UC-NRLF B M nS 0*^4 THE ^XTRA Gli^L AND THE FULL QUART POT A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDY BY GEORGE WATSON COLE ALEXANDER MORING LIMITED THE DE LA MORE PRESS 32 GEORGE ST., HANOVER SQ., LONDON, W. i 1919 THE EXTRA GILL AND THE FULL QUART POT A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDY BY GEORGE WATSON COLE ALEXANDER MORING LIMITED THE DE LA MORE PRESS 32 GEORGE ST., HANOVER SQ., LONDON, W. i 1919 LiBRARY SCHOOL GIFT THE EXTRA GII,L AND THE FULL QUART POT. ^ A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDY. HE year after the defeat of the Spanish Armada found the English people ex- ultant and war-like. The fleet of Spain, consisting of 132 vessels and 30,493 men, had been scattered and defeated with a loss of about one-half of its vessels and three-quarters of its men. Undeterred by this great calamity, Philip was resolved to build smaller vessels and renew the contest by sailing direftly to England. Learning of his purpose England re- garded her situation as critical and one imperilling her national existence. As the Government was indisposed to undertake any wars except in self- defence, the people were encouraged to fit out expeditions at their own cost, and to such the Queen lent her assistance. Portugal had been taken by Philip. Don Antonio, an illegitimate member of a branch of the Royal House of that country, was ambitious to be placed on its throne. It is to a narrative of one of the expeditions, fitted out and sent to Portugal to assist him in his purpose, that atten- tion is now called. The expedition was com- manded by General Norris, who had had much 278 4 THE EXTRA GILL AND experience in the field, and Sir Francis Drake, the circumnavigator of the globe. It left Plymouth on the 1 8th of April and returned 2nd July, 1589. The narrative is entitled 'A True Coppie of a Difcourfe written by a Gentleman, employed in the late Voyage of Spaine and Portingale : 58 pp. sm. 4to, London, 1589. The author is unknown, but Hakluyt, who re- printed it in his ' Principall Navigations,' 2 (1599), 2nd pt., pp. 134-55 (wrongly numbered 143), ascribes it to 'Colonel Anthonie Winkfield' (Wing- field), one of the officers who accompanied the expedition. The objeft of the writer seems to have been to explain why the expedition had not been more successful and to contradift certain false statements that had been circulated after its return. In the first few pages he gives his reasons for joining the expedition ; praises the ability of its commanders; comments upon the insufficiency of its arms, men, and ships, as compared with those that had been promised ; and then proceeds to give specific answers to false statements that had been made concerning the mortality among the men and the lack of discipline, of surgeons, of facilities for transportation, and of provisions ; all of which had been alleged. Having disposed of these points, he then goes on to give a detailed account of the expedition from the time it landed at the Groyne until its return to England on the 2nd of July following. The narrative is of especial interest as it intro- duces an incident in the life of the ill-fated Earl of Essex, the favorite of Queen Elizabeth, who joined THE FULL QUART POT. 5 the expedition against the wishes of the Queen, if not in positive disobedience of his Queen's express commands. Though innately polite, Essex was im- petuous, headstrong, and indiscreet in his language, and his life at Court was far from being a happy one, not only for himself, but for those with whom he was brought in conta6l. Learning that this expedition was about to sail he resolved to join it. Notwithstanding the opposition of the Queen, he escaped from Court, rode post haste to Plymouth, and on