 2, n. on or. p. Plane. 21 1. 18, and cf. or. Phil, v 35 
 neque enimullammercedem tanta virtus praeter hanc laudis 
 gloriaeque desiderat. 
 
 1. 13. verbis consequi, * to be equal to, do justice to, in 
 description.' Cf. or. Phil, x 35 quibusnam verbis eius laudes 
 consequi possumus? 
 
 1. 15. in hoc crimine, in dealing with this charge,' 103. 
 
 1. 16. parem Sesti causam] if Milo merits the praise 
 bestowed upon him by the prosecutor, for having taken mea- 
 sures of self-defence, Sestius merits it just as much. (Long.) 
 
 1. 17. igitur] resumptive after the digression 1. 11 de cuius 
 laude; see n. on or. p. Plane. 36 1. 12. 
 
 1. 18. patriae ereptum] 53 1. 17 n. simplex, 
 
 * straightforward,' with no mental reservation, with no subor- 
 dinate or concealed purpose. 
 
NOTES 193 
 
 1. 19. constans ratio, ' his plan of action was fixed and 
 unvarying,' he did nothing more than he had always done. 
 
 1. 20. collegas] The eight tribunes of the people who were 
 on Milo's side are named in the or. p. red. in sen. c. 8 ; they 
 were P. Sestius, C. Cestilius, M. Cispius, T. Fadius, 
 M. Curtius, C. Messius, Q. Fabricius. consulis 
 
 alterius] P. Lentulus Spinther, 144 1. 25. 
 
 1. 21. alterius] Q. Metellus Nepos; cf. 72, 130, or. 
 p. red. ad Quir. c. 15, p. red. in sen. 5, or. in Pis. 35. 
 
 1. 22. unus] Appius Claudius, 77 1. 9, 126 1. 24. 
 
 1.23. erecta, 'keenly interested,' 'enthusiastic.' 
 
 1. 24. duo soli] Numerius Quintius Kufus ( 72, 82 
 1. 2), and Sex. Atilius Serranus ( 72 1. 26, 85 1. 17). 
 
 1. 25. contempti] see above on 86 1. 30. sustinere, ' to 
 be equal to the task,' against such a strong opposition. 
 
 1. 26. potuissent] This would in the recta oratio be potu- 
 erint. See on 43 1. 11, 45 1. 2, 68 1. 7. nullo labore] 
 
 Madv. Gr. 257. 
 
 1. 27. auctoritate, 'with emphasis/ weight arising from 
 personal influence. For the unqualified ablative without ad- 
 jectival predicate signifying way or manner see Boby Gr. n 
 1236, Madv. Gr. 257 obs. 2, Kenn. Gr. p. 399. 
 
 1. 28. per summum ordinem, 'with the authority of, as 
 the organ of, the senate.' 
 
 1. 29. bonorum] 1 1. 6. 
 
 1. 31. reddere, ' to pay back as a debt ' of gratitude for the 
 inheritance of a great name which he is bound to support. 
 Cf. or. de leg. agr. n 1 plerique hoc perficiunt, ut tantum 
 maioribus eorum debitum esse videatur, unde etiam quod posteris 
 solveretur redundaret. 
 
 CHAPTER XLI 
 
 88,1.32. huic gravitati hominis, =huic tarn gravi 
 homini, 'such an earnest and determined character.' Seen, 
 on or. p. Plane. 30 1. 32. gladiator, 'prize-fighter,' 106 
 
 1. 20, or. p. Mur. 50, 83 ille importunus gladiator. 
 
 P. 44, 1. 1. si moribus ageret, ' if he acted according to (the 
 rules established by) usage' and transmitted to later times. 
 Cf. or. p. Caec. 2 si facta vis esset moribus i.e. 'convention- 
 ally,' ib. 32 ut vis ac deductio moribus fieret, 
 
 H. 13 
 
194 PRO P. SESTIO 8889 
 
 1. 2. incendia, ' incendiarism.' cum exercitu suo] 85 
 1.26. 
 
 1. 3. itineribus occurrere, 'to fall foul of him, wherever 
 he went,' ' to cross his path,' = ei in itineribus, 
 
 1. 4. non movit, * did not make him lose his self-com- 
 mand. ' summa gravitate] abl. of description or charac- 
 teristic quality, 86 1. 28, Kenn. Gr. p. 399, Eoby Gr. n 1232. 
 
 1. 5. dolor, 'indignation,' 60 1. 17. 
 
 1. 6. libertas, * sense of independence,' ' love of liberty,' 
 cf. de off. ii 24 1. 2 note. prompta, ' energetic' 
 
 1. 8. ut refutaret, * to repress, repel.' 
 
 1. 11. in funeribus exsultantem] in here expresses the 
 object in possession of which, the field in which, the circum- 
 stances under which, joy displays itself. Cf. or. p. Balb. 59 
 non exsultavit in minis vestris nostrisque Cornelius, or. in 
 Cat. ii 3 In hoc ipso, in quo exsultat ac triumphat oratio 
 mea. 
 
 89, 1. 13. descendit, he agreed to, ' as a disagreeable 
 duty, coming down to a lower level. Cf. or. p. Mur. 60 
 Gatonem descensurum ad accusandum non fuisse, div. in 
 Caec. 1. See, however, j. s. k. in Add. p. 278!. 
 
 1. 14. nullis praemiis] ablative of attendant circum- 
 stances with adjective as predicate, Koby Gr. n 1242, Sch. 
 Gr. 504, 1. 'In some cases, as in that of ambitus, there 
 was,' says Long, 'a reward proposed to the prosecutor.' 
 
 1. 15. nulla hominum etiam opinione id eum umquam 
 esse facturum, ' without so much as any general expectation 
 that he would do so,' i.e. accuse him. For the vicarious use 
 of id facere see 40 1. 18, and on the use of the infinitive as 
 oblique predicate after the verbal substantive opinio Eoby 
 Gr. ii 1351 and cf. Cic. de or. n 339 promissio, si audierint, 
 probaturos. 
 
 1. 16. animi, 'high spirit,' 'insolence,' 'defiance.' 
 hominis, 'the man,' i.e. Clodius, used contemptuously as 
 often, like dvOpairos in Greek : see above 22 1. 16 and my n. 
 to Plutarch Them. c. 16, 2 1. 22. 
 
 1. 17. pristini iudicii turpitudinem desperabat, ' he 
 
 could not expect, with such an energetic prosecutor as Milo, 
 such a disgraceful trial as that former one of his,' i.e. to 
 employ in this new trial the same scandalous means which 
 he had employed in the other, when he was tried for violating 
 
NOTES 195 
 
 the mysteries of the Bona Dea and bribed the iudices to acquit 
 him. See Intr. 6. 
 
 1. 18. ecce tibi, 'here you have,' 'then mark you;' see 
 my n. on Cic. de off. in 83 1. 4. consul, praetor cet.] 
 
 ' a consul, a praetor, a tribune of the people, put forth new 
 edicts of a new sort ' that the accused do not put in an appear- 
 ance, that he be not summoned, that no judicial enquiry be 
 made, that no person be allowed to speak of iudices or trials 
 at all. ' ' The edict was that nothing of this kind should be 
 done until the appointment of the iudices by lot. The matter 
 is explained by Dio Cassius 39, 7 who says ' Clodius was a 
 candidate for the aedileship, in order that, if he should be 
 elected, he might escape trial for disturbing the peace, for 
 Milo commenced a prosecution against him but did not bring 
 it into court. For neither were the quaestors elected as yet, 
 whose business it was to determine the jury by lot, and 
 (Metellus) Nepos (the consul) forbade the praetor to admit any 
 prosecution before the jurymen were appointed. And 
 as it was the rule that the aediles should be elected before the 
 quaestors, this circumstance was the chief cause of the delay,' 
 eypdxf/aro yap avrbv (CI odium) 6 MiXcov, ov fxivroi Kal elcrr)- 
 7a7e^* otire yap ol racial, 5i' u>v rr\v airoKkfipwcnv r(av 5iKaar<2v 
 yevtaOai, ixPWi yprjvro' Kal 6 N^7ra;s a7re?7re r< (TTpar^yC) 
 fjLrjdefxlav irpb rrjs KXrjpco crews avrCov 8Lkt)v it poet Wat. 
 "Edei 8e dpa rods dyopav6/j.ovs (aediles) irpo tCov rafxiCov (quaestors) 
 Kara<jrr\vai Kal did tovto 6tl fid\L(TTa rj diarpi^^ iytveTo. The 
 friends of Clodius wished to secure his election to the aedile- 
 ship, and as aedile elect he could not be tried during that year 
 (b.c. 57) except for ambitus, if any, at his election. But Milo's 
 charge against him was brought under the lex Plautia de vi. 
 
 1. 19. edicta] a rhetorical plural, as 35 alii, 78 magis- 
 trates, templa, 84 civis indemnatos. ne reus adsit] Cic. 
 studiously avoids saying ne quis reus, as if the words of the 
 edict were applicable to Clodius in particular. 
 
 1. 21. quid ageret] cf. 78 1. 10, 81 1. 17. 
 
 1. 23. conroborata] by impunity. 
 
 1. 24. cervices daret, ' was he to submit tamely, unresist- 
 ingly?' Cf. or. p. Eosc. Am. 30 utrum malit cervices 
 Roscio dare, or. Phil, n 51 cervices suas subiecit securi. 
 vinci corresponds to cervices dare, deterreri = causa suscepta 
 desistere, to causam abiceret, latere to se domi contineret. 
 
 1. 26. abiceret] see cr. n. 
 
 1. 27. perfecit ut, 'he managed not to be afraid of,' i.e. 
 he resolved to have recourse to armed resistance. See cr. n. 
 
 132 
 
196 PRO P. SESTIO 9092 
 
 CHAPTER XLII 
 
 90, 1. 30. hoc in genere praesidii comparati, ' in this 
 respect, viz. that of raising an armed force.' Praesidii is the 
 genitive of specific definition, Madv. Gr. 286 obs. 2, n. to 
 Cic. or. p. Plane. 21 1. 18. On the meaning of hoc in genere 
 cf. 113 1. 17 and see n. to or. p. Plane. 23 1. 1, and cf. de 
 off. i 84, below 113 in. illo genere conductarum contionum. 
 On the use of in 'in respect to,' 'in the matter of,' cf. ep. ad 
 Qu. r. ii 2 me tibi excuse- in eo ipso in quo te accuso. 
 
 1. 31. cum idem, 'whereas on the other hand;' idem is 
 the regular word for combining inconsistent attributes, cf. 14 
 1. 14 and see Kenn. Gr. p. 285 n. 1, Madv. Gr. 488. 
 
 1. 32. an qui defendit iure praesidium comparat; qui 
 monetur...hunc de vi accusandum putas?] On the use of 
 an with a double question, involving an inference, see n. to or. 
 p. Plane. 43 1. 32. The first qui of course indicates Milo, 
 the second Sestius. aris focis] asyndeton, 145 1. 12. 
 
 P. 45, 1. 1. tuto] adv. as in 79 1. 16, if not dative. 
 
 1. 2. templo = rostris, 75 1. 14. 
 
 1. 4. aliquo] see n. to 108 1. 6. 
 
 1. 5. nunc] not eum, because Sestius was present in court. 
 
 91, 1. 6. ita naturam rerum tulisse, 'that this was in 
 the natural evolution of things,' i.e. the progressive condition 
 of mankind. On meaning of ferre v. Lewis- Short Diet. p. 
 739 a 10. 
 
 1. 7. quodam tempore] 73 1. 17. nondum neque 
 
 neque] on the use of neque neque partitively after a general 
 negative see n. to Cic. de off. 66 1. 31. 
 
 1. 8. naturali iure] ius naturale is wider than ius gentium, 
 law, as dictated by reason and founded on the rational 
 nature of man, and so binding on all men living in a social 
 state, independently of human institutions ; ius civile is the 
 positive law of independent communities, differing according 
 to their external circumstances and relations. Cf. de off. in 
 23 neque vero hoc solum natura y id est iure gentium, sed 
 etiam legibus populorum, quibus in singulis civitatibus respublica 
 continetur, eodem modo constitutum est. descripto, ' marked 
 out,' 'properly arranged.' 
 
 1. 9. tantum quantum, 'just so much as,' 'no more 
 than,' or. p. Plane. 20 1. 6. Cf. 12 1. 9, 100 1. 20. 
 
NOTES 197 
 
 1. 10. per, in the way of.' 
 
 1. 11. retinere, 'to maintain against invaders.' Cf. Hor. 
 Sat. i 3, 99, ars poet. 391 ff. virtute] abl. of quality, 86 
 
 L28. 
 
 1. 12. genere, * character.' Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 50, 4. 
 
 1. 14. ex feritate ilia ad mansuetudinem, 'from their 
 former savage state to one of civilisation.' Of. de rep. 2 27 
 (of Numa) ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem revocavlt 
 animos hominum. 
 
 1. 15. res ad communem utilitatem, 'things serving for 
 public use.' Of. Verr. iv c. 15 33 intellexi ad earn rem 
 istos fratres Cibyratas fuisse, ut etc., Liv. xliv 7, 12 se aliarum 
 in usum rerum copiam invenisse, Koby Gr. n 1828 : see, how- 
 ever, cr. n. publicas )( privatae, the things which are com- 
 mon to all, such as temples, fora, streets, basilicae, porticus 
 (Hor. i Epist. 1, 71) and the like, Cic. de off. 1 53 multa sunt 
 civibus inter se communia: forum fana porticus viae, iura 
 indicia, consuetudines praeterea et familiaritates multisque cum 
 multis res rationesque contractae. 
 
 1. 17. conventicula, 'associations,' 
 
 1. 18. domicilia coniuncta, ' union of dwelling-places. ' 
 
 1. 19. Invento iure, ' by, through, because of, the inven- 
 tion of law, they were induced to protect them by walls.' 
 Moenibm saepserunt, which refers to res publicas... conventicula 
 ...domicilia must be taken literally, not as some would render, 
 ' as with a bulwark.' ' The city wall, ' observes Long, * con- 
 tained the state, for when the wall was broken down, the 
 political community was at the mercy of the conqueror. Such 
 was one of the forms of social existence, in which the notion 
 of State was inseparable from that of Urbs.' 
 
 92, 1. 20. atque introduces a new thesis, ' and further, ' 
 'now.' Observe the opposition in what follows between hanc 
 ' the present,' and Mam ' the past. ' hanc vitam humanitate 
 etc. ' our present high state of civilisation.' 
 
 1. 21. tarn interest, 'makes so marked a difference,' 
 ' marks the difference so strongly. ' 
 
 1. 22. horum utro uti nolumus] utercumque and uter follow 
 the same rule as the universal relatives quicumque, quisquis, 
 utut, utcumque, and take the indicative, Hor. Sat. n 5, 28 
 vivet uter locuples, sine gnatis improbus, illius esto Defensor, 
 Cic. or. p. Sull. 28 utrum ostendere potest, vincat necesse 
 est, Eoby Gr. n 1697. 
 
198 PRO P. SESTIO 9294 
 
 utro, 'whichever,' for utrocumque or utroutro = si 
 alterutro; as in or. p. Sull. 28 utrum ostendere potest, 
 vincat necesse est, de div. n 115 utrum igitur eorum acci- 
 disset, verum oraculum fuisset, or. in Verr. n 3, 45 106 utrum 
 horum dixeris, in eo culpa et crimen liaerebit, Horat. Sat. n 
 3, 180 ; 5, 28. 
 
 1. 23. vim volumus exstingui] a categorical instead of 
 conditional sentence; so Hor. i Ep. 1, 87 lectus genialis in 
 aula est : nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita : see n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 15 1. 31, Madv. Gr. 442 a obs. 2, Zumpt 780. 
 Translate : ' if we would have violence extinguished, law must 
 prevail, that is the administration of justice upon which all 
 law depends.' On valeat necesse est see Madv. Gr. 373 obs. 1. 
 
 1. 24. quibus continetur, ' upon which it depends.' See 
 n. on de off. in 23 1. 4. iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, 
 ' if we will not have any administration of justice, or if none 
 exists, force must of necessity be dominant.' 
 
 1. 25. hoc] i.e. all that has preceded considered as one 
 thing. 
 
 1. 26. fecit ut experiretur] a periphrasis for expertus 
 est. See Madv. Gr. 481 b, Zumpt Gr. 618. 
 
 1. 27. uti voluit = libenter usus esset, in opp. to necee- 
 sario. Cf. 104 1. 24. 
 
 1. 29. si minus at certe] 7, 14. 
 
 1. 30. fuit idem fieri necesse] it could not be expected 
 that all should be capable of such a sacrifice as Milo. 
 
 1. 32. vim et manum, 'violence and force;' above 2 
 1. 1, 15 1. 25, Sail. Jug. xxxi 20 vindicandum in eos non 
 manu neque vi t Tac. Agric. c. 9 plura manu agens. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII 
 P. 46, 93, 1. 1. o di immortales] 53. 
 
 1. 2. rei pnblicae] gen. 'for the conduct of state affairs.' 
 quotus quisque, 'how few,' lit. 'each how many, etc' i.e. 
 ' one out of how large a number,' ' what a small fraction.' 
 
 1. 3. qui amplectatur, ' as to embrace,' generic or conse- 
 cutive subjunctive. 
 
 1. 5. solidam, 'real,' ' sterling,' )(vanam, 'hollow,' 'sham.' 
 
 1. 6. paene fata] in concrete sense, ' the destroj-ers, 
 demons of disaster, I may say.' Cf. Ov. Fast, v 389 stare 
 
NOTES 199 
 
 simul casu Troiae duo fata videres : hinc puer Aeacides, hinc 
 love natus erat. On the attributive use of the adverb, see 
 rny n. to Cic. de off. n 20 1. 26, and cf. or. de prov. cons. 2 
 Gabinium et Pisonem, duo reip. portenta ac paene funera, 
 or. de dom. s. 145 in Mo paene fato rei publicae, below 116 
 I. 4, 130 1. 11. 
 
 1. 7. alterum] On the extortions of Gabinius as pro- 
 consul of Syria from b.c. 57 to B.C. 54, and the lucrative 
 transactions in which he was concerned, we have the testi- 
 mony of Dion Cassius 39 c. 56 ff., who among other things 
 says of him : 6 Taftiuios voWa koI ttjv Hvpiav k&k(o(Tv, ware 
 kclI rwv XrjarLKwv, a kcll rdre iJKfxa^e, 7ro\i) irXelca vfyicn XvjJLrjvaadai, 
 TrdvTd 5 8rj ra avrbdev X-fj/xpLara tXdxwTa elvai vopLiaas ivoei kclI 
 TrapeJKevd^ero ws kclI ttI rods Hapdovs rov re ttXovtov avruv 
 ar pared aw. pacatissimis atque opul. gazis] verto die reichen 
 friedlichen Schatze,' non 'die friedlichen und reichen' neque 
 'die reichen, friedlichen/ c. f. w. muller. 
 
 1. 9. inlibatas, * undiminished,* * unimpaired.' 
 
 1. 11. villam] near Tusculum. Cic. or. in Pis. 48 calls 
 it Tusculanum montem, because of its towering height ; cf. or. 
 de domo sua 124 ad caelum exstruit villam in Tusculano 
 visceribus aerarii. 
 
 1. 12. tugurium ut] a very common position of ut in Cic, 
 particularly after negatives. iam, 'after that, f in compari- 
 son with it. ilia villa quam...pictam...explicabat] Lucullus' 
 villa, a picture of which he showed, in order to open the eyes 
 of the Komans to the wealth and extravagances of the man 
 whom he wished to have superseded, on occasion of his pro- 
 posing the bill for conferring the conduct of the war against 
 the pirates upon Pompeius in the year B.C. 67. Dion 36, 10 
 professes to give the speech which he delivered on the occasion. 
 
 1. 13. tribunus plebis, ' when he was tribune of the people,' 
 5r)/j.apxos &v. See n. on 16 1. 10. This happened in B.C. 67, 
 see Long, Rom. Rep. in p. 114 ff. 
 
 1. 14. quo, ' to the end that,' ' in order that.' 
 
 1.15. castus = integer, abstinens, 'disinterested.' So 
 Verres is called ironically homo castissimus, or. Verr. I 100. 
 non cupidus, * unselfish.' 
 
 94, 1. 15. alterum] Piso, who was proconsul of Mace- 
 donia b. c. 57 b.c. 56, 
 
 L 16. Dardanis] a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, 
 Strabo vn p. 316. For the allusion see or. de prov. cons. 
 4 ita gentes eae, quae ut pace utercntur vim argenti dedcrant 
 
200 PRO P. SESTIO 9495 
 
 praeclaro nostro imperatori, ut exhaustas domos replere possent, 
 pro empta pace helium nobis prope iustum intulerunt. maxima 
 pecunia] Madv. Gr. 258, Roby Gr. 1196. conficere, 4 to 
 
 procure,' Verr. ii 1 138 permagnam ex ilia re pecuniam 
 confici posse, or. p. Flacc. 20 duae rationes conficiendae 
 pecuniae, 
 
 1. 17. vexandam] So or. in Pis. 96 among the misdeeds 
 of Piso he enumerates that of Macedonia condonata barbaris. 
 
 1. 19. bona creditorum divisisse] or. in Pis. 86 nonne, 
 cum centum talenta tibi Apolloniatae Romae dedissent, ne 
 pecunias creditas solverent, ultro Fufidium, equitem Romanum, 
 creditorem debitoribus suis addixisti ? 
 
 1. 20. Dyrrachinis, 'the people of Dyrrhachium' (the 
 ancient Epidamnus), which was a libera civitas (Cic. ep. ad 
 fam. xiv 1, 6). Cf. or. de prov. cons. 5 quis ignorat Achaeos 
 ingentem pecuniam pendere L. Pisoni quotannis ? vectig-al ac 
 portorium Dyrrhachinorum totum in huius unius quaestum 
 esse conversum? or. in Pis. 96 Dyrrhachium et Apollonia 
 exinanita. 
 
 Achaeis pecuniam imperavisse, ' made a requisition upon 
 the Achaei for the payment of a fixed sum of money annually. ' 
 The Achaei were at that time included in the province of 
 Macedonia and under the jurisdiction of its governor; Mommsen 
 Hist. R. vol. in p. 51 f. in annos singulos, i.q. quot- 
 annis. 
 
 1. 23. publico, 'set apart for public use,' such as fora, 
 theatres, basilicae, cf. 91 1. 16. religioso, 'holy,' 'con- 
 secrated,' or. p. Plane. 86, or. p. Kab. 7 de locis religiosis 
 ac de lucis. 
 
 1. 24. inludere] the infinitive dependent upon cum sciat, 
 1. 6, ' knowing that they are carrying on their game without 
 restraint,' ' play a defiant part.' omne supplicmm, ' every 
 kind of punishment,' 28 1. 27. 
 
 1. 25. iure optimo, ' with perfect justice, ' cf. or. p. Plane. 
 88, de off. i 111. 
 
 1. 26. hos duos] Sestius and Milo. 
 
 1. 27. Aelium] 68. quisquilias, 'refuse,' 'off-scour- 
 ings,' ep. ad Att. i 16, 6 Thalnam et Plautum et spongiam 
 et ceteras huiusmodi quisquilias. seditionis] in concrete 
 sense, 'revolutionary band,' 'rabble.' 
 
 1. 28. volitant] 1 1. 16 n. 
 
 1. 29. dum timebitis] with reference to the words reos 
 esse hos duos. The orator identifies the jury with the con- 
 
NOTES 201 
 
 servative party, and points out to them that as long as they 
 pursue a timid policy, i.e. as long as political trials such as 
 the present are possible, so long their adversaries, the radical 
 party, will have no occasion to be afraid for themselves. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV 
 
 95, 1. 31. nam indicates, not the reason of what precedes, 
 but the reason why what precedes did not include what is now 
 added; cf. 51, 129, and see n. to or. p. Plane. 21 1. 13. 
 
 aedile] P. Clodius. 
 
 1. 32. diem dixit, ' gave him formal notice of the impeach- 
 ment,' the first step of the procedure in state-trials, when a 
 magistrate ' named a day ' in a concio, on which he would 
 summon the Comitia for the purpose of instituting proceed- 
 ings. Milo appeared before the burgesses in answer to the 
 charge on the 2nd of February, B.C. 56, Clodius having been 
 chosen aedile on the 22nd of January, Intr. 24. For an 
 explanation of the reason why the charge de vi was brought 
 immediately before the people, see Intr. 37. accusavit, 
 4 stated the charge against,' 'undertook the prosecution of.' 
 Milo's trial was postponed to the Quirinalia, Feb. 17, and 
 further adjourned until May the 7th, so that he was still reus 
 when Sestius was acquitted on March the 14th (ep. ad Qu. fr. 
 ii 3). The prosecution was finally dropped by Clodius. We 
 have here an instance of the unusual construction, when an 
 object common to two verbs, governing different cases (diem 
 dixit takes the dative), is governed by the second, cf. below, 
 40 1. 17, Sallust Cat. 51, 38 imitari quam invidere bonis 
 malebant, Liv. xxxv 19, 6 odi odioque sum Romanis, and 
 other instances quoted by Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 90 b. So in 
 Greek, as Plat. Apol. Socr. p. 34 c ebeT]0rj re /ecu Uerevcre tovs 
 diKcta-rdis fJLera ttoXXwv daKpvojv. 
 
 P. 47, 1. 1. ut eum paeniteat] Cf. or. p. Mil. 82 viri 
 fortis est ne suppliciis quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse 
 paeniteat. tanta firmitate animi, i.q. tarn firmo animo; 
 see above 88 1. 4, 1. 32. in rem puolicam, 'for state 
 
 business,' not ' in relation to the state. ' 
 
 1. 4. quonam suas mentis conferent, 'whither will they 
 turn their thoughts ? ' ' what will they think of it ? ' monu- 
 menta publica] the porticus or colonnade, which Q. Catulus 
 after his victory over the Cimbri (b. c. 101) built on the site of 
 the house of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the contemporary of Gaius 
 Gracchus, adjoined Cicero's house and was demolished by Clo- 
 dius, to enlarge the site of his intended mansion. 
 
202 PRO P. SESTIO 95 
 
 1. 5. aedis sacras] the temple of the Nymphae, 84. 
 domos inimicorum] Milo, Marcus and Quintus Cicero, 
 ep. ad Att. iv 32 : Quinti fratris domus primo fracta coniectu 
 lapidum ex area nostra, deinde infiammata iussu Clodii, inspec- 
 tante urbe, coniectis ignibus, magna querella et gemitu...homi- 
 num omnium. 
 
 1. 7. indicibus, ' informers ' by profession, abl. of instr. 
 
 1. 8. hodie] 6 1. 21. peregrinam manum] probably 
 from his own estates in Etruria, close to the Aurelia Via, 
 where he kept a large gang of slaves, or. p. Mil. 26, Philipp. 
 xii 23. 
 
 1. 9. caedem, * sanguinary brawls,' 'bloody frays.' 
 
 1. 10. carcerem, occupants of the prison,' 78 1. 9. 
 
 1. 11. volitat] 94 1. 28. accusat] see n. to 1. 32. 
 
 1. 12. hie] Sestius. 
 
 1. 14. auspicia] Sestius wanted to have the spectio caeli 
 at the election of aediles ; ep. ad Att. iv 3, 3 tf. Ci". 33 1. 18. 
 
 1. 15. per senatus auctoritatem] Hence it appears that the 
 edicta mentioned above in 89 were sanctioned by the senate, 
 and this might be viewed as an expression of the opinion of 
 the summus or do in favour of Clodius. Cf. the complaint of 
 Cic. in his letter to Lentulus (i 9, 15): primum ilia furia 
 muliebrium religionum impunitatem est illorum sententiis (i.e. 
 senatorum, not iudicum) adsecutus, qui, cum tribunus plebis 
 poenas a seditioso civi per bonos viros iudicio persequi vellet, 
 exemplum praeclarissimum in posterum vindicandae seditionis 
 de re p. sustulerunt. 1. 16. non est situs] Madv. 390. 
 
 96132. Refutatio, 
 
 introduced by a Digression, containing a sort of political disser- 
 tation on the character of the tivo rival parties in the Roman 
 State, the optimates and the populares, l the class of the best' 
 or 'conservatives,' and the ' democrats,' those who put themselves 
 at the head of the people to gratify their own ambition under 
 the name of serving the state. Among the former, which is 
 a very large class, are to be reckoned all who strive to uphold 
 the national constitution and maintain order and tranquillity 
 in the state in its internal and external relations, while 
 preserving its honour intact men of all ranks and conditions, 
 whether leaders of the senate and their sympathisers and 
 supporters, or those who are eligible to, but have not yet 
 
NOTES 203 
 
 attained the dignity of, a seat in the senate, provincials, 
 men of business and even freedmen; all who are free from 
 crime or debt, all who are not mad or vicious ( 96 98). 
 In their endeavour to support the national honour and institu- 
 tions the optimates have to counteract the revolutionary ten- 
 dencies of society, for in a large population there must inevi- 
 tably be some whom guilt, passion or pecuniary embarrassment 
 drive to despair, and who seek for a remedy of their own mis- 
 fortunes by agitating for a change of government. The greatest 
 wisdom and the utmost vigilance in its rulers are necessary for 
 the protection of the state against the violence and disorder of 
 such revolutionists ; Gic. says he knows from experience better 
 than most men how difficult and thorny the task is. The assail- 
 ants are more vigorous and earnest than the defenders, whose 
 apathy sometimes lets the evil grow until it is beyond their 
 control. Weak and vacillating champions are of no use in such 
 circumstances : only bold and vigorous men can make a successful 
 resistance and restore order. Such saviours of society have been 
 found at various times in men like M. Scaurus, Q. Metellus, 
 Q. Catulus ; worthy examples for those who aspire to glory and 
 do not shrink from labour and perseverance ( 99 102). The 
 present time, however, contrasts favourably with the past in 
 this respect ; there is no longer room for discontent and seditious 
 agitation, as there was in the early period when the interests of 
 the optimates and the people at large were at variance. Men 
 now-a-days are satisfied, proud of their country and of the 
 optimates, and want nothing but peace and tranquillity : and 
 agitators for a revolution can only secure recruits by bribery. 
 There would be a general unanimity of opinion in political 
 matters but for these revolutionists and their hired gangs ( 103 
 106). This may be seen in the conciones ( 107 109), in 
 the comitia, both legislative ( 110 112) and electoral ( 113 
 114), in the theatre ( 115 123), and the gladiatorial 
 shores ( 124 127), where on all occasions the people have 
 manifested their appreciation of the optimates and their sym- 
 pathy with my cause. 
 
 Then follows ( 127 131) a reply to what the prosecutor 
 had insinuated about the mode of Cicero's restoration, which he 
 designated as having been effected by violent and unjustifiable 
 means; and Cicero takes this opportunity of continuing the 
 description of his splendid and triumphant return, which had 
 been interrupted at 77. 
 
 After a violent invective against the witness Vatinius, with 
 whom the disparaging phrase ' caste ' of optimates originated, 
 Cicero concludes this part of the speech with a resume of what 
 he had said about them, and an exhortation to the young to 
 imitate the great and immortal statesmen of old, ivho 'scorned 
 delights and lived laborious days,' and risked their lives in the 
 
204 PRO P. SESTIO 9697 
 
 struggle to maintain conservative principles, and to uphold the 
 glorious constitution which had made Rome the great city it was 
 ( 136-143). 
 
 96, 1. 16. lioc illud est quod quaesisti, * here we have, 
 what you asked,' i.e. 'this is what you meant by asking, the 
 gist of your question.' The prosecutor had asked Cic. in 
 a sneering tone quaenam esset natio optimatium whom Cic. 
 assumed to be on his side, when the auctoritas of the senate 
 was against him, and this might be considered as an expres- 
 sion of opinion of that order in favour of Clodius. 
 
 1. 18. natio in a depreciatory sense = * caste,' * tribe,' 'set.' 
 Cf. or. p. Mur. 69, in Pis. 55 natio candidatorum, de nat. 
 deor. ii 74 salem istum quo caret vestra natio, Phaedr. n 5 
 ardelionum quaedam natio, C. Gracch. ap. A. Gell. N. A. xv 
 12, 3 si ulla meretrix domum meam introiv it... omnium na- 
 tio num postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote. quae 
 esset] i.e. whether they were so weak, as to count for nothing, 
 
 1. 22. officio vestro] because a right understanding of the 
 matter on the part of the indices would be sure to lead to the 
 acquittal of Sestius. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV 
 
 1. 25. eorum qui studuerunt] the indicative, not sub- 
 junctive, because he is speaking of an actually existing class, 
 who form two divisions. Eoby Gr. n 1681. 
 
 in re publica se excellentius gerere, ' to distinguish them- 
 selves as public men,' * take a prominent part in politics.' 
 
 1. 27. se haberi...voluerunt] see n. to Cic. de off. i 65 
 1. 19. popularis] Liv. in 68, 10 natura hoc ita compara- 
 
 tum est, ut qui apud multitudinem sua causa loquitur gratior 
 eo sit, cuius mens nihil praeter publicum commodum videt. 
 
 1. 28. multitudini=populo, 'the many,' 103, 105, 
 124, de off. ii 75 conciliare benevolentiam multitudinis, 
 Tusc. ii 63 si in oculis sis multitudinis 
 
 1. 29. ita se gerebant ut probarent. ' acted so as to get 
 the approbation of loyal citizens in their designs,' lit. ' make 
 them acceptable to.' optimo cuique = omnibus bonis 
 
 civibus; cf. 103, 105. 
 
 97, 1. 31. iste = quemtu dicis, 'that of yours.' Cf. de 
 rep. i 50 nam optimates quidem quis ferat, qui non populi 
 
NOTES 205 
 
 concessu sed suis comitiis hoc sibi nomen adrorjaverunt ? qui 
 enim iudicatur iste optimus ? doctriua artibus studiis. 
 
 1. 32. si quaeris, ' if you want to know,' n. to de off. in 
 80 1. 33. 
 
 P. 48, 1. 1. stare] 42 1. 19, n. to or. p. Plane. 81 1. 15. 
 consilii publici] 42 1. 20 n. 
 
 1. 2. qui eorum sectam sequuntur, * their supporters 
 in the senate.' maximorum, largest,' not ' of the highest 
 standing, ' which would be summorum. Cic. means the equites 
 Eomaniy publicani, tribuni aerarii, whose fortune entitled them 
 to a seat in the senate, after they had held some state office. 
 
 1. 4. negotii gerentes, * men of business.' The usual 
 phrase is negotium not negotia gerere. On the genitive after 
 the 'present act. participle see or. p. Plane. 131, 4, 55 1. 1 
 n., 80 1. 9. rustici, substantively, peasants.' 
 
 1. 6. varie diffusus, ' spread over various individuals.' 
 ut tollatur error, 'to remove any possible misconception,' a 
 final parenthetic clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458. 
 
 1. 7. brevi circumscribi, ' comprised in a short definition.' 
 
 1. 8. nocentes, ' criminals : ' the nocentes and natura im~ 
 probi, ' those of a vicious disposition,' form one class opp. to 
 the integri. 
 
 1. 9. mails domesticis impediti] )( beati (1. 19), hampered 
 by financial difficulties,' for, as Juvenal says, haud facile 
 emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat res angusta domi, Sat. in 
 164. 
 
 1. 10. est ut, ' it is the case that,' or. p. Cael. 48 
 quando fuit ut, quod licet, non liceret, i.e. quando non 
 licuit, quod licet? orat. 199 est ut id maxume deceat, 
 non ut solum, Lucr. i 620 nil erit ut distet nil distabit, 
 in 715 haut erit ut possit = h.&u& pot erit, Hor. Ep. i 12, 2 
 lion est ut copia maior . . .donari possit, for non potest 
 donari; see Munro on Lucr. i 442, Zumpt Gr. 752. 
 Observe that qui integri sunt is the subject, ei, quam tu na- 
 tionem appellasti, the predicate. quam is by attraction 
 for quos. 
 
 1. 11. bene de rebus domesticis constitui = beafci, 'in 
 good circumstances.' de= ' in respect to.' 
 
 1. 12. opinionibus, ' expectations,' ' judgments,' 114 qui 
 senserat tantum de rep. aliud atque homines expectabant. 
 Translate those who second the wishes, the interests, and 
 the principles of these men in the government of the state 
 
206 PRO P. SESTIO 97100 
 
 are supporters of the optimates, and are themselves reckoned 
 among the most weighty of the optimates, the most distin- 
 guished members and leaders of the state.' 
 
 1. 14. gravissimi] kclt' i%oxnv, *P ar excellence, 1 136, 
 138. 1. 17. derigere, 'to give a straightforward direc- 
 
 tion to.' 
 
 98, 1. 19. beatis, ' well-to-do,' )( to the malis domesticis im- 
 pediti, de off. n 69 1. 15, or. p. Rose Am. 135. cum 
 dignitate otium, ' peace with honour,' cf. ep. ad fam. i 9, 21, 
 de or. i 1. Otium refers to the internal tranquillity of a 
 state, pax to peace with other nations, cf. 104 1. 16. 
 
 1. 21. neque enim rerum gerendarum cet., ' for as men 
 ought not, in their exaltation at the honour of public employ- 
 ment, to be indifferent to tranquillity, so neither ought they 
 to make much of any tranquillity that is inconsistent with 
 honour.' 
 
 CHAPTER XL VI 
 
 1. 25. otiosae dignitatis, i. q. otii cum dignitate, 
 1 conservatism with honour. ' haec refers to what follows. 
 
 1. 26. membra, ' elements. ' 
 
 1. 27. vel capitis periculo, ' even at the risk of life,' or. p. 
 Plane. 101 1. 17 n. religiones, ' religious ordinances,' ' re- 
 ligion.' 
 
 1. 28. senatus auctoritas] 137 1. 31, Eamsay R. A. p. 220. 
 
 1.29. fides, ' honour,'^ probity.' Cf.Dem. or. deChers. 66 
 7r6\ews ^yujye ttXovtov yyov/uLcu av/j.fxdxovs irlariv efivoiav. Others 
 take it to mean * credit,' without which no state can continue a 
 Great Power, de off. n 84. mos maiorum] 16 1. 5. 
 
 iudicia, iuris dictio, ' criminal and civil jurisdiction.' 
 
 1. 30. imperii laus, ' admiration of our system of govern- 
 ment.' res militaris, ' the army.' 
 
 P. 49, 99, 1. 3. conversiones rei publicae, political con- 
 vulsions.' 
 
 1. 4. animi furorem, * restlessness,' feverish desire of 
 change,' ' destructive tendency.' 
 
 1. 5. pascantur = delectentur, 'feast on,' 'revel in,' not 
 4 live by,' as in de off. n 40 1. 28 qui maleficio et scelere pas- 
 cuntur, or. in Pis. 45 his ego rebus pas cor, his detector, his 
 perfruor, ep. ad Att. iv 10, 1 ego hie pas cor bibliotheca 
 
NOTES 207 
 
 Fausti. Cicero, it will be observed, takes no account of 
 honest revolutionists. 
 
 1. 6. implicationem, ' involved state,' embarrassment,' cf. 
 97 malis domesticis impeditos. communi incendio de- 
 flagrare, 'to perish in a general conflagration.' So Veil. 
 Paterc. n 91, 4 quippe ita se mores habent, ut publica quisque 
 ruina malit occidere, quam sua proteri et idem passurus minus 
 conspici, Cic. in Cat. iv 14 qui cum sibi viderent esse pereun- 
 dum, cum omnibus potius quam soli per ire voluerunt, Cic. or. in 
 Cat. ii 21, iv 14. 
 
 1. 10. gubernacula] 20 1. 28. 
 
 1. 11. scientia, * skill : ' de invent, i 58 navis optime 
 cursum conficit ea quae scientissimo gubernatore utitur. 
 
 1. 13. tenere cursum, * to keep on his course,' ' not to 
 swerve from a direction once determined on,' a metaphor from 
 navigation: see n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 18, and cf. below 
 101 1. 11, de orat. 1 1. 
 
 capere ... portum, 'reach the haven,' Caesar B. G. 
 
 iv c. 36 ex iis onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliqui, portus 
 
 capere non potuerunt, ib. 26 equites cursum tenere atque in- 
 sulam capere non potuerant. 
 
 100, 1. 14. si negem mentiar, ' if I were to deny it, I 
 should tell an untruth.' Madvig Gr. 346 b, who quotes de 
 am. 10 ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem...certe men- 
 tiar, add de orat. i 145 quam ego si nihil die am adiuvare, 
 mentiar. 
 
 1. 15. periculorum aut insidiarum] see n. on 31 1. 32 : 
 
 had the sentence not been negative but affirmative, atque would 
 have been used. 
 
 1. 17. praeter ceteros senserim, 'have learnt by expe- 
 rience more than others have done.' 
 
 CHAPTER XL VII 
 
 1. 20. nutu, ' with a mere nod,' ' the smallest expression 
 of another's will.' Tusc. n 51 nutu quod volet conficiet, 
 nullo labore, nulla molestia, de or. i 31 nutu atque verbo liber- 
 tinos in urbanas tribus transtulit, ib. 194 auctoritate nutu que 
 legum. Cf. below 20 vultu ' by merely a look.' 
 
 1. 21. nescio quo modo, 'alas ! ' ' unfortunately,' see n. to 
 de off. 1 146 1. 5, or. p. Plane. 83 1. 4. 
 
208 PRO P. SESTIO 100101 
 
 1. 22. tardiores] Plin. Ep. iv 7, 3 minor vis bonis quam 
 malis inest, ac sicut d/xadia ukv dpdaos Xoytaubs 8 6kvov <pepei 
 (Thuc. ii 40), ita recta ingenia debilitat verecundia, perversa 
 confirmat audacia. 
 
 rerum] superfluous ; cf. 42 1. 30, 47 1. 4, 
 
 1.23. denique] i. q. demum, 'not until,' 'for the first 
 time.' So nunc denique, turn denique : see exx. in Lewis- Short 
 p. 545 o Bd. ipsa= ' mere,' as in 105 1. 28. 
 
 1. 25. ipsi, ' of themselves,' ' by their own fault. 
 
 101,1.27. leviores, 'unstable.' desciscunt, 'become 
 renegades to their cause,' a stronger expression than desunt, 
 which means 'are wanting in energy or in duty to their cause,' 
 ' fail in rendering assistance, ' cf . 80 1. 5. 
 
 1. 29. pater tuus] M. Aemilius Scaurus, twice consul 
 b. c. 115 and 107 as consul suffectus, censor b. c. 109, princeps 
 senatus after his first consulship and the political oracle of the 
 aristocracy. Mommsen Hist. Eome in p. 144, above 39 and 
 nn. on Cic. de off. i 76, 108. M. Scaure] M. Aemilius 
 Scaurus, eldest son of the preceding, who may possibly, as 
 praetor in b.c. 56, have presided in the court before which Ses- 
 tius was tried. Intr. 26. See n. to de off. i 138 1. 16, n 
 57 1. 1. 
 
