M. TVLLI CICEEONIS
PRO PVBLIO SESTIO
OKATIO AD IVDICES
HOLDEN
M. TVLLI CICEKONIS
PBO PVBLIO SESTIO
ORATIO AD IVDICES
WITH INTRODUCTION
CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
^^^^^^AND INDEXES
/ "or THK ^V
UNIVERSITY )
REV. HUBERT A. HOLDEN, M.A. LL.D
EXAMINER IN GREEK TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
SOMETIME FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE
EDITOR OF CICERO BE OFFICIIS, PRO PLANCIO ETC.
THIRD EDITION
HonUon
MACMILLAN AND CO
AND NEW YOEK
1889
All Rights reserved
tic if
Printed and stereotyped by C. J. CLAY M.A. and SONS at
the Cambridge University Press
First impression 1883
Second impression revised 1887
Third impression revised 1889
J ft?
PHEFAOES
In preparing this edition q^ Cicero's Sestiana I have
followed the same general plan as in the Planciana
(published in 1881 for the Syndics of the Cambridge
University Press), which has been very favourably
noticed in English and Foreign Reviews.
The speech is not one that is usually read in
English Schools or even Universities, and yet it
is full of interest. It contains some passages, espe-
cially those about M. cato (c. xxviii) and about
the different kinds of statesmen, as fine as anything
we have in Roman oratory ; and there is much
historic interest in the lively sketch of the state
of political parties at one of the most thrilling
periods. In short, it is a specimen of the writer's
best style, ' natural, direct, vivid, powerful, tremulous
with life and energy, perfect in form, genuinely Latin,
yet penetrated with the Greek feeling for finish and
clearness/ as Professor Nettleship well describes it
in a recent Article in the Fortnightly Review, where
he institutes a comparison between the style of Cicero
and that of Catullus.
A scholar who is second to none in his intimate
knowledge of Cicero's Latinity, Mr James S. Reid,
Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, has kindly
read the proof sheets and furnished the remarks
distinguished by his initials J. S. R.
LONDON
June 1883
In revising the Second Edition I have consulted
the Essay by Martin Hertz entitled Zur Kritik von
Ciceros Rede fur Sestius (Leipzig 1881); also the edd.
of C. F. W. Muller, of Halm-Laubmann, Berlin
1886 and of Bouterwek, Gotha 1883.
LONDON
September 1887
The Third Edition has been carefully revised and
corrected throughout.
LONDON
August 1889
H. A. HOLDER
ftlNlVERSlTY
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction ....... ix xxxii
Oratio pro Sestio
173
Exordium 1 2
Propositio 3 5
Conjirmatio 6 95
Refutatio 96 135
Digressio 136 143
Peroratio 144 147 .
1
2
346
4767
6771
7173
Notes
75259
Appendix on the Text
263276
Addenda et Corrigenda
277279
Index I ....
280289
Index II ....
290313
INTRODUCTION
(AFTER BALM)
1. With the suppression of the Catilinarian
conspiracy M. Tullius Cicero had attained the zenith
of his political career. The hope which he in-
dulged, that together with the eternal gratitude of
his fellow-citizens he had secured for himself real
influence in the future course of public events, proved
at the end of his consulship to be null and void. For
at the close of his year of office he was about to address
the people on the occasion of resigning his authority,
when one of the tribunes Q. Caecilius Metellus
Nepos refused him leave to speak to the assembly,
saying that he who had condemned Roman citizens to
death without a hearing ought not to have a hearing
himself 1 . As the tribune would only allow him to
take the usual oath that he had done his duty, the
consul swore with a loud voice that he alone had pre-
served the Commonwealth from ruin 2 ; and the people
confirmed the truth of his statement with loud accla-
mations and escorted him home from the Forum with
1 Cic. ep. ad fam. v 2 8 qui in alios animadvertisset in-
dicta causa, dicendi ipsi potestatem fieri non oportere.
2 Plutarch Cic. c. 23 djivvev ov rov ira.rpi.ov d\X t8iov riva kqI
tcaivov opKov, Dion Cass. 37, 38, Cic. or. in Pis. c. 3.
x INTRODUCTION
unusual demonstrations of respect. Though not only-
Cicero, but other prominent members also of the
senatorial party, such as the intrepid Q. Lutatius
Catulus 3 and the stubborn hero M. Porcius Cato,
must have experienced in the time which followed
similar attacks and calumnies, the senate succeeded
in maintaining a decided preponderance until the con-
sulship of Gaius Julius Caesar, their vigorous pro.
ceedings against the Catilinarians having given them
a fresh lease of authority and influence.
2. By his election to the Consulship for b. c. 59
Caesar was a step nearer to the accomplishment of
his long-cherished grand project of raising himself to
supreme power as the champion of the popular party.
Pompeius, who was angry with the senate because
they delayed the confirmation of his arrangements in
Asia after his victory over Mithridates and the assign-
ment of the lands which he had promised his soldiers,
was shortsighted enough to play into the hands of
Caesar. The latter succeeded in effecting a reconcilia-
tion between Pompeius and the wealthy and powerful
Crassus, who had quarrelled in their consulship and
had never been friends since. He won them over by
the argument that their mutual hostility could not
but enhance the influence of such men as Cicero and
Cato ; while an union of interests on the contrary
would reduce their opponents to insignificance. What-
ever secret projects were entertained by them indi-
vidually, the three were united in the determination
3 His death in the year b.c. 60 was a heavy loss to the party
of the optimates.
INTRODUCTION xi
to obtain the overthrow of the aristocratical party
(optimates) by all means in their power.
3. The first result of this coalition was the pass-
ing of Caesar's land bill (lex agraria) in spite of the
resistance of the senate; and its adoption exposed
the weakness of the party of the optimates. The
other laws also which Caesar had carried during his
consulship, whether unaided or by the agency of his
instrument the tribune P. Vatinius, served more or
less to circumscribe and still further weaken the power
of the optimates. The control which the senate exer-
cised over the provinces of the Consuls was abolished.
In defiance of the lex Sempronia, which restricted the
occupation of a province to a single year, Caesar
obtained from the people, by means of a rogation
of Yatinius, the government of Cisalpine Gaul to-
gether with Illyricum, with a force of three legions,
for five years; and the senate, fearing lest he should
extort from the people whatever else it attempted to
withhold, anticipated them by extending his commis-
sion to Gallia Transalpina. Meanwhile Caesar pro-
vided against the reversal of his measures by pro-
curing the election of two creatures of his own to
the Consulship for the year b. c. 58, viz. Aulus
Gabinius, and L. Calpurnius Piso whose daughter
Calpurnia he had recently married.
4. But the opposite party had not yet surren-
dered all hope of subverting the paramount influence
of the triumvirate. An attempt to annul the acts of
the preceding year was made by the praetors for the
xii INTRODUCTION
year b. c. 58, C. Memmius 4 and L. Domitius, in con-
junction with 0. Antistius, tribune of the people :
M. Cato made a great outcry about the tyrannical con-
duct of the three confederates : Cicero finally, after
the vain efforts made to detach him from the cause
of the optimates, although he had taken but little
part in politics during the year B.C. 59, was con-
stantly giving expression to his discontent with the
wretched condition of public affairs. To obviate
these storms and secure from attack the laws and
ordinances of Caesar, some of which were threatened
with reversal because they had been enacted in viola-
tion of the customary forms, it was of primary im-
portance that Cato and Cicero should be got rid of.
They were the two most dangerous opponents in the
senatorial party; the first, because he made no secret
of his conviction as to the nullity of all the Julian
laws and was a man to act as he thought, the second,
because of his eloquence. The execution of the mea-
sures resolved on against these two men was com-
mitted to the clever but dissolute Publius Clodius,
who commanded the rabble of Rome and was the
most likely person to plunge the state, already un-
settled, into fresh and still deeper troubles.
5. P. Clodius Pulcher, a member of the
ancient and noble family of the Claudii, began his
career in B.C. 70 when he served with his brother
Appius under their brother-in-law L. Lucullus in the
Mithridatic war. Disappointed ambition led him
while in Asia into mutinous attempts, which ended
4 See n. to 40, 1. 30.
INTRODUCTION xiii
in his betaking himself to his other brother-in-law
Q. Marcius Rex, proconsul of Cilicia, by whom he was
entrusted with the command of his flotilla. Clodius
fell into the hands of the pirates, who however re-
leased him without ransom through fear of Pompeius.
It was on this occasion that Ptolemaeus, the rich
king of Cyprus, gave him mortal offence by offering
only two talents as his ransom : for which niggardli-
ness he paid dearly, for when Clodius became tribune
in B. c. 58, he brought forward a law to deprive him
of his kingdom and reduce Cyprus to a Roman
province 5 . On his return to Rome in B.C. 65 he
arraigned Catilina for extortion (repetundarum) in
his government of the province of Africa: but Cati-
lina bribed his accuser and judge and escaped.
6. In private life Clodius had already been
guilty of all sorts of excesses, and at the close of
B.C. 62, the year of his quaestorship, he committed
an act of sacrilege, which is especially memorable be-
cause it gave rise to that bitter enmity between him-
self and Cicero, which was fraught with such important
consequences to both and to Rome itself. In the pro-
secution of an intrigue with Caesar's wife Pompeia, he
ventured to disguise himself as a dancing-girl and steal
into Caesar's official residence in the Sacra Via, at the
time when the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which
the presence of men was strictly forbidden, were being
celebrated there ; but he was detected in the act 8 .
5 See 57, Appian B. C. n 23, Strabo xiv 6 6.
6 116 in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur. Cf.
Plutarch Cic. c. 28 \apwv ia-diJTa nal aicevrjv fakTptas.
xiv INTRODUCTION
The senate 7 , upon the matter being laid before them,
referred it to the pontifical college, who pronounced it
an offence against religion and declared that Clodius
ought to be put on his trial, and it was therefore
resolved to propose a bill (rogatio) to the Popular
Assembly for regulating the trial. The consuls moved
for the appointment of an extraordinary tribunal, in
which the indices should be selected by the Praetor
himself, and not, as usual, by lot. But the bill was
defeated through the influence of the party of Clodius,
the senate, on the recommendation of Hortensius, yield-
ing at length to the proposal of the tribune Q. Fufius
Calenus that he should be tried by an ordinary jury
taken from the three decuriae iudicum and not by a
special jury selected by the Praetor. Clodius was
then arraigned by P. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, but
acquitted, by means of bribery and intimidation, by
a majority of thirty -one to twenty-five. Cicero had
the courage to appear as a witness, asserting that
he had seen Clodius in his own house on the very
day of the religious ceremony, three hours before he
pretended to have been at Interamna (Terni) about
ninety miles from Pome.
7. Eager to wreak his vengeance upon Cicero,
Clodius now sought to arm himself with more formid-
able power by becoming a tribune of the people. For
this purpose it was necessary that he should be
adopted into a plebeian family; as he was sui iuris,
i. e. of full age and not in the power of his father, who
was dead, this adoption could only be effected by the
7 See or. p. Mil. 13, ep. ad Att. i 1216.
INTRODUCTION xv
procedure called adrogatio in the Comitia Curiata
under the presidency of a Pontifex. Repeated at-
tempts were made by the tribune Gaius Herennius
to get this brought about, but unsuccessfully. At
last Cicero in his speech in defence of Gaius Antonius
Hybrida, his colleague in the consulate, happened to
give offence to Caesar by some political allusion, and
within three hours after the delivery of the speech,
Clodius became the adopted son of P. Fonteius and
was converted from a patrician into a plebeian. This
happened at the end of the year B.C. 59 8 .
8. In spite of this unfriendly act, Caesar per-
severed in his endeavours to conciliate Cicero, whom
he had no desire to ruin but only wished to humiliate
and deprive of the power of doing mischief in future.
He offered him a libera legatio and one of his own
lieutenancies, which after much hesitation Cicero
finally declined and thereby gave great offence to
Caesar 9 . He also offered to make him one of the
8 Cic. or. de dom. sua 41 : hora fortasse sexta diei questus
sum in iudicio, cum G. Antonium collegam meum defender em,
quaedam de re publico, quae mihi visa sunt ad illius miseri
causam pertinere. Haec homines improbi ad quosdam vivos
fortis longe aliter atque a me dicta erant detulerunt. Hora nona
illo ipso die tu es adoptatus. Hence the allusion in or. p. Sest.
16 legum sacratarum catenis solvit subito; Long Rom. Rep.
in p. 413 f.
9 ep. ad Att. n 18, 3 : a Gaesare valde liberaliter invitor in
legationem Mam, sibi ut sim legatus, atque etiam libera legatio
voti causa datur : or. de prov. cons. 41 consul Me egit eas
res, quarum me participem esse voluit : quibus ego si minus
adsentiebar, tamen illius mihi iudicium gratum esse debuit. Me
Me ut quinqueviratum acciperem rogavit: me in tribus sibi
xvi INTRODUCTION
five commissioners 10 (quinque viri) for carrying out
the agrarian law which was passed in that year, but
this offer also he refused.
9. With the assistance of the regents, Clodius
succeeded in obtaining the tribunate and entered upon
his office on the 10th of December B.C. 59. On
the last day of this year he treated the consul M.
Bibulus in the same manner as the tribune Metellus
had treated Cicero on a former occasion when laying
down his office, by preventing him from addressing
the people when he came forward to take the usual
oath that he had done his duty and with the inten-
tion of saying something on the state of public affairs.
He then proceeded to execute his projected plan of
revenge against Cicero, strengthened by a party which
he had formed for himself among the people, the
knights and even the senate itself, for Cicero had
made himself many enemies by his arrogance and by
the unbridled license of his tongue and love of satire,
and was generally more feared than loved 11 .
10. To attain this object and to conciliate the
good will of different parties Clodius had enacted
coniunctissimis consularibus esse voluit: mihi legationem, quam
vellem, quanto cum honor e vellem detulit. Quae ego omnia non
ingrato animo sed obstinatione quadam sententiae repudiavi.
10 ep. ad Att. n 19, 4.
11 Dio Cass. 38, 12, 4 iXiriffas avrbv pydicos, are teal 8lcl <p6-
pov fmWov $ 5t' evvoLCLv IcrxvoPTa, Kadaiprj<reiv t Plutarch (Cic. c.
24 28) has given the same testimony about his vanity and un-
ruly tongue and the enemies that he made by his sarcastic
remarks.
INTRODUCTION xvii
several laws which caused them one and all to regard
him in the light of a benefactor. By the abrogation
of the lex Aelia Ficfia 12 he removed the check upon
tumultuous assemblies of the people, and so facilitated
the carrying of future measures ; by a lex frumen-
taria 13 for the relief of the poor citizens of Rome he
won the favour of the people ; by his lex censoria 14 ,
which did not wholly abolish but only circumscribed
the power of the Censors, he gratified many members
of senatorial and equestrian standing ; finally, by the
restoration of the old guilds and street-clubs (collegia
compiialicia) which had been done away with, and the
creation of new ones which might easily assume a
political character, he formed for himself a sort of
praetorian cohort, which enabled him to carry by force
measures which he failed to secure by legal means.
11. As soon as the artful agitator had thus
prepared the w T ay for his attack on Cicero, he came
forward with a rogation to this effect, that whoever
had caused a Roman burgess to be put to death with-
out a regular trial and formal sentence should be
punished with banishment 15 . The bill, though it did
not expressly name Cicero, was clearly aimed at him.
For although it was in fact a condemnation of the
whole Senate, inasmuch as they in B.C. 63 had given
the consuls extraordinary power, and were guilty of
12 See n. on c. 15.
55.
14 55 ; Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xxxv.
15 ut qui civem Bomanum indemnatum interemisset, ei aqua
et igni inter dicer etur Tell. Paterc. n 45, 1; see also Dio Cassius
38 c. 14 ff.
II. . b
xviii INTRODUCTION
the judicial murder of the 5th December B.C. 63, still
it was Cicero who had denounced the conspirators in
the senate, voted for their condemnation and delivered
them to execution ; and therefore he was responsible
for the fatal decree.
12 As soon as he perceived that the rogation
was primarily aimed against himself, instead of assum-
ing the bold front of conscious innocence, Cicero at
once took guilt to himself and without awaiting the
progress of events, while it was yet uncertain whether
the bill would be carried or not, assumed the garb of
one accused, put off his senatorial dress and went
about in that of a knight 16 , soliciting the support and
sympathy of all who had influence, both friends and
enemies. He was the more hopeful of success inas-
much as there was no lack of strong demonstrations
in his favour 17 .
13. The Equites assembled on the Capitol and
some of them went as deputies to the Consuls and the
senate to beg their interposition in Cicero's favour;
and the deputation was joined by the senators
Q. Hortensius and Gaius Curio. L. Ninnius, the
tribune who all along supported Cicero, had urged
the people to put on mourning, as though a great
calamity had befallen the state; the senate also
passed a resolution for doing the same as the rest of
the city, and did not resume their ordinary dress
until forbidden by a special edict of both the consuls
to comply with their own resolution.
See n. on 26. 17 Dion Cassius 38, 16.
INTRODUCTION xix
14. But the opposite party adopted violent
measures against these proceedings ; Clodius would
not allow Ninnius to address the people on behalf of
Cicero; Gabinius, the consul, forbade the deputation
from the Equites to approach the senate, and even
banished one of them, L. Lamia, who had shown par-
ticular attachment to Cicero, two hundred miles from
the city. He abased Hortensius and Curio for hav-
ing been present at the gathering of the Equites on
the Capitol, and taken part in the deputation. Clo-
dius went still further ; he made the delegates appear
at the assembly of the people on the pretence that he
would allow them to speak, and exposed them when
there to rough usage at the hands of his hired gang 18 .
15. Some days afterwards Clodius held a meet-
ing of the people 19 outside the Pomerium in the
Circus Flaminius, in order to obtain the opinion of
Caesar who was cum imperio. The consul Piso was
also there. He had been prevented by indisposition
from taking part in the proceedings of the last few
days, after Cicero, against whom he had hitherto
shown no hostility, had with indignant disdain rejected
his advice to leave Pome. Being asked by Clodius
what he thought of the proposed rogation, Piso
18 Cic. says 27 deprecatores salutis meae operarum suarum
gladiis et lapidibus obiecit: cf. also or. de domo sua 54 cum
eos, qui in conventu virorum bonorum verba de salute meafecerant,
adesse iussisti, eorumque advocationem manibus ferro lapidibus
discussisti, turn profecto ostendisti vim tibi maxime displicere;
Dion Cassius says 38, 16 els to 7rX^os elaayayuv irXrjyous dia
nvwv Trpo7rap(TKvacrfjL^v(jju avroi/s avp^KorJ/ev.
19 Dio Cass. 38 c. 16 ff.
12
xx INTRODUCTION
answered that no such savage or cruel measure pleased
him, in which indirect reply he seems to have referred
to the punishment of Lentulus and the other con-
spirators. Gabinius was asked the same question and
his answer was still more impetuous, for he declared
that it was revolting to him not only that any one
should put citizens to death without trial and judg-
ment, but that he should bring disgrace upon the
senate and the Equites. When the tribune appealed
to Caesar also to declare his opinion, he condemned
the illegal proceedings against Lentulus and his asso-
ciates, but did not approve of the penalty proposed by
the bill of Clodius for what had been done. He said
that his opinion about the execution of the conspira-
tors was known to all (he had voted against their
capital punishment) ; still it appeared to him an
irregular proceeding that such a law as that of Clodius
should be enacted for acts now past.
16. Clodius was satisfied with this indirect
recommendation. The most powerful member of the
triumvirate had publicly pronounced the proceedings
against Lentulus to be a violation of the laws. Crassus,
through his son Publius, made some show of aiding
Cicero, but he himself went with the crowd. Pom-
peius indeed did promise his help to Cicero ; but when
it came to action, he made first one and then another
pretext, kept out of the way and left him in the
lurch. So deserted and betrayed on all sides Cicero
became alarmed, and guided chiefly by the advice of
Cato and Hortensius, who feared that a civil war
might arise from an attempt at armed resistance, deter-
INTRODUCTION xxi
mined to leave Rome, although he had not yet been
impeached.
17. On the very same day on which he fled
from Rome, the rogation of Clodius received the sanc-
tion of the people, under which the consuls Piso and
Gabinius received the reward of their services, the
former the province of Macedonia with Achaia, the
latter the rich province of Asia, in defiance of the
lex Sempronia 20 . On this day also Clodius presented
to the Comitia a privilegium in the nature of a bill
of pains and penalties directed against Cicero, by
which bill he was interdicted the use of fire and
water 21 . The original bill named no limits to tho
interdict, but this was corrected before the bill was
enacted and the interdict was limited to 400 miles
from Rome 22 . Within these limits Cicero could not
remain, nor could any man harbour him in his house.
It was in fact banishment from Italy. Not a night
was suffered to elapse after the decree was passed,
20 or. p. Sest. 53, or. de dom. sua 55 quid? cum
Gabinio Syria dabatur, Macedonia Pisoni, utrique infinitum
imperium, ingens pecunia, ne turn quidem vis erat ? By a new
rogation Gabinius received at a later period permission to ex-
change Cilicia for the more lucrative province of Syria ; see n.
to 55.
21 de domo sua 47.
22 ep. ad Att. in 4. There is no evidence that the former
bill of Clodius, which was directed against any person who had
put or should put to death a Koman citizen without trial, was
ever enacted. The enactment would have been useless, for the
object of Clodius was only to drive Cicero away and that was
effected by the second bill which contained his name and no
other. Long Rom. Rep. in p. 457.
xxii INTRODUCTION
before Cicero's property was seized by his unrelent-
ing enemies : his house on the Palatine was reduced
to ashes and on part of its site a temple to the god-
dess Libertas was consecrated. The villa at Tuscu-
lum, his favourite retreat on which he had spent
so much, was plundered, and the furniture and orna-
ments were carried off to the neighbouring villa of
the consul Gabinius. Cicero even says that his
children were sought for the purpose of being mur-
dered 23 . There was a clause in the bill to prevent
either the senate or the people from repealing the law 24 .
18. In the same year, soon after Cicero's exile,
Marcus Cato also was removed from Rome, his pro-
posed honourable mission, as quaestor with the rank
of praetor, to Cyprus having been confirmed by the
popular vote. The object was to annex that king-
dom, which as well as Egypt had fallen to the
Romans by the testament of Alexander II but had not
like Egypt bought off the Roman annexation, and to
strip its king Ptolemaeus of the crown -treasure and
bring it to Rome. Cato was at the same time com-
missioned to restore certain exiles to Byzantium and
to settle the complicated municipal affairs of that city,
for it was Clodius' object to keep him from Rome as
long as he could during his tribunate 25 .
p. Sest. 54.
24 ep. ad Att. in 15, 6. This prohibitive clause was to the
effect that no motion should be made and nothing said about
Cicero's restoration.
25 See cc. 28 and 29 : and cp. Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. iv
p. 50, p. 160, p. 217 f.
INTRODUCTION xxiii
19. Clodius had worked in the interest of the
three regents only so long as his desire of revenge
against his enemies remained unsatisfied. When these
had been removed out of his way, he employed the
very power, which he owed to the confederates, as a
weapon of offence against them. He had the hardi-
hood to engage in a dispute with the regent of the
commonwealth on a question of little moment; and
the variance soon became a formal feud, which con-
verted Clodius iuto an implacable foe. This deter-
mined Pompeius to form a closer union with the
senate and to agitate for the recall of his arch-enemy
Cicero 26 . Caesar at first would not hear of it, but he
gave his consent at last, when he found that the tur-
bulent tribune at the close of his year of office had
the presumption even to declare the Julian laws null
and void because of their informality 27 .
20. But through the vehement opposition of
the party of Clodius and the street fights in which he
26 Dion 39, 6 says of b.c. 57: tclvtcl jukv eV rfj YaXaria iyiv-
to. HofiTrrjios 5 kv tovtcp rr\v Kadodov r< Kintpoovi \j/r}(pLadrji/ac
dteirpd^aro. ov yap 5ia rov KXw5ou i^eXrjXdKei, tovtou eV avrbv
iicelvov iiravrjyayev' ovtcj irov to dvOpdoireiov 5t' oXiyov re
<ttlv ore fxera^aXXerai, ical a0' wv cotpeXrjdrjaecrdaL rcves rj /cat
(3\a(3rj<Te<Tdai Pop,ifov<ri, ra evavTLWTara avTiXanfidvovcnv. Cp. p.
Sest. 67 and also or. de domo sua 66.
27 or. de domo sua 40 : tua denique omnis actio posterior -
ibus mensibus fuit, omnia, quae C. Caesar egisset, quod contra
auspicia essent acta, per senatum rescindi oportere: quod si
Jieret, dicebas te tuis umeris me custodem urbis in urbem rela-
turum. Still Quintus Cicero, before Caesar gave his consent,
was obliged to give some assurances in the name of his brother
of his political doings, on which subject several intimations
are found in his letters. Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. iv p. 312.
xxiv INTRODUCTION
engaged with his armed battalions of gladiatorial slaves
and ruffians the matter was put off until the second
half of the following year. The first proposal of
the tribune L. Ninnius on June 1 B.C. 58 28 for the
exile's recall, which passed the senate, as well as that
put forward by the eight tribunes on the 29th of
October 29 , was nullified by the opposition of the tri-
bune Aelius Ligus. But on the 1st of January b. c. 57
the consul P. Cornelius Lentulus proposed Cicero's
restoration in the senate without any opposition from
his colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus, who was no longer
hostile to Cicero but had at last become reconciled to
him chiefly out of regard to Pompeius 30 .
21. All the more determined were the measures
of Clodius in opposition, and now that he was a pri-
vate man, he sought to make up for his loss of power
by the open employment of arms. The resolution of
the 1st of January 31 was hindered by delay and fraud,
and on the 25th of the same month, the great day
which was fixed for the decision of the popular assem-
bly about the case, the tribune Q. Fabricius, who had
undertaken to propose the bill (rogatio), occupied the
28 68. Cf. Introd. to or. p. Plancio p. xn.
2 9 69 f.
30 Dion Cassius 38, 7 states expressly that he had declared
himself on Cicero's side for the first time in the course of this
year. He remarks that the contest between the two hostile
parties had been all the more stubborn in B.C. 57, because
both had a Consul at their head: ovroi re ovv i-rri irXtov tj
rpLVj are kclI tjyefjidvas rovs virdrovs exovres, /cat oi aXXot
ol ev Trj TroXei diaaravres irpbs eKartpovs idopvfiow.
n 72 ff.
INTRODUCTION xxv
place of meeting before daylight 32 : but his opponents
were there still earlier with armed men and slaves and
some gladiators 33 belonging to the praetor Appius
Clodius, and forming the body-guard of his brother
Sextus, by help of whom he managed to inspire terror
everywhere. Fabricius was attacked; some of his
party were killed and many were wounded; amongst
others Cicero's brother Quintus.
22. On a subsequent occasion P. Sestiusas tri-
bune of the plebs appeared in the temple of Castor to
stop some proceedings of the consul Metellus (pbnun-
tiavit consuli), which he could legally do. Trusting
to the sanctity of his office he had come unprotected ;
but Clodius and his band taking advantage of the
opportunity attacked the tribune with swords, pieces
of the wooden partitions in the Forum and clubs;
and he fell with more than twenty wounds under the
blows of his enemies and only escaped with his life
because they thought he was killed 34 . It was now
time for Sestius to look after his own safety, and it
was not until he had suffered this violence, that he
protected himself by keeping a force which enabled
him to resist any attack 35 ; his colleague also T. An-
nius Milo collected a band of gladiators; it was the
preponderance which these bands obtained at last over
the hired gangs of Clodius, which made the restora-
tion of Cicero possible 36 . A resolution of the senate
32 c. 35. 33 Dj on Cass. 39, 7.
34 c. 37. 35 cc . 38j 39) 42.
36 Velleius 2, 45, Dion Cassius 39 c. 8 nal rtXos fxovo^a-
Xovs rivas koX clvtos (Milo) kclI &XKovs tCov tcl ccirra ol (3ov\o-
xxvi INTRODUCTION
which was carried with only one dissentient voice,
was brought before the burgesses by the two consuls
and confirmed by them in the comitia centuriata on
the 4th of August, b. c. ^7.
23. The city continued to be disturbed by riots
even after the return of Cicero. On the twelfth of
November Clodius attempted to take possession of
and burn Milo's house in the Germalus, and Milo
was compelled to bring an action against him for
disturbance of the peace under the lex Plautia de vi.
Clodius made vigorous efforts to obtain the aedileship,
in the hope of eluding by this means the process with
which he was threatened. He could not be brought
to trial before the election to the aedileship was
decided, on the ground that the quaestors 37 , whose
duty it was to determine the indices by lot, were not
yet appointed, and the consul Metellus Nepos forbade
the praetor to admit any prosecution before the jujrors
were appointed. Now, as the election of aediles pre-
ceded that of the quaestors, Milo saw himself com-
pletely powerless, until it could be held, for the
punishment of Clodius or the protection of Clodius'
l^iviav q.Qpoti<ras is X ?P as T Q KXwSt^j avvex&s V L KC & cr<payal Kara
iravav ws elirelv tt\v irokiv eyiyvovro. '0 ovv NeVws <j>ofir)del$
wpbs re rov avvdpxovros Kcd irpos rod Uofnrrjiov tCjv re olWojv
twp nrpdiTitiv (AerefiaXeTO /cat ovtws r\ re yepovala KareXdeiv rov
Kuctpuva rov "ZTTcvdrjpos iarjyrja-afiivov irpoefiovXeva'e, koX 6 drj/jios
d/iupoTe'pwv T(2v inraTOJu iaeveyKOvrcoj/ iipycplcraTO . 'AvrtXeye ixev yap
irpos avTOvs KXcodios, dXX' iiceliHp re 6 MiXcd? aVre'/cetro were
ixridhv (3taiov 8pd<rai Kcd r$ vopup aWoi re Kai 6 UofAirrjios avvel-
iroPf oicrre 7roXi) upeiTTOvs avrovs yeveadcu.
37 Dion Cass. 39. 7 quoted in note on 89 1. 18.
INTRODUCTION xxvii
enemies : so he got his men together and prepared
to repel force with force.
24. Clodius was still powerful enough through
the influence of his friends to carry his election as
curule Aedile, but not until the twenty-second of
January B.C. 56, owing to the long postponement of
the comitia in the consulate of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
Marcellinus and L. Marcius Philippus. The first
thing that he did was to commence a prosecution
before the people against Milo, whose tribunate had
ended on the tenth of December B.C. 57, for disturb-
ing the public peace (de vi 38 9 quod gladiatores adhi-
buisset y ut rogationem posset de Cicerone perferre 39 ),
i.e. he laid a charge against him for committing the
very same offence which he was himself guilty of,
and for which he had been prosecuted by Milo. This
he did, not because he hoped to bring Milo to justice,
but because he wished to furnish his opponents with
38 diem dixit et accusavit de vi Milonem, 95. The reason
why he brought this charge before the popular assembly is
probably because on the 2nd of February the indices had not
yet been named in consequence of the long postponement of
the election of magistrates. This will explain a passage in
Dion who remarks 39, 19 6 yap KXudios owws iirl irKeiov diropocTj
(Pompeius) ouk eta rbv cf>paTpiaTiKbv vbixov eaaxQfytu (ie. he
would not allow the lex curiata de imperio to be passed, with-
out which no court of justice could be constituted, and which
was essential because it conferred the imperium and the auspi-
da (Liv. v 52, 15, Cic. de leg. agr. n 30): irplv yap tueirou re-
Brjvai, oAt' &\\o tl tCov <nrov5alwv iv Tip Koivt^ irpaxQwai. oiSre
8iK7)v ovdefxiav eaaxdrjvaL i^rjv.
39 Schol. Bob. ad or. p. Mil. 40.
xxviii INTRODUCTION
something to do, and so to find further occasion for
annoying their supporters and friends.
25. The charges which were brought against
P. Sestius on the 10th of February B. c. 5Q, at the
instigation of Clodius 40 , were equally malicious. He
was charged with bribery (de ambitu) by Gnaeus
Nerius, and on the same day by one M. Tullius Albi-
novanus with a breach of the peace (de vi) under the
lex Plautia of B.C. 89, because he had gone about as
tribune with armed bands disturbing the public
tranquillity 41 . Of the first charge nothing further is
known; Cicero is concerned only with the second.
Though there had been some little unpleasantness
between himself and Sestius, who seems to have been
a man of sullen and unpopular manners and fancied
himself neglected or not sufficiently requited by Cicero
for the part he took in his restoration, Cicero, having
heard of his indisposition, went in person to his house
and offered him his services 42 . On the following day,
February 11th, he seized the opportunity to predispose
the public favourably towards Sestius with a view to
40 or. in Vatin. 41.
41 p. Sest. 78 hie iam de ipso accusatore quaero, qui P.
Sestium queritur cum multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio
magno fuisse, and 84 homines, inquit, emisti, coegisti,
paras ti.
42 ep. ad Quint, fr. n 3, 5 ; a. d. mi Id. Febr. Sestius ab
indice Gn. Nerio Papinia de ambitu est postulatus, et eodem die
a quodam M. Tullio de vi. Is erat aeger. Domum, ut debuimus,
ad eum statim venimus eique nos totos tradidimus; idquefecimus
praeter hominum opinionem, qui nos ei iure suscensere putabant,
ut humanissimi gratissimique etipsi et omnibus videremur.
INTRODUCTION xxix
his subsequent defence of him, in a speech (no longer
extant) on behalf of L. Calpurnius Bestia, who was
accused of electoral corruption when a candidate for
the praetorship in the preceding year 43 . Cicero ex-
tolled his services in protecting his client, when he
was attacked by the followers of Clodius in a street
conflict and wounded in the temple of Castor.
V 26. It is uncertain whether the trial of Sestius
took place before M. Aemilius Scaur us, to whom
Cicero appeals twice ( 101 and 116), in the course
of his speech. The jury was composed of senators,
knights and tribuni aerarii, in equal proportions ac-
cording to the lex Aurelia iudiciaria passed by Cotta
in B.C. 70. The principal witnesses against the de-
fendant were L. Gellius Publicola, a stepson of
L. Marcius Philippus consul B.C. 91, and P. Vati-
nius 44 , the notorious tribune of B.C. 59, one of Caesar's
tools, against whose credibility as a witness Cicero
delivered a smart invective in his extant speech, in
Vatinium testem interrogation which formed an inter-
lude in the process. Pompeius gave his laudatio of
the accused as did also a deputation from Capua 45 .
The case was defended by the two first orators of the
43 ibid. 6 ; a. d. m id. Febr. dixi pro Bestia de ambitu
apud praetorem Cn. Domitium in foro medio maximo conventu,
incidique in eum locum in dicendo t cum Sestius multis in templo
Castoris volneribus acceptis subsidio Bestiae servatus esset. Hie
Trpo^Kovofirjad/mrjv quiddam evKaipus de Us, quae in Sestium ap-
parabantur crimina, et eum ornavi veris laudibus t magno assensu
omnium.
44 or. p. Sest. 110 ff., and 132 fif.
45 ep. ad fam. i 9, 7.
xxx INTRODUCTION
day Q. Hortensius and M. T. Cicero, and also by M.
Crassus and L. Licinius Oalvus 46 . 27. According
to his usual custom, where other advocates were em-
ployed with him, Cicero spoke last 47 , but he did
not concern himself with any charges in particular;
these had been dealt with already by Hortensius 48 and
others. Cicero's object is rather to present an outline
of the life and character of his client 49 , the most
important period of which was his tribunate, in such
a manner as to bring before the notice of the court
every circumstance the consideration of which might
influence their judgment.
28. In this point of view the historical survey
of the career of Sestius forms the gist of the whole
speech. But, as it was necessary to have some ac-
quaintance with the riotous and turbulent proceedings
of the previous year B.C. 57, in order to be able to
form a correct estimate of the claims to his country's
gratitude which Sestius had established in his tribu-
nate, Cicero launches into a digression (from 15 on-
wards) concerning his services, in order that he might
46 Arg. Schol. Bob. p. 292 ed. Orelli causam plurimi defen-
derunt, in quis fuit Q. Hortensius, M. Crassus, L. Licinius
Calvus,partibus inter se distributis, quas in agendo tuerentur.
47 3. Cf. Intr. to or. p. Plane, p. xx, Reid Intr. to or. p.
Sulla p. 33.
48 3, 5 singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt.
49 5 dicam ego de omni statu Sestii...contendamque, si
modo id consequi potero, ut in hac confusa atque universa
defensione nihil a me, quod ad vestram quaestionem, nihil
quod ad reum, nihil quod ad rem publicam pertineat, praeter-
missum esse videatur.
INTRODUCTION xxxi
at the same time introduce the narrative of his own
banishment and vindication of his own behaviour,
which had been stigmatized by some as cowardly.
He returns in 71 to his proper subject which is
continued unto 95. 29. But before the conclusion
of his speech (peroratio 144), the orator in c. 45 ff.
introduces a still longer episode, containing a kind
of political dissertation on the nature and position of
the l caste ' (natio) of optimates (to use an expression
of Yatinius), on which some sneering reflections had
been made by the prosecutor, and he glorifies them as
the true friends of the people and protectors of their
country, in contrast with the selfish and tyrannical
demagogues (populares). With this episode the orator
very adroitly interweaves an account of his own glo-
rious restoration, in answer to the remarks which the
prosecutor had made about it and the way in which it
had been accomplished, and thus an admirable finish
is given to the preceding description of his exile.
The episode, it is true, has the appearance of being
brought in somewhat violently and spun out to a
disproportionate extent, but this defect, if it is a
defect, may be excused in consideration of the orator's
brilliant description. It may be assumed also that
this part of the speech was not fully elaborated until
after delivery.
30. The trial lasted with interruptions until the
fourteenth of March, when Sestius was acquitted as
we learn from a letter of M. T. Cicero to his brother
Quintus ii 4 : Sestius noster absolutus est pridie Id.
Mart, et, quod vehementer inter/uit rei publicae nullam
xxxii INTRODUCTION
videri in eius modi causa dissensionem esse, omnibus
sententiis absolutus est. Illud, quod tibi curae saepe
esse intellexeram, ne cui iniquo relinqueremus vitupe-
randi locum, qui nos ingratos esse diceret, nisi illius
perversitatem quibusdam in rebus quam humanissime
ferremus, scito hoc nos in eo iudicio consecutos esse, ut
omnium gratissimi iudicaremur. Nam defendendo
moroso homini cumulatissime satis fecimus, et quod
ille maxime cupiebat, Vatinium, a quo palam oppug-
nabatur, arbitratu nostro concidimus, dis hominibusque
plaudentibus. Quin etiam Paulus noster, cum testis
productus esset in Sestium, confirmavit se nomen Vatinii
delaturum, si Macer Licinius cunctaretur; et Macer ab
Sestii subselliis surrexit ac se illi non defuturum adfw-
mavit. Quid quaeris? homo petulans et audax valde
perturbatus debilitatusque discessit.
OS" THE
UNIVERSITY
M. TULLT CICERONIS
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO
AD IUDICES.
I. I Si quis antea, iudices, mirabatur quid esset quod 1
pro tantis opibus rei publicae tantaque dignitate imperii t
nequaquam satis multi cives iforti et magno animol
' invenirentur,tqui_auderent'se et salutem suam in dis-
5 crimen offerrepro statu civitatislet pro communi liber-
tate, is{ex]hoc tempore imiretur potius, si quern' bonumi
et fortem civem viderit,quam si quern aut timidum aut
isibi potius quam rei publicae consulenteml /Nam ut
omittatis de unius^ cujiisaiie. casu cogitando recardaj&J
10 uno aspectu intueri potestis /eos, qui cum senatu, cum
bonis omnibus rem publicam adflictam excitarint et
latrocinio domestico liberarintj maestos, sordidatos, reos
<de capitej de fama, de civitate, de fortunis, de liberis
dimicantis ; eos autem, qui omnia divina et humana
16 violarlnt vexarint, perturbarint everterint, non solum
alacris laetosquefvolitare^ sed etiam fortissimis atque
optimis civibus periculum moliri,(de se nihil timere.)
(In quo cum multa) sunt indigna, tu^oa nihil minus est 2
ferendum, quam quod iam non per/ latrones)suos, non
20 per homines egestate etfscelere perditos, sed per vos
nobis, per optimos viros x optimis civibus) periculum
inferre conantur, et, quos lapidibus, quos ferro, quos
H. 1
2 M. TULLI CICEROFIS
facibus, quos vi maim copiis delere non potuerunt/,hos)
( vestra auctoritate, vestra religione,) vestris sententiis se
oppressuros arbitrantur. \, E go autem, iud ices, quommn
q ua v oce mihi j n ^agendis gratiis commemorandoque
eorum, qui de me optime meriti sunt, ibeneficio) esse 5
utendum putabamjea nunc uti cogor in eorum(periculis)
depellendis, iis potissimum vox haec serviat, quorum
opera et mihi et vobis et populo Romano restituta est.
3 II. Et quamquam a Q. Hortensio, clarissimo viro
atque eloquentissimo,f causa est P. Sesti perorata) nihil- io
que ab eo praetermissum est, quod aut f pr o re pu blica'
conquerendum fuit aut pro reo disputandum, tamen
adgrediar ad dicendum, ne mea propugnatio ei potissi-
mum defuisse videatur, per quern est perfectum, ne
ceteris civibus deesset. (Atque ego sic statuoj iudices, 15
a me in hac causa atque (hoc extremo dicendi loco)
1 pietatis) potius quam defensionis, querellae quam elo-
quentiae, doloris quam ingenii partis esse susceptas.
4 Itaque, si aut acrius^egero aut liberius/ quam qui ante
me dixerunt, peto a vobis ut tantum orationi meae 20
concedatis, quantum et pio dolori et iustae iracundiae
concedendumi putetis^ Nam nequelofneio coniunctior)
dolor ullus esse potest quam hie meus susceptus ex
hominis de me optime meriti periculo, neque iracundia
magis ulla laudanda est quam mea inflammata eorum 25
scelere, qui cum omnibus meae salutis defensoribus
5 bellum esse sibi gerendum iudicaverunt. Sed quoniam
singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt, dicam ego de
( omni statu) P. Sesti, de genere vitae, de natura, de
moribus, de incredibili amore in bonos, de studio con- 30
servandae salutis communis atque otii contendamque,
s ^ modo id consequi potero, ut in hac iconfusaj atque
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 27 3
uni versa defensione nihil a me quod ^.d vestram
quaestionem} nihil quod lad reum) nihil quod ad rem
publicam pertineat, praetermissum esse videatur ; et j
quoniam in gravissimis temporibus civitatis atque in
5(ruinisjlfeversae atque adflictae rei publicaeJP. Sesti tri-
bunatus est a For tuna ipsa colloi&ins, non adgrediar
ad ilia maxima atque amplissima pri usj^u am docuero
quibus initiis ac fundamentisfhaecHantae summis ini
rebus* laudes^excitatae sinti
10 III. Parente P. Sestius natus est, iudices, homine, 6
ut plerique meministis, et sapiente etcsanctoJet severo :
qui cum tribunus plebis(primus inter homines nobilissi-
mos temp oribus op tinrij factus esset, reliquis honoribus
non tarn uti voluit quam dignus videri. lEsuauctore)
15 duxit ^honestissimi et < spectatissinii' viri, C. Albini,
filiam, ex qua hie est puer et nupta iam jfilja. Duobus
hisfgravissimae antiquitatisJviris sic probatus fuit, ut
utrique eorum et ( carus maxi me et iucun dus e sset.^
C A^ m it Albino socer ijiome n mors fi liae^sed caritatem
20 illius necessitudinis et benevolentiam non ademit.
Hodie sic hunc diligit, ut vos facillime potestis ex hac
vella dsidu itatel eius vel sollicitudine eU molestiaJiudi-
care. Duxit iterum uxorem patre vivo roptimi et 7
calamitosissimi viri) filiam, L. Scipionis. /Clara in hoc)
25 P. Sesti pietas exstitit et omnibus grata, quod et
Massiliam statim profectus est, ut socerum videre
consolarique posset f fluctibus rei j publicae expulsum,
in^aliemsJ^rxi^JjMieE^m, quern in maiorum suorum
vestigiis stare oportebat, et ad eum filiam eius ad-
30 duxit, ut ille insperato aspectu complexuque si non
omnem, at aliquam partem maeroris sui deponeret, et
maximis praeterea adsiduisquejoniciisiet illius aerum-
12
4 M. TULLI CICERONIS
nam, quoad vixit, et ( filiae solitudinem/ sustentavit.
(Possum multa dicerej de liberalitate, de domesticis
officiis, de tribu natu m ilitari, (de provinciali in eo
magistratu abstinentia;; sed mihi ante oculos obver-
satur rei publicae dignitas, quae me ad sese rapit, haec 5
8/minora relinquere hortatur.) Quaestor hie C. Antoni,
collegae mei, iudices, fuit sorte* sed societate consilio-
rum meus. I Impedior non nullius officii J ut ego inter-
preter, religione, quo minus exponam, quam multa
P. Sestius,^cum esset cum collega meo,)<senseritp ad 10
me detulerit, quanto ante providerit. tAtque</ego de
Antonio nihil dico praeter unum, numquam ilium
( illo summo timore ac periculoj civitatis neque com-
munem metum omnium nee propriam non nullorum
de ipso suspicionem aut(infitiando/tollere aut( dissimu- 15
landojsedare voluisse. In quo collegafsustinendo atque
moderandojsi meam in ilium indulgentiain<coniunctam
cumjsumma custodia rei publicae laudarecvere^solebatis,
par prope laus P. Sesti esse debet, qui ita suum con-
sulem observavit, ut et illi quaestor 1 bonus) et bonis 20
i omnibus Joptimus civis> videretur.
9 IV. c Idem,# cum ilia coniuratio ex latebris atque
ex tenebris erupisset (palamque armata volitaret) venit
cum exercitu Capuam, quam urbem propter plurimas
belli opportunitates ab ilia impia et scelerata manu 25
temptari suspicabamur : C. Mevulanum, tribunum
militum Antoni, Capua praecipitem eiecit, hominem
perditum et non obscure Pisaurijet in aliis agri Gallici
partibus (in ilia coniuratione versatumj (.IdemqueJ 0.
Marcellum, cum is non Capuam solum venisset, verum 30
etiam se quasi armorum studio (in maximam familiamj
coniecisset, exterminandum ex ilia urbe curavit.\' Qua
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 712 5
de causa et tumtconventus)ille Capuae, qui propter
salutem illius urbis consnlatu conservatam m'eo (me
unum patronum adoptavit,) huic apud me P. Sestio
maximas gratias egit, et^hocjempore eidem homines
5 (no mine co mmutato) colonij decurionesque, fortissimi
Etque optimi viri, beneficium P. Sesti testimoniol
eclarant, periculum decreto suo deprecantur. B,ecita,'10
quaeso, L.J->esti, quid decrerint Capuae decuriones, ut k*"
iam puerilis tua vox possitfaliquid significare inimicis
10 vestriSj)iquidnam, cum se conroborarit, effectura esse
videaturj decurion um decr eta. (Non recito decretum
officio aliquo expressum vicinitatis^ aut clientelae aut
hospitii publici aut lambitionis aut commendationis
gratia) sed (recito memoriam perjuncti periculij praedi-
15 caionem amplissimi beneficii, <vocem officii praesentis)
Testimonium praeteriti temporis. Atque illis tempori- 11 "
bus isdem, cum iam Capuam metu Sestius liberasset,
urbem senatus atque omnes boni depreh ensis atqu e
oppressis domesticis hostibus me duce ex periculis
20 maximis(extraxissent) ego litteris P. Sestium Capua
arcessivi cum illo exercitu, quern turn secum habebat.
Quibus hie litteris lectis|ad urbem confestim incredibili
celeritate advolavit. Atque ut I illius temporis atroci-
tatem j recordari possitis, audite litteras et vestram
25 memoriam (ad timoris praeteriti cogitationem) excitate.
LITTERAE CICERONIS^CQNSULIS.
V. Hoc adventu P. Sesti ( tribunorum plebis novo-
rum) qui (turn extremis diebus) consulatus mei res eas,
quas gesseram,(vexarejcupiebant, reliquaeque coniura-
30 tionis impet us et .co natus sunt retardati. Ac posteaA 12
quam est intellectum, M. Catone tribuno plebis, fortis-
simo atque optimo(civi)rem publicam defendente, per
6 M. TULLI CICERONIS
(se ip sum)senat um populumque Romanum sine militum
praesidio tueri facile maiestate sua dignitatem eorum,
qui salutem communem ipericulo suo* defenclissent,
Sestius cum illo exercitu summa celeritate C. Antonium
consecutus est. 'Hie lego quid praedicem, quibus hie 5
rebus consulem quaestor fad rem gerendam) excitarit,
quos stimulos admoverit homini studioso fortasse
victoriae, sed tamen nimium commun em M artem belli
casumque metuenti 1 L Longum estj ea dicere^ feed hoc
breve dicam^ Si M. Petrei non excellens fct nimus et ao
amor rei jpublicae,) non praestans(in re publica/vdrtus,
non summa ( auctoritasJapud milites, Jion mirificus usus)
in re militari exstitisset, neque adiiitor ei P. Sestius
ad excitandum Antonium, cohortandum, accusandum,
impellendum fuisset, Idatus illo in bello esset hiemi is
locus )neque umquam Catilina, cum e pruina Appennini
atque e/hivibus illis)emersist5et atque fiesta tern integrant)
nanctus Italiae cajlis-etpastorum stabula praeoccupare
coepisse^-siileinulto sanguine ac sine totius Italiae
13 vastitate miserrima concidisset. Hunc igitur animum 20
attulit ad tribunatum P. Sestius, flit quaesturam
(Macedoniae,) relinquamj et (aliquando ad haec propioraj
veniam. Quamquam non est omittenda singularis ilia
integritas provincialise cuius ego (nuperj in Macedonia
vidi vestigia non pressa leviter ad exigui praedica- 25
tionem temporis, sed fixa ad memoriam illius provinciae
sempiternam ; verum haec ija praetereamus\it tamen
intuentes et respectantes^ relinquamus : ad tribunatum,
qui ipse ad sese iam dudum vocat et quodam modo
(absorbed orationem meam, (contento) studio cursuque 30
veniamus.
14 VI. De quo quidem tribunatu ita dictum est a
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 1215 7
Q. Hortensio, ut eius oratio non defensioneni modo
videretur criminum continere, sed etiam memoria dig-4
nam iuventuti (rei publicae capessendae auctoritatemj
disciplinanique) praescribere. Sed tamen, quoniam(tri-
5 bunatus totus P. Sesti' nihil aliud nisi meum nomen
causamque sustinuitjnecessario mihi de isdem rebus
esse arbitror si^non subtilius disputanduin, at^certe
I dolentius Jdeplorandum. Qua in orationejjdj asperius
in quosdam homines invehi (vellem/quis non conce-
10 deret ut eos,\ quorum isceleris furore! violatus essem,
j-f vocis libertatefperstringerem)] Sed agam moderate et
huius potius tempori(serviam) quam dolori meo : (si qui)
occulte a salute nostra dissentiunt, lateant; si quijj
fecerunt(aliquid aliquando)atque eidem nunc tacent et jj
15 quiescunt, nos quoque simus obliti; si qui(se offerunt) j
insectantur, quoad ferri poterunt, perferemus, neque
quemquam offendet oratio mea, nisi qui se ita obtulerit,
ut in eum nonfinvasisse, sed incucurrisseWideamur.
Sed necesse est, ante quam de tribunatu P. Sesti 15
20 dicere incipiam, me totumfsuperioris annilrei publicae
naufragium^exponere, in i quo colligendo ac reficienda^
salute communi omnia reperientur P. Sesti (facta,
dicta, consilia versata)
YIl/fFuerat ille annus iam in re publicaj)iudices,
25 cum in magno motu et multorum timore intentus est
(arcus in me unum, sicut vulgo ignari rerum loquebanA
tur, re(quidem)in universam rem publicam, traductionel
ad plebem^furibundi Jiominis] ac perjliti, mihi irati,'
sed multo acrius otii et communis^salutis inimici.
30 Hunc vir clarissimus mi hi que ( multia repngnantibu ^
amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, ^omni cautione, foedere,}
exsecratione devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me
\ M. TTJLLI CICERONIS
j esse facturum:(quodHlle nefarius,;ex omnium scele-
rum colluvione natus^ parum se foedus violaturum
arbitratus est, nisi ipsum|cautorem alieni pericul^suis
lb propriis periculis} terruisset. Hanc taetram imma-
j nemque beluam vinctam auspiciis, alligatam (more 5
maiorum^constrictam legum sacratarum catenis solvit
subitoUege curiata ' consul,^ vel, ut ego arbitror, exo-
ratus vel, |ut non nemo putabat, mini iratus^ ignarus
I quidem eerte) et(imprudensj impendentium tantorum
scelerum et malorum. ' QuiVtribunus plebisjfelix in 10
evertenda re publica fuit,lnullis suis nervis) qui enim
in eius modi vita nervi esse potuerunt hoministfraternis
flagitiis, sororiis stupris,) omnijinaudita libidine\exsan-
17 guis % sed fuit profecto iquaedam) ilia rei publicae
fortunaVfatalis) ut illefcaecus atque amens/tribunus pi. 15
nancisceretur \quid dicam ? consules 1) ^Eocine ut ego
nomine appellem \ eversores huius imperii, I perditores
vestrae dignitatis,} hostes bonorum omnium, qui fad
delendum senatumi (adfligendunV equestrem ordinem,
exstinguenda omnia iura atque instituta maiorum se 20
I illis fascibus ceterisque insignibus summi honoris)
atque imperii ornatos esse arbitrabantur. Quorum,
per deos immortales! si nondum scelera vulneraque
inusta rei publicaefvultis recordari,)vultum atque in-
cessum animis intuemini; facilius eorum facta occur- 25
rent mentibus vestris, si ora ipsa oculis proposueritis. ,
18 VIII. Alter /unguentis affluens, calamistrata coma^
despiciens conscios stuprorum ac veteres vexatores
aetatulae suae,/puteali et faeneratorum gregibus infla-
tus,) a quibus compulsus olim, ne in Seyllaeo illo aeris 30
alieni tamquam [injjfretu ad columnam adhaeresceret,')
inytribunatus portum perfugeratA contemn ebat equites
PRO P. SESTIO OB AT 10 1520 9
Romanos, minitabatur senatui, v enditabat se operis
atq ue ab iis se ereptum T ne de ambitu causani diceret.
praedicaba^ ab isdemque se etiam invito senatu pro-
vinciam sperare dicebat ; eamque nisi adeptus esset, se
5 incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur. Alter, o di 19
boni! quamftaeterjincedebat, quam truqujentus, quam
terribilis aspectu ! Un um aliquem te ex barbatis ill is,
exeniplum imperii veteris,Vi inaginem antiquitatis, colu-
lnenjrei publicae diceres intuer i. Yestitus aspere nos-
10 tra hac purpura plebeia ac paene f usca, capillo ita
horrido, ut Capua, in qua ipsa turn imaginis ornandae
causa ( duumviratumJ gerebat, tSeplasiam) sublaturus
videretur. Nam quid ego de.' s upercilj o) dicam. quod
turn hominibus non supercilium, sed pignus rei publi-
15 cae videbatur ] Ta nta er at grajvitas^jn_ip^lo^J^nta
contr actio frontis, ut illo supercilio annus ille nlQ -?
ta mquam vade \ videre tur. Erat hie omnium sermo : 20
'Est tamen rei publicae magnum firmumque subsidium;
( habeo quern opponam labi illi atque caeno); vultu
20 me dius fidius collegae sui libidinem levitatemque
franget; habebit senatus in hunc annum quern seq ua- C**"
tur; non deerit auctor et dux bonis \ Mihi denique
homines praecipue gratulabantur, quod habiturus
essem contra tribunum plebis furiosum et audacem
25 cum amicum et (adfinem) turn etiam fortem et gravem
consulem.
IX. Atque eorum/ alter) fefellit neminem. Quis
enim (clavumj tanti imperii tenere et (gubernacula rei
publicae tractare\Un maximo cursu ac fluctibusjjposse
30 arbitraretur hominem emersum subito ex diuturnis
tenebris(lustrorum) ac stuprorum, vino, ganeis, lenjici-
niis adulteriisque(confectum) cum is praeter spem in
10 M. TULLI CICEROFIS
altissimo graduf alienis opibusl positus esset,/qui nonl
modo tempestatem impendentem intueri temulentusJ
21 sed ne lucem quideni insolitam aspicere posset 1/ Alter*
multos planefin omnis partis/fefellit : erat enim homi
num fopmioni nobilita'te ipsa, blanda co nciliatric ula) 5
commendatn s. Omnes(bonil semper 'nobilitati favemus,)
et quia utile est rei publicae nobiles homines esse
dignos maioribus suis, et^c[uia valet a^ud^nos^cjarorum
hominum et bene de re publiea meritorum memoria
etiam mortuorunu Quia tristem semper, quia tacitur- 10
num, quiajsubhorridumjatque incultum videbant, et
quod eratCeo nomine^ ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas
videretur, favebant, gaudebant et fad integritatem
maiorum s pe su a hominem vocabant materni generis
22 obliti. ) Ego autem vere dicam, iudices, ttantum is
essefin homine)sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis^quantum
(ipse cum re publiea sensi, numquam putavi) nequam
esse hominem et levem et [falsa opinione](errore,)homi-
num (ab adulescentia commendatum/ sciebam. CEtenim
animus eius vultu, flagitia parietibus tegebanturj sed 20
haecfcbstructioj nee diuturna est neque obducta ita, ut
(curiosis^oculis perspici non possit.
X. Yidebamus genus vitae,(desidiam) inertiam :
( i nclusasl eius libidines, qui paulo propius acfl ftssftraTify
intuebantur; denique etiam sermo hominisfansas/dabat, 25
23(quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere possemusj Lau-
dabat homo doctus philosophos nescio quos neque
eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere, sed tamen eos
laudabat maxime, qui dicuntur praetey cetaros esse
fauctores) et laudatores voluptatis : ( cuius) et quo tern - 30
pore et quo mod o n on qnaerebat,; Iverbum ipsum
omnibus animi et corporis partibus devoraratj; eo_s-
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 2025 11
demque praeclare _dicere__a^l>a^ sapi^ntis omnia, sua
causa f'acere, (rem publicam capessere honiinemJ bene
sanum non oportere, nihil esse praestabilius otiosa
vita, (plena et conferta voluptatibus j) eos auteni, qui
5 dicerentldignitatiNesse serviendum, rei publicae consu-
lendum, officii (rationem in omni vita, non commodi
esse dueendam) iadeunda pro patria pericula)(yulnera
excipienda) mortem oppetendam,(vaticinari)atque insa-
nire dicebat. Ex bis assiduis eius coticlianisque ser- 24
10 monibus et quod videbam, quibuscum hominibus in
interiore parte aedium viveret, et quod ita domus ipsa
fumabat, ut multa eius lfsermonis\indicia redolerent,
statuebam sic, boni nihil abUllis nugis lexspectandum,
mali quidem certe nihil pertimescendum. C^Sed ita est^
15 iudices : Ut, si gladium parvo puero autfsi imbecillo
seni aut clebili)dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat,
( CsinJT ad nudum vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit,
possit ,acie ipsa et ferri viribus vulnerare :) sic, cum
hominibus enerv&fcis atque exsanguibus consulatus
20 tamquam gladius esset datus,fqui per se pungere ne-
minem umquam pot^issentj ii summi imperii nomine
armati nudatam rem publicam contrucidarunt. Foedus
fecerunt cum jbribuno plebisjpalam, ut ab eo provincias
acciperent, quas ipsi vellent, exercitum et pecuniam,
25 quantam vellent, (ea lege, si) ipsi prius tribuno plebis
Jadflictam et constrictam,)rom publicam tradidissent.
Id autem foedus (meo ^^uine ietujn sanciri posse)
dicebant. Qua re patefacta neque enim dissimulari 25
tantum scelus poterat nee latere promulgantur uno
30 eodemque tempore rogationes^ab eodem tribuno (pie
mea pernicie et de provinciis consulum nominating
XI. ^Hic tumjsenatus sollicitus, vos, equites Ro- ;
12 M. TULLI CICEROFIS
mani, excitati, Italia cuncta permota, omnes denique
omnium generum atque ordinum cives (suminae rei
publicae)a consulibus atque a summo imperio peten-
dum esse auxilium arbitrabantur, cum illi soli essent
praeter furiosum ilium tribunum duo rei p nh1ifia.q r
turbines, qui non modo( praecipitantij patriae non sub-
venirent, sed earn nimium tarde (conciderejmaererent.
Flagitabatur ab eis_ cotidie fiiim querellis boaoruni
omnium, tum_etiam^precibus senatus^Xnt mpRm na.nr
Sam aiigrjpftvgri^ a.gftrftnt. a!i^iiii3 r ilp.Tiiqnft fl.rl Rftr>fl.t,ni7) in
referrentj: (non modo negando, sed etiam inridendo)
amplissimum quemque illius ordinis insequebantur.
26 Hie subito cum incredibilis in Capitolium multitudo
ex tota urbe (cunctaque) Italia convenisset, vestem
mutandam omnes meque iam omni ratione privato is
consilio, quoniam publicis ducibus res publica^areret,
defendendum putarunt. Erat eodem tempore senatus
(in aede Concordiae) quod ipsum templum (repraesenta-
bai) memoriam consulatus mei, cum flens universus
ordo jci ncinna tumj consulem orabat ; nam alter ill e) 20
horridus et severus (consulto se domi continebat.^ Qua
turn superbiafcaenum illud ac labesjamplissimi ordinis
preces et clarissimorum civium lacrimas repudiavit,
me ipsum ut contempsit helluo patriae ! nam quid ego
/ ' patrimonii \ dicam, quod ille totum, (quamvis quaestum 25
faceret) amisit? Venistis (ad) senatum, vos, inquam,
equites Romani et omnes boni veste mutata, vosque
pro meo capite ad pedes lenonis impurissimi proiecistis,
cum, vestrisjrecibus ab latrone illo re pud iatis, virtf^
incredibili fide, magnitudine animi, constantia, L. 30
Ninnius,(ad senatum de re publica rettulit,)senatusque
frequens Vyestem pro mea salute mutandam censuit.)
PRO P. SESTIO OEATIO 2529 13
XII. O diem ilium, indices, (funestum) senatui bo- 27
nisque omnibus, rei publicae luctuosum, mihi_ (ad_
dom esticu m maerorem gra ven^ ad pos teritaj^mejnor,
riam gloriosum ! Quid enim quisquam potest (ex omni
5 memoria sumere) inlustrius, quam pro uno cive et
bonos omnis privato consensu et universum senatum
publico consilio mutasse vestem 1 ? (quae quidem] turn
mutatio non (deprecationis est causa) facta, sed luctus.
(Quern enim deprecarere) cum omnes essentf sordid atj.^
10 cu mque hoc satis esset signi esse improbum, qui mutata
v este non es set 1, Hac mutatione vestis facta tanto in
luctu civitatis,(bmitto quid illejiribunus omnium rerum^A^ 1 ^
divinarum humanarumque praedo fecerit^qui adesse
nobilissimos adulescentes, honestissimos equites Roma-
15 nos, deprecatores salutis meae iusseritjeosque op eraru m
suarum gladiis et lapidibus obiecerit : de consulibus
loquor, quorum fide res publica niti debuit. Exanima- 28
tus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo
atque vultu, quam si annis ante paucis(in creditorum
20 conventum incidisset); advocat contionem, habet ora-
tionem talem consul, qualem numquam Catilina (victor
habuisset) errare (homines,^ si etiam turn senatum ali-
quid in re publica posse arbitrarentur ; equites vero
Homanos daturos (ill ius die fl poenas, quo me consule
25 cu m gl adiis in clivo Capitolino f uissent : venisse tem-
pus eis, qui in timore fuissent coniuratos videlicet
dicebat ulciscendi sui. Si dixisset haec solum,{omni I
supplicio) esset dignus; nam oratio ipsa consulis perni-
ciosa potest rem publicam labefactare : quid fecerit
30 videte. (L. LamiamJ\ qui cum me ipsum pro summa 29
familiaritate, quae mihi cum patre eius erat, unice
diligebat, turn pro re publica vel mortem oppetere
H M. TULLI CICERONIS
cupiebat, in contione frelegavr$ edixitque, ut ab urbe
abesset milia passuum ducenta, quod esset ausus pro
civi, pro bene merito civi, pro amico, pro re publica
deprecari.
XIII. ( Quid hoc homine facias) aut (quo') civem 5
importunum aut (quo potiusjhostem tarn sceleratum
reserves'? qui,(ut omittani cetera^) quae sunt ei cum
collega immani impuroque coniuncta atque communia,
hoc unum habet proprium, ut ex urbe (expulerit, rele-
garit)non dico equitem Eomanum, non ornatissimum 10
atque optimum virum, non amicissimum rei publicae
civem, non illo ipso tempore una cum senatu et cum
bonis omnibus casum amici reique publicae lugentem,
sed civem Eomanum sine ullo iudicio (ut edicto)ex
30 patria consul eiecerit. Nihil acerbius socii et Latini 15
ferre soliti sunt quam se, id quod/perrarojaccidit, ex
urbe exire a consulibus iuberi. ^Atque) illis turn ferati
reditus in suas civitates ad suos Lares familiaris et
in illo communi incommodo nulla in quemquam propria
ignominia nominatim cadebat. Hoc vero quid est ? 20
lexterminabitj civis Romanos edicto consul a suis dis
penatibus, expellet ex patria, deliget quern volet,
^damnabit atque eiciet nominatim?) Hie, si umquam
"3 vos eos,(qui nunc estis) in re publica fore putasset, si
denique(imaginem iudiciorum aut simulacrumjaliquod 25
futurum in civitate reliquom credidisset, umquam
ausus esset senatum de re publica tollere, equitum
Komanorum preces aspernari, civium denique omnium
novis et inauditis edictis ius libertatemqueperverterej
31 Etsi me attentissimis animis, summa cum benignitate 30
auditis, iudices, tamen vereor ne quis vesjbrum forte
miretur, quid haec mea oratio tarn longaCaut tarn alte
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 2933 15
repetita)velit aut quid ad P. Sesti causam eorum, qui
ante huius tribunatum rem publicam vexarunt, delicta "
pert^eant. Mihi autemflhoc propositum est ostendere) *
o mnia consilia P. Sesti |nentemque)totius tribun atus
5 banc fuisse,_ ut_3dflictiaft Pit perditae rei piihlicafi
quantum posset me de retur. ,- , Ac. si in exponendis
vulneribus illis de me ipso(plura) dicere videbor,(ignos-
citote.) Nam et illam meam cladem vos et omnes
boni maximum esse rei publicae vulnus iudicastis, et
io P. Sestius est reus(non suo, sed meo nomine ^ qui cum tr*
VQmnem vim^sui tribunatus in mea salute con sump serit,
necesse est meam causam praeteriti temporis cum
huius praesenti defensione esse coniunctam.
XIV. /Erat igitur in luctu) senatus ; (squalebat 32
15 ci vitas Ipublico consilio veste mutata ; (null um erat Ita-
liae municipiurO j nulla colonia, nulla praefecturajnulla
Komae societas vectigalium, nullum(coll e gium)aut(con -
ciliumj aut pmnino aliquod comm une(consi lium\ quod
turn non bonorificentissime d e mea s alute (decrevisset J
20 cum subito edicunt_dup consules, ut ad suum vestitum
senatores redirent. Quis umquam consul senatum
ipsius decretis parere probibuit, quis tyrannus miseros
lugere vetuit ? (Pairumne est, Piso, Ait omittam Gab i_-
nium, quod tantum homines fefellisti,} ut neglegeres
2a auctoritatem senatua, optimi cuiusque consilia contem-
ners, r em publicam proder es. consulare nomen^adfli-
geres y etiamne edicere taudeas^ ne maererent homines
meam, suam, rei publicae calamitatem, (ne hunc) suum
dolorem veste significarent 1 Sive ilia vestis yrmtfltiQ
3o ad luctum ipsoru mLgive ad depre cand um valebat, quis _
umquam tarn crudelis fuit, tqui prohiberetl quemquam
aut (sibi maerere) aut ceteris supplicare^ (Quid ^ua 33
16 M. TULLI G ICE BONIS
sponte homines in amicorum periculis vestitum mutare
non solent ?^pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit? Aieisti
quidem, quos le ^ato^j^ojijaodo jiullo senatus consult flj
sedj etiam re pugnante se natu tibi jbu tejjggisti > Ergo
hominis desperati et proditoris rei publicae casum luge- 5
%*-> bunt fortasse qui volent : civisTprentissimi benevo-
Ilentia bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti peri-
culum ^coniunctum cum) periculo civitatis lugere se-
natui non licebit ? Eidemqueconsules, /si appellandi
sunt consules,/ quos nemo est quin/non modo ex 10
memoria, sed etiam ex fastis ^vellendos putet, pactjo
%jl. i am foede re provinciarum,(pronucti in circo Flaminio)
in contionem ab ilia furia sCc peste patriae, /inaximo
cum gemitu vestrol illa/dmnia, quae turn contra me
contraque rem publieam (agebanturfi voce ac sententia 15
sua comprobavgrunt.
XV. Is demq ue consulibus feedentibusVtque^nsp ec-
tantibus^ata lex estjhe aus picia valerent.ne qui&ebnu n- .
tiaret* ne quis leg i i nterced eret ) ut omnibtis fastiajdiebus :
legem f erri liceret, ut le x Aelia, l ex Fufia ne v a leret : q ua 2c
una rogatione quis est qui non intellegattuniversara rem
34 publieam esse deletam)? Isdemque consulibus inspec-
tantibus (servorum dilectus) habebatur (pro tribunali
Aurelio^ (nomine collegiorum) cum ( vicatiiri} homines
conscriberentur,(decuriarentur,Jp,d vim ad manus,(ad 25
caedem ad direptionem) incitarentur. Isdemque con-
sulibus arma(in templum Castorisjpalam comportaban-
tur, gradus eiusdem templi tollebantur, armati homi-
nes forum et ^ontiones Jbenebant, caedes lapj ^atj ones-
que fiebant, inullus erat senatus/ (ailiil reliqui magis- dt
tratus,) unus omnem omnium potestatem (armis et
latrociniis)po^sidebat non aliqua vi sua, sed, cum duo
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 3337 17
consules a re publica provinciarum foedere retraxisset,
( insultabat J dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur, terrore ac
metu multos, plures etiam spe et promissis tenebat.
Quae cum essent eius modi, iudices, cum senatus duces 35
5 nullos (ac pro ducibus^ proditpres aut potius apertos
hostes haberet, equester ordo reus _ a consulibu s citare-
t ur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur, jal njiojaina-
tim_ relegaren t ur Jalii metu et periculo terrerentur , arma
essent in templis, armati in foro, (eaque non silentio
10 consilium dissimularentur, sed et voce et sententia com-
probarentur^cum omnes urbem nondum (excisam) et
eversam, sed iam captain- atque oppressam videremus :
tamen his tantis malis (tanto bonorum studio,} iudices,
restitissemus, sed me alii metus atque aliae curae sus-
15 picionesque moverunt.
XYI. Exponam enim hodierno die, iudices, om- 36
nem rationem(facti et consiliij mei neque_ hjuic_ _veatro
tanto studio audiendi nee vera buic tantae multrtudmi^.
quanta mea me moria num qua m ullo in Judicio fuit,
20 cleero. Nam si ego in causa tarn bona tanto studio
senatus, consensu tarn incredibili bonorum omnium,
(tarn parato) tota denique Italia ad omnem contentio-
nem expedita, cessi tribuni pl.,(despicatissimi)hominis,
furori, contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaci-
25 amque pertimui, nimium me timidum, (nullius animi,
nullius consilii fuisse/ confiteoiO Quid enim simile fuit 37
(in Q. Metelloj? cuius causam etsi omnes probabant,
tamen neque senatuslpublice) neque ullus ordofproprie)
neque suis decretis Italia cuncta susceperat. Ad suam
so enim quandam magis ille gloriam quam ad (perspicuam)
salutem rei publicae respexerat, cum unus in legem
per vim latam iurare noluerat: d enique vi debaturjjja
18 M. TULLI CIGERONIS
.
c ondicionejtam for tis fuisse, ut cum (patriae _ carit%te )
cons tantiae gloriam commutajiet. Erat autem res ei
cum exercitu C. Mari ( invicto,) habebat inimicum C.
Marium, conservator em patriae, (sextum iam ilium
consulatum gerentem) res erat cum L. Saturnino, 5
iterum tribuno pi., vigilante homine et in causa populari
(si non moderate, at certe populariter) abstinenterque
versato. Cessit, ne aut victus a fortibus viris cum de-
decore caderet autt victor) multis et fortibus civibus rem
38 publicam orbaret. Meam causam senatus palam, eques- 10
ter ordo acerrime, cuncta Italia publice, omnes boni
proprie enixeque susceperant. Eas res gesseram, qua-
rum non unus auctor, se d (dux) om niu m volunt atis Juis-
sem, quaeque non modo ad singularem meam gloriam,
sed ad communem salutem omnium civium et prope 15
gentium pertinerent; ea condicione gesseram, ut meum
factum semper omneslpraestare"Huerique deberent.
XYII. Erat autem mihi contentio non cum
victor e exercitu, sed cum (operis) conductis et ad
diripiendam urbem concitatis; habebam inimicum 20
non 0. Marium, (terrorem) hostium, spem subsidium-
que patriae, sed duo importuna prodigia, quos eges-
tas, quos aeris alieni magnitudo, quos levitas, quos
39(improbitas tribuno _ plebis const rictos addixerat t nee
mihi erat res cum Saturnino, qui, quod a se(quae- 25
store Ostiensilj per ignominiam ad principem et sena-
tus et civitatis, M. Scaurum, rem frumentariam
translatam sciebat][dolorem suum magna contentione
animi persequebatur J sed cum (gcurrarum lQCUDletium)
scorto, cum sororis adultero, cum stuprorum sacerdote, 30
cum venefico, cum (testamentarioj) cum sicario, cum
latrone quos homines si, id quod facile factu/uit et
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 3740 19
quod fieri debuit, quodque a me optimi et fortissimi
cives flagitabant, vi armisque superassemJnon verebar y
ne quis aut vim vi dep ulsam repr ehend eret au t perdi-
torum civium vel potius domesticorum hostium mortem
5 maereret. Sed me ilia moverunt : Omnibus in contio-
nibusfclla furia plamabat se ; quae faceret contra salu-
tem meam, facere auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro
mihique et nunc et, quoad licui t amicissimo. M. Cras-
sus, quocum mihi(bmnes erant amicitiae necessitudines^)
10 vir fortissirnus, ab eadem ilia peste infestissimus esse
meis fortunis praedicabatur ; C. Caesar, qui fa me
nullo meo merito alienus esse) debebat, inimicissimus
esse meae saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus dice-
batur. His se tribus auctoribuslin consiliis capiendis) 40
15 adiutoribus (in re gerenda) esse usurum dicebat ; (ex
quibus unum habere exercitum in Italia maximum);
duo, qui privati turn essent, et( praeesse et parare,) si
vellent,! exercitum posse idque facturos esse) dicebat.
Nee mihi^ illeiiudicium populi nejLie^iimam__ aliqiiain
20 conten tionem) nee disceptation em aut causae dictionem,
( sed vim, ar ma, exerci tus, imperatores, castra) denun-
tiabat.
XVIII. I Quid ergo)? inimici oratio, vana prae-
sertim, tarn improbe in clarissimos viros coniecta me
25movit1 Me vero non illius oratio, sed eorum(taci-
turnitas,)in quos ilia oratio tarn improba (confer ebatur^
qui turn, quamquam ob alias causas tacebant, tamen
hominibus omnia timentibus (tacendo loqui^ non infi-
tiando confiteri videbantur. Illi autem (aliquo Hum
30 timore perterriti, quod facta ilia atque omnis res)anni
superioris labefactari a praetoribus, infirmari a senatu
atque a/ principibus civitatisjputabant,^tribunum popu-^
22
20 M. TULLI CICERONIS
larem a se alienare nolebant suaque sibi propiora esse
41 pericula quam mea loquebantur. Sed tamen et Crassus
(a consulibus)meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat
et eorum fidem Pompeius implorabat neque se priva-
tum (publice susceptae causae)defuturum esse dicebat ; 5
quern virum studiosum mei, cupidissimum rei publicae
conservandae (domi meae certi homines ad earn rem
positi)monuerunt ut esset cautior, eiusque vitae a me
insidias apud me domi positas esse dixerunt, atque
hanc eius suspicionem alii (litteris mittendis,) alii nun- 10
tiis, alii coram ipsi excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me
certe nihil timeret, ab illis, ne quid (meo nominej moli-
rentur, sibi cavendum putaret. Ipse autem Caesar,
quern maxime homines ignari veritatis mihi esse ira-
tum putabant, eratiad portas^erat cum imperio; erat 15
in Italia eius exercitus inque eo exercitu ipsius tribuni
plebis inimici mei^fratrem praefeceratj
42 XIX. Haec ergo cum viderem neque enim erant
occulta , senatum, sine quo civitas stare non posset,
omninoide civitate^esse sublatum, consules, qui duces 20
(publici eonsiliOesse deberent, perfecisse, ut per ipsos
publicum consilium funditus tolleretur, eos, qui pluri-
mum possent, (opponi omnibus contionibus, falso sed
formidolose tamem)(auctores ad perniciem meaml con-
tiones haberi cotidie contra me, (vocem pro me ac 35
pro re publica neminem mittere)Jintenta signa)\Jegio-
num existimari cervicibus ac bonis vestris falso, sed
putari tamen/^oniuratorum copias veteres et ^ffusam
illam ac superatam Catilinae importunam manunj)
novo duce et insperata ^ommutatione rerum^esse reno- 30
vatam: haec cum viderem, quid agerem, iudices?
Scio enim turn non mihi vestrum studium, sed meum
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 4045 21
prope vestro defuisse. Contenderem contra tribunum 43
plebis /privatus armis)? Yicissent improbos bonij fortes
inertis ; interfectus esset is, qui hac una medicina sola
potuit(a rei publicae peste depelli): quid deinde % quis
5 reliqua praestaret ? cui denique erat dubium, quin ille
sanguis tribunicius, nullo praesertim publico consilio
profusus, consules ultores et defensor es esset habitu-
rus ? cum quidam in contione dixisset aut mibi semel
pereundum aut bis esse vincendum. Quid erat bis vin-
10 cere ? id profecto, ut, cum amentissimo tribuno plebis
si decertassem, cum consulibus ceterisque eius ultor- ,,
ibus dimicarem. Ego vero, vel fei pereundum fuisset)44"\
(ac non) accipienda plaga mihi sanabilis, illi mortifera
qui imposuisset, semel perire tarn en, iudices, maluissem
15 quam bis vincere. Erat eniniilla altera^ius modi conten-
tio, ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam tenere
possemus. (Quid,) si in|prima)contentione vi tribunicia
victus in foro cum multis bonis viris concidissem ?
Senatum consules, (credo, ) vocassent, quern totum de
20 civitate delerant ; ad arma vocassent, qui ne vestitu
quidem defendi rem publicam (sissent ) a tribuno plebis
post interitum meum dissedissent, qui eandem horam
meae pestis et suorum praemiorum esse voluissent.
XX. TJnum(enim)mihi restabat illud, quod forsi- 45
26 tan nonnemo vir fortis et acris animi magnique
dixerit: \Restitisses, repugnasses,^ mortem pugnans
oppetisses.' (De quoHe, te, inquam, patria, testor et
vos, Cpenates patriique dei, ; me vestrarum sedum tem-
plorumque causa, me propter salutem meorum civium,
30 quae mihi semper fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem
caedemque fugisse. Etenim si mihi in aliqua nave
cum meis amicis naviganti hoc, iudices, accidisset, ut
22 M. TULLI CICERONIS
multi ex multis locis praedones classibus earn navem
se oppressuros minitarentnr, nisi me uuum sibi dedi-
dissent, si id vectores negarent ac mecum simul
interire quam me tradere hostibus mallent, iecissem
ipse me potius in profundum, ut ceteros eonservarem, 5
quam illos mei tarn cupidos non modo ad certain mor-
46 tern, sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem. Cum
vero in hanc rei publicaemavem ereptis senatui guber-
naculis nuitantem in alto ttempestatibus) seditionum ac
discordiarum armatae tot classes, nisi ego essem unus 10
deditus, incursurae viderentur, cum(proscriptio^caedes,
direptio denuntiaretur, cum alii me suspicione periculi
sui non defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incita-
rentur, alii (mviderentA alii obstare sibi me arbitra-
rentur, alii ulcisci (dolorem aliquem suum \vellent, alii is
rem ipsam publicam atque (tunc bonorum statum
otiumquejodissent et ob hasce causas tot tamque varias
(me uuum deposcerent^ depugnarem potius cum summo
non dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro liberorum-
que vestrorum, quam id, quod omnibus impendebat, 20
unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subirem 1
47 1 XXL 'Victi essent improbi.' At cives,(at armis)
c at( ab eo private^ qui sine armis etiam fconsulN rem
publicam conservarat. Sin victi essent boni, qui super-
essentl nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam ven- 25
turam fuisse ? An mihi ipsi, ut qui dam putant, fuit
mors aequo animo oppetenda? (Quid turn)? mortemne
fugiebam 1 ? An erat res ulla, quam mihi magis optandam
putarem? aut ego illas res tantas in t^anta impro-
borum multitudinefcum gerebam, non mihi mors, non so
exilium ob oculos versabatur? non Qiaec^denique a
me turn tamquamffatalfcn ipsa re gerend^(canebantur?
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 4548 23
An erat mihi in tanto luctu meorum, tanta diiun-
ctione, tanta acerbitate, (tanta spoliatione ) omnium
rerum, quas mihi aut natura aut fortuna dederat, vita
retinenda? tarn eram rudis, tarn ignarus rerum, tarn
5 expers consilii aut ingenii 1 (nihil audieram,) nihil
videram, nihil ipse legendo quaerendoque cognoveram,
nesciebam vitae brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiter-
num; cum esset omnibus definita mors, optandum
esse ut vita, (quae necessitati deberetur,) patriae potius
10 donata quam reservata naturae videretur 1 nesciebam
inter sapientissimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse,
ut (alii dicerent^ animos hominum sensusque morte
restingui, alii autem turn maxime mentes sapientium
ac fortium virorum, cum (ex corpore excessissent\ sen-
15 tire ac vigere 3 quorum alterum fugiendum non esse,
carere sensu, alterum etiam optandum, [meliore esse
sensu./ Denique cum omnia semper ad dignitatem 48
rettulissem nee sine ea quicquam expetendum esse
homini in vita putassem, mortem, quam etiam( / virgines
20 Athenis regis, ^pinor^Erechthei filiae^ pro patria con-
tempsisse dicuntur, ego vir consularis tantis rebus
gestis timerem 1 praesertim cum eius essem civitatis,
fex qua C. Mucius solus in castra Porsenae venisset-)
eumque interficere {)roposita sibi morte jconatus esset :
25 (ex qua P. Decius primum pater, post aliquot annos
patria virtute praeditus filius se ac vitam suam
instructa acie pro salute populi Romani victoriaque
devovisset : ex qua innumerabiles alii partim adipis-
cendae laudis, partim vitandae turpitudinis causa
30 mortem in variis bellis aequissimis animis oppetissent:
in qua civitate ipse meminissem patrem huius M.
Crassi, fortissimum virum, ne videret victorem vivus]
24 M. TULLI GIGERONIS
inimicum, cadem sibi maim vitam oxhausisse, ^iqua
mortem saepe hostibus obtulisset.
49 XXII. Haec ego et multa alia oogitana hoc Tide-
bam, si eausani publicam mea mors( peremisaetj nemi-
nem uniquain fore, qui auderet suscipere contra im- 5
probos cives salutem rei publicae. Itaque, uon solum
si vi interissem, sed etiam si morbo exstdnctua essoin,
fore putabam ut exeinplum rei publicae conservandae
raecuni simul interiret. Quis enim umquam me a
natu populoque Romauo tanto omnium bonorum io
studio non restituto, quod certe, si essem interfectus,
aooidere non potuisset, ullam rei publicae partem /cum
sua minima invidia) auderet attingerel Servavi igitur
rem publicam discessu meo, iudices oaedem a vobis
liberisque vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinaa meo 15
dolore luctuque depuli et unus bis rem publicam ser-
vavi, semel Igloria^ iterum aerumna mea. Neque enim
in hoc me liominem esse infitiabor umquam, ut me
optimo fratre, carissimis liberis, tidissima coniuge,
vestro conspectu, patria, hoc honoris gradu sine dolore 20
Icaruisse glorjer. fQuod si fecissem, quod a me bene-
nciuni haberetis, cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent
vjjia, reliquissem |)(HocSVjneo quidem animoX summi
in patriam amoris mei signum esse debet certissimum,
quod, cum abesse ab ea sine summo dolore non possem.
hunc me perpeti quam illam labefactari ab improbis
50 malui. Memineram, iudices, (jiivinumj ilium virum
atque(ex isdem quibus nos radicibus Vatum ad salutem
huius imperii, C. Marium, ,sumraa senectute,\cum vi
fprope iustorum) armorum profugisset, primo senile 30
corpus paludibus (occultasse)demersum, deinde ad in-
fimorum ac tenuissimorum hominum Minturnensium
PRO 1\ 8E8TI0 RAT 10 4852 25
misericordiam confugisse j inde navigio perparvo/cum
orniiis portal terrasque fugeret,)in oras Africae desert-
issimas pervenisse. Atquejille vitam suam, ne inultus
esset, adVincertissimanijspern et ad rei publicae fatum
5 reservavit : ego, qui, quern ad modum multi in senatu
me absente dixerunt, (periculo rei publicaeNvivebam,
quique ob earn causam consularibus litteris de senatus
sententia exteris nationibus commendabar, nonne, si
meam vitam 'deseruissem,'} rem publicam prodidissem ?
10 in qua uideri^nunc)me re.stituto vivit mecum simul
exemplum fidei publicae. Quod si immortale retinetur,
quis non intellegit immortalem hanc civitatem futu-
ram?
XXIII. Nam (externa bellajregum, gentium, 51
15 nationum iam pridem ita exstincta sunt, ut praeclare
(cum iis agamusj quos pacatos esse patiamur ; ijenique^
ex bellica victoria 'non fere quemquam) est invidia
civium consecuta ; domesticis malis et audacium ci-
vium consiliis saepe est resistendum, eorumque peri-
20 culorum est in re publica retinenda medicina ; quam
omnem, iudices, perdidissetis, si meo interitu senatui
populoque Romano doloris sui de me declarandi potes-
tas esset erepta. Qua re moneo vos, adulescentes,
atque hoc meo iure praecipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem
25 publicam, qui gloriam spectatis, ne, si quae vos ali-
quando necessitas ad rem publicam contra improbos
civis defendendam vocabit, segniores sitis et recorda-
tion mei casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis. Primum 52
non est periculum, ne quis umquam incidat in eius
so modi consults, ipraesertim si erit iis id quod debetur
persolutumj Deinde numquam iam, ut spero, quis-
quam improbus consilio et auxiliofbonorumj se oppug-
26 M. TULLI CICERONIS
nare rem publicam dicet illis tacentibus,; nee armati
exercitus Jberrorem)opponet togatis ; neque erit iusta
causa/ ad portas sedenti imperatori,) quare suum ter-
rorem falso iactari opponique patiatur. Numquam
denique erit tarn oppressus senatus, ut ei ne suppli- 5
candi quidem ac lugendi sit potestas, tain (captus)
equester ordo, ut equites Romani a consule relegentur.
QuaeVpum^ omnia atque etiaintoiulto alia) maiora, quae
consul to praetereo, accidissent, videtis me tamen in
meam pristinam dignitatem Ibrevi^tantum tempore 10
doloris interiecto rei publicae voce esse revocatum.
53 XXI Y. Sed ut revertar ad illud, quod mihi in
hac omni est oratione propositum, (omnibus malisjillo
anno scelere consulum rem publicam [esse confectam^
primum illo ipso die, qui mihi funestus fuit, omnibus is
bonis luctuosus, cum ego me e complexu patriae con-
spectuque vestro eripuissem et metu vestri periculi,
non mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minis-
que cessissem patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima,
propter ipsius patriae caritatem reliquissem ; cum 20
meum ilium casum tarn horribilem, tarn gravem, tarn
repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta urbis ac
templa lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam,
nemo lucem aspicere vellet : illo, inquam, ipso die,
die dicol immo hora atque etiam puncto temporis 25
eodem mihi reique publicae pernicies, Gabinio et
Pisoni provincia rogata est. Pro dei immortales
custodes et conservatores huius urbis atque imperii,
quaenam ^illajin re publica (monstra^ quae scelera
vidistis ! Civis erat expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex 30
senatus auctoritate cum omnibus bonis defenderafe,(et
expulsus) non alio aliquo, sed eo ipso crimine. Erat
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 5255 27
autem expulsus sine iudicio, vi, lapidibus, ferro, fser-
vitid|> denique concitato ; lex erat lata vasto ac relicto
foro et sicariis servisque tradito et ea lex^quae ut ne
ferretur} senatus fuerat veste mntata. Hac tanta per- 54
5 turbatione civitatis |ne nocteni quidemjconsules inter
meum linteriturn) et suam praedam interesse passi
sunt : statim me perculso ad meum sanguinem haurien-
dum et spirant e(etianq) re publica ad eius spolia detra-
henda advolaverunt. Omitto (gratulationes^ epulas,
io partitionem aerarii, faeneficiaj spem, promissa, prae-
dam, laetitiam paucorum in luctu omnium; vexabatur
uxor mea, liberi ad necem quaerebantur, gener, et
Piso gener, a Pisonis consulis pedibus fcupplex^ reicie-
batur, bona diripiebantur feaque)ad consules defere-
15 bantur, domus ardebat in Palatio ; consules epula-
bantur. Quodsi meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis
tamen periculo commoverentur.
XX Y. Sed (ut a mea causa iam recedam,\ reli- 55
quas illius anni (pestes^/ recordamini sic enim facil-
20 lime perspicietis, quantam yim ^omnium remediorum
a magistratibus proximis res publica desiderarit .
legum multitudinem, cum earum, Quae latae sunt,)
turn vero, quae(promulgatae fuerunt.\ Sam latae
quidem sunt consulibus illis tacentibus dicam 1
25 immo vero etiam approbantibus, ut ((censoria notioj
et gravissimum iudicium sanctissimi magistratus de
re publica tolleretur ;) ut collegia non modo ilia Vetera
contra senatus consult um restituerentur, sed ab uno
gladiatore innumerabilia alia nova conscriberentur ;
30'ut remissis senis et trientibus quinta prope pars vecti-
galium tolleretur;^ ut Gabinio pro ilia sua Cilicia,
quam sibi, si rem publicam prodidisset, pactus erat,
?
28 M. TTJLLI CICERONIS
Syria daretur et uni helluoni bis de eadem re delibe-
randi et rogata lege potestas per novam legem fieret
, provinciae commutandae.
56 XXYI. Mitto earn legem) quae omnia fura reli-
gionumj auspiciorum, lpotestatum,\ omnis leges, quae 5
sunt de iure et de tempore legum rogandarum, una
rogatione delevit ; mitto (pmnem domesticam labem -}
etiam exteras nationes illius anni [furore conquassatas)
widebamus.) ^ege tribunicial Matris Magnae Q?essi-
nuntius)ille sacerdos expulsus et spoliatus sacerdotio est 10
Cfanumque sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum reli-
gionum) venditum ^pecunia grandi Brogitaro,^impuro
homini atque indigno illa^religione, praesertim cumleam
sibi ille non colendi, sed (violandi causa^adpetisset; ap-
pellati reges & populojqui id numquam ne a senatu 15
quidem postulassent \ reducti exsules Byzantium con-
demnati turn, cum indemnaticives e civitate eiciebantur.
57(RexPtolomaeus, > ) qui, si nondum erat ipse a senatu
socius appellatus, erat tamen frater eius regis, qui,
cum esset dn eadem causa,\ iam erat a senatu societatis 20
et amicitiae honorem consecutus, erat eodem genere
eisdemque maioribus, (eadem vetustate societatis^)
denique erat rex, si nondum socius, at non hostis;
pacatus, quietus, fretus imperio populi Romani (regno
paterno atque avito fcegali otid perfruebaturN de hoc 25
nihil cogitante, nihil suspicante, eisdem (operis) suf-
fragium ferentibus est rogatum, ut sedens cum pur-
pura et sceptro et/illis insignibus regiis^praeconi pub-
lico subicereturj et imperante populo Romano, qui
etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, rex sc
amicus nulla iniuria commemorata, nullis rebus repe-
titis cum bonis omnibus publicaretur.
PRO P. SESTIO BAT 10 5559 29
XXVII. Multa acerba, multa turpia, multa(tur- 58
bulentaj habuit ille annus : tamen illi sceleri, quod n
mejillorum immanitas edidit, (haud scio an recte hoc
proximuui esse Jdicamus. fAntiochuin Magnum) ilium
5 maiores nostri magna belli contentione terra marique
superatum (intra montem Taurum regnare) iusserunt :
Asiam, (qua ilium m ultaru ntj(AttaloA ut is regnaret
in ea, condonaverunt. Gum Armeniorum rege Tigrane
grave bellum nuper ipsi diuturnumque gessimus, cum
10 ille iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis [ bello prope
nos lacessisset.) Hie et ipse per se vehemens hostis
fuit et acerrimum hostem huius imperii (Mithridatem
pulsum Ponto opibus suis regnoque defendit, et ab
L. Lucullo, summo viro atque imperatore, repulsus,
is animo tamen hostili cum reliquis suis copiis in pris-
tina mente mansit. Hunc Cn. Pompeius, cum in
suis castris |supplicem) abiectum vidisset, erexit atque
insigne regium, quod ille de suo capite abiecerat,
reposuit et certis rebus imperatis regnare iussit, nee
20 minus et sibi et huic imperio gloriosum putavit con-
stitutuin)a se regem quam^constrictumVideri. Rex 59
igitur Armenius, qui et ipse hostis fuit populi E.o-
mani et acerrimum hostem in regnum recepit, qui
connixit, qui signa contulit, qui de imperio paene
25 certavit, regnat hodie et amicitiae nomen ac societatis,
quod armis violarat, id precibus est consecutus : ille
Cyprius miser, qui semper amicus, semper socius fuit,
de quo nulla umquam suspicio durior aut ad senatum
aut ad imperatores adlata nostros est, vivus, ut aiunt,
30 est et videns cum victu ac vestitu suo publicatus. En,
cur ceteri reges stabilem esse suam fortunam arbi-
trentur, cum hoc illius funesti anni prodito exemplo
30 M. TULLI CICERONIS
videant per tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas
se fortunis spoliari et regno omni posse nudari !
60 XXVIII. At etiam eo negotio M. Catonis (splen-
dorem maeulare) voluerimt ignari,quid gravitas, quid
. integritas, quid magnitudo animi, quid denique virtus 5
valeret, (quae in tempestate saeva quieta estj et
lucet in tenebris et fpulsa loco^ manet tamen atque
haeret in patria (^splendetque per sese)seniper neque
alienis umquam sordibus (^bsolescit.) Non illi ornandum
M. Catonem, sed relegandum, nee illi committendum 10
illud negotium, sed imponendum putaverunt, qui in
contione palam [dixerint 'linguam se evellisse) M.
Catoni, quae semper contra extraordinarias potestates
libera fuisset. Sentient, ut spero, brevi tempore,
manere libertatem illam, atque hoc etiam, si fieri is
potuerit, (esse maiorem, quod J cum consulibus illis
M. Cato, etiam cum iam (desperasset) aliquid (auctori-
tate sua) profici posse, tamen voce ipsa ac dolore
pugnavit et post meum discessum iis Pisonem verbis
flens meum et rei publicae casum vexavit, ut ilium 20
hominem perditissimum atque impudentissimum paene
61 iam provinciae paeniteret. ' Cur igitur rogationi
paruit?' .Quasi vero) ille non in (alias quoque leges)
quas iniuste rogatas putaret, iam ante iurarit ! Non
offert se ille istis temeritatibusA ut, cum rei publicae 25
nihil prosit, se civi rem publicam privet. Consule
me cum esset designatus tribunus plebis, obtulit in
discrimen vitam suam : dixit earn sententiam, (cuius
invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam videbat^
dixit vehementer; egit acriter, ea quae sensit prae 30
se tulit ; (dux, auctor, actor rerum illarum funy non
quo periculum ( suum \ non videret, sed in tanta rei
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 5964 31
publicae tempesfcate nihil sibi nisi de patriae periculis
cogitandum putabat.
XXIX. Consecutus est(ipsius)tribunatus. Quid 62
ego de singulari magnitudine animi eius ac de in-
5 credibili virtute dicam ] Meministis(illum diem) cum
/templo)a collega occupato, nobis omnibus de vita eius
viri et civis timentibus, ipse animo firmissimo venit
in templum et clamorem hominum auctoritate, impe-
tum improborum virtute sedavit. Adiit turn peri-
10 culum, sed adiit ob earn causam, quae Iquantajfuerit,
iam mihi dicere non est necesse. At si isti Cypriae
rogationi sceleratissimae non paruisset, haereret ilia
nihilo minus rei publicae turpitudo ; (regno enim iam
publicatq) de ipso Catone erat nominatim rogatum.