securing a vessel, immediately sailed out of port, in order to prevent being intercepted in his design, and awaited the sailing of the fleet which he had planned to join. Failing in this he sailed after it and did not finally fall in with it until 13th May, some three weeks after it had arrived at Portugal. In the account of the expedition the name of Essex appears several times, but in none of them as playing any important part. In his introdu6lion the writer says (page 12), in answer to the charge that there was a lack of proper means of transpor- tation, that Essex hired men to carry the sick and wounded on pikes, on account of the lack of mules and asses, and that he even threw away apparel and necessaries from his own carriage in order to give place to them. A page is devoted to an account of his joining the expedition, but to this we shall return later. We are told (page 27) that, on one occasion, Essex with Sir Roger Williams and his brother landed some men to meet the enemy, but returned without engaging them. At another time (page 6 THE EXTRA GILL AND 33) he went out with Sir Roger Williams about eleven o'clock at night to lay an ambush, but re- turned without an encounter. Again (page 33), when the English were before Lisbon and the enemy was retreating, the Earl chased them even to the gates of the high town. Later, his name is merely mentioned, once (page 38) when orders were given for retiring from Lisbon, and again (page 39) when the news of the approach of the enemy ' was welcome to the Earl of Essex and the Generals as they offered every one of them to give the messenger 100 crowns.' Perhaps the most glorious a6t placed to his credit, occurred when, on the same occasion (page 40) General Norris dispatched a messenger with a trumpet, ' by whom he writ a Cartel! to the Generall of their Armie, where he gaue them the lie, in that it was by them reported that we dif- lodged from Lijbone in diforder and feare of them (which indeede was moft falfe) for that it was fiue of the clock in the morning before wee fell into Armes, and then went in fuch fort, as they had no courage to foUowe out vpon vs. Alfo challenged him therein, to meete him the nexte morning with his whole Armie, if he durft attend his coming, and there to trie out the iuftnes of their quarrell by battaile : by whom alfo the Earle of Essex (who preferring the honor of the caufe, which was his Countries, before his owne fafetie) fcnt a particular Cartell, offering himfelfe againft any of theirs, if they had any of his qualitie: or if they would not admit of that, five, eight, or tenne, or as many as they would appoynt, Ihould meet fo many of theirs THE FULL QUART POT. 7 in the head of our Battaile to trie their fortunes with them, and that fhould haue alTurance of their returne and honorable intreatie.' And finally (page 42), we are told that on the sixth of June ' the Earle of EJfex^ vpon receipt of letters from her Maieftie, by them that brought in the vi6tualls, prefentlie departed towards England.' But let us now return to the passage (page 26) we have passed and see the report there given of his arrival. It reads as follows : The 13, day [of May], the Earle of Eflex, and with him Mafter Walter Deuereux his brother (a Gentleman of wonderful great hope), Sir Roger Williams, Colonell generall of the foot men, Sir Philip Butler, who hath alwaies been moft inward wth him, and Sir Edward Wingfield, came into the Fleete. The Earle hauing put himfelfe into the Journey againft the opinion of the . world, and as it feemcd to the hazard of his great fortune [for the reasons already given], though to the great aduancement of his reputation, (for as the honorable cariage of himfelfe towards all men, doth make him highlie