 1. 30. a C. Graccho usque ad Q. Varium] from b. c. 123 to 
 b. c. 90. Cf. Aurelius Victor de viris illustr. 72, 9 : tantumque 
 auctoritate potuit (Scaurus) ut Opimium contra Gracchum, 
 Marium contra Glauciam et Saturniimm privato consilio 
 armaret. We learn from a note of Asconius on Cicero's 
 speech for M. Aem. Scaurus the son (Orelli Vol. v p. 22) that 
 when, on the proposal of the tribune Q. Varius, a special com- 
 mission of high treason was appointed for the investigation of 
 the conspiracy instigated by Drusus, out of which the revolt 
 of the Italian subjects had originated (s. Mommsen H. K. in 
 p. 248), Q. Caepio, vetus inimicus Scauri, sperans invenisse se 
 occasionem opprimendi eius egit, ut Q. Varius tribunus plebis 
 belli concitati crimine adesse apud se Scaurum iuberet anno 
 lxxii. llle per viatorem accersitus, cum iam ex morbo male 
 solveretur, dissuadentibus amicis, ne se in ilia valetudine et ae- 
 tate invidiae populi bbiceret, innixus nobilissimis iuvenibus pro- 
 cessit in forum, deinde accepto respondendi loco dixit : ' Q. Varius 
 Hispanus M. Scaurum principem senatus socios in arma ait con- 
 vocasse; M. Scaurus princeps seiiatus negat; testis nemo est; 
 utri vos, Quirites, convenit credere ? ' Qua voce ita omnium 
 commutavit animos, ut ab ipso etiam tribuno dimitteretur. 
 
NOTES 209 
 
 1. 32. labefecit, 'caused to waver,' 'shook his purpose;' 
 the more usual form in Cic. is labefactavit. Q. Metellus] 
 Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, see n. to or. p. Plane. 
 89 p. 187 8. Caecilia Metella, the daughter of his elder 
 brother L. Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, was married to M. 
 Scaurus, and after his death to L. Sulla the dictator. She was 
 great aunt to the Caecilia Metella, whose tomb is now such a 
 conspicuous object on the Via Appia. 
 
 P. 50, 1. 1. florentem in popular! ratione, ' eminent as a 
 leader of the democratical party.' 
 
 1. 2. popular! ratione, ' the democratical tendency.' Cf. 
 114 qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat, Brut. 103 
 alter (Gaius Gracchus) propter perpetuam in populari ra- 
 tione levitatem morte voluntaria se a severitate iudicum 
 vindicavit. 
 
 censor notasset] 'Lucius Appuleius S at urninus excited 
 a tumult against Q. Metellus, when he was a candidate for the 
 censorship in 102/652, and kept him besieged in the Capitol till 
 the equites liberated him not without bloodshed; the retaliatory 
 measure of the censor Metellus the expulsion with infamy 
 ofSaturninus and of Glaucia from the senate on occasion of 
 the revision of the senatorial roll had only miscarried through 
 the remissness of the colleague assigned to Metellus.' Mommsen 
 R. H. Vol. in p. 217. Appian B. Civ. i 28 TLfx-nrrjs de Kdi'vros 
 KaucLXios M^reXXos TXavdav re (3ov\eijovra kclI ' AnrovKrfCov 2a- 
 rovpvlvov bebrnxapxnKbra ijdrj ttjs d^Lwerecas iraptXvev, aicrxp&s 
 piovpras' ov /jltjv idwrfdrj' 6 yhp avvapxw ov avv^dero. On the 
 nota censoria see Kamsay R. A. p. 168. 
 
 1. 3. insitivum Gracchum] the Pseudo-Gracchus, a fellow 
 named L. Equitius, said to have been a runaway slave from 
 Picenum (ille ex compedibus atque ergastulo Gracchus, or. p. C. 
 Rab. 20), who gave out that he was a son of Tib. Gracchus, 
 and, though disowned by the sister of the Gracchi, was chosen 
 tribune by the people in 99/655 solely on account of his usurped 
 name. Momms. R. H. in p. 214. Val. Max. vni 7, 2 idem 
 populus Q. Metellum censor em, quod ab eo (Equitio) tamquam 
 Gracchi filio censum recipere nolebat, lapidibus prosternere co- 
 natus est, adjirmantem tres tantummodo filios Gracchi fu- 
 isse. He perished with the rest of the associates of Saturninus. 
 See concerning him Appian B. C. i 32 33, Floras, in 16 1, 
 Valer. Max. ix 15, 1. insitivum] lit. ' ingraffed,' hence ' spu- 
 rious,' 'substituted:' cf. Phaedr. fab. in 3, 10 insitivos 
 liberos. 
 
 1. 4. censu prohibuisset, ' had struck him off the burgess- 
 list.' Census = ' the register drawn up by the censors ;' ' the 
 
 H. 14 
 
210 PRO P. SESTIO 101103 
 
 'censorial list;' see Bamsay R. A. p. 166 7, and cf. or. p. 
 Balb. 5 irrepsisse in censum, or. p. Arch. 15 census 
 nostros requiris. earn legem] the lex Appuleia agraria on 
 which see n. to 37. 
 
 1. 6. ut relinquam] 29 1. 7, 55 1. 18. 
 
 1. 9. Q. Catulus] Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q. n. Catulus, 
 son of the conqueror of the Cimbri, was consul in B.C. 78, the 
 year of Sulla's death, with M. Aemilius Lepidus whose efforts 
 to abrogate the dictator's acts he strenuously resisted, and 
 censor in b.c. 65. He died in B.C. 60, and therefore four years 
 before the delivery of this speech. He was also princeps senatus 
 and one of the most honoured of the optimates of his time, 
 eminent for his opposition to all anticonstitutional innovations. 
 See n. to Cic. de off. i 76 1. n. 
 
 1. 10. aura )( tempestas, 'the soft, alluring air,' not 'the 
 favouring breeze.' Cf. Hor. Od. n 8, 23 tua ne retardet aura 
 maritos. 
 
 1. 11. cursu] 99 1. 13, or. p. Plane. 52, 94. 
 
 CHAPTEK XLVIH 
 
 102, 1. 14. ampla refers to dignitatem, divlna to laudem, 
 immortalia to gloriam: the three verbs in the next clause 
 refer to the same adjectives respectively. 
 
 1. 16. posterltati] the dative because of the notion tradere 
 which underlies propagare, and perhaps to correspond with 
 mandantur. The usual phrase is ad posteritatem. 
 
 1. 18. multae insidiae cet. ] words of Atreus addressed to his 
 son taken from the so-named tragedy of the poet Accius. See 
 n. to or. p. Plane. 59. There seems to be a reminiscence of 
 the same passage in the Yerr. v 181 si tantulum oculos 
 deiecerimus, praesto esse insidias : si ullum locum aperuerimus 
 suspicioni aut crimini, accipiendum statim volnus esse : nobis 
 semper vigilandum, semper laborandum videmus. 
 
 1. 19. te] has a universal reference, and does not form 
 part of the quotation. 
 
 1. 20. inscitia, * stupidity.' Ter. Eun. v 8, 41 verum si 
 idem vobis prodest, vos non facer 'e inscitiast, Plaut. Cure, 
 i 3, 29 (185) male mereri de inmerente inscitiast. 
 
 1. 21. inqult, sc. poet a, implied in verissime dictum est. 
 
 1. 22. ecferas, 'bring to light,' i.e. 'exert,' * employ.' 
 
NOTES. 211 
 
 1.23. nollem dixisset, 'I wish he had not also said,' 
 de off. i 35. quod exciperent, for them to lay hold of,' 
 
 'pick up,' 'appropriate,' as the emperor Caligula did, who 
 ace. to Suetonius Calig. c. 30 versus subinde iactabat. 
 
 1. 25. oderint, dum metuant] n. to de off. i 97 1. 16. 
 
 1. 26. praeclara] predicate adjective, ilia, 'the above- 
 quoted lines ' or ' in those words.' 
 
 103, 1. 27. haec via ac ratio, 'this system,' 'method,' 
 i.e. the pursuit of a conservative line of policy. 
 
 1. 29. populi, 'the people,' as opp. to the optimates. 
 Cf. below 104, de amic. 41 videre iam videor populum a 
 senatu disiunctum, multitudinis arbitrio res maximas agi, de 
 orat. in 196 a multitudine ac populo. 
 
 1. 30. tabellaria lex] the law carried by L. Cassius 
 Longinus Kavilla, tribune of the people in B.C. 137, which 
 extended the use of the ballot to the juries in all criminal 
 trials, ut tabellae etiam in iudiciis populi (i.e. publicis comitiis 
 centuriatis habendis) praeterquam in iudicio perduellionis 
 kaberentur, Earns. B. A. p. 108. The lex Gabinia two years 
 earlier in B.C. 139 introduced vote by ballot into elections, 
 de am. 41. 
 
 1. 31. agi, ' was at stake.' 
 
 1. 32. in salute optimatium, ' in the matter of the welfare 
 of the optimates,' i.e. where their interests were at stake. 
 
 P. 51, 1. 1. agrariam legem] i. e. the lex Sempronia agraria 
 of B.C. 133, the object of which was to revive under a modified 
 form the lex Licinia, limiting the possessor es to 500 iugera 
 for himself and 250 for each of two sons (ne quis agri publici 
 plus quam quingenta iugera possideret) and dividing the re- 
 sumed land into lots of 30 iugera, and allotting it to the poor 
 ' as inalienable heritable leaseholds ' at a small rent (vectigal), 
 which went into the aerarium. 
 
 1. 3. constitui, 'to be on the point of being set up,' 
 'securely established,' ep. ad Att. iv 1, 3 consiliorum ad 
 colligendas et constituendas reliquias nostras (fortunarum) 
 indigemus. 
 
 1. 6. propugnatoribus] the leaders of this aristocratical 
 party ( 101 and 136), whose power and consequence de- 
 pended as much upon their great wealth and hereditary pos- 
 sessions as upon their nobilitas. So that in their point of 
 view it might be said with an appearance of justice that by 
 lowering the rich families to the level of the middle class, 
 which must follow upon the limitation of their share in the 
 ager publicus, the state would be robbed of its propugnatores . 
 Cf. de off. n 78. arbitrabantur, ' it was their personal 
 
 conviction.' 
 
 142 
 
212 PRO P. SESTIO 103106 
 
 1. 7. frumentariam] see n. to 55. 
 
 1. 10. aerarium exhauriri] 55 1. 30 ut remissis senis et 
 trientibus quinta prope pars vectigalium toller 'etur. 
 
 CHAPTEB XLIX 
 
 1. 11. nostra memoria, ' within my own time,' from the 
 period of his birth until that when he is speaking. quae 
 
 consulto praetereo] the leges Iuliae of b.c. 59. 
 
 1. 12. fuerunt in contentione, 'were the subjects of 
 dispute.' Cf. de off. i 47 1. 21. The wi-clause which follows 
 is an expansion and explanation of ea. 
 
 1. 13. consilio, 'policy,' arising from greater reflexion, 
 )( cupiditas. 
 
 104, 1. 14. nihil est quod, ' now-a-days there is no more 
 reason why, etc' Cf. 1 1. 1. delectis, ' the select few,' 
 
 'the ilite of the people.' Cf. or. in Vat. 23 d elect os viros 
 et principes civitatis, de rep. i 42 deinde aut uni tribuen- 
 dum est aut delectis quibusdam aut suscipiendum est multi- 
 tudini titque omnibus ; cum est (summa rerum) penes delect os, 
 turn ilia civitas optimatium arbitrio regi dicitur. 
 
 1. 16. et otio suo] On the explicative use of et for an 
 adversative particle, see n. to de off. i 22 1. 32. Hirsch- 
 felder reads sed. 
 
 1. 20. perfuncta, 'having got through with,' ' got rid of.' 
 
 1. 21. id agunt ut, 'make it their object to,' Kenn. Gr. 
 p. 442, Madvig Gr. 372 a. 
 
 1. 23. pretio ac mercede] de off. n 21 1. 7. 
 
 1. 24. quidquid dicunt] Koby Gr. 1717. velle audire, 
 
 'to listen to with pleasure.' Cf. 92 1. 27. 
 
 105, 1. 25. aut quemquam, ' or any one else,' 2 1. 18 
 populares, ' demagogues,' de off. i 85, n 21. 
 
 1. 27. ullum] used substantively. habuisse conductum] 
 Madv. Gr. 427, Zumpt Gr. 634, Kenn. p. 499, Eoby Sch. 
 Gr. 559. 
 
 1. 28. ipsa largitio, ' the mere giving,' i.e. the bestowal 
 alone of advantages offered by a lex agraria, frumentaria. 
 
 1. 30. offendebant illi quidem apud gravis et honestos 
 homines, to be sure, they gave offence to thoughtful and re- 
 spectable men but etc' Cf. ep. ad Att. x 4, 8 quod intellegeret se 
 
NOTES 213 
 
 apud ipsam plebem offendisse de aerario. # On the use of 
 quidem when a concession is made, but immediately qualified 
 bv an adversative clause and its attraction to a personal pro- 
 noun, see P. S. Gr. p. 2S5, Madv. Gr. 489 b, Zumpt 801. 
 
 1. 31. populi iudiciis, ' the sentiments manifested by the 
 people ' on all public occasions. omni significatione, ' every 
 possible demonstration,' * expression of approbation.' 122, 
 127, ep. ad Att. I 16, 11 et ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas 
 Tri(Tr}fjLaaias (' tokens of popularity ') sine ulla pastoricia fistula 
 auferebamus, ep. ad Qu. fr. 1 1, 42. 
 
 P. 52, 1. 1. quod contenderant, sc. consequi, or quod 
 may be the direct object of contenderant, as in or. in Verr. n 
 52 ne omnia contendamus, Varro ap. Non. p. 259, 32 et petere 
 imp erium populi et contendere honor es. 
 
 1. 3. qui adversabantur ei generi, * the opponents of that 
 class of men,' 114 1. 7. 
 
 1. 4. sed valebant] The sed refers to the second clause 
 multitudini iucundi non erant, to which the preceding clause 
 valebant etc. is to be considered subordinate: sed cum valerent 
 in senatu, multitudini iucundi non erant. 
 
 1. 6. suffragiis offendebatur, was thwarted by the popular 
 vote.' 
 
 1. 8. si quis...acceperat] iterative pluperfect, Eoby Gr. n 
 1717, Kenn. Gr. p. 334 d, Madv. Gr. 338 a obs., Zumpt 
 579. ne quid peccasset] Abrami quotes in illustration an 
 anecdote of Phocion in Plutarch apophth. p. 188 a: iireldk 
 \y(ai> icork yvwfirjp Trpos rov drjfjLov evdoxlfjiei Kal irdvras OyitctXu;* 
 eupa rov Xoyov ajrodexofitvovs, $iri<jTpa<t>eis vpos roi)s 0t\ous direv 
 1 oti 5r? 7rou kolkov Tf. Xtywv ifiavrov \\nda;' idem ille] 
 
 108 1. 7. 
 
 CHAPTEE L 
 
 106, 1. 12. nisi me fallit, 'unless I am mistaken.' On 
 the impersonal use of fallo see n. to de off. n 25, and cf. 
 below 115 neminem vestrum fallit. The usual phrase is nisi 
 me fallit animus. 
 
 1. 13. operas conductorum] i.q. operas conductas, 38 
 1. 18. Cf. below 113 1. 18 conductarum contionum, or. p. 
 dom. 79 conductis operis non solum egentium sed etiam 
 servorum, Yarr. de E. E. 1 17, 2 cum conducticiis liberorum 
 operis res maiores...administrant. si removeris, 'setting 
 aside.' Cf. de off. i 157 1. 3, or. p. Plane. 39 1. 16. 
 idem sensuri] 114 1. 29. 
 
214 PRO P. SESTIO 106109 
 
 1. 14. tribus locis] not a local but a temporal abl., 'on 
 three occasions' [a common use in Livy, e.g. ad id locorum 
 etc. j. s. e.]. 
 
 1. 16. contione, comitiis, 'at a public meeting or con- 
 stitutional assembly of the whole people.' There is a sharp 
 distinction between the two ; in the former no measures could 
 be passed, and no proposition (rogatio) submitted to vote 
 upon ; speeches only were delivered by the summoning magis- 
 trate and those whom he introduced (produxit) ; the latter were 
 either electoral {magistratuum, 109) or legislative (legum). 
 ludorum] sc. scaenicorum, 115. gladiatorum, 'gladia- 
 torial exhibitions,' after the analogy of the Greek Tpayydoi, 
 KWfiydol. [Is the gen. not merely objective 'an assembly 
 connected with (for the purpose of seeing) gladiators'? j. s. R.j 
 
 1. 17. quae quidem esset, *I mean, such as.' On the 
 restrictive use of the consecutive subjunctive with qui see 
 Madv. Gr. 364 obs. 2, Zumpt Gr. 559, Eoby Gr. n 1692. 
 
 1.20. gladiatore] P. C 1 o d i u s. 
 
 1. 22. foedum, ' disfigured by lust.' 
 
 1. 23. erant...necessario turbulentae, 'could not be other- 
 wise than stormy. ' 
 
 107, 1. 24. de eodem me, ' also about me,' 108 1. 8 
 eiusdem illius, 109 1. 21. habuit contionem = verba 
 
 fecit, ' delivered an harangue,' 108 1. 9. 
 
 1. 27. constitit, 'was assembled.' 
 
 1. 28. gravitate, 'energy,' 'stress,' 'emphasis.' tanto 
 silentio] 39 1. 12, 49 1. 10, 54 1. 4. 
 
 [1. 30. ad auris accidisse : cf. or. in Verr. iv 2 nihil 
 quod ad oculos animemque a c cider it. j. s. e.J 
 
 productus] sc. auctoritatis exquirendae causa, see n. to 33. 
 
 P. 53, 1. 1. praebuit] see cr. n. Cf. or. in Pis. 80. 
 
 1. 2. numquam maiore] Muller with Klotz enlarges the 
 sentence from P 2 into numquam neque sententiam eius auctori- 
 tate neque eloquentiam iucunditate fuisse maiore. 
 
 108, 1. 5. idcirco...ne] 128 1. 19. appello = nomino. 
 Cf. div. in Caec. 13 testes sunt viri clarissimi nostrae civi- 
 tatis, quos omnis a me nominari non est necesse: eos qui adsunt 
 appellabo. si minus] 'if I say less than he deserves.' 
 
 1. 6. de aliquo, 'of some person or other.' 
 
NOTES 215 
 
 [1. 7. cedo: the use here is not easy to parallel exactly; in 
 the speeches it often has the sense 'pray give me,' 'pray read 
 to me,' 'pray tell me;' hut not 'pray consider' or 'pray reflect 
 on,' as here. There are difficulties about the ordinary deriva- 
 tion of the word. (1) the enclitic put in the front of the com- 
 pound ; (2) the a of the imperative da changed to o ; the dt of 
 (ce-date) cedte sinking not to st or ss but to tt. I believe all 
 these three things, strictly speaking, unparalleled in Latin. 
 But I do not know of any better derivation, j. s. b.] eius- 
 
 dem illius] 105 1. 10. 
 
 1. 8. de me eodem] 107 1. 24, 109 1. 21. ad verum 
 populum] i.e. not to a mere fraction of the people, 114 1. 32. 
 
 1. 9. contionem = orationem in contione habitam, 'speech,' 
 107 1. 24. non modo] see n. on 45 1. 6. 
 
 1. 13. scelere adstringi] de off. in 19 se astrinxit 
 scelere, or. p. Sull. 82. The usual word is obstringi, as in 
 or. p. Sull. 6, Verr. iv 71 tanto scelere obstrictum. 
 
 CHAPTER LI 
 
 109, 1. 14. venio ad] or. p. Plane. 12 1. 16 n. sive 
 magistratuum placet, sive legum, ' for the election of magis- 
 trates or passing of laws, whichever you please.' 
 
 1. 16. vlx ut] for the position of ut see n. on 93 1. 12. 
 
 [quini, i. e. ex singulis tribubus, ' scarce five, to represent 
 (nominally) each tribe, and very often even those not belonging 
 to the tribe they propose to represent;' Cicero is of course 
 speaking hyperbolically, like Demosth. or. de coron. 149, 
 when he says : irpoftkrjdete irvXayopas ovros ical rpiwv 7) Terra- 
 puv xt'-poTwyvwruv avrov dvepprjdr]. For the general drift cf. 
 Arist. Ach. 508 exciporovrjaav yap ixe...KOKKvyis ye rpels. J. S. e.] 
 
 1. 19. ruiAa = pestis, * perdition, 5 'destroyer.' So in the 
 or. de prov. cons. 15 Gabinius and Piso are called publi- 
 eanorum ruinae. legem tulisse] after Cic. had gone into 
 exile. 
 
 1. 20. ferebatur] sc. lex. inisse suffragium, i.q. de- 
 disse, gave his vote,' cf. Liv. m 17, 4; 25, 4. 
 
 1. 21. de me eodem] 108 1. 8. ex senatus consulto.!. 
 
 centuriatis] and therefore with the observance of all forma- 
 lities. 
 
 1. 23. profiteatur, ' gladly own.' 
 
 1. 25. honestates, notabilities,' 'notables,' 'respectabili- 
 ties,' so potestates, 56 1. 5, dignitatem 'dignitaries,' Liv. xxii 
 40, 4, 7io5iZitaes=principes, Tac. Ann. xn 20. 
 
216 PRO P. SESTIO 109110 
 
 1. 26. una consentiunt] de am. 86 omnes uno ore con- 
 sentiunt, Phil, i 20 omnes una et voce et mente consentiunt. 
 furiae convolant] 54 1. 9. 
 
 110, 1. 28. Gellius] L. Gellius Poplicola, whom Cic. 
 or. in Vatin. c. 2 calls nutriculam seditiosorum ; he was stepson 
 of L. Marcius Philippus cos. b.c. 97. fratre] L. Marcius 
 
 Philippus, cons. b.c. 56 ; Intr. 24. 
 
 1. 30. nomen retinet, ornamenta confecit] the contrast 
 between the two clauses is made stronger by the omission of a 
 conjunction to connect them : on this asyndeton adversativum 
 see Eeid's note to de am. 5 1. 25. The ornamenta are the 
 'requisites' for maintaining the position, viz. a fortune of 
 400,000 sesterces, cf. Hor. Epist. I 1, 57, or. p. Plane. 12 
 1. 26. Gellius still retained his rank, because he had not been 
 degraded by the censors. There was no regular lustrum after 
 b.c. 70 until Augustus reestablished it in b.c 28. [There were 
 censors in b.c. 61, who held the lectio senatus. I do not know 
 whether it is expressly stated that they did not hold the recog- 
 nitio equitum. If they did, being, as is conjectured, friends of 
 Clodius, they probably ejected none of his supporters. J. s. R.] 
 
 1. 31. populare] i.e. populo gratum, 'will he please 
 the people by showing himself?' In populo R. deditus there is 
 probably an allusion to his name Poplicola. 
 
 enim = ' yes, certainly, for.' 
 
 1. 32. magis] sc. deditum, said ironically. 
 
 qui cum eius] for the usual cuius cum, see on 63 1. 24, and 
 cf. de sen. 13 qui cum ex eo quaererelur, or. Phil, n 17 
 quern, quia iure ei inimicus fui, doleo superatum, ep. ad fam. 
 vi 4, 2 quae tamen, si possis earn suscipere, maxima est, Verr. 
 ii 174 de quibus, ut eos indices habeamus. 
 
 P. 54, 1. 1. in honoribus florere potuisset, 'might have 
 basked in the sunshine of his stepfather's honours,' i.e. might 
 have been looked up to and esteemed as he was. Cf. 101 1. 1. 
 
 1. 2. L. Philippi] L. Philippus cos. b.c 91, censor b.c 
 86, was an orator of some repute ; de or. 3, 4 homini et vehe- 
 ment! et diserto et in primis forti ad resistendum L. Philippo. 
 , non fuit popularis] usque eo fuit popularis would have 
 better suited the ironical turn in nihil vidi magis. 
 
 1.3. comesset, 'wasted,' 'squandered.' Cf. ep. ad Att. 
 vi 1, 25 putat suos nummos vos comedisse, Juv. Sat. 1, 34 ex 
 nobilitate comes a quod super est t Plaut. Most, i 1, 11, quern 
 absentem comes (comedis), Bacch. iv 3, 105 aurum quod in 
 lustris come dim. ex impuro adulescente, 'after a youth of 
 lewdness. ' 
 
NOTES 217 
 
 1. 5. ab idiotarum divitiis, 'from the riches of common 
 folk,' i.e. which common folk enjoy, idiotae are the 'ignorant,' 
 'uneducated,' 'inexpert,' ignorant of any particular art or 
 science; as opp. to those who are versed in it, our 'laymen.' 
 Cf. or. in Verr. rv 2 4 quae non modo hominem ingeniosum et 
 intellegentem, verum etiam quemvis nostrum, quos iste idiot as 
 appellat, delectare possent, Lucian Hermot. c. 67 ovdewore apa 
 
 <pL\0<70(pTJ(T0/JLV dWcL 8e7)(TL TjfJLCLS Ldl&T7}V TLVCL (MoV t)V tt7TO- 
 
 (tt&vtcls rod (pi.\o<T ocpeiv. reculam, 'poor estate,' 'humble 
 means,' an ironical diminutive, see n. on or. p. Plane. 51, 
 76. This is the emendation of Latendorf adopted by Halm 5 for 
 the ms reading regulam 'discipline,' which might suit deliciis, 
 the conjectural reading of Pantagathus for divitiis: see cr. n. 
 
 1.6. Graeculum] another contemptuous diminutive, meaning 
 ' a mere man of letters,' ' a mere scholar,' literary pursuits, as 
 such, being despised by the Eomans, as only fit for their de- 
 generate Greek contemporaries. Cf. Juv. Sat. in 78, Cic. de 
 orat. i 48 verbi controversia iam diu torquet Graeculos 
 homines contentionis cupidiores quam veritatis, ib. 102 quid ? 
 mihi vos nunc tamquam alicui Graeculo otioso et loquaci 
 quaestiunculam ponitis ? ib. 221 ineptum (' a pedant ') et Grae- 
 culum. Plut. vit. Cic. c. 5 ravra drj r& ' P cofiaiots irpdx^Lpa ical 
 avv-qdn pr}jj.a.Ta Tpai'/cds ical (rxo\acrt/c6s ' olkovojv, Minuc. 
 Fel. Oct. c. 22 rudes hominis multa docuit ut Graeculus et 
 politus. otiosum] properly 'a private person,' not employed 
 in the public service, n. on de off. in 1 1. 4; here = o"xoXa- 
 (ttucos, 'a man of letters.' 1.7. dedidit] 'gavehimself wholly up to. 1 
 
 1. 8. satiabant] in a double sense; 'books were not enough 
 to satisfy his appetite, he must have something else, ' and ' he 
 could not have too much of books.' See cr. n. 
 
 1. 11. consenescebat, * was pining away ;' when there was a 
 state of peace and quiet, he could find no vent for his energy. 
 
 CHAPTEE LII 
 1. 14. princeps] sc. fuerit or esset. 
 
 1. 16. bene dixit ? immo, ' had a good word for, do I say? 
 rather, I should say,' &c. See 53 1. 25. 
 
 1. 18. ut credo] ironically, in which sense credo is generally 
 used alone, 44 1. 19, 84 1. 5, or. p. Plane. 38 1. 1. [The ut 
 may be caused by the ui of the preceding qui. J. s. e.] 
 
 1. 19. plebicola, ' a friend of the people, ' an ironical allu- 
 sion to the man's name Po pi icol a. libertinam] The mar- 
 riage of an ingenuus with a libertina was not null, nor did it 
 
218 PRO P. SESTIO 110113 
 
 entail ignominia on the former, nothing but social penalties. 
 Liv. xxxix 19, Earns. R. A. p. 103. ' The lex Iulia and the 
 Pappia Poppaea' says Long ' prohibited the marriage of a sena- 
 tor and a senator's children with a libertina, but not the mar- 
 riage of other ingenui with libertinae. But after the enactment 
 of the law the marriage even of a senator with a libertina was 
 a valid marriage; it only deprived the husband and wife of 
 the advantages which this lex gave to married people. It was 
 not till the time of Marcus Aurelius that a SCtum declared a 
 marriage between a senator or a senator's children and libertini 
 to be null.' 
 
 111, 1. 20. adfuit] i. e. suffragiis ferendis t at the comitia, 
 110, 1. 1. 
 
 1. 21. gratulationibus] 54 1. 9. 
 
 1. 22. illo ore] sc. impudico, * with that infamous mouth 
 of his.' 
 
 1.23. quasi ita, 'just as though.' For other instances 
 of ita in correlation with quasi see or. p. Mur. 77 quid quod, 
 cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute noris, ita salutas? in Verr* 
 iv 74 quasi ilia ipsa face per cussus esset, ita fiagrarecupidi- 
 tate coepit, de sen. 82, or. p. Plane. 55 1. 3 n. , Nagelsb. lat. 
 St. 158, Sail. Jug. 85, 19. 
 
 1. 26. comedisti] 110 1. 3. meo periculo hellu- 
 
 abare, was it at my cost that you were to play the prodigal ? ' 
 ' was your wasteful extravagance to jeopardize me, by making 
 you poor and so an enemy of mine ? ' gurges ac vorago] cf . 
 93, Verr. 3 23 immensa aliqua vorago est et gurges viti- 
 orum turpitudinumque omnium, 
 
 1. 28. si defendissem] on the use of the plup. subj. in 
 secondary subordination to represent the future perfect, see 
 Kenn. Gr. p. 485. In direct speech it would have been si 
 Cicero defenderit, nolo eum in civitate esse, Cf. above 43 1. 11. 
 
 gregalis, ' comrades,' * associates.' 
 
 1. 29. te nemo videre volt] cf. or. p. Cluent. 41, 170, 
 or. in Vat. 2, 39, or. in Pis. 45, Hor. Sat. i 1, 84 non uxor 
 salvom te volt, nonjilius, omnes vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque 
 puellae. 
 
 1.31. gravis, 'steady,' ' sedate.' senili iudicio, 'with 
 the judgment of an old man ; ' de sen. 38 adulescentem in quo 
 est senile aliquid probo. 
 
 1. 32. notavit, ' set a mark of disgrace on,' 'stigmatized,' 
 'branded.' in magno numero] sc. tutorum. tutorem 
 
 instituit, 'appointed guardian,' by testamentary disposition* 
 For the dative after tutorem cf. 119 1. 22. 
 
NOTES 219 
 
 P. 55, 1. 1. latus odio, 'impelled,' ' carried away by feelings 
 of disgust,' for the usual elatus. Cf. Nep. Att. 10, 4 Antonius 
 tanto odio ferebatur in Giceronem, ut etc., or. in Verr. v 121 
 praeceps amentia ferebare, or. p. Cluent. 199 caecam scelere 
 ferri, or. p. Quint. 38 ferri avaritia, Tusc. in 11 effrenati 
 ferantur aut libidine aut iracundia, Sallust Cat. c. 3 studio 
 ad rempublicam latus sum. But, as Mr Keid observes, some 
 of these passages are not free from doubt ; elatus is far more 
 likely than latus. 
 
 1. 3. quam dicendum fuit] sc. mihi, 'than I ought to have 
 said. ' 
 
 112, 1. 4. illuc revertor] to the subject spoken of in 109. 
 
 1. 5. capta urbe atque oppressa] 34. 
 
 1. 6. Titium] 80. See or. p. dom. c. 9, de harusp. resp. 
 c. 27. furias]34,l. 13. 
 
 1. 7. auctores fuisse] inf. depends on a dico implied in illuc 
 (sc. quod dicere coepi) revertor. Ipse lator] Clodius. 
 
 1. 8. ab horum turpitudine = ab his turpibus. sordibus, 
 ' baseness ' of behaviour as well as disposition. 
 
 1. 10. valetudinis excusationem, plea of ill health ' as an 
 excuse, causal genitive. Cf. or. in Pis. 13 excusatione te 
 uti valetudinis, or. p. Sull. 26 me neque honoris neque 
 aetatis excusatio vindicat a labore, or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 8 
 familiaris funeris excusatio, or. p. Mur. 47 morbi ex- 
 cusationi. 
 
 CHAPTEE LIII 
 
 113, 1. 15. nuper] in the consulship of C. Julius Caesar 
 and M. Bibulus, b.c. 59. tres mininie] Cn. Domitius 
 
 Calvinus, G. Ancharius, C. Fannius, the two former of 
 whom were actually praetors in the year in which this speech 
 was delivered, the third expected to be praetor. 
 
 1. 16. vehementer populares, extremely popular, ' de off. 
 i 66 res vehementer arduas, n 64 vehementer utile, 65 
 vehementer moderatum. Draeger Hist. Synt. i p. 130 ed. 2. 
 So laxvp&s in Greek, Xen. Anab. i 7, 15 dubpvxes paOeicu Icxv- 
 p&s, Herod, iv c. 108 yhavKov irau l&xvp&s <ttI koX icvppov. 
 
 1. 17. genere] n. to 90 1. 30. 
 
 L 18. conductarum contionum] 106 1. 17. 
 
220 PRO P. SESTIO 113114 
 
 consistendi, 'keeping their footing,' 'maintaining their 
 ground,' met. borrowed from wrestling, cf. 127 1. 6, orat. 30 
 qui in forensibus causis possit praeclare consistere, ib. 98 si 
 semel constiterit, numquam cadet, or. p. Cluent. 193 nullo 
 in oppido consistendi potestas eifuit, or. p. Quinct. 5 Veri- 
 tas locum ubi consistat reperire non poterit. 
 
 1. 19. factos] or. p. Plane. 9, 14. They were made prae- 
 tors in the year in which the present speech was delivered. 
 
 1. 21. prae se ferebat, ' professed. ' 
 
 1. 23. nihil agere, 'achieve nothing.' See n. to or. p. 
 Plane. 83 1. 8. 
 
 1. 24. gratum] see suppl. n. to my de off. 1 14 1. 16, ed. 6. 
 
 1. 25. iam, ' then again.' 
 
 1. 26. in honoribus eius, ' in regard to his candidature for 
 state offices;' or. in Vat. 10 de te homines quid sentiant in 
 ho nor e experti sumus. 
 
 114, 1. 27. illi duo] C. Alfius and P. Vatinius. Cicero 
 expresses himself in high terms of the former in his speech for 
 Plancius also, 43, 104. See my In trod, to that speech 32. 
 
 1. 28. quid egerunt, ' how did they fare? ' as in the common 
 formula ' quid agis ? ' ' how do you do ? ' alter] C. Alf iu s. 
 qui tamen, observe the elliptic tamen. 
 
 1. 29. tulerat nihil, ' had not carried any measure,' only 
 given energetic support to Caesar. senserat tantum aliud 
 atque, ' had merely held different political opinions from what 
 people expected of him,' 106 1. 13; senserat censuer at, as 
 often. On alius atque ' other than,' see n. to or. p. Plane. 48. 
 
 1. 31. videlicet] not here as frequently in an ironical sense. 
 
 1. 32. vero populo] 108 1. 8. 
 
 P. 56, 1. 1. in contione] for in contionibus, as in 127 
 1. 5. 
 
 1. 2. eum locum] the praetorship, as is remarked by the 
 scholiast on or. in Vatin. 38 where Cic. says, ecquisnam tibi 
 dixerit G. Caesar em nuper Aquileiac.dixisse, C. Alfium prae- 
 teritum moleste tulisse, quod in homine summam fidem probi- 
 tatemque cognosset, graviterque etiam se ferre praetorem 
 aliquem esse factum, qui a suis rationibus dissensisset. 
 
 1.4. alter] P. Vatinius. ita se in popular! ratione 
 
 iactarat, * had given himself such airs as a democrat,' 101 
 1. 2. 
 
NOTES 221 
 
 1. 5. legem Aeliam] 33 1. 20. senatus auctoritatem] 
 The most important rogations of the year B.C. 59 were brought 
 direct before the people without previously consulting the 
 senate, consulem] Bibulus, who, finding all other means of 
 resistance to Caesar's land bill useless, declared he would raise a 
 religious objection to the Comitia on every day that they might 
 be held to the end of the year, but on the day of taking the vote 
 was driven from the Forum and after that shut himself up in 
 his house, from which he issued idle edicts protesting against 
 the proceedings of Caesar and his tool Vatinius. 
 
 1. 6. nihil! putaret] Kenn. Gr. p. 416 169, Madv. Gr. 
 494bo&s. 3. 
 
 1. 7. bonis viris] in a political sense. hominibus primis, 
 i. q. primariis, principibus, 'foremost men,' * persons of 
 the highest rank: so Tusc. 1 81 primi hominis nepos, or. in 
 Verr. iv 37 ab Lysone Lilybaetano, primo homine, n 11 
 homines nobilissimi primi que, 23 omnium Siculorum primi 
 ac nobilissimi, in 168, Hor. Ep. i 20, 23 primis urbis pla- 
 cuisse. [praestantissimis is in agreement with opibus rather 
 than viris. j. s. k.] 
 
 1. 8. tribum suam non tulit, 'did not carry, i.e. obtain the 
 votes of, his own tribe.' See n. to or. p. Plane. 48 1. 15. 
 Vatinius belonged to the tribe Sergia, or. in Vat. 36. The 
 Palatina was one of the four city tribes: the other three 
 were the Esquilina, Collina and Suburrana or Sucu- 
 sana. They were filled with a lower class and held in less 
 esteem than the 31 country tribes. Cf. 109 1. 16. 
 
 1. 9. denique, 'yea, even,' 30 1. 28. 
 
 1. 10. perdidit = non tulit, 'failed in obtaining its votes,' 
 although it was commonly said to be instrumental to their 
 plots and conspiracies. nee quicquam... tulit, 'and he 
 
 gained nothing that good men would have liked him to get, 
 except a rejection, ' and every good man was glad of this. [Cic. 
 hints that good men would have been glad if the crowd had 
 handled him roughly, as the crowd at some of the meetings he 
 had taken part in had handled boni viri. J. s. e.] 
 
 1. 12. ut ita dicam] 29 1. 7, 32 1. 23. 
 
 1. 13. iam, 'by this time.' We have a similar contrast 
 and play on words in de am. 96 itaque lex popularis suffra- 
 giis populi repudiata est, de leg. agr. n 27 hie homo popu- 
 laris ne unam quidempopulo comitiorum potestatem reliquit. 
 
 1. 14. qui respuat] subjunctive in adjectival causal clause, 
 Madv. Gr. 366, Kenn. Gr. p. 461. 
 
222 PRO P. SESTIO 115116 
 
 CHAPTEE LIV 
 
 115, 1. 17. oculorum coniectus, ' intent look,' de orat. 
 ii 225 coniectis oculis, in 222, or. p. Plane. 21, Quint. 
 ix3, 101 vultus mutatio oculorumque coniectus multum in 
 actu valet. With animorum we must supply intentio or adiectio 
 by zeugma. 
 
 1. 18. remissiore, 'less strict' than is required by the 
 usus forensis. Cf. or. p. Arch. 3 a genere dicendi, quod non 
 modo a consuetudine iudiciorum verum etiam a for ens i ser- 
 mone abhoireat. 
 
 1. 19. comitiorum et contionum cet., 'the expression of 
 popular opinion at the ordinary assemblies and public meetings 
 is sometimes falsified and spurious. I quite allow that at 
 theatrical and gladiatorial exhibitions it is said to be the 
 practice to raise some applause, but that only feebly and 
 sparingly by worthless hirelings ; yet, when that is done, 
 it is easy to see how and by whom it is done and how the 
 honest part of the spectators behave.' On the substitution of 
 the adjectives theatrales gladiatoriique for the genitives ( 106) 
 of the nouns, which is so common in Cic, see on 124 ; on 
 omnino, a stronger quidem, see n. to 84, and cf. or. p. Plane. 
 37 1. 31. 1. 23. cum id fit, ' in that case.' 
 
 1. 24. integra = non corrupta. 
 
 1. 26. maxime = potissimum. fallit] see n. to 106 
 
 1. 12. 
 
 1. 27. hoc, sc. plausum accipere. 
 
 1. 28. homini gravi] Cic. in a letter to Atticus (iv 5, 6) 
 says that on entering the theatre he was received magno et 
 aequabili plausu : and then adds, sed hoc ne curaris : ego 
 ineptus qui scripserim, as if a man of consular rank ought to 
 be indifferent to such matters. [Horace however mentions the 
 plausus as an honor to Maecenas, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 29. pendet rebus levissimis] cf. or. de 1. agr. n 66 
 obscura spe et caeca exspectatione p end ere, ib. 80 perlevi 
 momento fortunae, inclinatione temporis pendere, or. p. Flacc. 
 4 salutem nostram quae spe extrema exiguaque pendet, ep. 
 ad Qu. Fr. m 5, 3 Caesaris promissis non valde pendeo, Liv. 
 ii c. 7 tarn levi momento mea apud vos fama pendet? 
 
 1. 30. ut ipsi loquuntur, favore] because favor was the 
 technical term for ' applause ' at theatrical and other exhibi- 
 tions. According to Quintilian vin 3, 34, this use of the word 
 came into fashion in Cicero's time. [What Quintilian says is 
 
NOTES 223 
 
 favor et urbanus Cicero nova credit. As urbanus is old enough 
 and favor is used by Sallust, it is clear that Cic. can only have 
 referred to special meanings of these words; in the case of 
 favor this passage of the Sest. gives the clue ; the new sense of 
 urbanus was probably that of ' witty,' curretos. J. s. k.] See p. 278. 
 
 1. 31. immortalitatem, * imperishable fame,' or. p. Plane. 
 90. mortem] de off. n 69 clientes appellari mortis 
 
 instar putant, or. p. Flacc. 19 eos, quibus odio sunt nostrae 
 secures, scriptura, decumae, portorium morti. 
 
 116, 1. 32. Scaure] 101 1. 30 ; Plin. N. H. xxxvi 113 ff. 
 gives a description of the unparalleled magnificence of his 
 exhibitions as aedile in B.C. 58. See Diet, of Gr. and Rom. 
 Biogr. vol. in p. 737. 
 
 P. 57, 1. 3. se populo commiserit, 'ventured to appear 
 before the people.' Cf. below, 124 1. 5 se populo dedit, or. in 
 Pis. 65 da'te populo, committe ludis: slbilum metuis, Suet. 
 Ner. c. 26 se publico non committer e, or. in Verr. in 49 
 populo se ac coronae dare. 
 
 1. 4. maxime ludius, ' arch pantomimist,' i.e. not literally 
 zzhistrio, but one who takes a leading part in everything, with 
 reference at the same time to the ludi. On the combination 
 of adverb with substantive cf. 93 1. 6, 130 1. 11, and see 
 Madv. Gr. 301 c obs. 2. 
 
 1. 5. acroama, 'artiste,' 'virtuoso,' literally 'a thing 
 heard,' applied properly to music, but also to a play, recita- 
 tion, or entertainment of any kind; and next to the person 
 who acts, recites, or entertains. See Keid's note on or. p. Arch. 
 20 1. 30. embolia] another Greek word, signifying ' inter- 
 
 ludes,' 'ballets,' 'entrechats,' or anything interposed between 
 two plays or acts, even to the gesticulation of mimi and danc- 
 ing, in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, ' gains 
 admission in the disguise of a female minstrel to a party of 
 women,' at the house of Caesar's wife Pompeia, where the 
 mysteries of the Bona Dea were going on : Introd. 6. 
 
 1.7. ardenti] a stronger expression than florenti ac vigenti. 
 
 1. 8. vix vivus effugit] on the day on which the decree of 
 the Senate about Cicero's return was made in the Temple of 
 Virtue, erected by Gaius Marius de manubiis Gimbricis et 
 Teutonicis. See n. on or. p. Plane. 78 1. 12. The senate 
 always met in a templum, i.e. a place marked out and con- 
 secrated according to the rules of augural science. Beside the 
 curia Hostilia, the temples of the Forum and the Capitol were 
 used, esp. templum Goncordiae ( 26 1. 18). Antonius summoned 
 the senate to the templum of Tellus, Cic. or. Phil, n 89 ed. 
 Mayor, ib. 15 1. 18. 
 
224 PRO P. SEST10 116 life 
 
 1. 11. munlcipi eius, 'his fellow-townsman,' Arpinum 
 being the birthplace of both ; or. p. Plane. 20, 21 ; or. p. 
 Rose. Am. 87, 105, below 138 suis civibus. On the 
 allusion see 50, n. to or. p. Plane. 20 1. 3; or. p. Sull. 73 
 eo municipio unde iterum iam solus huic urbi imperioque missa 
 est. monumentum = ' public building.' 
 
