University of California 
 College of Agriculture 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 Berkeley, California 
 
 SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS 
 TULARE COUNTY 
 Progress Report No. 54 
 
 by 
 
 R . I. . Adams 
 Preliminary — Subject to Correction 
 February, 1937 
 
 Contribution from the 
 Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics 
 Mimeographed Report No. 53 
 
(Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1936) 
 Frogress Report Mo. 54 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops 
 Tulare County 
 
 Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the presentation 
 of this progress report: 
 
 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 
 
 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 
 
 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as 
 distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a 
 year-round or regular basis of employment. 
 
 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, 
 thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor 
 drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 
 
 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving 
 workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain 
 tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, 
 truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 
 
 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural 
 workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- 
 with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved 
 in the production of California's many crops. 
 
 Crops, Acreages, and Production .-- The basis used in calculating occasional or 
 seasonal need for labor, other than that furnished by farm operators and regularly 
 employed workers, appears as table 1. Cwing to lack of assembled data, acreage and 
 production figures have been compiled from various sources and are used as being the 
 best available. 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 Basis fer Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements 
 
 Tulare County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Production 
 
 Field crops:* 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 40,322 
 
 160,882 tons 
 
 Cotton 
 
 55,800 
 
 60,026 bales t i 
 
 Grain — barley 
 
 8,805 
 
 177,209 bushels • 
 
 oats 
 
 1,251 
 
 26,978 bushels 
 
 wheat 
 
 20,377 
 
 205,475 bushels 
 
 Hay — other than alfalfa 
 
 27,312 
 
 40,968 tons 
 
 Potatoes, Irish 4- 
 
 6 73 
 
 96,095 bushels 
 
 Sorghums for grain, including 
 
 
 
 "corn" 
 
 7,750 
 
 269,989 bushels 
 
 Sweet potatoes + 
 
 128 
 
 12,005 bushels 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 1 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Vegetable crops :^ 
 Cucumbers f' 
 Lettuce 
 Melons 
 
 cantaloupes 
 honeyball 
 honeydew 
 watermelon 
 miscellaneous melons"^ 
 
 Peas 
 
 Squash *f 
 Tomatoes 
 Carrots 1r 
 Beans f 
 
 Fruit and nut crops : » 
 Almonds T 
 Apples 
 Apricots 
 
 Avocados T 
 Cherries f- 
 Figs — estimated 10 per cent~V 
 Kadota 
 
 20 per cent Mission 
 30 per cent Calimyrna 
 40 per cent Adriatic 
 
 ■- Muscat 
 
 Thomps on 
 - other varieties 
 
 Grapes, raisin 
 
 Grapes, table - 
 Grapes — wine 
 Loquats t 
 Nectarines 
 Olives 
 
 Peaches clingstone 
 freestone 
 
 Pears T 
 Pecans T" 
 Fer simmons 
 Plums 
 Prunes 
 
 Pomegranates 
 Quince 1* 
 Walnuts 
 
 Berries * — mostly youngberries 
 Strawberries 
 
 ) 
 
 Acreage 
 
 161 
 700 
 
 1,205 
 240 
 315 
 
 2,131 
 90 
 
 2,838 
 
 149 
 833 
 51 
 59 
 
 346 
 360 
 861 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 3,452 
 
 57,66 7 crates shipped 
 
 27 cars plus 110,934 crates 
 
 42-1/2 cars 
 
 205-1/2 cars plus 50 crates 
 84-1/2 cars plus 53,921 tons 
 
 (91,841 hampers shipped — average 28 
 pounds 
 80,336 crates shipped — average 70 pound 
 30,674 lugs shipped 
 109,242 lugs shipped 
 
 37,969 
 
 16 
 3. 
 
 120 
 321 
 5,537 
 
 4,489 
 
 2,750 
 
 33 
 79 
 73 
 2,611 
 5,421 
 387 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 3,950> 
 5,899j 
 
 Froduction 
 
 Average in Exeter district 5 tons per acre 
 3,440 tons fresh weight, of which 33 per 
 cent were dried f\ 
 
 Average 2.5 tons Kadota (fresh weight) 
 
 Average 1 ton Mission and Calimyrna (dry 
 weight) 
 
 Average three-fourths ton Adriatic (dry 
 weight) 
 165,000 tons shipped 
 
 |120,000 tons fresh weight (for raisins)^ 
 75,000 tons to wineries 
 
 2,000 tons 
 
 /ll,200 tons canning 
 
 716 not for canning II 
 35,900 tons fresh weight (5 per cent 
 dried) ^ 
 
 19,000 tons fresh weight (50 per cent 
 dried) ^fl 
 
 10-1/2 cars plus 897 lugs 
 253,154 lugs shipped 
 14,500 tons (dry weight) 
 36-1/2 cars plus 5,895 lugs 
 
 ,689" J 2, 314, 000 pounds merchantable 
 1508,00' 
 
 14 
 
 82 
 
 000 pounds culls (estimated) 
 2,341 crates youngberries shipped 
 71,087 crates shipped 
 
 Table continued on next page"? 
 
! 
 
 | ........... ^ . . • ■ . 
 
 .... . ■ . ■.. i 
 
3. 
 
 Table 1 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage 
 
 I roduction 
 
 Citrus : 
 
 Oranges — navel 
 
 Valencia 
 
 Lemons 
 Grapefruit 
 Mixed citrus 
 
 26,828 
 
 13,007 
 
 1,026 
 783 
 480 
 
 11,046 cars (462 boxes of 75 pounds net 
 per car)** 
 
 5,958 cars (462 boxes of 75 pounds net per 
 car) ** 
 
 152,375 boxes of 76 pounds net 
 175,000 packed boxes of 60 pounds net 
 
 * Data from U.S. census, 1935 — for crop year 1934. 
 
 t Data from California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service. Final 
 California Cotton Report for the 1935 crop, Sacramento, May 26, 1936 - 1 p. 
 
 T Acreage or production small. Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and 
 hence ignored. 
 
 i 
 
 Acreage data from Oscar La Hemphill, Agricultural Commissioner, Tulare 
 County. Pruit and nut acreages arc from W.P.A. survey of 1936, and do not include 
 non-commercial plantings. 
 
 H Drying ratios estimated to be as follows: Apricots - 5 to 1 
 
 Peaches freestone - 7 to 1 
 clingstone - 8 to 1 
 Grapes — Muscat - 3-1/2 to 
 . . 1 
 Thompson - 4 to 1 
 
 f| Figures on olive production represent normal conditions. In 1935 early 
 frost stopped picking for pickling, and caused about 60 per cent of the crop to bo 
 used for oil. Data from California Olive Association. 
 
 ** Data from California-Arizona Orange Grapefruit Agency. 
 
 Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Keed .— Farm operations requir- 
 ing the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in Tulare 
 County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation doos not include the employing of 
 shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and 
 marketing. 
 
V 
 
4. 
 
 TABLE 2 
 
 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Tines of Heeds by Crops 
 
 Tulare County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Fer cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 Field crops 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Mowing (5 cut- 
 tings) 
 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking (by 
 hand) 
 
 Stacking (90 per 
 cent of ton- 
 nage) 
 
 Baling (10 por 
 cent of ton- 
 nage) 
 
 Chopping 
 
 Hoeing 
 Irrigating 
 
 Picking ~¥ 
 
 April 20-30 — 30 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 May — 90 per cent of acreage 
 June -- 90 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 July — 90 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 August — two-thirds of acre- 
 
 ago 
 
 September — two-thirds of 
 
 acreage 
 October — two-thirds of 
 
 acreage 
 Same as raking 
 
 May to October, inclusive — 
 one-sixth of job each month 
 
 May to October, inclusive — 
 one-sixth of job each month 
 
 April 20-30 — 10 per cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-31 — 75 per cent of 
 job 
 
 June 1-15 — 15 per cent of 
 job 
 
 June — 50 per cent of job 
 July — 50 per cent of job 
 June — 25 per cent of job 
 July — 25 per cent of job 
 August — 25 per cent of job 
 September — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 15-30 — 2.5 per 
 
 cent of crop 
 October 1-31 — 44 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 November 1-30 
 
 of crop 
 December 1-31 
 
 of crop 
 January 1-31 
 
 of crop 
 February 1-28 
 
 cent of crop 
 
 32 per cent 
 10 per cent 
 6 per cent 
 5.5 per 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 100 
 
 \ 100 
 
 8 acres 
 
 16 acres 
 
 9 acres 
 3.5 tons 
 
 5 tons 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 5 acres* 
 
 250 pounds 
 (seed cot- 
 ton) 
 
 200 pounds 
 (seed cot- 
 ton) 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 . . . : 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 5. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Grain (bar- 
 ley, oats 
 wheat) 
 
 Grain hay- 
 
 Operation 
 
 Harvesting with 
 combine 
 
 Sorghums . 
 for srain 
 
 Vegetables 
 Lettuce 
 
 Mowing 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking (with 
 
 rake) 
 Baling — 75 
 
 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 Cutting by hand 
 (50 per cent 
 of acreage) 
 
 Threshing by 
 stationary 
 machine — 50 
 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Harvesting with 
 combine (50 
 per cent of 
 acreage) 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cutting and 
 field packing 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Ter cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 May 20-31 — 10 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-30 — 75 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 July 1-15 
 
 acreage 
 May 1-31 - 
 May 1-31 - 
 May 1-31 - 
 
 - 15 per cent of 
 
 all acreage 
 all acreage 
 all acreage 
 
 / 
 
 50 per cent of 
 50 per cent of 
 
 May 15-30 
 
 job 
 June 1-30 
 
 job 
 
 September 15-30 — 20 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 20-30 — 15 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 45 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 15-30 — 20 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October — 65 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 November — 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 January — 15 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 October — 45 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 November 
 
 40 per cent of 
 15 per cent of 
 1 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 February 
 
 acreage 
 December 
 
 crop 
 
 January — 63 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 February 
 
 crop 
 
 ■- 22 per cent of 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 100 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 8 acres 
 
 8 acres 
 16 acres 
 30 acres 
 
 5 tons 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 100 sacks 
 of 130 
 pounds 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 0.66 acre 
 
 18 packed 
 crates in 
 8 hours 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
! 
 
6. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Lettuce 
 (cont.) 
 
 Melons 
 (capped) 
 Canta- 
 loupes , 
 honeyball 
 and 
 
 hone yd ew 
 
 Water- 
 melons 
 (capped) 
 
 Operation 
 
 Cutting and 
 field packing 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Fl anting by hand 
 
 Capping 
 
 Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cultivating 
 
 Turning vines 
 Picking canta- 
 loupes and 
 loading trucks 
 Picking honey- 
 balls 
 
 Picking honey- 
 dews 
 
 Planting 
 
 Capping 
 
 Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cultivating 
 (several times) 
 
 Turning vines 
 Picking 
 
 Loading trucks 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 March -- 4 per cent of crop 
 April — 11 per cent of crop 
 
 February 15-28 — 75 per cent 
 of job 
 
 March 1-5 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 February 15-28 -- 75 per cent 
 of job 
 
 March 1-5 -- 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 April 1-30 — all of job 
 April 1-30 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-31 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 April — one-third of job 
 May — one-third of job 
 June — one-third of job 
 June 1-30 — all of job 
 June — 10 per cent of crop 
 July — 88 per cent of crop 
 August — 2 per cent of crop 
 August — two-thirds of crop 
 September — one-third of 
 crop 
 
 August -- 32 per cent of crop 
 September — 62 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 October 6 per cent of cropy 1 
 February 15-28 — 75 per cent 
 of job 
 
 March 1-5 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 February 15-28 — 75 per cent 
 of job 
 
 March 1-5 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 April 1-30 — all of acreage 
 April 1-30 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-31 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 April — 40 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 May — 40 per cent of acreage 
 June -- 20 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 June 1-30 — all of job 
 July — 98 per cent of crop 
 August — 2 per cent of crop 
 Same as picking 
 
 } 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 20 packed 
 crates in 
 9 hours 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1 acre 
 
 0.33 acre 
 Total of 3 
 man-days 
 per acre 
 
 Total of 3 
 man- days 
 per acre 
 
 2.0 acres 
 
 40 crates 
 
 40 crates 
 100 crates 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 2.0 acres 
 
 0.66 acre 
 
 Total of 3 
 man-days 
 per acre 
 
 Total of 
 3 man-days 
 per acre 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 12 tons 
 6 tons 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
I 
 
7. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Peas (all 
 on poles) 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Operation 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Setting poles 
 
 Stringing 
 
 Dusting (11 
 times) 
 
 Irrigating (once 
 a week until 
 rain) 
 
 Frost control 
 (night irriga- 
 tion) 
 
 Picking 
 
 Removing poles 
 Planting ~^ 
 Capping J 
 Setting poles 
 Hoeing 1 
 Tying 
 Sucker ing 
 Dusting 
 Cultivating and 
 
 irrigating 
 Picking 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 s easonal hel p 
 
 all acreage 
 - 60 per cent 
 
 August 1-31 - 
 August 15-31 
 
 of acreage 
 September 1-10 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 August 25-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 30 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 30 per cent 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 — 30 per cent 
 
 of job 
 August 10-31 — 2 times 
 September 1-30 — 3 times 
 October 1-31 — 3 times 
 November 1-30 — 3 times 
 August 1-31 — 4 times 
 September 1-30 — 4 times 
 October 1-31 — 4 times 
 November 1-30 --4 times 
 November — 50 per cent of 
 
 job 
 
 December — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 October — 16 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 November 
 
 crop 
 December 
 
 crop 
 
 January — 10 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 January 1-31 — all acreage 
 February — 20 per cent of 
 job 
 
 March — 20 per cent of job 
 April — 30 per cent of job 
 May — 30 per cent of job 
 
 -- 42 per cent of 
 32 per cent of 
 
 3 
 
 May 15-31 
 
 crop 
 June 1-30 
 
 crop 
 July 1-31 
 
 crop 
 
 23 per cent of 
 50 per cent of 
 27 per cent of 
 
 > 
 
 / 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 
 Total of 5 
 man- days 
 per acre 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 7 acres 
 
 4 
 
 Total of 
 0.5 man- 
 days per 
 acre <$ 
 
 180 pounds 
 
 1 acre 
 
 Total of 20 
 man-days 
 per acre 
 
 20 packed 
 
 Table continued on ne;rb page. 
 

 
 ■ * *^ 'i 
 
 i 
 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
8. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Fruit and 
 nut crops : 
 Apples 
 (Exeter $ 
 district) 
 estimated 
 150 acres 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Citrus : 
 Oranges 
 and lemons 
 
 Operation 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Picking 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Thinning (by- 
 hand) 50 per 
 cent of acreage 
 
 Picking 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing 
 
 Other labor in 
 dry yards 
 
 Pruning (25 per 
 cent of acre- 
 age) 
 
 Spraying 
 
 Applying 
 nitrates 
 
 Dusting — 50 
 per cent of 
 acreage — 3 
 times 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 
 se asona l help man-day 
 
 January — 50 per cent of job j 
 February — 50 per cent of > 
 job J 
 April — all of job 
 
 June 15-30 — all of crop 
 
 December -- one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 
 January — one-third of acre- 
 age 
 
 February — one-third of 
 acreage 
 
 April 15-30 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-15 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 June 1-30 — 80 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 July 1-7 -- 20 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 June 1-30 — 80 per cent of 
 job 
 
 July 1-7 — 20 per cent of 
 
 job 
 June 1-30 
 
 job 
 July .1-15 
 
 job 
 
 75 per cent of 
 25 per cent of 
 
 January — one-third of job 
 February — one-third of job 
 March — one-third of job 
 January 1-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 February 1-28 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May — 80 per cent of acreage 
 
 January — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 February — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 March -- 25 per cent of job 
 April — 25 per cent of job 
 May — 25 per cent of job 
 June — 25 per cent of job 
 
 50 
 100 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 66 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 Output per 
 
 10 trees 
 (76 trees 
 per acre) 
 
 one-sixth 
 acre 
 
 1,000 
 pounds 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0,2 acre 
 
 1,000 
 pounds 
 
 750 pounds 
 
 11 man- 
 hours per 
 fresh tonl 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 2 acres in 
 8 hours 
 
 3 acres in 
 12 hours 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 25 acres 
 per night 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
9. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Oranges 
 and lemons 
 (cont.) 
 
 Figs 
 
 Operation 
 
 Spreading fertil- 
 izer (including 
 hauling) 
 
 Smudging on 80 
 per cent of 
 Valencias and 
 40 per cent of 
 navels . 
 
 Picking oranges"t"t 
 
 Picking lemons tt 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Picking grape- 
 fruit "ft 
 
 Pruning Kadotas 
 
 September 
 
 acreage 
 October - 
 
 acreage 
 November 1 to March 31 
 
 - 50 per cent of 
 50 per cent of 
 
 100 
 
 (usually con- 
 tracted) 
 
 66 
 
 29.4 per 
 25.1 per 
 9.3 per cent 
 1.3 per 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 November 1-30 
 
 cent of crop 
 December 1-31 
 
 cent of crop 
 January 1-31 
 
 of crop 
 February 1-28 
 
 cent of crop 
 March 1-31 — 1.4 per cent 
 
 of crop ^_ 
 April 1-30 — 10.3 per cent ~ 
 
 of crop 
 
 May 1-31 -- 18.6 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 June 1-30 — 4.5 per cent of 
 crop J 
 
 September — 1 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 October — 14 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November — 28 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 December — 42 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 June -- 4 per cent of crop 
 July — 5 per cent of crop 
 Balance scattering and 
 
 inconsequential 
 February — 3 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 March — 20 per cent of crop 
 April — 40 per cent of crop \ 
 May — 11 per cent of crop 
 June — 13 per cent of crop 
 July — 4 per cent of crop 
 Balance scattering and 
 
 inconsequential 
 December 15-31 — 20 per 
 
 cent of acreage 
 January 1-31 -« 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 February 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 / 
 
 > 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 2 acres 
 
 2,500 
 pounds (50 
 field 
 boxes) in 
 6 hours 
 
 (75 
 
 3,750 
 pounds 
 field 
 boxes) in 
 9 hours 
 
 10 field 
 boxes =600 
 pounds 
 
 90 field 
 boxes 
 =4,500 
 pounds 
 
 0.3 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
10. 
 