efteemed at home : fo did his exceeding forwardnes in all feruices, make tiim to be wondrred (sic) at amongft vs) who, I fay, put off" in the fame winde from Famouth^ that wee left Plymouth in, where he lay, becaufe he would auoide the importunitie of meffengers that were daylie fent for his returne, and fome other caufes more fecret to himfelfe, not knowing (as it feemed) what place the Generals purpofed to land in, had been as far as Cales in AndaloftUy and lay up and downe about the South Cape, where he tooke fome ships laden with Corne, and brought them vnto the Fleete. Alfo in his returne from thence to meete with our Fleete, he fell with the Hands of Bayon ; and on that fide of the riuer which Cannas ftandeth vpon, he, with Sir Roger Williams and thofe Gentlemen 8 THE EXTRA GILL AND that were with him went on fhore, with fome out of the fhip he was in, whom the Enemie, that held gard upon that Coaft, would not abide, but fled into the countrie. Here the account ends in one of the two copies (the Halsey copy) in the library of Mr. Henry E. Huntington. When John Payne Collier wrote his account of this little work, from the Second Issue, in his 'Rarest Books' (Lond., i: 257-9; N.Y., i: 317), he seems to have been quite unaware that of this pamphlet there were Two Issues. It appears that the account given above, as taken from the First Issue, left something yet to be desired in praise of Essex, for the leaf on which the last few lines of the above was printed was cancelled and nine and one-third (9-1/3) lines of new matter were added in greater praise of Essex. These new lines appear on page 27 of the Huth copy (' Cat.,' 2 : 443 ; ' Sale,' 2 : 2451), and are as follows : After his coming into the fleet (to the great reioycing of vs all) he demaunded of the Generals, that after our Armie fliould come on fhore, he might alwaies haue the leading of the vangard, which they eafilie yeelded vnto : as being defirous to fatiflie him in all things, but efpeci- ally in matters fo much tending to his honor as this did; fo as from the time of our firft landing in Portingall^ he alwaies marched in the poynt of the vangard, accompanied with Sir Roger Williams (except when the necefitie of the place hee held) called him to other feruices. Now this reprinted leaf is of the utmost im- portance and interest to the bibliographer and 27 WiUiams,«U) tbofe Gentlemen tbat lorre tottb bint tocnt on Qpo^e, luitb fome men out of t^e Q)(y bt toas ut,lDboni tlie Cncmic, t^it belo garD by on ct)«t Coaa^tooula not abiDfjbutQeobp tntotbecountnr» Cbe 1 <^*Oap tof lauOtO at 7cnicha in Portiftgafffinm (be (boc of tbe CaQIe, anD aboue tbe tuaOcm toater^mo^e tban a mile from tbe totone, tsbetem manp toete m penH of o;otomng,bp tcafou tbe lumne uias sreat,ani) tbe ^ea Isent Otgb>^btct ouertb^etue one boatc, tDbb)itbal4tno tb)entit barrels ofp9)soer : fo aspof* C 2 feCins ^7 yaid) fome menoutof cbe Q}iy^e Umae in^ luIjoiU t^e enetiUe tbacbelD^arDbpontbc $0411. tDouh) not abiii£,butfieD bp intotbtcqmiccjj.aft^jp^bic'.cSmmgmeo tbcflat((o tbe ^xtat wio?ci8ff of \) J anjbeoemaimocD of cbe Gpennals, tbataf* m OUT ^criiicibouio come »v(b3^c, be UHa:bt ^luiair^ baiie tb^Ieaoittjf of tb€tJantgarD,lpbi£^J tbcp cauliepaloco i^nto: 39 being oeHroue co fattr^ebim mail tbingiai, tiuufpcnallp in matters fo mucb tenotng to bis bouo;t as tbiis bic; fo asi fron] tbe.tim^of oat firtt lanDiRg in TortwgaU, bee aliuaicu marcbcB iiit(>epopntoftbeban5.uo,acconipanicD Ujitb^ic Rogef William»{c)cfept lub^n tbcnecfflitig of tbt place b« belo) calico bin^ to otbccfcruicfji* ttbe I <5.Dap toc lauoeo at Pr;7;c^rf in FoytingAll, bnucr tbe (bot of (beCa(tlc,anD aboue tbcluaS in tearerjriioje tban a mile from J tQl»nr,njbcrin manp ujtre in peril ofo^oiuning:, tp realon tbe aino loasi jre at, ^ tbe «^ea ujcnt bigb, tobicb Ottertb?etaJ one boat toberin 25. of Captatnc Dolphins men pcrilbeo. t^be.Cncnie, bnn0;,fiuec5uan ice Q^.S^Anyajrds^^n* per tbe comaunoftnenc of J (JpmlcdcFucntcsjfaiUco out of tbetotoueiigainftbs, er in out lancinj mane tbcirapp^oacb flofe bp tbe mater Gpe. 15ut tljc €avlc of i: Hex, \{i ^tr Ro- ger WiiIiarnsjbii5b?otber,bauing;lanDeDruff(C(cntmmibec tp malte 2 . ttoupCjIeft one to bolo tbe tuap bp tbe toater Goe , anD lej^ i otber oner tbc.