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A 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The object of tlie publishers in issuing the present 
 volume was not so much to produce a new book, as to 
 render an old and, in many res]3ects, a good one, more 
 suited to the present state of scholarship, and the exi- 
 gences of the student. 
 
 With this view the translation has been carefully 
 compared with Wagner's text, and with the principal 
 commentaries ; many thousand alterations, involving 
 either closer accuracy in translation or a stricter adher- 
 ence to the construction, have been introduced ; and, 
 while the brief historical and mythological notes of the 
 original work have been retained for the use of the tyro, 
 attention has also been paid in the editor's further 
 illustrations to the requirements of the more advanced 
 tjcholar. 
 
 *•■" J c i* \* X 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 The brief Memoir of Virgil contains every fact neces- 
 Bary to be known by the gent^al student, and nothing 
 more. In criticising a poet, whose taste, rather than his 
 invention, is to be commended, it is easy to offend many, 
 and plcdrie none ; to draw comparisons, but fail of con- 
 viction^ 
 
 THEODORE ALOIS BUCKLEY, 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 PuBLius ViRGiLius Maro was born on the 15th of 
 October, b. c. 70, at Andes, a little village near Mantua. 
 His mother's name was Maia, and his father was prob- 
 ably a small landowner. Great attention must have 
 been bestowed upon the education of our poet, as he 
 appears to have been thoroughly imbued with the spirit 
 of ancient philosophy by his master, Syron. Delicacy 
 of health, and the probable want of influence arising 
 from his not being a Koman citizen by birth, no doubt 
 prevented his attention to the more rising professions 
 of war and oratory, and contributed to strengthen his 
 natural inclination for a retirement sacred to poetry 
 and agriculture. 
 
 The fatal issue of the battle of Philippi, in b. c. 42, 
 placed Mark Antony and Octavianus at the head of 
 affairs, and the latter quicldy began, on his return, to 
 reward his soldiers with allotments of land. To make 
 way for these new occupants, the old possessors had to 
 give up their own estates, and among these sufferers 
 was Virgil. The particulars of the case arc insufficiently 
 
jriii MEMOIR. 
 
 known to us, but Virgil ijrobably owed the subsequent 
 restitution of his estate (between d. c. 42 and 40) to the 
 advice and intercession of Asinius PoUio. The first 
 Eclo<'"ue is commonly regarded as a tliank-Oiiering of 
 the poet to Augustus. 
 
 About the same time Virgil became acquainted with 
 the proverbial patron of men of genius, Mcecenas, at 
 whose mansion his friendship with Horace probably 
 commenced. The writings of the latter show that the 
 most cordial intimacy must have subsisted between 
 these distinguished poets and their liberal entertainer. 
 
 Critics seem to agree in placing the completion of the 
 Georgics in b. c. 31, while his Eclogues were no doubt 
 of an earlier date. As Theocritus formed the model of 
 these brief pastorals, so the Greek agricultural and 
 astronomical poems of Hesiod, Aratus, Nicander, and 
 others, whose works are only known to us in fragments, 
 furnished the materials, and often the language, of tho 
 Georgics of Virgil. 
 
 The ^neid must have occupied our poet's thoughts 
 for a lonsf time, althoucrh wc have no certain data of its 
 oommeneetlient and progress.' At whatever time, how- 
 ever, it was begun, the poet appears to have regarded 
 it as an unfinished production at the time of his death, 
 an opinion in wdiich modern critics have unanimously 
 coincided. 
 
 On the return of Augustus from Samos in the year 
 c. c. 20, ho met Vir2:il at Athens. An intended tour 
 
 ' A summary of some of tho principal Eupposlliors on this head T.-iil 
 bo found in Mr. George Long's article " Virgilius," in Smith's Biographi- 
 cal Dictionary. 
 
MEMOIR. ix 
 
 through Greece was prevented by his failing health, 
 and Virgil died soon after his arrival at Brundusium, 
 on the 2d of September, b. c. 19. His remains were 
 carried to Naples, which had been his favorite place 
 of residence, and, if we may believe Donatus, the fol- 
 lo^ving inscription, from the poet's own hand, was 
 [iliiccd on the tomb. 
 
 *• 2vlantua me genuit, Calabri rapucre, tenet nunc 
 Pailbenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces." 
 
 Although Virgil had lived with the greatest liberality, 
 and had been studiously mindful of the fulfillment of 
 filial duty, ho left considerable property, accumulated 
 by the liberality of his friends. His manners Avere 
 modest and retiring ; his disposition distinguished by 
 amiable urbanity and unassuming gentleness. Norw^as 
 his fortune inferior to his merits. He lived in the best 
 age of Kome, among the best spirit^of that age, and 
 enjoyed the delights of fame without the persecutions 
 of envy and the sacrifice of character. If not possessed 
 of the mighty inventive genius of a Homer or jEschy- 
 lus, he was beyond all others in the true perception of 
 elegance, in the unaffected love of his subject, and in 
 the exquisite finish and sublimity of his episodes. 
 

 VIRGIL'S BUCOLICS, 
 
 ECLOGUE I. 
 
 V'irgil, in this Eclogue, celebrates the praises of Augustus, for restoring tc 
 him his lands, of which he had been dispossessed, having been bestowed 
 upon the veteran soldiers who had fought in the cause of Augustus, at 
 the battle of Philippi, b, c. 42. Tityrus personates Virgil, or probably his 
 father, and Meliboeus^ his less fortunate neighbors, the Mantuans. 
 
 , Melibceus, Tityrus. 
 
 M. You, Tityrus, reclined under the covert of a full-spread 
 beech, practice a woodland lay on a slender oaten pipe. Wo 
 leave the bounds of our country, and our pleasant fields ; wo 
 fly our country ; you, Tityrus, stretched at ease in the shade, 
 teach the woods to re-echo beauteous Amaryllis.^ 
 
 T. O Meliboeus, a god hath vouchsafed us this tranquillity ; 
 for to me he shall always be a god ; a tender lamb from our 
 folds shall often stain his altar [with its blood]. He permitted 
 ray heifers to range at large, as you see, and myself to play 
 what I wished on my rural reed. 
 
 M. I envy you not indeed ; I rather marvel ; to such an ex-^ 
 tent is there confusion in the lands. Lo, myself, sick at heart, 
 am driving forth my tender she-goats : this, too, O Tityrus, I 
 drag along with difficulty : for here just now among the thick 
 hazels having yeaned twins, the hope of a flock, she left them, 
 alas ! on the naked flinty rock. This calamity, I remember, 
 my oaks stricken from heaven often presaged to me, had not 
 my mind been infatuated : [often the ill-boding crow from a 
 hollow oak presaged.^] But tell me, Tityrus, who is this god 
 of yours? 
 
 ^ Amaryllis, the name of a country girl. Some have supposed that the 
 poet spoke of Eome under that name. 
 
 ^ This line properly belongs to Eel. ix. 15. "Memini"is elegantljr 
 used with respect to ill omens. Cf. Ter. Phorm. i. 2, 24. B. 
 
 1 
 
2 BUCOLICS ECL. I. 20—50. 
 
 T. The city, Meliboeus, which they call Rome, I foolish 
 imagined to be like this our [Mantua^], whither* we shep- 
 herds ni't hm ^voiit to drive down* tlie tender offspring of our 
 ewes. So I had known whelps like dogs, so kids [like] their 
 dams : thus was I wont to compare great things with small. 
 But that city hath raised its head as far above others, as the 
 cypresses are wont among the limber shrubs.® 
 
 M. And what so great a reason had you to visit Rome ? 
 
 T. Liberty; which, though late, yet kindly looked upon 
 me, although indolent, after my beard began to fall off with a 
 whitish hue when I shaved; yet [on me] she looked, and 
 after a long time came, when Amaryllis began to sway me, 
 and Galatea had cast me off. For I vv-ill not disown it, while 
 Galatea ruled me, I had neither hopes of liberty, nor concern 
 about my stock. Though many a \dctim went from my folds, 
 and fat cheese was pressed for the ungrateful city,'^ my right 
 hand never returned home heavy with money. 
 
 M. I used to wonder, Amaryllis, why disconsolate you 
 were invoking the gods ; and for whom you suffered the apples 
 to hang on the tree. Your Tityrus hence was absent. The 
 very pines, O Tityrus, the fountains, these very copses called 
 for thee. 
 
 T. What could I do ? It was neither in my power, while I 
 staid here, to deliver myself from servitude, nor elsewhere to 
 experience gods so propitious. Here Meliboeus I saw that 
 youth, to whom for twice six days our altars yearly smoke 
 [with incense]. Here first he gave this entreating answer to 
 me: "Swains, feed your heifers as formerly, and yoke youi 
 steers." 
 
 M. Happy old man ! your lands then will remain [still in 
 your possession], and large enough for you. Though the naked 
 flint, and marsh with slimy rush, overspread all the pasture- 
 grounds ; yet no unaccustomed fodder shall harm thy languid, 
 
 ^ Mantua, a city in the north of Italy on the Mincio, in the neighbor- 
 hood of which Virgil was born. 
 
 ^ "Quo"="ad quam." This is a common usage in poetry, but is 
 scarcely to be imitated in prose. See Muncker on Hyginus, Fab. 3. B. 
 
 ^ " Depellere." It must be remembered that VirgU's village, Andes, 
 stood on high ground, and hence the road to the city lay downward. B. 
 
 •^ "Viburnum" is properly the "wayfaring tree." Bo 
 
 ' Urbs is emphatically applied to Rome. So Tibull. i. 9, 61, " Te 
 canet agricola, e magna cum venerit urbe." B 
 
ECL. I. 51—74 BUCOLICS 3 
 
 pregnant ewes ; nor noxious diseases of the neighboring 
 flock shall hurt them. Happy old man ! here, among well- 
 known streams and sacred fountains, you will enjoy the cool 
 shade. On this side, a hedge planted at the adjoining bound 
 ary, whose willow blossoms are ever fed on by Hyblsear-i 
 bees,® shall often court you by its gentle hummings to indulge 
 repose. On the other side, the pruner beneath a lofty rock 
 shall sino- to the breezes : nor meanwhile shall either the 
 hoarse wood-pigeons, thy delight, or the turtle from his lofty 
 elm, cease to coo, 
 
 T. Sooner therefore shall the fleet stags pasture high in 
 the air, and the seas leave the fish naked on the shore ; sooner, 
 the bounds of each being traversed, shall the Parthian^ exile 
 drink the Arar, or Germany the Tigris, than his countenance 
 be effaced from my breast. 
 
 M. But we must go hence ; some to the parched Africans," 
 some of us shall visit Scythia, and Oaxes the rapid [river] of 
 Crete, and the Britons, totally separated from all the world. 
 Ah ! shall I ever hereafter, after a length of time, with wonder 
 behold my native territories, and the roof of my poor cot 
 piled up with tuif ; some ears of corn," my [only] kingdom? 
 Shall a ruffian soldier possess these well-cultivated fields ? — a 
 barbarian, these my fields of standing corn ? See ! to what 
 extremity discord hath reduced us wretched citizens. See ! 
 for Avhoni we have sown our fields. Now, Meliboeus, graft 
 your pear-trees ; in order range your vines. Begone, my 
 
 ^ Hyblffian bees, from Hybla, a mountain of Sicily, celebrated for it3 
 excellent honey. 
 
 * Parthian, etc. Parthia, now part of Persia, a country of Asia. Tlie 
 Arar, or Saone, a river of France, which falls into the Rhone at Lyons. 
 Germany, a largo country of Europe, to the north of Italy. The Tigris, 
 a river of Asia, forming a junction with the Euphrates. 
 
 " Africans, etc. Africa, one of the three divisions of the ancient world. 
 Scythia, a general name given by the ancients to the extreme northern 
 parts of Europe and Asia. Oaxes, a river in the southern part of the 
 island of Crete. The Britons, the inhabitants of Britain, which some of 
 the ancients believed was once joined to the continent of Europe. 
 
 ^' So the later commentators ; but I am still inclined to follow Servius 
 in interpreting aristas " corn seasons." He observes, '• quasi rusticua 
 per aristas nuraerat annos." See my note on Soph. Ant. 340. Dind. 
 So Silius It. viii, 61, " Dum flavas bis tondet messor aristas." Auso- 
 nius, however, probably understood it the other way, if we may judge 
 from hLs imitation, Id. 3, " Salve hserediolum majorum regna meorum." 
 
4 BUCOLICS. ECL. I. 75—84. ii. 1—20. 
 
 goats, once a happy flock, begone : no more sliall I, stretched 
 out in my verdant grot, henceforth behold you hanging far 
 above me from a rock with bushes overgrown. No carols 
 shall I sing; no more, my goats, as I feed you, shall you 
 browse the flowery cytisus and bitter willows. 
 
 T. Yet here this night you may take up your rest with 
 me on green leaves. We have mellow apples, soft chestnuts, 
 and plenty of fresh-pressed curd. And now the high tops of 
 the villages afar smoke, and larger shadows fall from the lofty 
 mountains. 
 
 ECLOGUE n. 
 
 The subject of this Eclogue is copied from Theocritus. The shepherd Cory- 
 dou is deeply euamored of Alexis, an ungrateful youth of great beauty. 
 
 Alexis. 
 
 The shepherd Corydon burned^ for beauteous Alexis, the 
 darling of his master ; nor had he any thing to hope. Only 
 among the thick beeches, high embovv^ering tops, he continu- 
 ally came : there, in solitude, with unavailing fondness, ho 
 cast forth to the mountains and the woods these undisrested 
 [complaints] : 
 
 Ah, cruel Alexis, for my songs hast thou no care ? on me 
 hast thou no pity ? thou wilt surely at last^ compel me to die. 
 Even the cattle now pant after shades and cool retreats ; now 
 the thorny brakes shelter even the green lizards ; and Thes- 
 tylis pounds the garlic and wild thyme, strong-scented herbs, 
 for the reapers spent with the violent heat. But to the hoarse 
 grasshoppers in company with me the thickets resound, v/hile 
 under the scorching sun I trace thy steps. Was it not better 
 to endure the rueful spite and proud disdain of Amaryllis? 
 Would it not [have been better to endure] Menalcas, though 
 he was black, though thou wast fair? Ah, comely boy, trust 
 not too much to complexion. White privets fall neglected ; 
 the purple hyacinths are gathered. By thee, Alexis, I am 
 neglected ; nor dost thou inquire who I am ; how rich in 
 
 ^ For this Grecism compare Hermesianax, 37, KaUro /nev 'Navvov^. 
 "N ernes. Eel. ii. 1, " Eormosam Donacen puer Idas et puer Alcon arde- 
 bant." B. 
 
 ' The full force of " denique" seems to be, "What then? will you 
 force me," etc. B. 
 
ECL. II. 20—48. BUCOLICS. i 
 
 flocks, how abounding in snow-wliite milk.^ A thousand 
 ewes of mine stray on the mountains of Sicily. 1 want not 
 milk in summer ; I have it new even in the cold weather. I 
 warble the same airs which Theban Amphion* was wont, 
 when on Attic Aracynthus* he called his herds together. Nor 
 am I so deformed: upon the shore I lately viewed myself,, 
 when the sea stood unruffled by the winds. I will not fear 
 Daphnis, thyself being judge, if my image never deceives me. 
 O would it but please thee to inhabit with me our mean rural 
 retreats and humble cots, and to pierce the deer, and to drive 
 together a flock of kids to the green mallow ! In the woods 
 along with me thou shalt rival Pan in singing. Pan® first 
 taught [men] to join several reeds with wax ; Pan guards 
 both the sheep and the shepherds. Nor let it displease theo 
 to rub thy lip with a shepherd's reed. What did Amyntas not 
 do to learn this same art ? I have a pipe of seven unequal 
 reeds compactly joined, of which Damoetas some time ago 
 made me a present, and dying, said. Thou art now its second 
 master. Damoetas said : the fooHsh Amyntas envied. Be- 
 sides [I have] two young he-goats I found in a valley not 
 safe, whose skins even now are speckled with white ; each day 
 they drain both the udders of an ewe ; these I reserve for 
 thee. Long Thestylis has begged to have them from me; 
 and she shall do so, since my presents arc disdained by 
 you. 
 
 Come hither, O lovely boy ; behold the nymphs bring thee 
 lihes in full baskets. For thee, fair Nais, cropping the pale 
 violets^ and heads of poppies, joins the dafibdil and flower of 
 
 ^ I follow Anthon's punctuation. But Servius defends " nivei pucoris.'* 
 There seems little difiference. B. 
 
 * Amphion, the famous king of Thebes, who built the walls of that 
 city ; the stones whereof he is said to have made to dance into their places 
 by the music of his lyre. He is called Dircaeus, either from Dirce, his 
 step-mother, whom he put to death for the injuries she had done to hia 
 mother, Antiope ; or from a fountain in Boeotia of that name. 
 
 ^ Aracynthus was a town on the confines of Attica and Boeotia, where 
 was the fountain Dirce : it is called Actceo, Attic, from Acta or Acte, the 
 country about Attica, Ovid. Met. lib. ii. 720, "Sic super Actseas agiha 
 Cyllenius arces inclinat cursus." 
 
 ^ Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly worshiped in Arcadia. B. 
 
 ' it €. gilliflowers or wall-flowers. The term " pale" is here applied 
 to denote a pale, tawny hue, not mere whiteness, as Anthon has ob' 
 served. B 
 
6 BUCOLICS. ECL. II. 48—73. 
 
 sweet-smelling dill. Then, interweaving them with cassia,^ 
 and other fragrant herbs, sets off the soft hyacinths with saf- 
 fron marigold. Myself will gather for thee quinces hoary 
 with tender down, and chestnuts which my Amaryllis loved. 
 Plums I will add of waxen hue. On this fruit" too shall 
 honor be conferred. And you, O laurels, I will crop; and 
 thee, O myrtle, next : for, thus arranged, you mingle sweet 
 perfumes. 
 
 Corydon, thou art a clown. Alexis neither minds thy 
 presents ; nor, if by presents thou shouldst contend, would 
 lolas yield. Alas, alas, what was the bent of my wretched 
 mind ? Undone, I have let the south wand loose among my 
 flowers, and the boars in my crystal springs. Ah, madman, 
 whom dost thou fly ? The gods themselves have dwelt in 
 woods, and the Trojan Paris. Let Pallas herself inhabit the 
 citadels she has erected. Let woods above all things dehgbt 
 us. The grim lioness pursues the wolf, the wolf on his part 
 the goat ; the wanton goat pursues the flowery cy tisus ; Cory- 
 don thee, O Alexis. His own peculiar pleasure draws on 
 oacb one. 
 
 ' See, the steers bring home the plow hung upon the yoke, 
 and the retreating sun doubles the growing shadows ; but me 
 love still consumes. For what bounds can be set to love? 
 Ah, Corydon, Corydon, what frenzy hath possessed thee ? 
 Half-pruned is thy vine on the leaiy elm." Why rather 
 triest" thou not to weave, of osiers and pliant rush, some one 
 at least of those implements which thy work requires. Thou 
 wilt find another Alexis, if this disdains thee. 
 
 ^ The " spurge plant," or " mountain widow-waile," not the aromatic 
 plant of the same name. Anthon. 
 
 " " Pomum" is literally " an apple," but it is also used as a general 
 term for all kinds of fruit. 
 
 ^" Vines were trained to elms. So Hor. Ep. i. 13, 3, "amicta vitibus 
 
 ulmo." B. 
 
 " Literallv, '• but do you rather," i e. " than go on in this mad way." 
 
 B 
 
ECL. III. 1—27. BUCOLICS. 
 
 ECLOGUE m. 
 
 This Eclogue exliibits a trial of skill in singing, between Damcetas and Me- 
 nalcas. Palaemon, who is chosen judge, after hearing them, declares his 
 inability to decide such an important controversy. 
 
 Menalcas, Damcetas, Pal^mon. 
 
 M. Tell me, Damoetas, -whose ^ is that flock? Is it that of 
 Meliboeus ? 
 
 D. No ; but -logon's, ^gon lately intrusted it to my care. 
 
 M. Ah sheep, ever a luckless flock; while he himself ca- 
 resses Neoera, and fears that she may prefer me to him, this 
 hireling shepherd milks his ewes twice in an hour ; and the 
 juice^ is filched from the flock, and the milk from the lambs. 
 
 D. Remember, however, that these scandals should with 
 more reserve be charged on men. AVe know both who [cor- 
 rupted] you, and in what sacred grot, while the goats looked 
 askance ; but the good-natured nymphs smiled. 
 
 M. Then, I suppose, when they saw me with a felonious bill 
 hack Mycon's elm-grove and tender vines. 
 
 D. Or here by these old beeches, when^ you broke the bow 
 and arrows of Daphnis : which when you, cross-grained Me- 
 nalcas, saw given to the boy, you both repined, and had you 
 not, by some means or other, done him a mischief, you had 
 burst [for envy]. 
 
 M. What can masters do, when pilfering slaves are so auda- 
 cious? Miscreant! did I not rce thee entriip that goat of 
 Damon, while his mongrel barked with fury? And when I 
 cried out, Whither is he now sneaking oft'? Tityrus, assemble 
 your flock ; you skulked away behind the sedges. 
 
 D. Ought he not, when vanquished in singing, to give me 
 the goat which my flute by its music won ? If you know it 
 not, that same goat was my own : and Damon himself owned 
 it to me, but alleged that he was not able to pay. 
 
 M. You [vanquish] him in piping ? Or was there ever a 
 wax-jointed pipe in your possession? Wast thou not wont, 
 thou dunce, in the cross-ways to murder a pitiful tune on a 
 squeaking straw ? ' 
 
 ' " Cujum," from the obsolete " cujtis, -a, -?Mn." B. 
 ' i. e. animal lymph, as Edwards observes. Cicero Tusc. Q. ii. IT, 
 " Subdicc cibum unum diem athletfe, ferrc non posse exclamabit." B. 
 
8 BUCOLICS. ECL. III. 28—59. 
 
 D. Are you willing, tlien, that each of us try by turns what 
 we can do ? This young heifer I stake ; and lest you should 
 possibly reject it, she comes twice a day to the milking-pail : 
 two calves she suckles with her udder : say for what stake you 
 will contend against me. 
 
 M. I dare not stake any thing with thee from the flock : for 
 I have a sire at home, I have a harsh step-dame : and twice a 
 day both of them number the cattle, and one the kids. But 
 what thou thyself shalt own of far greater value, since thou 
 choosest to be mad, I will stake my beechen bowls, the carved 
 work of divine Alcimedon,^ round which a curling vine, super- 
 added by the skillful carver's art, mantles the clustering berries 
 diffusely spread by the pale ivy. In the midst are two figures, 
 Conon ; and, who was the other ? He who vdth his wand dis- 
 tributed among the nations the whole globe; [who taught] 
 what seasons the reaper, what the bent plowman, shoulc^ 
 observe. Nor have I yet applied my lips to them, but I keep 
 them carefully laid up. 
 
 D. For me too the same Alcimedon made two bov»ls, and 
 with soft acanthus* wreathed their handles: Orpheus in the 
 midst he placed, and the woods following. ISTor have I yet ap- 
 plied my lips to thorn, but keep them carefully laid up. If you 
 consider the heifer, you have lo reason to extol your bowls. 
 
 M. By no means shalt thou this day escape : I will come to 
 any terms you challenge. Let but that very person who comes 
 (lo, it is Palsemon) listen to this strain : I will take care that 
 you shall not challenge any henceforth at singing. 
 
 D. Come on, then, if thou hast aught [to sing] ; in me there 
 shall be no delay : nor do I shun any one. Only, neighbor 
 Palairaon, weigh this with the deepest attention ; it is a matter 
 of no small importance. 
 
 P. Sing, since we are seated on the soft grass; and now 
 every field, now every tree, is budding forth : now the woods 
 look green ; now the year is most beauteous. Begin, Damoetas : 
 then you, Menalcas, follow. Ye shall sing in alternate verses : 
 the Muses love alternate verses. 
 
 ^ Alcimedon, an excellent carver, but of what country is uncertain. 
 Conon, a Greek astronomer of Samos, the cotemporary and friend of 
 Archimedes, who, probably, was the other figure mentioned by the poet. 
 
 ^ Plin. Ep. V. 6, " Acanthus in piano mollis, et, pene dixerim, liquidua" 
 It is the modern " Brankursine.^^ B. 
 
ECL. m. 60—83. BUCOLICS. 9 
 
 D. From Jove, ye Muses,^ let us begin: all things are 
 full of Jove: he cherishes the earth; by him are my songs 
 esteemed. 
 
 M. And me Phoebus loves : for Phoebus* are still with me 
 his appropriate gifts, the laurel and sweet-blushing hyacinth. 
 
 D. Galatea, wanton girl, pelts me with ajDples,' and flies to 
 the willows, but wishes first to be seen. 
 
 M. But my flame Amyntas voluntarily ofiers himself to me ; 
 so that now not Delia's* self is more famihar to our dogs. 
 
 D. A present is provided for my love : for I myself marked 
 the place where the airy wood-pigeons have built. 
 
 M. AVhat I could, I . sent to my boy, ten golden apples 1 
 gathered from a tree in the wood : to-morrow I will send him 
 ten others. 
 
 D. O how often, and what things Galatea spoke to me ! 
 Some part, ye winds, waft to the ears of the gods. 
 
 M. What avails it, O Amyntas, that you despise me not in 
 your heart, if, while you hunt the boars, I watch the toils. 
 
 D. lolas, send to me Phyllis : it is my birthday. When for 
 the fruits I sacrifice a heifer, come thyself. 
 
 M. lolas, I love Phyllis above others : for at my departure 
 she wept, and said. Adieu, fair youth, a long adieu. 
 
 D. The wolf is fatal to the flocks ; showers to ripened com ; 
 winds to the trees ; to me the anger of Amaryllis. 
 
 M. Moisture is grateful to the sown corn ; the arbute to 
 weaned kids ; the hmber willow to the teeming cattle ; to me, 
 Amyntas alone. 
 
 * Muses, goddesses who presided over poetry, music, etc. The nine 
 Muses were called the Pierian Sisters, from Pieria in Macedonia, where 
 they were born. Yirgil also calls them Sicilian Muses, because Theoc- 
 ritus, the celebrated pastoral poet, was a native of Sicily ; and Lihethrian 
 nymphs, from Libethira, a mountain of Boeotia, in Greece. 
 
 ° Phoebus, a name giveft to Apollo. The " laurel" refers to his mistress 
 Daphne, who was changed into that tree, while flying from her lover. B. 
 
 ■^ The apple, under the Latin name of which (mabwi) the Romans 
 comprehended also the quince, the pomegranate, the citron, the peach, 
 etc., was sacred to Yenus, whose statues sometimes bore a poppy in one 
 hand and an apple in the other. A present of an apple, or a partaking 
 of an apple with another, was a mark of affection ; and so, also, to throw 
 an apple at one. To dream of apples was also deemed by lovers a good 
 omen. Anthon. 
 
 ® Delia. Diana was so called, because she was born in the island of 
 Delos. 
 
 1* 
 
10 BUCOLICS. ECL. III. 84— 105t 
 
 D. PoUio loves my muse, lliougli rustic : ye Pierian Sisters, 
 feed a heifer for your reader. 
 
 M. Pollio himself too composes unrivaled verses : feed [for 
 him] the bull which already butts with the horn, and spurns 
 the sand with his feet. 
 
 D. Let him who loves thee, Pollio, rise to the same state to 
 v/hich he rejoices that thou [liast risen] ; for him let honey 
 flow, and the prickly bramble bring forth amomum. 
 
 M. Who hates not Ba\aus'" verse, may love thine, Msevius ; 
 dnd the same may yoke foxes, and milk he-goats. 
 
 D. Ye swains who gather flowers, and strav/berries that 
 grow on the ground, O fly hence ; a cold snake lurks in the 
 grass.^° 
 
 M. Forbear, sheep, to advance too far ; it is not safe trusting 
 to the bank ; the ram himself is but now drying his fleece. 
 
 D. Tityrus, from the river remove your browsing goats; I 
 myself, when it is time, will wash them all in the pool. 
 
 M. Pen up the sheep, ye swains : if the heat should dry up 
 the milk as of late, in vain shall we squeeze the teats with our 
 hands. 
 
 D. Alas, how lean is my bull amid the fattening vetch ! the 
 same love is the bane of the herd and of the herdsman. 
 
 M. Surely love is not the cause with these : they scarcely 
 stick to their bones. Some evil eye or other bewitches my 
 tender lambs. 
 
 D. Tell me (and you shall be my great Apollo), where 
 heaven's circuit extends no farther than three ells." 
 
 ^ Bavins and Msevius, two contemptible poets in the age of Augustus, 
 contemporarj with Virgih 
 
 *" The Greek proverb is, vtto ttovtI Judu oKopmoc, [" under every 
 stone a scorpion,"] in Carcinus apud Athen. sv. 15. With regard to the 
 epithet, "frigidus," Kiesshng, on Theocr. xv. 58, quotes a remark of the 
 Scholiast on Nicander Th. 291, to the effect that the epithet ipvxpoc ia 
 applied to all reptiles in a similar manner. B* 
 
 " Numerous explanations have been given to the enigma here stated, 
 some making the reference to be to a well ; others, to a pit in the center 
 of Rome, in the Comitium, etc. The best solution, however, is that of 
 Asconius Pedianus, who heard Yirgil himself say, that he meant to al- 
 lude to a certain Coelius, a spendthrift at Mantua, who, having run through 
 all that he possessed, retained merely enough ground for a sepulcher ; 
 and that this very sepulcher, embracing about three ells in extent, is 
 what Damoetas refers to in the text, the whole enigma turning upon the 
 similarity in form and sound between coeli, "of heaven," and C<£U (i. e. 
 Coelii), " of Coelius." Anthon. 
 
ECL.in. 106— 111. IV. 1—15. BUCOLICS. 11 
 
 M. Tell me in -wLat laud flowers grow, inscribed with tlie 
 names of kings ;^^ and have Phillis to thyself alone. 
 
 P. It is not for us to determine so great a controversy- be- 
 tween you ; both you and he deserve the heifer ; and whoever 
 [so w^ell] shall sing the fears of sweet [successful] love, and 
 experimentally describe the bitterness of [disappointment].'^ 
 "Now, swains, shut up your streams ; the meads have imbibed 
 enough. 
 
 ECLOGUE IV. 
 
 Virgil, in this Eclogue, is supposed by some to refer to the hirth of Marcel- 
 lus, the son of Octavia, the sister of Augustus ; or to a son of his patron, 
 the consul Pollio, to whom the Eclogue is inscribed. Others consider it 
 to be founded on ancient predictions respecting the Messiah, and apply it 
 to our blessed Saviour. 
 
 Pollio. 
 
 Ye Sicilian Muses, let us sing somewhat higher strains. 
 Vineyards and lowly tamarisks delight not all. If rural lays 
 we sing, let those lays be w^orthy of a consul's ear. The last 
 era, of Cumsean' song, is now arrived : The great series of ages 
 begins anew. Now, too, returns the virgin Astrtea,' returns 
 the reign of Saturn ; now a new progeny is sent down from 
 high heaven. Be thou but propitious to the infant boy, under 
 whom first the iron age shall cease, and the golden age over 
 all the Avorld arise, O chaste Lucina; now thy own x\polIo 
 reigns. While thou too, Pollio, while thou art consul, this 
 glory of our age shall make his entrance ; and the great months 
 begin to roll. Under thy conduct, whatever vestiges of our 
 guilt remain, shall, being done away, release the earth from 
 fear forever. He shall partake the life of gods, shall see 
 
 " The allusion is to the hyacinth, which has, according to a poetic 
 legend, the letters AI marked on its petals, not only as a note of sorrow 
 for the death of Hyacinthus, but also as constituting half the name of 
 Ajax, i. e. Ala^. Anthox. 
 
 " There is much uncertainty respecting the reading of this passage. 
 Anthon ingeniously transposes " amores" and "amaros." But I can not 
 help thinking that there is no occasion to alter the common reading. B. 
 
 ^ Cumasan song, from Cumaj, a city of Italy, north-west of Naples, in 
 the vicinity of which resided the celebrated Cumasan Sibyl. 
 
 ^ Astra^a, in the mythology of the ancients, was the goddess of Justice, 
 who resided on earth during the reign of Saturn, or the golden age. 
 Being shocked by the impiety of mankind, she returned to heaven, and 
 became one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, under the name of Yirgo. 
 