 Table 2 continued, 
 
 Crop 
 
 Figs (con 
 tinued) 
 
 Grapes 
 
 Operation 
 
 Caprifying 
 (Calimyrnas) 
 
 Picking Kadotas 
 (fresh) 
 
 Picking Missions 
 (for fresh ship- 
 ment) 
 
 Picking up for 
 drying — 
 Mission., 
 Adriatic ( 
 Cal imy rna 
 
 Drying, fumiga- 
 ting, sorting, 
 sacking, etc. 
 Mission, 
 Adriatic , 
 Cal imyrna 
 
 Pruning (on 
 Thompson, 
 Sultana) 
 
 Pruning — other 
 table and wine 
 varieties 
 
 Burning brush -- 
 Tying (Thompson 
 and Sultana) 
 
 Picking (for 
 raisins) 
 
 Turning trays 
 
 (once) 
 Roll ing paper 
 
 trays cfd 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 June 1-15 -- all of job 
 
 August 1-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 September 1-30 -- 50 per 
 
 cent of crop 
 June 1-30 — 30,611 flats 
 July 1-31 — 76,337 flats 
 
 66 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 25 per cent 
 ■- 50 per 
 
 August 15-31 - 
 
 of crop 
 September 1-30 
 
 cent of crop 
 October 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 August 15-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 40 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 December 1-31 -- 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 January 1-31 -- 75 per cent 
 of job ) 
 
 February 1-28 — 15 per cent 
 of job 
 
 December 1-31 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 January 1-31 -- 75 per cent 
 of job > 
 
 February 1-28 — 15 per cent 
 of job * 
 very little by seasonal help 
 
 January — 75 per cent of 
 job 
 
 February — 15 per cent of 
 job 
 
 March -- 10 per cent of job y 
 August 15-31 -- 40 per cent ~| 
 of job 
 
 September 1-15 — 60 per 
 cent of job 
 
 September 1-30 — all of job 
 
 September 1-30 -- 66 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-15 — 34 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 1 man-day 
 per acre 
 
 30 boxes of 
 18 pounds 
 
 300 pounds 
 
 700 pounds 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 0,75 acre 
 
 hence ignored, 
 
 66 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 2,5 acres 
 
 4,400 
 
 pounds 
 
 =200 trays 
 
 (green 
 
 weight) 
 1,500 trays 
 
 1,500 trays 
 (22 pounds 
 green 
 weight) 
 
 Table continued on- next page. 
 
11. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Grapes 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Nectarines 
 ( included 
 with 
 peaches ) 
 
 Olives 
 
 Peaches — 
 cling and 
 freestone 
 (includ- 
 ing nec- 
 tarines) 
 
 Operation 
 
 Boxing and haul- 
 ing in 
 
 Picking for ship- 
 ping 
 
 Picking for win- 
 eries 
 
 Pruning 25 per 
 cent of acreage 
 
 Picking for pick- 
 les 
 
 Picking for oil 
 
 Fruning 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 September 1-30 — 50 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-30 — 50 per cent / 
 
 of job J 
 August 1-31 -- 10 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 20 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 ■-- 30 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 -- 30 per cent 
 of job 
 
 December 1-15 — 8 per cent 
 of job > 
 
 Balance scattering and 
 inconsequential 
 
 August 20-31 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 40 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 -- 40 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-30 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 December — one-third of job 
 January -- one-third of job 
 February — one-third of job 
 September 15-30 -- 15 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 60 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-21 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 December -- 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 January — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 February — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 December — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 January — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 February — one-third of 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 Output per 
 man -da3 ' - 
 
 5,000 
 pounds 
 (dry 
 weight) 
 
 1,500 
 pounds 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 One-sixth 
 acre in 6 
 hours 
 
 400 Dounds 
 
 500 pounds 
 
 0.3 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
12. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Peaches 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Persimmons 
 
 Plums 
 
 Prunes 
 
 Operation 
 
 Thinning (peaches 
 only) 
 
 Ficking cling- 
 stones 
 
 ticking free- 
 stones 
 
 Ficking nectar- 
 ines (for can- 
 ning) 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing cling- 
 stones 
 
 Cutting free- 
 stones 
 
 Other labor in 
 dry yards 
 
 Ficking 
 
 Fruning 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Picking 
 
 Fruning (50 per 
 cent of acre- 
 age) 
 
 Picking up 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal helji 
 
 April 15-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-15 — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 August 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 September 1-7 — 25 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 July 1-31 -- 50 per cent of ~~| 
 crop I 
 
 August 1-31 -- 50 per cent / 
 of crop J, 
 
 July 20-31 — 40 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-15 — 60 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 August 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 September 1-7 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 July 1-31 — two-thirds of 
 job 
 
 August 1-15 — one-third of 
 job 
 
 July -- 40 per cent of job 
 August — 50 per cent of job 
 September — 10 per cent of 
 job 
 
 October 1-31 — all of crop 
 
 December -- 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 January --■ 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 April 15-30 -- 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-15 — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-30 — 67 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 July 1-31 — 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 3 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 December -- one-third of job 
 January -- one-third of job 
 February -- one-third of job 
 August 21-31 -- 25 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 September 1-30 75 per 
 
 cent of crop 
 
 75 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 66 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 0,2 acre 
 
 2,000 
 pounds 
 
 1,200 
 pounds 
 
 1,000 
 pounds 
 
 1,000 
 pounds 
 
 I , 500 
 
 pounds 
 
 II. 5 man- 
 hours per 
 fresh tonfl 
 
 35 boxes 
 =700 
 pounds 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0o2 acre 
 
 50 lugs 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1,500 
 pounds 
 
 Table continued on ne:ct page. 
 
■ \ 
 
 ■ 
 
13. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Prunes 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Pomegran- 
 ates 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 Operation 
 
 Dipping and dry- 
 ing — 50 per 
 cent by sundry- 
 ing 
 
 50 per 'Cent by 
 dehydrator 
 
 Picking 
 
 Shaking off and 
 picking up, and 
 hulling by hand 
 (40 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Shaking off and 
 picking up only 
 (60 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Hulling by 
 machine, drying, 
 etc. (60 per 
 cent of crop) 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 •J 
 
 August 21-31 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 75 per 
 
 cent of job 
 August 21-31 — 25 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 September 1-30 — 75 per 
 
 cent of job 
 September — one-third of ^ 
 
 crop 
 
 October — one-third of crop 
 November — one-third of 
 crop 
 
 September 15-30 -- 10 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 -- 80 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 of job y 
 
 September 15-30 — 10 per 
 cent of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 80 per cont 
 of job 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 15-30 — 10 per 
 
 cent of job 
 October 1-31 — 80 per cent 
 
 of job 
 November 1-15 — 10 per 
 
 cent of job 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 66 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 8.3 man- 
 hours per 
 fresh tonll 
 
 6 man-hours 
 per fresh 
 ton II 
 
 50 boxes 
 =2 , 500 
 pounds 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 266 pounds 
 
 1,000 
 pounds 
 
 * Cotton hoeing, in addition to the first "chopping" is not always done, 
 and when done, varies greatly in amount from 2 acres to 10 acres per man-day. 
 
 f 
 
 1 Labor needs in irrigation of cotton vary extremely. Estimate is based on 
 an average of 12 man-hours per acre for the season, equally assigned to the months of 
 June, July, August, and September. 
 
 T Cotton picking by months is based on data from U.S. Department of Com- 
 merce, Bureau of the Census — "Cotton Production in the United States, Crop of 
 1935". 
 
 Irrigation of peas requires 1 man continuously on about each 40 acres, 
 and in addition, 1 man on about each 30 acres when irrigating at night for frost pro- 
 tection. 
 
 % Apples in Three Rivers district omitted because they are considered in- 
 consequential in the demand for seasonal help. 
 
 |i From Christie, A. W. and L. C» Barnard — The principles and practice of 
 sun-drying- fruit — California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 388:40-60, 
 1925. 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
it 
 
 ^ ... 
 
 4jt' 
 
14. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 ** Smudging on citrus fruits roquiros 1 man for about each 5 acres on call 
 when needed. Usually called about 8 nights per season, but only 3 times in 1935. 
 
 -ft" Monthly picking of oranges and grapefruit is based on carlot shipments 
 during 1934-35 season — lemon picking based on lemon "pick" of the Klink Citrus 
 Association, Ivanhoe, for 1934-35 season. 
 
 ^ f Labor needs in drying, fumigating and sorting figs estimated as follows 
 
 23 man-hours per dry ten on Adriatic and Mission varieties 
 27 man-hours per dry ton on Kadota variety. 
 50 man-hours per dry ton on Calimyrna variety 
 (10 hour days) 
 
 <j?9 Some grape growers use wood trays, in which caso the trays are stacked 
 instead of rolled. 
 
 Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor re- 
 quirements of Tulare County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" 
 are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, 
 boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average 
 figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other 
 units as indicated in the table . If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, 
 different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is per 
 man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 
 hours, March to October; unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur 
 between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences 
 in soil typos, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the 
 amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of 
 output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, chil- 
 dren, and more or loss incxporiencod help that is sometimes used in connection with 
 certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available 
 days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be per- 
 formed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, 
 and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement 
 weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "re- 
 quired number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connec- 
 tion with "output per man-day". 
 
 It is probablo that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in 
 tablo 3, will often be too low, for the roason that "peaks" frequently occur, during 
 which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This 
 would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread 
 over a longer poriod, oven though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the 
 same . 
 
TABLE 3 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs -- Tulare County -- by Months and Tasks 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 January 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 54,024 cwt. 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 27,012 
 
 20 
 
 1,351 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 140 acres 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 425 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 
 Cutting and field picking 
 
 36,330 crates f 
 
 18 crates 
 
 2,019 
 
 20 
 
 101 
 
 
 Peas: Picking 
 
 8,195 cwt. 
 
 180 pounds 
 
 4,553 
 
 20 
 
 228 
 
 
 Removing poles 
 
 2,838 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 2,838 
 
 20 
 
 142 
 
 
 Apples: Pruning 
 
 37 acres 1" 
 
 0.13 acre 
 
 285 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 230 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 920 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 
 Citrus -- oranges and lemons: Prun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 2,247 acres "f" 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 11,235 
 
 20 
 
 562 
 
 
 Spraying 
 
 3,269 acres ^ 
 
 2.0 acres 4 
 
 1,635 
 
 20 
 
 82 
 
 
 Applying nitrates 
 
 16,344 acres?" 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 6,538 
 
 20 
 
 327 
 
 
 Oranges: Smudging 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 1,095,856 boxes 
 
 50 boxes in 6 hours 
 
 21,918 
 
 20 
 
 1,096 
 
 
 Figs, Kadota: Pruning 
 
 70 acres "f 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 280 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 
 Grapes -- Thompson and Sultana: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 14,850 acres +" 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 29,700 
 
 20 
 
 1,485 
 
 
 Other table and wine varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 20,725 acres + 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 27,634 
 
 20 
 
 1,382 
 
 
 Thompson and Sultana: Tying 
 
 14,850 acres ^ 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 5,940 
 
 20 
 
 297 
 
 
 Olives: Pruning 
 
 231 acres 
 
 0.17 in 8 hours 
 
 1,359 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 
 Picking for oil 
 
 858 tons 
 
 500 pounds 
 
 3,432 
 
 20 
 
 172 
 
 
 Peaches, including nectarines: Prun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 2,016 acres # 
 
 0.3 acre 
 
 6,720 
 
 20 
 
 336 
 
 
 Plums: Pruning 
 
 862 acres T 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 3,448 
 
 20 
 
 173 
 
 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 
 723 acres?" 
 
 0,5 acre 
 
 1.446 
 
 20 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 159,337 
 
 20 
 
 7,967 man-months /( 
 
 February 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 49,510 cwt. 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 24,755 
 
 23 
 
 1,077 
 
 
 Lettuce: Hoeing 
 
 105 acres 
 
 0.66 acre 
 
 160 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 
 Cutting and field packing 
 
 11,687 crates 
 
 18 crates f" 
 
 650 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 Table continued on next page. ,_• 
 
----- -."»-• - — 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 AC IjUl ICQ 
 
 n. VcLX ldUlc 
 
 Require 
 
 d number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Ol/jt O I I d b i\ 
 
 Oi i+r*ii+ r\ p*y* mfl n — P v 
 UU LpU L PCI illCLIl — u& y 
 
 rnp Kl — Hpi V<3 
 jiicxii VJ.CJ. j o 
 
 
 workers* 
 
 February 
 
 Melons — cantaloupes, noneycews ana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (From 15-28) 
 
 ( co nt . ) 
 
 noneyuaiis. riaaiing nttna 
 
 1 "^lPf! ft f*T*P C! 
 
 0 ?5 acre 
 
 5,280 
 
 11 
 
 480 
 
 Capping 
 
 
 "} Dan r»o 
 
 1 ^20 
 
 
 120 
 
 (From 15-28) 
 
 
 Watermelons: Planting 
 
 1 , 599 acres 
 
 O A, j~y A V> £j /"I 
 
 c»o acres 
 
 
 xi 
 
 59 
 
 (From 15-28) 
 
 
 Capping 
 
 
 
 800 
 
 11 
 
 73 (From 15-28) 
 
 
 lomaLoes. rianxing anu capping 
 
 
 
 3,332 
 
 23 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 nppies. rruning 
 
 ^R s^rpt? 
 
 0 1 ?5 finrp 
 
 293 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 c,cr3 acres 
 
 
 74>v 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Citrus — oranges and lemons: Prun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 P P47 arrpf? 4 
 
 n . P acre 
 
 11,235 
 
 23 
 
 489 
 
 
 
 Spraying 
 
 ^ PAQ fl^r'p'C;^" 
 
 P 0 ft prpQ y 
 
 1 , 635 
 
 23 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 tiyyxy j-ii^j in vi cites 
 
 16 344 acres 4 s 
 
 2*5 acres 
 
 6 , 538 
 
 23 
 
 285 
 
 
 
 Oranges: Smudging 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 1 ^"*» 1 flA hovp o 
 J.JJ, J, 0*4 UUAc b 
 
 
 
 221 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 Grapefruit: Picking 
 
 S PRO hnvo c 
 
 QC\ VlHYPC 
 3U UUAC D 
 
 59 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Figs , Kadota: Pruning 
 
 * U cLw c b ( 
 
 
 PRO 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 urdPcS llioilipburi dilu oui IcLIld* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 
 
 S 940 
 
 23 
 
 259 
 
 
 
 uther xaoie ana wine varieties. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 4 , 145 acres t 5 
 
 U - / o acre 
 
 D , D<i / 
 
 C.O 
 
 241 
 
 
 
 Thompson and Sultana: Tying 
 
 2,970 acres r 
 
 2*5 acres 
 
 1 ICQ 
 
 1 , loo 
 
 co 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 uiives. pruning 
 
 
 O 17 in fi hour*? 
 
 1 , 359 
 
 23 
 
 €0 
 
 
 
 ricKing i or on 
 
 
 
 1 716 
 
 23 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 reacnes — including nectarines. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 C , UlO QUI tb 1 
 
 (~\ *»^ o /> v»o 
 U > »J cLU I 
 
 ft 7P0 
 
 23 
 
 293 
 
 
 
 Plums: Pruning 
 
 ^ a ere s » 
 
 
 1 AAA 
 
 <- %J 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RA RS" 2 ! 
 
 
 3.690 
 
 man-months 
 
 March 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting and field packing 
 
 2,307 crates 
 
 20 crates + 
 
 116 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Melons — cantaloupes, hcneyball and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (From 1-5) 
 
 
 honeydew: Planting by hand 
 
 440 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,760 
 
 3 
 
 587 
 
 
 Capping 
 
 440 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 440 
 
 3 
 
 147 
 
 (From 1-5) 
 
 
 Watermelons: Planting 
 
 533 acres 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 214 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 (From 1-5) 
 
 
 Capping 
 
 533 acres 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 2.0 acres 
 
 267 
 
 3 
 
 (From 1-5) 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Setting poles 
 
 833 acres 
 
 ** 
 
 3,332 
 
 23 
 
 145 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. \-> 
 
■ 
 
4P 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 1 — — 
 
 
 i w ^ a i 'i n v 1 in 
 
 r\e yuii CC 
 
 
 i 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Mc nth 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 uutpux per man— aay 
 
 i man — Gay s 
 
 day s 
 
 workers* 
 
 March 
 
 Citrus — oranges and lemons: Prun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (cont. j 
 
 ing 
 
 2,247 acres T 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 11 , 235 
 
 CO 
 
 489 
 
 
 Dusting 
 
 12,258 acres^ 
 
 25.0 acres 
 
 A m 
 
 491 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Oranges: Smudging 
 
 can 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 xo^ , yoo Doxes 
 
 du uoxes xn o nourb 
 
 
 do 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 urapeiruix. ricKing 
 
 OJ ; UUU LJUACb 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 urci.pes — — i nouipson ana ouiiana. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lying 
 
 1 Q fiO a r» y>c o 
 
 P ^ ^ o 
 
 70p 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 C ■ \J 
 
 
 972 
 
 man-months 
 
 April 
 
 Hj.iaj.ia. wiowj.ng 
 
 O , U*-** acres ~ 
 
 Q or* v*r^ 
 
 o acres 
 
 
 p 
 
 48 
 
 (From 20-30) 
 
 Raking 
 
 "Z HO/1 q r» y-. o O "t* 
 
 o,ucft acres 
 
 1 w o r> v» r\ r~i 
 
 io acres 
 
 icy 
 
 0 
 
 24 
 
 (From 20-30) 
 
 
 onocKing ^Dy nana; 
 
 / , *cDo acres » 
 
 y acres 
 
 Rfl7 
 
 0 
 
 101 
 
 (From 20-30) 
 