15 Quod ille si repudiasset, (^dubitatis quin ei vis esset
adlata,)cum omnia acta illius anni per unum ilium
labefactari viderentur 1 Atque etiam hoc videbat, 63
quoniam ilia in re publica macula regni publicati
rnaneret, quam nemo iam posset eluere, quod ex malis
20 boni posset in rem publicam pervenire, id utilius esse
per se conservari quam per alios. Atque ille, etiam
si alia quapiam vi expelleretur illis temporibus ex hac
urbe, Ifacile patereturj Etenim (qui superiore anno
senatu caruissetA quo si turn veniret, me tamen socium
25 suorum in re publica consiliorum videre posset, is
aequo animo turn, me expulso ett-meo nomine) cum
universo senatu, turn sententia sua condemnata, in
hac urbe esse posset? Ille vero eidem tempori, cui
nos, eiusdem furori, eisdem consulibus, eisdem minis,
so insidiis, periculis cessit. Luctum nos hausimus ma- r-
iorem, dolorem ille animi non minorem. ^
XXX. His de tot tantisque iniuriis in socios, 64
32 M. TULLI CIGERONIS
in reges, in civitates liberas 'consilium querella esse
debuit : in eius magistratus (tutelar reges atque exterae
nationes semper fuerunt. Ecquae vox umquam est
audita consulum ? 'Quamquam quis audiret, si maxime
queri vellent? De Cyprio rege quererentur ? ] qui me 5
civem nullo rneo crimine patriae nomine laborantem
non modo stantem non defenderunt, sed ne iacentem
quidem protexerunt? Cesseram, si alienam a me
plebem fuisse voltis, quae non fuit, invidiae;(si com-
moveri omnia videbantur, temporij si vis suberat, 10
armis ; si societas magistratuum, pactioni ; si peri-
65 culum civium, rei publicae. Cur, cum de capite civis) .
non disputo cuius modi civis et de bonis proscriptio
ferretur, cum et sacratis legibus et duodecim tabulis
sanctum esset, ut ne cui privilegium inrogari liceret 15
neve de capite nisi comitiis centuriatis rogari, nulla
vox est audita consulum, constitutumque est illo anno,
quantum in illis duabus huius imperii pestibus fuit,
iure posse per operas concitatas quemvis civem
nominatim tribuni plebis concilio ex civitate extur- 20
66 barijl Quae vero promulgata illo anno fuerint, quae
(promissa multis, quae conscriptaj quae sperata, quae
cogitata, quid dicam? Qui locus Vorbi terraeiam
non erat alicui destinatus 1 cuius negotii publici
cogitari, optari, fingi curatio potuit, quae non esset 25
attributa atque discripta? quod genus imperii aut
quae provincia, quae ratio aut flandae aut conflandae
pecuniae non reperiebatur 1 quae regio orave terrarum
erat latior, in qua non regnum aliquod statueretur?
quis autem rex erat, qui illo anno non aut emendum 30
sibi, quod non habebat, aut redimendum, quod liabe-
bat, arbitraretur 1 quis provinciam, quis pecuniam,
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 6468 33
^uis legationem a senatu petebat 1 Damnatis de vi >
restitutio, consulates petitio ipsi illi populari sacerdoti")
comparabatur. Haec gemebant boni, sperabant im-
probi, agebat tribunus plebis, consules adiuvabant.
5 XXXI. Hie aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet, 67
Cn. Pompeius invitissimis iis, qui mentem optimi ac
fortissimi viri suis consiliis fictisque terroribus a defen-
sione meae salutis averterant, excitavit illam suam
non sopitam, sed suspicione aliqua retardatam cpnsue-
10 tudinem rei publicae bene gerendae, Non est passus
ille vir, qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis,
qui maximas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras
atque inauditas, qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui
etiam servitia virtute victoriaque domuisset, qui omni-
15 bus bellis terra marique compressis imperium populi
Romani orbis terrarum terminis definisset, rem pub-
licam everti scelere paucorum, quam ipse non so-
lum consiliis, sed etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset :
accessit ad causam publicam, restitit auctoritate sua
20 reliquis rebus, questus est de praeteritis. Fieri quae-
dam ad meliorem spem inclinatio visa est. Decrevit 68
senatus frequens de meo reditu Kalendis Iuniis, dissen-
tiente nullo, referente L. Ninnio, cuius in mea causa
numquam fides virtusque contremuit. Intercessit
25 Ligus iste nescio qui, additamentum inimicorum
meorum. Res erat et causa nostra eo iam loci, ut
erigere oculos et vivere videretur. Quisquis erat, qui
aliquam partem in meo luctu sceleris Clodiani atti-
gisset, quocumque venerat, quod iudicium cumque
30 subierat, damnabatur : inveniebatur nemo, qui se suf-
fragium de me tulisse confiteretur. Decesserat ex
Asia frater meus magno squalore, sed multo etiam
h. 3
34 M. TULLI CICERONIS
maiore maerore : huic ad urbem venienti tota obviam
civitas cum lacrimis gemituque processerat. Loque-
batur liberius senatus ; concurrebant equites Romani ;
Piso ille, gener meus, cui fructum pietatis suae neque
ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit, a propin- 5
quo suo socerum suum flagitabat ; omnia senatus
reiciebat, nisi de me primum consules rettulissent.
69 XXXII. Quae cum res iam manibus teneretur.
et cum consules provinciarum pactione libertatem
omnem perdidissent, qui, cum in senatu privati, utjle 10
me sententias dicerent, flagitabant, legem illi se Clodiam
timere dicebant ; cum hoc non possent iam diutius
sustinere, initur consilium de interitu Cn. Pompei.
Quo patefacto ferroque deprehenso ille inclusus domi
tarn diu fuit, quam diu inimicus meus in tribunatu. 15
De meo reditu octojtribuni promulgaverunt. Ex quo
intellectum est non mihi absenti crevisse amicos, in
ea praesertim fortuna, in qua non nulli etiam, quos
esse putaveram, non serant, sed eos voluntatem semper
eandem, libertatem non eandem semper habuisse. Nam 20
ex novem tribunis, quos tunc__habueram, unus me
absente defluxit, qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum
imaginibus adripuit, quo magis nationis eius esse quam
70 generis videretur. IJoc igitur anno magistratibus
novis designatis, cum omnes boni omnem spem melioris 25
status in eorum fidem convertissent, princeps P. Len-
culus auctoritate ac sententia sua, Pisone et Gabinio
repugnantibus, causam suscepit tribunisque plebis octo
referentibus praestantissimam de me sententiam dixit.
Qui cum ad gloriam suam atque ad amplissimi bene- 30
ficii gratiam magis pertinere videret causam illam
integram ad suum consulatum reservari, tamen rem
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 6872 35
talem per alios citius quam per se tardius confici
malebat.
XXXIII. Hoc interim tempore P. Sestius, iudices 71
designatus tribunus iter ad C. Caesar em pro mea salute
5 suscepit. Quid egerit, quantum profecerit, nihil ad
causam (equidem existimo, si ille, ut arbitror, aequiis
nobis fuerit, nihil ab hoc profectum; sin iratior, non
multum); sed_tamen sedulitatem atque integritatem
hominis videtis. Ingredior iam in Sesti tribunatum;
10 nam hoc primum iter designatus rei publicae causa
suscepit : pertinere et ad concordiam civium putavit
et ad perficiundi facultatem, animum Caesaris a causa ^
non abhorrere. Abiit ille annus : respirasse homines
videbantur nondum re, sed spe rei publicae recupe-
15 randae. Exierunt malis ominibus atque exsecrationi-
bus duo vulturii paludati. Quibus utinam ipsis evenis-
sent ea, quae turn homines precabantur ! neque nos
provinciam Macedoniam cum exercitu neque equitatum
in Syria et cohortis optimas perdidissemus. Ineunt 72
20 magistratum tribuni plebis ; qui omnes se de me
promulgaturos confirmarant ; ex iis princeps emitur
ab inimicis meis is, quern homines in luctu inri-
dentes Gracchum vocabant, quoniam id etiam fatum
civitatis fuit, ut ilia ex vepr_eculis extracta nitedula
26 rem publicam conaretur adrodere. Alter vero, non
ille Serranus ab aratro, sed ex deserto Gavii Oleli ruie
a Galatis Gaviis in Calatinos Atilios insitus, subito
nominibus in tabulas relatis nomen suum de tabula
sustulit. Veniunt Kalendae Ianuariae. Vos haec me-
30 lius scire potestis, equidem audita dico, quae turn
frequentia senatus, quae exspectatio populi, qui con-
cursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta, quae virtus, actio,
32
36 M. TULLI CICEROFIS
gravitasP. Lentuli consulis fuerit, quae etiam collegae
eius moderatio de me : qui cum inimicitias sibi mecum
ex rei publicae dissensione susceptas esse dixisset, eas
se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus rei publicae
permissurum. 5
73 XXXIV. Turn princeps rogatus sententiam L.
Cotta dixit id, quod dignissimum re publica fuit, nihil
de me actum esse iure, nihil more maiorum, nihil
legibus; non posse quemquam de civitate tolli sine
iudicio; de capite non modo ferri, sed ne iudicari 10
quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis; vim fuisse
illam, flammam quassatae rei publicae perturbato-
rumque temporum; iure iudiciisque sublatis, .magna
rerum permutatione impendente declinasse me paulum
et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus tern- 15
pestatemque fugisse : quare, cum absens rem publicam
non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tempore
praesens liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed^etiam
ornari a senatu decere. Disputavit etiam multa pru-
denter, ita de me ilium amentissimum et profligatissi- 20
mum hostem pud oris et pudicitiae scripsisse quae scrip-
sisset, iis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam si iure
esset rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset : qua re
me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, sed
74 revocari senatus auctoritate oportere. Hunc nemo 25
erat quin verissime sentire diceret. Sed post eum
rogatus Cn. Pompeius adprobata laudataque Cottae
sententia dixit sese otii mei causa, ut omni populari
concitatione def ungerer, censere ut ad senatus auctori-
tatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me 30
adiungeretur. Cum omnes certatim aliusque alio gra-
vius atque ornatius de mea salute dixisset fieretque
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 7276 37
sine ulla varietate discessio, surrexit, ut scitis, Atilius
hie Gavianus ; nee ausus est, cum esset emptus, inter-
cedere : noctem sibi ad deliberandum postulavit. Cla-
mor senatus, querellae, preces, socer ad pedes abiectus.
5 Ille se adfirmare postero die moram nullam esse factu-
rum. Creditum est ; discessum est. Illi interea delibe-
ratori merces longa interposita nocte duplicata est.
Consecuti dies pauci omnino Ianuario mense, per quos
senatum haberi liceret, sed tamen actum nihil nisi de
10 me.
XXXV. Cum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia 75
senatus auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem in conci-
lio de me agendi dies, vm Kal. Febr. Princeps roga-
tionis, vir mihi amicissimus, Q. Fabricius, templum
15 aliquanto ante lucem occupavit. Quietus eo die Ses-
tius, is qui est deji reus ; actor hie defensorque causae
meae nihil progreditur, consilia exspectat inimicorum
meorum. Quid? illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in
iudicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? Cum forum,
20 comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus
ac servis_plerisque occupavissent, impetum faciunt in
Fabricium, manus adferunt, occidunt nonnullos, vul-
nerant multos. Venientem in forum, virum optimum 76
et constantissimum, M. Cispium, tribunum plebis, vi
25 depellunt, caedem in foro maximam faciunt, univer-
sique destrictis gladiis et cruentis in omnibus fori par-
tibus fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum
meique amantissimum, oculis quaerebant, voce posce-
bant. Quorum ille telis libenter in tanto luctu ac
30 desiderio mei non repugnandi, sed moriendi causa
corpus obtulisset suum, nisi suam vitam ad spem mei
reditus reservasset. Subiit tamen vim illam nefariam
38 M. TULLI CICERONIS
consceleratorum latronum et, cum ad fratris salutem a
populo Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris
in comitio iacuit seque servorum et libertorum corpori-
bus obtexit vitamque turn suam noctis et fugae prae-
77 sidio, non iuris iudiciorumque defendit. Meministis 5
turn, iudices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri,
cloacas ref arciri, e f oro spongiis effingi sanguinem, ut
omnes tantam illam copiam et tarn magnificum appara-
tum non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et
praetorium esse arbitrarentur. 10
XXXVI. Nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque
hoc ipso turbulentissimo die criminamini Sestium.
' Atqui vis in foro versata est.' Certe : quando enim
maior? lapidationes persaepe vidimus, non ita saepe,
sed nimium tamen saepe gladios : caedem vero tan- 15
tarn, tantos acervos corporum exstructos, nisi forte
illo Cinnano atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in
foro vidit ] Qua ex concitatione animorum ? Nam ex
pertinacia aut constantia intercessoris oritur saepe
seditio culpa atque improbitate latoris commodo aliquo 20
oblato imperitis aut largitione ; oritur ex concertatione
magistratuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore primum,
deinde aliqua discessione contionis ; vix sero et raro
ad manus pervenitur : nullo vero verbo facto, nulla
contione advocata, nulla lata lege concitatam noctur- 25
78 nam seditionem quis audivit ] An veri simile est, ut
civis Romanus aut homo liber quisquam cum gladio in
forum descenderit ante lucem, ne de me ferri pateretur,
praeter eos, qui ab illo pestifero ac perdito civi iam
pridem rei publicae sanguine saginantur 1 Hie iam de so
ipso accusatore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur cum
multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse,
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 7680 39
mini illo die f uerit % Oerte non fuit. Yicta igitur est
causa rei publicae et victa non auspiciis, non inter-
cessione, non suffragiis, sed vi, mami, ferro. Nam si
obnuntiasset Fabricio is [praetor], qui se servasse de
6 caelo dixerat, accepisset res publica plagam, sed earn,
quam acceptam gemere posset ; si intercessisset collega
Fabricio, laesisset rem publicam, sed rei publicae
iure laesisset. Gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata
aedilitate suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante
io lucem immijtas 1 magistratus templo deicias ? caedem
maximam facias 1 forum purges 1 et, cum omnia vi et
armis egeris, accuses eum, qui se praesidio munierit,
non ut te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defen-
dere?
]5 XXX VII. Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit 79
Sestius, ut a suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum
gereret, rem publicam administraret. Itaque fretus
sanctitate tribunatus, cum se non modo contra vim et
ferrum, sed etiam contra verba atque interfationem
20 legibus sacratis esse armatum putaret, venit in templum
Castoris, obnuntiavit consuli: cum subito manus ilia
Clodiana, in caede civium saepe iam victrix, exclamat,
incitatur, invadit ; inermem atque imparatum tribunum
alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et
25 fustibus ; a quibus hie multis vulneribus acceptis ac
debilitato corpore et contrucidato se abiecit exanimatus
neque ulla alia re ab se mortem nisi opinmnejnortis
depulit. Quern cum iacentem et concisum plurimis
vulneribus extremo spiritu exsanguem et confectum
83 viderent, defetigatione magis et errore quam miseri-
cordia et modo ali quando caedere destiterunt. Et 80
causam dicit Sestius cte vi 1 quid ita 1 Quia vivit. At
40 M. TULLI CIGEROmS
id non sua culpa; plaga una ilia extrema defuit, quae
si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset. Accusa
Lentidium ; non percussit locum ; male die Titio,
Sabino homini Reatino, cur tarn temere exclamarit
occisum. Ipsum vero quid accusas 1 num defuit gladiis ? 5
num repugnavit % num, ut gladiatoribus imperari solet,
ferrum non recepit?
XXXVIII. An haec ipsa vis est, non posse emori ?
an ilia, quod tribunus plebis templum cruentavit ? an
quod, cum esset ablatus primumque resipisset, non se 10
referri iussit 1 Ubi est crimen 1 quid reprehenditis ?
81 Hie quaero, iudices : Si illo die gens ista Clodia, quod
facere voluit, effecisset, si P. Sestius, qui pro occiso
relictus est, occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri?
fuistisne vos ad patrium ilium animum maiorumque 15
virtutem excitaturi 1 fuistisne aliquando rem publicam
a f unesto latrone repetituri 1 an etiam turn quiesceretis,
cunctaremini, timeretis, cum rem publicam a facinoro-
sissimis sicariis et a servis esse oppressam atque con-
culcatam videretis % Cuius igitur mortem ulcisceremini, 20
si quidem liberi esse et habere rem publicam cogitaretis,
de eius virtute vivi quid vos loqui, quid sentire, quid
cogitare, quid iudicare oporteat, dubitandum putatis ]
82 At vero ipsi illi parricidae, quorum ecfrenatus furor
alitur inpunitate diuturna, adeo vim facinoris sui 25
perhorruerunt, ut, si paulo longior opinio mortis Sesti
fuisset, Gracchum ilium suum transferendi in nos
criminis causa occidere cogitarint. Sensit rusticulus
non incautus neque enim homines nequam tacere
potuerunt , suum sanguinem quaeri ad restinguendam 30
invidiam facinoris Olodiani : mulioniam paenulam
adripuit, cum quaprimum Komam ad comitia venerat;
PBO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8084 41
messoria se corbe contexit. Cum quaererent alii
Numerium, alii Quintium, gemini nominis errore
servatus est. Atque hoc scitis omnes, usque adeo
hominem in periculo fuisse, quoad scitum est Sestium
5 vivere. Quod ni esset patefactum paulo citius quam
vellem, non illi quidem morte mercennarii sui trans-
ferre potuissent invidiam in quos putabant, sed acerbis-
simi sceleris infamiam grato quodam scelere minuissent.
Ac si turn P. Sestius, iudices, in templo Castoris 83
10 animam quam vix retinuit edidisset, non dubito quin,
si modo esset in re publica senatus, si maiestas populi
Romani revixisset, aliquando statua huic ob rem pub-
licam interfecto in foro statueretur. Nee vero illorum
quisquam, quos a maioribus nostris morte obita positos
is in illo loco atque in rostris conlocatos videtis, esset P.
Sestio aut acerbitate mortis aut in rem publicam animo
praeponendus, qui cum causam civis calamitosi, causam
amici, causam bene de re publica meriti, causam senatus,
causam Italiae, causam rei publicae suscepisset, cumque
20 auspiciis religionique parens obnuntiaret, quod senserat,
luce palam a nefariis pestibus in deorum hominumque
conspectu esset occisus sanctissimo in templo, sanctis-
sima in causa, sanctissimo in niagistratu. Eius igitur
vitam quisquam spoliandam ornamentis esse dicet,
26 cuius mortem ornandam monumento sempiterno puta-
retis '?
XXXIX. ' Homines ' inquit ' emisti, coegisti, 84
parasti.' Quid uti faceret ? senatum obsideret 1 civis
indemnatos expelleret ? bona diriperet % aedis incende-
30 ret? tecta disturbaret? templa deorum immortalium
innammaret? tribunos plebis ferro e rostris expelleret?
provincias, quas vellet, quibus vellet, venderet ? reges
42 M. TULLI CICERONIS
appellaref* rerum capitalium condemnatos in liberas
civitates per legatos nostros reduceret ? principero
civitatis ferro obsessum teneret ? Haec ut efficere
posset, quae fieri nisi armis oppressa re publica nullo
modo poterant, idcirco, credo, manum sibi P. Sestius 5
et copias comparavit. 'At nondum erat maturum;
nondum res ipsa ad eius modi praesidia viros bonos
conipellebat.' Pulsi nos eramus, non omnino ista
manu sola, sed tamen non sine ista : vos taciti maere-
85 batis. Captum erat forum anno superiore, aede Castoris 10
tamquam arce aliqua a fugitivis occupata: silebatur.
Omnia hominum cum egestate turn audacia perditorum
clamore concursu, vi manu gerebantur : perferebatis.
Magistratus templis pellebantur, alii omnino aditu ac
foro prohibebantur : nemo resistebat. GladiatOres ex is
praetoris comitatu comprehensi, in senatum introducti,
confess!, in vincla coniecti a Milone, emissi a Serrano :
mentio nulla. Forum corporibus civium Romanorura
constratum caede nocturna : non modo nulla nova
quaestio, sed etiam Vetera iudicia sublata. Tribunum 20
plebis plus viginti vulneribus acceptis iacentem mori-
bundumque vidistis : alterius tribuni plebis, hominis*--
dicam enim quod sentio et quod mecum sentiunt omnes,
divini, insigni quadam, inaudita, nova magnitudine
animi, gravitate, fide praediti, domus est oppugnata 25
ferro facibus exercitu Clodiano.
86 XL. Et tu hoc loco laudasMilonem et iure laudas.
Quern enim umquam virum tarn immortali virtute
vidimus 1 qui nullo praemio proposito praeter hoc, quod
iam contritum et contemptum putatur, iudicium bono- 3e
rum, omnia pericula, summos labores, gravissimas
contentiones inimicitiasque suscepit; qui mihi unus
PRO P. SESTIO RAT 10 8488 43
ex omnibus civibus videtur re docuisse, non verbis, et
quid oporteret a praestantibus viris in re publica fieri
et quid necesse esset : oportere hominum audacium
eversorum rei publicae sceleri legibus et iudiciis resis-
5 tere ; si leges non valerent, iudicia non essent, si res
publica vi consensuque audacium ar mis oppressa tene-
retur, praesidio et copiis defendi vitam et libertatem
necesse esse. Hoc sentire prudentiae est, facere fortitu-
dinis, et sentire vero et facere perfectae cumulataeque
10 virtutis. Adiit ad rem publicam tribunus pi. Milo 87
(de cuius laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici
quam existimari malit aut ego hunc laudis fructum
praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis
consequi non possim, sed quod existimo, si Milonis
15 causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam probaro, vos in
hoc crimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos) adiit
igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem
patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. Simplex causa,
constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena con-
20 cordiae. Collegas adiutores habebat : consulis alterius
summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus : de
praetoribus unus alienus : senatus incredibilis voluntas,
equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, erecta
Italia. Duo_soli erant empti ad impediendum; qui si
25 homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sustinere
non potuissent, se causam, quam susceperat, nullo
labore peracturum videbat. Agebat auctpritate, agebat
consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat exemplo
bonorum ac fortium civium ; quid re publica, quid se
30 dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, quid maiori-
bus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime cogitabat.
XLI. Huic gravitati hominis videbat ille gladiator 88
44 M. TULLI GIGERONIS
se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non posse : ad coti-
dianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se cum exercitu suo
contulit; domum oppugnare, itineribus occurrere, vi
lacessere et terrere coepit. Non movit hominem summa
gravitate summaque constantia ; sed quamquam dolor 5
animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus
fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi vim oblatam, prae-
sertim saepius,ut frangeret et refutaret, tanta moderatio
fait hominis, tantum consilium, ut contineret dolorem
neque eadem se re ulcisceretur, qua esset lacessitus, 10
sed ilium tot iam in funeribus rei publicae exsultantem
ac tripudiantem legum, si posset, laqueis constringeret.
89 Descendit ad accusandum. Quis umquam tarn proprie
rei publicae causa, nullis inimicitiis, nullis praemiis,
nulla hominum postulatione aut etiam opinione id eum 15
umquam esse facturum 1 ? Fracti erant animi hominis ; hoc "
enim accusante pristini illius sui iudicii turpitudinem
desperabat. Eccejtibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis
nova novi generis edicta proponunt, ne reus adsit, ne
citetur, ne quaeratur, ne mentionem omnino cuiquam 20
iudicum aut iudiciorum facere liceat ! Quid ageret vir
ad virtutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus vi sceleratorum
hominum conroborata, legibus iudiciisque sublatis 1
Cervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir
profligatissimo homini daret, an causam susceptam 25
abiceret, an se domi contineret % et vinci turpe
putavit et deterreri et latere; perfecit ut, quoniam
sibi in ilium legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque
in suo neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret.
00 XLII. Quo modo igitur hoc in genere praesidii 30
comparati accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem %
An qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris, focis ferrum
PRO P. SESTIO OB AT 10 8892 45
flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere volt tuto esse in
foro, in templo, in curia, iure praesidium comparat :
qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, monetur
ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et iugulum ac
6 latera tutetur, liunc de vi accusandum pittas'? Quis 91
enim nostrum, iudices, ignorat ita naturam rerum
tulisse, ut quodarn^ tempore homines nondum neque
naturali neque civili iure descripto fusi per agros ac
dispersi vagarentur tantumque haberent, quantum
10 manu ac viribus per caedem ac vulnera aut eripere
aut retinere potuissent % Qui igitur primi virtute et
consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ii perspecto genere
humanae docilitatis atque ingenii dissipatos unum in
locum congregarunt eosque ex feritate ilia ad iustitiam
15 atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. Turn res ad
communem utilitatem, quas publicas appellamus, turn
conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae
sunt, turn domicilia coniuncta, quas urbis dicimus,
invento et divino iure et humano moenibus saepse-
20 runt. Atque inter hanc vitam perpolitam humanitate 92
et illam immanem nihil tarn interest quam ius atque
vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum.
Vimvolumus exstingui: ius valeat necesse est, id est
iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur. Iudicia displicent
25 aut nulla sunt : vis dominetur necesse est. Hoc vident
omnes : Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim
depelleret. Altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vin-
ceret ; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia
vinceretur. Eademque ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in
so accusando neque enim per omnis fuit idem fieri
necesse , at certe in necessitate defendendae salutis
suae praesidioque contra vim et manum comparando.
46 M. TULLI CIGERONIS
98 XLIII. O di immortales ! quenmam ostenditis
exitum nobis? quam spem rei publicae datis? quotus
quisque invenietur tanta virtu te vir, qui optimam
quamque causam rei publicae amplectatur, qui bonis
viris deserviat, qui solidani laudem veramque quaeraf? 5
cum sciat duo ilia rei publicae paene fata, Gabinium et
Pisonem, alterum haurire cotidie ex pacatissimis atque
opulentissimis Syriae gazis innumerabile pondus auri,
bellum inferre quiescentibus, ut eorum veteres inliba-
tasque divitias in profundissimum libidinum suarum 10
gurgitem profundat; villam aedificare in oculis omnium
tan tarn, tugurium ut iam videatur esse ilia villa, quam
ipse tribunus plebis pictam olim in contionibus explica-
bat, quo fortissimum ac summum civem in invidiam
94 homo castus ac non cupidus vocaret : alterum Thracibus 15
ac Dardanis primum pacem maxima pecunia vendidisse,
deinde, ut illi pecuniam conficere possent, vexandam
eis Macedoniam et spoliandam tradidisse ; eundemque
bona creditorum civium Romanorum, cum debitoribus
Graecis divisisse, cogere pecunias maximas a Dyrra- 20
chinis, spoliare Thessalos, certam Achaeis in annos
singulos pecuniam imperavisse neque tamen ullo in
publico aut religioso loco signum aut tabulam aut orna-
mentum reliquisse; illos sic inludere, quibus omnesup-
plicium atque omnis iure optimo poena debetur; reos 25
esse hos duos, quos videtis. Omitto iam Numerium,
Serranum, Aelium, quisquilias seditionis Clodianae;
sed tamen hi quoque etiam nunc volitant, ut videtis,
nee, dum vos de vobis aliquid timebitis, illi umquam
de se pertimescent. 30
95 XLIV. Nam quid ego de aedile ipso loquar, qui
etiam diem dixit et accusavit de vi Milonem? Neque
PRO P. SESTIO OR AT 10 9397 47
hie tamen ulla umquam iniuria adducetur, ut eum tali
virtute tantaque firmitate animi se in rem publicam
fuisse paeniteat: sed qui haec vident adulescentes,
quonam suas mentes conferent? Hie, qui monumenta
5 publica, qui aedis sacras, qui domos inimicorum suo-
rum oppugnavit, excidit, incendit, qui stipatus semper
sicariis, saeptus armatis, munitus indicibus fuit, quo-
rum hodie copia redundat, qui et peregrinam manum
facinerosorum concitavit et servos ad caedem idoneos
10 emit et in tribunatu carcerem totum in forum effudit,
volitat aedilis, accusat eum, qui aliqua ex parte eius
furorem exsultantem repressit; hie, qui se est tutatus &^^
sic, ut in privata re deos penatis suos, in re publica
iura tribunatus atque auspicia defenderet, accusare
15 eum moderate, a quo ipse nefarie accusatur, per senatus
auctoritatem non est situs. Nimirum hoc illud est, 96
quod de me potissimum tu in accusatione quaesisti quae
esset nostra 'natio optimatium'; sic enim dixisti. Rem
quaeris praeclaram iuventuti ad discendum nee mihi
20 difficilem ad perdocendum; de qua pauca, iudices,
dicam: et, ut arbitror, nee ab utilitate eorum qui
audient, nee ab officio vestro nee ab ipsa causa P.
Sesti abhorrebit oratio mea.
XLV. Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt
25 eorum, qui versari in re publica atque in ea se excel-
lentius gerere studuerunt : quibus ex generibus alteri
se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse volue-
runt. Qui ea, quae faciebant quaeque dicebant, multi-
tudini iucunda volebant esse, populares, qui autem ita
30 se gerebant, ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent,
optimates habebantur. l Quis ergo iste optimus quis- 97
que*? Numero, si quaeris, innumerabiles (neque enim
48 M. TULLI CICEROFIS
aliter stare possemus); sunt principes consilii publici,
sunt, qui eorum sectam sequuntur, sunt maximorum
ordinum homines, quibus patet curia, sunt municipales
rusticique Romani, sunt negotii gerentes, sunt etiain
libertini optimates. humerus, ut dixi, huius generis 5
late et varie diffusus est, sed genus universum, ut tol-
latur error, brevi circumscribi et definiri potest. Om-
nes optimates sunt, qui neque nocentes sunt nee
natura improbi nee furiosi nee malis domesticis impe-
diti. Est igitur, ut ii sint, quam tu 'nationem' appel- 10
lasti, qui integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesti-
cis constituti. Horum qui voluntati, commodis, opini-
onibus in gubernanda re publica serviunt, defensores
optimatium ipsique optimates grayissimi et clarissimi
98 cives numerantur et principes civitatis. Quid est 15
igitur propositum his rei publicae gubernatoribus, quod
intueri et quo cursum suum derigere debeanf? Id
quod est praestantissimum maximeque optabile omni-
bus sanis et bonis et beatis, cum dignitate otium. Hoc
qui volunt, omnes optimates, qui efficiunt, summi viri 20
et conservatores civitatis putantur. Neque enim
rerum gerendarum dignitate homines ecferri ita con-
venit, ut otio non prospiciant, neque ullum amplexari
otium, quod abhorreat a dignitate.
XLYI. Huius autem otiosae dignitatis haec fun- 25
damenta sunt, haec membra, quae tuenda principibus
et vel capitis periculo defendenda sunt; religiones, aus-
picia, potestates magistratuum, senatus auctoritas,
leges, mos maiorum, iudicia, iuris dictio, fides, provin-
99 ciae, socii, imperii laus, res militaris, aerarium. Harum 30
rerum tot atque tantarum esse defensorem et patronum
magni animi est, magni ingenii magnaeque constantiae.
PRO P. S EST 10 RAT 10 97101 49
Etenim in tanto civium numero magna multitudo est
eorum, qui aut propter metum poenae peccatorum
suorum conscii novos motus conversionesque rei pub-
licae quaerant, aut qui propter insitum quendam ani-
5 mi furorem discordiis civium ac seditione pascantur,
aut qui propter implicationem rei familiaris communi
incendio malint quam suo deflagrare. Qui cum auc-
tores sunt et duces suorum sfcudiorum vitiorumque
nacti, in re publica fluctus excitantur, ut vigilandum
]0 sit iis, qui sibi gubernacula patriae depoposcerunt,
enitendumque omni scientia ac diligentia, ut conserva-
tis iis, quae ego paulo ante fundamenta ac membra esse
dixi, tenere cursum possint et capere otii ilium portum
et dignitatis. Hanc ego viam, iudices, si aut asperam 100
15 atque arduam aut plenam esse periculorum aut insidi-
arum negem, mentiar; praesertim cum id non modo
intellexerim semper, sed etiam praeter ceteros senserim.
XLYIT. Maioribus praesidiis et copiis oppugnatur
res publica quam defenditur, propterea quod audaces
20 homines et perditi nutu impelluntur et ipsi etiam
sponte sua contra rem publicamincitantur; boninescio
quo modo tardiores sunt et principiis rerum neglectis
ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur, ita
ut nonnumquam cunctatione ac tarditate, dum otium
25 volunt etiam sine dignitate retinere, ipsi utrumque
amittant. Propugnatores autein rei publicae qui esse 101
voiuerunt, si levipres sunt, desciscunt; si timidiores,
desunt: permanent illi soli atque omnia rei publicae
causa perferunt, qui sunt tales, qualis pater tuus, M.
30 Scaure, fuit, qui a C. Graccho usque ad Q. Yarium
seditiosis omnibus restitit, quern numquam ullavis,ullae
minae, ulla invidia labefecit; aut qualis Q. Metellus,
h. 4
50 M. TULLI CICERONIS
patruus matris tuae, qui cum florentem hominem in
populari ratione, L. Saturninum, censor notasset cum-
que insitivum Gracchum contra vim multitudinis inci-
tatae censu prohibuisset cum que in earn legem, quam
non iure rogatam iudicarat, iurare unus noluisset, de 6
civitate maluit quam de sententia demoveri; aut, ut
vetera exempla, quorum est copia digna hums imperii
gloria, relinquam neve eorum aliquem, qui vivunt,
nominem, qualis nuper Q. Catulus fuit, quern neque
periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam 10
de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere.
102 XLVIII. Haec imitamini, per deos immortalis,
qui dignitatem, qui laudem, qui gloriam quaeritis!
Haec ampla sunt, haec divina, haec immortalia; haec
fama celebrantur, monumentis annalium mandantur, 15
posteritati propagantur. Est labor, non nego; peri-
cula magna, fateor;
'multae insidiae stint bonis'
verissime dictum est; sed te
'id, quod multi invideant multique expetant, inscitiast,' 20
inquit,
'postulare, nisi laborem stimma cum cura ecferas.'
Nollem idem alio loco dixisset, quod exciperent improbi
cives :
'oderint, dum metuant.' 25
103 Praeclara enim ilia praecepta dederat iuventuti. Sed
tamen haec via ac rajtio rei publicae capessendae olim
erat magis pertimescenda, cum multis in rebus multi-
tudinis studium ac populi commodum ab utilitate rei
publicae discrepabat. Tabellaria lex ab L. Cassio fere- so
batur. Populus libertatem agi putabat suam. Dissentie-
bant principes et in salute optimatium temeritatem mul-
PRO P. SESTIO OEATIO 101105 51
titudinis et tabellae licentiam pertimescebant. Agra-
rian! Ti. Gracchus legem ferebat. Grata erat popnlo;
fortunae constitui tenuiorum videbantur. Nitebantur
contra optimates, quod et discordiam excitari videbant,
5 et, cum locupletes possessionibus diuturnis moverentur,
spoliari rem publicam propugnatoribus arbitrabantur.
Frumentariam legem 0. Gracchus ferebat. Iucunda res
plebei; victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore.
Repugnabant boni, quod et ab industria plebem ad
10 desidiam avocari putabant et aerarium exhauriri vide-
bant. ILLJJL. Multa etiam nostra memoria, quae con-
sulto praetereo, fuerunt in ea contentione, ut popularis
cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret. Nunc iam 104
nihil est, quod populus a delectis principibusque dis-
15 sentiat : nee fiagitat rem ullam neque no varum rerum
est cupidus et otio suo et dignitate optimi cuiusque et
universae rei publicae gloria delectatur. Itaque ho-
mines seditiosi ac turbulenti, quia nulla iam largitione
populum Eomanum concitare possunt, quod plebes
20 perfuncta gravissimis seditionibus ac discordiis otium
amplexatur, conductas habent contiones neque id
agunt ut ea dicant aut ferant, quae illi velint audire,
qui in contione sunt, sed pretio ac mercede periiciunt,
ut quidquid dicant, id illi velle audire videantur.
25 Num vos existimatis Gracchos aut Saturninum aut 105
quemquam illorum veterum, qui populares habebantur,
ullum umquam in contione habuisse conductum? Nemo
habuit; ipsa enim largitio et spes commodi propositi
sine mercede ulla multitudinem concitabat. Itaque
30 temporibus illis qui populares erant, offendebant illi
quidem apud gravis et honestos homines, sed populi
iudiciis atque omni significatione florebant. His in
42
52 M. TULLI CICERONIS
theatro plaudebatur, hi suffragiis quod contenderant
consequebantur, horum homines nomen, orationem,
vultum, incessum amabant. Qui autem adversabantur
ei generi, graves et magni homines habebantur; sed
valebant in senatu multum, apud bonos viros pluri- 5
mum; multitudini iucundi non erant, suffragiis offen-
debatur saepe eorum voluntas; plausum vero etiam
si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset
pertimescebat. Ac tamen, si quae res erat maior,
idem ille populus horum auctoritate maxime commo- 10
vebatur.
106 L. Nunc, nisi me fallit, in eo statu civitas est,
ut, si operas conductorum removeris, omnes idem de
re publica sensuri esse videantur. Etenim tribus locis
significari maxime populi Romani iudicium ac volun- is
tas potest, contione, comitiis, ludorum gladiatorumque
consessu. Quae contio fuit per hos annos, quae
quidem esset non conducta sed vera, in qua populi
Romani consensus perspici non posset? Habitae sunt
multae de me a gladiatore sceleratissimo, ad quas 20
nemo adibat incorruptus, nemo integer; nemo ilium
foedum vultum adspicere, nemo furialem vocem bonus
audire poterat. Erant illae contiones perditorum
107 hominum necessario turbulentae. Habuit de eodem
me P. Lentulus consul contionem ; concursus . est 25
populi Romani factus; omnes ordines, tota in ilia
contione Italia constitit. Egit causam summa cum
gravitate copiaque dicendi tanto silentio, tanta adpro-
batione omnium, nihil ut umquain videretur tarn
populare ad populi Romani aures accidisse. Productus 30
est ab eo Cn. Pompeius, qui se non solum auctorem
meae salutis, sed etiam supplicem populo Romano
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 105110 53
praebuit. Huius oratio lit semper gravis et grata in
oontionibus fuit, sic c,ontendo numquam neque elo-
quentia earn neque incunditate fuisse maiore. Quo 108
silentio sunt auditi de me ceteri principes civitatis !
5 quos idcirco non appello hoc loco, ne mea oratio, si
minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata, si satis de omnibus,
infinita esse videatur. Cedo nunc eiusdem illius in-
imici mei de me eodem adjvjerum populum in campo
Martio contionem ! quis non modo adprobavit, sed
10 non indignissimum facinus putavit ilium non dicam
loqui, sed vivere ac spirare 1 quis fuit qui non eius
voce maculari rem publicam seque, si eum audiret,
scelere adstringi arbitraretur 1
LI. Yenio ad comitia, sive magistratuum placet 109
15 sive legum. Leges videmus saepe ferri multas. Omitto
eas, quae feruntur ita, vix ut quini, et ii ex aliena
tribu, qui suffragium ferant, reperiantur. De me,
quern ty ran mini atque ereptorem libertatis esse dicebat
ilia ruma rei publicae, dicit se legem tulisse. Quis est
20 qui se, cum contra me fQrebatar, inisse suffragiuai.
confiteatur "l cum autem de me eodem ex senatus
consulto comitiis centuriatis ferebatur, quis est qui
non profiteatur se adfuisse et suffragium de salute mea
tulisse 3 Utra igitur causa popularis debet videri,
25 iu qua omnes hongsiates civitatis, omnes aetates,
omnes ordines una consentiunt, an in qua furiae
concitatae tamquam ad funus rei publicae convolant ?
An, sicubi aderit Gellius, homo et fratre indignus, 110
viro clarissimo atque optiino consule, et ordine eques-
so tri, cuius ille ordinis nomen retinet, ornamenta con-
fecit, id erit populare 1 ' Est enim homo iste populo
Romano deditus.' Nihil vidi magis ; qui, cum eius
54 M. TULLI CICERONIS
adulescentia in amplissimis honoribus summi viri,
L. Philippi vitrici, florere potuisset, usque eo non
fuit popularis, ut bona solus comesset. Deinde ex
impuro adulescente et petulante, posteaquam rem
paternam ab idiotarmn__divitiis ad philosophorum re- 5
culam perduxit, Graecjilum se atque otiosum putari
voluit, studio litterarum se subito dedidit. Nihil
satiabant eum libelli, pro vino etiam saepe oppignera-
bantur ; manebat insaturabile abdomen, copiae deficie-
bant. Itaque semper versabatur in spe rerum no- 10
varum ; otio et tranquillitate rei publicae consenes-
cebat.
LII. Ecquae seclitio umquam fuit, in qua non
ille princeps 1 ecqui seditiosus cui ille non familiaris *?
ecquae turbulenta contio cuius ille non concitator? 15
cui bene dixit umquam bono ? bene dixit ? immo
quern fortem et bonum civem non petulantissime est
insectatus? qui, ut credo, non libidinis causa, sed,
111 ut plejaigola videretur, libertinam duxit uxorem. Is
de me suffragium tulit, is adfuit, is interfuit epulis 20
et gratulationibus parricidarum. In quo tamen est
me ultus, cum illo ore inimicos est meos saviatus:
qui quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit, ita ob earn
ipsam causarn est mihi inimicus, quia nihil habet.
Utrum ego tibi patrimonium eripui, Gelli, an tu 25
comedisti 1 quid, tu meo periculo, g urges ac vorago
patrimonii, helluabare, ut, si ego consul rem publicam
contra te et gregalis tuos defendissem, in civitate esse
me nolles 1 Te nemo tuorum videre volt, omnes
aditum, sermonem, congressum tuum fugiunt; te 30
sororis filius Postumius, adulescens gravis senili_iu-
dicio, notayit, cum in magno_numero tutorera liberis
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 110114 55
nonjnstituit. Sed latus odio et meo et rei publicae
nomine, quorum ille utri sit inimicior nescio, plura
dixi, quam dicendum fuit, in furiosissimum atque
egentissimum ganeonem. llluc revertor: contra me 112
5 cum est latum capta urbe atque oppressa, Gellium,
Firmidium, Titium, eiusdem modi furias illis mer-
cennariis gregibus duces et auctores fuisse, cum ipse
lator nihil ab horum turpitudine, audacia, sordibus
abhorreret. At cum de dignitate mea ferebatur, nemo
10 sibi nee valetudinis_excusationem nee senectutis satis
iustam [ullam] putavit; nemo fuit, qui se non rem
publicam mecum simul revocare in suas sedes arbi-
traretur.
LI II. Yideamus nunc comitia magistratuum. 113
is Fuit conlegium nuper tribunicium, in quiLtres minime,
vehementer duo p opul ares existimabantur. Ex iis,
qui populares non habebantur, quibus in illo genere
conductarum contionum consistendi potestas non erat,
duo a populo Komano praetores video esse fa^ios; et,
20 quantum sermonibus vulgi et suffragiis intellegere
potui, prae se populus Komanus ferebat, sibi ilium in
tribunatu Cn. Domiti animum constantem et egregium
et Q. Anchari fidem ac fortitudinem, etiam si nihil
agere potuissent, tamen voluntate ipsa gratum fuisse.
25 lam de C. Fannio quae sit existimatio, videmus; quod
iudicium populi Romani in honoribus eius futurum
sit, nemini dubium esse debet. Quid 1 ? populares illi 114
duo quid^egerunt ] Alter, qui tamen se continuerat,
tulerat nihil, senserat tantum de re publica aliud
30 atque homines exspectabant, vir et bonus et innocens
et bonis viris semper probatus, quod parum videlicet
intellexit in tribunatu, quid vero_populo probaretur,
56 M. TULLI CICEROXIS
et quod ilium esse populum Romanum, qui in con-
tione erat, arbitrabatur, non tenuit eum locum, in
quern, nisi popularis esse voluisset, facillime perve-
nisset. Alter, qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat,
ut auspicia, legem Aeliam, senatus auctoritatem, con- 5
sulem, collegas, bonorum iudicium nihili putaret,
aedilitatem petivit cum bonis viris et hominibus primis,
sed non praestantissimis opibus et gratia : tribum suam
non tulit, Palatinam denique, per quam omnes illae
pestes vexare rem publicam dicebantur, perdidit ; nee io
quicquam illis comitiis quod boni viri vellent nisi
repulsam tulit. Yidetis igitur populum ipsum, ut ita
dicam, iam non esse popularem, qui ita vehementer
eos, qui populares habentur, respuat, eos autem, qui ei
generi adversantur, honore dignissimos iudicet. 15
115 LIY. Yeniamus ad ludos : facit enim, iudices,
vester iste in me animorum oculorumque couiectus, ut
mihi iam licere putem remissiore uti genere dicendi.
Comitiorum et contionum significationes sunt non-
numquam vitiatae atque corruptae ; theatrales gladia- 20
toriique consessus dicuntur omnino solere levitate non
nullorum emptos plausus exilis et raros excitare. Ac
tamen facile est, cum id fit, quern ad modum et a
quibus fiat efc quid integra multitudo faciat, videre.
Quid ego nunc dicam, quibus viris aut cui generi 25
civium maxime plaudatur'? Neminem vestrum fallit.
Sit liiic sane leve, quod non ita est, quoniam optimo
cuique impertitur; sed, si est leve, homini gravi leve
est; ei vero, qui pendet rebus levissimis, qui rumore et,
ut ipsi loquuntur, favore populi tenetur et ducitur, -so
plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri ne-
116 cesse est. Ex te igitur, Scaure, potissimum quaero,
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 114118 57
qui ludos apparatissimos magnifieentissimosque fecisti,
ecquis istorum popularium tuos ludos aclspexerit, ecquis
se theatro populoque Romano commiserit. Ipse ille
maxime_. ludius, non solum spectator, sed actor et
5 aeroama, qui omnia sororis embolia novit, qui in
coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, nee tuos ludos
adspexit in illo ardenti tribunatu suo nee ullos alios
nisi eos, a quibus vix vivus effugit. Semel, inquam, se
ludis homo popularis commisit omnino, cum in templo
10 Virtutis honos habitus esset virtuti Gaique Mari,
conservatoris huius imperii, monumentum municipi
eius et rei publicae defensori sedem ad salutem prae-
buisset.
LV. Quo quidem tempore quid populus Romanus 117
15 sentire se ostenderet, utroque in genere declaratum
est_: primum cum audito senatus consulto rei ipsi
atque absenti senatui plausus est ab universis datus;
deinde, cum senatoribus singulis spectatum e senatu
redeuntibus ; cum vero ipse, qui ludos faciebat, consul
20 adsedit, stantes ei manibus passis gratias agentes et
lacrimantes gaudio suam erga me benevolentiam ac
misericordiam declararunt. At cum ille furibundus
incitata ilia sua vaecordi mente venisset, vix se populus
Romanus tenuit, vix homines odium suum a corpore
25 eius impuro atque infando represserunt ; voces qukiem
et palmarum intentus et maledictorum clamorem
omnes profuderunt. Sed quid ego populi Romani 118
animum virtutemque commemoro, libertatem iam ex_
diuturna servitute dispicientis, i n eo homine, cui turn
so petenti iam aedilitatem ne histriones quidem coram
sedenti pepercerunt ? Nam cum ageretur t ogat a,
* Simulans ', ut opinor, caterva tota clarissima concen-
58 M. TULL1 CICEBONIS
tione in ore impuri hominis imminens contionata
est:
<huic, Tite,
tua post principia atque exitus vitiosae vitae !'
Sedebat exanimatus, et is, qui antea cantorum convicio 5
contiones celebrare suas solebat, cantorum ipsorum
vocibus eiciebatur. Et quoniam facta mentio est
ludorum, ne illud quidem praetermittam, in magna
varietate sententiarum numquam ullum fuisse locum,
in quo aliquid a poeta dictum cadere in tempus nos- 10
trum videretur, quod aut populum universum fugeret
119 aut non exprimeret ipse actor. Et quaeso hoc loco,
iudices, ne qua levitate me ductum ad insolitum genus
dicendi labi putetis, si de poetis, de histrionibus, de
ludis in iudicio loquar. LYI. ISTon sum tarn ignarus, is
iudices, causarum, non tarn insojens in dicendo, ut omni
ex_genere orationem aucuper et omnis undique noscu-
los carpam atque delibem. Scio quid gravitas vestra,
quid haec advocatio, quid ille conventus, quid dignitas
P. Sesti, quid pericuii magnitudo, quid aetas, quid 20
lionos meus postulet. Sed mihi sumpsi hoc loco doctri-
nam quandam iuventuti, qui essent optimates. In ea
explicanda demonstrandum est non esse popularis om-
nis eos, qui putentur. Id facillime consequar, si universi
populi iudicium verum et incorruptum et si intimos 25
120 sensus civitatis expressero. Quid fuit illud, quod recenti
nuntio de illo senatus consul to, quod factum est in
templo Virtutis, ad ludos scaenamque perlato consessu
maximo summus artifex et me hercule semper partium
in re publica tarn quarn in scaena optimarum flens et 30
recenti laetitia et mix to dolore ac desiderio meiegit ad
populum Eomanurn multo gravioribus verbis meam
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 118122 59
causam, quam egomet de me agere potuissein 1 Sammi
enim poetae ingenium non solum a rte s ua, sed etiam
dolore exprimebat. Qua enim vi
' qui rem publicam certo animo adiuverit
5 statuerit steterit cum Achivis '
vobiscum me stetisse dicebat, vestros ordines demon-
strabat : revocabatur ab universis
' re dubia
haut dubitarit vitam offerre nee capiti pepercerit:'
10 haec quantis ab illo clamoribus agebantur ! cum iam 121
omisso gestu verbis poetae et studio actoris et exspec-
tationi nostrae plauderetur:
'surumum amicum, summo in bello '
nam illud ipse actor adiungebat amico animo et fortasse
15 homines propter aliquod desiderium adprobabant :
'summo ingenio praeditum ! '
LVII. Iam ilia quanto cum gemitu populi Roman i
ab eodem paulo post in eadem fabula sunt acta !
<0 pater!'...
20 Me, me ille absentem ut patrem deplorandum putabat,
quern Q. Catulus, quern multi alii saepe in senatu pa-
trem patriae nominarant. Quanto cum netu de ill is
nostris incendiis ac ruinis, cum patrem pulsum, patriam
adflictam deploraret, domum incensam eversamque,
25 sic egit, ut, demonstrata pristina fortuna cum se con-
vertisset :
'haec omnia vidi inflammari'
fletum etiam inimicis atque invidis excitaret ! Pro di 122
immortales! quid? ilia quern ad modum dixit idem!
30 quae mihi quidem ita et acta et scripta videntur esse,
ut vel a Q. Catulo, si revixisset, praeclare posse dici vide-
rentur; is enim libere reprehendere et accusare populi
60 M. TULLI CICERONIS
nonnumquam temeritatem solebat aut errorem sena-
tus:
* o ingratifici Argivi, inmunes Graii,inmemores benefici ! '
Non erat illud quidem verum ; non enim ingrati, sed
miseri, quibus reddere salutem, a quo acceperant, non 5
liceret, nee unus in quemquam nmquam gratior quam
in me universi ; sed tamen illud scripsit disertissimus
poeta pro me, egit fortissimus actor, non solum opti-
mus, de me, cum omnis ordines demonstraret, sena-
tum, equites Romanos, universum populum Romanum 10
accusaret :
' exulare sinitis, sistis pelli, pulsum patimini.'
Quae turn significatio fuerit omnium, quae declaratio
voluntatis ab universo populo Romano in causa
hominis non popularis, equidem audiebam, existimare is
123 facilius possunt, qui adfuerunt. LYIII Et quoniam
hue me provexit oratio, histrio casum meum totiens
conlacrimavit, cum ita dolenter ageret causarn meam,
ut vox eius ilia praeclara lacrimis impediretur ; neque
poetae, quorum ego semper ingenia dilexi, tempori meo 20
defuerunt ; eaque populus Romanus non solum plausu,
sed etiam gemitu suo comprobavit. TJtrum igitur haec
Aesopum potius pro me aut Accium dicere oportuit, si
populus Romanus liber esset, an principes civitatis?
IsTominatim sum appellatus in Bruto : 25
Tullius, qui libertatem civibus stabiliverat/
Miliens revocatum est. Parumne vide bat ur populus
Romanus iudicare, id a me et a senatu esse constitu-
tum, quod perditi cives sublatum per nos crimina-
124 bantur ? Maximum vero populi Romani iudicium 30
universi consessu gladiatorio declaratum est. Erat
enim munus Scipionis, dignum et eo ipso et illo Q.
rno p. sestio oratio 122126 m
Metello, cui dabatur. Id autem spectaculi genus erat,
quod omni frequentia atque omni genere hominum
celebratur, quo multitudo maxime delectatur. In hunc
consessum P. Sestius, tribunus plebis, cum ageret nihil
5 aliud in eo magistratu nisi meam causam, venit et se
populo dedit, non plausus cupiditate, sed ut ipsi
inimici nostri voluntatem universi populi viderent.
Venit, ut scitis, a columna Maenia. Tantus est ex
omnibus spectaculis usque a Capitolio, tantus ex fori
10 cancellis plausus excitatus, ut numquam maior con-
sensu) aut apertior populi Romani universi fuisse ulla
in causa diceretur. Ubi erant turn illi contionum 125
moderatores, legum domini, civium expulsores ? aliusne
est aliquis improbis civibus peculiaris populus, cui nos
15 oflensi invisique fuerimus 1
LIX. Equidem existimo nullum tempus esse fre-
quentioris populi quam illud gladiatorium neque con-
tionis ullius neque vero ullorum comitiorum. Haec
igitur innumerabilis hominum multitudo, haec populi
20 Romani tanta significatio sine ulla varietate universi,
cum illis ipsis diebus de me actum iri putaretur, quid
declaravit nisi optimorum civium salutem et dignita-
tem populo Romano caram esse universo ? At vero 126
ille praetor, qui de me non patris, avi, proavi, maiorum
25 denique suorum omnium, sed Graeculorum instituto
contionem interrogare solebat, ' velletne me redire ',
et, cum erat reclamatum semivivis mercennariorum
vocibus, populum Romanum negare dicebat : is, cum
cotidie gladiatores spectaret, numquam est conspec-
30 tus, cum veniret. Emergebat subito, cum sub tabulas
subrepserat, ut ' mater te appello l dicturus videretur.
Itaque ilia via latebrosior, qua spectatum ille veniebat,
62 Ml TULLI CIGEROFIS
Appia iam vocabatui\ Qui tamen quoquo tempore
conspectus erat, non moclo gladiatores, sed equi ipsi
127 gladiatorum repentinis sibilis extimescebant. Yidetisne
igitur quantum intersit inter populum Romanum et
contionem 1 dominos contionum omni odio populi 5
notari 1 quibus autem consistere in operarum contioni-
bus non liceat, eos omni populi Romani significatione
decorari 1
Tu mihi etiam M. Atilium Regulum commemoras,
qui redire ipse Carthaginem sua voluntate ad sup- 10
plicium, quam sine iis captivis, a quibus ad senatum
missus erat, Romae manere maluerit, et mihi negas
optandum reditum fuisse per familias comparatas et
homines armatos ?
LX. Yim scilicet ego desideravi, qui, dum vis 15
fuit, nihil egi, et quem, si vis non fuisset, nulla res
128 labefactare potuisset. Hunc ego reditum repudiarem,
qui ita florens fuit, ut verear, ne qui me studio gloriae
putet idcirco exisse, ut ita redirem 1 Quem enim
umquam senatus civem nisi me nationibus exteris 20
commendavit 1 cuius umquam propter salutem nisi
meam senatus pu blice socii s populi Romani gratias
egit? De me uno patres conscripti decreverunt ut,
qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent, qui quaestores
legatique essent, salutem et vitam custodirent. In 25
una mea causa post Romam conditam factum est, ut
litteris consularibus ex senatus consulto cuncta ex
Italia omnes, qui rem publicam salvam vellent, convo-
carentur. Quod numquam senatus in universae rei
publicae periculo decrevit, id in unius mea salute con- a)
servanda decernendum putavit. Quem curia magis
requisivit ? quem forum luxit 1 quem aeque ipsa tri-
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 126130 63
bunalia desideravcrunt 1 Omnia discessu raeo deserta,
horrida, muta, plena luctus et maeroris fuerunt. Quis
est Italiae locus, in quo non fixum sit in publicis
monumentis studium salutis meae, testimonium digni-
5 tatis?
LXI. Nam quid ego ilia de me divina senatus 129
consul ta commemorem 1 vel quod in templo Iovis
Optimi Maximi factum est, cum vir is, qui tripertitas
orbis terrarum oras atque regiones tribus triumphis
10 adiunctas huic imperio notavit, de scripto sententia
dicta mihi uni testimonium patriae conservatae dedit ;
cuius sententiam ita frequentissimus senatus secutus
est, ut unus dissentiret liostis idque ipsum tabulis
publicis mandaretur ad memoriam posteri temporis
15 sempiternam ; vel quod est postridie decretum in
curia populi ipsius Romani et eorum, qui ex muni-
cipiis convenerant, admonitu, ne quis de caelo ser-
varet, ne quis moram ullam adferret ; si quis aliter
fecisset, eum plane eversorem rei publicae fore idque
20 senatum gravissime laturum, et ut statim de eius facto
referretur. Qua gravitate sua cum frequens senatus
non nullorum scelus audaciamque tardasset, tamen
illud addidit ut, si diebus quinque, quibus agi de me
potuisset, non esset actum, redirem in patriam dignitate
25 omni recuperata.
LXII. Decrevit eodem tempore senatus ut iis, 130
qui ex tota Italia salutis meae causa convenerant,
agerentur gratiae atque ut idem, ad res redeuntes ut
venirent, rogarentur. Haec erat studiorum in mea
30 salute contentio ut ii, qui a senatu de me rogabantur,
eidem senatui pro me supplicarent. Atque ita in his
rebus unus est solus inventus, qui ab hac tarn impensa
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS
voluntate bonorum palam dissideret, ut etiam Q.
Metellus consul, qui mihi vel maxime ex magnis
contentionibus rei publicae fuisset inimicus, de mea
salute rettulerit. Qui excitatus cum summa auctori-
tate senatus, turn P. Servili divina quadam gravitate 5
dicendi, cum ille omnis prope ab inferis evocasset
Metellos et ad illius generis, quod sibi cum eo com-
mune esset, dignitatem propinqui sui men tern a Clo-
dianis latrociniis renexisset, cumque eum ad domestici
exempli memoriam et ad Numidici illius Metelli 10
casum vel gloriosum vel gravem convertisset, conla-
crumavit vir egregius ac vere Metellus totumque se
P. Servilio dieenti etiam turn tradidit, nee illam
divinam gravitatem plenam antiquitatis diutius homo
eiusdem sanguinis potuit sustinere et mecum absens 15
131 beneficio suo rediit in gratiam. Quod certe, si est
aliqui sensus in morte praeclarorum virorum, cum
omnibus Metellis, turn vero uni viro fortissimo et
praestantissimo civi gratissimum fratri suo fecit, socio
laborum, periculorum, consiliorum meorum. 20
LXIII. Reditus vero meus qui fuerit, quis ig-
noraf? quern ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam
totius Italiae atque ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint
Brundisini, cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies
adventus mei fuisset reditu sque natalis, idem caris- 25
simae nliae, quam ex gravissimo turn primum desiderio
luctuque conspexi, idem etiam ipsius coloniae Brundi-
sinae, idem, ut scitis, [e<fe] Salutis; cumque me domus
eadem optimorum et doctissimorum virorum, M.
Laeni Flacci et patris et fratris eius, laetissima acce- 30
pisset,quae proximo anno maerens receperat etsuo prae-
sidio periculoque def enderat. Cunctae itinere toto urbes
PRO P. SESTIO RATIO 130133 65
Italiae festos dies agere adventus mei videbantur, viae
multitudine legator um undique missorum celebraban-
tur, ad urbem accessus incredibili hominum multitudine
et gratulatione florebat, iter a porta, in Oapitolium
5 ascensus, domum reditus erat eius modi, ut summa
in laetitia illud dolerem, civitatem tarn gratam tarn
miseram atque oppressam fuisse.
E[abes_jgitur, quod ex me quaesisti, qui essent 132
optimates. Non est'natio',ut dixisti: quod ego verbum
10 agnovi ; est enim illius, a quo uno maxime P. Sestius
se oppugnari videt, hominis eius, qui hanc 'nationem.'
deleri et concidi cupivit ; qui C. Caesarem, mitem
hominem et a caede abhorrentem, saepe increpuit,
saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret ilium numquam, dum
15 haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum. Nihil profecit
de universis : de me agere non destitit ; me oppug-
navit primum per indicem Yettium, quern in contione
de me et de clarissimis viris interrogavit. In quo
tamen eos civis coniunxit eodem periculo et crimine,
20 ut sjaxe inierit gratiam, quod me cum amplissimis et
fortissimis viris congregavit.
LXIY. Sed postea mihi nullo meo merito, nisi 133
quod bonis placere cupiebam, omnis est insidias scele-
ratissime machinatus. Ille ad eos, aquibus audiebatur,
26 cotidie aliquid de me ficti adferebat; ille hominem
mihi amicissimum, Cn. Pompeium, monebat, ut meam
domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret ; ille se sic
cum inimico meo copularat, ut ilium meae proscrip-
tionis, quam adiuvabat, Sex. Clodius, homo iis dig-
30 nissimus quibuscum vivit, tabulam, sese scriptorem
esse diceret ; ille unus ordinis nostri discessu meo,
luctu vestro palam exsultavit. Be quo ego, cum
h. 5
66 M. TULLI CICERONIS
cotidie rujejret, verbum feci, iudices, numquam neque
putavi, cum omnibus machinis ac tormentis, vi, exer-
citu, copiis oppugnarer, de uno sagittario me queri
convenire. Acta mea sibi ait displicere. Quis nescit 1
qui legem meam contemnat, quae dilucide vetat 5
gladiatores biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit,
134 dare? In quo eius temeritatem satis mirari, iudices, non
queo. Facit apertissime contra legem; facit is, qui neque
elabi ex iudicio iucunditate sua neque emitti gratia po-
test neque opibus et potentia leges ac iudicia perfringere. 10
Quae res hominem impellit ut sit tarn intemperans? [Iste
nimia gloriae cupiditate] Familiam gladiatoriam, credo, .
nanctus est speciosam, nobilem, gloriosam. Norat
studia populi, videbat clamores et concursus futuros.
Hac exspectatione elatus homo flagrans cupiditate 15
gloriae tenere se non potuit, quin eos gladiatores
induceret, quorum esset ipse pulcjberrimus. Si ob
earn causam peccaret pro recenti populi Romani in
se beneficio populari studio elatus, tamen ignosceret
nemo : cum vero ne de venalibus quidem homines 20
electos, sed ex ergastulis emptos nominibus gladiatoriis
ornarit et sortito alios Samnitis, alios provocatores
fecerit, tanta licentia, tanta legum contemptio nonne
135 quern habitura sit exitum pertimescit? Sed habet
defensiones duas : primum 'Do 9 inquit ' bestiarios : 25
lex scrip ta [est] de gladiatoribus'. Festive! Accipite
aliquid etiam acutius. Dicet se non gladiatores, sed
unum gladiatorem dare et tolam aedilitatem in munus
hoc transtulisse. Praeclara aedilitas ! unus leo, du-
centi bestiarii. Yerum utatur hac defensione : cupio 30
eum suae causae confidere ; solet enim tribunos plebis
appellare et vi iudicium disturbare, cum diffidit.
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 133137 67
Quern non tarn admiror, quod meam legem contemnit
hominis inimici, quam quod sic statuit, omnino consu-
larem legem nullam putare. Caeciliam Didiam, Li-
ciniam Iuniam contempsit. Etiamne eius, quern sua
5 lege et suo beneficio ornatum, munitum, armatum solet
gloriari, C. Caesaris legem de pecuniis repetundis
non putat esse legem ? Et aiunt alios esse, qui acta
Caesaris rescindant, cum haec optima lex et ab illo
socero eius et ab hoc adsecula neglegatur ! LXY. Et
10 cohortari ausus est accusator in hac causa vos, iudices,
ut aliquando essetis severi, aliquando medicinam adhi-
beretis rei publicae. Non ea est medicina, cum sanae
parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur atque integrae;
carnificina est ista et crudelitas : ei medentur rei pub-
is licae, qui exsgcant pestem aliquam tamquam strumam
civitatis.
Sed ut extremum habeat aliquid oratio mea, et ut ^y
ego ante dicendi finem faciam quam vos mei tarn
attente audiendi, concludam illud de optimatibus
20 eorumque principibus ac rei publicae defensoribus,
vosque, adulescentes, et qui nobiles estis, ad maiorum
vestrorum imitationem excitabo, et qui ingenio ac
virtute nobilitatem potestis consequi, ad earn ratio-
nem, in qua multi homines novi et honore et gloria .^'
25 floruerunt, cohortabor. Haec est una via, mihi ere- 1$7
dite, et laudis et dignitatis et honoris, a bonis viris
sapientibus et bene natura constitutis laudari et diligi,
nosse discriptionem civitatis a maioribus nostris sapien-
tissime constitutam, qui cum regum potestatem non
30 tulissent, ita magistratus annuos creaverunt, ut con-
silium senatus rei publicae praeponerent sempiternum,
deligerentur autem in id consilium ab uni verso populo
52
68 M. TULLI CICERONIS
aditusque in ilium summum ordinem omnium civium
industriae ac virtuti pateret. Senatum rei publicae
custodem, praesidein, propugnatorem conlocaverunt ;
huius ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi
ministros gravissimi consilii esse [voluerunt] ; senatum 5
auteni ipsum proximorum ordinum splendore con-
firmari, plebis libertatem et commoda tueri atque
augere voluerunt.
138 LXVI. Haec qui pro virili parte defendunt, opti-
mates sunt, cuiuscumque sunt ordinis; qui autem 10
praecipue suis cervicibus tanta munia atque rem
publicam sustinent, hi semper habiti sunt optimatium
principes, auctores et conservatores civitatis. Huic
hominum generi fateor, ut ante dixi, multos adver-
saries, inimicos, invidos esse, multa proponi pericula, is
multas inferri iniurias, magnos esse experiundos et
subeundos labores : sed mihi omnis oratio est cum
virtute, non cum desidia, cum dignitate, non cum
voluptate, cum iis, qui se patriae, qui suis civibus,
qui laudi, qui gloriae, non qui somno et conviviis et 20
delectationi natos arbitrantur. Nam si qui voluptati-
bus ducuntur et se vitiorum inlecebris et cupiditatium
lenociniis dediderunt, missos faciant honores, ne attin-
gant rem publicam, patiantur virorum fortium labore
139 se otio suo perfrui. Qui autem bonam famam bono- 25
rum, quae sola vere gloria nominari potest, expetunt,
aliis otium quaerere debent et voluptates, non sibi.
Sudandum est iis pro communibus commodis, adeundae
inimicitiae, subeundae saepe pro re publica tempes-
tates : cum multis audacibus, improbis, non numquam 30
etiam potentibus dimicandum. Haec audivimus de
clarissimorum virorum consiliis et factis,haec accepipius,
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 137141 69
haec legimus. Neque eos in laude positos videmus,
qui incitarunt aliquando populi animos ad seditionem,
aut qui largitione caecarunt mentes imperitorum, aut
qui fortis et claros viros et bene de re publica meritos
5 in invidiam aliquam vocaverunt. Levis hos semper
nostri homines et audaces et malos et perniciosos civis
putaverunt. A t ve ro qui horum impetus et conatus
represserunt, qui auctoritate, qui fide, qui constantia,
qui magnitudine animi consiliis audacium restiterunt,
10 hi graves, hi principes, hi duces, hi auctores huius
di gnitati s atque imperii semper habiti sunt.
LXVII. ? Ac ne quis ex nostro aut aliquorum 140
praeterea casu hanc vitae viam pertimescat, unus in
hac civitate, quern quidem ego possum dicere, prae-
15 clare vir de re publica meritus, L. Opimius, indignis-
sime concidit : cuius monumentum celeberrimum in
foro, sepulcrum desertissimum in litore Dyrrachino
relictum est. Atque hunc tamen flagrantem invidia
propter interitum C. Gracchi semper ipse populus
20 Romanus periculo libera vit; alia quaedam civem
egregium iniqui iudicii procella pervertit. Ceteri vero
aut, repentina vi perculsi ac tempestate populari, per
populum tamen ipsum recreati sunt atque revocati,
aut omnino invulnerati inviolatique vixerunt. At
25 vero ii, qui senatus consilium, qui auctoritatem bono-
rum, qui instituta maiorum neglexerunt et imperitae
aut concitatae multitudini iucundi esse voluerunt,
omnes fere rei_publicae poenas aut praesenti morte
aut turpi exsilio dependerunt. Quod si apud Athe- 141
30 niensis, homines Graecos, longe a nostrorum hominum
gravitate diiunctos, non deerant qui rem publicam
contra populi temeritatem defenderent, cum omnes,
70 M. TULLI CICERONIS
qui ita fecerant, e civitate eicerentur, si Themistoclem
ilium, conseryatorem patriae, non deterruit a re publica
defendenda nee Miltiadi calamitas, qui illam civitatem
paulo ante servarat, neque Aristidi fuga, qui unus
omnium iustissimus fuisse traditur, si postea summi 5
eiusdem civitatis viri, quos nominatim appellari non
est necesse, propositis tot exemplis iracundiae levita-
tisque popularis tamen suam rem publicam illam de-
fenderunt : quid nos tandem facere debemus, primum
in ea civitate nati, unde orta mini gra vitas et magni- 10
tudo animi videtur, turn in tanta gloria insistentes,
ut omnia humana leviora videri debeant, deinde ad
earn rem publicam tuendam adgressi, quae tanta
dignitate est, ut earn defendentem occidere optabilius
sit quam oppugnantem rerum potiri 1 15
142 LXYIII. Homines Graeci, quos antea nominavi,
inique a suis civibus damnati atque expulsi, tamen,
quia bene sunt de suis civitatibus meriti, tanta hodie
gloria sunt non in Graecia solum, sed etiam apud nos
atque in ceteris terris, ut eos, a quibus illi oppressi 20
sint, nemo nominet, horum calamitatem dominationi
illorum omnes anteponant. Quis Karthaginiensium
pluris fuit Annibale consilio, virtute, rebus gestis, qui
unus cum tot imperatoribus nostris per tot annos de
imperio et de gloria decertavit? Hunc sui cives e 25
civitate eiecerunt : nos etiam hostem litteris nostris et
143 memoria videmus esse celebratum. Qua re imitemur
nostros Brutos, Camillos, Ahalas, Decios, Curios, Fa-
bricios, Maximos, Scipiones, Lentulos, Aemilios, innu-
merabiles alios, qui hanc rem publicam stabiliverunt : 30
quos equidem in deorum immortalium coetu ac numero
repono. Am emus patriam, pareamus senatui, consu-
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 141145 71
lamus bonis; praesentis fructus neglegamus, posteri-
tatis gloriae serviamus; id esse optimum putemus,
quod erit rectissimum; speremus quae volumus, sed
quod acciderit feramus : cogitemus denique corpus
5 virorum fortium magnorumque hominum esse mortale,
animi vero motus et virtutis gloriam sempiternam;
neque, hanc opinionem si in illo sanctissimo Hercule
consecratam videmus, cuius corpore ambusto vitam
eius et virtutem immortalitas excepisse dicatur, minus
10 existimemus eos, qui hanc tantam rem publicam suis
consiliis aut laboribus aut auxerint aut defenderint
aut servarint, esse immortalem gloriam consecutos.
LXIX. Sed me repente, iudices, de fortissimorum 144
et clarissimorum civium dignitate et gloria dicentem
15 et plura etiam dicere parantem horum adspectus in
ipso cursu orationis repressit. Video P. Sestium, meae
salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae defen-
sorem, propugnatorem, actorem reum ; video hunc
praetextatum eius filium oculis lacrimantibus me in-
20 tuentem; video T. Milonem, vindicem vestrae liber tatis,
custodem salutis meae, subsidium adflictae rei pub-
licae, exstinctorem domestici latrocinii, repressorem
caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque tec-
torum, praesidium curiae, sordidatum et reum; video
25 P. Lentulum, cuius ego patrem deum ac parentem
statuo fortunae ac nominis mei et fratris liberorumque
nostrorum, in hoc misero squalore et sordibus ; cui
superior annus idem et virilem patris et praetextam
populi iudicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in hac
30 toga rogationis iniustissimae subitam acerbitatem
pro patre fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem.
Atque hie tot et talium civium squalor, hie luctus, 145
72 M. TULLI CICERONIS
hae sordes susceptae sunt propter unum me, quia me
defenderunt, quia meum casum luctumque doluerunt,
quia me lugenti patriae, nagitanti senatui, poscenti
Italiae, vobis omnibus orantibus reddiderunt. Quod
tantum est in me scelus 1 quid tanto opere deliqui illo 5
die, cum ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones communis
exitii detuli, cum parui vobis? Ac si scelestum est
amare patriam, pertuli poenarum satis : eversa domus
est, fortunae yexatae, dissipati liberi, raptata coniunx,
frater optimus, incredibili pietate, am ore inaudito io
maxim o in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimicissi-
morum ; ego pulsus aris, focis, deis penatibus, dis-
tractus a meis carui patria, quam, ut levissime dicam,
corpore texeram : pertuli crudelitatem inimicorum,
146 scelus infidelium, fraudem invidorum. Si hoc non 15
est satis, quod haec omnia deleta videntur reditu
meo, multo mihi, multo, inquam, iudices, praestat in
eandem illam recidere fortunam quam tantam impor-
tare meis defensoribus et conservatoribus calamitatem.
An ego in hac urbe esse possim his pulsis, qui me 20
huius urbis compotem fecerunt. Non ero, non potero
esse, iudices ; neque hie umquam puer, qui his lacrimis,
qua sit pietate, declarat, amisso patre suo propter me,
me ipsum incolumem videbit nee, quotienscumque
me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem suam ac patris sui se 25
dicet videre. Ego vero hos in omni fortuna, quae-
cumque erit oblata, complectar: nee me ab iis, quos
meo nomine sordidatos videtis, umquam ulla fortuna
divellet ; neque eae nationes, quibus me senatus com-
mendavit, quibus de me gratias egit, hunc exsulem 30
propter me sine me videbunt.
147 Sed haec di immortales, qui me suis templis adveni-
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 145 147 73
entem receperunt stipatum ab his viris et P. Lentulo
consule, atque ipsa res publica, qua nihil est sanctius,
vestrae potestati, iudices, commiserunt. Vos hoc
iudicio omnium bonorum mentes confirmare, impro-
5 borum reprimere potestis, vos his_civibus uti optimis,
vos me reficere et renovare rem publicam. Qua re vos
obtestor atque obsecro, ut, si me salvum esse voluistis,
eos conservetis, per quos me recuperavistis.
NOTES
l, 2. Exordium
The object of the Exordium is to arouse the interest and
awaken the sympathy of the jury : Cicero accordingly points
out the momentous issues at stake in the present trial. 'It
ought not ' he says to be a matter of surprise if there be a
dearth of men willing to risk their lives for the public good and
tranquillity, when they see the melancholy position to which
those' who have so nobly rescued their country from the party of
disorder are reduced by their adversaries' persecution. The
worst part of it is that these men are now with a full sense
of personal security actually relying on the courts of justice to
enable them to commit injustice by effecting the ruin of the true
and loyal citizens, against whom their hired ruffians and despe-
radoes have so far been employed in vain. I am bound by the
ties of duty and gratitude to do all in my power to defend the
objects of these iniquitous attacks, and especially Sestius, who
was one of the most active in promoting my recall from exile. 1
CHAPTEE I.
P. 1, 1, 1. 1. quid esset quod] 'what was the reason that
considering the great resources of the state (from which merito-
rious citizens might expect rewards) and the grandeur of our
empire' (under which they might expect to attain to glory and
honour). si quis] so etns = Saris, cf. 14 1. 15.
1. 3. forti et magno animo] abl. of quality : Eoby Sch. Gr.
( 502, Kenn. p. 399. Cf. 45 non nemo vir fortis et acris
animi magnique.
1. 4. invenirentur] for the tense see Madv. Gr. 383,
Kenn. p. 483, note to Cic. de off. n 1 1. 1, and for the mood
Roby Gr. 1680, 1686. qui auderent] subj. because in
a consecutive clause, and in sympathy with invenirentur.
76 PRO P. SESTIO 12
se et salutem suam] 48 se ac vitam suam, or. p. Caelio 57
cui se, cui salutem suam credidit. in discrimen offerre]
61 obtulit in discrimen vitam suam, cf. or. p. Balb. 25
se in vitae discrimen inferret, or. p. Arch. 14 in dimicationes
se obicere.
1. 5. statu civitatis] 'our constitution;' cf. or. p. Sulla
33 statum orbis terrae, 63 status reipublicae maxime iu-
dicatis rebus continetur, or. p. Cael. 70 quae lex ad statum
patriae, ad salutem omnium pertinet, p. Mur. 24 omnia, quae
sunt in imperio et statu civitatis, or. p. Flacc. 3 ut totum
reip. statum in hoc uno iudicio positum esse putetis.
1. 6. ex hoc tempore] 'henceforward,' 'now and hereafter,'
not 'according to the temper of the times,' as some take it to
mean. Halm and Mtiller read hoc tempore. bonum] in
political sense, 'loyal,' 'patriotic,' 'well-disposed.' See index
s. v. and note on de off. n 35 1. 7.
1. 8. sibi consulentem] 'an egoist,' 'selfish person,' opp.
to bonum i.e. rei p. consulentem, 'patriotic' On the par-
ticiple used adjectively see my note on Cic. de off. n 11
1. 23, Madvig Gr. 425 b.
ut omittatis cogitando recordari] not a parenthetic final
clause (Kenn. Gr. p. 458), but a limitative clause = i ut non
recordemini,'' without having to call up in imagination. ' See
n. ou 29 1. 7. On the use of the word cogitatioto express
our 'imagination,' 'fancy,' see Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 8, 1, who
quotes or. p. Mil. 79 jingite animis liberae enim sunt nos-
trae cogitationes et quae volunt, sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus
quae videmus : jingite co gitatione imaginem huius conditionis
meae : or. pro Balb. 47 existat ergo ille vir parumper cogita-
tione vestra, quohiam re non potest, ut conspiciatis eum menti-
bus, quern iam oculis non potestis. On the ablative gerund,
almost an equivalent here to the present participle, cf. or. pro
Balb. 9: quern provinciae nostrae castiorem...aut sperando
umquam aut optando cogitaverunt, i.e. ' have imagined either
in their hopes or dreams' as Mr Beid translates it.
1. 10. eos, qui excitarint] ' men who have combined with
the senate and all loyal people in raising our country from her
low estate and freeing it from brigandage within her borders,'
alluding to the lawless and riotous proceedings of the hired
supporters of Clodius {Clodiani). Cf. 144 where Milo is
called exstinctor domestici latrocinii, and or. in Pis. 11
where the temple of Castor is spoken of as castellum forensis
latrocinii, ib. 25, pro Sull. 70 ad civile latr ocinium
natum. Excitare properly means ' to raise,' ' set on his legs
one who has been thrown down,' Gr. opdwcrai -jreabvra or
NOTES 77
Kelfxevov. Comp. de orat. n 124 non dubitavit excitare reum
consularem, ib. 195 excitavi maestum ac sordidatum senem.
Hence metaphorically, ' to restore to one's former position,'
' reinstate.' For another meaning of excitare see below 5 1.9.
1. 12. sordidatos] such as P. Lentulus (see on 144),
reos, such as Sestius and Milo; s. Intr. 24. Ramsay or.
p. Cluent. 18 has a good note on the meaning of sordidatus.
1. 13. de capite] their civil status. ' See n. on Cic. de off. n
50 1. 24. Caput is specialised by what follows, viz. fama, civi-
tas, fortunae, liberi, for capitis diminutio entailed on a man
exile, the sacrifice of property, and separation from his family
( 7), and consequently loss of the patria potestas.
1. 14. dimicantis volitare] observe the change of con-
struction from the predicative accusative of the participle to
the infinitive in the two periods, which is to be explained
partly by the distance of volitare from the verb on which it
depends, partly because the inf. expresses the activity ex-
hibited by, the participle rather the personal condition of, the
party concerned. Cf. Livy xxi 33, 2.
1. 15. violarint vexarint, perturbarint everterint] notice
how the words go in pairs, an arrangement of which Cicero is
particularly fond ; see my note on de off. n 64 1. 4, Reid on
de amic. 17.
1. 16. volitare conveys the idea of a mischievous errand,
to flutter, bustle about ; ' cf. 9 cum ilia coniuratio palam
armata volitaret, 94 1. 28, or. in Pis. 8 Sextum Clodium
ludos facer e et praetextatum volitare passus es, or. in Cat.
ii 5 quos video volitare inforo, ib. 15 in armis volitare.
1. 17. de se nihil timere] ' to have no fears about them-
selves,' although, as he says 94 1. 24, its omne supplicium atque
omnis iure optimo poena debetur. Cp. 94 1. 29 nee dum vos de
vobis aliquid tijnebitis, illi umquam de se pertimescent.
2, 1. 18. in quo] = m qua re. multa] i.e. multa alia.
1. 19. latrones] hired fighters : ' Gr. Xarpts.
1. 20. scelere] villany,' ' profligacy,' the primary meaning
of the word, as in 4, 14, 22, 53, 86, 145. Cp. or. pro Rose.
Am. 8, 17. perditos] so 85 hominum cum egestate turn
audacia perditorum, pro Mur. 86 lacrimis ac maerore per-
ditos. vos nobis] observe the pointed collocation of the
pronouns.
1. 21. optimis civibus] ' most loyal citizens,' 1 1. 6.
P. 2, 1. 1. vi manu] cf. 34, 78, 85, 92. hos] not eos t
because especial reference is made to Sestius and Milo, who
78 PRO P. SESTIO 25
are present in court: cf. hunc 90 and 144, and hi graves
etc. 139, qui hi 138.
1. 2. auctoritate] ' through the moral weight of your judi-
cial decision.' religione] ' through the obligation of your
oath,' which gives a sanctity to your verdict.
1. 3. ego autem, iudices, qua voce utendum putabam cet.]
Halm in ed. 1 adopted Hotoman's reading quia before qua
voce, which is found in the Bernese mss, but not in P ; but,
when Madvig pointed out that Cicero would at least have
written quoniam and not quia, in his later editions he substi-
tuted quoniam. I am inclined to agree with Madvig that
neither quia nor quoniam is required ; the sentence eis potissu
mum vox Jiaec serviat (i.e. servire debet) he thinks is genuine,
in confirmation of the previous ea nunc uti cogor. Bake and
Hirschfelder and Halm in his fifth edition omit the clause
altogether, Wesenberg would read depellendis, iis potissimum
ut vox haec serviat. Mr Keid is strongly in favour of quam-
quam, the drift being ' although I speak under regrettable
circumstances, still etc.'
1. 5. beneficio] 'favour,' meaning his own restoration.
1. 6. periculis] frequently used of the danger threatened
by criminal charges, with reference to the grave penalties
incurred in case of conviction. See Keid n. on p. Arch. 13.
35. Propositio
Hortensius has made a very complete defence of Sestius and
left little or nothing additional to be said; but I should be
ungrateful, if I did not exert my voice on behalf of one who is
placed in his present position because of the leading part he
took in my recall^ and I claim the consideration and indulgence
of the court, if in the course of my defence I give expression
somewhat freely to my sentiments of just indignation against his
persecutors. I shall begin with a general sketch of his character
and life, up to the time when he became tribune of the people,
that you may be in possession of full data for determining the
question of his guilt or innocence.
CHAPTEK H
3, 1. 9. a Q. Hortensio perorata est] 'has been last
dealt with by Hortensius.' See Introd. 27. In public trials
there was ordinarily only one leading counsel, assisted by
subscriptores, for the impeachment; for the defence there
were several (usually four) counsel-in-chief, all called patroni.
The arrangement was that each speaker should reply to a
single charge (Brut. 207 sqq.) ; the last speech was called
peroratio : cf. Brut. 127 exstat eius peroratio, qui epilogus
NOTES 79
dicitur : qui tanto in honore pueris nobis erat, ut eum etiam
edisceremus. See Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xx.
1. 11. pro re publica] 'on behalf of,' 'in the interest of
the state,' a stronger expression than de re p. : cp. de orat. n
198 pro republica queri. Pro and de are opposed in 130.
1. 15. atque ego sic statuo] ' withal, indeed, I go so far as
to say.' See Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 193, 2, c.
1. 16. hoc extremo dicendi loco] Cic. was particularly
famous for his power of working on the feelings of the indices ;
hence where other advocates were employed with him, he
usually spoke last, as in the Speeches for Balbus and Sulla.
Cf. orat. 130 quid ego de miserationibus loquor? quibus eo
sum usus pluribus, quod, etiam si plures dicebamus, perora-
tionem ('the final speech') mihi tamen omnes relinquebant ; in
quo ut viderer excellere non ingenio sed dolore adsequebar, Brut.
190 Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, perorandi locum,
ubi plurimum pollet oratio, semper tibi relinquebat.
1. 17. pietatis] 'affection,' 'gratitude.' Cf. or. p. r. Deiot.
30 sed quamvis ingrate et impie necessitudinis nomen re-
pudiaretis, or. p. Plane. 80 quid est pi etas nisi voluntas
grata in parentis ?
4, 1. 19. acrius, ' more passionately :' liberius, ' more
frankly,' 'with a great deal of freedom of speech,' not so strong a
word as asperius : cf. or. p. Plane. 33 ' asperius' inquit
i locutus est aliquid aliquando, immo fortasse liberius. 1
1.22. [putetis is attracted to concedatis. j. s. r.] officio
coniunctior, 'more conformable to duty,' or. p. Plane. 25
rogatio officio coniuncta maxime, de off. i 6 praecepta
coniunc ta naturae, i.e. 'rational. ' The abl. with cum is some-
times used for the dative, but rarely without cum, see 8 1. 15.
5,1. 28. de omni statu] i.e. de omni Sestii condi-
tione et vivendi agendique ratione, 'on his political
position and circumstances.' moribus] ' character.'
1. 30. de studio conservandae sal.] ' about his zealous con-
servatism.' Cf. 15 1. 29 hominis...otii et communis salutis
inimici, for the opposite character.
1. 32.. confusa defensione] 'indiscriminate,' 'comprehen-
sive and general vindication ' which takes in all, without enter-
ing into a particular discussion of specific, charges. For this
meaning of conf under e see note on de off. i 95 1. 34, n 10
1. 8, and cf. Tusc. i 23 cuperem equidem utrumque, si posset ;
sed est difficile confundere, i.e. utrumque coniungere,
' to combine the two,' de or. n 177 ut re distinguantur, verbis
80 PRO P. SESTIO 5 6
confusa esse videantur, i.e. ' passing one into the other.' [Cf.
de legg. i 36 quae fuse olim disputabantur, ea nunc articu-
latim distincta dicuntur, Ac. ii 47 generatim )( confuse
loqui. J. s. e.] See Intr. 27.
P. 3, 1.1. ad vestram quaestionem, whether Sestius is
guilty or not ; ad reum, what concerns his character.
1. 5. minis] overthrow,' not ruins.' eversae at que
adflictae] ' ruined and down-trodden : ' cf. or. p. Kosc. Am. 33
ut omnes occisus perdiderit atque afflixerit, ep. ad Att.
in 10, 2 perditum afflictumque, Phil, xiv 14.
1. 6. a Fortuna] [the ancients understood by Fortune an
inscrutable divine agency,' as we do by 'Providence.' j. s. r.]
1. 8. haec] for this form of the nom. fern. pi. see n. on de
off. 1 152 1. 9. tantae laudes] 'such glorious achieve-
ments' as those he accomplished when quaestor and tribune
of the plebs (summis in rebus).
1. 9. excitatae] ' raised,' erected,' built up,' the word is
suggested by fundamentis, being properly applied to the erection
of a building, as in Livy xxix 18 ad aliquantum altitudinis ex-
c it at a erant maenia, xliii 18 postquam turres excitari vide-
runt. It is used figuratively de fin. iv 18 principiis autem a
natura datis amplitudines quaedam bonorum excitabantur.
695. Confirmatio
6 13. First part of the Confirmatio. Cicero has
divided what he had to say on the innocence of Sestius into three
sections, between the second and third of which a long digression
is interposed. In the first Section he gives a sketch of his client's
personal history before his appointment to the tribunate, his
parentage, marriage, his amiable qualities and domestic virtues,
in particular his exemplary discharge of his duties as military
tribune ( 6, 7); the services which he rendered, as quaestor to
Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Cicero's colleague in the Consulship,
(1) in watching his conduct during and after the conspiracy of
Catiline, and informing Cicero of the enemy's movements and
forestalling his treasonable designs, (2) in relieving Capua, the
head-quarters of the gladiators, from alarm at attempts of the
conspirators, (3)m hastening with his army to Rome, when fresh
commotions were feared from the attacks of the newly elected
tribunes of the people and the partisans of the conspirators upon
Cicero's acts during the remainder of the term of his Consulship,
(4) in urging Antonius, who had no inclination to fight ivith
Catiline, to force him to the necessity of a battle ( 8 12). His
upright administration as proquaestor in Macedonia 13.
NOTES SI
CHAPTEK III
6,1. 11. sancto] 'morally pure.'
1. 12. primus] ' returned first among those elected with him,'
cf. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 2 ter praetor primus cunctis
centuriis renuntiatus sum.
1. 13. temporibus optimis] because in bad times, when the
tribunate was not always attained by honourable means nor
as a reward of merit, it was not necessarily a distinction to be
elected.
1. 14. eo auctore] i.e. de consensu patris, because as
long as he was filius familias and subject to the patria potestas,
the father's consent was necessary to his son's contracting a
justum matrimonium. Justinian Inst. 1 10 : iustas nuptias inter
se cives Bomani contrahunt, qui secundum praecepta legum
colunt; masculi quidem puberes, feminae autem viripotentes,
sive patres familias sint sive jilii familias ; dum tamen, si filii
familias sint, consensum. habeant parentu m, quorum in potes-
tate sunt. So Halm understands the words, but H. A. Koch
takes it to mean ' by his advice,' on the ground that it would
not have been any particular act of pietas in Sestius to perform
what was a necessary duty for him as a filius familias. See
p. 227.
1. 15. spectatissimi] ' most esteemed.'
1. 16. hicestpuer] because the defendant's son L. Sestius
(below 9, ep. ad fam. xm 8, 1) had been brought into court with
a view to moving the compassion of the judges, cf. 10, 144.
1. 17. gravissimae antiquitatis] ' of old-fashioned manners
and extreme dignity;' 19 imago antiquitatis, 130 illam
divinam gravitatem, plenam antiquitatis, or. p. Caec. 28
exemplar religionis antiquae, Aul. Gell. iv 14 decretum
tribunorum visum est gravitatis an ti quae plenum, or. pro
Eabir. Post. 27 P. Rutilius documentum fuit hominibus
nostris virtutis, antiquitatis, prudentiae, Plin. ep. v IB ex-
emplar antiquitatis, ib. n 1, 7 exemplar aevi prioris. See
my n. to or. p. Plane. 45 1. 11.
1. 18. cams, as son and son-in-law ; iucundus, because of
his amiable personal qualities. The two words form a standing
couple in Cicero; cf. Brut. 10 homines mihi cari itaque
iucundi ut cet., or. p. SuU. 62 car us utrisque atque
iucundus.
1. 19. ademit socerl nomen] the name which he bore so
long as the marriage with his daughter lasted. A dissolution ol
marriage by death or divorce involved a corresponding severance
H. 6
82 PRO P. SESTIO 68
of the ties of affinitas, as is evident from or. p. Cluent. 33
apud Dinaeam, quae turn (during her husband's life) ei mulieri
socrus erat, ibid. 190 divortia atque affinitatumdiscidia, de
orat. i 24 venisse eodem, socer eius qui fuerat, Q. Mucius
dicebatur. C. F. Hermann quotes Julius Pollux Onom. in 6
to fitv yhos Tjiuv ofiov t?7 yevkaet <Tvve<TTi kclI ovk o~tiv ore wave-
tcll, rj 5 (Tvyyeveia (affinitas) /ccu/>< re apxerai kclI vdfxy
7rai5erar vopicp yap uiarrep o~vvlo~TaTai yd,uos, ovtoj teal Xverai '
\vdi>Tos yap aira^ tov ydfiov Kal rd ovdfiara ret dib top yafiov
o-vvaTrkpxtTai.
1. 21. hodie] i.e. vel hodie 'even now,' 'even at the
present day,' 59, 95, 142. sichunc diligit, ut...potestis
iudicare] we should say 'you may judge how fond he is of
him ;' cf. or. p. Plane. 28 Macedonia sic eum diligit, ut iudicant
hi principes civitatem suarum, where see my n.
1. 22. adsiduitate] = assidua praesentia in iudicio,
1 attendance in court,' or. p. Plane. 27 1. 31 qualem hunc
putent, assiduitate testimonioque declarant. The friends of a
defendant (advocati) sat in court (aderant) during a trial to give
the weight of their influence, or. p. Plane. 28 1. 3. molestia]
fc vexation,' annoyance,' ' dejection.'
7, 1. 23. optimi et calamitosissimi] so excellent and yet
so unfortunate withal, or. p. Plane. 102 miserrimus et optimus.
[calamitas refers especially (as o-v^opd in Gt. orr. often
= aTi/xta) to civil disability resulting from conviction in a
court of justice : cf. my note on or. p. Sull. 15 1. 17 J. s. r.]
1. 24. L. Scipionis] a Marian, who when consul with his
colleague C. Norbanus in b.c. 83 was defeated at the battle of
Tifata by Sulla and deserted by his own soldiers. He died an
exile at Marseilles. Mommsen Hist, of Rome in p. 350 ed. ma.,
Plutarch Sull. c. 28, Appian b.c. i 8086.
in hoc] ' in regard to him ' (Scipio), ' in his case ' or ' person ; '
clara exstitit] ' showed itself in the most beautiful light ; '
omnibus grata, 'which met with universal recognition.'
1. 26. Massiliam] it was to Marseilles that Milo went after
the murder of Clodius. [As the towns having ius exilii with
Rome were absorbed, Roman exiles had to go further and
further afield. At first Tibur was the common resort, then
Naples, at last Marseilles, j. s. e.]
1. 27. fluctibus rei p.] during the Marian civil war, 99.
1. 28. in alienis terris iacentem stare] alienae terrae is
opposed to maiomm vestigia i. e. sedesmaiorum, and iacen-
tem means ' stranded ' with reference to the metaphor of a
NOTES 83
shipwreck. Cp. 42, 64, and my n. to or. p. Plane. 71 1.
25, 81 1. 17, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 127, 1. Fabri on Liv. xxi 41
compares Pindar Nem. 6, 15 txvzviv h Upa%i5auai>Tos di> iroda
1. 30. si non omnem, at aliquam partem] ' if not all, at
least some portion (measure).' Cp. 57 si nondumsocius, at
non hostis, 14, 37 si non at certe, 92 si minus at certe,
57 si non at tamen. See Munro on Catullus p. 126.
1. 32. officiis] * services.' Officium (opificium) is properly
an act done from motives of friendship or relationship.
P. 4, 1. 1. filiae solitudinem] i. e. separation from her father.
1. 2. possum dicere sed] * I might say, only,' cf. or. in
Verr. i 125 possum sexcenta decreta per f err e verum, or.
p. Caelio 53 possum dicer c.pos sum etiam ilia... per quir ere,
possum omnis latebras suspicionumperagrare dicendo...sed haec,
Virg. Georg. 1 176 and below 12 1. 9 n. Cf. Demosth. tt6\X av
Zxwv elireiv. domesticis] 'in private life ')(publicis.
1. 3. de tribunatu militari] Ascon. schol. on Cic. Verr. i
c. 10: tribunorum militarium duo genera : primum eorum,
qui rufuli dicuntur ; hi in exercitu creari solent: alii comi-
tiati, qui JRomae comitiis designantur. The military tribunes
of the legiones quattuor primae, which were designated for
regular active service, were chosen at the comitia tributa. See
Diet, of Antiq. pp. 502, 503.
de provincial! abstinentia] cf. integritas provincialis
13, Cic. ep. ad fam. v 19, 1 provinciale officium: seej.s.B.'s
note p. 277. in eo magistratu] the word magistratus shews
that the office was one to which the people elected : cf. Sail.
Iugurth. 63, 4 tribunatum militarem apopulo petit (Marius)
...deinde ab eo magistratu etc.
1. 5. ad sese rapit] 13 1. 28 ad tribunatum qui ipse ad
sese iam dudum vocat...veniamus. minora, 'less important.'
1. 6. relinquere hortatur] a very rare construction for ut
relinquam. Zumpt Gr. 616. [Draeger Hist. Synt. gives one
ex. from Cic. de inventione, I have not noted any other in Cic.
j. s. B.]
8, 1. 7. collegae mei] Gaius Antonius Hybrida was
consul with Cicero b.c. 63. sorte] the Quaestors had to draw
lots for their provincia quaestoria in the Temple of Saturn on
the nones of December.
L 8, impedior non nullius officii religione] By reh
officii is meant ' respect for the special obligation imposed upon
62
84 PRO P. SESTIO 89
him of allegiance to his colleague'. The expression occurs also
or. p. Sull, 10, Verr. in 2, v 35. The use of non nullm
in the singular is not uncommon; cf. or. Phil, i 11 nov
nullo eius officio, n 20 tua culpa non nulla, de am. 30
opinione non nulla, or. p. Mur. 37 rumore non nullo, or. p.
Mil. 11 non nulla apud bonos gratia. ut ego interpre-
ter] according to my view of the matter, 1 12 1. 5.
1. 10. cum esset cum collega meo] ' when attached to, in
attendance on, my colleague.' On the apparently harsh re-
petition of cum see Beid or. p. Sull. 16 1. 24.
senserit] because of the connexion of Antonius with the
party of Catiline ; quam multa is to be taken with the third
member also of the sentence quanto ante ( = multo or tan to
ante) provider it. Koch would read aliquanto ante, compar-
ing de off. i 81 futura aliquanto ante constituere.
1. 11. atque] 'and so,' 'accordingly,' Hand Turs. p. 175,
Nagelsb. 193, 2, b, Draeger H. S. 315 3c, Lewis-Short Diet,
p. 190 c 3, in 1.
1. 13. illo timore ac periculo] a temporal ablative, see
note on de off. in 114 1. 22 periculo mortis diffugissent, and
cp. below 54 hac tanta perturbatione civitatis.
1. 15. ipso] see Madvig n. on Cic. de fin. n 93, p. 297 ed.
2. infitiando] Manutius compares a verse from Accius
quoted by Cic. or. in Pis. 82 numquam istam imminuam
curam infitiando tibi ; cf. also or. p. red. in sen. 33 num-
quam infitiando suspicionem minuerunt. tollere sedare]
or. Phil, ii 46 quanta mala sedavi vel potius sustuli.
dissimulando] by pretending to know nothing about the plans
of the conspirators.