 1. 12. sedem praebuisset, i.e. cum excepit eos qui de 
 Ciceronis salute decreverunt. salutem] 39 1. 14. Paul 
 suggests praesidium, Karsten senatus consultum for sedem. 
 
 CHAPTER LV 
 
 117, 1. 15. sentire se ostenderet] the pleonastic expres- 
 sion gives additional prominence to the idea of plainness of 
 demonstration. [It is like de fin. i 24 eum Macedonian lega- 
 tis accusantibus quod pecunias praetorem in provincia cepisse 
 ostenderent, to which there are many parallels, j. s.e.] 
 utroque in genere = in utramque partem, 'in both ways,' 
 in their manifestation of regard for the senate (primum deinde 
 cum vero declararunt) and of their dislike for Clodius (at 
 cum ille eiciebatur). declaratum est = apparuit, 124 
 1.31. 
 
 1. 16. rei ipsi] 84. Others read praeconi, auctori, relatori. 
 
 1. 18. spectatum redeuntibus] 120 1. 28, 123. 
 
 1. 19. qui ludos faciebat] 116 1. 1. consul] P. Len- 
 
 tulus Spinther. 
 
 1. 20. manibus passis] to be taken with stantes which is 
 subordinate to the participles gratias agentes et lacrimantes. 
 On stantes cf. Prop, in 18, 18 stantiaque in plausum tota 
 theatra fremunt, Cic. ep. ad Att. n 19, 3 inimici erant equitibus 
 qui Curioni stantes plauserant, de amic. 24 stantes plau- 
 debant with Reid's note, to which he now adds Yaler. Max. iv 
 5, 1. [Et after stantes seems a necessity; the asyndeton stan- 
 tes agentes is entirely unlike Cic. The case of petenti sedenti 
 below is rendered quite different by the ne quidem. j. s. e.] 
 
 1. 21. lacrimantes gaudio] 120 1. 30 Jlens recenti 
 laetitia. 
 
 1. 22. furibundus] 15, 1. 28. 
 
 1. 23. incitata, under exciter 
 the Senate. venisset, sc. e s 
 
 1. 25. quidem] adversative, 15 1. 27. 
 
 1. 23. incitata, under excitement ' because of the decree 
 of the Senate. venisset, sc. e senatu in theatrum. 
 
NOTES 225 
 
 . 1. 26. palmaxum intentus, * stretchings out of hands ' i.e. 
 with menacing gestures, Tac. Ann. i 27 manus intentantes. 
 We must supply some verb by z eugma for profuderunt. 
 maledictorum clamorem, ' loud invectives.' The gen. of the 
 subst. for adj., see n. on 57 1. 22, 88 1. 32. 
 
 118, 1. 28. ego commemoro] Madv. Gr. 353. ex 
 
 servitute, 'after slavery' 110 1. 3, 131 1. 26. 
 
 1. 29. dispicientis, having a glimpse of,' * perceiving with 
 difficulty.' in eo nomine, 'in the person of,' 'when the ques- 
 tion was about, that man,' see n. on 7, 24, 103 1. 32. 
 turn petenti, 'at that time, viz. when he was a candidate for the 
 aedileship,' 63 turn me expulso. [i.e. though he might be- 
 come their master by getting control over the ludi. j. s. b.] 
 
 1. 31. togata] sc. fabula, a play of Afranius, who flou- 
 rished about BrC. 100 and was the first to compose dramas with 
 Koman subjects (togatae), in which the national dress and 
 manners predominated, as opp. to palliatae, in which Greek 
 characters and Greek dresses were introduced. 
 
 1. 32. Simulans = Gr. Efpwv, ' the Pretender,' a play of 
 Afranius acted in b.c. 56, the same year as the Eurysaces of 
 Accius. Koch takes simulans with caterva in an ironical 
 sense. ut opinor, 48 1. 20 regis, opinor, Erecthei,Jiliae. 
 caterva, i.q. grex, 'troupe,' 'company of actors'; de orat. m 
 196 ut a multitudine non modo catervae atque concentus 
 ('choirs') sed etiam ipsi sibi singuli discrepantes eiciantur. 
 
 P. 58, 1. 1. in ore, 'looking him full in the face.' 
 Imminens, 'bending towards him.' Cf. de orat. n 225 quae 
 fuit ilia, quam repentina vis, cum coniectis oculis, gestu omni 
 imminenti, summa gravitate et celeritate verborum 'Brute, 
 quid sedes?' etc. 
 
 1. 3. huic vitae] construe, huic, Tite, vitiosae vitae post 
 tua principia atque exitus ('continuation,' 'outcome,' quae 
 ex principiis exierunt et secuta sunt). But the text of 
 the passage is uncertain: see Bibbeck Com. Rom. Fr. p. 203 
 ed. 2, who quotes it thus : 
 
 haec, taetirrime, vilis 
 sunt postprincipia atque txitus [malae] vitiosae vitae. 
 
 Muller simply gives the ms reading, huic tite tua postprincipia 
 atque txitus Vitidsae vitae. 
 
 1. 5. cantorum convicio, ' loud cries of his (hired) brawlers.' 
 Cf. Plut. Pomp. c. 48, 7 : iirexelpei (KXwSios) tQv Uofiirrftov 8ia- 
 T&i-<av ivlas dvaipeiv...Tekos 5e, vpoeXSovros avrov rrpos nva 
 dUnv, ^X {j3v W a ^ T V irXijdos avdp&irwv aaekyelas nai 6\iyu)pla$ 
 
 H. 15 
 
226 PRO P. SEST10 118120 
 
 fxearbv ai/ros fxhv els iirt^avij rbirov /caraords ipcoTTjfiaTa roiavra 
 Trpovfioike' ' Ts iariv avTOKpdrwp d/c6\a<rros ; tLs cwrjp dvdpa tyrec ; 
 rts evl dcucrtiXii) Kvqrai Tr\v Ke0aX^' ; ol de, wcrirep xPs ^ 
 d /j, 01 (3 a i a a vyKeKporr) fie" vos. ..(/>' iicaaTqj ('at each question' 
 of Clodius) fjL^ya fiowvres direicplvavTo ' no/nr^'tos.' convi- 
 cium connected with vox means 'a din of many voices 
 together.' Tor the standing declamations the tried throats 
 of the theatrical staff were an article in much request. This 
 is the meaning of cantorum convicio contiones celebrare.' 
 Mommsen Hist. Bom. iv p. 308. 
 
 L 6. celebrare, to enliven.' cantorum ipsorum voci- 
 bus, ' a chorus of (real) stage singers, ' Hor. Ars Poet. 1. 155 
 donee cantor vos plaudite! dicat. Cf. or. p. Rose, com. 30: 
 quod nuper in Erote comoedo usu venit, qui posteaquam e scena 
 non modo sibilis, sed etiam convicio explodebatur, confugit in 
 huius domum. 
 
 1. 7. eiciebatur, stronger expression than explodebatur, 
 'was hooted off,' de off. 1 148 n., de orat. in 196. 
 
 1. 8. ne quidem, ' neither,' * also not,' or. p. Plane. 53 
 1. 4. in magna varietate, ' notwithstanding the great va- 
 riety,' Cic. de off. ii 4 1. 17, 29 1. 31. 
 
 1. 9. sententiarum] in the play. 
 
 locum, 'topic,' 'passage.' 
 
 1. 10. cadere in, 'to fit,' ' suit,' de off. in 14 n. 
 
 1. 11. quod, the subject of fugeret, ' escaped the observa- 
 tion of,' is also the object of exprimeret t 'gave prominence to.' 
 
 1. 12. actor] sc. primarum partium. 
 
 119, 1. 12. hoc loco, ' at this point.' For the apology cf. 
 orTpT^rch. 32. 
 
 1. 14. labi, ' to slide into.' Cf. viroppelv in Plut. Nic. c. 1, 3. 
 
 1. 15. in iudicio, 'in a court of justice.' loquar] future 
 indie, not present subj. 
 
 CHAPTER LVI 
 
 1.16. insolens, 'unaccustomed,' de orat. 1 207 quorum 
 sum ignarus atque insolens, Sallust Cat. c. 3 insolens mala- 
 rum artium, omni ex genere, ' from all possible subjects.' 
 
 1. 17. ut orationem aucuper, ' as to be on the look-out for 
 subject matter. ' omnia flosculos] ' all kinds of flowers ' (of 
 rhetoric). So 9ras= ir avrolos, cf. 39 1. 9, 53 1. 13. 
 
NOTES 227 
 
 undique, 'from all quarters.' Cp. Hor. Carm. i 7, 7 un- 
 dique decerptam...olivam i.e. 'gathered from every side.' 
 
 1. 19. advocatio, in concrete sense, 'a body of supporters,' 
 see my n. to de off. i 32 1. 7, and Dr Keid on or. p. Sull. 61 
 1. 29. ille conventus = ilia circumstantium civium corona, 
 ' the public present in court. ' 
 
 1. 20. aetas] Cic. was then in his 51st year. honos] as 
 vir consularis. 
 
 1. 22. iuventuti] dative of purpose after verbal substantive, 
 Eoby Gr. n 1156. Cf. or. de leg. Man. 70 non quo mihi aut 
 praesidia periculis autadiumenta honoribus quaeram. The 
 sentence = institui docere iuventutem ; hence the subjunctive of 
 oblique question follows, qui essent optimates. 
 
 1. 24. universi populi iudicium, * public opinion.' 
 
 1. 25. intimos sensus] 22 1. 26. 
 
 120, 1. 26. quid fult illud quod, 'what a grand thing it 
 was that? ' not 'how came it that? ' {Wolff, Koch) or ' what 
 was the reason that ? ' (Osiander), or ' what must I say of 
 this, that?' (Long). It is an exclamation, not a question. 
 
 1. 28. ludos scaenamque=ludos scenicos, 106 1. 16. 
 
 consessu maxlmo] 12 1. 3, 33 1. 2. 
 
 1. 29. summus artifex, ' most accomplished master of his 
 art,' viz. Aesopus, the tragic actor, see Hor. Ep. n 1, 81, Sat. 
 ii 3, 239. [Artifex is the only word in Latin for 'artiste. 
 Artificium is in Cic. continually convertible with ars. J. s. b.] 
 
 partium, in double sense 'r61e,' and 'party,' 'faction.' So 
 without any play on the word, or. p. Cael. 13 quis civis meli- 
 orum partium aliquando? ib. 33 civem bonarum artium, 
 bonarum partium, Corn. Nep. Att. c. 6 in rep. ita versatus est, 
 ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur. For 
 the use of the genitive of quality without an appellative see 
 n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 11. 
 
 1. 30. tarn quam=wo7i minus quam, 'no less... than,' 'as 
 well as ; ' so ep. ad Att. 4, 1, 5 quod video tibi etiam novom 
 accidisse tarn quam mihi, Auct. ad Herenn. 4 29 si lenones 
 vitasset tamquam leones. 
 
 1. 31. mixto, sc. cum laetitia 'with a mixture of joy 
 and pathetic longing.' egit, both as actor and as advo- 
 
 cate. 
 
 152 
 
228 PRO P. SESTIO 120122 
 
 P. 59, 1. 2. poetae] the tragic poet L. Accius, born b.c. 
 170, 102. The line is according to the Scholia Bobiensia 
 from his play of Eurysaces, son of Ajax son of Telamon. 
 
 1. 2. arte, = especially 'gesture,' which was what the 
 Romans most admired in acting. 
 
 1. 3. dolore=flebili voce. exprimebat] 118 1. 12. 
 
 1. 4. qui] Aiax. certo, 'determined,' 'resolute.' 
 
 1. 5. statuerit] poet, for stabiliverit. 
 
 1. 6. vobiscum stetisse, ' stood by you,' ' took your side.' 
 
 1. 7. revocabatur] a theatrical term, 'was encored,' so 
 123 1. 27, or. p. Arch. 18, Liv. vn 2, 9, Valer. Max. vi 2, 9. 
 
 1. 10. quantis clamoribus, 'amid what great shouts of 
 applause,' de am. 24 qui clamor es tota cavea nuper in M. 
 Pacuvi nova fabula ! Brut. 164 nulla est altercatio clamori- 
 bus umquam habita maioribus. haec agebantur] these 
 words refer to the quotation re dubia pepercerit. 
 
 121, 1. 11. omisso gestu, ' neglecting, being indifferent 
 to, his action,' and thinking only of the poet's words which 
 were applicable to Cicero's condition. studio actoris] who by 
 the intonation of his voice made the allusion to Cicero's case 
 so plain. exspectationi nostrae =spei mei reditus. 
 
 1. 12. plauderetur] impers. the audience applauded,' 10 
 1. 1. 
 
 1. 14. nam illud, ' for as to what follows ' viz. the words 
 summo ingenio praeditum. On the elliptic use of nam see 19 
 1. 13, 26 1. 20, 95 1. 31. 
 
 ipse adiungebat etc.] sc. de suo, 'added himself' from 
 feelings of friendship.' 
 
 1. 15. homines] 28 1. 19, 71 1. 13, 105 1. 2. 
 
 CHAPTER LVH 
 1. 17. lam, ' moreover.' ilia, ' the following words.' 
 
 1. 18. in eadem fabula. There is a difficulty about these 
 words, because the following line haec omnia vidi inflammari 
 is certainly from the Andromache, a tragedy of Ennius. The 
 best solution of the difficulty is to suppose with O. Ribbeck 
 (quaest. scenic. 328 sq., tragic, torn, fragm. p. 26), that Ae- 
 sop us transferred this line of Ennius in acting the Eurysaces 
 of Accius with proper alterations, just as in 1. 16 he had 
 
NOTES 229 
 
 nllowed himself to add summo ingenio praeditum to the praise of 
 Gicero. The often-quoted lines from the Andromache Aech- 
 malotis are as follows : 
 
 pater, o patria, o Priami domus, 
 saeptum dltisono cardine templuml 
 vidi 4go te astante ope bdrbarica 
 tectls caelatis lacuatis, 
 auro, 6bore instructam rSgifice. 
 Haec dmnia videi infldmmarei, 
 Priamd vi vitam evitarei, 
 Iovis dram sanguine turparei; 
 
 where pater refers to Eetion Andromache's father, who was 
 slain by the Achivi at the taking of his city the Cilician Thebes. 
 The exclamation o pater, says Cic. , recalled to the memory of 
 the people the man who had been greeted with the title pater 
 patriae. 
 
 1. 21. Q. Catulus] 101 1. 9. 
 
 1. 22. patrem patriae] or. in Pis. c. 3, Plin. N. H. 7, 31, 
 177, Iuv. Sat. vin 244. fletu, 'emotion,' sub. egit or 
 
 dixit; see n. to or. p. Plane. 76 1. 20, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 
 9, 3. 
 
 1. 23. patrem pulsum] Kibbeck shows that this might 
 have been the subject of a speech in the Eurysaces by reference 
 to Cic. Tusc. in 39 : quid ergo ? huiusne vitae propositio et 
 cogitatio aut Thyestem levare poterit aut Aeetam aut Telamo- 
 nem (the grandfather of Eurysaces) pulsum patria, exsu- 
 lantem atque egentem ? in quo haec admiratio fiebat : 
 
 Hicine est ille Tilamon, modo quern gUria ad caelum txtulit * 
 quern ddspectabant ? ctdus ob os Graii 6ra obvertebdnt sua ? 
 
 1. 26. se convertisset] i.e. from the stage to the audience. 
 
 1. 28. invidls, used substantively, 'ill-wishers,' 'detractors,' 
 cf. 145 1. 15 and see n. to or. p. Plane. 1 1. 6. 
 
 122, 1. 29. quid ? ilia] ' what of this ? how did he deliver 
 this line?' viz. that which follows 1. 3 p. 60. 
 
 1. 31. praeclare posse dici, 'might very well have been 
 uttered.' 
 
 1. 32. libere, ' boldly,' ' openly,' 4 1. 19. 
 
 P. 60, 1. 3. o ingratifici etc.] this and the verse quoted in 
 1. 12 are also taken from the Eurysaces of Accius. inmunes, 
 'disobliging,' 'unfriendly,' lit. free from munia (XeirovpyLai), 
 ' duties towards the state.' Cf. de am. 50 non est inhumana 
 virtus neque immunis neque superba, Plaut. Trin. n 2, 69 
 
230 PRO P. SESTIO 122124 
 
 (350) civi immuni scis quid cantari solet? ib. i 1,2 (24) 
 amicum castigare immoenest facinus. So in old Latin munis 
 = 'obliging,' Mercat. prol. 105 dico eius pro meritis gratum me 
 et munem fore. 
 
 1. 4. illud] referring to the preceding line. non enim 
 ingrati sed miseri, sc. erant, 131 1. 6. 
 
 1. 6. quibus non liceret] subjunctive in a causal clause. 
 unus universi] or. Phil, in 6 : quis enim unus fortior, quis 
 amicior umquam reip.fuit, quam legio Martia universal 
 
 1. 7. sed tamen = Gr. # ovv, 'but, be that as it may.' 
 illud, ' the following verse. ' Cic. corrects himself after quot- 
 ing the first line, as if applicable to himself (pro se), by which 
 he would appear to reproach his countrymen with ingratitude, 
 whereas they were, he says, unfortunate rather than ungrate- 
 ful. The next line, however, was so relevant to his own case 
 that the poet must, he says, have written it for him. 
 
 1. 8. actor] in twofold sense, as egit in 120 1. 31. 
 
 1. 9. cum demonstraret=demonstrans, as in 126 
 1. 30 numquam est conspectus cum veniret, i. e. 'coming.' 
 
 1. 12. sistis = sivistis, cf. 44 1. 21. 
 
 1. 13. significatio] 105 1. 32. > 
 
 1. 14. ab universo p. R.] abl. of the agent after verbal 
 noun declaratio. Cf. 64 1. 1. in causa] 102 1. 32. 
 
 1. 15. non popularis] ironically, as adding point to his 
 refutation of the opinion of his enemies about their own 
 popularity. equidem audiebam, 'I for my part go by 
 
 hearsay ; ' 72 1. 30 vos haec melius scire potestis ; equidem 
 audita dico. [existimare : perhaps a reference to the sense 
 iudicare, which has misled some of the writers of the inferior 
 mss to put aestimare. j. s. b.] 
 
 CHAPTEB LVIII 
 
 123, 1. 16. et quoniam] The sentence beginning with 
 histrio etc. is only a recapitulation of what precedes, the fresh 
 point to which Cic. here draws attention is contained in the 
 question utrum haec Aesopum etc. hue, ' to this point, ' 
 
 'so far.' 
 
 1. 17. totiens ut, 'in so many passages of the same 
 tragedy, that etc' 
 
 1. 18. dolenter, ' pathetically,' 14 1. 8, cf. 120 1. 3. 
 
NOTES 231 
 
 I. 19. Ilia, c that famous voice.' 
 
 1. 20. ingenia, 'talent.' < tempori meo] Cic. fre- 
 
 quently uses tempus, tempora in speaking of his banishment, 
 fall and sufferings. See n. to or. p. Plane. 1 1. 5 n., 79 1. 29, 
 There may be a ref. to Archias here. 
 
 1. 22. utrum dicere oportuit, * ought they to have spoken ? ' 
 Roby Gr. n 1366. 
 
 1. 24. liber] 14 1. 11. principes civitatis] 40 1. 32. 
 
 1. 25. Bruto] a tragoedia praetextata of Accius, in which 
 the name of Tullius occurred, doubtless KiDg Servius Tul- 
 lius, the founder of Eoman liberty. 
 
 1. 26. stabiliverat] 143 1. 30. 
 
 1. 27. revecatum est, sc. hoc dictum, 120 1. 7. 
 parumne] 32 1. 23. iudicare, 'to pronounce its verdict ' )( 
 criminabantur. 1. 28. id, sc. libertatem. 
 
 1. 29. sublatum per nos] Cic. often had to bear the 
 reproach of having established a tyranny, cf. or. p. Sulla 21 
 quo in magistratu (the consulship) non institutum est a me 
 regnum, sed repression, or. in Vat. 23. Clodius dedicated 
 a small part of the area of Cicero's mansion on the Palatine, 
 when he had demolished it, to erect thereon a temple to 
 Libertas or to Licence, as Cic. says de legg. n 17. 
 
 124, 1. 30. maximum iudicium, ' the strongest expression 
 of opinion,' or. Phil, i 36 quid ? Apollinarium ludorum plausus 
 vel testimonia potius et indicia populi Romani parum magna 
 vobis videbantur ? 129 1. 20. 
 
 1. 31. universi] this being the significant word is placed 
 at the end of the proposition, so below 1. 11, 125 1, 24, 1. 25. 
 consessu gladiatorio, for ludorum gladiatorumque consessu 
 ( 105 1. 16), a temporal ablative, Kenn. Gr. p. 400. Cf. 115 
 1. 20; so tempus gladiatorium, 125 1. 16. 
 
 1.32. munus, sc. gladiator ium : 'show,' Exhibition,' 
 135 1. 28. The gladiatorial shows were originally ludi 
 funebreSy and are said to have been imported from Etruria 
 to Rome. See Ramsay, R. A. p. 358. [Down at least to the 
 end of the Republio the ludi gladiatorii were always ludi fune- 
 bres in theory, though the person in whose honour they were 
 ostensibly given might have been very long dead. They were 
 not exhibited by public magistrates till the time of Augustus, 
 who revoked the arrangement, after which it was resumed by 
 Claudius. J. s. r.] 
 
232 PRO P. SESTIO 124126 
 
 Scipionis] P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who became 
 on his adoption by Q. Metellus Pius, the son of Numidicus, 
 Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio. He was consul in b. c. 51 
 and father-in-law of Pompeius ; on his defeat by Caesar in Africa 
 he died by his own hand. See no. 21 in the pedigree of the 
 Scipio s, or. p. Plane, p. 94. 
 
 Q. Metello] Quintus Metellus Pius, son of Nuniidicus, 
 cos. b. c. 80. See or. p. Plane, p. 187. 
 
 P. 61, 1. 1. cui dabatur, * in whose honour it was being 
 given,' although he died several years before, as we learn 
 from Dion Cass. 37, c. 37. [In or. p. Sull. 54, 55 mention 
 is made of a munus enjoined on Faustus Sulla by his father's 
 will to be given at a fixed time many years after the death of 
 the Dictator, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 2. omni frequentia... celebratur, 'is attended by a 
 concourse of people of all sorts and conditions;' de orat. i 
 200 vestibulum quod... maxima cotidie frequentia civium 
 celebratur. [quo delectatur : the words as they stand 
 have a great appearance of being a gloss. Possibly Cic. wrote 
 et after celebratur. j. s. e.] 
 
 1. 5. se populo dedit] 'appeared before the people.' 
 
 i. 7. inimici] 15 1. 29. 
 
 1. 8. a columna Maenia] which stood at the south entrance 
 to the Forum, 18 1. 31. 
 
 1. 9. usque a Capitolio] i.e. from the opposite or north- 
 west side of the Forum. 
 
 spectaculis, * stands ' for seeing the games from, or. p. 
 Mur. 72 at spectacula sunt tributim data, Liv. i 35, 8 
 ubi spectacula sibi quisque facerent...spectavere furcis spec- 
 t acuta alta sustinentibus, xlv 1, 2 murmur populi tota spec- 
 tacula pervasit, Ov. Met. x 668 resonant spectacula plausu t 
 Tac. Ann. xrv 13 exstructos, qua incederet, spectaculorum 
 gradus, quo modo triumphi visuntur. 
 
 1. 10. cancellis] Gr. KiyickLdes, dpixpcucroi ; a temporary 
 railing to mark out the place for the games. See or. Verr. 
 ii 3 135. [The Forum was during the Eepublican period the 
 regular place for the gladiatorial exhibitions, j. s. r.] 
 
 125, 113. aliusne aliquis] 53 1. 32. 
 
 1. 14. peculiaris cet., 'is there some other people belong- 
 ing particularly to the disaffected citizens, whose dislike and 
 enmity I have incurred ? ' 
 
 1. 15. offensi, 'odious.' 
 
NOTES 233 
 
 CHAPTER LIX 
 
 1. 17. illud] so. tern pus, emphatic; cf. or. Phil, vi 13 
 in foro L. Antoni statuam videmus, sicut ill am Q. Tremulij 
 qui Hernicos devicit. Observe the double genitive dependent 
 upon tempus, contionis that of the subject, while populi belongs 
 to the predi cat e = tempus contionis non est tempus frequentis- 
 simi populi. contionis comitiorum] Ramsay R. A. pp. 
 
 1045. 
 
 1. 18. neque vero, 'nor indeed,' 'and not even,' 'much 
 less,' 36 1. 18. 
 
 1. 20. tanta] 124 1. 30. sine ulla varietate] 74 1. 32. 
 universi] 124 1. 31 n. 
 
 1. 21. de me actum iri] the student must guard against 
 translating this, 'that it would be all over with me,' as 
 Osiander does. de me=de meo reditu, 'that there would 
 be a debate about my restoration from exile.' 
 
 1. 22. optimorum] 2 1. 21, 8 1. 21. 
 
 126, 1. 23. at vero, 'but certainly:' the addition of 
 vero to at strengthens the contrast, 139 1. 7, 140 1. 24. 
 
 1. 24. ille praetor] Appius Claudius Pulcher (eldest 
 son of Appius Claudius Pulcher, praetor B.C. 89, or. p. Arch. 
 9, or. p. dom. sua 83, and therefore brother of Publius), 
 praetor b.c 57, cos. b.c 54, censor b.c. 50, of whose teme- 
 rariae contiones Cic. complains even after his restoration, ep. 
 ad Att. rv 3, 4. See 77 1. 9. Cf. or. p. Mil. 39, or. in Pis. 
 35 de me cum omnes magistratus promulgassent praeter unum 
 praetorem t a quo non fuit postulandum, fratrem inimici mei t 
 Dion Cass, xxxix 6, 7. proavi] Appius Claudius Pulcher, 
 cos. b.c 143, whose daughter was married to Tiberius 
 Gracchus. 
 
 non maiorum instituto, 'not after the fashion of his 
 ancestors,' in whose time public meetings (contiones) were of 
 a more tranquil character, while the multitude merely listened 
 in silence to the speech of the person by whom they had been 
 called together, or those whom he introduced to their notice, 
 but at no time could a privatus homo come forward and address 
 the contio without permission of the presiding magistratus. 
 [The innovation lay in addressing a question to the contio. 
 j. s. R.] 
 
234 PRO P. SESTIO 126127 
 
 1. 25. Graeculorum] a contemptuous diminutive, 110 
 1. 6. Cf. or. p. Flacco 15 Graecorum totae res publicae 
 sedentis contionis temeritate administrantur : itaque ilia vetus 
 Graecia, quae quondam opibus imperio gloria floruit, hoc 
 uno malo concidit, libertate immoderata ac licentia contionum. 
 The whole chapter furnishes an excellent commentary on 
 republican institutions. 
 
 1. 26. velletne] sc. contio. 
 
 1. 27. erat reclamatum cet., 'languid shouts of dis- 
 approval were raised by the hirelings present.' Or. Phil, v 22 
 cum suis promissis legiones fortissimae reclamassent, vi 12, 
 ep. ad fam. I 2, 2 eius orationi vehementer ab omnibus 
 reclamatum est, iv 5 reclamatione vestra factum com- 
 probavistis. semivivis] i.e. languidis, 'feeble,' not hearty, 
 as if they were not much interested about it. 
 
 1. 29. gladiatores, gladiatorial shows,' 133 1. 6. So we 
 find gladiatoribus for ludis gladiatoriis, ep. ad Att. n 16, 11 et 
 ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas e-marjiuLaa-las auferebamus, ib. 
 ii 9, 3. numquam est conspectus cum venlret, ' never let 
 himself be seen coming,' 122 1. 9. 
 
 1. 30. emergebat cet.] Intulit versum de fabula Pacuviana, 
 quae sub titulo Hi one fertur. In ea est quippe argumentum 
 ita dispositum, ut Polydori umbra secundum consuetudinem 
 scaenicorum ab inferiore aulaei parte procedat et utatur hac 
 invocatione matris suae, quam sordidatus et lugubri habitu, 
 ut solent qui pro mortuis inducuntur, films implorabat. 
 Verum sub hoc exemplo intellegi vult Appium Claudium 
 male sibi conscium et populo graviter offensum, obscure 
 solitum venire ad spectacula, ne iratae multitudinis impetus 
 experiretur. Sic ergo veniebat, inquit, ut solent umbrarum 
 figmenta subrepere. schol. bob. 
 
 [sub tabulas, i.e. he invented a sort of Xapcovetoi /cXfytcwcey 
 for himself. It is not easy to see what exact sense should be 
 given to sub tabulas, in view of the actual construction of the 
 theatre, j. s. b.] Perhaps a wooden temporary amphitheatre. 
 
 1. 31. mater te appello] According to the tradition 
 followed by Pacuvius, I lion a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
 wife of King Polymestor, was at the beginning of the Trojan 
 war entrusted with the care of her youngest brother Polydorus, 
 whom she brought up as her own son, while she made believe 
 that her own son De'ipylus (Deiphilus) was Polydorus. After 
 the destruction of Troy the Greeks anxious to exterminate the 
 race of Priam bribed Polymestor to kill Polydorus and so he 
 killed his own son. In the passage quoted the ghost of De'ipylus 
 
ROTES 235 
 
 appears to his mother in her sleep, beseeching her to bury his 
 body. 
 
 ut dicturus videretur, ' so that he looked as if he were 
 going to utter the words of the ghost of Deipylus, " Mother, to 
 thee I cry for help."' 
 
 P. 62, 1. 1. iam vocabatur, ' was henceforth getting to be 
 called. ' There is of course an allusion to the great via Appia, 
 the regina viarum, commenced by Appius Claudius Caecus 
 censor B.C. 312, which connected Eome with Brundusium. On 
 Cicero's fondness for fathering his own jokes on the public, ut, 
 quo essent magis vulgaria, eo esset credibilius ilia ab oratore non 
 ficta sed passim esse iactata Quintil. vi 3, 3, see Macrob. Sat. 
 ii c. 3 and cf. n. on 72 1. 23. 
 
 1. 2. equi] i.e. of the andabatae who rode on horseback 
 and of the es'sedarii, who fought from Celtic war chariots 
 
 1. 3. extimescebant, * took fright at the noise of the 
 hisses of the spectators. Ovid Trist. rv 2, 53 ipse sono 
 plausuque simul fremituque canentum \ quadriiugos cernes saepe 
 resistere equos, 
 
 127, 1. 5. omni odlo] 28, 1. 27 : cf. 117, 1. 24. 
 
 1. 6. consistere] see n. on 113, 1. 18. operarum] 18 
 1. 1, 28 1. 30. 
 
 1. 7. significatione] 105 1. 32, 122 1. 13. 
 
 1. 9. tu mini cet.] The prosecutor M. Tullius Albino- 
 vanus appears to have drawn a contrast between the patriotism 
 of Marcus Atilius Eegulus and the egotism of Cicero. 
 Eegulus would not stay at Eome, while his fellow- captives 
 were in the hands of the enemy : Cicero rather than stay in 
 exile effected his return by violence and the aid of armed men. 
 Cicero meets the objection by denying the use of force in effecting 
 his return, which, he says, took place amid general popular 
 enthusiasm : this gives him the opportunity of a detailed de- 
 scription of the circumstances which accompanied his restora- 
 tion. 
 
 1. 11. [iis invitis, * against their will,' Jeep's conjecture for 
 the vulgate sine eis captivis, i.e. while his fellow-captives were 
 in the hands of the enemy, cannot be right. It does not fit in 
 with the story, according to which what deterred Eegulus from 
 remaining was not the opinion of the prisoners left behind, but 
 his own determination that none of the prisoners should be 
 ransomed. The proper sense would be given by salvis captivis, 
 which though not so near the mss as I should like, is at least 
 
236 PRO P. SESTIO 127129 
 
 as near as Jeep's emendation. Begums might have advised 
 the senate to save the prisoners, in which case he might have 
 remained at Eome. It is very curious that Cic. himself in the 
 de off. as well as other writers say his mission concerned the 
 release or exchange of Carthaginian prisoners. J. s. R.] 
 The story of Begulus' mission to Rome by the Carthaginians 
 to procure an exchange of prisoners is not found in Polybius, 
 it is summarized in the epitome of Livy 18. With Cicero it is 
 a commonplace, and is told at length in the de off. in 99 
 iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis 
 captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Karthaginem. Cf. Horace 
 Od. in 5, 13 ff. 
 
 1. 12. mini negas optandum fuisse, 'you say that it 
 ought not to have been desired by me. ' 
 
 1. 13. familias, sc. gladiatorum ( 9 1. 31), in reference 
 to the fight between the partisans of Sestius and Clodius on the 
 22nd of January. 
 
 CHAPTER LX 
 
 1. 15. scilicet] ironical, c naturally.' 
 
 L 16. nihil egi, 'effected nothing,' 'did no good.' 
 
 128, 1. 17. . repudiarem] 78 L 10, 89 1. 21. 
 
 1. 18. florens] 105 1. 32, 131 1. 4, 136 1. 25. ne 
 qui] for ne quis, Madv. 456. studio gloriae] 124 1. 6 
 plausus cupiditate. 
 
 1 19. idcirco ut, on purpose that,' 108 1. 5, 84 1. 3. 
 
 1. 20. nisi me] i.q. praeter me, 'except me,' Madv. Gr. 
 442 obs. 2. 
 
 1. 22. publice, ' officially,' 41 1. 5. sociis, * pro- 
 
 vincials.' gratias egit] see or. p. Plane. 78 1. 15. 
 
 1. 24. qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent] proconsuls 
 and propraetors : quaestors and legati had no imperium. 
 
 1. 27. consularibus, i.e. of the consul P. Lentulus, 501. 7, 
 or. p. red. in sen. c. 9. 
 
 cuncta ex Italia] 26 1. 14, or. p. red. in sen. c. 9. 
 
 1. 28. salvam] sc. esse. convocarentur] to vote in the 
 comitia. 
 
 1. 30. unius mea] Madv. Gr. 297 a. For the order of 
 words cf. ep. ad Att. xi 15, 2 solius enim meum peccatum cor- 
 rigi non potest. 
 
NOTES 237 
 
 1. 32. requisivit = desideravit, * sought in vain for,' 
 'missed/ or. p. Plane. 93 1. 2. luxit] sc. magis. Mr Eeid 
 suggests that aeque has fallen out after quern. 
 
 P. 63, 1. 1. discessu meo] Madv. Gr. 276 obs. 2. 
 
 1. 3. in publicis monumentis] 9, 10, 32. 
 
 CHAPTEB LXI 
 
 129, 1. 6. nam quid ego] 95 1. 31. senatus consulta] 
 (1) that in templo Virtutis ( 116) the purport of which is given in 
 128 ; (2) that in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol 129 ; 
 (3) that passed on the following day in the Curia ne quis de 
 caelo servaret,' of which the resolution mentioned iri 130 init., 
 as the words eodem tempore 1. 26 show, formed a part. 
 
 1. 8. vir is] Gnaeus Pompeius, who triumphed first in 
 B.C. 81 for his victories in Africa, next in b.o. 71 for those in 
 Spain over Sertorius and Perperna; again in b.c. 61 after his 
 great achievements in the East over Mithridates (Plut. Pomp, 
 c. 45). Cf. or. p. Balb. 16 cuius tres triumphi testes essent 
 totum orbem terrarum nostro imperio teneri. Translate : 'the hero 
 who indicated that three' separate extremes and divisions of the 
 world had been added to our empire by his three triumphs.' 
 
 1. 9. oras atque regiones = terras extremas, cf. 67 
 orbis terrarum terminis. 
 
 1. 10. notavit] or. in Yat. 34 haec omnia publicis tabulis 
 esse no tat a atque testata. [notavit can hardly be right. Pos- 
 sibly Cic. wrote continuavit. j. s. b.] 
 
 de scripto dicta, ' delivered from a written copy,* a mark of 
 greater care and earnestness; otherwise the practice was un- 
 usual in the Eoman senate. For other instances see or. p. 
 Plane. 74 1. 33 with my note. 
 
 1. 12. frequentissimus] according to the or. p. red. in sen. 
 there were 417 senators present. ita...ut unus dissentiret 
 hostis, ' without any expression of dissent except from one man 
 (Clodius) and he was my open enemy.' Cf. or. p. red. in sen. 
 26 quo quidem die, quum ccccxvn ex senatu essetis, magistratus 
 autem hi omnes adessent t dissensit unus, is qui sua lege coniuratos 
 etiam ab inferis excitandos putarat. 
 
 1. 13. tabulis publicis] in which the acta diurna of the 
 senate were registered. 
 
 1. 17. admonitu] Such rumours got abroad probably in the 
 contio held on the day after the sitting of the senate, in which 
 
238 PRO P. SESTIO 129130 
 
 the principal purport of the negotiation in the Capitol would 
 be communicated. 
 
 ne quis de caelo servaret, ' that no person should attempt 
 to stop the proceedings in Cicero's favour by an obnuntiatioJ* 
 The lex Aelia et Fufia was suspended, if not repealed, by Clodius 
 in b.c. 58, but the old practice seems to have been resumed in 
 spite of its prohibition, as we have several instances of obnuntia- 
 tiones, see 78 1. 4, 79 1. 21, 83 1. 20 and cf. Phil, i 25, n 
 81, 83. The legality of the leges Glodiae was always con- 
 tested. Eamsay R. A. p. 113, Pretor Cic. ep. ad Att. p. 102. 
 
 1. 18. moram, * let,' * hindrance/ 74 1. 5. 
 
 1. 19. fecisset] 45 1. 2, 55 1. 32. eum refers to si quis = 
 qui. eversorem rei publicae] or. p. red. in sen. 27 ilium 
 contra rem p. salutemque bonorum concordiamque civium 
 facturum. 
 
 1. 20. ut referretur, 'that his proceeding should forthwith 
 be laid before the senate for their consideration.' 
 
 1. 21. cum, although.' On gravitate cf. 115 1. 28. 
 
 1. 22. tamen] i.e. etsi videri poterat senatus satis pro- 
 vidisse, ut posset iam nemine impediente ad populum ferri, 
 tamen, ne quid non provisum esset, addidit etc. madvig. 
 
 1. 23. diebus quinque, sc. comitialibus (34 1. 18), not 
 
 five continuous days. 
 
 quibus agi de me potuisset, on which my case might have 
 been discussed.' 
 
 CHAPTEE LXII 
 
 130, 1. 28. ad res redeuntes = ad illam diem cum res 
 redissent, ' when the business of the forum and comitia was 
 resumed after an adjournment' (res prolatae) ; in the present 
 instance at the expiration of the trinundinum after the promul- 
 gatio of the law. See Kamsay R. A. p. 113. Lambinus 
 compares Plaut. Capt. i 1, 17 prolatis rebus parasiti venatici 
 sumus; quando res redierunt molossici. 
 
 1. 29. haec erat studiorum contentio, 'so eager was the 
 competition in promoting my return.' 
 
 1. 30. de me = in mea causa. ei eidem] or. p. Cluent. 
 115; cf. above 59 1. 26, 69 1. 10. ita belongs to est 
 solus inventus, cf. 129 1. 12. 
 
 P. 64, 1. 1. Q. MeteUus] 62 1. 5, 72 1. 1. 
 
NOTES 239 
 
 1. 2. vel maxime ex magnis] for the paronomasia cf. 58 
 1. 4. 
 
 1. 3. contentionibus rei p.] 72 1. 3. 
 
 1. 4. rettulerit] a rhetorical exaggeration for sententiam 
 tulerit or relationi collegae adsenserit. The consul who really 
 made the motion was Lent ul us, see or. p. red. in sen. 26 
 where it is said of Metellus : exstitit non modo salutis defensor, 
 verum etiam adscriptor dignitatis meae, 
 
 1. 5. P. Servilii] P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isau- 
 ricus, was the grandson of Q. Metellus Macedonicus on his 
 mother's side (hence the allusion illius generis quod sibi cum eo 
 commune esset, cf. or. p. dom. 143). He was consul in B.C. 79 
 and in the next year as proconsul of Cilicia carried on the war 
 against the pirates with ability and success, and from his con- 
 quest of the Is auri obtained his agnomen. He entered Borne in 
 triumph in b.c 74. In b.c 70 he was one of the indices at the 
 trial of Verres ; in B.C. 66 he supported the Manilian rogation, 
 and in b.c 55 was made censor. 
 
 divina] see cr. n. Cf. or. de prov. 22 permotus cum aucto- 
 ritate vestra turn illius P. Servilii incredibili gravitate dicendi. 
 
 1.6. ille]sc. Servilius. ab inferis, 'from the under world.' 
 
 1. 9. refiexisset] cf. or. p. Sull. 46 animum incitatum re- 
 voco ipse et reflecto, where Mr Beid observes that the meta- 
 phor is from driving horses. 
 
 1.10. et = atque explains memoriam. 
 
 1. 11. conlacrlmavit, * burst into tears.' 
 
 1. 12. vere Metellus, 'a true Metellus.' Liv. 12, 14 v ere 
 Romanos, Virg. Aen. ix 617 vere Phrygiae neque enim Phryges, 
 see 116 1. 4. 
 
 1. 13. dicenti etiam tum=/uerat> \tyouri, * while he was 
 yet speaking.' 
 
 1. 14. antiquitatis] cf. 6 1. 16. homo eiusdem san- 
 guinis] Madvig Gr. 287. 
 
 1. 15. sustinere, 'to be proof against,' 'resist:' cf. 69 
 1. 13, 87 1. 25 and ep. ad fam. xi 13, 3 cum sustinere eos 
 (rogantes) non posset. 
 
 absens] a modern would write absente t so or. p. Arch. 5 
 Archias away from Borne is said to be celebritate famae iam 
 absentibus (sc. residents at Borne) notus. 
 
240 PRO P. SESTIO 130132 
 
 1. 16. beneficio suo] by his support of my cause, which 
 I cannot but reckon as an act of kindness. 
 
 131, 1. 16. si est aliqul sensus cet., 'if great men have 
 some consciousness in the state of death.' Stress is to be laid 
 on praeclarorum which depends on sensus, not on morte; cf. 
 47 1. 14, Phil, ix 13 si qui est sensus in morte, ep. ad 
 fam. v 16, 4 saepissime legi, nihil mali esse in morte, in qua si 
 resideat sensus, immortalitas ilia potius quam mors ducenda est. 
 
 1. 18. uni fortissimo, brave above all others : ' on the em- 
 phatic use of unus with superlatives see n. to or. p. Plane. 95 
 1. 10 and cf . below 132 1. 10, 141 1. 4. 
 
 1. 19. gratissimum=rem gratis simam; de rep. i 34 
 gratum feceris si explicaris, de amic. 16 pergratum mihi 
 feceris, Plaut. Most, i 3, 63. fratri] Q. Gaecilius Me- 
 
 tellus Celer was praetor in Cicero's consulship B.C. 63, and 
 cooperated with him actively in opposing the schemes of Cati- 
 line. He was a warm and staunch supporter of the aristo- 
 cratical party. His death in b.c. 59, the year after his consulate, 
 was so unexpected that it was suspected he had been poisoned 
 by his wife Clodia, sister of P. Clodius. socio consiliorum] 
 63 1. 25, 8 1. 7. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII 
 
 1. 23. atque, 'and indeed.' 
 