 
 1^ r^ + + r\ v* • 1^ r"\ r> ¥"\ 1 v~t r* 
 
 uoxvon. unoppmg 
 
 J.D, i 'tu acres 
 
 O CI o n v» Q tTi 
 
 ic » 3 acre b 
 
 C» , C r>U 
 
 p 
 o 
 
 837 
 
 (From 20-30) 
 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting and field packing 
 
 o , 040 craxes 
 
 c^u cruxes 
 
 Old 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 wiexons — canxaxoupes , noneyacws ana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 none) Da.j.xs ■ lninning 
 
 1 7 AO ft 1* y» o 
 
 
 
 PA 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 nOcing 
 
 X , 1 DU C4.L.I co 
 
 ft 
 
 
 PA 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 ■ * 111 + -| TT r - * + ^ w\ rr 
 
 OU XXlVa-Xing 
 
 x j / ou acre s 
 
 F 1 
 
 1 , / OU 
 
 PA 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 •»u ic jtitic xu nt> . x in nil j. iig 
 
 
 
 X pOQ 
 
 PA 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 c,iox acres 
 
 i * 
 
 X 1 07 
 O , If / 
 
 PA 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 1^ ill ^ *l ^ T o + ■> rr 
 
 ouii.ivai.ing 
 
 cj y xox acres 
 
 
 C> t DD 1 
 
 PA 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 ioma.xoes. noeing, Lying, ousxing, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cultivating, and irrigating 
 
 ooo acres 
 
 • • 
 
 A QQR 
 
 PA 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 wppies. xninning 
 
 l m r\ r* r**i f~~\ 
 
 lou acres 
 
 une— sixxn acre 
 
 yuu 
 
 PA 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Thinning 
 
 215 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 1 , 0 /b 
 
 1<5 
 
 90 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Citrus -- oranges and lemons: Dust- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 ic; , C.DCS acres t 
 
 £io acres 
 
 
 P/l 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 Oranges: Picking 
 
 1,213,690 boxes 
 
 75 boxes 
 
 16,183 
 
 24 
 
 675 
 
 
 
 urapeiruix.. rictcing 
 
 iU,U'JU DOxes 
 
 90 boxes 
 
 7 7Q 
 
 OA 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 Peaches: Thinning 
 
 2,715 acres^ 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 13,575 
 
 12 
 
 1,132 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 Plums: Thinning 
 
 1,306 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 6,530 
 
 12 
 
 545 
 
 (From 15-30 
 
 
 
 
 
 71.635 
 
 24 
 
 2,985 
 
 man-months 
 
 May 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 
 9,073 acres T 
 
 8 acres 
 
 1,135 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 9,073 acres4^ 
 
 16 acres 
 
 568 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ke qui red {Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man -days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 May 
 
 .11 1 an a iconx.y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ cont . ; 
 
 Shocking (by hand) 
 
 di , / / y acres t 
 
 9 acres 
 
 2,420 
 
 25 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 Stacking 
 
 i*±,oio tons* 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 4,233 
 
 25 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 c , Ulx T,ons *• 
 
 d . u x.ons 
 
 403 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 ootton. unop^mg 
 
 41 , c du acre s 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 16,740 
 
 25 
 
 670 
 
 
 
 uram — Daricy, oats, ana wnedL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 i , uu4 acres 
 
 8 acres 
 
 126 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 (From 20-31) 
 
 
 urain nay. mowing 
 
 xOjDDd acres r 
 
 o acres 
 
 1,707 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 io, odd acres t 
 
 16 acres 
 
 854 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 one cki ng wi ui raKe 
 
 10,0^0 acres , 
 
 ou acres 
 
 456 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 DcxX X E1M 
 
 
 
 3,073 
 
 12 
 
 257 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 WiclUHo — — ■ Oa.il bal UUpcb , nuriCjrUailb, 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ana iiuiic} ucwb • nuc-Lfig 
 
 ly/OvJ a^l cb 
 
 2,640 
 
 25 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 Pi 1 1 + iTTS3*i" i ncr 
 L/Ul li. Va 1 111^, 
 
 
 t+ 
 
 1,760 
 
 25 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 wet ici nic i u iifc> • nu c x ng 
 
 
 t f 
 
 3,197 
 
 25 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 L»Ux blValing 
 
 t , i oi dc res 
 
 
 2,557 
 
 25 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 ionidiocs. nocing, ^ying, au&iing, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cui xi vauing ana irrigating. 
 
 ooo acres 
 
 *« 
 
 4,998 
 
 25 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 i l CKing 
 
 eCD y xc,0 lUgS 
 
 OH 1 1 1 rro 
 
 cU lugs 
 
 1,257 
 
 13 
 
 97 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 
 xip IllULc 1111 full ng 
 
 CIO all cb 
 
 u » <i acre 
 
 1,080 
 
 12 
 
 90 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 Cit rus — oranges and lemons : Spray- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 co, idi acres t 
 
 <i»u acres ti 
 
 13,076 
 
 25 
 
 524 
 
 
 
 T"h lot i y\ rr 
 
 1^, £SjO cLOI cd 7 
 
 cj acres 
 
 491 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 , 1 5l , ill UUJtc b 
 
 f o UUXcb 
 
 29,223 
 
 25 
 
 1,169 
 
 
 
 urap ci rui t . r 1 cjxi ng 
 
 iy , cdu Doxes 
 
 ou uoxes 
 
 241 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 r caullt; o « 1 Jl 1 ill 11 ilg 
 
 c, , /io acres * 
 
 u . c acre 
 
 13,575 
 
 12 
 
 1,132 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 Plums: Thinning 
 
 1,305 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 6.530 
 
 12 
 
 545 
 
 (From 1-151 
 
 
 
 
 
 113.340 
 
 25 
 
 4,494 
 
 man-months 
 
 June 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 
 9,073 acres T 
 
 8 acres 
 
 1,135 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 9,073 acres=f 
 
 16 acres 
 
 568 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 Shocking (by hand) 
 
 21,779 acresf 
 
 9 acres 
 
 2,420 
 
 25 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 Stacking 
 
 14,813 tonsf 
 
 3.5 acres 
 
 4,233 
 
 25 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 2,011 tons^ 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 403 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
 00 
 

 i • 
 
 
 ..... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ' r r 1 coo trftl OH 
 
4? 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 Mo nth 
 
 June 
 (cont . ) 
 
 July 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Cotton: Chopping 
 Hoeing 
 Irrigating 
 
 Grain barley, oats, wheat: Har- 
 vesting with combine 
 
 Grain hay 
 
 Melons: cantaloupes, honeyballs and 
 honeydews: Cultivating 
 Turning vines 
 Cantaloupes: Picking 
 Watermelons: Cultivating 
 Turning vines 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking 
 
 Apples: Picking 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 Cutting for drying 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 Citrus -- oranges and lemons: Dust- 
 ing 
 
 Oranges: Picking 
 
 Lemons: Picking 
 
 Grapefruit: Picking 
 Figs: Capri fying (Calimyrnas) 
 
 (Missions) picking for shipment 
 Plums: Picking 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking (by hand) 
 
 Stacking 
 
 Baling 
 
 Cotton: Hoeing 
 Irrigating 
 
 Grain — barley, oats, wheat: Har- 
 vesting with combine 
 
 Size of task 
 
 8,370 acres 
 27,900 acres 
 47,430 acres ? 
 
 7,532 acres t 
 15,363 tons ^ 
 
 1,760 acres 
 1,760 acres 
 12,443 crates 
 2,131 acres 
 2,131 acres 
 54,621 lugs 
 750 tons 
 2,752 tons 
 908 tons 
 851 tons 
 
 12,258 acres f 
 530,262 boxes 
 7,619 boxes 
 22,750 boxes 
 683 acres ¥ 
 30,611 flats S< 
 169.613 lugs 
 
 9,073 acres t 
 9,073 acres f 
 21,779 acresf 
 14,813 tons? 
 2,011 tons f 
 27,900 acres 
 47 ,430 acres * 
 
 1 ,507 acres f= 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 2.5 acres 
 5 acres 
 // // 
 
 8 acres 
 5 tons 
 
 f * 
 
 2.0 acres 
 40 crates 
 
 44 
 
 3.0 acres 
 20 lugs 
 1,000 pounds 
 1,000 pounds 
 750 pounds 
 
 25 acres 
 75 boxes 
 10 boxes 
 90 boxes 
 
 300 pounds 
 30 lugs 
 
 8 acres 
 16 acres 
 
 9 acres 
 3.5 tons 
 5.0 tons 
 5.0 acres 
 
 // H 
 
 8 acres 
 
 Required 
 man -days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 3,348 
 5,580 
 11,857 
 
 942 
 3,073 
 
 1,760 
 880 
 312 
 1,279 
 711 
 2,732 
 1,500 
 5,504 
 2,422 
 937 
 
 491 
 7,071 
 762 
 253 
 683 
 715 
 5.654 
 
 67.225 
 
 1,135 
 568 
 
 2,420 
 
 4,233 
 403 
 
 5,580 
 11,857 
 
 189 
 
 12 
 25 
 25 
 
 25 
 12 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 13 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 12 
 25 
 25 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 279 (From 1-15) 
 
 224 
 475 
 
 38 
 257 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 71 
 
 36 
 13 
 52 
 29 
 110 
 
 117 (From 15-30) 
 221 
 
 97 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 283 
 31 
 11 
 
 57 (From 1-15) 
 29 
 
 227 
 
 2.689 man-months 
 
 44 
 
 22 
 
 94 
 163 
 
 16 
 215 
 457 
 
 15 (From 1-15) 
 