1. 16. sustinendo atque moderando] * checking and con-
trolling.' Cp. de am. c. 17 est prudentis sustinere ut cursum
sicimpetum benevolentiae, ep. ad Att. xni 21, 3 sustineas equos.
1. 17. coniunctam cum] 'never disconnected from,' 4
1. 22. Cf. or. in Pis. c. 2 : ego Antonium collegam, cupidum pro-
vinciae, multa in rep. molientem, patientia atque obsequio meo
mitigavi. Cicero had given up to him the province of Mace-
donia which had fallen to his own lot.
1. 18. vere] ' rightly,' or. p. Plane. 48.
1. 20. observavit] in a double sense 'paid respect to,'
and ' kept his eye upon;' cf. ep. ad fam. vn 27, 1 ego te in
consulatu observaram, ep. ad Quint, fr. m 9, 5 me ab eo ita
observatum scio, ut eiusista odia non sorbeam solum sed etiam
concoquam. On ita ut limitative, see Kenn. Gr. p. 453.
NOTES 85
bonus] since the Consul should stand to his Quaestor in
the relation of parent {parentis loco), div. in Caecil. 61.
1. 21. optimus] ' most patriotic,' note on 1 1. 6, 2 1. 21.
Sestius reconciled his duty to his consul with his duty to the
State.
CHAPTER IV
9, 1. 22. idem] 'also,' Kenn. Gr. p. 284.
1. 23. volitaret] cf. 11. 16. The reference is to the events
of Nov. 7 B.C. 63, when Cic. delivered his first speech against
Catiline, who thereupon rushed out of the senate to join Man-
lius in Etruria. The senate had decreed, upon the news of
his arrival in the camp of Manlius, Antonius cum exercitu
Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit.
1. 25. opportunitates] Cic. de leg. agr. n 90: quibus
omnibus bellis Capua. ..opportunissimam se nobis praebuit
et ad bellum instruendum et ad exercitus ornandos et tectis ac
sedibus suis recipiendos.
1. 26. temptari] in military sense.
1. 28. non obscure] cf. or. in Pis. 5 interitum urbis non
obscure sedpalam molientem. Pisaurl] 'at Pisaurum,' a town
on the Adriatic, on the great Flaminian road between Fanum
Fortunae and Ariminum. It was founded as a Eoman colony
in B.C. 184, at the same time as Potentia in Picenum, Liv.
xxxix c. 44. ager Gallicus was the strip of sea-coast north of
Picenum, formerly occupied by the Galli Senones, but at this
time reckoned a part of Umbria.
1. 29. in ilia coni. versatum] 'implicated in that conspiracy.'
C. Marcellum] probably the same G-aius Marcellus as the
one spoken of by Orosius vi 6 : motus etiam in Paelignis ortus
a Marcellis patre et Jilio, per L. Vettium proditus, patefacta
Catilinae coniuratione quasi succisa radice compressus est, et de
utroque per Bibulum in Paelignis, per Ciceronem in Bruttiis
vindicatum est. idemque, ' and so also he.'
1. 31. in familiam coniecisset] 'had placed himself in,
become a member of, a band of gladiators.' Capua was the
head-quarters of the gladiators' schools. Sallust Cat. 30:
itemque deer ev ere (senatores) ut gladiatoriae familiae
Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur pro cuiusque
opibus. The word familia, in its primary meaning, properly
embraced the entire body of free persons, clients and slaves,
under the patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In time the
meaning was divided, applying (1) either to a group of kins-
86 PRO P. SESTIO 910
folk having a common name as Metellus, Scipio, Cicero,
Caesar ; (2) to a body or gang of slaves, as here.
quasi armorum studio] i.e. 'on the pretence that he wished
to learn the use of arms (o-rrXofiaxiaY [or 'as though from a taste
for armed spectacles.' j. s. b.] So of Cethegus (or. in Cat. 3,
10), se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse.
P. 5, 1. 1. conventus] Capua, which in the year b. c. 338
had obtained the Roman civitas sine suffragio, was punished
for its defection in the second Punic war by its dissolution as
a political community, and its population deprived of all the
rights belonging to it as such ; and all jurisdiction was placed
in the hands of a praefectus sent annually from Rome.
Liv. xxvi 16 ceterum habitari tantum tamquam urbem Capuam
frequentarique placuit ; corpus nullum civitatis nee senatus nee
plebis concilium nee magistratus esse; sine concilio publico,
sine imperio multitudinem, nullius rei inter se sociam, ad con-
sensum inhabilemfore, Cic. de leg. agr. n 89 maiores Capuam
receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque hor-
reum Campani agri esse voluerunt. N ow as such a place wag
called conciliabulum, so its united mhabitantsTwer e " called
corwen^^ This state of things^con-
tmue3~until b.c. 59, when, upon the motion of th e con sul
Caesar, a colony was led to Capua ; therefore at the time of
the delivery of this speech (hoc tempore) the Capuans were
eoloni with a senate (decuriones) and two chief magistrates
(duumviri sc. iuri dicundo 19). Veil. Paterc. n 44 in hoc
consulatu Caesar legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebei divide-
retur, suasore legis Pompeio. Ita circiter xx milia civium eo
deducta et ius civitatis restitutum post annos circiter clii, quam
bello Punico ab Romanis Capua in formam praefecturae redacta
erat; cp. Caesar B. Civ. i 14, 4 dilectumque colonorum qui
lege lulia Capuam deducti erant habere instituunt ; gladia-
tor 'es, quos ibi Caesar in ludo habebat, circum familias con-
ventus Campaniae custodiae causa distribuit, where, it will be
observed, conventus is used in a different sense, viz. that of ' a
district.'
1. 2. me unum patronum adoptavit] See Prof. Mayor's
note to or. Phil, n 107 1. 19. Strictly they had no right to
choose a patronus at all, being a multitudo ad consensum in-
habilis, but in practice the rule had long since been neglected.
We learn from Cicero's speech against Piso 25 that they
voted him also a gilded statue : quorum Capuae te praetexta-
tum nemo adspexit, qui non gemeret desiderio mei : cuius con-
silio cum universam remp., turn illam ipsam urbem meminerant
esse servatam. Me inaurata statua donarant; me patro-
num unum asciverant etc. He lays stress upon unum be-
NOTES 87
cause as a rule states had more than one patronus. [Cic.
perhaps was thinking of the tres patroni usual in colonies,
where the tres viri coloniae deducendae usually became the first
patroni. j. s. e.]
1. 3. P. Sestio] possibly a gloss upon huic,
1. 7. deprecantur] = Gr. irapouTovvTai : see my n. on or. p.
Plane. 102.
10, 1. 8. L. Sesti] the son mentioned 6 1. 16.
1. 9. inimicis vestris] 'the enemies of your family,' as
Verr. iv 81 de vestris monumentis i.e. vestrae familiae.
aliquid significare] ' give some small preliminary intima-
tion.' aliquid, adverbial accusative 'in some degree,' to some
extent ' )(nihil. Hand Tursell. i p. 258.
1.10. quidnam...effectura esse videatur] 'what in the
future it is likely to accomplish.'
1. 11. non recito decretum vicinitatis] 'the resolution
which I read is not one forced from them by some obligation of
neighbourliness,' the genitive of relation ; see n. on or. p. Plane.
72 1. 4, and cf. div. in Caec. 14, or. p. Mur. 73 officium
necessitudinis, ' the obligation arising from my close connexion
with them.' On the meaning of officium see above 32, and
for vicinitas cf. or. p. Plane. 22 laudanda est vel etiam amanda
vicinitas. As Sestius was vicinus ox patronus or hospes con-
ventus Campanorum, there was almost a moral compulsion that
he should not be refused a laudatio. [These laudationes
were notoriously merely formal and hardly ever refused. As
to their value cf. or. p. Flacc. 36. J. s. e.] The primary
negative clause falls into two groups ; the first tripartite period
assigns the (possible but not real) motive, which might spring
from a duty of the Campanians to Sestius ; the second, such a
one as would detract from the importance of the decree.
1. 13. ambitionis] from secondary considerations, personal
interest ; commendationis gratia, for the purpose of commend-
ing Sestius to the judges, which often enough happened, and
in this case was only a subordinate aim. Aut before ambitionis
belongs to non recito 'nor such an one as, etc.': with ambi-
tionis gratia we must understand the general notion factum
by the figure zeugma from expressum.
1, 14. memoriam perfuncti periculi] ' a record of danger
surmounted,' Zumpt Gr. 632.
1. 15. vocem officii praesentis] ' the expression of present
gratitude,' in opp. to testimonium praeteriti temporis, cf. 31
causam praeteriti temporis p raesenti defensione.
SS PRO P. SESTIO 1112
11, 1. 16. atque] = kcli trpos, * and furthermore.' Hand
Turs. i p. 484, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 193 2, c, see above 3 1. 15.
1. 19. ex periculis extraxissent] Ter. Hec. v 4, 35 me e x
quanta aerumna extraxeris ; a stronger word than eripere,
usually employed in this sense ; there is no other ex. in Cic. of
extrahere. domesticis, 'internal,' )( externis, cf. Cic. de off.
n 28.
1. 22. quibus hie litteris lectis] Ellendt in an exhaustive
note to Cic. de or. i 38 p. 98 n\ shows that this repetition of
the antecedent noun in the relative clause is borrowed from
the laws and juridical formulae, where accuracy was necessary,
as in our English Acts of Parliament. He adds that most of
the words with which it is found so repeated are terms of likely
occurrence in law documents, such as causa, edictum, dies,
foedus, fundus, lex, iudicium, locus, malejicium, mensis. It is
especially frequent in Caesar. The position of hie is perhaps
due to the fondness of the Latin language for placing pronouns
in juxtaposition. See Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 97 b, and cf. below
12 1. 5. incredibili celeritate] Kenn. Gr. p. 399.
1. 23. advolavit] 54 1. 9. temporis atrocitatem] reign
of terror.'
1. 24. recordarl] n. on or. p. Plane. 69 1. 22.
1.25. praeteriti temporis = de praeterito tempore. Cf.
or. p. Arch. 14 cogitatione hominum excellentium.
CHAPTEE V
1. 27. tribunorum plebis novorum] especially Q. Metellus
NeposandL. Calpurnius Bestia.
1. 28. extremis diebus] the tribunes of the people entered
on their office on the 10th of December, [and the three weeks
which elapsed till the new consuls entered on office were gene-
rally the stormiest of the year for Roman politicians, j. s. r.]
1. 29. vexare] = incusare, 'to attack;' cf. below 60.
coniurationis] abstract for concrete ; cf. or. in Cat. i 13.
1. 30. impetus et conatus] cf. 139 1. 7.
12, 1. 31. Catone] the celebrated Cato of Utica, who on
hearing that Q. Metellus was a candidate for the tribuneship,
hastened to Rome in order that he might become a candidate
also himself and so oppose his measures. See n. to 62.
1. 32. civi] the usual form of the ablative in Cicero, though
cive also is found, as in 144 1. 31 : so angui, avi, bill, imbri,
orli ; see n. to or. p. Plane. 51 1. 32.
NOTES 89
P. 6, 1. 1. per se ipsum] it is better to take ipsum with
the subject senatum. See Kenn. Gr. p. 288 and cf. 13 1. 29.
1. 3. periculo suo] 'at risk to themselves,' abl. of attend-
ant circumstances, Roby Gr. n 1242, Madv. Gr. 277, Zumpt
Gr. 646.
1. 5. hie ego quid praedicem] cf. 8 ut ego interpreter,
16 ut ego arbitror, 17 hocine ut ego nomine appellem.
hic] = hoc loco, ' at this point.'
1. 6. consulem quaestor] observe the juxtaposition of con-
trasted words. ad rem gerendam] ' to give battle.'
1. 8. nimium...metuenti] latenter significat Antonium non
alienum a coniuratis fuisse, qui a pugna prorsus abhorreret. man.
communem Martem belli casumque] ' the fortune and
chances of war. ' Mars was called communis * neutral, ' because
he favoured sometimes one, sometimes the other side. Hence
the epithet aWoirpocmWos which Homer applies to "Aprjs,
and wbs to 'EuvdXios, II. 18, 309. Cf. or. p. Mil. 56 adde
casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum Mar tern que communem,
or. Phil, x 20, Liv. xlii 14, Verr. v 132, ep. ad fam. vi 4,
1 cum omnis belli Mars communis et cum semper incerti
exitus proeliorum sint. In the de orat. in 167 speaking of the
figure metonymy he says : gravis est modus (traductionis atque
immutationis) in ornatu orationis et saepe sumendus, ex quo
genere haec sunt, Martem belli esse communem, Cererem
pro frugibus, Liberum appellare pro vino. Observe that belli
is to be taken also with casum ; cf. Liv. vm 31, 5 quod belli
casus ferunt Mars que communis.
1. 9. longum est] ' it would be a long business ; ' Roby
sch. Gr. 643, Kenn. Gr. p. 336, Madv. Gr. 348 obs. 1, Zumpt
Gr. 520. Cf. 17 note on the use of possum.
hoc breve dicam] 'make only this brief remark,' Parad.
vi 35 illud et breve et confitendum est, or. p. Cluent. 164
quam brevia responsu, cf. Verg. Aen. i 341 long a est iniuria.
1. 10. M. Petrei] Hie eodem bello Antonii legatus fuit,
quern praemiserat cum exercitu ad edendam dimicationem ;
cum ipse consul retardari pedum valetudine videretur, re
autem vera hostibus congredi nollet. schol.
animus et amor rei p.] cf. or. in Verr. n 9 117 si me ani-
mus atque amor in rem p.... non hoc facer e coegisset, or. p.
Flacco 103 qui turn animus L. Flacci ! qui amor in patriam ?
1. 11. in re publica] sc. gerenda, ' in official activity,' ol
military as well as civil achievements in the public service.
90 PRO P. SESTIO 1214
1.12. auctoritas] 'personal weight,' 'influence.' miri-
ficus usus] ' extraordinary experience,' [Petreius was one of
the old soldier class of the type of Labienus. j. s. n.] Sallust,
Cat. c. 59 6 quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus
aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu fuerat.
1. 14. accusandum] 'taking to task,' * reproving' 122 1. 31.
1. 15. datus esset hiemi locus] i.e. bellum hiemi ces-
sisset, hiemis interventu interruptum esset, 'winter
would have had free course, and the pursuit of Catiline
would have been interrupted, because he could not under these
circumstances have been dislodged e pruina Appennini atque e
nivibus Mis, while in the south he was pressed hard by the
army of Antonius, and in the north his passage to Gaul was
opposed by Q. Metellus Celer, who (Sail. Cat. c. 57) sub ipsis
radicibus montium consedit, qua Mi descensus erat in Galliam
properanti. But had Catiline been fortunate in obtaining the
exact time of the year for military operations (aestas) and in
becoming master of the passes of the Apennines leading to
Italy and of the shepherds' huts, his destruction in any case
would have been at the expense of much bloodshed. The
battle of Pistoria, in which Catiline fell fighting against Petreius,
according to the calculation of Ideler (Handb. der Chronologie
ii p. Ill) is to be placed in the month of February b.c. 62.
1. 16. e pruina Appennini] or. in Cat. n 23 quo autem
pacto illi Appenninum atque illaspruinas ac nivesperferent?
1.17. nivibus illis] 'those terrible snow-fields.' aesta-
tem integram] ' the entire summer : ' or. de prov. cons. 17
annus integer. Karsten conj. integer i.e. nondum bello
lacessitus.
1. 18. Italiae callis] regiones silvestris et montosas a Cam-
paniae tergo mare superum versus sitas. Cf. Liv. xxn 14, 8
nos hie pecorum modo per aestivos saltus deviasque callis
exercitum ducimus conditi nubibus silvisque.
pastorum stabula] Liv. i 4, 9 nee in stabulis nee ad
pecora segnes i.e. 'neither at home nor in the chase.' From
these half -wild shepherds Catiline might have got a considerable
contingent for his band of followers. Cf. or. in Cat. in 14 :
idem decretum est in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos
pastores Apuliam esse attributam erat indicatum. [It is
important to note that these are the ergastula ; cf. or. p. Mur.
84, Flor. 2, 9, 11 and Brut. ep. ad Cic. xi 13, 2, quoted by
Wirz in Neue I. for 1875. J. s. r.]
1. 20. vastitate] 'desolation.' concidisset] ' would have
collapsed,' ' fallen powerless.' See Mayor on Phil, n 107.
NOTES 91
13, 1. 20. igitur] resumptive, 32 1. 14, n. to or. p.
Plane. 36 1. 12.
1. 21. ut relinquam] to pass over,' a parenthetic final
clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, de off. in 94 1. 8.
1. 22. Macedoniae] whither he followed his former consul
Antonius Hybrida. aliquando] ' at length and high time too, '
or. p. Plane. 33 1. 4, 36 1. 12. propiora] ' more recent.'
1. 24. integritas provincialis] 7 provincialem...abs-
tinentiam. nuper] when Cicero was staying as an exile at
Thessalonica in the summer of b.c 58.
1. 25. pressa] the more usual expression is imprimere
vestigia, as in orat. 12, or. p. Caec. 76, or. Phil, xm 30 :
but in Verr. iv 53 we find aliquo leviter press o vestigio.
1. 27. ita ut tamen etc.] in a limitative or restrictive sense,
see above 8 1. 20. Transl. : ' not without many a backward
glance.'
1. 29. ipse ad sese] see above 12 1. 1.
1. 30. absorbet orationem] sweeps it away as in a whirl-
pool, i.e. admits no dallying with other questions. Cp. delegg.
n 9 : vim istius caelestis legis explana, si placet, ne aestus
nos consuetudinis absorbeat et ad sermonis morem usitati
trahat, Brut. 282 sed hunc quoque absorbuit aestus quidam
insolitae adulescentibus gloriae.
contento] i. q. intento)( remiss o, 'eager,' 'intent,' cf.
or. p. Mur. 33, Tusc. n 54 ut oner a content is corporibus
facilius feruntur, remissis opprimunt, ib. 57 tormenta content a
atque adducta vehementius, ib. plaga missa contentius.
CHAPTEE VI
P. 7, 14, 1. 3. auctoritatem disciplinamque rei p. capes-
sendae] 'a model system of politics,' 'a pattern and lesson, how
men should work in public lif e. ' Cic. is fond of such boasts
about the useful end which speeches serve : see below 96,
119, or. Phil, ii 20, ep. ad Att. n 1, 3, Tusc. i 5.
1. 4. tribunatus totus P. Sesti] we should say ' P. Sestius
throughout his tribunate.'
1. 5. nihil aliud nisi sustinuit] 'did nothing else but
support.' On the elliptic phrase nihil aliud nisi see my n.
on or. p. Plane. 64 1. 21. nomen] ' name,' i.e. reputation,
honour as a citizen ( 144), not materially different from causa.
1. 6. de rebus deplorandum] Cf. or. p. Flacc. 23 querendum
est et deplorandum de omni accusationis iniquitate, Verr. in
45 de istius improbitate deplorare.
92 PRO P. SESTIO H 15
1. 8. dolentius] 'with somewhat of indignation.' si
vellem] ' if I were inclined,' which I am not. Madv. Gr. 350
b, obs. 1.
1. 10. sceleris furore] for furioso seel ere to balance
vocis libertate = lihero, voce.
1. 11. perstringerem] 'reprimand,' 'censure,' lit. 'graze,'
' wound slightly : ' cp. or. p. Plane. 33, or. p. Sull. 46 nemo
umquam me tenuissima suspicione perstrinxit, quern nonper-
culerim. [Note the subtle contrast between violatus and per-
stringerem. j. s. k.] libertas = irapp-qala, 'freedom of speech,'
a meaning it often bears in Cic. and Tacitus.
1. 12 huius potius tempori serviam cuam dolori meo] 'I
will minister to my client's exigence rather than gratify my
own resentment, [I will rather do what I can for his interests,
than satisfy my own desire for vengeance' (Long).] For the
first meaning of servire cp. de orat. 1 250 voci servire, i.e. as
Ellendt explains it facer e quae voci prosint s. curare
ut iuvetur, ep. ad fam. xiv 2 valetudini servire, Brut. 242
multorum vel honori velpericulo servire ; for the second, or.
de prov. cons. 2 non parebo dolori meo, non iracundiae
serviam. For the meaning of tempus see n. on 123.
1. 14. aliquid aliquando] aliquis is frequently used with
such kindred words for the sake of emphasis or rhetorical effect:
cf. or. p. Plane. 35 ego quia dico aliquid aliquando, de
orat. i 99 non despero fore aliquem aliquando, orat. 144
docendo aliquid aliquando. See Hand Turs. i p. 251.
atque eidem nunc] ' whereas they now on the other hand.' On
this use of idem to point a contrast between two statements or
actions see n. on de off. n 144 1. 13 and cf. 90 1. 31.
1. 15. si qui] The si is without its conditional force : so
in Gr. ehives often = oLTives. se offerunt] in opp. to incidunt,
said of a spontaneous, sought-for encounter, more closely
defined by the following verb insectantur, which, however,
some editors consider a gloss.
1. 18. invasisse] intentionally. incucurrisse] involun-
tarily, accidentally ; Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 129.
15 35. The Second part of the Confirmatio, con-
taining an account of the acts of Sestius in his tribunate, pre-
faced by a summary of the political events of the memorable
year b.c. 58, beginning with the act, which was the source of all
ensuing mischief, viz. the adoption in the preceding year of
P. Clodius, the enemy of Cicero but still more of his country,
into a plebeian house, in order that he might qualify for the
NOTES 93
tribunate. He had pledged his word solemnly to Pompeius that,
when tribune, he would not take any measures against Cicero;
but not content with breaking his promises, he must needs
threaten Pompeius himself ( 15). The fatal consequences to the
state of the election of P. Clodius to the tribunate and his success
in securing the countenance and assistance of the two consuls,
Aulus Gabinius and L. Calpurnius Piso, in his revolutionary
projects ( 17) ; Cic. paints the character of these two men in the
blackest colours, representing them as a disgrace to their office,
and as ready to sacrifice the empire itself to their lusts and
pleasures ; the former he describes as a professed rake, so despe-
rate in his fortunes that he had no other resources or hopes of
subsistence but from the plunder of the republic; of the latter he
says, that while affecting the mien and garb of aphilosopher, he
got the credit of being a patriot and reviver of the ancient dis-
cipline, while he was inreality a mere sot and voluptuary ( 18
24).
Clodius secured these two sellers of their country by offering
to procure for them by a special grant of the people select and
lucrative provincial governments, instead of letting them take
their chance by lot as usual ( 24, 25), consequently the general
protest against the bill of Clodius affecting Cicero himself, and
the appeal of the better sort to the consuls to interfere on his
behalf, was treated by them with the utmost derision: whereupon
the people showed their sympathy with Cicero by putting on
mourning as a mark of respect. The senate itself when assembled
in the temple of Concordia condescended with suppliant entreaties
to implore the intervention of Gabinius, the only consul present,
only to meet with a rude and insulting reception from him; and
that august body passed a resolution for changing their dress
with the rest of the citizens in token of mourning ( 25 27).
Gabinius' angry address to the people and denunciation of the
senate and equites, and his irregular and arbitrary exercise of
power in banishing one of them, L. Aelius Lamia, for his
distinguished zeal and activity in Cicero's service ( 29 31).
(Apology to the jury for this lengthy narrative, which Cicero
shows not to be irrelevant to the case of Sestius ( 31)) : the
illegal assumption of power by the consuls in forbidding the
senate to comply with their own resolution and enjoining
them to resume their ordinary dress, and their scandalous conduct
in sacrificing the state by aiding and abetting Clodius in all his
designs and voting for his lawless measures ( 32 35).
15, 1. 20. superioris anni] the year which preceded the
tribunate of Sestius, consequently b.c. 58, when Piso and Ga-
binius were consuls : see Introd. 28. On the double genitive
dependent upon the same word see n. to or. p. Plane. 66 1. 17
and cf. 31 1. 12.
94 PRO P. SESTIO 1516
1. 21. naufragium] used first in its usual sense, then with
conligere in its collective sense, 'the fragments, shattered
remains of the wrecked ship of the state,' just as in the Greek
word vavdyiov both meanings are united, so that in quo conli-
gendo = in cuius fragmentis conligendis.
reficienda] 'restoring,* cf. Tac. Ann. vi 17 sic refect a
.Mes.
1. 22. facta, dicta, consilia] ' actions, words and thoughts,'
a climax ascending from the outer to the inner.
CHAPTER VII
1. 24. fuerat ille annus iam in re p. cum ] viz. the year
B.C. 59 in which Clodius' adoption into a plebeian family took
place, which was the beginning of Cicero's troubles. See ep.
ad Att. ix 5, 2. fuerat=praecesserat. See cr. n.
1. 27. quidem] adversative, as 16, 24, see n. on de
Plane. 75 1. 14, and cf. de or. 1 144 haec accendi arte pos-
sunt, inseri quidem ab arte non possunt. The phrase re quidem
is as common as re quidem vera. So re autem (re tamen) or.
p. Caec. 59, Veil. Paterc. n 6, 4) alternates with re autem
vera.
1. 28. furibundi hominis] P. Clodius, adopted by the
plebeian P. Fonteius, s. Intr. 7. mini irati] s. Intr. 6.
1. 29. otii] ' peace ' )( belli : de off. i 77 1. 26. com-
munis salutis inimici] on the use of the adjective as a sub-
stantive see my n. on Cic. de off. in 96 1. 31, 117 1. 4,
Madvig Gr. 247 b obs. 1, Zumpt Gr. 410. Cf. 124 1. 6.
1. 31. Cn. Pompeius] ep. ad Att. n 20, 2 Clodius adhuc
mihi denuntiat periculum, Pompeius adjirmat non esse pericu-
lum, adiurat ; addit etiam se prius occisum iri ab eo quam me
violatum iri: ibid, n 22, 2 cum hoc (Clodio) Pompeius vehe-
menter egit, cum diceret in summa se perjidiae et sceleris in-
famia fore, si mihi periculum crearetur ab eo, quam ipse ar-
masset, cum plebeium fieri passus esset; fidem recepisse sibi et
ipsum et Appium de me ; hanc si ille non servaret, ita laturum
ut omnes intellegerent nihil sibi antiquius nostra amicitiafuisse.
omni cautione] 'every kind of security,' both in promise
and in writing . foedere] 'compact,' * covenant.'
1. 32. exsecratione] * a solemn oath with an imprecation,
if broken,' or. in Verr. v 104, Sallust Cat. 22, 2 cum post ex-
secrationem omnes degustavisset. devinxerat] 'had en-
gaged, laid under obligation,' to give his word * nihil in tribu-
NOTES 95
natu etc, ; on the omission of the subject before facturum,
because of the preceding accusative hunc cf. or. in Mil. 52
hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma exiturum. See Zumpt Gr.
605, Madvig Gr. 401, Mayor on Philipp. n 49 1. 2, Eeid
on or. p. Sull. 39 1. 4, Acad, i 18 ed. 2.
P. 8, 1. 1. quod] to be taken with foedus.
nefarius] used substantively like sceleratus and other ad-
jectives ; see above 1. 29. ex omnium scelerum conluvione
natus] a monster compounded of all sorts of abomination
and crime.' Manutius compares or. in Pis. c. 9 animal ex
nefariis stupris, ex civili cruore, ex omnium scelerum importuni-
tate et fiagitiorum impuritate conceptum.
1. 2. parum nisi] he is not satisfied unless,' ' not
enough but he must also.' Cf. below 32, or. p. Kosc. Am.
49 ut parum miseriae sit quod aliis coluit, non sibi, nisi
etiam quod omnino coluit, crimini fuerit, Liv. xxxviii 54, 9
parum fuisse non laudari pro rostris P. Africanum, postmor-
tem, nisi etiam accusaretur, vi 40, 18 parum est, si, cuius pars
tria adhuc nulla fuit, in partem eius venis, nisi partem pe-
tendo totum traxeris ? Plin. Paneg. 60 parum est ut in curiam
venias, nisi et convoces.
1. 3. cautorem alieni periculi] i.e. Pompeium, qui mi hi
a Clodio cavere voluerat. Cantor is qui alteri peri-
culum cavet, * one who protects another,' champion,' not as
it is explained in Lewis- Short's Dictionary, ' surety, ' ' bail.' [Mr
Reid doubts its genuineness and thinks it probably a gloss on
the original word.] suis propriis periculis] * dangers to him-
self exclusively.'
1. 4. terruisset] Intr. 19 and n. on 69 1. 14.
16, 1. 5. vinctam auspiciis] Cicero gives a detailed state-
ment on this subject in his speech de domo sua c. 14, in which
he seeks to prove that the adoption of Clodius was invalid, and
accordingly all that Clodius as tribune carried through must be
regarded as illegal : 37 bears especially upon this : quae maior
calumnia est quam venire imberbem adulescentulum, bene val-
entem ac maritum (Fonteius was barely 20 years old at the
time), dicere sefilium senatorem populi Romani sibi velle adop-
tare : id autem scire et videre omnis, non ut ille Jilius instituatur,
sed ut, si e patriciis exeat, tribunus plebis fieri possit, idcirco
adoptari? neque id obscure ; nam adoptatum emancipari statim,
ne sit eius Jilius qui adoptarit. Cur ergo adoptabat? probate
genus adoptionis; iam omnium sacra interierint, quorum cus-
todes vos esse debetis ; iam patricius nemo relinquetur...Ita
populus Romanus brevi tempore neque regem sacrorum neque
96 PRO P. SESTIO 1617
Jlamines nee Salios Jidbeblt nee ex parte dimidia reliquos sacer-
dotes neque auctores centuriatorum et curiatorum comitiorum;
auspiciaque populi Romani, si magistratus patricii
creati non sint,intereant necesse est, cum inter rex nullus
sit, quod et ipsum patricium esse et a patriciis prodi necesse
est.
1. 6. more maiorum] not lege, because the transfer of a
patrician into the position of a plebeian was, though contrary
to usage, not absolutely forbidden by law.
legum sacratarum] certain laws, a breach of which en-
tailed sacratio capitis, that is, caused the offender to be
declared sacer, and liable to be slain by any one with impunity.
Fest. p. 318 sacratae leges sunt quibus sanctum est, qui quid
adversus eas fecerit, sacer alicui deorum sit cum familia pe-
cuniaque. Sunt qui esse dicant sacratas, quas plebes iurata
in monte sacro sciverit. Cp. Cic. de off. in 111 1. 16. It was
a lex sacrata which enacted that the tribunes must be chosen
exclusively from the plebs, and therefore Clodius, being by
birth a patrician, was ineligible, until he had been adopted
into a plebeian family. solvit] sc. his vinclis.
1. 7. subito] s. Intr. 7 note 9.
lege curiata] * by a decree of the patrician curiae,' whose
consent was necessary, when a patrician wished to leave his
gens. consul] i.e. Caesar, not in his capacity of consul, but
as pontifex maximus. The Comitia curiata in cases of arrogatio
(v. Aul. Gell. N. A.v 19) were held pro collegio pontificum, i. e.
by the Pontifex as representative of the whole collegium, who
had to examine the grounds for the transfer and to preserve
the sacra gentis. See j. s. b.'s note p. 277.
vel exoratus...vel iratus] cf. or. de prov. cons. 42 tra-
duxit ad plebem inimicum meum, sive iratus mi hi quod
me secum ne in benejiciis quidem videbat posse coniungi, sive
exoratus. Caesar appears to have taken offence at some-
thing which Cic. said at the trial of Gaius Antonius.
1. 8. non nemo putabat] ' somebody supposed.' [The mss
point rather to putarit ' will be likely to think.' J. s. a.]
1. 9. quidem certe] ' but in any case,' see n. to 151. 27.
imprudens] = non providens, 'not expecting.'
1. 10. tribunus plebis] = cum tribunus pi. esset, drjf^apxos u>v,
' when tribune of the people. ' Cf. 47 1. 23.
1. 11. nullis suis nervis] more forcible than non aliqua vi
sua ( 34 1. 32), because Cic. represents him also as hominem
libidinibus en ervatum. The opposition follows in the clause
NOTES 97
sed fuit profecto etc., which is tantamount to sed auxilio consil-
ium. For nervi cp. or. p. Sull. 24, p. Cael. 80, de off. n 36.
1. 12. fraternis flagitiis, 'by scandalous intercourse with
his own brothers and sisters,' upon which the Scholiast re-
marks: et Appius Claudius maior natu infamis in eundem
Clodium fuerat et soror Clodia, ut saepe iam diximus. Lucullus
swore in open court to one case of incest : other accounts
impute to him even incest with all his three sisters (ep. ad fam.
i 9, 15 ilia furia muliebrium religionum qui non pluris fecerat
Bonam Beam quam tris sorores) ; hence Cic. speaks of sororiis
stupris designedly instead of stwpris cum sorore, Stupra and
flagitia are frequently coupled in this sense, as Verr. i 14,
62, ii 110, iv 20, 71, 83, 102 etc., de harusp. resp. 43.
1. 13. sororiis stupris] Clodius had three sisters, the eldest
of whom married Q. Marcius Eex, cons. B.C. 68, the second
was the quadrantaria and /3oa>7rts of Cic. or. p. Caelio c. 26.
She married Q. Metellus Celer, cons. B.C. 60 ; the third Clodia
was the wife of L. Lucullus, cons. b.c. 74. inaudita] an
allusion to his profanation of the sacra Bonae Deae ; see Intr.
6. exsanguis] cp. 24 cum hominibus enervatis atque
exsanguibus consulatus tamquam gladius esset datus,
17, 1. 14. quaedam] de off. i 95 1. 29.
1. 15. fatalis] cf. 72 quoniam id etiam fatum civitatis fuit.
caecus atque amens] a combination of the metaphorical with
the natural expression, like caecus ac demens in Afranius (Nonius
p. 124), caeci atque improvidi, Q. Curt, vni c. 46, below 23
vaticinari atque insanire, 93 homo castus ac non cupidus, etc.
1.16. quiddicam? consules?] \eirav6p9u3<ns\ de Gabinio
et Pisone, magis eos reip. hostes quam consules iudicando,
quoniam haec dignitas plus animo quam habitu censeatur.
schol. So or. in Vat. 18 sedentibus in templo non consulibus,
sed proditoribus huius civitatis ac pestibus. hocine ut ego
nomine appellem, can I be expected to call ? ' For ut of an
impossible supposition put interrogatively, cp. Zumpt 609,
Madv. Gr. 353 obs., Eoby 1708, Kenn. p. 438 194, 4);
pro Plane. 31 pater ut in iudicio capitis obesse filio debeat y
Tusc. ii 42 egone ut te interpellem, Liv. iv 2, 12 illine u t
impune concitent jinitima bella, Ter. Phorm. n 1, 3 hicine ut
a nobis tantum argenti auferat t Hor. n Sat. 5, 18 utne tegam
spur co Damae latus ?
1. 18. vestrae dignitatis, 'your judicial dignity,' 'conside-
ration due to you as judges ; ' cp. 18 ab eis se ereptum, ne de
ambitu causam diceret t praedicabat. perditores] see cr. n.
1. 19. delendum] see n. to 44 quern totum de civitate
delerant. On the circumstance see c. 11 and c. 25 f.
98 PRO P. SESTIO 1718
ad adfligendum, 'for the purpose of humiliating.' He
alludes to the treatment of L. Lamia, 26, 29.
1. 21. insignibus] besides the fasces, which were the chief
outward badges of distinction of the consuls, hence called Mis,
the rest were the sella curulis, the toga praetexta, and the
paludamentum in time of war, or. p. Cluent. 154, or. pro Rab.
Post. 16, Ramsay Horn. Antiq. p. 137, Rich Comp. Lat. Diet,
p. 199.
[summi honoris atque imperii: summus honos is one de-
signation for the consulate, summum imperium another; and
the two are put together after Cicero's favourite fashion,
j. s. e.] See n. on de off. i 26.
1. 23. si nondum voltis recordari, 'to which I must
bring you later on in my speech.' He proceeds to describe
their external appearance.
1. 24. vultum atque incessum] cf. Iuv. Sat. n 17 qui
vultu morbum incessuque fatetur f Philipp. xiii 4 or a vobis
eorum ponite ante oculos et maxime Antoniorum, incessum,
aspectum, vultum. So Sallust says of Catiline 15, 5: citus
modo, modo tardus incessus.
CHAPTER VIH
18, 1. 27. alter] i.e. Gabinius.
unguentis adnuens] cp. or. in Pis. 25 Gabinium si vi-
dissent duumvirum vestri illi unguentarii, citius agnovlssent.
Erant illi compti capilli et madentes cincinnorum fimbriae.. .
dignae Capua sed ilia vetere, or. post red. in senat. 12, or.
in Cat. ii 5, where Catiline's companions are spoken of as
qui nitent unguentis, ib. 10 unguentis obliti. See Becker's
G alius p. 378. calamistrata] ' with the marks of the curling
tongs (calamistrum) on his hair.' Cf. Verg. Aen. xn 99 crinis
vibratos calido ferro murraque madentis.
1. 28. stuprorum] quae ipse in flore aetatis (aetatula)
passus erat. Cf. de har. resp. 42 where he says of Clodius :
qui post patris mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad
scurrarum locupletium libidines detulit.
1. 29. puteali] the puteal Libonis, or Scribonianum, was a
monument at the east end of the Porum, so called from its re-
semblance to a well-mouth, enclosing a spot held to be sacred
according to the augural superstitions (fulguritum). It was
near the arch of Pabius and the site of the praetor's tribunal,
which will account for its association with usurers [faeneratores),
NOTES 99
since this class of creditors would have frequent recourse to the
jurisdiction of the praetor (Hor. Sat. n 6, 34). It was altogether
distinct from the pu teal of the Comitium opposite the Curia
Hostilia. See Nichols, The Roman Forum, pp. 1279.
inflatus] according to Halm l swollen with anger against,'
joined with a dative after the analogy of offensus ( 125), in-
census alicui; comp. Liv. vi 18, 5 his simul inflatus exacer-
batusque; but it seems better to take it as the ablative over-
bearing, bloated with pride, because of. '
1. 31. fretu] a heteroclite form for freto, see Verr. v 169.
ad Columnam] sc. Maeniam, which was the tribunal of the
triumviri capitales, for the trial of the lowest malefactors, see
n. on 124, Ramsay, E. A. p. 17. There is also an allusion to
the columna in the /return Siculum, called here Scyllaeum
/return, which the inhabitants of Ehegium had erected, rj
'Prjyivuv arvXls, a large tower-like erection put up in honour of
Poseiddn, mentioned in inscriptions. A similar one stood on
Pelorum, the opposite Sicilian headland (Strabo in 5, 5 p. 171:
26os yap iraXaibv vtttjpx^ rb rlOeadai toloijtovs opovs, Kaddirep
ol 'Priywoi tt\v (rrvXlda 'idecrav rr\v iiri r< iropdfJLip Kei.[xiv7]v t
irvpylov rt, Kai 6 rod HeXwpov Xeyofxevos vvpyos avriKurai ravry
TTj crrvXidt). adhaeresceret] in a double sense for nau/ra-
gium /aceret and proscriberetur. Stripped of metaphor the
whole passage would have run thus : ne aere alieno obrutus ad
columnam Maeniam proscriberetur. Transl. 'for fear he should
stick fast on the Pillar (i.e. be posted as a defaulter on the
Maenian column) in that dangerous whirlpool of debt.'
1. 32. in tribunatus portum] or. p. red. in sen. 11 qui
nisi in aram tribunatus con/ugisset, neque vim praetoris
nee multitudinem creditorum nee bonorum proscriptionem effugere
potuisset. Quo in magistratu nisi rogationem de piratico bello
tulisset, pro/ecto egestate et improbitate coactus piraticam ipse
/ecisset. On the descriptive genitive tribunatus see n. on de
off. in 101 I. 32, Kenn. Gr. p. 413. Gabinius protected him-
self against his creditors by getting the tribunate, for they
could not trouble him during his year of office.
P. 9, 1. 1. venditabat se, ' ingratiated himself with : ' cp.
ep. ad Att. vm 16 1 quomodo se venditant Caesari, Liv. in
35, 5 se plebi venditare. [It may be ablative : ' gave himself
airs on the strength of his hired ruffians.' j. s. R.] operls]
the proletarians who could be hired for any purpose ; so 27,
38, 59. Cf. or. p. Flacc. 97 operae /acessant, servitia sileant.
1. 2. de ambitu] ep. ad Quintum fr. 1 2 15 remp. /unditus
amisimus, adeo ut G. Cato, adulescens nullius consilii, sed tamen
civis Romanus et Cato, vix vivus effugerit t quod, cum Ga-
72
100 PRO P. SESTIO 1820
binium de ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus
aliquot adiri possent vel potestatem sui facerent, in contionem
escendit et Pompeium privatum dictatorem appellavit. After
his return from the province Gabinius was accused of several
crimes against the state, and amongst them the second time de
ambitu or illegal canvassing at some election, and being found
guilty de repetundis or taking money from king Ptolemaeus
Auletes when he was defended by Cicero, was obliged to go
into exile, from which he did not return until B.C. 49, ep. ad
Quint, fr. in 3 ; iv 16.
1. 3. invito senatu, 'in defiance of the senate,' which
according to the lex Sempronia> passed by Gaius Gracchus in
B.C. 123, had to assign to the future Consuls before their
election the provinces which they were to govern after the
expiration of their term of office. How Gabinius came to have
the province which he coveted, will be seen from c. 55.
1. 5. incolumem fore, 'would escape bankruptcy;' or.
Phil, ii 4 tu nee solvendo eras nee te ullo modo nisi eversa
re p. fore incolumem putabas, or. Cat. n 18 neque enim isti
qui possessiones habent alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt,
i. e. as regards their pecuniary relation. [Is not the reference
rather to condemnation in a criminal trial? Incolumis
and calamitas are often contrasted, j. s. e.]
19, 1. 5. alter] i.e. Pi so.
1. 6. taeter, 'offensive,' ' loathsome, ' illuviosus et foetidus,
'Kkovaiav et illuviem affectabat, ut philosophus crederetur ;
cf. Arist. Nub. v. 836 : airtKelpar avdels wiciroT ovd' TfXdipaTO,
ovd' els fiahaveiov 7)\de \ov<r6fjLej>os. ABR.
1. 7. barbatisj Plin. nat. hist, vn 59 211 in Italiam ex
Sicilia venere tonsores post Bomam conditam a, ccccliii (b.c.
301), adducente P. Titinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro ; antea
intonsi fuere. Primus omnium radi cotidie instituit Africanus
sequens. Cp. or. p. Cael. 33 aliquis mihi ab inferis excitandus
est exbarbatis illis ; non hac barbula, qua ista delectatur, sed
ilia horrida, quam in statuis antiquis atque imaginibus videmus t
or. p. Mur. 26, de fin. iv 62, Hor. Od. n 15, 11 intonsi
Catonis, Ovid Fast, vi 264 intonsi Numae, Iuv. xvi 31 dignum
barb a dignum que capillis maiorum, where see Mayor's n.
1. 8. imaginem antiquitatis, 'a type, pattern of the old
regime;' see n. to 6. columen] prop, 'gable, pillar,' hence
'prop,' 'stay;' Hor. Od. n 17, 4 mearum grande decus
columenque rerum.
1. 10. ^purpura] on the edge of the tunica and as a border
of the praetexta, the white upper garment ; great luxury was
NOTES 101
displayed in the choice of the most costly and brilliant purple
stuffs, as appears from the or. p. Caelio ( 77), who had been
taunted by his prosecutor amongst other things with purpurae
genus. By nostra haec plebeia is meant the common homely
sort, which was more violet and inclined to black, in contrast
with the Tarentina which was of a deeper red, and the still
more costly Tyria, which at that time had become fashion-
able. Plutarch Cato min. 6, 2 e7rei iropcptipav ecopa rrjv Kara-
Kopws epudpav kclI 6eiav (dibapham sc.) a-yairujixivnv, avrds icpopei
ttjv fttXaivav, i. e. fuscam et obtusam. See j. s. e. p. 277.
1. 11. Capua... Seplasiam suolaturus] i.e. prohibiturus
ne in eo vico unguenta venderentur (Abrami) : cp. or.
Verr. iv 93 Agrigento signum sustulisti, 112 Henna
simulacrum Cereris sustulerit, Eoby Gr. n 1258, Madv. Gr.
262, Kenn. Gr. 158.
1. 12. duumviratum] see n. to 9. It was not unusual
for distinguished Romans to hold magistracies in municipia
and coloniae, but here Cic. is taunting Piso with vanity as if
his object were to embellish his future imago with grander
titles. It was only curule magistrates that had the jus
imaginis. Seplasiam] the fashionable street in Capua, where
hairdressers and perfumers had their shops : or. in Pis. 24
incessus Seplasia dignus et Capua.
1. 13. nam quid dicam] nam indicates not, as usually,
the reason of what precedes, but the reason why what precedes
did not include what is now added : cf. 26 1. 20, 95 1. 31
and see note on de off. n 47.
1. 14. pignus rei p.] cf . ep. ad Att. 1 19, 3 ut nos duo quasi
pignora reip. retineri videremur.
1. 16. supercilio, 'haughtiness,' 'sternness,' cf. or. in
Pis. 1 oculi, supercilia, frons, voltus denique totus, qui
sermo quidam tacitus mentis est f hie in fraudem homines im~
pulit, decepit, fefellit, induxit, 20 neque hercule ego super-
cilium tuum fugi, neque tarn fui timidus ut frontis tuae
nubeculam ,pertimescerem } 70, de prov. cons. 8, 17.
annus... tamquam vade] see cr. n.
20, 1. 18. tamen, 'after all,' though the other consul is
so bad.
1. 19. hafoeo quern opponam, ' I have a set-off against that
vile and shameful fellow,' 26 caenum Mud ac labes.
Labes (Gr. Aw/377, Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 372) 'a disgrace,'
not as Abrami takes it, 'one who causes ruin.' See Lewis-
Short s.v. p. 1023 a, b. caeno] Plaut. Pseud. 1 3, 132
102 PRO P. SESTIO 2021
(366). Cf. lutum Mil. gl. n 3, 54 (325), True, iv 4, 1, Most,
v 2, 45.
1. 20. me dins fidius, ' by the god of truth ! most certainly !'
see L. S. Diet. s.v. vultu ' by his mere look'; cf. nutu 100.
1. 22. auctor et dux] 38, 61, 112, 139.
1. 25. adfinem] for at that time his daughter Tullia was
married to her first husband C. Piso Frugi, the excellent
son-in-law whom Cic. lost by death shortly before his return
from exile, and who was related to the consul L. Piso. Cf.
or. p. red. in sen. 17 tu misericors me adfinem tuum, quern
comitiis tuis praerogativae primum custodem praefeceras, quern
Kal. Jan. tertio loco sententiam rogaras, inimicis rei publicae
tradidisti.
CHAPTEE IX
1. 27. alter] Gabinius.
1. .28. clavum] properly 'the tiller' or handle of the
rudder, hence the ' rudder ' or ' helm ' itself : Enn. Ann. v 472
ed. Vahlen, ut clavum rectum teneam navimque gubernem.
Quint. 2, 17, 24 dum clavum rectum teneam. gubernacula
tractare] 'to handle the government,' cf. Aesch. S. c. Th.
1. 3 ol'a/ca vwfxqy, or. pro Eosc. Am. 51 qui omni tempore ad
gubernacula reip. sedere debebant, de orat. 1 46 repelli a
gubernaculis civitatum, Liv. iv 3, 17 ad gubernacula
reip. accedere. The word in this sense is generally found in
the plural. For tractare cf. Tac. Ann. n 67 qui regnum interim
tractaret.
1. 29. in maximo cursu ac fluctibus, ' when at full speed
and when the waves run very high,' i. e. in stormy times.
1. 31. lustrorum, 'dens,' 'haunts of vice.' Lustra
' significant lacunas lutosas, quae sunt in silvis aprorum cubilia :
a qua similitudine hi, qui in locis abditis et sordidis ventri
et desidiae operam dant, dicuntur in lustris vitam agere.'
(Fest. Pomp. Paul. p. 120 Muell.) Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 91 quod
in lustris comedim f Cic. Phil, xm 11, 24.
1. 32. confectum, used up,' ' worn out,' Liv. xxm 45, 2
vino et scortis omnibusque lustris per totam hiemem confectos,
or. Phil, ii 6 vino lustrisque confectam.
P. 10, 1. 1. alienis opibus, ' by the aid of others,' i.e. of
Caesar, Pompeius and Crassus. Pompeius was bound to him
because of his rogatio de bello piratico ; see n. to 18 1. 32.
NOTES 103
non modo tempestatem...sed ne lucem quidem] i. q. ne
lucem quidem nedum tempestatem. If both clauses
have a common predicate, to which the negative belongs, and
the predicate stands in the last clause, the negation which lies
in ne quidem may be referred to the whole, so that we have in
the first clause only non modo instead of non modo non. Cf.
45 and see Madvig Gr. 461 b, Zumpt Gr. 724 b, Kenn.
Gr. p. 326 b, n. 50, Cic. de off. Ill 77 1. 34. Translate :
' who, sot as he was, was so far from able to see the coming
storm, that he could not even look at the light of day which
was so strange to him.' tempestatem impendentem intueri]
'to perceive the signs of a coming storm,' which is the proper
business of a skilful pilot, temulentus, ' because he was drunk.
1. 3. lucem insolitam] Cic. de fin. n 23 : nolim enim mihi
Jingere asotos, qui de conviviis auferantur crudique postridie
se rursus ingurgitent; qui solem, ut aiunt, nee occidentem
umquam viderint nee orientem.
21, 1. 4. in omnis partis] i. q. ex omni parte 'in
all respects,' 'on all sides,' de off. i 7, cf. Nagelsb. lat. Stil.
67, 3.
1. 5. opinioni, ' the good opinion,' div. in Caec. 71 de quo
nulla umquam opinio fuit. blanda conciliatricula] 'which
woos so persuasively,' Nagelsb. 117, 2 : cp. de nat. deor. i 77
non vides quam blanda conciliatrix sit natura? For the
allusion cf. or. in Pis. 1 obrepsisti ad honores commendatione
fumosarum imaginum. boni, ' we patriots.'
1. 6. nobilitati favemus, ' are partial to high birth.' Cf.
or. p. Plane. 18 1. 10 omnes qui nobilitati favent.
1. 11. subhorridum cet., 'roughish,' 19 1. 11.
1. 12. eo nomine] i.e. because his name was Piso, it was
believed he must also be a homo frugi, since the most illus-
trious of the Pisones were both frugi and were called Frugi.
Nom,en must be understood here of the cognomen of the
familia, as or. in Verr. iv 25 57 : nimirum ut hie (Verres)
nomen suum comprobavit, sic ille (L. Piso Frugi) cognomen.
familiae] dative after ingenerata.
1. 13. gaudebant] Halm suggests that this word is an
interpolation, because this reading sins against the canon of
Madvig that in an enumeration of three persons or things only
que, not et ae or atque, may be used alone between the last two.
'Ciceronem, ubi tria membra coacervet, aut repetita coniunc-
tione uti aut extremo quoque loco omittere aut que ponere.'
Ep. ad Or. p. 39. See also Opusc. i p. 332 ff., Gr. 434 obs.
1, Zumpt Gr. 783. Perhaps favebant gaudebant may be
104 PRO P. SESTIO 2123
considered as forming one clause, to which et vocabant is ap-
pended.
et ad integritatem maiorum spe sua vocabant] they hoped
he would be as honest as his ancestors.
1. 14. materni generis] his mother was of Gaulish descent.
Of his father's father-in-law Cic. says in a fragment of his
speech against Piso: Insuber quidam fuit, idem mercator et
praeco : is cum Bomam cumfilia venisset, adulescentem nobilem
Caesoninum, hominis furacissimi fdium, ausus est appellare,
filiam conlocavit. Cf. or in Pis. 53 where he calls him bracatae
cognationis dedecus f ib. 62 where he speaks of his grandfather
as Mediolanensis praeco, a public crier at Milan.'
22, 1. 15. vere dicam] see cr. n. to or p. Plane. 24 1. 17
p. 209.
1. 16. in homine] emphatically for in eo, 'in the man,' as
1. 25 sermo hominis and 53, 88, 89. Homo and vir are often
used for ille and is, and so res for id, s. Fabri on Liv. xxi 4, 8,
Kuhner ad Tusc. Disp. I 49, Kritz ad Sail. lug. c. 70 p. 377.
sceleris cet.] genitive of divided indefinite whole after tantum,
Madv. Gr. 215 b, Zumpt Gr. 432, Boby n 1296 (b).
1. 17. cum re publ. sensi, 'I felt in common with the state.'
numquam putavi, ' I never should have thought,' Germ.
ich hatte nie geglaubt, Gr. ovdiwor vXiriaa (Arist. Av. v. 956).
Cp. de off. 1 81 with note, Sallust lug. xi 7 quod verbum in
pectus Iugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit,
de imp. Pomp. 25 quantum incolumis numquam est ausus
optare, i.e. 'never would have dared.' nequam sciebam]
1 though I certainly did know he was a rogue.'
1.18. errore, 'misconception,' 'delusion.' Falsa opinione
seems to be a gloss on errore which has crept into the text.
1. 19. ab adulescentia commendatum, ' from his youth
onwards,' or perhaps 'by his youth;' cp. ep. ad fam. xin 10, 1
satis enim commendatum tibi eum arbitrabar ab ipso more
maiorum; or. p. Sull. 71 intellegetis unum quemque eorum
prius ab sua vita quam vestra suspicione esse damnatum, where
Mr Eeid notes that the ablative with ab after a passive
verb is only found in the best Latin, when the noun is capa-
ble of being personified.
1. 20. animus eius voltu tegebantur, ' his mind was con-
cealed in his face, his scandalous acts by the walls of his
house.' Cf. or. de pr. cons. 8 lateant libidines eius illae tene-
bricosae, quas fronte et supercilio, non pudore et temperantia
contegebat. animus = ' his true, real feelings.'
NOTES 105
1. 21. obstructio, 'barrier,' 'screen,' i.e. dis simula tio in
reference to voltus : obducta ' drawn in front of,' * interposed.'
1. 22. curiosis, inquisitive.'
CHAPTEE X
1. 23. desidiam, 'deficiency of energy,' inertiam, 'in-
capacity to do anything useful : ' the deses does not make use
of the power which he has, the iners has none.
1. 24. Inclusas, 'confined,' i.e. secret, paulo propius] in
aedes ipsius. man.
1. 25. sermo hominis] above 1. 16, see cr. n.
ansas quibus tenere possemus, 'handles to enable us to
apprehend his inmost sentiments.' Ansa in the metaph. sense
of 'occasion,' 'opportunity' ( = Gr. \a(3rj), is rare in class. Latin.
Cicero uses it in or. p. Plane. 84 si locus habet reprehensionis
ansam aliquam, or. p. Caecin. 17 ansam retinere omnium
controversiarum, de am. 59 quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas
ad reprehendendum, where the metaphor is qualified by tam-
quam. Tenere is used as appropriate to ansas.
23, 1. 27. nescio quos] spoken contemptuously, and
perhaps also to avoid the appearance of learning. neque
eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere] * without however being
able to tell their names.' Hence in the speech in Pison. 37 he
addresses him as Epicure noster, ex haraproducte, non ex schola.
Piso had for a companion (or. in Pis. 68 est quidam Graecus
qui cum isto vivit) the Epicurean Philodemus.
1. 30. auctores] i.e. doctores, 'teachers,' 'professors,'
the founders and representatives of the doctrine that pleasure
(voluptas, rjdovrj) is the summum bonum. The Cyrenaics and
Epicureans are meant.
cuius] sc. voluptatis; for with Epicurus mere sensual
pleasure did not pass for the summum bonum, but that com-
fortable calmness of soul, in which free from sorrow and fear
and all exciting emotions (drapa^ia) he lived in unmolested
enjoyment. So he says in a letter preserved by Diogenes
Laertius x 131: orau ovv Xtycofxev rjdovrjv t\os (i.e. summum
bonum) virapxeiv, ov ras tqv do-coroov rjSovcis Kal tcls kv diroKavcu
tceifxevas \kyofiev, dWct, to fjLrjre aXyeiv Kara acafxa jx-qre rapar-
recrdai Kara ipvxfy*
quo tempore] sc. percipiendae. A passage in the speech
against Piso 68 furnishes a comment on this ; see also or.
p. red. in sen. 14. Beid suggests cuius de tempore et modo.
106 PRO P. SESTIO 2324
L 31. verbum ipsum] sc. voluptatis.
1. 32. omnibus animi et corporis partibus] The substan-
tive with which omnibus agrees is not found in the best mss.
The most probable supplement is virions or partibus. Cf. or.
p. red. in sen. 14 eos qui disputent...in omni parte corporis
semper oportere aliquod gaudium delectationemque versari } ep.
ad Att. in 7, 3 ad te plura scriberem, nisi mihi dolor mens cum
omnis partis mentis... ademis set. The allusion is illustrated by
a passage in the speech against Piso 69 : itaque admissarius
iste, simul atque audivit voluptatem a philosopho tanto opere
laudari, sic suos sensus voluptarios omnis incitavit...ut non
magistrum virtutis, sed auctorem libidinis a se ilium inventum
arbitraretur.
devorarat, 'had devoured,' i.e. accepted with eagerness
and greedily, ep. ad Att. vn 3, 2 illos libros devorasti, 1 16, 10
Begis hereditatem spe devorarat, Plaut. Asin. in 3, 59 mea
dicta devorate, Poen. v 2, 9 quam orationem hanc aures dulces
devorant I Cf. Shakesp. Oth. i 3, 150 and with a greedy
ear devour up my discourse.
P. 11, 1. 1.- sua causa facere, ' act in their own interest,'
selfishly, in opposition to rei publicae consulere ( 1), since
Epicurus, in pursuance of his motto ' Xdde (3iuaas, J taught that
it behoves the wise man not iroXtreveadaL rem publicam
capessere 'to meddle with politics,' nor rvpavveveiv (Diog.
Laert. 10, 119). What to him a life diroXirVTos = otiosa was,
would by many be misrepresented as a life plena voluptatum.
Cp. ep. ad fam. (Trebat.) vn 12, indicavit mihi Pansa mens
Epicureum te esse factum. Sed quonam modo ius civile defendes,
cum omnia tua causa facias, non civium; ib. 2 quis bonus
est qui facit nihil nisi sua causa? Quid fiat porro populo
Ulubrano, si tu statueris ToXireveadcu non oportere? ; de fin. i, ii.
1. 2. bene sanum] Horat. Sat. i 3, 61 pro bene sano
ac non incauto Jictum astutumque vocamus, ib. 9, 44 mentis
bene sanae.
1. 4. plena et conferta voluptatibus] i. e. { when crammed
full of delights,' Tusc. in 44 confertus voluptatibus, de
fin. ii 64 vita conferta voluptatum omnium varietate.
eos autem cet.] as the Stoics, Academics and Peripa-
tetics, who wished their pupils to be irpaKTLKoi. Cic. de fin.
in 68: cum ad tuendos conservandosque homines hominem
natum esse videamus, consentaneum est huic naturae, ut sapiens
velit gerere et administrare rempublicam, Hor. Epist. I 1, 16
with Orelli's note.
1. 5, dignitati] a fitting position in public life.
NOTES 107
L 6. rationem ducendam] i.q.habendam, 'that we must
take account of,' 'pay regard to:' cf. ep. ad fam. vn 3, 1
malim ... quam salutis meae rationem due ere, or. p. Sext.
Bosc. Am. 128 non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit,
or. in Verr. n 129 qui non tarn caeli quam caelati argenti
rationem duceret t ib. in 126 debere eum aiebatsuam quoque
rationem ducere.
1. 7. adeunda] = subeunda, below 62, Tusc. n 58 ilia
pericula adeuntur in proeliis, de fin. n 56 adeunda sunt
saepe pericula decor is honestatisque causa, vulnera excipienda]
Tusc. v 79 ita propugnant ut vulnera excipiant, Quintil.
vi 3, 75 ostendenti vulnus ore exceptum. Similarly we find
plagas and metaph. impetum t vim, pericula, invidiam ex-
cipere.
1.8. vaticinari, 'to rave,' 'dote,' 'talk idly and quix-
otically,' like an enthusiast, ep. ad fam. n 16, 6 sed ego fortasse
vaticinor et haec omnia meliores habebunt exitus. We find
hariolari used in a similar sense by Plautus and Terence. On
the combination of vaticinari and insanire see n. to 17,
1.15.
24, 1. 12. sermonis] we should have expected some
word, as Halm suggests, like sordium, caeni ( = sordidae vitae)
or disciplinae as suggested by Koch, who reads nidoris.
1. 13. ab illis nugis, 'those triflers:' ep. ad Att. vi 3, 5
amicos habet meras nugas.
1. 14. quidem certe] see n. to 15 1. 27. sed ita est]
115 sit hoc sane leve : quod non ita est, de orat. in 35 quod
non est ita. Observe that ut is correlative to sic 1. 18.
1. 15. imbecillo ac detail, ' infirm and disabled.'
1. 17. sin] does not stand in opposition to dederis, but to
the conditional sentence implied in ipse = si nullis nisi suis
ipsius viribus utatur, 'of himself, by his own effort he
could not harm anybody, but if he approached an unarmed
man, he might inflict a wound by the mere sharpness of the
weapon.'
1. 20. qui per se pungere neminem u. potuissent, who
of themselves would never have had the power to inflict a
scratch on the skin of a single individual.' Contrucidarunt
=a Ka.riKQ.vov ' cut to pieces : ' cf. 79. Observe the chiasmus
pungere neminem remp. contrucidarunt.
1.23. tribuno pi.] P. Clodius. provincias] see 55,
71, 93 and Introd. 18, and cf. or. p. red. ad Quir. 13 cum
108 PRO P: SESTIO 2426
duo consules, empti pactione provinciarum, auctores se
inimicis reip* tradidissent.
1. 24. exercitum et pecuniam] for their proconsular govern-
ment ; see or. in Pis. 37 habebas exercitum tantum, quantum
tibi non senatus aut populus Rom. dederat, sed quantum tua
libido conscripserat : aerarium exhauseras etc,
1. 25. ea lege si, 'on condition that.'
1. 26. constrictam] ' bound hand and foot,' so that it
could not stir.
1.27. [ictum cannot be taken with Halm hypothetically
for si ictum esset, as the conclusion of the league was
not hypothetical. F. "W. Schmidt Neue I. 1875 p. 490 pro-
poses actutum. I think ictum spurious, j. s. r.] Tr. when
struck.'
meo sanguine sanciri posse, ' might be ratified by the shed-
ding of my blood,' in lieu of sacrificing some animal. Cf. or. in
Pis. 28 tu scilicet homo religiosus et sanctus foedus, quod meo
sanguine in pactione provinciarumiceras (sanxeras ?),frangere
noluisti, or. post red. ad Quir. 13, cum omnia cum omnibus
foedera reconciliations gratiarum sanguine meo sancirentur,
Liv. xxin 8, 11 iam ego sanguine Hannibalis sanciamRoma-
num foedus, xxv 16, 6 nisi imperatoris capite ac sanguine
foedus cum hostibus sanxisset.
25, 1. 30. rogationes] 53, Introd. 17.
1. 31. de provinciis consilium nominatim] or. de dom. 24
provincias consularis . . . extra ordinem, sine sorte nominatim
dedisti non consulibus sed rei publicae pestibus. The word re-
fers only to de provinciis consulum, for the first bill of Clodius
did not mention Cicero byname, but was directed against all
who had put Roman citizens to death without a trial.
CHAPTER XI
1. 32. hie turn, thereupon,' in these circumstances,'
Hand Turs. in p. 79, Lewis- Short, Diet. p. 853 b ii. vos,
equites Romani] Cic. addresses those of the indices who were
of equestrian rank as in 26. In 145 he appeals to those
of them who were senators.
P. 12, 1. 2. summae rei publicae... auxilium, aid to the
state in its most vital interests,' ' in its supreme danger.' See
my n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 25. Cf. or. in Cat. in 13 consului
de summa re publica quid fieri placeret, or. p. Rose. Am.
NOTES 109
148 sum ma res public a in huius periculo temptatur t Verg.
Aen. ii 322 quo res summa loco ?
1. 3. asummo imperio] sc. consulari.
1. 4. cum essent, * although or whereas they were.'
1. 5. duo rei p. turbines] or. de dom. sua 137 iu, procella
patriae, turbo ac tempestas pads atque otii.
1. 6. praecipitanti] intrans. = ruenti, or. p. Sull. 1
praecipitante re p., 87 reip. praecipitanti subveni.
1. 7. concidere] see n. to 79.
1. 8. bonorum, patriots,' 'conservatives.' See above 1
1.6.
1. 9. ut meam causam susciperent] 41 1. 2. Crassus a
consulibus meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat, or. in
Pis. 77 ut causam publicani susciperetis, ut ad senatum refer-
retis.
1. 10. agerent aliquid cet.] 'should not be passive, in short
should submit some definite measure to the senate,' that they
might have an opportunity of giving expression to their sen-
timents on the subject of Clodius' actions. Cf. or. in Pis. 29
ecquis audivit non modo actionem aliquam aut relationem,
sed vocem omnino aut querellam tuam.
1. 11. non modo negando sed etiam inridendo inseque-
bantur, 'set them down, snubbed them not only with a liat
refusal, but with raillery.' Cf. ep. ad Att. xiv 14, 5 homines
benevolos grave est insequi contumelia, or. p. Cluent. 24
clamore hominem ac minis ins e qui , or. p. Sull. 81 vitae eius
turpitudinem non insequebantur. Koch's suggestion asper-
nabantur ( 30) or ludijicabantur is superfluous.
1. 13. in Capitolium cet.] see or. p. Plane. 87, Introd.
13.
26, 1. . 14. [tota urbe cunctaque Italia : Cic. seems to
affect cunctus with names of countries, or. p. Arch. 4 cuncta
Graecia, Brut. 32. j. s. e.] vestem mutandam] 27 1. 7.
1. 15. omni ratione] i.e. eventually even with armed
resistance. privato consilio] 'by some measure inde-
pendently of the executive.'
1. 16. quoniam car er et] = quoniam car ere videbant,
Madv. Gr. 357 a, Kenn. Gr. 209.
[1. 17. senatus, ' a meeting of the senate,' as in the phrase
senatum dare alicui. j. s. b.]
110 PBO P. SESTIO 2627
1. 18. In aede Concordiae] in the cella of which on the
5th of Dec. b.c. 63 the Senate pronounced its decree for the
execution of the Conspirators: or. Phil, n 19 cum in hac
cella Concordiae, in qua me consule salutares sententiae
dictae sunt, quibus ad hanc diem viximus, cum gladiis homines
collocati stent. repraesentabat] 'realised' or 'revived.'
1. 19. universus ordo] sc. equitum, as represented by
their deputies. Cf. Dion Cass. 38, 16 ot re iirireis trweX-
66vt$ is to KaTTirdbXiov Tpia^eLS virtp avrov irpos re rovs
VTTCLTOVS Kai TV t V yepQVGiaV.. . IT 6 }X \}/ a V, KoX 6 NlwiOS TO. T ClMd
clvt awfjpeTO, Kai rr\v iadrJTa ry irXrjdeL, ws icai eiri tlvi KOLvy
(Tviicpopq., fJLTa(3a\\eiv iraprjveae' koX voWol tovto Kai t&v fiovXev-
t&V Kai ov irpbrepbv ye pLere^aXXovro, irplv toi)s v7rdrovs aiplcn dtcL
Trpoypacpyjs iTriTifjLrjcrai. flens] ' with tears,' rhetorically for
' in pathetic tones. '
1. 20. cincinnatum] i.e. Gabinius; cf. 18 calamistrata
coma. nam alter ille] 'for as to that other consul' (Piso).
On this elliptical use of nam, cf. 95 1. 31, 129 1. 6 and see
n. on de off. n 47, or. p. Plane. 21 1. 13.
1. 21. horridus] 21 1. 11. consulto se domi continebat,
'stayed at home on purpose,' according to Dion Cassius 38, 16
because he was unwell, cf. or. in Pis. 13, Intr. 15.
1. 22. caenum illud ac labes] 20 1. 19.
1. 25. patrimonii] sc. helluonem. quod ille totum]
see n. to 11 1. 22.
quamvis quaestum faceret, 'notwithstanding his filthy
trade,' 18 1. 28, or. post red. in sen. 11 qui cum suam rem
non minus strenue quam postea publicam confecisset, egestatem et
luxuriem domestico lenocinio sustentavit. Cf. Aesch. c.
Timarch. 94 airodavfxdfav ovv TrepUpxeraL Kai Teparevofiepos
Kara ttjp ayopav el 6 avrbs weirdpvevTai re Kai ra irarpQa
Karedrjd oKev.
1. 26. venistis ad senatum] see cr. n. Ad senatum, not in
senatum, because the deputation were not allowed to enter,
Introd. 14.
1. 29. latrone] 1 1. 14.
1. 30. L. Ninnius] 68 1. 23, or. p. red. in sen. 3 qui non
multo post dicessum meum me universi revocavistis, referente L.
Ninnio, fortissimo atque optimo viro ; quern habuit ille pestifer
annus et maxime Jidelem et minime timidum, si dimicare placu-
isset, defensorem salutis meae, ep. ad Att. in 23.
NOTES 111
1. 31. de re publica rettulit, * brought before the senate
for discussion the state of public affairs in general,' which was so
serious as to appear to require a vestis mutatio. As the consul
had refused the relatio, the tribune of the plebs exercised his
right of proposing the subject for debate, a right which he
possessed together with that of holding the senate (vocatio
senatus).
1. 32. vestem mutandam censuit] or. p. Plane. 29 1. 22,
87 1. 18. When the senate, as a mark of sorrow, passed a
resolution to change their dress, this consisted in the magis-
trates laying aside their official garb, the toga praetexta, the
rest of the senators changing the latus clavus or broad vertical
stripe of purple in front of their tunic for the angustus ; while
the Equites discontinued wearing their tunica angusticlavia
and gold ring and the rest of the citizens probably wore the
toga pulla. [The Senate not unfrequently passed these resolu-
tions when public affairs seemed serious, Liv. Epit. cv cum
Gaii Catonis tribuni plebis intercessionibus comitia tollerentur,
senatus vestem mutavit. j. s. R.]
CHAPTEE XII
P. 13. 27, 1. 1. funestum] because the senate as well as
himself had suffered a fatal blow ; 53 Mo ipso die, qui mi hi
funestusfuit, bo?iis omnibus luctuosus.
1. 2. ad domesticum maerorem gravem, 'with regard
to' is expressed with adjectives by ad, when mention is
made of something external to the subject, in reference to
which the judgment is expressed, Madvig Gr. 253 obs., Kenn.
Gr. p. 294, Eoby Gr. n 1209, Zumpt 206, n. to Cic. de off.
ii 50 1. 25, and add to the examples there quoted Cic. de orat.
i 113 ad memoriam Jirmi atque diuturni, or. in Cat. in 19
insignis ad deformitatem puer, de nat. deor. n 62 ad rationem
sollertiamque praestantior, or. in Verr. n 58 ad speciem
magnifico ornatu, ad sensum cogitationemque acerbo, de leg. ii
13, 33 multa ad veritatem admirabilia, in 8, 19 insignis ad
deformitatem.
1. 4. ex omni memoria sumere, ' to choose from all
history:' sumere = elig ex e, as in Verr. in 104 unum annum
eligam...sumam annum tertium, or. p. Eosc. Am. 47 verum
homines notos sumere odiosum est,
1. 5. pro uno cive] [a> rod irpdy/uiaTos] quidem videtur '
illorum temporum memoriam recensere ; sed plurimum ad
praesentem defensionem P. Sestii valet ; quippe si omnes
ordines statim post expulsum Ciceronem de eius reditu labora-
112 PBO P. SESTIO 2729
runt, non tantum excusatione sed laude dignus videbitur
Sestius, qui praesidiis, quibuscumque posset, enisus sit ut
P. Clodii conspiratio vinceretur. schol.
1. 7. quae quidem] the quidem serves to give greater promi-
nence to the relative : ' yet this change of raiment.'
non deprecationis causa] [When the senate resolved
vestem mutandam pro ('in defence of) mea salute, it was trying
to secure Cic. by its authority and not by deprecatio ; only the
Equites were deprecatores salutis suae. j. s. u.]
1. 9. quern deprecarere, 'with whom should one intercede ?'
i.e. when all were intercessors except the improbi who would
alone be without mourning. On this use of the conjunctive see
Kenn. Gr. p. 339 n e. omnes] 32 L 15. sordidati]
shabbily dressed,' 11. 12, 14 i 1. 24.
1. 10. signi] gen. after the quantitative adverb satis, Kenn.
p. 419. esse improbum] indef. subject. qui mutata veste
non esset] the non-change of raiment, a closer definition of
hoc, the subject of satis esset signi. So in Greek 6s av is used
for idv ns, above 1 1. 1. For the abl. see Eoby Gr. n 1232,
Madv. Gr. 272, 287 obs. 2.
1. 12. [omitto quid, an ellipse of dicere not uncommon after
omitto; cf. or. p. Balb. 43 omitto quantis ornamentis popu*
lum affecerit. j. s. b.] rerum divinarum...praedo] see 56.
1. 13. adesse iusserit =arcessiverit 'summoned,' see Intr.
14
1. 15. deprecatores salutis meae, 'intercessors for my
safety;' cf. or. p. Plane. 102 1. 24 deprecatorem fortunarum
tuarum. Elsewhere deprecator takes the genitive not as here of
the thing which it is sought to secure but of that which it
is desired to avert by praying, as in or. p. Elacco 1 miseriarum
deprecatorem. On the meaning of deprecor see my n. to
or. p. Plane. 102 1. 30. operarum] 38 1. 1.
1. 16. obiecerit] Intr. note 21.
28, 1. 19. quam si incidisset] i.e. quam fuisset, si inci-
disset, a common form of ellipsis : cf. Liv. xxi 2, 6 hand alio
quam si evasisset vultu, xxn 22 18 acta per eundem ordinem,
quo si Garthaginiensium nomine sic ageretur t sc. quo actaforent
si, xxiv 8, 18 suadeo eodem animo, quo si stantibus vobis in aciem
armatis repente deligendi duo imperatores essent, hodie quoque
consules creetis. ante] 18 1. 28. creditorum conventum]
'meeting of creditors.' Eor another meeting of conventus see
9 1. 1.
NOTES 113
28,1.21. victor] = si victor fuisset : see above 16 1. 10,
24 1. 27.
1. 22. homines, ' men in general,' the public,' 71 1. 13,
105 1. 2. aHquid )( nihil, 10 1. 9, see n. to or. p. Plane.
20 1. 4.
1. 24. illius diei] the 5th of December b.c. 63 (or. p. Flacco
102), when the Equites occupied the ascent to the Capitol (clivus
Capitolinus) to protect the senators who were holding a meeting
in the temple of Concord for the condemnation of the Catilina-
rians, Cic. or. Phil, n 16 1. 23 ed. Mayor, post red. in s.
12, 32, Sallust Cat. c. 49 4, ep. ad Att. n 1 7 whence we
learn that Atticus was active among the foremost. [There is a
curious comment on this passage in Aulus Gellius N. A. 9, 14,
6 in which he says that Caesellius asserts that Cic. wrote dies
here for diei. j. s. e.] Mr^lReid thinks that qui me (quine
ms P) is right, the clause qui fuissent being causal.
1. 25. cum gladiis fuissent] 82 1. 32.
1. 27. omni supplicio, 'every kind of,' 'every possible
punishment.' Cf. below 94 quibus omne supplicium atque
omnis iure optimo poena debetur, 127 1. 5.
1. 28. ipsa, ' alone.'
29, L 30. L. Lamiam] Cic. ep. ad fam, xi 16, 2 L.
Lamia praeturam petit : hoc ego utor uno omnium plurimum...
nihil mihi eius est familiaritate iucundius. Magno praeterea
beneficio eius magnoque merito sum obligatus ; nam Clodianis
temporibus, cum equestris ordinis princeps esset proque mea
salute acerrime propugnaret, a Gabinio consule relegatus est, quoa
ante id tempus civi Romano Romae contigit nemini.
P. 14, 1. 1. relegavit] Festus p. 278 MUller: relegati
dicuntur proprie, quibus ignominiae autpoenae causa necesse est
ab urbe Roma aliove quo loco abesse lege senatuisve consulto au\
edicto magistratuis (i.e. under the empire, for during the
Eepublic the magistrates had no right whatever to banish
citizens by edict, j. s. b.], ut etiam Aelius Gallus iudicat.
Eelegatio therefore was a milder punishment than exsilium,
because the offender was sent only a certain distance from Eome
and usually for a limited time, without incurring capitis
deminutio. Hence Ovid Trist. n 137 says relegatus, non exsul
dicor in illo (edicto), v 11, 21 ipse relegati, non exsulis, utitur
in me Nomine.
1. 2. quod esset ausus, 'ascribing as the cause, that he
dared,' Madv. Gr. 357 a, Eoby Gr. n 1744.
1. 3. civi] See above 11 1. 32, n. to or. p. Plane. 51 1. 32.
H. 8
114 PRO P. SESTIO 2931
CHAPTEK Xin
1. 5. quid hoc nomine facias, ' what is one to do with such
a fellow as this?' pure subjunctive of the modified question,
Madvig Gr. 353, Roby Gr. 1610, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, cf. 27
1. 9. The dative also is used in this sense after facio and^o,
Madv. Gr. 241 obs. 5, 267 obs. [The ablative is a sort of
instrumental abl.; the dative a sort of dat. commodi.
j. s. R.j
1. 6. quo] = a d q u i d. importunum, ' abominable, as in
38, 42. For the history and meaning of the word see Reid on
or. p. Sull. 66 1. 19. aut quo potius] Verr. in 173:
quae est ergo ista ratio aut quae potius amentia frumentum
improbare id etc.?
1. 7. ut omittam] not a final parenthetical clause ( 32
1. 23, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, n. on or. p. Plane. 25 1. 26), but a
limitative clause, 'under such circumstances that, supposing
that, I do not speak of his other qualities,' cf. 1 1. 8.
1. 8. immani impuroque] cf. de re p. i 9 cum impuris
atque immanibus adversariis decertantem.
1. 9. expulerit, relegarit] When an enumeration consists
only of two members, Cic, except in certain special cases, never
omits the copula ; when there are three or more members, he
either puts et before each member after the first or leaves it out
altogether. See Madvig on de fin. iv 56 and opusc. i p. 333 sq.,
Reid on de amic. 12 1. 7. Hence some editors bracket
relegarit.
1. 12. cum bonis omnibus, 'with all loyal citizens,' see
above 1 1. 6.
1. 14. sed ut edicto eiecerit] the ut is an emphatic repetition
of the ut before expulerit, but that by his edict, I say, etc'
30, 1. 15. socii et Latini] a standing formula for the
designation of the Italian people dwelling out of Rome who
were under the protection of and allied with Rome, de am. 12.
[It is a common error to suppose that Latini cannot be described
under the term socii. J. s. .]
1. 16. perraro] the last time it happened was when Gaius
Gracchus had proposed to bestow the franchise on them. The
senate then carried a resolution, on the motion of the consul
Fannius b.c. 122, permitting the ejection from the city of all
non-burgesses before the day for the decisive vote. Plutarch 0.
Gracch. c. 12, Appian b. c. i 23, Mommsen's Hist. Rome in p.
NOTES 115
130 ed. ma. [There was also a lex of Gaius Papius (b.c. 65?)
containing the same provisions respecting all who were not
domiciled in Italy, j. s. k. ]
1. 17. atque] advers. 'and yet.' erat, 'was open, free.'
1. 21. exterminabit] = exterminare ei licebit, a rhe-
torical future in a question, which is proposed to the judg-
ment for forming a conclusion : the present subjunctive is used
similarly, as audeas 32 1. 27. Cf. Hor. Ep. I 7, 63 neget Me
mini ? suis] Kenn. Gr. p. 489.
1. 22. deliget damnabit] a rhetorical asyndeton for
deligat ut damnet.
1. 23. nominatim] cf. 65, or. p. dom. 43 acerbitas Sullani
temporis quid habet, quod maxim* sit insigne ad memoriam
crudelitatis, opinor, poenam in civ is Romanos nominatim
sine iudicio constitutam, propria, ' personal/
1. 24. eos qui nunc estis, ' the men you now are,' in the
absolute and uncontrolled exercise of your judicial office. si
denique, 'yes, if.'
1. 25. imaginem iudiciorum] for such an offence would
have been liable to a charge de maiestale. Cf. ep. ad fam. xi
1 in qua (rep.) nee senatus nee populus vim habet ullam nee leges
ullae sunt nee indicia, nee omnino simulacrum aliquod ac
vestigium civitatis. Imago and simulacrum are the most general
terms for any representation, whether in statuary or paint-
ing : imago (eUwv) being allied to the original, as to a pattern,
by a striking likeness of form : simulacrum (ddaAov) being
opposed to the original, as a real being, by a deceptive imitation
of its form ; the latter comprehends the whole figure, whereas
the former denotes the copying of the characteristic parts, viz.
the features.
1. 29. ius libertatemque pervertere] as he did by banish-
ing Lamia.
31, 1. 32. aut tarn alte repetita] aut for et because the
sentence is virtually negative. Cf. 100 1. 15. alte repetita]
' going so far back.' Cf. or. p. Cluent. 58 incipit longo et alte
petito proemio respondere, de orat. in 91 quorum haec spectat
tarn longa et tarn alte repetita oratio, de leg. i 18 alte et a
capite repetis quod quaerimus, de rep. iv 4, 4 ita sunt alte
repetita fundamenta quaedam verecundiae.
P. 15, 1. 1. ad P. Sesti causam] See the scholiast's observa-
tion on 27 1. 5, and also Intr. 28.
1. 2. ante huius tribunatum] because Gabinius was consul
the year before the tribunate of Sestius.
82
116 PRO P. SESTIO 3132
1. 3. hoc ostendere] the infinitive is epexegetic of hoc,
as in 82 1. 3.
1. 4. mentem, ' policy,' f aim,' ' purpose.' Cf . ep. ad fam. x
13, 6 quae mens eum a tanta gloria avocarit, xn 14, 4.
1. 6. mederetur] cf. 51 horum periculorum est in republica
retinenda medecina.
1. 7. ignoscitote] See Eeid on or. p. Balb. 17 1. 22. The
forms of the imperative in -to, -tote convey a somewhat stronger
and more formal command or entreaty than the ordinary
forms. The attempt to distinguish tenses in the imperative
forms is quite futile. plura= ' more than enough,' * too much.'
1. 10. non suo sed meo nomine] i.e. not because he is
chargeable with any offence personally, but because he has
been mixed up with my concerns. Cf. 64 me civem nallo
meo crimine sed patriae nomine laborantem, 146 1. 28.
1. 11. [omnem vim: would Cic. bring the idea of force
here into connexion with Sestius' action? For omne ul read
omne ius. j. s. k.] in mea salute consumpserit] so or. p.
Plane. 73 ut omne studium meum in Cn. Plancii honor e
consumerem.
1. 12. meam causam praeteriti temporis] cf. 15 1. 20
totum superioris anni rei publicae naufragium, or. p. Mur. 8
hominis amplissimi... causam tanti periculi.
CHAPTEK XIV
32, 1. 14. igitur] resumptive, see n. on or. p. Plane.
36 1. 12. erat in luctu] an example of the figure fxeptcrfios,
with which we may compare the famous one in or. p. Milone
20, where Cicero is describing (ironically) the general grief
at the death of Clodius. P. Clodii mortem aequo animo nemo
ferre potest: luget senatus, maeret equester ordo, tota civitas
confecta senio est; squalent municipia, adjiictantur coloniae;
agri denique ipsi tarn benejicum civem desiderant.
squalebat civitas, ' the whole state wore a garb of woe. '
Civitas is here identified with the boni cives ( 27), who fol-
lowed the example of the senate (26).
1. 16. municipium, colonia, praefectura] the three kinds
of towns with the right of Boman citizenship since the passing
of the lex Iulia b. c. 98 ; the first was a town governed by its
own laws and magistrates, the second was a settlement in a
conquered country, who retained the rights and privileges of
NOTES 117
Roman citizens, and whose government was an imitation on a
small scale of that at Rome, consisting of a senate (decuriones)
and officers (duumviri) representing consuls ; the third was an
Italian city governed by an officer (praefectus iuri dicundo)
from Rome, nominated annually by the praetor urbanus, and in
some cases elected at the comitia tributa under his presidency.
[Observe that Italiae goes with all three words, j. s. b.]
1.17. societas] sc. publicanorum. See n. to or. p. Plane.
24 1. 5. conlegium] ' club,' ' guild ;' see my Intr. to or. p.
Plane. 22. The genuineness of the words aut concilium is
doubted by some.
1. 18. consilium, 'deliberative body, 'an assembly for
consultation,' whereas concilium applies to any meeting or
gathering of people, for whatever purpose assembled. On ali-
quod see n. to 28 1. 22.
1. 19. decrevisset, 'had already passed the decree, when
etc.'
1. 20. duo consules] ' the two consuls,' 34 1. 32, or. p.
leg. Man. 62. or. in Vatin. 18, de domo s. 9, or. in Verr.
act. i 29. edicunt-ut-redirent] du Mesnil legg. i. p. 78
1. 22. ipsius decretis]= suis ipsius decretis, as in 1. 30
ad luctum ipsorum. See Madv. ad Cic. de fin. in 12 40 p.
411 ed. 2 : ' Cicero in infinita oratione ita demum ipse pro
reflexivo ponit, si in ipso homine vel re notanda et ab aliis
separanda momentum orationis est, velut pro Sest. 32.'
quis tyrannus cet.] Cf. or. in Pis. 18 quis hoc fecit ulla
in Scythia tyrannus, ut eos, quos luctu ajjicerety lugere non
sine ret ?
1. 23. parumne est quod, ' is it not enough that you have
so belied, are you not satisfied with having deceived, public ex-
pectation so greatly that etc' Cf. above 15 1. 2, Ter. Phorm.
in 3, 13 (545) parumne est, quod dmnibus nunc ndbis suscenset
senex, ni instigemus etiam ? On homines fefellisti cf. 21 1. 4.
ut omittam] final parenthetical clause, 29 1. 7, Kenn.
Gr. p. 458, n. on de off. in. 95.
1. 25. auctoritatem, 'expressed opinion,' the technical
expression.
1. 26. adfligeres, ' degraded, ' ' lowered,' 17 1. 19, Brut. 47
rem auger e posse laudando vituperandoque rursus adfligere.
1. 27. audeas, ' must you presume,' are you to risk with
impunity,' the conjunctive in a question of surprise or dis-
approbation, Madvig Gr. 353, Roby Gr. 1610, Kenn. Gr. p.
339 : cf. 30 1. 21, 78 1. 8. The use of the imperfect mae-
118 PEO P. SESTIO 3233
rerent after audeas is to be explained by a construct ad sen-
sum, the implied meaning being edicere audeas quod edixisti
ne maererent ; we have in fact the same sequence of tenses, as
after an historical present, see above 9. Halm ed. 5 suggests
that ediceres may be the true reading for edicere audeas;
Muller inclines to audebas, the reading of two mss.
1. 28. ne nunc] a rhetorical asyndeton for neve, 30 1. 22,
1. 30. luctum ipsorum] = suum ipsorum luctum, see
above 1. 22.
ad deprecandum] n. on 27 1. 9.
1. 31. tarn crudelis qui prohiberet] consecutive subj.
with qui ; Kenn. Gr. p. 456.
1. 32. sibi maerere] i.q. pro se maerere, suam calami-
tatem maerere, 'to mourn for themselves, on their own
account.' Cf. Cic. ad Qu. fr. i 4, 1 sibi pertimuit, Plaut.
Trinum. 1.918 memini mi hi, Liv.xxi33, 5 sibi quoque tendente.
ceteris supplicare] not 'supplicate others,' but ' intercede
for, on behalf of, others' = pro ceteris supplicare; the dative
is probably used to balance sibi.
33, 1. 32. quid ?] sc. ais, censes ? * how ? ' a form of transi-
tion in rhetorical passages, followed immediately by the em-
phatic word of the clause, Zumpt Gr. 769 obs. 1.
P. 16, 1. 1. periculis] 2 1. 21.
1. 2. pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit] an apostrophe to
Piso in his absence, for he was at this time in his province
Macedonia. By the use of the future mutabit Cic. intimates
his expectation that Piso on his return may be liable to an
action de repetundis. Cf. Ovid ep. ex Ponto iv 3, 29 quid
fads, a demens ) cur, si fortuna recedit, \ naufragio lacrimas
eripis ipse tuo 1
1. 3. nullo SCto] abl. of attendant circumstances with adj. as
predicate, Zumpt Gr. 646, Madv. Gr. 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405,
Eoby Gr. 1242. The appointment of legati was in the gift
of the pro-consuls and pro-praetors, but required the confirma-
tion of the senate, Cic. charges Vatinius with constituting
himself a legatus without such sanction, or. in Vatin. 35 ne
hoc quidem senatui relinquebas, ut legati ex eius ordinis auctori-
tate legarentur )
1. 4. legisti] I have adopted Mr Eeid's reading for the
vulgate legasti. Madvig and others have suspected legatos.
ergo] introduces the argumentatio ex contrario. On the
parataxis or co-ordination of contrasted clauses see n. to or.
p. Plane. 26 1. 5, 41 1. 32, 142 1. 20.
NOTES 119
1. 5. desperati] qui ut recte agat aut sentiat, sperari non
potest. MAN.
1. 6. qui volent] 30 1. 22 de.liget quern volet,
1. 8. coniunctum cum, ' inseparable from, ' 8 1. 17.
1. 9. si appellandi sunt consules] Kenn. Gr. 220, viii 3)
p. 475.
1. 10. non modo ex memoria sed etiam ex fastis, I do
not say from the recollection of men, but even from the records.'
On the use of non modo sed etiam see n. to or. p. Plane.
78 1. 19, 81 1. 19. Cf. Or. in Pis. 30 hos consules non
dicam animi hominum, sed fasti ulli ferre possunt? or. de
prov. cons. 20 an vero M. ille Lepidus non solum me-
moriae testimonio, sed etiam annalium litteris et summi
poetae voce laudatus est? Mr Keid doubts whether certain
examples can be produced of auin immediately followed by a
negative.
1. 12. product!] The tribunes of the people had the
privilege alios in concionem producendi and of putting ques-
tions to those whom they introduced and extorting confessions
from them, a right which was used as a powerful means of
agitation. See Intr, 15 for the account given by Dion Cassius.
in circo Flaminio] the circus constructed in b.c. 220
by the censor Gaius Flaminius Nepos, who fell at the
battle of the Trasimene lake, the same who constructed the
great northern road, named after him via Flaminia. The
ludi Taurii and Apollinares were frequently held here, and here
also the people and senate sometimes met, when it was neces-
sary to convene them outside the walls. It was situated in the
district lying between the Southern part of the Via Lata or
the modern Corso and the Tiber (not in the modern Piazza
Navona). Burn Rome and the Campagna p. 313. Clodiua
chose it as the place of assembly in order that Caesar who had
then the imperium might be present.
L 13. maximo cum gemitu vestro, 4 to your very great
sorrow,' or. in Verr. n 1 c. 19 49 hunc ipsum dbstulit magno
cum gemitu civitatis, below 46 L 18.
1. 15 agebantur] there is a hiatus in the ms, to supply
which there have been many conjectures:; fiebant (Wesen-
berg), parabantur (Koch), ferebantur (Orelli), agebantur (Halm,
Miiller).
120 PRO P. SESTIO 33
CHAPTEB XV
33,1. 17. sedentibUB, 'sitting still,' with an implication
of inactivity. Cf. Hor. Ep. I 17, 37 8 edit, qui timuit ne non
succederet, Vergil Georg. in 456 meliora deos sedet omnia
poscens. inspectantibus] Cic. or. in Pis. 9 Ms fundamentis
positis consulatus tui triduo post inspectante et tacente te
afatali portento reip. lex Aelia et Fufta eversa est.
1. 18. lata lex est] quattuor leges reip. perniciosas tulit
P. Clodius in tribunatu ; de annona, ut populo f rumen turn
gratis daretur; alteram, ut collegia restituerentur ; tertiam,
ut infirma censorum potestas esset; quartam hanc, de qua
hie Cicero loquitur; v. infr. c. 25, 26, or. in Pis. c. 5, Dion
Cass. 38 c. 13. man. Introd. 10.
ne auspicia cet.] the reference is to the lex Aelia et Fufia,
of the time and authors of which we have no exact informa-
tion, except that Cic. tells us that it was passed about 100
years before the consulship of Piso and Gabinius (a.u.c. 695
= b.c. 58). It is doubtful whether there was one law only
or two, the one being supplementary to the other. One of
the chief provisions of the lex Aelia was, that any of the
superior magistrates should have the right on the days when
the comitia were held to watch the heavens {servare de caelo),
and, if they saw lightning, to report this {obnuntiare) to the
presiding magistrate. The augurs had not this right of spectio
(or. Philipp. n 81) but only the magistratus, whose bare an-
nouncement to the presiding magistrate that they were engaged
in watching the heavens, se servaturos (or servasse) de caelo,
was enough to make the comitia impossible for the day. The
object and effect of these laws was to prevent rash and hasty
legislation, by empowering every magistrate to stay proceedings:
hence Cic. speaks of them as propugnacula murique tranquilli-
tatis et otii (or. inPison. 9), and asserts that (or. in Vat. 18)
frequently tribunicios furores debilitarunt et represserunt.
The clause ne quis legi intercederet does not point to any new
provision in the lex Aelia; it is only a rhetorical amplification
of the consequence of obnuntiatio, by which the higher magis-
tratus had obtained a means of repression similar to that which
the tribunes had in virtue of their intercessio. So that the two
clauses together = ne quis obnuntiando legi intercederet.
The fourth clause ttt omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret
refers to a provision of the lex Fufia (if indeed it differed from
the Aelia) which provided that the comitia should not be held
for legislation on all dies fasti. Clodius probably aimed at
putting the legislative comitia on the same footing in this
NOTES 121
respect as the law courts. [Among the dies fasti non comi-
tiales the most important were the nundinae, which were
especially excluded because they were the days on which it
was easiest to collect a mob. Hence chiefly the demagogues'
anxiety on this point. J. s. b.]
1. 21. rem p. esse deletam] in the view of the optimate
party. Cf . or. in Vat. 23 qui primum earn rem p., quae aus-
piciis inventis constituta est, isdem auspiciis sublatis conarere
evertere : and 18 quoted in n. to 1. 18.
34. 1. 23. [servorum dilectus : it is worth noting that servi
were never excluded from the sacra whether publica or privata.
j. s. r.] pro tribunali Aurelio, ' in front of the Aurelian
tribunal.' Cf. or. in Pis. 11. The gradus Aurelii mentioned
in or. p. Clu. 93, or. p. Flacco 66, are supposed to have
been a flight of steps leading up to the raised dais of this
Tribunal, which was in the Forum near the Temple of
Castor. The whole structure is supposed to have been the
work of M. Aurelius Cotta, cos. b.c. 74. [Is there not an
allusion to the use of the phrase in the sense ' officially ' ? I
do not think this reference is barred by the addition of
Aurelio. J. s. r.]
1. 24. nomine collegiorum, ' as if his object were to form
street-clubs.' The collegia which were restored by P. Clodius
in b.c. 58, after they had been suppressed by the senate in b.c
68, were the compitalicia, such as the inhabitants of the same
compitum formed, connected with the worship of the lares
compitales. It was found that the action of such organised
bodies of men could be made very efficient for political
purposes, and threatened disturbances of social order. To
pave the way for their re-introduction, one of the tribunes in
b.c 61 endeavoured to celebrate the games connected with
the festival (ludi compitalicii) : but he was prevented by
Q. Metellus Celer the consul elect. But three years afterwards
Clodius succeeded in reviving them and three days subsequently
carried his bill de collegiis restituendis novisque instituendis .
Cicero was for some time under the delusion that he was a
gainer by this enactment, on the ground that he and his friends
might have their hired partisans as well as Clodius. See my
Introd. to or. p. Plancio (Pitt Press Series) pp. xxxiv, xxxv.
vicatim, 'by streets,' 'from street to street.' Cf. or. p.
dom. 54 cum in tribunali Aurelio conscribebas palam non
modo liberos sed etiam servos ex omnibus vicis concitatos.
1. 25. decuriarentur] lit. ' were divided into sections of
ten men each,' 'were organised in military fashion;' see n. to
or. p. Plane. 45 1. 14, Mommsen de coll. et sodal. p. 57, de
122 PRO P. SESTIO 34-35
trib. roin. p. 11. Cf. or. de dom. s. 13 cum desperatis ducibus
decuriatos ac descriptos haberes exercitus perditorum. ad
vim ad manus, ad caedem ad direptionem] to be taken in pairs
after a fashion of which Cic. is fond. See above 11. 15,
Index Cic. de off. p. 423.
1. 26. isdem consulibus] Halm thinks that some participle
must be supplied such as tacentibus or quiescentibus or coniven-
tibus, corresponding to the two participles sedentibus and inspec-
tantibus, but perhaps Mr Keid is right in suggesting that it is
a dative of the persons interested, 'for these same consuls.'
1. 27. in templum Castoris] The templeof Castor and
Pollux was on the South-western side of the Forum Eomanum
between the Basilica Sempronia and the Temple of Vesta. It was
first begun by the Dictator Aulus Postumius in B.C. 494 after
the battle of the lake Kegillus in the Latin War, and dedicated
by his son in B.C. 484. It was restored (1) by L. Metellus
Dalmaticus in B.C. 119, (2) by Drusus and Tiberius in a.d. 6.