^anobilssitobif b tbe .^uemp feeing, •jitt tbeir« liketDife ftirrbcr into tbe lanDinat,a»;wc Captatne lacfon, tbep ftfflO tbe fame euen to tbe pul^ aftbepike:in,ujbtfb rbarge ^ at tbe pufl), Captaine R^obcit PmvU}a3flaitte,^'eenemiebeiugficofurtbeitbd\uebao reafon to foUoU) tbcm, al our compaiiiea toere D?aU}n to tbe totont b3bifb being D«fo;tiacD in anp plafe, toe founo xyxx^v ftnoeo bp a^iie mauagmnft tjs. ano tbe refo?e tbe OSenctaa MMfcfi tbe Milleto bee Comoueo f nigbt: iiJbtcb being abati. : wne5 bp bimtbat comflonoeait^a Ttfr/i;?^^'^?^"^^^ ^^°- THE FULL QUART POT. 9 student of Elizabethan book- making as it illus- trates, in the briefest possible space, more of the peculiar methods employed by the printers of that era than are to be found elsewhere in so limited a compass. As originally printed the leaf contained two pages of thirty-seven lines each ; as reprinted, it contains, including the nine and one-third lines of absolutely new matter, two pages of thirty-eight lines each, and yet not an essential word of the original matter has been omitted. How did the compositor- manage to get all this new matter into these two pages without over- running ? It is perfectly safe to say that no modern printer could have done it. How then could the Elizabethan printer succeed in doing what his successor in the art preservative of arts cannot do ? Simply because he was allowed more flexibility in his work than is permitted in the present day. The printer of the present day is restri(5led by certain rules and standards that hamper him in his work but which he is compelled to observe. Now the Diftionary establishes a fixed rule for spelling ; then the printer could spell as he liked. He could expand or condense his spelling to meet his re- quirements. What were those requirements? If we look at a book printed, say before 1641, we shall find that the spacing between the words is very close. This was a requirement followed by all printers in those days, and to accomplish it, and not give the scrappy look that meets the eye when we look at a modern book, he made use of a variety of means in order to comply with his Procrustean lo THE EXTRA GILL AND rule for close spacing. In fa<5l, the whole secret, if any there be, was in the justifying of the lines. When the modern printer, with his fixed rules for spelling and for the dividing of words, comes to the end of a line and finds that he cannot get in the whole of a word or a part of it, he goes back and puts in more spaces between the words. The result is that we find in a book printed at the present day one line closely spaced and the next one openly spaced. This it can readily be seen destroys the harmonious uniformity of spacing so generally found in the old books of which we are speaking. The books of the early printers have been much admired and justly so. May it not be, that, in addition to the symmetry of the page, the excellence of the paper, and the beauty of the chara6lers, the evenness of the spacing, so noticeable in the products of the early presses, has unconsciously added to our admiration of these works more than we have been accustomed to realize .? The Elizabethan printer went about his work with more freedom than the compositor of the