 Table continued on next page., 
 
r 
 
 4 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required 
 man- days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 Required number of 
 wo rke rs* 
 
 July 
 (cont . ) 
 
 August 
 
 Melons — cantaloupes: Picking and 
 
 loading trucks 
 ■Watermelons: Picking 
 Loading trucks 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 Cutting for drying 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 Citrus — lemons: Picking 
 grapefruit: Picking 
 
 Figs — Mission: Picking for ship- 
 ment 
 
 Peaches. — freestones: Picking 
 
 nectarines: Picking 
 
 freestones: Cutting for drying 
 Other dry yard labor 
 Plums: Picking 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking (by hand) 
 Stacking 
 Baling 
 Cotton: Irrigating 
 Melons — cantaloupes: Picking 
 honeyballs: Picking 
 honeydews: Picking 
 watermelons.; Picking 
 Loading trucks 
 Peas: Hoeing 
 Setting poles 
 Stringing 
 Dusting (2 times) 
 Irrigating (4 times) 
 
 109,864 crates 
 50,002 tons 
 50,002 tons 
 29,495 lugs 
 688 tons 
 227 tons 
 284 tons 
 9,523 boxes 
 7,000 boxes 
 
 76,337 flats 5" 
 9,500 tons 
 800 tons 
 6,333 tons 
 4,518 tons 
 75,946 lugs 
 
 40 crates 
 12 tons 
 6 tons 
 20 lugs 
 1,000 pounds 
 750 pounds 
 
 10 boxes 
 90 boxes 
 
 300 pounds 
 1,200 pounds 
 1,000 pounds 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 30 lues 
 
 6,721 acres f 
 6,721 acres + 
 16,129 acres * 
 14,813 tons* 
 2,011 tons* 
 47,430 acres* 
 2,489 crates 
 14,167 crates 
 32,896 crates 
 1,102 tons 
 1,102 tons 
 2,838 acres 
 1,7 03 acres 
 2,838 acres 
 2,838 acres 
 1,419 acres *- 
 
 8 acres 
 16 acres 
 
 9 acres 
 3.5 tons 
 5.0 tons 
 
 // n 
 
 40 crates 
 40 crates 
 100 crates 
 12 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 7 acres 
 
 2,747 
 4,167 
 8,334 
 1,475 
 1,376 
 506 
 313 
 953 
 78 
 
 1,782 
 15,834 
 1,600 
 8,444 
 5,194 
 2.532 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 6 
 6 
 13 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 9 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 81.820 
 
 26 
 
 841 
 
 421 
 1,793 
 4,233 
 
 403 
 11,857 
 63 
 
 355 
 
 329 
 92 
 
 184 
 5,676 
 3,406 
 1,419 
 2,271 
 
 812 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 2S 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 13 
 5 
 18 
 26 
 
 106 
 161 
 321 
 57 
 
 230 (From 1-7) 
 
 101 (From 1-7) 
 
 25 (From 1-15) 
 
 37 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 609 
 
 178 (From 20-31) 
 325 
 200 
 
 98 _ 
 
 3.147 man-months 
 
 33 
 17 
 69 
 163 
 16 
 457 
 
 3 
 14 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 219 
 
 262 (From 15-31 
 284 (From 25-31 
 127 (From 10-31) 
 32 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
 ro 
 
 o 
 
1 
 
 !' f 
 
 i v 
 

 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 August 
 
 Figs: Picking Kadotas 
 
 461 tons 
 
 540 pounds 
 
 1,708 
 
 26 
 
 66 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Picking up for drying 
 
 690 tons 
 
 700 pounds 
 
 1,972 
 
 13 
 
 152 
 
 
 Drying, fumigating, sorting, sack- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 
 ing, etc. 
 
 158 tons 
 
 
 456 
 
 13 
 
 36 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking for raisins 
 
 48,000 tons 
 
 4,400 pounds 
 
 21,819 
 
 13 
 
 1,679 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 6,500 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 8,667 
 
 26 
 
 334 
 
 (From 20-31) 
 
 
 Picking for wineries 
 
 7,500 tons 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 5,000 
 
 9 
 
 556 
 
 
 Peaches — clings: Picking 
 
 26,925 tons 
 
 2,000 pounds 
 
 26,925 
 
 26 
 
 1,036 
 
 
 
 freestones: Picking 
 
 9,500 tons 
 
 1,200 pounds 
 
 15,834 
 
 26 
 
 609 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 nectarines: Picking 
 
 1,200 tons 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 2,400 
 
 13 
 
 185 
 
 
 clings: Cutting for drying 
 
 1,346 tons 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 2,692 
 
 26 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 freestones: Cutting for drying 
 
 3,167 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 4,223 
 
 26 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 clings and freestones: Other dry- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yard labor 
 
 5,647 tons 
 
 
 6,491 
 
 26 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 Plums: Picking 
 
 7,595 lugs 
 
 30 lugs 
 
 254 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 (From 20-31) 
 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 9,062 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 12,083 
 
 9 
 
 1,343 
 
 
 Dipping and sun-drying 
 
 3,398 tons # 
 
 
 2,821 
 
 9 
 
 314 
 
 (From 20-31) 
 
 
 Dipping and dehydrating 
 
 3,398 tons* 
 
 §£ 
 
 2,039 
 
 9 
 
 227 
 
 (From. 20-31} 
 
 
 
 
 149,539 
 
 26 
 
 5.752 
 
 man-mpnths 
 
 September 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 
 6,721 acres f 
 
 8 acres 
 
 841 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 6,721 acres^- 
 
 16 acres 
 
 421 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 16,129 acres 7 
 
 9 acres 
 
 1,793 
 
 26 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 Stacking 
 
 14,813 tonsf 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 4,233 
 
 2£ 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 2,011 tonsf 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 403 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Cotton: Irrigating 
 
 47,430 acres f 
 
 1 H 
 
 11,857 
 
 26 
 
 457 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 20,260 cwt. 
 
 250 pounds 
 
 8,104 
 
 13 
 
 624 
 
 
 Scrghum for grain: Cutting by hand 
 
 388 acres + 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 518 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Threshing by stationary machine 
 
 3,742 CWt.t 
 
 100 sacks 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 (From 20-30) 
 
 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 256 acres f 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Melons — honeyballs: Picking 
 
 7,083 crates 
 
 40 crates 
 
 178 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 honeydews: Picking 
 
 63,736 crates 
 
 100 crates 
 
 638 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 (From 1-10) 
 
 
 Peas: Setting polts 
 
 1,135 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 2,270 
 
 8 
 
 284 
 
 
 Stringing 
 
 2,838 acres 
 
 
 4,257 
 
 26 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 Dusting (3 times) 
 
 2,838 acres 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 3,406 
 
 26 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 Irrigating (4 times) 
 
 1,419 acres f 
 
 7 .0 acres 
 
 812 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 
 Table continued cn next page. 
 
; • ' ! 
 
 ■I C 1 -ST-'"*! :3-S£3 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 : r 
 
 ;■ f; 
 
 '• '. ' 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 : •" • 
 
 *> <■>«-<* <-*r IT WW- a 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft," 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 j ■ ' -'■ • ■ i 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 I ij 
 
 
 
 
 \s'CfSt*m%. \ 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ; « 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — . ' 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >■"' 
 
 
 * 1 
 
 
 ■• -:r .t . — - VV-' r— ^T^*- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 l*^'* Hwoai wW«t 
 
 > 
 
 ". ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' i ,„ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 1 • 
 
 
 
 . % 
 
 *: 
 
 f - 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 j m ..: 
 
 
 
 , :'_ 
 
 
 
 
 — v - ' *—-•-> .-* ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 IXC v^U 11 cQ 
 
 nVallaUlc 
 
 Required number of 
 
 iviu null 
 
 l" y* f"i t"\ o ri/J 
 
 Vj X U U cxIlCl babr. 
 
 OioC Ul IdbA 
 
 Mi it nil t rvevy* jtiq y\ H cx ir 
 UU ipu I pel niCLli — (J ctj/ 
 
 7T1Q M /"I Q IFc 
 
 indii-* uay s 
 
 H O V o 
 
 workers* 
 
 O c U L ClllUC I 
 
 VjX LI Uo — "* ul cLIigcb cLilCl XCHHJIlb • Opi caLU — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I t*r\ y> "t" I 
 \ tU ill/*/ 
 
 TKlCT f OVt ill 70V 
 
 1 tit; I cl Llll/iCi 
 
 PO A ^1 fl/troc 
 
 t . U dt xc o 
 
 in pi a 
 
 PR 
 
 394 
 
 
 
 Lpmori^i Pi f^Wi nf 
 
 XJW 1 1 1 V. 1 1 i_j • 1 X O XV X 1 i J£, 
 
 1 QOS hfiYP*; 
 
 X i U \J \J UUAC O 
 
 1 0 tjfrxpc: 
 
 XV UWJl.CO 
 
 1 91 
 
 X -> X 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Figs: Picking Kadotas 
 
 461 tons 
 
 540 pounds 
 
 1,708 
 
 26 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 Picking up for drying 
 
 1,380 tons 
 
 700 pounds 
 
 3,944 
 
 26 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 Drying , fumigating, sorting , sack- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing, etc. 
 