The Temple was often used for meetings of the Senate ; and
the flight of steps which led up to it afforded a convenient
place for the delivery of harangues {contiones) to the crowds in
the Forum. Bibulus, when he tried to oppose Caesar who
was speaking here, was thrown down the steps by the mob and
escaped with difficulty. On account of the height of its base-
ment it commanded the Forum and was frequently occupied by
troops or bodies of insurgents during the Gracchan and Clo-
dian riots. Clodius' mob tried to convert it into a fortress by
pulling down the steps, when the voting upon the leges Clodiae
took place. Cf. below 85, or. in Pis. 11 arma in templo
Castoris, o proditor templorum omnium, vidente te constitue-
bantur ab eo latrone, cui templum illudfuit te consule arx civium
perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum
forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum, ib. 23,
or. de dom. s. 54, p. red. in sen. 32 aditus templorum erant
non solum praesidiis et manu, verum etiam demolitione sublati,
Dion Cass, xxxvin 6. Burn Rome and the Campagna p. 100
102. See also note on 79 1. 20.
1. 29. contiones] Verrius Flaccius ap. Aul. Gell. N. A.
xviii 7, 5 contionem autem tria signijicare (1) locum sugges-
tumque unde verba fierent, item (2) coetum populi adsistentis,
item (3) orationem ipsam, quae ad populum diceretur. lapida-
tiones] or. in Pis. 23 cum...viri boni lapidibus e foro pelle-
rentur.
1. 30. nullus erat, ' was obliterated.' See Keid on Cic. de
sen. 74, de off. i 35 1. 20 n. reliqui magistratus] not
the gen. sing, but the nom. pi. with mftz=nihili 'of no use,'
as predicate. Cf. div. in Caec. 47 ipse nihil est, nihil
NOTES 123
potest, ep. ad fam. vn 27, 2 in quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil
esse cognosceres, 33, 1 nihil sumus; cf. below 114. Reliqui
is in opposition to senatus.
1. 31. armis et latrociniis, * by his armed body of marau-
ders.' Cf. or. in Cat. i 31 si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus
tolletur, or. p. Eosc. Am. 61, or. in Pis. 26.
1. 32. non aliqua vi sua] cf. 16 nullis suis nervis.
duo consules] n. to 32 1. 20.
P. 17, 1. 1. provinciarum foedere] see Intr. to or. p. Plancio
p. ix and to the present Speech 17.
1. 2. Insultabat, 'behaved insolently;' Liv. ii 45, 10
quippe impune se insultaturos, vi 23 hostis, cuius animos
cunctando auximus, iam minime toleranda superbia insult at:
the following clause terrore ac metu multos tenebat corresponds
to and explains insultabat, dominabatur,
35, 1. 4. senatus duces nullos haberet] cf. 42 consules,
qui duces publlci consilii (i.e. senatus) esse dcberent.
1. 5. ac pro ducibus] On the adversative use of copula-
tives after a negative see n. to Cic. de off. i 22 1. 32, 32
1. 10, 100 1. 15.
1. 6. reus citaretur] 28 1. 23. Cf. or. in Mil. 50 tota
denique rea citaretur Etruria.
1. 7. Italiae auctoritas] See on 32 1. 25. alii nomi-
natim relegarentur] he means L. Lamia. On the rhetorical
plural cf. or. in Pis. 23 cum equites Bomani relegarentur,
below 78 magistratus templo deicias, 54 liberi ad necem
quaerebantur.
1. 9. non sed] for non dico sed. silentio dissimula-
rentur] the consuls might have kept silence and so made it
appear that they saw nothing to object to in these proceedings.
They did more, they showed their approbation of them et voce
et sententia, * both in their speeches and by their votes.'
1. 11. excisam] Halm reads exscissam from exscindo,
though most edd. have excisam from excido, cf. 95 1. 6.
Mr Eeid's assertion (de senect. p. 94) that 'to raze a city' is
urbem exscindere, not excidere, must surely be as controvertible
as his spelling of exscissus, viz. exscisus. What is to be said to
Virgil Aen. n 637 abnegat excisa vitam producer e Troia, xii
762 excisurum urbem minitans, Hor. Od. in 3, 67 ter pereat
(murus) meis | excisus Argivis? in all of which passages I find
no vv. II. In Cic. or. Phil, iv 14 the mss read Karthaginem
exciderunt; on the other hand in de off. i 76 in ex-
scindenda Numantia.
124 PRO P. S EST 10 3537
1. 12. captam atque oppressam] below 52 1. 5, 112
1. 5, ep. ad Att. iv 6, 2 si taceo, existimor oppress us et
captus, Liv. ii 23, 2 fremebant se foris dimicantis domi
a civibus cap to s et oppressos esse, de imp. Cn. Pomp. 33
classis a praedonibus capta atque oppress a est,
1. 13. tamen his tantis malis] a repetition of quae cum
essent eius modi 1. 4, due to the length of the sentence.
tanto bonorum studio] ablative of attendant circumstances with
adjective as predicate, Boby Gr. n 1242, Kenn. Gr. p. 405,
p. 411, above 12 1. 3, 33 i. 2.
1. 14. restitissemus, sed me moverunt] i.q. nisi me mo-
vis sent. Cf. Liv. in 25 et forsitan ad ultimum impedissent :
sed novus subito additus terror est. So d\Xa is used for el
\xt) Horn. II. v 22 ovhh yap ovte K.ev avrbs vireKcpvye icfjpa fiphaivav,
ctXX' "HcpaicTTos Zpvro, Od. ix 79 Kai vv nev aJKrjBrjs Uo/JLrjv is
irarpida yaiav, ctXXd fie /cupf aTrioxre.
alii metus...aliae curae] see 39 sed me ilia moverunt etc.
3652. Digressio
Cicero here enters into a long explanation of his motives for
quitting the field to his enemies, and a justification of himself
against the charge of cowardice.
He had with him, he says, not only all the best but much
the greatest part of the city, determined to run all hazards and
expose their lives for his safety, and ivas more than a match for
all the strength of Glodius and the two consuls ; and so far he ivas
in abetter position than Q. Gaecilius Metellusivhen he volun-
tarily withdrew from the city rather than risk disturbances
( 3539).
But it was the attitude of the triumvirate which alarmed
him : the boast of Clodius that he had their authority for all
that he did was not contradicted by any of them, and their
silence was virtually a confession of the truth of his assertions ;
the fact was, they feared the reversal of their acts of the preced-
ing year if they failed to secure the friendship of the powerful
tribune ( 3940).
The conduct of Pompeius was most discouraging to him,, who,
noticithstanding his professions of friendship and solemn assur-
ances only the year before, had now retired to his Alban villa
from pretended fright at the warnings which the partisans of
Clodius had whispered into his ear, that his life was threatened
by the machinations of Cicero and his friends ; Caesar was at
the gates of the city with an army, in which the brother of
Clodius held a command ( 41).
NOTES 125
What was Cicero to do in such circumstances ? If he resolved
on extreme measures and opposed force to force, and one enemy
Clodius, like a second Catiline, whose scattered forces he had
reunited, was got rid of, there were many more behind to be
conquered and to avenge that enemy's death, so that neither
his victory nor his fall would have restored the peace of the
state ( 42 44). He yielded therefore to the necessity of the
times and determined to give way before his various enemies
rather than endanger the existence of the state by staying ( 45
47). Not that he was afraid of death, which indeed would have
been to him rather a boon, but his life was of some consequence to
the state, and to sacrifice it wantonly would have been a derelic-
tion of duty to his country ; for he could not fail to be recalled,
if he retired for a time, whereas his extinction would have been
as great a triumph to the enemies of order, as his restoration
was to the enemies of disorder, while it was an earnest of future
security, peace and glory to the commonwealth ( 48 52).
CHAPTEB XVI
36, 1. 16. exponam] here follows a long digression from
c. 16 to c. 23.
1. 17. facti et consilii] = et consilii quod in eo secutus
sum, only an apparent hysteron proteron. Cf. div. in Caec.
6 quis tandem esset, qui meum factum aut consilium posset
reprehendere ? neque deero] 'nor shall I fail to respond.'
1. 18. tanto studio] 35 1. 13 n. nee vero, * and cer-
tainly not,' i.e. ' much less.' Cf. Tusc. v 93 secundum genus
cupiditatum nee ad potiundum difficile esse censet nee vero ad
carendum.
1. 22. tarn parato] sc. ad agendum, so ready for anything
that my critical position required. Cf. Plane, ep. ad fam. x 8,
6 habeo provinciam paratissimam et summa contentione ad
officia certantem, or Phil, v 43 studio paratiore.
1. 23. despicatissimi] a stronger word than contemptus, to
which it bears the same relation as ' despised ' to despicable.'
The two are found together or. in Verr. in 98 also ne con-
temptissimi ac despicatissimi esse videamur.
1. 25. nullius animi fuisse] Kenn. Gr. p. 415 168 in a 4.
Translate : ' that I was spiritless, helpless. '
37, 1. 27. in Q. Metello] sc. Numidico. Cicero frequently
parallels the circumstances attending his own discessus with
Metellus' voluntary retirement, in order to avoid causing dis-
126 PRO P. SESTIO 3738
turbances at Borne. See below 101, or. p. Plane. 89 1. 17,
in Pis. 20, or. p. Balbo 11, ep. ad fam. i 9 16. When, as
tribune in B.C. 100, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, the
most notable leader of the popular party, carried his law
for the division of the lands in i>aul lately occupied by the
Cimbri {lex Appuleia agraria), there was a clause in it that within
five days after its passing every senator should on pain of
forfeiting his senatorial seat take an oath to faithfully observe
it. Metellus alone, at whom the clause was specially aimed,
refused compliance, preferring to go into voluntary exile. He
was restored however in b. c. 99 on the motion of the tribune
Q. Calidius. Cf. or. p. Plane. 89. [The penal clause was to
supply the lack of previous consent on the part of the Senate :
the lex Bantia seems to show that Appuleius had precedents
for his action, j. s. r.]
1. 28. proprie, ' individually,' )( publice * authoritatively,'
1 in the name of the state ; ' 38 1. 11, 89 1. 13.
1. 30. quandam] serves to modify the statement that in
his conduct he was influenced by selfish motives rather than
pure patriotism. Cf. 82 1. 8. perspicuamj * manifest.'
1. 31. salutem] because the refusal of Metellus alone
could not be of any benefit to the state. respexerat]
See cr. n. in legem iurare] i.e. as explained by Appian
b. civ. I 29 iiro/uLoaat iraadi^eadai r vcfiip, iurare se legi
fariturum. [The resolution of the comitia tributa was of
course legally binding upon the Senate, whether it gave its
consent beforehand or not, though it was usual to ask the con-
sent. But this law was per vim lata and the Senate would,
Saturninus thought, cancel it unless forced to swear, j. s. r.]
1. 32. per vim latam] 61 leges quas iniuste rogatas pu-
tarat, 101 legem quam non iure rogatam iudicarat.
ea condicione, ' at such a price, ' ' on such terms, ' as well as
in the sure expectation that, fuisse, ' to have shewn himself.'
P. 18, 1. 1. patriae caritate] for he turned his back on his
country as a voluntary exile. Cf. 53 1. 20, de off. in 100
1. 14, or. p. Plane. 69 1. 18 n.
1. 3. invicto, * invincible,' see above 1. 23, n. to or. p.
Plane. 12 1. 1.
1. 4. sextum iam ilium consulatum, * who was at that time
serving his sixth consulship.' Cf. Caesar b. G. v 25 tertium
iam nunc annum regnantem inimici eum inter fecerunt.
1. 7. si non moderate, at certe populariter, ' if not without
violence, yet at least in the interest of the people.' See n. to
NOTES 127
14 1. 7, or. p. Plane. 29 1. 12. abstinenter] quod non
lucrum captarat aut aliorum bona invaserat, ut Clodius.
EBNESTI.
1. 9. victor, 'if conqueror,' 28 1. 22.
38, 1. 12. proprie] 37 1. 28.
1. 13. dux] we must understand in quibus gerendis from
quarum.
1. 17. praestare, 'to guarantee,' ' to take the responsibility
of.' Cf. below 43 1. 5, 61 1. 29 cuius invidiam capitis periculo
sibipraestandam videbat, de or. i 11 3 istam culpam, quam
vereris, ego praestabo, where see Prof. Wilkins' note, ep ad
Qu. fr. i, c. 4 12 horum non modo facta, sed etiam dicta
omnia, praestanda nobis sunt, or. in Cat. rv 24 habetis eum
consulem qui ..ea quae statueritis . . .defender e et per se ipsum
praestare possit. See Madvig Opusc. i p. 151.
CHAPTEK XVH
1. 19. operis] operae = operarii in the sense of hirelings,'
* hired abettors,' is not infrequent in Cic, or. Phil, i 12 ut
dicere auderet se publicis operis disturbaturum...domum, ib.
22 ut ipse ad operas mercennarias statim protrahatur, ep. ad
Att. iv 3, 3 facile operas aditu prohibuerunt, above 18 1. 1,
28 1. 30, Hor. Sat. n 7, 118 accedes opera agro nona Sabino,
1. 21. terrorem, * object of fear,' more frequently used in
the plural in this sense as in Cic. de rep. i 71 duobus huius
urbis terroribus depulsis, Veil. Paterc. n 4, 5 terrores reip,
(Carthago et Numantia). Cf. Justin in 1, 1 Xerxes, terror
antea gentium,
1. 22. duo importuna prodigia, quos] Cf. Cic. ep. ad fam.
9, 15 primum ilia furia muliebrium legionum, qui nonpluris
fecerat BonamDeam quam tres sorores, impunitatem est illorum
sententiis adsecutus, [or. Verr. n 79 monstrum aut prodigium
qui, Liv. x 1, 3 capita coniurationis caesi, Hor. Od. I 37, 21
fatale monstrum quae (Cleopatra). So in Greek /3/>^0os, ueipd-
klop and the like are often followed by masculine attributes.
Nor does German consistently treat Mddchen, Weib and the
like as neuters. J. s. b.]
egestas cet.] the first three clauses refer especially to Ga-
binius.
1.24. addixeratji.q. inservitutemtradiderat, 'had made
unwilling slaves.' Addico was the technical word used when
128 PRO P. SESTIO 3839
the praetor * made over ' or awarded any property to a claimant.
Hence addictus was said of a debtor who had been given up as
servant or bondman to his creditor. Cf. Hor. Ep. i 1, 14
nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri, Cic. Tusc, n 2, 5
certis quibusdam...sententiis quasi addicti... sunt eaque neces-
sitate coacti ut etiam, quae non probare soleant, ea cogantur
constantiae causa defender e.
39, 1. 25. quaestore Ostiensi, 'when he held the pro-
vincia Ostiensis as quaestor.' The important colony of Ostia
at the mouth of the Tiber, founded by Ancus Marcius, was made
the station of a Roman fleet in b. c. 217 and was granted peculiar
exemptions on account of its importance to Eome, which it
furnished with its principal supplies of corn. It gave its name
to one of the four provinciae quaestoriae into which Italy was
divided. The other three were Calena or Callium (provin-
cia tacita etquietaor. p. Mur. 13, Tac. Ann. iv. 27); Gallica
(cf. Plutarch Sert. 4, Sueton. Claud. 24); aquaria or Baiana
(or. in Vatin. 12). The provincia Ostiensis was naturally
as Cic. tells us or. p. Mur. 18 negotiosa et molesta and there-
fore unpopular (cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam adclamari
solet).
1.26. per ignominiam] i. q. ignominiose: cf. per im-
prudentiam or. p. Plane. 31 1. 9, per ridiculum de off. i 134
1. 6 where also see my note. principem senatus] the sena-
tor whose name was placed first upon the roll of the
Censors bore this title, which was regarded as in the highest
degree honourable, but conferred no power of privilege.
1. 27. M. Scauram] Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, the
son of highly aristocratic but not wealthy parents, raised himself
to the consulship in B.C. 115 and censorship in b.c 109. He
was long the chief of the Senate and the political oracle of his
order, and immortalized his naune not only as an orator and
author, but also as the originator of some of the principal
public buildings and works, such as the via Aemilia, executed in
this century. In B.C. 112 he headed an embassy to Jugurtha
and afterwards took the post of a commander in the African
army sent against him under the consul Lucius Calpurnius
Bestia. The Numidian king obtained favourable terms of
peace by bribing the consul and his legatus, at which the
general indignation was so great that an extraordinary jury-
commission was appointed to investigate the high treason, of
which Scaurus himself, though a party in the guilfcy transac-
tion, was chosen one of the presidents. There are many lau-
datory notices of him in Cicero's works. When Lucius Appu-
leius Saturn inus was quaestor at Ostia, the charge of the
importation of corn which had fallen to him in the usual
NOTES 129
way had been withdrawn from him by decree of the senate, not
so much perhaps on account of maladministration, as in order
to confer the office upon Scaurus, as one of the heads of the
government party, rather than upon an unknown young man
belonging to none of the ruling families. Mortification at this
drove the aspiring man into the ranks of the opposition, and
as tribune of the people in b.c. 103 he repaid what he had re-
ceived with interest. See Cic. de harusp. resp. 43 Satur-
ninum, quod in annonae caritate quaestorem a sua frumentaria
procuratione senatus amovit eique rei M. Scaurum praefecit,
tcimns dolore factum esse popularem. Mommsen Hist, of Rome
Bk iv cc. 5, 6, Vol. in p. 144 ft See j. s. n. in Add. p. 277.
1. 28. scieloat] in reference to per ignominiam. He knew
that his office was taken from him for no other reason than to
mortify him. dolorem suum...persequebatur] 'was carried
away by his indignation,' or ' sought revenge for his vexation.'
1. 29. scurrarum, not 'buffoons' but 'gallants,' 'rakes,'
'elegant debauchees,' as in de har. resp. 42 qui post patris
mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad scurrarum locuple-
tium libidines detulit, quorum intemperantia expleta in domes-
ticis est germanitatis stupris volutatus ; auct. ad Herenn. iv
14 ubi istum vidit scurram exhausto rubor e, qui se putaret
nihil habere, quod de existimatione perderet, ut omnia sine
famae detrimento facer e posset. [Plaut. Trin. 1. 202 urbani
adsidui cives quos scurras vocant. j. s. r.]
1. 30. sororls] the wife ofQ. Metellus Celer [or rather
of Lucullus, as evidence had been given concerning her in a
court of justice, j. s. e.] stuprorum sacerdote, instead of
sacerdote Bonae Deae (ep. ad Att. n 4, 2). Below 66 1. 2 and
again or. in Pis. 89 he calls him the popularis sacerdos.
1. 31. veneflco] qui Q. Seium Postumum veneno sustulit, ut
eius domum ab heredibus sibi compararet ; or. de domo s. 115
[de har. resp. 30]. abrami. testamentario] i. q. testamen-
torum subiectore, 'forger of wills,' as in de off. in 73 1. 6.
Cf. or. de har. resp. 42 inde cum Murena se in Galliam contulit,
in qua provincia mortuorum testamenta conscripsit, pupillos
necavit, nefarias cum multis scelerum pactiones societatesque
conflavit: unde ut rediit, quaestum ilium maxime fecundum
uberemque campestrem totum ad se ita redegit, ut homo popularis
fraudaret improbissime populum, idemque vir clemens divisores
omnium tribuum domi ipse suae crudelissima morte mactaret.
1. 32. facile factu] the same pleonasm of the supine occurs
in de off. I 71 1. 26, de nat. deor. m 1 difficile factu.
P. 19, 1. 1. optimi cives] such as L. Lucullus : see Plu-
tarch Luc. c. 31.
H. 9
130 PRO P. SESTIO 3940
1. 2. non verebar, ' there was no need for me to be afraid.'
1. 6. ilia furia] 34 1. 13 ab ilia furia ac peste patriae.
1. 8. et nunc et (sc. antea) quoad licuit] h. e. et post resti-
tutionem et illo tempore, quoad licuit vel per Caesarem socerum
vel -peijictos terrores, quibus Vatinius et eius index Vettius eius
mentem a Cicerone averterant; cf. 41, 67, 133. orelli.
Cf. or. p. Plane. 85 1. 29.
1. 9. omnes necessitudines, * all possible friendly relations :
cf. or. p. Ligar. 21 haec novi ego propter omnes necessi-
tudines, quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuber one, or. p. Quinct. 48
quicum... omnes denique causae et necessitudines veteres
inter cedebant, ep. ad fam. xni 12, 1 quocum mihi omnes neces-
situdines sunt. So above 28 1. 27 omne supplicium, below
53 omnibus malis, 55 omnium remediorum, Caesar b. G.
v 6 omnibus precibus peter e, or. p. Plane. 26 1. 9.
1. 10. ilia peste] 34 1. 13.
1. 11. C. Caesar cet.] Haec omnia latentes querellae sunt de
Pompeio, Crasso et Caesare, quos non ambigitur partim mani-
festius, partim vero occultius id egisse, ut urbe Tullius eiceretur.
Sed (ev\a(3us) quoniam viri potentes sunt, non audet exertius
queri ; sed ipsum Clodium alia de illis iactitasse confingit, ut,
quod ex sua persona haberet offensam, sub aliena moderatius
delitescat. schol. [qui a me nullo meo merito alienus
esse debebat, 'who was not forced to be my enemy by any
demerit of mine.' j. s. e.] : cf. or. de prov. 43 accepi iniuriam,
inimicus esse debui. Alienus is a much weaker expression
than inimicissimus. The chief reason for their estrangement,
which Cic. here intimates might have been helped, was the
support which Caesar gave to Clodius' adoption into a plebeian
house. See Sueton. Jul. a. 20.. -On the abl. nullo meo merito,
1 no action of mine which would have made such punishment
of me deserved,' cf. 133 1. 22 and see n. to 35 1. 13.
40, 1. 14. in consiliis capiendis, i.e. de pernicie mea;
in re gerenda, i.e. in me eiciendo. We must understand
in the former clause uti from the usurum esse of the second.
1. 16. exercitum in Italia] Caesar remained with his army
in the neighbourhood of Rome, until Clodius had carried his
bill about Cicero and Cato.
1. 17. privati )( armati or cum imperio, as appears
from the old formula from the censoriae tabulae in Varro de
1. 1. vi 86: omnes Quirites, pedites, armatos privatosque...
voca inlicium hue ad me.
NOTES 131
praeesse, absolutely 'to have a command,' as praeficere
( 41 1. 17) 'to give a command ;' or exercitui is to be under-
stood from exercitum which follows: cf. 95 qui diem dixit
(Miloni) et accusavit de vi Milonem. Praeesse is emphasized
because as privati they could not be duces exercitus, except in
some unconstitutional manner. et parare] Crassus by his
great wealth, Pompeius by his personal influence, as he had
already when a young man by his connexions in Picenum
raised an army of three legions for Sulla.
1. 18. idque facturos, 'and would do so,' i.e. exercitum
paraturos. On this vicarious use of facere see n. to Cic. de
off. i 4 1. 18.
1. 19. legitimam contentionem] in opp. to iudicium
populi, 'a law-suit' based on some law, in the court of a magis-
trate, therefore a legal proceeding such as were usual in the
quaestiones perpetuae Or 'standing commissions.' In both of
these iudicia there would be discussions about right (disceptatio)
with pleas and counter-pleas, and the causae dictio, the free
defence against any charges (crimina) that were laid. See
Addenda.
1. 20. disceptationem] see my n. to or. p. Plane. 87 1. 30,
de off. i 34 1. 6, 64 1. 10, or. p. Cluent. 90 quid ? ilia tandem
quaestio aut disceptatio aut iudicium fuit ? See J. s. B.p. 277.
1. 21. vim arma exercitus imperatores castra] duo prima
verba ad ipsum Clodium, triapostrema adCaesarem [Pompeium
Crassumque] refero. manutius. Cf. or. p. Mil. 74 non in-
iustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos sed castris, exeixitu,
signis inferendis petebat.
1. 23. quid ergo ?] see n. on quid turn 47 1. 27. vana
praesertim] ' especially since it was false,' de off. i 150 1. 13.
1. 24. coniecta] cf. or. p. Mur. 73 haec crimina in tuam
nimiam diligentiam coniecta sunt.
1. 25. me vero] Hoc dicit Cicero : ' movit me taciturnitas,
quae suspectior esse debebat ob hoc ipsum, quod, ut vos dicitis,
improba erat oratio, cuius a se maculam reicere debuerant.'
madvig. taciturnitas] ' persistent silence.'
1. 26. conferebatur, 'was ascribed.' See n. on or. p. Plane.
35 1. 29, 1. 4.
1. 28. tacendo loqui, ' to be eloquent without words.' For
this intentional contrast of words, which when strictly used
92
132 PRO P. S EST 10 4042
contradict each other, cf. or. in Cat. i 8, 21 de te autem, Catilina,
cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent,
clamant; div. in Caec. 21 cur nolint, etiam si taceant,
satis dicunt, p. Sull. 82 quorum tacit a gravitas . . .de uno
quoque loquitur ; and for the use of the gerund 1 1. 1.
1. 29. aliquo] Cic. lays stress purposely on this word, to
show that their fear was of no great importance. Cf. 67 1. 9
suspicione aliqua.
1. 30. acta, explained sufficiently by the following omnis res,
implies all that Caesar had carried through in his consulship,
especially the leges, as well those which he had himself carried,
as those which he had stamped with his approval. The
Scholiast remarks : * de act is loquitur, quae habuit in consu-
latu Gaius Caesar inauspicato, ut videbatur: qua de re ad-
versus eum egerant in senatu C. Memmius et L. Domitius
praetores, et ipsius Caesaris orationes contra hos exstant,
quibus et sua acta defendit et illos insectatur.' Cf. or. in
Pis. c. 32, de prov. cons. c. 18, de dom. s. c. 15.
1. 31. a praetoribus] v. Suet. Iul. c. 23 functus consulate,
C. Memmio Lucioque Domitio praetoribus de superioris anni
actis referentibus, cognitioneui senatui detulit : nee illo siu<-
cipiente triduoque per irritas altercationes absumpto in pro-
vinciam abiit; et statim quaestor eius in praeiudicium aliquot
criminibus arreptus est. Cf. eundem in Ner. c. 2. manuzio.
infirmari is a softened expression for rescindi.
1. 32. principibus civitatis] he means Caesar's enemies,
M. Bibulus, M. Cato, L. Domitius; also other members
of the optimate party, as L. Cotta, P. Servilius Isauricus,
Q. Hortensius. tribunum popularem] who might through
his influence with the people prove dangerous to them, if out
of vexation he joined the opposite side.
P. 20, 1. 1. propiora pericula] according to the proverb
tunica propior pallio est. Cf. 'iyyiov yow KvrjfjLTjs Athenaeus ix
p. 383 c, airwripw rj yow Kv-q/xa Theocr. Idyll, xvi 18.
41, 1. 3. a consulibus] the abl. of the agent instead of
the usual dative after the gerundive, in order to bring the
activity of the subject into greater prominence {Halm), cf.
Draeger Histor. Synt. 1 189 p. 468; or perhaps to avoid am-
biguity, as consulibus might be taken for the dative after dice-
bat, see Koby Gr. 1146, 1147, Kenn. Gr. 141 7, p. 390, Madvig
Gr. 250 b. Cf. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 34, or. p. Sull. 23 r
or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 4.
NOTES 133
1. 5. puolice susceptae = si a consulibus suscepta
esset. Mayor on Plin. m 9 4 1. 15. defuturum] n. to
36 1. 20, 80 1. 5, 101 1. 28.
1. 6. rei p. conservandae] 49 1. 8.
1. 7. domi meae.. positi, 'placed in my house for that
purpose,' i.e. as spies, or. p. domo sua 55 ; also he complains
of his enemies having filled his house with their friends, certi
homines, not merely quidam, but those who were as well known
to his hearers as to the speaker himself, above all Vatinius
133 1. 26. Cf. or. in Pis. 76, or. in Verr. iv 103, or. p.
Flacco 104. It is better to take domi meae with esset cautior.
1. 8. ut esset cautior, ' that he should be more on his
guard,' keep at a greater distance from Cicero's house.
1. 9. apud me domi] so Liv. in 33, 10 defosso cadavere
domi apud Sestium, Ter. Eun. i 2, 125 venturum ad me
constituit domum, Hec. v 3, 24 ad me confugere domum.
atque] 'and so.'
1. 10. litteris mittendis, * by sending letters.'
1. 11. coram ipsi] especially Vatinius; see below 133,
and on the whole subject or. in Pis. 46. For the pleonasm of
the expression cf. Plant. Pseud, v. 1142 quia tedipsus coram
praesens praesentem videt.
1. 12. meo nomine, 'on my account.' Cf. 146 1. 28.
1. 14. ignari veritatis] i. q. ignari rerum 15 1. 26, 47
1.4,' not acquainted with the true state of things.'
1. 15. erat ad portas] Caesar did not go to the seat of
war until Cicero left Rome, above 40 1. 16, Plut. vit. Caes.
c. 14.
1. 17. fratrem] Gaius Claudius Pulcher, the second
brother of Publius; see Diet, of Biogr. i p. 771a. prae-
fecerat] 'had given him a command,' see n. on 40 1. 17, and
cf. Liv. 37, 41, 1 rex Antipatrum in laevo cornu praeposuit.
CHAPTER XIX
42, 1. 19. s":are = consistere, Gr. dpOovaOai; see n. to
or. p. Plane. 71 1. 25, and cf. below 64 1. 7, 97 1. 1, or. in
Verr. n 1, 7, 20 ut pop. Rom. iudicaret isto absoluto remp. stare
non posse.
1. 20. de civltate] not de re publico, (as in 30 1. 27, 55
1.26), inasmuch as the senate constituted a special ordo among
the cives ; so in 44 1. 20 quern totum de civitate delerant.
134 PRO P. SESTIO 4243
1.21. publici consilii] i.e. senatus, 'the Council of State, 'not
'the policy of the state ' (de orat. i 211). Cf. or. p. Eosc. Am.
151 di prohibeant, ut hoc, quod maiores consilium publicum
vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur, ib. 153, or.
Phil, iv 14 senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere
gestit, ipse (Antonius) consilium publicum nullum habet, Liv.
xxni 2, 4, 22, 2, xxiv 22, 6 senatus inde haberi coeptus est, quod
sicut regnante Hierone manserat publicum consilium, ita
post mortem eius ante earn diem nulla de re neque convocati
neque cqnsulti fuerant, n 23, 11 moderatores publici consilii
circumsistunt, in 63, 10; vi 6, 15 praesidem huius publici
consilii, or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 4 agitur nihil aliud in hdc
causa, nisi, ut nullum sit posthac in re publica publicum
consilium, where however Mr Heitland understands it to
mean a common ' or state policy ' in opp. to the selfish aims
of unscrupulous demagogues.
1. 23. opponl omnibus contionibus, 'were paraded before
all public assemblies falsely, it is true, but nevertheless so as
to inspire alarm as those who sanctioned my destruction.'
On the meaning of oppono cf. 52 nee armati exercitus terrorem
opp one t togatis. falso sed formidolose tamen] we should
expect falso illos quidem or falso quidem; but cf. Ovid Fast, n
203 porta vacat culpa; sed tamen omen habet, or. in Pis. 27
collegit ipse se vix, sed collegit tamen. We sometimes find
omnino or scilicet in lieu of quidem, 74 1. 8, 84 1. 8.
1. 24. ad perniciem] ' with a view to my ruin.' Cf. 12
adiutor ad excitandum Antonium, 116 sedem ad salutem.
1. 25. vocem mittere, 'to utter a syllable:' cf. Liv. xxx
12 si captivae apud dominum vocem supplicem mittere licet.
1. 26. intenta ... cervicibus ... vestris, 'were aimed at,
threatened, your necks:' or. p. Mil. 36 actionem perduel-
lionis intenderat (which Purton wrongly translates 'had laid
an impeachment for high treason'), de orat. i 42 singulae
familiae litem tibi intenderent, or. p. Eosc. Am. 7 pericu-
lum quod in omnis intenditur.
1. 28. coniuratorum copias veteres] Cic. regarded Clodius
as a second Catiline or as ultor Catilinae, who had reunited
the arch conspirator's broken forces : cf. or. in Pis. 11 cur
(Clodio) templum Castoris fuit arx civium perditorum, recepta-
culum veterum Catilinae militum, ib. 16 quod maius indicium
exspectatis, nihil inter vos et Catilinam interfuisse, quam quod
eandem illam manum ex intermortuis Catilinae reliquiis conci-
tastis ? effusam ac superatam, 'scattered and vanquished.'
Orelli, Dobree, Wesenberg, Eberhard, objecting unreasonably to
the combination of these participles, would ve&dfusam ac dissi*
NOTES 135
patam; but cf. de leg. agr n 89 effusis ac dissupatis/rwcrt&w*
vestris, [or. p. Deiot. 11 perturbatus est, ut audivit omnis con-
sularis, cunctum senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam. J. s. b.]
1. 30. commutatione r., 'change in the position of affairs.'
1. 31. quid agerem, ' what was I to do?' Madv. Gr. 353,
Zumpt Gr. 530, Kenn. Gr. p. 339 n e.
1. 32. meum prope vestro defuisse] quod iis pro ipsius
salute contra Clodium pugnare cupientibus non permisit; v.
ep. ad fam. i 9. man. Cf. above 36 1. 30, or. p. Plane. 86
dixisti non auxilium mihi sed me auxilio defuisse, 89 hisce
ego auxiliis salutis meae si idcirco defui, quia nolui dimicare,
fatebor, id quod vis, non mihi auxilium sed me auxilio defuisse
etc. See j. s. k. in Addenda p. 277.
P. 21, 43, 1. 2. pnvatus armis] 40 1. 17, or. p. Plane.
88 1. 8 arma quae privatus P. Scipio ceperat. vicissent
interfectus esset] for si vicissent , si inter fectus esset; for the
suppression of si in conjunctive protasis cf. Hor. Sat. i. 3, 15
deciens centena dedisses huic parco,...quinque diebus nil erat
in loculis, Cic. de off. in 75 1. 10, Kenn. Gr. p. 473, Boby
Gr. n 1552, Zumpt Gr. 780. The apodosis is contained in
quid deinde ? etc. [I doubt whether si is omitted ; Cic. means
1 In that case the well-affected would have overcome the dis-
affected;' the following words interfectus depelli seem to fall
in with this interpretation better than with the other. J. s. n.]
fortes inertis] Liv. xxn 60, 17 ni strictis gladiis fortissimi
inertes summovissent, Cic. in Cat. n 10 hoc qui ferre possit,
inert es homines fortissimis viris insidiari? Hor. ep I 5, 17
ebrietas ad proelia trudit inert em. Iners combines the notion
of cowardly remissness with that of stolid indifference.
1. 3. hac una medicina sola] cf. below 130 unus est solus
inventus, qui etc., or. in Pis. 96 cives Rom., qui in eis locis
negotiantur, te unum solum...hostem venisse senserunt. Unus
does not exclude others but gives prominence to one in particu-
lar, whereas solus excludes all others.
1. 4. a rei publicae peste depelli] i.e. a peste rei p. infe-
renda, 'from bringing ruin on the state.' Cf. de or. 1 3
fluctibus qui per nos a communi peste depulsi in nosmet ipsos
redundarent. quid deinde, sc. factum esset.
1. 5. praestaret] see n. on 38 1. 16.
1. 6. sanguis trifounicius] cum tribunus plebis esset sacro-
sanctus. abrami.
136 PRO P. SESTIO 4345
1. 8. quidam] according to the Scholiast PisoorGrabinius.
But Cic. would probably have mentioned them by name, if it
had been either of them or Clodius.
1. 9. quid erat bis vincere] cf. or. p. Plane. 88 1. 2.
1. 11. si decertassem] if I should suceeed in bringing the
struggle to an end.' ceteris ultoribus] Caesar, Pompeius
and Crassus are meant.
44, 1. 12. vel si pereundum fuisset, * even if I had fore-
seen, that I should be annihilated. ' Cic. is here speaking not
of physical but of political extinction. This did not come
about, but he received only a plaga sanabilis, because his exile
was followed by restitutio, which in return brought defeat upon
Clodius and his party.
1. 13. ac non, ' and not rather.' See n. to or. p. Plane.
61 1. 11, 70 1. 7, 71 1. 12.
1. 15. ilia altera] sc. cum consulibus. manuzio.
1. 16. ut possemus] epexegetic of eius modi. victi =
si victi essemus, because the state would have fallen into
the hands of a few ; victores, because it would have been
brought to the verge of ruin. rem publicam tenere] de or.
I 38 quod nisi fecisset, rempublicam, quam nunc vix tenemus,
iam diu nullam haberemus.
1. 17. quid... si concidissem] for quid factum esset, si con-
cidissem ? For concido see n. on 25 1. 7. prima for priore.
1. 19. credo] ironically. de civitate delerant] see n. on
17 and 42 1. 20.
1. 20. ad arma vocassent] Halm ed. 4 has vocarent and
calls attention to the change of tense from the pluperfect to the
imperfect conjunctive which he considers to be a coniunctivus
dubitativus of the past, ' they would have called,' l were they to
call.' In the fifth edition he gets rid of vocarent altogether and
substitutes concitassent. See cr. n. [Changes from pluperfect
to imperfect are not so very uncommon, cf. or. p. Sull. 36.
A remarkable passage is Propert. i 17, 19 23 sepelissent
staret...donasset poneret...clamasset. Cf. 47 1. 24 victi essent
superessent. j. s. r.] ne vestitu quidem] 32.
1. 21. sissent] i.q. sivissent, 122 exsulare sinitis, sistis
pelli.
1. 22. eandem horam] see n. to 53 1. 25. praemi-
orum] 34.
NOTES 137
OHAPTEE XX
45, 1. 24. enim] must mean 'certainly,' 'no doubt,' unless
it be a dittography of unum. Halm in his earlier editions
altered it into etiam, but reverts to the mss reading in ed. 5 ;
Keil reads tamen.
1. 26. dixerit] potential : Kenn. Gr. 94 i (d).
r estitisses] = resistere debuisti, ' you should have made
resistance,' jussive past as in 54 commovercntur, see n. to
p. Plane. 72 1. 6, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. 36 p. 208, Zumpt Gr.
529 n., Madv. Gr. 351 g, obs. 4. Cf. Ov. Trist. iv 3, 34
tristis es : indignor quod sim tibi causa doloris ; non es, at
amisso coniuge digna fores i.e. digna esse debebas, Verr. in
195 quid facer e debuisti?... quod superaret pecuniae, rettu-
lisses, ib. n 57 quid debuit praetor facere ? non in eum, qui
accepisset, animadvertisset. Mr Keid has a note upon or.
p. Sulla 25 in which he points out that subjunctives of this
class are merely parts of elliptic propositions, where the protasis
is suppressed. The words r estitisses, repugnasses are taken by
some editors to be an octonarius verse from some old tragedy or
comedy. If so, we must write, says Halm, reppugnasses on the
analogy of reddo, redduco, reccido, rellatum, relligio, relliquiae.
See Lachmann on Lucretius p. 281 and 303.
1. 27. de quo, 'in regard to this,' ' as to this,' see above
2 1. 18, n. to Cic. de off. i 47 1. 20, 82 1. 35.
1. 28. penates patriique dei, ' ye household gods and gods
of our fathers.' The term Penates includes all the deities
worshipped at the domestic hearth and in this sense com-
prehends the Lares or the departed spirits of ancestors, who
were worshipped as tutelary gods. Deipatrii (7rarp$oi or irarpioi)
are those worshipped by all members of a place, state or nation
in common (whence they are called eyxupwi, tto\lovxol, iyyevels)
as their tutelary gods. The Penates may be included in the dei
patrii ; there were publici Penates as well as publici Lares, see
Eamsay R. A. p. 321. See Hand on J. F. Gronovii Diatr. ad
Stat. Vol. i p. 449. Cf. or. p. Sull. 86 quamobrem vos, dei
patrii atque penates, qui huicurbi atque imperio praesidetis
...testor, Liv. i 47 4 dei penates patriique. vestrarum
sedum causa] ne homines nefarii vestris templis sceleratas
faces inferrent. man.
1. 30. carior] or. in Cat. i 27 patria quae mihi vita mea
multo est carior.
1. 31. si mihi...accidisset...si id vectores negarent] an
example of a conditional clause subordinate to a primary con -
138 PRO P. SESTIO 4547
ditional clause, where we should insert a copulative particle in
some cases so as to make it a coordinate clause. The si of the
secondary clause may be best translated * in case that.' See n.
to Cic. de off. in 30 1. 9, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. p. 328 ed. 2,
who quotes as instances or. p. Eosc. Am. 2, ep. ad fam. xin
26, 3, Verr. iv 10, de imp. Pomp. 59, or. p. Cluent. 6, or.
p. Balbo 16.
1. 32. ut...mlnitarentur] a consecutive clause, epexegetic
of hoc, 47 1. 12, 61 1. 25.
P. 22, 1. 2. nisi dedidissent] see n. on 11.
1. 3. vectores, 'the passengers.' Vector est et qui vehit
et qui vehitur (iiri^drns), Servius on Verg. Aen. viii 532.
The passive sense is very rare with nouns in -tor, affixed to the
theme of the supine.
1. 6. mei cupidos] n. to or. p. Plane. 43 1. 25. non
modo] -non dicam ( 46 1. 19) 'I do not say,' see n. to or. p.
Plane. 81 1. 19, below 108 1. 9 where non modo and non dicam
occur in the same sentence.
46, 1. 8. gubernaculis] 20 1. 28.
1. 9. fluitantem in alto )( cursum tenentem suum, cf.
below 99 1. 13, or. p. Plane. 94 1. 17. tempestatibus]
ablative of cause, Kenn. 144.
1. 11. proscriptio] not, as Halm understands it, the sen-
tence of aquae et ignis interdictio which was pronounced against
him after his voluntary retirement from Eome, cf. below 133,
or. p. Plane. 97 1. 30, or. in Pis. 30, de prov. cons. 45,
but [a general proscription after the fashion of Sulla. The
words caedes and direptio suit better with this sense, and Cic.
often declares that Clodius and the remnant of the Catilina-
rians were enemies of the state more than of himself. Cf. the
similar expressions in 49. J. s. r.]
1. 12. suspicione periculi sui] he refers to Pompeius, see
41.
1. 13. vetere odio bonorum] cf. or. in Vatin. 6 cum odium
diuturnum, quod in bonos iam inveteratum habebatis, satu-
rare cuperetis.
1. 14. inviderent] sc. mihi, as a nouns homo. In obstare
sibi Caesar is especially referred to.
1. 15. dolorem aliquem suum, 'some personal grievance,'
see note to 39 1. 28.
NOTES 139
1.16. hunc.statum, 'the present order and settled go-
vernment.' See n. on 1 1. 5.
1. 18. me unum deposcerent] sc. ad poenam. de-
pugnarem] not = depugnare debebam, as in 45 1. 26, but
the dubitative conjunctive, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Madv. Gr. 353,
Roby Gr. n 1610. Cf. a similar passage or. p. Plane. 94
- 1. 17. cum summo exitio] ' to the utter ruin,' 34 1. 13,
49 1. 12.
CHAPTER XXI
47, 1. 22. at armis] sc. victi essent. The words at
armis are not in any ms, but are a suggestion of Heraeus, which
is better than that of Lambinus ab eo armato privato,
1. 23. ab eo privato] he would have had to carry arms,
without being authorised to do so by holding any state office.
See on 40 1. 17. consul] = cum consul esset, viraros
tSv : cf. 16 1. 10.
1. 24. qui superessent ?] sc. nulli nisi Clodiani, i.e. servi,
conducti, facinorosi, egentes ; denique faex plebis, qua domi-
nante res publica nulla est. wesenberg. Cf. 81, or. p.
dom. 89.
1. 25. ad servos venturam fuisse, 'would have fallen into
the hands of slaves.' Kenn. Gr. 229, 9) p. 486, Madvig Gr.
409 obs. , Zumpt Gr. 593 n. For the expression cf. ep. ad
fam. iv 9, 3 miserius nihil quam ipsa victoria, quae etiam si ad
meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores reddit, Verr. 5 38
neque illud rationis habuisti ... earn provinciam ...ad summaw
stultitiam nequitiamque venisse, ib. 126 cum videamus ad
paucos homines omnis nationum pecunias venire.
1.27. quid turn? 'what next?' is often used by Cic. to
draw attention to something emphatic which is to follow; cf.
or. p. Flacc. 55, Hor. Sat. n 3, 230, Verg. Aen. iv 543. Cf.
quid ergo 40, or. p. Rose. Am. 2.
1. 29. aut ego cet.] is the second member of the question
introduced by quid to avert the reproach of cowardice. Aut,
not an, is used because this new question does not contain an
alternative to the former mortemne fugiebam ; that is contained
in p. 23, 1. 1: an erat mihi in tanto etc. in tanta improbo
rum multitudine] or. p. Sull. 38 non sum nescius quanta
periculo vivam in tanta multitudine improborum, cum
mihi uni cum omnibus improbis aeternum videam bellum esse
susceptum; Cat. iv 22 quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeter-
num bellum susceptum esse video.
140. PRO P. SESTIO 4748
1. 31. exilium] so Madvig : Wesenberg, Kayser, Eberhard
and others read after Hotoman exitium. HaJm, however,
prefers the reading of the mss exilium, as Cic. is here speaking
of the time of his consulship, not of that when he was hesitating
whether to leave Eome or not. Mors and exilium are often
opposed as 'natural' and 'civil death,' see or. p. Plane. 97
1. 30, or. p. Arch. 14, de orat. I 194, Tusc. in 29, ep. ad
Att. ii 18, 1.
haec] quae sum perpessus. man.
1. 32. fata, 'prophecy;' de divin. i 100 ex fatis, quae
Veientes scripta liaberent, or. in Cat. in 9 fatis Sibyllinis.
in ipsa re gerenda] at the moment of action/ in opp. to the
time of his exile, when he shows that he had no longing for
life. canebantur] ' were predicted,' a meaning which arose
from the fact of the responses of oracles having been originally
given in verse. Cf. or. in Cat. in 18 ut haec, quae nunc Jiunt,
cane re di immortales viderentur, and the verb vaticinor.
The reference is to a passage in Cat. iv 3 : deinde, si quid
obtigerit, aequo animo fortique moriar.
P. 23, 1. 2. spoliatione, ' loss by robbery.' cf. 54.
1. 3. natura, to whom he owed his children ; fortuna, to
whom he owed his estate.
1. 4. ignarus rerum] 41 1. 14.
1.5. nihil audieram? 'had I heard nothing,' i.e. 'had
I not read in history : ' see Eeid on de am. 41 1. 12.
1. 9, necessitati] sc. naturae ; or. in Cat. iv 7 intellegit
mortem esse aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum quietem.
patriae donata] or. Philipp. x 20, non est viri minimeque
Romani dubitare eum spiritum, quern naturae debeat, patriae
reddere, xiv 9 31 o fortunata mors, quae naturae debita
pro patria est potissimum reddita, auct. ad Herenn. iv c. 43
vita, quae fato debetur, salute patriae potissimum solvatur.
deberetur] see Kenn. Gr. p. 483, Madvig Gr. 383. potius
quam] ' instead of.'
1. 11. hanc ut alii dicerent] the ut- clause with consecu-
tive subjunctive serves to expand the pronoun, a very common
use in Cic. : see above 45 1. 32, or. p. Plane. Index p. 245.
1. 12. alii, as the Epicureans, alii, Socrates, as he
appears in Plato's dialogues, the Phaedo, Phaedrus and Timaeus.
1. 13. turn maxime] illo potissimum tempore, illo tempore
exacte defmito, 'just at that time,' 'precisely then.' See Hand
NOTES 141
Tursell. in p. 603, Drakenborch ad Liv. xxvn 4, 2. It expresses
the idea of ' then ' more emphatically than turn alone.
mentes sapientium] Cie. Lael. 13 animos hominum esse
divinos eisque cum ex corpore excessissent, reditum in
caelum patere, optimoque et iustissimo cuique expeditissimum,
where Mr Eeid observes that ex corpore is not used in the
abstract sense of ' the body ' but for ex corporibus, since as in
Greek so in Latin when a number of persons are mentioned
and then some one thing common to them all, that thing is
often put into the singular, where our idiom would require the
plural. Cf. Tusc. i 40 animos cum e corpore excesserint, 72
animorum e corpore excedentium, de sen. 81.
1. 14. sentire ac vigere] Cato mai. 83 sed nescio quo modo
animus erigens se posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat, quasi,
cum excessisset e vita, turn denique victurus esset, or. p.
Mil. 54 in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat
ac sentiat, Tusc. i 21 nee sit quicquam, nisi corpus unum et
simplex, ita figuratum, ut temper atione naturae vigeat ac
sentiat.
1. 16. meliore esse sensu, ' to enjoy a better i. e. a clearer
consciousness;' the abl. of quality or descriptive abl., Madv.
Gr. 272, Zumpt Gr. 471, Kenn. Gr. 399, Eoby Sch. Gr.
502. The infinitive is in apposition to the subject alterum.
48, 1. 17. omnia ad dignitatem rettulissem, ' I made
honor (the enjoyment of consideration amongst my fellow-
citizens) the rule or standard of my life, the principle of my
thoughts and actions.' Cf. 23 1. 5 dignitati esse serviendum,
ep. ad fam. xn 22, 3 te reip. causa hortor, ut omnia refer as
ad dignitatem, Phil, x 20 ita a maioribus instituti atque
imbuti sumus, ut omnia consilia atque facta ad dignitatem
et ad virtutem referremus. In this sense derigo and revoco
also are found. Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 107, 2.
1. 19. virgines Athenis...Erechthei flliae;] The oracle had
promised Erechtheus victory in a war against Eumolpus of
Eleusis, if he sacrificed one of his daughters. He offered
Agraulos his youngest; with her the other sisters Erse
and Pandrose sacrificed their lives, having taken an oath
amongst themselves to share the same fate. Aristides Panath.
(Vol. i p. 191 ed. Dind.) Xiyerai yap 'EpexOevs fiev iv ry irpos
EvjxoXirov Tovrip iroXtfjup Tr\v Qvyarkpa virep ttJs iroXews kiridovvai
rod 0eov xPW&vtos, irpocrayayeiv 5' avriju KOfTfiifja-acra r\ ^r\rt]p
dxrirep els Oeuplav -rrifxirovcra, where the Scholiast observes :
dvyaripa Xtyei ttjv "AypavXov, irepi -qs kclI Arjfj.oaOe'vrjs iv rep irapa-
Trpeo-fteias (prjcrl, kclI tCov tov <pr)(3ov rrjs 'AypavXov ftpKiav. Al 8e
TavT7)s ddeXcpal (TvvaveTXov iavras rfj ddeXcpy, yj re "Epo~r] kclI
142 PRO P. SESTIO 4850
ILavbpbar)' opKCt) yap a\\r)\as kcltc K:\eia av KOLvwrjcrcu iv airacnv
eavrah. See Cic. de N. D. in c. 19, Tusc. i c. 48, de Fin.
?. c. 22.
1. 20. opinor] Cic. disclaims accurate knowledge of Greek
history ; cf. below 118, and cf. or. p. Flacco 65, or. p. Scauro
14, p. Eosc. Am. 46, in Verr. iv 4, 5, 39.
1. 22. timerem] 43 1. 20.
1. 23. ex qua C. Mucius venisset, ' from which came C.
Mucius, who went, &c.'
1. 24. proposita sibi morte, ' although death stared him in
the face.' See n. to or. p. Plane. 5 1. 30.
1. 25. P. Decius primum pater... post films] The two Decii,
father and son, gave their lives as a propitiatory offering to the
unseen powers, in order to bring victory to the Eoman arms.'
The former in B.C. 337 at the battle of Veseris (near Vesuvius)
fought against the Latins and Campanians (Liv. vin 9); the
latter, P. Decius Mus, in b.c. 295 at the battle of Sentinum
against the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Gauls (Liv. x
28, Cic. de off. i 61 1. 12, in 16 1. 27, de fin. n 61).
1. 26. se ac vitam suam] 1 1. 4 se ac salutem suam.
1. 31. patrem M. Crassi] the father of M. Crassus ' ( 39
1. 8). 'De P. Crasso dicit, qui a victoribus L. Cinna et C.
Mario proscriptus, cum ad mortem quaereretur, sua se dextera
interfecit, vir illustris et qui de Hispania triumph aver at '
(Scholiasta). P. Licinius M.F.P.N. Crassus Dives Lusi-
tanicus was consul in b.c. 97 and triumphed in b.c 93 for
his successes over the Lusitanians. In the Civil war he sided
with Sulla and put an end to his life on the return of Marius
and Cinna to Home in b.c 87. Cf. or. p. Plane. 32 1. 25,
de orat. in 9. huius might mean now living ; ' but more
probably it is used because Crassus was present in court, as
one of Sestius' supporters.
1. 32. ne videret victorem vivus] not a reminiscence of a
passage from some poet, as suggested by 0. Muller, for, as
Mr Eeid observes, Cic. never introduces any but the most
hackneyed quotations without some warning. The superfluous
vivus is used proverbially as in 59 vivus ut aiunt, est et
videns cum victu ac vestitu suo pvblicatus, where, as in this
passage, observe the alliteration.
P. 24, 1. 1. inimicum] L. Cinna. exhausisse] Halm
explains this on the analogy of such expressions as exkaurire
NOTES 143
laborem, periculum etc., as if his life had been aerumriosa, but
cf. 80 plaga...si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset,
where it simply means 'to empty,' 'drain out.'
CHAPTEK XXII
49, 1. 4. peremisset, ' should give the final blow to.
See or. p. Plane. 90 1. 8, 101 1. 11 n., de off. m 33 1. 7 n.
For the use of the pluperfect tense cf. above 43 1. 11, 45
1.2.
1. 8. exemplum rei publicae conservandae cet.] as in ep.
ad fam. i 9, 15: qui cum tribunus pi. poenas a seditioso civi per
bonos vivos iudicio persequi vellet, exemplum praeclarissi-
mum in posterum vindicandae seditionis de republica
sustulerunt.
1. 10. tanto bonorum... studio...] 35 1. 13 n.
1.11. quod = quae restitutio.
1. 12. ullam partem] or. p. Mil. 68 sed qui non Intel-
legit, omnis tibi rei publicae partis aegras et labantis...
esse commissas ? cum sua minima invidia] i. e. even if he
had only the least and not the greatest degree of unpopularity
to fear : cf. above 46 1. 18, or. p. Plane. 90 1. 32.
1. 17. gloria, ' by a glorious act,' the suppression of Catiline.
neque enim in hoc me hominem esse...ut...glorier] 'for
in this point, that I should boast me... sine dolore caruisse etc.,
I will not deny I am but human ; I have, I confess, too much
the feelings of a man to boast.' A rhetorical amplification for
neque enim gloriabor.
1. 20. hoc honoris gradu] i. e. as a consular.
1. 21. quod benef. haberetis] ' what should I have offered
you as a service, when for your sakes I left behind me only
what I held cheap?' villa )( car a.
1. 23. meo animo, 'according to my feelings.'
1. 26. nunc] sc. dolorem. me perpeti . . . malui] on the
construction see n. to de off. i 65 1. 19.
50, 1. 27. divinum, ' extraordinary,' ' superhuman,' as in
85 1. 24, or immortal.'
1. 28. ex isdem radicibus] for Arpinum was the birth-
place of both. See below 116 1. 11, or. p. Plane. 20 1. 3,
1. 4 nn. natum ad salutem] or. p. Sull. 23 ex eo muni-
144 PRO P. S EST 10 5051
cipio, unde iterum iam salus huic urbi imperioque missa est,
where see Eeid's note.
1. 29. summa senectute] he was in his 70th year, Veil.
Paterc. n 19, 2, Plutarch Mar. c. 41.
1. 30. prope iustorum] because, though arma civilia could
never be considered as absolutely iusta, they were more justifi-
able in the case of Sulla, because he was consul. pro-
fugisset] sc. ex urbe.
1. 31. occultasse] the perfect infinitive is used after
memini of a thing of which one has not been oneself a witness,
the present of a past transaction of which one has been one-
self a witness, Madvig Gr. 408 b, obs. 2. For the story cf.
or. p. Plane. 26, or. in Pis. 43, de finn. 105.
P. 25, 1. 1. cum fugeret, 'since he avoided.'
1. 2. oras Africae desertissimas] Veil. Paterc. n. 19, 4 at
ille...cursum in Africam direxit, inopemque vitam in tugurio
ruinarum Carthaginiensum toleravit.
1. 3. atque, 'and so.'
1. 4. ad incertissimam spem] his position was so insecure
that he could scarcely hope for any turn of fortune, much less
the power of taking revenge on his enemies. ad rei p. fatum]
because the return of Marius was attended with the murder
and proscription of the best citizens, whereas Cic. periculo rei
p. vivebat. But the reading is doubtful; see cr. n.
1. 6. periculo rei p. vivebam] i.e. vitameaservatacon-
tinebat salutem reipublicae. bake. Because risk to his
life would have brought risk to the state. The ablative of
attendant circumstances with noun in the genitive case as pre-
dicate, cf. above 49 1. 10, or. p. Flacc. c. 17, 41 nostro periculo
vivere tuos contubernalis, Liv. 23, 49, 2 ut publico periculo
essent, i.e. ut, si quid damni veniret, id ad remp. pertineret.
1. 7. consularibus litteris] those of P. Lentulus Spin-
ther, which were written in pursuance of a decree of the senate,
passed during a sitting in the temple of Hoiwn et Virtus. See
128, and or. p. Plane. 78 1. 12; also or. in Pis. 34 me idem
senatus exteris nationibus, me legatis magistratibusque nostris
auctoritate sua consularibus litteris commendavit. By ex-
terae nationes are meant those subject to Home. de senatus
sententia] see Eeid's note on or. p. Balb. 11 1. 29.
1. 9. si deseruissem, 'if I had failed to protect.' nunc]
'as it is.' quidem] adversative, in which however.'
NOTES 145
1. 11. fidei publicae] i.e. quam resp. ipsa praestitit,
cive optimo in patriam restituto, quam intuentes boni semper
parati erunt de patria bene promereri:cf. or. p. Plane. 90 1. 8,
quid peremption esset mea morte id exemplum, qualis futurus
in me retinendo fuisset senatus populusque Homanus. Tac. Ann.
xrv 48 publicae clementiae exemplum. halm.
CHAPTEK XXni
51, 1. 14. externa bella )( domesticis malis: cf. 56
1. 7, or. de pr. cons. 31, in Cat. n 11 nulla est natio quam
pertimescamus, omnia sunt externa unius virtute ...pacata;
domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt etc., de leg. agr.
i 26 nullum externum periculum est, non rex non gens ulla,
non natio pertimescenda est: inclusum malum, intestinum ac
domesticum est, or. p. Mur. 78. gentium, nationum]
gens is a 'stock' or 'race' to which several nationes i.e. 'sepa-
rate tribes ' or political aggregates may belong.
1. 15. ut praeclare cum Us agamus, 'that we deal well
with those,' ' treat them well,' cf. Phil, xrv 30 facile est bene
agere cum his, Val. Max. v 3, 3 bene egissent Athenienses
cum Miltiade. The passive impersonal is more frequent or.
in Verr. i 9 praeclare nobiscum actum iri, in 50 intelleget
secum actum esse pessume.
1. 16. denique, in a word,' ' in fact,' often so used in the
second member of a period, as div. in Caec. 58, or. in Verr.
i 149, ii 167, in 31, v 69 etc. pacatos] see Add. p. 279.
1.17. non fere quemquam = non facile quemquam,
'hardly any one;' or. p. Mur. 13 nemo fere saltat sobrius,
Tusc. disp. ii 8 Epicurum autem...non fere praeter suos quis-
quam in manus sumit, i 38 rationem illi sententiae suae non
fere reddebant. See Hand Tursell. ii p. 695. est...con-
secuta] Ter. Phorm. v 1, 23 matrem ipsam ex aegritudine
miseram mors consecuta est.
1. 18. domesticis] 56 1. 7. invidia] ' hatred,' * dislike.'
1. 20. retinenda medicina] with especial reference to his
client Sestius, who stood in danger of exile, because of the
active part he had taken, as tribune, against the revolutionary
party. [This refers rather to the senatus consultum ultimum
which was attacked in Cicero's person, j. s. r.]
1. 23. adulescentes] cf. 96, 119 : solebant autem adu-
lescentes audiendi discendique causa causis illustrioribus in-
teresse; v. Plin. Ep. iv 16. abrami.
H. 10
146 PRO P. SESTIO 5153
1. 24. meo iure] because I have earned the gratitude of my
country. dignitatem, ' honourable position in public life,'
rem publicam, ' the welfare of the state.'
1. 25. si aliquando] see a good note by Mr Reid on de
am. 24 1. 23.
1. 27. recordatione mei casus] reditus enim gloria, non
discessus calamitas cogitanda vobis est. manutius.
52,1.29. umquam] i. i- umquam iam * ever again.'
eius modi consules] i.e. such as Gabinius and Piso.
1. 30. si erit iis id quod debetur persolutum, 'if they
meet with the treatment which they deserve : ' or. in Pis. 93
se quae deberentur postero die persoluturum, or. p. Sull. 87
persolvi patriae quod debui. Eis not his, which would refer to
the consuls of that year, Cn. Lentulus and L. Philippus.
1. 32. bonorum] he means Caesar, Pompeius, and Crassus.
P. 26, 1. 1. illis tacentibus, 'without any objection on their
part.' See 40 1. 25.
1. 2. terrorem, 'bugbear, 5 38 1. 20. togatis, 'peace-
able citizens.'
1. 3. ad portas sedenti imperatori] Caesar was still before
the gates of Rome, when Cic. left the city in b. c. 58.
suum terrorem] suum is emphatic by its position. Cf . Verr.
m 68 formidiriem illam suam, ' the dread inspired by him.'
1. 4. iactari] cf. or. p. Quin. 47 minae iactentur.
opponi] 42 1. 23.
1. 5. ne supplicandi quidem] cf. 26, 32.
1. 6. captus, 'weakened,' ' disabled.' See on 35 1. 12.
1. 7. relegentur] 29 1. 1, or. in Pis. 23.
1.8. cum, 'although.' multo alia maiora] for alia
multo maiora; Cic. is fond of separating tanto, quanto, multo,
hoc, quo, paulo, tarn, quam by some generally small words
from the words which they qualify. Cf. de or. n 96 multo
eius oratio esset pressior, de am. 70 multo profecto mag is,
1. 10. brevi tempore] 17 months. He left Rome in
March b.c. 58, and returned on Sept. 4 B.C. 57.
After the Digression Cicero reverts to the subject of the bill
of Clodius, and proceeds to comment indignantly on the state
of public affairs after his own departure, and the indecent haste
NOTES 147
with which the consuls, the natural guardians of the public
peace, with all their seditious crew around them, indulged in
public feasting and revelry and mutual congratulations on their
victory and on having revenged the death of their old friends on
the head of Cicero. Clodius in the meanwhile, not content with
exerting his vengeance only on Cicero's houses, pursued his wife
and children with the same fury and made several attempts to
get his son into their hands, to kill him ( 53 54).
CHAPTEE XXIV
53, 1. 12. sed] resumptive, or. p. Plane. 8 1. 31, 10
1. 32. in hac omni oratione, * in all this recital, throughout
this part of my speech.' Cf. above 14, or. p. Eosc. Am. 143.
1. 13. omnibus malis, 'all possible misfortunes.' So 39
omnes necessitudines, 55 omnium remediorum.
1. 14. scelere] see n. to 2 1. 20. esse confectam] de-
pendent upon illud, cf. 112.
1. 15. funestus luctuosus] 27 1. 1.
1. 17. eripuissem] or. p. Plane. 97, where eripere means
'to snatch away,' it takes e or de with ablative of the thing,
or the dative of the person; when the sense is 'to rescue' it
is followed by ex in Cic. See Eeid on Cic. or. p. Sull. 28 1. 3.
1. 18. perfidiae] see 15. telis minisque, ' actual and
threatened violence.'
1. 20. patriae caritatem, ' affection for my country.' Cf.
37 1. 1.
1. 22. tecta lugerent] cf. or. in Pis. 21 cum omnes boni
abditi inclusique maererent, templa gemerent, tecta ipsa urbis
lugerent, or. in Vat. 8.
1. 24. lucem, ' publicity,' ' the public gaze. ' So Brut. 32
forensi luce car ere, de sen. 12 in luce atque in oculis civium
magnus.
1. 25. die dico?] in the figure correctio or retractatio
the word is repeated alone or with dico, inquam and sometimes
autem as in or. Phil, n 48, or. p. Eab. Post. 10.
1. 26. pernicies rogata est] i.e. in the first rogatio of
Clodius against Cicero, which was put to the vote and carried.
See Intr. to Plane, p. x, above 25 1. 30.
1. 27. provincial Cilicia and Macedonia. The lex Clodia
provided for the exemption of the two consuls from the restric-
102
148 PRO P. SESTIO 5354
tions of the lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus, which
required the Senate to name annually two consular provinces
before the consuls for the next year were elected, so that the
provinces might be named before the Senate knew who would
be consuls. See Long, Decline of the R. R. i p. 270.
1. 29. ilia] 37 1. 4. monstra, * abominations. '
1. 30. ex senatus auctorltate] i.e. by the extremum atque
ultimum senatus consultum as Caesar calls it (bell. civ. 1, 5)
quo nisi paene in ipso urbis incendio atque in desperatione
omnium ...numquam ante descensum est, dent operam con-
sules praetores, tribuni plebis quique pro consulibus sint ad
urbem, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat. See Intr.
11, Ramsay K. Ant. p. 149, Heitland or. p. Babir. pp. 8388,
where the subject is most fully treated.
1. 31. et expulsus] rhetorically for isque, and that too.'
Cf. 78 victa est causa rei publicae...et victa, 54 lex erat
lata...et ea lex, ib. gener et Piso gener.
P. 27, 1. 1. servitio] collective noun, slaves,' 67 1. 14,
or. in Pis. 9 ere omni faece urbis ac servitio, Verr. n 5 9
coeptum esse in Sicilia moveri servitium suspicor, Cf. 34
1.31.
1. 2. vasto, ' desolate,' de leg. agr. n 70 genus agrorum
v as turn atque desertum, Liv. in 7, 3 in vasto ac deserto agro.
Halm 6 Klotz and Miiller read vastato.
1. 3. quae ut ne ferretur] a final clause. On the dim-
cult subject of the syntax of ut ne Reid has an admirable note,
or. p. Sull. 27 1. 24.
1. 4. fuerat veste mutata] 26 1. 32. For the abl. see
n. on 27 1. 10.
54. nac tanta perturbatione] Madv. Gr. 277, P. S. Gr.
161. 1. 5. ne noctem quidem] * not even one night.'
1. 6. interitum] either this word or casum must be sup-
plied to fill up the gap in the mss. Cicero uses one or other
of these words, and sometimes clades, pestis and pernicies in
speaking of his banishment. See 29, 44, 51, 53, 60, 123,
140, 145. [Volnus would suit the context very well. j. s. r.]
1. 7. statim me perculso] cf. or. p. red. in sen. 17 cum
ego una cum republica non tribunicio sed consulari ictu conci-
dissem, tanto scelere fuisti, ut ne unam quidem horam inter esse
paterere inter meam pestem et tuam praedam.
1. 8. etiam] temporal * still.' Dicit autem spirante repub-
lica, cum de se ipso loquatur, quia remp. una cum ipso percul-
sam confectamque esse vult existimari ; cf. 53, in Pis. c. 9.
manuzio. Translate : * while the state had still life in it.'
NOTES 149
1. 9. advolaverunt] cf. 109 1. 27 tamquam ad funus con-
volant, gratulationes, 'jubilations,' 'manifestations of
joy,' generally used of a religious festival of joy and thanks-
giving. Cf. 111 is interfuit epulis et gratulationibus par-
ricidarum, or. in Pis. 22, or. p. Flacco 98, Philipp. 10, 1,
or. Verr. n 4, 74.
1. 10. partitionem aerarii] 24 1. 24, or. p. dom. 23, or.
in Pis. 86. beneficia] military promotions and appoint-
ments on the future staff (cohors praetor ia) of the proconsuls.
Cf. Suet. Tib. c. 12 beneficii sui centuriones, and cf. n. to
or. p. Plane. 12 1. 20. [Beneficium, beneficiarii, ' privileged
soldiers,' are very common in inscriptions of the empire,
j. s. r.] spem, promissa] 34 1. 3.
1. 11. vexabatur uxor mea] After Cicero's banishment
Clodius demolished his house on the Palatine, which he had
bought of Crassus for 32 million sesterces, and several of his
country houses ; his wife Terentia was driven away, and took
sanctuary with her sister Fabia, in the temple of Vesta, but
was dragged out of it forcibly by order of Clodius to the
Valerian Exchange to be examined about the concealment of
her husband's effects.
gener et Piso gener=gener isque Piso, *a son-in-law
and that son-in-law Piso.' See above 53 1. 31, ep. ad fam. 2,
7, 4 a tribuno plebis et a Curione tribuno, ep. ad Att. 5, 2, 2
cum Hortensius veniret et infirmus et tarn longe et Hortensius.
Cic. had three sons-in-law, C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Furius
Crassipes, P. Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella.
1. 13. supplex] i.e. cum supplex esset. Cf. or. p.
Plane. 50 1. 17 numquam fere nobilitas...a populo Rom. sup-
plex repudiata est, and above 16 1. 10, 47 1. 23.
L 14. "bona... ad consules deferebantur] cf. or. p. red. in
sen. 18 domus mea diripiebatur, ardebat; bona ad vicinum
cousulem (Piso) de Palatio, de Tusculano item ad vicinum
alterum cons. (Gabinius) deferebantur : and or. p. dom. 62
cum domus in Palatio, villa in Tusculano, altera ad alterum
consulem transferebatur ; columnae marmoreae ex aedibus meis
inspectante populo Ro. ad socrum consulis portabantur : infun-
dum autem vicini consulis non modo instrumentum aut orna-
menta villae, sed etiam arbores transfer ebantur ; or. in Pis.
26. eaque, ' and that too.'
1. 17. commoverentur] see on 45 1. 26.
Cic. then proceeds to the consideration of the other laws and
measures of b.c. 5i8, apart from the bill affecting himself, by which
150 PRO P. 8ESTI0 5455
Olodius sought to appear in the light of a benefactor to the people
but the real tendency of which was to relax the public discipline
at a time when it wanted most to be reinforced, and to set aside
many wise institutions of antiquity : (1) that the censors should
not expel from the senate or inflict any mark of infamy on any
man who was not first openly accused and convicted of some crime
by their joint sentence; (2) the revival of the old companies
(collegia), which the senate had abolished, the incorporation of
new ones which might easily assume a political character;
(3) that corn should be distributed gratis to the citizens; (4)
the transfer of Gabinius from Cilicia to the wealthy province of
Syria ; (5) the repeal of the lex Aelia Fufia, the only check upon
tumultuous assemblies that had subsisted for a whole century,
and which Cic. calls the bulwark and fortress of public tran-
quillity ( 55 56) ; (6) on the deprivation of the priest of Gybele
at Pessinus and the appointment of Brogitarus of Galatia in his
stead, and the conferring of the title of king upon him ; (7) on
the restoration of certain exiles of Byzantium, whom their city
had driven out for crimes against the public peace ; (8) on the
deprivation of Ptolomaeus, king of Cyprus, and the confiscation
of his whole estate an unparalleled act of injustice, and the
appointment of Gato as extraordinary commissioner to carry
out the law, which was really only a means of getting rid
of a troublesome adversary for the remainder of his magistracy
and to gratify the vain desire of tarnishing the reputation
of a man so distinguished ( 57 63). Against these measures
the consuls, had they done their duty to the state, ought to have
protested ; what could be expected of men who stood aloof when
a grievous injustice was being done to a citizen who had deserved
so well of his country as I had ( 64 65). This state of things
might have continued and other mischievous and unconstitutional
laics been framed but for the intervention of Pompeius, who,
having for some time stood aloof from public affairs, at length
declared against Clodius ( 66 67).
CHAPTEE XXV
55 1. 18. sed ut recedam] a parenthetic final clause,
Kenn. Gr. p. 458 : Tusc. 5 76 ut iam a laqueis Stoicorum
recedamus.
1.19. pestes, * distempers.'
1. 20. vim, 'number.' omnium] 53 1. 13, 39 1. 9.
1.21. proximis = proximi anni, 'next year's magis-
trates.'
1. 22. legum multitudinem] This was one pestis ; the list
of others should have followed, but is interrupted by the de-
FOTES 151
tailed account which Cic. gives of the different measures pro-
posed (promulgatae) or enacted (latae) by Clodius. Abrami
aptly compares Tac. Ann. in c. 27 corruptissima re publico,
plurimae leges. latae sunt, * were carried once for aft.'
1. 23. promulgatae fuerunt] i. e. aliquamdiu promul-
gatae pependerunt ('continued to be mere projects '),Madvig
Opusc. n p. 219, who compares or. p. Sull. 65 lex dies fuit
proposita paucos, i.e. * remained during a few days as a pro-
ject,' where Mr Eeid observes that this form of the perfect
passive is comparatively rare before Livy, and refers to Eoby
Gr. ii 1453. 'Saepe hanc,' says the Scholiast, 'ostendi
promulgatae legis et latae differentiam: nam trinundino
proponebantur ut in notitiam populi pervenirent, quo exacto
tempore ferebantur in iuris validi firmitatem.' Pompeius'
secession from Clodius, followed by that of Caesar in the
second half of the year, was probably the cause why the laws
were only promulgatae^ not proceeded with. See Intr. 19,
Mayor Phil, n p. 138.
1. 24. tacentibus dicam ?] see n. to 53 1. 25.
1. 25. ut censoria notio tolleretur, 'that the censors'
power of marking a man with ignominy should be abolished.*
Cicero makes the same statement in the speech de provinc.
cons. 46 censorium iudicium ac notionem et illud morum
severissimum magisterium non esse nefariis legibus de civitate
sublatum. But according to Asconius on or. in Pison. 9 (Orelli
Cic. V. 12, p. 9) the bill of Clodius only provided that the cen-
sors should not pass over any man when they were constituting
the senate, nor mark any man with ignominy, unless he had
been charged before them and condemned by the judgment of
both censors : 'Diximus L. Pisone et A. Gabinio coss. P. Clo-
dium, tribunum plebis, quattuor leges perniciosas populo Romano
tulisse; (1) annonianam,...ut frumentum populo, quod anteasenis
aeris ac trientibus in singulos modios dabatur, gratis daretur ;
(2) alteram ne quis per eos dies, quibus cum populo agi liceret,
de caelo servaret, propter quam rogationem ait legem Fufiam et
Aeliam, propugnacula et muros tranquillitatis atque otii, eversam
esse; obnuntiatio enim, qua perniciosis legibus resistebatur, quam
Aelia lex confirmaverat, erat sublata; (3) tertiam de collegiis
restituendis novisque instituendis, quae ait ex servitiorum faece
constituta; (4) quart am, ne quern censor es in senatu legendo
praeterirent, neve qua ignominia afficerent, nisi qui apud eos
accusatus et utriusque sententia damnatus esset; hac ergo eius
lege censuram, quae magistra pudoris et modestiae est, sublatam
ait. This law, according to Dio Cassius 40, 57, was repealed
by Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompeius, in B.C. 52.
notio = cognitio, de off. in 111.
152 PRO P. SESTIO 5556
1. 26. de re publica] not de civitate, because the censoria
animadversio was an integral part of the constitution.
1. 27. conlegia] see n. on 34 1. 24.
1. 30. remissis senis et trientibus, ' by the remission of
the payment of six and one third asses ' the modius. This was
the fixed price at which the grain was sold to the citizens,
probably at the rate of 5 bushels a month, by the State accord-
ing to the frumentarian law of Gaius Gracchus b.c. 123 (Plutarch
C. Gr. c. 5), renewed in the lex Terentia Cassia of b.c. 73.
In Cicero's time the bushel {modius) was worth at least 3 ses-
tertii =12 asses. Clodius proposed to give the corn gratis
which would have caused a loss of nearly one fifth of the
revenues of the state {vectigalia).
1. 31. sua, 'his proper province.' Cf. or. de domo sua
23 cui quidem (Gabinio) cum Ciliciam dedisses, mutasti pac-
tionem et Ciliciam ad praetorem item extra ordinem transtulisti;
Gabinio pretio amplijicato illam opimam fertilemque Syriam
nominatim dedisti.
1. 32. prodidisset] for the tense see n. to 43 1. 11, 45
1. 2, 49 1. 4.
P. 28, 1. 1. uni helluoni] i.e. Gabinius, cf. 20 1. 27,
26 1. 25, or. in Pis. 41, de prov. cons. 11.
1. 2. rogata lege] qua Ciliciam obtinuerat. fekeat. See
n. to 53. After rogata there is a blank in the mss, which has
been variously filled up : see cr. n.
CHAPTER XXYI
56, 1. 4. earn legem] This refers to the proposal of Clodius
that no magistratus, when the popular assembly was summoned
for business, should have power to watch the heavens. 'Dion's
statement,' says Long, 'that Clodius proposed to get rid of this
practice that he might not be hindered in his design on Cicero
seems to be true. Thus were abolished the famous law or laws
named Aelia and Fufia, which as Cic. (or. in Vatin. 23) says
in Gracchorum ferocitate et in audacia Saturnini et in colluvione
Drusi et in contentione Sulpici et in cruore Cinnano, etiam inter
Sullana arma t vixerunt. iura religionum] ' the rules of law
about religious ceremonies,' 98. On the meaning of the word
religio some useful observations will be found in Ihne's Eom.
Hist. Book vi ch. 13.
1. 5. potestatum] not 'state officers' but 'political offices'
or ' magisterial powers,' as in 98 1. 28, with reference to the
NOTES 153
right of obnuntiatio ( 33) belonging to the magistratus pares et
maiores and the tribunes of the people: de iure, the lex Aelia;
de tempore the lex Fujia. See on 33. [leges quae sunt,
cf. de sen. 59 1. 16 in eo libro qui est de tuenda re familiari.
J. s. R.]
1. 7. domesticam labem, ' the mischief done (at home) to
the state,' )( exteras nationes. Cf. above 51 1. 14, de off. n
26 externa libentius in tali re quam domestica recordor.
1. 8. furore, * mad acts.' conquassatas, ' shaken to
the foundation,' 73 jlammam quassatae rei publicae, or. in
Vat. 19 adeone non labefactatam rem publicam te tribuno
neque conquassatam civitatem.
[1. 9. videbamus, 'we saw over a considerable period,' 'we
grew accustomed to see ; ' for the tense cf. de am. 37 Grac-
chum rem p. vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus, de
sen. 49 1. 28. j. s. r.] Kather, there stood before our eyes.'
lege tribunicia] by a plebiscite, and not by a decree of
the senate to whom the administration of foreign affairs exclu-
sively belonged, said in contempt, 64 1. 4.
Pessinuntius 'atPessinus,' the capital of Galatia, of which
Strabo 12, 5, 3 says : ipLvopelov r&v rculrr) p.kyiGrov, lepbv %x ov
TTJs fMTjrpbs Tu>v BeCov crepao-fiov fieydXov rvyxdpov kclKovgi 8' airriv
"Aydurriv. Ot 5' iepels to irahaLOV dwaarai rwks rjaaVf lepojavvqv
KapTTov/xevoi. fieydXrjv k.t.X.
1. 11. sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum religionum,
'the seat of the most holy and time-hallowed cult.' For the
gen. see above 36 1. 23, Kenn. 168, Eoby 524.
1. 12. pecunia grandi, 'for a large sum of money.' Brogi-
tarus was son-in-law to King Deiotarus. Cf. de har. resp.
28 sed quid ego id admiror? qui accepta pecunia Pessi-
nuntem ipsum, sedem domiciliumque Matris deorum, vastaris et
Brogitaro Gallograeco, impuro homini ac nefario, cuius legati
te tribuno dividere in aede Castoris tuis operis nummos solebant,
totum ilium locum fanumque vendideris ? sacerdotem ab ipsis
aris pulvinaribusque detraxeris ? omnia ilia, quae vetus-
tas, quae Persae, quae Syri, quae reges omnes semper summa
religione coluerunt, perverteris ?
1. 13. religione, 'sacred office.' praesertim cum, 'and
that too though.' Madv. on Cic. de fin. n 25, de off. n 56,
Eoby Gr. 734, Eeid or. p. Sull. 6, who says in Cic. prae-
sertim not seldom introduces a consideration which is con-
trasted with what precedes, though oftener the second con-
sideration is confirmatory of the first.'
154 PRO P. SESTIO 5658
earn] the conj. of Manutius for the ms reading ea.
1. 14. violandl causa, 'in order to profane, desecrate it.'
1. 15. a populo] This was another encroachment on the
prerogative of the senate, who alone could confer the title of
king.' Liv. 30, 15, 11 ; Tac. Ann. 4, 26. Cf. de har. resp.
29 atque liunc tamen Deiotarum, saepe a senatu regali nomine
dignum existimatum, tu etiam regem appellari cum Brogitaro
tubes : sed alter est rex iudicio senatus per nos, pecunia Bro-
gitarus per te appellatus, or. p. Mil. 73 eum qui regna
dedit, adernit, or. p. dom. 129 regum appellationes venales
erant. postulassent] ' had demanded as a right.'
1. 16. Byzantium] which was a libera civitas, see on 64,
84. condemnati] i.e. after a formal trial and that on
a capital charge (rerum capitalium) as we learn from 84.
Ingessit (Clodius) invidiam, restitutos tunc eos, qui damnati
legitime fuerant, cum ipse indemnatus Cicero in exilium fuisset
eiectus. schol. bob. Cf. Cic. de leg. agr. n 10 neque vero ilia
popularia sunt existimanda, iudiciorum...perturbationes, resti-
tutio damnatorum, qui civitatum adjlictarum perditis iam rebus
extremi exitiorum solent esse exitus, Verr. v 12 perditae
civitates hos solent exitus exitialis habere, ut damnati in integrum
restituantur, vincti solvantur, exsules reducantur, res iudi-
catae rescindantur.
57, 1. 18. rex Ptolomaeus] Ptolomaeus, King of Cyprus,
an illegitimate son of Ptolomaeus Lathyrus, and the younger
brother of Ptolomaeus xi Auletes King of Egypt B.C. 80, who in
the consulship of Caesar B.C. 59 and through his favour had
obtained from the Roman senate the ratification of his title to
the crown by vast bribes (Caes. de bell. civ. in c. 107). The
ostensible ground for Clodius' proposal to deprive him of his
kingdom was that he neglected to ransom him when he had
fallen into the hands of the Cilician pirates. For the real
ground see Intr. 5. Observe the anacoluthon in this long
sentence : rex Ptolomaeus should have been followed bjpraeconi
subiectus est.
1. 20. cum esset in eadem causa, * though he was in the
same position ' i.e. though his case was the same as that of his
brother the King of Cyprus, and his deserts no higher. Cf. de
fin. 1 49 qua (cura) qui ajfecti sunt in eadem causa sunt, qua
antequavi nati with Madvig's note, or. Verr. v 53, 111, de leg.
i 48 eadem omnium virtutum causa atque sententia est.
1. 21. erat] Supply qui as also before denique erat rex.
1.22. eadem vetustate societatis] i.q. eadem vetusta
societate: cf. below 88 1. 32, 141 1. 30, de off. in 105
NOTES 155
1. 15, Mayor on Phil, n 64 1. 1. The King of Cyprus only
wanted the formal recognition by investiture with the title of
socius.
1. 23. si nondum at non, 'if not yet at least not.' See
n. on 7 1. 30, 14 1. 7, or. p. Plane. 29 1. 12.
1. 24. regno paterno atque avito perfruebatur, 'he was
in the full enjoyment of his paternal, indeed his ancestral
dominions with kingly ease.' regali otio is the modal ablative.
1. 26. operis, 'hired agents,' 18, 28, 38.
1. 27. sedens] sc. in sella regia. ' 5eiv6repov facere voluit,
exprimens maiestatem regiam per ipsa habitus lineamenta,
quae venerationi esse debuerint.' schol. bob.
1. 28. et illis insignibus regiis, ' and that especial badge
of regal dignity,' the crown. Cf. 58. praeconi publico
subiceretur, ' should be sold by public auction ; ' the mention
of his person for his kingdom gives additional rhetorical pathos.
Cf. Phil, ii 65 Pompei sector for sector bonorum Pompei, or.
p. dom. sua 20 cum lege nefaria Ptolemaeum (i.e. Ptolemaei
bona) publicasses, Suet. Claud, e.g. Claudius venalis pependit,
Flor. in 9, 3 of the same affair : populus regis confiscationem
mandavit. Nagelsbach Stil. 16. So we speak of a person
being ' sold up.'
1. 31. nulla iniuria commemorata] ad morem fetialium et
patris patrati alludit qui commemorabant iniurias, priusquam
bellum indicerent. abrami.
nullis rebus repetitis, ' without making any demand for
restitution or satisfaction,' i.e. without any formal declaration
of war. Cf . Varro ap. Non. p. 529 (quoted by Nic. Abrami) :
itaque bella et tarde et magna diligentia suscipiebant, quod
bellum nullum nisi pium putabant geri oportere : priusquam
bellum indicerent Us, a quibus iniurias factas sciebant, fetialis
legatos res repetitum mittebant quattuor, quos or a tores
vocabant. Cf. Liv. i 22 ; Eamsay R. A. p. 331.
CHAPTER XXVII
P. 29, 58, 1. 1. turbulenta, 'revolutionary acts,' ' storms.'
1. 2. in me, ' in my case,' ' in my person.'
1. 3. haud scio an recte, 'I am inclined to think rightly,'
lit. I don't know whether (wrongly or rather) rightly,' since an
is always used in the second member of an alternative question .
See n. on p. Plane. 33 1. 11.
/
156 PRO P. SEST10 58-^9
1. 4. Antioclmm Magnum] Antiochus, the King of Syria,
who was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae in B.C. 191,
and again at Mt Sipylus near Magnesia by L. Scipio in b.c.
190, when peace was granted him on condition of his ceding
all his dominions E. of Mount Taurus. The terms imposed on
Antiochus are given by Livius 38, 38, 4 : excedito urbibus agris
vicis castellis cis Taurum montem usque ad Halyn amnem et a
valle Tauri usque ad iuga, qua in Lycaoniam vergit: that is,
he was compelled to cede all his possessions in Europe and all
the territory in Asia Minor to the west of the river Halys through-
out its course, and of the mountain-chain of the Taurus, which
separates Cilicia and Lycaonia, so that he retained nothing in -
the Anatolian peninsula but Cilicia. Mommsen Eom. Hist. Bk
in ch. 9 Vol. ii p. 291.
Magnum magna] an instance of paronomasia, to
heighten effect, which reminds us of Homer's kcito jxtyas
fieyaXoxrrl (II. xvi 776), and Virgil's ipse gravis graviter-
que ad terram ponder e vasto concidit, Aen. v 447.
1. 6. intra montem Taurum] i.e. from the point of view of
Antiochus, ne montem T. egrederetur. regnare, 'to be king.'
1. 7. qua ilium multarunt] Cf. Cic. or. p. Balb. 41
Hispanis agris stipendioque multatis, Tusc. v 106 multan-
tur bonis exules, Tac. Hist, i c. 66 publice armis multati.
Attalo] a slip or historical error for Eumenes n, son of Atta-
lus i, King of Pergamum b.c. 197 b.c. 158, who was the ally
of the Romans against Philip and the Achaei. His fidelity
and services to Rome were rewarded by the cession to him of
several provinces in Asia and the Chersonese with Lysimachia
in Europe (Mommsen I.e. in p. 293). Eumenes was suc-
ceeded by his brother At talus n, who also fought on the side
of the Romans against Antiochus.
1. 8. Tigrane] Tigranes was king of Armenia and several
of the adjacent provinces (paaiketis ftaarCktuv as he called himself
Appian Syr. c. 48, Plut. Lucull. c. 14) b.c. 96 b.c. 56, and,
in consequence of dissensions amongst the royal family of
Syria, became in B.C. 83 master of the whole Syrian monarchy
from the Euphrates to the sea. He was defeated, his capital
Tigranocerta being taken by Lucullus in b.c. 69 and 68.
On the arrival of Pompeius he made overtures of submission
to him, and was left in possession of Armenia proper.
1. 9. nuper ipsi )( maiores nostri 1. 5.
1. 10. iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis] by his aggres-
sive conquests in Cappadocia, Syria and Cilicia, Mommsen
Hist. E. Vol. iv p. 47 ff.
NOTES 157
In socios] cf. Liv. 24, 16, 1 tanta vi se in host em intu-
lerunt, 9, 25, 2 in agros atque urbes Ausonum helium intu-
lerunt, Cic. ep. ad fam. xv 2, 1 hello in provinciam Syriam
illato. bello lacessisset, 'had assumed the aggressive.*
[prope=prope dixerim. j. s. r.]
1. 12. Mithridatem] Mithridates the great, whose
daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes.
1. 17. supplicem] 'in the posture of a suppliant,' in appo-
sition with abiectum, as predicate. Cf. above 54 1. 13, or.
p. Mil. ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abieci.
The story is told by Plutarch v. Pomp. c. 33 : 6 5 /3a<n\eu?
Htypdv^s rifxepov riva ry rpdrrq) Kal irpq.ov irvObfievos elvai rbv
Kofiwrjiov, dvaXafiuv rods ipiXovs Kal cvyyeveTs avrbs iiropeijero
irapabuScrwv iavrbv. 'fis be rjXdev linrbrrjs iirl rbv x&P aKa ('the
camp'), pafidouxoi. btio rod Hofiirrj'tov irpocreXObvTes itiXevaav
aTropTjpai rod lirirov Kal ire^bv eXOelv ovb&a yap dvdp&irujv e<t>
Xmrov Kadefofievov iv 'Pw/^ai'/cy arparoiribti) Trdnrore 6<f>6rjvai, Kal
ravra ovv 6 Tiypdvrjs iweidero Kal rb i-i<po$ aureus aTroXvcdfievos
irapebtbov' Kal riXos, ios irpbs avrbv r)Xde rbv HopLirifCov^ dcpeXb-
ixevos rr\v Klrapiv aipfirjae irpb tQv rrobQv delvai Kal KarafiaXtov
iavrbv, atax^ra brj Trdvrwv, irpoaireaeiv avrov rots ybvaav.
'A XX' 6 UofjLirrjLos 'icpdrf ttjs bet-ids avrov XafibpLevos rrpoa ay ay iaBac
Kal TrXrjaiov idpi'icaadai eavrov, rbv be vlbv iirl ddrepa, rcav [xev
aXXoiv Z<p7]cre belv alndadai AevKoXXov, U7r' iKeivov yap d<priprjadaL
'Lvplav, QoivIktjv, KiXidav, TaXariav, 'Zuxprjv/jV a be axpis iavrov
biarerrip7}Kev ffetp iKrlaavra iroivrjv i^aKicrxlXia rdXavra ''Pco/j.aiots
ttjs ddiKias' iirl rotirois 6 Tiypdvrjs rjyaTrwo-e, See also Mommsen
Hist. R. iv p. 127.
1. 19. certis rebus imperatis] Dio 36, 53 (36) : r# varepala
Hofnrrjios Sia/coi/cras avrwv (Tigranes and his son) rip fiev irpea-
(Svripy rr\v irarpcpav iracrav dpxw diribaiKev' rd ydp irpoo~KT7]~
Bivra vrr* avrov (r)v be dXXa re Kal 1-77$ Ka7r7ra5o/cas rrjs re livpias
/J-ipv, r\ re QoivLkt) Kal 7) ^hxprjVT] X^P a T0 ? s ' ApfievLois Trpbaopo?
ov a/juKpa) irapeiXero avrov Kal rrpoairi Kal xp^ara avrov rjrno'ev
r(p be veuripip rrjv H,w(pr)V7]v p.bvr\v drrhup^ev.
1. 20. constitutum quam constrictum] * set up ' ' than
shut up,' i.e. placed on his throne than if he had been con-
fined to a narrow circle. videri] passive, should be seen,'
Verr. iv 100, v 43, 86, 94, 137.
59, 1. 23. acerrlmum hostem in regnum recepit] Plut.
Luc. c. 22 : Tt7 pdvqs be MiOpibdrrjv irpbrepov fxev ovb' Ibeiu r\^jnaaev
ovbe Trpoaenre'iv, oIkclov dvbpa, (3ao-t\eias ^KTreirroiKbra TTjXt/catfr^r,
dXX' arlfjuas Kal vrrepritydvus drrordrw irepielbev avrbv rpbrrov tlvcl
<ppovpo{f/j.evop iv x^piots eXajbeat Kal voaepoh' rbre be avv rifjirj Kal
(piXocppoo'vv'fl jxeTeiriix\f/aTO avrov.
158 PRO P. SESTIO 5960
1. 24. de imperio] i.e. uter orbi terrarum imperaret.
1. 26. id] sc. nomen, added to emphasize the contrast
between his former and later conduct, as in 69 1. 11 Mi after
qui. ille etc. adversative asyndeton, * whereas that poor
Cyprian king.'
1. 28. suspicio durior] i.e. of having supported the Cilician
pirates. Cf. ep. ad fam. 12, 25 a, 7 de Cn. Minucio rumores
duriores erant.
1. 29. vivus et vldens] an alliterative proverb, which is
found in Lucr. in 1046 tu vero dubitabis et indignabere obire>
mortua cui vita est prope iam vivo at que videnti, Ter. Eun.
1, 1, 28 prudens sciens, vivus vidensque pereo, Cic. p. Quinct.
50 huic acerbissimo vivo videntique funus ducitur. So in
Gr. $G)v /cat /3\*7tcoj/, Aesch. Ag. v. 662.
1. 30. cum victu ac vestitu = cum omnibus suis gazis,
another alliterative proverb, as appears from or. p. Quinct.
19 cuius... etiam victus vestitusque necessarius sub prae-
conem subiectus est. On the fondness of the Latins for asso-
nance particularly in proverbs see Seyffert Palaestr. Cic. p. 73
ed. 5. In the present passage it is employed to heighten the
effect of the description. On the use of cum see 82 1. 32.
en, cur ceteri etc.] an expression of ironical indignation,
lit. ' behold, a reason why other kings should consider,' i.e.
* and what must other kings think of their security to see by
this precedent that their crowns and fortunes may be at the
disposal of a tribune and some hundred mercenaries?' Cf.
Verr. n 1 93 en cui tuos liberos committas, 5 124 en quod
Tyndaritani libenter praedicent,
1. 32. hoc prodito exemplo] cf. or. p. Flacc. 25 in hoc
ego reone quod perniciosum exemplum prodatur pertimescam.
The usual phrase is edere exemplum.
P. 30, 1. 1. per tribunum aliquem etc.] non sine pernicie
hoc exemplum de Ptolemaeo ad posteritatem prodi asserit :
quoniam fieri possit, ut reges alienentur a fide ac societate.
Sed ut omnem auctoritatem Clodianae rogationis everteret, per
tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas ' inquit ; quo manifestum
sit, de hoc non populum Romanum iudicasse sed factionem
quandam perditorum. schol. bob. operas] 18 1. 1, 28
1. 30. sescentas, used for an indefinite number.
CHAPTER XXVm
60, 1. 1. M. Catonis splendorem maculare, ' to tarnish
the lustre of M. Cato's name.' This was M. Porcius Cato
Uticensis who was charged by Clodius , law with the an-
NOTES 159
nexation of the kingdom of Cyprus, as well as the regulation
of the complicated municipal affairs of the Byzantines. ' The
engaging Cato,' says Middleton, 'in such dirty work was a
masterpiece and served many purposes of great use to Clodius ;
first to get rid of a troublesome adversary for the remainder of
his magistracy ; 2dly, to fix a blot on Cato himself ; [and show,
that the most rigid pretenders to virtue might be caught by a
proper bait ;] 3dly, to stop his mouth for the future, as he
openly bragged, from clamouring against extraordinary com-
missions ; 4thly, to oblige him, above all, to acknowledge the
validity of his acts by his submitting to bear a part in them.'
Veil. Paterc. n 45: idem P. Clodius in tribunatu sub honori-
Jicentissimo ministeri titulo M. Catonem a republica relegavit :
quippe legem tulit, ut is quaestor cum iure praetorio adiecto
etiam quaestore mitteretur in insulam Cyprum ad spoliandum
regno Ptolemaeum, omnibus morum vitiis earn contumeliam merl-
tum y Cic. p. dom. s. 20, 67, M. Cato invisus quasi per bene-
Jicium Cyprum relegatur, de prov. cons., Plut. Caes. c. 21, Cat.
min. c. 34.
1. 4. gra vitas] ' sterling worth,' * solidity,' the chief part
of the ideal Roman character.
1. 6. quae in tempestate saeva quieta est etc.] maxims
of the Stoic philosophers, to whose school Cato belonged,
though Epicurus speaks quite in the same way about his
<ro<pos.
1. 7. pulsa loco, * though driven from its ground, ' ' dis-
lodged,' i.e. banished, Cf. or. in Cat. n 1, 1 loco ille motus
est, cum est ex urbe depulsus.
1. 8. splendet per sese] de off. 1 30 aequitas lucet ipsa
per se. Dobree and Eberhard insert exul before haeret.
1. 9. obsolescit, ' is soiled, tarnished,' * loses its polish.'
Cf. Hor. Ep. 17, 46 o nee paternis obsoleta sordibus, Q.
Curt. 9, 6, 14 cito gloria obsolescit in sordidis hostibus, Plin.
Paneg. 4, 5 enituit aliquis in bello sed obsolevit in pace,
1. 11. imponendum] Plut. Cat. min. c. 34 dvaKpay6vros d
rod K&tuvos, ws eue'dpa t6 irpayaa /cat irpoTrrjXaKtafids, ov xa/ws
iarijf, vTrepri<f>avG)S 6 KXcodtos kolI oXiyoopcos 'Ovkovp* elirep 'ei fj.y
xdpiv x ets > otA/LUifxevos irXevari^ /cat irpocreXduv avdis els rbv 5tj/iov
eKvpcaae vojuLcp ttjv ^KTrefixpiv rod KdraH'os, Dio 38, 30.
qui palam dixerint, ' since they gave out publicly.'
1.12. linguam se evellisse] i. q. elinguem reddidisse,
or. p. Elacc. 22, had stopped his mouth ' for the future
against the tribunician laws of the year b.c. 58.