12 BUCOLICS. ECL. ir. 15— 49. 
 
 heroes mingled in society with gods, himself be seen bv them, 
 and rule the peaceful world with his father's virtues. " Mean- 
 while the earth, O boy, as her first offerings, shall pour thee 
 forth every where, without culture, creeping ivy with lady's 
 glove, and Egyptian beans with smiling acanthus intermixed. 
 The goats of themselves shall homeward convey their udders 
 distended with milk; nor shall the herds dread huge over- 
 grown lions. The very cradle shall pour thee forth attractive 
 tlowers. The serpent also shall die ; and the poison's fallacious 
 plant shall die : the Assyrian spikenard shall grow in every 
 soil. But soon as thou shalt be able to read the praises of 
 heroes, and the achievements of thy sire, and to understand 
 what virtue is,^ the field shall by degrees grow yellow with soft 
 ears of corn ; blushing grapes shall hang on the rude brambles 
 and hard oaks shall distill the dewy honey. Yet 'some few 
 footsteps of ancient vice shall remain to prompt [men] to brave 
 the sea in ships, to inclose cities with walls, and cleave furrows 
 in the earth.^ There will then be another Tiphj^s, and another 
 Argo* to waft chosen heroes: there shall be likewise other 
 wars: and great Achilles^ shall once more be sent to Troy. 
 After this, when confirmed age shall have ripened thee into 
 man, the sailor shall of himself renounce the sea; nor shall 
 the naval pine barter commodities : all lands shall all things 
 produce. • The ground shall not endure the harrow, nor the 
 vineyard the pruning-hook ; the sturdy plowman, too, shall 
 now release his bulls from the yoke. Nor shall the wool learn 
 to counterfeit various colors : but the ram himself shall in the 
 meadows tinge his fleece, now with sweet-blushing purple, now 
 with saffron dye. Scarlet shall siDontaneously clothe the lambs 
 as they feed. The Destinies, harmonious in the estabhshed 
 order of the Fates, sung to their spindles : " Ye ages, run on 
 thus." Dear offspring of the gods, illustrious increase of Jove, 
 set forward on thy way to signal honors ; the time is now at 
 
 ^ Servius rightly understands the successive studies of poetry and 
 philosophy, as they are enumerated in Plato Protag. § 43. B. 
 
 * Argo, the name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four 
 companions to Colchis, to recover the golden fleece. Tiphys, who was 
 pilot of the ship, died before reaching Colchis. The Argonautic expedi- 
 tion happened about 1263 B. C. 
 
 ^ Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war, where he 
 performed prodigies of valor. He slew Hector, but was himself at last 
 slain by Paris. 
 
ICL. ir. 50— 63. V. 1— 12. BUCOLICS. 13 
 
 hand. See the world with its convex weight nodding to thee, 
 the earth, the regions of the sea, and heavens sublime : See 
 how all things rejoice at the approach of this age. O that my 
 last stage of life may continue so long, and so much breath as 
 shall suffice to sing thy deeds ! Neither Thraciau Orpheus,* 
 nor Linus, shall surpass me in song, though his mother aid the 
 one, and his sire the other, Calliopea Orpheus, and fair Apollo 
 Linus. Should even Pan with me contend, Arcadia's self being 
 judge, even Pan should own himself overcome, Arcadia's self 
 being judge. Begin, sweet babe, to distinguish thy mother 
 by thy smiles ;'' ten months brought on thy mother tedious 
 qualms. Begin, young boy ; that child on whom his parents 
 never smiled, nor god ever honored with his table, nor goddess 
 with her bed. 
 
 ECLOGUE Y. 
 
 In this Eclogue, the sliepherds Menalcas and Mopsus celebrate the funeral 
 
 euloglum of Daphnis. 
 
 Menalcas, Mopsus. 
 
 ""Me. Since, Mopsus, we are met, both skillful swains, you in 
 piping on the slender reed, I in singing verses, why have we 
 not sat down here among the elms intermixed with haeels ? 
 
 Mo. You, Menalcas, are my superior: it is just that I be 
 ruled by you ; whether under the shades that waver by the 
 limning zephyrs, or rather into this grotto we repair : see how 
 the wild vine with scattered clusters hath spread the grotto. 
 
 Me. Amyntas alone in our mountains may vie with thee. 
 
 Mo. What if the same should vie with Phoebus' self in 
 song ? 
 
 Me. Begin you, Mopsus, first ; whether you are disposed 
 to sing the passion of Phyllis,^ or the praises of Alcon, or the 
 strife of Codrus ; begin : Tityrus will tend the browsing kids. 
 
 ^ Orpheus, the son of CEagrus, king of Thrace, and the muse Calhope, 
 celebrated for his masterly skill in music. 
 
 ^ Heyne wrongly refers " risu" to the mother's smile. B. 
 
 ^ The names here introduced, namely, Phylhs, Alcon, and Codrus, be- 
 long not to real characters, but to fictitious pastoral personages. Phyllis, 
 therefore, must not be confounded with the daughter of Lycurgus, king 
 of Thrace, who was abandoned by Demophoon, nor Codrus with the early 
 king of Athens. Anthox. 
 
14 BUCOLICS. ECL. T. 13—51. 
 
 Mo. Nay, I will rather try those strains which lately I in- 
 pcribed on the green bark of the beech tree, and sang and noted 
 them by turns : then bid Amyntas \'ie with me. 
 
 Me. As far as the limber willow is inferior to the pale olive, 
 and humble lavender to crimson beds of roses ; so far is Amyn- 
 tas, in my judgment, inferior to you. 
 
 Mo. But, shepherds, cease further words : wo have reached 
 the grot. The nymphs wept Daphnis cut off by cruel death ; 
 ye hazels and ye streams witnessed [the mourning of] the 
 nymphs, when the mother, embracing the hapless corpse of 
 her son, reproached both gods and stars with cruelty. The 
 swains, Daphnis, then forgat to drive their fed cattle to the 
 cooling streams : no quadruped either tasted of the brook, or 
 touched a blade of grass. The savage mountains, Daphnis, 
 and the vroods, can tell that even the African lions mourned 
 thy death. Daphnis taught to yoke Armenian tigers in the 
 chariot ; Daphnis, to lead up the dances in honor of Bacchus, 
 and wreathe the pliant wands with soft leaves. As the vine 
 is the glory of the trees, as grapes are of the vine, as the bull 
 is of the llock, as standing com of fertile fields ; so thou wast 
 all the glory of thy fellow-swains. Ever since the Fates 
 snatched thee away, Pales^ herself, and Apollo too, have left 
 the fields. Luckless darnel, and the barren oats, spring up in 
 these furrows, where we were wont to sow the plump barley. 
 Instead of the soft violet, instead of the purple narcissus, the 
 thistle springs up, and the thorn v.ith its sharp prickles. 
 Strew the ground with leaves, ye shepherds, form a shade 
 over the fountains : these rites Daphnis for himself ordains. 
 And form a tomb ; and on that tomb inscribe this epithet : I 
 am Daphnis of the groves, hence even to the stars renowned, 
 the shepherd of a fair flock, fairer myself. 
 
 Me. Such, matchless poet, is thy song to me, as slumbers to 
 the v/eary on the grass ; as in scorching heat to quench 
 thirst from a salient rivulet of fresh water. Nor equal yoi 
 your master in the pipe only, but also^ in the voice. Happ) 
 swain, you shall now be the next to him. Yet, I will sing 
 in my turn these verses of mine, such as they are, and exalt 
 
 ^ Pales, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures, was worshiijed with 
 great solemnity among the Romans. 
 
 ^ I have supplied the ellipse of " et," with Burm. on Phsedr. ProL 
 L C. B 
 
ECL. V. 50—79. BUCOLICS. I5 
 
 your Daphnis to the stars : Daphnis I will raise to the stars ; 
 me too Daphnis loved. 
 
 Mo. Can aught be more acceptable to me than such a pres- 
 ent ? The swain himself was most worthy to be sung, and 
 Stimichon hath long since praised to me that song of thine. 
 
 Me. Daphnis, robed in white, admires the courts of heaven, 
 to v/hich he is a stranger, and under his feet beholds the clouds 
 and stars. Hence mirthful pleasure fills the woods and every 
 field, Pan and the shepherds, and the virgin Dryads.* The 
 wolf doth neither meditate plots against the sheep, nor are 
 any toils set to insnare the deer ; good Daphnis dehghts in 
 rest. For joy, even the unshorn mountains raise their voices 
 to the stars : now the very rocks, the very groves, resound 
 these notes : a god, a god, he is, Menalcas. O be propitious 
 and indulgent to thy own ! Behold four altars ; lo, Daphnis, 
 tv/o for thee,* and two for Phoebus. Two bowls foaming with 
 new milk, and two goblets of fat oil, will I present to thee 
 each year : and chiefly, enliv^ening the feast with plenty of 
 the joys of Bacchus," before the fire if it be winter ; if har- 
 vest, in the shade,'' I will pour thee , forth Ariusian wine, a 
 new kind of nectar. Damcetas and Lyctian -^gon shall sing 
 to me : Alphesiboeus shall mimic the fiisking satyrs. These 
 rites shall be ever thine, both when we .pay our solemn an- 
 lilvorsary vows to the nymphs, and when we make tire circuit 
 of the fi<.^lds. While the boar shall love the tops of mountains ; 
 while fishes love the floods ; while bees on thyme shall feed, 
 anci grasshoppers on dew ; thy honor, name, and praise shall 
 still remain. As to Bacchus and Ceres,^ so to thee the 
 
 g Dryads, nymphs who presided over the woods. 
 
 ' " Lo 1 two (nltars) for thee, Daphnis, two larger ones for Phoebus." 
 Obf?erve that altaria is here in opposition with aras understood. This 
 passage shows plainly that the distinctive difference between ara and 
 alto re is here meant to bo observed. Ara is an altar of smaller size, on 
 which incense, fruits of the earth, and similar oblations are offered up ; 
 'diare is an altar of larger size, on which victims are burned. This serves 
 v explain, also, what immediately follows. To Daphnis, as to a deified 
 .MT'(.). n6 bloody offerings are to be made; the oblations arc to consist 
 • .'ly of milk, oil, and wine. Anthon". 
 
 Bacchus first taught the use of the vine, etc., and was therefore 
 called the God of wine. Ariusia, i. e. Chios, now Scio, an island in tho 
 A rchipelago, celebrated for its excellent wine. 
 
 '' Cicero de Senect. 14, " 'Me vero delectant et pocula minuta atquo 
 porantia, et refrigeratio asstate. et vicissim aut Sol aut ignis hibernus." B. 
 
 "* Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests. 
 
IQ BUCOLICS. ECL. Y. 80— 90. ti. 1— 13. 
 
 swains shall yearly perform their vows : thou too shalt bind 
 them by their vows. 
 
 Mo. What, what returns shall I make to thee for so excellent 
 a sono- ? For neither the whispers of the rising south wind, 
 nor shores lashed by the wave, nor rivers that glide down 
 among the stony vales, please me so much. 
 
 ]^E. First I will present you with this brittle reed. This 
 taught me, " Corydon for fair Alexis burned." This same 
 hath taught me, " Whose is this flock ? is it that of Meli- 
 boeus ?" 
 
 Mo. But do you, Menalcas, accept this sheep-hook, beautiful 
 for its uniform knobs and brass, which Antigenes never could 
 obtain, though he often begged it of me ; and at that time he 
 was worthy to be loved. 
 
 ECLOGUE VI. 
 
 SJlenus, a demi-god and companion of Bacclius, was noted for his love of 
 wine and skill in music : here he relates concerning the formation of the 
 world, and the nature of .things, according to the doctrine of the Epicu- 
 reans. 
 
 SiLENUS. 
 
 Mr Thalia is the first who deigned to sport in Syracusian 
 strain, nor blushed to inhabit the woods. When I offered to 
 sing of kings and battles, Apollo twitched my ear, and warned 
 me thus: A shepherd, Tityrus, should feed his fattening 
 sheep, and sing in humble strain.' Now will I, Varus' 
 (for there will be many who will desire to celebrate .,hy 
 praises, and record disastrous wars), exercise my rural riuse 
 on the slender reed. I sing not unbidden strains : yet whoso 
 enamored [with my strains], whoso shall read even these, to 
 him, O Varus, our trmarisks, each grove shall sing of tliee : 
 nor is any page more acceptable to Phoebus, than on wl^jse 
 front the name of Varus is inscribed. Proceed, O Muses. 
 
 ' Deductum dicere carmen, a bumble or slender song; a metaphor 
 taken from wool spun out till it becomes fine and slender. So Hor. Ah. 
 ii. 1, 225, Tenui deducta poemata filo. And Tibul. lib. i. 3, 86, Deducat 
 plena stamina longa colo. 
 
 '^ Ydrus, Quintilius Yarus, a Eoman proconsul, who commanded nn 
 army in Germany, where he lost his life, with three whole legioiis, 
 
 A. d". ^0. 
 
tfOL. VI. 13—35. BUCOLICS. 17 
 
 Chromis and Mnasyliis, the youthful swains, saw Silenus lying 
 asleep in his cave, his veins, as usual, swoln with yesterday's 
 debauch. His garlands just^ fallen from his head, lay at some 
 distance, and his heavy flagon hung by its worn handle. 
 Taking hold of him (for often the sire had amused them both 
 with the promise of a song), they bind him with his own 
 wreaths, ^gle associates herself with them, and comes un- 
 expectedly upon the timorous swains ; -^gle, fairest of the 
 Naiads ; and just as he is opening his eyes, she paints his 
 forehead and temples with blood-red mulberries. He, smihng 
 at the trick, says. Why do ye fasten these bonds ? Loose me, 
 swains : it is enough that I have suflfered myself to be seen. 
 Hear the song which you desire : the song for you ; for her 
 I shall find another reward. At the same time he begins. 
 Then you might have seen the Fauns and savages frisking in 
 measured dance, then the stiff oaks waving their tops. Nor 
 rejoices the Parnassian rock so much in Phoebus :* nor do 
 Rhodope and Ismarus* so much admire Orpheus. For he 
 sang how, through the mighty void," the seeds of earth, and 
 air, and sea, and pure fire, had been together ranged ; how 
 from these principles all the elements, and the world's tender^ 
 globe itself, combined into a system ; then how the soil began 
 to harden, to shut up- the v>^aters apart® within the sea, and by 
 
 ^ Tantum capti • delapsa, "Having fallen to such a distance from hia 
 head." It is very hard to say what is here the true meaning of iantum. 
 If we join it -with procul, it makes a most harsh construction; if we ren- 
 der it "only," it clashes with procul, unless this stand for juxta, which 
 is too forced; if, with Voss., we make it equivalent to moao, "just," it 
 appears frigid and tame. We have ventured, therefore, to regard it as 
 standing for in tantum. Anthox. 
 
 * Parnassain rock. Parnassus, a celebrated mountain of Phocis in 
 Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, remarkable for its two summits. 
 
 ^ Rhodope and Ismarus, two high mountains in Thrace. 
 
 " Magnum per inane. The Epicureans, whose philosophy is here 
 ?ung, taught that incorporeal space, here called magnum inane, and cor- 
 poreal atoms were the first principles of all things ; their void space they 
 considered as the womb, in which the seeds of all the elements were 
 ripened into their distinct forms. 
 
 ' " Tener," Anthon saj^s, " because just created." But I prefer under- 
 standing it of the plastic nature of the materials, with Pliny, Hist. Nat. 
 ii. 3. B. 
 
 ^ Et discludere Nerea ponto. Literally, "to shut up Nereus apart in 
 the sea," i. e. to separate the waters into their channel,' I^ereus the seu' 
 god being here put fer the vraters in geasr^Z 
 
18 BUCOLICS. ECL. VI. 36—60. 
 
 degrees to assume the forms of tilings ; and how anon the 
 earth was astonished to see the new-born sun shine forth ; and 
 how from the clouds, suspended high, the showers descend : 
 when first the woods began to rise, and when the animals, yet 
 few beo-an to range the unknown mountains. He next tells 
 of the ^stones which Pyi-rha' threw, the reign of Saturn, the 
 fowls of Caucasus,'" and the theft of Prometheus. To these 
 he adds the fountain where the sailors had invoked aloud 
 Hylas" lost; how the whole shore resounded Hylas, Hylas. 
 And he soothes Pasiphae'^ in her passion for the snow-white 
 bull : happy woman if herds had never been ! Ah, ill-fated 
 maid, what madness seized thee ? The daughters of Prcetus'^ 
 with imaginary lowings filled the fields ; yet none of them 
 pursued such vile embraces of a beast, however they might 
 dread the plow about their necks, and often feel for horns on 
 their smooth foreheads. Ah, ill-fated maid, thou_ now art 
 roaming on the mountains ! He, resting his snowy side on the 
 soft hyacinth, ruminates the blenched herbs under some 
 gloomy oak, or courts some female in the numerous herd. Ye 
 nymphs, shut up now, ye Dictsean'' nymphs, shut up the 
 avenues of the forests, if any ^here by chance my bullock's 
 wandering footsteps may offer to my sight. Perhaps some 
 heifers may lead him on to the Gortynian stalls,'' either 
 
 " Pyrrba, the wife of Deucalion, in whose age all mankind was de- 
 stroyed by a deluge, these two excepted. On consulting the oracle, they 
 were directed to repair the loss, by throwing stones behind their backs ; 
 those which Pyrrha threw were changed into women, and those of 
 Deucalion into men. 
 
 ^^ Caucasus, a lofty mountain of Asia, between the Euxine and Caspian 
 Seas. Prometheus, having made a man of clay, which he animated with 
 fire stolen from heaven, was, for the impiety, chained to a rock on the top 
 of Caucasus, where a vulture continually preyed upon his hver. 
 
 " Hylas, a youth, the favorite of Hercules, who accompanied the 
 Argonautic expedition, but was drowned in the Ascanius, a river of 
 Bithynia, which afterward received his name. 
 
 ^' Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, king of Crete, who disgraced herself by 
 her unnatural passion. 
 
 " Proetus, king of Argolis, whose three daughters became insane for 
 ueglecting the worship of Bacchus, or, according to some, for preferring 
 themselves to Juno. . . 
 
 " Dictffian nymphs, Cretan nymphs from Dicte, a mountain in the 
 island of Crete, where Jupiter was worshiped. 
 
 ^' Gortynian stalls. Gortyna, an ancient city of Crete, the country 
 around which produced excellent pastures. 
 
ECL. VI. 60— "T?. BUCOLICS, 19 
 
 enticed by the verdant pasture, or in pursuit of tlie herd. 
 Then he sings the virgin/® charmed with the apples of the 
 Hesperides : then he surrounds the sisters of Phaeton^' with 
 the moss of bitter bark, and raises the stately alders from the 
 ground. Then he sings how one of the Sister Muses led 
 Gallus, wandering by the streams of Permessus,^^ to the 
 Aouian mountains; and how the whole choir of Phoebus 
 rose up to do him honor : how Linus, the shepherd of song 
 divine, his locks adorned with flowers and bitter parsley, 
 thus addressed him : Here, take these pipes the Muses give 
 thee, which before [they gave] to the Ascraen^^ sage ; by 
 which he was wont to draw down the rigid wild ashes from 
 the mountains. On these let the origin of Grynium's grove" 
 be sung by you ; that there may be no grove in which Apollo 
 may glory more. AVhy should I tell how [he sang] of 
 Scylla'"'^ the daughter of Nisus ? or of her whom, round the 
 snowy waist, begirt with barking monsters, fame records to 
 have vexed^'' the Dulichian ships, and in the deep abyss, alas, 
 to have torn in pieces the trembhng sailors with sea-dogs ? 
 
 " i. e. Atalanta, daughter of Schoeneus, king of Scjtos, or, according 
 to others, of lasius, king of Arcadia, who was famed for her beauty, 
 which gained her many admirers. She consented to bestow her hand on 
 him that could outrun her, though he was to die if he lost the race. 
 Many of her suitors had perished in the contest, when Hippomenes 
 offered himself; during the race, he dropped, at intervals, three golden 
 apples from the garden of the Hesperides, which Atalanta stopping to 
 pick up, he arrived first at the goal, and obtained her in marriage. 
 
 " The sisters of Phaeton, according to the mythologists, bewailing his 
 unhappy end, were changed into poplars by Jupiter. 
 
 ^^ Permessus, 'a river issuing from Mount Helicon in Aonia (Boeotia), 
 Bacred to the Muses. 
 
 " Ascrgean sage. Hesiod, so named from Ascra, a village of Boeotia 
 in Greece, where he was born. 
 
 '"* Grynium's grove. Grynium, a town on the coast of iEolia in Asia 
 Minor, where Apollo had a temple with a sacred grove. 
 
 ^^ Scylla, a daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, feigned to have been 
 changed into a lark. Dulichian ships, those of Ulysses, who was king 
 of the island of Dulichium. After the fall of Troy, Ulysses, in his return 
 home, encountered incredible hardships, and with difficulty escaped the 
 rocks of Scylla, so named from a daughter of Typhon, who was changed 
 by Circe into a frightful monster, when, throwing herself into the sea 
 between Italy and Sicily, she became the dangerous rocks which con- 
 tmued to bear her name. 
 
 *^ Virgil's use of " vexare" is discussed by Gellius, ii. 6, and Macrob. 
 Sat. vi. 7. From their remarks, the word harass best appears to ex" 
 press its meaning. B. 
 
20 BUCOLICS. ECL. VI. 78—86. yil 1—9 
 
 or how he described the limbs of Tereiis" transformed!- 
 what banquets and what presents Philomela for him pre- 
 pared ? Avith what speed he sought the deserts, and with what 
 wings, ill-fated one, he fluttered over the palace once his own 1 
 All those [airs] he sings, which happy Eurotas^* heard, and 
 bade its laurels learn, when Phoebus played of old. The val- 
 leys, stricken [with the sound], re-echo to the stars ; till 
 Vesper'^ warned [the shepherds] to pen their sheep in the 
 folds, and recount their number; and came forth from re- 
 luctant Olympus. 
 
 ECLOGUE VII. 
 
 In tliis Eclogue, Virgil, as Meliboeus, gives an account of a poetical contest 
 
 between Tliyrsis and Corydon. 
 
 Melibceus, Corydon, Thyrsis. 
 
 M. Daphnis by chance sat down under a whispering^ 
 holm-oak, and Corydon and Thyrsis had driven their flocks 
 together; Thyrsis his sheep, Corydon his goats distended 
 Avith milk : both in the flower of their age. Arcadians both,^ 
 equally matched at singing, and ready to answer. To this 
 quarter, while I was fencing my tender myrtles from the cold, 
 the he-goat himself, the husband^ of the flock, from me had 
 strayed away : and I espy Daphnis : when he in turn saw me, 
 he cried out, Come hither quickly, Meliboeus ; your goat and 
 
 "^ Tereus, a king of Thrace. He married Progne, a daughter of Pan- 
 dion, king of Athens, who, in revenge for his having violated her sister 
 Philomela, and cut out her tongue, killed his son Itys,»and served him 
 up at a banquet. According to the poets, they were all changed into 
 different kinds of birds. 
 
 ^* Eurotas (Yasili Potamo), a river of Laconia, washing ancient Sparta, 
 and falling into the Mediterranean. 
 
 ^^ Vesper, the planet Venus, or the evening star. 
 
 * The rustling of the breeze in the leaves is thus said ipidvpi^eiv in 
 Greek. B. 
 
 ^ i. e. both skilled in music, which was greatly cultivated among the 
 Arcadians. No reference to their country is intended, but merely to 
 their musical excellence. B. 
 
 3 Vir gregis ipse caper. "The he-goat himsell^ the husband of my 
 flock." (Compare Theocritus, viii. 49: ^12 Tpdye tuv Xevkuv alyQv 
 uvep). Observe the force of ipse here, implying that he was followed by 
 the rest of the flock (Wagner, Quasst. Virg. sviii. 2, b.) ; and hence wo 
 have, in verse 9th, " caper tibi salvus et hoedV^ Anthox. So Martial, 
 Ep. ix. 31, "pecorisque maritus tanigeri." B. 
 
6CL. VII. 10— 42. BUCOLICS. 21' 
 
 kids are safe ; and, if you can stay a while, rest under this 
 shade. Hither thy bullocks of themselves will come across 
 the meads to diink. Here Mincius* hath fringed the verdant 
 banks Avith tender reed, and from the sacred oak swarms of 
 bees resound. What could I do ? I had neither Alcippe, nor 
 Phyllis, to shut up at home my weaned lambs ; but there was 
 a great match proposed, Corydon against Thyrsis. After all, 
 I postponed my serious business to their play. In alternate 
 verses, therefore, the two began to contend : alternate verses 
 the Muses would have me record. These Corydon, those 
 Thyrsis, each in his turn recitedi 
 
 C. Ye Libethrian nymphs, my delight, either favor me with 
 such a song as ye did my Codrus^ (he makes verses next to 
 those of Phoebus) ; or, if we can not all attain to this, here on 
 this sacred pine my tuneful pipe shall hang. 
 
 T. Ye Arcadian shepherds, deck with ivy your rising poet, 
 that Codrus' sides may burst with envy. Or, if he praise me 
 beyond what I desire, bind my brow with lady's glove, lest his 
 evil tongue should hurt your future poet. 
 
 C. To thee, Deha, young Mycon [for me presents] this head 
 of a bristly boar, and the branching horns of a long-lived stag. 
 If this success be lasting, thou shalt stand at thy full length in 
 polished marble, thy legs with scarlet buskin bound. 
 
 T. A pail of milk and' these cakes, Priapus,® are enough 
 for you to expect [from me] ; you are the keeper of a poor, ill- 
 furnished garden. Now we have raised thee of marble such 
 as the times admit ; but, if the breed recruit my flock, thou 
 shalt be of gold. 
 
 C. Galatea, daughter of Nereus, sweeter to me than Hybla's 
 thyme, whiter than swans, fairer than white ivy ; soon as the 
 well-fed steers shall return to their stalls, come, if thou hast 
 any regard for Corydon. 
 
 T. May I even appear to thee more bitter than Sardinian 
 herbs,^ more rugged than the furze, more worthless than sea- 
 
 * Mincius, the Mincio, a river in the north of Italy, falling into the 
 Po below Mantua. 
 
 ■* Codrus, a Latin poet, cotemporary with Virgil. 
 
 ° Priapus, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens. 
 He was the son of Bacchus and Venus, and was chiefly worshiped at 
 Lampeacus on the Hellespont. 
 
 ^ Sardinian herbs, a bitter herb which grew in the island of Sardinia, 
 aaid to cause convulsions and death. 
 
22 BUCOLICS. ECL. vii. 43— 6a 
 
 weed cast upon the shore, if this day be not longer to me than 
 a whole year. Go home, my well-fed steers, if you have any 
 shame, go home. 
 
 C. Ye mossy fountains, and grass more soft than sleep, and 
 the green arbute-tree that covers you with its thin shade, ward 
 off the midsummer heat from my flock ; now scorching sum- 
 mer comes, now the buds swell on the fruitful tendrils. 
 
 T. Here is a glowing hearth, and resinous torches ; here is 
 always a great fire, and lintels sooted with continual smoke. 
 Here we just as much regard the cold of Boreas,^ as either 
 the wolf does the number [of sheep], or impetuous rivers their 
 banks. 
 
 C. Junipers and j^rickly chestnuts stand thick f beneath 
 each tree its apples here and there lie strewn ;" now all things 
 smile ; but, were fair Alexis to go from these hills, you would 
 see even the rivers dry. 
 
 T. The field is parched ; by the intemperature of the air 
 the dying herbage thirsts ; Bacchus has envied our hills the 
 shadow of the vine ; [but], at the approach of our Phyllis, 
 every grove shall look green, and Jove abundantly descend in 
 joyous showers. 
 
 C. The poplar is most grateful to Hercules,^" the vine to 
 Bacchus, to lovely Veuus^^ the myrtle, to Phoebus his own 
 laurel ; Phyllis loves the hazels : so long as Phyllis loves them, 
 neither the myrtle nor the laurel of Phoebus shall surpass the 
 hazels. 
 
 T. The ash is ° fairest in the woods, the pine in the gardens, 
 the poplar by the rivers, the fir on lofty mountains : but if, 
 my charming Lycidas, you make me more frequent visits, the 
 ash in the woods shall yield to thee, and the pine in the 
 gardens. 
 
 ^ Boreas, the name of the north wind. According to the ancient 
 poets, Boreas was the son of Astrteus and Aurora. 
 
 * Anthon rightly observes that this is the force of " stant." So Luta- 
 tius Placidus on Stat. Theb. x. 15V, interprets "stat furor," hy "plenus 
 est," quoting this Hne as an example. B. 
 
 *" Hercules, the most celebrated hero of fabulous history, the son of 
 Jupiter and Alcmena, was, after a life spent in achieving the most in- 
 credible exploits, ranked among the gods, and received divine honors. 
 
 " Yenus, a principal deity among the ancients, the goddess of love 
 and beauty. She was the wife of Yulcan, but passionately loved Adonis 
 and Anchises ; by the latter she became the mother of ^neaa. 
 
ECL. VII. 69, '70. Tin. 1—21. BUCOLICS. 
 
 M. These verses I remember, and that vanquished Thrysis 
 in vain contended. From that time Corydon, Corydon is our 
 man. 
 
 ECLOGUE VIII. 
 
 This Bucolic contains the strains of Damon for the loss of his mistress ; 
 and Alphesiboeus records the charms of an enchantress. 
 
 Damon, Alphesiboeus. 
 
 The muse of the shepherds, Damon and Alphesiboeus, whom 
 the heifers, unmindful of their pastures, admired contending, 
 and by whose song the lynxes were astonished, and the rivers, 
 having changed their courses, stood still ; the muse of Damon 
 and Alphesiboeus I sing. 
 
 Whether thou art now j^assing for me' over the rocks of 
 broad Timavus,^ or cruising along the coast of the Illyrian Sea f 
 say, will that day ever come, when I shall be indulged to sing 
 thy deeds ? say, shall it come that I may be indulged to diffuse 
 over the world thy verses, which alone merit comparison witli 
 Sophocles' * lofty style ? With thee my muse commenced ; 
 with thee shall end. Accept my songs begun by thy command, 
 and permit this ivy to creep arouncl thy temples among thy 
 victorious laurels. 
 
 Scarce had the cold shades of night retired from the sky, a 
 time when the dew on the tender grass is most grateful to 
 the cattle, when Damon, leaning against a tapering olive, thus 
 beofan : — 
 
 D. Arise, Lucifer,^ and preceding usher in the cheerful 
 day ; while I, deceived by the feigned passion of my mistress 
 Nisa, complain ; and to the gods, now that I die (though I 
 have availed me nought in taking them to witness), yet in my 
 last hour appeal. Begin with me, my pipe, Masnalian strains. 
 
 ' " Mihi" is the dativus ethicus. B. 
 
 ^ Timavus, tho Timavo, a river of Italy, rising at the foot of the Alps, 
 and falling into the gulf of Trieste. At its mouth are several small 
 islands containing hot springs. 
 
 * Illyrian Sea, the Adriatic Sea between Italy and Dalmatia, etc. 
 
 * Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, remarkable for sub- 
 limity of style. He was eotemporary with Pericles and Euripides, and 
 died B. c. 406. 
 
 ^ Lucifer, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star ; as Hesperus 
 wa3 of the same planet, or evening star. 
 
24 BUCOLICS. ECL. viii. 22—51. 
 
 Msenalus" ahvays has a vocal grove and sliaking pines ; he 
 ever hears the loves of shepherds, and Pan, the first who suf- 
 fered not the reeds to be' neglected. Begin Avith me, my 
 pipe, Msenalian strains. Nisa is bestowed on Mopsus ! what 
 may we lovers not expect ? Grifiins now shall match with 
 horses, and in the succeeding age the timorous does with 
 doo-s shall come to drink. Mopsus, cut your fresh nuptial 
 torches : for thee a wife is on the point of being brought home. 
 Strew the nuts,^ bridegroom ; Hesperus for thee forsakes (Eta.' 
 Beo-in with me, my pipe, Mcenalian strains. O thou matched 
 to a worthy spouse ! while you disdain all others, and while 
 you detest my pipe and goats, my shaggy eyebrows, and my 
 overgrown beard ; nor believe that any god regards the affairs 
 of mortals. Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 
 When thou wast but a child, I saw thee with thy mother 
 gathering the dewy apples on our hedges ; 1 w^as your guide ; 
 I had then just entered on the year next after eleven, I was 
 then just able to reach the slender boughs from the ground. 
 As soon as I saw thee, how was I undone ! O how an evil 
 error bore me away ! Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian 
 strains. Kow I know what Love is : Ismarus, or Rhodope, or 
 the remotest Garamantes,'" produced him on rugged cliffs, a 
 boy not of our race or blood. Begin with me, my pipe, M^- 
 nahan strains. Relentless Love taught the mother" to stain 
 her hands in her own children's blood; a cruel /mother too 
 thou wast: whether more cruel was the mother (or more im- 
 pious the boy ? Impious was the boy ; thou, mother, too, wast 
 cruel. Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. Now let 
 
 ^ Masnalus, now Roino, a mountain of Arcadia in Greece, sacred to 
 Pan. . It was covered with pine-trees. 
 
 ^ "Esse" is elegantly omitted after such words as "pati," "sinere," 
 etc. Kernes. Cyn. 10, "Omnia tentantem passi." Apul. de Deo. Socr. 
 " Sejugam veluti debilem passa est." Seneca, Ined. 182, " Quemve secu- 
 rum sinit." Virg. JEn. i. 389, " Nee plura querentem Passa Yenus." B. 
 
 ® On this custom compare Catull. Epith. p. 98. Muret. " Da nucis 
 pueris iners Concubine, satis diu Lucisti nucibus." B. 
 
 ^ (Eta, a celebrated mountain, or, more properly, chain of mountains, 
 between Thessaly and Greece Proper. It was so high, that the poets 
 feigned the sun, moon, and stars rose behind it. 
 
 *" Garamantes, a people in the interior of Africa, now called Zaara. 
 
 " Matrem. This cruel mother is Medea, who to be avenged on Jason 
 for preferring another mistress to her, slew her sons whom she bore to 
 Lim, before his eyes. 
 