 552 tons 
 
 
 1,822 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking for raisins 
 
 72,000 tons 
 
 4,400 pounds 
 
 32,728 
 
 13 
 
 2,518 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 Turning trays 
 
 120,000 tons 
 
 1,500 trays 
 
 7,273 
 
 26 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 Rolling trays 
 
 67,320 tons^ 
 
 1 , 500 trays 
 
 4,080 
 
 26 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 Rovinc and Vianlincr in 
 
 i-> W -o- X lip-. CXI 1 IX i i CXvX XJ.Hr XXI 
 
 11 PSD trine; ± 
 
 U y \J\J\J [JUUllUO 
 
 
 ?fi 
 
 1 7 A 
 
 
 
 Pi clci nf? f o r ^Vi i nni n <r 
 
 * X O x\ lllg X Ui Oil 1 Up X lip, 
 
 1 3 000 + onci 
 
 X j *J\J\J L^vJUiilxo 
 
 1 7 33d 
 
 ?fi 
 
 cu 
 
 AA7 
 CO/ 
 
 
 
 Pi cki f or un np»T*T p*? 
 
 30 non tnn<! 
 
 X ♦ «J ItvllO 
 
 20 000 
 
 GV 
 
 7 7D 
 
 
 
 Olives: P i c.\ci for* ni f*kl i ncr 
 
 - x x v o » ix vTii * F' X — ' 1 M x. OA XXI a r- 
 
 
 L ±\J\J UliUo 
 
 r Ann 
 
 X o 
 
 
 ^rrom ij-ou j 
 
 
 Ppaobp?? f!l i nc^* Pi nrr 
 
 * v OiWllS ' vXXllgu • 1 X vAXllp 
 
 R Q7S tone- 
 
 P 000 nnnnH<? 
 
 O , 3r # 9 
 
 e. 
 \j 
 
 1 / QA 
 
 ^ r rom x— i ^ 
 
 
 X -1. ilgjO * vUl/ IX 1 Ul Ul Jf Xllg 
 
 
 X | VJUU pUUflUb 
 
 ROR 
 
 e. 
 
 i sn 
 
 xOU 
 
 ^ r rom i- i ^ 
 
 
 wXXIl^O CXI 1U -1 1 CLu UUI1CO ■ V L n C 1 \J.L J "~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yard labor 
 
 1 130 tenq 
 
 
 i ?qq 
 
 X 
 
 26 
 
 bu 
 
 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 27,188 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 36,251 
 
 26 
 
 x ,oy o 
 
 
 
 u±yyxiig emu. bun — GT-^ -*ng 
 
 in 1 QA tunc # 
 
 
 ft AA^ 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 r r o 0,4 a ^-i 1 1 j vx x cl oxug 
 
 If! 1 QR tntiQ i: 
 
 
 A 117 
 O , XX / 
 
 PA 
 CD 
 
 9 ^ A 
 COO 
 
 
 
 Pomegranates : Pi cki nt? 
 
 14 13? luffs 
 
 2 SOn nnunrlci 
 
 
 P6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Walnut*?: Sha.l<i hp 1 off* anH nirVincr un 
 
 ■ * CX XliU WO • Ul 1CXXV 1 J 1c Ul 1 CX 1 iv_i UX vAXilc. LA L 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and hull i ner bv nan ri 
 
 
 POO nnunrft! 
 
 *j u »j 
 
 1 5 
 
 X u 
 
 44 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Shalci nf off find ni cki ncr un nnl v 
 
 ■* l icx x 1 1 fs *— ' i J- CXI 1 VX UX L> X\ X 1 Ik *X ly \J I J. X Jf 
 
 
 ?AA nnnyirl c 
 
 DO f 
 
 1 ? 
 X«J 
 
 49 
 
 (From 15-30) 
 
 
 Hulling by machine, drying, etc. 
 
 111,741 poundsf 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 112 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 i,rrom id— ou j 
 
 
 
 
 
 215,478 
 
 26 
 
 8,288 
 
 man-months 
 
 Dctober 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing 
 
 fi 721 acrpci# 
 
 ft Q P Q 
 
 RA1 
 
 O HX 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 6,721 acrest" 
 
 16 acres 
 
 421 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 16,129 acres f 
 
 9 acres 
 
 1,793 
 
 24 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 Stacking 
 
 14,813 tons^ 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 4,233 
 
 24 
 
 177 
 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 2,011 tonsf 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 403 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 356,554 cwt. 
 
 250 pounds 
 
 142,622 
 
 24 
 
 5,943 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
 to 
 
u — - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 4.'. - ':( ■ 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ■ »'• flM j 
 
 ' '■. \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ .; ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 • ■ .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 ? * 
 
 ; 
 
 1 i 
 
 : 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
 . ..- ' r ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 - i 
 
 
 
 
 
 r ;, . 
 
 
 
 » 7"; * ?' " •'■ 
 
 I j j * ; i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • r - ■ ■ ; 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 [f.f .v.w 1 
 
 V ■ 
 
 V 
 
 ■' i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■ • ■ 
 
 
 
 
 j . . ■ : j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It* *rV £i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' j f 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 
 
 continued . 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 mo nxn 
 
 
 Size of task 
 
 OutDUt per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 October 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Sorghum for grain: Cutting by hand 
 Threshing by stationary machine 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 
 775 acres # 
 11,226 cwt.f 
 512 acres * 
 455 acres 
 315 acres 
 
 0-75 acre 
 100 sacks 
 7.5 acres 
 0.33 acre 
 0.66 acre 
 
 1,034 
 87 
 69 
 
 1,379 
 477 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 44 
 4 
 3 
 58 
 20 
 
 
 Melons -- honeydews: Picking 
 
 Peas: Stringing 
 Dusting (3 times) 
 Irrigating (4 times) 
 Picking 
 
 6,168 crates 
 2,838 acres 
 2,838 acres 
 1,419 acres 3 *"" 
 13,112 cwt. 
 
 100 crates 
 
 2.5 acres 
 7.0 acres 
 180 pounds 
 
 62 
 4,257 
 3,406 
 812 
 7,285 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 178 
 142 
 34 
 304 
 
 
 Citrus — oranges and lemons: Spread- 
 ing fertilizer 
 lemons: Picking 
 Figs: Picking up for drying 
 
 20,431 acres 
 26,666 boxes 
 690 tons 
 
 2.0 acres 
 10 boxes 
 700 pounds 
 
 10,216 
 2,667 
 1,972 
 
 24 
 24 
 12 
 
 426 
 112 
 
 165 (From 1-15) 
 
 
 Drying, fumigating, sorting, sack- 
 ing, etc. 
 Grapes: Rolling trays 
 
 Boxing and hauling in 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 Picking for wineries 
 m i vpq - Pickinc for Dicklins 
 Persimmons: Picking 
 Pomegranates: Picking 
 
 552 tons 
 34,680 tons* 
 11,250 tons t 
 19,500 tons 
 30,000 tons 
 6,720 tons 
 
 1 , 500 trays 
 5,000 pounds 
 1,500 pounds 
 1.5 tons 
 400 pounds 
 700 nounds 
 2 500 Dounds 
 
 t „■ , %J \J\J J>WM11UU 
 
 1,822 
 2,102 
 4,500 
 26,000 
 20,000 
 33,600 
 458 
 170 
 
 24 
 12 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 76 
 
 176 (From 1-15) 
 188 
 1,084 
 834 
 1,400 
 20 
 8 
 
 
 Walnuts: Shaking off and picking up; 
 hulling by hand 
 
 Shaking off and picking up only 
 
 903,040 pounds 
 1,354,560 
 
 200 pounds 
 266 pounds 
 
 4,516 
 5,093 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 189 
 213 
 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hulling by machine and drying, etc. 
 
 893,930 ooundst 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 894 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 283.191 
 
 24 
 
 11,800 man-months 
 
 November 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 Sorghum for grain: Cutting by hand 
 Threshing by stationary machine 
 
 259,312 cwt. 
 775 acres f 
 9,979 cwt. 
 
 250 pounds 
 0.75 acre 
 100 sacks 
 
 103,725 
 1,034 
 77 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 4,322 
 44 
 4 
 
 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 511 acres f 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 69 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 
 140 acres 
 280 acres 
 i 
 
 0.33 acre 
 0.66 acre 
 
 425 
 425 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 1 : : B 1 
 
 Table continued on next page . oo 
 
4 
 
Table 3 continued . 
 
 r — ■ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man- day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 November 
 
 Peas: Stringing 
 
 2,838 acres 
 
 
 4,257 
 
 24 
 
 178 
 
 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Dusting (3 times) 
 
 2,838 acres 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 3,406 
 
 24 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 Irrigating (4 times) 
 
 1,419 acresf 
 
 7.0 acres 
 
 812 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Frost control (night irrigation) 
 
 1,419 acres ^ 
 
 * 
 
 355 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 34,420 cwt. 
 