 1. 24. idem adventus mei natalis, 'both the birth-day 
 (i.e. the first day) of my arrival in Italy from exile and also 
 that of my daughter ' : or. in Pis. 51 quid (dicam) eos dies, 
 qui quasi deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud omnis 
 sunt adventu meo redituque celebrati, ep. ad Attic, iv 20, 
 1 diemque natalem reditus mei cura ut in tuis aedibus 
 amaenissimis agam tecum et cum meis. 
 
 1. 25. idem filiae] so. natalis, which, Mr Eeid thinks, 
 Cic. must have written. See ep. ad Att. iv 1, 4 pridie nonas 
 Sext. Dyrrhachio sum profectus ipso illo die, quo lex est lata 
 de nobis. Brundisium veni nonis Sextilibus. Ibi mihi Tulliola 
 mea fuit praesto natali suo ipso die, qui casu idem natalis 
 erat et Brundisinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Salutis : quae res 
 animadversa a multitudine summa Brundisinorum gratulatione 
 celebrata est. 
 
 1. 26. ex, ' after,' 110 1. 3, 118 1. 28. 
 
 1. 27. coloniae] the colony of Brundisium was founded 
 (deducta) on the 5th of August b.c 244. It was afterwards 
 made a municipium by the lex Iulia. 
 
NOTES 241 
 
 1. 28. [aedis] Salutis] The temple of Salus was near the 
 porta Salutaris on the Quirinal ; it was dedicated by the Dic- 
 tator Gaius Junius Bubulcus in b.c. 303. The words, which 
 are wanting in the ms, are supplied from the letter to Atticus 
 quoted in note to 1. 25. Ut scitis is added by way of making 
 a rather far-fetched allusion appear as something well known. 
 [The passage quoted above from ep. ad Att. iv 1, 4 is deci- 
 dedly in favour of inserting Salutis only, without aedis. 
 
 J. S. B.] 
 
 1. 29. eadem] refers to the following quae proximo anno 
 receperat. 
 
 1. 30. Laeni Flacci cet.] cf. or. p. Plane. 97 Brundisium 
 veni vel potius ad moenia accessi... In hortos me M. Laenii 
 Flacci contuli : cui cum omnis metus, publicatio bonorum, ex- 
 ilium, mors proponeretur, haec perpeti, si acciderent, maluit 
 quam custodiam mei capitis dimittere, ep. ad fam. xiv 4, 2. 
 me accepisset, ' had entertained me as a guest.' receperat, 
 * had afforded me refuge.' 
 
 1. 31. suo periculo] because of the penalty threatened by 
 the bill of Clodius to any one who should receive Cic. into their 
 house within 400 miles of Eome. See Intr. 17. 
 
 1. 32. itinere toto, 'in the whole course of my journey,' 
 Madvig Gr. 273 c. 
 
 P. 65, 1. 1. festos dies adventus mei] Cf. or. in Pis. 51 
 quid dicam adventus meos (at the different municipia) ? quid 
 effusiones hominum ex oppidis ? quid concursus ex agris patrum 
 familias cum coniugibus ac liberis? quid eos dies, qui quasi 
 deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud omnes sunt 
 adventu meo redituque celebrati ? [cf. or. p. Arch. 13 dies fes- 
 tos ludorum, or. in Verr. iv 151 diemfestum ludorum. J. s. R.] 
 
 1. 2. celebrabantur, * were thronged.' 
 
 1. 4. florebat, 'was a great success,' 128 1. 18. iter 
 a porta] ep. ad Att. iv 5 cum venissem ad port am Gape- 
 nam, gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant, a qua 
 plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata, similis 
 et frequentia et plausus me usque ad Gapitolium cele- 
 bravit. 
 
 1. 5. domum] his father's house in the Carinae, in which 
 his brother Quintus lived. His own house on the Palatine had 
 been destroyed by Clodius. Introd. 17. 
 
 domum reditus] Madv. Gr. 233. 
 
 1. 6. tarn gratam] 122 1. 6. illvi&=only this, 78 1. 5. 
 
 H. 16 
 
242 PRO P. SESTIO 132133 
 
 132, 1. 8. habes igitur, ' you know, then,' ' such, then, is 
 the answer to your questions.' On this sense of habeo see my n. 
 to or. p. Plane. 55 1. 29 and add to the passages there quoted 
 Tusc. in 38 habes formam Epicuri vitae beatae, or. in Verr. 
 v 60 h abet is unius civitatis ftrmum auxilium amissum; 
 cognoscite nunc novam praedandi rationem, ep. ad Att. v 21, 10 
 habes consilia nostra; nunc cognosce de Bruto. qui essent 
 
 optimates, * who the optimates are ; ' on the tense see n. to de 
 off. ii 1 1. 1. 
 
 1. 9. non est natio, ' it is no caste,' no fraction of the 
 community, no state within a state, but the whole entire mass 
 of the well-affected, whatever their class or employment. For 
 this contemptuous use of natio see on 96 1. 18. [In the best 
 Latin it is very rarely used with the sense of our nation, ex- 
 cept in the case of uncivilised or semi-civilised people. Very 
 much the same may be said of tdvos; there is a similar con- 
 temptuous use of <pv\ov in Demosthenes, j. s. R.] 
 
 1. 10. illius] P. Yatinius, the principal witness against 
 Sestius. uno maxime] see n. to 131 1. 18. 
 
 1. 12. mitem hominem] so in Cat. iv 10 Cic. speaks of 
 Caesar as homo mitissimus atque lenissimus. See cr. n. 
 
 1. 14. accusavit] 12 1. 14, 122 1. 31. cum adfirmaret, 
 
 1 affirming,' see n. to 122 1. 9, 126 1. 30. 
 
 1. 15. nihil profecit de universis] Cic. discreetly avoids 
 saying anything about the effect which Vatinius' representa- 
 tions had on Caesar in his own case. 
 
 1.17. indicem Vettium] L. Vet tius, homo perditissimae 
 temeritatis, per illud tempus indicium detulerat ad senatum, 
 sibi per quosdam praepotentis et nobilis consularis caedem 
 mandatam, ut ingredientem forum Cn. Pompeium interficeret. 
 Complectebatur autem hoc indicio plurimos senatores, in quis 
 fuit et ipse M. Tullius et L. Piso et duo Curiones et alii 
 quam plurimi nominati. Sed enim coniectus in carcerem 
 Vet tius ibidem supremum diem vitae habuit, ex eorum vide- 
 licet mandatu, quantum rumor ferebat, occisus, qui eum ad 
 calumniosum illud indicium subornaverant. schol. bob. Cf. 
 or. in Vat. c. 10 and 11, ep. ad Att. n 24, Sueton. Jul. c. 20, 
 Mommsen R. H. iv p. 216. 
 
 [1. 20. a me, ' on my side,' or is there an ellipse a me 
 debitam or something of the kind? j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 21. congregavit, associated.' 
 
NOTES 243 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV 
 
 133, 1. 22. nullo meo merito] 39 1. 12. 
 
 1.24. ille, ' it was he who.' audiebatur = admitte- 
 
 fcatur. 
 
 1. 25. aliquid ficti] n. on 63 1. 19. Cf. 67 qui mentem 
 optimi viri suis (?) consiliis jictisque terroribus a defensione meae 
 salutis averterant. 
 
 1. 26. monebat] 41 1. 8. 
 
 1. 28. inimico meo] P. Clodius. 
 
 proscriptionis] 46 1. 11. 
 
 1. 29. adiuvabat] se. Vatinius. Sextus Clodius was 
 probably descended from some freedman of the Claudian house. 
 He was patronised by P. Clodius who had employed him as 
 leader of his armed terrorists and in drawing up the bills 
 which he proposed in his tribunate. On his proceedings after 
 the death of P. Clodius see Mil. 33. He was impeached 
 and condemned, but afterwards restored, Att. xiv 13 a. 
 
 1. 30. tabulam] Mu. reads tubam Vatinium. P. has toum- 
 buam esse se. 
 
 P. 66, 1. 1. rueret, 'stormed,' 'blustered.' See n. on or. p. 
 Plane. 91 1. 26. vertoum feci, ' uttered a word.' 
 
 1. 2. omnibus machinis ac tormentis, 'with all kinds of 
 heavy artillery.' Cf. 39 1. 9, 53 1. 13, 55 1. 20. 
 
 1. 3. sagittario, ' an archer,' i.e. not even a legionary. 
 
 1. 4. convenire] impersonal. acta mea] sc. consu- 
 
 laria, 'the laws enacted on my proposal during my consu- 
 late.' Cf. or. Phil, i 18 ecquid est quod tarn proprie did 
 possit actum eius, qui togatus in re publico, cum potestate im- 
 perioque versatus sit, quam lex. 
 
 1. 5. qui contemnat, ' since he sets at defiance,' as a 
 candidate for the Praetorship, which he obtained in B.C. 55. 
 By legemmeamis meant the lex Tullia de ambitu, in which, 
 according to the scholiast, among other things ' praescribebatur 
 ne candidatus ante biennium quam magistratum petiturus esset 
 munus populoederet, propter ambitum scilicet, ne hoc ipso popu- 
 laris animus eblanditus designationi eius succumberet.' See 
 Intr. to or. p. Plane, p. xxvii. 
 
 dilucide, 'plainly,' ' distinctly.' Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 86, t 
 
 1. 6. gladiatores] 126 1. 29. 
 
 16-2 
 
244 PRO P. SEST10 133134 
 
 biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit, * within two 
 years of an actual or contemplated canvass.' Petierit is the 
 conjunctive of the futurum exactum. The law is referred to in 
 the or. in Vatin. 37 also: cum mea lex dilucide vetet, 
 biennio quo quis petat petiturusve sit, gladiatores dare, 
 nisi ex testamento praestituta die, where it will be seen that 
 petat takes the place of petierit 
 
 1. 7. in quo] for in qua re, 2 1. 18. 
 
 . 134. satis mirari non queo] cf. de fin. i 10 etc. Cic. 
 always writes non queo in first person present; on the other 
 hand he prefers nequeunt to non queunt: nequeamus is found 
 only once in the Speeches, more often in his other writings. 
 
 1. 9. ex iudicio] It appears from Cicero's letter ad Quint. 
 fr. ii 4 that he was threatened with prosecution at that time 
 probably because of his contemptio legis Tulliae. See Intr. 
 30. iucunditate sua, * by his amiable character and plea- 
 sant manners:' cf. ep. ad fam. ix 15, 1 quod tu ipse tarn 
 amandus es tamque dulcis tamque in omni genere iucundus, 
 id est proprie tuum, Quint. Cic. de petit, cons. 5, 16 amicorum 
 studia beneficiis et officiis et vetustate et facilitate ac iucun- 
 ditate naturae parta esse oportet, 
 
 emitti, 'tobe let loose,' tamquam ex laqueis legum et 
 iudiciorum ( 88 1. 12). Cf. or. in Pis. 95 at contra bis Cati- 
 lina absolutus: emissus etiam (iudicum sc. corruptorum gratia) 
 ille auctor turn provincial 1. 11. hominem] see onl. 15, 
 
 1. 12. familiam gladiatoriam] 9 1. 13, 127 1. 13. 
 credo] ironical. 
 
 1. 13. speciosam] this refers to the external appearance and 
 fine physique of the individual gladiators. nobilem, * fa- 
 mous,' the standing epithet of great artists or performers: cL 
 or. p. Rose. Am. plurimarum palmarum vetus ac nobilis 
 gladiator, Curt, ix 29, 16 pugil nobilis. 
 
 1. 14. studia, 'tastes,' 'inclinations,' i.e. which sort of 
 combats suited the people best. 
 
 1. 15. homo] 71 1. 8, 89 1. 16. 
 
 1. 16. tenere induceret, ' could not refrain from exhibit- 
 ing. ' Inducere = Gr. irpodyeiv was the technical term for 
 'representing in the circus or on the stage :' Cic. de opt. gen. 
 or. 17 a me gladiatorum par nobilissimum inducitur, ep. ad 
 Att. iv 11, 1 quaesivi, gladiatoribusne ; respondit, antequam in- 
 ducerentur, Pers. Sat. 6, 48 dis igitur genioque ducis centum 
 paria ob res egregie gestas induco, Suet. Dom. c. 4 utpopulo 
 
NOTES 245 
 
 potestatem facer et bina paria e suo ludo postulandi, eaque 
 novissima aulico apparatu induceret. 
 
 1. 17. pulcherrimus] a hit at the ugliness of Vatinius, 
 especially his wen (struma) ; see note on 135 1. 16. 
 
 si ob earn causam peccaret, * if that were his reason for 
 doing wrong (i.e. because he had a fine set of gladiators to 
 boast of), in his eagerness to gratify the people in return for 
 his recent preferment (to the aedileship), still that would be 
 no excuse; but when he did not take even the best that the 
 market offered, but some which he bought from the ergastula, 
 whom he dignified with the names of gladiators, making some 
 4 Samnites,' according to chance and not by rule, others *pro- 
 vocatores,' does he not shudder to think what must be the out- 
 come of all this independence of spirit and defiance of the 
 -established laws ? 
 
 1. 19. beneflcio] ironically, 54 1. 10 n., 74 1. 30. . 
 
 L 20. venalibus, ' those who were offered for sale* by man- 
 gones upon the catasta in the slave-market (Tibull. n 3, 60, 
 Stat. Silv. ii 1, 72, Pers. Sat. vi 77), which would be the least 
 valuable portion of their stock (mancipia viliora). The more 
 precious were disposed of in private shops. Ramsay jR. A. 
 p. 96. 
 
 1. 21. ergastulis] the ergastulum, workhouse,' was a sort 
 of dungeon or place of correction attached to most country 
 villas and farms for the purpose of confining refractory slaves, 
 who were kept in fetters (compediti) : the rest, who were not 
 chained, were provided with separate accommodation (cellae, 
 contubemia) in other parts of the establishment. These private 
 prisons were entirely suppressed by Adrian and succeeding 
 emperors. 
 
 nominibus gladiatoriis] Gladiators were divided into 
 various classes according to their weapons and mode of 
 fighting, and were in many cases named from the nation 
 whose characteristic arms they bore, as Samnites, Thraces, 
 Galli, secutores, myrmillones, retiarii, laqueariij essedarii 
 ( 126 1. 2), &c. The Samnites wore no doubt the armour of 
 the old Samnites, as described by Livy ix 40, 17 Campani 
 ab superbia et odio Samnitium gladiatores, quod spectaculum 
 inter epulas erat, eo ornatu armarunt Samnitiumque nomine 
 compellarunt, i.e. after their defeat by the dictator Papirius 
 ursor in B.C. 310. Cf. Cic. Tusc. n 41, de orat. n 325, 
 Hor. ep. ii 2, 98. We know nothing of the armour or 
 mode of fighting, by which the provocatores were characterised. 
 They are often mentioned in inscriptions. Farlanetto (lapide 
 
246 PRO P. SESTIO 134135 
 
 Patavine, n. 213 p. 217, identifies them with the secutores? 
 and infers from a passage of Artemidorus (Oneirocr. n 33 > 
 that they were so called because they did not maintain a 
 stand-up fight but a desultory combat. The gladiators fighting 
 with each other never belonged to the same class. Thus the- 
 antagonists of the secutores were the retiarii. Eamsay R. A* 
 pp. 358360, Guhl and Koner, p. 533 Engl. tr. 
 
 135,1.25. defensiones, 'excuses.' do, 'I exhibit.' 
 
 bestiarios] men who fought in arms with wild beasts, but 
 were also gladiators. 
 
 1. 26. lex] sc. Tullia, 133 1. 5. festive] sc. dictum r 
 'a pretty conceit,' as though bestiarii were not also gladiatores* 
 
 1. 27. aliquid etiam acutius, ' something even more 
 clever.' dicet] i.e. I shall expect him to say. 
 
 1. 28. totam aedilitatem cet., ' that all the costly prepara- 
 tion for his expected aedileship be transferred to this exhibition/ 
 Aedilitas =munus aedilicium; cf. de off. n 57 ut splendor 
 aedilitatum ab optimis viris postuletur. 
 
 1. 29. praeclara] ironical as often, or. in Pison. 17 r 
 or. in Cat. i 26, Tusc. i 49. unus leo] a gladiator in the 
 band of Vatinius was called Leo according to the Scholiast, 
 who remarks hoc etiam dictum de Leone Tullius Tiro, 
 libertus eiusdem, inter iocos Ciceronis adnumerat.' Cf. Lucian 
 Demon, c. 49 roi>s vvv ddXrjras ol Trapo/xaprovvTes \iouras- 
 Kakovcriv. [I fancy the title Leo occurs on one of the ancient 
 mosaics (mostly from Hadrian's villa at Tibur) representing 
 the armour and dresses, j. s. r.] 
 
 1. 30. hac defensione] i.e. let him try to evade the law by 
 saying that his exhibition is one of bestiarii, not of gladiatores* 
 
 1. 31. tribunos plebis appellare] in virtue of their right 
 auxilii ferendi, but that had no legal validity in a postulatia 
 ex lege before the Praetor. Still there had been an instance 
 of such an appeal at an earlier period, when Gaius Antonius 
 Hybrida was accused by Julius Caesar in B.C. 76 for his 
 oppression of Greece, but he was expelled the senate six years 
 afterwards by the censors for this offence, Mommsen R. H. iv 
 p. 95, cf. or. in Vatin. 33. 
 
 1. 32. iudicium disturbare] as Vatinius had done, when 
 postulatus lege Licinia et Iunia in B.C. 58, because of his acta 
 tribunicia of B.C. 59, he had to appear before the praetor Gaius 
 Memmius. Cf. or. in Vat. 33 quaere- etiam Mud ex te r 
 postulatusne sis lege Licinia et Iunia ?.. .appellarisne tribunos 
 plebij ne causam diceres, quod in hac rep. non modo factum 
 
NOTES 247 
 
 antea numquam est sed in omni memoria est omnino inauditum, 
 and 34 quaero ex te, Vatini, num quis in hac civitate post 
 urbem conditam tribunos plebis appellarit, ne causam 
 dicer et? num quis reus in tribunal sui quaesitoris escenderit 
 eumquevi deturbarit? subsellia dissiparit? urnas deiecerit? 
 eas denique omnes res in iudicio disturbando commiserit, 
 quarum rerum causa indicia sunt constituta ? 
 
 P. 67, 1. 1. meam hominis inimici] 128 1. 30. 
 
 1. 2. sic statuit, omnino consnlarem legem nullam putare, 
 * he makes this a principle not to acknowledge any consular 
 law at all as a law;' consular cm ){ tribuniciam. The noun 
 object legem does duty also as predicate ; cf. or. de prov. cons. 
 37 legem, quam non put at, earn quoque servat, de legg. n. 
 14 igitur tu Titias et Apuleias leges nulla s put as? or. in 
 Pis. 37 lege.ea, quam nemo legem praeter te putavit. 
 
 1. 3. Caeciliam Didiam] By this law, which was passed by 
 the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus and T. Didius in b.c. 98, 
 it was enacted that every bill should be exhibited for the inspec- 
 tion of the people for three market days before it was sub- 
 mitted to the Comitia. This space of time, which could not 
 be less than seventeen days, was called trinundinum or trinum 
 nundinum. Bamsay B. A. p. 113, ep. ad Att. n 9, 1. 
 
 Liciniam Iuniam] Licinia et Iunia auctoribus Licinio 
 Murena et Iunio Silano perlata illud cavebat, ne clam 
 (without witnesses) aerario legem inferri liceret, quoniam 
 leges in aerario (the temple of Saturn on the Capitol, where 
 the archives of the State also were kept) condebantur. schol. 
 
 BOB. 
 
 1. 4. sua lege] the lex, proposed by Vatinius in b. c. 59, 
 which gave Gaius Caesar the province of Gallia Cisalpina and 
 Ulyricum for rive years with three legions. The Senate added 
 to his commission Gallia comata and a fourth legion (Sueton. 
 Iul. c. 22), fearing that if they did not give this to Caesar, 
 the people would : Plut. Caes. c. 14, Veil. Pat. n 44, Dion 
 Cass. 38 c. 8, Intr. 3. 
 
 1. 6. C. Caesaris legem] The lex Iulia de repetundis was 
 passed by Julius Caesar in his first consulship, b. c. 59. Cf. 
 or. in Vatin. 29 quaero ex te, sisne ex pauperrimo dives f actus 
 illo ipso anno, quo lex lata est de pecuniis repetundis 
 acerrima; ut omnes intellegere possent a te non modo nostra 
 acta sed etiam amicissimi tui legem esse contemptam. 
 
 1.7. et=Gr. eTra, see on 80 1. 31. 
 
 1. 9. socero] i.e. L. Calpurnius Piso, proconsul of 
 
248 PRO P. SESTIO 135137 
 
 Macedonia, whose daughter Calpurnia was Caesar's last wife. 
 Plutarch Caesar, c. 14, Intr. 3. 
 
 adsecula, ' servant ; ' because Vatinius had made money 
 by unlawful means during his tribunate, see or. in Vat. 29. 
 The lex Iulia concerned not only provincial magistrates, but 
 all public officers. 
 
 CHAPTEK LXV 
 
 1. 11. aliquando, ' at length and high time too,' 13 L 22, 
 67 1. 5, 79 1. 31. 
 
 1.13. scalpellum, * a lancet.' 
 
 1. 14. ista] sc. id quod vos, iudices, accusator cohortatus 
 est de P. Sestio. Tusc. i 20 quae harmonia dicitur. 
 
 1. 15. exsecant] Cf. Dem. c. Aristog. i 95 p. 798 Set 5rj 
 TroLvras, wcnrep ol larpol, orav mapKivov rj (poLyedaivau 77 tCjv dWcw 
 dvtdrcjv tl kclkQv i5oo<tlv, dir^Kavaav rj oXojs dir^Koxpap (exsecant), 
 ovro) tovto rb Orjpiov vfxds e^opivai, plxj/ai iic rrjs 7r6Xews, dveXeiv. 
 pestem] ' sore,' 55 1. 19. 
 
 strumam, *wen,' * scrofulous swelling,' an allusion in 
 the bad taste, by which Cicero's jokes were sometimes cha- 
 racterised, to the personal deformity of Vatinius. Cf. above 
 134 1. 17, or. in Vat. 39, ep. ad Att. n. 9 isti licet 
 etiam Vatini strumam sacerdotii 5ij8a0y vestiant, i.e. 'let 
 them even invest Vatinius' wen with the double-dyed toga 
 of the augur,' Vatinius having aspired to fill the place of 
 Metellus in the augural body. Plutarch vit. Cic. c. 9, and 
 again c. 26, records two personal jokes on Vatinius. [Jests on 
 personal appearance were said by ancient rhetoricians to be 
 especially permissible. I think Cic. says so himself in de orat. 
 III. j. s. B.] 
 
 136, 1. 17. extremum aliquid, ' some end.' Cf. de sen. 
 5 necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, 69 mihi ne diu- 
 tumum quidem quicquam videtur f in quo est aliquid extre- 
 mum. 
 
 1. 19. illud, that discussion which I began.' 
 1. 20. eorum] partitive gen. 138 1. 12. 
 1. 21. nobiles] by birth. 
 
 1. 24. homines novi] the first men of their family to obtain 
 a curule magistracy. 
 
 137, 1. 25. via laudis, ' road to honour,' Kenn. Gr. 174 
 note 2, Zumpt Gr. 423, Madv. Gr. 283. 
 
 1. 26. bonis viris, 'patriots,' 1 1. 6, 25 1. 8. 
 
NOTES 249 
 
 1. 27. sapientibus] attributive to "bonis viris, bene 
 
 natura constitutis, of a good natural disposition,' Fr. d'un 
 bon naturel. Kimming thinks a bonis diligi spurious. 
 
 1. 28. discriptionem, ' the determination of the parts and 
 divisions of a thing,' * organisation,' see 66 1. 26, n. on de 
 off. 1 27, 96, de rep. n 39 relicuum populum distribuit 
 in quinque classis...quae discriptio si esset ignota vobis, 
 explicaretur a me. 
 
 1. 30. ita ut, with this restriction... that,' 8 1. 30, 13 
 1. 27, 129 1. 12. consilium senatus] 97 1. 1 ; this is an 
 instance of the descriptive or explicative genitive, 87 
 1. 12, 90 1. 30, 112 1. 10. 
 
 1. 31. sempiternum] observe the position of the signifi- 
 cant word, 124 1. 31. 
 
 1. 32. abuniverso populo] The senators owed their places 
 to popular election indirectly, because qualification for admis- 
 sion to the senate was by election to some magistratus (includ- 
 ing the quaestorship) by the people, and formal admission 
 thereto by the Censors. ' Cicero, ' says Long, ' has well marked 
 the character of the Roman Senate. It was not a body con- 
 sisting of nobles who claimed a place by hereditary title, but 
 by merit, at least such merit as is implied by the fact of 
 popular election. It was a body which always subsisted 
 (sempiternum), though it was always changing, and every 
 Roman might get a place in it. Looking at it historically, 
 we must admit that it was a wise body and that Rome owed 
 to it her long period of existence. If the senate had been 
 elected directly by the people, and for a limited time, the 
 Roman state would neither have grown nor lived.' Cf. or. in 
 Verr. iv 11, 25 qui hoiios non homini solum debetur, sed primum 
 populo Romano, cuius beneficio nos in hunc ordinem 
 venimus ; deinde ordinis auctoritati, quae nisi gravis erit 
 apud socios et exteras nationes, ubi erit imperii nomen et 
 dignitas? de legg. in 27 ex eis autem, qui magistratum 
 ceperunt, quod senatus efficitur, populare sane neminem. in 
 summum locum nisi per populum venire, sublata cooptatione 
 censoria. 
 
 P. 68, 1. 1. [omnium civium industriae pateret. It is 
 
 noteworthy that Cicero's words imply a belief that the Senate 
 was from the earliest days of the Republic open to plebeians, a 
 position often disputed by scholars, j. s. r.] 
 
 L 4. auctoritate uti, 'should be guided by their will.' 
 Halm suggests niti. 
 
 1. 5. voluerunt is rejected by Eb. Hein. and Kimming. 
 
 1. 6. proximorum ordinum splendore confirmari] first the 
 equites to whom the term splendor was constantly applied, 
 
250 PRO P. SESTIO 137140 
 
 just as amplitude* was to the senate (or. p. Plane. 12 1. 22), 
 and next the tribuni aerarii, who according to the lex Aurelia 
 of B.C. 70 formed the third decuria of the indices. Most 
 modern editors accept Bake's alteration of the ms reading splen- 
 dore conjirmari into splendorem confirmare. But Long refuses 
 to accept the emendation, maintaining that Cicero's meaning 
 is that the senate is supported by the splendidi equites, and 
 that, after giving the senate so high a position, it would not 
 have been consistent with good taste, to say nothing of truth, 
 to speak of the equites as depending for the preservation of 
 their splendor on the senate, instead of making them, as a 
 'splendidus ordo,' the support of that great body in which 
 was centered the administration and the dignity of the Roman 
 state. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI 
 
 138, 1. 10. cuiuscumque sunt ordinis] 97. 
 
 1. 11. suis cervicibus sustinent] metaphor from bearing 
 the yoke. Cf. Verr. v 108 cum istius avaritiae poenam collo et 
 cervicibus suis sustinerent, n 135 qui tantis erunt cervi- 
 cibus recuperatores qui audeant? munia] i.q. munera, 
 'functions,' a rare word in Cic, but found or. p. Mur. 73. 
 It is common in Tacitus. 
 
 1. 13. auctores, ' leaders,' ' counsellors.' 
 
 1. 14. fateor] 102 1. 16. 
 
 1a 15. invidos, 'ill-wishers,' 121 1. 28, 145 1. 15. pro- 
 ponl] 48 1. 24. 
 
 1. 16. iniurlas] by repulsae, judicial verdicts, banish- 
 ments, &c. experiundos] passive. 
 
 1. 17. cum virtute, ' with worth,' i.e. with men of worth, 
 abstract for concrete, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 14. A reflexion upon 
 the indolent and pleasure-loving members of the Roman 
 aristocracy. 
 
 1. 18. cum dignitate, ' with men of sterling character.' 
 
 1. 19. patriae natos] Roby Gr. n 1134, Madv. Gr. 241 : 
 cf. de fin. ii 45 nonsibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae 
 sed suis. 
 
 1. 22. ducuntur, 'are led captive,' 'allured.' cupidi- 
 tatium, 'the genitive plural of substantives in -tat is occasion- 
 ally formed in -ium, especially from civitas, aestas, calamitas y 
 but from others than civitas rarely before the Augustan age/ 
 Roby Gr. i 445. 
 
NOTES 251 
 
 1. 23. missos faciant, ' let them give up state offices, and 
 not meddle with politics, but be content with enjoying the ease 
 which they owe to the labour of brave men.' 
 
 139, 1. 25. famam bonorum] i.e. apudbonos. That is,. 
 laudari a laudato viro. Cf. 143 1. 1. otio suo] AbL absol. 
 
 1. 28. eis] dative after gerundive : Eoby Gr. n 1146. See 
 n. on 41 1. 3. adeundae] 23 1. 7, 62 1. 9. 
 
 1. 31. potentibus] an allusion to Pompeius, Caesar 
 and Crassus. 
 
 audivimus, * we have heard from eye-witnesses. ' 
 
 1. 32. accepimus] by oral tradition. [I doubt whether a 
 strict line can be drawn here between audivimus and accepi- 
 mus, since audire (like aKotiew) is used of events however distant 
 in the past, and only points to the fact of instruction being 
 mainly oral. Cf. clvtjkoos. j. s. r.] 
 
 P. 69, 1. 2. aliquando] 83 1. 12. 
 
 1. 3. caecarunt] in order to obtain some state-office. 
 
 1. 6. nostri homines] so homines Graecos 141 1. 30, 142 1 
 1.16. 
 
 1. 7. at vero, but really and truly,' 140 1. 7. 
 
 1. 10. auctores huius dignitatis atque imperii, 'the men 
 to whom we owe our present honourable repose from trouble 
 and our empire.' [dignitatis remains strange, even after 
 Halm's defence, who interprets it to mean huius otiosae digni- 
 tatis qua nunc fruimur. Possibly atque is spurious, and Cic. 
 meant supporters of the honour of the empire.' The position 
 of dignitatis between huius and imperii would naturally lead to- 
 the error: cf. or. p. Arch. 6 eius Piojilio. J. s. r.] 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII 
 
 140, 1. 12. ac introduces a statement emphatically, 'and 
 assuredly.' aliquorum praeterea = aliquorum aliorum. 
 
 1. 14. quern quidem ego possum dicere, ' at least I can 
 quote no other, only him. ' Madvig needlessly corrects possim r 
 thinking that quern quidem is limitative and therefore requires 
 the conjunctive. [I must say the nexus of the words unus 
 quern quidem ego etc. makes strongly, to my mind, in favour of 
 possim. J. s. r.] 
 
 1. 15. L. Opimius] one of the high aristocratical party, who? 
 as consul in b.c. 121 took a leading part in the murder of 
 C. Gracchus and his followers, indignissime] he died in exile. 
 
252 PRO P. SESTIO 140141 
 
 1. 16. monumentum] Opimius built in the Forum a new 
 and splendid temple of Concord, as a memorial of the destruc- 
 tion of Gaius Gracchus and his party, with a Basilica belonging 
 to it : see Plutarch C. Gracch. c. 17, Appian b. c. i c. 26, Varro 
 de lingua lat. v 156 : senaculum supra Graecostasim, ubi aedis 
 Concordiae et basilica Opimia, Mom m sen R. H. Vol. n p. 136. 
 The epithet celeberrimum 'most frequented' shews that the 
 latter is meant rather than the temple. 
 
 1. 17. litore Dyrrachino] at Dyrrachium (Durazzo) in 
 
 Epirus. 
 
 1.18. tamen flagrantem= tamen quamquamflagrabat, 
 just as Sfnos in Greek is prefixed to the participle, which may 
 be considered epexegetic of the adverb. Cf. or. Verr. v 142 
 cum illi nihilominus iacenti latera tunderent, i.e. quam- 
 quam iacebat, nihilo minus, Liv. v 42, 7 nihil tamen tot 
 onerati malts Jlexerunt animos, xxi 55, 10 tamen in tot circum- 
 stantibus malis mansit aliquamdiu immota acies. invldia, 
 'unpopularity' owing to the affair of Gracchus. The equites 
 paid off in this way an old grudge. Cic. or. p. Plane. 69 1. 24, 
 where see my note. 
 
 1. 19. ipse populus Romanus liberavit] Liv. Epit. lxi 
 L. Opimius, accusatus apud populum a Q. Decio tribuno pl. f 
 quod indemnatos cives in carcerem coniecisset, absolutus est. 
 This charge of maiestas was brought in b.c. 120. See n. on or. 
 p. Plane. 69. ipse, 'the real, genuine Boman people' as 
 opposed to the minority of his democratical enemies. Semper 
 is a rhetorical exaggeration. 
 
 1. 20. periculo] see n. to 2 1. 6. 
 
 alia...iniqui iudicii procella pervertit] He was con- 
 demned under the bill of the tribune C. Mamilius Lime- 
 tanus (lex Mamilia) for receiving bribes from Jugurtha in 
 connection with the question of the Numidian succession, and 
 sent into exile b.c. 110. Sallust Jug. c. 16, Cic. Brut. 128 
 invidiosa lege L. Opimium, Gracchi interfectorem, a populo 
 absolutum, cum is contra populi studium stetisset, Gracchani 
 indices (i.e. a jury composed of Boman equites) sustulerunt. 
 Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. in p. 158 f . 
 
 1. 22. perculsi, 'though upset,' 'overthrown,' i.e. cum 
 aliquando gratia populi excidissent. Cato ap. A. GelL 
 ii 22, 29 ventus cercius plaustrum oneratum percellit, Afranius 
 in Epistula ap. Fest. p. 273 m vento perculsam ratem (Bibbeck 
 com. rel. p. 181). In a metaphorical sense it is often said of 
 those who are 'ruined,' especially by an adverse judgment, de 
 orat. I 40 Garbonem, quern tu adulescuntulns perculisti, n 
 285 Scipionis qui Gaium Gracchwn perculit, Tusc. in 72 
 
NOTES 253 
 
 eorum plaga perculsi i.e. graviter afflicti. See Ellendt 
 on de orat. n 285 p. 312. Examples of distinguished Eomans, 
 recalled from banishment, are given by Cic. in the or. p. dom. 
 86 f., Kaeso Quintius, M. Furius Camillus, M. 
 Servilius Ahala. 
 
 ac] explanatory. 
 
 1. 23. recreati, restored to their former position/ de imp. 
 Pomp. 23 adflictum erexit perditumquerecreavit. 
 
 1. 24. at vero] 139 1. 7. 
 
 1. 25. senatus consilium] 42 1. 21, 137 1. 30. 
 
 1. 27. iucundi] 134 1. 9. 
 
 1. 28. rei publicae] dative ; cf. or. in Cat. rv 10 ipsum 
 latorem Semproniae legis...poenas reip. dependisse. 
 
 praesenti morte] as Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius Capito- 
 linus, the two Gracchi, L. Appuleius Saturninus, P. 
 Sulpicius, all of whom forfeited their lives. 
 
 1. 29. turpi exsilio] as M. Aemilius Lepidus, father of 
 the triumvir, praetor in Sicily b.o. 81, elected cos. with Q. 
 Lutatius Catulus against Sulla in b.c. 78, when in his ambition 
 to become a leader of the popular party, he attempted to over- 
 throw the Sullan constitution, but was defeated by his colleague 
 Q. Lutatius Catulus and Pompeius, when he marched from his 
 province Gallia Cisalpina against Borne. He died in Sardinia 
 in B.C. 77. See Mommsen R. H. iv p. 3 p. 27. 
 
 141, 1. 30. homines Graecos] i.e. Graecos et gente et 
 ingenio, * thorough Greeks,' 139 1. 6 nostri homines. 
 
 1. 31. gravitate, * strength of character,' * steadiness,' )( 
 levitate. Hominum gravitate =ho minibus gravibus, cf. 57 
 1. 22, 88 1. 32. 
 
 1. 32. cum, ' although. ' ita fecerant] i.e. defenderant 
 
 remp. 
 
 P. 70, 1. 1. eicerentur = eici solerent. 
 
 1. 2. conservatorem, crcorrjpa, ' saviour.' non nee 
 neque] cf. 90 1. 7. 
 
 1. 3. Miltiadi...Aristidi] on this form of the genitive of 
 Greek nouns with stems in -e and -i which fluctuate between 
 different declensions, see Madv. de fin. i 14, Gr. 42, 2, Boby 
 Gr. i 484. [The evidence of the Ciceronian mss fairly con- 
 sidered is overwhelmingly in favour of this form of the geni- 
 tive and proves, I think, that Cic. used no other, j. s. e.] 
 calamitas] cf. 7 1. 24, 83 1. .17. 
 
254, PEG P. SESTIO 141143 
 
 1. 4. fuga, banishment.' unus iustissimus] 131 1. 18. 
 
 1. 7. propositis, set before their view,' 48 1. 24. 
 
 L 8. suam rem publicam illam, * their state such as it 
 was,' i.e. so fickle and ungrateful, in opposition to 1. 12 ad earn 
 rem p. tuendam adgressi quae tanta dignitate est ut etc. Yet 
 ic. says himself de rep. i 5 : nee vero levitatis Atheniensium 
 crudelitatisque in amplissimos civis exempla deficiunt : quae 
 nata et frequentata apud illos etiam in gravissimam civitatem 
 nostram dicuntur redundasse. Nam vel exilium Gamilli vel 
 offensio commemoratur Ahalae vel invidia Nasicae vel expulsio 
 Laenatis vel Opimii damnatio vel fuga Metelli vel acerbissima 
 . Marii clades vel eorum multorum pestes, quae paulo post 
 ^ecutae sunt. 
 
 1. 10. unde, 'from which,' Madvig Gr. 317 obs. 2. 
 
 1. 11. insistentes, 'taking our stand on.' 
 
 1. 12. humana, 'the changes and chances of life.' videri 
 debeant, 'cannot help seeming,' 'must seem.' deinde] the 
 usual order is primum deinde turn. 
 
 1. 14. ut earn defendentem occidere optabilius sit quam 
 oppugnantem rerum potiri, 'that to die in defence of it is a 
 more desirable thing than in fighting against it to usurp the 
 sovereign power.' Long after Klotz defends the genuineness of 
 the ms reading non aliud for which various emendations have 
 been suggested mains nobilius, satius, melius, laudabilius, 
 honestius, nomen mains, amplius, praestabilius. Cf. or. i 34 
 acerbissimum eius (M. Antoni oratoris) supremum diem malim 
 quam L. Cinnae dominatum, a quo ille est crudelissime inter- 
 fectus. 
 
 1. 15. rerum potiri] Lucret. n 12. 
 
 CHAPTEE LXVIII 
 
 142, 1. 21. horum anteponant] on the coordination of 
 contrasted clauses see n. on or. p. Plane. 26 1. 5. 
 
 calamitatem] 71 1. 24 note. dominationi, ' despotism.' 
 
 1. 22. anteponant, think more fortunate.' 
 
 1. 23. pluris fuit] Madv. Gr. 294, Eoby Gr. n 1186, 
 pref. p. lvii f., who refers this gen. of value to the locative 
 case. Kenn. Gr. 169. 
 
 1. 24. de imperio] 59 1. 24. 
 
 1. 25. sui cives] Madv. Gr. 490 b. 
 
 1. 26. eiecerunt] He really spared the Carthaginians the 
 disgrace of delivering him up by a speedy and prudent flight to 
 
NOTES 255 
 
 the East, leaving his ancestral city merely the lesser disgrace 
 of banishing its greatest citizen for ever from his native land, 
 of confiscating his property and of razing his house. Liv. 
 xxxiii 47 ff., Corn. Nep. Hann. c. 7, Mommsen Hist. B. n 
 p. 214. hostem celebratum] Plin. H. N. xxxiv c. 6 15 
 
 adeo discrimen omne sublatum, ut Hannibalis etiam statuae 
 tribus locis visantur in ea urbe, cuius intra muros solus hostium 
 emisit hastam. litteris etc.] 'in our historical literature.' 
 
 143, 1. 28. Brutos, Camillos, cet.] generic plural, cf. Mayor 
 on Juv. Sat. 1 109, Hor. Sat. i 7, 8. 
 
 1. 29. Lentulos, Aemilios] These are named, because it was 
 P. Lentulus Spinther, consul B.C. 57, that proposed Cicero's 
 recal: and M. Aemilius Scaurus was probably president of 
 the court, before which Sestius was tried. 
 
 1. 30. stabiliverunt] 123 1. 26. 
 
 1. 31. in deorum coetu] Cic. Somn. Scip. c. 3 : quo sis, 
 Africane, alacrior ad tutandam rem publicam, sic habeto, omni- 
 bus qui patriam conservaverint, adiuverint, auxerint, certum 
 esse in caelo definitum locum ubi beati aevo sempiterno 
 Jruantur. 
 
 1. 32. repono, ' I reckon,' count : ' cf. or. in Verr. in 210 
 ut in clarissimorum hominum numero reponantur, de nat. 
 deor. ii 54 sidera in deorum numero rep on ere. consulamus 
 Donis] Zumpt Gr. 414. 
 
 P. 71, 1. 1. posteritatis gloriae servlamus, 'let us devote 
 ourselves to securing a good name amongst future generations.' 
 
 1. 2. id, 'that only.' rectissimum, 'really good and moral.' 
 
 speremus feramus] Cf. or. Phil, xm 15 speramus optima, 
 pati vel difficillima malumus quam servire. 
 
 1. 6. animi motus, gen. = ttjs evepyeias tt)$ if/vxys, ' mental 
 activity.' So Halm. Others take motus to be the accusative 
 plural, comparing or. p. Arch. 17 animorum incredibilis 
 motus celeritatemque ingeniorum, de orat. i 113 animi atque 
 ingenii celeres quidam motus. 
 
 1. 7. neque for neve, a not uncommon use, Boby 1602, 
 Drager Hist. S. i p. 287. opinionem, 'belief,' i.e. in the im- 
 mortality of virtue. in, 'in the case of,' 'in the person of,' 
 7 1. 24, 118 1. 29. sanctissimo] because he was regarded 
 as the ideal representative of manly perfection. 
 
 1.8. consecratam, i.e. diis adscriptam ideoque sacram 
 habitam, the same as sancitam in reference to profane things. 
 
256 PRO P. SESTIO 143145 
 
 Cf. Tusc. in 1 cur corporis curandi causa quaesita sit ars 
 eiusque utilitas deorum immortalium inventioni consecrata. 
 
 cuius eius] observe the pleonasm. vitam et virtutem r 
 heroic life.' 
 
 1.9. excepisse, * to have followed after.' 
 
 [1. 11. consiliis aut laborious : et or (as Orelli proposed) 
 ac seems necessary, j. s. e.] 
 
 CHAPTEE LXIX 
 144147. Peroratio 
 
 Cic. ends with a strong appeal to the sympathy of the iudices 
 to acquit those who have sacrificed so much for the state, and 
 to whose zeal on his behalf he owes his own restoration. It is 
 entirely because of the support they gave him that they are 
 placed in their present unenviable position, and, if they should 
 be convicted, he would rather share their fate and go into exile, 
 than remain at Borne without them. Their acquittal will serve 
 to confirm and strengthen the hands of the friends of law and 
 order, while it will curb and restrain the disaffected. 
 
 144, 1. 15. horum, 'my clients.' vestrae] sc. iu- 
 
 dicum. 
 
 1. 17. defensorem cet.] observe that defensorem answers to 
 salutis, propugnatorem to auctoritatis, actorem to causae. 
 
 1. 18. reum] predicate adjective to Sestium. 
 
 1. 19. praetextatum] still wearing the toga praetexta of 
 his childhood, and not having assumed the toga virilis, see 
 6 1. 16. 
 