SCI* viiL 52— S4. BUCOLICS. ^ 
 
 the wolf of liimself fly from the sheep ; the hard oaks bear 
 golden apples ; the alder bloom with narcissus ; the tamarisks 
 distill rich amber from their barks ; let owls with swans con- 
 tend ; be Tityrus an Orpheus ; an Orpheus in the woods, an 
 Arion'^ among the dolphins. Begin with me, my pipe, Mse- 
 nalian strains. Let all things become very mid ocean ; ye 
 woods, farewell. From the summit of yon aeTial mountain 
 will I throw myself headlong into the waves : take this last 
 present from me dying. Cease, my pipe, now cease Maenahan 
 strains. 
 
 Thus Damon : Ye Pierian muses, say what Alphesiboeus 
 sung. We can not all do all things. 
 
 A. Bring forth the water, and bind these altars with a soft 
 fillet : burn thereon oily vervain and male'^ frankincense, that 
 I may try, by sacred magic spells, to dispossess my love of 
 a sound mind. Only charms are here wanting. My charms, 
 bring Diiphnis from the town, bring him home. Charms 
 can even draw down the moon from heaven ; by charms 
 Circe'* transformed the companions of Ulysses ; the cold snake 
 is in the meads by incantation burst. My charms, bring 
 Daphnis from the town, bring him home. First, these three 
 threads, with threefold colors varied, I round thee twine ; 
 and thrice lead thy image round these altars. The gods 
 delight in the uneven number. My charms, bring Daphnis 
 from the town, bring him home. Bind, Amaryllis, three 
 colors in three knots ; bind them. Amaryllis, now ; and 
 say, I bind the chains of Venus. I\Iy charms, bring Daphnis 
 from the town, bring him home. As this clay Iiardens, 
 and as this wax dissolves "vvith one and the same fire ; 
 30 may Daphnis by my love. Sprinkle the salt cake, and 
 burn the crackling laurels in bitumen. Me cruel Daphnis 
 bums ; I on Daphnis burn this laurel. My channs, bring 
 Daphnis from the town, bring him home. May such love 
 
 " Arion, a famous Ijric poet and musician of the isle of Lesbos. On 
 his return to Corinth from Italy, the mariners formed a plot to murder 
 him for his riches, when he threw himself into the sea, and was carried 
 on the back of a dolphin to Taenarus in the Morea. 
 
 " i. e. frankincense of the best sort. 
 
 " Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge 
 of magic and poisonous herbs. She changed the companions of Ulysses 
 into swine; but afterward, at his sohcitation, restored them to their 
 former state. 
 
 2 
 
26 BUCOLICS. ECL. viii. 85— lOD. ix 3, 
 
 [seize] DajDlinis as when a lieifer, tired with ranging after the 
 bull through lawns and lofty groves, distracted, lies down on 
 the green sedge by a rivulet, nor is mindful to withdrav/ from 
 the late hour of night : let such love seize Daphnis, nor let 
 his cure be my concern. My charms, bring Daphnis from the 
 town, bring him home. These garments the faithless one left 
 with me some time ago, the dear pledges of himself; which 
 to thee, O earth, on the very entrance, I now commit : these 
 j^ledges owe me Daphnis. My charms, bring Daphnis from 
 the town, bring him home. These herbs, and these baneful 
 plants, in Pontus^^ gathered, Moeris himself gave me : in Pon- 
 tus numerous they grow. By these have I seen Moeris trans- 
 form himself into a wolf, and skulk into the woods ; often from 
 the deep graves call forth the ghosts, and transfer the springing 
 harvests to another ground. My charms, bring Daphnis from 
 the town, bring him home. Bring forth the ashes, Amaryllis ; 
 throw them into a flowing brook,^^ and over thy head ; look 
 not back. Daphnis with these I wdll assail : nought he 
 regards the gods, nought my charms. I^Iy charms, blind 
 Daphnis from the town, bring him home. See the very ashes 
 have spontaneously seized the altars with quivering flames, 
 while I delay to remove them may it be a happy omen. 'Tis 
 certainly something or other ; and Hylax ^^ in the entranco 
 barks. Can I believe ? or do those in love form to themselves 
 fantastic dreams ? Cease ; for Daphnis comes from the town ; 
 now cease, my charms. 
 
 ECLOGUE IX. 
 
 Virgil haviiicf recovered his patrimony tlirough the favor of Augustus;, 
 devotes this pastoral to complain against Arius the centurion, who hod 
 possession of his lands, and laid a plan for his assassination. 
 
 Lycidas, Mceris. 
 
 L. Whither, Mteris, do thy feet [lead]^ thee ? are you for 
 the town, whither the way leads ? 
 
 " Pontus, a country of Asia Minor, bordering on the Euxiue : it was 
 the kingdom of Mithridates the Great 
 
 ^® Rivoque fluenti, the same as in rivura fiuentem, of which construc- 
 tion many examples occur in Virgil. See ^n. i. 293 ; ii. 250; v. 451 ; 
 vi. 191 ; viii. 591 ; ix. 664 ; xii. 283. 
 
 " Hyla,x, the name of a dog. 
 
 ' Supply '• ducunt" from the following " ducit." B. 
 
KCL. IX 2—32. BUCOLICS. 27 
 
 M. Ah, Lycidas, we have lived to see the day v'hen an 
 ahen possessor of my little farm (what we never appre- 
 hended) may say : These are mine ; old tenants, begone. Now 
 vanquished and disconsolate, since fortune confounds all 
 things, to him I convey these kids, of which I wish him httle 
 good. 
 
 L. Surely I heard that your Menalcas had saved by his 
 verse all that ground where the hills begin to decline, and by 
 an easy declension to sink down their ridges as far as the 
 stream and now broken tops of the old beech. 
 
 M. Thou heardst it Lycidas, and it was reported ;'* but 
 our verse just as much avails amid martial arms, as they say 
 the Chaonian^ pigeons do, when the eagle comes upon them. 
 But had not the ill-boding raven, from a hollow holm-oak, 
 warned me by any means to cut short the rising dispute, 
 neither your Moeris here, nor Menalcas himself, had been 
 alive. 
 
 L. Alas, is any one capable of so great wickedness ? Alas, 
 Menalcas, the charms of thy poetry Avere almost snatched from * 
 us with thyself! Who [then] had sung the n3-niphs? who 
 vnth flowering herbs had strewn the ground, or covered with 
 verdant shades the springs ? or Who [had sung] those songs 
 which lately I secretly stole from you, when you used to re- 
 sort to our darling Amaryllis ? " Feed, Tityrus, my goats til) 
 I return, short is the way ; and when they are fed, drive them 
 Tityrus, to watering ; and while you are so doing, beware of 
 meeting the he-goat : he butts with the horn." 
 
 M. Nay, rather these, which to Varus, and yet unfinished, he 
 sung : " Varus, the tuneful swans shall raise thy name aloft to 
 the stars, if Mantua remain but in our possession ; Mantua, alas, 
 too near unfortunate Cremona I"* 
 
 L. If thou retainest any, begin ; so may thy swarms avoid 
 Oyrnean yews:^ so may thy heifers, fed with cytisus, dis- 
 
 2 T 
 
 [, however, prefer putting a note of interrogation after " audieras," 
 witli "Wagnar. B. 
 
 ^ Chaonian pigeons. Chaonia was a mountainous part of Epinis, in 
 which was tlie sacred grove of Dodona, where pigeons were said to de- 
 hver oracles. 
 
 * Cremona, a city of Italy on the northern bank of the Po. Its lands 
 were divided among the veteran soldiers of Augustus. 
 
 ^ Cyrnean yews. Cyrnus, now Corsica, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, near the coast of Italy. The honey produced here had a bitter 
 
28 BUCOLICS. ECL. iz. 32—59. 
 
 teiid tlieir dugs. The Muses have also made me a poet : I too 
 have my verses ; and the shepherds call me bard : but to them I 
 o^ive no credit : for as yet methinks I sing nothing worthy of a 
 Varus or a Cinna,® but only gabble like^ a goose among sonor- 
 ous swans. 
 
 ]\I. That very thing, Lycidas, is wliat I am about ; and now 
 con it ov^er in silence with myself, if I can recollect it : nor is 
 it a vulgar song. " Come hither, Galatea : for what pleasure 
 have you among the waves ? Here is blooming spring ; here, 
 about the rivers, earth pours forth her various flowers ; here the 
 white poplar overhangs the grotto, and the limber vines weave 
 shady bowers. Come hither : leave the mad billows to buffet 
 the shores." 
 
 L. [But] what were those whicli I heard you singing in a 
 clear night alone ? I remember the air, if I could recollect the 
 words. 
 
 M. Daphnis, why gaze you on the risings of the signs of 
 ancient date ? Lo, Dionrean Caesar's® star hath entered on its 
 course ; the star by which the fields were to rejoice with corn, 
 and by which the grapes on sunny hills were to take their hue. 
 Daphnis, plant thy pear-tears. Posterity shall pluck the fruit 
 of thy plantations. Age bears away all things, even the mind 
 itself. Often, I remember, when a boy, I spent long summer- 
 days in song. Now all these songs I have forgotten ; now the 
 voice itself has left Moeris ; the wolves have seen Moeris first." 
 But these Menalcas himself will often recite to you. 
 
 L. By framing excuses thou puttest off for a long time my 
 fond desire. And now the whole main for thee lies smooth 
 and still ; and mark how every whispering breeze of wind hath 
 died away. Besides, half of our journey still remains : for 
 
 taste, in consequence of the bees feeding on the yew-trees, with which 
 the island abounded. 
 
 ® Ciuna, a grandson of Pompey, the intimate friend of Augustus, and 
 patron of Virgil. 
 
 '' The poet puns upon the name of Anser, a cotemporary poet. The 
 Baying seems proverbial; as in Symmachus, Ep. i. 1, "Licet inter olores 
 canoros anserem strepere." B. 
 
 ^ Dionaei Ceesaris. Caesar of the Juhan family, which sprung from 
 --Eneas the son of Venus, whom Mythology makes the daughter of Ju- 
 piter and Dione. 
 
 ' Lupi Moerim videre priores. Alluding to a superstitious notion, that, 
 if a wolf saw a man before it was seen by him, it made him lose his voice. 
 
^01.. IX. 60—67. X. 1—12. BUCOLICS. 29 
 
 Bianor's^'' tomb begins to appear. Here, where the swains are 
 stripping off the thick leaves, here, Moeris, let us sing. Here lay 
 down your kids ; yet we shall reach the town. Or if we are 
 afraid that the night may gather rain before [we arrive], yet we 
 may still go on singing ; the way will be less tedious. That wc 
 may go on singing, I will ease you of this burden. 
 
 M. Shepherd, urge me no more ; and let us mind the busi- 
 ness now in hand. We shall sing those tunes to more advan- 
 tage when [Menalcas] himself arrives. 
 
 ECLOGUE X. 
 
 Gallus, to whom tMs Eclogue is inscribed, was the patron of Virgil, a sol- 
 dier and a poet. He was greatly enamored of Cytheris, whom lie calls 
 Lycoris, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues ; but she forsook him for 
 Mark Anthony, by whom she was in turn abandoned for Cleopatra. 
 
 Gallus. 
 
 Grant unto me, Arethusa,' this last essay. A few 
 verses, but such as Lycoris herself may read, I must sing to 
 my Gallus. AVlio can deny a verse to Gallus? So, when 
 thou glidest beneath the Sicilian wave, may the salt Doris^ 
 not intermingle her streams [with thine]. Begin : let us sing 
 the anxious loves of Gallus, while the flat-nosed goats browse 
 the tender shrubs. We sing not to the deaf; the woods re- 
 ply to all. What groves, ye virgin Naiads, or what lawns 
 detained you, while Gallus pined^ with ill-requited love? for 
 neither any of the tops of Parnassus, nor those of Pindus,* 
 nor Aonian Aganippe, did retard you. The very laurels, the 
 very tamarisks bemoaned him : even pine-topped Mrenalus 
 [bemoaned] him as he lay beneath a lonely rock, and over 
 
 '" " The same as Ocnus, of whom Yirgil says in the tenth Eclogue, 
 Fatidicce Maniics, et Thusci filius Amnw. He was the founder of Man- 
 tua." Servius. B. 
 
 ^ Arethusa, the nymph who presided over the fountain of the same 
 name in Sicily. 
 
 ^ Doris, a searnymph, the mother of the Nereids ; here used to ex- 
 press the sea itself. Naiads, nymphs — goddesses who presided over 
 rivers and fountains. 
 
 ^ Observe that " periret" is used to express the iTuKETo, i. e. " wasted 
 away," of Theocr. i. 66. B. 
 
 ^ Pindus, a mountain between Thessaly and Epirus, sacred to Apollo 
 and the Muses. Aonian Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bosotia, of 
 which Aonia was a district. 
 
30 BUCOLICS. ECL. z. 13 — 47. 
 
 him the stones of cold Lycrsus^ wept. His sheep too stand 
 nround him, nor are they ashamed of us ; nor, divine poet, be 
 thou ashamed of thy liock ; even fair Adonis^ tended sheep 
 by the streams. The shepherd too came up ; the slow-paced 
 herdsmen came; Menalcas came wet from winter-mast. All 
 question whence this thy love ? Apollo came : G alius, he 
 says, why ravest thou thy care V Lycoris is following another 
 through snows and horrid camps. Silvanus' too came up 
 w^ith rural honors on his head, v/aving the fiowering fennels 
 and big lilies. Pan, the god of Arcadia, came ; whom we 
 ourselves beheld stained with the elder's purple berries and 
 vermihon. What bounds, he says, will you set [to mourning]? 
 Love reo-ards not such matters. Nor cruel love with tears, 
 nor grassy meads with streams, nor bees with cytisus, nor 
 goats with leaves, are satisfied. But he, overwhelmed with 
 grief, said, Yet^ you. Arcadians, shall sing these my woes on 
 your mountains ; ye Arcadians, alone skilled in song. Oh how 
 softly then may my bones rest, if your pipe in future times 
 shall sing my loves ! And would to heaven I had been one 
 of you, and either keeper of your flock, or vintager of the 
 ripe grape! Sure whether Phyllis or Amyntas, or whoever 
 else, had been my love (what though Amyntas be swarthy? 
 the violet is black, and hyacinths are black), they would have 
 reposed with me among the willows under the limber vine ; 
 Phyllis had gathered garlands for me, Amyntas would have 
 sung. Here are cool fountains; here, Lycoris, Foft meeds, 
 liere a grove : here with thee I could consume my Avhcle life 
 away. Now frantic love detains me in the service of ligid 
 Mars, in the midst of darts, and adverse foes. Thou, far from 
 thy native land (let me not believe it), beholdest nothing 
 but Alpine snows,^'' and the colds of the PJiine, ah, hard- 
 
 ^ Ljcceus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, and also to Pan. 
 
 ° Adonis, a 5'outh, the favorite of Venus : having lost his hfe by the 
 bite of a wild boar, he was changed into the flower Anemone. 
 
 ' ^sch. Choeph. 223, w (piAarov /j.e?.7]ua {i. e. " cura") ^ujiaaLv 
 Tcarpog. B. 
 
 ^ Silvanus, a rural deity among the Romans, who presided over woods. 
 
 " But Nonius Marcell. i. s. v. triste est msestum, connects " tamen" 
 with "ille," which I should almost prefer, the sense being, "But he 
 (despite all that even Pan could say) yet replied," etc. B, 
 
 '" Alpine snows. The Alps are a chain of mountains, the highest in 
 Europe, separating Italy from France, Switzerland, and Austria. The 
 
ECL. X. 48—77. BUCOLICS. 31 
 
 hearted one ! alone, without me. Ah, may neither these colds 
 hurt thee ! ah, may not the sharp ice wound thy tender feet ! 
 I will go, and warble on the Sicilian shepherd's reed those 
 songs which are by me composed in Chalcidian strain.^ ^ I 
 am resolved, rather to endure [my passion] in the woods, 
 among the dens of wild beasts, and to inscribe my loves upon 
 the tender trees : as they grow up, so you, my loves, wall grow. 
 Meanwhile, in company with the nymphs, over Maenalus will 
 I range, or hunt the fierce boars. No colds shall hinder me 
 from traversing with my hounds the Parthenian lawiis^' around, 
 Now over rocks and resounding groves methiuks I roam : 
 pleased I am to shoot Cydonian shafts from the Parthian bow : 
 [Fool that I am !] as if these were a cure for the rage of love ; 
 or as if that god could learn to be softened by human woes. 
 Now, neither the nymphs of the groves, nor songs themselves, 
 charm me any more : even ye woods, once more farewell. No 
 HufFering can change him, though amid frosts we drink of 
 Hebrus,'^ and undergo the Sithonian snows^* of rainy winter; 
 or even if we should tend ourllocks in Ethiopia,'^ beneath the 
 sign of Cancer, w^hen the dying rind withers on the stately elm. 
 Love conquers all ;^° and let us yield to love. These strains, 
 ye divine Muses, it shall suffice your poet to have sung, while 
 he s:xt and wove his little basket of slender osiers : these you 
 will make acceptable to G alius ; to Gallus, for whom my love 
 grows as much every hour, as the green alder shoots up in the 
 infancy of spring. Let us arise : the shade is wont to prove 
 noxious to singers ; the juniper's shade now grows noxious ; 
 the shades are hurtful even to the corn. Go home, the even- 
 ing star arises, my full-fed goats, go home. 
 
 Rhine, a celebrated river which rises in the Alps, and, aftei; a course of 
 600 miles, discharges itself into the German Ocean. 
 
 " Chalcidian strain, that is, in the elegiac strain of Euphorion, a 
 Greek poet of Ghalcis in Euboc-a. 
 
 " Parthenian lawns. Parthenius was a mountain of Arcadia, for 
 which it is hero used ; as Cj^donian shafts is used for Cretan darts — Cy- 
 don being a city of Crete. 
 
 " The cold of the Hebrus in Thrace was celebrated, as we find from 
 Phihppus in Anthol. p. 47, "EfSpov dpTjcKiov Kpv/jcj ireTredTj/Ltivov v6op. B. 
 
 ^* Sithonian snows, from Sithonia, a part of Thrace. 
 
 *^ Ethiopia, an extensive country of Africa : by the ancients, this name 
 was applied to modern Abyssinia, and the southern regions of Africa. 
 
 " Heyne finds fault with the abruptness of this passage, but Anthon 
 well remarks, that '• this lino is meant to express a return to a sounder 
 mind." B, 
 
VIRGIL'S GEOBGICS. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 This admirable Poem was undertaken at the particular request of that fi^eat 
 patron of poetry, Msecenas, to whom it is dedicated, and has justly oeen 
 esteemed the most perfect and finished of Virgil's works. Of the Four 
 Books of which it consists, the First treats of plowing and preparing the 
 ground ; the Second, of sowing and planting,; the Third, of the manage- 
 ment of cattle, etc. ; fcid the Fourth gives an account of bees, and of the 
 manner of keeping tnem among the Eomans, 
 
 What makes the harvests joyous ; under what sign, Ma3cena», 
 it is proper to turn the earth and join the vines to elms ; what 
 is the care for kine, the nurture for breeding sheep •/ and 
 how much experience for managing the frugal bees ; hence 
 will I begin to sing. Ye brightest lights^ of the world, that 
 lead the year gliding along the sky ; Bacchus and fostering 
 Ceres, if by your gift mortals exchanged the Chaonian acorn 
 for fattening ears of corn, and mingled draughts of Achelous^ 
 with the invented juice of the grape ; and ye Fauns propitious 
 to swains, ye Fauns and Virgin Dryads, advance your foot in 
 tune : your bounteous gifts I sing. And thou, O JS'eptune, to 
 whom the earth, struck with thy mighty trident, first poyred 
 forth the neighing steed ; and thou, tenant of the groves, for 
 whom three hundred snow-white bullocks crop C?ea's^ fertile 
 
 ^ Pecori. Pocus here, as opposed to hoves, signifies the lesser cattle, 
 as sheep and goats, but especially sheep ; as the word, I think, always 
 signifies in Virgil when it stands by itself. See Eel. i. 75 ; iii. 1, 20, 34 ; 
 y. 87. Georg. ii. 371. . 
 
 - Vos, 6 clarissima mundi, etc. Varro, in his seventh book of Agri- 
 culture, invocates the sun and moon, then Bacchus and Ceres, as Virgil 
 does here ; which sufficiently confutes those who take the words, vos, 6 
 clarissima lumina, to bo meant of Bacchus and Ceres. 
 
 ^ Achelous (Aspro Potamo), a river of Epirus in Greece, said by some 
 to have been the first river that sprung from the earth after the deluge ; 
 hence it was frequently put by the ancients, as it is here, for water. 
 Davidson. Servius observes, " Acheloum generaliter, propter antiquita* 
 tem fluminis, omnem aquam veteres vocabant." B. 
 
 * Csea (Zea), an island in the Archipelago, one of the Cycladea. 
 
B. r. 16—43. GEORGICS. 33 
 
 thickets : tlioii too, O Pan, guardian of the sheep, O Tegesean* 
 god, if thy own Maenalus be thy care, draw nigh propitious, 
 leaving thy native grove, and the dells of Lycaeus : and thou 
 Minerva, iuventress of the olive ; and thou, O boy, teacher of 
 the crooked plow ; and thou, Sylvanus, bearing a tender 
 cypress plucked up by the root : both gods and goddesses all, 
 whose province it is to guard the fields ; both ye who nourish 
 the infant fruits from no seed, and ye who on the sown fruits 
 send down the abundant shower from heaven. 
 
 And thou too, Csesar, whom it is yet uncertain what 
 councils of the gods are soon to have ; whether thou wait 
 vouchsafe to visit cities, and [undertake] the care of countries, 
 and the widely extended globe receive thee, giver of the 
 fruits, and ruler of the seasons, binding thy temples with thy 
 mother's myrtle : or whether thou comest, god of the un- 
 measured ocean, and mariners worship thy divinity alone ; 
 whether remotest Thule° is to be subject to thee, and Tethys'' 
 to purchase thee for her son-in-law with all her waves ; or 
 whether thou wilt join thyself to the slow months, a new con- 
 stellation, where space lies open between Erigone and the 
 [Scorpion's] pursuing claws : the fiery Scorpion himself al- 
 ready contracts his arms and leaves for thee more than an 
 equal proportion of the sky. Whatever thou wilt be (for let 
 not Tartarus* expect thee for its king, nor let such dire lust of 
 sway once be thine ; though Greece admires her Eiysian fields, 
 and Proserpine," redemanded, is not inclined to follow her. 
 mother), grant me an easy course, and favor my adventurous 
 enterprise ; and pitying me with the swains who are strangers 
 to their way, commence [the god], and accustom thyself even 
 now to be invoked by prayers. 
 
 In early spring when melted snow glides down from the 
 
 ' Tegeasan god. Pan is so called, from Tegea, a town of Arcadia^ in 
 Greece, which was sacred to him. 
 
 ® Thule, an island in the most northern parts of the German Ocean, to 
 which the ancients gave the epithet of Ultima. Some suppose that it ia 
 the island of Iceland, or part of Greenland, while others imagine it to be 
 the Shetland Isles, 
 
 ^ Tethys, the chief of the sea-deities, was the wife of Oceanufi. The 
 word is often used by the poets to express the sea. 
 
 ^ Tartarus, the infernal regions, where, according to the ancients, the 
 most impious and guilty among mankind were punished. 
 
 " Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, and wife of Pluto, who stola her 
 away as she was gathering flowers in the plains of Enna in Sicily, 
 
34 GEORGICS. iJ. i. 44—67. 
 
 lioaiy hills, and the crumbHng glebe unbinds itself by the 
 zephyr ; then let my steer begin to groan under the deep- 
 pressed plow, aiid the share worn by the furrow [begin] to 
 glitter. That field at last answers the wishes of the covetous 
 farmer, which twice hath felt the sun, twice the cold,^" har- 
 vests immense are wont to burst liis barns. 
 
 But, before we cleave an unknown plain with the plow- 
 share, let it be our care previously to learn the winds, and 
 various character of the climate, the ways of culture practiced 
 by our forefathers, and the tillage and habits of the soil; 
 what each country is apt to produce, and what to refuse. 
 Here grain, there grapes, more happily grow ; nurseries of 
 trees elsewhere, and herbs spontaneous bloom. Do not you 
 see, how Tmolus^^ sends saffron odors, India ivory, the soft 
 Sabaeans their frankincense ? But the naked^^ Chalybes [send] 
 steel, Pontus strong-scented castor, Epirus^^ the prime of the 
 Olympic mares. These laws and eternal conditions nature 
 from the beginning imposed on certain places : what time 
 Deucalion first cast stones into the unpeopled world, whence 
 men, a hardy race, sprang up. Come then, let your sturdy 
 steers forthwith turn up a soil that is rich for the first month 
 of the year ; and let the dusty summer bake the scattered clods 
 with mature suns. But, if the land be not fertile, it will be 
 
 ^^ Anthon observes, "The usual custom of the Roman formers was to 
 ^low the land three times, when it fell under the denomination of hard 
 land. The first plowing was in the spring, the second in the summer, 
 the third in autumn (tertiabatur, Colum. ii. 4). In this way the ground 
 was exposed twice to the heat of the sun, and once to the frost. If, how- 
 ever, the soil was unusually hard and stubborn, a fourth plowing took 
 place at the end of autumn or beginning of winter ; and it is to such a 
 process that the poet here alludes, the land having thus, in the course of 
 its four upturnings with the plow, twice felt the sun and twice the cold." 
 
 " Tmolus, a mountain of Lydia, in Asia Minor, abounding in vines, 
 saffron, etc. Sabaans, the inhabitants of Saba, a town of Arabia, famous 
 for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. Chalybes, a people of 
 Pontus, in Asia Minor ; their country abounded in iron mines. 
 
 " If "nudi" be correct, Virgil must speak of the Chalys only as 
 lightly clad {leviter vestiti), as in his direction to husbandmen "to 
 plow and sow naked." But although this would be a very proper 
 way of speaking among people acquainted with this limitation of mean- 
 ing, yet it seems scarcely an apt epithet for a barbarian tribe, dwelling- 
 in a cold region. Some years since, I proposed to read " duri." See the 
 supplement to my notes on Apul. de Deo Socr. B. 
 
 " Epiras (Albania), a country of Greece, famous for its fine breed of 
 horses. 
 
3. I. 68— 9G. GEORGICS. 35 
 
 enough to raise it up with a Hght furrow, even toward the 
 rising of Arcturus:^* in the former case, lest weeds obstruct 
 the joyous com ; in the latter, less the scanty moisture for- 
 sake the barren sandy soil. 
 
 You will likewise sufter your lands after reaping to lie fal- 
 low every other year, and the exhausted field to harden by 
 repose. Or, changing the season, you will sow there yellow 
 wheat, whence before you have taken up the* joyful pulse, 
 with rustling pods, or the vetch's slender offspring and the 
 bitter lupine's brittle stalks, and rustling grove. For a crop 
 of flax burns^^ the land : as burn the oats and poppies im- 
 pregnated with Lethajan sleep.^® But yet your labor will be 
 easy [even though you should sow these kinds of grain] every 
 other year, provided only you be not backward to saturate 
 the parched soil with rich dung, or to scatter sordid ashes 
 upon the exhausted lands: thus, too, your land will rest by 
 changing the grain. Nor, in the mean time, will there be 
 ungratefulness. 
 
 Often, too, it has been of use to set fire to barren lands, and 
 burn the lio^ht stubble in cracklin<x flames : whether the laud 
 thence receives secret strength and rich nourishment from a 
 field left fallow; or whether every vicious quality is exhaled 
 by the fire and the superfluous moisture sweats oft"; or whether 
 the heat opens more passages, and secret pores, through which 
 the sap may come to the tender blades ; or whether it hardens 
 more, and binds the gaping veins ; that the small showeis, 
 or keen influence of the violent sun, or penetrating cold of 
 Boreas, may not parch it up. 
 
 He, too, greatly benefits the land, who breaks the sluggish 
 clods with haiTows, and drags osier hurdles over them (nor 
 does yellow Ceres view him from high Olympus,'' to no 
 
 " Arcturus, a star near tlio tail of Ursa Major, whose rising and set- 
 ting was supposed to portend great tempests. In the time of Virgil, it 
 rose about the middle of September. 
 
 " i. e. exhausts. Virgil does not forbid the sowing of flax and pop- 
 pies, but explains that, fi'oni their exhausting nature, they are bad crops 
 /n rotation after wheat. So Anthou. B. 
 
 ^^ Lethasan sleep. Lethe was one of the rivers of hell, whose waters 
 liad the power of causing forgetfulness. 
 
 " Olympus, a lofty mountain on the confines of Thessaly and Mace- 
 donia, separated from Ossa by the vale of Tempo. The ancients sup- 
 posed that it touched the heavens with its top, and on that account the 
 poets made it the residence of the gods. 
 
36 GEORGICS. u. i. 9Y— 130. 
 
 purpose), and he also who, after the plain has been torn, again 
 breaks through the land; that raises up its ridges, turning 
 the plow across,'* and gives it frequent exercise and rules 
 his lands imperiously. 
 
 Pray, ye swains, for moist sum.mers and serene winters. 
 In winter's dust most joyful is the corn, joyful is the field. 
 On no culture does Mysia'^ so much pride herself, and [hence] 
 «ven Gargaru| admires his own harvest. 
 
 What shall I say of him, who, immediately after sowing 
 the seed, presses on the lands, and levels the heaps of barren 
 sand ; then on the sown corn drives the stream and ductile 
 rills? and when the field is scorched with raging heat, the 
 herbs all dying, lo ! from the brow of a hilly tract he decoys 
 the torrent ; which falling down the smooth rocks, awakes 
 the hoarse murmur, and with giu-gling streams allays the 
 thirsty lands ? 
 
 What of him who, lest the stalk with over-loaded ears bend 
 to the ground, feeds down the luxuriance of the crop in the 
 tender blade, when first the springing corn equals the fur- 
 rows ; and who drains ft'om soaking sand the collected moist- 
 ure of the marsh, chiefly when, in the changeable months, the 
 swelling river overflows, and overspreads all around with shmy 
 mud, whence the hollow dikes sweat with tepid vapor ? 
 
 After all (when the labors of men and oxen have tried 
 these expedients in cultivating the ground), the voraciotis 
 goose, the Strymonian" cranes, and succory with its bitter 
 roots, and even the shades are in some degree injurious. The 
 Sire himself ^\-illed the ways of tillage not to be easy, and first 
 aroused the fields by art, whetting the skill of mortals with 
 care ; nor suffered he his reign to lie inactive in heavy sloth. 
 Before Jove, no husbandmen subdued the fields ; nor was it 
 even lawful to mark out, or by limits divide the ground. 
 They made all things common gain, and earth of herself pro- 
 duced every thing freely without any one asking. He infused 
 the noxious poison into the horrid serpent, commanded the 
 wolves to prowl, and the sea to be stirred ; and he shook the 
 
 18 
 
 A description of "cross-plowing." B. 
 
 *^ Mysia, a country of Asia Minor, bordering on Troas. Gargarus, a 
 mountain, or rattier a part of Mount Ida, in Troas. 
 
 *" Strymonian cranes. Strymon, a river of Macedonia, the ancienl 
 boundary between that country and Thrace. 
 
B. I. 131— 1G4. GEORGICS. 37 
 
 honey from the leaves, removed fire, and restrained the wine 
 that ran commonly in rivulets ; that experience, by dint of 
 thought, might gradually hammer out the various arts, ia 
 furrows seek the blade of corn, and from the veins of flint 
 strike out the hidden fire. Then first the rivers felt the ex- 
 cavated alders ; then the seamen gave the stars their numbers 
 and their names, the Pleiades,"^ Hyades, and the bright 
 bear of Lycaon. Then were invented [the arts of] catching 
 wild beasts in toils, deceiving with birdlime, and encom- 
 passing the spacious lawn with hounds. And now one seek- 
 ing the depths, lashes the broad river with his casting-net; 
 and on the sea another drags his humid lines along. Then 
 [arose] the rigid force of steel, and the flat blade of the grating 
 saw (for the first mortals cleft the spHtting wood with wedges) ; 
 then various arts ensued. Incessant labor and want, in hard- 
 ships pressing, surmounted every obstacle. Ceres first taught 
 mortals with steel to turn the ground : when now the acorns 
 and arbutes of the sacred wood failed, and Dodona"' refused 
 sustenance. Soon too was distress inflicted on the corn ; when 
 noxious mildew eat the stalks, and the lazy thistle shot up its 
 horrid spikes in the field. The crops of corn die ; "a prickly 
 wood succeeds, burs and caltrops, and, amid the shining- 
 fields, unhappy darnel and barren wild oats bear sway. But 
 unless you both vex the ground by continual harro wings, fright 
 away the birds with a noise, and with the pruning-knife re- 
 strain the shades of the shaded field, and by prayers call 
 down the showers; alas, [while thy labor proves] in vain, 
 thou wilt view another's ample store, and in tho woods solace 
 thy hunger by shaking [acorns] from the oak. 
 
 We must also describe what are the instruments used by tho 
 hardy swains, without which the crops could neither be sown 
 nor spring. First, the share, and the heavy timber of the curved 
 plow, and the slow-rolling wains of the Eleusinian mother, 
 Ceres, and sledges and drags, and harrows of unwieldy weight ; 
 
 ^^ Pleiades, a name given to the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
 made a constellation in the heavens. Hyades, the five daughters of Atlas, 
 who were also changed into stars, and placed in the constellation Taurus. 
 Bear of Lycaon. Calisto, the daughter of Lycaon, was changed by Juno 
 into a bear, but Jupiter made her the constellation Ursa Major. 
 