160 PEO P. SESTIO 6062
1. 13. extraordinL. 'as p Utes] Cato's commission was
extraordinaria inasmuch as (i; he was homo privatus, having
been quaestor only and tribune of the people, (2) because it
was given him nominatim (or. de dom. sua 21 : ad hunc homi-
nem imperium extra o- > din cm nominatim rogatione tua de-
tulisti), (3) because it combined two different objects (Plut. Cato
c. 34 ds 8e [iLKpbv gpyop avrf Ktiirpop Kal UroXejULaiop dvadeh kri
koI BvfavTiw <pvyd8as Kar^tP irpotrera^e (3ovX6[jlpos otu irXeiVTov
Xpfoov ktto8up dpxoPTOs clvtov yeptadai top Kdrawa).
1. 15. manere] i. e. superesse, durare, still continues.'
hoc maiorem, quod, 'all the greater, because,' 52 1. 8.
1. 17. aliquid] 28 1. 22. auctoritate sua, 'by his
personal influence ' in opposition to voce ipsa ac dolore, loud
expression of indignation.' desperasset, ' no longer hoped.'
1. 19. post meum discessum] Plutarch therefore must be
mistaken, when he says 6 8e KXuSios ov8e KiKtpwpa /caraXiWw
TJXmfc K&T(avo$ wapoPTos.
1. 20. flens] 26 1. 19. meum et rei publicae easum^
33, 42 1. 19.
1. 22. provinciae paenlteret] cuius mercede inductus cum
Clodio de mea pernicie consenserat. manutius.
61, 1. 23. quasi vero] to correct an erroneous supposition,
or. p. Plane. 61 1. 10.
in alias leges] Significat Iulias 0. Caesaris leges, in
quas cum diu perseverasset non iurare, ad extremum coactus
suasionibus plurimorum videtur accommodasse consensum.
schol. bob. Cf. Dio 38, 7. Plutarch Cat. c. 32 says that there
was a clause in the land bill, by which all the senators were
required to swear that they would maintain it and we learn
from a letter of Cic. (ad Att. n 18) that candidates for state
orifices were also compelled by the land bill to swear that they
would never say anything about the land being held on any
other terms than those fixed by the Julian laws (see Introd. to
or. p. Plane, p. xix). He then continues : 6 8e /xdXitrra avfi-
irelcras Kal dyayuv iirl top 6'pKOP fjp KiK^pcap 6 prjrwp irapaipoov
Kal diddaKWP, cos T&xa- y& ov8e 81kcli6p eart tois eypcaapL^Pots
Koipy /jlopop oteadat delv aireiQeip, p Se dtWdrco ry juLeraaTrjaal
ti tu)p yeyopdrcop d<pei8e?p eavTov iraPTCLTracnp clpotjtop Kal /jlclplkop'
e , o~x aTOV 8e kclklop, el cV rjp cbrapra Trpdrrei itoXip irpoe'p.epos rots
iTTi^ovXevovaip (JUcnrep da/jLe'pcos cbraXXd^eTcu tQp virep avrrjs dyu)~
puyp' Kal yap, el /at? Kdriop rrjs 'Petfju??s, dXX' 17 'Pco^ delrai
Kdrwpos.
1. 24. non offert se ille istis temeritatibus, 'he is not
the man to sacrifice himself (his life) to those rash actions of
NOTES 161
his enemies/ This is the ai^ ; to a-.ftiiestion implied in cur
igitur rogationi non paruit, which includes also the question
why did he not choose to go into exile rather than obey ? '
1. 26. se civi rem p. privet] 'affording to his famous
saying: el fMrj Karon/ ttjs 'Pw/xt?s,' niX t) P 07x77 deircu Kdrwvos.
1. 27. cum esset designatus trib. pi.] i. e. on the 5th of
December b.c. 63, which Cic. (or. p. Flacco 102) calls diem
vere natalem huius urbis aut ccrte salutarem. Veil. Paterc. 2,
35, 3 hie (M. Cato) tribunus plebis designatus et adhuc admodum
adulescens, cum alii suaderent, ut per municipia Lentulus
coniuratique custodirentur, paene inter ultimos interrogatus
sententiam, tanta vi animi atque ingeni invectus est in coniura-
tionem, eo ardore oris orationem omnium lenitatem suadentium
societate consili suspectam fecit, sic impendentia ex commuta-
tion status publici pericula exposuit, ita consults virtutem am-
plificavit, ut universus senatus in eius sententiam transiret
maiorque pars ordinis eius Ciceronem prosequerentur domum.
Cato's speech is given by Sallust Cat. c. 52; it was the un-
compromising opinions which he expressed on this occasion
that marked him out as a leader of the optimates.
L 28. cuius invidiam ... sibi praestandam videbat, 'for
the unpopularity of which he saw he must be answerable.' Cf.
38 1. 16, 43 1. 5.
1. 31. dux, auctor, actor, ' leader, instigator, perpetrator : '
cf. Caesar b. c. i 26 illo auctore atque agente.
non quo sed] common in Cic. for non quo sed quod
( 87 1. 14) (quia)-, cf. my note on or. p. Plane. 73, and add
to the exx. there quoted, ep. ad Att. 16, 15, 5; 4, 15, 7; or. in
Verr. 3 39, or. p. ilacco U, Acad, n 37. suum, ' personal.'
CHAPTER XXIX
P. 31, 62, 1. 3. ipsius] for rhetorical effect instead of eius
(Halm), unless we read with Eberhard ipse eius in opp. to the
time of his being designatus tr. pi. 61 1. 27. *
1. 5. meministis ilium diem] the day on which the tribune
Q. Metellus Nepos made an attempt to procure a popular vote
entrusting Pompeius (then in Asia) with the conduct of the
war against Catiline in Italy, but failed to do so principally
because of the energetic resistance of his colleague Cato. Plut.
Cat. min. c. 26 evrevdev els rrjv dnfJ-apxlav i/unreadi* 6 MireXXos
iKKXrjcrias re dopvfiwdeis avvrjye kclI vbfxov ZypaxJ/e Hou-Try'iov Mdy-
vov ttva.i Kara raxps //.era T<du bvvdfxewv els 'IraXLav ical wapa-
XafiovTa. aueu> rr\v iroXiu ws vrro KariXiva Kivdvvevovcrav. *H^
H. 11
162 PRO P. SESTIO 6264
hk tovto \6yos ev7rpTr^s, f-pyov 8 tov vbuov Kal t4\os ey%-
piaai ra irpay/JLara Hofiirrjiu) Kal wapadovvai ttjv Tjye/xovLau. Cf.
Mommsen E. H. Vol. iv p. 198 ff.
1. 6. templo] i.e. of Castor and Pollux; 34 1. 27, 79
1. 21, 83 1. 9, 85 I 10. ^ Plut. 1. c. c. 27 : w<? ovv torurrte o
1\6.tuv Kdretde tov vewv twv AiocrKovpwv 8ir\ois irepiexbfJLevov
Kal ras ava(3aaeis <ppovpovpi.fr as viro pLovo/j.axw avrbv bk KaOi]-
t-Levov dvio fiera Kalaapos (who being praetor at the time sup-
ported the bill) tov MlreWor, inGTpt\pa$ irpos tovs <pi\ovs
' ui Opaatos ' elirev * dvOpcowov Kal SeiXou, 6s /ca#' ivos dvbirkov
Kal yv/jvov toctovtovs io-TparoXoyrjaev. 1 H. A. Koch holds with
Manutius that the 'Rostra' which were also called templum
( 75 1. 14) are meant here.
1. 9. adiit...periculum] 23 1. 7.
1. 10. quanta = quam iusta.
1. 11. non est necesse] this he savs for fear of offending
Pompeius. Cypriae rogationi, ' bill concerning Cyprus.'
1. 12. haereret rei p.] the dat. is less frequent than the
abl. with or without in; cf. or. p. Eosc. com. 17 potest hoc
homini huic haerere peccatum?
1. 13. regno iam publicato, not till after the confiscation
of his kingdom.'
1. 15. quod] as if illud had preceded rogatum. Cf. 73
ut etiamsi esset iure rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset,
duoitatis quin ei vis esset adlata, 'do you doubt that
force would have been employed to make him?' It rarely
happens that the conjunctive of the simple pluperfect or imper-
fect stands both hypothetically and also for some other reason
(as here because of quin): and it can only happen in the
passive. Madv. Gr. 381. [The usage is really analogous to
the use of present for future. Here esset adlata is strictly im-
perfect, ' was on the way to be employed.' Precisely the same
explanation applies to expellcretur 1. 22. j. s. r.]
63, 1. 19. quod...boni] Madv. Gr. 285 b, Eeid on or.
p. Sull. 58, Eoby n 1296 (Z>), Kenn. Gr. p. 419. By boni is
meant the enrichment of the treasury: by malis a bad transac-
tion, viz. the annexation of Cyprus. Cf. Philipp. n 117 ex
plurimis malis quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta hoc tamen
boni exstitit.
1. 21. per se, as a man of unflinching rectitude ; per
alios, with whom the interests of the state might suffer by
their misappropiiation of some of the plunder.
NOTES 163
1. 22. expelleretur] see above 1. 15 n.
1. 23. facile pateretur, ' would have been content.' See n.
to or. p. Plane. 62 1. 31. superiore anno] consule C.
Caesare (b.c. 48), cuius actionibus Cato nee adversari destric-
tius volebat nee tamen consentire poterat. schol. bob.
1. 24. senatu caruisset, 'had been cut off from the senate,'
Acad, ii 1 caruit rebus urbanls, below 145 1. 13. quo si]
for ubi si eo by a common attraction of the relative into the
subordinate sentence. tamen = salt em, certe, i.e. when
everything else failed.
1.26. me expulso] explanatory of turn: as in 118 turn
petenti iam, de amic. 53 turn exsulantem se intellexisse.
meo nomine, in my person.'
1. 27. sententia sua condemnata, after his vote about the
conspirators was condemned,' ipse enim Cato tribunus pi.
designatus Lentulum et Cethegum et ceteros censuerat capite
puniendos. schol. bob.
1.28. illevero, 'he certainly.' cui nos] sc. cessimus.
1. 30. luctum dolorem] luctus is grief as expressed by
outward signs, as in the dress, dolor is grief as felt inwardly:
cf. ep. ad Att. xn 28, 2, or. p. Balb. 60 dolorem alii, nos
luct urn maeroremque suscepwius.
CHAPTER XXX
64, 1. 32. his de tot...iniuriis] Zumpt Gr. 324. On the
use of de with its dependent case after the substantive querella
see n. to Cic. de off. n 19 1. 21. in socios, the people
of Pessinus; in reges, Ptolemaeus of Cyprus; in civi-
tates liberas, Byzantium, see c. 26.
P. 32, 1. 1. querella] so we must write and not querela;
loquella and not loquela ; luella and not luela : but cautela,
suadela, tutela, corruptela, custodela. See Munro Intr. to
Lucretius n p. 33.
1. 2. In eius] 'a lively asyndeton' says Halm 'for in eius
enim. 7 tutela] because the consuls presided over the senate,
to which exclusively belonged the administration of foreign
affairs ; see n. on 56 1. 9.
1. 4. quamquam = kclItol and yet,' 'however,' n. on or. p.
Plane. 3 1. 3. quis audiret, ' who would have listened, if
they had chosen to complain ever so loudly,' when the senate
were powerless, and the people the slaves of Clodius ?
112
164 PRO P. SESTIO 6466
1. 5. quererentur, * should they have complained,' ' were
they to complain ? ' See n. to Cic. de off. in 88 1. 4.
1. 6. nullo meo crimine, ' without any charge being laid to
my account,' 36 1. 20, Madv. Gr. 277.
1. 7. non modo...non...sed ne...quidem] Madvig Gr.
461 b, Kenn. Gr. p. 326 b. It is only when the two clauses have
a common predicate that non modo takes the place of non modo
non in the first, 20 1. 1, 73 1. 10.
1. 8. cesseram] referring to nullo meo crimine, cesseram
enim non ob delictum aliquod sed etc, si...voltis, 'if you
will have it so. '
1. 9. si commoveri omnia videbantur, if a general revo-
lution was expected.'
1. 11. societas magistratuum] the compact between the
consuls and tribunes of the people and Clodius.
1. 12. rei publicae, ' to the general good,' 'the common weal.'
65, 1. 12. de capite civis] as if lex followed. Cf. or. in
Pis. 30 illam legem... quae erat contra omnes leges indemnati
civis atque integri capitis bonorumque tribunicia proscriptio.
1. 13. cuius modi civis] sc. tit, proscriptio] see n. to
46 1. 11.
1. 14. sacratis legibus] 16 1. 6, 79 1. 20.
1. 15. sanctum esset] see my n. on Plane. 47 1. 6.
privilegium, 'any exceptional bill' in favour of or against an
individual : or. de domo sua 43 vetant leges sacratae, vetant
XII tabulae, leges privis hominibus irrogari, id est enim privi-
legium; Aul. Geh. x 20, 4 quo circa (iussa de singulis con-
cepta) privilegia potius vocari debent, quia veteres priva
dixerunt, quae nos singula dicimus, de legg. in 45 in priva-
tos homines leges Jerri noluerunt; id est enim privilegium;
quo quid est iniustius ? cum legis haec vis sit, ut sit scitum et
iussum in omnis ? ferri de singulis nisi centuriatis comitiis
noluerunt. descriptus enim populus censu, ordinibus, aetatibus,
plus adhibet ad suffragium consilii quam fuse in tribus convoca-
tus; ib. 11 privilegia ne inroganto; de capite civis nisi per
maximum comitiatum. . .ne ferunto.
1. 18. quantum in illis...fuit, 'so far as depended on
those twin curses of this empire.'
1. 19. operas] 59 1. 1.
1. 20. trib. pi. concilio, * by a packed meeting of a tribune
of the people,' in opp. to the comitia of the whole people. Cf.
NOTES 165
Laelius Felix ap. A. Gell. 15, 27, 4 is qui non ut universum
populum, sed partem aliquam adesse iubet, non comitia sed
concilium edicere debet: Cic. p. dom. sua 79 consulari homini
P. Clodius, eversa re publico,, civitatem adimere potuit, concilio
advocato, conductis operis non solum egentium sed etiam scr-
vorum. The root of concilium is calare=Ka\e?Vy not ciere*
66, 1. 21. quae vero promulgata] as opposed to lata
55 1. 22. fuerint] the subjunctive of oblique question
dependent upon quid dicam. For the tense see n. on 55 1. 23.
1. 22. conscripta, * written ' as opp. to promissa * verbal
promises.' [I think rather 'what plans were sketched,' cf.
below 1. 26 discripta. j. s. r.] [sperata cogitata, ' what
hopes were indulged, what imaginations ; ' the contrast is
practically the same as that between sperare and optare, for
which see my n. on or. p. Balbo 9 and cf. Liv. 4, 15, 6. Cf.
1. 25 optari. J. s. R.] <
1. 23. orbi terrae] for in orbe terrae, a local ablative, found
only in this expression after the analogy of ruri, domi, militiae ;
so in the best texts or. p. dom. s. 24, Verr. iv 82.
1. 26. attributa atque discripta, ' assigned and appor-
tioned.' Cf. 137 discriptionem civitatis. The testimony
of mss and inscriptions is in favour of this form and not
describere when the meaning is ' to divide.' See n. on de off. i
51 1. 33.
1. 27. provlncia, ' sphere of activity,' department of the
public service. ' Mr Watson has a good note on the meaning
of this word in his Select Letters of Cicero p. 118 note b, and
on that of imperium p. 120 note e, ed. 2.
flandae, 'casting,' 'coining.' Flare pecuniam = pec.
flando efformare was the technical term for ' casting ' metals
by blowing. Cf. Varr. R. E. 2, 1, 9 aes antiquissimum, quod
est /latum, pecore est notatum, id. ap. A. Gell. N. A. 2, 10, 3
j lata signataque pecunia. So Vitruv. de arch. 2, 7, 4 in aeris
flatura, Plin. 7, 56 197, flaturae argentariae, Wilmanns
exx. Inscr. 1378 d. The word is not used like conjlare in a
metaph. sense ' to scrape together ' (see Eeid on or. p. Sull.
13). The letters AA.A-F-F., abbreviations of auro ar-
gento aeri flando feriundo, appear frequently upon coins after
the names of individual commissioners of the mint (triumviri
monetales). See the cuts in Ramsay R. A. p. 414 and p. 416.
[Jlandae must refer to some project for debasing the coinage,
j. s. it.]
1. 29. latlor, ' of any extent.' See cr. n.
166 PRO P. SESTIO 6668
1. 32. pecuniam = omationem provinciae, allowance in
taking possession of a province.
P. 33, 1. 1. damnatis de vi] the Catilinarians, who had
been condemned in b.c. 62 under the lex Plautia de vi and had
left the country. That the democratical party had begun to
talk about their restoration (restitutio in integrum) as early as
b. c. 59 appears from the speech pro Flacco 96 litemus igitur
Lentulo, parentemus Cethego, revocemus eiectos.
1. 2. populari, ' democratic,' as Clodius is called also or. in
Pis. 89 quid? quod populari illi sacerdoti sescentos ad
bestias amicos sociosque misisti 1
CHAPTEK XXXI
67, 1. 5. aliquando, ' at length and high time too,' see n.
on 13 1. 22. serius quam...vellet, i.e. si liceret, 'later
than he would wish,' if he had the choice, if it were possible
for his wish to be fulfilled. An incomplete conditional sen-
tence such as is common in all languages, see Eeid n. on or.
p. Sull. 1 1. 1, below 82 1. 5 citius quam vellem. Halm
thinks the conjunctive is used after the analogy of the conj.
after prius (ante) quam, when there is a past tense in the pre-
ceding clause. Por the statement cf. or. p. dom. 25 sed exci-
tatus aliquando Cn. Pompeii...nimium diu reconditus...animi
dolor subvenit subito rei publicae.
1. 7. fictis terroribus] see 41, 133 1. 26. [suis...
fictis ; these words are evenly balanced. Is suis a corruption of
saevis ? J. s. b.] or rather stultis ?
1. 9. retardatam] cf. or. in Pis. 76 cum certi homines non
studium eius a me alienassent, sed auxilium retardassent.
1. 10. rei p. bene gerendae] which was impossible, so long
as he served the purposes of a particular party.
1. 11. sceleratissimos civls] he means the Marian party,
Gnaeus Carbo, Gnaeus Domitius and Q. Sertorius,
whom Pompeius defeated in Sicily, Africa and Spain respec-
tively, acerrimos hostis...maximas nationes] cf. or. p. leg.
Man. c. 11, 12.
1.12. reges] Hiarbas, Mithridates, Tigranes ; gentes
feras, the tribes who refused him passage when in pursuit of
Mithridates.
p. 13. manum, implying the absence of regular organisa-
tion, j. s. B.]
NOTES 167
1. 14. etiam servitia, * even the bands of slaves,' 53 1. 1 :
Cic. says etiam, because some denied Pompeius the credit of
terminating the servile war. M. Licinius Crassus had con-
quered the followers of Spartacus in a regular battle at Silarus
in B.C. 71, but about five thousand of them, who escaped to
Gaul, fell into the way of Pompeius on his return, who destroyed
them all and wrote to the senate to say that he had pulled up
the war by the roots. Cf. ep. ad Att. 1, 14.
1. 16. orbis terrarum terminis] see n. on 129 1. 9.
de&msset =finisset, cf. or. p. Arch. 23 si res eae quas
gessimus orbis teirarum terminis definiuntur,
1. 18. sanguine suol he was wounded and nearly lost
his life in the battle with Sertorius at Tucro in Spain in
B.C. 75, Plut. Sertor. c. 19, Pomp. c. 19, App. b. c. 1 c. 110
irpwdr) dopaTL is rov [xypdv tiriiavdvvus 6 UofiTrrjios.
1. 19. accessit ad causam publicam, * took up the cause of
the state,' which was given up to unprincipled factions. Cf.
87 1. 16 adiit ad causam rei publicae. auctoritate sua,
'by his moral influence,' not potestate 'official authority,' be-
cause he was only privatus. The difference of meaning in the
two words appears clearly from or. in Pis. 8 ille designatus
consul, cum quidam tribunus pi. suo auxilio magistros ludos
contra SCtum facer e iussisset, privatus fieri vetuit, atque id
quod nondum potestate poterat, obtinuit auctoritate.
1. 20. reliquis rebus )( praeteritis ; cf. 73 spe reliquae
tranquillitatis praesentis jluctus fugisse and see 66.
1. 21. inclinatio, 'tendency upwards,' generally applied to
' a movement downwards, change for the worse,' see n. on or.
p. Plane. 94 1. 26, and cf. Gr. poir-q. ad meliorem spem
i.q. ad spem melioris status, 701.25.
68 95. Third part of the Con fir ma t io. Cic. now comes
back to the tribunate of Sestius but, before rebutting the charge
against him, he gives an account of the measures taken for his own
restoration in b.c. 58 up to the negotiation on January 25 : the
motion of the tribune Ninnius on the 1st of June, the opposition
of another tribune Aelius Ligur to the resolution of the senate
( 68) ; the pretence of the two consuls that they were restrained
from interference in his favour by the prohibitive clause in the
bill of Clodius ; the attempt on the life of Pompeius, and his
consequent retirement from public affairs during the remainder
of Clodius 1 tribunate ; the bill of the eight tribunes on Oct. 29
again opposed by Ligur ( 69) ; the journey of Sestius, now tri-
bune elect, into Gaul to solicit Caesar's consent to Cicero's resto-
ration ; the bill of Lentulus brought forward on Jan. 1 b.c. 57,
but prevented by various obstructions from passing until the 25tJi
168 PRO P. SESTIO 6869
of January, the day fixed for the decision of the comitia
about his case ( 71 75) ; the attack on tlie tribunes Fabriciu*
and M. Cispius; the narrow escape of his brother Quintus Cicero;
the non-appearance of the tribunes Sestius and Milo on that
occasion ( 75 78); the subsequent attack of the Clodians on
Sestius in the temple of Castor, whither he liad gone unprotected to
oppose some measure of the consul Metellus, on which occasion he
only escaped with his life because they thought he was killed
( 79 83); the determination of Sestius thereupon to protect
himself by keeping armed men about him to repel force with force,
as Milo also did ( 84 85). Cicero's reply to the invidious
comparison suggested by the accuser between Sestius and Milo,
because Milo, before he proceeded to defend himself by main
force, had endeavoured to prosecute Clodius in a legal manner
( 86 92). The circumstance that the Senate itself did not
sanction this prosecution, thereby appearing to leave its own
party in the lurch, the critical position of Cicero's defenders in
comparison with the successful situation of his opponents and the
question of Albinov anus founded upon this fact, ivho asked de-
risively where the ' caste' of optimates, so highly lauded by
Cicero, was really to be found ( 93) all these lead Cicero
to the fourth head, ivhich treats of the optimates and their
relation to the popular es ( 93 95).
68, 1. 23. L. Ninnio] who was one of the tribunes of the
people, see 26 1. 31.
1. 24. numquam...contremuit, 'has never wavered,' from
contremisco, not contremo. intercessit, 'interposed his
veto,' 34 1. 19.
1. 25. Ligus] the tribune Sextus Aelius, who assumed
the cognomen Ligus, see n. on 69 1. 22. additamentum=:
Gr. irpocrd-qKn (Dem. Olynth. in 31) 'an accession,' 'make-
weight,' used in a contemptuous sense. See 69 1. 23.
1. 26. eo loci] in ea conditione, in eo statu, ep. ad
Att. i 13, 5 res eodem est loci quo reliquisti, Tac. Ann. xiv
c. 61 non eo loci res suas agi, ut de matrimonio certet, Madv.
Gr. 284 obs. 11, Zumpt Gr. 434.
1. 27. erigere oculos et vlvere, ' to lift its eyes and come
to life,' a bold metaphor, as if the causa were regarded as
sepulta: cf. Ovid Met. 4, 145 ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam
morte gravatos Pyramus erexit. [videretur, surely Cic. must
have written videremur. J. s. r.]
1. 28. aliquam partem ... attigisset, 'had been connected
with... in some way or other.' in meo luctu, 'during the
mournful trial which had befallen me.'
NOTES f U NXVEB r 169
1.29. quocumque venerat, 'wherever he went*. ie. to
whatever place of public entertainment, the theatres or gladia-
torial shows, he was greeted with hisses (damnabatur). For
the iterative use of the plup. ind. see Madv. Gr. 338 a obs.,
Zumpt 579, Roby n 1717, Kenn. p. 334 91 and cf. Cic. de
off. in 38 1. 16. quod iudicium cumque subierat, ' what-
ever court of justice he entered, he was sure of being condemned,'
so great was his unpopularity. Cf. 106, or. de dom. sua 49
amici illi tui (i.e. of Clodius), qui se populo commiserant, ita
repellebantur, ut etiam Palatinam tuam perderent; qui in
iudicium venerant, sive accusatores erant sive rei, te depre-
cdnte damnabantur. quod iudicium cumque] quicumque
is frequently in Cic. separated by the interposition of an
unaccented word. See Madv. Gr. 87 obs. 2 and cf. de or. in
60 quam se cumque in partem dedisset, de div. 2 72 quo
te cumque verteris, de legg. 46 quod ad cumque legis
genus.
1. 31. confiteretur] 109 1. 21. decesserat] in B.C. 58
Quintus Cicero left his province of Asia, which he had governed
as propraetor since b.c 61. See n. on or. p. Plane. 65 1. 26.
1. 32. magno squalore] abl. of attendant circumstances
with adjective as predicate, Madv. Gr. 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405,
Eoby Gr. 1242. Squalor ad habitum vestitus refertur,
maeror ad animi angorem. schol. bob.
P. 34, 1. 4. fructum...ferre, 'to reap the fruits,' 'earn the
reward.' Piso, Tullia's first husband, died in B.C. 57 before
Cicero's return from exile: he was a kinsman of Piso the
cos. of b.c. 58.
1. 5. ex me, from my gratitude directly, a populo Romano,
from the hands of the people indirectly, by receiving some mark
of their consideration. a propinquo suo] L. Calpurnius
Piso Caesoninus.
1. 7. nisi de me primum coss. rettulissent] cf. or. in Pis.
29 an turn eratis consules, cum, quacumque de re verbum facere
coeperatis, cunctus ordo reclamabat ostendebatque nihil esse
vos acturos, nisi prius de me rettulissetis. Primum, not
prius, because omnia precedes. For the tense see 49 1. 4, 55
1. 32.
CHAPTEB XXXII
69, 1. 8. quae cum res etc.] The three sentences begin-
ning with cum are not coordinate, but the two first are subordi-
nate to the third. The meaning is, ' when this matter was as
170 PRO P. SESTIO 6970
good as accomplished and when on the other side the consuls'
hands were tied, who screened themselves from the demands of
the opposite party behind the clause of the Clodian bill (see
Intr. 17) in these circumstances, seeing that resistance was
no longer possible, they plan the assassination of Pompey.'
1. 9. libertatem] 14, 1. 11, 88 1. 6.
1. 10. privati )( to tribuni, which follows. Cf. or. in Pis.
30 quae lex (Clodia) privatis Jwminibus esse lexnon videbatur,
inusta per servos... contra omnes leges nullo scripta more : hanc
qui se metuere dicer ent, Jws consules non dicam animi hominum,
sed fasti ulli ferre possunt ? The privati demanded permission
to deliver their opinion (ut sententias sibi dicer e liceret), which
they could not do, unless they were asked by some magistratus
with authority to summon the senate (relatio consularis).
1. 11. ut dicerent = ut dicere liceret, for the senators
could not deliver their opinions on any matter, unless the
magistratus who had authority to summon the senate brought
a matter before them and asked their opinion. qui illi]
cf. 59 1. 26. legem Clodiam] in which there was a clause
that no person should move for Cicero's return; ep. ad Att.
3, 23, 2, or. post red. in sen. 8.
1. 12. hoc sustinere, withstand the pressure thus put upon
them,' as in 130 1. 15. Others, as Orelli, wrongly interpret
'keep up this pretence about the Clodian law,' * maintain
this.' [On hoc as against haec cf. Acad. 2, 48 : soritas hoc
vocant. J. s. k.]
1. 14. quo] sc. consilio. ferroque deprehenso] Asconius
on or. p. Mil. 37 : Pisone et Gabinio coss. pulso Cicerone in
exsilium, cum III Idus Sextiles Pompeius in senatum venit, dici-
tur servo P. Clodii sica excidisse, eaque ad Gabinium consulem
delata dictum est, servo imperatum a P. Clodio, ut Pompeius
occideretur. Pompeius statim domum rediit et se domi tenuit,
obsessus est etiam a liberto Clodii Damione ut ex actis eius (anni)
cognovi; or. in Pis. 28 deprehensus cum ferro ad senatum (i.e.
in the vestibule of the temple of Castor) is, quern ad Cn. Pom-
peium interimendum collocatum fuisse constabat; or. p. dom.
67. inclusus fuit] 55 1. 23.
1. 15. in tribunatu] sc. fuit .
1. 16. octo] all except Clodius and Aelius Ligus.
promulgaverunt] 55. This happened on the 29th of Octo-
ber B.C. 58.
1. 17. crevisse] see cr. n.
1. 19. esse] sc. amicos. non erant] sc. amicimihi.
NOTES 171
1. 20. libertatem, freedom of action.' nam] refers
back to his statement non crevisse amicos.
1. 21. tunc habueram] i.e. when I went into exile.
L 22. defluxit, 'fell off,' 'deserted,' ep. ad fam. ix 20, 3
ubi salutatio defluxit, Uteris me involvo, Sail. Jug. 1, 4 ubi
per socordiam vires tewpus, ingenium defluxere.
cognomen sibi ex A. i. adripuit, 'he appropriated a
cognomen taken from the busts of the gens Aelia? by which
however, Cic. adds, he got nothing more than the reputation of
belonging to the (Ligurian) people rather than to the (Aelian)
family. There is a very similar hit at one Staienus in the or.
pro Cluentio 72, whom Cicero taxes with having dubbed him-
self Paetus, which was another of the cognomina of the same
gens in preference to that of Ligus, lest he should be mistaken
for a barbarian of that name. Quid tu, inquit, Paete hoc
enim sibi Staienus cognomen ex imaginibus A eliorum delegerat,
ne, si se Ligurem fecisset, nationis magis quam generis
uti cognomine videretur. Cf. or. p. dom. 49, de harusp.
resp. 5.
1. 23. quo, 'whereby' not 'in order that,' ironically,
nationis erus] sc. Ligurum.
70, 1. 24. hoc anno] the same year, B.C. 58, when Piso
and Gabinius were still consuls and P. Cornelius Lentulus
Spinther, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos were the
consuls elect (consules designati). igitur] resumptive,
12 1. 20.
1. 25. boni] 1 1. 6.
1. 26. princeps] as consul elect, he voted first.
1. 27. auctoritate] see n. on 67 1. 19.
1. 29. referentibus] on the 29th of October, as we learn
from a letter of Cicero to Atticus, in 23, 1. When Cic. ascribes
this relatio to the eight tribunes, he means of course that one
moved it with the consent of his seven colleagues.
1. 30. cum, ' although. '
1. 31. causam reservari] this proposition stands for the
subject olpertinere, cf. 11 1. 11.
1. 32. integram] 13 1. 17.
P. 35, 1. 1. per alios citius quam per se tardius] i.e. by
others, who might get the matter done more quickly, than by
himself, who would be more slow about it.
172 PRO P. SESTIO 7172
CHAPTER XXXIII
71, 1. 3. hoc interim tempore] Cic. now resumes the
sketch of Sestius' early life, which had been interrupted with a
description of the turbulent period of the previous year B.C. 58
( 15- 70).
1. 4. tribunus] see cr. n. iter ad Caesarem suscepit]
In B.C. 58 Caesar, after defeating the Helvetii and the German
Ariovistus, crossed the Alps into Gallia Cisalpina to make his
circuits (ad conventus agendas b. G. i c. 54), and Sestius would
find him at the close of the year in North Italy. {Long.)
1. 5. quid egerit] subjunctive of oblique question depend-
ent on nihil ad causam (est or pertinet), 'it does not concern,
bear on, the case.' Cf. the phrase nihil ad rem, and for the
reference Introd. 19. Translate : his object, his success.'
1.6. ille] sc. C. Caesar. aequus, 'favourable,'
' friendly.' [fuerit can hardly be right : the cod. Ursin. had
fuerat: either that Olfuit seems needed, j. s. b.]
1. 7. nihil ab hoc profectum, ' that no good was got by
him.' Profectum is of course from projicio, not projiciscor.
1.8. integritatem, 'singleness of purpose.' Sed tamen
= Gr. 5' ovv, 'be that as it may,' 'any how,' whatever the
result was, in reference to nihil ad causam: sed tamen prae-
termittendum non fuit ut videatis etc. hominis]
22 1. 16, 53 1. 18, 88 1. 4.
1. 11. ad concordiam civium] we gather from a letter of
Cic. to Lentulus that his return was not opposed by Caesar:
ad fam. 1, 9, 9 seque, quae de mea salute egisset, voluntate
Caesar is egisse ipsum meum fratrem testatus est Pompeius.
1. 12. a causa non abhorrere] cf. or. de prov. cons. 43
pertinere ad causam illam putabatis voluntatem C. Caesaris
a salute mea non abhorrere. For construction see 70
1.31.
1. 13. abiit, ' came to an end.' Cf. Ov. ep. ex Pont. 3, 4,
60 : dum venit hue rumor... annus abisse potest. W. Bauer and
E. Ortmann, cited by Halm 5, think that the words abiit ille
annus to perdidissemus 1. 19 should be transposed and placed
after 1. 29 de tabula sustulit ; because the consuls did not
retire from their office before Jan. 1, while the tribunes entered
on their office on Dec. the 10th.
1. 14. nondum re sed spe rei publicae recuperandae, i. q.
cum nondum re res p. esset recuperata sed spes
NOTES 173
esset eius recuperandae. Translate; 'Men were begin-
ning to think they had recovered their breath, not that they
really had got back, but because they were in hopes of getting
back, the government. ' See cr. n.
1. 15. exierunt] they left Home to go to their respective
provinces, Piso to Macedonia, Gabinius to Syria. maris
ominibus] Kenn. Gr. 151. Cf. or. in Pis. 33 an quod tibi
prqftciscenti evenit ut omnes exsecrarentur, male precarentur,
unam tibi illam viam et perpetuam esse vellent ? ' When M.
Crassus left Kome for his eastern expedition, he was cursed in
all due form.' (Long.)
1. 16. vulturii] because of their rapacity : cf. or. in Pis.
38 vulturius illius provinciae. paludati, 'wearing the
paludamentum, or 'military mantle,' for which during military
service the toga or garb of peace was relinquished. Cic. ep.
ad fam. 15, 17, 3, or. in Pis. 31 an cum proficiscebamini
paludati in provincias vel emptas vel ereptas, consules vos
quisquamputavit ? Translate : ' vultures in the garb of generals.'
ipsis] to them only and not to the state. Observe that
utinam evenissent serves for the protasis of neque perdidisse-
mus.
1. 18. Macedonian^ Macedonia extended along the coast
of the Hadriatic at this time from the Lissus on the Drilo to
the Aous. During Piso's administration it was overrun by
hordes of Thracians, who extended their predatory raids as
far as Aetolia. equitatum] Cic. does not say either here
or in his speech de prov. cons. 9 in fighting against what
enemies. Appian (Syriac. c. 51) mentions that he was preparing
to attack the Arabs, who had given trouble to both his prede-
cessors, when he was induced by the Parthian king Mithridates
to assist him against his brother Orodes, who had usurped
the royal power and driven him from Media.
72, 1. 21. princeps] Numerius Quintius Eufus.
1. 22. homines] 28 1. 19, 71 1. 13.
1. 23. Gracchum] The point of the joke is uncertain.
Halm suggests that he is so called because of his peculiar
screeching voice, from the natural note gra whence graculus
* a jack-daw.' [The context shews that this must be a corrup-
tion of some word which contained an allusion to gnawing or
eating. I once thought of escarium, which might have lost
its first syllable owing to the last of inridentes being the same
with it. Gracchum in 82 1. 27 might have caused the corrup-
tion here. J. s. r.] Cic. was fond of making cutting jokes on
personal peculiarities, and fathering them upon the public,
174 PRO P. SESTIO 7273
by which, Plutarch tells us, he gave great offence. See Intr.
9 and cf. below 126 1. 1, and Prof. Mayor's note on Phil, n
39 1. 8.
1. 23. quoniam] refers to emitur. fatum civitatis] cf.
17.
1. 24. nitedula = mus agrestis rubeus, 'a field-mouse,'
as it is explained by Servius on Virg. Georg. i 181. See the
comm. on Hor. Ep. i 7, 29, where Bentley proposed to read
nitedula for vulpecula. The man's name Rufus, and perhaps
his tawny complexion and mean appearance and puny figure
may have suggested the comparison, while his ignobilitas
is hinted at in the phrase ex vepreculis extracta. Cf. or. in
Pis. 18 tu ex tenebricosa popina consul extractus.
1. 25. adrodere, 'to nibble at :' cf. or. Phil, xm 27 est
etiam ibi Decius ab illis, ut opinor, Muribus Deciis itaque
Caesaris munera rositj where there is the same punning allu-
sion to the name. Cf. Arist. Vesp. 672 cj) 8 ttjs dpxrjs ay<nrq.s
ttjs crrjs rods dpye\6<povs irepLTpioyoov.
alter] Sextus Atilius Serranus, 'not the hero from
the plough,' Gaius Atilius Eegulus (Calatinus) cons.
B.C. 257, who was called Serranus, because he was found
sowing his land, when summoned to take command, or. p.
Rose. Amer. 50, Valer. Max. iv 4, 5, Plin. N. H. xvm 20
serentem invenerunt dati honores Serranum, unde ei et cog~
nomen, Virg. Aen. vi 845 te sulco, Serrane, serentem.
1. 26. ex deserto insitus] Cic. is here ridiculing Atilius,
who by means of arrogatio, not unattended by fraud, had
managed to get himself transferred from the gens Gavia into
the Atilia. To this transitus in aliam gentem the term insert
is applied (in reference also to Serranus), in continuation of
the metaphor from husbandry. It is uncertain where Cic.
makes Atilius come from, because the reading of the mss
after deserto viz. gaviolaeliorea is unintelligible. Halm follows
Madvig in writing Gavii (Gavi) Oleli rure, as if to mark meta-
phorically the decayed condition of some particular family.
The uncertain cognomen Olelus is confirmed by an inscription
found at Lyons. If the reading a calatis Gaviis (with a play
upon the words comitia calata and possibly upon the cognomen
Calatinus) be correct, Cic. means to say that Atilius had
been transplanted into the gens Atilia from the obscure Gavii,
who were summoned to give their approval of his so exchang-
ing into another gens. But as in a case of arrogatio it was
not the Gavii but the Pontifices and the people that had to
be consulted, there is much probability in Mommsen's conjec-
ture a Galatis Gaviis, insinuating a Gallic descent. For
other conjectures about this difficult passage see cr. n..
NOTES 175
1. 28. nominibus in tabulas relatis] 'after he had entered
in his ledger (tabulae accepti et expensi) the sum promised him
by Clodius, he withdrew his name from the board on which
the tribunes' bill was published' (pr omul gat a). There is a
similar play on the words tabulae and tabula in or. Phil, xi
14, or. in Cat. 2 18.
1. 29. Kal. Ianuariae] the day on which the new consuls
entered on their duties.
1. 30. audita dico, * I speak from hearsay.*
1. 31. quae frequentia senatus, * what a crowded house
there was,' expecting to hear the bill of the consul Lentulus on
Cicero's restoration.
1. 32. quae virtus, actio, gravitas, 'how manly, ener-
getic, earnest his speech was.'
P. 36, 1. 1. conlegae eius] Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos,
the first cousin of Clodius and brother of Q. Metellus Celer
to whom Cic. addresses a letter (ad fam. v 2) giving a detailed
account of the proceedings of Dec. 10 b.c. 63. It was he who
declared that the execution of Catilina's associates was murder
and prevented Cic. from making a speech at the end of his
consulship, allowing him only to take the usual oath that he
had done his duty. Cf. below 130, or. de prov. cons. 22,
or. in Pis. 35, Introd. 1.
1. 3. rei publicae dissensione, i.q. de re publica dis-
sension e, 'political differences.' Cf. Heitland on or. p. Eabir.
18, Kenn. Gr. 163 b, Eoby n 1395, Madv. Gr. 283 obs. 3
who compares de am. 20 amicitia est omnium divinarum
humanarumque rerum...consensio ('agreement in'). Cf. also
130 1. 3 contentiones rei publicae.
1. 4. temporibus rei p. permissurum, 'would waive his
private animosities in obedience to the exigencies of the
state.' Cf. or. de pr. cons. 44 where he says me dolor em et
inimicitias meas rei publicae concessisse, or. Phil, v 50
omnes Caesar inimicitias rei p. condonaviU
CHAPTER XXXIY
73, 1. 6. L. Cotta] L. Aurelius Cotta, who was first
asked to give his opinion (it does not appear why), was cos.
b.c. 65. As praetor in b.c. 70, he carried the lex Aurelia
iudiciaria which provided that the iudices should be selected
from the senatus, the ordo equester and the tribuni aerarii.
See Introd. to or. p. Plane, p. xxxix f. [Cotta no doubt spoke
176 PRO P. SESTIO 7374
first by private arrangement with the persons most interested.
This appears to have been sometimes done. j. s. k.]
1. 7. dignissimum re publica] whose organ the senate
must be considered. nihil de me actum esse iure] see or.
p. dom. sua c. 26, de legg. in 45 ; quo verius in causa nostra
virmagni ingenii summaque prudentia, L. Cotta, dicebat nihil
omnino actum esse de nobis; praeter enim quam quod
omnia ilia essent armis gesta servilibus, praeterea neque tributa
capitis comitia rata esse posse neque ulla (i. e. neither tributa
nor centuriata) privilegii (i.e. quibus privilegium irroga-
retur). Quo circa nihil nobis opus esse lege, de quibus nihil
omnino actum esset legibus.
1. 10. non modo ferri sed ne iudicarl quidem posse] The
negative in ne quidem extends its influence to the preceding
clause. See 20 1. 1, n. on or. p. Plane. 30 1. 33. What had
befallen Cicero was not a case of iudicari, but of ferri without
the employment of provocatio and a plebiscite based upon it
(Introd. 11). Cotta's argument then was that a man could
not even be tried, much less deprived of his citizenship, except
by or under the authority of the comitia centuriata.
1. 11.. vim fuisse illam, ' that the proceeding at that time
was a violent one. For Me see n. on 37 1. 4.
1. 12. [flammam quassatae rei p., the clause is abruptly
introduced, and the mixture of metaphors is too bold even for
Cicero : rei publicae Jlamma, temporum flamma and the like
occur, but nothing resembling Jlamma quassatae rei publicae.
The fault seems to lie in quassatae, and ac must be put before
Jlammam. J. s. e.]
1. 13. iure iudiciisque] ius is the 'right, 'the law;' indi-
cium 'the tribunal,' or proceeding where or by which the
right is contested and declared. There were two functions per-
fectly distinct and usually entrusted to different hands, the
magistrates and the iudex. To the former belonged the func-
tions described by the words edicere, ius dicere ; to the iudex
those expressed by the word iudicare. The functionary who
had the iurisdictio, i.e. the magistrate, was clothed with state
power; but the judge was a simple citizen appointed to each
particular case to decide the matter at issue, selected from the
class of citizens qualified under the constitution to exercise
that function, and his powers were imparted to him by the
magistrate. The magistrate exercised his jurisdiction, in
view of all the people, seated on his tribunal, generally in the
forum ; the judge examined and decided the suit in the forum
also or some other public place, seated on his subsellium.
NOTES. 177
1. 14. permutatione] Cf. 42 1. 30. declinasse paulum,
* had stept a little aside,' to avoid the encounter.
1. 15. reliquae, subsequent,' * future.' Cf. 67 1. 20.
1. 16. absens, ' by my retirement.'
1. 17. quodam tempore, 'at a certain (well-known) crisis.'
1. 19. ornari, 'to be honoured,' 'complimented.'
1. 21. pudoris, the general, pudicitiae, the particular idea.
The words are often found together in Cic. , de legg. 1 50, or.
Verr. in 6, or. p. Cluent. 12, or. p. Deiot. 28.
1. 22. eis verbis, rebus, sententiis] in explanation of ita,
cf. or. p. dom. 47, 50.
1. 23. vim habere non posset] because the rogatio was in-
formal.
1. 24. nulla lege] without any vote of the people, in opp.
to senatus auctoritate, i.e. a mere formal expression of the
senate's opinion possessing no legal validity, not consulto i.e.
'a formal resolution.' See Eamsay B. A. p. 220. [I hardly
think the expression is technical here. Cic. would hardly ex-
pect to be recalled without some formal resolution. The sense
is 'influence of the senate.' j. s. R.]
1. 25. nemo erat quin] Madv. Gr. 365 obs. 3, Zumpt Gr.
538, Kenn. Gr. p. 456, Koby Sch. Gr. 704.
74,1. 26. verissime] i.q. rectissime, 'most justly,' a
frequent sense of verus, on which see n. to 8 1. 18, Cic. de off.
in 43 1. 19.
1. 28. otii mei causa cet., ' for the sake of my peace, that
I might have done with,/5e secure from} all popular dis-
turbance. ' **" *
1. 30. beneficium] Pompeius proposed that the auctoritas
of the senate should be confirmed by a vote of the people,
which Cic. calls beneficium, a term frequently applied by him
to an office conferred by popular election. See my note on
or. p. Plane. 12 1. 20.
1. 31. gravius] sententiis. ornatius] verbis.
1. 32. fleret sine ulla varietate discessio, 'when a vote
was on the point of taking place without any difference of
opinion,' i.e. when all were going to vote unanimously for it.
Cf. or. in Cat. in 13, Eamsay B. A. p. 220. varietate]
sc. sententiarum : cf. 118 1. 9, de nat. deor. I 2 tanta
sunt in varietate et dissensione.
II. 12
178 PRO P. SESTIO 7475
P. 37, 1.1. ut scitis] Cic. appeals to those of tlie indices
who were senators and therefore present during the proceedings
spoken of.
1. 2. Gavianus] Cic. calls him by this agnomen ironically,
as though he had become a member of the gens Atilia by formal
arrogatio and not by a fraud. The fashion was for those who
passed out of one gens into another to lengthen their old gentile
name by the addition of -anus; see Eamsay R. A. p. 62 f.
cum esset emptus, ' although he had been bribed to veto the
bill.' nee, adversative, * but. ..not.'
1. 3. noctem postulavlt, 'asked a night to consider,' which
was a polite form of putting a veto, when it was not possible to
stave off a question by wasting the whole day in speaking (diem
dicendo eximere). See the passage from the letter to Atticus,
quoted in the next note.
1. 4. socer ad pedes abiectus, his father-in-law (Gnaeus
Oppius Cornicinus) threw himself at his feet.' In his
letter to Atticus iv 2, 4 Cicero speaks of his repeating this old
trick of his, when there was a resolution before the senate
about the restoration of his house (on Oct. 1 of the same
year) : cum ad Clodium ventum esset, cupiit diem consumere sed
odio et strepitu senatus coactus est aliquando perorare. Cum
jieret SCtum in sententiam Marcellini, omnibus praeter unum
adsentientibus, Serranus intercessit. Be intercessione statim
ambo coss. referre coeperunt...S err anus pertimuit et Cornicinus
ad suam veterem fabulam rediit: abiecta toga se ad
generi pedes abiecit. Ille noctem sibi postulavit ;
non concedebant : reminiscebantur enim Kal. Ian.
1. 5. postero die] at the next sitting of the senate.
moram facturum] 129 1. 18.
1. 6. illi deliberatori, that man of hesitation.'
1. 7. longa interposita nocte, ' after the. intervention of a
long night indeed.' He means of course the whole time his
adversaries gained by the adjournment of the question. There
were, it is true,' he continues, 'only a few more days in January
on which the senate could be held; but on all these days
nothing was discussed but the subject of my restoration.' The
days on which the senate could meet were the Kalendae Jan.,
iv Non., the Nonae, the vn and vi Idus and xix, xvu, xvi
Kal. Feb. The last days were comitiales, on which it was not
usual for the senate to sit.
1.8. consecuti = consecuti enim. pauc omnino...
sed tamen, ' few to be sure. ..but,' see n. to 84 1. 8.
NOTES 179
CHAPTER XXXV
75, 1. 11. calumnia, * chicanery.' |3ee my n. on Cic. de
off. i 33 1. 16. omni= all possible.'
1. 12. in concilio] see cr. n. and n. on 65 1. 20. [Concilio
will make very good sense, ' the day arrived for the assembly.'
J. S. B.]
1. 13. prlnceps rogationis, ' the proposer of the bill.'
1. 14. templum = rostra. See n. on 62 1. 6 and cf. or.
in Vat. 24 in rostris, in illo, inquam, augurato templo ac
loco; Liv. viii 14, 12 rostris earum (navium Antiatium) sug-
gestion in foro exstructum adornari placuit, rostraque id
templum appellatum. It was only in places that were inaugu-
rate (Bamsay B, A. p. 325) that auspicatoagicumpopulopoterat.
1. 15. aliquanto ante lucem, ' some time before day-break,'
lest his opponents should get there before him.
1. 16. actor hie defensorque] 144 1, 18. Hie refers to
Sestius.
1. 17. nihil progreditur] 'takes no step forwards,' 'remains
passive,' 'does not assume the iuitiative at all.' nihil in
nulla re : on this adverbial use of nihil see n. on or. p. Plane.
91 1. 23 and cf. below 77 1. 11.
1. 18. quid illi?] See Madv. Gr. 479 d, obs. 1 and cf. 114
1. 27, 122 1. 29 : by illi are meant Clodius and his party, who
put forward Albinovanus as prosecutor of Sestius.
1. 20. comitium] This was the most important spot in the
Forum Bomanum f the old meeting-place of the citizens of Eome.
It was situated in the north-western end of it, under the Capitol,
close to the Curia Hostilia which occupied its north-eastern
side on a slightly higher level. The Comitium' was a regularly
consecrated templum or space open to the air and not a covered
building. The harangues delivered from the Bostra, which
stood between the Comitium and Forum, were delivered to
open-air assemblies of the people.' Burn Borne and the Campagna
p. 82, Nichols' Boman Forum p. 143 ff., p. 188 .
multa de nocte = cum etiam turn multa nox esset,
'in the depth of night,' Zumpt Gr. 308, Eoby Gr. n 1908,
1911.
1. 21. servis plerisque, 'most of them slaves.'
1. 22. manus adferunt, 'lay violent hands on,' cf. or. p.
Caec. 49 hoc intellegamus necesse est, eum detrudi f cui manus
adferantur, above 2 1. 1, 34 1. 26,
122
180 PBO P. SESTIO 7678
76, 1. 26. cruentis] sc. gladiis, * swords already blood-
stained.' Koch suggests that manibus has fallen out before in
omnibus.
1. 28. mei amantissimum] see n. on or. p. Plane. 13 1. 4,
55 1. 1. voce] shouting out his name, ' loudly.'
1. 30. non repugnandi causa, 4 not for the purpose of
engaging in combat with them. '
1. 31. spem mei reditus, * my hoped-for return.'
1. 32. subiit tamen, 'he was exposed to their violence,'
although he tried to escape it.
P. 38, 1. 1. ad fratris salutem ... deprecandam, 'for the
purpose of interceding with the people on behalf of his brother's
restoration.' See n. on or. p. Plane. 102 1. 30 and cf. above
27 1. 15.
1. 2. e rostris] The rostra stood on the South-west of the
Comitium, in front of the Curia, so that the speakers could turn
either to a patrician or a plebeian audience. See above 1. 20
and note on Plut. Gracch. c. 5. Nichols' Roman Forum p. 150,
p. 198 f.
1.3. se...obtexit] i.e. se tuebatur, 'sheltered himself,'
'concealed himself behind.' Cf. 145. Plutarch, probably
from misunderstanding the meaning of Cicero, says that he lay
concealed among the bodies, as though dead, wore iv tois peKpois
Cos TedvrjKdra KeLfxevov diaXadecv, vit. Cic. c. 33.
1. 5. iuris iudiciorumque] see n. to 73 1. 13.
77, 1. 7. cloacas refarciri, ' the sewers were choked.'
spongiis effingi, ' was wiped up with sponges.' Cf. Cato de re
rust. c. 67, 2 Jiscinas spongia effing at.
1.8. copiam, 'multitude.' tarn magnlfi cum apparatum
cet., 'such a grand array, enough to make everybody think it
must belong not to (Clodius himself, who was only) a private
person and a plebeian, but to (his brother Appius Claudius
Pulcher) a patrician and praetor. It seems from c. 39 that
Appius lent Clodius the gladiators, which he had provided for
the funeral games of his kinsman Marcus. The story is told in
detail by Dio Cassius 39, 7. See Intr. 21.
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. 11. nihil... criminanimi Sestium] i.q. nullius faci-
noris neque ante hoc tempus neque hoc die commissi
arguitis. On nihil see n. to 75 1. 17.
NOTES 181
1. 14. non ita saepe, 'not so very often.' See n. on Cic.
de off. in 81 1. 36.
1. 15. gladios] Appian b. c. i 17: ovtcj Tp&icxos avrjprjTo
ti dTjfAapx&v iv ry Ka7TLT0j\i(p Kal irpdorov kv iKKXrjaiq, rode /xtiaos
yevofievov ov 5i\nrev, del tlvos o/xolov yiyvo/xfrov irapa. fxtpos.
1. 17. Cinnano atque Octaviano die] when in b.c. 87 the
consul Gnaeus Octavius attacked with an armed force and
defeated his colleague L. Cinna. See Mommsen R. H. vol.
in p. 332, Ihne R. H. vol. v p. 315, and cf. or. in Cat. in 24
Cn. Octavius consul armis ex urbe collegam suum expulit:
Dmnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit.
1. 18. qua ex concitatione animorum] sc. caedes orta
est; 'what excitement of feeling was there to cause such
shedding of blood?' ex pertinacia aut constantia inter-
cessoris, from the obstinacy or firmness of a tribune in pro-
testing, when by the fault or dishonesty of the proposer of a
measure some advantage or bribe is offered to the mob/ Cf. or.
p. Sull. 65 agrariae legis intercessor em fore prof essus est,
1. 20. Mihi verbis culpa largitione addi videtur, quando
et qua causa pertinaces sint intercessores. c. f. w. muller.
[1. 21. largitione: the missing word comes better here;
possibly ostentata; cf. or. de leg. agr. 10, where Cic. uses
largitionem ostentare verbis. J. s. R.]
1.23. discessione, sc. in partes, 'division into parties;*
cf. 74 1. 32. Halm compares Aul. Gell. N. A. n 12 si ob
discordiam dissensionemque seditio atque discessio populi in
duas partes Jieret.
1. 24. ad manus pervenltur, ' they come to an actual con-
flict,' 76 1. 22.
1. 25. advocata, ' formally summoned.' Until the herald
had duly proclaimed silence (praeco audientiam fecit), no meet-
ing could be considered as a concio.
78, 1. 26. an veri simile est, ut cet., 'is it a likely inference
that?' veri simile est with ut and the subjunctive (instead of
the accusative of the subject with the infinitive) is rare except
in Cicero's writings and only found in sentences where the idea
is negative, or, as here, quasi-negative, and it has the meaning
of the periphrasis, non videtur re vera factum esse ut. See
Zumpt Gr. 623. It occurs three times besides in Cic, or. p.
Rose. Am. 121, or. in Verr. 4 11, or. p. Sull. 57 where
Mr Reid observes that with this construction the fact which
the clause contains is regarded as an inference from some
other fact ; in the other case as a fact merely.
182 PRO P. SESTIO 7879
1. 29. civl] 11 1. 32, 28 1. 3, 61 1. 26, or. p. Plane.
51 1. 32.
1.30. rei p. sanguine, 'with the marrow of the state.*
saginantur] like gladiators ; cf. Tac. Hist. 2, 88 : singulis ibi
militibus Vitellius paratos cibos ut gladiatoriam saginam
dividebat, Prop, v (iv) 8, 25 qui dabit immundae venalia fata
saginae, i.e. 'who will sell himself to be trained and coarsely
fed for a gladiator.' de ipso accusatore] M. Tullius
Albinovanus. Qua erere in the sense of 'to inquire,' 'seek
to learn,' is used with ab, ex or de before the person from whom
the information is sought.
1. 31. cum multitudine] Halm compares ep. ad Qu. fr. n
2, 3: de rege Alexandrino factum est SCtum, cum multitu-
dine eum reduci periculosum rei p. videri.
1. 32. cum praesidio, 'with a military escort,' as in time
of war: or. Phil, viii 6 dilectus tota Italia decreti sublatis
vacationibus ; saga eras sumentur : consul se cum praesidio
descensurum esse dixit, Cf. 84, 90.
P. 39, 1. 1. victa et victa] 54 1. 13.
1.2. non auspiciis] i.e. non obnuntiatione facta,
a right which the lex Aelia conferred on the tribunes, as well
as the magistratus maiores.
1. 3. vi manu] 2 1. L
1. 4. [is [praetor] qui:] Mommsan Staatsrecht i p. 36
defends the reading of the mss i.e. praetor and dixerat, but, I
think, without success. I should like to see another passage
in which it is definitely assumed that a praetor (particularly
in the period after the passing of the lex Clodia) might in-
terrupt a plebeian assembly by the obnuntiatio. There is
another prima facie difficulty which does not seem to have
been noticed, that servare de caelo and obnuntiatio at first sight
seem to be distinguished in this passage alone. I wonder no
German scenter of glosses has proposed to excise the words
is dixerat: (Kimmig p. 55 f. has done so). The only way to
make sense of it is to take is qui...diceret as merely a de-
scription or definition of the subject to obnuntiasset : 'if some
one had stopped proceedings on religious grounds I mean,
by stating that he watched for an omen from the sky.' j.s. b.]
Appius Claudius Pulcher is meant.
1. 5. plagam, sed earn, quam acceptam g-emere posset,
'blow indeed, but one the infliction of which it might put up
with' (lit. lament), because, being constitutional, it was not
fatal. Quam is for quam tamen; see, however cr. n. [I cannot
but think this interpretation too forced. The word appears to
me corrupt, but none of the emendations I have seen are
NOTES 183
probable. Sanare would give the right sense and is nearer the
mss but not near enough, j. s. r.] Redimere would come
nearer the ductus litterarum. See however note in Addenda.
1.8. iure] i.e. legitimo et iusto impedimenti
genere usus. man. tu] an apostrophe to P. Clodius.
novicios] i.e. nondum exercitatos, whose first experience
would be a street fight.
1. 9. aedilitate] i.e. munere aedilicio, cf. 135, Cic. de
off. ii 57 splendor aedilitatum. Clodius was aedilis in
B.C. 56, the year in which this speech was delivered.
suppositos, 'counterfeit,' because procured on false pre-
tences, viz. that he required them for a show.
1. 10. immittas, 'are you to let loose,' 'set on,' subj. of
dubitative question, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Mad v. Gr. 353, Zumpt
530. magistratus] meaning Fabricius, a rhetorical
plural. templo] 75 1. 14.
1.11. purges, i.q. vacuum reddas, 'clear;' Tusc. v.
65 immissi cum falcibus famuli purgarunt et aperuerunt
locum. omnia... egeris] see note to 79 1. 15.
1. 12. accuses] to be understood of Sestius whom Clodius
had accused indirectly, as well as of Milo whom he had charged
directly, 95.
CHAPTER XXXVII
79, 1. 15. id egit...ut, 'made it his object to,' Madv. Gr.
372 a.
1. 16. tuto] adv. ' in safety.*
1. 17. rem p. administraret] Halm compares Auct. ad
Herenn. iv 31 Ti. Gracchum, rem p. administrantem (i.e.
tribunatum gerentem) indigna prohibuit nex diutius in ea com-
morari, or. in Verr. i 4 cognoscite hominis principium magis-
tratuum gerendorum et rei p. adminis tr andae. So gubernare
is said of the agency of a tribune, or. p. Plane. 13. Tor the
asyndeton cf. below 92 1. 26, div. in Caec. 11.
1. 18. sanctitate tribunatus] Eamsay R. A. p. 141.
1. 19. interfationem, ' interruption.' Cf. Dion. Halic.
ant. VII 13 : brjixapxov ypwpiip ayopetiovros firjdels Xeytra) firjdtv
evavHou ^5^ fieo-oXapelTO) top \6yov, i.e. neve interfator.
This right was secured by the lex Icilia b. c. 492 and formed
the keystone to the leges sacratae concerning the tribunes of
the people. Bamsay 1. c. p. 144.
184 PRO P. SESTIO 7980
1. 20. legibus sacratis] 16 1. 6, 65 1. 14. Bams. R. A.
p. 191.
templum Castoris] This was the temple as rebuilt by L. Metellus
Dalmaticus consul b.c. 119, which formed one of the most conspicuous obj ects
of the Forum. It was frequently used for meetings of the senate (Cic. or. in
"Verr. n 1 129), and in turbulent times became a position of great political
importance. Its terrace and steps served the purpose of Rostra, whenever
popular assemblies were held, as was frequently the case, in front of it. It was
here that the consuls Sulla and Q,. Pompeius Rufus were attacked in b. c. 88 by
the tribune Sulpicius and the Marian faction. It was the scene of the contest
between Cato and Metellus respecting the recall of Pompeius from Asia (Plut.
Cato min. c. 28). It was here that in b. c. 59 the consul Bibulus, when opposing
the agrarian law of his colleague Caesar, was pushed down the steps and driven
from the Forum. It was this temple which Clodius occupied with his armed
followers, and made it, in the language of Cicero, arx civium perditorum,
casteUum forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum (or. in Pis.
11). Lastly it was from the steps of this temple that Octavianus and the
tribune Canutius harangued the people against Antonius (Appian bell. civ. in
41). It was again rebuilt in the time of Augustus, and the existing marble
columns are probably a relic of this restoration, Nichols' Roman Forum,
p. 103 ff. See also n. on 34 1. 27.
1. 21. obnuntlavit consul!, 'opposed some measure (we do
not know what) of the consul,' i.e. Metellus. manus
Clodiana] 85 1. 26 exercitu Clodiano. victrix] cf. 38.
1. 24. fragmentis saeptorum, ' with broken pieces of the
polling-pens of the forum.' Tor convenience in taking the
suffrages of the several tribes, the space where they met was
divided by saepta, formed of posts and ropes.' Nichols' Roman
Forum p. 142.
1. 26. se ablecit exanimatus, threw himself down in a fit
of exhaustion.' [Observe the collocation and cf. Vergil's infert
se medius. j. s. r.]
1. 27. opinione mortis, ' the belief that he was dead. ' Cf.
de off. ii 39 1. 21 n., i 133 1. 29, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 59, a, 1.
1. 28. concisum, ' cut to pieces ' from concido : another
reading is conscissum from conscindo. There is the same variety
of reading in excisus and exscissus: cf. 35 1. 11 and Mr Reid's
note on de sen. 18, where, however, for exscisam an im-
possible word read exscissam.
1. 30. errore] because they thought him dead.
1. 31. modo, 'moderation,' 'forbearance.' Cf. or. p. Mar-
cello 1 tantum in summa potestate omnium rerum modum.
aliquando, see n. to 13 1. 22.
80, 1. 31. et=Gr. elra 'and after this.' Seen, on or.
p. Plane. 71 1. 24, and cf. below 135 1. 7.
1. 32. quid ita? 'why so?' 'why should this be?' Cf.
or. p. Rose. Am. 34 accusatis S. Roscium. quid ita? quia
de, manibus vestris effugit.
NOTES 185
P. 40, 1. 1. id] sc. fecit. Cf. 14 1. 5. quae si acces-
sisset, ' the addition of which.'
1. 2. exhausisset] the subject isplaga, not Sestius, 48 1. 33.
1. 3. locum, 'the right place,' i.e. he did not inflict a
deadly blow (Kaiptav irXyyrjv). See cr. n.
male die cur] For this use of cur for quod chiefly after
verbs expressive of blame, surprise, annoyance, anger, see
Hand Turs, n p. 176 f. and cf. Cic. or. in Verr. in 7, 16 Mud
accuso cur in re tam vetere quicquam novi feceris, Plin. Ep.
in 5, 16 repeto me correptum ab eo, cur ambularem, Hor. Od.
I 33, 3, Ep. i 8, 9, Tac. Ann. vi 4 consules invasit cur silerent.
1. 4. Sabino homini Reatino, 'a Sabine of Reate,' and
therefore not so well known as Lentidius. Keate (now called
Rieti), was one of the most ancient cities of that people, situated
in a fertile valley (Cic. ep. ad Att. iv 15, 5, Verg. Aen. vn 712)
on the banks of the lake and river Velinus, about 48 miles
from Rome. See or. in Cat. in 5.
tam temere, so precipitately,' or. p. Cael. 64 quos quidem
tu quamobrem temere prosiluisse dicas atque ante tempus
non reperio.
1.5. num defuit, 'did he avoid the assassins' swords?'
Cf. 101 1. 28, or. Phil, n 71 cui bello propter timiditatem
tuam defuisti, ep. ad Att. xiv 13, 4 quod reip. defuerim tam
gravi tempore.
1. 7. num ferrum non recepit, ' did he not, as it is the
fashion to bid the gladiators do, meet the stroke?' recipe
ferrum f * receive the death-blow,' was the common cry of the
people to a conquered gladiator whose life they did not wish
spared, usually because of his want of bravery. Cf. or. pro
Rose. Am. 33, Tusc. 2 48 quis (gladiator), cum decubuisseU
ferrum recipere iussus collum contraxit ?
CHAPTER XXXVHI
1. 8. an] see n. to or. p. Plane. 33 1. 11. non posse
emori] epexegetic of hoc. an ilia, sc. vis est 1
1. 9. templum] sc. Castoris, 79 1. 20.
1. 10. cum primum resipisset, ' when he had just come
to himself again,' ' recovered his senses.'
1. 11. ubi est crimen? 'where is the foundation for a
charge V The same words occur in or. p. Flacco 68, or. p.
186 PRO P. SESTIO 8083
dom. 46, or. p. Balb. 7 where Mr Beid properly observes
that in Cic. and early Latin crimen never has exactly the
meaning of our word crime, ' but signifies either a charge '
or the criminal act, viewed as foundation for a charge.'
81, 1. 12. gens ista Clodia] i.e. the brothers Appius
( 126 1. 24) and Publius and the rest of their family, including
slaves and freedmen.
1. 14. fuistisne ituri = ivissetisne? 'would you have had
recourse to arms?' Cf. or. p. Ligar. 24 quaero, quid facturi
fuistis, ep. ad Att. xiv 14, 2 quae ille facturus non fuit,
ea Jiunt, Ovid ep. ex Pont, i 7, 41 quod nisi delicti pars
excusabilis esset, parva relegari poena futura fuit i.q. fu-
isset, Liv. xl 40 quo modo fefellissent ? quo modo autem ipsi
evasuri fuerunt, n 1 quid futurumfuit, si ilia plebs agi-
tari coepta esset tribuniciis procellis ? Zumpt Gr. 498, Kenn.
Gr. p. 485, Madv. Gr. 342 a.
1. 16. fuistisne rem p. repetituri, ' would you have re-
covered from his grasp,' what belongs to you by right. Cf.
1.21 habere rem publicam, aliquando, 'at last.' See
n. to 79 1. 31.
1. 17. quiesceretis, 'were you to remain passive?' On
the use of the pure conjunctive in inquiries as to what is
(or was) to be done, when it is intended to indicate that some-
thing will not be (or has not been) done, see Madv. Gr. 353
and cf. 27 1. 9, 29 1. 5, 78 1. 10.
1. 20. ulcisceremini] conditional.
1. 21. si quidem = Gr. d ye, ' if indeed.' habere
rem. p.] cf . 44 1. 16 ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam
ten ere possemus.
1. 22. vivi] observe the position of the word and cf. n. on
124 1. 31.
82, 1. 24. at vero, * but assuredly,' see n. on 126 1. 33.
1. 25. vim, ' effect,' ' consequence.'
1. 26. opinio mortis] 79 1. 27.
1. 27. [Gracchum : an independent joke of Cicero's here ;
see my n. on 72 1. 23. j. s. e.] transferendi] the assassins
were so completely shocked at what they had done, that they
thought of murdering one of the tribunes on their own side,
for the purpose of shifting the charge on to their adversaries,
the party of Sestius.
1. 28. occidere cogitarint occisurifuerint. In the direct
form the sentence would have been occidere cogitarunt t si...
NOTES 187
fuisset: hence in the dependent sense cogitarint is required,
not cogitassent. See Madv. opusc. n p. 227 sq. and Eeid's note
on or. p. Sull. 44 1. 27. rusticulus] a contemptuous
diminutive, ' churl,' 110 1. 6, 126 1. 25.
1. 30. restinguendam] cf. the common expressions ardere,
Jlagrare invidia.
1.32. cum qua = qua indutus, 'in which.' A common
use of cum, or. in Verr. iv 24, 54 in hac officina cum tunica
pulla sedere solebat et pallio, or. in Vat. 31 quis in funere
familiari cenavit cum toga pulla? Cf. the phrase cum telo,
cum gladiis 28 and 78, 57 1. 28, 59 1. 30. ad comltia]
in order to give his vote.
P. 41, 1. 1. messoria corbe] a conical-shaped wicker-
work basket, used for measuring corn in the ear, whereas
in the modius it was measured after it was threshed out.
1. 2. Numerium Quintium] His name was Numerius
Quintius (Quinctius) Eufus. The probable explana-
tion is that while some cried out 'let us kill Numerius
Eufus,' others did not know who was meant, Numerius,
his praenomen, being usually a gentile name ; others cried
'let us kill Quinctius Eufus,' the only name by which they
knew him : and so between the two he escaped gemini nominis
errore, * through a misunderstanding caused by his having two
names.'
1. 3. usque adeo quoad, ' all the time until.'
1. 4. in periculo] so 28 in timore, 32 in luctu.
1. 5. citius quam vellem, ' sooner than I could wish,' if I
still had the choice. Cf. above 67 1. 5, or. Phil, n 1 mihi
poenarum illi plus quam optarem dederunt. Cic. expresses a
wish that the victors had not so soon found out that Sestius
was alive, for then Numerius would have been murdered by
them and so got what he deserved. ni] not often used by
Cicero, except in the formal language of law, agreements, pro-
mises &c, and phrases of ordinary occurrence.
1. 6. non ill! quidem, ' they would not, it is true, have
been able, 5 see my n. to Cic. de off. i 2 1. 14, 60 1. 29, or. p.
Plane. 21 1. 7, and cp. below 105 1. 30.
1. 7. in quos putabant] i.e. se translaturos esse.
1. 8. grato quodam, 'which I may say was wished for.'
On the use of quidam with adjectives see n. to de off. i 95.
83, 1. 10. animam edidisset, ' had given up the ghost,
breathed his last ;' see n. to or. p. Plane. 90 1. 1. So agere,
efflare, exhalare, exspirare, amittere^ emittere are used.
188 PRO P. SESTIO 8384
1. 11. si modo si] notice the two protases, not connected
by a conjunction, and see n. to 45 1. 31.
1. 12. revixisset] periisse enim videbatur cum Clodii furor
dominaretur. man. Observe the change of tense from esset
* existed ' denoting a continued state and revixisset ' had been
restored' once and for all. aliquando, 'at some time or
other.'
1. 13. statueretur] on the hypothetical conjunctive see n.
to 62 1. 15. nee vero] 125 1. 18.
1. 14. quos positos videtis, * to whom you see statues
erected.' morte obita] sc. in the service of their country.
1. 15. in rostris] Plin. xxxiv c. 6 23 : inter antiquissimas
(statuas) sunt et Tullii Cloelii, L. Boscii, Sp. Nautii, C. Ful~
cinii in rostris, a Fidenatibus in legatione interfectorum.
Hoc a re publico, tribui solebat iniuria caesis, sicut aliis et
P. Iunio, Ti. Coruncanio, qui ab Teuta Illyriorum regina
inter jecti erant...Non praeteribo et Cn. Octavlum ob unum sci-
licet verbum. Hie regem Antiochum, daturum se responsum
dicentem, virga quam tenebat forte circumscripsit priusque
quam egrederetur circulo illo responsum dare coegit. In qua
legatione inter fecto senatus statuam poni iussit quam ocula-
tissimo loco, eaque est in rostris. Cf. also Liv. 4, 17 and
Cic. or. Phil, ix 4. atque is explanatory of illo loco.
1. 17. esset praeponendus, 'would deserve to be pre-
ferred.' calamitosi] see Keid's note on or. p. Arch. 9
1. 22 and cf. above 7 1. 24.
1. 18. bene de re p. meriti, ' of one who had deserved
well of his country,' used substantively in connexion with civis
and amid.
1. 20. quod senserat] his obnuntiatio was not imaginary
or fictitious, or made with any dishonest purpose.
1. 21. luce palam, 'in broad daylight,' )( noctu clam or.
Verr. i 46. pestibus] 34 1. 13, 39 1. 10. in deorum
hominumque conspectu] de off. in 37 si omnis deos homines-
que celare possimus, or. Phil, ii 64 dis hominibusque hostis,
de rep. n 48 tyrcmnus, quo neque foedius nee dis hominibus-
que invisius animal ullum cogitari potest.
1. 23. eius vitam, ' him in his lifetime.' Cf. 14 1. 4.
1. 25. cuius mortem] abstract for concrete = quem post
mortem, as in or. Phil, rx 15 grati simus in eius morte
decoranda, cui nullam iam aliam gratiam referre possumus, de
sen. 75 M. Marcellum, cuius interitum ne crudelissimus
quidem hostis honore sepulturae carere passus est, putaretis]
conditional.
NOTES 189
CHAPTER XXXIX
84, 1. 27. homilies emisti cet.] This was the charge
against Sestius that he collected a force about him. To get
men together in order to accomplish anything by violence
is treason, if the violence is directed against the sovereign
power; and it is riot, or whatever else is the proper name,
if it is directed against a private person, or more than one.
Against this second kind of violence, which the Romans called
vis, the penalties of the lex Plautia were directed. (Long.)
[Surely Long's definition does not hold. The violence punished
by the lex Plautia was as often as not directed against the res
publica and trials under it were distinctly substituted for the
old perduellio-'process. J. s. b.]
1.28. quid uti faceret? 'to do what, I ask?' [Cf. Liv.
iv 49, 15 quid ut a vobis sperent? and Weissenborn's note,
who quotes Cic. de nat. deor. in 74 quid ut iudicetur? Liv.
XL 13, 4; xliv 39, 5 ut quo victor es nos reciperemus? For
the position of ut see my n. on or. p. Sull. 47. J. s. R.]
Cicero cannot deny the charge against his client, but he urges
in his justification that he was obliged to keep armed men
about him for the protection of his person, and that he only
armed himself against violence. Observe that the final con-
junctions, which are in Greek always prefixed to interroga-
tives, are in Latin placed either before or after.
senatum obsideret, was it for the purpose of laying siege
to the senate ' like Clodius ? ; an allusion to the story told by
Plutarch in his Life of Cicero c. 31 ov fity dXXd ry KiidpwvL
irp&Tov (xkv dXiyov deiv atj/jurai/ rb r&v iTnriKwv irXrjdos <rvfjLfie-
Tt(3a\e tt\v icrdrjra Kal diajuLvpiojj/ ovk eXdrrovs vuv TraprjKoXov'-
dovv ko/jlCovtcs Kal o~wikTvovts' %TreiTa rrjs j3ov\rjs (TVPeXd over rjs,
forws \l/7]<f>LcrcLLTo t6p 89i/j.oj> ws iwl irevdtai fiera^akelv ra l/nana
Kal t&v vtt&twv vavTi(i)dvTO)v, K\o)8tov 8 aLdr}po<popov/JL4-
vov ire pi to ^ovXevTTjptop, e^dpa/mov ovk oXiyoi tCou jSouAeu-
tlkwv Karappriyvvfiepoi rovs x<> T u> va s K0 ^ (So&vres, i.e. 'however,
at first nearly all the equites changed their dress when Cicero
did, and not less than 20,000 young men accompanied him
with their hair uncut and joined in his suppliant entreaties.
Also when the senate had met in order to pass a vote that the
people should change their dress as in a time of mourning,
and the consuls were opposed to it, and Clodius was in
arms about the Senate house, a number of the senators
ran out, rending their clothes and calling aloud.'
1. 30. disturbaret, ' demolish.' Lucr. n 1102 aedis saepe
suas disturbet % Cic. or. Phil, v 19 fabros se missurum,
et domum meam disturb aturum esse dixit, templa
190 PRO P. SESTIO 8486
inflammaret] see n. to 95 1. 5. Cic. often charges
Clodius with having set fire to the temple of the Nymphs,
in which the censors' records were kept. See or. p. Mil. c. 27,
or. p. Cael. c. 32, or. de harusp. resp. 57, parad. 31.
tribunos plebis expelleret] 75 ff.
1. 32. provincias venderet, 24 and c. 28. [quas vellet
et quibus vellet would be more like Cicero's usage, j. s. r.]
reges appellaret, 'dub men kings,' 56 1. 14. Notice the
omission of the proper object.
P. 42, 1. 1. rerum capitalium cet.] 56 1. 16.
1. 2. principem civltatis] Cn. Pompeius, 691. 13.
1. 3. ut idcirco] or. p. Plane. 4 1. 19, 86 1. 4.
1. 5. credo, ironically, I dare say,' 44 1. 19.
1. 6. at nondum erat maturum, 'but, I shall be told, the
time was not yet come, ' to have recourse to arms in defence of
the state. To this objection Cicero replies with a description of
the general weakness of the boni and the paralysis of lawful
government.
1. 8. non omnino sed tamen, ' not to be sure but yet.'
Cf. 74 1. 8 and see my n. on or. p. Plane. 37 1. 31, de off. 1
79 1. 6, Tusc. ii 35, iv 53, de fin. in 11, Rep. ii 43.
1. 9. taciti] without giving expression to your grief.
85, 1. 10. anno superiore, in the year before last, i.e.
B.C. 58, the year of Clodius' tribunate, when he occupied
Castor's temple as his castellum: cf. 15 1. 20. aede
Castoris] 34 1. 27, or. in Pis. c. 10, p. dom. sua c. 21.
1. 11. fugitivis] the lowest class of slaves. silebatur,
'there was a general silence,' no one daring to utter a com-
plaint.
1. 12. cum egestate turn audacia perditorum] cf. 2 1. 20
homines egestate et scelere perditos, and 99.
1. 13. vi, manu] 2 1. 1, 78 1. 30. perferebatis, ' you
submitted patiently.' CatuLL. 8, 11 sed obstinata mente perfer,
obdura, Ovid Am. in 11, 7.
1. 14. templis pellebantur] 75.
1.15. alii] sc. magistratus. Where alius is used in the
second clause, it is often omitted in the first ; cf. 34 1. 2.
aditu ac foro means rather more than aditu fori ; by aditu it
is meant that they were forbidden access to the forum, by
NOTES 191
foro, that they were prevented from making use of it, so that
all exercise of their magisterial authority was denied them,
prohibebantur] 76.
1. 16. praetoris] Appius Claudius Pulcher, eldest
brother of P. Clodius, 126 1. 24.
1. 17. confess!, * were made to confess.' Cf. or. p. Sail.
33 quinque hominibus comprehensis atque confessis interitu
remp. liberavi. emissi] by Sextus Atilius Serranus
( 72 1. 26), as tribune, in virtue of his right of intercessio,
1. 18. mentio nulla] sc. in senatu facta est, ' not a word
was said.' Cf. de off. in 47.
1. 19. nulla nova quaestio] 'no special commission of
enquiry* )( quaestio perpetua 'standing commission. ' A nova
quaestio might be appointed by the Comitia in special cases
where the ordinary leges iudiciorum publicorum were considered
insufficient. Such was the lex Peducaea of b.c. 113 against the
Vestal Virgins, the lex Fufia de religione of B.C. 61 against
Clodius for his violation of the sacra Bonae Deae, the lex
Pompeia de caede in Appia via facta, the lex Pedia relating to
the murderers of the Dictator Caesar etc.
1. 20. Vetera iudicia sublata] by the intercessio of Serra-
nus.
1. 21. plus viginti] Madv. Gr. 305.
1. 22. alterius] T. AnniusMilo, whose house was attacked
by Clodius.
1. 23. dicam] the future is more common in such paren-
thetical remarks ; see Wilkins on Cic. de or. i 98.
1. 24. divlni] 50.
1. 25. domus est oppugnata] In a letter from Cic. to
Atticus (iv 3) it is expressly stated that this attack on Milo's
house was made on Nov. 12 b.c 57 and therefore could not
have formed the ground of Milo's charge de vi against Clodius.
It is suggested by Halm that there may have been some prior
demonstration against Milo's house, which Cic. in the lan-
guage of rhetorical exaggeration speaks of as an oppugnatio.
exercitu Clodiano] 79 1. 21.
CHAPTEB XL
86,1.27. hoc loco, 'on this topic,' i.e. when speaking
of the attack on Milo's house. laudas] for the purpose of
making Sestius' case appear worse.
192 PRO P. SESTIO 8688
1. 28. tarn immortal! vlrtute] the descriptive abl., 27
1. 10, 47 1. 16. For the alliteration of words with v cf. 59.
1. 29. hoc, the ordinary, familiar one, of everyday occur-
rence (cf. or. Verr. iv 62 mittit homini munera satis large, haec
ad usum domesticum, or. p. Eosc. Am. 134 mitto hasce artes
vulgares) to be taken with indicium, not with praemium,
1. 30. contritum et contemptum, obsolete, trite and con-
temptible.' Cf. Tusc. v 85 reliqua ex collatione facile est
conterere atque contemnere. On the meaning of con temptus
see n. to or. p. Plane. 13 1. 1. iudicium, ' recognition.'
P. 43, 1. 2. oporteret, ' should be done ' in accordance with
and obedience to the laws. in re publica] to be taken with
fieri; cf. or. p. Plane. 33 1. 13 multa in re p. molientis y Tusc.
iv 52 nescio ecquid ipsi nos fortiter in re publica fecerimus,
1. 3. necesse esset, must,' even in defiance of the laws.
1. 4. sceleri, 'depravity,' * profligacy,' see n. to 2 1. 20.
1. 6. armis oppressa, abl. of instrument, 84 1. 4 ; vi con-
sensuque] abl. of manner.
1. 9. cumulatae, 'complete,' ; perfectae, 'ideal.'
87, 1. 10. adiit ad rem publicam = causam rei p. sus-
cepit, as in 67 1. 19 accessit ad causam publicam.
1. 11. non quo sed quod] Kenn. Gr. p. 460, Madv. 357 b
obs. Cf. 61 1. 31.
1. 12. existimari, 'have judgment passed on them.'
laudis fructum, ' merited praise,' lit. ' reward which consists in
praise,' descriptive gen., see Kenn. p. 413 166, Madv. Gr.
286 obs. 2, n. on or. p. Plane. 21 1. 18, and cf. or. Phil, v 35
neque enimullammercedem tanta virtus praeter hanc laudis
gloriaeque desiderat.
1. 13. verbis consequi, * to be equal to, do justice to, in
description.' Cf. or. Phil, x 35 quibusnam verbis eius laudes
consequi possumus?
1. 15. in hoc crimine, in dealing with this charge,' 103.
1. 16. parem Sesti causam] if Milo merits the praise
bestowed upon him by the prosecutor, for having taken mea-
sures of self-defence, Sestius merits it just as much. (Long.)
1. 17. igitur] resumptive after the digression 1. 11 de cuius
laude; see n. on or. p. Plane. 36 1. 12.
1. 18. patriae ereptum] 53 1. 17 n. simplex,
* straightforward,' with no mental reservation, with no subor-
dinate or concealed purpose.
NOTES 193
1. 19. constans ratio, ' his plan of action was fixed and
unvarying,' he did nothing more than he had always done.
1. 20. collegas] The eight tribunes of the people who were
on Milo's side are named in the or. p. red. in sen. c. 8 ; they
were P. Sestius, C. Cestilius, M. Cispius, T. Fadius,
M. Curtius, C. Messius, Q. Fabricius. consulis
alterius] P. Lentulus Spinther, 144 1. 25.
1. 21. alterius] Q. Metellus Nepos; cf. 72, 130, or.
p. red. ad Quir. c. 15, p. red. in sen. 5, or. in Pis. 35.
1. 22. unus] Appius Claudius, 77 1. 9, 126 1. 24.
1.23. erecta, 'keenly interested,' 'enthusiastic.'
1. 24. duo soli] Numerius Quintius Kufus ( 72, 82
1. 2), and Sex. Atilius Serranus ( 72 1. 26, 85 1. 17).
1. 25. contempti] see above on 86 1. 30. sustinere, ' to
be equal to the task,' against such a strong opposition.
1. 26. potuissent] This would in the recta oratio be potu-
erint. See on 43 1. 11, 45 1. 2, 68 1. 7. nullo labore]
Madv. Gr. 257.
1. 27. auctoritate, 'with emphasis/ weight arising from
personal influence. For the unqualified ablative without ad-
jectival predicate signifying way or manner see Boby Gr. n
1236, Madv. Gr. 257 obs. 2, Kenn. Gr. p. 399.
1. 28. per summum ordinem, 'with the authority of, as
the organ of, the senate.'
1. 29. bonorum] 1 1. 6.
1. 31. reddere, ' to pay back as a debt ' of gratitude for the
inheritance of a great name which he is bound to support.
Cf. or. de leg. agr. n 1 plerique hoc perficiunt, ut tantum
maioribus eorum debitum esse videatur, unde etiam quod posteris
solveretur redundaret.
CHAPTER XLI
88,1.32. huic gravitati hominis, =huic tarn gravi
homini, 'such an earnest and determined character.' Seen,
on or. p. Plane. 30 1. 32. gladiator, 'prize-fighter,' 106
1. 20, or. p. Mur. 50, 83 ille importunus gladiator.
P. 44, 1. 1. si moribus ageret, ' if he acted according to (the
rules established by) usage' and transmitted to later times.
Cf. or. p. Caec. 2 si facta vis esset moribus i.e. 'convention-
ally,' ib. 32 ut vis ac deductio moribus fieret,
H. 13
194 PRO P. SESTIO 8889
1. 2. incendia, ' incendiarism.' cum exercitu suo] 85
1.26.
1. 3. itineribus occurrere, 'to fall foul of him, wherever
he went,' ' to cross his path,' = ei in itineribus,
1. 4. non movit, * did not make him lose his self-com-
mand. ' summa gravitate] abl. of description or charac-
teristic quality, 86 1. 28, Kenn. Gr. p. 399, Eoby Gr. n 1232.
1. 5. dolor, 'indignation,' 60 1. 17.
1. 6. libertas, * sense of independence,' ' love of liberty,'
cf. de off. ii 24 1. 2 note. prompta, ' energetic'
1. 8. ut refutaret, * to repress, repel.'
1. 11. in funeribus exsultantem] in here expresses the
object in possession of which, the field in which, the circum-
stances under which, joy displays itself. Cf. or. p. Balb. 59
non exsultavit in minis vestris nostrisque Cornelius, or. in
Cat. ii 3 In hoc ipso, in quo exsultat ac triumphat oratio
mea.
89, 1. 13. descendit, he agreed to, ' as a disagreeable
duty, coming down to a lower level. Cf. or. p. Mur. 60
Gatonem descensurum ad accusandum non fuisse, div. in
Caec. 1. See, however, j. s. k. in Add. p. 278!.
1. 14. nullis praemiis] ablative of attendant circum-
stances with adjective as predicate, Koby Gr. n 1242, Sch.
Gr. 504, 1. 'In some cases, as in that of ambitus, there
was,' says Long, 'a reward proposed to the prosecutor.'
1. 15. nulla hominum etiam opinione id eum umquam
esse facturum, ' without so much as any general expectation
that he would do so,' i.e. accuse him. For the vicarious use
of id facere see 40 1. 18, and on the use of the infinitive as
oblique predicate after the verbal substantive opinio Eoby
Gr. ii 1351 and cf. Cic. de or. n 339 promissio, si audierint,
probaturos.
1. 16. animi, 'high spirit,' 'insolence,' 'defiance.'
hominis, 'the man,' i.e. Clodius, used contemptuously as
often, like dvOpairos in Greek : see above 22 1. 16 and my n.
to Plutarch Them. c. 16, 2 1. 22.
1. 17. pristini iudicii turpitudinem desperabat, ' he
could not expect, with such an energetic prosecutor as Milo,
such a disgraceful trial as that former one of his,' i.e. to
employ in this new trial the same scandalous means which
he had employed in the other, when he was tried for violating
NOTES 195
the mysteries of the Bona Dea and bribed the iudices to acquit
him. See Intr. 6.
1. 18. ecce tibi, 'here you have,' 'then mark you;' see
my n. on Cic. de off. in 83 1. 4. consul, praetor cet.]
' a consul, a praetor, a tribune of the people, put forth new
edicts of a new sort ' that the accused do not put in an appear-
ance, that he be not summoned, that no judicial enquiry be
made, that no person be allowed to speak of iudices or trials
at all. ' ' The edict was that nothing of this kind should be
done until the appointment of the iudices by lot. The matter
is explained by Dio Cassius 39, 7 who says ' Clodius was a
candidate for the aedileship, in order that, if he should be
elected, he might escape trial for disturbing the peace, for
Milo commenced a prosecution against him but did not bring
it into court. For neither were the quaestors elected as yet,
whose business it was to determine the jury by lot, and
(Metellus) Nepos (the consul) forbade the praetor to admit any
prosecution before the jurymen were appointed. And
as it was the rule that the aediles should be elected before the
quaestors, this circumstance was the chief cause of the delay,'
eypdxf/aro yap avrbv (CI odium) 6 MiXcov, ov fxivroi Kal elcrr)-
7a7e^* otire yap ol racial, 5i' u>v rr\v airoKkfipwcnv r(av 5iKaar<2v
yevtaOai, ixPWi yprjvro' Kal 6 N^7ra;s a7re?7re r< (TTpar^yC)
fjLrjdefxlav irpb rrjs KXrjpco crews avrCov 8Lkt)v it poet Wat.
"Edei 8e dpa rods dyopav6/j.ovs (aediles) irpo tCov rafxiCov (quaestors)
Kara<jrr\vai Kal did tovto 6tl fid\L(TTa rj diarpi^^ iytveTo. The
friends of Clodius wished to secure his election to the aedile-
ship, and as aedile elect he could not be tried during that year
(b.c. 57) except for ambitus, if any, at his election. But Milo's
charge against him was brought under the lex Plautia de vi.
1. 19. edicta] a rhetorical plural, as 35 alii, 78 magis-
trates, templa, 84 civis indemnatos. ne reus adsit] Cic.
studiously avoids saying ne quis reus, as if the words of the
edict were applicable to Clodius in particular.
1. 21. quid ageret] cf. 78 1. 10, 81 1. 17.
1. 23. conroborata] by impunity.
1. 24. cervices daret, ' was he to submit tamely, unresist-
ingly?' Cf. or. p. Eosc. Am. 30 utrum malit cervices
Roscio dare, or. Phil, n 51 cervices suas subiecit securi.
vinci corresponds to cervices dare, deterreri = causa suscepta
desistere, to causam abiceret, latere to se domi contineret.
1. 26. abiceret] see cr. n.
1. 27. perfecit ut, 'he managed not to be afraid of,' i.e.
he resolved to have recourse to armed resistance. See cr. n.
132
196 PRO P. SESTIO 9092
CHAPTER XLII
90, 1. 30. hoc in genere praesidii comparati, ' in this
respect, viz. that of raising an armed force.' Praesidii is the
genitive of specific definition, Madv. Gr. 286 obs. 2, n. to
Cic. or. p. Plane. 21 1. 18. On the meaning of hoc in genere
cf. 113 1. 17 and see n. to or. p. Plane. 23 1. 1, and cf. de
off. i 84, below 113 in. illo genere conductarum contionum.
On the use of in 'in respect to,' 'in the matter of,' cf. ep. ad
Qu. r. ii 2 me tibi excuse- in eo ipso in quo te accuso.
1. 31. cum idem, 'whereas on the other hand;' idem is
the regular word for combining inconsistent attributes, cf. 14
1. 14 and see Kenn. Gr. p. 285 n. 1, Madv. Gr. 488.
1. 32. an qui defendit iure praesidium comparat; qui
monetur...hunc de vi accusandum putas?] On the use of
an with a double question, involving an inference, see n. to or.
p. Plane. 43 1. 32. The first qui of course indicates Milo,
the second Sestius. aris focis] asyndeton, 145 1. 12.
P. 45, 1. 1. tuto] adv. as in 79 1. 16, if not dative.
1. 2. templo = rostris, 75 1. 14.
1. 4. aliquo] see n. to 108 1. 6.
1. 5. nunc] not eum, because Sestius was present in court.
91, 1. 6. ita naturam rerum tulisse, 'that this was in
the natural evolution of things,' i.e. the progressive condition
of mankind. On meaning of ferre v. Lewis- Short Diet. p.
739 a 10.
1. 7. quodam tempore] 73 1. 17. nondum neque
neque] on the use of neque neque partitively after a general
negative see n. to Cic. de off. 66 1. 31.
1. 8. naturali iure] ius naturale is wider than ius gentium,
law, as dictated by reason and founded on the rational
nature of man, and so binding on all men living in a social
state, independently of human institutions ; ius civile is the
positive law of independent communities, differing according
to their external circumstances and relations. Cf. de off. in
23 neque vero hoc solum natura y id est iure gentium, sed
etiam legibus populorum, quibus in singulis civitatibus respublica
continetur, eodem modo constitutum est. descripto, ' marked
out,' 'properly arranged.'
1. 9. tantum quantum, 'just so much as,' 'no more
than,' or. p. Plane. 20 1. 6. Cf. 12 1. 9, 100 1. 20.
NOTES 197
1. 10. per, in the way of.'
1. 11. retinere, 'to maintain against invaders.' Cf. Hor.
Sat. i 3, 99, ars poet. 391 ff. virtute] abl. of quality, 86
L28.
1. 12. genere, * character.' Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 50, 4.
1. 14. ex feritate ilia ad mansuetudinem, 'from their
former savage state to one of civilisation.' Of. de rep. 2 27
(of Numa) ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem revocavlt
animos hominum.
1. 15. res ad communem utilitatem, 'things serving for
public use.' Of. Verr. iv c. 15 33 intellexi ad earn rem
istos fratres Cibyratas fuisse, ut etc., Liv. xliv 7, 12 se aliarum
in usum rerum copiam invenisse, Koby Gr. n 1828 : see, how-
ever, cr. n. publicas )( privatae, the things which are com-
mon to all, such as temples, fora, streets, basilicae, porticus
(Hor. i Epist. 1, 71) and the like, Cic. de off. 1 53 multa sunt
civibus inter se communia: forum fana porticus viae, iura
indicia, consuetudines praeterea et familiaritates multisque cum
multis res rationesque contractae.
1. 17. conventicula, 'associations,'
1. 18. domicilia coniuncta, ' union of dwelling-places. '
1. 19. Invento iure, ' by, through, because of, the inven-
tion of law, they were induced to protect them by walls.'
Moenibm saepserunt, which refers to res publicas... conventicula
...domicilia must be taken literally, not as some would render,
' as with a bulwark.' ' The city wall, ' observes Long, * con-
tained the state, for when the wall was broken down, the
political community was at the mercy of the conqueror. Such
was one of the forms of social existence, in which the notion
of State was inseparable from that of Urbs.'
92, 1. 20. atque introduces a new thesis, ' and further, '
'now.' Observe the opposition in what follows between hanc
' the present,' and Mam ' the past. ' hanc vitam humanitate
etc. ' our present high state of civilisation.'
1. 21. tarn interest, 'makes so marked a difference,'
' marks the difference so strongly. '
1. 22. horum utro uti nolumus] utercumque and uter follow
the same rule as the universal relatives quicumque, quisquis,
utut, utcumque, and take the indicative, Hor. Sat. n 5, 28
vivet uter locuples, sine gnatis improbus, illius esto Defensor,
Cic. or. p. Sull. 28 utrum ostendere potest, vincat necesse
est, Eoby Gr. n 1697.
198 PRO P. SESTIO 9294
utro, 'whichever,' for utrocumque or utroutro = si
alterutro; as in or. p. Sull. 28 utrum ostendere potest,
vincat necesse est, de div. n 115 utrum igitur eorum acci-
disset, verum oraculum fuisset, or. in Verr. n 3, 45 106 utrum
horum dixeris, in eo culpa et crimen liaerebit, Horat. Sat. n
3, 180 ; 5, 28.
1. 23. vim volumus exstingui] a categorical instead of
conditional sentence; so Hor. i Ep. 1, 87 lectus genialis in
aula est : nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita : see n. to
or. p. Plane. 15 1. 31, Madv. Gr. 442 a obs. 2, Zumpt 780.
Translate : ' if we would have violence extinguished, law must
prevail, that is the administration of justice upon which all
law depends.' On valeat necesse est see Madv. Gr. 373 obs. 1.
1. 24. quibus continetur, ' upon which it depends.' See
n. on de off. in 23 1. 4. iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt,
' if we will not have any administration of justice, or if none
exists, force must of necessity be dominant.'
1. 25. hoc] i.e. all that has preceded considered as one
thing.
1. 26. fecit ut experiretur] a periphrasis for expertus
est. See Madv. Gr. 481 b, Zumpt Gr. 618.
1. 27. uti voluit = libenter usus esset, in opp. to necee-
sario. Cf. 104 1. 24.
1. 29. si minus at certe] 7, 14.
1. 30. fuit idem fieri necesse] it could not be expected
that all should be capable of such a sacrifice as Milo.
1. 32. vim et manum, 'violence and force;' above 2
1. 1, 15 1. 25, Sail. Jug. xxxi 20 vindicandum in eos non
manu neque vi t Tac. Agric. c. 9 plura manu agens.
CHAPTER XLIII
P. 46, 93, 1. 1. o di immortales] 53.
1. 2. rei pnblicae] gen. 'for the conduct of state affairs.'
quotus quisque, 'how few,' lit. 'each how many, etc' i.e.
' one out of how large a number,' ' what a small fraction.'