present. He lengthened the spelling of a word where necessary to fill out a line, or, if he wished to condense it and get more into a line, shortened or abbreviated words, which he considered as in- dispensable requisites to good printing. If we look at the cancel and the cancelled leaf in the book under consideration we find that they present a beautiful uniformity of appearance, so far as spacing is concerned, and yet really the cancel contains one-ninth more matter than the cancelled i8 one Dap ) m^etem fotne ^nettf ana ot^et po^e men rame mito ^etc neloe Kin^, p^omtfing in tte name of tbetc Countnenejcc aDtointns^^tbactuit^jin ttofi aatC0 tie (bonlD liaue a goo fupplte of bo^fe ann foote fo; W a0iffance* ^i)ac n&f b)e remainep t^ere,t|ie 6eneraUs(companie of |io^re0toetet)n(l)tppe9* ^^e (Z5eneran0 ^aamg tfjere refolneti ttat tfje Srmt'e QiottlDmatct) ouec lann to Lijbonctmttn tte (0DU(t of 6e« nerallNorris: ano cbat 6eneraII Drake QjoqId meet bint intbe rtuet tbereof toitb tbe jf leete : tbac tbere (boulo be one Companie of foote left in same of tbe CaQle, ano fijre in tbe(b Jpp(0 : alfo tbat tbe Htke ano burt Q)ouId remaine tberetnitb p^ouiOon^ fo^ tbetc nicec;. ^be 6eneralL to ttit tbe euent of tbe matter bp cjcpeoition^tbe ne):toap l^eganto marcb tn tbts ro;it: W olnne Hegtment, ant tbe Hfffimentjl of <^ir Roger Williams, ^ir Hemic Norris, Colonel Lanc,gt Colonel Mcdkerk,m tbe dan- gam : (General Drake,CoIoneI Dcuercux,^ir Edward Norris, ano Colonell Sidncis in tbe 15attaile : 3)ti lames Hales, ftit Edward Wingfield, Colonell Vmp- tons, Colonell Huntlies, ^Colonell Bretsin tbe 9rrere« mam* T5p tbat time out Scmte tnas tbuis marlbaneDn (Denerall Drakc^ tobo tbougb bt Doere to palTe bp Sea, pet tomakeknotDnetbebono^ableoefire be bao of taking equan part of all fo^ttmest tsitb ^a, (hooebpon tbe afcent of an biU> bp t^t tnbicb our 3attalton0 mull of neceiHtie marcb, ano Uitb a pleating kinone^ taikebitdeauefeue* rallie oftbecommannerif ofeuerteHegiment, bilbing M^ aU mod bappie fuceelTe in our ionmep ouer tbe lano,tott^ a conHant p^omife tbat be tooulo^if tbe tniurte of tbelue< tber nin not binoer bim, meete 06 in tbe riner of I'^jC bone \xtit\) our iPleete^Cbe inant of camagea tbe firtt oap loati fucb, ad tbep toere enfo^ceo to canie tbeir S^anition tpan mend bacfeed^tebtcbtnad tUttmusp remeoieo* 3In tbid marcb Captaine Crifp tbe IP^ouoi! ^ixibAU caufeo on^iDboCcontrarie totbep^oclaroacion publtlbeo it 28 niodcAuvicJ^liemcjyofrctr^iJC^ereofjtieihtiilJuttodeato teot^at Don Antonio toaglanocD, tubWtipenbctuaalo ag= out oftfjc cattle I coibot ^ intteSjto^icy DoHtmanuel fnc« i]in)cu!ji3 Portm^als'mvMMylt 2o.batre!5 of potoioenfo ag{ poCTeOing botlj v co)i3tte f t!)e faaie,liie wftcB tyctfdnetwjpj ujljccin fomgjfncts ^ott)2rp»2emeHfatnebntoii^eirnet»e Eing, yjamtfing in t\)c name of tljcir Cbumckiirict aDio?:* tiino;, ttiat\i3itl)in ttoo Daie« Ijc (boulo Ijauf a goD fupplieof ijo?re $f(oufo?bisa(rillancc. ^M i»^? toeiemaineotl;cre, t^e 6fncral£S companp of ljo?fe3 toereDnfljippcu* '5i:()e6£nfr(rlsbauinjj: tberc rcfoIiifD^t^e^rrmieHjouIo marclj ouetlanD to L//T'o;?tf uiioer ^ coiiotutofgenetaHNoiv ris: J tijat general Drake fljoiilo macUimin fbcriucrt^mof tutljefldete : t^attlrere lIjoulD be one companp offoDtelcfcm garo of tfje cattle, ^ 6. of t(je ttjipscairo ^ tbe ttcfte afiDbwrt .fboulD rentaine tbcre \h pioutttbus fo;t cbetr c(ires(»C(ie ($e« neraljto trie f euenc of tl;e mum bp e]cpeoit!on,tbe nr^coa? began CO marcl> on tbis fo^ctbt^ o^ne regiment , ^t|ieregpec to matte fenoton tbe bono^able oeHre be !raD oUfii^% equal part of al fortune j( tfiUg^ttcoD bpo tbeafcentof aiiM, lip J toljicb our battalions mutt ofnecettitie maitb,$)i«tM pleattngKinonje^ta^ebtiS leaue feuerallp of tbe romaunDeris