 ^^ Dodona, an ancient city of Epirus, in Greece, where was a sacred 
 grove, with a celebrated oracle and temple of Jupiter. 
 
38 GEORGICS. l. i. 165—194. 
 
 besides the mean osier furniture of Celeus,'^ arbute hurdles, 
 and the mystic fan of Bacchus ; all which, with mindful care, 
 you vnll provide long beforehand, if glory of a bhssful coun- 
 try duly awaits thee. In the first place,^* in the woods an elm, 
 bent with vast force, is subdued into the plow tail, and re- 
 ceives the form of the crooked plow. To this, at the lower 
 end, are fitted a beam extended to eight feet, two earth-boards, 
 and share-beams with a double back. The lioht linden ako 
 is felled b^orehand for the yoke, and the tall beech, and the 
 plow-stafi", to turn the bottom of the carriage behind ; and 
 the smoke seasons" the timber hung up in the chimneys. 
 
 I can recite to you many precepts of the ancients, unless 
 you decline them, and think it not w^orth while to learn these 
 trifling cares. The thrashing-floor chiefly must be leveled 
 with the huge roller, and wrought with the hand, and con- 
 solidated with binding chalk, that weeds may not spring up, 
 and that overpowered with drought it may not chap. Then 
 various j)ests baffle us ; often the diminutive mouse has built 
 its cell, and made its granaries ; or the moles, deprived of 
 sight, have dug their lodges under ground ; and in the cavities 
 has the toad been found, and vermin which the earth produces 
 in abundance ; the weevil plunders vast heaps of corn, and 
 the ant, fearful of helpless old age. 
 
 Observe also, when the almond^® shall clothe itself abund- 
 antly with blossom in the woods, and bend its fragrant 
 boughs : if the rising fruit abound, in like quantity the corn 
 will follow, and a great thrashing with great lieat will ensue. 
 But, if the shady boughs abound with luxuriance of leaves, in 
 vain the floor shall bruise the stalks, fertile only in chaft'. 
 
 I have, indeed, seen many sowers artificially prepare their 
 seeds, and steep them first im saltpeter and black lees of oil, 
 
 2' Celeus, a king of Eleusis, was the father of Triptolemus, whom Ce- 
 res instructed in husbandry. 
 
 ^* The order is, " ulmus flexa in silvis magna vi doniatur in burim, et 
 accipit formam curvi aratri." Anthox. 
 
 '■"'" Literally, "explores," "searches," i. e., to see if there be any 
 chinks. B. 
 
 ■•"' The term nux is employed by the Koraan writers in an extended 
 sense, to denote the almond, the walnut, the hazel-nut tree, etc. Most 
 commonly, however, an epithet is added, to make the meaning more 
 definite; thus, nuxjuglans, "the walnut;" nux amygdala, "the almond;" 
 nux aveUana. " the hazel-nut or filbert," etc. Anthox. 
 
B. I. 195—223. GEORGICS. 39 
 
 that the produce might be larger in the fallacious pods. And 
 though, being hastened, they were soaked over a slow fire, 
 selected long, and proved with much labor, yet have I seen 
 them degenerate, unless human industry with the hand culled 
 out the largest every year. Thus all things, by destiny, hasten 
 to decay," "and ghding away, insensibly are driven backward; 
 not otherwise than he who rows his skift' with much ado against 
 the stream, if by chance he slackens his arms, and the tide 
 hurries him headlong down the river. 
 
 Further, the stars of Arcturus, and the days of the Kids, 
 and the shining Dragon, must be as much observed by us, as 
 by those who, homeward borne across the main, attempt the 
 [Euxine] Sea,'® and the straits of oyster-breeding Abydos.'" 
 
 When Libra makes the hours of day and night equal, and 
 now divides the globe in the middle between light and shades, 
 work your steers, ye swains, sow barley in the fields, till toward 
 the last shower of the inclement winter solstice. Then, too, is 
 the time to hide in the ground a crop of flax, and the poppy 
 of Ceres, and high time to ply your harrows ; while the ground, 
 yet dry, you may, while the clouds are yet suspended. 
 
 In tlie spring is the sowing of beans : then thee too, O 
 Medic plant !'"^ the rotten furrows receive, and millet comes, 
 an annual care, when the bright Bull with gilded horns opens 
 the year, and the Dog sets, giving way to the backward star. 
 But if you labor the ground for a wheat-harvest and sturdy 
 grain, and arc bent on bearded ears alone, let the Pleiades 
 in the morning be set, and let the Gnosian star^^ of [Ariadne's] 
 blazing Crown depart, before you commit to the furrows the 
 
 ^'' The infinitive is used absolutely to signify wliat is wont to hap- 
 pen. B. 
 
 ^^ The Euxine (or Black) Sea is situated between Europe and Asia, 
 and communicates with the Mediterranean by the Sea of Marmora and 
 the Dardanelles. 
 
 ^^ Abydos, a city of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont (Dardanelles), 
 opposite to Sestos, in Thrace; famous for the bridge of boats which 
 Xerxes made there across the Hellespont, when he invaded Greece ; and 
 for the loves of Hero and Leander. 
 
 ^^ Medic plant, a species of trefoil, so called, because introduced from 
 Media into Greece. 
 
 *' Gnosian star, etc., Ariadne's crown, consisting of seven stars, so 
 called from Gnosus, a city of Crete, where Minos, the fatlier of Ariadne, 
 reigned. Maia, one of the Pleiades. Bootes, a constellation near th», 
 Ursa Major, or Great Bear. 
 
40 GEORGICS. B. I. 224—256. 
 
 seed designed, and before you hasten to trust to the unwiUing 
 earth the hopes of the year. Many have begun before the 
 setting of Maia ; but the expected crop hath mocked them 
 with empty ears. But if you are to sow vetches, and cheap 
 kidney-beans, nor despise the care of the Egyptian lentil ; set- 
 tino- Bootes will afford thee signs not obscure. Begin, and 
 extend thy sowing to the middle of the frosts. 
 
 For this purpose, the golden sun, through the twelve con- 
 stellations' of the Y\'orld, rules the globe measured out into 
 certain portions. Five zones embrace the heavens ; whereof 
 one is ever glowing with the bright sun, and scorched forever 
 by his fire ; round which two furthest ones to the right and 
 left are extended, stiff with cerulean ice and horrid showers. 
 Between these and the middle zones, two by the bounty of the 
 gods are given to weak mortals ; and a path is cut through both, 
 where the series of the signs might revolve obliquely. As 
 the world rises high tov/ard Scythia and Riphsean^' hills ; so 
 sloping dov/nward it is depressed toward the south winds of 
 Libya) ^ The one pole to us is always elevated ; but the other, 
 under our feet, is seen by gloomy Styx^" and the ghosts below.^' 
 Here, after the manner of a river, the huge Dragon glides 
 away with tortuous windings, around and through between the 
 Bears ; the Bears that fear to be dipped in the ocean. There, 
 as they report, either dead night forever reigns in silence, 
 and, outspread, wraps all things up in darkness ; or else Au- 
 rora^^ returns thither from us, and brings them back the day ; 
 and when the rising sun firsts breathes on us with panting 
 steeds, there ruddy Vesper lights up his late illuminations. 
 
 Hence we are able to foreknow the seasons in the dubious 
 sky, hence the days of harvest, and the time of sowing ; and 
 when it is proper to sweep the faithless sea with oars, when 
 to launch the armed fleets, or to fell the pine in the woods in 
 
 '' Riphgean hills, in the north of Scythia, near the rivers Tanais and 
 
 Eha. 
 
 " Libya, an extensive country of Africa, lying between Egypt and the 
 Syrtis Major; by the ancients it was often applied to Africa in general. 
 
 ^* Styx, one of the rivers of hell, round which it was said to flow nine 
 times. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, that 
 they always swore by them ; an oath which was inviolable. 
 
 ^'^ So "profunda Juno," for Proserpine, in Claudian, de Vap. i. 2. B. 
 
 ^^ Aurora, the goddess of the morning. Vesper, the evening star; 
 often used for the evening, as Aurora is for the morning. 
 
B. I. 257—282. GEORGICS. 41 
 
 season. Nor in vain do we study the settings and the risings 
 of the signs, and the year equally divided into four different 
 seasons. 
 
 If at any time a bleak shower confines the husbandman, 
 then is his time to do many things in season, w^hich, as soon 
 as the sky is serene, would have to be done with expedition." 
 The plowman sharpens the hard edge of the blunted share, 
 scoops little boats from trees, or stamps the mark on the 
 sheep, or the number on his sacks. Others sharpen stakes 
 and two-horned forks, and prepare Amerine [osier] bands^^ 
 for the Umber vine. Now let the pliant basket of bramble 
 twigs be woven ; now i)arch your grain over the fire, now 
 grind it with the stone : for even on holy-days, divine and 
 human laws permit to perform some works. No religion 
 hath forbidden to clear the channels, to raise a fence before 
 the corn, to lay snares for birds, to fire the thorns, and plunge 
 in the wholesome river a flock of bleating sheep. Often the 
 driver of the sluofs-ish ass loads his ribs with oil, or common 
 apples ; and, in his return from the towm, brings back an in- 
 dented mill-stone, or a mass of black pitch. 
 
 The moon, too, hath allotted da3^s auspicious to works, seme 
 in one order, some in another. Shun the fifth : [on this] pale 
 Pluto^" and the Furies were born. Then' at an unholy birth 
 the earth brought forth Ccbus," lapetus, and savage Typhoeus, 
 and the brothers who conspired to tear down the skies. For 
 thrice did they essay to pile Ossa"^ upon Pelion, and to roll 
 woody Olympus upon Ossa : thrice the Sire, with his thun- 
 
 ^' So this line appears to be explained by Nonius Marc. i. p. 512, and 
 Macrob. Sat. vi. 3. " Maturare" at times is nearly identical with " pro- 
 perare." B. 
 
 ^^ Amerine bands, from Ameria, a city of Umbria, in Italy, which 
 abounded in osiers. 
 
 '* Pluto, in ancient mythology, was the son of Saturn and Ops, and 
 brother to Jupiter and Neptune ; in the division of his flither's empii'e, 
 the kingdom of Hell was allotted to him. 
 
 *° Coeus, lapetus, etc., famous giants, sons of Coelus and Terra, who. 
 according to the poets, made war against the gods ; but Jupiter at last 
 put them to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed them under Mount 
 >Etna, in Sicily. 
 
 *^ Ossa, Pelion, etc, celebrated mountains of Thessaly, in Greece, 
 which the giants, in their war against the gods, were feigned to have 
 heaped on each other, that they migh with more facihty scale the wall? 
 of heaven. 
 
42 GKORGICS. D. i. 283—313; 
 
 tler, overthrew tlie piled-up mountaius. The seventh, next 
 to the tenth, is lucky both to plant the vine, and break the 
 oxen caught, and to add the woof to the warp : the ninth is 
 better for flight, adverse to thefts." Many works too have 
 succeeded better in the cool night ; or when morning sprin- 
 kles the earth Avith the rising sun. By night the light stub- 
 ble, by night the parched meadows, are better" shorn : the 
 clammy dews fail not by night. And some by the late fires 
 of the winter light, watch all night, and -with the sharp steei 
 point torches. Meanwhile, his spouse, cheering by song her 
 tedious labor, runs over the webs with the shrill shuttle ; or 
 over the fire boils down the liquor of the luscious must, and 
 skims with leaves the tide of the trembling caldron. 
 
 But reddening Ceres is cut down in noontide heat ; and in 
 noontide heat the floor thrashes out the parched grain. Plow 
 naked," sow naked : winter is an inactive time for the hind- 
 In the cold weather the farmers mostly enjoy the fruit of their 
 labor, and, rejoicing wdth one another, provide mutual enter- 
 tainments : the genial winter invites them, and relaxes their 
 cares ; as when weather-beaten ships have reached the port, 
 and the joyous mariners have planted garlands on the sterns. 
 But it then is the time both to strip the mast of oak, and the 
 bay-berries, the olive, and tlie bloody myrtle-berries ; then to 
 set springes for cranes, and nets for stags, and to pursue the 
 long-eared hares ; and whirling "the hempen thongs of the 
 Balearian*' sling, to pierce the does, when the snow lies deep, 
 when the rivers hurtle down the ice. 
 
 Why should I speak of the storms" and constellations of 
 autumn ? and what must be guarded against by swains when 
 the day is now shorter, and the summer milder ? or when the 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 Anthon remarks, " The ninth day would be favorable for the run- 
 away, since the moon would then be of sufficient age to give a good light, 
 and help him on his way. For this very reason, on the other hand, it 
 would be unfavorable for the thief, who prefers darkness." Yoss. ad he. 
 
 ^^ I think the harmony of this verse will be increased by transposing, 
 thus, "Nocte leves stipula3 melius," as it is quoted by Jul. Rufin. Schenu 
 Lex. 6. p. 31, ed. Ruhnk. B. 
 
 ^* i. e., in thin attire. B. 
 
 *^ Balearian sling, from the Baloares ; a name given to the islands of 
 Majorca and Minorca, in the Mediterranean, because the inhabitants were 
 expert slingers. 
 
 *" Nonius, i. s. v. tempestas, limits the sense of this word to "turbo 
 ventorum," I think, scarcely with reason. B. 
 
u I. 313— 34C. GEORGICS. 43 
 
 showery springs pours down, the spiky harvest bristles in the 
 fields, and the milky corn swells in the green stalk ? Oft have 
 I seen, when the farmer had just brought the reaper into the 
 yellow fields, and was binding up the barley with the brittle 
 straw, all the battles of the winds engage, Avhich far and wide 
 tore up the full-loaded corn from the lowest roots, and tossed 
 it up : just so, with blackening whirlwind, a wintery storm 
 would drive light straw and flying stubble. Often also an 
 immense march of waters gathers in the sk}^, and clouds, col- 
 lected from on high, brew thick an ugly storm of black show- 
 ers : the lofty sky pours down, and with storms of rain sweeps 
 away the joyful corn, and toils of steers : the ditches are filled, 
 and the hollow rivers*^ swell with roaring, and in the steam- 
 ins^ friths the sea boils. The Sire himself, amid a niofht of 
 clouds, launches the thunders with his flamins: n<rht hand : 
 A\dth the violence of which mighty earth trembles : the beasts 
 are fled, and through the nations lowly fear hath sunk the 
 hearts of men. He with his flaming bolt strikes down or 
 Athos,*® or Rhodope, or high Ceraunia :" the south wind^^, 
 redouble, and the shower is more and more condensed ; now 
 woods, now shores, moan 'neath the mighty blast. 
 
 This dreading, observe the months and constellations of the 
 heavens : which way the cold star of Saturn shapes his course, 
 into what circuits Mercury's fiery planet wanders in heaven. 
 Above all, venerate the gods ; and renew to great Ceres the 
 sacred annual rites,^" offering up thy sacrifice upon the joyous 
 turf, at the expiration of the last days of winter, when the 
 spring is serene. Then the lambs are fat, and then the wines 
 most mellow ; then slumbers on the hills are sweet, and thick 
 the shades. For thee let all the rural vouths adore Ceres ; to 
 whom mix thou the honey-comb with milk and gentle wine ; 
 and thrice let the auspicious victim go round the recent grain : 
 which let the whole chorus of thy companions accompany in 
 
 *'' i. e. the mountain streams. Ilcsjch. 6u7.aaaa Koi7.rji 7/ x^^fJ-tpiar. B. 
 
 *® Athos, a lofty mountain of Macedonia, in Greece, on a peninsula : 
 it is now called Monte Santo, from the number of monasteries erected 
 upon it, Ceraunia, large mountains of Epirus, in Greece, stretching out 
 far into the Adriatic, 
 
 ** " Acroceraunia" is more usual. Servius on iEn, iii. B. 
 
 ^° The poet here alludes to the Ambarvalia, a festival in honor of 
 Ceres, and which was so called because the victim was led around tho 
 fields (quod victima ambiret arva) beforo it was sacrificed. Anthon. 
 
44 GEORGICS. b. i. 347—383. 
 
 jovial mood, and with acclamation invite Ceres into tlieir 
 dwellings ; nor let any one put the sickle to the ripe corn, 
 till in honor of Ceres, ha^dng his temples bound with 
 wreathed oak, he dance in measure uncouth, and sing hymns. 
 
 And that we may learn these things by certain signs, both 
 heats and rains, and cold-bringing winds, the Sire himself has 
 appointed what the monthly moon should betoken ; under 
 what sign the south winds should fall ; from what common 
 observatTons the husbandman should learn to keep his herds 
 nearer their stalls. 
 
 Straightway, when winds are rising, the friths of the sea 
 with tossings begin to swell, and a dry crashing noise to be 
 heard in the high mountains ; or the far-sounding shores to 
 be disturbed, and the murmurs of the grove to increase. Now 
 hardly the billows refrain themselves from the crooked ships, 
 when the cormorants fly swiftly back from the midst of the sea, 
 and send their screams to the shore ; and when the sea-coots 
 sport on the dry beach; and the heron forsakes the well- 
 known fens, and soars above the lofty cloud. » Often too, 
 v.'hen wind threatens, you will see the stars shoot precipitate 
 from the sky, and behind them long trails of flame whiten 
 athwart the 'shades of night ; often the light chafl" and fallen 
 leaves flutter about ; or feathers swimming on the surface of 
 the water frisk together. 
 
 But when it lightens from the quarters of surly Boreas, and 
 when the house'' of Eurus" and Zeph3T'us thunders, all the 
 fields are floated with full ditches, and every mariner on the 
 sea furls his damp sails. Showers never hurt any unfore- 
 warned : either the airy cranes have shunned it in the deep 
 valleys as it rose ; or the heifer looking up to heaven, hath 
 snufled in the air with wide nostrils ; or the chattering swallow 
 hath fluttered about the lakes ; and the frogs croaked their old 
 complaint in the mud.'' And often the ant, drilling her nar- 
 row path, hath conveyed her eggs from her secret cell ; and 
 the mighty bow hath drunk deep ; and an army of ravens, on 
 their return from feeding, have beaten the air and made a 
 noise, with wings close crowded.^ Now you may observe the 
 various sea-fowls, and those that rummage about the Asian 
 
 ^^ Eurus and Zephyrus, the east and west winds. 
 " Alluding to tho metamorphosis of the Lycian peasants into frogS 
 for insulting Latona. Ovid, Met. vi. 376. Anthon. B. j 
 
B. I. 584—409. GEORGICS. 45 
 
 meads, in Cayster's" pleasant lakes, keenly lave the copious 
 dews upon their shoulders ; now offer their heads to the work- 
 ing tides, now run into the streams, and, sportive, revel vainlv 
 in their desire of bathing, ^hen the impudent crow with full 
 throat invites the rain, and solitary stalks by herself on the 
 dry sand. Nor were even the maids, carding their nightly 
 tasks, ignorant of the approaching storm ; when they saw the oil 
 sputter on the heated sherd, and foul fungous clots growthick.^* 
 Nor with less ease may you foresee, and by certain signs 
 discern, sunshine succeeding rain, and open serene skies. 
 For neither are the stars then seen with blunted edge, nor the 
 moon to rise as if indebted to her brother's beams ; nor thin 
 fleecy" clouds to be borne through the sky. Nor do the hal- 
 cyons, beloved by Thetis,^" <ixpand their wings upon the shore 
 to the warm sun : the impure swine are not heedful to toss 
 about with their snouts the loosened wisps. But the mists 
 seek the lower grounds, and rest upon the plain ; and the owl, 
 observant of the setting sun from the high housetop, practices 
 her evening songs in vain. 'Nisus in the cl'^^r sky appears 
 aloft, and Scylla pays penalty for the purple lock. Wher- 
 ever she flying cuts the hght air with her wings, lo, hostile, 
 implacabk Nisus," with loud screams pursues her through the 
 sky : where Nisus mounts into the sky, she swiftly flying cuts 
 the light air with her wings. Then the ravens, with com- 
 
 "^ Cayster, a river of Asia Minor, which falls into the iEgean Sea, 
 near Ephesus. 
 
 ** This was a popular superstition, as wo learn from Schol. Aristoph. 
 Vesp. 260. B. 
 
 " Cf. Lucret. vi. 503, " veluti pendentia vellera lana." B, 
 
 ^® Thetis, one of the sea-deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris and 
 mother of Achilles. 
 
 '*^ Minos having laid siege to Megara, of which Nisus was king, became 
 master of the place through the treachery of Scylla, the daughter of the 
 latter. Nisus had a purple or golden lock of hair growing on his head, 
 and, as long as it remained uncut, so long was his life to last. Scylla, 
 having seen Minos, fell in love with him, and resolved to give him the 
 victory. Sbe accordingly cut off her father's precious lock as he slept, 
 and he immediately died. The town was then taken by the Cretans ; but 
 Minos, instead of rewarding the maiden, disgusted with her unnatural 
 treachery, tied her by her feet to the stem of his vessel, and thus dragged 
 her along till she was drowned. Nisus was changed after death into the 
 bird called the sea-eagle, {uTnueTog,) and Scylla into that named ci'^^is 
 (KEipir)- and the father continually pursues the daughter, says the 
 legend, to punish her for her crime. Anthon. 
 
46 GEORGICS. b. i. 410—444. 
 
 pressed throat, three or four times repeat their clear notes ; 
 and often in their nests aloft, affected with I know not what 
 unusual charm, they rustle together among the leaves: the 
 rains now passed, they are glad to revisit their little offspring 
 and beloved nests : not, indeed, I am persuaded, as if they had 
 a spirit of discernment from the gods, or superior knowledge 
 of things by fate ; but when the storm and fluctuating vapors 
 of the air have changed their course, and show^ery Jove by 
 his south winds condenses those things which just before were 
 rare, and rarefies what things were dense ; the images of their 
 minds are altered, and their breasts now receive different im- 
 pressions (different, while the wind rolled the clouds). Hence 
 that concert of birds in the fields, and the cattle frisking for 
 joy, and the ravens exulting in their caws. » 
 
 But if you give attention to the rapid sun, and the moons 
 in order following; the hour of ensuing morn shall never 
 cheat you, nor shall you be deceived by the treacherous aspect 
 of a serene nio^ht. When first the moon collects the returninn^ 
 rays, if with horns obscure she incloses dusky air, a vast ram 
 is preparing for swains and mariners. But, if she should 
 spread a virgin blush over her face, wind will ensue : golden 
 Phoebe^^ always reddens with wind. But if at her fourth 
 rising (for that is the most unerring monitor) she passes along 
 the sky pure and bright, nor with blunted horns ; both that 
 whole day, and all those that shall come after it, till the month 
 be finished, wiJl be free from rains and winds : and the mariners 
 preserved, will pay their vows upon the shore to Glaucus,"' 
 Panopea, and Melicerta, Ino's son. 
 
 The sun too, both rising and when he sets in the waves, 
 will give signs. The surest signs attend the sun, both those 
 which he brings in the morning, and those when the stars 
 arise.- When he shall checker his new-born face with spots, 
 hidden in a cloud, and has fled from view with half his orb, 
 you may then suspect showers : for the south wind, pernicious 
 to trees and corn and flocks, hastens from the sea. Or when 
 
 '^ Phoebe, a name of Diana, or Luna (the moon) ; as Phoebus is a 
 name of Apollo, or Sol (the sun). 
 
 ^^ Glaucus, a fisherman of Anthedon, in Boeotia, son of Neptune and 
 Nais, changed into a sea-deity. Panopea, a sea-nymph, one of the Ne- 
 reids. Melicerta, the son of Athanas and Ino, changed into a sea-god, 
 known also by the names of Palemon and Portumnus. 
 
B. I. 445-470. GEORGICS. 47 
 
 at the dawn the rays shall break themselves diversely amoDg 
 the thick clouds ; or when Aurora, leaving the saftron-bed of 
 Tithonus^" rises pale ; ah, the vine-leaf will then but ill de- 
 fend the mellow grapes ; so thick the horrid hail bounds rat- 
 tling on the roofs. This too it will be more advantageous to 
 remember, when, having measured the heavens, he is just 
 setting ; for often we see various colors wander over his face. 
 The azure threatens rain ; the fiery wind. But if the spots 
 begin to be blended with bright fire, then you will see all 
 things embroiled together with wind and storms of rain. Let 
 none advise me that night to launch into the deep, or to tear 
 my cable from the land. But, if, both when he ushers in, and 
 when he shuts up the revolving day, his orb is lucid ; in vain 
 will you be alarmed by the clouds, and you will see -v^-oods 
 waved by the clear north wind. ^'^ 
 
 In fine, the sun will give thee signs what [weather] late 
 Vesper brings, from what quarter the wind will loll the 
 clouds serene, v/hat wet Auster"' meditates. Who dares to 
 call the sun deceiver ? He even forewarns often that hidden 
 tumults are at hand, and that treachery and secret wars are 
 swelling to a head. He also pitied Rome at Ca3sar's death, 
 when he covered his bright head with murky iron hue," and 
 the impious age feared eternal night ; though at that time the 
 earth too, and ocean's plains, ill-omened dogs, and presaging 
 birds, gave ominous signs. How often have we seen ^tna*"* 
 
 "" Tithonus, a son of Laomedon, kinj^ of Troy, was so beautiful that 
 Aurora became enamored of him, and carried him away to Ethiopia. 
 
 ^' Auster, the south wind. 
 
 " "When he shrouded his bright head with a dark ferruginous hue." 
 According to Plutarch (Yit. Ca^s. c. 90), Phny (H. N. ii. 30), and Die 
 Cassius (xlv. 17), the sun appeared of a dim and pallid hue after the 
 assassination of Julius C«sar, and continued so during the whole of the 
 year. It is said, too, that, for want of the natural heat of that luminary, 
 the fruits rotted without coming to maturity. What Plutarch calls pale- 
 ness, Virgil, it will be perceived, denominates by a stronger term, ferrugo. 
 This, of course, is the license of poetry. The phenomenon mentioned by 
 the ancient writers is thought by some modern inquirers to have been oc- 
 casioned by spots on the sun ; and this is the more probable opinion. 
 There appears, however, to have been an actual eclipse of the sun that 
 same year, in the month of November. Anthox. 
 
 " yEtua (Gibello), a celebrated volcanic mountain of Sicily. This 
 immense mountain is of a conical form; it is two miles iu perpendicular 
 height, 100 miles round the base, with an ascent, in some places, of 3C 
 miles, and its crater is a circle of about 3 1-2 miles in circumference. 
 
48 GEORGICS. b. i. 471—498. 
 
 from its burst furnaces boil over in waves on the lands of tlie 
 Cyclops," and shoot up globes of flame, and molten rocks! 
 Germany heard a clashing of arms over all the sky ; the Alps 
 trembled with unwonted earthquakes. A mighty voice too 
 was commonly heard through the silent groves, and specters 
 strangely pale were seen under cloud of night ; and the very 
 cattle (O horrid !) spoke ; rivers stopped their courses, the 
 earth yawned wide ; the mourning ivory weeps in the tem- 
 ples, and the brazen statues sweat. Eridanus," king of rivers, 
 overflowed, whirling in mad eddy whole woods along, and 
 bore away the herds with their stalls over all the plains. 
 Nor at the same time did either the fibers fail to appear 
 threatening in the baleful entrails, or blood to flow from the 
 wells, and cities to resound aloud with wolves howling by 
 night. Never did more lightnings fall from a serene sky, or 
 direful comets so often blaze. For this Philippi^® twice saw 
 the Roman armies in intestine w^ar" engage ; nor seemed it 
 unbecoming to the gods, that Emathia^^ and the extensive 
 plains of Hoemus should twice be fattened with our blood. 
 Ay, and the time will come, when in those regions the hus- 
 bandman, laboring the ground with the crooked plow, shall 
 find javelins all eaten with corrosive rust, or with his cumbrous 
 harrows shall clash on empty helmets, and marvel at the huge 
 bones in dug-up graves. 
 
 Ye guardian deities of my country, ye Indigetes"^ and thou 
 
 ^* Cyclops, a gigantic race of men, sons of Coelus and Terra: they 
 were Vulcan's workmen in fabricating the thunderbolts of Jupiter, and 
 were represented having only one eye in the middle of their forehead. 
 
 ®^ Eridanus, called afterward Padus (the Po), the largest river of 
 Italy, rises in the Alps, after a course of nearly 400 miles, falls into the 
 Adriatic, to the south of the city of Venice. 
 
 ®^ Philippi, a city of Macedonia, on the confines of Thrace, famous 
 for the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Antony and Augustus, b. c. 42. 
 By the other battle at Philippi, mentioned here, Virgil is supposed to 
 allude to that between Ctesar and Pompey on the plains of Pharsaha, 
 in Thessaly, which was fought near a town also called Philippi, b. c. 
 48. 
 
 ''^ The force of "paribus telis" is well expressed by Lucan, i. 7, 
 "pares aquilas, et pila minantia pilis," as remarked by Servius, B. 
 
 ®* Emathia, an ancient name of Macedonia and Thessaly. Hffimus, 
 an extensive chain of mountains through Thrace, etc., in length about 
 four hundred miles. 
 
 °^ Indigetes, a name given to those deities who were worshiped in 
 particular places, or to such heroes as were deified. 
 
B. 1. 498—514. GEOEGICS. 49 
 
 O Romulus," aud mother Vesta/^ who guardest the Tuscan 
 Tiber/^ and the palaces of Rome ; forbid not that this youth- 
 ful hero at least repair the ruins of the age. Long since 
 enough have we with our blood atoned for the perjuries of 
 Laomedon's Troy." Long since, O Caesar, the courts of heaven 
 envy us thee, and complain that thou art concerned about the 
 triumphs of mortals; since among them the distinctions of 
 right and wrong are perverted ; so many wars, so many aspects 
 of crimes, are throughout the world ; the plow has none of its 
 due honors ; the fields lie waste, their owners being drawn 
 for service ; and the crooked scythes are forged into rigid 
 swords. Here Euphrates,'* there Germany, raises war ; neigh- 
 boring cities, having broken their mutual leagues, take arms ; 
 impious Mars'^ rages through all the world. As when the 
 four-horsed chariots have burst forth from the goal, they add 
 speed to speed, and the charioteer, stretching in vain the bridle, 
 is hurried away by the steeds, nor is the chariot heedful of the 
 reins. 
 
 '"' Eomulus, a son of liars and Rhea, grandson of Numitor, king of Alba, 
 and twin-brother of Remus. lie was the founder and first king of Rome, 
 which ho built on Mount Palatine, b. c. 753. By the triumphs of their 
 arms, and the terror of their name, the Romans gradually rose, during a 
 succession of ages, to universal empire, and Rome begame, for a time, 
 mistress of the world. After his death, Romulus was ranked among tho 
 gods, and received divine honors under the name of Quirinus. 
 
 ''^ Vesta, daughter of Rhea and Saturn, called the mother of the gods, 
 was the goddess of fire, and the patroness of the vestal virgins, among 
 the Romans. 
 
 " Tiber, a celebrated river of Italy, rises in the Apennines, and falls 
 into the Mediterranean Sea, sixteen miles below the city of Rome. 
 
 '^ Laomedon, King of Troy, and the fiither of Priam. Ho built the 
 walls of Troy, with the assistance of Apollo and Neptune ; but, on the 
 work being finished, he refused to reward them for their labors, and, in 
 consequence, incurred the displeasure of the gods. 
 
 ' ' Euphrates, a celebrated river of Asia, which rises in tho mountains 
 of Armenia, and discharges itself into the Persian Gulf. 
 
 '* Mars, the god of war. Among the Romans, this deity received 
 tho most unbounded honors. 
 
50 GEORGICS. b. ti. 1—".6. 
 
 BOOK IL 
 
 Virgil, having, in tlie First Book, treated of tillage, proceeds in the Second 
 to the subject of planting ; describes the varieties of trees, with the best 
 inethods of raising them ; gives rules for the management of the vine and 
 olive, and forjudging of the nature of soils ; and, in a strain of exalted 
 poetry, celebrates the praises of Italy, and the pleasures of a country life. 
 
 Thus far of the culture of fields, and of the constellations of 
 the heavens ; now, Bacchus, will I sing of thee, and with thee 
 of w^oodland trees, and of the slow-growing olive's offspring. 
 Hither, O father' Lenoeus' (here is all full of thy bounties: 
 for thee the field, laden with the viny harvest, fiouiishes ; [for 
 thee] the vintage foams in the full vats) : hither, O father 
 Lenceus, come ; and, having thy buskins stripped off, stain thy 
 legs, bared of the sandals, with me iji new wine. 
 
 First, nature is various in producing trees : for some, with- 
 out any cogent means applied by men, come freely of their 
 ov^Ti accord, and widely overspread the plains and winding 
 rivers; as the soft osier and limber broom, and poplar and 
 the whitenino- willows, with sea-2;reen leaves. But some arise 
 from deposited seed ; as the lofty chestnuts, and the sesculus, 
 which, in honor of Jove, shoots forth its leaves, the most 
 majestic of the groves, and the oaks reputed oracular by the 
 Greeks. To others a most luxuriant wood [of suckers] springs 
 from the roots ; as the cherries and the elms : thus, too, the 
 little bay of Parnassus raises itself under its mother's mighty 
 shade. Nature at first ordained these means [for the produc- 
 tion of trees] : by these every species blooms, of w^oods, and 
 shrubs, and sacred groves. Others there are, which experi- 
 ence has found out for itself on the way.^ One, cutting off 
 the tender suckers from the body of their mother, sets them 
 in the furrows ; another buries the stocks in the ground, and 
 stakes split in four, and poles with the wood sharpened to a 
 point ; and some trees expect the bent-down arches of a layer, 
 
 ' The term "pater" is. here applied to Bacchus, not with any reference 
 to advanced years, for the god is always represented by the ancient art- 
 ists with the attributes of youth (compare Mliller, Archa3olog, der Kunst, 
 p. 566), but merely as indicative of his being the beneficent author of 
 no many good gifts unto men. Anthon. 
 