1. 3. qui amplectatur, ' as to embrace,' generic or conse-
cutive subjunctive.
1. 5. solidam, 'real,' ' sterling,' )(vanam, 'hollow,' 'sham.'
1. 6. paene fata] in concrete sense, ' the destroj-ers,
demons of disaster, I may say.' Cf. Ov. Fast, v 389 stare
NOTES 199
simul casu Troiae duo fata videres : hinc puer Aeacides, hinc
love natus erat. On the attributive use of the adverb, see
rny n. to Cic. de off. n 20 1. 26, and cf. or. de prov. cons. 2
Gabinium et Pisonem, duo reip. portenta ac paene funera,
or. de dom. s. 145 in Mo paene fato rei publicae, below 116
I. 4, 130 1. 11.
1. 7. alterum] On the extortions of Gabinius as pro-
consul of Syria from b.c. 57 to B.C. 54, and the lucrative
transactions in which he was concerned, we have the testi-
mony of Dion Cassius 39 c. 56 ff., who among other things
says of him : 6 Taftiuios voWa koI ttjv Hvpiav k&k(o(Tv, ware
kclI rwv XrjarLKwv, a kcll rdre iJKfxa^e, 7ro\i) irXelca vfyicn XvjJLrjvaadai,
TrdvTd 5 8rj ra avrbdev X-fj/xpLara tXdxwTa elvai vopLiaas ivoei kclI
TrapeJKevd^ero ws kclI ttI rods Hapdovs rov re ttXovtov avruv
ar pared aw. pacatissimis atque opul. gazis] verto die reichen
friedlichen Schatze,' non 'die friedlichen und reichen' neque
'die reichen, friedlichen/ c. f. w. muller.
1. 9. inlibatas, * undiminished,* * unimpaired.'
1. 11. villam] near Tusculum. Cic. or. in Pis. 48 calls
it Tusculanum montem, because of its towering height ; cf. or.
de domo sua 124 ad caelum exstruit villam in Tusculano
visceribus aerarii.
1. 12. tugurium ut] a very common position of ut in Cic,
particularly after negatives. iam, 'after that, f in compari-
son with it. ilia villa quam...pictam...explicabat] Lucullus'
villa, a picture of which he showed, in order to open the eyes
of the Komans to the wealth and extravagances of the man
whom he wished to have superseded, on occasion of his pro-
posing the bill for conferring the conduct of the war against
the pirates upon Pompeius in the year B.C. 67. Dion 36, 10
professes to give the speech which he delivered on the occasion.
1. 13. tribunus plebis, ' when he was tribune of the people,'
5r)/j.apxos &v. See n. on 16 1. 10. This happened in B.C. 67,
see Long, Rom. Rep. in p. 114 ff.
1. 14. quo, ' to the end that,' ' in order that.'
1.15. castus = integer, abstinens, 'disinterested.' So
Verres is called ironically homo castissimus, or. Verr. I 100.
non cupidus, * unselfish.'
94, 1. 15. alterum] Piso, who was proconsul of Mace-
donia b. c. 57 b.c. 56,
L 16. Dardanis] a tribe in the south-west of Moesia,
Strabo vn p. 316. For the allusion see or. de prov. cons.
4 ita gentes eae, quae ut pace utercntur vim argenti dedcrant
200 PRO P. SESTIO 9495
praeclaro nostro imperatori, ut exhaustas domos replere possent,
pro empta pace helium nobis prope iustum intulerunt. maxima
pecunia] Madv. Gr. 258, Roby Gr. 1196. conficere, 4 to
procure,' Verr. ii 1 138 permagnam ex ilia re pecuniam
confici posse, or. p. Flacc. 20 duae rationes conficiendae
pecuniae,
1. 17. vexandam] So or. in Pis. 96 among the misdeeds
of Piso he enumerates that of Macedonia condonata barbaris.
1. 19. bona creditorum divisisse] or. in Pis. 86 nonne,
cum centum talenta tibi Apolloniatae Romae dedissent, ne
pecunias creditas solverent, ultro Fufidium, equitem Romanum,
creditorem debitoribus suis addixisti ?
1. 20. Dyrrachinis, 'the people of Dyrrhachium' (the
ancient Epidamnus), which was a libera civitas (Cic. ep. ad
fam. xiv 1, 6). Cf. or. de prov. cons. 5 quis ignorat Achaeos
ingentem pecuniam pendere L. Pisoni quotannis ? vectig-al ac
portorium Dyrrhachinorum totum in huius unius quaestum
esse conversum? or. in Pis. 96 Dyrrhachium et Apollonia
exinanita.
Achaeis pecuniam imperavisse, ' made a requisition upon
the Achaei for the payment of a fixed sum of money annually. '
The Achaei were at that time included in the province of
Macedonia and under the jurisdiction of its governor; Mommsen
Hist. R. vol. in p. 51 f. in annos singulos, i.q. quot-
annis.
1. 23. publico, 'set apart for public use,' such as fora,
theatres, basilicae, cf. 91 1. 16. religioso, 'holy,' 'con-
secrated,' or. p. Plane. 86, or. p. Kab. 7 de locis religiosis
ac de lucis.
1. 24. inludere] the infinitive dependent upon cum sciat,
1. 6, ' knowing that they are carrying on their game without
restraint,' ' play a defiant part.' omne supplicmm, ' every
kind of punishment,' 28 1. 27.
1. 25. iure optimo, ' with perfect justice, ' cf. or. p. Plane.
88, de off. i 111.
1. 26. hos duos] Sestius and Milo.
1. 27. Aelium] 68. quisquilias, 'refuse,' 'off-scour-
ings,' ep. ad Att. i 16, 6 Thalnam et Plautum et spongiam
et ceteras huiusmodi quisquilias. seditionis] in concrete
sense, 'revolutionary band,' 'rabble.'
1. 28. volitant] 1 1. 16 n.
1. 29. dum timebitis] with reference to the words reos
esse hos duos. The orator identifies the jury with the con-
NOTES 201
servative party, and points out to them that as long as they
pursue a timid policy, i.e. as long as political trials such as
the present are possible, so long their adversaries, the radical
party, will have no occasion to be afraid for themselves.
CHAPTER XLIV
95, 1. 31. nam indicates, not the reason of what precedes,
but the reason why what precedes did not include what is now
added; cf. 51, 129, and see n. to or. p. Plane. 21 1. 13.
aedile] P. Clodius.
1. 32. diem dixit, ' gave him formal notice of the impeach-
ment,' the first step of the procedure in state-trials, when a
magistrate ' named a day ' in a concio, on which he would
summon the Comitia for the purpose of instituting proceed-
ings. Milo appeared before the burgesses in answer to the
charge on the 2nd of February, B.C. 56, Clodius having been
chosen aedile on the 22nd of January, Intr. 24. For an
explanation of the reason why the charge de vi was brought
immediately before the people, see Intr. 37. accusavit,
4 stated the charge against,' 'undertook the prosecution of.'
Milo's trial was postponed to the Quirinalia, Feb. 17, and
further adjourned until May the 7th, so that he was still reus
when Sestius was acquitted on March the 14th (ep. ad Qu. fr.
ii 3). The prosecution was finally dropped by Clodius. We
have here an instance of the unusual construction, when an
object common to two verbs, governing different cases (diem
dixit takes the dative), is governed by the second, cf. below,
40 1. 17, Sallust Cat. 51, 38 imitari quam invidere bonis
malebant, Liv. xxxv 19, 6 odi odioque sum Romanis, and
other instances quoted by Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 90 b. So in
Greek, as Plat. Apol. Socr. p. 34 c ebeT]0rj re /ecu Uerevcre tovs
diKcta-rdis fJLera ttoXXwv daKpvojv.
P. 47, 1. 1. ut eum paeniteat] Cf. or. p. Mil. 82 viri
fortis est ne suppliciis quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse
paeniteat. tanta firmitate animi, i.q. tarn firmo animo;
see above 88 1. 4, 1. 32. in rem puolicam, 'for state
business,' not ' in relation to the state. '
1. 4. quonam suas mentis conferent, 'whither will they
turn their thoughts ? ' ' what will they think of it ? ' monu-
menta publica] the porticus or colonnade, which Q. Catulus
after his victory over the Cimbri (b. c. 101) built on the site of
the house of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the contemporary of Gaius
Gracchus, adjoined Cicero's house and was demolished by Clo-
dius, to enlarge the site of his intended mansion.
202 PRO P. SESTIO 95
1. 5. aedis sacras] the temple of the Nymphae, 84.
domos inimicorum] Milo, Marcus and Quintus Cicero,
ep. ad Att. iv 32 : Quinti fratris domus primo fracta coniectu
lapidum ex area nostra, deinde infiammata iussu Clodii, inspec-
tante urbe, coniectis ignibus, magna querella et gemitu...homi-
num omnium.
1. 7. indicibus, ' informers ' by profession, abl. of instr.
1. 8. hodie] 6 1. 21. peregrinam manum] probably
from his own estates in Etruria, close to the Aurelia Via,
where he kept a large gang of slaves, or. p. Mil. 26, Philipp.
xii 23.
1. 9. caedem, * sanguinary brawls,' 'bloody frays.'
1. 10. carcerem, occupants of the prison,' 78 1. 9.
1. 11. volitat] 94 1. 28. accusat] see n. to 1. 32.
1. 12. hie] Sestius.
1. 14. auspicia] Sestius wanted to have the spectio caeli
at the election of aediles ; ep. ad Att. iv 3, 3 tf. Ci". 33 1. 18.
1. 15. per senatus auctoritatem] Hence it appears that the
edicta mentioned above in 89 were sanctioned by the senate,
and this might be viewed as an expression of the opinion of
the summus or do in favour of Clodius. Cf. the complaint of
Cic. in his letter to Lentulus (i 9, 15): primum ilia furia
muliebrium religionum impunitatem est illorum sententiis (i.e.
senatorum, not iudicum) adsecutus, qui, cum tribunus plebis
poenas a seditioso civi per bonos viros iudicio persequi vellet,
exemplum praeclarissimum in posterum vindicandae seditionis
de re p. sustulerunt. 1. 16. non est situs] Madv. 390.
96132. Refutatio,
introduced by a Digression, containing a sort of political disser-
tation on the character of the tivo rival parties in the Roman
State, the optimates and the populares, l the class of the best'
or 'conservatives,' and the ' democrats,' those who put themselves
at the head of the people to gratify their own ambition under
the name of serving the state. Among the former, which is
a very large class, are to be reckoned all who strive to uphold
the national constitution and maintain order and tranquillity
in the state in its internal and external relations, while
preserving its honour intact men of all ranks and conditions,
whether leaders of the senate and their sympathisers and
supporters, or those who are eligible to, but have not yet
NOTES 203
attained the dignity of, a seat in the senate, provincials,
men of business and even freedmen; all who are free from
crime or debt, all who are not mad or vicious ( 96 98).
In their endeavour to support the national honour and institu-
tions the optimates have to counteract the revolutionary ten-
dencies of society, for in a large population there must inevi-
tably be some whom guilt, passion or pecuniary embarrassment
drive to despair, and who seek for a remedy of their own mis-
fortunes by agitating for a change of government. The greatest
wisdom and the utmost vigilance in its rulers are necessary for
the protection of the state against the violence and disorder of
such revolutionists ; Gic. says he knows from experience better
than most men how difficult and thorny the task is. The assail-
ants are more vigorous and earnest than the defenders, whose
apathy sometimes lets the evil grow until it is beyond their
control. Weak and vacillating champions are of no use in such
circumstances : only bold and vigorous men can make a successful
resistance and restore order. Such saviours of society have been
found at various times in men like M. Scaurus, Q. Metellus,
Q. Catulus ; worthy examples for those who aspire to glory and
do not shrink from labour and perseverance ( 99 102). The
present time, however, contrasts favourably with the past in
this respect ; there is no longer room for discontent and seditious
agitation, as there was in the early period when the interests of
the optimates and the people at large were at variance. Men
now-a-days are satisfied, proud of their country and of the
optimates, and want nothing but peace and tranquillity : and
agitators for a revolution can only secure recruits by bribery.
There would be a general unanimity of opinion in political
matters but for these revolutionists and their hired gangs ( 103
106). This may be seen in the conciones ( 107 109), in
the comitia, both legislative ( 110 112) and electoral ( 113
114), in the theatre ( 115 123), and the gladiatorial
shores ( 124 127), where on all occasions the people have
manifested their appreciation of the optimates and their sym-
pathy with my cause.
Then follows ( 127 131) a reply to what the prosecutor
had insinuated about the mode of Cicero's restoration, which he
designated as having been effected by violent and unjustifiable
means; and Cicero takes this opportunity of continuing the
description of his splendid and triumphant return, which had
been interrupted at 77.
After a violent invective against the witness Vatinius, with
whom the disparaging phrase ' caste ' of optimates originated,
Cicero concludes this part of the speech with a resume of what
he had said about them, and an exhortation to the young to
imitate the great and immortal statesmen of old, ivho 'scorned
delights and lived laborious days,' and risked their lives in the
204 PRO P. SESTIO 9697
struggle to maintain conservative principles, and to uphold the
glorious constitution which had made Rome the great city it was
( 136-143).
96, 1. 16. lioc illud est quod quaesisti, * here we have,
what you asked,' i.e. 'this is what you meant by asking, the
gist of your question.' The prosecutor had asked Cic. in
a sneering tone quaenam esset natio optimatium whom Cic.
assumed to be on his side, when the auctoritas of the senate
was against him, and this might be considered as an expres-
sion of opinion of that order in favour of Clodius.
1. 18. natio in a depreciatory sense = * caste,' * tribe,' 'set.'
Cf. or. p. Mur. 69, in Pis. 55 natio candidatorum, de nat.
deor. ii 74 salem istum quo caret vestra natio, Phaedr. n 5
ardelionum quaedam natio, C. Gracch. ap. A. Gell. N. A. xv
12, 3 si ulla meretrix domum meam introiv it... omnium na-
tio num postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote. quae
esset] i.e. whether they were so weak, as to count for nothing,
1. 22. officio vestro] because a right understanding of the
matter on the part of the indices would be sure to lead to the
acquittal of Sestius.
CHAPTER XLV
1. 25. eorum qui studuerunt] the indicative, not sub-
junctive, because he is speaking of an actually existing class,
who form two divisions. Eoby Gr. n 1681.
in re publica se excellentius gerere, ' to distinguish them-
selves as public men,' * take a prominent part in politics.'
1. 27. se haberi...voluerunt] see n. to Cic. de off. i 65
1. 19. popularis] Liv. in 68, 10 natura hoc ita compara-
tum est, ut qui apud multitudinem sua causa loquitur gratior
eo sit, cuius mens nihil praeter publicum commodum videt.
1. 28. multitudini=populo, 'the many,' 103, 105,
124, de off. ii 75 conciliare benevolentiam multitudinis,
Tusc. ii 63 si in oculis sis multitudinis
1. 29. ita se gerebant ut probarent. ' acted so as to get
the approbation of loyal citizens in their designs,' lit. ' make
them acceptable to.' optimo cuique = omnibus bonis
civibus; cf. 103, 105.
97, 1. 31. iste = quemtu dicis, 'that of yours.' Cf. de
rep. i 50 nam optimates quidem quis ferat, qui non populi
NOTES 205
concessu sed suis comitiis hoc sibi nomen adrorjaverunt ? qui
enim iudicatur iste optimus ? doctriua artibus studiis.
1. 32. si quaeris, ' if you want to know,' n. to de off. in
80 1. 33.
P. 48, 1. 1. stare] 42 1. 19, n. to or. p. Plane. 81 1. 15.
consilii publici] 42 1. 20 n.
1. 2. qui eorum sectam sequuntur, * their supporters
in the senate.' maximorum, largest,' not ' of the highest
standing, ' which would be summorum. Cic. means the equites
Eomaniy publicani, tribuni aerarii, whose fortune entitled them
to a seat in the senate, after they had held some state office.
1. 4. negotii gerentes, * men of business.' The usual
phrase is negotium not negotia gerere. On the genitive after
the 'present act. participle see or. p. Plane. 131, 4, 55 1. 1
n., 80 1. 9. rustici, substantively, peasants.'
1. 6. varie diffusus, ' spread over various individuals.'
ut tollatur error, 'to remove any possible misconception,' a
final parenthetic clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458.
1. 7. brevi circumscribi, ' comprised in a short definition.'
1. 8. nocentes, ' criminals : ' the nocentes and natura im~
probi, ' those of a vicious disposition,' form one class opp. to
the integri.
1. 9. mails domesticis impediti] )( beati (1. 19), hampered
by financial difficulties,' for, as Juvenal says, haud facile
emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat res angusta domi, Sat. in
164.
1. 10. est ut, ' it is the case that,' or. p. Cael. 48
quando fuit ut, quod licet, non liceret, i.e. quando non
licuit, quod licet? orat. 199 est ut id maxume deceat,
non ut solum, Lucr. i 620 nil erit ut distet nil distabit,
in 715 haut erit ut possit = h.&u& pot erit, Hor. Ep. i 12, 2
lion est ut copia maior . . .donari possit, for non potest
donari; see Munro on Lucr. i 442, Zumpt Gr. 752.
Observe that qui integri sunt is the subject, ei, quam tu na-
tionem appellasti, the predicate. quam is by attraction
for quos.
1. 11. bene de rebus domesticis constitui = beafci, 'in
good circumstances.' de= ' in respect to.'
1. 12. opinionibus, ' expectations,' ' judgments,' 114 qui
senserat tantum de rep. aliud atque homines expectabant.
Translate those who second the wishes, the interests, and
the principles of these men in the government of the state
206 PRO P. SESTIO 97100
are supporters of the optimates, and are themselves reckoned
among the most weighty of the optimates, the most distin-
guished members and leaders of the state.'
1. 14. gravissimi] kclt' i%oxnv, *P ar excellence, 1 136,
138. 1. 17. derigere, 'to give a straightforward direc-
tion to.'
98, 1. 19. beatis, ' well-to-do,' )( to the malis domesticis im-
pediti, de off. n 69 1. 15, or. p. Rose Am. 135. cum
dignitate otium, ' peace with honour,' cf. ep. ad fam. i 9, 21,
de or. i 1. Otium refers to the internal tranquillity of a
state, pax to peace with other nations, cf. 104 1. 16.
1. 21. neque enim rerum gerendarum cet., ' for as men
ought not, in their exaltation at the honour of public employ-
ment, to be indifferent to tranquillity, so neither ought they
to make much of any tranquillity that is inconsistent with
honour.'
CHAPTER XL VI
1. 25. otiosae dignitatis, i. q. otii cum dignitate,
1 conservatism with honour. ' haec refers to what follows.
1. 26. membra, ' elements. '
1. 27. vel capitis periculo, ' even at the risk of life,' or. p.
Plane. 101 1. 17 n. religiones, ' religious ordinances,' ' re-
ligion.'
1. 28. senatus auctoritas] 137 1. 31, Eamsay R. A. p. 220.
1.29. fides, ' honour,'^ probity.' Cf.Dem. or. deChers. 66
7r6\ews ^yujye ttXovtov yyov/uLcu av/j.fxdxovs irlariv efivoiav. Others
take it to mean * credit,' without which no state can continue a
Great Power, de off. n 84. mos maiorum] 16 1. 5.
iudicia, iuris dictio, ' criminal and civil jurisdiction.'
1. 30. imperii laus, ' admiration of our system of govern-
ment.' res militaris, ' the army.'
P. 49, 99, 1. 3. conversiones rei publicae, political con-
vulsions.'
1. 4. animi furorem, * restlessness,' feverish desire of
change,' ' destructive tendency.'
1. 5. pascantur = delectentur, 'feast on,' 'revel in,' not
4 live by,' as in de off. n 40 1. 28 qui maleficio et scelere pas-
cuntur, or. in Pis. 45 his ego rebus pas cor, his detector, his
perfruor, ep. ad Att. iv 10, 1 ego hie pas cor bibliotheca
NOTES 207
Fausti. Cicero, it will be observed, takes no account of
honest revolutionists.
1. 6. implicationem, ' involved state,' embarrassment,' cf.
97 malis domesticis impeditos. communi incendio de-
flagrare, 'to perish in a general conflagration.' So Veil.
Paterc. n 91, 4 quippe ita se mores habent, ut publica quisque
ruina malit occidere, quam sua proteri et idem passurus minus
conspici, Cic. in Cat. iv 14 qui cum sibi viderent esse pereun-
dum, cum omnibus potius quam soli per ire voluerunt, Cic. or. in
Cat. ii 21, iv 14.
1. 10. gubernacula] 20 1. 28.
1. 11. scientia, * skill : ' de invent, i 58 navis optime
cursum conficit ea quae scientissimo gubernatore utitur.
1. 13. tenere cursum, * to keep on his course,' ' not to
swerve from a direction once determined on,' a metaphor from
navigation: see n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 18, and cf. below
101 1. 11, de orat. 1 1.
capere ... portum, 'reach the haven,' Caesar B. G.
iv c. 36 ex iis onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliqui, portus
capere non potuerunt, ib. 26 equites cursum tenere atque in-
sulam capere non potuerant.
100, 1. 14. si negem mentiar, ' if I were to deny it, I
should tell an untruth.' Madvig Gr. 346 b, who quotes de
am. 10 ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem...certe men-
tiar, add de orat. i 145 quam ego si nihil die am adiuvare,
mentiar.
1. 15. periculorum aut insidiarum] see n. on 31 1. 32 :
had the sentence not been negative but affirmative, atque would
have been used.
1. 17. praeter ceteros senserim, 'have learnt by expe-
rience more than others have done.'
CHAPTER XL VII
1. 20. nutu, ' with a mere nod,' ' the smallest expression
of another's will.' Tusc. n 51 nutu quod volet conficiet,
nullo labore, nulla molestia, de or. i 31 nutu atque verbo liber-
tinos in urbanas tribus transtulit, ib. 194 auctoritate nutu que
legum. Cf. below 20 vultu ' by merely a look.'
1. 21. nescio quo modo, 'alas ! ' ' unfortunately,' see n. to
de off. 1 146 1. 5, or. p. Plane. 83 1. 4.
208 PRO P. SESTIO 100101
1. 22. tardiores] Plin. Ep. iv 7, 3 minor vis bonis quam
malis inest, ac sicut d/xadia ukv dpdaos Xoytaubs 8 6kvov <pepei
(Thuc. ii 40), ita recta ingenia debilitat verecundia, perversa
confirmat audacia.
rerum] superfluous ; cf. 42 1. 30, 47 1. 4,
1.23. denique] i. q. demum, 'not until,' 'for the first
time.' So nunc denique, turn denique : see exx. in Lewis- Short
p. 545 o Bd. ipsa= ' mere,' as in 105 1. 28.
1. 25. ipsi, ' of themselves,' ' by their own fault.
101,1.27. leviores, 'unstable.' desciscunt, 'become
renegades to their cause,' a stronger expression than desunt,
which means 'are wanting in energy or in duty to their cause,'
' fail in rendering assistance, ' cf . 80 1. 5.
1. 29. pater tuus] M. Aemilius Scaurus, twice consul
b. c. 115 and 107 as consul suffectus, censor b. c. 109, princeps
senatus after his first consulship and the political oracle of the
aristocracy. Mommsen Hist. Eome in p. 144, above 39 and
nn. on Cic. de off. i 76, 108. M. Scaure] M. Aemilius
Scaurus, eldest son of the preceding, who may possibly, as
praetor in b.c. 56, have presided in the court before which Ses-
tius was tried. Intr. 26. See n. to de off. i 138 1. 16, n
57 1. 1.
1. 30. a C. Graccho usque ad Q. Varium] from b. c. 123 to
b. c. 90. Cf. Aurelius Victor de viris illustr. 72, 9 : tantumque
auctoritate potuit (Scaurus) ut Opimium contra Gracchum,
Marium contra Glauciam et Saturniimm privato consilio
armaret. We learn from a note of Asconius on Cicero's
speech for M. Aem. Scaurus the son (Orelli Vol. v p. 22) that
when, on the proposal of the tribune Q. Varius, a special com-
mission of high treason was appointed for the investigation of
the conspiracy instigated by Drusus, out of which the revolt
of the Italian subjects had originated (s. Mommsen H. K. in
p. 248), Q. Caepio, vetus inimicus Scauri, sperans invenisse se
occasionem opprimendi eius egit, ut Q. Varius tribunus plebis
belli concitati crimine adesse apud se Scaurum iuberet anno
lxxii. llle per viatorem accersitus, cum iam ex morbo male
solveretur, dissuadentibus amicis, ne se in ilia valetudine et ae-
tate invidiae populi bbiceret, innixus nobilissimis iuvenibus pro-
cessit in forum, deinde accepto respondendi loco dixit : ' Q. Varius
Hispanus M. Scaurum principem senatus socios in arma ait con-
vocasse; M. Scaurus princeps seiiatus negat; testis nemo est;
utri vos, Quirites, convenit credere ? ' Qua voce ita omnium
commutavit animos, ut ab ipso etiam tribuno dimitteretur.
NOTES 209
1. 32. labefecit, 'caused to waver,' 'shook his purpose;'
the more usual form in Cic. is labefactavit. Q. Metellus]
Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, see n. to or. p. Plane.
89 p. 187 8. Caecilia Metella, the daughter of his elder
brother L. Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, was married to M.
Scaurus, and after his death to L. Sulla the dictator. She was
great aunt to the Caecilia Metella, whose tomb is now such a
conspicuous object on the Via Appia.
P. 50, 1. 1. florentem in popular! ratione, ' eminent as a
leader of the democratical party.'
1. 2. popular! ratione, ' the democratical tendency.' Cf.
114 qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat, Brut. 103
alter (Gaius Gracchus) propter perpetuam in populari ra-
tione levitatem morte voluntaria se a severitate iudicum
vindicavit.
censor notasset] 'Lucius Appuleius S at urninus excited
a tumult against Q. Metellus, when he was a candidate for the
censorship in 102/652, and kept him besieged in the Capitol till
the equites liberated him not without bloodshed; the retaliatory
measure of the censor Metellus the expulsion with infamy
ofSaturninus and of Glaucia from the senate on occasion of
the revision of the senatorial roll had only miscarried through
the remissness of the colleague assigned to Metellus.' Mommsen
R. H. Vol. in p. 217. Appian B. Civ. i 28 TLfx-nrrjs de Kdi'vros
KaucLXios M^reXXos TXavdav re (3ov\eijovra kclI ' AnrovKrfCov 2a-
rovpvlvov bebrnxapxnKbra ijdrj ttjs d^Lwerecas iraptXvev, aicrxp&s
piovpras' ov /jltjv idwrfdrj' 6 yhp avvapxw ov avv^dero. On the
nota censoria see Kamsay R. A. p. 168.
1. 3. insitivum Gracchum] the Pseudo-Gracchus, a fellow
named L. Equitius, said to have been a runaway slave from
Picenum (ille ex compedibus atque ergastulo Gracchus, or. p. C.
Rab. 20), who gave out that he was a son of Tib. Gracchus,
and, though disowned by the sister of the Gracchi, was chosen
tribune by the people in 99/655 solely on account of his usurped
name. Momms. R. H. in p. 214. Val. Max. vni 7, 2 idem
populus Q. Metellum censor em, quod ab eo (Equitio) tamquam
Gracchi filio censum recipere nolebat, lapidibus prosternere co-
natus est, adjirmantem tres tantummodo filios Gracchi fu-
isse. He perished with the rest of the associates of Saturninus.
See concerning him Appian B. C. i 32 33, Floras, in 16 1,
Valer. Max. ix 15, 1. insitivum] lit. ' ingraffed,' hence ' spu-
rious,' 'substituted:' cf. Phaedr. fab. in 3, 10 insitivos
liberos.
1. 4. censu prohibuisset, ' had struck him off the burgess-
list.' Census = ' the register drawn up by the censors ;' ' the
H. 14
210 PRO P. SESTIO 101103
'censorial list;' see Bamsay R. A. p. 166 7, and cf. or. p.
Balb. 5 irrepsisse in censum, or. p. Arch. 15 census
nostros requiris. earn legem] the lex Appuleia agraria on
which see n. to 37.
1. 6. ut relinquam] 29 1. 7, 55 1. 18.
1. 9. Q. Catulus] Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q. n. Catulus,
son of the conqueror of the Cimbri, was consul in B.C. 78, the
year of Sulla's death, with M. Aemilius Lepidus whose efforts
to abrogate the dictator's acts he strenuously resisted, and
censor in b.c. 65. He died in B.C. 60, and therefore four years
before the delivery of this speech. He was also princeps senatus
and one of the most honoured of the optimates of his time,
eminent for his opposition to all anticonstitutional innovations.
See n. to Cic. de off. i 76 1. n.
1. 10. aura )( tempestas, 'the soft, alluring air,' not 'the
favouring breeze.' Cf. Hor. Od. n 8, 23 tua ne retardet aura
maritos.
1. 11. cursu] 99 1. 13, or. p. Plane. 52, 94.
CHAPTEK XLVIH
102, 1. 14. ampla refers to dignitatem, divlna to laudem,
immortalia to gloriam: the three verbs in the next clause
refer to the same adjectives respectively.
1. 16. posterltati] the dative because of the notion tradere
which underlies propagare, and perhaps to correspond with
mandantur. The usual phrase is ad posteritatem.
1. 18. multae insidiae cet. ] words of Atreus addressed to his
son taken from the so-named tragedy of the poet Accius. See
n. to or. p. Plane. 59. There seems to be a reminiscence of
the same passage in the Yerr. v 181 si tantulum oculos
deiecerimus, praesto esse insidias : si ullum locum aperuerimus
suspicioni aut crimini, accipiendum statim volnus esse : nobis
semper vigilandum, semper laborandum videmus.
1. 19. te] has a universal reference, and does not form
part of the quotation.
1. 20. inscitia, * stupidity.' Ter. Eun. v 8, 41 verum si
idem vobis prodest, vos non facer 'e inscitiast, Plaut. Cure,
i 3, 29 (185) male mereri de inmerente inscitiast.
1. 21. inqult, sc. poet a, implied in verissime dictum est.
1. 22. ecferas, 'bring to light,' i.e. 'exert,' * employ.'
NOTES. 211
1.23. nollem dixisset, 'I wish he had not also said,'
de off. i 35. quod exciperent, for them to lay hold of,'
'pick up,' 'appropriate,' as the emperor Caligula did, who
ace. to Suetonius Calig. c. 30 versus subinde iactabat.
1. 25. oderint, dum metuant] n. to de off. i 97 1. 16.
1. 26. praeclara] predicate adjective, ilia, 'the above-
quoted lines ' or ' in those words.'
103, 1. 27. haec via ac ratio, 'this system,' 'method,'
i.e. the pursuit of a conservative line of policy.
1. 29. populi, 'the people,' as opp. to the optimates.
Cf. below 104, de amic. 41 videre iam videor populum a
senatu disiunctum, multitudinis arbitrio res maximas agi, de
orat. in 196 a multitudine ac populo.
1. 30. tabellaria lex] the law carried by L. Cassius
Longinus Kavilla, tribune of the people in B.C. 137, which
extended the use of the ballot to the juries in all criminal
trials, ut tabellae etiam in iudiciis populi (i.e. publicis comitiis
centuriatis habendis) praeterquam in iudicio perduellionis
kaberentur, Earns. B. A. p. 108. The lex Gabinia two years
earlier in B.C. 139 introduced vote by ballot into elections,
de am. 41.
1. 31. agi, ' was at stake.'
1. 32. in salute optimatium, ' in the matter of the welfare
of the optimates,' i.e. where their interests were at stake.
P. 51, 1. 1. agrariam legem] i. e. the lex Sempronia agraria
of B.C. 133, the object of which was to revive under a modified
form the lex Licinia, limiting the possessor es to 500 iugera
for himself and 250 for each of two sons (ne quis agri publici
plus quam quingenta iugera possideret) and dividing the re-
sumed land into lots of 30 iugera, and allotting it to the poor
' as inalienable heritable leaseholds ' at a small rent (vectigal),
which went into the aerarium.
1. 3. constitui, 'to be on the point of being set up,'
'securely established,' ep. ad Att. iv 1, 3 consiliorum ad
colligendas et constituendas reliquias nostras (fortunarum)
indigemus.
1. 6. propugnatoribus] the leaders of this aristocratical
party ( 101 and 136), whose power and consequence de-
pended as much upon their great wealth and hereditary pos-
sessions as upon their nobilitas. So that in their point of
view it might be said with an appearance of justice that by
lowering the rich families to the level of the middle class,
which must follow upon the limitation of their share in the
ager publicus, the state would be robbed of its propugnatores .
Cf. de off. n 78. arbitrabantur, ' it was their personal
conviction.'
142
212 PRO P. SESTIO 103106
1. 7. frumentariam] see n. to 55.
1. 10. aerarium exhauriri] 55 1. 30 ut remissis senis et
trientibus quinta prope pars vectigalium toller 'etur.
CHAPTEB XLIX
1. 11. nostra memoria, ' within my own time,' from the
period of his birth until that when he is speaking. quae
consulto praetereo] the leges Iuliae of b.c. 59.
1. 12. fuerunt in contentione, 'were the subjects of
dispute.' Cf. de off. i 47 1. 21. The wi-clause which follows
is an expansion and explanation of ea.
1. 13. consilio, 'policy,' arising from greater reflexion,
)( cupiditas.
104, 1. 14. nihil est quod, ' now-a-days there is no more
reason why, etc' Cf. 1 1. 1. delectis, ' the select few,'
'the ilite of the people.' Cf. or. in Vat. 23 d elect os viros
et principes civitatis, de rep. i 42 deinde aut uni tribuen-
dum est aut delectis quibusdam aut suscipiendum est multi-
tudini titque omnibus ; cum est (summa rerum) penes delect os,
turn ilia civitas optimatium arbitrio regi dicitur.
1. 16. et otio suo] On the explicative use of et for an
adversative particle, see n. to de off. i 22 1. 32. Hirsch-
felder reads sed.
1. 20. perfuncta, 'having got through with,' ' got rid of.'
1. 21. id agunt ut, 'make it their object to,' Kenn. Gr.
p. 442, Madvig Gr. 372 a.
1. 23. pretio ac mercede] de off. n 21 1. 7.
1. 24. quidquid dicunt] Koby Gr. 1717. velle audire,
'to listen to with pleasure.' Cf. 92 1. 27.
105, 1. 25. aut quemquam, ' or any one else,' 2 1. 18
populares, ' demagogues,' de off. i 85, n 21.
1. 27. ullum] used substantively. habuisse conductum]
Madv. Gr. 427, Zumpt Gr. 634, Kenn. p. 499, Eoby Sch.
Gr. 559.
1. 28. ipsa largitio, ' the mere giving,' i.e. the bestowal
alone of advantages offered by a lex agraria, frumentaria.
1. 30. offendebant illi quidem apud gravis et honestos
homines, to be sure, they gave offence to thoughtful and re-
spectable men but etc' Cf. ep. ad Att. x 4, 8 quod intellegeret se
NOTES 213
apud ipsam plebem offendisse de aerario. # On the use of
quidem when a concession is made, but immediately qualified
bv an adversative clause and its attraction to a personal pro-
noun, see P. S. Gr. p. 2S5, Madv. Gr. 489 b, Zumpt 801.
1. 31. populi iudiciis, ' the sentiments manifested by the
people ' on all public occasions. omni significatione, ' every
possible demonstration,' * expression of approbation.' 122,
127, ep. ad Att. I 16, 11 et ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas
Tri(Tr}fjLaaias (' tokens of popularity ') sine ulla pastoricia fistula
auferebamus, ep. ad Qu. fr. 1 1, 42.
P. 52, 1. 1. quod contenderant, sc. consequi, or quod
may be the direct object of contenderant, as in or. in Verr. n
52 ne omnia contendamus, Varro ap. Non. p. 259, 32 et petere
imp erium populi et contendere honor es.
1. 3. qui adversabantur ei generi, * the opponents of that
class of men,' 114 1. 7.
1. 4. sed valebant] The sed refers to the second clause
multitudini iucundi non erant, to which the preceding clause
valebant etc. is to be considered subordinate: sed cum valerent
in senatu, multitudini iucundi non erant.
1. 6. suffragiis offendebatur, was thwarted by the popular
vote.'
1. 8. si quis...acceperat] iterative pluperfect, Eoby Gr. n
1717, Kenn. Gr. p. 334 d, Madv. Gr. 338 a obs., Zumpt
579. ne quid peccasset] Abrami quotes in illustration an
anecdote of Phocion in Plutarch apophth. p. 188 a: iireldk
\y(ai> icork yvwfirjp Trpos rov drjfjLov evdoxlfjiei Kal irdvras OyitctXu;*
eupa rov Xoyov ajrodexofitvovs, $iri<jTpa<t>eis vpos roi)s 0t\ous direv
1 oti 5r? 7rou kolkov Tf. Xtywv ifiavrov \\nda;' idem ille]
108 1. 7.
CHAPTEE L
106, 1. 12. nisi me fallit, 'unless I am mistaken.' On
the impersonal use of fallo see n. to de off. n 25, and cf.
below 115 neminem vestrum fallit. The usual phrase is nisi
me fallit animus.
1. 13. operas conductorum] i.q. operas conductas, 38
1. 18. Cf. below 113 1. 18 conductarum contionum, or. p.
dom. 79 conductis operis non solum egentium sed etiam
servorum, Yarr. de E. E. 1 17, 2 cum conducticiis liberorum
operis res maiores...administrant. si removeris, 'setting
aside.' Cf. de off. i 157 1. 3, or. p. Plane. 39 1. 16.
idem sensuri] 114 1. 29.
214 PRO P. SESTIO 106109
1. 14. tribus locis] not a local but a temporal abl., 'on
three occasions' [a common use in Livy, e.g. ad id locorum
etc. j. s. e.].
1. 16. contione, comitiis, 'at a public meeting or con-
stitutional assembly of the whole people.' There is a sharp
distinction between the two ; in the former no measures could
be passed, and no proposition (rogatio) submitted to vote
upon ; speeches only were delivered by the summoning magis-
trate and those whom he introduced (produxit) ; the latter were
either electoral {magistratuum, 109) or legislative (legum).
ludorum] sc. scaenicorum, 115. gladiatorum, 'gladia-
torial exhibitions,' after the analogy of the Greek Tpayydoi,
KWfiydol. [Is the gen. not merely objective 'an assembly
connected with (for the purpose of seeing) gladiators'? j. s. R.j
1. 17. quae quidem esset, *I mean, such as.' On the
restrictive use of the consecutive subjunctive with qui see
Madv. Gr. 364 obs. 2, Zumpt Gr. 559, Eoby Gr. n 1692.
1.20. gladiatore] P. C 1 o d i u s.
1. 22. foedum, ' disfigured by lust.'
1. 23. erant...necessario turbulentae, 'could not be other-
wise than stormy. '
107, 1. 24. de eodem me, ' also about me,' 108 1. 8
eiusdem illius, 109 1. 21. habuit contionem = verba
fecit, ' delivered an harangue,' 108 1. 9.
1. 27. constitit, 'was assembled.'
1. 28. gravitate, 'energy,' 'stress,' 'emphasis.' tanto
silentio] 39 1. 12, 49 1. 10, 54 1. 4.
[1. 30. ad auris accidisse : cf. or. in Verr. iv 2 nihil
quod ad oculos animemque a c cider it. j. s. e.J
productus] sc. auctoritatis exquirendae causa, see n. to 33.
P. 53, 1. 1. praebuit] see cr. n. Cf. or. in Pis. 80.
1. 2. numquam maiore] Muller with Klotz enlarges the
sentence from P 2 into numquam neque sententiam eius auctori-
tate neque eloquentiam iucunditate fuisse maiore.
108, 1. 5. idcirco...ne] 128 1. 19. appello = nomino.
Cf. div. in Caec. 13 testes sunt viri clarissimi nostrae civi-
tatis, quos omnis a me nominari non est necesse: eos qui adsunt
appellabo. si minus] 'if I say less than he deserves.'
1. 6. de aliquo, 'of some person or other.'
NOTES 215
[1. 7. cedo: the use here is not easy to parallel exactly; in
the speeches it often has the sense 'pray give me,' 'pray read
to me,' 'pray tell me;' hut not 'pray consider' or 'pray reflect
on,' as here. There are difficulties about the ordinary deriva-
tion of the word. (1) the enclitic put in the front of the com-
pound ; (2) the a of the imperative da changed to o ; the dt of
(ce-date) cedte sinking not to st or ss but to tt. I believe all
these three things, strictly speaking, unparalleled in Latin.
But I do not know of any better derivation, j. s. b.] eius-
dem illius] 105 1. 10.
1. 8. de me eodem] 107 1. 24, 109 1. 21. ad verum
populum] i.e. not to a mere fraction of the people, 114 1. 32.
1. 9. contionem = orationem in contione habitam, 'speech,'
107 1. 24. non modo] see n. on 45 1. 6.
1. 13. scelere adstringi] de off. in 19 se astrinxit
scelere, or. p. Sull. 82. The usual word is obstringi, as in
or. p. Sull. 6, Verr. iv 71 tanto scelere obstrictum.
CHAPTER LI
109, 1. 14. venio ad] or. p. Plane. 12 1. 16 n. sive
magistratuum placet, sive legum, ' for the election of magis-
trates or passing of laws, whichever you please.'
1. 16. vlx ut] for the position of ut see n. on 93 1. 12.
[quini, i. e. ex singulis tribubus, ' scarce five, to represent
(nominally) each tribe, and very often even those not belonging
to the tribe they propose to represent;' Cicero is of course
speaking hyperbolically, like Demosth. or. de coron. 149,
when he says : irpoftkrjdete irvXayopas ovros ical rpiwv 7) Terra-
puv xt'-poTwyvwruv avrov dvepprjdr]. For the general drift cf.
Arist. Ach. 508 exciporovrjaav yap ixe...KOKKvyis ye rpels. J. S. e.]
1. 19. ruiAa = pestis, * perdition, 5 'destroyer.' So in the
or. de prov. cons. 15 Gabinius and Piso are called publi-
eanorum ruinae. legem tulisse] after Cic. had gone into
exile.
1. 20. ferebatur] sc. lex. inisse suffragium, i.q. de-
disse, gave his vote,' cf. Liv. m 17, 4; 25, 4.
1. 21. de me eodem] 108 1. 8. ex senatus consulto.!.
centuriatis] and therefore with the observance of all forma-
lities.
1. 23. profiteatur, ' gladly own.'
1. 25. honestates, notabilities,' 'notables,' 'respectabili-
ties,' so potestates, 56 1. 5, dignitatem 'dignitaries,' Liv. xxii
40, 4, 7io5iZitaes=principes, Tac. Ann. xn 20.
216 PRO P. SESTIO 109110
1. 26. una consentiunt] de am. 86 omnes uno ore con-
sentiunt, Phil, i 20 omnes una et voce et mente consentiunt.
furiae convolant] 54 1. 9.
110, 1. 28. Gellius] L. Gellius Poplicola, whom Cic.
or. in Vatin. c. 2 calls nutriculam seditiosorum ; he was stepson
of L. Marcius Philippus cos. b.c. 97. fratre] L. Marcius
Philippus, cons. b.c. 56 ; Intr. 24.
1. 30. nomen retinet, ornamenta confecit] the contrast
between the two clauses is made stronger by the omission of a
conjunction to connect them : on this asyndeton adversativum
see Eeid's note to de am. 5 1. 25. The ornamenta are the
'requisites' for maintaining the position, viz. a fortune of
400,000 sesterces, cf. Hor. Epist. I 1, 57, or. p. Plane. 12
1. 26. Gellius still retained his rank, because he had not been
degraded by the censors. There was no regular lustrum after
b.c. 70 until Augustus reestablished it in b.c 28. [There were
censors in b.c. 61, who held the lectio senatus. I do not know
whether it is expressly stated that they did not hold the recog-
nitio equitum. If they did, being, as is conjectured, friends of
Clodius, they probably ejected none of his supporters. J. s. R.]
1. 31. populare] i.e. populo gratum, 'will he please
the people by showing himself?' In populo R. deditus there is
probably an allusion to his name Poplicola.
enim = ' yes, certainly, for.'
1. 32. magis] sc. deditum, said ironically.
qui cum eius] for the usual cuius cum, see on 63 1. 24, and
cf. de sen. 13 qui cum ex eo quaererelur, or. Phil, n 17
quern, quia iure ei inimicus fui, doleo superatum, ep. ad fam.
vi 4, 2 quae tamen, si possis earn suscipere, maxima est, Verr.
ii 174 de quibus, ut eos indices habeamus.
P. 54, 1. 1. in honoribus florere potuisset, 'might have
basked in the sunshine of his stepfather's honours,' i.e. might
have been looked up to and esteemed as he was. Cf. 101 1. 1.
1. 2. L. Philippi] L. Philippus cos. b.c 91, censor b.c
86, was an orator of some repute ; de or. 3, 4 homini et vehe-
ment! et diserto et in primis forti ad resistendum L. Philippo.
, non fuit popularis] usque eo fuit popularis would have
better suited the ironical turn in nihil vidi magis.
1.3. comesset, 'wasted,' 'squandered.' Cf. ep. ad Att.
vi 1, 25 putat suos nummos vos comedisse, Juv. Sat. 1, 34 ex
nobilitate comes a quod super est t Plaut. Most, i 1, 11, quern
absentem comes (comedis), Bacch. iv 3, 105 aurum quod in
lustris come dim. ex impuro adulescente, 'after a youth of
lewdness. '
NOTES 217
1. 5. ab idiotarum divitiis, 'from the riches of common
folk,' i.e. which common folk enjoy, idiotae are the 'ignorant,'
'uneducated,' 'inexpert,' ignorant of any particular art or
science; as opp. to those who are versed in it, our 'laymen.'
Cf. or. in Verr. rv 2 4 quae non modo hominem ingeniosum et
intellegentem, verum etiam quemvis nostrum, quos iste idiot as
appellat, delectare possent, Lucian Hermot. c. 67 ovdewore apa
<pL\0<70(pTJ(T0/JLV dWcL 8e7)(TL TjfJLCLS Ldl&T7}V TLVCL (MoV t)V tt7TO-
(tt&vtcls rod (pi.\o<T ocpeiv. reculam, 'poor estate,' 'humble
means,' an ironical diminutive, see n. on or. p. Plane. 51,
76. This is the emendation of Latendorf adopted by Halm 5 for
the ms reading regulam 'discipline,' which might suit deliciis,
the conjectural reading of Pantagathus for divitiis: see cr. n.
1.6. Graeculum] another contemptuous diminutive, meaning
' a mere man of letters,' ' a mere scholar,' literary pursuits, as
such, being despised by the Eomans, as only fit for their de-
generate Greek contemporaries. Cf. Juv. Sat. in 78, Cic. de
orat. i 48 verbi controversia iam diu torquet Graeculos
homines contentionis cupidiores quam veritatis, ib. 102 quid ?
mihi vos nunc tamquam alicui Graeculo otioso et loquaci
quaestiunculam ponitis ? ib. 221 ineptum (' a pedant ') et Grae-
culum. Plut. vit. Cic. c. 5 ravra drj r& ' P cofiaiots irpdx^Lpa ical
avv-qdn pr}jj.a.Ta Tpai'/cds ical (rxo\acrt/c6s ' olkovojv, Minuc.
Fel. Oct. c. 22 rudes hominis multa docuit ut Graeculus et
politus. otiosum] properly 'a private person,' not employed
in the public service, n. on de off. in 1 1. 4; here = o"xoXa-
(ttucos, 'a man of letters.' 1.7. dedidit] 'gavehimself wholly up to. 1
1. 8. satiabant] in a double sense; 'books were not enough
to satisfy his appetite, he must have something else, ' and ' he
could not have too much of books.' See cr. n.
1. 11. consenescebat, * was pining away ;' when there was a
state of peace and quiet, he could find no vent for his energy.
CHAPTEE LII
1. 14. princeps] sc. fuerit or esset.
1. 16. bene dixit ? immo, ' had a good word for, do I say?
rather, I should say,' &c. See 53 1. 25.
1. 18. ut credo] ironically, in which sense credo is generally
used alone, 44 1. 19, 84 1. 5, or. p. Plane. 38 1. 1. [The ut
may be caused by the ui of the preceding qui. J. s. e.]
1. 19. plebicola, ' a friend of the people, ' an ironical allu-
sion to the man's name Po pi icol a. libertinam] The mar-
riage of an ingenuus with a libertina was not null, nor did it
218 PRO P. SESTIO 110113
entail ignominia on the former, nothing but social penalties.
Liv. xxxix 19, Earns. R. A. p. 103. ' The lex Iulia and the
Pappia Poppaea' says Long ' prohibited the marriage of a sena-
tor and a senator's children with a libertina, but not the mar-
riage of other ingenui with libertinae. But after the enactment
of the law the marriage even of a senator with a libertina was
a valid marriage; it only deprived the husband and wife of
the advantages which this lex gave to married people. It was
not till the time of Marcus Aurelius that a SCtum declared a
marriage between a senator or a senator's children and libertini
to be null.'
111, 1. 20. adfuit] i. e. suffragiis ferendis t at the comitia,
110, 1. 1.
1. 21. gratulationibus] 54 1. 9.
1. 22. illo ore] sc. impudico, * with that infamous mouth
of his.'
1.23. quasi ita, 'just as though.' For other instances
of ita in correlation with quasi see or. p. Mur. 77 quid quod,
cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute noris, ita salutas? in Verr*
iv 74 quasi ilia ipsa face per cussus esset, ita fiagrarecupidi-
tate coepit, de sen. 82, or. p. Plane. 55 1. 3 n. , Nagelsb. lat.
St. 158, Sail. Jug. 85, 19.
1. 26. comedisti] 110 1. 3. meo periculo hellu-
abare, was it at my cost that you were to play the prodigal ? '
' was your wasteful extravagance to jeopardize me, by making
you poor and so an enemy of mine ? ' gurges ac vorago] cf .
93, Verr. 3 23 immensa aliqua vorago est et gurges viti-
orum turpitudinumque omnium,
1. 28. si defendissem] on the use of the plup. subj. in
secondary subordination to represent the future perfect, see
Kenn. Gr. p. 485. In direct speech it would have been si
Cicero defenderit, nolo eum in civitate esse, Cf. above 43 1. 11.
gregalis, ' comrades,' * associates.'
1. 29. te nemo videre volt] cf. or. p. Cluent. 41, 170,
or. in Vat. 2, 39, or. in Pis. 45, Hor. Sat. i 1, 84 non uxor
salvom te volt, nonjilius, omnes vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque
puellae.
1.31. gravis, 'steady,' ' sedate.' senili iudicio, 'with
the judgment of an old man ; ' de sen. 38 adulescentem in quo
est senile aliquid probo.
1. 32. notavit, ' set a mark of disgrace on,' 'stigmatized,'
'branded.' in magno numero] sc. tutorum. tutorem
instituit, 'appointed guardian,' by testamentary disposition*
For the dative after tutorem cf. 119 1. 22.
NOTES 219
P. 55, 1. 1. latus odio, 'impelled,' ' carried away by feelings
of disgust,' for the usual elatus. Cf. Nep. Att. 10, 4 Antonius
tanto odio ferebatur in Giceronem, ut etc., or. in Verr. v 121
praeceps amentia ferebare, or. p. Cluent. 199 caecam scelere
ferri, or. p. Quint. 38 ferri avaritia, Tusc. in 11 effrenati
ferantur aut libidine aut iracundia, Sallust Cat. c. 3 studio
ad rempublicam latus sum. But, as Mr Keid observes, some
of these passages are not free from doubt ; elatus is far more
likely than latus.
1. 3. quam dicendum fuit] sc. mihi, 'than I ought to have
said. '
112, 1. 4. illuc revertor] to the subject spoken of in 109.
1. 5. capta urbe atque oppressa] 34.
1. 6. Titium] 80. See or. p. dom. c. 9, de harusp. resp.
c. 27. furias]34,l. 13.
1. 7. auctores fuisse] inf. depends on a dico implied in illuc
(sc. quod dicere coepi) revertor. Ipse lator] Clodius.
1. 8. ab horum turpitudine = ab his turpibus. sordibus,
' baseness ' of behaviour as well as disposition.
1. 10. valetudinis excusationem, plea of ill health ' as an
excuse, causal genitive. Cf. or. in Pis. 13 excusatione te
uti valetudinis, or. p. Sull. 26 me neque honoris neque
aetatis excusatio vindicat a labore, or. p. Eabir. perd. reo 8
familiaris funeris excusatio, or. p. Mur. 47 morbi ex-
cusationi.
CHAPTEE LIII
113, 1. 15. nuper] in the consulship of C. Julius Caesar
and M. Bibulus, b.c. 59. tres mininie] Cn. Domitius
Calvinus, G. Ancharius, C. Fannius, the two former of
whom were actually praetors in the year in which this speech
was delivered, the third expected to be praetor.
1. 16. vehementer populares, extremely popular, ' de off.
i 66 res vehementer arduas, n 64 vehementer utile, 65
vehementer moderatum. Draeger Hist. Synt. i p. 130 ed. 2.
So laxvp&s in Greek, Xen. Anab. i 7, 15 dubpvxes paOeicu Icxv-
p&s, Herod, iv c. 108 yhavKov irau l&xvp&s <ttI koX icvppov.
1. 17. genere] n. to 90 1. 30.
L 18. conductarum contionum] 106 1. 17.
220 PRO P. SESTIO 113114
consistendi, 'keeping their footing,' 'maintaining their
ground,' met. borrowed from wrestling, cf. 127 1. 6, orat. 30
qui in forensibus causis possit praeclare consistere, ib. 98 si
semel constiterit, numquam cadet, or. p. Cluent. 193 nullo
in oppido consistendi potestas eifuit, or. p. Quinct. 5 Veri-
tas locum ubi consistat reperire non poterit.
1. 19. factos] or. p. Plane. 9, 14. They were made prae-
tors in the year in which the present speech was delivered.
1. 21. prae se ferebat, ' professed. '
1. 23. nihil agere, 'achieve nothing.' See n. to or. p.
Plane. 83 1. 8.
1. 24. gratum] see suppl. n. to my de off. 1 14 1. 16, ed. 6.
1. 25. iam, ' then again.'
1. 26. in honoribus eius, ' in regard to his candidature for
state offices;' or. in Vat. 10 de te homines quid sentiant in
ho nor e experti sumus.
114, 1. 27. illi duo] C. Alfius and P. Vatinius. Cicero
expresses himself in high terms of the former in his speech for
Plancius also, 43, 104. See my In trod, to that speech 32.
1. 28. quid egerunt, ' how did they fare? ' as in the common
formula ' quid agis ? ' ' how do you do ? ' alter] C. Alf iu s.
qui tamen, observe the elliptic tamen.
1. 29. tulerat nihil, ' had not carried any measure,' only
given energetic support to Caesar. senserat tantum aliud
atque, ' had merely held different political opinions from what
people expected of him,' 106 1. 13; senserat censuer at, as
often. On alius atque ' other than,' see n. to or. p. Plane. 48.
1. 31. videlicet] not here as frequently in an ironical sense.
1. 32. vero populo] 108 1. 8.
P. 56, 1. 1. in contione] for in contionibus, as in 127
1. 5.
1. 2. eum locum] the praetorship, as is remarked by the
scholiast on or. in Vatin. 38 where Cic. says, ecquisnam tibi
dixerit G. Caesar em nuper Aquileiac.dixisse, C. Alfium prae-
teritum moleste tulisse, quod in homine summam fidem probi-
tatemque cognosset, graviterque etiam se ferre praetorem
aliquem esse factum, qui a suis rationibus dissensisset.
1.4. alter] P. Vatinius. ita se in popular! ratione
iactarat, * had given himself such airs as a democrat,' 101
1. 2.
NOTES 221
1. 5. legem Aeliam] 33 1. 20. senatus auctoritatem]
The most important rogations of the year B.C. 59 were brought
direct before the people without previously consulting the
senate, consulem] Bibulus, who, finding all other means of
resistance to Caesar's land bill useless, declared he would raise a
religious objection to the Comitia on every day that they might
be held to the end of the year, but on the day of taking the vote
was driven from the Forum and after that shut himself up in
his house, from which he issued idle edicts protesting against
the proceedings of Caesar and his tool Vatinius.
1. 6. nihil! putaret] Kenn. Gr. p. 416 169, Madv. Gr.
494bo&s. 3.
1. 7. bonis viris] in a political sense. hominibus primis,
i. q. primariis, principibus, 'foremost men,' * persons of
the highest rank: so Tusc. 1 81 primi hominis nepos, or. in
Verr. iv 37 ab Lysone Lilybaetano, primo homine, n 11
homines nobilissimi primi que, 23 omnium Siculorum primi
ac nobilissimi, in 168, Hor. Ep. i 20, 23 primis urbis pla-
cuisse. [praestantissimis is in agreement with opibus rather
than viris. j. s. k.]
1. 8. tribum suam non tulit, 'did not carry, i.e. obtain the
votes of, his own tribe.' See n. to or. p. Plane. 48 1. 15.
Vatinius belonged to the tribe Sergia, or. in Vat. 36. The
Palatina was one of the four city tribes: the other three
were the Esquilina, Collina and Suburrana or Sucu-
sana. They were filled with a lower class and held in less
esteem than the 31 country tribes. Cf. 109 1. 16.
1. 9. denique, 'yea, even,' 30 1. 28.
1. 10. perdidit = non tulit, 'failed in obtaining its votes,'
although it was commonly said to be instrumental to their
plots and conspiracies. nee quicquam... tulit, 'and he
gained nothing that good men would have liked him to get,
except a rejection, ' and every good man was glad of this. [Cic.
hints that good men would have been glad if the crowd had
handled him roughly, as the crowd at some of the meetings he
had taken part in had handled boni viri. J. s. e.]
1. 12. ut ita dicam] 29 1. 7, 32 1. 23.
1. 13. iam, 'by this time.' We have a similar contrast
and play on words in de am. 96 itaque lex popularis suffra-
giis populi repudiata est, de leg. agr. n 27 hie homo popu-
laris ne unam quidempopulo comitiorum potestatem reliquit.
1. 14. qui respuat] subjunctive in adjectival causal clause,
Madv. Gr. 366, Kenn. Gr. p. 461.
222 PRO P. SESTIO 115116
CHAPTEE LIV
115, 1. 17. oculorum coniectus, ' intent look,' de orat.
ii 225 coniectis oculis, in 222, or. p. Plane. 21, Quint.
ix3, 101 vultus mutatio oculorumque coniectus multum in
actu valet. With animorum we must supply intentio or adiectio
by zeugma.
1. 18. remissiore, 'less strict' than is required by the
usus forensis. Cf. or. p. Arch. 3 a genere dicendi, quod non
modo a consuetudine iudiciorum verum etiam a for ens i ser-
mone abhoireat.
1. 19. comitiorum et contionum cet., 'the expression of
popular opinion at the ordinary assemblies and public meetings
is sometimes falsified and spurious. I quite allow that at
theatrical and gladiatorial exhibitions it is said to be the
practice to raise some applause, but that only feebly and
sparingly by worthless hirelings ; yet, when that is done,
it is easy to see how and by whom it is done and how the
honest part of the spectators behave.' On the substitution of
the adjectives theatrales gladiatoriique for the genitives ( 106)
of the nouns, which is so common in Cic, see on 124 ; on
omnino, a stronger quidem, see n. to 84, and cf. or. p. Plane.
37 1. 31. 1. 23. cum id fit, ' in that case.'
1. 24. integra = non corrupta.
1. 26. maxime = potissimum. fallit] see n. to 106
1. 12.
1. 27. hoc, sc. plausum accipere.
1. 28. homini gravi] Cic. in a letter to Atticus (iv 5, 6)
says that on entering the theatre he was received magno et
aequabili plausu : and then adds, sed hoc ne curaris : ego
ineptus qui scripserim, as if a man of consular rank ought to
be indifferent to such matters. [Horace however mentions the
plausus as an honor to Maecenas, j. s. r.]
1. 29. pendet rebus levissimis] cf. or. de 1. agr. n 66
obscura spe et caeca exspectatione p end ere, ib. 80 perlevi
momento fortunae, inclinatione temporis pendere, or. p. Flacc.
4 salutem nostram quae spe extrema exiguaque pendet, ep.
ad Qu. Fr. m 5, 3 Caesaris promissis non valde pendeo, Liv.
ii c. 7 tarn levi momento mea apud vos fama pendet?
1. 30. ut ipsi loquuntur, favore] because favor was the
technical term for ' applause ' at theatrical and other exhibi-
tions. According to Quintilian vin 3, 34, this use of the word
came into fashion in Cicero's time. [What Quintilian says is
NOTES 223
favor et urbanus Cicero nova credit. As urbanus is old enough
and favor is used by Sallust, it is clear that Cic. can only have
referred to special meanings of these words; in the case of
favor this passage of the Sest. gives the clue ; the new sense of
urbanus was probably that of ' witty,' curretos. J. s. k.] See p. 278.
1. 31. immortalitatem, * imperishable fame,' or. p. Plane.
90. mortem] de off. n 69 clientes appellari mortis
instar putant, or. p. Flacc. 19 eos, quibus odio sunt nostrae
secures, scriptura, decumae, portorium morti.
116, 1. 32. Scaure] 101 1. 30 ; Plin. N. H. xxxvi 113 ff.
gives a description of the unparalleled magnificence of his
exhibitions as aedile in B.C. 58. See Diet, of Gr. and Rom.
Biogr. vol. in p. 737.
P. 57, 1. 3. se populo commiserit, 'ventured to appear
before the people.' Cf. below, 124 1. 5 se populo dedit, or. in
Pis. 65 da'te populo, committe ludis: slbilum metuis, Suet.
Ner. c. 26 se publico non committer e, or. in Verr. in 49
populo se ac coronae dare.
1. 4. maxime ludius, ' arch pantomimist,' i.e. not literally
zzhistrio, but one who takes a leading part in everything, with
reference at the same time to the ludi. On the combination
of adverb with substantive cf. 93 1. 6, 130 1. 11, and see
Madv. Gr. 301 c obs. 2.
1. 5. acroama, 'artiste,' 'virtuoso,' literally 'a thing
heard,' applied properly to music, but also to a play, recita-
tion, or entertainment of any kind; and next to the person
who acts, recites, or entertains. See Keid's note on or. p. Arch.
20 1. 30. embolia] another Greek word, signifying ' inter-
ludes,' 'ballets,' 'entrechats,' or anything interposed between
two plays or acts, even to the gesticulation of mimi and danc-
ing, in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, ' gains
admission in the disguise of a female minstrel to a party of
women,' at the house of Caesar's wife Pompeia, where the
mysteries of the Bona Dea were going on : Introd. 6.
1.7. ardenti] a stronger expression than florenti ac vigenti.
1. 8. vix vivus effugit] on the day on which the decree of
the Senate about Cicero's return was made in the Temple of
Virtue, erected by Gaius Marius de manubiis Gimbricis et
Teutonicis. See n. on or. p. Plane. 78 1. 12. The senate
always met in a templum, i.e. a place marked out and con-
secrated according to the rules of augural science. Beside the
curia Hostilia, the temples of the Forum and the Capitol were
used, esp. templum Goncordiae ( 26 1. 18). Antonius summoned
the senate to the templum of Tellus, Cic. or. Phil, n 89 ed.
Mayor, ib. 15 1. 18.
224 PRO P. SEST10 116 life
1. 11. munlcipi eius, 'his fellow-townsman,' Arpinum
being the birthplace of both ; or. p. Plane. 20, 21 ; or. p.
Rose. Am. 87, 105, below 138 suis civibus. On the
allusion see 50, n. to or. p. Plane. 20 1. 3; or. p. Sull. 73
eo municipio unde iterum iam solus huic urbi imperioque missa
est. monumentum = ' public building.'
1. 12. sedem praebuisset, i.e. cum excepit eos qui de
Ciceronis salute decreverunt. salutem] 39 1. 14. Paul
suggests praesidium, Karsten senatus consultum for sedem.
CHAPTER LV
117, 1. 15. sentire se ostenderet] the pleonastic expres-
sion gives additional prominence to the idea of plainness of
demonstration. [It is like de fin. i 24 eum Macedonian lega-
tis accusantibus quod pecunias praetorem in provincia cepisse
ostenderent, to which there are many parallels, j. s.e.]
utroque in genere = in utramque partem, 'in both ways,'
in their manifestation of regard for the senate (primum deinde
cum vero declararunt) and of their dislike for Clodius (at
cum ille eiciebatur). declaratum est = apparuit, 124
1.31.
1. 16. rei ipsi] 84. Others read praeconi, auctori, relatori.
1. 18. spectatum redeuntibus] 120 1. 28, 123.
1. 19. qui ludos faciebat] 116 1. 1. consul] P. Len-
tulus Spinther.
1. 20. manibus passis] to be taken with stantes which is
subordinate to the participles gratias agentes et lacrimantes.
On stantes cf. Prop, in 18, 18 stantiaque in plausum tota
theatra fremunt, Cic. ep. ad Att. n 19, 3 inimici erant equitibus
qui Curioni stantes plauserant, de amic. 24 stantes plau-
debant with Reid's note, to which he now adds Yaler. Max. iv
5, 1. [Et after stantes seems a necessity; the asyndeton stan-
tes agentes is entirely unlike Cic. The case of petenti sedenti
below is rendered quite different by the ne quidem. j. s. e.]
1. 21. lacrimantes gaudio] 120 1. 30 Jlens recenti
laetitia.
1. 22. furibundus] 15, 1. 28.
1. 23. incitata, under exciter
the Senate. venisset, sc. e s
1. 25. quidem] adversative, 15 1. 27.
1. 23. incitata, under excitement ' because of the decree
of the Senate. venisset, sc. e senatu in theatrum.
NOTES 225
. 1. 26. palmaxum intentus, * stretchings out of hands ' i.e.
with menacing gestures, Tac. Ann. i 27 manus intentantes.
We must supply some verb by z eugma for profuderunt.
maledictorum clamorem, ' loud invectives.' The gen. of the
subst. for adj., see n. on 57 1. 22, 88 1. 32.
118, 1. 28. ego commemoro] Madv. Gr. 353. ex
servitute, 'after slavery' 110 1. 3, 131 1. 26.
1. 29. dispicientis, having a glimpse of,' * perceiving with
difficulty.' in eo nomine, 'in the person of,' 'when the ques-
tion was about, that man,' see n. on 7, 24, 103 1. 32.
turn petenti, 'at that time, viz. when he was a candidate for the
aedileship,' 63 turn me expulso. [i.e. though he might be-
come their master by getting control over the ludi. j. s. b.]
1. 31. togata] sc. fabula, a play of Afranius, who flou-
rished about BrC. 100 and was the first to compose dramas with
Koman subjects (togatae), in which the national dress and
manners predominated, as opp. to palliatae, in which Greek
characters and Greek dresses were introduced.
1. 32. Simulans = Gr. Efpwv, ' the Pretender,' a play of
Afranius acted in b.c. 56, the same year as the Eurysaces of
Accius. Koch takes simulans with caterva in an ironical
sense. ut opinor, 48 1. 20 regis, opinor, Erecthei,Jiliae.
caterva, i.q. grex, 'troupe,' 'company of actors'; de orat. m
196 ut a multitudine non modo catervae atque concentus
('choirs') sed etiam ipsi sibi singuli discrepantes eiciantur.
P. 58, 1. 1. in ore, 'looking him full in the face.'
Imminens, 'bending towards him.' Cf. de orat. n 225 quae
fuit ilia, quam repentina vis, cum coniectis oculis, gestu omni
imminenti, summa gravitate et celeritate verborum 'Brute,
quid sedes?' etc.
1. 3. huic vitae] construe, huic, Tite, vitiosae vitae post
tua principia atque exitus ('continuation,' 'outcome,' quae
ex principiis exierunt et secuta sunt). But the text of
the passage is uncertain: see Bibbeck Com. Rom. Fr. p. 203
ed. 2, who quotes it thus :
haec, taetirrime, vilis
sunt postprincipia atque txitus [malae] vitiosae vitae.
Muller simply gives the ms reading, huic tite tua postprincipia
atque txitus Vitidsae vitae.
1. 5. cantorum convicio, ' loud cries of his (hired) brawlers.'
Cf. Plut. Pomp. c. 48, 7 : iirexelpei (KXwSios) tQv Uofiirrftov 8ia-
T&i-<av ivlas dvaipeiv...Tekos 5e, vpoeXSovros avrov rrpos nva
dUnv, ^X {j3v W a ^ T V irXijdos avdp&irwv aaekyelas nai 6\iyu)pla$
H. 15
226 PRO P. SEST10 118120
fxearbv ai/ros fxhv els iirt^avij rbirov /caraords ipcoTTjfiaTa roiavra
Trpovfioike' ' Ts iariv avTOKpdrwp d/c6\a<rros ; tLs cwrjp dvdpa tyrec ;
rts evl dcucrtiXii) Kvqrai Tr\v Ke0aX^' ; ol de, wcrirep xPs ^
d /j, 01 (3 a i a a vyKeKporr) fie" vos. ..(/>' iicaaTqj ('at each question'
of Clodius) fjL^ya fiowvres direicplvavTo ' no/nr^'tos.' convi-
cium connected with vox means 'a din of many voices
together.' Tor the standing declamations the tried throats
of the theatrical staff were an article in much request. This
is the meaning of cantorum convicio contiones celebrare.'
Mommsen Hist. Bom. iv p. 308.
L 6. celebrare, to enliven.' cantorum ipsorum voci-
bus, ' a chorus of (real) stage singers, ' Hor. Ars Poet. 1. 155
donee cantor vos plaudite! dicat. Cf. or. p. Rose, com. 30:
quod nuper in Erote comoedo usu venit, qui posteaquam e scena
non modo sibilis, sed etiam convicio explodebatur, confugit in
huius domum.
1. 7. eiciebatur, stronger expression than explodebatur,
'was hooted off,' de off. 1 148 n., de orat. in 196.
1. 8. ne quidem, ' neither,' * also not,' or. p. Plane. 53
1. 4. in magna varietate, ' notwithstanding the great va-
riety,' Cic. de off. ii 4 1. 17, 29 1. 31.
1. 9. sententiarum] in the play.
locum, 'topic,' 'passage.'
1. 10. cadere in, 'to fit,' ' suit,' de off. in 14 n.
1. 11. quod, the subject of fugeret, ' escaped the observa-
tion of,' is also the object of exprimeret t 'gave prominence to.'
1. 12. actor] sc. primarum partium.
119, 1. 12. hoc loco, ' at this point.' For the apology cf.
orTpT^rch. 32.
1. 14. labi, ' to slide into.' Cf. viroppelv in Plut. Nic. c. 1, 3.
1. 15. in iudicio, 'in a court of justice.' loquar] future
indie, not present subj.
CHAPTER LVI
1.16. insolens, 'unaccustomed,' de orat. 1 207 quorum
sum ignarus atque insolens, Sallust Cat. c. 3 insolens mala-
rum artium, omni ex genere, ' from all possible subjects.'
1. 17. ut orationem aucuper, ' as to be on the look-out for
subject matter. ' omnia flosculos] ' all kinds of flowers ' (of
rhetoric). So 9ras= ir avrolos, cf. 39 1. 9, 53 1. 13.
NOTES 227
undique, 'from all quarters.' Cp. Hor. Carm. i 7, 7 un-
dique decerptam...olivam i.e. 'gathered from every side.'
1. 19. advocatio, in concrete sense, 'a body of supporters,'
see my n. to de off. i 32 1. 7, and Dr Keid on or. p. Sull. 61
1. 29. ille conventus = ilia circumstantium civium corona,
' the public present in court. '
1. 20. aetas] Cic. was then in his 51st year. honos] as
vir consularis.
1. 22. iuventuti] dative of purpose after verbal substantive,
Eoby Gr. n 1156. Cf. or. de leg. Man. 70 non quo mihi aut
praesidia periculis autadiumenta honoribus quaeram. The
sentence = institui docere iuventutem ; hence the subjunctive of
oblique question follows, qui essent optimates.
1. 24. universi populi iudicium, * public opinion.'
1. 25. intimos sensus] 22 1. 26.
120, 1. 26. quid fult illud quod, 'what a grand thing it
was that? ' not 'how came it that? ' {Wolff, Koch) or ' what
was the reason that ? ' (Osiander), or ' what must I say of
this, that?' (Long). It is an exclamation, not a question.
1. 28. ludos scaenamque=ludos scenicos, 106 1. 16.
consessu maxlmo] 12 1. 3, 33 1. 2.
1. 29. summus artifex, ' most accomplished master of his
art,' viz. Aesopus, the tragic actor, see Hor. Ep. n 1, 81, Sat.
ii 3, 239. [Artifex is the only word in Latin for 'artiste.
Artificium is in Cic. continually convertible with ars. J. s. b.]
partium, in double sense 'r61e,' and 'party,' 'faction.' So
without any play on the word, or. p. Cael. 13 quis civis meli-
orum partium aliquando? ib. 33 civem bonarum artium,
bonarum partium, Corn. Nep. Att. c. 6 in rep. ita versatus est,
ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur. For
the use of the genitive of quality without an appellative see
n. to or. p. Plane. 52 1. 11.
1. 30. tarn quam=wo7i minus quam, 'no less... than,' 'as
well as ; ' so ep. ad Att. 4, 1, 5 quod video tibi etiam novom
accidisse tarn quam mihi, Auct. ad Herenn. 4 29 si lenones
vitasset tamquam leones.
1. 31. mixto, sc. cum laetitia 'with a mixture of joy
and pathetic longing.' egit, both as actor and as advo-
cate.
152
228 PRO P. SESTIO 120122
P. 59, 1. 2. poetae] the tragic poet L. Accius, born b.c.
170, 102. The line is according to the Scholia Bobiensia
from his play of Eurysaces, son of Ajax son of Telamon.
1. 2. arte, = especially 'gesture,' which was what the
Romans most admired in acting.
1. 3. dolore=flebili voce. exprimebat] 118 1. 12.
1. 4. qui] Aiax. certo, 'determined,' 'resolute.'
1. 5. statuerit] poet, for stabiliverit.
1. 6. vobiscum stetisse, ' stood by you,' ' took your side.'
1. 7. revocabatur] a theatrical term, 'was encored,' so
123 1. 27, or. p. Arch. 18, Liv. vn 2, 9, Valer. Max. vi 2, 9.
1. 10. quantis clamoribus, 'amid what great shouts of
applause,' de am. 24 qui clamor es tota cavea nuper in M.
Pacuvi nova fabula ! Brut. 164 nulla est altercatio clamori-
bus umquam habita maioribus. haec agebantur] these
words refer to the quotation re dubia pepercerit.
121, 1. 11. omisso gestu, ' neglecting, being indifferent
to, his action,' and thinking only of the poet's words which
were applicable to Cicero's condition. studio actoris] who by
the intonation of his voice made the allusion to Cicero's case
so plain. exspectationi nostrae =spei mei reditus.
1. 12. plauderetur] impers. the audience applauded,' 10
1. 1.
1. 14. nam illud, ' for as to what follows ' viz. the words
summo ingenio praeditum. On the elliptic use of nam see 19
1. 13, 26 1. 20, 95 1. 31.
ipse adiungebat etc.] sc. de suo, 'added himself' from
feelings of friendship.'
1. 15. homines] 28 1. 19, 71 1. 13, 105 1. 2.
CHAPTER LVH
1. 17. lam, ' moreover.' ilia, ' the following words.'
1. 18. in eadem fabula. There is a difficulty about these
words, because the following line haec omnia vidi inflammari
is certainly from the Andromache, a tragedy of Ennius. The
best solution of the difficulty is to suppose with O. Ribbeck
(quaest. scenic. 328 sq., tragic, torn, fragm. p. 26), that Ae-
sop us transferred this line of Ennius in acting the Eurysaces
of Accius with proper alterations, just as in 1. 16 he had
NOTES 229
nllowed himself to add summo ingenio praeditum to the praise of
Gicero. The often-quoted lines from the Andromache Aech-
malotis are as follows :
pater, o patria, o Priami domus,
saeptum dltisono cardine templuml
vidi 4go te astante ope bdrbarica
tectls caelatis lacuatis,
auro, 6bore instructam rSgifice.
Haec dmnia videi infldmmarei,
Priamd vi vitam evitarei,
Iovis dram sanguine turparei;
where pater refers to Eetion Andromache's father, who was
slain by the Achivi at the taking of his city the Cilician Thebes.
The exclamation o pater, says Cic. , recalled to the memory of
the people the man who had been greeted with the title pater
patriae.
1. 21. Q. Catulus] 101 1. 9.
1. 22. patrem patriae] or. in Pis. c. 3, Plin. N. H. 7, 31,
177, Iuv. Sat. vin 244. fletu, 'emotion,' sub. egit or
dixit; see n. to or. p. Plane. 76 1. 20, Nagelsb. lat. Stil.
9, 3.
1. 23. patrem pulsum] Kibbeck shows that this might
have been the subject of a speech in the Eurysaces by reference
to Cic. Tusc. in 39 : quid ergo ? huiusne vitae propositio et
cogitatio aut Thyestem levare poterit aut Aeetam aut Telamo-
nem (the grandfather of Eurysaces) pulsum patria, exsu-
lantem atque egentem ? in quo haec admiratio fiebat :
Hicine est ille Tilamon, modo quern gUria ad caelum txtulit *
quern ddspectabant ? ctdus ob os Graii 6ra obvertebdnt sua ?
1. 26. se convertisset] i.e. from the stage to the audience.
1. 28. invidls, used substantively, 'ill-wishers,' 'detractors,'
cf. 145 1. 15 and see n. to or. p. Plane. 1 1. 6.
122, 1. 29. quid ? ilia] ' what of this ? how did he deliver
this line?' viz. that which follows 1. 3 p. 60.
1. 31. praeclare posse dici, 'might very well have been
uttered.'
1. 32. libere, ' boldly,' ' openly,' 4 1. 19.
P. 60, 1. 3. o ingratifici etc.] this and the verse quoted in
1. 12 are also taken from the Eurysaces of Accius. inmunes,
'disobliging,' 'unfriendly,' lit. free from munia (XeirovpyLai),
' duties towards the state.' Cf. de am. 50 non est inhumana
virtus neque immunis neque superba, Plaut. Trin. n 2, 69
230 PRO P. SESTIO 122124
(350) civi immuni scis quid cantari solet? ib. i 1,2 (24)
amicum castigare immoenest facinus. So in old Latin munis
= 'obliging,' Mercat. prol. 105 dico eius pro meritis gratum me
et munem fore.
1. 4. illud] referring to the preceding line. non enim
ingrati sed miseri, sc. erant, 131 1. 6.
1. 6. quibus non liceret] subjunctive in a causal clause.
unus universi] or. Phil, in 6 : quis enim unus fortior, quis
amicior umquam reip.fuit, quam legio Martia universal
1. 7. sed tamen = Gr. # ovv, 'but, be that as it may.'
illud, ' the following verse. ' Cic. corrects himself after quot-
ing the first line, as if applicable to himself (pro se), by which
he would appear to reproach his countrymen with ingratitude,
whereas they were, he says, unfortunate rather than ungrate-
ful. The next line, however, was so relevant to his own case
that the poet must, he says, have written it for him.
1. 8. actor] in twofold sense, as egit in 120 1. 31.
1. 9. cum demonstraret=demonstrans, as in 126
1. 30 numquam est conspectus cum veniret, i. e. 'coming.'
1. 12. sistis = sivistis, cf. 44 1. 21.
1. 13. significatio] 105 1. 32. >
1. 14. ab universo p. R.] abl. of the agent after verbal
noun declaratio. Cf. 64 1. 1. in causa] 102 1. 32.
1. 15. non popularis] ironically, as adding point to his
refutation of the opinion of his enemies about their own
popularity. equidem audiebam, 'I for my part go by
hearsay ; ' 72 1. 30 vos haec melius scire potestis ; equidem
audita dico. [existimare : perhaps a reference to the sense
iudicare, which has misled some of the writers of the inferior
mss to put aestimare. j. s. b.]
CHAPTEB LVIII
123, 1. 16. et quoniam] The sentence beginning with
histrio etc. is only a recapitulation of what precedes, the fresh
point to which Cic. here draws attention is contained in the
question utrum haec Aesopum etc. hue, ' to this point, '
'so far.'
1. 17. totiens ut, 'in so many passages of the same
tragedy, that etc'
1. 18. dolenter, ' pathetically,' 14 1. 8, cf. 120 1. 3.
NOTES 231
I. 19. Ilia, c that famous voice.'
1. 20. ingenia, 'talent.' < tempori meo] Cic. fre-
quently uses tempus, tempora in speaking of his banishment,
fall and sufferings. See n. to or. p. Plane. 1 1. 5 n., 79 1. 29,
There may be a ref. to Archias here.
1. 22. utrum dicere oportuit, * ought they to have spoken ? '
Roby Gr. n 1366.
1. 24. liber] 14 1. 11. principes civitatis] 40 1. 32.
1. 25. Bruto] a tragoedia praetextata of Accius, in which
the name of Tullius occurred, doubtless KiDg Servius Tul-
lius, the founder of Eoman liberty.
1. 26. stabiliverat] 143 1. 30.
1. 27. revecatum est, sc. hoc dictum, 120 1. 7.
parumne] 32 1. 23. iudicare, 'to pronounce its verdict ' )(
criminabantur. 1. 28. id, sc. libertatem.
1. 29. sublatum per nos] Cic. often had to bear the
reproach of having established a tyranny, cf. or. p. Sulla 21
quo in magistratu (the consulship) non institutum est a me
regnum, sed repression, or. in Vat. 23. Clodius dedicated
a small part of the area of Cicero's mansion on the Palatine,
when he had demolished it, to erect thereon a temple to
Libertas or to Licence, as Cic. says de legg. n 17.
124, 1. 30. maximum iudicium, ' the strongest expression
of opinion,' or. Phil, i 36 quid ? Apollinarium ludorum plausus
vel testimonia potius et indicia populi Romani parum magna
vobis videbantur ? 129 1. 20.
1. 31. universi] this being the significant word is placed
at the end of the proposition, so below 1. 11, 125 1, 24, 1. 25.
consessu gladiatorio, for ludorum gladiatorumque consessu
( 105 1. 16), a temporal ablative, Kenn. Gr. p. 400. Cf. 115
1. 20; so tempus gladiatorium, 125 1. 16.
1.32. munus, sc. gladiator ium : 'show,' Exhibition,'
135 1. 28. The gladiatorial shows were originally ludi
funebreSy and are said to have been imported from Etruria
to Rome. See Ramsay, R. A. p. 358. [Down at least to the
end of the Republio the ludi gladiatorii were always ludi fune-
bres in theory, though the person in whose honour they were
ostensibly given might have been very long dead. They were
not exhibited by public magistrates till the time of Augustus,
who revoked the arrangement, after which it was resumed by
Claudius. J. s. r.]
232 PRO P. SESTIO 124126
Scipionis] P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who became
on his adoption by Q. Metellus Pius, the son of Numidicus,
Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio. He was consul in b. c. 51
and father-in-law of Pompeius ; on his defeat by Caesar in Africa
he died by his own hand. See no. 21 in the pedigree of the
Scipio s, or. p. Plane, p. 94.
Q. Metello] Quintus Metellus Pius, son of Nuniidicus,
cos. b. c. 80. See or. p. Plane, p. 187.
P. 61, 1. 1. cui dabatur, * in whose honour it was being
given,' although he died several years before, as we learn
from Dion Cass. 37, c. 37. [In or. p. Sull. 54, 55 mention
is made of a munus enjoined on Faustus Sulla by his father's
will to be given at a fixed time many years after the death of
the Dictator, j. s. r.]
1. 2. omni frequentia... celebratur, 'is attended by a
concourse of people of all sorts and conditions;' de orat. i
200 vestibulum quod... maxima cotidie frequentia civium
celebratur. [quo delectatur : the words as they stand
have a great appearance of being a gloss. Possibly Cic. wrote
et after celebratur. j. s. e.]
1. 5. se populo dedit] 'appeared before the people.'
i. 7. inimici] 15 1. 29.
1. 8. a columna Maenia] which stood at the south entrance
to the Forum, 18 1. 31.
1. 9. usque a Capitolio] i.e. from the opposite or north-
west side of the Forum.
spectaculis, * stands ' for seeing the games from, or. p.
Mur. 72 at spectacula sunt tributim data, Liv. i 35, 8
ubi spectacula sibi quisque facerent...spectavere furcis spec-
t acuta alta sustinentibus, xlv 1, 2 murmur populi tota spec-
tacula pervasit, Ov. Met. x 668 resonant spectacula plausu t
Tac. Ann. xrv 13 exstructos, qua incederet, spectaculorum
gradus, quo modo triumphi visuntur.
1. 10. cancellis] Gr. KiyickLdes, dpixpcucroi ; a temporary
railing to mark out the place for the games. See or. Verr.
ii 3 135. [The Forum was during the Eepublican period the
regular place for the gladiatorial exhibitions, j. s. r.]
125, 113. aliusne aliquis] 53 1. 32.
1. 14. peculiaris cet., 'is there some other people belong-
ing particularly to the disaffected citizens, whose dislike and
enmity I have incurred ? '
1. 15. offensi, 'odious.'
NOTES 233
CHAPTER LIX
1. 17. illud] so. tern pus, emphatic; cf. or. Phil, vi 13
in foro L. Antoni statuam videmus, sicut ill am Q. Tremulij
qui Hernicos devicit. Observe the double genitive dependent
upon tempus, contionis that of the subject, while populi belongs
to the predi cat e = tempus contionis non est tempus frequentis-
simi populi. contionis comitiorum] Ramsay R. A. pp.
1045.
1. 18. neque vero, 'nor indeed,' 'and not even,' 'much
less,' 36 1. 18.
1. 20. tanta] 124 1. 30. sine ulla varietate] 74 1. 32.
universi] 124 1. 31 n.
1. 21. de me actum iri] the student must guard against
translating this, 'that it would be all over with me,' as
Osiander does. de me=de meo reditu, 'that there would
be a debate about my restoration from exile.'
1. 22. optimorum] 2 1. 21, 8 1. 21.
126, 1. 23. at vero, 'but certainly:' the addition of
vero to at strengthens the contrast, 139 1. 7, 140 1. 24.
1. 24. ille praetor] Appius Claudius Pulcher (eldest
son of Appius Claudius Pulcher, praetor B.C. 89, or. p. Arch.
9, or. p. dom. sua 83, and therefore brother of Publius),
praetor b.c 57, cos. b.c 54, censor b.c. 50, of whose teme-
rariae contiones Cic. complains even after his restoration, ep.
ad Att. rv 3, 4. See 77 1. 9. Cf. or. p. Mil. 39, or. in Pis.
35 de me cum omnes magistratus promulgassent praeter unum
praetorem t a quo non fuit postulandum, fratrem inimici mei t
Dion Cass, xxxix 6, 7. proavi] Appius Claudius Pulcher,
cos. b.c 143, whose daughter was married to Tiberius
Gracchus.
non maiorum instituto, 'not after the fashion of his
ancestors,' in whose time public meetings (contiones) were of
a more tranquil character, while the multitude merely listened
in silence to the speech of the person by whom they had been
called together, or those whom he introduced to their notice,
but at no time could a privatus homo come forward and address
the contio without permission of the presiding magistratus.
[The innovation lay in addressing a question to the contio.
j. s. R.]
234 PRO P. SESTIO 126127
1. 25. Graeculorum] a contemptuous diminutive, 110
1. 6. Cf. or. p. Flacco 15 Graecorum totae res publicae
sedentis contionis temeritate administrantur : itaque ilia vetus
Graecia, quae quondam opibus imperio gloria floruit, hoc
uno malo concidit, libertate immoderata ac licentia contionum.
The whole chapter furnishes an excellent commentary on
republican institutions.
1. 26. velletne] sc. contio.
1. 27. erat reclamatum cet., 'languid shouts of dis-
approval were raised by the hirelings present.' Or. Phil, v 22
cum suis promissis legiones fortissimae reclamassent, vi 12,
ep. ad fam. I 2, 2 eius orationi vehementer ab omnibus
reclamatum est, iv 5 reclamatione vestra factum com-
probavistis. semivivis] i.e. languidis, 'feeble,' not hearty,
as if they were not much interested about it.
1. 29. gladiatores, gladiatorial shows,' 133 1. 6. So we
find gladiatoribus for ludis gladiatoriis, ep. ad Att. n 16, 11 et
ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas e-marjiuLaa-las auferebamus, ib.
ii 9, 3. numquam est conspectus cum venlret, ' never let
himself be seen coming,' 122 1. 9.
1. 30. emergebat cet.] Intulit versum de fabula Pacuviana,
quae sub titulo Hi one fertur. In ea est quippe argumentum
ita dispositum, ut Polydori umbra secundum consuetudinem
scaenicorum ab inferiore aulaei parte procedat et utatur hac
invocatione matris suae, quam sordidatus et lugubri habitu,
ut solent qui pro mortuis inducuntur, films implorabat.
Verum sub hoc exemplo intellegi vult Appium Claudium
male sibi conscium et populo graviter offensum, obscure
solitum venire ad spectacula, ne iratae multitudinis impetus
experiretur. Sic ergo veniebat, inquit, ut solent umbrarum
figmenta subrepere. schol. bob.
[sub tabulas, i.e. he invented a sort of Xapcovetoi /cXfytcwcey
for himself. It is not easy to see what exact sense should be
given to sub tabulas, in view of the actual construction of the
theatre, j. s. b.] Perhaps a wooden temporary amphitheatre.
1. 31. mater te appello] According to the tradition
followed by Pacuvius, I lion a daughter of Priam and Hecuba,
wife of King Polymestor, was at the beginning of the Trojan
war entrusted with the care of her youngest brother Polydorus,
whom she brought up as her own son, while she made believe
that her own son De'ipylus (Deiphilus) was Polydorus. After
the destruction of Troy the Greeks anxious to exterminate the
race of Priam bribed Polymestor to kill Polydorus and so he
killed his own son. In the passage quoted the ghost of De'ipylus
ROTES 235
appears to his mother in her sleep, beseeching her to bury his
body.
ut dicturus videretur, ' so that he looked as if he were
going to utter the words of the ghost of Deipylus, " Mother, to
thee I cry for help."'
P. 62, 1. 1. iam vocabatur, ' was henceforth getting to be
called. ' There is of course an allusion to the great via Appia,
the regina viarum, commenced by Appius Claudius Caecus
censor B.C. 312, which connected Eome with Brundusium. On
Cicero's fondness for fathering his own jokes on the public, ut,
quo essent magis vulgaria, eo esset credibilius ilia ab oratore non
ficta sed passim esse iactata Quintil. vi 3, 3, see Macrob. Sat.
ii c. 3 and cf. n. on 72 1. 23.
1. 2. equi] i.e. of the andabatae who rode on horseback
and of the es'sedarii, who fought from Celtic war chariots
1. 3. extimescebant, * took fright at the noise of the
hisses of the spectators. Ovid Trist. rv 2, 53 ipse sono
plausuque simul fremituque canentum \ quadriiugos cernes saepe
resistere equos,
127, 1. 5. omni odlo] 28, 1. 27 : cf. 117, 1. 24.
1. 6. consistere] see n. on 113, 1. 18. operarum] 18
1. 1, 28 1. 30.
1. 7. significatione] 105 1. 32, 122 1. 13.
1. 9. tu mini cet.] The prosecutor M. Tullius Albino-
vanus appears to have drawn a contrast between the patriotism
of Marcus Atilius Eegulus and the egotism of Cicero.
Eegulus would not stay at Eome, while his fellow- captives
were in the hands of the enemy : Cicero rather than stay in
exile effected his return by violence and the aid of armed men.
Cicero meets the objection by denying the use of force in effecting
his return, which, he says, took place amid general popular
enthusiasm : this gives him the opportunity of a detailed de-
scription of the circumstances which accompanied his restora-
tion.
1. 11. [iis invitis, * against their will,' Jeep's conjecture for
the vulgate sine eis captivis, i.e. while his fellow-captives were
in the hands of the enemy, cannot be right. It does not fit in
with the story, according to which what deterred Eegulus from
remaining was not the opinion of the prisoners left behind, but
his own determination that none of the prisoners should be
ransomed. The proper sense would be given by salvis captivis,
which though not so near the mss as I should like, is at least
236 PRO P. SESTIO 127129
as near as Jeep's emendation. Begums might have advised
the senate to save the prisoners, in which case he might have
remained at Eome. It is very curious that Cic. himself in the
de off. as well as other writers say his mission concerned the
release or exchange of Carthaginian prisoners. J. s. R.]
The story of Begulus' mission to Rome by the Carthaginians
to procure an exchange of prisoners is not found in Polybius,
it is summarized in the epitome of Livy 18. With Cicero it is
a commonplace, and is told at length in the de off. in 99
iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis
captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Karthaginem. Cf. Horace
Od. in 5, 13 ff.
1. 12. mini negas optandum fuisse, 'you say that it
ought not to have been desired by me. '
1. 13. familias, sc. gladiatorum ( 9 1. 31), in reference
to the fight between the partisans of Sestius and Clodius on the
22nd of January.
CHAPTER LX
1. 15. scilicet] ironical, c naturally.'
L 16. nihil egi, 'effected nothing,' 'did no good.'
128, 1. 17. . repudiarem] 78 L 10, 89 1. 21.
1. 18. florens] 105 1. 32, 131 1. 4, 136 1. 25. ne
qui] for ne quis, Madv. 456. studio gloriae] 124 1. 6
plausus cupiditate.
1 19. idcirco ut, on purpose that,' 108 1. 5, 84 1. 3.
1. 20. nisi me] i.q. praeter me, 'except me,' Madv. Gr.
442 obs. 2.
1. 22. publice, ' officially,' 41 1. 5. sociis, * pro-
vincials.' gratias egit] see or. p. Plane. 78 1. 15.
1. 24. qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent] proconsuls
and propraetors : quaestors and legati had no imperium.
1. 27. consularibus, i.e. of the consul P. Lentulus, 501. 7,
or. p. red. in sen. c. 9.
cuncta ex Italia] 26 1. 14, or. p. red. in sen. c. 9.
1. 28. salvam] sc. esse. convocarentur] to vote in the
comitia.
1. 30. unius mea] Madv. Gr. 297 a. For the order of
words cf. ep. ad Att. xi 15, 2 solius enim meum peccatum cor-
rigi non potest.
NOTES 237
1. 32. requisivit = desideravit, * sought in vain for,'
'missed/ or. p. Plane. 93 1. 2. luxit] sc. magis. Mr Eeid
suggests that aeque has fallen out after quern.
P. 63, 1. 1. discessu meo] Madv. Gr. 276 obs. 2.
1. 3. in publicis monumentis] 9, 10, 32.
CHAPTEB LXI
129, 1. 6. nam quid ego] 95 1. 31. senatus consulta]
(1) that in templo Virtutis ( 116) the purport of which is given in
128 ; (2) that in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol 129 ;
(3) that passed on the following day in the Curia ne quis de
caelo servaret,' of which the resolution mentioned iri 130 init.,
as the words eodem tempore 1. 26 show, formed a part.
1. 8. vir is] Gnaeus Pompeius, who triumphed first in
B.C. 81 for his victories in Africa, next in b.o. 71 for those in
Spain over Sertorius and Perperna; again in b.c. 61 after his
great achievements in the East over Mithridates (Plut. Pomp,
c. 45). Cf. or. p. Balb. 16 cuius tres triumphi testes essent
totum orbem terrarum nostro imperio teneri. Translate : 'the hero
who indicated that three' separate extremes and divisions of the
world had been added to our empire by his three triumphs.'
1. 9. oras atque regiones = terras extremas, cf. 67
orbis terrarum terminis.
1. 10. notavit] or. in Yat. 34 haec omnia publicis tabulis
esse no tat a atque testata. [notavit can hardly be right. Pos-
sibly Cic. wrote continuavit. j. s. b.]
de scripto dicta, ' delivered from a written copy,* a mark of
greater care and earnestness; otherwise the practice was un-
usual in the Eoman senate. For other instances see or. p.
Plane. 74 1. 33 with my note.
1. 12. frequentissimus] according to the or. p. red. in sen.
there were 417 senators present. ita...ut unus dissentiret
hostis, ' without any expression of dissent except from one man
(Clodius) and he was my open enemy.' Cf. or. p. red. in sen.
26 quo quidem die, quum ccccxvn ex senatu essetis, magistratus
autem hi omnes adessent t dissensit unus, is qui sua lege coniuratos
etiam ab inferis excitandos putarat.
1. 13. tabulis publicis] in which the acta diurna of the
senate were registered.
1. 17. admonitu] Such rumours got abroad probably in the
contio held on the day after the sitting of the senate, in which
238 PRO P. SESTIO 129130
the principal purport of the negotiation in the Capitol would
be communicated.
ne quis de caelo servaret, ' that no person should attempt
to stop the proceedings in Cicero's favour by an obnuntiatioJ*
The lex Aelia et Fufia was suspended, if not repealed, by Clodius
in b.c. 58, but the old practice seems to have been resumed in
spite of its prohibition, as we have several instances of obnuntia-
tiones, see 78 1. 4, 79 1. 21, 83 1. 20 and cf. Phil, i 25, n
81, 83. The legality of the leges Glodiae was always con-
tested. Eamsay R. A. p. 113, Pretor Cic. ep. ad Att. p. 102.
1. 18. moram, * let,' * hindrance/ 74 1. 5.
1. 19. fecisset] 45 1. 2, 55 1. 32. eum refers to si quis =
qui. eversorem rei publicae] or. p. red. in sen. 27 ilium
contra rem p. salutemque bonorum concordiamque civium
facturum.
1. 20. ut referretur, 'that his proceeding should forthwith
be laid before the senate for their consideration.'
1. 21. cum, although.' On gravitate cf. 115 1. 28.
1. 22. tamen] i.e. etsi videri poterat senatus satis pro-
vidisse, ut posset iam nemine impediente ad populum ferri,
tamen, ne quid non provisum esset, addidit etc. madvig.
1. 23. diebus quinque, sc. comitialibus (34 1. 18), not
five continuous days.
quibus agi de me potuisset, on which my case might have
been discussed.'