 1. 20. vlndicem] qui vos in libertatem vindicavit. 
 
 1. 22. latrocinii] 1 L 12. 
 
 1.23. caedis, 'bloodshed,' 95 1. 9. tectorum] 85 
 L 25. 
 
 1. 24. praesidium curiae] Hor. Carm. n 1, 14 moestis 
 praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae. 
 
 1. 25. deum is to be taken with fortunae = ' creator. ' [I 
 cannot believe that Cic. would call such a man as Lentulus 
 deum or that he would use the phrase ' God and parent of our 
 fortune.' Creator is a modern rather than ancient equivalent 
 for ' God.' Cic. seems to me to have written patrem eundern 
 
NOTES 257 
 
 parentem. The letters eun were so like the final letters em of 
 patrem that they dropped out, dem was turned into deum and 
 ac was naturally inserted. J. s. e.] 
 
 1. 26. nominis] 14 1. 5. 
 
 1. 27. in hoc squalore et sordibus] 32 1. 14, or. in Verr. 
 v 128 aspicite, iudices, squalorem sordesque sociorum. 
 
 1. 28. superior annus, 'the past year,' i.e. b.c. 57, when 
 his father was consul, 15 1. 20. idem] 9 1. 22. virilem] 
 the toga virilis was generally assumed on the completion of 
 the 16th year, occasionally later, if the father so wished. 
 
 praetextam] by his election into the College of Augurs : 
 populi iudicio, because the right of filling up vacancies in the 
 College of Augurs, who were originally chosen by cooptatio, 
 was transferred by the lex Domitia of b.c 107 to seventeen 
 out of the thirty-five tribes. The toga praetexta was worn by 
 freeborn children of both sexes up to their 17th year, by the 
 chief magistrates at Rome and in the colonies with the excep- 
 tion of the tribunes, by the presidents of games, by senators, 
 priests and augurs on festivals (or. Phil, n 110). 
 
 1. 30. rogationis iniustissimae] Lentulus had as consul 
 obtained a decree of the senate that the consul, to whom the 
 province of Cilicia would fall at the close of his year of office, 
 should be charged with the office of restoring Ptolemaeus 
 Auletes, the exiled king of Egypt. The honour would have 
 fallen to Lentulus, as proconsul of Cilicia, had not an oracle 
 been found in the Sibylline Books which forbade the restora- 
 tion of the king of Egypt by armed force. The matter gave 
 rise to vehement debate in the Senate in B.C. 56, during which 
 time the tribune C. Cato, the personal enemy of Lentulus, 
 legem promulgavit de imperio Lentulo abrogando (ep. ad Quint, 
 fr. ii 3, 1), whereupon his son appeared publicly in mourning 
 {vestitum mutavit). The rogatio did not come to the vote and 
 the affair of the king was forgotten, until the governor of Syria, 
 Aulus Gabinius, was employed to restore him. Mommsen 
 Hist, Rom. iv p. 160. 
 
 acerbitatem, 'grief,' 'chagrin,' or. p. Plane. 101 1. 20. 
 
 P. 72, 145, 1. 4. quod tantum-scelus] cf. or. p. Mil. 103 
 quodnam ego concept tantum scelus aut quod in me tantum 
 facinus admisi, indices, cum ilia indicia communis exitii inda- 
 gavi patefeci protuli exstinxi ? 
 
 1. 5. illo die] Dec. the 3rd, b.c. 63: see the third Cati- 
 linarian speech. 
 
 h. 17 
 
258 PRO P. SESTIO 145147 
 
 1. 7. parui vobis] i. e. the senate ; Cic. addresses those of 
 the indices, who were senators. For the reference see or. Cat. 
 in 14. Cf. 25 1. 32. 
 
 1. 9. vexatae, 'damaged, impaired,' 54 1. 14. dissipati 
 liberi] because his son Marcus was separated from his sister 
 Tulliola. raptata coniunx] or. p. dom. c. 23 quid enim 
 
 vos uxor mea misera violarat? quam vexavistis, raptavistis, 
 omni crudelitate laceravistis. 
 
 1. 10. frater incredibili pietate] on the descriptive abla- 
 tive subjoined to an indefinite appellative noun see my n. to 
 or. p. Plane. 52 1. 11, Madv. Gr. 287 obs. 2. 
 
 1. 13. carui] 63 1. 24. ut levissime dicam, 'to use 
 the mildest expression.' 
 
 1. 14. dilexeram] see cr. n. 
 
 1. 15. invidorum, ' ill-wishers,' 121 1. 28. 
 
 146, 1. 16. haec omnia] sc. quae pertuli. 
 
 1. 18. importare] a stronger expression than inferre, see 
 Nagelsb. 107 1. [It very generally goes with words denoting 
 misfortune, as in Lucretius cladem importare pericli. J. s. r.] 
 
 L 19. calamitatem] see n. on 7 1. 23. 
 
 L 20. his] Sestius and Milo. possim, not possum, be- 
 cause it is conditional, the protasis being implied in 
 his pulsis. 
 
 1. 23. pietate] 27 1. 10, 142 1. 18. amisso patre 
 suo propter me, ' when I have been the cause of his having 
 lost his father.' 
 
 1. 24. incolumem] 18 1. 5. nee ingemescet, ' without 
 lamenting.' 
 
 1. 25. pestem suam, ' the ruin of himself.' 
 
 1. 26. ego vero, 'I for my part.' For the meaning of 
 complecti cf. or. p. Plane. 82 with my note. 
 
 1. 28. meo nomine, 'on my account.' nmquam] em- 
 phatic by its position. 
 
 P. 73, 147, 1. 1. receperunt] see on 131 1. 4. ab Ms 
 viris] Sestius and Milo. 
 
 1.2. sanctius, 'more venerable.' 
 
 1. 4. improborum, ' the disaffected.' 43 1. 2, 49 1. 6. 
 
NOTES 259 
 
 1. 5. his civibus uti optimis, 'to have the services of these 
 loyal citizens,' i.e. not to lose them by their condemnation. 
 Cp. or. in Cat. n 18 et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 
 uteremur, or. in Ver. n 6 multo locupletioribus civibus 
 utimur, 
 
 1. 6. renovare rem publicam, 'to restore,' 'revive the 
 state,' put it on a new footing, so that in future patriotic 
 citizens may be better protected against the attacks of design- 
 ing men. 
 
 1. 7. si voluistis, ' since it has been your pleasure.' 
 
 END OF EXPLANATORY NOTE3 
 
 172 
 
APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
 A General Remarks 
 
 The Vulgate text of this Speech is that which having been 
 gradually formed by the scholars of the 15th, 16th, and 17th 
 centuries, was further improved by Graevius, Ernesti, 
 Schiitz , and others, until it appeared under its best form in 
 the edition of Orelli, commenced at Zurich in 1826 and com- 
 pleted in 1837, and re-edited by Baiter and Halm in 1845 
 1861. Orelli had the advantage of the Scholia Bobiensia, 
 an ancient commentary contained in the Vatican palimpsest 
 of the 4th or 5th century, discovered and edited by Angel o 
 Mai, concerning which see my edition of the Planciana p. 205. 
 The volume containing Halm's text of this speech appeared 
 in 1856. 
 
 The text of the present edition of the Sestiana is founded 
 mainly upon that of Kayser as given in Vol. V of the edition 
 of Cicero's entire works by J. G-. Baiter and C. L. Kayser, 
 and published by Bernhard Tauchnitz at Leipzig in 1862. 
 Kayser's text is chiefly derived from a Paris ms (P 7794) of the 
 9th century, which is the only high-class ms that contains 
 the whole of the speech. The insertions by a later hand of 
 the 12th century to fill up lacunae, where existing, are of 
 little or no value. The ms was carefully collated by Halm. 
 The next in value but altogether inferior is codex Bernensis 
 (B) of the 12th century. In addition to Kayser's text I have 
 also consulted that of A. Eberhard and W. Hirschfelder 
 in their second edition of xix select orations of Cicero 
 (Teubner, Leipzig, 1878). The volume containing this speech 
 in the Teubner recension of Cicero's works by C. F. W. M tiller 
 (1886) did not appear in time for my first Edition. 
 
 In preparing my explanatory notes I have been largely 
 indebted to Karl Halm's separate edition of this speech, 
 which contains a copious selection of the notes of earlier com- 
 mentators, P. Manutius, N. Abrami, Ferratius, Gara- 
 
264 APPENDIX OF THE TEXT 
 
 toni, etc., supplemented with valuable ones of his own in 
 Latin, which was published by Koehler at Leipzig in 1845, 
 and to his 6th edition with notes in Weidmann's Series, 
 revised by G. Laubmann, Berlin, 1886; also in a less 
 degree to that of H. A. Koch, ed. 2 revised by A. Eberhard, 
 1877. Both these Editors, together with C. F. W. Miiller, have 
 availed themselves of the most recent observations and conjec- 
 tural emendations of scholars which have appeared in various 
 separate essays and periodicals, especially those of Madvig in 
 his Opuscula Academica, Vol. i p. 411 508; I. Bake {Scholica 
 Hypomnemata, Vol. i p. 49 136), and Mnemos. 1860 p. 205 
 210, Pluygers Mnem. 1860 p. 331335, F. Eichter Fleck- 
 eisen Ann. 1862 p. 271276, Dietrich ib. 1863 p. 505 ff, 
 H. Keil Eos 1864 p. 1523, Weidner progr. Col. 1864, Paul 
 Zeitschrift fur Gymn.-W. 1874 p. 305331, Ortmann ib. 
 1879 p. 417430, Urlichs Bhein. Mus. 1878 p. 150153, 
 Binsfeld Festschrift Coblenz 1882, Kimmig de Sestlanae 
 Ciceronianae interpolatt. dissert. Heidelb. 1882, Karsten Spi- 
 cileg. crit. Leyden 1881, p. 3 p. 8; C. F. Hermann vindiciae 
 lectionum Bernensium in or. p. Sestio, Gottingen, 1852 ; and 
 others enumerated inKayser's Prooemium p. vii. 
 
 B Critical Notes 
 
 Ba = Baiter Ka = Kayser 
 
 Co =Cobet Kl = Klotz 
 
 Eb = A. Eberhard Ko = Koch 
 
 Ern = Ernesti Lg = Long 
 
 F = Ferratius Mg = Madvig 
 
 Ga = Garatoni Mu = C. F. W. Miiller 
 
 Hm = Halm Or = Orelli 
 
 Hf = Eberhard-Hirschf elder Wg = Wesenberg 
 
 P. 1, 1, 1. 6. [ex] hoc tempore] Mu reads hoc tempore. 
 
 P. 2, 2, 1. 4. qua voce] Hm 5 Hf ; I now prefer the emen- 
 dation suggested by Dr Keid quamquam qua voce; quoniam 
 qua voce Ha 4 Ka Kl ; the latter also in his preface proposes si 
 qua. The clause Us potissimum vox haec serviat is omitted 
 by Hf Hm 5 at the suggestion of Bake : Wg proposes to insert 
 ut before vox. [In the 3rd ed. I have inserted quoniam.] 
 
 1. 6. eorum] Mu coni. meorum. 
 
 4, 1. 23. dolor ullus] so Ka Hm Mu ; dolor ullius the 
 reading of P is shown by Madvig opusc. i p. 435 to be 
 inadmissible. 
 
 5, 1. 32. si modo id consequi] si modo dicendo consequi 
 is the conjecture of Mu. 
 
APPENDIX OF THE TEXT 265 
 
 E. 3, 6, 1. 17. gravissimae antiquitatis viris] So Hm 1 , 
 with B, for the Vulgate gravissimis antiquitatis viris: gravis- 
 simis summae antiquitatis viris Hm 6 Ba after Mommsen; gravis- 
 simis antiquae severitatis Eberhard; gravitatis antiquissimae 
 Hem., gravitatis summae atque antiquitatis Landgraf. 
 
 ut utrique eorum et cams] So Hm 5 , Ka; utrique eorum 
 ut carus, P* Hf Kl, Dietrich arm. phil. 1863, 509, utrique 
 eorum ut et carus Hm 1 . The omission of ut in P is an instance 
 of lipography, so common in mss. 
 
 7, 1. 23. duxit iterum uxorem] so Mommsen Ka Hf ; 
 duxit uxorem P Hm 1 ; alteram duxit uxorem Schiitz Hm 5 ; duxit 
 alteram uxorem Hein. 
 
 1. 32. maximis praeterea adsiduisque offlciis] Mommsen 's 
 correction of the reading of P maximis praeteritas esse sed lis et 
 cfficiis; praeterea adsiduisque studiis et off. coni. Mu. 
 
 P. 4, 8, 1. 16. collega] bracketed by Eberhard. 
 
 9, 1. 29. idemque] Ka proposes to read indidemque 
 bracketing the words ex ilia urbe in 1. 32. 
 
 P. 5, 10, 1. 13. aut ambitionis] Ka after Pluygers brackets 
 aut. 
 
 1. 15. vocem] so Lambinus for the ms vicem ; indicem Ka 
 after Kochly ; lucem Ko ; vindicem Urlichs. 
 
 P. 6, 12, 1. 11. in re publica virtus] Kochly suggests in 
 re gerenda virtus ; and 1. 10 Weidner vere for breve, 
 
 1. 14. accusandum] acuendum Hf after W Paul. 
 
 1. 18. Italiae] Ko reads silvestres, on the ground that the 
 paths leading from Italy into Gaul would be not Italiae but 
 Galliae calles. 
 
 praeoccupare] so Hm 5 , Hf Ko after C. F. W. Miiller, predare 
 (or praeclare) P, praedari Ka Hm 2 , peragrare Madvig, pervagari 
 W, stabula praealta cepisset Probst ann. phil. 1868, 351. 
 
 P. 7, 14, 1. 16. insectantur] bracketed by Ko after G. 
 Wichert and Weidner. Madvig on the other hand observes 
 (p. 446) : se offerre, quod mediae est significationis, ita tamen, 
 ut sponte, non casu occurrentes intellegantur, recte hoc loco 
 ponitur adiecto altero illo insectantur ; asyndeton quod hie in 
 verbis est eiusdem paene significationis, in brevi et concisa 
 oratione, infra c. 9 22 in substantivis est: falsa opinione t 
 errore hominum. 
 
 15, 1. 24. fuerat ille annus lam] this is Madvig's emen- 
 dation adopted by Kl Hf Ka for the ms fuerat ille annus tarn.- 
 
266 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
 funestus fuerat ille annus iam Dryander, E. F. Eberhard; fuerat 
 ater i. a. iam is conjectured by Ka, funestus ille annus iam 
 impendebat reipublicae by Ko who also conjectures ruebat ille 
 annus iam in rempublicam, which Muller prefers. 
 
 1. 27. re quidem] so Hm 5 with P : re quidem vera Ka 
 Ko Hf Mu. 
 
 P. 8, 16, 1. 8. putabat] so Schol. Bob. : the mss reading 
 is putaret. 
 
 1. 13. exsanguis] Mu Hm after Koch, cf. 24 1. 19 : the mss 
 have insane, which Ka and others correct into insani. 
 
 17, 1. 17. perditores vestrae dignitatis] the common 
 reading is proditores. I have adopted the reading suggested by 
 Pr Eeid, who compares or. in Pis. 64 senatus odit te affiic- 
 torem ac perditorem nonmodo dignitatis et auctoritatis sed 
 omnino ordinis ac nominis sui. If proditores be kept, vestrae 
 dignitatis must apply to the Eoman people at large. 
 
 18, 1. 31. [in] fretu] Ka Hm 5 after Seyffert read fretu. 
 
 P. 9, 19, 1. 16. annus] so Lambinus followed by Hm Ko 
 Kl Hf for antuus, the reading of P. Schiitz conjectured con- 
 sulatus, K. E. Hermann magistratus, Jeep cincinnatus. 
 
 1. 17. tamquam vade] vade is restored by Madvig from the 
 old grammarian Valerius Probus (ed. Putzsch p. 1461 and 
 1475). Eberhard brackets the whole clause ut illo supercilio 
 videretur as a gloss explanatory of tanta, Ko would omit tam- 
 quam and read anni totius moles, while Ka after Bake brackets 
 the whole passage tanta videretur as spurious. 
 
 P. 10, 22, 1. 17. [cum re publica. It is not surprising 
 that Lambinus wished to read populo Romano here. Both res 
 publica and populus Romanus were written by contractions and 
 it was easy to mistake p. r. for r. p. Many similar confusions 
 exist in mss. j. s. b.] 
 
 1. 18. [falsa opinione] errore: so Ka after Pluygers; 
 others as Hf Mu bracket errore; Madvig retains both, see n. 
 to 14 1. 16. 
 
 1. 25. sermo nominis dabat] so Hm 5 after Jeep: the mss 
 have sermonis ansas dabat, which, Dr Keid notes, is perfectly 
 sound: as in many expressions of the kind the genitive 
 occurs, where we should use the dative; e.g. finem sermonis 
 facere, jidem orationis facere. Sauppe Ka Hf read sermones 
 ansas dabant : Mu sermo nobis etc, 
 
 23, 1. 32. partibus] supplied by Orelli, cf. ep. ad Att. in 
 7 ext.; others add sensibus, but sensus is not used like aladr}<reis ; 
 Madvig would read omni vi; others viribus, oribus, nervis. 
 
APPENDIX ON TEE TEXT 267 
 
 P. 11, 24, 1. 12. sermonis] nidoris Eb ; foetoris conj. Mu. 
 
 1. 16. aut] ac Pluygers, 0. Heine, Reid for the vulgate 
 aut. 
 
 1. 22. xmdatam rem publicam] so Hm 5 Hf from a conjec- 
 ture of Imelmann for the reading of P tarn rem p. : totam rem 
 p. Ka after Pluygers, tantam remp. Manly, clam. r. p. Eberhard. 
 
 1. 27. ictum sanciri] Ka after Pluygers reads ici, 
 
 P. 12, 25, 1. 10. agerent aliquid] so Hm 6 Mu: agerent, 
 aliquid denique referrent Hm 1 Ka. 
 
 26, 1. 15. meque iam omni ratione privato consilio] 
 
 so Hm 5 after Madvig, who notes : non diutius aliud auxilium 
 (publicum) exspectandum putabant ; id significat iam par- 
 ticular meque etiam omni r. p. c. Hm 1 Hf, omni ratione, etiam 
 privato consilio Kochly, Reid, meque iam privato consilio Eb. 
 omitting omni ratione. 
 
 1. 25. [quamvis : the mss point to cum rather than quamvis. 
 J. s. R.] : turn quaquaestum P ; turn, cum quaest. Paul. 
 
 1. 26. venistis] so Hm for venisset of P: vos deinde, cum 
 venissetis ad senatum is proposed byKa. Fox cum Hmhas turn. 
 
 vos, inquam] Ko reads vos, vos, inquam, on the ground that 
 otherwise inquam would be meaningless, out, as Madvig very 
 properly observes, ' inquam non ad vocabuli repetitionem 
 pertinet sed ad sententiam, quae, iam ante universe significata, 
 apertius et asseveran^ius ponitur.' 
 
 1. 29. cum, vestris precious etc.] Hm 5 Eb turn; cumves- 
 tris precious . ..repudiati estis ; turn vir Ka ; proiecistis, cum Hm 6 . 
 
 P. 13, 28, 1. 24. illius diei] illius dies Kl upon the autho- 
 rity of A. Gell. ix 14, 6. 
 
 P. 14, 29. 1, 9. relegarit] bracketed by Hm 5 Ka Hf Ko 
 
 after du Rieu. 
 
 30, 1. 17 for turn Mu conj. tamen : so Hm 1 . 
 
 P. 15, 32, 1. 17. aut concilium] Dr Reid doubts the 
 genuineness of these words ; F. Schoell that of veste mutata. 
 
 P. 16, 33, 1. 3. legatos] bracketed as spurious by Ka Ko 
 after Madvig and Gronovius. 
 
 1. 4. legist!] I believe with Dr Reid that this is the true 
 reading for the mss legasti, retained by Mu. 
 
 1. 10. nemo est quin non] ' I am not sure ' writes Dr Reid 
 *that certain exx. can be produced of quin immediately fol- 
 lowed by a negative.' 
 
268 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
 1. 15. agebantur] So Miiller, Hm 5 , parabantur Ko, fere- 
 bantur Or. Hertz fills up the gap with committebantur, 
 
 1. 26. isdem consulibus] Pluygers adds coniventibus. 
 
 P. 17, 1. 2. dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur] the words aliis 
 pollicebatur are regarded as a gloss by Pluygers, Kayser and 
 Kimmig ; minabatur aliis, aliis pollicebatur is suggested by 
 Tittler annal. phil. 1869 p. 492 : who is followed by Hm 5 , Hf 
 Eb; but cf. 85 1. 15. ' German editors ' writes Dr Eeid * never 
 seem contented to allow that alius may sometimes be contrasted 
 with another alius, not expressed, but the phenomenon is com- 
 mon enough.' 
 
 35, 1. 11. excisam] Halm has exscissam; see explanatory 
 notes ; Miiller retains excisam. 
 
 36, 1. 22. tarn parato] Kayser suggests tarn parato equestri 
 ordine; tarn parato ordlne equestri Bicht, Eb; tamp. populoMu 
 after Mommsen. 
 
 37, 1. 31. respexerat] so Halm for sampserat of the mss ; 
 Kl and others read turn spectarat; Ka earn sumpserat; Eeid se 
 emiserat; Ko Hertz and Miiller spiritus sumpserat. 
 
 P. 18, 38, 1. 16. ea] Kayser suggests et ea. 
 
 P. 19, 39, 1. 4. mortem] caedem Hf; cladem Kochly. 
 Kayser brackets vel potius domesticorum hostium, om. by schol. 
 
 1. 5. ilia] Probst alia. 
 
 1. 12. debebat] Halm 5 reads credebatur t comparing 41 
 1. 15; debebat Hm 6 Mu: videbatur Ulrichs. 
 
 40, 1. 17. praeesse] Ka Hf read praesto esse with F. C. 
 Wollf ; Koch following Ernesti brackets et praeesse et; Madvig 
 with Or reipublicae praeesse; Romae esse Mu. 
 
 1. 20. causae dictionem] Dr Eeid thinks these words may 
 be a gloss. 
 
 1. 23. quid ergo ?] quid ? ergo Lambinus Kl Ka. 
 
 1. 29. aliquo] alio Bake Ka. 
 
 1. 30 32. quod acta ilia putabant] Ka brackets this 
 clause as spurious, on the suggestion of Bake. 
 
 P. 20, 41, 1. 3. a consulibus] Hf [a] consulibus. 
 
 1. 7. domi meae] bracketed by Ka Ernesti Bake ; ad earn 
 rem positi, by Bake Ka Kimmig, Ortmann. 
 
APPENDIX 02? THE TEXT 269 
 
 42, 1. 32. meum] Eb and Halm 5 read me, after Fleck- 
 eisen in Neue J. for 1875 p. 85. See Addenda p. 277. 
 
 P. 21, 44 , 1. 14. imposuisset] earn imposuisset Madvig. 
 
 1. 20. vocassent] Halm 5 reads concitassent ; H. A. Koch 
 suggests vocari passi essent ; populum vocassent Hein : voca- 
 rent mss. 
 
 1. 22. meum] not in mss but added by Ascensius 1551. 
 
 45, 1. 24. enim] tamen H. Keil; etiam Hm 4 i.e. ' one thing 
 more,' [enim] Ka, Mu. 
 
 P. 22, 46, 1. 18. me unum] Mu, Hm 6 ; unum multi Ko ; 
 unum undique Eb; unum cuncti Hertz. 
 
 47, 1. 22. improbi. at armis, at ab eo prlvato] so Hm 5 : 
 at armis ab eo privato Hf ; at acie, at ab eo privato W. Paul, 
 ab eo armato privato Lambinus, Miiller; at vi Bake; improbi, 
 at rei at cives Kochly. 
 
 1. 27. quid ? turn mortemne fugiebam] Hm 5 Hf Ka : quid 
 turn ? Eb Mu. 
 
 1. 31. exilium] Mu Hm 5 : exitium Hotoman Ka Eb Hf Wg Mg. 
 
 P. 23, 1. 4. tarn] tamne Hm, tamen P. 
 
 1. 13. turn maxime mentes] turn mentis maxime Ka Eb. 
 
 48, 1. 25. [post aliquot annos : Cic. probably wrote post 
 aliquot annis, ' later by a good many years.' J. s. r.] 
 
 P. 24, 50, 1. 29. vi] vim Eb Mu ; vimfugisset H. Keil. 
 
 P. 25, 1. 4. ad rei p. fatum] the correction of Pantagathus 
 for the mss reading ratum; et alium rei p. statum Garatoni, 
 ad reciperandam rem Jeep, ad reip. casum Jacob, ad rei p. rectio- 
 nem Reid. Madvig admits that he has no better suggestion to 
 offer than ad reipublicae fatum; but he is not satisfied with it 
 because it cannot mean 'he determined to live, whatever 
 happened in the future ' : that would be ad omnem reipublicae 
 fortunam. It must mean ad perniciem reipublicae and that is 
 too much to say; Lehmann conjectures motum. 
 
 1. 10. in qua] so Mu Ernesti followed by all subsequent 
 editors. 
 
 51, 1. 27. et] Hm alone reads aut ; but et Hm 6 . 
 
 P. 27, 54, 1. 5. inter meum interitum et suam praedam] 
 inter meum exitum et praedam (i.e. praedam de Cicerone cap- 
 tam) Madvig. 
 
270 APPENDIX OF THE TEXT 
 
 55, 1. 27. tolleretur] Eeid suggests that we should read 
 deleretur here or else in 1. 31, cf. 44 1. 20. 
 
 P. 28, 1. 2. et rogata lege potestas per novam] the words 
 lege potestas per no are not in the mss, but the conjecture of 
 fim and O. Heine, who formerly read lege utrique potestas 
 contra Semproniam legem, 
 
 56, L 13. earn] Ko, Hm 6 Mu after Lamb, for mss ea. 
 
 57, 1. 20. societatis et amicitiae honorem consecutus] 
 Vahlen e schol. Bob. suppl. Hm 5 , honorem istum consecutus 
 Hm 6 Mu i.e. eum, de quo dicentem paulo ante me audistis. 
 
 P. 29, 58, 1. 11. nic et ipse] Ka suggests is et ipse. 
 
 vehemens hostis fuit] Hm Ko ; vehemens fuit Mu ; hostis 
 vehemens fuit Hf : the whole passage from hie et ipse to 1. 16 
 mente mansit is bracketed by Ko Eb and Kimmig. 
 
 1. 12. hulus imperii] Hm would prefer huius urbis because 
 of Valer. Max. vl, 9. 
 
 1. 14. repulsus] so Hm 5 for pulsus of the mss; which he 
 thinks is merely a repetition of pulsum in 1. 13, the true word 
 having been displaced by it ; projligatus Hf ; perculsus W. Paul 
 omitting what follows animo tamen Iwstili, which Mu approves. 
 
 59, 1. 21. rex igitur Armenius] the mss have here tulit 
 gessit with space for about 15 letters which Ka fills up with qui 
 helium sociis intulit, Mahly's conjecture ; but the sense requires 
 ita or some similar conjunction. Hence Lambinus suggested 
 Tigranes igitur qui; is igitur, qui helium intulit, qui lacessivit 
 Ko ; hie igitur qui iniuriis lacessivit Hf ; hie qui helium intulit 
 Mu. 
 
 P. 31, 62, L 6. eius viri] Ka Mu Hf; the mss have us with 
 space for two letters before it ; talis viri Hm 6 . 
 
 1. 8. clamorem hominum improborum auctoritate, im- 
 petum virtute sedavit Ko Eb a transposition which destroys 
 the symmetry of the passage. 
 
 63, 1. 21. per se conservari quam per alios] so Ka Hm 5 
 Hf Kl Mull. ; per alios dissipari C. G-. Zumpt, Wesenberg Eb ; 
 alienari per alios Seyffert; per alios perire Tittler ann. phil. 
 1869, 492, perverti, diripi, amitti others. 
 
 1. 29. eiusdem furori, eisdem] eiusdem furore et eisdem Mg. 
 
 P. 32, 64, 1. 2. in eius magistratus] so Hm 5 Ka Hf Kl; 
 in cuius magistratus Pluygers, Ko. 
 
 66, 1. 29. latior] Ko suggests latentior. 
 
APPENDIX OJST THE TEXT 271 
 
 P. 33, 7, L 5. aliquando, serius] Hm 5 Bake with P; 
 aliquanto serius Kl. 
 
 68, 1. 27. videretur] videremur Beid, 0. Miiller. 
 
 P. 34, 69, 1. 9. et cum consules flagitabant] bracketed 
 by Ko Eb Kimmig. 1. 12. hoc] hanc H. A. Passow. 
 
 1. 17. crevisse] Hm 5 with the mss ; decrevisse Ka : defuisse 
 Mommsen. 
 
 1. 21. tunc habueram] so Hm with the mss; ante habueram 
 Ernesti Eb; tamen habueram Ka. 
 
 70, 1. 28. causam suscepit] causam meam suscepit W. 
 Bauer, but cf. 71, 87 : causa and partes are often used with- 
 out the possessive pronoun or genitive. 
 
 P. 35, 71,-1. 4. designatus tribunus] Hm 5 Eb after Pan- 
 tagathus; tribunus designatus C. Stephanus; the mss have 
 designatus only and so Mu, Hm 6 ; Garatoni proposed to omit 
 designatus. 
 
 1. 7. fuerit] fuit or fuerat Keid. 
 
 1. 9. ingredior suscepit] omitted by Schutz, Hm 5 Kimmig 
 Keil; ingredior tribunatum by Mg. Spengel, cited by Halm, 
 observes that at the end of 15 Cic. begins to speak of the 
 tribuneship of P. Sestius and says that he must speak about 
 the disastrous condition of the state in the preceding year ; 
 having done this in cc. 7 32, and having mentioned the journey 
 of P. Sestius to Caesar when he was tribunus designatus, he 
 now begins the history of his tribunate. See Addenda p. 279. 
 
 1. 13. abiit ille annus perdidissemus] transposed by 
 Spengel, followed by Ka, after sustulit 72 1. 29. 
 
 1. 14. nondum re, sed spe rei p. recuperandae] so Hm Hf 
 Ka with the mss : Madvig prefers Lambinus' emendation spe 
 republica recuperata. 
 
 72, 1. 20. qui omnes] so Hm 5 Ko Ka ; promulgant quod 
 Mommsen Hm 4 because all the mss have quod, but in that case 
 we should have expected promulgant omnes quod. 
 
 1. 26.^ Gavii Oleli rure] so Hm 2 with Madvig. The ms 
 reading is gaviolaeliore which is unintelligible ; ex deserta 
 Gaviorum oliveti area Eb; Gavii Ofellae horto Klotz; Gavi 
 horto olitorio Ko; Gavii OJilii horto Bake; Gavii oleario 
 Wagner. 
 
 1. 27. a Galatis Gavlis] Mommsen Mu : a calatis Gaviis v. 
 
 P. 36, 73, 1. 14. permutatione] so Garatoni Hm 5 Hf Ko, 
 Ka with the Bern ms : Madvig objects to this reading on the 
 
272 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
 ground that it must mean 'interchange' and cannot be used in 
 the same sense as commutations He retains perturbatione the 
 reading of P. 
 
 P. 37, 75, 1. 12. in concilio] Em 5 with Madvig; concilio 
 P Hf Hm 1 Kl Ka Eeid; compare Liv. in c. 54 eo omnia inpratis 
 Flaminiis concilio plebis acta. 
 
 76, 1. 27. virum optimum, fortissimum meique amantis- 
 simum] Mu Hm 5 : virum optimum et constantissimum Ko; the 
 whole is bracketed by Ka, and all except virum optimum by Bake. 
 
 1. 30. non repugnandi sed moriendi causa] bracketed by 
 Ka after Bake, who also brackets in tanto luctu ac desiderio mei, 
 
 P. 38, 1. 3. iacuit] latuit Eeid. 
 
 77, 1. 21. oblato] proposito Mu. 
 
 1. 25. nulla lege recitata is the vulgate, but Hm 5 HfKa 
 Mu read lata: this, however, as Dr Keid remarks, seems 
 decidedly wrong. The disturbance would not arise after the 
 carrying of the law, but before, in order to prevent its being 
 carried ; lege promulgata Lambinus. 
 
 P. 39, 78, 1. 4. Fabricio] bracketed by Ka after Bake and 
 Mommsen ; Kimmig hesitates. 
 
 is qui se servasse de caelo dixerat] Miiller Hm 6 Mommsen, 
 Hm 5 Hf Ko; is qui...diceret Kl Manutius; qui servasset de 
 caelo Mg; servasset de caelo, sicut saepe irridens dixerat 
 Keil. 
 
 1. 6. quam acceptam gemere] Hm Ka Mu ; quam acceptam 
 gemere non Bake; quam ac. minus g. Koechly; qua accepta 
 contemnere posset Paul; qua accepta tamen ingemere Weidner; 
 quam acceptam tegere Ka. e coni. Dr Reid conjectures sanare ; 
 1 am disposed to think redimere nearer the mss. See, however, 
 note in Add. 
 
 1. 7. rem publicam] bracketed by Hm 5 Madvig Wunder Ka 
 Ko; rei publicae iure Mommsen, Seyffert. Hm 5 suggests 
 publico iure; Hm 6 follows Mommsen. 
 
 1. 11. forum purges] Hm 5 Ko ; forum ferro purges Hf after 
 Probst; forum spurces Ka after Manutius; /. perturbes Paul. 
 
 79, 1. 16. magistratum gereret] dum magistratum gereret 
 Madvig : in foro tuto coni. Mu. 
 1. 20. satis esse arm.] Pluygers. 
 1. 25. [ac] Ka Eb Hf after Garatoni; ac Hm 5 . 
 P. 40, 80, 1. 3. locum] Hm 5 Ka Mu ; totum Eb. 
 
 1. 4. Sabino homini Reatino] the old reading, altered by 
 Mommsen, was Titio Sabino (cognomen), homini Reatino. 
 
APPENDIX OX THE TEXT 273 
 
 82, 1. 26. perhorruerunt] Ka Kl Eb Hf after Madvig; 
 perhorruerant Hm with the mss (except P where the reading is 
 not clear). 
 
 P. 41, 84, 1. 28. obsideret] ut obsideret Eeid, on the 
 ground that Cic. usually repeats the conjunction. 
 
 P. 42, 85, 1. 22. hominis] Mommsen Hm Ka Eb; divini 
 hominis Hf Hm 1 Hertz. 
 
 P. 43, 87, 1. 10. tribunus plebis] bracketed by Ka after 
 Bake ; also by Eb and Kimmig. 
 
 P. 44, 88, 1. 1. Miiller, following Hertz, introduces the 
 words ad ferrum, faces from two mss and P 2 . 
 
 1. 27. et latere ; perfecit ut] Miiller suggests abdere se ; 
 Landgraf et tegi ianua. Manum emere et parare coepit, ut. 
 
 P. 45, 91, 1. 14. feritate] ecferitate P, whence W Hm 1 Hf 
 read efferitate cl. Tusc. n 20. 
 
 1. 15. res ad communem utilitatem] Madvig says that 
 this expression 'neque Latine et grammatice dicitur neque 
 sententiam satis definitam habet ; communem enim utilitatem 
 multae singulae res iuvare possunt.' Accordingly he adopts 
 the reading of Lambinus and other editors res communem 
 utilitatem continentes. Again in 1. 17 after nominatae sunt 
 he would supply some such word as instituerunt from moenibus 
 saepserunt to avoid the harsh zeugma ; a figure of which 
 Cicero is not very fond at any time. In this he is followed 
 by Eb Wesenberg Kimmig. 
 
 1. 19. moenibus] so Hf Keil Ko with the mss ; ut moenibus 
 Hm Ka Eau Weidner ; tamquam moenibus Bake. 
 
 92, 1. 26. ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret] bracketed 
 by Ka after Pluygers ; also by Eberhard. 
 
 P. 46, 93, 1. 6. Gabinium et Pisonem] bracketed by Ka 
 Eb Kimmig after Pluygers. 
 
 1. 7. pacatissimis atque opulentissimis] Hm Ka : para- 
 tissimis atque opulentissimis Eb after C. F. Hermann ; Halm 
 prefers this or beatissimis atque op. ; pacatissimae atque opu- 
 lentissimae Hf; Ka suggests ex opulentissimis gazis bellum 
 inferre pacatissimis gentibus t ut earum. 
 
 P. 47, 95, 1. 2. in rem publicam] in re publica Ko. 
 
 1. 6. excidit] Halm has exscldit: see above 35 1. 11. 
 
 1. 10. in tribunatu] Hm Hf ; [in tribunatu] Ka Ko after 
 Bake, who brackets also idoneos. 
 
 97, 1. 32. numero] de numero si quaeris Madvig. 
 H. 18 
 
274 APPENDIX OX THE TEXT 
 
 P. 48, 1. 8. nee natura improbi] condemned by Paul and 
 Kimmig. 
 
 1. 10. est ut] Hm Ka Ko Mu; eigitur P; Sequitur ig. 
 Madvig, who denies that est ut sint can be used as an equiva- 
 lent for sunt ; Efficitur igitur Bake, En igitur Jeep. 
 
 1. 12. opinionibus] so Hm Hf Ka for opinis of the mss ; 
 opibus Eb Mu. 
 
 P. 49, 99, 1. 7. auctores] so Hm 2 Eb Or., the mss have 
 tutor es, a very rare word in its general sense, though Mu retains 
 it in this passage. 
 
 100, 1. 15. ant insidiarum] so Hm with the mss ; et 
 insidiarum Ka, atque insidiarum Garatoni. 
 
 P. 50, 102, 1. 23. dixisset] the mss have dixit, whence 
 Manly conjectured dixet. 
 
 103, 1. 27 ac ratio del. Mg; and also etiam reip. cap. Ba. 
 
 P. 52, 106, 1. 15. maxime populi Romani iudicium] 
 maxime de re p. iudicium Mommsen, max. de rep. pop. Bom. 
 iud. Ba, max. de P. R. iud. P. 
 
 P. 53, 107, 1. 1. praebuit] so Hm Mu after Madvig fill up 
 the lacuna in P ; exhibuit the old edd. from S ; professus est 
 Ko Eb. [Some word of speaking seems necessary : possibly 
 praedicavit. j. s. k.] Huius oratiofuit del. Mg Wesenberg. 
 
 109, 1. 26. una] una voce Ko Eb; una mente Mu. 
 
 P. 54, 110, 1. 5. reculam] so Hm 5 Ka Ko Hf after 
 Latendorf and Keil for the mss regulam, which might be 
 retained, if we adopt deliciis, the conj. of Pantagathus, for 
 divitiis. 
 
 1. 7. nihil satiabant eum libelli] so Hm from a con- 
 jecture of Ko; nihil delectabant Hf; nihil sane Attici iuva- 
 bant anagnostae, libelli Madvig: P has saneate, libelli, with 
 iuvabant anagnostae over the line from a second hand ; whence 
 W. Paul conjectures nihil iuvabant anagnostae, libelli pro 
 vino etc. ; nihil suavitates iuvabant anagnostae, libelli Miiller ; 
 nihil sane erat: libelli pro vino Jeep ; nihil esurientem iuvabant 
 anagn., nihil sane ad eum libelli: pro vino etc. Kochly; n. 
 sapientiae anagn. iuvabant L. Speugel ; n. s. alebant te libelli 
 Weidner ; n. ganeonem tamen iuv. an. Landgraf ; n. sane attente; 
 libelli Vitelli ; nihil sani tamen e libellis Reid. 
 
 P. 55, 112, 1. 10. satis iustam putavit] The reading of 
 P is satis iustam vel illam putavit, whence Hm reads iustam 
 ullam p. Dr Reid thinks that the words ut illam come from 
 a marginal variant for iustam written ut (vel) illam; the confu- 
 sion of this contraction for vel with ut is well known. 
 
APPENDIX OX THE TEXT 275 
 
 113, 1. 24. gratum] Kl Mu : gratam Man Hm, grata Wg 
 from a second conjecture of Manutius; gratum P, gratum fecisse 
 Seyffert. 
 
 114, 1. 28. quid egerunt] bracketed by Ka. 
 
 P. 56, 1. 10. dicebantur] ordiebantur Eb, solebant Ko, 
 pestes posse vexare Lehmann. 
 
 1. 19. Mu adds from some mss sunt interdum verae, after 
 signijicationes. 
 
 P. 59, 120, 1. 3. qua enim vi] so Kochly, Mahly, Mu; 
 qua Ka with the mss. 'The reading' says Dr Keid 'is hardly 
 satisfactory. The sense is very abrupt: 'with what power he 
 said he said that I sided with you.' I would read cum enim 
 ita (or sic), making the apodosis begin at revocabatur. 'When 
 in these words he declared I had championed you and 
 pointed to your ranks, he was recalled by the whole as- 
 sembly.' ' Klotz reads quia enim demonstrabat, revocabatur. 
 
 121, 1. 10. cum iam praeditum] Dr Reid doubts the 
 soundness of these words as they stand. 
 
 1. 18. in eadem fabula] bracketed by Bake. 
 
 1. 20. putabat] so Hm 5 Herzog Mu and others; putarat 
 Hm 1 Ka with the mss, appellabat Kochly e coni. 
 
 P. 60, 122, 1. 8. pro me] Madvig conjectured pro re, i.e. 
 apte ad rem, ad id quod propositum erat in manibus, 
 comparing Liv. vn 33, 1, Caes. B. G-. v 8, Verg. Aen. iv 337 : 
 but Wesenberg rightly points out that the meaning is ' illud 
 quod poeta non de me, sed pro me scripsit, actor ita egit ut 
 etiam de me scriptum videretur.' 
 
 124, 1. 32. illo Metello Madvig with cod. Vat., 'nam 
 addito pronomine, quo notus homo demonstratur, abundat 
 praenomen,' illo Q. Metello Hm edd. 
 
 P. 61, 126, 1. 24. ille praetor, qui] so Ka Kl Hf Hm with 
 Garatoni ; illi et B. qui P, ille tribunus pi. qui Or. 
 
 P. 62, 127, 1. 11. sine iis captivis] So Hm& Hf Ka Ko Mu; 
 Jeep proposes iis invitis. 
 
 P. 64, 130, 1. 4. cum summa auctoritate senatus, turn P. 
 Servili divina quadam gravitate dicendi] So Hm 2 Hf after 
 Kl from the speech p. red. in senatu 25: the mss have 
 excitatus summa cum auctoritate p. servili quadam gravitate 
 dicendi. Cum summa auctoritate P. C. (patrum conscriptorum) 
 turn P. Servilii incredibili quadam Wesenberg; cum summa auc- 
 toritate P. Servilii, turn incredibili quadam gravitate Hm 1 after 
 Manutius ; summa auct. senatus ; turn P. Ser. incredibili etc. Mu. 
 
 1. 11. conlacrumavit vir] so Hm Ka after Lambinus: the 
 
 182 
 
276 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 
 
 mss have conlacrimavitat ut vir, hence Mommsen elicits the 
 reading conlacrimavit atque ut vir totum se. 
 
 131, 1. 24. idem dies] Eichter supplies before these 
 words quo die lex est lata de me, eo venissem cumque casu. 
 
 1. 25. natalis idem] qua natalis idem Ka. 
 
 1. 32. cunctae] so Laubmann after Jeep (1851) and Madvig 
 Adversaria critica in 142 : the old reading was cumque. 
 
 P. 65, 132, 1. 12. mitem hominem et a caede abhor- 
 rentem] Hm 6 Mu : mitem hominem et ab omni vi abliorrentem 
 Hm 5 : mitem horrentem P. 
 