 ^ Lenseus, a surname of Bacchus, the god of wine, from Atjvoj-, a 
 
 J 
 
 wmepress. 
 
 ^ "Yia" here denotes the "march of intellect." B. 
 
B. II. 27—61. GEORGICS. 51 
 
 and living nurseries in their native soil. Others have no need 
 of any root ; and the planter makes no scruple to commit to 
 earth the topmost shoots, restoring them [to their parent soil]. 
 Even (what is wondrous to relate) after the trunk is cut in 
 pieces, the olive-tree shoots forth roots from the dry wood. 
 Often we see the boughs of one tree transformed, with no 
 disadvantage, into those of another, and a pear-tree, being 
 changed, bear ingrafted apj)les, and stony cornels grow upon 
 plum stocks.* 
 
 Wherefore come on, O husbandmen, leam the culture proper 
 to each kind, and soften the wild fruits by cultivation : nor let 
 any lands lie idle : it is worth while to plant Ismarus with vines, 
 and clothe vast Taburnus^ with olives. 
 
 And thou, O glory mine, O thou deservedly the greatest por- 
 tion of my fame, be present, Mascenas, pursue with me this task 
 begun, and flying set sail on this sea, now opening wide. I 
 choose not to comprise all matters in my verse, even if I had a 
 hundred tongues, a hundred mouths, and an iron voice ; be 
 present, and coast along the nearest shore. The earth is near 
 at hand ; I will not here detain thee with fictitious song, or 
 with circumlocution and tedious preamble. 
 
 Those which spring up spontaneously into the regions of 
 light are unfruitful indeed ; but they rise luxuriant and strong : 
 for in the soil lies a native quality. Yet, if any one ingi-aft 
 even these, or deposit them transplanted in trenches well pre- 
 pared, they will put off their savage nature, and by frequent 
 culture will not be slow to follow whatever modes of culture 
 you call them to. And [the sucker] also which sprouts up 
 barren from the low roots, will do the same,^ if it be distrib- 
 uted through fields where room : now [in its natural state] 
 the high shoots and branches of the mother overshadow, and 
 hinder it from bearing fruit as it grows up, or pinch and 
 starve it when it bears. The tree, again, that is raised from 
 Mien seed, grows up slowly, so as to form a shade for late 
 posterity, and its fruits degenerate, forgetting their former 
 juices: thus even the vine bears sorry clusters, a prey for 
 birds. In fact, labor must be bestowed on all, and all must 
 
 * So Martyii. But see Anthon. B. 
 Taburnus, a mountain of Campani 
 
 !S. 
 
 i €. will lay aside its wild and unproductive nature. Anthon. 
 
 ^ Taburnus, a mountain of Campania, in Italy, which abounded ■^•<li 
 
 Olives. 
 
 
 
52 GEOKGICS. b. ii. 62—90. 
 
 be forced into (lie Irencli, and tamed with vast pains. But 
 olives answer better [when propagated] by truncheons, vines 
 by layers, the myrtles of the Paphian [goddess^ by settings] 
 from the solid wood. From suckers the hard hazels grow, 
 the mighty ash, and the shady poplar-tree, a crown for Her- 
 cules, and the oaks of the Chaonian Sire : thus also the lofty 
 palm is propagated, and the fir-tree doomed to visit the dangers 
 of the main. 
 
 But the rugged arbute is ingrafted on the offspring of the 
 walnut, and barren planes have borne stout apple-trees. 
 Chestnut-trees [have borne] beeches, and the mountain ash 
 hath whitened Avith^ the snowy blossoms of the pear : and 
 bwine have crunched acorns under elms. Nor is the method 
 of ingrafting the same with that of inoculating. For [inocu- 
 lating is thus] : where the buds thrust themselves forth from 
 the middle of the bark, and burst the slender coats, a small 
 slit is made in the very knot : hither they inclose a bud from 
 another tree, and teach it to unite with the moist rind. Or 
 again [in ingrafting] the knotless stocks are cut, and a pas- 
 sage is cloven deep into the solid wood w^th wedges : then 
 fertile scions are inserted ; and in no long time a huge tree 
 shoots up to heaven with prosperous boughs, and admires its 
 new leaves and fruits not its own. 
 
 Moreover, the species is not single, either of strong elms, 
 or of willows, of the lote-tree, or of the Idoean cypresses;" 
 hor do the fat olives grow in one form, the orchades, and the 
 radii, and the pausia with bitter berries ; nor apples, and the 
 orchards of Alcinous; nor are the shoots the same of the 
 Crustumian and Syrian pears, and of the heavy volemi." The 
 same vintage hangs not on our trees, which Lesbos'" gathers 
 
 '' Paphian goddess. Venus was so called, from Paphos (Baffa), a city 
 of Cyprus, where she was worshiped. 
 
 ® "Incanuit" is an instance of zeugma, for the chestnut bears no 
 white flower. B. 
 
 ^ Ideeau cypresses, from ]Mount Ida, in the island of Crete. Orchards 
 of Alcinous, king of Pha^acia, afterward called Corcyra (Corfu), one of 
 the Ionian islands ; his gardens, which were greatly famed, are beauti- 
 fully described by Homer. Crustumian and Syrian pears ; the first were 
 so called from Crustuminum, a town of Etruria, in Italy; and the latter 
 from Syria, a country of Asia, along the eastern shore of the Mediterra- 
 nean. Phoenicia and Palestine were generally reckoned provinces of 
 Syria. 
 
 '" Lesbos (Mytilene), a large island in the Archipelago, celebrated, 
 
B. n. 91—116. GEORGlCS. 53 
 
 from the Methymnaean vine. There are the Thasian vines, 
 and there are the white Mareotides ; these fit for a rich soil, 
 and those for a lighter one : and the Psythian, more service- 
 able when dried, and the thin lageos, which will tie the feet 
 at length, and bind the tongue : the pm'ple and the rath-ripe : 
 And in what numbers shall I sing of thee, O Rhcetian grape ? 
 nor therefore vie thou with the Falernian^^ cellars. There are 
 also Amminean vines, best-bodied wines ; which even Tmolus 
 and Phanse, king of mountains, honor ; and the smaller Ar- 
 gitis, which none can rival, either in yielding so much juice, 
 or in lasting so many years. I must not pass thee over, Rhodian 
 grape, grateful to the gods and second courses, nor thee, 
 bumastos, with thy swollen clusters. But we neither can re- 
 count how numerous the species, nor what are their names, nor 
 imports it to comprise their number ; which whoever would 
 know, the same may seek to learn how numerous are the sands 
 of the Libyan Sea tossed by the zephyr ; or to know how many 
 waves of the Ionian Sea^^ come to the shores, when Eurus, 
 more violent, falls upon the ships. 
 
 But neither can all soils bear all sorts [of trees]. Willows 
 grow along the rivers, and elders in miry fens ; the barren wild 
 ashes on rocky mountains ; the shores rejoice most in myrtle 
 groves : Bacchus, in fine, loves open hills ; the yews, the north 
 ^vind and the cold. 
 
 Survey, also, the globe subdued by the most distant culti- 
 vators, both the eastern habitations of the Arabians,^' and the 
 tattooed Geloni. Countries are distinguished by their trees. 
 
 particularly the city of Methymna, for its excellent wines. Thasian 
 vines, those of Thasos, also an island in the Archipelago, near the coast 
 of Thrace. Mareotides, a vine from Mareotis, a lake in Egypt, near 
 Alexandria. Psythian, from Psytliia, an ancient town of Greece, famous 
 for its grapes. Rhtetian grape, from Rhaetia (the Tyrol, etc.), a moun- 
 tainous country to the north of Italy. 
 
 " Falernian, etc. Ealemus, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, 
 in Italy, Amminia, a district of Campania. Phanos, a promontory of 
 the island of Chios (Scio). Rhodian grape, from Rhodes, a large and 
 fertile island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Asia Minor, cele- 
 brated for a colossal statue of Apollo. 
 
 '' Ionian Sea, a part of the Mediterranean Sea, at the bottom of the 
 Adriatic, and between Sicily and Greece. 
 
 " Arabians, etc., the inhabitants of Arabia, an extensive country of 
 Asia, forming a peninsula between the Persian and Arabian Gulfs; the* 
 latter separates it from Africa. Geloni, a people of Scythia. 
 
54 GEORGICS. b. il 117—146. 
 
 India alone bears black ebony : the frankincense-tree belongs 
 to the Sabseans only. AVhy should I mention to thee balms 
 distilling from the fragrant woods, and the berries of the ever- 
 green acanthus ? why the forests of the Ethiopians whitening 
 with downy wool ? and how the Seres^* comb the slender 
 fleeces from the leaves 1 or the groves which India, nearer the 
 ocean, the utmost skirts of the globe, produces ? where no 
 arrows b}' their flight have been able to surmount the airy 
 summit of the tree : and yet that nation is not slow at archery. 
 Media bears the bitter juices and the permanent flavor of the 
 happy apple ; than which no remedy comes more seasonably, 
 and expels the black venom from the limbs, when cruel step- 
 dames have drugged the cup, and mingled herbs and not in- 
 noxious spells. The tree itself is stately, and in form most 
 like a bay ; and if it did not widely difluse a difierent scent, 
 would be a bay. Its leaves fall not oft' by any winds ; its 
 blossoms are extremely tenacious. With it the Medes correct 
 their breaths and unsavory mouths, and cure their asthmatic; 
 old men. 
 
 ff But neither the land of Media, most rich in woods, nor the 
 beauteous Ganges,^ ^ and Hermus turbid with golden sands, 
 can match the praises of Italy : not Bactra,^® nor the Indians, 
 and Panchaia, all enriched with incense-bearing soil. Bulls 
 breathing fire from their nostrils never plowed these regions, 
 sown with the teeth of a hideous dragon ; nor did a crop of 
 men shoot dreadful up with helmets and crowded spears ; but 
 teeming corn and Bacchus' Campanian juice have filled [the 
 land], olives and joyous herbs possess it. Hence the warrior- 
 horse with stately port advances into the field ; hence, Gli- 
 tumnus,^^ thy white flocks, and the bull, chief of victims, after 
 
 " Seres, a nation of Asia, between the Ganges and Eastern Ocean ; 
 the modern Tib^t, or probably China. Media, a celebrated country of 
 Asia, to the south of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 ^^ Ganges, a celebrated river of India, which arises in the Himalaya 
 mountains, and after a course of 1500 miles, falls into the bay of Bengal, 
 below Calcutta. Hermus (Sarabat), a river of Lydia, in Asia Minor, 
 whose sands were mingled with gold; it receives the waters of the Pac- 
 tolus near Sardis, and falls into the ^gean, north-west of Smyrna. 
 
 ^^ Bactra (Balkh), the capital of Bactriana, a country of Asia. Pan- 
 chaia, a district of Arabia Felix. 
 
 *^ Clitumnus, a river of TJmbria, in Italy, which falls into the Tiber, 
 It was famous for its milk-white flocks, selected as victims in the cele- 
 bration of the triumph. 
 
B. II. 147— 1G9. GEORGICS. 55 
 
 they have been often }3lunged in thy sacred stream, escort the 
 Roman triumphs to the temples of the gods. Here is per- 
 petual spring, and summer in months not her own : twice a 
 year the cattle are big with young, twice the trees productive 
 in fruit. But here are no ravening tigers, nor the savage 
 breed of lions ; nor w^olfsbane deceives the wretched gather- 
 ers ; nor along the ground the scaly serpent sweeps his im- 
 mense orbs, nor with so vast a train gathers up himself in(o 
 coils. And so many magnificent cities, and w^orks of elaborate 
 art ; so many towns upreared wnth the hand on cruggy rocks ; 
 and rivers gliding beneath ancient walls. Or need I mention 
 the sea which washes it above, and that below ? or its lakes 
 80 vast ? thee, Larius,^® of largest extent ? and thee, Eenacus, 
 swellino: with the w^aves and roariug of the sea? Or- shall I 
 mention its ports, and the moles raised to dam the Lucrine," 
 and the sea raging indignant with loud murmurs, where the 
 Julian wave far resounds, the sea pouring in, and the Tuscan 
 tide is let into the straits of Avernus ? The same land hath 
 in its veins disclosed rivers of silver and mines of copper, and 
 copious flowed with gold. The same hath produced a warlike 
 race of men, the Marsi"" and the Sabellian youth, and the 
 Ligurian inured to hardship, and the Volscians armed with 
 sharp darts ; this same the Decii,"' the Marii, and the great 
 
 '^ Larius (Corao), a beautiful lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which 
 the Adua runs in its course to the Po, above Cremona. Eenacus (L. di 
 Garda), a large lake, from wliicli the Mincius issues, and flov\'8 into 
 the Po. 
 
 '" Lucrine Lake, near Cumo3 on the coast of Campania. During an 
 earthquake, A. n. 1538, this lake disappeared, and in its place was formed 
 a mountain, two miles in circumference, and one thousand feet high, with 
 a crater in the middle. Avernus, a lake of Campania, whose waters 
 were so putrid, that the ancients regarded it as the entrance of the in- 
 fernal regions. Augustus united the Lucrine and Avernian lakes by 
 the famous Julian harbor, and formed a communication between the lat- 
 ter lake and the sea. 
 
 ^^ Marsi were a people of Germany, who emigrated to Italy, and set- 
 tled near the lake Fucinus. The Sabellians were descended from the 
 Sabines, or from the Samnites ; — the Ligurians inhabited Piedmont ; — 
 the Yolsoians were a warhke people of Latium (Campagna di Eoma). 
 
 ^' Decii, a noble family of Rome, who devoted themselves to death 
 for the safety of their country. Marii, the Marian family, the chief of 
 whom was Caius Marius, who, from a peasant, became one of the most 
 powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her consular 
 government. 
 
56 GEORGICS. b. ii. 170—198. 
 
 Camilli," the Scipios" invincible in war, and tliee, most miglity 
 Caesar ; wlio, at this very time victorious in Asia's remotest 
 limits, art turning away from the Roman towers the hiunbled 
 Indian. Ilail, Saturnian" land, great parent of fruits, great 
 parent of heroes ; for thee I enter on a subject of ancient re- 
 nown and art, venturing to disclose the sacred springs ; and I 
 sing an Ascr^ean strain through Roman cities. ^ 
 
 Now it is time to describe the qualities of soils ; what is the 
 strength of age, v>hat color, and what its nature is most apt to 
 produce. First, stubborn lands, and unfruitful hills, where lean 
 clay [abounds], and pebbles in the bushy fields, rejoice in 
 Pallas' wood of long-lived olives. The wild olive rising copious 
 in the same soil is an evidence, and the fields strewn with 
 woodland berries. But, to the ground that is fat, and glad- 
 dened with sweet moisture, and to the plain that is luxuriant in 
 grass, and of a fertile soil (such as we are often wont to look 
 down upon in the hollow valley of a mountain), streams glide 
 from the high rocks, and draw a rich fattening slime along : 
 and that which is raised to the south, and nourishes the fern 
 abhorred by the crooked plows, will in time afibrd vines ex- 
 ceedingly strong, and flowing with abundant wine : this will 
 be prolific of grapes, this of such liquor as we pour forth in 
 libation fioni golden bowls, when the sleek Tuscan has blown 
 the ivory pipe i\t the altars, and we offer up the smoking en- 
 trails in the bending chargers. 
 
 But if you are rather studious to preserve herds [of kine] 
 and calves, or the offspring of the sheep, or kids that kill the 
 pastures ; seek the lawns and distant fields of fruitful Taren- 
 tum,** and plains like those p^hich hapless Mantua hath lost, 
 
 ^- Camilli, two celebrated Romans, father and son : the latter wa| 
 chosen five times dictator, expelled the Gauls under Brennus from Rome, 
 and, on account of his services to his countrj, was called a second Ro- 
 mulus. 
 
 ^^ The Scipios. P, Cornelius Scipio, surnamed Africanus, the con- 
 queror of Hannibal, and his grandson, P. JEmihanus Scipio, called Afri- 
 canus the younger, on account of his victories over Carthage, b. c. 146. 
 Tlie two Scipios may justly be ranked among the brightest ornaments 
 of Roman greatness. 
 
 -* Saturnian land, Italy was so called, from Saturn, who, on being 
 dethroned by Jupiter, fled to Italy, where he reigned d'jring the golden 
 age. 
 
 ■" Tarentum (Toronto), a maritime city of Calabria in Italy, sJi^^ated 
 on a noble bay of the same name. 
 
B. IL199— 229. GEORGICS. 
 
 feeding snow-wLito swans in tlie grassy stream. Neither limpid 
 springs nor pastures will be wanting to the flocks : and as much 
 as the herds will crop in the long days, so much will the cold 
 dews in the short night restore. 
 
 A soil that is blackish and fat under the deep-pressed share, 
 and whose mold is loose and crumbling (for this vre aim at 
 in i^lowing), is generally best for corn ; (from no plain will 
 you see more wagons move homeward with tardy oxen) ; or 
 that from which the angry plowman has cleared away a 
 wood, and felled the groves that have been at a stand for 
 many years, and with their lovfest roots grubbed up the an- 
 cient dwellings of the birds ; they abandoning their nests soar 
 on high, but the field looks gay when the plowshare is driven 
 into it. For the lean hungry gravel of a hilly field scarcely 
 furnishes humble cassia afid rosemary for bees : and no other 
 lands, they say, yield so sweet food to serpents, or afford them 
 such winding coverts, as the rough rotten-stone, and chalk 
 corroded by black water-snakes. That land which exhales 
 thin mists and flying smoke, and drinks in the moisture, and 
 emits it at pleasure ; and which always clothes itself with its 
 own fresh grass, nor hurts the plowshare with scurf and 
 salt-rust ; will entwine thine elms with joyous vines ; that also 
 is fertile of olives ; that ground you will experience, in manur- 
 ing, both to be friendly to cattle and submissive to the crooked 
 share. Such a soil rich Capua" tills, and the territory neigh- 
 boring to Mount Vesuvius," and the Clanius not kind to de- 
 populated Acerra?.^® 
 
 Now I will tell by what means you may distinguish each. 
 If you desire to knoAv whethef it be loose or unusually stiff" 
 (because the one is fit for corn, the other for wine ; the stiff' 
 is best for Ceres, ajid the most loose for Bacchus) : first you 
 
 ^^ Capua, a famous city of Italy, the capital of Campania. 
 
 ^^ Vesuvius, a celebrated volcanic mountain of Campania, about six 
 miles south-east of Naples, and 3780 feet high. The first great eruption 
 of Vesuvius on record was accompanied by an earthquake, a. d. 19, when 
 the towns of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabia? were overwhelmed 
 under lava and ashes. The discovery of these towns after having lain 
 above 1600 years buried and unknown, has furnished the world with 
 many curious and valuable remains of antiquity. 
 
 *® Acerra}, a town of Campania, near the city of Naples ; the river 
 Clanius almost surrounded the town, and by its inundations frequently 
 depopulated it. 
 
 3* 
 
58 GEORGICS. b. il 230—265. 
 
 shall mark out a j)lace with your eye, and order a pit to^ be 
 sunk deep in solid ground, and again return all the mold into 
 its place, and level with your feet the sands at top. If they 
 prove deficient, the soil is loose, and more fit for cattle and 
 bounteous vines : but, if they deny the possibility of returning 
 to their places, and there be an overplus of. mold after the 
 pit is filled up, it is a dense soil ; expect reluctant clods, and 
 stiff ridges, and give the first plowing to the land with sturdy 
 
 bullocks. 
 
 But saltish ground, and what is accounted bitter, where corn 
 can never thrive" (it neither mellows by plowing, nor preserves 
 to grapes their kind, nor to fruits their qualities), will give a 
 proof to this effect. Snatch from the smoky roofs baskets of 
 close-woven twigs, and the strainers of thy Avine-press. Hither 
 let some of that vicious mold, and sweet water from the spring, 
 be pressed brimfull : be sure all the water will strain out, and 
 big drops pass through the twigs. But the taste will clearly 
 make discovery ; and in its bitterness will distort the wry faces 
 of the tasters with the sensation. 
 
 Again, what land is fat we briefly learn thus: When 
 squeezed by the hand, it never crumbles, but, in handhng, it 
 sticks to the fingers like pitch. The moist soil produces herbs 
 of a larger size, and is itself luxuriant beyond due measure. 
 Ah, may none of mine be [thus] too fertile, -nor show itself too 
 strong at the first springing of the grain ! 
 
 That which is heavy'betrays itself by its very weight, with- 
 out my teUing you ; and likewise the light. It is easy to dis- 
 tinguish the black at first sight, and what is the color of each. 
 But to search out the mischievous cold, is difficult : only pitch- 
 trees, and sometimes noxious yews, or black ivy, disclose its 
 
 sis^ns. 
 
 "These rules observed, remember to dry and bake the soil 
 long before, and to encompass the spacious hills with trenches, 
 expose the turned-up clods to the north wind, before you plant 
 the vine's joyous race. Fields of a loose crumbling soil are 
 best ; this effect the winds and cold frosts produce, and the 
 sturdy delver, close plying his acres, tossed and turned upside 
 down. 
 
 But those men, whom not any vigilance escapes, first seek 
 
 " Tliis rule is however scarcely universal, as is shown by Yan Goes, 
 on the Scriptorr. Rei Agrim. p. 137. B. 
 
D. II. 26G— 303. GEORGICS. 59 
 
 out the same sort of soil, where the first nursery may be pro- 
 vided for their trees, and whither it may soon be transplanted 
 in rows ; lest the slips take not kindly to this mother suddenly 
 changed. They even mark on the bark the quarter of the sky, 
 that, in whatever manner each stood, in what part it bore the 
 southern heats, what sides it turned to the northern pole, they 
 may restore [it to the same position]. Of such avail is cus- 
 tom in tender years. 
 
 Examine, first, whether it is better to plant your vines on 
 hills or on a plain. If you lay out the fields of a rich plain, 
 plant thick ; Bacchus will not be less productive in a densely- 
 planted soil : but if a soil rising with a gentle ascent, and 
 sloping hills, give roonf to your ranks ; yet so that, your trees 
 being exactly ranged, each path between may be exactly even, 
 a line being cut. As ofteil in dread war, when the extended 
 legion hath ranged its cohorts, the battalions stand marshaled 
 on the open plain, the armies set in array, and the whole 
 ground wide waves with gleaming brass ; nor yet are they 
 engaged in horrid battle, but Mars hovers dubious in the 
 midst of arms : [thus,] let all your -vaneyards be laid out in 
 equal proportions, not only that the prospect may idly feed 
 the mind, but because the earth will not otherwise supply equal 
 strength to all : nor will the l>ranches be able to extend them- 
 selves at large. 
 
 Perhaps, too, you may ask what depth is proper for the 
 trenches. I could venture to commit my vine even to a slight 
 furrow. Trees, again, are sunk deeper down, and far into the 
 ground : especially the sesculus, which shoots downward to 
 Tartarus with its roots, as far as [it rises] with its top to the 
 ethereal regions. Therefore, nor wintery storms, nor blasts of 
 winds, nor showers, can uproot it : it remains unmoved, and, 
 rolling many ages of men away, outlasts them in sur\dving ; 
 then stretching wide its sturdy boughs and arms this way and 
 that way, itself in the midst sustains a mighty shade. 
 
 'Not let the vineyards lie toward the setting sun ; nor plant 
 the hazel among your vines ; neither seek after the extremities 
 of the shoots ; nor gather your cuttings from the top of the 
 tree, so much is their love for the earth : nor hurt your shoots 
 with blunted steel ; nor plant among them truncheons of wild 
 olive. For fire is often let fall from the unwary shepherds, 
 which at first secretly lurking under the unctuous bark, 
 
(30 GE0RGIC5. r. ii. 304—340. 
 
 catches the sohd wood, and shooting up into the topmost 
 leaves, raises a loud crackling to heaven ; thence pursuing its 
 way, reigns victorious among the branches and the lofty tops, 
 involves the whole grove in flames, and, condensed in pitchy 
 vapor, darts the black cloud to heaven ; especially if a storm 
 overhead rests on the woods, and the driving wind rolls round 
 the flames. When this happens, their strength decays from the 
 root, nor can they recover, though cut, or sprout up from the 
 deep earth such as they were : the unblest wild ohve with its 
 bitter leaves [alone] sumves. / 
 i^Let no counselor be so wise in your eyes as to persuade 
 you to stir the rigid earth when Boreas breathes. Then winter 
 shuts up the fields with frost ; and when the shp is planted, 
 sufiers not the frozen root to fasten to the earth. ^ The planta- 
 tion of the vineyard is best, when in blushing spring the white 
 stork comes in, abhorred by the long snakes ; or toward the 
 first colds of autumn, w-hen the vehement sun does not yet 
 touch the winter with his steeds, and the summer is just gone. 
 The spring, too, is beneficial to the foUage of the groves, the 
 spring is beneficial to the woods : in spring the lands swell, 
 and demand the genial seeds, s' Then almighty father ^ther'" 
 descends in fertilizing showers into the bosom of his joyous 
 £;pouse, and great himself, mingling with her great body, 
 nourishes all her ofi"spring. | Then the retired brakes resound 
 with tuneful birds; and the herds renew their loves on the 
 stated days. Then boimteous earth is teeming to the birth, 
 and the fields open their bosoms to the warm breezes of the 
 Zephyr: in all a -gentle moisture abounds ; and the herds dare 
 safely trust themselves to the infant suns ; nor do the vine's 
 tender shoots fear the rising south winds, or the shower pre- 
 cipitated fi'om the sky by the violent north winds ; but put 
 forth their buds, and unfold all their leaves. No_ other day,'' 
 I should think, had shone at the first origin of the rising world ; 
 it was spring, the spacious globe enjoyed spring, and the east 
 ^vinds spared their ^-intery blasts ; when first the cattle drew 
 ill the lio-ht, and tae earthly race of men upreared their heads 
 
 2° Virgil here follows the notions of Chrysippus, as deUvered in ^Eschy- 
 lu3 (Fragm. Danaid. fragm. 38, Dind.), but especially by Euripides 
 (Fragm. Chrysipp. No. vi. Dind.) B. 
 
 " It was an ancient supposition, that the world was created in the 
 gpring. B. 
 
B. 11. 341—371. GEORGICS. Q\ 
 
 from the ruggid glebe, and the woods were stocked <vith -wild 
 beasts, and the heavens with stars. jS^or could the tender pro- 
 ductions [of nature] bear this labor, if so great rest did not in- 
 tervene between the cold and heat, and if heaven's indulgent 
 season did not visit the earth in its turn. 
 
 For what remains, whatever Layers you bend down over all 
 the fields, overspread them with fat dung, and carefully cover 
 them with copious earth ; or bury about them spongy stones, 
 or rough shells ; for thus the rains will soak through, and a 
 subtile vapor penetrate them, and the plants will take cour- 
 age. Some, too, have been found, who are for pressing them 
 from above with a stone, and the weight of a great potsherd ; 
 this is a defense against the pouring rains : this [a defense] 
 when the sultry dog-star cleaves the gaping fields with 
 drought. 
 
 After your layers are planted, it remains to convey earth 
 often to the roots, and ply the hard drags ; or to work the soil 
 under the deep-pressed share, and guide your struggling bul- 
 locks through the very vineyards ; then to adapt [to the vines] 
 smooth reeds, and spears of peeled rods, and ashen stakes, and 
 two-horned forks ; by whose strength they may learn to shoot 
 up, to contemn the winds, and climb from stage to stage along 
 the hiorhest elms. 
 
 And, while their infant age sprouts with new-born leaves, 
 you must spare the tender vines ; and while the joyous shoot 
 raises itself on high, being sent onward through the open air 
 with loose reins,"'^ the edge of the pruning-knife itself must 
 not be applied ; but the leaves should be plucked with the in- 
 bent hands, and culled here and there. Thereafter, when they 
 have shot forth, embracing the elms with firm stems, then cut 
 their locks, then lop their arms. Before this they dread the 
 Fteel ; then, and not till then, exercise severe dominion, and 
 check the loose straQfo-linor boufjhs. 
 
 Fences, too, should be woven, and all the cattle be kept out ; 
 especially while the leaves are tender and unacquainted with 
 
 ^' A metaphor taken from horses, in imitation of Lucretius : 
 Arboribus datum est variis exinde per auras 
 Crescendi magnum immissis certamen habenis. 
 t*er purum in Virgil signifies the same as per auras in Lucretius. HorAce 
 uses it also for the air : 
 
 Per purum tonantes 
 
 Egit equos. 
 
62 GEORGICS. b. ii. 372—399. 
 
 hardships ; lo uliicb, besides the rigorous winters and vehe- 
 ment sun, the wild bulls" and persecuting goats continually do 
 wanton harm ; the sheep and greedy heifers browse upon them. 
 Nor do the colds, condensed in hoary frosts, or the severe heat 
 beating upon the scorched rocks, hurt them so much as the 
 flocks, and poison of their hard teeth, and a scar imprinted on 
 the gnawed stem. 
 
 For no other offense is the goat sacrificed to Bacchus on 
 every altar, and the ancient plays come upon the stage ;^* and 
 the Athenians proposed for wnts prizes about the villages and 
 crossways ; and, joyous amid their cups, danced in the soft 
 meadows on wine-skins smeared with oil. [On the same ac- 
 count,] the Ausonian^^ colonists also, a race sent fxOm Troy, 
 sport in uncouth strains, and unbounded laughter ; assuming 
 horrid masks of hollowed barks of trees : and thee, Bacchus, 
 they invoke in jovial songs, and to thee hang up mild images^" 
 from the tall pine. Hence every vineyard shcots forth with 
 large produce ; both the hollow vales and deep lawns are filled 
 with plenty, and -wherever the god hath moved around his 
 propitious countenance. Therefore will we solemnly ascribe 
 to Bacchus his due honors in our country's lays, and offer 
 chargers, and the consecrated cakes ; . and the sacred goat led 
 by the horn shall stand at his altar, and we will roast the fat 
 entrails on hazel spits. 
 
 There is also that other toil in dressing tie vines ; on 
 which you can never bestow pains enough : for the whole soil 
 must be plowed three or four times every year, and the 
 
 ^^ These must not bo confounded with either the bison or the buffalo. 
 See Anthon, B. 
 
 ^^ Proscenia. In the Roman theater there was first tl;e portions or 
 gallery for the populace, where the seats were formed like wedges, grow- 
 ing narrower as they came near the center of the theater, and therefore 
 called cunei, or wedges. 2. The orchestra, in the center and lowest part 
 of the theater, where the senators and knights sat, and where the dancers 
 and musicians performed. 3. The proscenium, or space before the scenes, 
 which was raised above the orchestra, and where the actors spoke. 
 
 ^^ Ausonian, etc., the inhabitants of Ausonia, an ancient name of Italy, 
 who were supposed to be descended from ^neas. 
 
 "^ Compare' Anthon's remark : " And in honor of thee hang up the 
 mild oscilla on the tall pine." Oscillum, a diminutive, through osculwm, 
 from OS, means, properly, " a little face, and was the term applied to faces 
 or heads of Bacchus, which were suspended in the vineyards to be turned 
 in every direction by the wind. Whichsoever way they looked, they wer^ 
 supposed to make the vines and other things in that quarter fruitful." 
 
B. II. 400—435. GEORGICS. 63 
 
 clods continually be broken with bended drags ; the whole 
 grove mnst be disburdened of its leaves. The farmer's past 
 labor returns in a circle, and the year rolls round on itself on 
 its own steps. And now, when at length the vineyard has 
 shed its late leaves, and the cold north wind has shaken from 
 the groves their honors f even then the active swain extends 
 his cares to the coming year, and closely plies the forsaken 
 \ine, cutting off [the superfluous roots] with Saturn's crooked 
 hook, and forms it by pruning. Be the first to trench the 
 ground, be the first to carry home and burn the shoots, and 
 the first to return beneath your roof the vine-props : be the 
 last to reap the vintage. Twice the shade assails the vines ; 
 twice do weeds overrun the field with thick bushes ; each a 
 hard labor. Commend large farms ; cultivate a small one. 
 Besides all this, the rough twigs of butcher's-broom are to be 
 cut throughout the woods, and the watery reed on the banks : 
 and the care of the uncultivated willow gives new toil. ^N'ow 
 the vines are tied ; now the vineyard lays aside the pruning- 
 hook ; now the exhausted vintager salutes in song his utmost 
 rows : yet must the earth be vexed anew, and the mold put 
 in motion ; and now Jove is to be dreaded by the ripened 
 grapes. 
 