CHAPTEE LXII
130, 1. 28. ad res redeuntes = ad illam diem cum res
redissent, ' when the business of the forum and comitia was
resumed after an adjournment' (res prolatae) ; in the present
instance at the expiration of the trinundinum after the promul-
gatio of the law. See Kamsay R. A. p. 113. Lambinus
compares Plaut. Capt. i 1, 17 prolatis rebus parasiti venatici
sumus; quando res redierunt molossici.
1. 29. haec erat studiorum contentio, 'so eager was the
competition in promoting my return.'
1. 30. de me = in mea causa. ei eidem] or. p. Cluent.
115; cf. above 59 1. 26, 69 1. 10. ita belongs to est
solus inventus, cf. 129 1. 12.
P. 64, 1. 1. Q. MeteUus] 62 1. 5, 72 1. 1.
NOTES 239
1. 2. vel maxime ex magnis] for the paronomasia cf. 58
1. 4.
1. 3. contentionibus rei p.] 72 1. 3.
1. 4. rettulerit] a rhetorical exaggeration for sententiam
tulerit or relationi collegae adsenserit. The consul who really
made the motion was Lent ul us, see or. p. red. in sen. 26
where it is said of Metellus : exstitit non modo salutis defensor,
verum etiam adscriptor dignitatis meae,
1. 5. P. Servilii] P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isau-
ricus, was the grandson of Q. Metellus Macedonicus on his
mother's side (hence the allusion illius generis quod sibi cum eo
commune esset, cf. or. p. dom. 143). He was consul in B.C. 79
and in the next year as proconsul of Cilicia carried on the war
against the pirates with ability and success, and from his con-
quest of the Is auri obtained his agnomen. He entered Borne in
triumph in b.c 74. In b.c 70 he was one of the indices at the
trial of Verres ; in B.C. 66 he supported the Manilian rogation,
and in b.c 55 was made censor.
divina] see cr. n. Cf. or. de prov. 22 permotus cum aucto-
ritate vestra turn illius P. Servilii incredibili gravitate dicendi.
1.6. ille]sc. Servilius. ab inferis, 'from the under world.'
1. 9. refiexisset] cf. or. p. Sull. 46 animum incitatum re-
voco ipse et reflecto, where Mr Beid observes that the meta-
phor is from driving horses.
1.10. et = atque explains memoriam.
1. 11. conlacrlmavit, * burst into tears.'
1. 12. vere Metellus, 'a true Metellus.' Liv. 12, 14 v ere
Romanos, Virg. Aen. ix 617 vere Phrygiae neque enim Phryges,
see 116 1. 4.
1. 13. dicenti etiam tum=/uerat> \tyouri, * while he was
yet speaking.'
1. 14. antiquitatis] cf. 6 1. 16. homo eiusdem san-
guinis] Madvig Gr. 287.
1. 15. sustinere, 'to be proof against,' 'resist:' cf. 69
1. 13, 87 1. 25 and ep. ad fam. xi 13, 3 cum sustinere eos
(rogantes) non posset.
absens] a modern would write absente t so or. p. Arch. 5
Archias away from Borne is said to be celebritate famae iam
absentibus (sc. residents at Borne) notus.
240 PRO P. SESTIO 130132
1. 16. beneficio suo] by his support of my cause, which
I cannot but reckon as an act of kindness.
131, 1. 16. si est aliqul sensus cet., 'if great men have
some consciousness in the state of death.' Stress is to be laid
on praeclarorum which depends on sensus, not on morte; cf.
47 1. 14, Phil, ix 13 si qui est sensus in morte, ep. ad
fam. v 16, 4 saepissime legi, nihil mali esse in morte, in qua si
resideat sensus, immortalitas ilia potius quam mors ducenda est.
1. 18. uni fortissimo, brave above all others : ' on the em-
phatic use of unus with superlatives see n. to or. p. Plane. 95
1. 10 and cf . below 132 1. 10, 141 1. 4.
1. 19. gratissimum=rem gratis simam; de rep. i 34
gratum feceris si explicaris, de amic. 16 pergratum mihi
feceris, Plaut. Most, i 3, 63. fratri] Q. Gaecilius Me-
tellus Celer was praetor in Cicero's consulship B.C. 63, and
cooperated with him actively in opposing the schemes of Cati-
line. He was a warm and staunch supporter of the aristo-
cratical party. His death in b.c. 59, the year after his consulate,
was so unexpected that it was suspected he had been poisoned
by his wife Clodia, sister of P. Clodius. socio consiliorum]
63 1. 25, 8 1. 7.
CHAPTER LXIII
1. 23. atque, 'and indeed.'
1. 24. idem adventus mei natalis, 'both the birth-day
(i.e. the first day) of my arrival in Italy from exile and also
that of my daughter ' : or. in Pis. 51 quid (dicam) eos dies,
qui quasi deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud omnis
sunt adventu meo redituque celebrati, ep. ad Attic, iv 20,
1 diemque natalem reditus mei cura ut in tuis aedibus
amaenissimis agam tecum et cum meis.
1. 25. idem filiae] so. natalis, which, Mr Eeid thinks,
Cic. must have written. See ep. ad Att. iv 1, 4 pridie nonas
Sext. Dyrrhachio sum profectus ipso illo die, quo lex est lata
de nobis. Brundisium veni nonis Sextilibus. Ibi mihi Tulliola
mea fuit praesto natali suo ipso die, qui casu idem natalis
erat et Brundisinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Salutis : quae res
animadversa a multitudine summa Brundisinorum gratulatione
celebrata est.
1. 26. ex, ' after,' 110 1. 3, 118 1. 28.
1. 27. coloniae] the colony of Brundisium was founded
(deducta) on the 5th of August b.c 244. It was afterwards
made a municipium by the lex Iulia.
NOTES 241
1. 28. [aedis] Salutis] The temple of Salus was near the
porta Salutaris on the Quirinal ; it was dedicated by the Dic-
tator Gaius Junius Bubulcus in b.c. 303. The words, which
are wanting in the ms, are supplied from the letter to Atticus
quoted in note to 1. 25. Ut scitis is added by way of making
a rather far-fetched allusion appear as something well known.
[The passage quoted above from ep. ad Att. iv 1, 4 is deci-
dedly in favour of inserting Salutis only, without aedis.
J. S. B.]
1. 29. eadem] refers to the following quae proximo anno
receperat.
1. 30. Laeni Flacci cet.] cf. or. p. Plane. 97 Brundisium
veni vel potius ad moenia accessi... In hortos me M. Laenii
Flacci contuli : cui cum omnis metus, publicatio bonorum, ex-
ilium, mors proponeretur, haec perpeti, si acciderent, maluit
quam custodiam mei capitis dimittere, ep. ad fam. xiv 4, 2.
me accepisset, ' had entertained me as a guest.' receperat,
* had afforded me refuge.'
1. 31. suo periculo] because of the penalty threatened by
the bill of Clodius to any one who should receive Cic. into their
house within 400 miles of Eome. See Intr. 17.
1. 32. itinere toto, 'in the whole course of my journey,'
Madvig Gr. 273 c.
P. 65, 1. 1. festos dies adventus mei] Cf. or. in Pis. 51
quid dicam adventus meos (at the different municipia) ? quid
effusiones hominum ex oppidis ? quid concursus ex agris patrum
familias cum coniugibus ac liberis? quid eos dies, qui quasi
deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud omnes sunt
adventu meo redituque celebrati ? [cf. or. p. Arch. 13 dies fes-
tos ludorum, or. in Verr. iv 151 diemfestum ludorum. J. s. R.]
1. 2. celebrabantur, * were thronged.'
1. 4. florebat, 'was a great success,' 128 1. 18. iter
a porta] ep. ad Att. iv 5 cum venissem ad port am Gape-
nam, gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant, a qua
plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata, similis
et frequentia et plausus me usque ad Gapitolium cele-
bravit.
1. 5. domum] his father's house in the Carinae, in which
his brother Quintus lived. His own house on the Palatine had
been destroyed by Clodius. Introd. 17.
domum reditus] Madv. Gr. 233.
1. 6. tarn gratam] 122 1. 6. illvi&=only this, 78 1. 5.
H. 16
242 PRO P. SESTIO 132133
132, 1. 8. habes igitur, ' you know, then,' ' such, then, is
the answer to your questions.' On this sense of habeo see my n.
to or. p. Plane. 55 1. 29 and add to the passages there quoted
Tusc. in 38 habes formam Epicuri vitae beatae, or. in Verr.
v 60 h abet is unius civitatis ftrmum auxilium amissum;
cognoscite nunc novam praedandi rationem, ep. ad Att. v 21, 10
habes consilia nostra; nunc cognosce de Bruto. qui essent
optimates, * who the optimates are ; ' on the tense see n. to de
off. ii 1 1. 1.
1. 9. non est natio, ' it is no caste,' no fraction of the
community, no state within a state, but the whole entire mass
of the well-affected, whatever their class or employment. For
this contemptuous use of natio see on 96 1. 18. [In the best
Latin it is very rarely used with the sense of our nation, ex-
cept in the case of uncivilised or semi-civilised people. Very
much the same may be said of tdvos; there is a similar con-
temptuous use of <pv\ov in Demosthenes, j. s. R.]
1. 10. illius] P. Yatinius, the principal witness against
Sestius. uno maxime] see n. to 131 1. 18.
1. 12. mitem hominem] so in Cat. iv 10 Cic. speaks of
Caesar as homo mitissimus atque lenissimus. See cr. n.
1. 14. accusavit] 12 1. 14, 122 1. 31. cum adfirmaret,
1 affirming,' see n. to 122 1. 9, 126 1. 30.
1. 15. nihil profecit de universis] Cic. discreetly avoids
saying anything about the effect which Vatinius' representa-
tions had on Caesar in his own case.
1.17. indicem Vettium] L. Vet tius, homo perditissimae
temeritatis, per illud tempus indicium detulerat ad senatum,
sibi per quosdam praepotentis et nobilis consularis caedem
mandatam, ut ingredientem forum Cn. Pompeium interficeret.
Complectebatur autem hoc indicio plurimos senatores, in quis
fuit et ipse M. Tullius et L. Piso et duo Curiones et alii
quam plurimi nominati. Sed enim coniectus in carcerem
Vet tius ibidem supremum diem vitae habuit, ex eorum vide-
licet mandatu, quantum rumor ferebat, occisus, qui eum ad
calumniosum illud indicium subornaverant. schol. bob. Cf.
or. in Vat. c. 10 and 11, ep. ad Att. n 24, Sueton. Jul. c. 20,
Mommsen R. H. iv p. 216.
[1. 20. a me, ' on my side,' or is there an ellipse a me
debitam or something of the kind? j. s. r.]
1. 21. congregavit, associated.'
NOTES 243
CHAPTER LXIV
133, 1. 22. nullo meo merito] 39 1. 12.
1.24. ille, ' it was he who.' audiebatur = admitte-
fcatur.
1. 25. aliquid ficti] n. on 63 1. 19. Cf. 67 qui mentem
optimi viri suis (?) consiliis jictisque terroribus a defensione meae
salutis averterant.
1. 26. monebat] 41 1. 8.
1. 28. inimico meo] P. Clodius.
proscriptionis] 46 1. 11.
1. 29. adiuvabat] se. Vatinius. Sextus Clodius was
probably descended from some freedman of the Claudian house.
He was patronised by P. Clodius who had employed him as
leader of his armed terrorists and in drawing up the bills
which he proposed in his tribunate. On his proceedings after
the death of P. Clodius see Mil. 33. He was impeached
and condemned, but afterwards restored, Att. xiv 13 a.
1. 30. tabulam] Mu. reads tubam Vatinium. P. has toum-
buam esse se.
P. 66, 1. 1. rueret, 'stormed,' 'blustered.' See n. on or. p.
Plane. 91 1. 26. vertoum feci, ' uttered a word.'
1. 2. omnibus machinis ac tormentis, 'with all kinds of
heavy artillery.' Cf. 39 1. 9, 53 1. 13, 55 1. 20.
1. 3. sagittario, ' an archer,' i.e. not even a legionary.
1. 4. convenire] impersonal. acta mea] sc. consu-
laria, 'the laws enacted on my proposal during my consu-
late.' Cf. or. Phil, i 18 ecquid est quod tarn proprie did
possit actum eius, qui togatus in re publico, cum potestate im-
perioque versatus sit, quam lex.
1. 5. qui contemnat, ' since he sets at defiance,' as a
candidate for the Praetorship, which he obtained in B.C. 55.
By legemmeamis meant the lex Tullia de ambitu, in which,
according to the scholiast, among other things ' praescribebatur
ne candidatus ante biennium quam magistratum petiturus esset
munus populoederet, propter ambitum scilicet, ne hoc ipso popu-
laris animus eblanditus designationi eius succumberet.' See
Intr. to or. p. Plane, p. xxvii.
dilucide, 'plainly,' ' distinctly.' Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 86, t
1. 6. gladiatores] 126 1. 29.
16-2
244 PRO P. SEST10 133134
biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit, * within two
years of an actual or contemplated canvass.' Petierit is the
conjunctive of the futurum exactum. The law is referred to in
the or. in Vatin. 37 also: cum mea lex dilucide vetet,
biennio quo quis petat petiturusve sit, gladiatores dare,
nisi ex testamento praestituta die, where it will be seen that
petat takes the place of petierit
1. 7. in quo] for in qua re, 2 1. 18.
. 134. satis mirari non queo] cf. de fin. i 10 etc. Cic.
always writes non queo in first person present; on the other
hand he prefers nequeunt to non queunt: nequeamus is found
only once in the Speeches, more often in his other writings.
1. 9. ex iudicio] It appears from Cicero's letter ad Quint.
fr. ii 4 that he was threatened with prosecution at that time
probably because of his contemptio legis Tulliae. See Intr.
30. iucunditate sua, * by his amiable character and plea-
sant manners:' cf. ep. ad fam. ix 15, 1 quod tu ipse tarn
amandus es tamque dulcis tamque in omni genere iucundus,
id est proprie tuum, Quint. Cic. de petit, cons. 5, 16 amicorum
studia beneficiis et officiis et vetustate et facilitate ac iucun-
ditate naturae parta esse oportet,
emitti, 'tobe let loose,' tamquam ex laqueis legum et
iudiciorum ( 88 1. 12). Cf. or. in Pis. 95 at contra bis Cati-
lina absolutus: emissus etiam (iudicum sc. corruptorum gratia)
ille auctor turn provincial 1. 11. hominem] see onl. 15,
1. 12. familiam gladiatoriam] 9 1. 13, 127 1. 13.
credo] ironical.
1. 13. speciosam] this refers to the external appearance and
fine physique of the individual gladiators. nobilem, * fa-
mous,' the standing epithet of great artists or performers: cL
or. p. Rose. Am. plurimarum palmarum vetus ac nobilis
gladiator, Curt, ix 29, 16 pugil nobilis.
1. 14. studia, 'tastes,' 'inclinations,' i.e. which sort of
combats suited the people best.
1. 15. homo] 71 1. 8, 89 1. 16.
1. 16. tenere induceret, ' could not refrain from exhibit-
ing. ' Inducere = Gr. irpodyeiv was the technical term for
'representing in the circus or on the stage :' Cic. de opt. gen.
or. 17 a me gladiatorum par nobilissimum inducitur, ep. ad
Att. iv 11, 1 quaesivi, gladiatoribusne ; respondit, antequam in-
ducerentur, Pers. Sat. 6, 48 dis igitur genioque ducis centum
paria ob res egregie gestas induco, Suet. Dom. c. 4 utpopulo
NOTES 245
potestatem facer et bina paria e suo ludo postulandi, eaque
novissima aulico apparatu induceret.
1. 17. pulcherrimus] a hit at the ugliness of Vatinius,
especially his wen (struma) ; see note on 135 1. 16.
si ob earn causam peccaret, * if that were his reason for
doing wrong (i.e. because he had a fine set of gladiators to
boast of), in his eagerness to gratify the people in return for
his recent preferment (to the aedileship), still that would be
no excuse; but when he did not take even the best that the
market offered, but some which he bought from the ergastula,
whom he dignified with the names of gladiators, making some
4 Samnites,' according to chance and not by rule, others *pro-
vocatores,' does he not shudder to think what must be the out-
come of all this independence of spirit and defiance of the
-established laws ?
1. 19. beneflcio] ironically, 54 1. 10 n., 74 1. 30. .
L 20. venalibus, ' those who were offered for sale* by man-
gones upon the catasta in the slave-market (Tibull. n 3, 60,
Stat. Silv. ii 1, 72, Pers. Sat. vi 77), which would be the least
valuable portion of their stock (mancipia viliora). The more
precious were disposed of in private shops. Ramsay jR. A.
p. 96.
1. 21. ergastulis] the ergastulum, workhouse,' was a sort
of dungeon or place of correction attached to most country
villas and farms for the purpose of confining refractory slaves,
who were kept in fetters (compediti) : the rest, who were not
chained, were provided with separate accommodation (cellae,
contubemia) in other parts of the establishment. These private
prisons were entirely suppressed by Adrian and succeeding
emperors.
nominibus gladiatoriis] Gladiators were divided into
various classes according to their weapons and mode of
fighting, and were in many cases named from the nation
whose characteristic arms they bore, as Samnites, Thraces,
Galli, secutores, myrmillones, retiarii, laqueariij essedarii
( 126 1. 2), &c. The Samnites wore no doubt the armour of
the old Samnites, as described by Livy ix 40, 17 Campani
ab superbia et odio Samnitium gladiatores, quod spectaculum
inter epulas erat, eo ornatu armarunt Samnitiumque nomine
compellarunt, i.e. after their defeat by the dictator Papirius
ursor in B.C. 310. Cf. Cic. Tusc. n 41, de orat. n 325,
Hor. ep. ii 2, 98. We know nothing of the armour or
mode of fighting, by which the provocatores were characterised.
They are often mentioned in inscriptions. Farlanetto (lapide
246 PRO P. SESTIO 134135
Patavine, n. 213 p. 217, identifies them with the secutores?
and infers from a passage of Artemidorus (Oneirocr. n 33 >
that they were so called because they did not maintain a
stand-up fight but a desultory combat. The gladiators fighting
with each other never belonged to the same class. Thus the-
antagonists of the secutores were the retiarii. Eamsay R. A*
pp. 358360, Guhl and Koner, p. 533 Engl. tr.
135,1.25. defensiones, 'excuses.' do, 'I exhibit.'
bestiarios] men who fought in arms with wild beasts, but
were also gladiators.
1. 26. lex] sc. Tullia, 133 1. 5. festive] sc. dictum r
'a pretty conceit,' as though bestiarii were not also gladiatores*
1. 27. aliquid etiam acutius, ' something even more
clever.' dicet] i.e. I shall expect him to say.
1. 28. totam aedilitatem cet., ' that all the costly prepara-
tion for his expected aedileship be transferred to this exhibition/
Aedilitas =munus aedilicium; cf. de off. n 57 ut splendor
aedilitatum ab optimis viris postuletur.
1. 29. praeclara] ironical as often, or. in Pison. 17 r
or. in Cat. i 26, Tusc. i 49. unus leo] a gladiator in the
band of Vatinius was called Leo according to the Scholiast,
who remarks hoc etiam dictum de Leone Tullius Tiro,
libertus eiusdem, inter iocos Ciceronis adnumerat.' Cf. Lucian
Demon, c. 49 roi>s vvv ddXrjras ol Trapo/xaprovvTes \iouras-
Kakovcriv. [I fancy the title Leo occurs on one of the ancient
mosaics (mostly from Hadrian's villa at Tibur) representing
the armour and dresses, j. s. r.]
1. 30. hac defensione] i.e. let him try to evade the law by
saying that his exhibition is one of bestiarii, not of gladiatores*
1. 31. tribunos plebis appellare] in virtue of their right
auxilii ferendi, but that had no legal validity in a postulatia
ex lege before the Praetor. Still there had been an instance
of such an appeal at an earlier period, when Gaius Antonius
Hybrida was accused by Julius Caesar in B.C. 76 for his
oppression of Greece, but he was expelled the senate six years
afterwards by the censors for this offence, Mommsen R. H. iv
p. 95, cf. or. in Vatin. 33.
1. 32. iudicium disturbare] as Vatinius had done, when
postulatus lege Licinia et Iunia in B.C. 58, because of his acta
tribunicia of B.C. 59, he had to appear before the praetor Gaius
Memmius. Cf. or. in Vat. 33 quaere- etiam Mud ex te r
postulatusne sis lege Licinia et Iunia ?.. .appellarisne tribunos
plebij ne causam diceres, quod in hac rep. non modo factum
NOTES 247
antea numquam est sed in omni memoria est omnino inauditum,
and 34 quaero ex te, Vatini, num quis in hac civitate post
urbem conditam tribunos plebis appellarit, ne causam
dicer et? num quis reus in tribunal sui quaesitoris escenderit
eumquevi deturbarit? subsellia dissiparit? urnas deiecerit?
eas denique omnes res in iudicio disturbando commiserit,
quarum rerum causa indicia sunt constituta ?
P. 67, 1. 1. meam hominis inimici] 128 1. 30.
1. 2. sic statuit, omnino consnlarem legem nullam putare,
* he makes this a principle not to acknowledge any consular
law at all as a law;' consular cm ){ tribuniciam. The noun
object legem does duty also as predicate ; cf. or. de prov. cons.
37 legem, quam non put at, earn quoque servat, de legg. n.
14 igitur tu Titias et Apuleias leges nulla s put as? or. in
Pis. 37 lege.ea, quam nemo legem praeter te putavit.
1. 3. Caeciliam Didiam] By this law, which was passed by
the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus and T. Didius in b.c. 98,
it was enacted that every bill should be exhibited for the inspec-
tion of the people for three market days before it was sub-
mitted to the Comitia. This space of time, which could not
be less than seventeen days, was called trinundinum or trinum
nundinum. Bamsay B. A. p. 113, ep. ad Att. n 9, 1.
Liciniam Iuniam] Licinia et Iunia auctoribus Licinio
Murena et Iunio Silano perlata illud cavebat, ne clam
(without witnesses) aerario legem inferri liceret, quoniam
leges in aerario (the temple of Saturn on the Capitol, where
the archives of the State also were kept) condebantur. schol.
BOB.
1. 4. sua lege] the lex, proposed by Vatinius in b. c. 59,
which gave Gaius Caesar the province of Gallia Cisalpina and
Ulyricum for rive years with three legions. The Senate added
to his commission Gallia comata and a fourth legion (Sueton.
Iul. c. 22), fearing that if they did not give this to Caesar,
the people would : Plut. Caes. c. 14, Veil. Pat. n 44, Dion
Cass. 38 c. 8, Intr. 3.
1. 6. C. Caesaris legem] The lex Iulia de repetundis was
passed by Julius Caesar in his first consulship, b. c. 59. Cf.
or. in Vatin. 29 quaero ex te, sisne ex pauperrimo dives f actus
illo ipso anno, quo lex lata est de pecuniis repetundis
acerrima; ut omnes intellegere possent a te non modo nostra
acta sed etiam amicissimi tui legem esse contemptam.
1.7. et=Gr. eTra, see on 80 1. 31.
1. 9. socero] i.e. L. Calpurnius Piso, proconsul of
248 PRO P. SESTIO 135137
Macedonia, whose daughter Calpurnia was Caesar's last wife.
Plutarch Caesar, c. 14, Intr. 3.
adsecula, ' servant ; ' because Vatinius had made money
by unlawful means during his tribunate, see or. in Vat. 29.
The lex Iulia concerned not only provincial magistrates, but
all public officers.
CHAPTEK LXV
1. 11. aliquando, ' at length and high time too,' 13 L 22,
67 1. 5, 79 1. 31.
1.13. scalpellum, * a lancet.'
1. 14. ista] sc. id quod vos, iudices, accusator cohortatus
est de P. Sestio. Tusc. i 20 quae harmonia dicitur.
1. 15. exsecant] Cf. Dem. c. Aristog. i 95 p. 798 Set 5rj
TroLvras, wcnrep ol larpol, orav mapKivov rj (poLyedaivau 77 tCjv dWcw
dvtdrcjv tl kclkQv i5oo<tlv, dir^Kavaav rj oXojs dir^Koxpap (exsecant),
ovro) tovto rb Orjpiov vfxds e^opivai, plxj/ai iic rrjs 7r6Xews, dveXeiv.
pestem] ' sore,' 55 1. 19.
strumam, *wen,' * scrofulous swelling,' an allusion in
the bad taste, by which Cicero's jokes were sometimes cha-
racterised, to the personal deformity of Vatinius. Cf. above
134 1. 17, or. in Vat. 39, ep. ad Att. n. 9 isti licet
etiam Vatini strumam sacerdotii 5ij8a0y vestiant, i.e. 'let
them even invest Vatinius' wen with the double-dyed toga
of the augur,' Vatinius having aspired to fill the place of
Metellus in the augural body. Plutarch vit. Cic. c. 9, and
again c. 26, records two personal jokes on Vatinius. [Jests on
personal appearance were said by ancient rhetoricians to be
especially permissible. I think Cic. says so himself in de orat.
III. j. s. B.]
136, 1. 17. extremum aliquid, ' some end.' Cf. de sen.
5 necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, 69 mihi ne diu-
tumum quidem quicquam videtur f in quo est aliquid extre-
mum.
1. 19. illud, that discussion which I began.'
1. 20. eorum] partitive gen. 138 1. 12.
1. 21. nobiles] by birth.
1. 24. homines novi] the first men of their family to obtain
a curule magistracy.
137, 1. 25. via laudis, ' road to honour,' Kenn. Gr. 174
note 2, Zumpt Gr. 423, Madv. Gr. 283.
1. 26. bonis viris, 'patriots,' 1 1. 6, 25 1. 8.
NOTES 249
1. 27. sapientibus] attributive to "bonis viris, bene
natura constitutis, of a good natural disposition,' Fr. d'un
bon naturel. Kimming thinks a bonis diligi spurious.
1. 28. discriptionem, ' the determination of the parts and
divisions of a thing,' * organisation,' see 66 1. 26, n. on de
off. 1 27, 96, de rep. n 39 relicuum populum distribuit
in quinque classis...quae discriptio si esset ignota vobis,
explicaretur a me.
1. 30. ita ut, with this restriction... that,' 8 1. 30, 13
1. 27, 129 1. 12. consilium senatus] 97 1. 1 ; this is an
instance of the descriptive or explicative genitive, 87
1. 12, 90 1. 30, 112 1. 10.
1. 31. sempiternum] observe the position of the signifi-
cant word, 124 1. 31.
1. 32. abuniverso populo] The senators owed their places
to popular election indirectly, because qualification for admis-
sion to the senate was by election to some magistratus (includ-
ing the quaestorship) by the people, and formal admission
thereto by the Censors. ' Cicero, ' says Long, ' has well marked
the character of the Roman Senate. It was not a body con-
sisting of nobles who claimed a place by hereditary title, but
by merit, at least such merit as is implied by the fact of
popular election. It was a body which always subsisted
(sempiternum), though it was always changing, and every
Roman might get a place in it. Looking at it historically,
we must admit that it was a wise body and that Rome owed
to it her long period of existence. If the senate had been
elected directly by the people, and for a limited time, the
Roman state would neither have grown nor lived.' Cf. or. in
Verr. iv 11, 25 qui hoiios non homini solum debetur, sed primum
populo Romano, cuius beneficio nos in hunc ordinem
venimus ; deinde ordinis auctoritati, quae nisi gravis erit
apud socios et exteras nationes, ubi erit imperii nomen et
dignitas? de legg. in 27 ex eis autem, qui magistratum
ceperunt, quod senatus efficitur, populare sane neminem. in
summum locum nisi per populum venire, sublata cooptatione
censoria.
P. 68, 1. 1. [omnium civium industriae pateret. It is
noteworthy that Cicero's words imply a belief that the Senate
was from the earliest days of the Republic open to plebeians, a
position often disputed by scholars, j. s. r.]
L 4. auctoritate uti, 'should be guided by their will.'
Halm suggests niti.
1. 5. voluerunt is rejected by Eb. Hein. and Kimming.
1. 6. proximorum ordinum splendore confirmari] first the
equites to whom the term splendor was constantly applied,
250 PRO P. SESTIO 137140
just as amplitude* was to the senate (or. p. Plane. 12 1. 22),
and next the tribuni aerarii, who according to the lex Aurelia
of B.C. 70 formed the third decuria of the indices. Most
modern editors accept Bake's alteration of the ms reading splen-
dore conjirmari into splendorem confirmare. But Long refuses
to accept the emendation, maintaining that Cicero's meaning
is that the senate is supported by the splendidi equites, and
that, after giving the senate so high a position, it would not
have been consistent with good taste, to say nothing of truth,
to speak of the equites as depending for the preservation of
their splendor on the senate, instead of making them, as a
'splendidus ordo,' the support of that great body in which
was centered the administration and the dignity of the Roman
state.
CHAPTER LXVI
138, 1. 10. cuiuscumque sunt ordinis] 97.
1. 11. suis cervicibus sustinent] metaphor from bearing
the yoke. Cf. Verr. v 108 cum istius avaritiae poenam collo et
cervicibus suis sustinerent, n 135 qui tantis erunt cervi-
cibus recuperatores qui audeant? munia] i.q. munera,
'functions,' a rare word in Cic, but found or. p. Mur. 73.
It is common in Tacitus.
1. 13. auctores, ' leaders,' ' counsellors.'
1. 14. fateor] 102 1. 16.
1a 15. invidos, 'ill-wishers,' 121 1. 28, 145 1. 15. pro-
ponl] 48 1. 24.
1. 16. iniurlas] by repulsae, judicial verdicts, banish-
ments, &c. experiundos] passive.
1. 17. cum virtute, ' with worth,' i.e. with men of worth,
abstract for concrete, Nagelsb. lat. Stil. 14. A reflexion upon
the indolent and pleasure-loving members of the Roman
aristocracy.
1. 18. cum dignitate, ' with men of sterling character.'
1. 19. patriae natos] Roby Gr. n 1134, Madv. Gr. 241 :
cf. de fin. ii 45 nonsibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae
sed suis.
1. 22. ducuntur, 'are led captive,' 'allured.' cupidi-
tatium, 'the genitive plural of substantives in -tat is occasion-
ally formed in -ium, especially from civitas, aestas, calamitas y
but from others than civitas rarely before the Augustan age/
Roby Gr. i 445.
NOTES 251
1. 23. missos faciant, ' let them give up state offices, and
not meddle with politics, but be content with enjoying the ease
which they owe to the labour of brave men.'
139, 1. 25. famam bonorum] i.e. apudbonos. That is,.
laudari a laudato viro. Cf. 143 1. 1. otio suo] AbL absol.
1. 28. eis] dative after gerundive : Eoby Gr. n 1146. See
n. on 41 1. 3. adeundae] 23 1. 7, 62 1. 9.
1. 31. potentibus] an allusion to Pompeius, Caesar
and Crassus.
audivimus, * we have heard from eye-witnesses. '
1. 32. accepimus] by oral tradition. [I doubt whether a
strict line can be drawn here between audivimus and accepi-
mus, since audire (like aKotiew) is used of events however distant
in the past, and only points to the fact of instruction being
mainly oral. Cf. clvtjkoos. j. s. r.]
P. 69, 1. 2. aliquando] 83 1. 12.
1. 3. caecarunt] in order to obtain some state-office.
1. 6. nostri homines] so homines Graecos 141 1. 30, 142 1
1.16.
1. 7. at vero, but really and truly,' 140 1. 7.
1. 10. auctores huius dignitatis atque imperii, 'the men
to whom we owe our present honourable repose from trouble
and our empire.' [dignitatis remains strange, even after
Halm's defence, who interprets it to mean huius otiosae digni-
tatis qua nunc fruimur. Possibly atque is spurious, and Cic.
meant supporters of the honour of the empire.' The position
of dignitatis between huius and imperii would naturally lead to-
the error: cf. or. p. Arch. 6 eius Piojilio. J. s. r.]
CHAPTER LXVII
140, 1. 12. ac introduces a statement emphatically, 'and
assuredly.' aliquorum praeterea = aliquorum aliorum.
1. 14. quern quidem ego possum dicere, ' at least I can
quote no other, only him. ' Madvig needlessly corrects possim r
thinking that quern quidem is limitative and therefore requires
the conjunctive. [I must say the nexus of the words unus
quern quidem ego etc. makes strongly, to my mind, in favour of
possim. J. s. r.]
1. 15. L. Opimius] one of the high aristocratical party, who?
as consul in b.c. 121 took a leading part in the murder of
C. Gracchus and his followers, indignissime] he died in exile.
252 PRO P. SESTIO 140141
1. 16. monumentum] Opimius built in the Forum a new
and splendid temple of Concord, as a memorial of the destruc-
tion of Gaius Gracchus and his party, with a Basilica belonging
to it : see Plutarch C. Gracch. c. 17, Appian b. c. i c. 26, Varro
de lingua lat. v 156 : senaculum supra Graecostasim, ubi aedis
Concordiae et basilica Opimia, Mom m sen R. H. Vol. n p. 136.
The epithet celeberrimum 'most frequented' shews that the
latter is meant rather than the temple.
1. 17. litore Dyrrachino] at Dyrrachium (Durazzo) in
Epirus.
1.18. tamen flagrantem= tamen quamquamflagrabat,
just as Sfnos in Greek is prefixed to the participle, which may
be considered epexegetic of the adverb. Cf. or. Verr. v 142
cum illi nihilominus iacenti latera tunderent, i.e. quam-
quam iacebat, nihilo minus, Liv. v 42, 7 nihil tamen tot
onerati malts Jlexerunt animos, xxi 55, 10 tamen in tot circum-
stantibus malis mansit aliquamdiu immota acies. invldia,
'unpopularity' owing to the affair of Gracchus. The equites
paid off in this way an old grudge. Cic. or. p. Plane. 69 1. 24,
where see my note.
1. 19. ipse populus Romanus liberavit] Liv. Epit. lxi
L. Opimius, accusatus apud populum a Q. Decio tribuno pl. f
quod indemnatos cives in carcerem coniecisset, absolutus est.
This charge of maiestas was brought in b.c. 120. See n. on or.
p. Plane. 69. ipse, 'the real, genuine Boman people' as
opposed to the minority of his democratical enemies. Semper
is a rhetorical exaggeration.
1. 20. periculo] see n. to 2 1. 6.
alia...iniqui iudicii procella pervertit] He was con-
demned under the bill of the tribune C. Mamilius Lime-
tanus (lex Mamilia) for receiving bribes from Jugurtha in
connection with the question of the Numidian succession, and
sent into exile b.c. 110. Sallust Jug. c. 16, Cic. Brut. 128
invidiosa lege L. Opimium, Gracchi interfectorem, a populo
absolutum, cum is contra populi studium stetisset, Gracchani
indices (i.e. a jury composed of Boman equites) sustulerunt.
Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. in p. 158 f .
1. 22. perculsi, 'though upset,' 'overthrown,' i.e. cum
aliquando gratia populi excidissent. Cato ap. A. GelL
ii 22, 29 ventus cercius plaustrum oneratum percellit, Afranius
in Epistula ap. Fest. p. 273 m vento perculsam ratem (Bibbeck
com. rel. p. 181). In a metaphorical sense it is often said of
those who are 'ruined,' especially by an adverse judgment, de
orat. I 40 Garbonem, quern tu adulescuntulns perculisti, n
285 Scipionis qui Gaium Gracchwn perculit, Tusc. in 72
NOTES 253
eorum plaga perculsi i.e. graviter afflicti. See Ellendt
on de orat. n 285 p. 312. Examples of distinguished Eomans,
recalled from banishment, are given by Cic. in the or. p. dom.
86 f., Kaeso Quintius, M. Furius Camillus, M.
Servilius Ahala.
ac] explanatory.
1. 23. recreati, restored to their former position/ de imp.
Pomp. 23 adflictum erexit perditumquerecreavit.
1. 24. at vero] 139 1. 7.
1. 25. senatus consilium] 42 1. 21, 137 1. 30.
1. 27. iucundi] 134 1. 9.
1. 28. rei publicae] dative ; cf. or. in Cat. rv 10 ipsum
latorem Semproniae legis...poenas reip. dependisse.
praesenti morte] as Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius Capito-
linus, the two Gracchi, L. Appuleius Saturninus, P.
Sulpicius, all of whom forfeited their lives.
1. 29. turpi exsilio] as M. Aemilius Lepidus, father of
the triumvir, praetor in Sicily b.o. 81, elected cos. with Q.
Lutatius Catulus against Sulla in b.c. 78, when in his ambition
to become a leader of the popular party, he attempted to over-
throw the Sullan constitution, but was defeated by his colleague
Q. Lutatius Catulus and Pompeius, when he marched from his
province Gallia Cisalpina against Borne. He died in Sardinia
in B.C. 77. See Mommsen R. H. iv p. 3 p. 27.
141, 1. 30. homines Graecos] i.e. Graecos et gente et
ingenio, * thorough Greeks,' 139 1. 6 nostri homines.
1. 31. gravitate, * strength of character,' * steadiness,' )(
levitate. Hominum gravitate =ho minibus gravibus, cf. 57
1. 22, 88 1. 32.
1. 32. cum, ' although. ' ita fecerant] i.e. defenderant
remp.
P. 70, 1. 1. eicerentur = eici solerent.
1. 2. conservatorem, crcorrjpa, ' saviour.' non nee
neque] cf. 90 1. 7.
1. 3. Miltiadi...Aristidi] on this form of the genitive of
Greek nouns with stems in -e and -i which fluctuate between
different declensions, see Madv. de fin. i 14, Gr. 42, 2, Boby
Gr. i 484. [The evidence of the Ciceronian mss fairly con-
sidered is overwhelmingly in favour of this form of the geni-
tive and proves, I think, that Cic. used no other, j. s. e.]
calamitas] cf. 7 1. 24, 83 1. .17.
254, PEG P. SESTIO 141143
1. 4. fuga, banishment.' unus iustissimus] 131 1. 18.
1. 7. propositis, set before their view,' 48 1. 24.
L 8. suam rem publicam illam, * their state such as it
was,' i.e. so fickle and ungrateful, in opposition to 1. 12 ad earn
rem p. tuendam adgressi quae tanta dignitate est ut etc. Yet
ic. says himself de rep. i 5 : nee vero levitatis Atheniensium
crudelitatisque in amplissimos civis exempla deficiunt : quae
nata et frequentata apud illos etiam in gravissimam civitatem
nostram dicuntur redundasse. Nam vel exilium Gamilli vel
offensio commemoratur Ahalae vel invidia Nasicae vel expulsio
Laenatis vel Opimii damnatio vel fuga Metelli vel acerbissima
. Marii clades vel eorum multorum pestes, quae paulo post
^ecutae sunt.
1. 10. unde, 'from which,' Madvig Gr. 317 obs. 2.
1. 11. insistentes, 'taking our stand on.'
1. 12. humana, 'the changes and chances of life.' videri
debeant, 'cannot help seeming,' 'must seem.' deinde] the
usual order is primum deinde turn.
1. 14. ut earn defendentem occidere optabilius sit quam
oppugnantem rerum potiri, 'that to die in defence of it is a
more desirable thing than in fighting against it to usurp the
sovereign power.' Long after Klotz defends the genuineness of
the ms reading non aliud for which various emendations have
been suggested mains nobilius, satius, melius, laudabilius,
honestius, nomen mains, amplius, praestabilius. Cf. or. i 34
acerbissimum eius (M. Antoni oratoris) supremum diem malim
quam L. Cinnae dominatum, a quo ille est crudelissime inter-
fectus.
1. 15. rerum potiri] Lucret. n 12.
CHAPTEE LXVIII
142, 1. 21. horum anteponant] on the coordination of
contrasted clauses see n. on or. p. Plane. 26 1. 5.
calamitatem] 71 1. 24 note. dominationi, ' despotism.'
1. 22. anteponant, think more fortunate.'
1. 23. pluris fuit] Madv. Gr. 294, Eoby Gr. n 1186,
pref. p. lvii f., who refers this gen. of value to the locative
case. Kenn. Gr. 169.
1. 24. de imperio] 59 1. 24.
1. 25. sui cives] Madv. Gr. 490 b.
1. 26. eiecerunt] He really spared the Carthaginians the
disgrace of delivering him up by a speedy and prudent flight to
NOTES 255
the East, leaving his ancestral city merely the lesser disgrace
of banishing its greatest citizen for ever from his native land,
of confiscating his property and of razing his house. Liv.
xxxiii 47 ff., Corn. Nep. Hann. c. 7, Mommsen Hist. B. n
p. 214. hostem celebratum] Plin. H. N. xxxiv c. 6 15
adeo discrimen omne sublatum, ut Hannibalis etiam statuae
tribus locis visantur in ea urbe, cuius intra muros solus hostium
emisit hastam. litteris etc.] 'in our historical literature.'
143, 1. 28. Brutos, Camillos, cet.] generic plural, cf. Mayor
on Juv. Sat. 1 109, Hor. Sat. i 7, 8.
1. 29. Lentulos, Aemilios] These are named, because it was
P. Lentulus Spinther, consul B.C. 57, that proposed Cicero's
recal: and M. Aemilius Scaurus was probably president of
the court, before which Sestius was tried.
1. 30. stabiliverunt] 123 1. 26.
1. 31. in deorum coetu] Cic. Somn. Scip. c. 3 : quo sis,
Africane, alacrior ad tutandam rem publicam, sic habeto, omni-
bus qui patriam conservaverint, adiuverint, auxerint, certum
esse in caelo definitum locum ubi beati aevo sempiterno
Jruantur.
1. 32. repono, ' I reckon,' count : ' cf. or. in Verr. in 210
ut in clarissimorum hominum numero reponantur, de nat.
deor. ii 54 sidera in deorum numero rep on ere. consulamus
Donis] Zumpt Gr. 414.
P. 71, 1. 1. posteritatis gloriae servlamus, 'let us devote
ourselves to securing a good name amongst future generations.'
1. 2. id, 'that only.' rectissimum, 'really good and moral.'
speremus feramus] Cf. or. Phil, xm 15 speramus optima,
pati vel difficillima malumus quam servire.
1. 6. animi motus, gen. = ttjs evepyeias tt)$ if/vxys, ' mental
activity.' So Halm. Others take motus to be the accusative
plural, comparing or. p. Arch. 17 animorum incredibilis
motus celeritatemque ingeniorum, de orat. i 113 animi atque
ingenii celeres quidam motus.
1. 7. neque for neve, a not uncommon use, Boby 1602,
Drager Hist. S. i p. 287. opinionem, 'belief,' i.e. in the im-
mortality of virtue. in, 'in the case of,' 'in the person of,'
7 1. 24, 118 1. 29. sanctissimo] because he was regarded
as the ideal representative of manly perfection.
1.8. consecratam, i.e. diis adscriptam ideoque sacram
habitam, the same as sancitam in reference to profane things.
256 PRO P. SESTIO 143145
Cf. Tusc. in 1 cur corporis curandi causa quaesita sit ars
eiusque utilitas deorum immortalium inventioni consecrata.
cuius eius] observe the pleonasm. vitam et virtutem r
heroic life.'
1.9. excepisse, * to have followed after.'
[1. 11. consiliis aut laborious : et or (as Orelli proposed)
ac seems necessary, j. s. e.]
CHAPTEE LXIX
144147. Peroratio
Cic. ends with a strong appeal to the sympathy of the iudices
to acquit those who have sacrificed so much for the state, and
to whose zeal on his behalf he owes his own restoration. It is
entirely because of the support they gave him that they are
placed in their present unenviable position, and, if they should
be convicted, he would rather share their fate and go into exile,
than remain at Borne without them. Their acquittal will serve
to confirm and strengthen the hands of the friends of law and
order, while it will curb and restrain the disaffected.
144, 1. 15. horum, 'my clients.' vestrae] sc. iu-
dicum.
1. 17. defensorem cet.] observe that defensorem answers to
salutis, propugnatorem to auctoritatis, actorem to causae.
1. 18. reum] predicate adjective to Sestium.
1. 19. praetextatum] still wearing the toga praetexta of
his childhood, and not having assumed the toga virilis, see
6 1. 16.
1. 20. vlndicem] qui vos in libertatem vindicavit.
1. 22. latrocinii] 1 L 12.
1.23. caedis, 'bloodshed,' 95 1. 9. tectorum] 85
L 25.
1. 24. praesidium curiae] Hor. Carm. n 1, 14 moestis
praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae.
1. 25. deum is to be taken with fortunae = ' creator. ' [I
cannot believe that Cic. would call such a man as Lentulus
deum or that he would use the phrase ' God and parent of our
fortune.' Creator is a modern rather than ancient equivalent
for ' God.' Cic. seems to me to have written patrem eundern
NOTES 257
parentem. The letters eun were so like the final letters em of
patrem that they dropped out, dem was turned into deum and
ac was naturally inserted. J. s. e.]
1. 26. nominis] 14 1. 5.
1. 27. in hoc squalore et sordibus] 32 1. 14, or. in Verr.
v 128 aspicite, iudices, squalorem sordesque sociorum.
1. 28. superior annus, 'the past year,' i.e. b.c. 57, when
his father was consul, 15 1. 20. idem] 9 1. 22. virilem]
the toga virilis was generally assumed on the completion of
the 16th year, occasionally later, if the father so wished.
praetextam] by his election into the College of Augurs :
populi iudicio, because the right of filling up vacancies in the
College of Augurs, who were originally chosen by cooptatio,
was transferred by the lex Domitia of b.c 107 to seventeen
out of the thirty-five tribes. The toga praetexta was worn by
freeborn children of both sexes up to their 17th year, by the
chief magistrates at Rome and in the colonies with the excep-
tion of the tribunes, by the presidents of games, by senators,
priests and augurs on festivals (or. Phil, n 110).
1. 30. rogationis iniustissimae] Lentulus had as consul
obtained a decree of the senate that the consul, to whom the
province of Cilicia would fall at the close of his year of office,
should be charged with the office of restoring Ptolemaeus
Auletes, the exiled king of Egypt. The honour would have
fallen to Lentulus, as proconsul of Cilicia, had not an oracle
been found in the Sibylline Books which forbade the restora-
tion of the king of Egypt by armed force. The matter gave
rise to vehement debate in the Senate in B.C. 56, during which
time the tribune C. Cato, the personal enemy of Lentulus,
legem promulgavit de imperio Lentulo abrogando (ep. ad Quint,
fr. ii 3, 1), whereupon his son appeared publicly in mourning
{vestitum mutavit). The rogatio did not come to the vote and
the affair of the king was forgotten, until the governor of Syria,
Aulus Gabinius, was employed to restore him. Mommsen
Hist, Rom. iv p. 160.
acerbitatem, 'grief,' 'chagrin,' or. p. Plane. 101 1. 20.
P. 72, 145, 1. 4. quod tantum-scelus] cf. or. p. Mil. 103
quodnam ego concept tantum scelus aut quod in me tantum
facinus admisi, indices, cum ilia indicia communis exitii inda-
gavi patefeci protuli exstinxi ?
1. 5. illo die] Dec. the 3rd, b.c. 63: see the third Cati-
linarian speech.
h. 17
258 PRO P. SESTIO 145147
1. 7. parui vobis] i. e. the senate ; Cic. addresses those of
the indices, who were senators. For the reference see or. Cat.
in 14. Cf. 25 1. 32.
1. 9. vexatae, 'damaged, impaired,' 54 1. 14. dissipati
liberi] because his son Marcus was separated from his sister
Tulliola. raptata coniunx] or. p. dom. c. 23 quid enim
vos uxor mea misera violarat? quam vexavistis, raptavistis,
omni crudelitate laceravistis.
1. 10. frater incredibili pietate] on the descriptive abla-
tive subjoined to an indefinite appellative noun see my n. to
or. p. Plane. 52 1. 11, Madv. Gr. 287 obs. 2.
1. 13. carui] 63 1. 24. ut levissime dicam, 'to use
the mildest expression.'
1. 14. dilexeram] see cr. n.
1. 15. invidorum, ' ill-wishers,' 121 1. 28.
146, 1. 16. haec omnia] sc. quae pertuli.
1. 18. importare] a stronger expression than inferre, see
Nagelsb. 107 1. [It very generally goes with words denoting
misfortune, as in Lucretius cladem importare pericli. J. s. r.]
L 19. calamitatem] see n. on 7 1. 23.
L 20. his] Sestius and Milo. possim, not possum, be-
cause it is conditional, the protasis being implied in
his pulsis.
1. 23. pietate] 27 1. 10, 142 1. 18. amisso patre
suo propter me, ' when I have been the cause of his having
lost his father.'
1. 24. incolumem] 18 1. 5. nee ingemescet, ' without
lamenting.'
1. 25. pestem suam, ' the ruin of himself.'
1. 26. ego vero, 'I for my part.' For the meaning of
complecti cf. or. p. Plane. 82 with my note.
1. 28. meo nomine, 'on my account.' nmquam] em-
phatic by its position.
P. 73, 147, 1. 1. receperunt] see on 131 1. 4. ab Ms
viris] Sestius and Milo.
1.2. sanctius, 'more venerable.'
1. 4. improborum, ' the disaffected.' 43 1. 2, 49 1. 6.
NOTES 259
1. 5. his civibus uti optimis, 'to have the services of these
loyal citizens,' i.e. not to lose them by their condemnation.
Cp. or. in Cat. n 18 et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus
uteremur, or. in Ver. n 6 multo locupletioribus civibus
utimur,
1. 6. renovare rem publicam, 'to restore,' 'revive the
state,' put it on a new footing, so that in future patriotic
citizens may be better protected against the attacks of design-
ing men.
1. 7. si voluistis, ' since it has been your pleasure.'
END OF EXPLANATORY NOTE3
172
APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
A General Remarks
The Vulgate text of this Speech is that which having been
gradually formed by the scholars of the 15th, 16th, and 17th
centuries, was further improved by Graevius, Ernesti,
Schiitz , and others, until it appeared under its best form in
the edition of Orelli, commenced at Zurich in 1826 and com-
pleted in 1837, and re-edited by Baiter and Halm in 1845
1861. Orelli had the advantage of the Scholia Bobiensia,
an ancient commentary contained in the Vatican palimpsest
of the 4th or 5th century, discovered and edited by Angel o
Mai, concerning which see my edition of the Planciana p. 205.
The volume containing Halm's text of this speech appeared
in 1856.
The text of the present edition of the Sestiana is founded
mainly upon that of Kayser as given in Vol. V of the edition
of Cicero's entire works by J. G-. Baiter and C. L. Kayser,
and published by Bernhard Tauchnitz at Leipzig in 1862.
Kayser's text is chiefly derived from a Paris ms (P 7794) of the
9th century, which is the only high-class ms that contains
the whole of the speech. The insertions by a later hand of
the 12th century to fill up lacunae, where existing, are of
little or no value. The ms was carefully collated by Halm.
The next in value but altogether inferior is codex Bernensis
(B) of the 12th century. In addition to Kayser's text I have
also consulted that of A. Eberhard and W. Hirschfelder
in their second edition of xix select orations of Cicero
(Teubner, Leipzig, 1878). The volume containing this speech
in the Teubner recension of Cicero's works by C. F. W. M tiller
(1886) did not appear in time for my first Edition.
In preparing my explanatory notes I have been largely
indebted to Karl Halm's separate edition of this speech,
which contains a copious selection of the notes of earlier com-
mentators, P. Manutius, N. Abrami, Ferratius, Gara-
264 APPENDIX OF THE TEXT
toni, etc., supplemented with valuable ones of his own in
Latin, which was published by Koehler at Leipzig in 1845,
and to his 6th edition with notes in Weidmann's Series,
revised by G. Laubmann, Berlin, 1886; also in a less
degree to that of H. A. Koch, ed. 2 revised by A. Eberhard,
1877. Both these Editors, together with C. F. W. Miiller, have
availed themselves of the most recent observations and conjec-
tural emendations of scholars which have appeared in various
separate essays and periodicals, especially those of Madvig in
his Opuscula Academica, Vol. i p. 411 508; I. Bake {Scholica
Hypomnemata, Vol. i p. 49 136), and Mnemos. 1860 p. 205
210, Pluygers Mnem. 1860 p. 331335, F. Eichter Fleck-
eisen Ann. 1862 p. 271276, Dietrich ib. 1863 p. 505 ff,
H. Keil Eos 1864 p. 1523, Weidner progr. Col. 1864, Paul
Zeitschrift fur Gymn.-W. 1874 p. 305331, Ortmann ib.
1879 p. 417430, Urlichs Bhein. Mus. 1878 p. 150153,
Binsfeld Festschrift Coblenz 1882, Kimmig de Sestlanae
Ciceronianae interpolatt. dissert. Heidelb. 1882, Karsten Spi-
cileg. crit. Leyden 1881, p. 3 p. 8; C. F. Hermann vindiciae
lectionum Bernensium in or. p. Sestio, Gottingen, 1852 ; and
others enumerated inKayser's Prooemium p. vii.
B Critical Notes
Ba = Baiter Ka = Kayser
Co =Cobet Kl = Klotz
Eb = A. Eberhard Ko = Koch
Ern = Ernesti Lg = Long
F = Ferratius Mg = Madvig
Ga = Garatoni Mu = C. F. W. Miiller
Hm = Halm Or = Orelli
Hf = Eberhard-Hirschf elder Wg = Wesenberg
P. 1, 1, 1. 6. [ex] hoc tempore] Mu reads hoc tempore.
P. 2, 2, 1. 4. qua voce] Hm 5 Hf ; I now prefer the emen-
dation suggested by Dr Keid quamquam qua voce; quoniam
qua voce Ha 4 Ka Kl ; the latter also in his preface proposes si
qua. The clause Us potissimum vox haec serviat is omitted
by Hf Hm 5 at the suggestion of Bake : Wg proposes to insert
ut before vox. [In the 3rd ed. I have inserted quoniam.]
1. 6. eorum] Mu coni. meorum.
4, 1. 23. dolor ullus] so Ka Hm Mu ; dolor ullius the
reading of P is shown by Madvig opusc. i p. 435 to be
inadmissible.
5, 1. 32. si modo id consequi] si modo dicendo consequi
is the conjecture of Mu.
APPENDIX OF THE TEXT 265
E. 3, 6, 1. 17. gravissimae antiquitatis viris] So Hm 1 ,
with B, for the Vulgate gravissimis antiquitatis viris: gravis-
simis summae antiquitatis viris Hm 6 Ba after Mommsen; gravis-
simis antiquae severitatis Eberhard; gravitatis antiquissimae
Hem., gravitatis summae atque antiquitatis Landgraf.
ut utrique eorum et cams] So Hm 5 , Ka; utrique eorum
ut carus, P* Hf Kl, Dietrich arm. phil. 1863, 509, utrique
eorum ut et carus Hm 1 . The omission of ut in P is an instance
of lipography, so common in mss.
7, 1. 23. duxit iterum uxorem] so Mommsen Ka Hf ;
duxit uxorem P Hm 1 ; alteram duxit uxorem Schiitz Hm 5 ; duxit
alteram uxorem Hein.
1. 32. maximis praeterea adsiduisque offlciis] Mommsen 's
correction of the reading of P maximis praeteritas esse sed lis et
cfficiis; praeterea adsiduisque studiis et off. coni. Mu.
P. 4, 8, 1. 16. collega] bracketed by Eberhard.
9, 1. 29. idemque] Ka proposes to read indidemque
bracketing the words ex ilia urbe in 1. 32.
P. 5, 10, 1. 13. aut ambitionis] Ka after Pluygers brackets
aut.
1. 15. vocem] so Lambinus for the ms vicem ; indicem Ka
after Kochly ; lucem Ko ; vindicem Urlichs.
P. 6, 12, 1. 11. in re publica virtus] Kochly suggests in
re gerenda virtus ; and 1. 10 Weidner vere for breve,
1. 14. accusandum] acuendum Hf after W Paul.
1. 18. Italiae] Ko reads silvestres, on the ground that the
paths leading from Italy into Gaul would be not Italiae but
Galliae calles.
praeoccupare] so Hm 5 , Hf Ko after C. F. W. Miiller, predare
(or praeclare) P, praedari Ka Hm 2 , peragrare Madvig, pervagari
W, stabula praealta cepisset Probst ann. phil. 1868, 351.
P. 7, 14, 1. 16. insectantur] bracketed by Ko after G.
Wichert and Weidner. Madvig on the other hand observes
(p. 446) : se offerre, quod mediae est significationis, ita tamen,
ut sponte, non casu occurrentes intellegantur, recte hoc loco
ponitur adiecto altero illo insectantur ; asyndeton quod hie in
verbis est eiusdem paene significationis, in brevi et concisa
oratione, infra c. 9 22 in substantivis est: falsa opinione t
errore hominum.
15, 1. 24. fuerat ille annus lam] this is Madvig's emen-
dation adopted by Kl Hf Ka for the ms fuerat ille annus tarn.-
266 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
funestus fuerat ille annus iam Dryander, E. F. Eberhard; fuerat
ater i. a. iam is conjectured by Ka, funestus ille annus iam
impendebat reipublicae by Ko who also conjectures ruebat ille
annus iam in rempublicam, which Muller prefers.
1. 27. re quidem] so Hm 5 with P : re quidem vera Ka
Ko Hf Mu.
P. 8, 16, 1. 8. putabat] so Schol. Bob. : the mss reading
is putaret.
1. 13. exsanguis] Mu Hm after Koch, cf. 24 1. 19 : the mss
have insane, which Ka and others correct into insani.
17, 1. 17. perditores vestrae dignitatis] the common
reading is proditores. I have adopted the reading suggested by
Pr Eeid, who compares or. in Pis. 64 senatus odit te affiic-
torem ac perditorem nonmodo dignitatis et auctoritatis sed
omnino ordinis ac nominis sui. If proditores be kept, vestrae
dignitatis must apply to the Eoman people at large.
18, 1. 31. [in] fretu] Ka Hm 5 after Seyffert read fretu.
P. 9, 19, 1. 16. annus] so Lambinus followed by Hm Ko
Kl Hf for antuus, the reading of P. Schiitz conjectured con-
sulatus, K. E. Hermann magistratus, Jeep cincinnatus.
1. 17. tamquam vade] vade is restored by Madvig from the
old grammarian Valerius Probus (ed. Putzsch p. 1461 and
1475). Eberhard brackets the whole clause ut illo supercilio
videretur as a gloss explanatory of tanta, Ko would omit tam-
quam and read anni totius moles, while Ka after Bake brackets
the whole passage tanta videretur as spurious.
P. 10, 22, 1. 17. [cum re publica. It is not surprising
that Lambinus wished to read populo Romano here. Both res
publica and populus Romanus were written by contractions and
it was easy to mistake p. r. for r. p. Many similar confusions
exist in mss. j. s. b.]
1. 18. [falsa opinione] errore: so Ka after Pluygers;
others as Hf Mu bracket errore; Madvig retains both, see n.
to 14 1. 16.
1. 25. sermo nominis dabat] so Hm 5 after Jeep: the mss
have sermonis ansas dabat, which, Dr Keid notes, is perfectly
sound: as in many expressions of the kind the genitive
occurs, where we should use the dative; e.g. finem sermonis
facere, jidem orationis facere. Sauppe Ka Hf read sermones
ansas dabant : Mu sermo nobis etc,
23, 1. 32. partibus] supplied by Orelli, cf. ep. ad Att. in
7 ext.; others add sensibus, but sensus is not used like aladr}<reis ;
Madvig would read omni vi; others viribus, oribus, nervis.
APPENDIX ON TEE TEXT 267
P. 11, 24, 1. 12. sermonis] nidoris Eb ; foetoris conj. Mu.
1. 16. aut] ac Pluygers, 0. Heine, Reid for the vulgate
aut.
1. 22. xmdatam rem publicam] so Hm 5 Hf from a conjec-
ture of Imelmann for the reading of P tarn rem p. : totam rem
p. Ka after Pluygers, tantam remp. Manly, clam. r. p. Eberhard.
1. 27. ictum sanciri] Ka after Pluygers reads ici,
P. 12, 25, 1. 10. agerent aliquid] so Hm 6 Mu: agerent,
aliquid denique referrent Hm 1 Ka.
26, 1. 15. meque iam omni ratione privato consilio]
so Hm 5 after Madvig, who notes : non diutius aliud auxilium
(publicum) exspectandum putabant ; id significat iam par-
ticular meque etiam omni r. p. c. Hm 1 Hf, omni ratione, etiam
privato consilio Kochly, Reid, meque iam privato consilio Eb.
omitting omni ratione.
1. 25. [quamvis : the mss point to cum rather than quamvis.
J. s. R.] : turn quaquaestum P ; turn, cum quaest. Paul.
1. 26. venistis] so Hm for venisset of P: vos deinde, cum
venissetis ad senatum is proposed byKa. Fox cum Hmhas turn.
vos, inquam] Ko reads vos, vos, inquam, on the ground that
otherwise inquam would be meaningless, out, as Madvig very
properly observes, ' inquam non ad vocabuli repetitionem
pertinet sed ad sententiam, quae, iam ante universe significata,
apertius et asseveran^ius ponitur.'
1. 29. cum, vestris precious etc.] Hm 5 Eb turn; cumves-
tris precious . ..repudiati estis ; turn vir Ka ; proiecistis, cum Hm 6 .
P. 13, 28, 1. 24. illius diei] illius dies Kl upon the autho-
rity of A. Gell. ix 14, 6.
P. 14, 29. 1, 9. relegarit] bracketed by Hm 5 Ka Hf Ko
after du Rieu.
30, 1. 17 for turn Mu conj. tamen : so Hm 1 .
P. 15, 32, 1. 17. aut concilium] Dr Reid doubts the
genuineness of these words ; F. Schoell that of veste mutata.
P. 16, 33, 1. 3. legatos] bracketed as spurious by Ka Ko
after Madvig and Gronovius.
1. 4. legist!] I believe with Dr Reid that this is the true
reading for the mss legasti, retained by Mu.
1. 10. nemo est quin non] ' I am not sure ' writes Dr Reid
*that certain exx. can be produced of quin immediately fol-
lowed by a negative.'
268 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
1. 15. agebantur] So Miiller, Hm 5 , parabantur Ko, fere-
bantur Or. Hertz fills up the gap with committebantur,
1. 26. isdem consulibus] Pluygers adds coniventibus.
P. 17, 1. 2. dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur] the words aliis
pollicebatur are regarded as a gloss by Pluygers, Kayser and
Kimmig ; minabatur aliis, aliis pollicebatur is suggested by
Tittler annal. phil. 1869 p. 492 : who is followed by Hm 5 , Hf
Eb; but cf. 85 1. 15. ' German editors ' writes Dr Eeid * never
seem contented to allow that alius may sometimes be contrasted
with another alius, not expressed, but the phenomenon is com-
mon enough.'
35, 1. 11. excisam] Halm has exscissam; see explanatory
notes ; Miiller retains excisam.
36, 1. 22. tarn parato] Kayser suggests tarn parato equestri
ordine; tarn parato ordlne equestri Bicht, Eb; tamp. populoMu
after Mommsen.
37, 1. 31. respexerat] so Halm for sampserat of the mss ;
Kl and others read turn spectarat; Ka earn sumpserat; Eeid se
emiserat; Ko Hertz and Miiller spiritus sumpserat.
P. 18, 38, 1. 16. ea] Kayser suggests et ea.
P. 19, 39, 1. 4. mortem] caedem Hf; cladem Kochly.
Kayser brackets vel potius domesticorum hostium, om. by schol.
1. 5. ilia] Probst alia.
1. 12. debebat] Halm 5 reads credebatur t comparing 41
1. 15; debebat Hm 6 Mu: videbatur Ulrichs.
40, 1. 17. praeesse] Ka Hf read praesto esse with F. C.
Wollf ; Koch following Ernesti brackets et praeesse et; Madvig
with Or reipublicae praeesse; Romae esse Mu.
1. 20. causae dictionem] Dr Eeid thinks these words may
be a gloss.
1. 23. quid ergo ?] quid ? ergo Lambinus Kl Ka.
1. 29. aliquo] alio Bake Ka.
1. 30 32. quod acta ilia putabant] Ka brackets this
clause as spurious, on the suggestion of Bake.
P. 20, 41, 1. 3. a consulibus] Hf [a] consulibus.
1. 7. domi meae] bracketed by Ka Ernesti Bake ; ad earn
rem positi, by Bake Ka Kimmig, Ortmann.
APPENDIX 02? THE TEXT 269
42, 1. 32. meum] Eb and Halm 5 read me, after Fleck-
eisen in Neue J. for 1875 p. 85. See Addenda p. 277.
P. 21, 44 , 1. 14. imposuisset] earn imposuisset Madvig.
1. 20. vocassent] Halm 5 reads concitassent ; H. A. Koch
suggests vocari passi essent ; populum vocassent Hein : voca-
rent mss.
1. 22. meum] not in mss but added by Ascensius 1551.
45, 1. 24. enim] tamen H. Keil; etiam Hm 4 i.e. ' one thing
more,' [enim] Ka, Mu.
P. 22, 46, 1. 18. me unum] Mu, Hm 6 ; unum multi Ko ;
unum undique Eb; unum cuncti Hertz.
47, 1. 22. improbi. at armis, at ab eo prlvato] so Hm 5 :
at armis ab eo privato Hf ; at acie, at ab eo privato W. Paul,
ab eo armato privato Lambinus, Miiller; at vi Bake; improbi,
at rei at cives Kochly.
1. 27. quid ? turn mortemne fugiebam] Hm 5 Hf Ka : quid
turn ? Eb Mu.
1. 31. exilium] Mu Hm 5 : exitium Hotoman Ka Eb Hf Wg Mg.
P. 23, 1. 4. tarn] tamne Hm, tamen P.
1. 13. turn maxime mentes] turn mentis maxime Ka Eb.
48, 1. 25. [post aliquot annos : Cic. probably wrote post
aliquot annis, ' later by a good many years.' J. s. r.]
P. 24, 50, 1. 29. vi] vim Eb Mu ; vimfugisset H. Keil.
P. 25, 1. 4. ad rei p. fatum] the correction of Pantagathus
for the mss reading ratum; et alium rei p. statum Garatoni,
ad reciperandam rem Jeep, ad reip. casum Jacob, ad rei p. rectio-
nem Reid. Madvig admits that he has no better suggestion to
offer than ad reipublicae fatum; but he is not satisfied with it
because it cannot mean 'he determined to live, whatever
happened in the future ' : that would be ad omnem reipublicae
fortunam. It must mean ad perniciem reipublicae and that is
too much to say; Lehmann conjectures motum.
1. 10. in qua] so Mu Ernesti followed by all subsequent
editors.
51, 1. 27. et] Hm alone reads aut ; but et Hm 6 .
P. 27, 54, 1. 5. inter meum interitum et suam praedam]
inter meum exitum et praedam (i.e. praedam de Cicerone cap-
tam) Madvig.
270 APPENDIX OF THE TEXT
55, 1. 27. tolleretur] Eeid suggests that we should read
deleretur here or else in 1. 31, cf. 44 1. 20.
P. 28, 1. 2. et rogata lege potestas per novam] the words
lege potestas per no are not in the mss, but the conjecture of
fim and O. Heine, who formerly read lege utrique potestas
contra Semproniam legem,
56, L 13. earn] Ko, Hm 6 Mu after Lamb, for mss ea.
57, 1. 20. societatis et amicitiae honorem consecutus]
Vahlen e schol. Bob. suppl. Hm 5 , honorem istum consecutus
Hm 6 Mu i.e. eum, de quo dicentem paulo ante me audistis.
P. 29, 58, 1. 11. nic et ipse] Ka suggests is et ipse.
vehemens hostis fuit] Hm Ko ; vehemens fuit Mu ; hostis
vehemens fuit Hf : the whole passage from hie et ipse to 1. 16
mente mansit is bracketed by Ko Eb and Kimmig.
1. 12. hulus imperii] Hm would prefer huius urbis because
of Valer. Max. vl, 9.
1. 14. repulsus] so Hm 5 for pulsus of the mss; which he
thinks is merely a repetition of pulsum in 1. 13, the true word
having been displaced by it ; projligatus Hf ; perculsus W. Paul
omitting what follows animo tamen Iwstili, which Mu approves.
59, 1. 21. rex igitur Armenius] the mss have here tulit
gessit with space for about 15 letters which Ka fills up with qui
helium sociis intulit, Mahly's conjecture ; but the sense requires
ita or some similar conjunction. Hence Lambinus suggested
Tigranes igitur qui; is igitur, qui helium intulit, qui lacessivit
Ko ; hie igitur qui iniuriis lacessivit Hf ; hie qui helium intulit
Mu.
P. 31, 62, L 6. eius viri] Ka Mu Hf; the mss have us with
space for two letters before it ; talis viri Hm 6 .
1. 8. clamorem hominum improborum auctoritate, im-
petum virtute sedavit Ko Eb a transposition which destroys
the symmetry of the passage.
63, 1. 21. per se conservari quam per alios] so Ka Hm 5
Hf Kl Mull. ; per alios dissipari C. G-. Zumpt, Wesenberg Eb ;
alienari per alios Seyffert; per alios perire Tittler ann. phil.
1869, 492, perverti, diripi, amitti others.
1. 29. eiusdem furori, eisdem] eiusdem furore et eisdem Mg.
P. 32, 64, 1. 2. in eius magistratus] so Hm 5 Ka Hf Kl;
in cuius magistratus Pluygers, Ko.
66, 1. 29. latior] Ko suggests latentior.
APPENDIX OJST THE TEXT 271
P. 33, 7, L 5. aliquando, serius] Hm 5 Bake with P;
aliquanto serius Kl.
68, 1. 27. videretur] videremur Beid, 0. Miiller.
P. 34, 69, 1. 9. et cum consules flagitabant] bracketed
by Ko Eb Kimmig. 1. 12. hoc] hanc H. A. Passow.
1. 17. crevisse] Hm 5 with the mss ; decrevisse Ka : defuisse
Mommsen.
1. 21. tunc habueram] so Hm with the mss; ante habueram
Ernesti Eb; tamen habueram Ka.
70, 1. 28. causam suscepit] causam meam suscepit W.
Bauer, but cf. 71, 87 : causa and partes are often used with-
out the possessive pronoun or genitive.
P. 35, 71,-1. 4. designatus tribunus] Hm 5 Eb after Pan-
tagathus; tribunus designatus C. Stephanus; the mss have
designatus only and so Mu, Hm 6 ; Garatoni proposed to omit
designatus.
1. 7. fuerit] fuit or fuerat Keid.
1. 9. ingredior suscepit] omitted by Schutz, Hm 5 Kimmig
Keil; ingredior tribunatum by Mg. Spengel, cited by Halm,
observes that at the end of 15 Cic. begins to speak of the
tribuneship of P. Sestius and says that he must speak about
the disastrous condition of the state in the preceding year ;
having done this in cc. 7 32, and having mentioned the journey
of P. Sestius to Caesar when he was tribunus designatus, he
now begins the history of his tribunate. See Addenda p. 279.
1. 13. abiit ille annus perdidissemus] transposed by
Spengel, followed by Ka, after sustulit 72 1. 29.
1. 14. nondum re, sed spe rei p. recuperandae] so Hm Hf
Ka with the mss : Madvig prefers Lambinus' emendation spe
republica recuperata.
72, 1. 20. qui omnes] so Hm 5 Ko Ka ; promulgant quod
Mommsen Hm 4 because all the mss have quod, but in that case
we should have expected promulgant omnes quod.
1. 26.^ Gavii Oleli rure] so Hm 2 with Madvig. The ms
reading is gaviolaeliore which is unintelligible ; ex deserta
Gaviorum oliveti area Eb; Gavii Ofellae horto Klotz; Gavi
horto olitorio Ko; Gavii OJilii horto Bake; Gavii oleario
Wagner.
1. 27. a Galatis Gavlis] Mommsen Mu : a calatis Gaviis v.
P. 36, 73, 1. 14. permutatione] so Garatoni Hm 5 Hf Ko,
Ka with the Bern ms : Madvig objects to this reading on the
272 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
ground that it must mean 'interchange' and cannot be used in
the same sense as commutations He retains perturbatione the
reading of P.
P. 37, 75, 1. 12. in concilio] Em 5 with Madvig; concilio
P Hf Hm 1 Kl Ka Eeid; compare Liv. in c. 54 eo omnia inpratis
Flaminiis concilio plebis acta.
76, 1. 27. virum optimum, fortissimum meique amantis-
simum] Mu Hm 5 : virum optimum et constantissimum Ko; the
whole is bracketed by Ka, and all except virum optimum by Bake.
1. 30. non repugnandi sed moriendi causa] bracketed by
Ka after Bake, who also brackets in tanto luctu ac desiderio mei,
P. 38, 1. 3. iacuit] latuit Eeid.
77, 1. 21. oblato] proposito Mu.
1. 25. nulla lege recitata is the vulgate, but Hm 5 HfKa
Mu read lata: this, however, as Dr Keid remarks, seems
decidedly wrong. The disturbance would not arise after the
carrying of the law, but before, in order to prevent its being
carried ; lege promulgata Lambinus.
P. 39, 78, 1. 4. Fabricio] bracketed by Ka after Bake and
Mommsen ; Kimmig hesitates.
is qui se servasse de caelo dixerat] Miiller Hm 6 Mommsen,
Hm 5 Hf Ko; is qui...diceret Kl Manutius; qui servasset de
caelo Mg; servasset de caelo, sicut saepe irridens dixerat
Keil.
1. 6. quam acceptam gemere] Hm Ka Mu ; quam acceptam
gemere non Bake; quam ac. minus g. Koechly; qua accepta
contemnere posset Paul; qua accepta tamen ingemere Weidner;
quam acceptam tegere Ka. e coni. Dr Reid conjectures sanare ;
1 am disposed to think redimere nearer the mss. See, however,
note in Add.
1. 7. rem publicam] bracketed by Hm 5 Madvig Wunder Ka
Ko; rei publicae iure Mommsen, Seyffert. Hm 5 suggests
publico iure; Hm 6 follows Mommsen.
1. 11. forum purges] Hm 5 Ko ; forum ferro purges Hf after
Probst; forum spurces Ka after Manutius; /. perturbes Paul.
79, 1. 16. magistratum gereret] dum magistratum gereret
Madvig : in foro tuto coni. Mu.
1. 20. satis esse arm.] Pluygers.
1. 25. [ac] Ka Eb Hf after Garatoni; ac Hm 5 .
P. 40, 80, 1. 3. locum] Hm 5 Ka Mu ; totum Eb.
1. 4. Sabino homini Reatino] the old reading, altered by
Mommsen, was Titio Sabino (cognomen), homini Reatino.
APPENDIX OX THE TEXT 273
82, 1. 26. perhorruerunt] Ka Kl Eb Hf after Madvig;
perhorruerant Hm with the mss (except P where the reading is
not clear).
P. 41, 84, 1. 28. obsideret] ut obsideret Eeid, on the
ground that Cic. usually repeats the conjunction.
P. 42, 85, 1. 22. hominis] Mommsen Hm Ka Eb; divini
hominis Hf Hm 1 Hertz.
P. 43, 87, 1. 10. tribunus plebis] bracketed by Ka after
Bake ; also by Eb and Kimmig.
P. 44, 88, 1. 1. Miiller, following Hertz, introduces the
words ad ferrum, faces from two mss and P 2 .
1. 27. et latere ; perfecit ut] Miiller suggests abdere se ;
Landgraf et tegi ianua. Manum emere et parare coepit, ut.
P. 45, 91, 1. 14. feritate] ecferitate P, whence W Hm 1 Hf
read efferitate cl. Tusc. n 20.
1. 15. res ad communem utilitatem] Madvig says that
this expression 'neque Latine et grammatice dicitur neque
sententiam satis definitam habet ; communem enim utilitatem
multae singulae res iuvare possunt.' Accordingly he adopts
the reading of Lambinus and other editors res communem
utilitatem continentes. Again in 1. 17 after nominatae sunt
he would supply some such word as instituerunt from moenibus
saepserunt to avoid the harsh zeugma ; a figure of which
Cicero is not very fond at any time. In this he is followed
by Eb Wesenberg Kimmig.
1. 19. moenibus] so Hf Keil Ko with the mss ; ut moenibus
Hm Ka Eau Weidner ; tamquam moenibus Bake.
92, 1. 26. ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret] bracketed
by Ka after Pluygers ; also by Eberhard.
P. 46, 93, 1. 6. Gabinium et Pisonem] bracketed by Ka
Eb Kimmig after Pluygers.
1. 7. pacatissimis atque opulentissimis] Hm Ka : para-
tissimis atque opulentissimis Eb after C. F. Hermann ; Halm
prefers this or beatissimis atque op. ; pacatissimae atque opu-
lentissimae Hf; Ka suggests ex opulentissimis gazis bellum
inferre pacatissimis gentibus t ut earum.
P. 47, 95, 1. 2. in rem publicam] in re publica Ko.
1. 6. excidit] Halm has exscldit: see above 35 1. 11.
1. 10. in tribunatu] Hm Hf ; [in tribunatu] Ka Ko after
Bake, who brackets also idoneos.
97, 1. 32. numero] de numero si quaeris Madvig.
H. 18
274 APPENDIX OX THE TEXT
P. 48, 1. 8. nee natura improbi] condemned by Paul and
Kimmig.
1. 10. est ut] Hm Ka Ko Mu; eigitur P; Sequitur ig.
Madvig, who denies that est ut sint can be used as an equiva-
lent for sunt ; Efficitur igitur Bake, En igitur Jeep.
1. 12. opinionibus] so Hm Hf Ka for opinis of the mss ;
opibus Eb Mu.
P. 49, 99, 1. 7. auctores] so Hm 2 Eb Or., the mss have
tutor es, a very rare word in its general sense, though Mu retains
it in this passage.
100, 1. 15. ant insidiarum] so Hm with the mss ; et
insidiarum Ka, atque insidiarum Garatoni.
P. 50, 102, 1. 23. dixisset] the mss have dixit, whence
Manly conjectured dixet.
103, 1. 27 ac ratio del. Mg; and also etiam reip. cap. Ba.
P. 52, 106, 1. 15. maxime populi Romani iudicium]
maxime de re p. iudicium Mommsen, max. de rep. pop. Bom.
iud. Ba, max. de P. R. iud. P.
P. 53, 107, 1. 1. praebuit] so Hm Mu after Madvig fill up
the lacuna in P ; exhibuit the old edd. from S ; professus est
Ko Eb. [Some word of speaking seems necessary : possibly
praedicavit. j. s. k.] Huius oratiofuit del. Mg Wesenberg.
109, 1. 26. una] una voce Ko Eb; una mente Mu.
P. 54, 110, 1. 5. reculam] so Hm 5 Ka Ko Hf after
Latendorf and Keil for the mss regulam, which might be
retained, if we adopt deliciis, the conj. of Pantagathus, for
divitiis.
1. 7. nihil satiabant eum libelli] so Hm from a con-
jecture of Ko; nihil delectabant Hf; nihil sane Attici iuva-
bant anagnostae, libelli Madvig: P has saneate, libelli, with
iuvabant anagnostae over the line from a second hand ; whence
W. Paul conjectures nihil iuvabant anagnostae, libelli pro
vino etc. ; nihil suavitates iuvabant anagnostae, libelli Miiller ;
nihil sane erat: libelli pro vino Jeep ; nihil esurientem iuvabant
anagn., nihil sane ad eum libelli: pro vino etc. Kochly; n.
sapientiae anagn. iuvabant L. Speugel ; n. s. alebant te libelli
Weidner ; n. ganeonem tamen iuv. an. Landgraf ; n. sane attente;
libelli Vitelli ; nihil sani tamen e libellis Reid.
P. 55, 112, 1. 10. satis iustam putavit] The reading of
P is satis iustam vel illam putavit, whence Hm reads iustam
ullam p. Dr Reid thinks that the words ut illam come from
a marginal variant for iustam written ut (vel) illam; the confu-
sion of this contraction for vel with ut is well known.
APPENDIX OX THE TEXT 275
113, 1. 24. gratum] Kl Mu : gratam Man Hm, grata Wg
from a second conjecture of Manutius; gratum P, gratum fecisse
Seyffert.
114, 1. 28. quid egerunt] bracketed by Ka.
P. 56, 1. 10. dicebantur] ordiebantur Eb, solebant Ko,
pestes posse vexare Lehmann.
1. 19. Mu adds from some mss sunt interdum verae, after
signijicationes.
P. 59, 120, 1. 3. qua enim vi] so Kochly, Mahly, Mu;
qua Ka with the mss. 'The reading' says Dr Keid 'is hardly
satisfactory. The sense is very abrupt: 'with what power he
said he said that I sided with you.' I would read cum enim
ita (or sic), making the apodosis begin at revocabatur. 'When
in these words he declared I had championed you and
pointed to your ranks, he was recalled by the whole as-
sembly.' ' Klotz reads quia enim demonstrabat, revocabatur.
121, 1. 10. cum iam praeditum] Dr Reid doubts the
soundness of these words as they stand.
1. 18. in eadem fabula] bracketed by Bake.
1. 20. putabat] so Hm 5 Herzog Mu and others; putarat
Hm 1 Ka with the mss, appellabat Kochly e coni.
P. 60, 122, 1. 8. pro me] Madvig conjectured pro re, i.e.
apte ad rem, ad id quod propositum erat in manibus,
comparing Liv. vn 33, 1, Caes. B. G-. v 8, Verg. Aen. iv 337 :
but Wesenberg rightly points out that the meaning is ' illud
quod poeta non de me, sed pro me scripsit, actor ita egit ut
etiam de me scriptum videretur.'
124, 1. 32. illo Metello Madvig with cod. Vat., 'nam
addito pronomine, quo notus homo demonstratur, abundat
praenomen,' illo Q. Metello Hm edd.
P. 61, 126, 1. 24. ille praetor, qui] so Ka Kl Hf Hm with
Garatoni ; illi et B. qui P, ille tribunus pi. qui Or.
P. 62, 127, 1. 11. sine iis captivis] So Hm& Hf Ka Ko Mu;
Jeep proposes iis invitis.
P. 64, 130, 1. 4. cum summa auctoritate senatus, turn P.
Servili divina quadam gravitate dicendi] So Hm 2 Hf after
Kl from the speech p. red. in senatu 25: the mss have
excitatus summa cum auctoritate p. servili quadam gravitate
dicendi. Cum summa auctoritate P. C. (patrum conscriptorum)
turn P. Servilii incredibili quadam Wesenberg; cum summa auc-
toritate P. Servilii, turn incredibili quadam gravitate Hm 1 after
Manutius ; summa auct. senatus ; turn P. Ser. incredibili etc. Mu.
1. 11. conlacrumavit vir] so Hm Ka after Lambinus: the
182
276 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
mss have conlacrimavitat ut vir, hence Mommsen elicits the
reading conlacrimavit atque ut vir totum se.
131, 1. 24. idem dies] Eichter supplies before these
words quo die lex est lata de me, eo venissem cumque casu.
1. 25. natalis idem] qua natalis idem Ka.
1. 32. cunctae] so Laubmann after Jeep (1851) and Madvig
Adversaria critica in 142 : the old reading was cumque.
P. 65, 132, 1. 12. mitem hominem et a caede abhor-
rentem] Hm 6 Mu : mitem hominem et ab omni vi abliorrentem
Hm 5 : mitem horrentem P.
P. 66, 133. E. Liibbert (Archiv filr Lateinische Lexi-
cographie n p. 222 f.) seeks to explain this difficult passage by
supposing that the clause of the law itself was : ne quis bien-
nio, quo petiit petierit petiturus sit, gladiatorium munus edito,
the petiturus sit being added to include the last portion of the
biennium and to prevent any legal quibbling.
134, 1. 11. iste nimia gloriae cupiditate] bracketed by
Ka Hf Hm 5 at the suggestion of Madvig.
P. 68, 137, 1. 6. splendore confirmari] so the mss, but
Hm Hf Ka Mu adopt Bake's emendation splendorem confirmare.
* Splendor em confirmare seems at first sight to make the sen-
tence more symmetrical, but I hold to the mss reading (1)
because the change from passive to active infin. with verbs of
desire is found elsewhere ; (2) because copyists are not unlikely
to have altered the symmetry of the sentence ; (3) because the
mss reading gives very good sense 'the senate are to be sup-
ported by the equites in their government of the masses."
J. s. B.
P. 69, 140, 1. 14. possum] so Hm Hf Mu with the mss :
Madvig Eeid read possim.
P. 70 141, 1. 14. optabilius] so Hm 5 after Schiitz and
Dobree; the mss have naliud with a slight erasure before n:
ornatius Paul, maius Hm 4 after Madvig, praestabilius Hf;
honestius Seyffert Ka ; te defendentem occidere maluisses
Jeep; nobilius C. F. Hermann, Eeid; satius Or; laudabilius
Muller.
P. 71, 144, 1. 26. mei et fratris liberorumque nostrorum]
so Hm 5 Mu: Ka Hm 1 mei et fratris rerumque nostrarum with S;
mei fratris eorumque nostrorum A, with r written above eo.
P. 72, 145, 1. 14. corpore texeram] so Ko ; Ka Mg Hf certe
dilexeram ; certadeie texeram P with ie obliterated, from which
Hm 5 elicits a caede texeram, Seyffert ab interitu retraxeram,
Wg certe erexeram, Eeid a direptione texeram, comparing ep.
ad fam. iv 1, 2 urbem relictam direptioni et incendiis.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
P. 3, 6, 1. 14. eo auctore] ' I cannot think,' says Mr
Reid, ' that the words are used in their legal sense here.' Cic.
is merely praising Sestius for submitting dutifully to his
father's wishes.
P. 4, 7, 1. 3. provincial! abstinentia] fully illustrated
by Wickert, iiber d. Gebrauch des adjectiv. Attrib. etc. Berlin,
Weidmann, 1877. J. s. e.
P. 8, 16, 1. 7. lege curlata] The case of Clodius seems to
fall under the head of deminutio capitis. Being sui iuris he
was adopted by a plebeian, j. s. r.
P. 9, 19, 1. 10. purpura] Goll in the new edition of
Becker's Gallus refers to Nepos in Plin. n. h. ix 137, where it
is stated that the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther in b. c. 63 was
the first to wear Tyrian purple on the praetexta ; also Cic. or.
in Cat. ii 5, or. p. Cael. 77 ; both Augustus and Nero issued
edicts restricting the use of the Tyrian purple to magistrates.
J. s. R.
18, 1. 27. adfluens] H 6 has afluens.
P. 18, 39, 1.27. M. Scaurum] As to Saturn in us I would
remark that the optimates always had some official explanation
of the (to them) strange fact that any man of ability should
take . the popular side. Neither this story of Saturninus
nor the similar story of Tib. Gracchus concerning the treaty
of Numantia is worthy of credit. J. s. r.
P. 19, 40, 1. 20. causae dictionem] These words have an
odd look. If genuine, they must refer to a criminal trial
(cf. causam dicere) ; but the only two kinds of criminal trial
(iudicium populi and iudicium publicum) have been already
mentioned. Are the words a gloss ? j. s. .
P. 20, 42, 1. 32. meum vestro] Fleckeisen in Neue J.
for 1875 p. 856 contends that it is a logical necessity to read
me here for meum : he quotes or. p. Plane. 86, 89. J. s. R.
278 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
P. 44, 88, 1. 8. lit refutaret, 'to render harmless'; cf.
my n. on or. p. Sull. 25. j. s. e.
89, 1. 13. descendere in causam, rostra, forum etc. are
such common phrases that I think there can hardly be any
idea of condescension here; cf. or. Phil, viii 4 populi Ro-
mani qui iam descendit in causam. J. s. r.
P. 85, c. iv, 9, 1. 26. add Mevulanum] E. Hiibner suggests
Mefulanum ; Hertz Menolavum, both from inscriptions.
P. 97, 16, 1. 13. after cons. B.C. 60 add she is identified
with the Lesbia of Catullus.
P. 99, 18, 1. 2. add ereptum, ne... dicer et, 'was delivered
from an impeachment.' Cf. Caes. b. gall, i 4,2 per eos, ne
causam diceret, se eripuit.
P. 102, c. ix, 20, 1. 30. acquis... arbitraretur, 'who could
have believed?'
P. 103, 21, 1. 9. add meritorum memoria...mortuorum]
Cic. is fond of giving additional emphasis to words by al-
literation. Cf. below tristem, taciturnum, familiae, fru-
galitas, favebant.
P. 107, c. x, 24, 1. 11. add ita...fumabat, ' the very atmo-
sphere of his house was such that etc'
P. 113, c. xn, 28, 1. 26. add videlicet, ' obviously,' ' natu-
rally.'
P. 127, c. xvii, 38, 1. 19. add victore exercitu] cf. 79
manus ilia victrix.
P. 130, 39, 1. 5. add ilia, 'the following considerations':
cf. 121.
P. 133, c. xvin, 41, 1. 10. add nuntiis] sc. mittendis )(
coram ipsi, ' themselves in person.'
P. 134, c. xix, 42, 1. 23. contionibus is the ablative not,
as Halm takes it, the dative.
P. 140, c. xxi, 47, 1. 1. add diiunctione, ' separation from
friends.'
P. 142, 48, 1. 30. add variis, ' changeable,' alternately
successful and unsuccessful.
P. 143, 49, 1. 15. vastitatem, ' desolation' of your homes.
1. 17. aerumna, i. e. aegritudine laboriosa, as it is ex-
plained by Cic. himself in Tusc. iv 8, 19.
P. 144, 50, 1. 30. prope iustorum] Cicero qualifies his de-
scription of the civil war between Sulla and Marius, out of
regard to the senate on the one hand and Caesar on the other,
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 279
who once served under Marius. 1. 31. paludibus] ablative of
the means. 1. 32. tenuissimorum, 'poorest,' cf. 103, 1. 3 tenu-
iorum. 1. 2. oras Africae] Marius found a refuge at first in
Numidia; afterwards, as King Hieinpsal did not afford him
protection, in the small island of Kerkina off the coast of
Tunis. Thence he betook himself to Carthage. 1. 11. quod
si immortale retinetur, 'as long as this (example of the ob-
servance of faith by the State) is kept to, so long will the State
be secure against harm,' because every one knows that his
patriotism will be appreciated.
P. 145, c. xxin, 51, 1. 14. add nam] see note on 19, 1. 13.
1. 16. pacatos, 'reduced to a state of peace,' i.e. politically de-
pendent on, subjects of Eome. 1. 20. quam omnem] sc. me-
dicinam. 1. 22. potestas, 'the possibility.' 1. 25. spectatis,
'do not lose sight of.'
52, 1.31. .add numquam...quisquam, not nemo...umquavi,
because the stress is on ' never.'
P. 149, c. xxiv, 54, 1. 11. add laetitiam, 'joy' as outwardly
manifested; gaudium 'joy' as felt inwardly. Cf. 1. 16 laeta-
hantur.
P. 158, c. xxvii, 59, 1. 24. conflixit, signa contulit] the
first might refer to a personal combat without an army ; the
latter only to a contest at the head of an army.
P. 162, c. xxix, 63, 1. 17. add atque, 'and moreover.'
1.28. add eidem tempori, 'another such misfortune' : tempus
is often thus used for 'what happens in the time,' generally in
a bad sense : cf. 63, 1. 28, 123, 1. 20.
P. 163, c. xxx, 64, 1. 2. add exterae] exterus refers to the
geographical position ; externus has a political meaning,
' foreign ' in the sense of ' not Koman.'
P. 164, 64, 1. 7. add stantem...iacentem] Cf. 7, 1. 28.
P. 165, 66, 1. 23. add qui locus... non erat, 'where was
there a place, that was not &c. ? '
P. 167, 67, 1. 14. add virtute victoriaque, ' by his vic-
torious valour.' 1. 15. compressis, ' having been put down with
a strong hand.'
P. 172, c. xxxiii, 71, 1. 9. add ingredior etc. I now come
to consider his official doings as Tribune : for this journey was
the first action, which he undertook in his official capacity in
the public service, (to which he felt himself bound, because) he
believed etc.
280 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
P. 181, 78, 1. 27. add cum gladio] see note to 82, 1. 32.
P. 183, 78, 1. 6. gemere posset] add 'it might have merely
lamented, have been satisfied with lamenting.' On the omission
of the qualifying adverb, see note to 12, 1. 9, 100, 1. 20.
P. 187, 82, 1. 3. add atque ' and besides.'
P. 192, 86, 1. 30. add contritum et contemptum] The
combination of two, often alliterative, synonyms to add strength
to an expression, where in English we should sometimes use
an adverb, is of frequent occurrence. So 16 ignarus et im-
prudens ; 45 vivus et videns ; 77 patricius et praetorius ;
107 gravis et gratus ; 145 tot et tales. 1. 5. add si leges
non valerent, ' if the laws were too weak.'
P. 200, c. xlv, 94, 1. 27. add According to Festus quis-
quiliae means quidqwid ex arboribus minutis surculorum follor-
umque cadit.
P. 206, c. xlv, 98, 1. 19. add cum dignitate otium] * the
maintenance of public peace and quiet combined with a re-
spectable position.' According to Cic. dignitas alicuius
honesta et cultu et honore et verecundia digna auctoritas, a
position in public life commanding personal respect and
honour.
c. xlvi, 99, 1. 31. add defensorem et patronum, the first
in doing battle against an invader (negatively), the second as
an upholder of rights and privileges (positively).
P. 210, c. xl vn, 101, 1. 8. add qui vivunt, 'who are still
living,' 'our contemporaries.'
c. xlviii, 102, 1. 12. add haec, 'these examples.' 1. 20.
add The order is: inscitia est postulare id quod multi.ex-
petant, nisi etc.
P. 211, 103, 1. 3. add tenuiorum] the standing expression
in Cic. for ' the poorer class ' )( the well-to-do. Cf. 50, 1. 32.
P. 215, 107, 1. 2. add Laubmann H 6 reads neque senten-
tiam eius auctoritate, neque eloquentiam iucunditate etc. 108,
1. 10. addnon Gleam] =praeteribo, 'I will not say,' different from
ne dicam ' not to say,' i.e. putting aside a stronger expression.
P. 218, c. lii, 111, 1. 32 for tutorum read tutorum quos in-
stituit.
P. 220, c. liii, 113, 1. 22 add Domiti] tribune in b.c. 59.
He went over to the side of Caesar later, and commanded the
centre of his army at Pharsalus. 1. 25. add C. Fannio] Gaius
Fannius also was tribune in b.c. 59, andan opponent of Caesar
and Clodius.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 281
P. 221, 114, 1. 11. add comitiis] in the Comitia tributa of
b.c. 59.
P. 222, c. liv, 115, 1. 28. add si est leve, 'if it is only a
trifle.' See note to 12, 1. 9, 100, 1. 20. So 135, 1. 22, sortito,
' merely by lot.'
P. 223, 115, 1. 30. add the use of the word favor here
receives curious illustration from the Prologue to Plautus'
Amphitryon w. 67 80 where the favitores of the theatre are
mentioned. This part of the Prologue cannot be earlier than
the late Kepublic. j. s. e.
116, 1. 5. add sororis] Clodius's sister ( 39, 1. 30) was
notorious for her love of dancing, which the Eomans con-
sidered as an amusement unworthy of sensible people.
P. 228, c. lvi, 120, 1. 6. add vestros ordines, ' the rows of
you in the theatre.'
P. 243, c. lxiv, 133, 1. 28. add ilium meae is an emenda-
tion of Naugerius ; tabulam of later mss. C. P. W. Miiller
proposes to read illius meae...vivit, tubam Vatinium (or ilium),
sese scriptorem esse diceret; Madvig, Adv. in 143 illius meae...
vivit, ambo una sese scriptores e. diceret : the mss have illius
meae...vivit f toambuam essese scriptorem e. diceret.
P. 245, c. lxiv, 134, 1. 19. add populari studio, ' sympathy
for the people.' 1. 24. add nonne pertimescit? 'must he not
be frightened for his life ? '
P. 247, 135, 1. 8. add haec optima lex, sc. that of Caesar
de repetundis.
INDEX I (GRAMMATICAL)
N. B. The smaller numeral on the right hand indicates the line;
the larger on the left the section.