of eucric regimentjUJiiljing H al bappp fuccctre in our iour* nep ouer tbf lano^tott^ a couttant p^omrTe ^ (ji tooul^, iU\)t iniuip of ]3 tuctber did not binoer iim,ihac D* in tbe ri«f r of lijhone U)ic[) our Katt. ^\)t toant of caniageg tbe §f tt oa^ Itiact fucO) 80 tbep uoereenfo^ceo to cartie tbeit ^^umtion iipon tmni backeis, W^ tuais cbe nejcc oap remeoie^* 3lnc^(fl( marct) Captaine Crifpe^t^elp^cHioC^arfl^air, ^ulco one iD^Q (conUAnc to i^t p^odamacton yiMt^m - : at THE FULL QUART POT. ii leaf. The printer has, in fa(5t, admirably succeded in pouring another gill into an already full quart pot. If we critically examine his methods we shall find that, nearly, if not all of the devices then practised by his craft in order to secure the stridl uniformity of close spacing then demanded, have been employed. Of course, in the present instance, this applies more especially to condensation than to the expansion of matter. In the first place we find that he has made great use of contractions, as the following table will demonstrate. For example, instead of spelling the word ' and,' as in the cancelled leaf, the printer has made use of the ampersand, ' &,' fifteen times. This method was one of the common ones in practice with the printers of that time. The table gives other examples, as follows : (i) Contractions. & for and 15 times. y (final) for ie y for the 8 „ II » „ om 4 » 6 „ on once. a „ an 6e (logotype) for ee 6 times. 00 „ „ 00 once. y for that 4 times. \v „ with S ,, Sir 4 , V twice. fhips for fhippes figures for words once. 4 times. lower-case letters for caps., 1 8 times. 12 THE EXTRA GILL AND We next find that he has frequently omitted the final letters of words, as in the following examples: (2) Omissions '. final e 15 times. medial e 12 „ 4 » „ k once. 2 unessential words in the ist Issue are omitted in the 2nd : fome, p. 27, 3rd line from end; moft, p. 28, line 30. Changes in punctuation cannot really be said to efFedt much in the way of condensation, but we have noted two or three examples as follows : (3) Punctuation. Omitted in 2nd Issue 3 times. Added „ „ once. Changed once. Again, in resetting his type the printer has met with a few instances in which he found it necessary to extend the line in order to adhere to his in- flexible rule of close and uniform spacing : (4) Extensions in Second Issue. an for a once, on „ 6 „ ie (final) for y „ u added twice. 1 (final) added „ THE FULL QUART POT. 13 We have noted a few other changes of a mis- cellaneous character which are probably due to the personal equation of the compositor who did this particular piece of work. They are as follows : (5) Other Changes in the Second Issue. Italic cap. for swash cap. twice. Swash „ J, Italic „ once. y for i twice. 11 „ m (an error) once. the for that, p. 27, line 4. of „ in, p. 28, „ 13. on „ in, p. 28, „ 16. To summarize, we have, within the space of 67 lines, 139 changes, embodying some 37 varieties. If an equal number are to be found elsewhere in as limited a space we have yet to learn of it. This pamphlet is of interest to the historian because of the famous men who appear in it as a(5lors and especially for the part played by the unfortunate Earl, who later fell a vidlim of his own unhappy traits. To the bibliographer this interest is subordinated to the fa(5t that here we have displayed, in a very restricted space, almost every device that the printers of old were accus- tomed to employ in condensing lines in order to adhere to their inflexible rule for close spacing. THE DE LA MORE PRESS LTD. 32 GEORGE STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W. i }" ' ^ 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subjert to immediate recall. APR 1 7 1963 NOV 1 5 1967 ^^^^^nr --^i™-^