 On the other hand, the olives require no culture ; nor do 
 they expect the crooked pruning-hook and tenacious harrows, 
 when once they are rooted in the ground, and have stood the 
 blasts. E^lrth of herself supplies the plants with moisture, 
 when opened by the hooked tooth of the drag, and w^eighty 
 fruits, when [opened] by the share. N'urture for thyself with 
 this the fat and peace-delighting olive. The fruit-frees too, 
 as soon as they feel their tl'unks vigorous, and acquire their 
 strength, quickly shoot up to the stars by their own virtue, 
 and need not our assistance. At the same time, every grove 
 is in like manner loaded with oftspring, and the uncultivated 
 liaunts of birds glow with blood-red berries : the cytisus is 
 browsed; the tall wood supphes with torches; and our noc- 
 turnal fires are fed, and shed beamy light. And do men hesi- 
 tate to plant and bestow care ? 
 
 Why should I insist on greater things ? Tlie very willows 
 and lowly broom supply either browse for cattle, or shade for 
 
 " Hor. Ep, il. 5, "December — silvis honorem clscutit.'' B. 
 
64 GEORGICS. b. n. 436—462. 
 
 sheplierds, fences for tlie corn, and materials for honey. It is 
 delightful to behold Cytorus^* waving with the grove of Na- 
 ryciau pitch : it is delightful to see the fields not indebted to 
 the harrows, or to any care of men. Even the barren woods 
 on the top of Caucasus, which the fierce east winds continually 
 are crushing and tearing, yield each their different produce : 
 they yield pines, an useful wood for ships, and cedars and cy- 
 presses for houses. Hence the husbandmen have rounded 
 spokes for wheels ; hence they have framed solid orbs for 
 vragons, and bending keels for ships. The willows are fertile 
 in twigs, the elms in leaves for fodder ; the myrtle again is 
 useful for sturdy spears, and the cornel for war ; the yews 
 are bent into Ityrsean bows.^'' In like manner the smooth- 
 grained limes, or box ■ polished by the lathe, receive a shape, 
 and are hollowed with sharp steel. Thus too the light alder, 
 launched on the Po," swims the rapid stream ; thus too the 
 bees hide their swarms in the hollow bark, and in the heart of 
 a rotten holm. What have the gifts of Bacchus produced so 
 worthy of record ? Bacchus has given occasion to ofiense and 
 guilt : he quelled by death the furious Centaurs,*^ Rhoetus and 
 Pholus, and Ilyla^us threatening the Lapithce with a huge 
 goblet. 
 
 Ah ! the too happy swains, did they but know their own 
 bliss ! to whom, at a distance from discordant arms, earth, of 
 lierself most liberal, jDOurs from her bosom their easy susten- 
 ance. If the palace, high raised with proud gates, vomits not 
 forth from all its apartments a vast. tide of morning visitants ; 
 
 *^ Cytorus (Kidros), a city and mountain of Paplilagonia, on the 
 Euxine. ''N'arycian pitcli, from Naiycia, a town of tlie Locrians in Magna 
 Grsecia, in the neighborhood of which were forests of pine, etc. 
 
 ^* Ityraean bows, from Itjn'oea, a province of Syria, whose inhabitants 
 • were famous arcliers. 
 
 ^° Po, anciently called also Eridanus, the largest river of Italy, rises 
 in Mount Yestulus, one of the highest mountains of the Alps, and after an 
 easterly course of nearly 400 miles, and receiving numerous tributary 
 streams, discharges its waters into the Adriatic, about 30 miles S. of the 
 city of Yenice. 
 
 *^ Centaurs, a people of Thessaly, represented as monsters, half men 
 and half horses. The Lapithaj, also a people of Thessaly, who inhabited 
 the country about Mount Pindus and Othrys. The allusion here is to 
 the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithce, at the celebration of the nuptials 
 of Pirithous, king of the latter, who invited not only the heroes of hia 
 ago, but also the gods themselves. In the contest that ensued, many 
 of the Centaurs were slain, and tlie rest saved themselves by tlighfe. 
 
B. n. 463—492. GEORGICS. 65 
 
 and they gape not at porticoes variegated with beauteous tor- 
 toise-shell, and on tapestries tricked with gold, and on Co- 
 rinthian brass ; and if the white wool is not stained with the 
 Asspian drug, nor the use of the pure oil corrupted with 
 Cassia's aromatic bark ; yet [there is] peace secure, and a life 
 ignorant of guile, rich in various opulence ; yet [theirs are] 
 peaceful retreats in ample fields, grottoes, and living lakes ; 
 yet [to them] cool vales, the lowings of kine, and soft slum- 
 bers under a tree, are not wanting. There are woodlands and 
 haunts for beasts of chase, and youth patient of toil, and 
 inured to thrift ; the worship of the gods, and fathers held in 
 veneration : Justice, when she left the world took her last steps 
 among them. 
 
 But me may the Muses, sweet above all things else," whose 
 sacred symbols I bear, smitten with \iolent love, first receive 
 into favor ; and show me the paths of heaven, and constella- 
 tions ; the various eclipses of the sun, and labors of the 
 moon ; whence the trembling of the earth ; from what influ- 
 ence the seas swell high, bursting their barriers, and again 
 sink back into themselves ; why the ^^•inte^ suns make such 
 haste to dip themselves in the ocean, or what delay retards 
 the slow-paced [summer] ni^its. 
 
 But if the cold blood about my heart hinders me from 
 penetrating into these parts of nature ; let fields and streams 
 gliding in the valleys be my delight ; inglorious may I court 
 the rivers and the woods. O [to be] where are the plains," 
 and Sperchius, and Taygetus,** the scenes of Bacchanalian 
 revels to Spartan maids ! O who w^ill place me in the cool val- 
 leys of Hasmus, and shelter me with the thick shade of boughs ? 
 nappy is he who has been able to trace out the causes cf 
 things, and who has cast beneath his feet all fears, and in- 
 exorable Destiny, and the noise of devouring Acheron ?** 
 
 *' I have folio wed Yfagner in joining "dulcesante omnia," but I have 
 some doubts whether the old interpretation is not better. B. 
 
 *^ Thessalian jjlains. Thessaly, a country of Greece, south of Mace- 
 donia, in which was the celebrated vale of Tempo. Sperchius, a river 
 of Thessaly, rises in Mount (Eta, and runs into the Maliac Gulf, near the 
 pass of Thermopylae. 
 
 ** Taygetus, a mountain of Laconia in Peloponnesus (Morea), on which 
 were celebrated the orgies of Bacchus ; it hung over the city of Sparta, 
 and extended from Tienarus to Arcadia. 
 
 *' Acheron, one of the rivers of hell, according to the an<iient poets; 
 
QQ GEORGICS. E. II. 493—521, 
 
 Blest too is he who has known the rural deities, Pan and old 
 Silvanus, and the sister nymphs ! him nor the fasces of the 
 people, nor the purple of kings ; nor discord persecuting faith- 
 less brothers, nor the Dacian descending from the conspiring 
 Danube ;*' nor the revolutions of Rome, or perishing king- 
 doms, have moved. He neither pined with grief, lamenting 
 the poor, nor envied the rich. What fruits the boughs, what 
 the willing fields spontaneously yielded, he gathered ; nor saw 
 the iron-hearted laws, the madly litigious bar, or the public 
 courts. 
 
 Some vex the dangerous seas with oars, some rush into 
 arms, some work their way into courts, and the palaces of 
 kings. One destines a city and wretched families to destruc- 
 tion, that he may drink in gems, and sleep on Tyrian purple." 
 Another hoards up wealth, and broods over buried gold. 
 One, astonished at the rostrum, grov/s giddy ; another, peals 
 of applause along the rows (for it is redoubled both by the 
 people and the fothers), have captivated, and set agape ; some 
 rejoice when stained with their brother's blood ; and exchange 
 their homes and sweet thresholds for exile, and seek a coun- 
 try lying under another sun. The husbandman cleaves the 
 earth with a crooked plow ; hence the labors of the year ; 
 hence he sustains the country, and his little offspring ; hence 
 his herds of kine, and deserving steers, ^or is there any in- 
 termission, but the year either abounds with apples, or with 
 the breed of the flocks, or with the sheaf of Ceres' stalk ; loads 
 the furrows with increase, and overstocks the barns. Winter 
 comes : the Sicyonian^' berry is pounded in the oil-presses ; 
 the swine come home gladdened with acorns ; the woods yield 
 their arbutes ; and the autumn lays down its various produc- 
 
 often taken for hell itself. Virgil here follows Lucretius, i. 37, " Et 
 metus ille foras prosceps Acheruntis agendus Funditus, humanam qui 
 vitam turbat ab imo, Omnia sufiundens mortis nigrore." And soon after, 
 vs. 79, "Quare religio pedibus subjecta." B. 
 
 " The Danube rises in the black forest of Suabia, and, after a course 
 of about 1600 miles, discharges itself into the Euxine Sea. The Dacians 
 inhabited an extensive country, north of the Danube, now called Walla- 
 chia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. 
 
 *'' Tyrian purple, from Tyre, a city of Phoenicia in Asia, celebrated for 
 its early commerce and numerous colonies, and for the invention of scar- 
 let and purple colors ; its ancient name was Sarra, now Soor. 
 
 *•* Sicyonian berry, the olive, with which Sicyonia, a district of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, in Greece, abounded. 
 
B. II. 521—542. III. 1— n. GEORGICS. ' 67 
 
 lions ; and liigli on the sunny rocks the mild vintage is 
 ripened. Meanwhile the sweet babes twine round their pa- 
 rents' neck : his chaste family maintain their purity ; the cows 
 hang down their udders full of milk ; and the fat kids wrestle 
 together with butting horns on the cheerful green. The swain 
 himself celebrates festal days ; and, extended on the grass, 
 where a fire is in the middle, and where his companions crown 
 the bowl, invokes thee, O Lenagus, making libation ; and on 
 an elm sets forth to the masters of the flock prizes to be con- 
 tended for with the winged javelin ; and they strip their hardy 
 bodies for the rustic ring. 
 
 This life of old the ancient Sabines ;" this Remus and his 
 brother strictly observed ; thus Etrui-ia^" grew in strength ; 
 and thus too did Rome become the glory and beauty of the 
 R'orld, and, single, hath encompassed for herself seven hills 
 with a wall. This hfe, too, golden Saturn led on earth, be- 
 fore the sceptered sway of the Dicttean''^ J^i^g? ^^^ before an 
 impious race feasted on slain bullocks. Nor yet had mankind 
 heard the warlike trumpets bloAv ; nor yet the swords laid on 
 the hard anvils clatter. 
 
 But we have finished this immensely extended field ; and now 
 it is time to unloose the smoking necks of our steeds. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 in the third Book, after invoking tlie rural deities, and eulogizing Augustus, 
 Virgil treats of the management of cattle, laying down rules for the choice 
 and breeding of horses, oxen, sheep, etc. The book abounds in admirable 
 descriptions ; many passages are inimitably tine. 
 
 Thee, too, great Pales, and thee, famed shepherd from Am- 
 ()hrysus,' ye woods and Arcadian rivers, will I sing. Gclier 
 themes, that might have entertained minds disengaged from 
 
 *^ Sabines, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the^^borigines, 
 or those inhabitants whose origin was unknown ; their country was sitU' 
 ated between the rivers Tiber, Nar, and Anio, having the Apennines on 
 the east. 
 
 ^" Etruria (Tuscany), a country of Italy lying west of the Tiber, 
 
 '' Dictasan king, Jupiter is so called from Mount Dicte in Crete, where 
 he was worshiped. 
 
 ^ Amphrysus, a river of Thessaly, on the banks of which Apollo fed 
 the flocks of king Admetus. Arcadian rivers : Arcadia was a pastoral 
 district of Peloponnesus in Greece, of which Pan was the tutelary deity. 
 
G8 GEORGICS. b. hi. 4—26. 
 
 song, are now all trito and common. Wiio is unacquainted 
 either with severe Eurystheus,'* or the altars of infamous 
 Busiris ? By whom has not the boy Hylas been recorded, and 
 Latonian Delos ?^ or Hippodame,* and Pelops, conspicuous 
 for his ivory shoulders, victorious in the race ? I, too, must at- 
 tempt a way, whereby I may raise myself from the ground, and 
 victorious hover through the lips of men. 
 
 I first returning from the Aonian mount, will (provided 
 life remain) bring along with me the Muses into my country ; 
 for thee, O Mantua, I first will bear oflf the Idumcean^ palms, 
 and on thy verdant plains erect a temple of marble, near the 
 stream where the great Mincius winds in slow meanders, and 
 fringes the banks with tender reeds. In the middle will I have 
 Caesar, and he shall command the temple. In honor of him 
 will I victorious, and in Tyrian purple conspicuous, drive a 
 hundred four-horsed chariots along the river. For me all 
 Greece, leaving Alpheus" and the groves of Molorchus, shall 
 contend in races and the raw-hide cestus. I myself, graced 
 with leaves of the shorn olive, will bear ofl:erings. Even now 
 I am well pleased to lead on the solemn pomps to the temple, 
 and to see the bullocks slain ; or how the scene with shifting 
 front retires ; and how the inwoven Britons lift up the purple 
 curtain. On the doors will I delineate, in gold and solid 
 
 ^ Eurystheus, king cf Argos and Mycence, who, at the instigation of 
 Juno, imposed upon Hercules the most perilous enterprises, well known 
 by the name of the twelve labors of Hercules. Busiris, a king of 
 Egypt, noted for his cruelty in sacrificing all foreigners who entered his 
 country. 
 
 ^ Delos, a small but celebrated island of the yEgean Sea, nearly in 
 the center of the Cyclades, in which Latona gave birth to Apollo and 
 Diana; hence the former is frequently called Delius, and the latter 
 Delia. 
 
 * Hippodame, a daughter of (Enomaus, king of Pisa in Elis. Her 
 father refused to marry her except to him who could overcome him in a 
 chariot race ; thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their 
 lives, when Pelops, the son of Tantalus, entered the hsts, and by bribing 
 Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, insured to himself the victory. 
 
 ^ Idumfean palms, from Iduma^a, a country of Syria, on the south of 
 Juda3a, famed for its palm-trees. 
 
 " Alpheus (Rouphia), a river of Elis in Peloponnesus, where the 
 Olympic games were celebrated. Molorchus, a shepherd of Argolis, who 
 kindly received Hercules, and in return the hero slew the Nemsean lion 
 which laid waste the country ; hence the institution of the Nemtean 
 games. 
 
B. III. 27—45. GEORGICS. 69 
 
 Woiy, the battle of the Gangarides/ and the arms of conquer- 
 ing Quirinus ; and here the Nile' swelhng with war, flowing 
 majestic, and columns rising with naval brass. I will add the 
 vanquished cities of Asia, and subdued Niphates,® and the 
 Parthian presuming on his flight and arrows shot backwai'd," 
 and two trophies snatched by the hand from two widely-distant 
 foes, and nations twice triumphant over on either shore. Here 
 too shall stand in Parian^ ^ marble, breathing statues, the oft- 
 spring of Assaracus,^^ and the chiefs of. the Jove-descended 
 race ; both Tros, the great ancestor [of Rome], and Cynthian 
 Apollo, founder of Troy. Here baneful envy shall dread the 
 Furies, and the grim river of Cocytus,'^ Ixion's twisted snakes, 
 the enormous wheel, and the insurmountable stone. 
 
 Meanwhile, let us pursue the woods of the Dryads, and un- 
 trodden lawns ; thy commands, Ma3cenas, of no easy import. 
 Without thee my mind ventures on nothing sublime ; come 
 then, break off" idle delays. Cithseron^* calls with loud halloo, 
 and the hounds of Taygetus, and Epidaurus, the tamer of 
 horses ; and the voice, doubled by the assenting groves, re- 
 
 ' Gangaridcs, a people of Asia, near the mouth of the Ganges. 
 
 ^ Nile, a great river of Africa, and one of the most celebrated in the 
 world, is generally supposed to have its sources in that immense chain 
 of mountains in Central Africa, called the Mountains of the Moon. Its 
 course runs in a northerly direction, flowing through Kubia and Egypt ; 
 a little below Cairo it divides itself into two great branches, which en- 
 close the Delta, and fall into the Mediterranean, the western branch at 
 Rosotta, and tho eastern at Damietta. 
 
 " Niphates, a mountain of Armenia, part of the range of Taurus, from 
 which the river Tigris takes its rise. 
 
 "* Cf. Plutarch, Crass, p. 558, v7Z£(l)evjov yap lifia l3u?J.ovTcg vl 
 I lupdoi. B. 
 
 " Parian marble, from Pares, an island of the -^Egcan Sea, one of the 
 Cyclades, famed for its beautiful white marble. 
 
 " Assaracus, a Trojan prince, father of Capys, and grandfather of An- 
 chises. Tros, a son of Erichthonius, king of Troy, which was so named 
 after him. Cynthian Apollo : the surname is from Cynthus, a mountain 
 in the island of Delos, where Apollo and Diana were born, and which 
 was sacred to them. 
 
 " Cocytus, a river of Epirus in Greece, called by the poets one of the 
 rivers of hell. Ixion, a king of Thessaly, whom Jupiter is fain to have 
 struck with his thunder for having attempted to seduce Juno ; he was 
 bound with serpents to a wheel in hell, which was perpetually in motion. 
 
 " Cithasron, a mountain of Boeotia in Greece, sacred to Jupiter and 
 the Muses. Epidaurus (Pidavra), a city of Argohs in Peloponnesu*, 
 famed for a temple of Esculapius, and for its fine breed of horses. 
 
70 GE0RGIC3. B. m. 46—80. 
 
 echoes. Yet ere long shall I be prepared to sing of Caesar's 
 ardent battles, and to transmit his name with honor through 
 as many years as Ccesar is distant from the first origin of 
 
 Tithoniis. 
 
 AVhether any one, aspiring to the praises of the Olympian 
 palm, breeds horses, or whether any oue_ [breeds] sturdy bul- 
 locks for the plow, let him choose with special care the 
 bodies of the mothers. The stern-eyed heifer's form is best, 
 whose head is disproportionately large, whose neck is brawny, 
 and whose dew-laps hang from the chin down to the legs. 
 Then there is no measure^in her length of side ; all her parts 
 live huge, even her foot ; and her eyes are rough under her 
 trumpled^^ horns. Nor would she displease me if streaked with 
 white spots, or if she refuses the yoke, and sometimes is surly 
 with her horn, and in aspect approaches nearer to a bull, and 
 if she is stately throughout, and sweeps her steps with the ex- 
 tremity of her tail, as she goes along. 
 
 The ao-e to undergo breeding and proper union ends before 
 ten, and'' begins after four years : the other years [cows] are 
 neither fit for breeding, nor strong for the plow. Mean- 
 lime, while the flocks abound with sprightly youth, let loose 
 the males ; be the first to indulge thy cattle in the joys of 
 love : and by generation raise up one race after another. Each 
 best time of life fly fast away from wretched mortals : dis- 
 eases succeed, and sad old age, and pain ; and the inclemency 
 of inexorable death snatches them away. There will always 
 be some whose bodies you would choose to have changed [for 
 better]. Therefore continually repair them ; and, that you 
 may not regret them when lost, be beforehand, and yearly 
 provide a new offspring for the herd. 
 
 The same discriminating care is also requisite for a breed 
 of horses. But still, on those which you intend to bringup 
 lor the hope of the race, bestov/ your principal dihgence im- 
 mediately from their tender years. The colt of generous 
 breed from the very first walks high throughout the fields, 
 and nimbly moves his pliant legs ; he is the first that dares to 
 lead the way, and tempt the threatening floods, and trust him- 
 self to an unknown bridge ; nor starts aftrighted at vain 
 alarms. Lofty is his neck, his head Httle and slender, his 
 
 '^ Nonius, Marc, i., explains " caraurum by obtortum." Hesiod, Opp 
 ^2, iXiKag fSouc. B. 
 
B. iiL 81—109. GEORGICS. 71 
 
 belly short, his back plump, and his proud chest swells luxu- 
 riant with brawny muscles : (the bright bay and bluish gray 
 are in most request ; the worst colors are the white and sor- 
 rel.) Then, if he by chance hears the distant sound of arms, 
 lie knows not how to stand still ; he pricks up his ears, trem- 
 bles in every joint, and snorting, rolls the collected fire under 
 his nostrils. Thick is his mane, and, waving, rests on his right 
 'nhoulder. A double spine '° runs along his loins, his hoof 
 scoops up the ground, and deep resounds with its solid horn. 
 Such was Cyllarus, broken by the reins of Amyclsean Pollux," 
 and such (which the Grecian poets have described) the har- 
 nessed brace of Mars, and the chariot-horses^* of great Achil- 
 les. Such Saturn too himself, swift at tlie coming of his wife, 
 spread out a full mane on his [assumed] horse's neck, and flying 
 filled lofty Peliou with shrill neighing. 
 
 Him too, when with sickness oppressed, or now enfeebled 
 with years, he fails, shut up in his lodge, and spare his not in- 
 l^lorious age. An old horse is cold to love, and in vain dragj 
 0:1 the ungrateful task, and if ever he comes to an engagement, 
 he is impotently furious, as at times a great fire without 
 litrength among stubble. Therefore chiefly mark their spirit 
 and age ; then their other qualities, their parentage, and what 
 is the sorrow of each when vanquished, what the pride when 
 victorious. 
 
 See you not?'" w"hen in the rapid race the chariots have 
 seized the plain, and pouring forth rush along; when the 
 hopes of the youth are elevated, and " palpitating fear heaves 
 their throbbing hearts : they ply with the twisted lash, and 
 bending forward give full reins : the axle flies glowing -svith 
 the impetuosity. And now low, now high, they seem to be 
 borne aloft through the open air, and to mount up into the 
 
 " In a horse that is in good case, the back is broad, and a fullness of 
 flesh near the spine is indicated, by which two ridges are formed, one at 
 each side of the bone. This is what the ancients mean by a double 
 spine. Valpy. 
 
 " Amyclsean Pollux was the son of Jupiter by Leda, and the twin 
 brother of Castor ; he was so called from Amiclag, a city of Lyconia, 
 where he was born. 
 
 " "With this sense of "currus," compare the similar Greek usage, 
 Rur. Hipp. 1224, rtrpupov eKuaivuv oxov, vs. 1352, ed. Monk, and Ion, 
 1151. B. 
 
 " This is a formula used iu adducing examples. Comp. Georg. i. 56 ; 
 Lucr. ii. 196. Hickie. 
 
72 GE0RGIC3. b. hi. 110—137. 
 
 skies. No stop, no stay ; but a thick cloud of yellow sand is> 
 tossed up : the foremost are wet with the foam and breath of 
 those that follow. So powerful is the love of praise, so anxious 
 the desire of victory. 
 
 First Erichthouius^" dared to yoke the chariot and four 
 steeds, and upon the rapid wheels victorious to stand. The 
 Pelethronian Lapithoe first mounted on horseback apphed the 
 reins, and turned him in the ring ; taught the horsemen under 
 arms to spurn the plain, and with proud ambling pace to 
 prance along. Either toil is equal ; with equal care the mas- 
 ters in either case seek after a [steed that is] youthful, of 
 v/arm mettle, and eager in the race : [they do not make choice 
 of an old horse,] though often he may have driven before him 
 the flying foes, may boast of Epirus, or of warlike Mycense"^ 
 for his country, and derive his pedigree even from Neptune's 
 breed. 
 
 These things observed, they are very careful about the time 
 [of generation], and bestow all their care to plump him up 
 with firm fet Avhom they have chosen leader, and assigned 
 stalhon to the herd : they cut downy herbs, and supply him 
 with plenty of water and corn, that he may be adequate to" 
 the soothing toil, and lest the puny sons should declare the 
 meagerness of their sires. But they purposely attenuate the 
 brood mares with leanness : and, w^hen now the kno^^^l pleas- 
 ure solicits the first enjoyment, they both deny herbs, and 
 debar them from the springs ; often too they shake them in 
 the race, and tire them in the sun, w^hen beneath the beaten 
 grain the barn floor deeply groans, and in the rising zephyi* 
 the empty chaff is tossed about. This they do, that excessive 
 pampering may not blunt the powers of the genial soil, and 
 choke up the sluggish passages ; but that it may with eager- 
 ness drink in the joys of love, and lay them up more deeply 
 within. 
 
 ^° Erichthonius, a son of Vulcan, and king of Athens ; the invention 
 of chariots is ascribed to him. Pelethronian Lapithte, so called from 
 Pelethronium, a town of Thessaly at the foot of Mount Pelion, inhabited 
 bj the Lapithse, who were excellent horsemen. 
 
 ^^ Mycenae, a city of Argohs in Peloponnesus, once the capital of a 
 kingdom, and the residence of Agamemnon. 
 
 " " Superesse" is explained " prsestantior esse" by the Scholiast on 
 Avianus, Fab. xiii. 10, but more clearly by Gellius, i. 22, " supra laborem 
 esse, neque opprimi a labore." B. 
 
B. lU. 133—164. GEORGICS. 73 
 
 Again the cares of the sires begin to fail, and that of the 
 dams to succeed ; when now, their months elapsed, they rove 
 about pregnant : let no one suffer them to drag the yokes of 
 heavy wagons"^ or to leap across the way, scamper over the 
 meads with spiightly career, and swim the rapid floods. They 
 ought then to feed^* in spacious lawns, and beside full rivers, 
 where moss, and grassy banks of prime verdure, and caves may 
 shelter them, and over them a shady rock project. 
 
 About the groves of Silarus," and Alburnus, verdant with 
 ever-green oaks, abounds a flying thing,^® which the Romans 
 name asilus, and the Greeks in their language have rendered 
 oestros ; of angry sting, humming harshly ; with which whole 
 herds affrighted fly dispersed through the woods ; the sky is 
 fiu-iously shaken with bellowings, and the woods and banks of 
 dry Tanagrus. With this monster did Juno once exercise her 
 fell revenge, having meditated a plague for the Inachian" 
 heifer. This, too (for in the noontide heat it rages more keen- 
 ly), you must keep off' from the pregnant cattle ; and feed your 
 herds when the sun is newly risen, or when the stars usher in 
 the night. 
 
 After the birth, tlie whole care is transferred to the calves ; 
 and from the first they stamp with a hot iron the marks and 
 names of the race ; and which they choose to bring up for the 
 increase of the flock, or to keep sacred for the altar, or to cleave 
 the ground, and turn up the soil all rugged with broken clods : 
 the rest of the herd graze amid the green pastures. 
 
 Those which you would form for the design and service of 
 agriculture, train up while calves, and enter on xhe way to 
 
 ^^ Here wagons stand for any " wheeled vehicle." Hickie. 
 
 ^* Or rather, "scamper over." Heyne remarks, "proprie via carpitur 
 per prata." B, 
 
 ^^ Silarus (Sele), a river of Italy, separating Lucania from the terri- 
 tory of the Picentini ; its banks were much infested with the gad-fly. 
 Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, at the foot of which rises the 
 river Tanagros (Negro), remarkable for its cascades and its beautiful 
 meanderings. 
 
 26 u YoUtans," as Anthon remarks, is here used as a kind of substan- 
 tive. Compare "volucri asilo," Yaler. Flacc. iii. 581. 
 
 " Inachian heifer. lo, daughter of Inachus, and priestess of Juno 
 at Argos, according to the poets, was changed into a heifer by Jupiter, 
 but afterward restored to her own form, when she married Telegonua 
 or Osiris, king of Egypt, and after death was worshiped under the name 
 of lais. 
 
 4 
 
74 GEORGICS. E. HI. 165—197. 
 
 tame tliem, v,'\n\e their minds in youth are tractable, while 
 their age is pliant. And first fasten about their necks loose 
 collars of slender twigs; next, when they have accustomed 
 their free necks to servitude, match your bullocks in pairs 
 joined by those same collars, and make them step together ; 
 and now let empty wheels be dragged by them along the 
 ground, and let them print their traces in the sur&ce of the 
 dust. Afterward let the beechen axle laboriug under a jx)n- 
 derous load creak, and the brass-girt pole draw the joined 
 wheels. Meanwhile for the young untamed bullocks you will 
 crop with your hand not only grass, or the tender* leaves of 
 willows, or a marshy sedge, but also springing corn : nor shall 
 your suckling heifers, as was the custom of our fathers, fill the 
 snowy milking-pails, but spend all their udders on their sweet 
 offspring. 
 
 But if thy inclination is to v/ar and martial troops, or with 
 thy wheels to skim along the brink of Pisa's^* Alphaean 
 streams, and drive the flying chariot in Jupiter's grove : the 
 first task of the horse must be to view the fierceness and the 
 :irms of warriors, to be patient of the trumpet, and to bear the 
 rumbling of the wheels in their career, and in his stall to hear 
 the rattling bridles ; then more and more to rejoice in the 
 coaxing praises of his master, and to love the sound of his 
 patted neck.^° And these let him hear as soon as weaned 
 from the udder of his dam, and now and then yield his mouth 
 to the soft halters when weak, and yet trembling, and yet not 
 confident in his years. But, three full years elapsed, when 
 his fourth summer has arrived, let him forthwith begin to 
 wheel in the ring, and with regular steps to prance ; and let 
 him bend the pliant joints of his legs alternately, and seem to 
 labor. Then let him dare the winds in swiftness, and 
 through the open j^lains flying, as loosened from the reins, 
 scarcely print his steps on the surface of the sand. As when 
 boisterous Boreas hath rushed forth from the Hyperborean 
 regions, and drives along the Scythian stonns and dry clouds •, 
 
 28 " Yescas" is interpreted by Servius, " siccas et teneras." See Gro- 
 nov. on Liv. xxxiii. 48. intpp. on Lucret. i. 327. B. 
 
 ^^ Pisa, an ancient city of Elis in Peloponnesus, on the banks of tlie 
 Alpheus, and on the ruins of which Olympia is supposed to have been 
 built. 
 
 ^^ Silius, iv. 265, "stimulansgratoplausascerviciahonore, Cornipedem 
 alloquitur." B. 
 
B. III. 103—235. GEORGICS 
 
 then the high corn and wavnug fields tremble Vrith the gentle 
 gusts, the tops of the woods rustle, and the lengthened waves 
 press toward the shore : he flies, sweeping in his career at 
 once the fields, at once the seas. Such a courser will either 
 sweat at the goals and spacious bounds of the Elean plain, and 
 drive the bloody foam from his mouth, or will better bear the 
 Belgic cars on his pliant neck. Then at last, when they are 
 broken, let their ample bodies grow with fattening mash ; for, 
 [if full fed] before breaking them in, they will swell their 
 mettle high, and when seized, refuse to bear the limber vvhip, 
 and to obey the hard curb. 
 
 But no industry more confirms their strength than to avert 
 Venus from them, and the stinjxs of blind love, whether any 
 one be more fond of a breed of bullocks or of horses. And 
 therefore they remove the bulls to a distance, and to lonely 
 pastures, behind an obstructing mountain, and beyond broad 
 rivers, or keep them shut up within at full cribs ; for the fe- 
 male insensibly consumes his vigor, and fires him while in 
 his eye,^^ nor sufters him to mind his groves and pastures. 
 Often by her sweet alkirements she even impels her haughty 
 lovers to combat with their horns. Tlie beauteous heifer 
 feeds in- the spacious wood ; they by turns with mighty force 
 engage with repeated wounds ; black blood laves their bodies ; 
 and their adverse horns are impelled on the straggling foes 
 with a vast groan ; the woods and spacious skies rebellovr. 
 Nor is it usual for the warriors to dwell together ; * but the one 
 vanquished retires, and becomes an exile in unknown distant 
 coasts ; much and often bemoaning his disgrace, and the 
 wounds of the ]'>roud victor, in fine, the loves which un- 
 avenged he has lost ; and, often gazing at the stalls, departs 
 from his hereditary realms. Therefore with the utmost care 
 he exercises his strength, and lies all night among the hard 
 rocks, on an unspread couch, feeding on prickly leaves and 
 sharp rushes ; he tries himself, and learns to collect his rage 
 into his horns, butting against the trunk of a tree ; dares the 
 winds with blows, and preludes to the fight by spurning the 
 sand. Afterward, when his strength is rallied, and his vigor 
 
 ' Literally, "by their beholding her." Anthon truly remarks, that 
 t is a mistake to suppose that the gerund is used for the passive. Ct 
 "cantando," Eel. viii. 71, "tegendo," Georg. iii. 454, "habendo," Lu* 
 eret. i. 313. B. 
 
 1 
 
76 GEORGICS. B. m. 236—271. 
 
 recovered, he begins the march," and is borne headlong on his 
 unmindful foe ; as a wave when it begins to whiten in the 
 midst of the sea, at distance and from the deep, draws out its 
 bosom, and as rolling to the land it roars dreadful among the 
 rocks, nor less than very mountain falls ; while with whirlpools 
 the water from the bottom boils, and tosses up the blackening 
 sand on high. 
 
 Indeed every kind on earth, both of men and wild beasts, 
 the fish, the cattle, and painted birds, rush into maddening 
 fires; love is in all the same. At no other time does the 
 lioness, forgetful of her whelps, range the plains more fierce ; 
 nor do the unshapely bears usually spread so numerous ravages 
 and such havoc in the woods : then ferocious is the boar, then 
 most fell the tiger. It is then, alas ! unhappy wandering in 
 the desolate fields of Libya. See you not how tremor thrills 
 through the horse's whole body, if his smell has but sucked 
 in the well-known gales? And now neither bridles of men, 
 nor cruel whips, nor clifis, nor hollow rocks, and opposed livers 
 that whirl with the torrent even mountains swept away, can 
 retard him. Even the Sabellian boar rushes, and whets his 
 tusks, and with his feet tears up the ground, rubs his flanks 
 against a tree, and on this side and that side hardens his 
 shoulders to wounds. What does the youth, in whose vitals 
 relentless love fans the mighty fire ? Why, late in the dark- 
 some night he swims the frith boisterous with bursting stoims ; 
 over whom the spacious gate of heaven thunders, and the seas 
 dashing against the rocks remurmur ; nor can his distressed 
 parents recall him, nor the maiden too, about to perish by a 
 cruel fate. What do the spotted ounces of Bacchus, and the 
 fierce race of wolves and dogs ? what the timorous stags ? 
 what dreadful wars they wage ! Yet know, the fury of the 
 ttiares is most of all extraordinary : and this spirit Venus 
 herself inspired, when four Potnian mares tore the limb of 
 Glaucus" to pieces with their jaws. Love diives them across 
 Gargarus, and roaring Ascanius f^ they climb the mountains, 
 swim the rivers; and forthwith, when the flame is secretly 
 
 ^^ Literally, " strikes the tents." B. 
 