Abstract for concrete 34 31, 61 25, 109 25, 119 19,
accusative after verbal substantive 131 5
adjectives, as substantives 15 1, 29, 121 28, 145 15
qualifying, represented by the genitive of corresponding
substantives 88 32, 117 26, 141 30
possessive, as sororius 10 13
adverbs, as attributes to substantives 93 8, 116 4, 130 11 r
transposition of, as multo alia maiora 52 8
alliteration 48 32, 59 29, 30, 86 28
an with a double question involving an inference 90 32
antecedent, repeated in relative clause 11 22
asyndeton oimembre 30 22, 79 17, 92 26; adversativum 59 26
attraction of the relative into the subordinate clause 63 24
Brachyology, instance of 29 19
Cases :
I Accusative:
A. expressing the extent of action of the verb, by
a neuter adjective of quantity or definition (i.e. a
pronoun) 10 9, 60 18, 77 12
B. expressing the place towards which motion is
directed 7 25, 9 30, 56 16; domum reditus 131 5
with preposition, when place towards which is ex-
pressed by a common noun ; ad sese rapit 7 5
C. expressing two direct objects, that of the thing re-
maining when the verb is in the passive voice 73 6
INDEX I 283
II Dative:
A. expressing theindirectobject, the person (or thing)
affected by the occurrence of an action or by the
exercise of a quality, although not directly or
primarily acted on. {Person for or to whom) 1 17,
3 13, 4 22, 617, 6 19, 9 3, nobilitati favemus 21 6,
ingenerata familiae frugalitas 21 12, serviendum
dignitati 23 5, reipublicae consulendum 23 5, 24 6,
patriae recwperare ereptum 87 18, 24 16, 25 2, 27 16,
rejp- mederetur 31 5, 32 22, sx&i maerere 32 32,
we g uis legi intercederet 34 19, quos tribuno plebis
addixerat 38 23, 39 8, sibtpropiora 40 1, eius vitae
insidias esse positas dixerunt 41 8, mihi iratum
41 14, opponi omnibus contionibus 42 23, 52 2, in-
tenta signa cervicibus 42 26, obstare sibi 46 14, 51
20, sibi pactus 55 32, 57 30, 58 2, 58 18, 62 12, 63 30,
waZe die Titio 80 3, auspiciis religionique parens
83 20, w otio non prospiciant 98 23, posteritati pro-
pagantur 102 16, populo Romano deditus 110 31,
cui bene dixit umquam bono ? 110 16, interfuit epulis
111 20, quibus viris plaudatur 115 25, ata's otium
quaerere 139 27, ecquis se populo commiserit 116 3,
ut jletum etiam inimicis excitaret 121 28, cui nos
ojfensi fuerimus 125 14
[pro with abl. properly 'in front of,' 'in place of,'
sometimes approaches to this meaning 1 s, 2 21,
3 11, 29 2, 26 32, 29 11, 42 25, 46 21, 48 20,^122 8]
(a) agent; regularly with gerundive and sometimes
with passive participle or adjective in -bili 427,
ut ab illis sibi cavendum putaret 41 13, mihi
pereundum 43 8, 44 13, 47 26, 61 1, 72 2, tuenda
principibus 98 26, 99 9, 127 12
[The ablative with ab is used 41 3 probably to
avoid ambiguity]
(b) person judging: homini gravi leve est 115 28,
ei plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri
necesse est 115 31, 122 30
(c) person interested in a statement (dativus
ethicus) 89 18
(d) person possessing: aliusne est aliquis improbis
civibus peculiaris populus 125 14
B. predicatively (dative of the purpose), after verbal
substantives 111 22, 119 22
284 INDEX I
III Ablative and Locative:
A. 1. Place at which:
a. locative: se domi continebat 26 si, 89 26, nulla
Bomae societas 32 17, orbi terrae 66 18
[a preposition (with the ablative) is required, when
the place at which is expressed (1) by a common
noun, or name of person, or of house, &c, (2)
interior of country or neighbourhood of town, (3)
urbe, oppido etc. prefixed in apposition]
ullo in publico aut religioso loco 94 22, in contione
105 27, 107 26
b. ABLATIVE :
(a) comitiis centuriatis 65 16, 73 11, 109 22, Iwc loco
108 5, 119 21, 124 31, itinere toto 131 32
(6) with verbs of motion, the road by which:
via qua spectatum tile veniebat 126 32
2. (a) Time when:
ablative ; generally with adjective, temporibus optimis
6 13, 9 4, 11 16, 105 30, uno eodemque tempore
25 30, 29 12, omnibus fastis diebus 34 19, meame-
moria 'in my time' 36 19, 103 11, summa senectute
50 29, illo anno 53 13, 66 30, eodem puncto temporis
53 25, superiore anno 63 22, illo Cinnano die 11 17,
quodam die 91 7, me consule 28 24, isdem consulibus
34 26, tribus locis 106 14, Mis ipsis diebus 125 21,
discessu meo 128 1, ipsis Nonis Sextilibus 131 24,
proximo anno 131 31
(b) Time in the course of which:
brevi tempore 6 14, si diebus quinque non esset actum
129 23
3. Amount at which:
locative. In expressions of value, qualifying verbs ;
ut...bonorum indicium nihili putaret 114 6
ablative, (a) Price, cost, penalty: also after
dignus, indignus ; venditum pecunia grandi 56 12,
pacem maxima pecunia vendidisse 94 16, levitate
nonnullorum emptos plausus 115 21, dignos maioribus
suis 21 8, 28 8, indigno ea religione 5Q 13, 73 7,
101 7
(b) Amount of difference: hoc maiorem, quod
60 15, multo gravioribus verbis 120 32
INDEX I 285
B. 4. Part concerned, means, cause:
(a) part concerned or thing in point of which a
term is applied or an assertion made (in, in
point of, as regards); quod facile factu
fuit 39 32, 46 12, numero innumerabiles 97 32,
natura imp) obi 97 9
after expressions of plenty and want, and verbs
of deprivation: vita plena et conferta volup-
tatibus 23 4, 129 2, quoniam publicis ducibus
resp. carer et 26 16, ne multis civibus remp.
orbaret 37 8, carere sensu 47 16, patria virtute
praeditus 48 26, 49 21, 85 25, regno nudari
59 2, 61 26, 63 24, spoliandam ornamentis
83 24, 85 18, 103 6, gwod omni frequentia cele-
bratur 124 2, 131 2, populi iudiciis fiorebant
105 32, honore et gloria floruerunt 136 25, 131 3,
' 65 19, 123 29, 127 13
(6) means, i.e. instrument or stuff with or by which
2 1, 5 8, 7 30, 11 20, 20 1, 22 20, 22 21, 22 26,
23 32, acie ipsa ferri viribus volnerare 24 18,
24 21, 24 27, 138 24, 25 11, quid hoc homine
facias 29 5, 87 13, 29 14, 32 29, 33 15, 34 20,
34 31, 44 17, 47 6, 49 14, 50 29, cum vi ar-
morum profugissem 50 30, ne recordatione mei
casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis 51 28, 58 10,
58 25, 65 14, reipublicae sanguine saginantur
78 30, verbis consequi 87 13, qui discordiis
civium pascantur 99 5, fretus imperio populi
JRomani 57 24, 79 17, indicia quibus ius omne
continetur 92 24, latus odio 111 1, pendet rebus
levissimis 115 29, favore populi ducitur 115 30,
120 3, 147 3 [The ablatives after fungor 74 28,
ut omni populari concitatione defungerer 74 29,
104 20, fruorhl 25, 138 25, utor 2 6, 6 14, 41 15,
89 28, 147 5, nitor 27 17 are originally of this
class] When the instrument is a person, per
with accusative is used; agebat per summum
ordinem 87 28, 24 20, 42 21, 59 1, 62 16, 63 21
(c) efficient cause, ground, influence (abla-
tivus causae moventis, * for, ' ' from, ' ' in con-
sequence of,' 'under the influence of): ex-
pulsus eo crimine 53 32, meis incommodis laeta-
bantur 55 16, flagrantem invidia 140 18, 4 26,
20 30, 21 5, 52 32, 58 10, respirasse spe reip.
recuperandae 71 14, 73 15, 79 30, 80 1, 86 6,
Otio et tranquillitate reipublicae consenescebat
286 INDEX I
110 ii, quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit 111 23,
quantum sermonibus populi intellegere potui
113 20, lacrimantes gaudio 117 21, fens recenti
laetitia 120 31, equi gladiatorum sibills extimes-
cebant 126 3, 129 17, omnia sua causa facere
23 1
5. Description, manner, circumstances:
(a) description or characteristic quality:
qualifying the verb ' esse ' or substantives 1 3,
senatus fuerat veste mutata 53 4, 27 io, era eo
nomine 21 12, era eadem vetustate societatis
57 22, vir incredibili fide 26 30, meliore esse
sensu 47 16, 86 28, 884, 91 11, 95 1, 107 3,
141 14, 142 18, 145 10, 146 23, adulescens senili
iudicio 111 31
(b) way or manner:
(1) with adjectival predicate 49 15, decesserat
magno squalore 68 32, ea lege 24 25, 26 15, 26 22,
27 6, me attentissimis animis auditis 31 30,
31 10, 32 15, sua sponte 33 1, 100 21, ea con-
ditione 37 32, 38 15, dolorem suum magna con-
tentione animi persequebatur 39 28, 58 4, meo
iure 51 24, animo firmissimo venit in templum
62 7, 73 22, qui nulla lege abessem 73 24, quo se
pacto gerunt 75 19, 79 29, nullo modo 84 4,
nullo labore 87 26, communi incendio dejlagrare
99 7, voluntate ipsa gratam 113 24, manibus
passis gratias agentes 116 20, clarissima con-
centione concionatus est 118 1, 121 10, amico
animo 121 14, sua voluntate 127 10
(2) without adjectival predicate: agebat auc-
toritate, agebat consilio 87 27, iure 65 19, 73 8,
90 2, more maiorum 73 8, re non verbis 86 1,
st moribus ageret 88 1 [The preposition cum is
often used in expressions which come under
the general notion of manner or accompani-
ment, as to denote the presence of a weapon,
cum gladiis 28 51, 78 27, cum praesidio magno
fuisse 78 32, in expressions of dress pacnulam
cum qua venerat 82 32 ; cum imperio esse 41 15,
128 24, cum dedecore cadere 37 8, egit causam
summa cum gravitate 107 27, 121 17]
(c) attendant circumstances under which an
action takes place or an assertion is made (' ab-
lative absolute') :
INDEX I 287
(1) (a) with adjective as oblique predicate: eo auc-
tore 6 14, patre vivo 7 23, meo periculo hellua-
bare 111 26, summo timore ac periculo civitatis
8 13, 12 3, TioTi modo nullo senatus consulto sed
etiam repugnante senatu 33 3, 35 13, 36 20, qui
a me nullo meo merito alienus esse debebat 39 12,
49 10, 54 4, 64 6, 89 14, 107 28, 120 26, 133 22,
auctore Cn. Pompeio 39 7, 43 6, 58 16, wwZZo
meo crimine patriae nomine labor antem 64 6,
invitissimis eis 67 6, exierunt malis ominibus
71 15, 89 14, 107 28, 108 3, consessu maximo
119 27
(p) with genitive case as predicate 8 13, 34 24,
49 10, periculo reip. vivebam 50 6, 61 29, veJ
capitis periculo defendenda 98 27
(2) with present active or perfect passive participle
as (oblique) predicate 95, 25 1, 26 29, 33 4,
36 22, 46 8
C. Place whence:
1. Place from which movement is made without
a preposition : Capua praecipitem eiecit 927
[A preposition is required when the place from
which is expressed by a common noun or name
of person: exterminandum ex ilia urbe 9 32]
2. Thing from which separation takes place or
exists : cum Capuam metu liber asset 11 17, 73 17,
templis pellebantur 85 14, magistratus templo deicias
78 10, cumpossessionibus diuturnis moverentur 103 5
[Verbs compounded with the ablative prepositions
have frequently ab de ex with the noun, cum
urbem ex periculis maximis extraxissent 11 19,
20 30, 26 14, ut ab urbe abesset 29 1, 29 16, ex-
terminabit a suis dis 30 21, senatum de rep. tol-
lere 30 27, evolat ex senatu 28 18, ex memoria
evellendos 33 10, cum consules a rep. retraxisset
34 1, de civitate sublatum 41 20, depelli a reip.
peste 43 4, 49 14, 79 27, quern totum de civitate
delerant 44 19, 47 14, abesse a patria 49 25, 53 16,
55 26, pulsum Ponto 58 13, 60 7, 63 22, a defen-
sione meae salutis mentem viri averterant 67 8,
68 31, a causa non abhorrere 71 12, nomen suum
de fabulis sustulit 72 28, de civitate tolli 73 9,
84 3, 90 1, 96 23, 98 24, 101 4, 101 6, 101 n,
103 29, ab industria avocari 103 9, 103 13, vix
odium suum a corpore represserunt 107 24, ]30 1,
hominem a caede abhorrentem 132 13]
288 INDEX I
3. Origin: parente natus est severo 6 io, erat isdem
maioribus 57 22 (with ex.- ex isdem quibus nos
radicibus natum 50 28)
4. Standard of comparison (' starting from'):
(a) qualifying adjectives in the comparative degree:
nihil praestabilius otiosa vita 23 3, salus meorum
civium mihifuit mea carior vita 45 29, respublica
qua nihil est sanctius 147 2
(b) qualifying adverbs, or adverbial cases of ad-
jectives, in the comparative degree: alius alio
gravius 74 32
in descriptions of size, age, number plus t
amplius, minus are used without change of case,
and the noun of size, etc. is subjoined in the
proper case with or without quam: plus viginti
volneribus acceptis 85 21
IV Genitive:
A. adjectival use:
1. as an invariable secondary predicate: hoc sentire
prudentiae est 86 8
2. Divided whole :
(a) D e finite whole : quod boni posset in rempublicam
pervenire 63 20
(b) Indefinite whole: eo loci 68 26, tantum sceJeris
22 15, satis signi 27 10, aliquidjicti 133 25, 24 13
(c) dependent on certain adjectives derived from
substantives : expers consilii 47 5
3. Particular kind or contents, that in or of
which a thing consists.
Definite (genitive of specific definition) : officio
vicinitatis 10 12, laudis fructum 87 12, 90 30,
112 10, 137 30
4. Quality or description with adjective : omnium
generum atque ordinum cives 25 2, 36 25, 97 2, vir
acris animi 45 25, cum eius essem civitatis 48 22,
99 32, artifex partium...in scena optimarum 120
30, homo eiusdem sanguinis 130 14, fanum sanctis-
simarum religionum 56 1 1
(without appellative noun 130 14)
INDEX I 289
5. Object of action implied in substantives and
adjectives (objective genitive).
(a) Direct object, answering to an accusative
or infinitive after the corresponding verb 10 14,
23 30, ignari veritatis 41 14, mei amantissimum
76 28, veri simile 78 26, negotii gerentes 97 4, pec-
catorum conscii 99 2 i novarum rerum cupidus 104 16
(b) Eemoter object, corresponding to a dative
(rare), or ablative or prepositional phrases after
the corresponding verb : studiosum mei 41 6, 45 6,
tanta spoliatione omnium rerum 47 2, patriae
caritas5S 20, inimicitiae ex reipublicae (=de rep.)
dissensione susceptae 72 3, contentionibus reipub-
licae 130 2
B. Dependent on verbs and adjectives:
(a) after verbs of accusing, condemning, ac-
quitting : rerum capitalium condemnatos 84 1
(b) the object exciting mental emotion: ut ilium
paene iam provinciae paeniteret 60 22
(c) the thing remembered : materni generis obliti
21 14
(d) the price for which a thing is bought, sold,
or made 142 23
(e) thing lacking or supplied after verbs and ad-
jectives : ratio plena consensionis omnium 87 17,
100 15, 130 14
double genitive after nouns 15 20, 31 12, 125
17
genitive of noun in apposition to a possessive
pronoun 128 30
categorical sentence for conditional 43 2
conjunctive, omission of si with 43 2; see under subjunctive
conjunctive particles, coupling words of opposite meanings 35 5
contrasted words, juxtaposition of 12 6
clauses, coordination of 33 4, 41 32, 142 20
Diminutives, ironical 82 28, 110 6, 126 25
dum with indicative 100 24 ; with subjunctive provided that '
102 25
Ellipsis, of verb of doing 14 5, 80 1
of verb of being 85 18, 87 15, 110 14, 122 4
of verb of saying 121 22 ; after omitto 28 12
H. 19
290 INDEX I
et in indignant exclamation =Gr. eZra 80 31, 13d 7
adversative for sed 7 23
Future tense, rhetorical use of 30 21
in protasis and apodosis 51 27
Gerund, ablative of, approximates to the use of the present
participle 1 9, 40 28
Hendiadys 120 28
Imperative, forms of the 31 7
indicative after sunt qui 96 26
of perfect after donee, quoad 82 3
and conjunctive in relative and restrictive clauses 140 14
in forms of interrogation, quid commemoro 118 27
of perfect for conjunctive of pluperfect 21 17
infinitive, dependent upon verbal substantive as oblique
predicate 89 15
epexegetic of pronoun 31 3, 47 16, 82 3
epexegetic of sic 24 13, 135 2
interrogative pronouns, accumulated 8 10; in final clauses 84 28
Negative, double, strengthening the negation 91 7, 107 2, 141 2
number, plural, put rhetorically for singular 35 7, 56 15, 89 19
plural, pronouns of the neuter gender 56 1 3
Pluperfect conjunctive, change from, to imperfect 44 20, 47 24
conjunctive, used both hypothetically and for some
other reason 62 15 ; in secondary subordination 43 1 1,
45 2, 49 4, 55 32, 68 7, 87 26, 111 28, 129 19
plurals, rhetorical 35 7, 54 12, 78 10, 89 19
potential mood 45 26
pronouns, demonstrative, pleonastic use of 59 26, 69 11, 130 31
accumulation of 144 29
juxtaposition of 11 22, 26 25
relative, attracted into subordinate clause 63 24
interrogative, in final clauses 84 28
protasis, double 45 31
Subject, indefinite 29 10
Subjunctive :
a. optative and jussive :
a. direct 1 6, 2 7, 14 13
6. indirect 45 26, 54 17, 89 17
c. interrogative: dubitative or deliberative 12 5,
17 16, 27 9, 29 5, 32 27, 42 31, 43 1, 46 18, 48 20,
62 5, 63 28, 78 10, 89 25, 129 7, 146 20
INDEX I 291
B. FINAL :
with ut, ne and ut ne 1 8, 3 13, 7 26, 11 23, 13 21,
18 30, 29 1, 32 20, 34 18, 37 8, 41 8, 45 5, 48 32,
51 25, 55 27, 29, 78 13, 84 28, 88 8, 89 19, 90 4,
108 5, 129 17, 133 27, 147 7
ut omittam etc. 13 21, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18, 101 6, 114
12, 136 18, 140 13
with qui 1 4, 20 19
with dum, priusquam, implying purpose 5 7, 15 20
consecutive ('so that' and expressing result) 6 17,
8 20, 13 27, 14 1, 19 16, 22 21, 24 23, 32 24, 42 21,
49 8, 51 15, 60 22, 61 26, 77 7, 82 26, 87 17, 91 7,
95 i\, 96 30, 109 16, 110 3, 114 6, 121 27, 122 31,
126 31, 128 18, 129 13, 137 30
in ut-cl&use after pronoun 29 9, 31 6, 43 1, 45 32, 47
n,49 18, 61 25, 106 14
also with many verbs expressing the natural result : per-
fecit ut 89 27 ; fecit ut 92 26 ; verisimile est ut 77 26 ;
id egit ut 79 15, 104 22
after demonstratives talis, tantus 107 29, 124 10, 131 5,
141 15
after assertions of existence or non-existence : nihil est
quod populus dissentiat 104 1 5
D. attendant circumstances : expressing a real action,
viewed as the attendant cause or circumstance, under
or notwithstanding which other actions or events
take place.
1. causal ('since,' 'whereas,' etc.) :
a. cum, meaning since,' and expressing conceived-
cause 25 4, 31 10, 35 4, 42 18, 48 17, 49 25, 50 2, 74 2,
90 31, 100 16, 103 5, 115 13; quod 29 2; quoniam,
admitted cause 26 16, 63 19; in contrasted clause
135 8 ; non quo 61 31
b. cum ('when') 6 13, 8 10, 9 3, 26 14, 34 25, 58 16,
118 31 ; numquam est conspectus cum veniret, 'he was
never seen coming' 126 30, 132 14, 135 8
2. concessive ('although') 70 30, 74 2, 110 2, 141 32
192
292 INDEX I
3. with qui, when used in a generic sense :
a. consecutive : satis multi qui auderent 1 3, 1 II, 5 1,
20 1, 22 25, 27 10, 32 18, 32 31, 33 10, 34 21, 38 15,
44 14, 48 23, 56 15, 78 1, 83 25, 93 3, 98 16, 99 4,
102 20, 106 18, 108 12, 112 11, 125 15, 127 12, 130 32,
141 32
6. causal ('because') 1 1, 60 11, 63 24, 73 24, 114 14,
122 5
c. concessive (' although') 44 20, 60 17
d. restrictive 106 17, 118 10
E. CONDITIONAL :
a. principal verb (apodosis) 12 15, 24 16, 28 8, 47 24,
49 21, 67 15, 81 20, 83 13, 83 25 ; with protasis sup-
pressed, 24 21, 120 1
6. dependent verb (protasis) 1 7, 4 19, 14 9, 15 4,
24 25, 29 7, 43 2, 45 2, 61 23, 73 22 ; quasi mea culpa
bona perdiderit, ita est inimicus 111 24, 114 3
F. ORATIO OBLIQUA:
a. statement in subordinate clauses only 1 1, 20 23 ;
non quo malit 87 12
6. oblique question 8 9, 10 r, 24 11, 28 29, 31 32,
55 20, 58 4, 59 31, 60 6, 62 10, 71 5, 78 1, 96 17 ;
dubitatis quin ei vis esset adlata 62 15, 81 22, 83 10,
86 2, 87 29 ; male die Titio cur exclamarit 80 4, 111 2,
113 25, 114 22, 119 21, 126 26, 127 4
c. oblique petition 4 21, 8 9, 25 9, 31 31, 43 5
G. DEPENDENT AND ASSIMILATED SUBJUNCTIVE 4 22, 12 3,
24 24, 28 25, 42 19, 47 9, 48 2, 60 14, 81 20, 88 10,
104 24, 128 24, 143 11
substantive, repetition of, with relative pronouns 11 22
superlative for comparative 44 17
INDEX II (MATTERS)
A
abhorrere a caede 132 13
abicere causam 89 26
abire, de anno 71 13
absorbere (met.) orationem 13
3
abstinenter in causa versari
37 7
abstinentia provincialis 7 3
ac 140 12 ; ac non 44 13
accedere ad causam publicam
67 19
accidere ad auris 107 30
accipere audire 139 31 ; ac-
cipere recipere 131 30
accius, l., the tragic poet 102
18, 120 2, 123 23
accusare 'to take to task*
'reprimand' 12 14, 122 31,
132 14; accusare diem di-
cere 95 32
acroama 116 5
acta Caesaris 135 7
actor = qui primas partes age-
bat 119 12, 122 8; actoris
studium 121 n
acute dictum 135 27
ad ' with regard to ' 27 2 ;
auctorem ad aliquid esse
42 24; res ad communem
utilitatem 91 16 ; ad popu-
lum contio 108 8
addicere=in servitutem tra-
dere38 21
additamentum 68 25
adesse 'to appear on a per
son's behalf' in court 104
10
adfinis 20 25
adfligere : v. s. affligere
adfluere unguentis 18 27
adgredi ad tuendam remp.
141 13
adire ad remp. 87 10; adire
pericula 23 7, 629 ; inimici-
tias 139 28; ad causam reip.
87 16
administrare remp., said of
a tribune of the people 79
17
adrodere remp. 72 25
adsecula 135 9
adstringi scelerel08 13
adtribuere 66 26
advocation advocati 119 19
aedilitas = munus aedilicium
789
aelius ligur 68 25; Aelio-
rum imagines 69 22
aemilii 143 28
m. aemilius scaurus, cos.
B.C. 115, 101 30
aerarii partitio Pisonis et
Gabii coss. cum P. Clodio
tribuno 54 10
aesopus, the actor 120 29, 123
2 3
aestas=tempus belli gerendi
12 17
aetatula 18 29
294
INDEX II
amnitas ceases with divorce
or death of husband or wife
6 19
affligere nomen consulare 32
26 ; affligere (?) causam 89
26; afflictus et eversus 5 5 ;
afflictus et perditus 31 5
agere nihil 'to be passive*
127 16 ; agere praeclare
cum aliquo 51 1.5 ; quid ege-
runt? 114 28; id a. 104 21
AHALAE 143 28
ALFIUS, GAIUS 113
alienus 39 32
aliquando 81 16; * at length
and high time too' 13 22,
67 5, 79 31, 135 10; at
some time or other '83 12,
139 2
aliquis some one or other '
40 19, 108 6 ; aliquis alius
53 32, 125 13 ; aliqua ex
parte 95 11; aliqui after si
131 17; aliquis aliquando
14 14 ; aliquid adverbiali-
ter = aliquo modo 10 9 ; ali-
quid posse 28 22 ; aliquid
with gen. 133 25
alius omitted 35 2, 85 15 ;
alius atque 114 30
alte petere (repetere) oratio-
nem 31 32
ambustus combustus 143 8
Q. ANCHAEIUS 113 23
andabatae 126 2
Andromache, the, a play of
Ennius, quoted 121 19, 27
animam edere 83 10
animo meo * according to my
feeling' 49 23; animus in
rempublicam 83 16; animos
frangere 89 16
t. annius milo accused by
clodius 95 32
ansa (metaph.)22 25
ANTIOCHUS MAGNUS 58 4
antiquitatis gravissimae vir 6
17; antiquitatis imago 19 9;
gravitas plena antiquitatis
130 14
antonius, gaius, Cicero's col-
league in the consulship
8 7 ; connected with the Ca-
tilinarian party 8 10
apertus ' manifest ' ' undis-
guised ' 124 1 1
appellare tribunos 135 32
appennini pruina 12 16
APPIUS CLAUDIUS PRAETOE 126
24
APPULEIUS : V. S. SATUENINUS
apud me domi 50 9
arae foci 90 32, 145 12
arcum intendere in aliquem
15 25
ardens tribunatus 116 7
aeistidi gen. 141 4
aepinum, birthplace of Gaius
Marius and Cicero 50 28
arrodere : v. adrodere
arrogatio 16 7
artifex * artiste ' 120 29
assiduitas 6 22
astringi scelere 108 13
at vero 82 24, 126 23, 139 7,
140 24
ATHENS, ERECHTHEUS, king of
48 20
M. ATILIUS EEGULUS 127 9
C. ATILIUS SEEEANUS 72 26,
85 17, 87 24
atque 3 15, 811, 30 17, 41 9,
92 20, 131 23 ; alius atque
114 20
atrocitas temporis 11 23
attalus 58 7
auctor voluptatis = magister
* professor ' 23 30 ; auctor
dignitatis 139 10 ; dux,
auctor, actor 61 31 ; auctor
et dux 20 22
auctoritas 2 2, 12 12, 32 25,
35 7 ; auctoritas disciplina-
que = regula auctoritate con-
firmata 14 4
audire = ' to read in history *
INDEX II
295
I3931; audire acciperel39
32 ; audiri 133 24
aura honoris 101 10
aurelium tribunal 34 23
auspiciis vinctus 15 5 ; parere
83 20
B
barbati 19 7
beatus * well-to-do ' )( malis
domesticis impeditus 98 19
belua, de bomine 16 4
beneficium 2 5; beneficia 54
10, 134 19
benevolentia et caritas 6 20
bestiarii 135 25
boni )( improbi 137 2 ; bonus
et fortis civis 87 29; in
political sense * well-affect-
ed '16, 25 8,29 12, 70 25
brevis=brevis ad dicendum
12 9
3R0GITARUS 56 12
brundisina colonia 131 27
BRUTI 143 28
Brutus, the, a praetextata by
Accius 123 25
BYZANTIUM 56 1 6
C
cadere in 118 10
Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS NUMI-
DICUS : V. S. METELLUS
caecus atque amens 17 15
caenum, de homine 20 19, 26
22
c. caesar, his feelings towards
Cic. 39 1 1 ; admits Clodius
into a plebeian family 16 7
ealamistrata coma 18 27
calamistrum 18 27
calamitas 142 21, 146 19
calamitosus 7 23, 83 17
calatinus72 27
calatus 72 27
calles Italiae 12 18
L.CALPURNIUSPISO CAESONINUS,
cos. B.C. 58 : v. s. piso
calumnia ' chicanery ' 75 11
camilli 143 28
cancelli fori in ludis 124 9
canere m vaticinari ' to predict '
4732
cantor 118 5
capere portum 99 13
capes sere remp. 23 2
capitalis capitalium rerum
condemnari 84 1
captus atque oppressus 35 12,
52 6
caput * civil status* 1 12
carere senatu 'to be excluded
from' 63 24 ; patria 145 13
caritas patriae 37 1, 53 20
carus et iucundus 6 18
cassius, l. 103 30
castoris templum34 27, 62 6,
79 20, 83 9 ; aedes 85 10
castus 93 15
catilina 12 16
cato of Utica 12 31
catulus, q. 101 9, 121 21
causae dictio 40 19; in eadem
causa esse 57 20; causa
popularis 37 8
cautor alieni periculi 15 3
cedo 108 5
celebrare 118 6, 131 2
censoria notio a P. Clodio
constricta 55 25
certe : v. s. quidem
certus 11 9 ; certi homines
41 7
cervices dare 89 24
CICERO : V. S. TULLIUS
cincinnatus 26 20
cinna, l. 48 1 ; Cinnanus dies
77 17
circus Flaminius 33 12
cispius, m. 76 24
civi, abl. form of civis 12 32,
28 3, 61 26, 78 29
civitas res publica 55 26
clara pietas 7 24
296
INDEX II
CLAUDIUS APPIUS PULCHER 77
9, 87 22, 126 24; GAIUS
appius 41 17
clavum imperii tenere 20 28
clivus Capitolinus 28 25
clodia, wife of Q. Metellus
Celer, identified with the
Lesbia of Catullus 115 30
clodius, publius, amentis-
simus tribunus pi. 44 10;
furibundus homo 15 28, 117
22 ; ruina reip. 109 19 ;
gladiator 106 20; taxed with
incest 17 12; his adoption,
why invalid 16 5 ; his laws
34 18; furiosus et audax
20 24, 25 5 ; despicatissimus
homo 36 23 ; Clodianus ex-
ercitus 85 26; Clodiana
manus 79 21 ; Clodianae
seditionis quisquiliae 94 27 ;
Clodiana latrocinia 130 8 ;
lex Clodia 69 1 1
clodius, sextus, employed by
p. clodius to draw up his
laws 133 30
cogitando recordari 1 8
cogitatio ' fancy ' 1 8
collegia compitalicia 34 24, 55
27
columna Maenia 18 31, 124 8 ;
columna Khegia 18 31
comedere bona 110 3; patri-
monium 111 26
comitia centuriata 73 1 1 ; co-
mitia )( contio 115 19, 125
17
comitiales dies 34 18, 129 23
commendo 128 20, 146 29;
commendari ab adulescentia
22 19; commendari opini-
oni hominum 21 5
committere se ludis, populo
116 3. 9
communis Mars belli 12 8 ;
commune exitium 145 6
commutare constantiae glori-
am cum patriae caritate 37 2
commutatio rerum 42 30
complexus patriae 53 16
compos compotem facere 146
21
concentio 118 32
concidere ' to fall powerless '
25 7, 44 17
concidi vulneribus 79 28
conciliatricula 21 5
concilium )( comitia 65 20;
concilium consilium 32 18
concisus 79 28
concitatio popularis 74 29 ;
c. animorum 77 18
concitata multitudo 140 27;
operae ad diripiendam ur-
bem concitatae 38 19
concordiae aedes 26 18
conditio ea conditione ' at
such a price ' 37 32
confectus 20 32
confercio confertus voluptati-
bus 23 4
conferre in quern 40 26 ; con-
ferre mentis 95 4
conficere ornamenta equestris
ordinis 107 30
conflare pecuniam, metalla
6627
confundo confusus ' indiscri
minate ' 5 32
congregare 132 20
coniectus oculorum 115 17
conjungere cives eodem peri-
culo 132 19; coniunctus
atque communis 29 8 ; con-
iunctus officio (dat.) 4 22;
coniunctus cum 8 17, 31 13,
33 8
coniuratio in concrete sense
'band of conspirators' 11
29
conlegium 32 .1 7
conluvio omnium scelerum
15 2
conquassatus 56 8
conroboratus 89 23
conscelerati latrones 76 1
INDEX II
297
conscribere 34 25 ; conscriptus
)( promissus 66 22
consenesco 110 1 1
consequi verbis 87 13
conservator patriae 141 1
consessus theatralis, gladia-
torius as spectators assem-
bled at a theatrical or gla-
diatorial show ' 115 21, 124
consilium publicum 32 18,
consilium senatus 137 31,
140 25 ; gravissimum con-
silium 137 5 ; consilia ca-
pere 40 14
consistere 113 18, 127 5
constitui 'to be consolidated '
103 3; bene natura consti-
tute 137 27 ; bene de rebus
domesticis constitutus 97
11
constringere legum laqueis 88
12 ; constrictus 24 26
consulere reip. 23 5
consulens sibi 1 8
consulum insignia 17 21
contemptio legum 134 23
contemptus, 'contemptible '
86 30, 87 25; contempti et
despecti 87 25 ; contemptis-
simus 36 24
contendere aliquid 105 1
contentio legitima 40 19 ;
studiorum contentio 130 29;
contentiones reip. 130 2 ;
contentiones suscipere 86 32
contentus i. q. intentus 13 30
contio 3429; )( comitia 106
16, 125 17; contionem ad-
vocare 77 25 ; oratio in
contione habita 107 24,
108 9j contionum domini
127 5
contritus et contemptus 86 30
contrucidare 24 20
convenire 133 4
conventicula hominum 91 1 7
conventus Campanus 9 1 ;
creditorum 28 20 ; ' the pub-
lic present in court' 119 19
conversiones reip. 99 3
convicium cantorum 118 5
P. COENELIUS LENTULUS : V. S.
LENTULUS
COTTA, L. AURELIUS 73 6
crassus, m. 39 8 ; the father
of 48 26 >
credo, ironical 44 19, 84 5 ;
ut credo 110 18
crimen nullo meo crimine 64
6 ; =res criminosa 80 1 1
cum, conjunction = ' although'
70 30,74 2, 129 21, 141 32;
'since' 50 1, 52 8; with
subj. = partic. 122 7, 126
30, 132 14; with indie. 131
1 ; with subjunctive in con-
trasted clause 135 8 ; cum
turn vero 131 1 7 ; cum turn
etiam 25 8
cum, preposition, cum imperio
esse 41 15 ; cum veste i. e.
veste indutus 82 32 ; maximo
cum gemitu 34 13; cum
dedecore cadere 37 8; cum
gladio esse 28 25, 78 27;
cum multitudine esse 78
31 ; cum praesidio esse 78
31; cum summo exitio 46
18 ; cum minima invidia 49
12 ; cum prepos. and cum
conj. in the same clause
I2827
cumulata virtus 86 9
cunctus with names of coun-
tries, 26 14, 128 27
cupiditatium 138 22
cupidus mei 45 6
cur for quod 80 3
curatio 19 3
cubii 143 28
curiosus 22 22
cursus orationis 144 16; cur-
sum tenere 99 13; de suo
cursu demovere 101 1 1
Cypria rogatio 62 1 1
298
INDEX II
DARDANI 94 1 6
dare se populo 124 5 ; dare
giadiatores 135 25, 28
death, state of great and wise
men after 47 14, 131 16
de )( pro 130 30 ; de nocte 75
20 ; de quo, without gram-
matical reference to the
verb 45 27
debeo 141 12
debilis et imbecillus 24 15
decii 143 28
P. DECTUS 48 25
declinare 73 14
decuriare 34 25
decuriones 9 5
deesse gladiis 80 5 ; reip. 101
28 ; audientibus 36 20 ; cau-
sae 40 5
defendere )( oppugnare 141
14
defluere 'to fall off' 'to de-
sert' 69 22
defungi 74 28
delecti principesque 104 14
delere senatum 17 19 ; de
civitate 44 19 ; de republica
55 27 (?)
deliberandi noctem postulare,
. a form of vetoing 74 3
deliberator 74 6
demovere de sententia 101 6
denique ' even ' 114 9 ; 'in a
word' 'in fact' 51 16;
denique etiam 22 25
denuntiare caedem 46 1 1
depellere vim vi 39 3 ; ab se
mortem 79 27; depelli a
reip. peste 43 4
dependere poenas 140 29
deplorare de re 14 8
deposcere (ad poenam) 46 18
deprecari periculum 9 7 ; de-
precari salutem 76 1 ; de-
precari pro civi 29 3
deprecatio 27 8
deprecator salutis alicuius 27
descendere ('to stoop') ad ac-
cusandum 89 13
desciscere 101 27
describere ius 91 8
desidia et inertia 22 23
despectus et contemptus 87
desperatus homo 33 5
despicatissimus 36 23
despicere aliquem 27 9
destringere gladios 76 26
deus ac parens salutis 144 25
devincire execratione 15 32
devorare verbum 23 32
devovere se ac vitam suam 48
26
diadema, insigne regium 57
28
dicam vere 22 15
diem dicere 95 32 ; dies comi-
tiales 34 18, 129 23; dies
Cinnanus 77 17
dignitas 17 18; dignitatem
recuperare 129 25
diiunctio 47 1
dilucide 133 5
disceptatio 40 20
discessio sine ulla varietate
1 an unanimous vote ' 74 32 ;
discessio contionis 77 23
discessus de exilio Ciceronis
49 14
disciplina reip. capessendae
14 3
discriptio civitatis 137 28
discriptus 66 26
dispicere 118 29
disputare subtilius 14 7 ; d.
prudenter 73 19
dissidere 44 22
disturbare tecta 84 30 ; iudi-
cium vi 135 32
divinus ' superhuman ' 50 27
dolenter 123 18; dolentius 14
8
dolor and luctus 63 3o; = fle-
INDEX II
299
bilis vox 120 3 ; dolor ' in-
dignation ' ' resentment ' 60
17, 88 5; dolorem suum
ulcisci 46 15; persequi 39
28
domestica labes )( externa 51
14, 56 7 ; domesticus hostis
39 4 ; domestica mala 51
18 ; domestica officia )(pub-
lica 7 2
domi apud me 41 9
dominatio 142 21
domini legum 125 13 ; comi-
tiorum, contionum 127 5
DOMITIUS, CN. 113 22
duci voluptatibus 138 22
dura suspicio .59 28
duumviratum gerere 19 12
dux et auctor 61 31, 139 10
dyerhachini 94 20; litus Dyr-
rhachinum 140 17
E
eccetibi 89 18
ecferre laborem 102 22
ecquae vox 64 3, 110 13
edere animam 83 10
effingere spongiis 77 7
effusus = dispersus 42 28
ego vero = ego potius 8 8, 12 5,
146 26
eicere (in scena) 118 7 ; e civi-
tate 141 1
embolia 116 5
emitti ex iudicio gratia* 134 9
enervatus 24 19
enixe 38 12
ennius, the Andromache of,
121 19
eo loci esse 68 26
equidem 122 15
erechtheus, his daughters,
48 20
erectus 87 23
ereptor libertatis 109 18
ergastulum 134 21
ergo in an argument ex con-
trario 33 4
erigere abiectum 58 17; erigere
oculos 68 27
eripere, construction of 53 17;
ereptus patriae 87 18
error and temeritas 122 1 ;
= falsa opinio 22 18 ; error
gemini nominis 82 2
esse in aliquo 65 18 ; with ab-
lative of description 95 i,
107 2, 141 13, 142 19, 146
23 ; lack of present partici-
ple of 16 10, 47 23, 54 13,
93 13
essedarii 126 2
etiam turn 130 13
eversor rei publicae 129 19
eversus atque afflictus 5 5
eumenes 58 7
evocare ab inferis 130 6
Eurysaces, the, a play of Ac-
cius, quoted 120 4
ex= * after' 110 3, 118 28,
131 26 ; ex hoc tempore 1 6 ;
ex eo tempore 79 15
excidere 35 11, 95 6
excipere volnera 23 8
excitare 'to raise a super-
structure ' 59; excitare
adflictum ' to reinstate' 1 14
excusatio valetudinis 112 10
exemplum fidei publicae 50
1 1 ; exemplum prodere 59
3^
exhaurire vitam 48 1
expeditus ad omnem conten-
tionem36 22
experiri, passive 120 3
exprimere 118 12
exsanguis = viribus defectus
16 13, 24 19
exscindere 35 1 1 , 95 6
exsecare pestem 135 15
exsecratio 15 32
exspectatio nostra 121 1 1
exsultare in funeribus reip. 88
11
300
INDEX II
exterminare a penatibus 30
21
externus )( domesticus 51 14
extimescere 126 3
extrahere ex periculis 11 19
extraordinariae potestates 60
*3
extremus dicendi locus 3 16;
extremum aliquid 136 17
exturbare e civitate 65 20
F
PABRICII 143 28
FABEICIUS, Q. 75 I4
facere aliquo, de aliquo, cum
aliquo 29 5, id facere 40
18, 89 15 ; facere ludos 117
17 ; caedem 76 25, 78 11 ;
facere ut 92 26 ; facere sua
causa 23 1
facilis factu 39 32
facinerosus 81 18
fallere nisi me fallit 106 12
faeneratorum greges 18 29
fama bonorum 139 25
familia (gladiatoria) 9 31, 127
13, 134 13
FANNIUS, C. 113 25
fanum sanctissimarum religi-
onum 56 1 1
ex fastis evellere 34 1 1
fatalis fortuna 17 15
fatum reip. 50 4 ; de homine
dictum 93 6 ; fata * pro-
phecy' 47 32
favere nobilitati 21 6
favor, a new word in Cicero's
time 115 30
non fere quisquam 51 17
fero ita natura rerum fert 91 6 ;
ferre tribum 114 9 ; repul-
sam 114 12; ferre prae se
113 21 ; ferre fructum 68 5 ;
ferre, promulgare legem 55
23 ; ferri odio 111 1
fides publica 50 1 1
flagitia et stupra 16 13
flagrare cupiditate gloriae 134
15
flare metalla, pecuniam 66 27
flere 26 19, 61 20
fletus = ' emotion ' 121 22 ;
fletum excitare 121 28
florere in populari ratione ('to
be in the heyday of) 101
1 ; honore et gloria 136 25 ;
populi iudiciis 105 31 ; in
honoribus florere 110 1 ; re-
ditus florens 128 18; florens
accessus 131 4 ; florentissi-
mus benevolentia bonorum
33 6
flosculi 'flowers of rhetoric'
119i7
fluctus reip. 7 27
fluitare in alto )( cur sum tene-
re 46 9
foedus Gabinii et Pisonis coss.
cum P. Clodio Ciceronis
sanguine pactum 24 22
foedus voltus 106 22
fortis )( iners 43 2
fortis et magni animi 1 3
Fortuna 5 6
forum 75 19 ; fragmenta saep-
torum in foro 79 24
/return fretu 18 3 1
fuga = exs*ilium 141 4
f ugitivi 85 1 1
fuit promulgatus 55 23, 66 21
funestus 27 1, funestus et
luctuosus 53 15
furia34 13, 39 6
furialis vox 106 22
furor 56 8
gabinius, A. tribune of the
people 18 32; ambitus ac-
cusatus 18 2 ; eius libido et
levitas 20 20 ; levitas auda-
ciaque 36 24 ; adulteriis
INDEX II
301
confectus 20 32 ; temulen-
tus 20 2 ; helluo patriae
26 24 ; labes atque caenum
20 19; proconsul of Syria
55 1 ; his villa at Tusculum
93 1 1 ; gabinius et piso, duo
reip. paene fata 93 6
Gallicus ager 9 28
GAVIANUS, ATILIUS 74 2
GAVIUS OLELUS 72 l6
GELLIUS, L., POPLICOLA 110 7,
112 5
gens and natio 51 14 ; gens
Clodia 81 12
genus 90 30, 113 17
gerere magistratum 79 16
gestus actorum 121 11
gladiator 88 32 ; gladiatores
dare = ludum gladiatorium
dare 126 29, 133 6 ; novicii
78 8; inducere 134 17;
gladiatorum consessus 106
16 ; different kinds of 134 22
gladiatorius consessus 124 31;
gladiatorium tempus 115
2 r ; gladiatoria nomina 134
21
gloria posteritatis 143 1 ;
gloria 'glorious act' 49 17 ;
gloriae cursus sempiternus
47 7
GRACCHUS, GAIUS 101 30; GRAC-
CHI 105 25
gracchus insitivus, a nick-
name Of NUMERIUS QUINTIUS
rufus 72 23, 82 27
gradus honoris 49 20; in al-
tissimo gradu poni 20 1
Graecorum mos contionandi
I2625
graeculus 110 6, 126 25
grandis pecunia 56 12
gratulatio 54 9
gratum (=rem gratam) facere
alicui 131 19
gravissimi optimates 97 14
gravitas 60 4
graviter ferre 129 20
gregalis 111 28
gubernacula reip. tractare 20
28; ereptis senatui guber-
naculis 46 8
gurges libidinum93 10; gurges
ac vorago patrimoni 111 26
H
habere =nosse 132 8
haec for hae 5 8
haererewith dative 62 12
HANNIBAL 142 23
haurire dolorem 63 31
helluo patriae 26 24
hercules 143 7
hie (pronoun) de vulgari re 86
29 ; hie cumulatum 144 29 ;
after relative clause 139 10 ;
where ille might be expected
94 24 ; hoc illud est quod
96 16; hoc maior 60 15
hie (adverb) 67 5 ; hie turn 25
3 1
histrionum licentia 118 30
hodie = vel hodie 6 21, 95 6
homo = pronoun demonstra-
tive 22 16, 53 18, 71 8, 88 4,
89 16, 134 15 ; nostri homi-
nes 141 30 ; homines Graeci
141 30; homines 'men in
general ', ' the public ' 28
19, 71 13, 72 21, 105 2,
114 30, 117 24, 121 15;
homines novi 136 24
honestates concrete =* nota-
bilities' 109 25
honesti homines = honesto
loco nati 615, 105 31
honor et imperium 17 2 1 ; ho-
noribus uti 6 13
honoris et virtutis templum
116 10
horridus21 1 1, 26 21
HORTENSIUS, Q. 3 9, 14 I
hortor with infin. 8 6
302
INDEX II
hostis pudoris et pudicitiae 73
21
hue ' so far ' 123 i
iacere 'to be stranded ' 7 28
iactare terrorem 52 3
iam 121 17
idcirco ut 128 19 ; idcirco
ne 108 5 ; ut idcirco 84 3
idem after is 130 28 ; idem
idem 131 24 ; idem also '
9 22, 107 24,108 24, 109 21,
144 28 ; to point a contrast
between two statements 14
14, 90 31
idiotae = non philosophantes
110 5
igitur, resumptive 12 20, 32 14,
71 24, 87 17
Ilione, the, a play of Pacuvius
126 3 i
ille, pleonastically after qui 69
11; ' the well-known 17
21, 141 2 ; referring to what
follows 131 6 ; ille is 126
28
imago simulacrum 30 25 ;
imagines maiorum cum ti-
tulis 19 11, 69 22
imbecillus et debilis 24 1 5
immanis impurusque 29 8
imminere in ore 118 1
immittere 78 10
immortalis divinus 102 14
immortalitas = immortalis
gloria 115 31
immunis 122 3
impensus 130 32
imperari 80 6
imperium summum 24 21 ;
imperii laus 99 30 ; de im-
perio certare 59 24, 142 24
impetus et conatus 11 30, 139
7
implicatio rei familiaris 99 6
imponere 60 1 1
importare 146 18
importunus 29 6, 38 21, 42
29
improbus ' disaffected ' 43 2,
49 6, 102 23, 147 4
imprudens 16 9
impurus 26 28, 29 8, 117 25 ;
impurus et petulans 110 4
in with abl. after verbs like
immineo, incumbo, insto
118 1 ; with verbs of rejoic-
ing 88 11; 'in respect to '
90 30 ; in quo ' on this
point' 2 18; esse in periculo
82 4, in timore 28 25, in
luctu 32 14 ; 'in the person
of 7 24, 118 29, 143 1
nanimis rebus sensus homi-
nis attributus 53 22
ncendio communi deflagrare
99 7
incessus 17 24
incitari 79 23 ; incitata mente
II723
inclinatio ad meliorem spem
67 21
includi inclusae libidines 22
*4
incolumis in a pecuniary sense
. 18 s
incurrere )( invadere 14 18
indices 95 7
indignatio post narrationem
cum irrisione 59 30
inducere gladiatores 134 17
industria ac virtus 137 2
iners )( fortis 43 2
inertia et desidia 22 23
infandum corpus 11 25
inferre iniurias in quern 58 10
inflatus with dative 18 28
ingemisco 146 25
ingenerata familiae frugalitas
21 12
ingratificus 122 3
ingredi in ' to enter upon ' 71
9
INDEX II
303
inimicitias adire 139 29
inimicus adjective used sub-
stantively with genitive 15
29, 121 28, 124 6
inire gratiam ab aliquo 132
20; inire suffragium 109
20
inlibatus 93 9
inludere 94 24
innumerabile pondus 93 8
inquam, when the word before
it is doubled, when not 116
8
inscitia = stultitia 102 20
insectari 25 1 1
insequi 25 1 1
insidiae bonoram 102 18
insignia regia 57 28; consu-
lum 17 21
insistere in gloria 141 1 1
insitus animi furor 99 4
insolens 119 16
insultare 34 2
integra aestas 13 1 7 ; integra
causa 70 31; integra pars
corporis 135 14
integritas provincialis 7 3, 13
24
intemperans 134 1 1
intendere arcum, metaphorice
15 25; intenta cervicibus
signa 42 26
intentus palmarum 117 26
intercedere legi 34 19, 68 24
interest aliquid=aliquid dis-
crimen facit 92 21 ; inter-
fatio 79 19
invadere incurrere 14 18
invictus invincible ' 37 3
invidia flagrare 140 18
ipse without demonstrative
pronoun 813; = suis viribus
24 16 ; oratio ipsa 28 28;
= sua culpa 100 25 ; ipse
ille 82 24 ; per se ipse 12 1
iracundia levitasque popularis
141 7
is abundanter positum 143 9
ita, correlative to quasi 111
23
ita ut limitative 8 20, 13 27,
129 12, 137 30; non itasaepe
77 14
iucunditas hominis 134 9
iucundus et carus 618
iudicium populi 40 19, 106 15;
iudicium maximum 124 30 ;
iudicium subire 68 29
iudicia populi 105 31, 113 26
iurare in legem 37 31, 61 23,
101 4
ius civile, naturale 91 8 ; iuris
iudiciorumque 76 3 ; iure
optimo 94 25
iusta arma ' a regular war ' 50
30
labes, said of a person, 20 19,
26 22; labes domestica 56
7
lacessere bello 58 10
lacrimare gaudio 117 21
LAENIUS, M. FLACCUS 131 30
L. LAMIA 29 30
lapidatio 34 29, 77 14
largitio = agri divisio 105 28
lator (legis) 77 20
latro 'hired fighter' 1 19,
26 29
latrocinium domesticum 1 14,
144 22 ; latrocinia = latrones
34 32
latus odio 111 1
laus imperi 98 30 ; laudes
58
legati appointed by the senate
33 3 ; legatos legere (?), 33
4
legitima contentio 40 19
lentuli 143 29
lentulus, publius cornelius
spinther 50 6, 87 20, 144
25
304
INDEX II
LENTULUS, P., SPINTHER 70 26,
72 1, 107 25
LEPIDUS, M. AEMILIUS, 140 28
leviter dicere 145 14
legem ferre )( promulgare 55
23 ; legum laqueis constrin-
gere 88 12 ; leges perfrin-
gere 134 10
leges frumentariae 103 7
Iuliae 61 23
sacratae 16 6, 65 14, 79
20
tabellariae 103 30
in templo Castoris la-
tae 34 27
legum multitude* perni-
ciosa 55 22
lex curiata in arrogationibus
16;
,, tribunicia=plebiscitum 56
9
, Aelia 114 5
, Aelia et Fufia 129 12 ; a
Clodio sublata 34 20
, Apuleia agraria 101 3
, Caecilia Didia 135 3
, Cassia tabellaria 103 30
, Clodia de Cicerone 25 31,
69 ix, 131 32 ; reprehensa
73 8
, Clodia de auspiciis 34 18
, de collegiis 34 24,
55 27
, ,, de notione censo-
ria 55 25
, ,, frumentaria 55 30
, Domitia 144 28
, Iulia de pecuniis repetun-
dis 135 6
, Licinia Iunia 135 3
, Papia 30 16
, Plautia de vi Introd. 25
, Sempronia Gaii Gracchi de
provinciis 18 3
, frumentaria C. Gracchi
103 7
, agraria Tib. Gracchi 103 1
, Tullia de ambitu 133 5
liber * free to speak' 123 24
liberare aliquem periculo 140
20
libere reprehendere 122 32 ;
liberius agere 4 19
liberi said rhetorically of one
54 12; de liberis dimicare
113
libertas ' freedom of speech '
14 11; of action 69 20 ;
* independence of spirit ' 88
6
libertina uxor 110 19
p. licinius crassus, father of
the triumvir 48 32
L. LICINIUS LUCULLUS PONTICUS
58 14, 93 14
Ligus, duplici sensu 68 25 ;
Ligurum ingenia 69 23
linguam evellere, metaphori-
cally 60 12
litterae consulares 50 7, 128
27
locus locus vitalis 80 3
=occasio 106 14 ; * topic'
118 9; locum ('free
course') dare hiemi
I215; locopelli60 6;
eo loci 68 26 ; loca
publica et religiosa
94 2 3
longum est 12 9
luce palam 83 21
luctuosus et funestus 27 2
luctus dolor 63 30 ; luctus
et maeror 128 2 ; esse in
luctu 32 14; luctus publicus
per partes descriptus 32
LUCULLUS I V. S. LICINIUS
ludi scenaque 120 28; ludi
extra ordinem a consulibus
dati, ludi votivi scenici non
erant 117 19 ; ludos facere
117 19
ludius 116 4
lugere, applied to inanimate
# objects 53 22
lustra 20 31
INDEX II
305
lusus verborum 58 4, 58 21,
66 27, 72 27
lux * publicity' 53 24; lux in-
solita ebriosis 20 3
M
Maenia columna 18 31, 124
8
maerere sibi 32 32
maeror et squalor 68 32
magistratum gerere 79 17
magnum iudicium 124 30
manere = superesse 60 15;
manere in pristina mente
58 15 -
mansuetudo 'civilisation' 91
14
manus vi manu 2 1, 78 3, 85 13 ;
ad vim ad manus 34 25 ;
manus adferre 75 22; ad
manus pervenitur 77 24 ;
manibus tenent 69 8
mabcellus, c, a Catilinarian
9 29
L. MARCIUS PHILIPPUS, COS. B.C.
56, 110 28 ; his father 110
c. maeids sexies consul 37 3;
terror hostium, subsidium
patriae 38 20 ; conservator
huius imperii 116 11; eius
monumentum 116 n ; in
paludibus Minturnensibus
50 32 ; in Africa 49 2
Mars belli communis 12 8
matrimonia consensu patris
inita6 14
massilia 7 26
maturus 84 6
maximi 143 28
me dius fidius 20 20
medicinam adhibere rei p. 135
12
membra reip. 98 16
memini, with present and per-
fect infinitive 50 31, 77 5
H.
posteritatis memoria 27 3 ;
ex memoria evellere 34 10 ;
ex omni m. sumere 27 4;
memoria celebratus 142 27
mens 'purpose' 31 4; mentes
post mortem vigentes 47
r 4
merismus, a rhetorical figure
32 14
meritum nullo meo merito 39
12, 133 22
messoria corbis 82 1
metaphorical and natural ex-
pressions combined 17 15
metelli omnes 130 7
METELLUS, Q. CAECILIUS METEL-
LUS NUMIDICUS 37 27, 101
32, 130 10
Q. METELLUS PIUS, SOn of NUMI-
DICUS 124 1
Q. METELLUS SCIPIO 124 I
Q. METELLUS NEPOS, COS. B.C.
57, 62 5, 72 1, 130 i
q. metellus celeb, brother of
the above 131 19
metus plur. 35 14
MEVULANUS, GAIUS 9 26
y*MiLO, accusatus de vi a Clodio
95 32 ; exstinctor domestic!
latrocinii 144 22
miltiadi gen. 141 3
MINTURNENSES 50 32
miscere 120 31
mitheidates, Ponti rex 58 12
mitto = omitto 56 4 ; missos
facere honores 138 23; mit-
tere vocem 42 26
modus subjectively = 'modera-
tion' 79 31
moerere : v. s. maerere
moneri aliqua re 90 3
monstra 53 29
monumentum L. Opiniii in
foro 140 16
C. Marii 116 11
moram facere 74 5, 129 18;
m. afferre 129 18
morbo exstingui 49 7
20
306
INDEX II
mors eius for is mortuus 83 25
(mortem alicuius decorare
Phil, ix 15) ; mors et exi-
lium 47 30; in morte 131
17
mos maiorum usage ' 16 5,
98 29 ; moribus agere 88 1
motus animi 143 6
movere 88 4
c. mucius 48 23
mulionia paenula 82 31
multare aliquem provincia 58
7
multitudo = populus 97 28,
103 28, 105 29
multus rnulto, transposition
52 8; multa de nocte 75
20
mnnia (rare in Cic.) 138 1 1
municeps ' fellow-townsman
116 11
municipium 32 16
munus sc. gladiatorum 124 32,
135 28
mutare vestem 26 32, 27 7,
32 15, vestitum 33 1
mutatio vestis 27 8, 11, 32 29
N
nam elliptice 19 13, 26 20,
95 31, 121 14, 129 6
nanctus, not nactus 12 18
natalis dies metaphorically
131 25
natio/ caste' 96 18, 132 95
natio gens 51 14
natura )( fortuna 47 3 ; n.
rerum 91 6 ; bene natura
constituti 137 27
naufragium reipublicae 15 20
ne, position of, with second
word 47 27
ne quidem = etiam non 118
30
necessario 106 23
necesse est oportet 86 2
necessitas 47 9
necessitudo collegarum 8 10;
omnes amicitiae necessitu-
dines 39 9
nefarius, used substantively
15 1
negotii gerentes 97 4
neque neque partitively after
a general negative 91 7,
107 2, 141 2 ; neque vero oijr
ovv 'much less' 36 18, 85
13, 125 18; for neve 143 7
nequeo 133 7
nervi i. q. vis 16 1 1
nescio qui 23 27
nihil = nihili 34 30 ; nihil aliud
nisi 14 5 ; nihil progredi
75 17 ; nihil criminari 77
11 ; nihil cogitans 57 26;
nihil vidi magis 110 32
nihili, locative of price 114
6
ninnius, l. 26 30, 68 23
nisi except ' 128 20
nitedula 72 24
nobilis gladiator 134 13
nobilitas blanda conciliatri-
cula 21 5
noctem ad deliberandum pos-
tulare, formula vetandi 74
3 ; multa de nocte, 75 20
nolo nollem 102 23
nomen = salus personae 14 5 j
nomen for cognomen 21 12 ;
n. proprium pronomini per
eire&yriGiv subiectum 9 3 ;
nomine on pretence of 34
24 ; meo nomine = mea causa
41 12, 146 28; patriae no-
mine 64 6 ; nomina in ta-
bulas referre 72 28
nominatim 30 23, 35 7, 62 14,
65 20
non fere 51 17
non sed=non dico sed 35
10 ; non dicam sed (certe)
4619; non modo sed = non
INDEX II
307
dicam sed 45 6, 108 9;
non modo sed etiam 33 9 ;
non modo sed ne quidem
20 1, 73 10; non modo non
sed ne quidem 64 7 ; non
modo nullus sed etiam 85
l 9
non nemo 16 8
non nullus in sing. numb.
88
non quo sed quod 87 II, non
quo sed (omisso quod) 61
3i
notare 111 32, 129 10
notio and notatio censoria 55
24
novioii gladiatores 78 8
nugae = nugator 24 13
nullus esse 34 30
kumerius, a praenomen ;
QUINCTIUS NUMERIUS RUFUS
72 22, 82 2, 87 24
Numidian succession, question
of the 140 20
numquam putavi et simm. 22
17
nunc 'as it is* = Gr. vvv U %
50 9; nunciam 104 14
nutu impelli 100 2p
obductus 22 21
obiectum in oratione bimem-
bri cum verbo posteriore
iunctum, 41 17, 95 32
obnuntiare 79 21, 83 20
observare, ambigue dictum 8
20
obsolescere alienis sordibus
60 9
obstructio 22 21
obtestor atque obsecro 147 7
Octavianus dies 77 1 7
oculus for oculi 19 15; oculi
lacrimantes 144 19
offensus alicui 125 15
offerre se alicui = ultro laces-
sere aliquem 14 15; offerre
se temeritatibus 61 24;
offerre corpus suum telis
76 31 ; offerre (se ac salu-
tem suam) (vitam suam) in
discrimen 1 4, 61 27 ; offerre
mortem hostibus 48 1
officium 7 32, officium vici-
nitatis 10 12 ; officium prae-
senslO 15; officium iudicum
96 22
omitto quid for omitto dicere
quid 27 12
omnino sed tamen 74 8, 84 8;
omnino ac tamen 115 21;
omnino nullus 135 2
omnis = omnisgeneris: om-
ne suppiicium 28 27, 94 24 ;
omne odium 127 5 ; omnes
necessitudines 39 9 ; omnes
flosculi 119 1 7 ; omnium
remediorum 55 20 ; omni-
bus malis 53 13; omnibus
machinis 133 2
operae = mercennarii Clodii
satellites 18 1, 28 30, 38 19,
57 26, 59 1, 65 19 ; operae
conductorum 106 r 3 ; opera-
rum contiones 127 6
opimius, l., cos. b.c. 121, the
only one of the optimates
who became a martyr to
popular ill-will 140 15; his
monument 140 16
opinio bona opinio 21 5 ;
opinio (de immortalitate
virtutis) 143 7 : opinio
mortis 79 27
opinor 48 20
oportet oportuit dicere 123 23
oppignerare 110 8
opponere ad terrendum, ' to
parade before,' 42 23, 52 4 ;
'to use as a set-off' 20 19
opportunitas 9 25
opprimo oppressus armis 84 4,
86 6
202
308
INDEX II
optimates )( populares 96
optimus civis 2 21, 821, 125
22, 147 5 ; optimus quis-
que, not optimi quique 96
30
orae atque regiones orbis
t err arum 129 9
orbi for in orbe 66 23
or dines maximi 97 2; proximi
post senatorhim 137 6
ornamenta ordinis equestris
conficere 110 30
ostiensis quaestor 39 25
otiosus = crxoXacriK6s 110 6;
otiosus = airoXlrevros 23 3 ;
otiosa dignitas 98 25
otium cum dignitate 98 24 ;
)( bellum 15 29
paene=paene dixerim 93 6
pairs of words frequent in
Cic. 34 26
palam luce 83 2 1
Palatina tribus 114 9
paludatus 71 16
parare exercitum 40 17, homi-
nes 84 27
paratus consensus bonorum
36 22
parenthetic final clause 13 21,
29 2, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18
parere senatui 101 6, 143 32
paronomasia 58 4, 130 2
pars in omnis partis 21 4 ;
partium optimarum 120 30 ;
partium bonarum vir 120
30
participle after turn added
epexegetically 63 26, 118 29
,, after tamen 140 18
with genitive 97 4
with infinitive after vi-
dere 1 6
,, used adjectively 1 8
partitio aerarii 54 10
parumne est quod 32 23, 123
2 7 ; parum nisi 15 2
pascor seditione 99 5
pater patriae 121 22 ; patris
consensus in matrimonio 6
H
patriae natus 138 19
patriciorum in familiam ple-
beiam transitus 16
patrius patrii dei 45 28
patronum adoptare 9 2
pecuniam flare, conflare 66 27 ;
imperare alicui 94 20
pelli loco 60 7
penates, public 45 28
pendere aliqua re 115 29
penula mulionia 8231
per of hindering or permitting
cause, non est situs per 95
15 ; per ignominiam 39 26 ;
4 in the way of 91 10 ; per
se splendere 60 8
percelli = affligi damnatione
140 22
perdere tribum 114 10
perditor 17 1 8
perfect conjunctive used for
pluperfect 82 28; perfect
passive participle with fui
to denote that a thing has
oeen for some time in a
certain condition 55 23
perfungor perfunctus 104 20;
(passive) 10 14
periculo alicuius vivere 50 6;
helluari 111 26 ; p. capitis
defendere 98 27, 12 5 ; peri-
culum in Cic. pulso reci-
piendo 131 32 ; pericula
' dangers threatened by-
criminal charges* 2 6, 140
20
perimere metaphorioe 49 4
perire, of political extinction
44 12
permittere aliquid temporibus
reip. 72 4
permutatio rerum 73 14
INDEX II
309
perorare 3 9
peroratio 3 16
perstringere 14 n
pertinacia constantia 77 19
pervertere ius 30 29
pessinus 56 9
pestis 33 13, 39 10, 83 2r,
135 15 ; a rei publicae peste
depelli 43 4 ; pestes dis-
tempers ' 55 19
petreius, m. 12 10
PHILIPPUS, L. 110 2
pietas 3 1 7
pignus metaph. 19 14
pisaurum 9 28
piso, lucius calpurnius cae-
soninus, cos-. B.C. 58, pro-
consul of Macedonia 94 15 ;
truculentus 19 5 ; subhorri-
dus atque incultus 21 n;
iners 22 23 ; horridus et
severus 26 20 ; Caesaris
socer 135 9
c. PISO l. f. erugi 54 1 3, 68 4
plaga 78 5
plausus theatrales 105 1
plebeia purpura 19 10
plebicola 110 19
pluris esse 142 23
CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS 15 31;
his support affected by Clo-
dius 39 8 ; pretended plot to
murder him 69 13, 133 26 ;
princeps civitatis 84 2 ; his
three triumphs 129 9
poni in laude 139 1
pontifex maximus in comitiis
calatis 16 7
popularis = populo gratus 66
2, 109 24, 31; popularis ra-
tio 'democratic tendency'
114 4; populares 'leaders of
the democratic party ' 96 29
populariter in causa versari
37 7
populus = multitudo optimati-
bus adversaria 103 29, 104
H
populus quomodo senatores
creasse dici possit 137 32
M. PORCIUS CATO UTICENSIS,
tribunus pi. 12 31 ; 60
PORSENA 48 23
porta Capena 131 4
portus tribunatus 18 32
possum dicere sed 7 2
postprincipia 118 4
posteritati propagare 102 16
potestas auctoritas 67 19
potestates magistratuum,
state offices ' 56 5, 98 28 ;
extraordinariae 60 13
potiri rerum 141 15
potius quam 47 9
praeceps praecipitem eicere 9
27
praecipitare 25 6
praeconi publico subici 57 28
praedicatio exigui temporis 13
25
praedo rerum omnium 27 13
praeesse absolutely 40 1 7 (Eoby
Gr. 11 1136)
praeficere absol. 41 17
praesertim cum 87 13
praesidium = manus armata
7832
praestabilius 23 3
praestare invidiam capitis
periculo 61 28 ; factum alie-
num 38 16, 43 5
praeter spem 20 32 ; praeter
ceteros 23 29
praetexta puerorum 144 19
praetextatus 144 19
pressa vestigia 13 25
primus praetor, tribunus 612;
primus homo = primarius,
1 first-rate ' 114 7 ; primus
for prior 44 17
princeps senatus 39 26 ; prin-
cipes civitatis, * leading
statesmen' 40 32, 123 24 ;
principes optimatium 136
20, 138 12; princeps roga-
tionis (qui princeps in se-
203
310
INDEX II
natu sententiam rogari soli-
tus est) 73 6
privati )( arniati 40 17, 43 2
privilegium inrogare 65 15
pro = ante ' in front of ' 34 23 ;
pro collegio pontificum 16
7 ; pro oceiso relinqui 81
13 ; pro rep. conqueri 3 11 ;
pro tribunali officially ' 34
24 ; pro virili parte 138 9
procella iniqui iudicii 140 21
prodere exemplum 59 32
prodigium prodigia qui 38 2 T
producere in contionem 33 12
progredi 75 17
prompta virtus 88 6
promulgare legem 55 23 (Mayor
n. or. Ph. 11 p. 138)
propagare posteritati 102 16
prope for prope dixerim 59
10; propior 'more recent '
13 22
proponi 48 24, 138 15, 141 7
proprie )( publice 37 28, 38 11
proprius and suus in combi-
nation 15 3
propugnator defensor 144 18
proscriptio 46 1 1
provincia 66 27 ; provinciam
cum imperio obtinere 128
24
provincialis integritas 13 24 ;
abstinentia 7 3
provocatores, gladiatorum ge-
nus 134 22
proximi magistratus 54 21
ptolomaeus, king of Cyprus,
57 18, 64 5
atjletes, king of
Egypt, 57 20
pruina Appennini 12 16
publicare hominem 57 32, 59
30; regnum 62 13
publice )( proprie 37 28 ; * offi-
cially * 41 5, 128 22
publicus publico aut religioso
loco 94 24
pudor pudieitia 73 21
pueri quando togam virilem
sumpserint 6 16, 144 19
pungere 24 20
purgare forum = vacuefacere
78 11
purpura plebeia 19 10
puto numquam putavi 22 17;
putare nihili 114 6 ; putare
legem 135 3
puteal Libonis 18 28
Q
quaero (de accusatore) 78 30
quaestio nova 85 19
quaestor bonus 8 20; quaes-
torum sortitio 8 7
quaestura Ostiensis 39 25
quaestus quaestum corpora
facere 26 25
quam si elliptice 28 19
quamquam ' however ' 64 4
quasi correlative to ita 111 23 ;
quasi vero 61 23
que praepositioni adnexum
41 16
non queo pro nequeo Cicero
dicere solet 134 7
querella de 64 1
queri pro aliqua re 3 1 1
qui quidem 27 7 ; qui ille
69 1 1 ; qui cumque in tmesi
68 29, qui is 59 26 ; qui
idem 130 30 ; qui cum eius
etc. 110 32 ; in quo = in qua
re 2 18, 133 7 (Reid on or.
p. Sull. 311. 25); dequo=
de qua re 45 27) ; concessive
44 20 ; 60 1 7 ; quid fuit
illud quod 120 26; quid est
quod 1 1; nihil est quod
104 14
quidam quodam tempore 73
17, 91 7
quidem = sed, adversative, 15
27, 117 25 ; omitted 42 23 ;
quidem certe 116 9, 24 14;
INDEX II
311
with personal pronouns ille
quidem, tu quidem 82 6,
105 30
quis quid agerem 4231; quid
si elliptice 44 1 7 ; quid ergo
40 23; quid turn 47 27; quid?
(in transition) 33 1
quisquiliae 94 27
quo = ad quid 29 6
quoad with indicative perfect
82 4
quod omitted after non quo -
sed 61 31 ; with subjunctive
denoting the assumed reason
29 2 ; with indicative denot-
ing the actual reason 103
5, 132 20, 133 23, 135 1
E
radices = locus natalis 50 28
rapere ad se 7 5
ratio ac via 103 27 ; ratio con-
stans 87 19 ; ratio popularis
101 2 ; rationem ducere
officii 23 6
Beatinus 80 3
recidere in eandem fortunam
146 18
reeipere ferrum 80 7 ; to afford
a refuge 131 3c ; reeipere
templis 147 1
reclamare 126 27
reconditi sensus 22 26
recordari cogitando 11 34
recreari 140 23
recula 110 5
reddere iudicia 24 12
redeuntes res 130 28
redimere 66 31
refarciri 77 7
referre omnia ad dignitatem
48 17; de republica 26 31;
aliquid ad senatum 129 2 1
reficere salutem communem
14 2i ; remp. 147 6
reflectere mentem ab aliqua
re 130 9
refutare vim 88 8
reges appellati a senatu, non
a populo 56 1 5
regiones orbis terrarum 129 9
BEGULUS, M. ATILIUS 127 9
relatio ad senatum de inter-
cessione tribunicia 129 2 1
relego29 1, 52 7
religio officii 8 8, 20 ; iudicum
2 2 ; religio sacred office '
5613; auspiciis religionique
parere 83 20 ; religiones 98
27 ; religionum iura 56 1 ;
religiones antiquissimae 56
if
religiosus locus 94 23
reliquus )( praeteritus 67 20;
)( praesens 73 15
remissus remissius dicendi
genus 115 18
removere si removeris 106 13
renovare rem p. 147 6
repetere res 57 28 ; repetere
remp. a latrone 81 17; re-
petitus alte 31 32
reponere in numero deorum
143 31
repraesentare (' to realise ')
memoriam 26 18
reprimere odium suum a cor-
pore 117 25 ; me horuni
aspeetus repressit in ipso
cursu orationis 144 16
repugnare = se subtrahere 80 6
repuisam ferre 114 12
requirere = desiderare 128 32
res publica subjectively 64 12;
resp. civitas 55 26; resp.
summa 25 2 ; reip. ruina,
said of a person, 109 19;
reip. fatum 50 4 ; reip.
turbines 25 5; reip. dis-
sensio 'political difference
of sentiment ' 72 3 ; rem
publieam bene gerere 67 10 ;
administrare 79 17; repe-
tere a latrone 81 1 7 ; reno-
vare 147 6 ; ad remp. adire
312
INDEX II
=causam reip. suscrpere
87 10 ; a reip. peste depelli
43 4 ; res reliquae 67 20 ;
reip. contentiones 130 3 ; re
non verbis 86 1 ; rerum po-
tiri 141 1 5 ; nullis rebus re-
petitis 57 28 ; res gerere 47
30; res redeuntes 130 28
resipiscere resipii 80 10
restitutio damnatorum de vi
66 1
retinere 90 11
retractatio a grammatical
figure 53 25
reus de vi 75 16; reum citare
35 6
reviviscere 83 12
revocare, vox scaenica, to
encore' 120 7, 123 27
Bhegia columrm 18 31
rogare perniciem 53 26; ro-
gare de capite 65 16
rogatio 25 30
ruere = seditiose agere 133 1
ruina rei publicae de Clodio
dictum = pestis 109 19 ;
ruinae 5 5
rustici Eomani 97 4
rusticulus 81 28
S
Sabinus homo 80 3
sacerdos stuprorum 39 30
sacrata lex 16 6, 65 14
saepta fori 79 24
saginare reip. sanguine 78 30
Sagittarius 133 3
salus salutem alicuius custo-
dire'128 25
Salutis templum 131 28
Samnites, gladiatorum genus
134 22
sancire foedus sanguine 24 27,
poena 65 15
sanctitas tribunatus 79 18
sanctus 6 1 1 ; re publica nihil
est sanctius 147 2 ; sanctis-
simus Hercules 143 7
sanguis tribunicius 43 6; homo
eiusdem sanguinis 130 14
SATURNINUS, L. APPULEIUS 37
27, 5> 39 27, 101 2, 105 25
scalpellum 135 13
6CAURUS, M. AEM. 39 27, 116
scelus, sensu abstracto 2 20,
53 14, 86 4 ; scelere astringi
108 13
scientia gubernatorum et ma-
gistratuum 99 11
scilicet ironically 127 15
haud scio...an 58 3
scipiones 143 28
scipio, l. cornelius, cos. b.c,
83, 7 24
,, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS
124 32
scopuli, metaphorically 18 31
scortum de viro 39 30
scribere pro aliquo de ali-
quo 122 8
gcriptum de scripto sententiam
dicere 129 10
scurra 39 29
Scyllaeum 18 30
Bed resumptively 53 12 ; seel
ubi sequi debebat enuntia-
tum conditionale ' only ' 35
14; sed tamen 42 23
sedare )( tollere 8 15
sedere 'to sit idle' 34 17; de
rege dictum 57 27
seditio ' revolutionary band ;
94 27
sedum 45 28
semivivae voces 126 27
senatorum vestis mutatio 26
32
senatus, constitution of the
Eoman 137 31 ; senatus con-
silium 140 25 ; principes
consilii publici 97 1 ; con-
silium publicum 32 18 ; fre-
quens 26 3 1 , 129 2 1 , frequen-
INDEX II
313
tissimus 129 12 ; where it
met 116 10, 129 7 ; had the
exclusive administration of
foreign affairs 56 9, 64 2;
of appointing legates 33 3 ;
*a meeting of the senate'
26 17; SCtum on Cicero's
restoration 128, 130; de
senatus sententia 50 7
seni et trientes = 6^ asses 55 30
sensus mortuorum 131 16 ;
meliore esse sensu 47 16
reconditi sensus 22 26 ; in-
timi sensus 119 25
sentire i.q. censere 114 29
Seplasia, a street in Capua 19
10
Sergia tribus 114 8
SERRANUS : V. S. ATILIUS
servare de caelo 78 4, 129 12
servi de lapide empti 134 20
servilius, p. 130 5, 13
servire tempori 14 1 2 ; gloriae
posteritatis 143 2; servire
dolori 14 12
servitium = * slaves ' as a class
53 i ; servitia, * slaves ' as
individuals 67 14
si double 45 31 ; omitted 43 2 ;
si in protasis with at in
apodosis 7 30, 57 23; si
non at certe 14 7 ; si minus
at certe 92 29 ; si ali-
quando 51 24 ; si qui = qui-
cumque 1 1, 14 15 ; si quae
necessitas 51 25 ; si quidem
= si modo 81 2 1
sic lit, comparandi formula
621
significant word, position of
81 22, 124 31, 125 20, 23,
137 3 i
significatio 105 32, 122 13,
127 7
simplex causa 87 18
simulacrum imago 30 25
Simulans = Mpw , nomen toga-
tae 118 32
sinere sissent 44 21; sistis
122 12; accusare non sum
situs 95 16
societas consiliorum 8 7 ; ma-
gistratuum 64 1 1 ; vectiga-
lium 32 17; publicanorum
32 17
socius consiliorum 63 25, 131
19 ; socii et Latini 30 15
solidus )( vanus 'real' 93 5
solitudo 7 1
solus unus 43 3
sordes 145 1
sordidatus 1 12, 27 9, 144 24,
146 28
spectacula=loca ad spectan-
dum 124 9
spectatissimus 6 15
spiritum exhaurire 80 2
splendor equitum 137 6; splen-
dorem maculare 60 1
spoliatio 47 2
squalere 32 14
squalor 145 1 1 ; squalor et
maeror 68 32 ; squalor et
luctus 145 '32 ; squalor et
sordes 144 27
stabilio 123 26, 143 30
stabula pastorum 12 1 8
stare cum aliquo 120 6 ; stare
(in plausu) 117 20 ; stare )(
iacere metaphorically 42 19,
64 7, 97 1
statuae pro patria mortuorum
in rostris collocatae 83 15
statuere = stabilire 120 5 ;
statuo sic followed by an
infinitive 135 2, 24 13
status 'a man's circumstances '
5 29
,, ' settled government,'
stability,' civitatis 1 5, 46
16
struma Vatini 135 16
studium armorum 931; stu-
dium multitudinis 103 29 ;
studiorum contentio 130 29
stupra et flagitia 16 12
3H
INDEX II
subhorridus 21 ri
subicere praeconi 57-29
subire tempestates 139 29
suffragium inire 109 20; suf-
fragium ferre 109 17
sumere ex omni memoria 27 4
gumma res publica 25 2 ; sum-
mum imperium = consula-
tus 17 21, 25 3
supercilium 19 16
superesse 47 25
superior annus 15 20, 144 28
supplex. reici 54 13; suppli-
cem abiectum 59 17
supplicare alicui = supplicare
pro aliquo 32 32
suscipere salutem reip. 49 5 ;
sordes 145 1 ; pericula,
labores, contentiones, inimi-
citias 86 32
suspicio dura 59 28
sustinere = parem esse 69 13,
87 25 ; s. rogantem 130 15 ;
8. causam 14 6 ; i. q. retinere
8 16
suus proprius 15 3, 142 25
syne sis 38 21
tabellae licentia 103 r
tabula sensu dupliei 72 28 ;
tabulis publicis mandare
129 14
tacere tacendo loqui 40 28
taciturnitas 40 25
taeter 19 6
tamen = saltern 63 24; refer-
ring to a suppressed sen-
tence 13 27 ; prefixed to
participle 140 18
tarn quam = non minus quam
120 30
tantum quantum 91 9
temere i. q. intempestive 80 4
temeritas et error 122 1
tempestas popularis 140 22
templum de rostris dictum
75 14, 90 2 ; kclt i^oxw de
templo Castoris et Pollucis
62 6 ; Concordiae 26 18 ;
Honoris et Virtutis 116 10 ;
Iovis 129 7 ; Salutis 131 28
temptari 9 26*
tempus hominis 14 12 ; of
Cicero's fall and banishment
tempori cedere 63 28, 123
20 ; tempora reip. 72 4
tenebrae lustrorum 20 31
tenere cursum 46 9, 99 13 ;
sensus reconditos 22 26 ;
manibus metaphorically 69
8
terentia, Cicero's wife 54 1 r
termini orbis terrarum 67 16,
129 8
terror ' object of fear ' 38 20,
52 2
testamentarius 39 31
themistocles, conservator pa-
triae 141 2
tigranes, Armeniorum rex
58 8
timere de se nihil 1 17
tmesis 68 29
toga virilis, when assumed
144 19; praetexta 144 27;
togatus 52 2 ; togata (sxj.
fabula) 118 31
tollere with abl. of place 19 1 1
tractare gubernacula 20 28
tradere se totum dicenti 130
12
transducere ad mansuetudi-
nem 91 14
tribunal Aurelium 34 24
tribunatus alicuius for aliquis
in tribunatu 14 4 ; tribuna-
tus sanctitas 79 18 ; mili-
taris 7 3
tribuni militares, by whom
elected 7 3
tribuni plebis, their right to
propose the subject for de-
bate 26 31 ; their right in
INDEX II
315
contionem producendi 33
12 ; tribunorum appellatio
134 32 ; tr. pi. C. Caesare
et M. Bibulo coss. 113 15 ;
Ciceroni in tribunatu Clodii
faventes 69 16 ; tr. pi. quo-
rum opera Cicero restitutus
est 87 20
tribunicius sanguis 43 6 ; tri-
bunicia vis 44 17
tribus Palatina 114 9 ; tribus
aliena 109 16; tribus ur-
banae 114 9 ; suffragiorum
ratio in tribubus vitiata
109 16; ut ne 53 3
tripertitae orbis terrarum orae
atque regiones 129 8
tripudiare 88 12
tristis et taciturnus 21 10
tugurium 93 12
tulliola 131 26
servius tullius rex, libertatis
vindex 123 26
M. tullius cicero, C. Marii
municeps 111 11, rei pub-
licae defensor 111 12 ; pater
patriae dictus 121 22 ; poe-
tarum amator 123 20 ; Ca-
puae patronus 9 3 ; ora-
tiones ad iuventutem eru-
diendam accommodat 96 19,
119 2 1 ; causas, quas de-
fendebat, cum pubHca con-
iungere solebat 1 1 ; pluri-
bus causam defendentibus
extremo loco dicere solebat
3 16; Ciceronis domus 54
15, 131 5; eius generi 54
12; eius reditus in patriam
131 21 ; eius de nobilitate
iudicium 21 5, 138 ; eius
bona ad Pisonem et Ga-
binium coss. delata 54 14;
equitum pro eo deprecatio
26 27 ; de eo restituendo
senatus consulta facta 129
6, 130 26; in eo expellendo
nihil iure factum 73 8
turn followed by a participle
63 26, 118 29 ; turn max-
ime cum 47 13
turbo turbines reip. (Piso et
Gabinius) 25 5
turbulentus turbulenta 'revolu-
tionary acts' 58 1
tuto esse 79 16, 90 1
tutor tutorum institutio 111 32
universus populus Eom. 122
10; pop. Eom. universus
124 30, 125 20 ; uni versa
defensio 5 1
unus added to superlative 131
18, 132 10, 141 4 ; unus
solus 43 3, 130 32 ; unius
mea salus 128 30
usque adeo quoad 82 4 us-
que eo ut 110 2
ut, position of, in sentence 93
12 109 16; ut-clause after
pronoun 45 32, 47 11, 61
25 ; ut in limitative clause
1 8; ut in interrogative
clause 17 16; verisimile est
ut 78 26 ; ut idcirco 84 3 ;
ut omittam et simm. 13 21,
29 7, 32 23, 53 12, 55 18,
1016; utne53 3
uter for utercumque 92 22
uti, position of, in sentence
84 28
valetudo=valetudo affecta 113
10; valetudinis excusatio
113 10
vanus )( verus 40 23
varietas sententiarum 118 9;
sine ulla varietate (senten-
tiarum) 74 32, 125 20
q. varius trib. pi. 101 30
316
INDEX II
vas niti tamquam vade 19
16
vastitas 12 20
vastus ac relictus 53 2
vaticinari=hallucinari 23 8
VATiNitfs, p. 114 4, 132 10; eius
struma 135 16
vector = qui vehitur 45 3
venalis venales servi 134 20
venditare se 18 1
veneficus 39 31
veprecula 72 24
verbum facere 133 r
vere dicam, loquar 22 15 vere
laudare8 18; verissime sen-
tire 74 26
verisimile est ut 77 26
Veritas veritatis ignarus 41 14
vero cum potestate augendi
36 18, 66 21, 86 9
vester-^vestrae familiae 10 9
vestis mutatio in gratiam
Ciceronis 26 32, 54 4 ; ob
quas causas vestem mutare
soliti sint 26 32; qualis
fuerit vestis mutatio diver -
sorum ordinum 26 32
vestitus redire ad suum vesti-
tum 32 20
l. vettius 132 17
vexare 11 29, 54 11, 60 20,
145 9
via ac ratio 103 27; via late-
brosa 126 32 ; via vitae 140
13 ; via laudis 137 25
vicatim 34 24
vicinitatis officium 10 12
victus ac vestitus, a proverbial
expression 59 30
videre = vivere 59 30
videri, passive 58 21
virllis pro virili parte 138 9
virtus 'the sum of a man's
excellencies moral and intel-
lectual 50 5 ; virtus victo-
riaque 67 14; Virtutis (et
Honoris) templum 116 10
vis 'number' 55 20; vim
facinoris ' the effect ' ' con-
sequence of 82 25 ; vis
manus 34 25, 78; vi manu
2 1, 78 3 ; non sua vi 34
32 ; vim vi depellere 39 3 ;
vim habere 'to be valid'
73 2 3
vita eius for is vivus 83 23 ;
vitae civilis origo 91 ; vitae
cursus brevis, gloriae sempi-
ternus 47 7
vivere periculo reip. 50 6
vivus vidensque 59 29
vocare aliquem in invidiam
139 5
volito 1 16, 9 23, 95 11
volo citius quam vellem 82 5
volturius, de homine 71 16
voltus atque incessus 17 24
voluntas impensa bonorum
130 32 ; voluntatis decla-
ratio 122 13
volutari ad pedes alicuius 145
11
vorago et gurges patrimoni
111 26
vox = deprecatio 42 25 ;
= ' organ, ' ' expression ' 10
1 5 ; vox furialis 106 22 ; vo-
cem mittere 42 25
Z
zeugma 10 13
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C J. CLAY & SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
By the same Editor
THE HIERON OF XENOPHON. The text
adapted for the use of Schools, with Introduction, Sum-
maries, Critical and Explanatory Notes and Indexes by
the Kev. H. A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. 3s. 6d. Third
Edition. (Macmillan's Classical Series.)
The Hiero of Xenophon, by the Rev. Hubert A. Holden, is an edition
for which everything that care and industry, and a scholarship that is very
seldom at fault, could do has been done. * * * There is much valuable
matter in the notes, &c, which should have a bearing and a use beyond the
book itself. In this work Teachers will often want help, and Dr Holden is an
editor admirably fitted for giving it." Spectator, March 1, 1884.
"This is a third edition of Dr Holden's well-known edition of one of
Xenophon's most graceful minor works. Like its predecessors, this volume
must be welcome to scholars old and young alike. The dialogue is admirably
suited to school .purposes, and, the only objection that could be raised to its
use having been removed in this edition, the learned and indefatigable editor
hopes that its present form will secure it a more favourable reception. * * * The
explanatory notes have, indeed, been throughout carefully revised, but new
matter has been added. The monographs on the two interlocutors have been
made still more complete. The third part of the introduction on the TupavvCe
has been re-written and, as we think, improved, while the critical discussion of
MSS has been brought up to date, so as to include a history of Prof.
C. Schenkl's fresh collation of 14 MSS. The Greek Index, also, is much
improved ****** We congratulate, not only the boys, but their masters, on
the acquisition of this Book." Journal of Education, Dec. 1, 1888.
" Any edition by Dr Holden of a classical author is sure to be scholarly,
and any work which he undertakes is sure to be thoroughly and conscientiously
done. For proof of this, one need look no farther than the present volume.
* * * It would be difficult to speak too highly of much of the comment
and criticism contained in the notes. There is a valuable Appendix on the
text, while the indexes are, so far as we have tested them, unusually com-
plete." Journal of Education, Jan. 1, 1884.
"Dr Holden deserves the gratitude of all Schoolmasters for drawing
their attention to this charming treatise by an edition so thorough and
scholarly. * * * Any boy who will take the trouble to master Dr Holden's
notes, will have laid a good foundation of Greek Scholarship for himself.
Altogether, the book is worthy of Dr Holden's reputation as a Scholar and a
practical Teacher." The Educational Times, Jan. 1, 1884.
"Candidates for a Degree will find Dr Holden's notes extremely useful
and well chosen. His references to grammars are just what men want at that
stage of their reading." Academy, Nov. 24, 1883.
"As Mr Holden has shown in his admirable Plutarch's Themistocles, he
f>ossesses the very best qualities of a commentator. He knows all the modern
earning on his author; he selects with care and discretion and adds from his
own great stores short and really instructive notes. Whenever the silly pre-
judices of narrow teachers about Plutarch's Greek are dispelled, and the
matter which boys learn is regarded as of some importance, this earlier book
will take the highest place as a school book. The Hieron is equally good.
* * * We are promised the charming Occonomicus from the same master
hand." Contemporary Review, Dec. 1883.
LONDON: MACMLLLAN AND CO
PLUTARCH'S LIFE OF THEMISTOKLES.
With Introduction, Explanatory Notes and Critical p-
pendix by the Eev. Hubert A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. T.ird
Edition revised. 5s. (Macmillan's Classical Series.)
* Dr Holden has produced an excellent edition of the life of Plutarch he
has selected. His notes remove every difficulty of construction and point
out every illustration that the text affords of the grammatical principles
contained in the truly valuable grammar of Goodwin, to which constant
reference is made." Dublin Evening Mail, Feb. 21, 1882.
" The notes generally are, as of course was to be expected from a scholar
of Dr Holden's eminence, excellent, precise, and happily illustrated by parallel
passages." Educational Times, May 1882.
" Put the book into the hands of a scholar sufficiently advanced to be able
to read by himself and he will find here a vivid picture of a most important
figure in Greek history, an instructive commentary in Greek, and a store of
information about Greek antiquities." Journal of Education, May 1882.
"Mr Holden has spared no labour to make his work as complete as
possible. The introduction is exceedingly well done, and a very fair estimate
is given of Plutarch's strength and weakness as a biographer. The pages on
the sources of information accessible to Plutarch are instructive, both with
reference to the value of his work and in a more general way, as treating of
the credibility and importance of previous writers. Mr Holden is so well
known as a scholar that it is hardly necessary to speak of the excellence of his
verbal criticism." Saturday Review, May 17, 1882.
"Thoroughly well done." Guardian, July 19, 1882.
"It is refreshing to come upon a piece of work so thoroughly well done
as this. Dr Holden has done a great service to English schoolmasters
and to English Scholars generally in producing this excellent edition, which
is a worthy companion and we could hardly give it a higher praise to
his 'De Officiis.' Dr Holden does not subscribe to what we have always
considered the pestilent heresy of 'Short Notes for School Use.' At the
same time the commentary is so skilfully arranged and so carefully indexed
that any boy who is fit to read the text at all will find with the utmost
ease all he wants. The introduction brings together in a few vivid pages
all that can be known of 'le biographe de l'antiquite" [qui] n'a pas de
biographic,' and adds, besides a masterly criticism, a most interesting sketch
of Plutarch's position in literature. We must not omit to add that Dr Holden
who is equally thorough in all departments, has a valuable appendix on the
text." Spectator, Nov. 11, 1882.
"The edition is a very complete one in all respects, and well qualified
to meet the purposes for which it is intended." Glasgow Herald, June 5, 1882.
"L'edizione corretta: e di molto maggiore eleganza che non sogliono
essere l'edizione scolastiche in Italia e in Germania." La Cultura, Roma*
March 15, 1882.
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO
M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO PUBLIO
SESTIO OEATIO AD JUDICES. With Introduction,
Explanatory Notes and Critical Appendix by the Eev.
Hubert A. Holden, M.A., LL.D. Second Edition. 5s.
(Macmillan's Classical Series.)
" This is. a very useful edition of a speech which well deserves to be brought
.nto prominent notice. The indexes are so full as to make quite an important
feature in the work. There is an excellent introduction and a valuable critical
appendix. Altogether the volume is well got up and worthy of the attention of
all teachers and students." Athenaeum, Jan. 12, 1884.
* The present work is constructed on the same lines as Dr Holden's edition
of the oration pro Plancio. There is the same fulness of grammatical expla-
nation, the same careful use of the most recent German editions, the same
liberal supply of close and often happy renderings. * * * Dr Holden has done
good service in issuing so useful an edition of this oration. Its value is con-
siderably enhanced by the numerous notes which Mr Reid has contributed."
Academy, March 1, 1884.
" Dr Holden has applied himself with admirable thoroughness to the work
of editing the pro Sestio; and, if the main obstacle to the study of this brilliant
and interesting speech has been, as we imagine, the want of a good English
commentary, we may safely predict for it a greater popularity in future. In his
Introduction, which is a model of clearness, Dr Holden sketches the men and
events of the troubled years 5957 B.C., leaving on the mind a vivid impression
of the period, and in the main a just one. The rather complicated argument of
the speech is well summarised at the close of the Introduction and the more
detailed analyses given in the course of the notes are very well done. At the
end of the volume are two valuable indexes, which the preface justly calls
'unusually complete'. * * * The scholarly thoroughness of his work and
its generally high merit cannot fail to secure for it a ready acceptance and
lasting popularity." Journal of Education, Dec. 1, 1883.
" This oration, one of the most characteristic of Cicero's finished style, and
abounding with points of interest connected with Roman life and politics, is
seldom read in our Schools or Universities. Mr Holden's excellent edition, by
supplying the means of studying it with advantage, ought to render it more
popular. He has spared no pains to produce a thoroughly trustworthy and
useful book. The Introduction is very full and clear, and the notes are numer-
ous and satisfactory. Points of Latin construction are explained with great
care and illustrated' by numerous parallel passages from Cicero himself and
other Latin authors. An excellent grammatical index, arranged analytically,
affords an easy means of reference to the points elucidated." The Schoolmaster,
August 18th, 1883.
" Cicero's Oration for Publius Sestius has been edited by Dr Holden in a
painstaking and scholarly manner ********
His comments are so clear and so much to the point that there are very few
that we should desire to dispense with even in a schoolbook. The publication
of this edition should make the oration better known." School Guardian,
Aug. 18th, 1883.
"Mr Holden's edition of Cicero's speech 'Pro Sestio ' is a worthy companion
volume to the ' Pro Plancio ' which appeared about two years ago. It is need-
less to speak of Mr Holden's high qualifications for his task. Every page of the
commentary shows signs of sound and brilliant scholarship and of intimate
acquaintance with Cicero's writings. Mr Holden's notes, good as they are, are
rendered still more valuable by the additions from the pen of Mr J. S. Reid, our
best English Commentator on Cicero. Mr Holden has written an excellent
historical introduction to the speech, and an appendix on the text; there is also
a very complete grammatical index, and an index containing proper names and
remarkable words and usages occurring in the speech. ****
Saturday Review, October 6th, 1883.
"This is a worthy sequel to Mr Holden's excellent edition of the 'Pro
Plancio'." Spectator, Oct. 27th, 1883.
"The name of the Editor is a sufficient guarantee for good scholarship and
careful work. Dr Holden has conferred a real service on all students of Cicero
b v this edition of the * Pro Sestio.' * * * The student possesses an exhaustive
commentary on the speech in the compass of a small and handy volume."
Tne Educational Times, Nov. 1st, 1883.
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO
THE OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHON, with
Introduction, Notes, critical Appendix and complete Lexi-
con. Fourth Edition. (Macmillan's Classical Series.)
Fcap. 8vo. 6s.
"This splendid edition of a School-book contains an Introduction, Notes and
an Excursus on the Text ; and invaluable adjunct a complete Lexical Index.
Ofortunati pueri, sua si bona norint." Westminster Review, Jan. 1885.
" Dr Holden lias now added another to the many obligations under which he
has laid teachers of the classics by sending out this edition, a work marked, we
may say at once, by all his characteristic excellences. Dr Holden, though he
has never permitted himself to stray into the digressions which tempt some
learned editors, always gives his readers of the best.. ..The 'Lexical Index' will
be found on examination to be something very different from the ordinary
vocabulary. It is a complete concordance to the treatise, and not only this, but
marks the peculiarities of Xenophontean diction. We are sure that a student
of considerable attainments might profit greatly by a careful study of this part
of Dr Holden's edition. The notes are remarkably complete as regards the
three points of exegesis, illustration and grammatical comment.... Teachers,
whose misfortune it is that they seldom have time to read, ought to feel in-
finitely obliged to the guidance and help which an editor such as Dr Holdea
affords." Spectator, Nov. 1, 1884.
" The edition is admirably got up in every way. We hope many will be led
to adopt as a school class-book a Treatise which is at once so interesting and so
well adapted for the purpose." Nonconformist, Oct. 4, 1884.
"The Oeconomicus of Xenophon has long been a favourite book to read, or,
at least, to read about... Yet, like the Hieron (Academy, Nov. 23, 1883), it had
never, till Dr Holden took it in hand, been edited in English. Translated of
course it had been, though not with remarkable accuracy. Dr Holden has
lavished great labour on his edition, and succeeded in making it very complete
and helpful. The Lexical Index of all the words in all their uses (in which the
article 6 takes thirteen columns) would alone justify both these epithets; but
the commentary also is almost exhaustive.. ..We hope it is Dr Holden's intention
to edit some more of the less read treatises which bear Xenophon's name."
Academy, Feb. 7, 1885.
"A student may readily and easily master the 'Oeconomicus' with the aid of
Mr Holden's and without the aid of any other book, lexical or grammatical,
whatsoever." St James's Gazette, Oct. 20, 1884.
" The edition as a whole reflects the utmost credit upon both the scholarship
and industry of Dr Holden." Birmingham Daily Gazette, Oct. 17, 1884.
" Like all Dr Holden's previous work, it bears the impress of accurate and
finished scholarship." The Schoolmaster, Nov. 8, 1884.
"Dr Holden has done well to bring his wide knowledge, his practical ex-
perience, and his tireless industry to bear on the elucidation of a book which
goes far to make one forgive Xenophon the sad memories of the Anabasis. The
form in which Dr Holden's edition appears is much too modest : it deserves a
place among the leading editions. True, Dr Holden keeps the beginner steadily
in view, but, while he explains all the syntactical phaenomena that are re-
cognized in Goodwin's Greek Grammar by references to that popular manual,
the results of special research as recorded in more elaborate treatises or in
scattered monographs have been brought within the reach of the reader, and the
more advanced student is thus reminded of the gaps in his knowledge, and is
stimulated to observe more narrowly. The complete lexical index is a valuable
addition to the book. Dr Holden has passed over very little that is worth
noticing, and one cannot be too grateful to an editor who leads the student to
think of the stylistic effect of vocabulary and grammar. The subject-matter of
the Oeconomicus is abundantly illustrated, and the vision of antique life
widened by the Commentary." American Journal of Philology, Vol. v. p. 519.
O*
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