 P. 66, 133. E. Liibbert (Archiv filr Lateinische Lexi- 
 cographie n p. 222 f.) seeks to explain this difficult passage by 
 supposing that the clause of the law itself was : ne quis bien- 
 nio, quo petiit petierit petiturus sit, gladiatorium munus edito, 
 the petiturus sit being added to include the last portion of the 
 biennium and to prevent any legal quibbling. 
 
 134, 1. 11. iste nimia gloriae cupiditate] bracketed by 
 Ka Hf Hm 5 at the suggestion of Madvig. 
 
 P. 68, 137, 1. 6. splendore confirmari] so the mss, but 
 Hm Hf Ka Mu adopt Bake's emendation splendorem confirmare. 
 * Splendor em confirmare seems at first sight to make the sen- 
 tence more symmetrical, but I hold to the mss reading (1) 
 because the change from passive to active infin. with verbs of 
 desire is found elsewhere ; (2) because copyists are not unlikely 
 to have altered the symmetry of the sentence ; (3) because the 
 mss reading gives very good sense 'the senate are to be sup- 
 ported by the equites in their government of the masses." 
 J. s. B. 
 
 P. 69, 140, 1. 14. possum] so Hm Hf Mu with the mss : 
 Madvig Eeid read possim. 
 
 P. 70 141, 1. 14. optabilius] so Hm 5 after Schiitz and 
 Dobree; the mss have naliud with a slight erasure before n: 
 ornatius Paul, maius Hm 4 after Madvig, praestabilius Hf; 
 honestius Seyffert Ka ; te defendentem occidere maluisses 
 Jeep; nobilius C. F. Hermann, Eeid; satius Or; laudabilius 
 Muller. 
 
 P. 71, 144, 1. 26. mei et fratris liberorumque nostrorum] 
 so Hm 5 Mu: Ka Hm 1 mei et fratris rerumque nostrarum with S; 
 mei fratris eorumque nostrorum A, with r written above eo. 
 
 P. 72, 145, 1. 14. corpore texeram] so Ko ; Ka Mg Hf certe 
 dilexeram ; certadeie texeram P with ie obliterated, from which 
 Hm 5 elicits a caede texeram, Seyffert ab interitu retraxeram, 
 Wg certe erexeram, Eeid a direptione texeram, comparing ep. 
 ad fam. iv 1, 2 urbem relictam direptioni et incendiis. 
 
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 
 
 P. 3, 6, 1. 14. eo auctore] ' I cannot think,' says Mr 
 Reid, ' that the words are used in their legal sense here.' Cic. 
 is merely praising Sestius for submitting dutifully to his 
 father's wishes. 
 
 P. 4, 7, 1. 3. provincial! abstinentia] fully illustrated 
 by Wickert, iiber d. Gebrauch des adjectiv. Attrib. etc. Berlin, 
 Weidmann, 1877. J. s. e. 
 
 P. 8, 16, 1. 7. lege curlata] The case of Clodius seems to 
 fall under the head of deminutio capitis. Being sui iuris he 
 was adopted by a plebeian, j. s. r. 
 
 P. 9, 19, 1. 10. purpura] Goll in the new edition of 
 Becker's Gallus refers to Nepos in Plin. n. h. ix 137, where it 
 is stated that the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther in b. c. 63 was 
 the first to wear Tyrian purple on the praetexta ; also Cic. or. 
 in Cat. ii 5, or. p. Cael. 77 ; both Augustus and Nero issued 
 edicts restricting the use of the Tyrian purple to magistrates. 
 J. s. R. 
 
 18, 1. 27. adfluens] H 6 has afluens. 
 
 P. 18, 39, 1.27. M. Scaurum] As to Saturn in us I would 
 remark that the optimates always had some official explanation 
 of the (to them) strange fact that any man of ability should 
 take . the popular side. Neither this story of Saturninus 
 nor the similar story of Tib. Gracchus concerning the treaty 
 of Numantia is worthy of credit. J. s. r. 
 
 P. 19, 40, 1. 20. causae dictionem] These words have an 
 odd look. If genuine, they must refer to a criminal trial 
 (cf. causam dicere) ; but the only two kinds of criminal trial 
 (iudicium populi and iudicium publicum) have been already 
 mentioned. Are the words a gloss ? j. s. . 
 
 P. 20, 42, 1. 32. meum vestro] Fleckeisen in Neue J. 
 for 1875 p. 856 contends that it is a logical necessity to read 
 me here for meum : he quotes or. p. Plane. 86, 89. J. s. R. 
 
278 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 
 
 P. 44, 88, 1. 8. lit refutaret, 'to render harmless'; cf. 
 my n. on or. p. Sull. 25. j. s. e. 
 
 89, 1. 13. descendere in causam, rostra, forum etc. are 
 such common phrases that I think there can hardly be any 
 idea of condescension here; cf. or. Phil, viii 4 populi Ro- 
 mani qui iam descendit in causam. J. s. r. 
 
 P. 85, c. iv, 9, 1. 26. add Mevulanum] E. Hiibner suggests 
 Mefulanum ; Hertz Menolavum, both from inscriptions. 
 
 P. 97, 16, 1. 13. after cons. B.C. 60 add she is identified 
 with the Lesbia of Catullus. 
 
 P. 99, 18, 1. 2. add ereptum, ne... dicer et, 'was delivered 
 from an impeachment.' Cf. Caes. b. gall, i 4,2 per eos, ne 
 causam diceret, se eripuit. 
 
 P. 102, c. ix, 20, 1. 30. acquis... arbitraretur, 'who could 
 have believed?' 
 
 P. 103, 21, 1. 9. add meritorum memoria...mortuorum] 
 Cic. is fond of giving additional emphasis to words by al- 
 literation. Cf. below tristem, taciturnum, familiae, fru- 
 galitas, favebant. 
 
 P. 107, c. x, 24, 1. 11. add ita...fumabat, ' the very atmo- 
 sphere of his house was such that etc' 
 
 P. 113, c. xn, 28, 1. 26. add videlicet, ' obviously,' ' natu- 
 rally.' 
 
 P. 127, c. xvii, 38, 1. 19. add victore exercitu] cf. 79 
 manus ilia victrix. 
 
 P. 130, 39, 1. 5. add ilia, 'the following considerations': 
 cf. 121. 
 
 P. 133, c. xvin, 41, 1. 10. add nuntiis] sc. mittendis )( 
 coram ipsi, ' themselves in person.' 
 
 P. 134, c. xix, 42, 1. 23. contionibus is the ablative not, 
 as Halm takes it, the dative. 
 
 P. 140, c. xxi, 47, 1. 1. add diiunctione, ' separation from 
 friends.' 
 
 P. 142, 48, 1. 30. add variis, ' changeable,' alternately 
 successful and unsuccessful. 
 
 P. 143, 49, 1. 15. vastitatem, ' desolation' of your homes. 
 1. 17. aerumna, i. e. aegritudine laboriosa, as it is ex- 
 plained by Cic. himself in Tusc. iv 8, 19. 
 
 P. 144, 50, 1. 30. prope iustorum] Cicero qualifies his de- 
 scription of the civil war between Sulla and Marius, out of 
 regard to the senate on the one hand and Caesar on the other, 
 
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 279 
 
 who once served under Marius. 1. 31. paludibus] ablative of 
 the means. 1. 32. tenuissimorum, 'poorest,' cf. 103, 1. 3 tenu- 
 iorum. 1. 2. oras Africae] Marius found a refuge at first in 
 Numidia; afterwards, as King Hieinpsal did not afford him 
 protection, in the small island of Kerkina off the coast of 
 Tunis. Thence he betook himself to Carthage. 1. 11. quod 
 si immortale retinetur, 'as long as this (example of the ob- 
 servance of faith by the State) is kept to, so long will the State 
 be secure against harm,' because every one knows that his 
 patriotism will be appreciated. 
 
 P. 145, c. xxin, 51, 1. 14. add nam] see note on 19, 1. 13. 
 1. 16. pacatos, 'reduced to a state of peace,' i.e. politically de- 
 pendent on, subjects of Eome. 1. 20. quam omnem] sc. me- 
 dicinam. 1. 22. potestas, 'the possibility.' 1. 25. spectatis, 
 'do not lose sight of.' 
 
 52, 1.31. .add numquam...quisquam, not nemo...umquavi, 
 because the stress is on ' never.' 
 
 P. 149, c. xxiv, 54, 1. 11. add laetitiam, 'joy' as outwardly 
 manifested; gaudium 'joy' as felt inwardly. Cf. 1. 16 laeta- 
 hantur. 
 
 P. 158, c. xxvii, 59, 1. 24. conflixit, signa contulit] the 
 first might refer to a personal combat without an army ; the 
 latter only to a contest at the head of an army. 
 
 P. 162, c. xxix, 63, 1. 17. add atque, 'and moreover.' 
 1.28. add eidem tempori, 'another such misfortune' : tempus 
 is often thus used for 'what happens in the time,' generally in 
 a bad sense : cf. 63, 1. 28, 123, 1. 20. 
 
 P. 163, c. xxx, 64, 1. 2. add exterae] exterus refers to the 
 geographical position ; externus has a political meaning, 
 ' foreign ' in the sense of ' not Koman.' 
 
 P. 164, 64, 1. 7. add stantem...iacentem] Cf. 7, 1. 28. 
 
 P. 165, 66, 1. 23. add qui locus... non erat, 'where was 
 there a place, that was not &c. ? ' 
 
 P. 167, 67, 1. 14. add virtute victoriaque, ' by his vic- 
 torious valour.' 1. 15. compressis, ' having been put down with 
 a strong hand.' 
 
 P. 172, c. xxxiii, 71, 1. 9. add ingredior etc. I now come 
 to consider his official doings as Tribune : for this journey was 
 the first action, which he undertook in his official capacity in 
 the public service, (to which he felt himself bound, because) he 
 believed etc. 
 
280 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 
 
 P. 181, 78, 1. 27. add cum gladio] see note to 82, 1. 32. 
 
 P. 183, 78, 1. 6. gemere posset] add 'it might have merely 
 lamented, have been satisfied with lamenting.' On the omission 
 of the qualifying adverb, see note to 12, 1. 9, 100, 1. 20. 
 
 P. 187, 82, 1. 3. add atque ' and besides.' 
 
 P. 192, 86, 1. 30. add contritum et contemptum] The 
 combination of two, often alliterative, synonyms to add strength 
 to an expression, where in English we should sometimes use 
 an adverb, is of frequent occurrence. So 16 ignarus et im- 
 prudens ; 45 vivus et videns ; 77 patricius et praetorius ; 
 107 gravis et gratus ; 145 tot et tales. 1. 5. add si leges 
 non valerent, ' if the laws were too weak.' 
 
 P. 200, c. xlv, 94, 1. 27. add According to Festus quis- 
 quiliae means quidqwid ex arboribus minutis surculorum follor- 
 umque cadit. 
 
 P. 206, c. xlv, 98, 1. 19. add cum dignitate otium] * the 
 maintenance of public peace and quiet combined with a re- 
 spectable position.' According to Cic. dignitas alicuius 
 honesta et cultu et honore et verecundia digna auctoritas, a 
 position in public life commanding personal respect and 
 honour. 
 
 c. xlvi, 99, 1. 31. add defensorem et patronum, the first 
 in doing battle against an invader (negatively), the second as 
 an upholder of rights and privileges (positively). 
 
 P. 210, c. xl vn, 101, 1. 8. add qui vivunt, 'who are still 
 living,' 'our contemporaries.' 
 
 c. xlviii, 102, 1. 12. add haec, 'these examples.' 1. 20. 
 add The order is: inscitia est postulare id quod multi.ex- 
 petant, nisi etc. 
 
 P. 211, 103, 1. 3. add tenuiorum] the standing expression 
 in Cic. for ' the poorer class ' )( the well-to-do. Cf. 50, 1. 32. 
 
 P. 215, 107, 1. 2. add Laubmann H 6 reads neque senten- 
 tiam eius auctoritate, neque eloquentiam iucunditate etc. 108, 
 1. 10. addnon Gleam] =praeteribo, 'I will not say,' different from 
 ne dicam ' not to say,' i.e. putting aside a stronger expression. 
 
 P. 218, c. lii, 111, 1. 32 for tutorum read tutorum quos in- 
 stituit. 
 
 P. 220, c. liii, 113, 1. 22 add Domiti] tribune in b.c. 59. 
 He went over to the side of Caesar later, and commanded the 
 centre of his army at Pharsalus. 1. 25. add C. Fannio] Gaius 
 Fannius also was tribune in b.c. 59, andan opponent of Caesar 
 and Clodius. 
 
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 281 
 
 P. 221, 114, 1. 11. add comitiis] in the Comitia tributa of 
 b.c. 59. 
 
 P. 222, c. liv, 115, 1. 28. add si est leve, 'if it is only a 
 trifle.' See note to 12, 1. 9, 100, 1. 20. So 135, 1. 22, sortito, 
 ' merely by lot.' 
 
 P. 223, 115, 1. 30. add the use of the word favor here 
 receives curious illustration from the Prologue to Plautus' 
 Amphitryon w. 67 80 where the favitores of the theatre are 
 mentioned. This part of the Prologue cannot be earlier than 
 the late Kepublic. j. s. e. 
 
 116, 1. 5. add sororis] Clodius's sister ( 39, 1. 30) was 
 notorious for her love of dancing, which the Eomans con- 
 sidered as an amusement unworthy of sensible people. 
 
 P. 228, c. lvi, 120, 1. 6. add vestros ordines, ' the rows of 
 you in the theatre.' 
 
 P. 243, c. lxiv, 133, 1. 28. add ilium meae is an emenda- 
 tion of Naugerius ; tabulam of later mss. C. P. W. Miiller 
 proposes to read illius meae...vivit, tubam Vatinium (or ilium), 
 sese scriptorem esse diceret; Madvig, Adv. in 143 illius meae... 
 vivit, ambo una sese scriptores e. diceret : the mss have illius 
 meae...vivit f toambuam essese scriptorem e. diceret. 
 
 P. 245, c. lxiv, 134, 1. 19. add populari studio, ' sympathy 
 for the people.' 1. 24. add nonne pertimescit? 'must he not 
 be frightened for his life ? ' 
 
 P. 247, 135, 1. 8. add haec optima lex, sc. that of Caesar 
 de repetundis. 
 
INDEX I (GRAMMATICAL) 
 
 N. B. The smaller numeral on the right hand indicates the line; 
 the larger on the left the section. 
 
 Abstract for concrete 34 31, 61 25, 109 25, 119 19, 
 accusative after verbal substantive 131 5 
 adjectives, as substantives 15 1, 29, 121 28, 145 15 
 
 qualifying, represented by the genitive of corresponding 
 
 substantives 88 32, 117 26, 141 30 
 
 possessive, as sororius 10 13 
 
 adverbs, as attributes to substantives 93 8, 116 4, 130 11 r 
 
 transposition of, as multo alia maiora 52 8 
 alliteration 48 32, 59 29, 30, 86 28 
 an with a double question involving an inference 90 32 
 antecedent, repeated in relative clause 11 22 
 asyndeton oimembre 30 22, 79 17, 92 26; adversativum 59 26 
 attraction of the relative into the subordinate clause 63 24 
 
 Brachyology, instance of 29 19 
 
 Cases : 
 I Accusative: 
 
 A. expressing the extent of action of the verb, by 
 
 a neuter adjective of quantity or definition (i.e. a 
 pronoun) 10 9, 60 18, 77 12 
 
 B. expressing the place towards which motion is 
 
 directed 7 25, 9 30, 56 16; domum reditus 131 5 
 with preposition, when place towards which is ex- 
 pressed by a common noun ; ad sese rapit 7 5 
 
 C. expressing two direct objects, that of the thing re- 
 
 maining when the verb is in the passive voice 73 6 
 
INDEX I 283 
 
 II Dative: 
 
 A. expressing theindirectobject, the person (or thing) 
 
 affected by the occurrence of an action or by the 
 exercise of a quality, although not directly or 
 primarily acted on. {Person for or to whom) 1 17, 
 3 13, 4 22, 617, 6 19, 9 3, nobilitati favemus 21 6, 
 ingenerata familiae frugalitas 21 12, serviendum 
 dignitati 23 5, reipublicae consulendum 23 5, 24 6, 
 patriae recwperare ereptum 87 18, 24 16, 25 2, 27 16, 
 rejp- mederetur 31 5, 32 22, sx&i maerere 32 32, 
 we g uis legi intercederet 34 19, quos tribuno plebis 
 addixerat 38 23, 39 8, sibtpropiora 40 1, eius vitae 
 insidias esse positas dixerunt 41 8, mihi iratum 
 41 14, opponi omnibus contionibus 42 23, 52 2, in- 
 tenta signa cervicibus 42 26, obstare sibi 46 14, 51 
 20, sibi pactus 55 32, 57 30, 58 2, 58 18, 62 12, 63 30, 
 waZe die Titio 80 3, auspiciis religionique parens 
 83 20, w otio non prospiciant 98 23, posteritati pro- 
 pagantur 102 16, populo Romano deditus 110 31, 
 cui bene dixit umquam bono ? 110 16, interfuit epulis 
 111 20, quibus viris plaudatur 115 25, ata's otium 
 quaerere 139 27, ecquis se populo commiserit 116 3, 
 ut jletum etiam inimicis excitaret 121 28, cui nos 
 ojfensi fuerimus 125 14 
 [pro with abl. properly 'in front of,' 'in place of,' 
 sometimes approaches to this meaning 1 s, 2 21, 
 3 11, 29 2, 26 32, 29 11, 42 25, 46 21, 48 20,^122 8] 
 
 (a) agent; regularly with gerundive and sometimes 
 
 with passive participle or adjective in -bili 427, 
 ut ab illis sibi cavendum putaret 41 13, mihi 
 pereundum 43 8, 44 13, 47 26, 61 1, 72 2, tuenda 
 principibus 98 26, 99 9, 127 12 
 [The ablative with ab is used 41 3 probably to 
 avoid ambiguity] 
 
 (b) person judging: homini gravi leve est 115 28, 
 
 ei plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri 
 necesse est 115 31, 122 30 
 
 (c) person interested in a statement (dativus 
 
 ethicus) 89 18 
 
 (d) person possessing: aliusne est aliquis improbis 
 
 civibus peculiaris populus 125 14 
 
 B. predicatively (dative of the purpose), after verbal 
 
 substantives 111 22, 119 22 
 
284 INDEX I 
 
 III Ablative and Locative: 
 A. 1. Place at which: 
 
 a. locative: se domi continebat 26 si, 89 26, nulla 
 
 Bomae societas 32 17, orbi terrae 66 18 
 [a preposition (with the ablative) is required, when 
 the place at which is expressed (1) by a common 
 noun, or name of person, or of house, &c, (2) 
 interior of country or neighbourhood of town, (3) 
 urbe, oppido etc. prefixed in apposition] 
 ullo in publico aut religioso loco 94 22, in contione 
 105 27, 107 26 
 
 b. ABLATIVE : 
 
 (a) comitiis centuriatis 65 16, 73 11, 109 22, Iwc loco 
 
 108 5, 119 21, 124 31, itinere toto 131 32 
 (6) with verbs of motion, the road by which: 
 via qua spectatum tile veniebat 126 32 
 
 2. (a) Time when: 
 
 ablative ; generally with adjective, temporibus optimis 
 6 13, 9 4, 11 16, 105 30, uno eodemque tempore 
 25 30, 29 12, omnibus fastis diebus 34 19, meame- 
 moria 'in my time' 36 19, 103 11, summa senectute 
 50 29, illo anno 53 13, 66 30, eodem puncto temporis 
 53 25, superiore anno 63 22, illo Cinnano die 11 17, 
 quodam die 91 7, me consule 28 24, isdem consulibus 
 34 26, tribus locis 106 14, Mis ipsis diebus 125 21, 
 discessu meo 128 1, ipsis Nonis Sextilibus 131 24, 
 proximo anno 131 31 
 
 (b) Time in the course of which: 
 
 brevi tempore 6 14, si diebus quinque non esset actum 
 129 23 
 
 3. Amount at which: 
 
 locative. In expressions of value, qualifying verbs ; 
 ut...bonorum indicium nihili putaret 114 6 
 
 ablative, (a) Price, cost, penalty: also after 
 dignus, indignus ; venditum pecunia grandi 56 12, 
 pacem maxima pecunia vendidisse 94 16, levitate 
 nonnullorum emptos plausus 115 21, dignos maioribus 
 suis 21 8, 28 8, indigno ea religione 5Q 13, 73 7, 
 101 7 
 
 (b) Amount of difference: hoc maiorem, quod 
 60 15, multo gravioribus verbis 120 32 
 
INDEX I 285 
 
 B. 4. Part concerned, means, cause: 
 
 (a) part concerned or thing in point of which a 
 term is applied or an assertion made (in, in 
 point of, as regards); quod facile factu 
 fuit 39 32, 46 12, numero innumerabiles 97 32, 
 natura imp) obi 97 9 
 after expressions of plenty and want, and verbs 
 of deprivation: vita plena et conferta volup- 
 tatibus 23 4, 129 2, quoniam publicis ducibus 
 resp. carer et 26 16, ne multis civibus remp. 
 orbaret 37 8, carere sensu 47 16, patria virtute 
 praeditus 48 26, 49 21, 85 25, regno nudari 
 59 2, 61 26, 63 24, spoliandam ornamentis 
 83 24, 85 18, 103 6, gwod omni frequentia cele- 
 bratur 124 2, 131 2, populi iudiciis fiorebant 
 105 32, honore et gloria floruerunt 136 25, 131 3, 
 ' 65 19, 123 29, 127 13 
 
 (6) means, i.e. instrument or stuff with or by which 
 2 1, 5 8, 7 30, 11 20, 20 1, 22 20, 22 21, 22 26, 
 
 23 32, acie ipsa ferri viribus volnerare 24 18, 
 
 24 21, 24 27, 138 24, 25 11, quid hoc homine 
 facias 29 5, 87 13, 29 14, 32 29, 33 15, 34 20, 
 
 34 31, 44 17, 47 6, 49 14, 50 29, cum vi ar- 
 morum profugissem 50 30, ne recordatione mei 
 casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis 51 28, 58 10, 
 58 25, 65 14, reipublicae sanguine saginantur 
 78 30, verbis consequi 87 13, qui discordiis 
 civium pascantur 99 5, fretus imperio populi 
 JRomani 57 24, 79 17, indicia quibus ius omne 
 continetur 92 24, latus odio 111 1, pendet rebus 
 levissimis 115 29, favore populi ducitur 115 30, 
 120 3, 147 3 [The ablatives after fungor 74 28, 
 ut omni populari concitatione defungerer 74 29, 
 104 20, fruorhl 25, 138 25, utor 2 6, 6 14, 41 15, 
 89 28, 147 5, nitor 27 17 are originally of this 
 class] When the instrument is a person, per 
 with accusative is used; agebat per summum 
 ordinem 87 28, 24 20, 42 21, 59 1, 62 16, 63 21 
 
 (c) efficient cause, ground, influence (abla- 
 tivus causae moventis, * for, ' ' from, ' ' in con- 
 sequence of,' 'under the influence of): ex- 
 pulsus eo crimine 53 32, meis incommodis laeta- 
 bantur 55 16, flagrantem invidia 140 18, 4 26, 
 20 30, 21 5, 52 32, 58 10, respirasse spe reip. 
 recuperandae 71 14, 73 15, 79 30, 80 1, 86 6, 
 Otio et tranquillitate reipublicae consenescebat 
 
286 INDEX I 
 
 110 ii, quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit 111 23, 
 quantum sermonibus populi intellegere potui 
 113 20, lacrimantes gaudio 117 21, fens recenti 
 laetitia 120 31, equi gladiatorum sibills extimes- 
 cebant 126 3, 129 17, omnia sua causa facere 
 23 1 
 
 5. Description, manner, circumstances: 
 
 (a) description or characteristic quality: 
 
 qualifying the verb ' esse ' or substantives 1 3, 
 senatus fuerat veste mutata 53 4, 27 io, era eo 
 nomine 21 12, era eadem vetustate societatis 
 57 22, vir incredibili fide 26 30, meliore esse 
 sensu 47 16, 86 28, 884, 91 11, 95 1, 107 3, 
 141 14, 142 18, 145 10, 146 23, adulescens senili 
 iudicio 111 31 
 
 (b) way or manner: 
 
 (1) with adjectival predicate 49 15, decesserat 
 magno squalore 68 32, ea lege 24 25, 26 15, 26 22, 
 27 6, me attentissimis animis auditis 31 30, 
 31 10, 32 15, sua sponte 33 1, 100 21, ea con- 
 ditione 37 32, 38 15, dolorem suum magna con- 
 tentione animi persequebatur 39 28, 58 4, meo 
 iure 51 24, animo firmissimo venit in templum 
 62 7, 73 22, qui nulla lege abessem 73 24, quo se 
 pacto gerunt 75 19, 79 29, nullo modo 84 4, 
 nullo labore 87 26, communi incendio dejlagrare 
 99 7, voluntate ipsa gratam 113 24, manibus 
 passis gratias agentes 116 20, clarissima con- 
 centione concionatus est 118 1, 121 10, amico 
 animo 121 14, sua voluntate 127 10 
 
 (2) without adjectival predicate: agebat auc- 
 toritate, agebat consilio 87 27, iure 65 19, 73 8, 
 90 2, more maiorum 73 8, re non verbis 86 1, 
 st moribus ageret 88 1 [The preposition cum is 
 often used in expressions which come under 
 the general notion of manner or accompani- 
 ment, as to denote the presence of a weapon, 
 cum gladiis 28 51, 78 27, cum praesidio magno 
 fuisse 78 32, in expressions of dress pacnulam 
 cum qua venerat 82 32 ; cum imperio esse 41 15, 
 128 24, cum dedecore cadere 37 8, egit causam 
 summa cum gravitate 107 27, 121 17] 
 
 (c) attendant circumstances under which an 
 
 action takes place or an assertion is made (' ab- 
 lative absolute') : 
 
INDEX I 287 
 
 (1) (a) with adjective as oblique predicate: eo auc- 
 tore 6 14, patre vivo 7 23, meo periculo hellua- 
 bare 111 26, summo timore ac periculo civitatis 
 8 13, 12 3, TioTi modo nullo senatus consulto sed 
 etiam repugnante senatu 33 3, 35 13, 36 20, qui 
 a me nullo meo merito alienus esse debebat 39 12, 
 49 10, 54 4, 64 6, 89 14, 107 28, 120 26, 133 22, 
 auctore Cn. Pompeio 39 7, 43 6, 58 16, wwZZo 
 meo crimine patriae nomine labor antem 64 6, 
 invitissimis eis 67 6, exierunt malis ominibus 
 71 15, 89 14, 107 28, 108 3, consessu maximo 
 119 27 
 
 (p) with genitive case as predicate 8 13, 34 24, 
 49 10, periculo reip. vivebam 50 6, 61 29, veJ 
 capitis periculo defendenda 98 27 
 
 (2) with present active or perfect passive participle 
 as (oblique) predicate 95, 25 1, 26 29, 33 4, 
 36 22, 46 8 
 
 C. Place whence: 
 
 1. Place from which movement is made without 
 
 a preposition : Capua praecipitem eiecit 927 
 [A preposition is required when the place from 
 which is expressed by a common noun or name 
 of person: exterminandum ex ilia urbe 9 32] 
 
 2. Thing from which separation takes place or 
 
 exists : cum Capuam metu liber asset 11 17, 73 17, 
 templis pellebantur 85 14, magistratus templo deicias 
 78 10, cumpossessionibus diuturnis moverentur 103 5 
 [Verbs compounded with the ablative prepositions 
 have frequently ab de ex with the noun, cum 
 urbem ex periculis maximis extraxissent 11 19, 
 20 30, 26 14, ut ab urbe abesset 29 1, 29 16, ex- 
 terminabit a suis dis 30 21, senatum de rep. tol- 
 lere 30 27, evolat ex senatu 28 18, ex memoria 
 evellendos 33 10, cum consules a rep. retraxisset 
 34 1, de civitate sublatum 41 20, depelli a reip. 
 peste 43 4, 49 14, 79 27, quern totum de civitate 
 delerant 44 19, 47 14, abesse a patria 49 25, 53 16, 
 55 26, pulsum Ponto 58 13, 60 7, 63 22, a defen- 
 sione meae salutis mentem viri averterant 67 8, 
 68 31, a causa non abhorrere 71 12, nomen suum 
 de fabulis sustulit 72 28, de civitate tolli 73 9, 
 84 3, 90 1, 96 23, 98 24, 101 4, 101 6, 101 n, 
 103 29, ab industria avocari 103 9, 103 13, vix 
 odium suum a corpore represserunt 107 24, ]30 1, 
 hominem a caede abhorrentem 132 13] 
 
288 INDEX I 
 
 3. Origin: parente natus est severo 6 io, erat isdem 
 
 maioribus 57 22 (with ex.- ex isdem quibus nos 
 radicibus natum 50 28) 
 
 4. Standard of comparison (' starting from'): 
 
 (a) qualifying adjectives in the comparative degree: 
 nihil praestabilius otiosa vita 23 3, salus meorum 
 civium mihifuit mea carior vita 45 29, respublica 
 qua nihil est sanctius 147 2 
 
 (b) qualifying adverbs, or adverbial cases of ad- 
 jectives, in the comparative degree: alius alio 
 gravius 74 32 
 
 in descriptions of size, age, number plus t 
 amplius, minus are used without change of case, 
 and the noun of size, etc. is subjoined in the 
 proper case with or without quam: plus viginti 
 volneribus acceptis 85 21 
 
 IV Genitive: 
 A. adjectival use: 
 
 1. as an invariable secondary predicate: hoc sentire 
 
 prudentiae est 86 8 
 
 2. Divided whole : 
 
 (a) D e finite whole : quod boni posset in rempublicam 
 pervenire 63 20 
 
 (b) Indefinite whole: eo loci 68 26, tantum sceJeris 
 22 15, satis signi 27 10, aliquidjicti 133 25, 24 13 
 
 (c) dependent on certain adjectives derived from 
 substantives : expers consilii 47 5 
 
 3. Particular kind or contents, that in or of 
 
 which a thing consists. 
 Definite (genitive of specific definition) : officio 
 vicinitatis 10 12, laudis fructum 87 12, 90 30, 
 112 10, 137 30 
 
 4. Quality or description with adjective : omnium 
 
 generum atque ordinum cives 25 2, 36 25, 97 2, vir 
 acris animi 45 25, cum eius essem civitatis 48 22, 
 99 32, artifex partium...in scena optimarum 120 
 30, homo eiusdem sanguinis 130 14, fanum sanctis- 
 simarum religionum 56 1 1 
 (without appellative noun 130 14) 
 
INDEX I 289 
 
 5. Object of action implied in substantives and 
 adjectives (objective genitive). 
 
 (a) Direct object, answering to an accusative 
 or infinitive after the corresponding verb 10 14, 
 23 30, ignari veritatis 41 14, mei amantissimum 
 76 28, veri simile 78 26, negotii gerentes 97 4, pec- 
 catorum conscii 99 2 i novarum rerum cupidus 104 16 
 
 (b) Eemoter object, corresponding to a dative 
 (rare), or ablative or prepositional phrases after 
 the corresponding verb : studiosum mei 41 6, 45 6, 
 tanta spoliatione omnium rerum 47 2, patriae 
 caritas5S 20, inimicitiae ex reipublicae (=de rep.) 
 dissensione susceptae 72 3, contentionibus reipub- 
 licae 130 2 
 
 B. Dependent on verbs and adjectives: 
 
 (a) after verbs of accusing, condemning, ac- 
 quitting : rerum capitalium condemnatos 84 1 
 
 (b) the object exciting mental emotion: ut ilium 
 paene iam provinciae paeniteret 60 22 
 
 (c) the thing remembered : materni generis obliti 
 21 14 
 
 (d) the price for which a thing is bought, sold, 
 or made 142 23 
 
 (e) thing lacking or supplied after verbs and ad- 
 jectives : ratio plena consensionis omnium 87 17, 
 100 15, 130 14 
 
 double genitive after nouns 15 20, 31 12, 125 
 
 17 
 
 genitive of noun in apposition to a possessive 
 
 pronoun 128 30 
 
 categorical sentence for conditional 43 2 
 
 conjunctive, omission of si with 43 2; see under subjunctive 
 conjunctive particles, coupling words of opposite meanings 35 5 
 contrasted words, juxtaposition of 12 6 
 
 clauses, coordination of 33 4, 41 32, 142 20 
 
 Diminutives, ironical 82 28, 110 6, 126 25 
 dum with indicative 100 24 ; with subjunctive provided that ' 
 102 25 
 
 Ellipsis, of verb of doing 14 5, 80 1 
 
 of verb of being 85 18, 87 15, 110 14, 122 4 
 
 of verb of saying 121 22 ; after omitto 28 12 
 
 H. 19 
 
290 INDEX I 
 
 et in indignant exclamation =Gr. eZra 80 31, 13d 7 
 
 adversative for sed 7 23 
 
 Future tense, rhetorical use of 30 21 
 
 in protasis and apodosis 51 27 
 
 Gerund, ablative of, approximates to the use of the present 
 participle 1 9, 40 28 
 
 Hendiadys 120 28 
 
 Imperative, forms of the 31 7 
 indicative after sunt qui 96 26 
 
 of perfect after donee, quoad 82 3 
 
 and conjunctive in relative and restrictive clauses 140 14 
 
 in forms of interrogation, quid commemoro 118 27 
 
 of perfect for conjunctive of pluperfect 21 17 
 infinitive, dependent upon verbal substantive as oblique 
 
 predicate 89 15 
 
 epexegetic of pronoun 31 3, 47 16, 82 3 
 
 epexegetic of sic 24 13, 135 2 
 
 interrogative pronouns, accumulated 8 10; in final clauses 84 28 
 
 Negative, double, strengthening the negation 91 7, 107 2, 141 2 
 number, plural, put rhetorically for singular 35 7, 56 15, 89 19 
 
 plural, pronouns of the neuter gender 56 1 3 
 
 Pluperfect conjunctive, change from, to imperfect 44 20, 47 24 
 
 conjunctive, used both hypothetically and for some 
 
 other reason 62 15 ; in secondary subordination 43 1 1, 
 45 2, 49 4, 55 32, 68 7, 87 26, 111 28, 129 19 
 
 plurals, rhetorical 35 7, 54 12, 78 10, 89 19 
 
 potential mood 45 26 
 
 pronouns, demonstrative, pleonastic use of 59 26, 69 11, 130 31 
 
 accumulation of 144 29 
 
 juxtaposition of 11 22, 26 25 
 
 relative, attracted into subordinate clause 63 24 
 
 interrogative, in final clauses 84 28 
 protasis, double 45 31 
 
 Subject, indefinite 29 10 
 Subjunctive : 
 a. optative and jussive : 
 a. direct 1 6, 2 7, 14 13 
 6. indirect 45 26, 54 17, 89 17 
 
 c. interrogative: dubitative or deliberative 12 5, 
 17 16, 27 9, 29 5, 32 27, 42 31, 43 1, 46 18, 48 20, 
 62 5, 63 28, 78 10, 89 25, 129 7, 146 20 
 
INDEX I 291 
 
 B. FINAL : 
 
 with ut, ne and ut ne 1 8, 3 13, 7 26, 11 23, 13 21, 
 18 30, 29 1, 32 20, 34 18, 37 8, 41 8, 45 5, 48 32, 
 51 25, 55 27, 29, 78 13, 84 28, 88 8, 89 19, 90 4, 
 108 5, 129 17, 133 27, 147 7 
 
 ut omittam etc. 13 21, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18, 101 6, 114 
 12, 136 18, 140 13 
 
 with qui 1 4, 20 19 
 
 with dum, priusquam, implying purpose 5 7, 15 20 
 
 consecutive ('so that' and expressing result) 6 17, 
 8 20, 13 27, 14 1, 19 16, 22 21, 24 23, 32 24, 42 21, 
 49 8, 51 15, 60 22, 61 26, 77 7, 82 26, 87 17, 91 7, 
 95 i\, 96 30, 109 16, 110 3, 114 6, 121 27, 122 31, 
 126 31, 128 18, 129 13, 137 30 
 
 in ut-cl&use after pronoun 29 9, 31 6, 43 1, 45 32, 47 
 n,49 18, 61 25, 106 14 
 
 also with many verbs expressing the natural result : per- 
 fecit ut 89 27 ; fecit ut 92 26 ; verisimile est ut 77 26 ; 
 id egit ut 79 15, 104 22 
 
 after demonstratives talis, tantus 107 29, 124 10, 131 5, 
 141 15 
 
 after assertions of existence or non-existence : nihil est 
 quod populus dissentiat 104 1 5 
 
 D. attendant circumstances : expressing a real action, 
 viewed as the attendant cause or circumstance, under 
 or notwithstanding which other actions or events 
 take place. 
 
 1. causal ('since,' 'whereas,' etc.) : 
 
 a. cum, meaning since,' and expressing conceived- 
 cause 25 4, 31 10, 35 4, 42 18, 48 17, 49 25, 50 2, 74 2, 
 90 31, 100 16, 103 5, 115 13; quod 29 2; quoniam, 
 admitted cause 26 16, 63 19; in contrasted clause 
 135 8 ; non quo 61 31 
 
 b. cum ('when') 6 13, 8 10, 9 3, 26 14, 34 25, 58 16, 
 
 118 31 ; numquam est conspectus cum veniret, 'he was 
 never seen coming' 126 30, 132 14, 135 8 
 
 2. concessive ('although') 70 30, 74 2, 110 2, 141 32 
 
 192 
 
292 INDEX I 
 
 3. with qui, when used in a generic sense : 
 
 a. consecutive : satis multi qui auderent 1 3, 1 II, 5 1, 
 20 1, 22 25, 27 10, 32 18, 32 31, 33 10, 34 21, 38 15, 
 44 14, 48 23, 56 15, 78 1, 83 25, 93 3, 98 16, 99 4, 
 102 20, 106 18, 108 12, 112 11, 125 15, 127 12, 130 32, 
 141 32 
 
 6. causal ('because') 1 1, 60 11, 63 24, 73 24, 114 14, 
 122 5 
 
 c. concessive (' although') 44 20, 60 17 
 
 d. restrictive 106 17, 118 10 
 
 E. CONDITIONAL : 
 
 a. principal verb (apodosis) 12 15, 24 16, 28 8, 47 24, 
 49 21, 67 15, 81 20, 83 13, 83 25 ; with protasis sup- 
 pressed, 24 21, 120 1 
 
 6. dependent verb (protasis) 1 7, 4 19, 14 9, 15 4, 
 24 25, 29 7, 43 2, 45 2, 61 23, 73 22 ; quasi mea culpa 
 bona perdiderit, ita est inimicus 111 24, 114 3 
 
 F. ORATIO OBLIQUA: 
 
 a. statement in subordinate clauses only 1 1, 20 23 ; 
 non quo malit 87 12 
 
 6. oblique question 8 9, 10 r, 24 11, 28 29, 31 32, 
 55 20, 58 4, 59 31, 60 6, 62 10, 71 5, 78 1, 96 17 ; 
 dubitatis quin ei vis esset adlata 62 15, 81 22, 83 10, 
 86 2, 87 29 ; male die Titio cur exclamarit 80 4, 111 2, 
 113 25, 114 22, 119 21, 126 26, 127 4 
 
 c. oblique petition 4 21, 8 9, 25 9, 31 31, 43 5 
 
 G. DEPENDENT AND ASSIMILATED SUBJUNCTIVE 4 22, 12 3, 
 
 24 24, 28 25, 42 19, 47 9, 48 2, 60 14, 81 20, 88 10, 
 104 24, 128 24, 143 11 
 
 substantive, repetition of, with relative pronouns 11 22 
 superlative for comparative 44 17 
 
INDEX II (MATTERS) 
 
 A 
 
 abhorrere a caede 132 13 
 abicere causam 89 26 
 abire, de anno 71 13 
 absorbere (met.) orationem 13 
 
 3 
 abstinenter in causa versari 
 
 37 7 
 
 abstinentia provincialis 7 3 
 
 ac 140 12 ; ac non 44 13 
 
 accedere ad causam publicam 
 67 19 
 
 accidere ad auris 107 30 
 
 accipere audire 139 31 ; ac- 
 cipere recipere 131 30 
 
 accius, l., the tragic poet 102 
 18, 120 2, 123 23 
 
 accusare 'to take to task* 
 'reprimand' 12 14, 122 31, 
 132 14; accusare diem di- 
 cere 95 32 
 
 acroama 116 5 
 
 acta Caesaris 135 7 
 
 actor = qui primas partes age- 
 bat 119 12, 122 8; actoris 
 studium 121 n 
 
 acute dictum 135 27 
 
 ad ' with regard to ' 27 2 ; 
 auctorem ad aliquid esse 
 42 24; res ad communem 
 utilitatem 91 16 ; ad popu- 
 lum contio 108 8 
 
 addicere=in servitutem tra- 
 dere38 21 
 
 additamentum 68 25 
 adesse 'to appear on a per 
 
 son's behalf' in court 104 
 
 10 
 adfinis 20 25 
 adfligere : v. s. affligere 
 adfluere unguentis 18 27 
 adgredi ad tuendam remp. 
 
 141 13 
 adire ad remp. 87 10; adire 
 
 pericula 23 7, 629 ; inimici- 
 
 tias 139 28; ad causam reip. 
 
 87 16 
 administrare remp., said of 
 
 a tribune of the people 79 
 
 17 
 
 adrodere remp. 72 25 
 adsecula 135 9 
 adstringi scelerel08 13 
 adtribuere 66 26 
 advocation advocati 119 19 
 aedilitas = munus aedilicium 
 
 789 
 aelius ligur 68 25; Aelio- 
 
 rum imagines 69 22 
 aemilii 143 28 
 m. aemilius scaurus, cos. 
 