 ^^ Glaucus, a son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth, who was torn to pieces 
 at Potnia in Boeotia, by his own mares. 
 
 " Ascanius, afterward called the Hylas, a river of Bithynia in Asia 
 Minor, flowing into the Propontis near Cius. 
 
B. ni. 2'?2— 306. GEORGICS. 
 
 77 
 
 conveyed into their craving* marrow, chiefly in tlie spring (for 
 in the spring the heat returns into their bones), they all, with 
 their mouth turned toward the Zephyr, stand on high rocks, 
 and catch the gentle gales ; and often, wondrous to relate ! 
 without any mate, impregnated by the wind, over rocks and 
 cHfFs and hollow vales they scour ; not toward thine, O Eurus, 
 nor the sun's rising, nor toward Boreas and Caurus," or 
 whence grim Auster arises, and saddens the sky with bleak 
 rain. Hence at last, what the shepherds call by its true 
 name, hippomanes, a clammy poison distills from their groins ; 
 hippomanes, which wicked stepdames often have gathered, 
 and mixed [therewith] herbs, and not innoxious spells. But 
 time flies meanwhile, flies irretrievable, while we, enamored 
 [of the theme], minutely trace particulars. 
 
 Thus far of herds. Another part of our care remains, to 
 manage the fleecy flocks and shaggy goats. A labor this; 
 hence hope for praise, ye sturdy swains. Nor am I at all 
 ignorant how difiicult it is to raise such subjects by style, and 
 add this dignity to things so low. But the sweet love [of the 
 Muses] transports me along the lonely heights of Parnassus : 
 it delights me to range those mountain-tops, where no path 
 trodden by the ancients winds down with p-entle descent to 
 Castalia.'" 
 
 Now, adorable Pales, now must I sing in lofty strain. To 
 begin, I appoiiit the sheep to be foddered in soft cots, till first 
 the leafy spring return : and that the hard ground under 
 them be strewn with plenty of straw, and with bimdles of 
 ferns, lest the cold ice hurt the tender flock, and bring on the 
 scab and foul foot-rot. Next, leaving them, I order to pro- 
 vide the goats with leafy arbutes, and to supply them with 
 fresh streams : and, away from the woods, to oppose their cots 
 to the winter sun, turned toward the south : when cold 
 Aquarius" now sets at length, and in the extremity of the 
 year sheds his dews. Nor are these to be tended by us with 
 less care : nor will their usefulness be less ; though' Milesian 
 
 25 Cannis, the north-west wind; Auster, the south wind. 
 
 36 Castaha, a celebrated fountain of Mount Parnassus, sacred tc Uie 
 Muses. 
 
 37 Aquarius, one of the signs of the Zodiac, rises in January, an^ ^ 
 its name imports, frequently accompanied with rain. 
 
78 GEORGICS. B. III. 301—339. 
 
 fleeces,"' tliat have dnink the Tyrian glow, bo bartered for a 
 great price. From these is a more numerous breed, from 
 these a greater quantity of milk. The more the pail froths 
 with their exhausted udder, the more will joyous streams flow 
 from their pressed dugs. Meanwhile [the shepherds] also 
 shear the beards, and hoary chins, and long waving hair of 
 the Cinyphiau^^ he-goats, for the service, of the camp, and for 
 coverings to the adventurous mariners.^ And then they find 
 pasture from the woods, from the summits of Lycaeus, from 
 the rough brambles, and from brakes that love the craggy 
 rocks. And mindful, the goats of themselves return home, 
 and bring their young with them, and can scarcely get over 
 the thresiiold with their teeming udders. Therefore, the less 
 they lack the care of mortals, the more careful must. you bo 
 to defend them from the ice and snowy winds ; and you must 
 cheerfully bring them food, and browse of tender twigs ; nor 
 shut up from them your stores of hay durinsf the whole 
 wmter. 
 
 But when the summer, rejoicing in the inviting ZephjTs, 
 shall send forth both flocks into the lawns and pastures; at 
 the first rising of Lucifer, let us take to the cool fields ; while 
 the morning is new, while the grass is hoary, and the dew, 
 most grateful to the cattle, is on the tender grass. Then, as 
 soon as the fourth hour of day has brought on thirst, and the 
 plaintive grasshoppers shall rend the groves with their song ; 
 order the flocks to drink the water running in oaken troughs, 
 or at the wells, or at the deep pools ; but in the noontide heats 
 seek out a shady vale, wherever Jove's stately oak with an- 
 ^ cient strength extends its huge boughs, or wherever a grove, 
 embrowned with thick evergreen oaks, projects its sacred 
 shade. Then give them once more the translucent streams, 
 and once more feed them at the setting of the sun, when cool 
 Vesper tempers the air, and now the dewy moon refreshes the 
 lawns, and the shores resound with Haley one, and the bushes 
 with the goldfinch. 
 
 Why should I trace for thee in song the shepherds and 
 
 3^ Milesian fleeces, from Miletus, a city of Asia Minor, the ancient 
 capital of loaia : it was famous for its excellent wood. 
 
 ^^ Cinyphian he-goats, from Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa, 
 near Tripolis. 
 
B. IIL 340— 310. (tKORGTCS. 79 
 
 pastures of Libya, and their huts with few and straggling 
 roofs ? Their flocks often graze both day and night, and for a 
 whole month together, and repair into long deserts without 
 any shelter; so wide the plain extends. The African shep- 
 herd carries his all with him, his house, and household god, 
 his arms, his Amyclean dog, and Cretan quiver:^" like the 
 fierce Roman, when armed for his country, he takes his way 
 under the unequal load, and, having pitched his camp, stands 
 in array of battle against the foe, before he is expected.. 
 
 But not so, where are the Scythian nations, and the Mseotic 
 waves,*' and the turbid Ister whirHng his yellow sand; and 
 where Rhodope returns,** stretched out itself under the middle 
 of the pole : there they keep their herds shut up in stalls ; 
 nor are either any herbs to be seen in the fields, or leaves on 
 the trees ; but the country lies deformed with mounts of snow, 
 and deep ice all around, and rises seven ells in height. It is 
 always winter, always north-west winds, blowing cold. Then 
 the sun never dissipates the pale shades, either when borne on 
 his steeds he climbs the lofty sky, or when he bathes his swift 
 chariot in the ocean's ruddy plain. Crusts of ice suddenly 
 are conorealed in the runnino; river: now on its back the wave 
 sustains wheels bound with iron ; the wave hospitable to broad 
 ships before, to wagons now. Vases of brass frequently burst 
 asunder, their garments grow stift' when worn, theyurrt with 
 axes the liquid wine, whole pools turn to solid ice, and the 
 horrid icicle hardens on their uncombed beards. Meanwhile 
 it snows incessantly through all the air ; the cattle perish ; the 
 large bodies of oxen stand wrapped about with hoar-frost ; and 
 the deer, crowding all together, lie benumbed under the un- 
 
 40 Cretan quiver ; Crete (Candia), one of the largest islands in the 
 Mediten-aneau, at the south of the Cyclades. It was anciently famed for 
 its hundred cities, and for the laws of Minos established there ; the 
 Cretans were excellent archers, but infamous for folsehood and other 
 vices. The island was subdued by the Romans, b. c. 66. 
 
 41 Mffiotic waves, now the Sea of Asoph, a large lake, or more properly 
 part of the sea between Europe and Asia, north of the Euxiue, with 
 which it communicates by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 
 
 42 Hickio compares Georg. ii. 271, "quse terga obverterit axo," with 
 the following remark : " Rhodope is a chain of mountains in Thrace, which 
 extends eastward, and is then joined with Hasmus, and parting from it, 
 returns northward." I need hardly remind the reader that Virgil ia par- 
 tial to assigning verbs of motion to phenomena which only appear to 
 exercise it B. 
 
80 GEORGICS. e. hi. 3 1 1—404. 
 
 usual load, and scarcely appear with the tips of their horns. 
 These they pursue not with hounds let loose, nor with any 
 toils, nor scare them with the terror of the crimson plume ;''^ 
 but as in vain they are shoving with their breasts the opposed 
 mountain [of snow], they stab them with the sword close at 
 hand, and put them to death piteously braying, and with loud 
 acclamation bear them off triumphant. The inhabitants them- 
 selves, in caves dug deep under ground, enjoy undisturbed 
 rest, and roll to their hearths piled oaks, and whole elms, 
 and give them to the flames. Here they spend the night in 
 play ; and joyous, imitate the juice of the grape with their 
 beer and acid service. Such is that savage race of men lying 
 imder the northern sign of Ursa Major, buffeted by the 
 Eiphaean east wind, and whose bodies are clothed with the 
 ta'wny furs of beasts, a 
 
 If the woolen manufacture be thy care ; first let prickly 
 woods, and bui*s, and caltrops, be far away : shun rich pas- 
 tures : and from the beginning choose flocks that are white 
 with soft wool. And that ram, though he himself b^ of the 
 purest white, under whose moist palate there lurks but a black 
 tongue, reject, lest he should sully the fleeces of the new-born 
 lambs; and look out for another over the well-stocked field. 
 Thus Pan, the god of Arcr.dia (if the story be worthy of 
 credit), deceived thee, O moon, captivated with a tnowy offeriug 
 of wool, inviting thee into the deep groves : nor didst thou 
 scorn his invitation. 
 
 But let him who is studious of milk, carry to the ciibs with 
 his own hand the cytisus, and plenty of water-lilies, and salt 
 herbs. Hence [the animals] are both more desirous of the 
 river, and distend their udders the more, and in their milk 
 return a faint savor of the salt. 
 
 Many restrain the kids as soon as grown up from tlieii- 
 dams, and fasten muzzles with iron spikes about their snouts. 
 What they milk at the sun-rising and the hour of morn, they 
 press at night : what they milk now in the evening and at 
 sun-setting, the shepherd at daybreak carries to town in bas- 
 kets ; or they season it with a small quantity of salt, and hiy 
 it up for winter. 
 
 Nor let your care of dogs be your last : but feed at once with 
 
 <5 On the " formido " here spoken o^ see my note on ^n- \v. 121. R 
 
c. m. 405— 437. GEORGICS. "" 8r 
 
 fattening whey tlie swift hounds of Sparta," and the fierce 
 mastiff of Molossis. While these are your guards, you need 
 never fear the nightly robber to your stalls, the incursions of 
 the wolves, or the restless Iberians" coming upon you by 
 stealth. Often too in the chase you will pursue the timorous 
 wild asses, and vdih hounds you will hunt the hare, with 
 hounds the hinds. Often, driving on with full cry, you will 
 ■give chase to the boar roused from his sylvan soil ; and over 
 the lofty mountains with shouts pursue the stately stag into 
 the toils. 
 
 Learn also to burn fragrant cedar in the folds, and to drive 
 away the rank water-snakes with the scent of galbanum. Often 
 under the mangers, when not moved, either the viper of per- 
 nicious touch lies concealed, and affrighted flies the light ; or 
 that snake, the direful pest of kine, which is wont to shelter it- 
 self under a roof and shade, and shed its venom on the cattle, 
 keeps close to the ground. Snatch up stones, shepherd, snatch 
 up clubs ; and while he rears his threatening gorge, and swells 
 his hissing neck, knock him down: and now in fright he has 
 deeply hidden his dastardly head, while his middle-knots and 
 the wreaths in his tail's extremity are unfolded, and his last 
 tortuous joint now drags its' slow spires along. A There is also 
 that baneful snake in the Calabriau lawns," winding up his 
 scaly back, with breast erect, and a long belly speckled with 
 broad spots ; who, while any rivers burst from their fountains, 
 and while the lands are moist with the dewy spring and rainy 
 south winds, haunts the pools, and, lodging in the banks, in- 
 temperate gorges his horrid maw with fishes and croaking frogs. 
 When the fen is burned up, and the earth gaps with drought, 
 he darts forth on dry ground, and rolling his inflamed eyes, 
 rages in the fields, exasperated with thirst, and aghast with 
 heat. Let me not then choose to indulge soft slumbers in the 
 open air, or to lie along the grass in the slope of a wood, when. 
 
 ^* Sparta, called also Lacedsemon (Misitra), a famous city of Pelopon- 
 nesus in Greece, the capital of Laconia, and long the rival of Athens. 
 :Molossis, a district in the south of Epirus, celebrated for its fierce breed 
 of dogs. 
 
 *'' Iberians, the Spaniards were so called, from Iberus (the Ebro), a 
 large river of Spain. 
 _ *^ Calabrian lawns. Calabria is a country in the south of Italy, an- 
 ciently part of Magna Grwcia. 
 
 4* 
 
82 GEOEGICS. b. hi. 438— 4*73. 
 
 renewed and sleek with youth by casting his slough, he rolls 
 along leaving either his young or eggs in his den, reared to the 
 sun, and in his mouth quivers a three-forked tongue. ^ 
 
 I -will also teach thee the causes and the signs of their dis- 
 eases. The filthy scab infects the sheep, when the raw shower 
 hath pierced deep into the quick, and Avinter, rough with hoary 
 frost; or, when the sweat unwashed away adheres to them 
 after shearing, and prickly briers have torn their bodies. On 
 this account, the shepherds drench the whole flock in sweet 
 streams, and the ram with damp fleece is plunged into the pool, 
 and sent to float along the stream ; or they besmear their bodies 
 after shearing with bitter lees of oil, and mix with it litharge 
 of silver, native sulphur, Idsean pitch, and fat unctuous wax, and 
 the sea-leek, rank hellebore, and black bitumen. But there is 
 not any more eftectual remedy for their sufferings, than to lance 
 the head of the ulcer with steel : the distemper is nourished 
 and lives by being covered ; while the shepherd refuses to ap- 
 ply the heahng hand to the wound, or sits still, praying the 
 gods for better omens. 
 
 Moreover, when the malady, penetrating into the inmost 
 bones of the bleating sheep, rages, and the parching fever preys 
 upon their Hmbs, it has l3een of use to drive out the kindled 
 inflammation, and between the under parts of the feet to open 
 a vein spouting with blood ; in such manner as the BisaUse"' 
 use, and the fierce Gelonian, when he flies to Rhodope, and the 
 deserts of the Getse, and drinks milk thickened with the blood 
 
 of horses. 
 
 Whatever sheep thou scest cither creep away at a distance 
 from the rest, under the mild shade, or listlessly crop the tops 
 of the grass, and follow in the rear, or lie down as she is feed- 
 ing in the middle of the plain, and return by herself late in the 
 evening ; forthwith check the evil by the steel, before the dire 
 contagion spreads among the unwary flock. 
 
 The whirlwind, that brings on a wintery storm, rushes not 
 so frequent from, the sea, as the plague-s of cattle are numerous. 
 Nor do diseases only sweep away singJe bodies, but also whole 
 folds suddenly, the offspring and the flock at once, and the 
 
 . •*' BisaltfE, peoDle of M-^ceclonia or Tb^-fKie. Getoe. a people of Eu- 
 ropean Seythia, inhabiting that part of I'^ania near the mouths of thelster 
 (Danube), 
 
R m. 474—505. ■ GEORGICS. 83 
 
 whole stock from tlie first breed. AVIioever views the aerial 
 Alps, and the Noric castles on the hills, and the fields of lapi- 
 dian Timavus, and the realms of the shepherds even now after 
 80 long a time deserted, and ^he JaffBS-4yiiig.j5!aste -&f-atid 
 wide, may then know this. j^Here, in former times, a doleful 
 sweeping plague^^ arose from the distemper of the air, and 
 grew more and more inflamed through the whole heat of au- 
 tumn ; and delivered over to death all the race of cattle, all 
 the savage race; poisoned the lakes, and tainted the pastures 
 with contagion. Nor was the w^ay of their death simple ;■"* 
 but when the burning fever, reveling in every vein, had 
 shrunk up their wretched limbs, again the dropsical humor 
 overflowed, and converted into its substance all the bones 
 piecemeal consumed by the disease. Often amid the service 
 of the gods, the victim standing at the altar, while the woolen 
 wreath is entwined with snowy fillet, has dropped down gasp- 
 ing to deatli^" in the hands of the fingering ofticiators;^' Or, if 
 the priest had stabbed any one before [it fell], neither do its 
 entrails, when laid on the altars, burn, nor is the augur, when 
 consulted, able thence to give responses ; and the knives ap- 
 phed are scarcely tinged with blood, and the surface of the 
 sand hardly stained with the meager gore. Hence the calves 
 every where expire in the luxuriant j^astures, and render up 
 then' sweet lives at the full cribs. Hence the fawning dogs are 
 seized with madness ; and wheezing cough shakes the diseased 
 swine, and sufibcates them with tumors in the throat. The 
 unfortunate horse, [once] conqueror, forgetful of his exercises 
 and his pasture, pines away, loathes the springs, and often 
 paws the ground with his foot ; his cars hang down ; an in- 
 termitting sweat [breaks out] about them, and that too cold 
 at the approach of death ; his withered skin feels hard, and 
 in handling resists the touch. These^ symptoms they give be- 
 fore death in the first days. But if in process of time the 
 disease begins to rankle, then are their eyes inflamed, and the 
 
 *® It is almost unnecessary to remind the reader that Virgil is indebted 
 to Thucydides and Lucretius throughout the following description. B. 
 
 ^^ Nee for et non : " And various were the forms of death," Hickie. 
 " Nor was the path of death one and the same." Anthon. 
 
 ^" "Moribundus," according to "Wagner, has three significations in 
 Virgil: l.^Moriens, Georg. iii. 488. 2.=Moriturus, ^n. iv. 323. 3.— 
 Afortalis. Mn. vi. 732. B. 
 
g4 GEOIIGICS. L. III. 506—544 
 
 breath fetched from the bottom of the breast is sometimes 
 mixed with a, heavy groan ; and with a long sob they distend 
 their lowest flanks: black blood gushes from their nostrils, 
 and the rough tongue clings to their choked-up jaws. At first 
 it proved of service to pour the tenasan draught down their 
 throats; this appeared the sole remedy for the dying: soon 
 after, this very thing proved their destruction ; and being re- 
 cruited, they burned with furious rage, and they themselves, 
 now in the agonies of death (may the gods award better things 
 to the good, and such frenzy to our foes !) tore their own man- 
 gled limbs ^vith their naked teeth. Lo, the bull too, smoking 
 uader the oppressive share, drops down, and vomits out of his 
 mouth blood mingled with foam, and fetches his last groans, 
 the plowman, unyoking the steer that mourns his brother's 
 death, goes away sad, and in the midst of his work leaves the 
 plow fixed in the earth. Neither the shades of the deep 
 groves, nor the soft meadows, can aftect his mind, nor the 
 river which rolling over the rocks, glides to the plain more 
 pure than amber : but his deep sides grow lank, deadness rests 
 upon his heavy eyes, and his neck with unwieldy weight drops 
 to the ground. What do their labors or good offices now 
 avail them ? what [avails it] to have turned the heavy lands 
 with the share? Yet they were never injured by the rich 
 gifts of Bacchus, or by banquets of many courses. They feed 
 on leaves and the nourishment of simple herbs; the crystal 
 springs and running rivers are their drink ; and no care breaks 
 their healthful slumbers, i At no other time, they tell us that 
 kine were wanting in those regions for Juno's sacred rites, and 
 that the chariots were drawn to their lofty shrine by wild-bulls 
 ill-matched. Therefore, with difiiculty they tear the ground 
 with harrows, and with their very nails set the corn, and over 
 the high mountain drag the croaking w^agons with their 
 strained necks. The wolf meditates no ambuscades around 
 the folds, nor prowls about the flock by night ; a sharper care 
 subdues him. The timorous deer and fugitive stags saunter 
 among the dogs, and about the houses. Now, too, the waves 
 wash out upon the extremity of the shore the breed of the 
 immense ocean, and all the race of swimmers, like shipwrecked 
 bodies; and the unwonted sea-calves fly to the rivers. The 
 viper, too, in vain defended by her winding den, expires, and 
 
B. m. 545—566. IT. 1— T. GEORGICS. 85 
 
 the astonished water-snakes, erecting their scales. To the very 
 birds the air becomes pernicious ; and falHng headlong, thej 
 leave their lives beneath the lofty cloud. 
 
 Nor, moreover, avails it now for their pasture to be changed ; 
 the arts to Avhich they had recourse prove noxious : the mas- 
 ters failed, Chiron," the son of Phillyra, and Melampus, the 
 son of Amythaon. Pale Tisiphone," sent from the Stygian 
 glooms to light, rages: drives before her diseases and dismay: 
 and daily rising, higher erects her baleful head. "With bleat- 
 ing of the flocks, and frequent lowings, the rivers, the withered 
 banks, and sloping hills resound ; and now by droves and 
 flocks she deals destruction, and in the very stalls heaps up 
 carcasses rotting away with foul contagion, till they learn to 
 bury them in the ground, and hide them in pits. For neithei 
 was there use for their hides, nor could any cleanse their flesh 
 with water, or purge it by fire ; nor durst they so much as 
 shear the fleece corrupted with disease and filthy sores, or 
 touch the infected yarn. But yet, if any one tried the odious 
 vestments, fiery pustules and filthy sweat overspread his 
 noisome body ; and then, no long time intervening, the sacred 
 fire preyed upon his infected limbs. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 The subject of the Fourth Book is the manao:ement of bees ; tbeir habits, 
 economy, polity, and govenmient, are described with the utmost fidehty, 
 and with all the charm of poetry. The Book concludes with the beauti- 
 ful episode of Arista3U3 recovering his bees. 
 
 Next will I set forth the heavenly gift of aerial honey. 
 Vouchsafe, Maecenas, thy regard to this part also of my work.' 
 I will sing spectacles to you marvelous of minute things : the 
 magnanimous leaders, the manners and employments, the 
 tribes and battles of the v/hole race in order. My labor is 
 upon an humble theme, but not mean the praise, if the adverse 
 deities permit one, and Apollo invocated hear; 
 
 " Chiron, one of the Centaurs, son of Saturn and Phillyra, was famous 
 for his skill in music, physic, and shooting. Melampus, a celebrated 
 soothsayer and physician of Argos. 
 
 ^^ Tisiphone, one of the Furies, who was the minister of Divine venge- 
 ance, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. 
 
 * Probably in imitation of Aratus, Phten. 29, fwxOog fztv r' oKiyo^, ra 
 ii fivpcov avrW oveiap. B. 
 
go GEORGICS. B. IV. 8—42. 
 
 First, a seat iind station must be sought for the bees, where 
 neither wiuds may have access (for the winds hinder them 
 from carrying home their food), nor sheep and frisky kids may 
 trample down the flowers, or heifer, straying in the plain, spuin 
 ofl:' the dews, and bruise the rising herbs. 
 
 And let the lizards with speckled scaly backs be far from 
 the rich hives, and woodpeckers, and other birds ; and Progne,'' 
 whose breast is stained with her bloody hands. For they lay 
 all thino-s waste around, and in their mouths bear aAvay the 
 bees themselves wdiile on the wing, a sweet morsel for their 
 merciless young. But let clear springs, and pools edged with 
 green moss, be near, and a gentle rivulet swiftly lunning 
 through the meads ; and let a palm or stately wild olive over- 
 shade'' the entrance : that, when the new kings lead forth the 
 first swarms in their own spring, and the youth, issuing from 
 the hives, indulge in sport, the neighbonng bank may invite 
 them to withdraw from the heat, and the tree just in their 
 v/ay may receive them with its leafy shelter. Into the midst 
 of the water, whether it stagnates idle or purling runs, throw 
 willows across, and huge stones, that they may rest upon 
 frequent bridges, and spread their wings to the summer sun, 
 if the impetuous east wind has by chance dispersed those that 
 lag behind, or immersed them in the flood. Around these 
 places let green cassia, and far-smelling wild thyme, and 
 plenty of strong-scented savory, flower ; and let beds of violet 
 drink an irrigating^ fountain. 
 
 But as for your hives themselves, w^hether they be compacted 
 of hollow bark, or w^oven with limber osier, let them have their 
 inlets narrow; for winter congeals the honey with its cold, 
 and the heat melts and dissolves the same: either force is 
 equally dreaded by the bees : nor is it in vain that they smear 
 with w^ax* the slender crevices in their houses, and fill up the 
 edges with fucus and flowers, and preserve for those very uses 
 collected glue, more tenacious than bird-lime, or the pitch of 
 Phrygian Ida.' Often, too, if fame be true, they have 
 
 ^ Progne, the wife of Tereus, king of Thrace, was feigned to have 
 been changed into a swallow. See note ^^ on Eel. 6. 
 
 ^ Observe the active force of "irriguos." B. 
 
 * i. e. propolis. See Anthon. 
 
 ^ Phrygian Ida, a celebrated mountain, or ridge of mountains, in the 
 vicinity of Troy, covered with pine-trees, etc., and commanding an ex- 
 tensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries. From Mount 
 
/ 
 
 B. lY. 43—17. GEORGICS. 87 
 
 clierislied their families in cells dug under ground, and have 
 been found deep down in hollow pumice-stones, and the cavity 
 of a rotten tree. But do thou, carefully cherishing, daub 
 their chiuky chambers round with smooth mud, and strew it 
 thinly ov^er with leaves ; and suffer not a yew near their 
 loclofes, noi* burn in the fire the reddenino: crabs, nor trust 
 them to a deep fen, or where there is a noisome smell of mire, 
 or where the hollow rocks resound on beino: struck, and the 
 struck ima2:e of the voice rebounds. 
 
 For what remains, when the golden sun has driven the 
 winter under ground, and opened the heavens with summer 
 light ; they forthwith traverse the lawns and woods, crop the 
 bright-hued flowers, and lightly skim the surface of the streams. 
 Hence, gladdened with I know not what agreeable sensation, 
 they grow fond of their offspring and young breed : hence 
 they labor out with art new -waxen cells, and form the 
 clammy honey. After this, when now you see the swarm, 
 after emerging from the hives into the open air, swim through 
 the serene summer sky, and marvel at the blackening cloud 
 driven about by the wind, mark Avell : they always seek the 
 waters and leafy coverts : here sprinkle the juices prescribed, 
 bruised balm and the common herb of honey-wort : awake the 
 tinkling sounds, and beat around the cymbals of the mother .° 
 They of themselves will settle on the medicated seats ; they 
 of themselves, after their manner, will retreat into 'the in- 
 most cells. 
 
 But if they should go forth to battle (for often discord witl 
 huge commotion seizes two kings), you may straightway 
 know long beforehand both the animosity of the populace, 
 and their hearts in trepidation for war : for that martial clang 
 of hoarse brass rouses the loiterers, and a voice is heard re- 
 sembling the broken sounds of trumpets. Then in a hurry 
 they assemble, quiver with their wings, sharpen their sting.-; 
 upon their beaks, prepare their sinews, crowd thick around 
 their king and to his pavilion, and with loud hummings chal- 
 lenge the foe. 
 
 As soon, therefore, as they find the spring serene, and the 
 
 Ida issued the Simois, Scamander, and other rivers, and here it was that 
 Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. 
 
 6 Cybele, called the Mother of the Gods, was the daughter of Coelus 
 and Terra, and wife of Saturn. DAvmsox. 
 
 i' 
 
88 GEORGICS. b. iv. 78—113. 
 
 fields of air open, forth they rush from their gates ; they join 
 battle : buzzing sounds arise in the sky aloft : mingled they 
 cluster ^in a mighty round, and fall headlong : hail rains not 
 thicker from the air, nor such quantities of acorns from the 
 shaken oak. The kings themselves amid the hosts, distin- 
 guished by their wings, exert mighty souls in little bodies ; 
 obstinately determined not to yield till the dread victor has 
 compelled either these or those to turn their backs in flight. 
 These commotions of their minds, and this so mighty fray, 
 checked by the throw of a little dust, will cease, f 
 
 But when you have recalled both leaders from the battle, 
 put him to death that appears the worse, lest by prodigality 
 he do hurt; and sutler the braver, to reign in the court with- 
 out a rival. The one Avill glow with refulgent spots of gold ; 
 for there are two sorts : this is the better, distinouishable both 
 hy his make, and conspicuous with glittering scales: the 
 other is horribly deformed with sloth, and ingloriously drags 
 a large belly. 
 
 As the kino's are of two fisfures, so are the bodies of their 
 people.'' For the one looks hideously ugly; as when a 
 j)arched traveler comes from a very dusty road, and spits the 
 dirt out of his dry mouth ; the others shine and sparkle with 
 brightness, glittering with gold, and their bodies spangled 
 with equal drops. This is the better breed : from these at 
 stated season of the sky you will press the luscious honey ; 
 yet not so luscious as pure, and fit to correct the hard relish 
 of the grape. 
 
 But when the roving swarms fly about and sport in the air, 
 disdain their hives, and leave the cold habitations, you will 
 restrain their unsettled minds from their vain play. Nor is 
 there great difficulty in restraining them : do you but clip the 
 wings of their kings ; not one will dare, while they stay be- 
 hind, to fly aloft, or pluck up the standard from the camp. 
 
 Let gardens fragrant with saffron flowers invite them; and 
 the protection of Hellespontaic Priapus, the averter of thieves 
 and birds, with his willow scythe preserve them. Let him 
 who makes such things his care, himself bring . thyme and 
 pines from the high mountains, to plant them far and wide 
 
 "^ This, like many other of Yirgifs statements respecting bees, ia er- 
 roneous. The reader will find much information in Anthon's entertain' 
 ing notes. B. 
 
B. IV. 114— UG. GEORaiCS. 89 
 
 about their hivTS : let lilm wear Lis hands with the hard labor, 
 set himself the fruitful plants in the ground, and water them 
 ■with kindly showers. 
 
 ' And indeed, were I not just furling my sails at the last pe- 
 riod of my labors, and hastening to turn my prow to land, per- 
 haps I might both sing what method of culture would adorn 
 rich gardens, and the rose-beds of twice-blooming Pastum ;® 
 and how endive and banks green with parsley delight in drink- 
 ing the rills ; and how the cucumber winding along the grass 
 swells into a belly : nor had I passed in silence the late-flower- 
 ing daffodil, or the stalks of the flexile acanthus, or the pale 
 ivy, and the myrtles that love the shores. For I remember 
 that, under the lofty turrets of Qj]balia,® where black Galresus'" 
 moistens the yellow fields, I saw an old Corycian,^' to whom 
 belonged a few acres of neglected land ; nor was that soil rich 
 enough for the plow, proper for flocks, or commodious for vines. 
 Yet here among the bushes, planting a few pot-herbs, white 
 lihes, vervain, and esculent poppies all around, he equaled in 
 disposition the wealth of kings ; and returning late at night, 
 loaded his board with unbought dainties, lie was the first to 
 gather the rose in spring, and fruits in autumn : and, even when 
 sad winter split the rocks with cold, and bridled up the current 
 of the rivers with ice, in that very season he was cropping the 
 loclis of the soft acanthus, chiding the late summer, and the 
 lingering zephyrs. 
 
 He, therefore, was the first to abound with pregnant bees 
 and numerous swarms, and to strain the frothing honey from 
 the pressed combs ; he had limes and pines in great abund- 
 ance ; and as many fruits as the fertile tree had been clothed 
 with in early blossoms, so many it retained ripe in autumn. 
 He too transplanted into rows the late [far-grown] elms, and 
 hard pear-trees, and sloe-trees now bearing damascenes, and 
 the plane now ministering shade to drinkers. But these I for 
 
 8 Passtum (Pesto), a town of Lucania, on the Gulf of Salerno, where 
 the roses blossom twice a year. 
 
 9 (Ebalia, Tarentum, m the south of Italy, was so called because built 
 by a colony under Phalanthus, who came from (Ebalia, or Laconia, in 
 Greece. Galj^sus, a river of Calabria, flowing into the Bay of Tarentum. 
 
 I'J C£ "umbrosus Gala3sus," Propert. ii. 25, 67. B. 
 