 180 pounds 
 
 19,123 
 
 24 
 
 797 
 
 
 
 Citrus — oranges: Smudging 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 3,464,318 boxes 
 
 50 boxes in 6 
 
 69,287 
 
 24 
 
 2,887 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lemons: Picking 
 
 53,331 boxes 
 
 10 boxes 
 
 5 ,334 
 
 24 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 Figs: Drying, fumigating, sorting, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sacking, etc. 
 
 138 tons 
 
 456 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 (From 1-15) 
 
 ^ X L \J ill _X. ^ \J J 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking for shipping 
 
 19,500 tons 
 
 1 , 500 pounds 
 
 26,000 
 
 24 
 
 1 0H4 
 
 
 
 Picking for wineries 
 
 7 500 tons 
 
 1 S ton*; 
 
 5 000 
 
 24. 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 Olives: Pickine for Dicklinp 
 
 ? 800 tons 
 
 4.00 nonnHc; 
 
 14 000 
 
 24 
 
 584 
 
 
 
 Pomegranates: Picking 
 
 14,132 lugs 
 
 2,500 pounds 
 
 170 
 
 24 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Walnuts: Shaking off, picking up, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hulling by hand 
 
 112 880 nounriq 
 
 POO nounrlc! 
 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 Shaking off and picking up only 
 
 169,320 pounds 
 
 266 pounds 
 
 637 
 
 24 
 
 P7 
 
 
 
 Hulling by machine, drying, etc. 
 
 111,741 pounds 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 112 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2SS ?6Q 
 
 (v> J J | IjU J 
 
 24 
 
 10.637 
 
 man— months 
 
 December 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 90,039 cwt. 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 45 020 
 
 22 
 
 P 04.7 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting and field packing 
 
 597 crates 
 
 18 crates "f" 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 Peas: Frost control (night irriga- 
 
 1,419 acres# 
 
 
 355 
 
 22 
 
 1 7 
 
 
 
 ting) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 26.224 cwt. 
 
 1 ft 0 nnunHQ 
 
 14 5fi9 
 
 22 
 
 OO.j 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 230 acres 
 
 0 25 a f* rp 
 
 920 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 Citrus -- oranges: Smudging 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 ? 957 62P hnvp' 
 
 RO hoYcc i n A 
 
 JU UUAC O All O 
 
 
 pp 
 
 <i , coy 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lemons: Picking 
 
 • J y J I? f UUAC O 
 
 1 (~} hriVfic 
 JLVJ UVJAt-o 
 
 
 
 364 
 
 
 
 Figs — Kadota: Pruning 
 
 33 acres +■ 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 
 Grapes — Thompson and Sultana: Prun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 1,980 acres ♦ 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 3,960 
 
 11 
 
 360 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 
 Other table and wine varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 2,763 acres f 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 3,684 
 
 11 
 
 335 
 
 (From 15-31) 
 
 Table continued on next page. ^ 
 
1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man -days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 December 
 
 Grapes (cont.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 631 (From 1-15) 
 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 5,200 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 6,934 
 
 11 
 
 
 Olives: Pruning 
 
 231 acres + 
 
 0.17 acre in 8 
 
 1,359 
 
 22 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for oil 
 
 429 tons 
 
 500 pounds 
 
 1,716 
 
 22 
 
 78 
 
 
 Peaches — including nectarines: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 2,016 acresf 
 
 0.3 acre 
 
 6,720 
 
 22 
 
 306 
 
 
 Plums: Pruning 
 
 862 acres * 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 3,448 
 
 22 
 
 157 
 
 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 
 723 acres * 
 
 0,5 acre 
 
 1.446 
 
 22 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 157.449 
 
 22 
 
 7.157 man-months 
 
 * On monthly basis unless otherwise noted. 
 
 f Laborers work 8 hours in December and January, and 9 hours per day in March and April. 
 f Portion of job done by seasonal workers. 
 $ Eight hour day. 
 
 *P Smudging on citrus fruits requires a man on call for each five acres during the winter months. The amount of labor 
 needed varies greatly with the season. 
 
 jl It should be noted that this figure, rather than representing the required number of individuals, represents the 
 required man-months of labor, and is derived by dividing the number cf man-days by the total number of days available for 
 work during the month. 
 
 ** All these operations combined require a total of 20 man-days per acre -- 20 per cent each in February and March, 
 and 30 per cent each in April and May. 
 
 •t Hoeing requires a total of 3 man-days per acre — half in April and half in May. 
 
 T f Cultivating requires a total of 3 man-days per acre -- one-third each month, in April, May, and June. 
 
 ^ <J Cultivating requires a total of 3 man-days per acre -- 40 per cent each month in April and May, and 20 per cent in 
 
 June 
 
 <tt<*\ Twelve hour day, 
 
 ro 
 
 en 
 
 Table continued on next pago . 
 

 
 
 ■ ■ ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • . • ■ .< - 
 
 : • 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 4 
 
* * < 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 1/ U Estimate based on a total of 12 man-hours for the season, equally distributed during the months of June, July, 
 August, and September. Irrigators work 12 hours a day. 
 
 a. Dry-yard labor other than cutting, estimated to be as follows: 
 
 Apricots - 11 man-hours per fresh ton 
 
 Peaches - 11.5 man-hours per fresh ton 
 
 Prunes — sun-drying- 8.3 man-hours per fresh ton 
 dehydrator- 6.0 man-hours per fresh ton 
 
 Caprifying requires about 1 man-day per acre. 
 
 c/ A flat of figs contains about 7 pounds net weight. 
 
 d/ Stringing peas requires a total of 5 man-days per acre -- 10 per cent in August, and 30 per cent ench in September, 
 October, and November. 
 
 e/ It is estimated that it required an average of 33 man-hours per dry ton to handle these figs -- allowance being 
 made for the varying amounts of labor needed for different varieties. 
 
 £s Trays of 22 pounds net, fresh weight. 
 
 g Total of 0.5 man-days per acre — 50 per cent in November, and 50 per cent in December. 
 
 (\3 
 
27. 
 
 TABLE 4 
 
 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months 
 Tularo County 
 1935 
 
 
 Required man-days 
 
 Available 
 
 Required man-months 
 
 Month 
 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 days 
 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 January 
 
 159,337 
 
 20 
 
 7,967 
 
 February 
 
 84,853 
 
 23 
 
 3,690 
 
 March 
 
 22,336 
 
 23 
 
 972 
 
 April 
 
 71,635 
 
 24 
 
 2,985 
 
 May 
 
 112,340 
 
 25 
 
 4,494 
 
 June 
 
 fi7 one 
 
 
 o con 
 2, boy 
 
 July 
 
 81,820 
 
 26 
 
 3,147 
 
 August 
 
 149,539 
 
 26 
 
 5,752 
 
 September 
 
 215,478 
 
 26 
 
 8,288 
 
 October 
 
 283,191 
 
 24 
 
 11,800 
 
 November 
 
 255,269 
 
 24 
 
 10,637 
 
 December 
 
 157,449 
 
 22 
 
 7,157 
 
 Total 
 
 1,660,472 
 i 
 
 
 69,578 
 
 Notes 
 
 Notes on Table 2 .— Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table break 
 down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in order 
 to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3) . Some opera- 
 tions are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For instance, only 
 about 33 per cent of the labor in harvesting grain is done by seasonal workers. TVhen 
 a job extends over several different months, the proportionate amount for each month 
 is shown. 
 
 The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed dur- 
 ing 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning local 
 farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry of produc- 
 ers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fixing dates of 
 planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Proportionate 
 amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of local practices 
 with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable products. Rec- 
 ords of truck shipments were also used when available. 
 
 Notes on Table 3 , — Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as worked 
 out for Tulare County as a result of find ings pertinent to 1935. The data are pre- 
 sented by months with tho tasks which were performed in each month indicated by both 
 crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing in table 1 
 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of performance, and percentage of 
 work pertinent to a given month) . The output per man-day was calculated as indicated 
 in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of required man-days is a result of 
 dividing the size of task by output per man-day. The available days for the differ- 
 ent tasks involve two variables . The first is the number of days whun field work is 
 possible because of favorable weather conditions. 
 
 The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly weather 
 charts of the United States Weather Bureau for tho years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These 
 data indicated available days per month as follows (based on a 26-day working month 
 
I 
 
28. 
 
 without allowance for holidays): 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 January 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 February 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 August 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 March 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 September 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 April 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 Way 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 Source of data: Based on precipitation records of the Visalia station of the United 
 States Weather Bureau for the yoars 1933, 1934, and 1935. 
 
 The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the 
 job. If the output was only a fow cars, then the number of days was limited to the 
 time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had to be per- 
 formed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then the 
 specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in parentheses. For 
 example, in June the picking of apples was limited to the last half of the month. 
 
 The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed soasonal labor, 
 the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary number of men 
 (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a monthly basis to care 
 for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. 
 
 In an area such as Tulare County, involving a variety of annual crops, the find- 
 ings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year to year, 
 because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted, and when it 
 is planted; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yiolds, time of per- 
 forming operations, and available days; and because of harvesting operations on cer- 
 tain crops being speoded up to supply a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor one, 
 rosulting in marked variations in the noed for harvest labor. 
 
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