 B.C. 115, 101 30 
 aerarii partitio Pisonis et 
 
 Gabii coss. cum P. Clodio 
 
 tribuno 54 10 
 aesopus, the actor 120 29, 123 
 
 2 3 
 aestas=tempus belli gerendi 
 
 12 17 
 aetatula 18 29 
 
294 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 amnitas ceases with divorce 
 or death of husband or wife 
 6 19 
 
 affligere nomen consulare 32 
 26 ; affligere (?) causam 89 
 26; afflictus et eversus 5 5 ; 
 afflictus et perditus 31 5 
 
 agere nihil 'to be passive* 
 127 16 ; agere praeclare 
 cum aliquo 51 1.5 ; quid ege- 
 runt? 114 28; id a. 104 21 
 
 AHALAE 143 28 
 ALFIUS, GAIUS 113 
 
 alienus 39 32 
 
 aliquando 81 16; * at length 
 and high time too' 13 22, 
 67 5, 79 31, 135 10; at 
 some time or other '83 12, 
 139 2 
 
 aliquis some one or other ' 
 40 19, 108 6 ; aliquis alius 
 53 32, 125 13 ; aliqua ex 
 parte 95 11; aliqui after si 
 131 17; aliquis aliquando 
 14 14 ; aliquid adverbiali- 
 ter = aliquo modo 10 9 ; ali- 
 quid posse 28 22 ; aliquid 
 with gen. 133 25 
 
 alius omitted 35 2, 85 15 ; 
 alius atque 114 30 
 
 alte petere (repetere) oratio- 
 nem 31 32 
 
 ambustus combustus 143 8 
 
 Q. ANCHAEIUS 113 23 
 
 andabatae 126 2 
 Andromache, the, a play of 
 
 Ennius, quoted 121 19, 27 
 animam edere 83 10 
 animo meo * according to my 
 
 feeling' 49 23; animus in 
 
 rempublicam 83 16; animos 
 
 frangere 89 16 
 t. annius milo accused by 
 
 clodius 95 32 
 ansa (metaph.)22 25 
 
 ANTIOCHUS MAGNUS 58 4 
 
 antiquitatis gravissimae vir 6 
 17; antiquitatis imago 19 9; 
 
 gravitas plena antiquitatis 
 130 14 
 
 antonius, gaius, Cicero's col- 
 league in the consulship 
 8 7 ; connected with the Ca- 
 tilinarian party 8 10 
 
 apertus ' manifest ' ' undis- 
 guised ' 124 1 1 
 
 appellare tribunos 135 32 
 
 appennini pruina 12 16 
 
 APPIUS CLAUDIUS PRAETOE 126 
 
 24 
 
 APPULEIUS : V. S. SATUENINUS 
 
 apud me domi 50 9 
 arae foci 90 32, 145 12 
 arcum intendere in aliquem 
 
 15 25 
 ardens tribunatus 116 7 
 aeistidi gen. 141 4 
 aepinum, birthplace of Gaius 
 
 Marius and Cicero 50 28 
 arrodere : v. adrodere 
 arrogatio 16 7 
 artifex * artiste ' 120 29 
 assiduitas 6 22 
 astringi scelere 108 13 
 at vero 82 24, 126 23, 139 7, 
 
 140 24 
 
 ATHENS, ERECHTHEUS, king of 
 
 48 20 
 
 M. ATILIUS EEGULUS 127 9 
 
 C. ATILIUS SEEEANUS 72 26, 
 
 85 17, 87 24 
 atque 3 15, 811, 30 17, 41 9, 
 
 92 20, 131 23 ; alius atque 
 
 114 20 
 atrocitas temporis 11 23 
 attalus 58 7 
 auctor voluptatis = magister 
 
 * professor ' 23 30 ; auctor 
 
 dignitatis 139 10 ; dux, 
 
 auctor, actor 61 31 ; auctor 
 
 et dux 20 22 
 auctoritas 2 2, 12 12, 32 25, 
 
 35 7 ; auctoritas disciplina- 
 
 que = regula auctoritate con- 
 
 firmata 14 4 
 audire = ' to read in history * 
 
INDEX II 
 
 295 
 
 I3931; audire acciperel39 
 
 32 ; audiri 133 24 
 aura honoris 101 10 
 aurelium tribunal 34 23 
 auspiciis vinctus 15 5 ; parere 
 
 83 20 
 
 B 
 
 barbati 19 7 
 
 beatus * well-to-do ' )( malis 
 domesticis impeditus 98 19 
 
 belua, de bomine 16 4 
 
 beneficium 2 5; beneficia 54 
 10, 134 19 
 
 benevolentia et caritas 6 20 
 
 bestiarii 135 25 
 
 boni )( improbi 137 2 ; bonus 
 et fortis civis 87 29; in 
 political sense * well-affect- 
 ed '16, 25 8,29 12, 70 25 
 
 brevis=brevis ad dicendum 
 12 9 
 
 3R0GITARUS 56 12 
 
 brundisina colonia 131 27 
 
 BRUTI 143 28 
 
 Brutus, the, a praetextata by 
 Accius 123 25 
 
 BYZANTIUM 56 1 6 
 
 C 
 
 cadere in 118 10 
 
 Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS NUMI- 
 DICUS : V. S. METELLUS 
 
 caecus atque amens 17 15 
 
 caenum, de homine 20 19, 26 
 22 
 
 c. caesar, his feelings towards 
 Cic. 39 1 1 ; admits Clodius 
 into a plebeian family 16 7 
 
 ealamistrata coma 18 27 
 
 calamistrum 18 27 
 
 calamitas 142 21, 146 19 
 
 calamitosus 7 23, 83 17 
 
 calatinus72 27 
 
 calatus 72 27 
 
 calles Italiae 12 18 
 
 L.CALPURNIUSPISO CAESONINUS, 
 
 cos. B.C. 58 : v. s. piso 
 calumnia ' chicanery ' 75 11 
 camilli 143 28 
 cancelli fori in ludis 124 9 
 canere m vaticinari ' to predict ' 
 
 4732 
 cantor 118 5 
 capere portum 99 13 
 capes sere remp. 23 2 
 capitalis capitalium rerum 
 
 condemnari 84 1 
 captus atque oppressus 35 12, 
 
 52 6 
 caput * civil status* 1 12 
 carere senatu 'to be excluded 
 
 from' 63 24 ; patria 145 13 
 caritas patriae 37 1, 53 20 
 carus et iucundus 6 18 
 cassius, l. 103 30 
 castoris templum34 27, 62 6, 
 
 79 20, 83 9 ; aedes 85 10 
 castus 93 15 
 catilina 12 16 
 cato of Utica 12 31 
 catulus, q. 101 9, 121 21 
 causae dictio 40 19; in eadem 
 
 causa esse 57 20; causa 
 
 popularis 37 8 
 cautor alieni periculi 15 3 
 cedo 108 5 
 celebrare 118 6, 131 2 
 censoria notio a P. Clodio 
 
 constricta 55 25 
 certe : v. s. quidem 
 certus 11 9 ; certi homines 
 
 41 7 
 cervices dare 89 24 
 
 CICERO : V. S. TULLIUS 
 
 cincinnatus 26 20 
 
 cinna, l. 48 1 ; Cinnanus dies 
 
 77 17 
 circus Flaminius 33 12 
 cispius, m. 76 24 
 civi, abl. form of civis 12 32, 
 
 28 3, 61 26, 78 29 
 civitas res publica 55 26 
 clara pietas 7 24 
 
296 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 CLAUDIUS APPIUS PULCHER 77 
 
 9, 87 22, 126 24; GAIUS 
 appius 41 17 
 
 clavum imperii tenere 20 28 
 
 clivus Capitolinus 28 25 
 
 clodia, wife of Q. Metellus 
 Celer, identified with the 
 Lesbia of Catullus 115 30 
 
 clodius, publius, amentis- 
 simus tribunus pi. 44 10; 
 furibundus homo 15 28, 117 
 22 ; ruina reip. 109 19 ; 
 gladiator 106 20; taxed with 
 incest 17 12; his adoption, 
 why invalid 16 5 ; his laws 
 34 18; furiosus et audax 
 20 24, 25 5 ; despicatissimus 
 homo 36 23 ; Clodianus ex- 
 ercitus 85 26; Clodiana 
 manus 79 21 ; Clodianae 
 seditionis quisquiliae 94 27 ; 
 Clodiana latrocinia 130 8 ; 
 lex Clodia 69 1 1 
 
 clodius, sextus, employed by 
 p. clodius to draw up his 
 laws 133 30 
 
 cogitando recordari 1 8 
 
 cogitatio ' fancy ' 1 8 
 
 collegia compitalicia 34 24, 55 
 27 
 
 columna Maenia 18 31, 124 8 ; 
 columna Khegia 18 31 
 
 comedere bona 110 3; patri- 
 monium 111 26 
 
 comitia centuriata 73 1 1 ; co- 
 mitia )( contio 115 19, 125 
 
 17 
 
 comitiales dies 34 18, 129 23 
 
 commendo 128 20, 146 29; 
 
 commendari ab adulescentia 
 
 22 19; commendari opini- 
 
 oni hominum 21 5 
 
 committere se ludis, populo 
 
 116 3. 9 
 
 communis Mars belli 12 8 ; 
 
 commune exitium 145 6 
 commutare constantiae glori- 
 
 am cum patriae caritate 37 2 
 
 commutatio rerum 42 30 
 complexus patriae 53 16 
 compos compotem facere 146 
 
 21 
 concentio 118 32 
 concidere ' to fall powerless ' 
 
 25 7, 44 17 
 concidi vulneribus 79 28 
 conciliatricula 21 5 
 concilium )( comitia 65 20; 
 
 concilium consilium 32 18 
 concisus 79 28 
 concitatio popularis 74 29 ; 
 
 c. animorum 77 18 
 concitata multitudo 140 27; 
 
 operae ad diripiendam ur- 
 
 bem concitatae 38 19 
 concordiae aedes 26 18 
 conditio ea conditione ' at 
 
 such a price ' 37 32 
 confectus 20 32 
 confercio confertus voluptati- 
 
 bus 23 4 
 conferre in quern 40 26 ; con- 
 
 ferre mentis 95 4 
 conficere ornamenta equestris 
 
 ordinis 107 30 
 conflare pecuniam, metalla 
 
 6627 
 confundo confusus ' indiscri 
 
 minate ' 5 32 
 congregare 132 20 
 coniectus oculorum 115 17 
 conjungere cives eodem peri- 
 
 culo 132 19; coniunctus 
 
 atque communis 29 8 ; con- 
 iunctus officio (dat.) 4 22; 
 
 coniunctus cum 8 17, 31 13, 
 
 33 8 
 coniuratio in concrete sense 
 
 'band of conspirators' 11 
 
 29 
 conlegium 32 .1 7 
 conluvio omnium scelerum 
 
 15 2 
 conquassatus 56 8 
 conroboratus 89 23 
 conscelerati latrones 76 1 
 
INDEX II 
 
 297 
 
 conscribere 34 25 ; conscriptus 
 
 )( promissus 66 22 
 consenesco 110 1 1 
 consequi verbis 87 13 
 conservator patriae 141 1 
 consessus theatralis, gladia- 
 torius as spectators assem- 
 bled at a theatrical or gla- 
 diatorial show ' 115 21, 124 
 
 consilium publicum 32 18, 
 consilium senatus 137 31, 
 140 25 ; gravissimum con- 
 silium 137 5 ; consilia ca- 
 pere 40 14 
 consistere 113 18, 127 5 
 constitui 'to be consolidated ' 
 103 3; bene natura consti- 
 tute 137 27 ; bene de rebus 
 domesticis constitutus 97 
 11 
 constringere legum laqueis 88 
 
 12 ; constrictus 24 26 
 consulere reip. 23 5 
 consulens sibi 1 8 
 consulum insignia 17 21 
 contemptio legum 134 23 
 contemptus, 'contemptible ' 
 86 30, 87 25; contempti et 
 despecti 87 25 ; contemptis- 
 simus 36 24 
 contendere aliquid 105 1 
 contentio legitima 40 19 ; 
 studiorum contentio 130 29; 
 contentiones reip. 130 2 ; 
 contentiones suscipere 86 32 
 contentus i. q. intentus 13 30 
 contio 3429; )( comitia 106 
 16, 125 17; contionem ad- 
 vocare 77 25 ; oratio in 
 contione habita 107 24, 
 108 9j contionum domini 
 127 5 
 contritus et contemptus 86 30 
 contrucidare 24 20 
 convenire 133 4 
 conventicula hominum 91 1 7 
 conventus Campanus 9 1 ; 
 
 creditorum 28 20 ; ' the pub- 
 lic present in court' 119 19 
 conversiones reip. 99 3 
 convicium cantorum 118 5 
 
 P. COENELIUS LENTULUS : V. S. 
 
 LENTULUS 
 COTTA, L. AURELIUS 73 6 
 
 crassus, m. 39 8 ; the father 
 of 48 26 > 
 
 credo, ironical 44 19, 84 5 ; 
 ut credo 110 18 
 
 crimen nullo meo crimine 64 
 6 ; =res criminosa 80 1 1 
 
 cum, conjunction = ' although' 
 70 30,74 2, 129 21, 141 32; 
 'since' 50 1, 52 8; with 
 subj. = partic. 122 7, 126 
 30, 132 14; with indie. 131 
 1 ; with subjunctive in con- 
 trasted clause 135 8 ; cum 
 turn vero 131 1 7 ; cum turn 
 etiam 25 8 
 
 cum, preposition, cum imperio 
 esse 41 15 ; cum veste i. e. 
 veste indutus 82 32 ; maximo 
 cum gemitu 34 13; cum 
 dedecore cadere 37 8; cum 
 gladio esse 28 25, 78 27; 
 cum multitudine esse 78 
 31 ; cum praesidio esse 78 
 31; cum summo exitio 46 
 18 ; cum minima invidia 49 
 12 ; cum prepos. and cum 
 conj. in the same clause 
 I2827 
 
 cumulata virtus 86 9 
 
 cunctus with names of coun- 
 tries, 26 14, 128 27 
 
 cupiditatium 138 22 
 
 cupidus mei 45 6 
 
 cur for quod 80 3 
 
 curatio 19 3 
 
 cubii 143 28 
 
 curiosus 22 22 
 
 cursus orationis 144 16; cur- 
 sum tenere 99 13; de suo 
 cursu demovere 101 1 1 
 
 Cypria rogatio 62 1 1 
 
298 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 DARDANI 94 1 6 
 
 dare se populo 124 5 ; dare 
 giadiatores 135 25, 28 
 
 death, state of great and wise 
 men after 47 14, 131 16 
 
 de )( pro 130 30 ; de nocte 75 
 20 ; de quo, without gram- 
 matical reference to the 
 verb 45 27 
 
 debeo 141 12 
 
 debilis et imbecillus 24 15 
 
 decii 143 28 
 
 P. DECTUS 48 25 
 
 declinare 73 14 
 
 decuriare 34 25 
 
 decuriones 9 5 
 
 deesse gladiis 80 5 ; reip. 101 
 28 ; audientibus 36 20 ; cau- 
 sae 40 5 
 
 defendere )( oppugnare 141 
 
 14 
 
 defluere 'to fall off' 'to de- 
 sert' 69 22 
 
 defungi 74 28 
 
 delecti principesque 104 14 
 
 delere senatum 17 19 ; de 
 civitate 44 19 ; de republica 
 55 27 (?) 
 
 deliberandi noctem postulare, 
 
 . a form of vetoing 74 3 
 
 deliberator 74 6 
 
 demovere de sententia 101 6 
 
 denique ' even ' 114 9 ; 'in a 
 word' 'in fact' 51 16; 
 denique etiam 22 25 
 
 denuntiare caedem 46 1 1 
 
 depellere vim vi 39 3 ; ab se 
 mortem 79 27; depelli a 
 reip. peste 43 4 
 
 dependere poenas 140 29 
 
 deplorare de re 14 8 
 
 deposcere (ad poenam) 46 18 
 
 deprecari periculum 9 7 ; de- 
 precari salutem 76 1 ; de- 
 precari pro civi 29 3 
 
 deprecatio 27 8 
 
 deprecator salutis alicuius 27 
 
 descendere ('to stoop') ad ac- 
 
 cusandum 89 13 
 desciscere 101 27 
 describere ius 91 8 
 desidia et inertia 22 23 
 despectus et contemptus 87 
 
 desperatus homo 33 5 
 despicatissimus 36 23 
 despicere aliquem 27 9 
 destringere gladios 76 26 
 deus ac parens salutis 144 25 
 devincire execratione 15 32 
 devorare verbum 23 32 
 devovere se ac vitam suam 48 
 
 26 
 diadema, insigne regium 57 
 
 28 
 dicam vere 22 15 
 diem dicere 95 32 ; dies comi- 
 
 tiales 34 18, 129 23; dies 
 
 Cinnanus 77 17 
 dignitas 17 18; dignitatem 
 
 recuperare 129 25 
 diiunctio 47 1 
 dilucide 133 5 
 disceptatio 40 20 
 discessio sine ulla varietate 
 
 1 an unanimous vote ' 74 32 ; 
 
 discessio contionis 77 23 
 discessus de exilio Ciceronis 
 
 49 14 
 disciplina reip. capessendae 
 
 14 3 
 
 discriptio civitatis 137 28 
 
 discriptus 66 26 
 
 dispicere 118 29 
 
 disputare subtilius 14 7 ; d. 
 
 prudenter 73 19 
 dissidere 44 22 
 disturbare tecta 84 30 ; iudi- 
 
 cium vi 135 32 
 divinus ' superhuman ' 50 27 
 dolenter 123 18; dolentius 14 
 
 8 
 dolor and luctus 63 3o; = fle- 
 
INDEX II 
 
 299 
 
 bilis vox 120 3 ; dolor ' in- 
 dignation ' ' resentment ' 60 
 17, 88 5; dolorem suum 
 ulcisci 46 15; persequi 39 
 28 
 
 domestica labes )( externa 51 
 14, 56 7 ; domesticus hostis 
 39 4 ; domestica mala 51 
 18 ; domestica officia )(pub- 
 lica 7 2 
 
 domi apud me 41 9 
 
 dominatio 142 21 
 
 domini legum 125 13 ; comi- 
 tiorum, contionum 127 5 
 
 DOMITIUS, CN. 113 22 
 
 duci voluptatibus 138 22 
 dura suspicio .59 28 
 duumviratum gerere 19 12 
 dux et auctor 61 31, 139 10 
 dyerhachini 94 20; litus Dyr- 
 rhachinum 140 17 
 
 E 
 
 eccetibi 89 18 
 ecferre laborem 102 22 
 ecquae vox 64 3, 110 13 
 edere animam 83 10 
 effingere spongiis 77 7 
 effusus = dispersus 42 28 
 ego vero = ego potius 8 8, 12 5, 
 
 146 26 
 eicere (in scena) 118 7 ; e civi- 
 
 tate 141 1 
 embolia 116 5 
 
 emitti ex iudicio gratia* 134 9 
 enervatus 24 19 
 enixe 38 12 
 ennius, the Andromache of, 
 
 121 19 
 eo loci esse 68 26 
 equidem 122 15 
 erechtheus, his daughters, 
 
 48 20 
 erectus 87 23 
 ereptor libertatis 109 18 
 ergastulum 134 21 
 
 ergo in an argument ex con- 
 trario 33 4 
 
 erigere abiectum 58 17; erigere 
 oculos 68 27 
 
 eripere, construction of 53 17; 
 ereptus patriae 87 18 
 
 error and temeritas 122 1 ; 
 = falsa opinio 22 18 ; error 
 gemini nominis 82 2 
 
 esse in aliquo 65 18 ; with ab- 
 lative of description 95 i, 
 107 2, 141 13, 142 19, 146 
 23 ; lack of present partici- 
 ple of 16 10, 47 23, 54 13, 
 93 13 
 
 essedarii 126 2 
 
 etiam turn 130 13 
 
 eversor rei publicae 129 19 
 
 eversus atque afflictus 5 5 
 
 eumenes 58 7 
 
 evocare ab inferis 130 6 
 
 Eurysaces, the, a play of Ac- 
 cius, quoted 120 4 
 
 ex= * after' 110 3, 118 28, 
 131 26 ; ex hoc tempore 1 6 ; 
 ex eo tempore 79 15 
 
 excidere 35 11, 95 6 
 
 excipere volnera 23 8 
 
 excitare 'to raise a super- 
 structure ' 59; excitare 
 adflictum ' to reinstate' 1 14 
 
 excusatio valetudinis 112 10 
 
 exemplum fidei publicae 50 
 1 1 ; exemplum prodere 59 
 
 3^ 
 exhaurire vitam 48 1 
 expeditus ad omnem conten- 
 
 tionem36 22 
 experiri, passive 120 3 
 exprimere 118 12 
 exsanguis = viribus defectus 
 
 16 13, 24 19 
 exscindere 35 1 1 , 95 6 
 exsecare pestem 135 15 
 exsecratio 15 32 
 exspectatio nostra 121 1 1 
 exsultare in funeribus reip. 88 
 
 11 
 
300 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 exterminare a penatibus 30 
 
 21 
 externus )( domesticus 51 14 
 extimescere 126 3 
 extrahere ex periculis 11 19 
 extraordinariae potestates 60 
 
 *3 
 extremus dicendi locus 3 16; 
 
 extremum aliquid 136 17 
 exturbare e civitate 65 20 
 
 F 
 
 PABRICII 143 28 
 FABEICIUS, Q. 75 I4 
 
 facere aliquo, de aliquo, cum 
 aliquo 29 5, id facere 40 
 18, 89 15 ; facere ludos 117 
 17 ; caedem 76 25, 78 11 ; 
 facere ut 92 26 ; facere sua 
 causa 23 1 
 
 facilis factu 39 32 
 
 facinerosus 81 18 
 
 fallere nisi me fallit 106 12 
 
 faeneratorum greges 18 29 
 
 fama bonorum 139 25 
 
 familia (gladiatoria) 9 31, 127 
 13, 134 13 
 
 FANNIUS, C. 113 25 
 
 fanum sanctissimarum religi- 
 onum 56 1 1 
 
 ex fastis evellere 34 1 1 
 
 fatalis fortuna 17 15 
 
 fatum reip. 50 4 ; de homine 
 dictum 93 6 ; fata * pro- 
 phecy' 47 32 
 
 favere nobilitati 21 6 
 
 favor, a new word in Cicero's 
 time 115 30 
 
 non fere quisquam 51 17 
 
 fero ita natura rerum fert 91 6 ; 
 ferre tribum 114 9 ; repul- 
 sam 114 12; ferre prae se 
 113 21 ; ferre fructum 68 5 ; 
 ferre, promulgare legem 55 
 23 ; ferri odio 111 1 
 
 fides publica 50 1 1 
 
 flagitia et stupra 16 13 
 flagrare cupiditate gloriae 134 
 
 15 
 
 flare metalla, pecuniam 66 27 
 
 flere 26 19, 61 20 
 
 fletus = ' emotion ' 121 22 ; 
 fletum excitare 121 28 
 
 florere in populari ratione ('to 
 be in the heyday of) 101 
 1 ; honore et gloria 136 25 ; 
 populi iudiciis 105 31 ; in 
 honoribus florere 110 1 ; re- 
 ditus florens 128 18; florens 
 accessus 131 4 ; florentissi- 
 mus benevolentia bonorum 
 33 6 
 
 flosculi 'flowers of rhetoric' 
 119i7 
 
 fluctus reip. 7 27 
 
 fluitare in alto )( cur sum tene- 
 re 46 9 
 
 foedus Gabinii et Pisonis coss. 
 cum P. Clodio Ciceronis 
 sanguine pactum 24 22 
 
 foedus voltus 106 22 
 
 fortis )( iners 43 2 
 
 fortis et magni animi 1 3 
 
 Fortuna 5 6 
 
 forum 75 19 ; fragmenta saep- 
 torum in foro 79 24 
 
 /return fretu 18 3 1 
 
 fuga = exs*ilium 141 4 
 
 f ugitivi 85 1 1 
 
 fuit promulgatus 55 23, 66 21 
 
 funestus 27 1, funestus et 
 luctuosus 53 15 
 
 furia34 13, 39 6 
 
 furialis vox 106 22 
 
 furor 56 8 
 
 gabinius, A. tribune of the 
 people 18 32; ambitus ac- 
 cusatus 18 2 ; eius libido et 
 levitas 20 20 ; levitas auda- 
 ciaque 36 24 ; adulteriis 
 
INDEX II 
 
 301 
 
 confectus 20 32 ; temulen- 
 tus 20 2 ; helluo patriae 
 26 24 ; labes atque caenum 
 20 19; proconsul of Syria 
 55 1 ; his villa at Tusculum 
 93 1 1 ; gabinius et piso, duo 
 reip. paene fata 93 6 
 Gallicus ager 9 28 
 
 GAVIANUS, ATILIUS 74 2 
 GAVIUS OLELUS 72 l6 
 GELLIUS, L., POPLICOLA 110 7, 
 
 112 5 
 
 gens and natio 51 14 ; gens 
 Clodia 81 12 
 
 genus 90 30, 113 17 
 
 gerere magistratum 79 16 
 
 gestus actorum 121 11 
 
 gladiator 88 32 ; gladiatores 
 dare = ludum gladiatorium 
 dare 126 29, 133 6 ; novicii 
 78 8; inducere 134 17; 
 gladiatorum consessus 106 
 16 ; different kinds of 134 22 
 
 gladiatorius consessus 124 31; 
 gladiatorium tempus 115 
 2 r ; gladiatoria nomina 134 
 21 
 
 gloria posteritatis 143 1 ; 
 gloria 'glorious act' 49 17 ; 
 gloriae cursus sempiternus 
 47 7 
 
 GRACCHUS, GAIUS 101 30; GRAC- 
 CHI 105 25 
 
 gracchus insitivus, a nick- 
 name Of NUMERIUS QUINTIUS 
 
 rufus 72 23, 82 27 
 gradus honoris 49 20; in al- 
 
 tissimo gradu poni 20 1 
 Graecorum mos contionandi 
 
 I2625 
 graeculus 110 6, 126 25 
 grandis pecunia 56 12 
 gratulatio 54 9 
 gratum (=rem gratam) facere 
 
 alicui 131 19 
 gravissimi optimates 97 14 
 gravitas 60 4 
 graviter ferre 129 20 
 
 gregalis 111 28 
 
 gubernacula reip. tractare 20 
 
 28; ereptis senatui guber- 
 
 naculis 46 8 
 gurges libidinum93 10; gurges 
 
 ac vorago patrimoni 111 26 
 
 H 
 
 habere =nosse 132 8 
 haec for hae 5 8 
 haererewith dative 62 12 
 
 HANNIBAL 142 23 
 
 haurire dolorem 63 31 
 
 helluo patriae 26 24 
 
 hercules 143 7 
 
 hie (pronoun) de vulgari re 86 
 29 ; hie cumulatum 144 29 ; 
 after relative clause 139 10 ; 
 where ille might be expected 
 94 24 ; hoc illud est quod 
 96 16; hoc maior 60 15 
 
 hie (adverb) 67 5 ; hie turn 25 
 
 3 1 
 
 histrionum licentia 118 30 
 
 hodie = vel hodie 6 21, 95 6 
 
 homo = pronoun demonstra- 
 tive 22 16, 53 18, 71 8, 88 4, 
 89 16, 134 15 ; nostri homi- 
 nes 141 30 ; homines Graeci 
 141 30; homines 'men in 
 general ', ' the public ' 28 
 19, 71 13, 72 21, 105 2, 
 114 30, 117 24, 121 15; 
 homines novi 136 24 
 
 honestates concrete =* nota- 
 bilities' 109 25 
 
 honesti homines = honesto 
 loco nati 615, 105 31 
 
 honor et imperium 17 2 1 ; ho- 
 noribus uti 6 13 
 
 honoris et virtutis templum 
 116 10 
 
 horridus21 1 1, 26 21 
 
 HORTENSIUS, Q. 3 9, 14 I 
 
 hortor with infin. 8 6 
 
302 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 hostis pudoris et pudicitiae 73 
 
 21 
 hue ' so far ' 123 i 
 
 iacere 'to be stranded ' 7 28 
 
 iactare terrorem 52 3 
 
 iam 121 17 
 
 idcirco ut 128 19 ; idcirco 
 ne 108 5 ; ut idcirco 84 3 
 
 idem after is 130 28 ; idem 
 idem 131 24 ; idem also ' 
 9 22, 107 24,108 24, 109 21, 
 144 28 ; to point a contrast 
 between two statements 14 
 14, 90 31 
 
 idiotae = non philosophantes 
 
 110 5 
 igitur, resumptive 12 20, 32 14, 
 
 71 24, 87 17 
 Ilione, the, a play of Pacuvius 
 
 126 3 i 
 ille, pleonastically after qui 69 
 
 11; ' the well-known 17 
 
 21, 141 2 ; referring to what 
 
 follows 131 6 ; ille is 126 
 
 28 
 imago simulacrum 30 25 ; 
 
 imagines maiorum cum ti- 
 
 tulis 19 11, 69 22 
 imbecillus et debilis 24 1 5 
 immanis impurusque 29 8 
 imminere in ore 118 1 
 immittere 78 10 
 immortalis divinus 102 14 
 immortalitas = immortalis 
 
 gloria 115 31 
 immunis 122 3 
 impensus 130 32 
 imperari 80 6 
 imperium summum 24 21 ; 
 
 imperii laus 99 30 ; de im- 
 
 perio certare 59 24, 142 24 
 impetus et conatus 11 30, 139 
 
 7 
 implicatio rei familiaris 99 6 
 
 imponere 60 1 1 
 
 importare 146 18 
 
 importunus 29 6, 38 21, 42 
 29 
 
 improbus ' disaffected ' 43 2, 
 49 6, 102 23, 147 4 
 
 imprudens 16 9 
 
 impurus 26 28, 29 8, 117 25 ; 
 impurus et petulans 110 4 
 
 in with abl. after verbs like 
 immineo, incumbo, insto 
 118 1 ; with verbs of rejoic- 
 ing 88 11; 'in respect to ' 
 90 30 ; in quo ' on this 
 point' 2 18; esse in periculo 
 82 4, in timore 28 25, in 
 luctu 32 14 ; 'in the person 
 of 7 24, 118 29, 143 1 
 
 nanimis rebus sensus homi- 
 
 nis attributus 53 22 
 ncendio communi deflagrare 
 99 7 
 
 incessus 17 24 
 
 incitari 79 23 ; incitata mente 
 II723 
 
 inclinatio ad meliorem spem 
 67 21 
 
 includi inclusae libidines 22 
 
 *4 
 
 incolumis in a pecuniary sense 
 
 . 18 s 
 
 incurrere )( invadere 14 18 
 
 indices 95 7 
 
 indignatio post narrationem 
 
 cum irrisione 59 30 
 inducere gladiatores 134 17 
 industria ac virtus 137 2 
 iners )( fortis 43 2 
 inertia et desidia 22 23 
 infandum corpus 11 25 
 inferre iniurias in quern 58 10 
 inflatus with dative 18 28 
 ingemisco 146 25 
 ingenerata familiae frugalitas 
 
 21 12 
 ingratificus 122 3 
 ingredi in ' to enter upon ' 71 
 
 9 
 
INDEX II 
 
 303 
 
 inimicitias adire 139 29 
 inimicus adjective used sub- 
 stantively with genitive 15 
 
 29, 121 28, 124 6 
 inire gratiam ab aliquo 132 
 
 20; inire suffragium 109 
 
 20 
 inlibatus 93 9 
 inludere 94 24 
 innumerabile pondus 93 8 
 inquam, when the word before 
 
 it is doubled, when not 116 
 
 8 
 inscitia = stultitia 102 20 
 insectari 25 1 1 
 insequi 25 1 1 
 insidiae bonoram 102 18 
 insignia regia 57 28; consu- 
 
 lum 17 21 
 insistere in gloria 141 1 1 
 insitus animi furor 99 4 
 insolens 119 16 
 insultare 34 2 
 integra aestas 13 1 7 ; integra 
 
 causa 70 31; integra pars 
 
 corporis 135 14 
 integritas provincialis 7 3, 13 
 
 24 
 intemperans 134 1 1 
 intendere arcum, metaphorice 
 
 15 25; intenta cervicibus 
 
 signa 42 26 
 intentus palmarum 117 26 
 intercedere legi 34 19, 68 24 
 interest aliquid=aliquid dis- 
 
 crimen facit 92 21 ; inter- 
 
 fatio 79 19 
 invadere incurrere 14 18 
 invictus invincible ' 37 3 
 invidia flagrare 140 18 
 ipse without demonstrative 
 
 pronoun 813; = suis viribus 
 
 24 16 ; oratio ipsa 28 28; 
 
 = sua culpa 100 25 ; ipse 
 
 ille 82 24 ; per se ipse 12 1 
 iracundia levitasque popularis 
 
 141 7 
 is abundanter positum 143 9 
 
 ita, correlative to quasi 111 
 
 23 
 
 ita ut limitative 8 20, 13 27, 
 
 129 12, 137 30; non itasaepe 
 
 77 14 
 iucunditas hominis 134 9 
 iucundus et carus 618 
 iudicium populi 40 19, 106 15; 
 
 iudicium maximum 124 30 ; 
 
 iudicium subire 68 29 
 iudicia populi 105 31, 113 26 
 iurare in legem 37 31, 61 23, 
 
 101 4 
 ius civile, naturale 91 8 ; iuris 
 
 iudiciorumque 76 3 ; iure 
 
 optimo 94 25 
 iusta arma ' a regular war ' 50 
 
 30 
 
 labes, said of a person, 20 19, 
 26 22; labes domestica 56 
 
 7 
 lacessere bello 58 10 
 lacrimare gaudio 117 21 
 
 LAENIUS, M. FLACCUS 131 30 
 L. LAMIA 29 30 
 
 lapidatio 34 29, 77 14 
 largitio = agri divisio 105 28 
 lator (legis) 77 20 
 latro 'hired fighter' 1 19, 
 
 26 29 
 latrocinium domesticum 1 14, 
 
 144 22 ; latrocinia = latrones 
 
 34 32 
 latus odio 111 1 
 laus imperi 98 30 ; laudes 
 
 58 
 legati appointed by the senate 
 
 33 3 ; legatos legere (?), 33 
 
 4 
 legitima contentio 40 19 
 lentuli 143 29 
 lentulus, publius cornelius 
 
 spinther 50 6, 87 20, 144 
 
 25 
 
304 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 LENTULUS, P., SPINTHER 70 26, 
 
 72 1, 107 25 
 
 LEPIDUS, M. AEMILIUS, 140 28 
 
 leviter dicere 145 14 
 
 legem ferre )( promulgare 55 
 
 23 ; legum laqueis constrin- 
 
 gere 88 12 ; leges perfrin- 
 
 gere 134 10 
 leges frumentariae 103 7 
 
 Iuliae 61 23 
 
 sacratae 16 6, 65 14, 79 
 20 
 
 tabellariae 103 30 
 
 in templo Castoris la- 
 tae 34 27 
 
 legum multitude* perni- 
 ciosa 55 22 
 lex curiata in arrogationibus 
 
 16; 
 ,, tribunicia=plebiscitum 56 
 
 9 
 , Aelia 114 5 
 , Aelia et Fufia 129 12 ; a 
 
 Clodio sublata 34 20 
 , Apuleia agraria 101 3 
 , Caecilia Didia 135 3 
 , Cassia tabellaria 103 30 
 , Clodia de Cicerone 25 31, 
 
 69 ix, 131 32 ; reprehensa 
 
 73 8 
 , Clodia de auspiciis 34 18 
 , de collegiis 34 24, 
 
 55 27 
 , ,, de notione censo- 
 
 ria 55 25 
 , ,, frumentaria 55 30 
 , Domitia 144 28 
 , Iulia de pecuniis repetun- 
 
 dis 135 6 
 , Licinia Iunia 135 3 
 , Papia 30 16 
 
 , Plautia de vi Introd. 25 
 , Sempronia Gaii Gracchi de 
 
 provinciis 18 3 
 , frumentaria C. Gracchi 
 
 103 7 
 , agraria Tib. Gracchi 103 1 
 , Tullia de ambitu 133 5 
 
 liber * free to speak' 123 24 
 liberare aliquem periculo 140 
 
 20 
 libere reprehendere 122 32 ; 
 
 liberius agere 4 19 
 liberi said rhetorically of one 
 
 54 12; de liberis dimicare 
 
 113 
 
 libertas ' freedom of speech ' 
 
 14 11; of action 69 20 ; 
 
 * independence of spirit ' 88 
 
 6 
 libertina uxor 110 19 
 p. licinius crassus, father of 
 
 the triumvir 48 32 
 
 L. LICINIUS LUCULLUS PONTICUS 
 
 58 14, 93 14 
 
 Ligus, duplici sensu 68 25 ; 
 
 Ligurum ingenia 69 23 
 linguam evellere, metaphori- 
 cally 60 12 
 litterae consulares 50 7, 128 
 
 27 
 locus locus vitalis 80 3 
 =occasio 106 14 ; * topic' 
 118 9; locum ('free 
 course') dare hiemi 
 I215; locopelli60 6; 
 eo loci 68 26 ; loca 
 publica et religiosa 
 94 2 3 
 longum est 12 9 
 luce palam 83 21 
 luctuosus et funestus 27 2 
 luctus dolor 63 30 ; luctus 
 et maeror 128 2 ; esse in 
 luctu 32 14; luctus publicus 
 per partes descriptus 32 
 
 LUCULLUS I V. S. LICINIUS 
 
 ludi scenaque 120 28; ludi 
 extra ordinem a consulibus 
 dati, ludi votivi scenici non 
 erant 117 19 ; ludos facere 
 117 19 
 
 ludius 116 4 
 
 lugere, applied to inanimate 
 # objects 53 22 
 
 lustra 20 31 
 
INDEX II 
 
 305 
 
 lusus verborum 58 4, 58 21, 
 
 66 27, 72 27 
 lux * publicity' 53 24; lux in- 
 
 solita ebriosis 20 3 
 
 M 
 
 Maenia columna 18 31, 124 
 
 8 
 maerere sibi 32 32 
 maeror et squalor 68 32 
 magistratum gerere 79 17 
 magnum iudicium 124 30 
 manere = superesse 60 15; 
 
 manere in pristina mente 
 
 58 15 - 
 
 mansuetudo 'civilisation' 91 
 
 14 
 manus vi manu 2 1, 78 3, 85 13 ; 
 
 ad vim ad manus 34 25 ; 
 
 manus adferre 75 22; ad 
 
 manus pervenitur 77 24 ; 
 
 manibus tenent 69 8 
 mabcellus, c, a Catilinarian 
 
 9 29 
 
 L. MARCIUS PHILIPPUS, COS. B.C. 
 
 56, 110 28 ; his father 110 
 
 c. maeids sexies consul 37 3; 
 terror hostium, subsidium 
 patriae 38 20 ; conservator 
 huius imperii 116 11; eius 
 monumentum 116 n ; in 
 paludibus Minturnensibus 
 50 32 ; in Africa 49 2 
 
 Mars belli communis 12 8 
 
 matrimonia consensu patris 
 inita6 14 
 
 massilia 7 26 
 
 maturus 84 6 
 
 maximi 143 28 
 
 me dius fidius 20 20 
 
 medicinam adhibere rei p. 135 
 12 
 
 membra reip. 98 16 
 
 memini, with present and per- 
 fect infinitive 50 31, 77 5 
 H. 
 
 posteritatis memoria 27 3 ; 
 
 ex memoria evellere 34 10 ; 
 
 ex omni m. sumere 27 4; 
 
 memoria celebratus 142 27 
 mens 'purpose' 31 4; mentes 
 
 post mortem vigentes 47 
 
 r 4 
 
 merismus, a rhetorical figure 
 32 14 
 
 meritum nullo meo merito 39 
 12, 133 22 
 
 messoria corbis 82 1 
 
 metaphorical and natural ex- 
 pressions combined 17 15 
 
 metelli omnes 130 7 
 
 METELLUS, Q. CAECILIUS METEL- 
 LUS NUMIDICUS 37 27, 101 
 
 32, 130 10 
 
 Q. METELLUS PIUS, SOn of NUMI- 
 DICUS 124 1 
 Q. METELLUS SCIPIO 124 I 
 Q. METELLUS NEPOS, COS. B.C. 
 
 57, 62 5, 72 1, 130 i 
 q. metellus celeb, brother of 
 
 the above 131 19 
 metus plur. 35 14 
 
 MEVULANUS, GAIUS 9 26 
 
 y*MiLO, accusatus de vi a Clodio 
 95 32 ; exstinctor domestic! 
 latrocinii 144 22 
 miltiadi gen. 141 3 
 
 MINTURNENSES 50 32 
 
 miscere 120 31 
 
 mitheidates, Ponti rex 58 12 
 
 mitto = omitto 56 4 ; missos 
 facere honores 138 23; mit- 
 tere vocem 42 26 
 
 modus subjectively = 'modera- 
 tion' 79 31 
 
 moerere : v. s. maerere 
 
 moneri aliqua re 90 3 
 
 monstra 53 29 
 
 monumentum L. Opiniii in 
 foro 140 16 
 
 C. Marii 116 11 
 
 moram facere 74 5, 129 18; 
 m. afferre 129 18 
 
 morbo exstingui 49 7 
 
 20 
 
306 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 mors eius for is mortuus 83 25 
 (mortem alicuius decorare 
 Phil, ix 15) ; mors et exi- 
 lium 47 30; in morte 131 
 
 17 
 
 mos maiorum usage ' 16 5, 
 98 29 ; moribus agere 88 1 
 motus animi 143 6 
 movere 88 4 
 c. mucius 48 23 
 mulionia paenula 82 31 
 multare aliquem provincia 58 
 
 7 
 multitudo = populus 97 28, 
 
 103 28, 105 29 
 multus rnulto, transposition 
 
 52 8; multa de nocte 75 
 
 20 
 mnnia (rare in Cic.) 138 1 1 
 municeps ' fellow-townsman 
 
 116 11 
 municipium 32 16 
 munus sc. gladiatorum 124 32, 
 
 135 28 
 mutare vestem 26 32, 27 7, 
 
 32 15, vestitum 33 1 
 mutatio vestis 27 8, 11, 32 29 
 
 N 
 
 nam elliptice 19 13, 26 20, 
 
 95 31, 121 14, 129 6 
 nanctus, not nactus 12 18 
 natalis dies metaphorically 
 
 131 25 
 natio/ caste' 96 18, 132 95 
 
 natio gens 51 14 
 natura )( fortuna 47 3 ; n. 
 
 rerum 91 6 ; bene natura 
 
 constituti 137 27 
 naufragium reipublicae 15 20 
 ne, position of, with second 
 
 word 47 27 
 ne quidem = etiam non 118 
 
 30 
 necessario 106 23 
 
 necesse est oportet 86 2 
 
 necessitas 47 9 
 
 necessitudo collegarum 8 10; 
 omnes amicitiae necessitu- 
 dines 39 9 
 
 nefarius, used substantively 
 15 1 
 
 negotii gerentes 97 4 
 
 neque neque partitively after 
 a general negative 91 7, 
 107 2, 141 2 ; neque vero oijr 
 ovv 'much less' 36 18, 85 
 13, 125 18; for neve 143 7 
 
 nequeo 133 7 
 
 nervi i. q. vis 16 1 1 
 
 nescio qui 23 27 
 
 nihil = nihili 34 30 ; nihil aliud 
 nisi 14 5 ; nihil progredi 
 75 17 ; nihil criminari 77 
 11 ; nihil cogitans 57 26; 
 nihil vidi magis 110 32 
 
 nihili, locative of price 114 
 6 
 
 ninnius, l. 26 30, 68 23 
 
 nisi except ' 128 20 
 
 nitedula 72 24 
 
 nobilis gladiator 134 13 
 
 nobilitas blanda conciliatri- 
 cula 21 5 
 
 noctem ad deliberandum pos- 
 tulare, formula vetandi 74 
 3 ; multa de nocte, 75 20 
 
 nolo nollem 102 23 
 
 nomen = salus personae 14 5 j 
 nomen for cognomen 21 12 ; 
 n. proprium pronomini per 
 eire&yriGiv subiectum 9 3 ; 
 nomine on pretence of 34 
 24 ; meo nomine = mea causa 
 41 12, 146 28; patriae no- 
 mine 64 6 ; nomina in ta- 
 bulas referre 72 28 
 
 nominatim 30 23, 35 7, 62 14, 
 65 20 
 
 non fere 51 17 
 
 non sed=non dico sed 35 
 10 ; non dicam sed (certe) 
 4619; non modo sed = non 
 
INDEX II 
 
 307 
 
 dicam sed 45 6, 108 9; 
 non modo sed etiam 33 9 ; 
 non modo sed ne quidem 
 20 1, 73 10; non modo non 
 sed ne quidem 64 7 ; non 
 modo nullus sed etiam 85 
 
 l 9 
 non nemo 16 8 
 non nullus in sing. numb. 
 
 88 
 non quo sed quod 87 II, non 
 
 quo sed (omisso quod) 61 
 
 3i 
 notare 111 32, 129 10 
 notio and notatio censoria 55 
 
 24 
 novioii gladiatores 78 8 
 nugae = nugator 24 13 
 nullus esse 34 30 
 kumerius, a praenomen ; 
 
 QUINCTIUS NUMERIUS RUFUS 
 
 72 22, 82 2, 87 24 
 Numidian succession, question 
 
 of the 140 20 
 numquam putavi et simm. 22 
 
 17 
 nunc 'as it is* = Gr. vvv U % 
 
 50 9; nunciam 104 14 
 nutu impelli 100 2p 
 
 obductus 22 21 
 
 obiectum in oratione bimem- 
 
 bri cum verbo posteriore 
 
 iunctum, 41 17, 95 32 
 obnuntiare 79 21, 83 20 
 observare, ambigue dictum 8 
 
 20 
 obsolescere alienis sordibus 
 
 60 9 
 obstructio 22 21 
 obtestor atque obsecro 147 7 
 Octavianus dies 77 1 7 
 oculus for oculi 19 15; oculi 
 
 lacrimantes 144 19 
 offensus alicui 125 15 
 
 offerre se alicui = ultro laces- 
 sere aliquem 14 15; offerre 
 se temeritatibus 61 24; 
 offerre corpus suum telis 
 76 31 ; offerre (se ac salu- 
 tem suam) (vitam suam) in 
 discrimen 1 4, 61 27 ; offerre 
 mortem hostibus 48 1 
 
 officium 7 32, officium vici- 
 nitatis 10 12 ; officium prae- 
 senslO 15; officium iudicum 
 
 96 22 
 
 omitto quid for omitto dicere 
 quid 27 12 
 
 omnino sed tamen 74 8, 84 8; 
 omnino ac tamen 115 21; 
 omnino nullus 135 2 
 
 omnis = omnisgeneris: om- 
 ne suppiicium 28 27, 94 24 ; 
 omne odium 127 5 ; omnes 
 necessitudines 39 9 ; omnes 
 flosculi 119 1 7 ; omnium 
 remediorum 55 20 ; omni- 
 bus malis 53 13; omnibus 
 machinis 133 2 
 
 operae = mercennarii Clodii 
 satellites 18 1, 28 30, 38 19, 
 57 26, 59 1, 65 19 ; operae 
 conductorum 106 r 3 ; opera- 
 rum contiones 127 6 
 
 opimius, l., cos. b.c. 121, the 
 only one of the optimates 
 who became a martyr to 
 popular ill-will 140 15; his 
 monument 140 16 
 
 opinio bona opinio 21 5 ; 
 opinio (de immortalitate 
 virtutis) 143 7 : opinio 
 mortis 79 27 
 
 opinor 48 20 
 
 oportet oportuit dicere 123 23 
 
 oppignerare 110 8 
 
 opponere ad terrendum, ' to 
 parade before,' 42 23, 52 4 ; 
 'to use as a set-off' 20 19 
 
 opportunitas 9 25 
 
 opprimo oppressus armis 84 4, 
 86 6 
 
 202 
 
308 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 optimates )( populares 96 
 optimus civis 2 21, 821, 125 
 
 22, 147 5 ; optimus quis- 
 
 que, not optimi quique 96 
 
 30 
 orae atque regiones orbis 
 
 t err arum 129 9 
 orbi for in orbe 66 23 
 or dines maximi 97 2; proximi 
 
 post senatorhim 137 6 
 ornamenta ordinis equestris 
 
 conficere 110 30 
 ostiensis quaestor 39 25 
 otiosus = crxoXacriK6s 110 6; 
 
 otiosus = airoXlrevros 23 3 ; 
 
 otiosa dignitas 98 25 
 otium cum dignitate 98 24 ; 
 
 )( bellum 15 29 
 
 paene=paene dixerim 93 6 
 
 pairs of words frequent in 
 Cic. 34 26 
 
 palam luce 83 2 1 
 
 Palatina tribus 114 9 
 
 paludatus 71 16 
 
 parare exercitum 40 17, homi- 
 nes 84 27 
 
 paratus consensus bonorum 
 36 22 
 
 parenthetic final clause 13 21, 
 29 2, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18 
 
 parere senatui 101 6, 143 32 
 
 paronomasia 58 4, 130 2 
 
 pars in omnis partis 21 4 ; 
 partium optimarum 120 30 ; 
 partium bonarum vir 120 
 
 30 
 
 participle after turn added 
 epexegetically 63 26, 118 29 
 ,, after tamen 140 18 
 with genitive 97 4 
 with infinitive after vi- 
 
 dere 1 6 
 ,, used adjectively 1 8 
 
 partitio aerarii 54 10 
 
 parumne est quod 32 23, 123 
 2 7 ; parum nisi 15 2 
 
 pascor seditione 99 5 
 
 pater patriae 121 22 ; patris 
 consensus in matrimonio 6 
 
 H 
 
 patriae natus 138 19 
 
 patriciorum in familiam ple- 
 beiam transitus 16 
 
 patrius patrii dei 45 28 
 
 patronum adoptare 9 2 
 
 pecuniam flare, conflare 66 27 ; 
 imperare alicui 94 20 
 
 pelli loco 60 7 
 
 penates, public 45 28 
 
 pendere aliqua re 115 29 
 
 penula mulionia 8231 
 
 per of hindering or permitting 
 cause, non est situs per 95 
 15 ; per ignominiam 39 26 ; 
 4 in the way of 91 10 ; per 
 se splendere 60 8 
 
 percelli = affligi damnatione 
 140 22 
 
 perdere tribum 114 10 
 
 perditor 17 1 8 
 
 perfect conjunctive used for 
 pluperfect 82 28; perfect 
 passive participle with fui 
 to denote that a thing has 
 oeen for some time in a 
 certain condition 55 23 
 
 perfungor perfunctus 104 20; 
 (passive) 10 14 
 
 periculo alicuius vivere 50 6; 
 helluari 111 26 ; p. capitis 
 defendere 98 27, 12 5 ; peri- 
 culum in Cic. pulso reci- 
 piendo 131 32 ; pericula 
 ' dangers threatened by- 
 criminal charges* 2 6, 140 
 20 
 
 perimere metaphorioe 49 4 
 
 perire, of political extinction 
 44 12 
 
 permittere aliquid temporibus 
 reip. 72 4 
 
 permutatio rerum 73 14 
 
INDEX II 
 
 309 
 
 perorare 3 9 
 
 peroratio 3 16 
 
 perstringere 14 n 
 
 pertinacia constantia 77 19 
 
 pervertere ius 30 29 
 
 pessinus 56 9 
 
 pestis 33 13, 39 10, 83 2r, 
 135 15 ; a rei publicae peste 
 depelli 43 4 ; pestes dis- 
 tempers ' 55 19 
 
 petreius, m. 12 10 
 
 PHILIPPUS, L. 110 2 
 
 pietas 3 1 7 
 
 pignus metaph. 19 14 
 
 pisaurum 9 28 
 
 piso, lucius calpurnius cae- 
 soninus, cos-. B.C. 58, pro- 
 consul of Macedonia 94 15 ; 
 truculentus 19 5 ; subhorri- 
 dus atque incultus 21 n; 
 iners 22 23 ; horridus et 
 severus 26 20 ; Caesaris 
 socer 135 9 
 
 c. PISO l. f. erugi 54 1 3, 68 4 
 
 plaga 78 5 
 
 plausus theatrales 105 1 
 
 plebeia purpura 19 10 
 
 plebicola 110 19 
 
 pluris esse 142 23 
 
 CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS 15 31; 
 
 his support affected by Clo- 
 dius 39 8 ; pretended plot to 
 murder him 69 13, 133 26 ; 
 princeps civitatis 84 2 ; his 
 three triumphs 129 9 
 
 poni in laude 139 1 
 
 pontifex maximus in comitiis 
 calatis 16 7 
 
 popularis = populo gratus 66 
 2, 109 24, 31; popularis ra- 
 tio 'democratic tendency' 
 114 4; populares 'leaders of 
 the democratic party ' 96 29 
 
 populariter in causa versari 
 
 37 7 
 
 populus = multitudo optimati- 
 bus adversaria 103 29, 104 
 H 
 
 populus quomodo senatores 
 creasse dici possit 137 32 
 
 M. PORCIUS CATO UTICENSIS, 
 
 tribunus pi. 12 31 ; 60 
 
 PORSENA 48 23 
 
 porta Capena 131 4 
 portus tribunatus 18 32 
 possum dicere sed 7 2 
 postprincipia 118 4 
 posteritati propagare 102 16 
 potestas auctoritas 67 19 
 potestates magistratuum, 
 
 state offices ' 56 5, 98 28 ; 
 
 extraordinariae 60 13 
 potiri rerum 141 15 
 potius quam 47 9 
 praeceps praecipitem eicere 9 
 
 27 
 praecipitare 25 6 
 praeconi publico subici 57 28 
 praedicatio exigui temporis 13 
 
 25 
 praedo rerum omnium 27 13 
 praeesse absolutely 40 1 7 (Eoby 
 
 Gr. 11 1136) 
 praeficere absol. 41 17 
 praesertim cum 87 13 
 praesidium = manus armata 
 
 7832 
 praestabilius 23 3 
 praestare invidiam capitis 
 
 periculo 61 28 ; factum alie- 
 
 num 38 16, 43 5 
 praeter spem 20 32 ; praeter 
 
 ceteros 23 29 
 praetexta puerorum 144 19 
 praetextatus 144 19 
 pressa vestigia 13 25 
 primus praetor, tribunus 612; 
 
 primus homo = primarius, 
 
 1 first-rate ' 114 7 ; primus 
 
 for prior 44 17 
 princeps senatus 39 26 ; prin- 
 
 cipes civitatis, * leading 
 
 statesmen' 40 32, 123 24 ; 
 
 principes optimatium 136 
 
 20, 138 12; princeps roga- 
 
 tionis (qui princeps in se- 
 
 203 
 
310 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 natu sententiam rogari soli- 
 tus est) 73 6 
 privati )( arniati 40 17, 43 2 
 privilegium inrogare 65 15 
 pro = ante ' in front of ' 34 23 ; 
 pro collegio pontificum 16 
 7 ; pro oceiso relinqui 81 
 13 ; pro rep. conqueri 3 11 ; 
 pro tribunali officially ' 34 
 24 ; pro virili parte 138 9 
 procella iniqui iudicii 140 21 
 prodere exemplum 59 32 
 prodigium prodigia qui 38 2 T 
 producere in contionem 33 12 
 progredi 75 17 
 prompta virtus 88 6 
 promulgare legem 55 23 (Mayor 
 
 n. or. Ph. 11 p. 138) 
 propagare posteritati 102 16 
 prope for prope dixerim 59 
 10; propior 'more recent ' 
 
 13 22 
 
 proponi 48 24, 138 15, 141 7 
 
 proprie )( publice 37 28, 38 11 
 
 proprius and suus in combi- 
 nation 15 3 
 
 propugnator defensor 144 18 
 
 proscriptio 46 1 1 
 
 provincia 66 27 ; provinciam 
 cum imperio obtinere 128 
 24 
 
 provincialis integritas 13 24 ; 
 abstinentia 7 3 
 
 provocatores, gladiatorum ge- 
 nus 134 22 
 
 proximi magistratus 54 21 
 
 ptolomaeus, king of Cyprus, 
 57 18, 64 5 
 
 atjletes, king of 
 Egypt, 57 20 
 
 pruina Appennini 12 16 
 
 publicare hominem 57 32, 59 
 30; regnum 62 13 
 
 publice )( proprie 37 28 ; * offi- 
 cially * 41 5, 128 22 
 
 publicus publico aut religioso 
 loco 94 24 
 
 pudor pudieitia 73 21 
 
 pueri quando togam virilem 
 
 sumpserint 6 16, 144 19 
 pungere 24 20 
 purgare forum = vacuefacere 
 
 78 11 
 purpura plebeia 19 10 
 puto numquam putavi 22 17; 
 
 putare nihili 114 6 ; putare 
 
 legem 135 3 
 puteal Libonis 18 28 
 
 Q 
 
 quaero (de accusatore) 78 30 
 
 quaestio nova 85 19 
 
 quaestor bonus 8 20; quaes- 
 torum sortitio 8 7 
 
 quaestura Ostiensis 39 25 
 
 quaestus quaestum corpora 
 facere 26 25 
 
 quam si elliptice 28 19 
 
 quamquam ' however ' 64 4 
 
 quasi correlative to ita 111 23 ; 
 quasi vero 61 23 
 
 que praepositioni adnexum 
 41 16 
 
 non queo pro nequeo Cicero 
 dicere solet 134 7 
 
 querella de 64 1 
 
 queri pro aliqua re 3 1 1 
 
 qui quidem 27 7 ; qui ille 
 69 1 1 ; qui cumque in tmesi 
 68 29, qui is 59 26 ; qui 
 idem 130 30 ; qui cum eius 
 etc. 110 32 ; in quo = in qua 
 re 2 18, 133 7 (Reid on or. 
 p. Sull. 311. 25); dequo= 
 de qua re 45 27) ; concessive 
 44 20 ; 60 1 7 ; quid fuit 
 illud quod 120 26; quid est 
 quod 1 1; nihil est quod 
 104 14 
 
 quidam quodam tempore 73 
 17, 91 7 
 
 quidem = sed, adversative, 15 
 27, 117 25 ; omitted 42 23 ; 
 quidem certe 116 9, 24 14; 
 
INDEX II 
 
 311 
 
 with personal pronouns ille 
 quidem, tu quidem 82 6, 
 105 30 
 
 quis quid agerem 4231; quid 
 si elliptice 44 1 7 ; quid ergo 
 40 23; quid turn 47 27; quid? 
 (in transition) 33 1 
 
 quisquiliae 94 27 
 
 quo = ad quid 29 6 
 
 quoad with indicative perfect 
 82 4 
 
 quod omitted after non quo - 
 sed 61 31 ; with subjunctive 
 denoting the assumed reason 
 29 2 ; with indicative denot- 
 ing the actual reason 103 
 5, 132 20, 133 23, 135 1 
 
 E 
 
 radices = locus natalis 50 28 
 
 rapere ad se 7 5 
 
 ratio ac via 103 27 ; ratio con- 
 
 stans 87 19 ; ratio popularis 
 
 101 2 ; rationem ducere 
 
 officii 23 6 
 Beatinus 80 3 
 recidere in eandem fortunam 
 
 146 18 
 reeipere ferrum 80 7 ; to afford 
 
 a refuge 131 3c ; reeipere 
 
 templis 147 1 
 reclamare 126 27 
 reconditi sensus 22 26 
 recordari cogitando 11 34 
 recreari 140 23 
 recula 110 5 
 reddere iudicia 24 12 
 redeuntes res 130 28 
 redimere 66 31 
 refarciri 77 7 
 referre omnia ad dignitatem 
 
 48 17; de republica 26 31; 
 
 aliquid ad senatum 129 2 1 
 reficere salutem communem 
 
 14 2i ; remp. 147 6 
 reflectere mentem ab aliqua 
 
 re 130 9 
 
 refutare vim 88 8 
 
 reges appellati a senatu, non 
 
 a populo 56 1 5 
 regiones orbis terrarum 129 9 
 
 BEGULUS, M. ATILIUS 127 9 
 
 relatio ad senatum de inter- 
 cessione tribunicia 129 2 1 
 
 relego29 1, 52 7 
 
 religio officii 8 8, 20 ; iudicum 
 2 2 ; religio sacred office ' 
 5613; auspiciis religionique 
 parere 83 20 ; religiones 98 
 27 ; religionum iura 56 1 ; 
 religiones antiquissimae 56 
 if 
 
 religiosus locus 94 23 
 
 reliquus )( praeteritus 67 20; 
 )( praesens 73 15 
 
 remissus remissius dicendi 
 genus 115 18 
 
 removere si removeris 106 13 
 
 renovare rem p. 147 6 
 
 repetere res 57 28 ; repetere 
 remp. a latrone 81 17; re- 
 petitus alte 31 32 
 
 reponere in numero deorum 
 143 31 
 
 repraesentare (' to realise ') 
 memoriam 26 18 
 
 reprimere odium suum a cor- 
 pore 117 25 ; me horuni 
 aspeetus repressit in ipso 
 cursu orationis 144 16 
 
 repugnare = se subtrahere 80 6 
 
 repuisam ferre 114 12 
 
 requirere = desiderare 128 32 
 
 res publica subjectively 64 12; 
 resp. civitas 55 26; resp. 
 summa 25 2 ; reip. ruina, 
 said of a person, 109 19; 
 reip. fatum 50 4 ; reip. 
 turbines 25 5; reip. dis- 
 sensio 'political difference 
 of sentiment ' 72 3 ; rem 
 publieam bene gerere 67 10 ; 
 administrare 79 17; repe- 
 tere a latrone 81 1 7 ; reno- 
 vare 147 6 ; ad remp. adire 
 
312 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 =causam reip. suscrpere 
 87 10 ; a reip. peste depelli 
 43 4 ; res reliquae 67 20 ; 
 reip. contentiones 130 3 ; re 
 non verbis 86 1 ; rerum po- 
 tiri 141 1 5 ; nullis rebus re- 
 petitis 57 28 ; res gerere 47 
 30; res redeuntes 130 28 
 
 resipiscere resipii 80 10 
 
 restitutio damnatorum de vi 
 66 1 
 
 retinere 90 11 
 
 retractatio a grammatical 
 figure 53 25 
 
 reus de vi 75 16; reum citare 
 35 6 
 
 reviviscere 83 12 
 
 revocare, vox scaenica, to 
 encore' 120 7, 123 27 
 
 Bhegia columrm 18 31 
 
 rogare perniciem 53 26; ro- 
 gare de capite 65 16 
 
 rogatio 25 30 
 
 ruere = seditiose agere 133 1 
 
 ruina rei publicae de Clodio 
 dictum = pestis 109 19 ; 
 ruinae 5 5 
 
 rustici Eomani 97 4 
 
 rusticulus 81 28 
 
 S 
 
 Sabinus homo 80 3 
 
 sacerdos stuprorum 39 30 
 
 sacrata lex 16 6, 65 14 
 
 saepta fori 79 24 
 
 saginare reip. sanguine 78 30 
 
 Sagittarius 133 3 
 
 salus salutem alicuius custo- 
 
 dire'128 25 
 Salutis templum 131 28 
 Samnites, gladiatorum genus 
 
 134 22 
 
 sancire foedus sanguine 24 27, 
 
 poena 65 15 
 sanctitas tribunatus 79 18 
 sanctus 6 1 1 ; re publica nihil 
 
 est sanctius 147 2 ; sanctis- 
 simus Hercules 143 7 
 sanguis tribunicius 43 6; homo 
 eiusdem sanguinis 130 14 
 
 SATURNINUS, L. APPULEIUS 37 
 
 27, 5> 39 27, 101 2, 105 25 
 scalpellum 135 13 
 
 6CAURUS, M. AEM. 39 27, 116 
 
 scelus, sensu abstracto 2 20, 
 
 53 14, 86 4 ; scelere astringi 
 
 108 13 
 scientia gubernatorum et ma- 
 
 gistratuum 99 11 
 scilicet ironically 127 15 
 haud scio...an 58 3 
 scipiones 143 28 
 scipio, l. cornelius, cos. b.c, 
 
 83, 7 24 
 
 ,, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS 
 
 124 32 
 
 scopuli, metaphorically 18 31 
 
 scortum de viro 39 30 
 
 scribere pro aliquo de ali- 
 quo 122 8 
 
 gcriptum de scripto sententiam 
 dicere 129 10 
 
 scurra 39 29 
 
 Scyllaeum 18 30 
 
 Bed resumptively 53 12 ; seel 
 ubi sequi debebat enuntia- 
 tum conditionale ' only ' 35 
 14; sed tamen 42 23 
 
 sedare )( tollere 8 15 
 
 sedere 'to sit idle' 34 17; de 
 rege dictum 57 27 
 
 seditio ' revolutionary band ; 
 94 27 
 
 sedum 45 28 
 
 semivivae voces 126 27 
 
 senatorum vestis mutatio 26 
 32 
 
 senatus, constitution of the 
 Eoman 137 31 ; senatus con- 
 silium 140 25 ; principes 
 consilii publici 97 1 ; con- 
 silium publicum 32 18 ; fre- 
 quens 26 3 1 , 129 2 1 , frequen- 
 
INDEX II 
 
 313 
 
 tissimus 129 12 ; where it 
 
 met 116 10, 129 7 ; had the 
 
 exclusive administration of 
 
 foreign affairs 56 9, 64 2; 
 
 of appointing legates 33 3 ; 
 
 *a meeting of the senate' 
 
 26 17; SCtum on Cicero's 
 
 restoration 128, 130; de 
 
 senatus sententia 50 7 
 
 seni et trientes = 6^ asses 55 30 
 
 sensus mortuorum 131 16 ; 
 
 meliore esse sensu 47 16 
 
 reconditi sensus 22 26 ; in- 
 
 timi sensus 119 25 
 
 sentire i.q. censere 114 29 
 
 Seplasia, a street in Capua 19 
 
 10 
 Sergia tribus 114 8 
 
 SERRANUS : V. S. ATILIUS 
 
 servare de caelo 78 4, 129 12 
 servi de lapide empti 134 20 
 servilius, p. 130 5, 13 
 servire tempori 14 1 2 ; gloriae 
 posteritatis 143 2; servire 
 dolori 14 12 
 servitium = * slaves ' as a class 
 53 i ; servitia, * slaves ' as 
 individuals 67 14 
 si double 45 31 ; omitted 43 2 ; 
 si in protasis with at in 
 apodosis 7 30, 57 23; si 
 non at certe 14 7 ; si minus 
 at certe 92 29 ; si ali- 
 quando 51 24 ; si qui = qui- 
 cumque 1 1, 14 15 ; si quae 
 necessitas 51 25 ; si quidem 
 = si modo 81 2 1 
 sic lit, comparandi formula 
 
 621 
 significant word, position of 
 81 22, 124 31, 125 20, 23, 
 137 3 i 
 significatio 105 32, 122 13, 
 
 127 7 
 simplex causa 87 18 
 simulacrum imago 30 25 
 Simulans = Mpw , nomen toga- 
 tae 118 32 
 
 sinere sissent 44 21; sistis 
 
 122 12; accusare non sum 
 
 situs 95 16 
 societas consiliorum 8 7 ; ma- 
 
 gistratuum 64 1 1 ; vectiga- 
 
 lium 32 17; publicanorum 
 
 32 17 
 socius consiliorum 63 25, 131 
 
 19 ; socii et Latini 30 15 
 solidus )( vanus 'real' 93 5 
 solitudo 7 1 
 solus unus 43 3 
 sordes 145 1 
 sordidatus 1 12, 27 9, 144 24, 
 
 146 28 
 spectacula=loca ad spectan- 
 
 dum 124 9 
 spectatissimus 6 15 
 spiritum exhaurire 80 2 
 splendor equitum 137 6; splen- 
 
 dorem maculare 60 1 
 spoliatio 47 2 
 squalere 32 14 
 squalor 145 1 1 ; squalor et 
 
 maeror 68 32 ; squalor et 
 
 luctus 145 '32 ; squalor et 
 
 sordes 144 27 
 stabilio 123 26, 143 30 
 stabula pastorum 12 1 8 
 stare cum aliquo 120 6 ; stare 
 
 (in plausu) 117 20 ; stare )( 
 
 iacere metaphorically 42 19, 
 
 64 7, 97 1 
 statuae pro patria mortuorum 
 
 in rostris collocatae 83 15 
 statuere = stabilire 120 5 ; 
 
 statuo sic followed by an 
 
 infinitive 135 2, 24 13 
 status 'a man's circumstances ' 
 
 5 29 
 
 ,, ' settled government,' 
 
 stability,' civitatis 1 5, 46 
 
 16 
 struma Vatini 135 16 
 studium armorum 931; stu- 
 
 dium multitudinis 103 29 ; 
 
 studiorum contentio 130 29 
 stupra et flagitia 16 12 
 
3H 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 subhorridus 21 ri 
 subicere praeconi 57-29 
 subire tempestates 139 29 
 suffragium inire 109 20; suf- 
 
 fragium ferre 109 17 
 sumere ex omni memoria 27 4 
 gumma res publica 25 2 ; sum- 
 mum imperium = consula- 
 
 tus 17 21, 25 3 
 supercilium 19 16 
 superesse 47 25 
 superior annus 15 20, 144 28 
 supplex. reici 54 13; suppli- 
 
 cem abiectum 59 17 
 supplicare alicui = supplicare 
 
 pro aliquo 32 32 
 suscipere salutem reip. 49 5 ; 
 
 sordes 145 1 ; pericula, 
 
 labores, contentiones, inimi- 
 
 citias 86 32 
 suspicio dura 59 28 
 sustinere = parem esse 69 13, 
 
 87 25 ; s. rogantem 130 15 ; 
 
 8. causam 14 6 ; i. q. retinere 
 
 8 16 
 suus proprius 15 3, 142 25 
 syne sis 38 21 
 
 tabellae licentia 103 r 
 
 tabula sensu dupliei 72 28 ; 
 tabulis publicis mandare 
 129 14 
 
 tacere tacendo loqui 40 28 
 
 taciturnitas 40 25 
 
 taeter 19 6 
 
 tamen = saltern 63 24; refer- 
 ring to a suppressed sen- 
 tence 13 27 ; prefixed to 
 participle 140 18 
 
 tarn quam = non minus quam 
 120 30 
 
 tantum quantum 91 9 
 
 temere i. q. intempestive 80 4 
 
 temeritas et error 122 1 
 
 tempestas popularis 140 22 
 
 templum de rostris dictum 
 75 14, 90 2 ; kclt i^oxw de 
 templo Castoris et Pollucis 
 62 6 ; Concordiae 26 18 ; 
 Honoris et Virtutis 116 10 ; 
 Iovis 129 7 ; Salutis 131 28 
 
 temptari 9 26* 
 
 tempus hominis 14 12 ; of 
 Cicero's fall and banishment 
 tempori cedere 63 28, 123 
 20 ; tempora reip. 72 4 
 
 tenebrae lustrorum 20 31 
 
 tenere cursum 46 9, 99 13 ; 
 sensus reconditos 22 26 ; 
 manibus metaphorically 69 
 8 
 
 terentia, Cicero's wife 54 1 r 
 
 termini orbis terrarum 67 16, 
 129 8 
 
 terror ' object of fear ' 38 20, 
 52 2 
 
 testamentarius 39 31 
 
 themistocles, conservator pa- 
 triae 141 2 
 
 tigranes, Armeniorum rex 
 58 8 
 
 timere de se nihil 1 17 
 
 tmesis 68 29 
 
 toga virilis, when assumed 
 144 19; praetexta 144 27; 
 togatus 52 2 ; togata (sxj. 
 fabula) 118 31 
 
 tollere with abl. of place 19 1 1 
 
 tractare gubernacula 20 28 
 
 tradere se totum dicenti 130 
 12 
 
 transducere ad mansuetudi- 
 nem 91 14 
 
 tribunal Aurelium 34 24 
 
 tribunatus alicuius for aliquis 
 in tribunatu 14 4 ; tribuna- 
 tus sanctitas 79 18 ; mili- 
 taris 7 3 
 
 tribuni militares, by whom 
 elected 7 3 
 
 tribuni plebis, their right to 
 propose the subject for de- 
 bate 26 31 ; their right in 
 
INDEX II 
 
 315 
 
 contionem producendi 33 
 12 ; tribunorum appellatio 
 134 32 ; tr. pi. C. Caesare 
 et M. Bibulo coss. 113 15 ; 
 Ciceroni in tribunatu Clodii 
 faventes 69 16 ; tr. pi. quo- 
 rum opera Cicero restitutus 
 est 87 20 
 
 tribunicius sanguis 43 6 ; tri- 
 bunicia vis 44 17 
 
 tribus Palatina 114 9 ; tribus 
 aliena 109 16; tribus ur- 
 banae 114 9 ; suffragiorum 
 ratio in tribubus vitiata 
 109 16; ut ne 53 3 
 
 tripertitae orbis terrarum orae 
 atque regiones 129 8 
 
 tripudiare 88 12 
 
 tristis et taciturnus 21 10 
 
 tugurium 93 12 
 
 tulliola 131 26 
 
 servius tullius rex, libertatis 
 vindex 123 26 
 
 M. tullius cicero, C. Marii 
 municeps 111 11, rei pub- 
 licae defensor 111 12 ; pater 
 patriae dictus 121 22 ; poe- 
 tarum amator 123 20 ; Ca- 
 puae patronus 9 3 ; ora- 
 tiones ad iuventutem eru- 
 diendam accommodat 96 19, 
 119 2 1 ; causas, quas de- 
 fendebat, cum pubHca con- 
 iungere solebat 1 1 ; pluri- 
 bus causam defendentibus 
 extremo loco dicere solebat 
 3 16; Ciceronis domus 54 
 15, 131 5; eius generi 54 
 12; eius reditus in patriam 
 131 21 ; eius de nobilitate 
 iudicium 21 5, 138 ; eius 
 bona ad Pisonem et Ga- 
 binium coss. delata 54 14; 
 equitum pro eo deprecatio 
 26 27 ; de eo restituendo 
 senatus consulta facta 129 
 6, 130 26; in eo expellendo 
 nihil iure factum 73 8 
 
 turn followed by a participle 
 63 26, 118 29 ; turn max- 
 ime cum 47 13 
 
 turbo turbines reip. (Piso et 
 Gabinius) 25 5 
 
 turbulentus turbulenta 'revolu- 
 tionary acts' 58 1 
 
 tuto esse 79 16, 90 1 
 
 tutor tutorum institutio 111 32 
 
 universus populus Eom. 122 
 10; pop. Eom. universus 
 124 30, 125 20 ; uni versa 
 defensio 5 1 
 
 unus added to superlative 131 
 18, 132 10, 141 4 ; unus 
 solus 43 3, 130 32 ; unius 
 mea salus 128 30 
 
 usque adeo quoad 82 4 us- 
 que eo ut 110 2 
 
 ut, position of, in sentence 93 
 12 109 16; ut-clause after 
 pronoun 45 32, 47 11, 61 
 25 ; ut in limitative clause 
 1 8; ut in interrogative 
 clause 17 16; verisimile est 
 ut 78 26 ; ut idcirco 84 3 ; 
 ut omittam et simm. 13 21, 
 29 7, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18, 
 1016; utne53 3 
 
 uter for utercumque 92 22 
 
 uti, position of, in sentence 
 84 28 
 
 valetudo=valetudo affecta 113 
 10; valetudinis excusatio 
 113 10 
 
 vanus )( verus 40 23 
 
 varietas sententiarum 118 9; 
 sine ulla varietate (senten- 
 tiarum) 74 32, 125 20 
 
 q. varius trib. pi. 101 30 
 
316 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 vas niti tamquam vade 19 
 16 
 
 vastitas 12 20 
 
 vastus ac relictus 53 2 
 
 vaticinari=hallucinari 23 8 
 
 VATiNitfs, p. 114 4, 132 10; eius 
 struma 135 16 
 
 vector = qui vehitur 45 3 
 
 venalis venales servi 134 20 
 
 venditare se 18 1 
 
 veneficus 39 31 
 
 veprecula 72 24 
 
 verbum facere 133 r 
 
 vere dicam, loquar 22 15 vere 
 laudare8 18; verissime sen- 
 tire 74 26 
 
 verisimile est ut 77 26 
 
 Veritas veritatis ignarus 41 14 
 
 vero cum potestate augendi 
 36 18, 66 21, 86 9 
 
 vester-^vestrae familiae 10 9 
 
 vestis mutatio in gratiam 
 Ciceronis 26 32, 54 4 ; ob 
 quas causas vestem mutare 
 soliti sint 26 32; qualis 
 fuerit vestis mutatio diver - 
 sorum ordinum 26 32 
 
 vestitus redire ad suum vesti- 
 tum 32 20 
 
 l. vettius 132 17 
 
 vexare 11 29, 54 11, 60 20, 
 145 9 
 
 via ac ratio 103 27; via late- 
 brosa 126 32 ; via vitae 140 
 13 ; via laudis 137 25 
 
 vicatim 34 24 
 
 vicinitatis officium 10 12 
 
 victus ac vestitus, a proverbial 
 expression 59 30 
 
 videre = vivere 59 30 
 
 videri, passive 58 21 
 
 virllis pro virili parte 138 9 
 virtus 'the sum of a man's 
 excellencies moral and intel- 
 lectual 50 5 ; virtus victo- 
 riaque 67 14; Virtutis (et 
 Honoris) templum 116 10 
 vis 'number' 55 20; vim 
 facinoris ' the effect ' ' con- 
 sequence of 82 25 ; vis 
 manus 34 25, 78; vi manu 
 2 1, 78 3 ; non sua vi 34 
 32 ; vim vi depellere 39 3 ; 
 vim habere 'to be valid' 
 73 2 3 
 vita eius for is vivus 83 23 ; 
 vitae civilis origo 91 ; vitae 
 cursus brevis, gloriae sempi- 
 ternus 47 7 
 vivere periculo reip. 50 6 
 vivus vidensque 59 29 
 vocare aliquem in invidiam 
 
 139 5 
 volito 1 16, 9 23, 95 11 
 volo citius quam vellem 82 5 
 volturius, de homine 71 16 
 voltus atque incessus 17 24 
 voluntas impensa bonorum 
 130 32 ; voluntatis decla- 
 ratio 122 13 
 volutari ad pedes alicuius 145 
 
 11 
 vorago et gurges patrimoni 
 
 111 26 
 vox = deprecatio 42 25 ; 
 = ' organ, ' ' expression ' 10 
 1 5 ; vox furialis 106 22 ; vo- 
 cem mittere 42 25 
 
 Z 
 
 zeugma 10 13 
 
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 contained in the truly valuable grammar of Goodwin, to which constant 
 reference is made." Dublin Evening Mail, Feb. 21, 1882. 
 
 " The notes generally are, as of course was to be expected from a scholar 
 of Dr Holden's eminence, excellent, precise, and happily illustrated by parallel 
 passages." Educational Times, May 1882. 
 
 " Put the book into the hands of a scholar sufficiently advanced to be able 
 to read by himself and he will find here a vivid picture of a most important 
 figure in Greek history, an instructive commentary in Greek, and a store of 
 information about Greek antiquities." Journal of Education, May 1882. 
 
 "Mr Holden has spared no labour to make his work as complete as 
 possible. The introduction is exceedingly well done, and a very fair estimate 
 is given of Plutarch's strength and weakness as a biographer. The pages on 
 the sources of information accessible to Plutarch are instructive, both with 
 reference to the value of his work and in a more general way, as treating of 
 the credibility and importance of previous writers. Mr Holden is so well 
 known as a scholar that it is hardly necessary to speak of the excellence of his 
 verbal criticism." Saturday Review, May 17, 1882. 
 
 "Thoroughly well done." Guardian, July 19, 1882. 
 
 "It is refreshing to come upon a piece of work so thoroughly well done 
 as this. Dr Holden has done a great service to English schoolmasters 
 and to English Scholars generally in producing this excellent edition, which 
 is a worthy companion and we could hardly give it a higher praise to 
 his 'De Officiis.' Dr Holden does not subscribe to what we have always 
 considered the pestilent heresy of 'Short Notes for School Use.' At the 
 same time the commentary is so skilfully arranged and so carefully indexed 
 that any boy who is fit to read the text at all will find with the utmost 
 ease all he wants. The introduction brings together in a few vivid pages 
 all that can be known of 'le biographe de l'antiquite" [qui] n'a pas de 
 biographic,' and adds, besides a masterly criticism, a most interesting sketch 
 of Plutarch's position in literature. We must not omit to add that Dr Holden 
 who is equally thorough in all departments, has a valuable appendix on the 
 text." Spectator, Nov. 11, 1882. 
 
 "The edition is a very complete one in all respects, and well qualified 
 to meet the purposes for which it is intended." Glasgow Herald, June 5, 1882. 
 
 "L'edizione corretta: e di molto maggiore eleganza che non sogliono 
 essere l'edizione scolastiche in Italia e in Germania." La Cultura, Roma* 
 March 15, 1882. 
 
 LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO PUBLIO 
 
 SESTIO OEATIO AD JUDICES. With Introduction, 
 
 Explanatory Notes and Critical Appendix by the Eev. 
 
 Hubert A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. Second Edition. 5s. 
 
 (Macmillan's Classical Series.) 
 
 " This is. a very useful edition of a speech which well deserves to be brought 
 .nto prominent notice. The indexes are so full as to make quite an important 
 feature in the work. There is an excellent introduction and a valuable critical 
 appendix. Altogether the volume is well got up and worthy of the attention of 
 all teachers and students." Athenaeum, Jan. 12, 1884. 
 
 * The present work is constructed on the same lines as Dr Holden's edition 
 of the oration pro Plancio. There is the same fulness of grammatical expla- 
 nation, the same careful use of the most recent German editions, the same 
 liberal supply of close and often happy renderings. * * * Dr Holden has done 
 good service in issuing so useful an edition of this oration. Its value is con- 
 siderably enhanced by the numerous notes which Mr Reid has contributed." 
 Academy, March 1, 1884. 
 
 " Dr Holden has applied himself with admirable thoroughness to the work 
 of editing the pro Sestio; and, if the main obstacle to the study of this brilliant 
 and interesting speech has been, as we imagine, the want of a good English 
 commentary, we may safely predict for it a greater popularity in future. In his 
 Introduction, which is a model of clearness, Dr Holden sketches the men and 
 events of the troubled years 5957 B.C., leaving on the mind a vivid impression 
 of the period, and in the main a just one. The rather complicated argument of 
 the speech is well summarised at the close of the Introduction and the more 
 detailed analyses given in the course of the notes are very well done. At the 
 end of the volume are two valuable indexes, which the preface justly calls 
 'unusually complete'. * * * The scholarly thoroughness of his work and 
 its generally high merit cannot fail to secure for it a ready acceptance and 
 lasting popularity." Journal of Education, Dec. 1, 1883. 
 
 " This oration, one of the most characteristic of Cicero's finished style, and 
 abounding with points of interest connected with Roman life and politics, is 
 seldom read in our Schools or Universities. Mr Holden's excellent edition, by 
 supplying the means of studying it with advantage, ought to render it more 
 popular. He has spared no pains to produce a thoroughly trustworthy and 
 useful book. The Introduction is very full and clear, and the notes are numer- 
 ous and satisfactory. Points of Latin construction are explained with great 
 care and illustrated' by numerous parallel passages from Cicero himself and 
 other Latin authors. An excellent grammatical index, arranged analytically, 
 affords an easy means of reference to the points elucidated." The Schoolmaster, 
 August 18th, 1883. 
 
 " Cicero's Oration for Publius Sestius has been edited by Dr Holden in a 
 painstaking and scholarly manner ******** 
 
 His comments are so clear and so much to the point that there are very few 
 that we should desire to dispense with even in a schoolbook. The publication 
 of this edition should make the oration better known." School Guardian, 
 Aug. 18th, 1883. 
 
 "Mr Holden's edition of Cicero's speech 'Pro Sestio ' is a worthy companion 
 volume to the ' Pro Plancio ' which appeared about two years ago. It is need- 
 less to speak of Mr Holden's high qualifications for his task. Every page of the 
 commentary shows signs of sound and brilliant scholarship and of intimate 
 acquaintance with Cicero's writings. Mr Holden's notes, good as they are, are 
 rendered still more valuable by the additions from the pen of Mr J. S. Reid, our 
 best English Commentator on Cicero. Mr Holden has written an excellent 
 historical introduction to the speech, and an appendix on the text; there is also 
 a very complete grammatical index, and an index containing proper names and 
 remarkable words and usages occurring in the speech. **** 
 Saturday Review, October 6th, 1883. 
 
 "This is a worthy sequel to Mr Holden's excellent edition of the 'Pro 
 Plancio'." Spectator, Oct. 27th, 1883. 
 
 "The name of the Editor is a sufficient guarantee for good scholarship and 
 careful work. Dr Holden has conferred a real service on all students of Cicero 
 b v this edition of the * Pro Sestio.' * * * The student possesses an exhaustive 
 commentary on the speech in the compass of a small and handy volume." 
 Tne Educational Times, Nov. 1st, 1883. 
 
 LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO 
 
THE OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHON, with 
 
 Introduction, Notes, critical Appendix and complete Lexi- 
 con. Fourth Edition. (Macmillan's Classical Series.) 
 Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 "This splendid edition of a School-book contains an Introduction, Notes and 
 an Excursus on the Text ; and invaluable adjunct a complete Lexical Index. 
 Ofortunati pueri, sua si bona norint." Westminster Review, Jan. 1885. 
 
 " Dr Holden lias now added another to the many obligations under which he 
 has laid teachers of the classics by sending out this edition, a work marked, we 
 may say at once, by all his characteristic excellences. Dr Holden, though he 
 has never permitted himself to stray into the digressions which tempt some 
 learned editors, always gives his readers of the best.. ..The 'Lexical Index' will 
 be found on examination to be something very different from the ordinary 
 vocabulary. It is a complete concordance to the treatise, and not only this, but 
 marks the peculiarities of Xenophontean diction. We are sure that a student 
 of considerable attainments might profit greatly by a careful study of this part 
 of Dr Holden's edition. The notes are remarkably complete as regards the 
 three points of exegesis, illustration and grammatical comment.... Teachers, 
 whose misfortune it is that they seldom have time to read, ought to feel in- 
 finitely obliged to the guidance and help which an editor such as Dr Holdea 
 affords." Spectator, Nov. 1, 1884. 
 
 " The edition is admirably got up in every way. We hope many will be led 
 to adopt as a school class-book a Treatise which is at once so interesting and so 
 well adapted for the purpose." Nonconformist, Oct. 4, 1884. 
 
 "The Oeconomicus of Xenophon has long been a favourite book to read, or, 
 at least, to read about... Yet, like the Hieron (Academy, Nov. 23, 1883), it had 
 never, till Dr Holden took it in hand, been edited in English. Translated of 
 course it had been, though not with remarkable accuracy. Dr Holden has 
 lavished great labour on his edition, and succeeded in making it very complete 
 and helpful. The Lexical Index of all the words in all their uses (in which the 
 article 6 takes thirteen columns) would alone justify both these epithets; but 
 the commentary also is almost exhaustive.. ..We hope it is Dr Holden's intention 
 to edit some more of the less read treatises which bear Xenophon's name." 
 Academy, Feb. 7, 1885. 
 
 "A student may readily and easily master the 'Oeconomicus' with the aid of 
 Mr Holden's and without the aid of any other book, lexical or grammatical, 
 whatsoever." St James's Gazette, Oct. 20, 1884. 
 
 " The edition as a whole reflects the utmost credit upon both the scholarship 
 and industry of Dr Holden." Birmingham Daily Gazette, Oct. 17, 1884. 
 
 " Like all Dr Holden's previous work, it bears the impress of accurate and 
 finished scholarship." The Schoolmaster, Nov. 8, 1884. 
 
 "Dr Holden has done well to bring his wide knowledge, his practical ex- 
 perience, and his tireless industry to bear on the elucidation of a book which 
 goes far to make one forgive Xenophon the sad memories of the Anabasis. The 
 form in which Dr Holden's edition appears is much too modest : it deserves a 
 place among the leading editions. True, Dr Holden keeps the beginner steadily 
 in view, but, while he explains all the syntactical phaenomena that are re- 
 cognized in Goodwin's Greek Grammar by references to that popular manual, 
 the results of special research as recorded in more elaborate treatises or in 
 scattered monographs have been brought within the reach of the reader, and the 
 more advanced student is thus reminded of the gaps in his knowledge, and is 
 stimulated to observe more narrowly. The complete lexical index is a valuable 
 addition to the book. Dr Holden has passed over very little that is worth 
 noticing, and one cannot be too grateful to an editor who leads the student to 
 think of the stylistic effect of vocabulary and grammar. The subject-matter of 
 the Oeconomicus is abundantly illustrated, and the vision of antique life 
 widened by the Commentary." American Journal of Philology, Vol. v. p. 519. 
 
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