 ^^ Corycius, a contented old man of Tarentum, whose time was em- 
 ployed in taking care of his bees. Some suppose that by Corycius, Yirgil 
 meant a native of Cor^'cus (a town of Cilicia), who had settled in Italy, 
 
90 GEORGICS. e. iv. 147—177. 
 
 my part pass over, restrained by the narrow bounds I have pre- 
 scribed to myself, and leave to others hereafter to record. ^ 
 
 Come, now, I will unfold the qualities which Jupiter himself 
 has implanted in the bees ; for which reward accompanying the 
 shrill sounds and tinkling brass of the Curetes,^^ they fed the 
 king of heaven under the Dictsean cave. They alone have 
 their offspring in common, share the building of a city in com- 
 mon, and pass their lives under powerful laws ; and they alone 
 hav^e a country of their own, and a fixed abode. And, mindful 
 of the coming winter, they experience toil in summer, and lay 
 up their acquisitions into the common stock. For some are 
 provident for food, and by fixed compact are employed in the 
 fields ; some within the inclosure of their hives lay Narcissus"^ 
 tears, and clammy gum from the bark of trees, for the first 
 foundation of the combs, then build downv»'ard the viscid wax ; 
 others bring up to their full growth the young, the hope of the 
 nation ; others condense the purest honey, and distend the 
 shells with liquid nectar. Some there are to whose lot has 
 fallen the watching of the gates, and these by turns observe the 
 waters and clouds of heaven ; or receive the loads of those who 
 return ; or, forming a band, drive from the hives the drones, a 
 sluggish horde. The woik is Avarmly 'plied, and the honey 
 smells frao-rant of thyme. 
 
 And as when the Cyclops urge on the thunderbolts from 
 the stubborn masses, some receive and render back the air in 
 the bull-hide bellows ; some dip the sputtering brass in the 
 trough : ^Lna groans under the weight of their anvils : they 
 alternately with vast force lift their arms in time, and turn 
 the iron with the griping pincers. Just so, if we may compare 
 small things with great, the innate love of gain prompts the 
 Cecropian bees,'* each in his proper function. The elder have 
 
 12 Cnretes, or Corybantes, the priests of C3-beIe, who hihabited Mount 
 Ida in Crete ; they were intrusted with the education of the infant Jupi- 
 ter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, who sought to de- 
 stroy him, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries by the 
 noise of their cymbals. 
 
 13 N'arcissus, a beautiful j^outh, who, on seeing his image reflected in 
 a fountain, became enamored of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the 
 place. He died of grief, and was changed into a flower, which still bears 
 hi3 name. 
 
 1^ Cecropian bees, that is, Attic or Athenian bees, from Cecrops, the 
 founder and first king of 'Athens. 
 
B. IV. 1^8— 212. GE0RGIC3. 91 
 
 the care of their towns, and to fortify the combs, and frame 
 the artificial cells. But the younger return fatigued late at 
 night, their thighs laden with thyme ; they feed at large 0:1 
 arbutes, and gray willows, On cassia, and glowing crocus, on 
 the gummy lime, and deep-colored hyacinths. AH have one 
 rest from work, all one common labor. In the morning they 
 rush out of the gates without any delay. Again, when the 
 evening at length has w\arned them to return from feeding in 
 the fields, then they seek their habitations, and then refresh 
 their bodies : the hum arises, and they buzz about the borders 
 and entrance of their hives. Soon after, wdien they have com- 
 posed themselves in their cells, all is hushed for the night; 
 and their proper sleep seizes their weary limbs. Nor do they 
 remove to a great distance from their hive when rain im- 
 pends, or trust the sky when east winds approach; but in 
 safety supply themselves with water all around under the walls 
 of their city, and attempt but short excursions ; and often take 
 up little stones, as unsteady vessels do ballast in a tossing 
 sea; with these they poise themselves through void airy re- 
 gions. 
 
 Chiefly you wall marvel at this custom peculiar to the bees, 
 that they neither indulge in conjugal embrace, nor softly dis- 
 solve their bodies in the joys of love, nor bring forth young 
 with a mother's throes. But they themselves cull their progeny 
 with their mouths from leaves and fragrant herbs ; they them- 
 selves raise up a new king and little subjects, and build new- 
 palaces and waxen realms. 
 
 Often, too, in wandering among the flinty rocks, have they 
 torn their wings, and voluntarily yielded up their lives under 
 their burden : so mighty is their love for flowers, and such their 
 glory in making honey. Therefore, though a narrow term of 
 life is their lot (for it is not prolonged beyond the seventh sum- 
 mer), yet the race remains immortal, and through many years 
 the fortune of the family subsists, and grandsires of grandsires 
 are numbered. 
 
 Besides, not Egypt's self, nor great Lydia,^^ nor the nation 
 of the Parthians, nor Median Hydaspes, are so observant of 
 their kinc^. While the kino; is safe, there is one mind amono* 
 
 '■» Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, south of Mysia, now part of Ana- 
 tolia. Hydaspes, a river of Persia, supposed to be the Choaspe^s, or tlie 
 Araxes. 
 
92 GEOKGICS. B. iv. 213—245. 
 
 fill : when lie is dead, they sever their allegiance ; they them- 
 selves tear to pieces the fabric of their honey, and demolish the 
 structure of their combs. He is the guardian of their works : 
 him they admire, and all encircle him with thick humming, 
 and guard him in a numerous body ; often they lift him up on 
 thdr shoulders, expose their bodies in war, and through wounds 
 seek a glorious death. 
 
 ^ From these appearances, and led by these examples, some 
 have alleged that a portion of the divine mind, and a heavenly 
 emanation, may be discovered in bees ; for that the Deity per- 
 vades the whole earth, the tracts of sea, and depth of heaven ; 
 that hence the flocks, the herds, men, and all the race of beasts, 
 each at its birth, derive their slender lives. Accordingly [they 
 affirm], that all of them, when dissolved, return and are brought 
 back thither hereafter ; nor is there any room for death ; but 
 that they mount up alive each into his proper order cf star, and 
 take their seat in the high heaven. ^ 
 
 When you intend to rifle the narrow mansions [of the bees], 
 and their honey ]3reserved in their treasures, first, sprinkled 
 [as to your body],'® gargle your mouth Avith a draught of 
 Avater, and bear in your hand before you the searchiug smoke. 
 Twice they press the teeming cells ; there are two seasons of 
 that harvest ; one, as soon as the Pleiad Taygete" has displayed 
 her comely face to the earth, and spurns with her foot the de- 
 spised waters of the ocean ; or when the same star, flying the 
 constellation of the watery Fish, descends in sadness from the 
 sky into the wintery waves. They are wrathful above measure, 
 and when provoked, breathe venom into their stings, and leave 
 their hidden darts fixed in the veins, and lay down tlieir lives 
 in the wound. 
 
 If, however, fearing'^ a hard winter, you both be^ sparing 
 for the future, and liave pity on their drooping spirits and 
 shattered state ; yet who will hesitate to fumigate [their hives] 
 with thyme, and cut away the empty wax? for often the 
 lizard preys unseen upon the combs, and the cells are stuffe(? 
 with cockroaches that shun the light ; the drone also that sit^ 
 exempt from duty at another's repast, or the fierce hornet has 
 
 i** See Antlion's note. C. 
 
 '7 Taygete, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, who became one of tho 
 Pleiades after death. 
 
 IS The older editions read " raetues." B. 
 
B. IV. 245—282. GEORGICS. 93 
 
 engaged tliem with unequal arms ; or the moth's direful 
 breed ; or the spider, hateful to Minerva, has suspended her 
 loose nets in their gates. 
 
 The more they are exhausted, the more vigorously will 
 they all labor to repair the ruins of their decayed race, to fill 
 up the rows of cells, and weave their magazines of flowers. 
 But since life has on bees too entailed our misfortunes, if 
 their bodies shall languish with a sore disease, which you may 
 know by undoubted signs ; immediately the sick change 
 color ; horrid leanness deforms the countenance ; then they 
 cany the bodies of the dead out of their houses, and lead the 
 mournful funeral processions ; or clinging together by the feet, 
 hang about the entrance, and loiter all within their houses 
 shut up, both listless through famine, and benumbed with 
 contracted cold. Then a hoarser sound is heard, and in 
 drawling hums they buzz ; as at times ihe south wind mur- 
 murs through the w^oods; as the ruffled sea creaks hoarsely 
 with refluent waves ; as rapid fire in the pent furnace roars. 
 In this case now I would advise to burn gummy odors, and 
 to put in honey through pipes of reed, kindly tempting and 
 inviting the enfeebled bees to their known repast. It will be 
 of service also to mix with it the juice of pounded galls, and 
 dried roses, or inspissated must^" thickened over a strong fire, 
 or raisins from the Psythian vine, CecroiDian thyme, and 
 strong-smelling centaury. There is also in the meadows a 
 flower, to which the husbandmen have given the name of 
 amellus ; an herb easy to be found ; for fi'om one root it 
 shoots a vast luxuriance of stalks, itself of golden hue ; but on 
 the leaves, which are spread thickly around, the purple of the 
 dark violet sheds a gloss. The altars of the gods are often 
 decked with plaited wreaths [of this flower]. ^ Its taste is 
 bitterish in the mouth ; the shepherds gather it in new-shorn 
 valleys, and near the winding streams of Mella.^" Boil the 
 roots thereof in fragrant wine ; and present it as food [for the 
 bees] in full baskets at their door. 
 
 V But if the whole stock should suddenly fail any one, and 
 he should have no means to recover a new breed ; it is time 
 
 '9 " When must was inspissated to one half^ it acquired the name of 
 defrutumP Anthox. 
 
 2" Mella, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Ollius, and 
 Xfith it into the Po. 
 
94 GEORGICS. b. iv. 283-.317. 
 
 both to unfold the memorable invention of the Arcadian maS' 
 ter, and how the tainted gore of bullocks slain has often pro- 
 duced bees : I will disclose the Avhole tradition, tracing it high 
 from its first source. For where the happy nation of Pellsean 
 Canopus^^ inhabit the banks of the Nile, floating [the plains] 
 with his overflowing river, and sail around their fields in 
 painted gondolas ; and where the river, that rolls down as far 
 as from the swarthy Indians, presses on the borders of quivered 
 Persia, and fertiles verdant Egypt Avith black silt, and pouring 
 along divides itself into seven different mouths ; all the coun- 
 try grounds infallible relief on this art. First a space of 
 ground of small dimensions, and contracted for this pur|30se, 
 is chosen ; this they strengthen with the tiling of a narrow 
 roof and confined walls ; and add four windows of slanting 
 light in the direction of the four winds. Then a bullock, just 
 bending the horns in his forehead, two years old, is sought out : 
 while he struggles exceedingly, they close up both his nostrils, 
 and the breath of his mouth ; and w^hen they have beaten him 
 to death, his battered entrails are crushed within the hide that 
 remains entire. AVhen dead, they leave him pent up, and lay 
 under his sides fragments of boughs, thyme, and fresh cassia. 
 This is done when first the zephyrs stir the waves, before the 
 meadows blush Avith new colors, before the chattering swal' 
 low suspend her nest upon the rafters. Meanwhile the juices, 
 warmed in the tender veins, ferment : and animals, wonderful 
 to behold, first short of their feet, and in a little while buzzing 
 with wings, swarm together, and more and more take to the 
 thin air : till they burst away like a shower poured down from 
 summer clouds ; or like an arrow from the whizzing string, 
 when the swift Parthians first begin the fight. 
 
 What god, ye Muses, what god disclosed to us this art ? 
 whence took this new experience of men its rise ? 
 
 The shepherd Aristasus,''^ flying from Peneian Tempe," 
 
 21 Canopus (near Aboukir), a city of Egypt, 12 miles east from Alex- 
 andria. It is hero called Pelican, having been founded by a colony from 
 Pella, a city of Macedonia, or in allusion to the conquest of the country 
 by Alexander the G reat, who was born at Pella. 
 
 -•2 Aristseus was the son of Apollo and Cyrene. He became enamored 
 of Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, and was the first who taught mankind 
 the culture of Olives, and the management of bees ; after doath he was 
 tvorshiped as a god. 
 
 23 Peneian Tempe, a celebrated vale in Thessaly, between Mount 01ym« 
 
B. IV. 318—350. GEORGICS. 95 
 
 having lost his bees, as it is said, by disease and famine, stood 
 mournful by the sacred source of the rising river, much and 
 oft complaining : and with these accents addressed his parent : 
 Mother Cyrene, mother, who inhabitest the depth of this 
 flood, why hast thou, brought me forth of the illustrious race 
 of gods (if indeed, as you pretend, Thymbr^ean Apollo be my 
 sire), thus abhorred by destiny ? or whither is thy love for me 
 banished ? why didst thou bid me hope for heaven ? 1 Lo, I, 
 though thou art my mother, am even bereft of this very glory 
 of my mortal life, which, amid my watchful care of flocks 
 and agriculture, I, after infinite essays, Avith much difficulty 
 achieved. Why then, go on ; root up with thine own hands 
 my happy groves ; bear the hostile flame into my stalls, and 
 kill my harvests ; burn up my plantations, and vvield the 
 sturdy bill against my vineyards ; if such strong aversion to 
 my praise hath seized thee. 
 
 But his mother heard the sound beneath the chambers of 
 the deep river ; her nymphs around her were carding the MiL- 
 sian fleeces, dyed with rich glass-green tincture ; Drymo" and 
 Xantho, Ligea and Phyllodoce, their comely hair flowing down 
 their snow-white necks ; Nescsee and Spio, Thalia and Cy- 
 modoce, Cydippe and golden Lycorias ; the one a virgin, the 
 other just experienced in the first labors of Lucina ; Clio, 
 and her sister Beroe, both dau'ghters of Oceanus, both in gold, 
 both in spotted skins arrayed ; Ephyre and Opis, and Asian 
 Deiopeia ; and swift Arethusa, having at length laid her darts 
 aside : among whom Clymene was relating Vulcan's unavail- 
 ing care, the tricks and pleasant thefts of Mars, and recounted 
 the frequent amours of the gods down from Chaos. While 
 the nymphs, charmed wdth this song, wind off their soft task 
 from the spindles, the lamentations of Aristasus again struck 
 his mother's ears, and all were amazed in their crvstal beds '. 
 
 pus and Ossa, through which the river Peneus flows into the JEgean 
 Tempe was about five miles in length, but very narrow, in few places 
 above a quarter of a mile broad. Tlie ancient poets have described it as 
 one of the most dehghtful spots in the world : hence all valleys that aro 
 pleasant are by the poets called Tempe. Thymbra, a plain in Troas, 
 through which the river Thymbrius flowed in its course to the Scaman- 
 dcr. Apollo had there a temple, and thence it is called Thymbrsean. 
 
 2* Drj'-mo, etc. These were sea-nymphs, the attendants of Cyrene, 
 daughter of the river Peneus, who was carried by Apollo to that part 
 of Africa which was called Cyrenaica,- where she became the mother of 
 Aristaeua 
 
96 
 
 GEORGICS. B. IV. 351—378. 
 
 but Arethusa upreared her golden head before lier other sis- 
 ters, dartino- her eyes abroad ; and afar [she cried], O sister 
 Cyrene, not in vain alarmed with such piteous moaning, thy 
 own Aristseus, overwhelmed with sorrow, thy darUng care, 
 stands weeping by the water of Peneus thy sire, and calls theo 
 cruel by name. To her the mother, her soul seized with un- 
 usual concern, cries. Conduct, conduct him quickly to us ; 
 to him it is permitted to tread the courts of the gods. At 
 tlie same time she commands the deep floods to divide on all 
 sides, that the youth might make his approach. And the 
 water, bent into the shape of a mountain, stood round about, 
 him, received him into its ample bosom, and let him pass un- 
 der the river. And now admiring his mother's palace, and 
 humid realms, the lakes pent up in caverns, and the sounding 
 o-roves, he passed along, and amazed at the vast motion of the 
 waters, surveyed all the rivers gliding under the great earth in 
 difterent places ; Phasis'' and Lycus, and the source whence 
 deep Enipeus first bursts forth, whence father- Tiberinus," 
 and whence Anio's" streams, and Hypanis'" roaring down 
 the rocks, and Mysian Caicus, and Eridanus, his bull-front 
 decked with two gilt horns, than whom no river pours along 
 the fertile fields with greater violence into the dark, troubled'' 
 
 sea. 
 
 After he had arrived under the roof of her bed-chamber, 
 hung wath pumice-stones, Cyrene was informed of the vain la- 
 mentations of her son ; the sisters in order serve up the crystal 
 streams for the hands, and bring smooth towels. Some load 
 the board with viands and plant the full cups. The altars 
 
 25 Phasis (Phaz or Rliion), a river of Colchis, rising in Mount Cauca- 
 sus, and falling into the Euxine. Lycus, a river of Armenia. Enipeus, 
 a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. 
 
 25 Tiber, a celebrated river of Italy, on whose banks the city of Rome 
 was built. It was originally called Albula, from the whiteness of its 
 waters, and afterward Tiber, from Tiburinus, king of Alba, who was 
 drowned in it. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and after dividing La- 
 tium from Etruria, falls into the Mediterranean 16 miles below Rome. 
 
 27 Anio (Teverone), a river of Italy which falls into the Tiber. 
 
 25 Hypanis (Bog), a river of European Scythia, which runs into tho 
 Euxina. Caicus (Grimakli), a river of Mysia, faUing into the ^gean. 
 
 29 Compare Anthon, who observes, "We have preferred rendermg 
 purpureum here by a double epithet. It is analogous to the Greek Trop- 
 (;>vpeoc, as said of the troubled sea, whence [Slog TTOp(pvpovr ealdaatog, 
 * a seaman's troublous life." 
 
B. IT. 379—413. GEORGICS. 97. 
 
 blaze with Paiiclia3au fires. Then the mother thus speaks : 
 Take bowls of Magonian wine, let us offer a libation to Ocean. 
 At the same time she herself addresses Ocean, the parent of 
 things, and the sister nymphs, a hundred of whom preside over 
 woods, a hundred over riv^ers. Thrice she sprinkled glowing 
 Vesta with the liquid nectar : thrice the flame, mounting to 
 the top of the roof, brightened : with which omen encouraging 
 her soul, she thus begins : In ISTeptune's Carpathian gulf there 
 dwells a seer, coerulean Proteus,^" who measures the great sea 
 AV'ith fishes, and in a chariot yoked with two-legged steeds. 
 He now revisits the ports of Emathia and his native Pal- 
 ^ene :" him both we nymphs, and old Nereus^^ himself adore ; 
 f^v the prophet . knows all things that are, that have been, and 
 what is being drawn on as about to be. For such is the will 
 of Neptune ; whose unwieldy droves, and ugly sea-calves, he 
 feeds under the deep. He, my son, must first be surprised 
 "vith chains, that he may explain to you the whole cause of 
 the disease, find make the issue prosperous. For no instruc- 
 tions will he give without comjnilsion, nor can you move him 
 by entreaty : ply him, when taken, with rigid force and 
 chains : all his tricks to evade these, proving vain, will at 
 length be baffled. I myself, as soon as the sun has inflamed 
 his noon-tide heats ; when the herbs thirst, and the shade be- 
 comes more grateful to the cattle, will conduct you into the 
 old god's retreats, whither he retires from the waves when fa- 
 tigued ; that you may easily assail him overpowered with 
 sleep. But when you shall hold him fast confined within 
 your arms and chains, then various forms and features of wild 
 beasts will mock your grasp. For suddenly he will become a 
 bristly boar, a fell tiger, a scaly dragon, and a lioness with a 
 ta\vny mane : or he will emit the roaring of flame, and escape 
 the chain ; or, liquefied into fluid waters, glide away. But the 
 more he shall transform himself into all shapes, still closer 
 draw, my son, the hampering chains, till, rechanged, he shall 
 
 3^ Proteus, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Tethjs, JHe is represented 
 by the poets as usually residing in the Carpathian Sea between Crete and 
 Rhodes : he possessed the gift of prophecy, and also the power of as- 
 suming different shapes. 
 
 31 Pallene, a small peninsula of Macedonia, on the ^gean Sea. 
 
 32 Nereus, a sea-god, son of Oceanus and Terra, and hus.band of Doil •■, 
 hj whom he had fifi-y daughters, the Nereids. 
 
 5 
 
08 GEORaiCS. B. IV. 414—452. 
 
 become such as you saw him when he closed his eyes in sleep 
 commenced. She spoke ; and shed around the liquid odor of 
 ambrosia, wherewith she sprinkled over the whole body of her 
 son. Now from his trimmed locks a delicious fragrance 
 breathed, and active vigor was infused into his limbs. In the 
 side of a hollowed mountain is a spacious cave, whither many 
 a wave is driven by the wind, and divides itself into receding 
 curves ; at times a station most secure for weather-beaten 
 mariners. Within Proteus hides himself behind the barrier of 
 a huge rock. Here the nymph places the youth in ambush 
 remote from view ; she herself takes her station at a distance, 
 shrouded in a misty cloud. Now the sultry dog-star, scorch- 
 ing the thirsty Indians, blazed in the sky, and the fiery sun 
 had finished half his course : the herbs withered ; and the rays 
 made the shallow over-heated rivers boil, their channels being 
 drained to their slimy bottom ; when Proteus, repairing to his 
 accustomed den, advanced from the waves. The watery race 
 of the vast ocean, gamboling around him, scatter the briny 
 spray far and near. The sea-calves apart lay themselves 
 down to sleep along the shore. He himself (as at times the 
 keeper of a fold upon the mountains, when evening brings 
 liome the bullocks from the pasture, and the lambs with noisy 
 bleatings whet the hunger of the wolves) sits in the center on 
 a rock, and counts over their numbers. Of [seizing] whom 
 since so favorable an oppoi'tunivj'- offered itself to Aristceus, 
 scarcely suflering the aged god to compose his weary limbs, he 
 rushes upon him with a great shout, and surprises him -with 
 chains reclining. He, on the other hand, not forgetful of his 
 art, transforms himself into all the v\-ondrous shapes in nature ; 
 fire, and a fierce savage, and flowing river. But when no 
 shifts could find him an escape, overpowered he returned to 
 himself, and at length thus spoke in human accent : Who. 
 most presumptuous youth, enjoined thee (he said) to approach 
 my habitation ? or what demandest thou here ? But he [rt^.- 
 plied], Thou knowest, O Proteus, thou knowest of thyself; 
 nor is it in any one's power to deceive thee ; but do thou cease 
 to try [to escal5[)e me]. In pursuance of divine command, I 
 come hither to consult thy oracle about my ruined affairs. 
 Thus much he spoke. Then the prophet at length, with 
 mighty force, rolled his eyes flashing with azure light, and 
 c;nashing his teeth fiercely, thus opened his mouth to discloss 
 
B. IV. 453—485. GEOKGICS. 99 
 
 the Fates : Ii is the vengeance of no mean deity that pursues 
 thee : thou art makinof atonement for heinous crimes : these 
 sufferings, by no means proportioned to thy guilt, unhappy 
 Orpheus entails upon thee, unless the Fates oppose ; and he 
 sorely rages for his ravnshed queen. She, indeed, rushing 
 headlong along the river's bank, provided she could only 
 escape thee, the maid doomed to death saw not the hideous 
 water-snake before her feet, guarding the banks in the tall 
 grass. But her fellow choir of Dryads filled the highest 
 mountains with shrieks : the rocks of Rhodope wept ; so did 
 lofty Pangaea," and the martial land of Rhesus, the Getae, and 
 Hebrus, and attic Orithyia. Orpheus^^ himself, soothing the 
 anguish of his love with his concave shell, sang of thee, sweet 
 spouse, of thee by himself on the lonely shore ; thee when the 
 day arose, thee when the day declined, he sang. lie entering 
 even the jaws of Tcenarus, Pluto's gates profound, and the 
 grove overcast with gloomy horror, visited the Manes, and 
 their tremendous king, and hearts unknowing to relent at 
 human prayers. But the airy shades and j)hantoms of the 
 dead, moved at his song, stalked forth from the deep re- 
 cesses of Erebus,^^ in such throngs, as birds that shelter 
 themselves by thousands in the woods, when evening, or a 
 wintery shower drives them from tlie mountains ; matrons, and 
 men, and ghosts of gallant heroes deceased, boys and unraamed 
 \'irgiAS, and youths laid on the funeral piles before the faces 
 of their parents ; whom the black nmd and unsightly reeds 
 of Cocytus, and the lovely lake with sluggish wave, inclose 
 around, and Styx, nine times poured between, confines. The 
 very habitations and deepest dungeons of death were aston- 
 ished, and the Furies, with whose hair blue snakes were inter- 
 woven ; and yawning Cerberus repressed his three mouths ; 
 and the whirling of Ixion's wheel was suspended by the song. 
 And now retracing his way, he had overpassed all dangers ; 
 
 33 Pangaea, a mountain on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace. 
 
 3^ Orpheus was feigned by the poets to have descended into the infernal 
 regions to recover his wife Eurydice, when he so charmed Pluto and 
 Proserpine with the music of his lyre, that they consented to restore her, 
 provided he forbore looking behind until he had gained the upper regions ; 
 but he forgot his promise and his Eurydice instantly vanished. 
 
 35 Erebus, a god of hell ; often used to signify hell itself. Cerberus, 
 represented as a dog with three heads, that watched the entrance inta 
 the infernal regions. 
 
^QO ' GEORGICS. B. IT. 486—621. 
 
 and restored Eurydice was just approaching the regions above, 
 following him ; for Proserpina had given him that law ; when 
 a sudden frenzy seized the unwary lover, pardonable, indeed, 
 if the Manes knew to pardon. He stopped, and on the very 
 vero-e of light, ah ! unmindful, and not master of himself, 
 looked back on his Eurydice : there was all his labor wasted, 
 and the law of the relentless tyrant broken ; and thrice a dis- 
 mal groan was heard through the Avernian lake. Orpheus, 
 she says, who hath both unhappy me and thee undone : what 
 so great frenzy is this ? see once more the cruel Fates call me 
 back, and sleep closes my swimming eyes. And now fare- 
 well : I am snatched away, encompassed with thick night, and 
 stretching forth to thee my feeble hands ! ah, thine no more. 
 She spoke ; and suddenly fled from his sight a ditferent way,'* 
 like smoke blended with the thin air : nor more was seen by 
 him grasping the shades in vain, and Avishing to say a thou- 
 sand things ; nor did the ferryman of hell suffer him again to 
 cross the intervening fen. What should he dol whither 
 should he turn himself, his love twice snatched away ? with 
 what tears move the Manes, with what words the gods ? She, 
 already cold, was sailing in the Stygian boat. For seven whole 
 months, it is said, he mourned beneath a weather-beaten rock, 
 by the streams of desert Strymon, and unfolded these his woes 
 under the cold caves, softening the veiy tigers, and leading 
 the oaks with his song ; as mourning Philomel under a poplar 
 shade bemoans her lost young, which the hard-hearted clown 
 observing in the nest has stolen unfledged ; but she vreeps 
 through'^the night, and, perched upon a bough, renews her 
 doleful song, and fills the place all around with piteous wail- 
 iro-s. No loves, no hymenial joys, could bend his soul. Alone 
 lie" traversed the Hyperborean tracts of ice, the snowy Tanais, 
 and fields never free from Riphsean frosts, deploring his rav- 
 ished Eurydice, and Pluto's useless gifts ; for which despised 
 rite" the "^Ciconian matrons, amid the sacred service of the 
 
 35 I have always felt satisfied with this participle '' diversa," al- 
 though, I believe, Servius and all MSS. support it. I think '^ dilapsa" is 
 more Virgilian. Cf. Georg. iv. 410. So Lucan, in an evident imitation of 
 this passage, iii. 34, " Sic fata, refugit Umbra per amplexus trepidi dilapsa 
 mariti." So "delapsa," Ovid, Art. Am. i. 43; "relapsa," Met. x. 57. B. 
 
 37 The attempts to explain this passage are confessedly hopeless. See 
 Anthon. "Munere" probably arose from a gloss upon the precedmg 
 " donx" Can " quo nomina" ( - on lohat pretext) bs the true reading ? B. 
 
E. IV. 521—559. GEORGICS. 101 
 
 gods and nocturnal orgies of Bacchus, having torn the youth 
 in pieces, scattei^d his limbs over the wide lields. And even 
 then, whilst QEagrian Hebrus rolled down the middle of its 
 tide, his head torn from the alabaster neck, the voice itself, 
 and his chilling tongue, invoked Eurydice, ah, unfortunate 
 Eurydice ! with his fleeting breath ; the banks re-echoed Eu- 
 rydice all along the river. Thus Proteus sang, and plunged 
 with a bound into the deep sea ; and, where he plunged, h© " 
 tossed up the foaming billows under the whirling tide. 
 
 But not sp Cyrene : for kindly she bespoke the trembling 
 [Aristeas] : My son, you may ease your mind of vexatious 
 cares. This is the whole cause of your disaster; hence the 
 nymphs, with whom she used to celebrate the mingled dances 
 in the deep groves, have sent this mournful destruction on 
 your bees : but suppliant bear offerings, beseeching peace, and 
 venerate the gontlc wood-nymphs ; for at your supplications 
 they will grant forgiveness, and mitigate their wrath. But 
 tirst will I show you in order what must be your manner of 
 worshin. Sinofle out four choice bulls of beauteous form, 
 which now graze for you the tops of green Lycaeus ; and as 
 many heifers, whose necks are untouched [by the yoke]. For 
 these erect four altars at the lofty temples of the goddesses : 
 from their throats emit the sacred blood, and leave the bodies 
 of the cattle in the leafy grove. Afterward, when the ninth 
 morn has displayed her rising beams, you may offer Lethaean 
 poppies as funeral rites to Orpheus, venerate appeased Eury- 
 dice with a slain calf, sacrifice a black ewe, and revisit tlic 
 grove. 
 
 Without delay, he instantly executes the orders of his 
 mother ; repairs to the temple ; raises the altars as directed ; 
 leads up four chosen bulls of surpassing form, and as many 
 heifers, whose necks were untouched. Thereafter, the ninth 
 mornino: bavins: ushered in her risiDor beams, he offers the 
 funeral rites to Orpheus, and revisits the grove. But here 
 they behold a sudden prodigy, and wonderful to relate ; bees 
 through all the belly hum amid the decomposed bowels of 
 the cattle ; pour forth with the fermenting juices from the 
 burst sides, and in immense clouds roll along ; then swarm 
 together on the top of a tree, and hang down in a cluster from 
 the bending boughs. 
 
 Thus of the culture of fields, and fl-ocks, and of trees, I 
 
] Qo GEORGICS. B. IV. 560—566. 
 
 siino-; ^vhile groat C;estir at the deep Euphrates was thuii- 
 deoDo- in war, was victoriously dispensing laws among the 
 wilUng nations, and pursuing the path to Olympus. At that 
 time, me, Virgil, sweet Parthenope^® nourished, flourishing in 
 the studies of inglorious ease ; who warbled pastoral songs, 
 jmd, adventurous through youth, sung thee, O Tityrus, under 
 the covert of a spreading beach. 
 
 35 Parthenope, afterward called Neapolis (Naples), a celebrated city 
 of Campania, in Italy, seated on a beautiful bay, from which it rises like 
 an araphiti- eater. It received the name of Parthenope frt)ni one of the 
 Sirens wtt^ yras buried there. 
 
105 
 
 "V," with joy 
 "^ foamino' 
 
 VIRGIL'S iiNEID, 
 
 T 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 The subject of the ^neid is tlie settlement of ^neas in Italy. This noblo 
 Toem, on the composition of which Virgil was engaged eleven years, con- 
 sists of twelve books, and comprehends a period of eight years. In ;he 
 First Book, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, 
 sailing from Sicily, and shipwTecked upon the coast of Africa, wheye he 
 is kindly received by Dido, queen of Carthage. The description of the 
 storm in this book is particularly admired. 
 
 iVEMS I sing,^ and the hero, who first, exiled by fate, came from 
 the coast of Trov to Italy, and the Lavinian^ shore : much was 
 he tossed both on sea and land, by the power of those above, 
 on account of the unrelenting rage of cruel Juno : much too he 
 suftered in war till he founded a city, and brought his gods 
 into Latiura : from Avhence the Latin progeny, the Alban 
 fathers, and the walls of lofty Rome. 
 
 Declare to me, O Muse ! the causes, in what^ the deity being 
 offended, by what the queen of heaven was provoked to drive a 
 man of distinguished piety to struggle with so many calamities, 
 to encounter so many hardships. Is there such resentment in 
 heavenly minds ? 
 
 An ancient city there was, Carthage* (inhabited by a colony 
 of Tyrians), fronting Italy and the moutl/ of the Tiber, far 
 remote ; vast in riches, and extremely hardy in warlike ex- 
 ercises ; which [city] Juno is said to have honored more 
 
 1 Respecting the fourverses usually prefixed to the u:Eneid, see Anthon. B 
 
 2 Lavinium (Pratica), a city of Latium, built by -^neas, and called 
 by that name in honor of Lavinia. 
 
 3 i. e. " quo mode." It is a mistake to suppose that we should join 
 " quo numine," since Juno has been already mentioned. B. 
 
 ^ Carthage, a powerful city of ancient Africa, on a peninsula, 12 miles 
 north-east of Tunis, was built by a colony of Tyrians under Dido, about 
 100 years before the foundation of Rome. After having been long mis- 
 tress at sea, and the rival of Rome, Carthage was totally destroyed by 
 Scipio Africanus the younger, in the third Punic war, B. c. 146,. an event 
 to which the memorable words, "Delenda est Carthago," of tho elder 
 Cato, mainly contributed. 
 
iENEID. B. I. 16—33. 
 
 ' place of her residence, Samos* being set aside. 
 
 suno- • while ^ii"^^ ; here was her chariot ; here the goddess 
 
 derSi'^ ir-a designs and fondly hopes to estabhsh a seat of 
 
 ^Yi|]^5l■sal■ empire, would only the Fates permit. But she had 
 
 ..-icard of a race to be descended from Trojan blood, that was 
 
 one day to overturn the Tyrian towers : that lience a people 
 
 of extensive regal sway, and proud in war, would come to the 
 
 destruction of Libya : so the destinies ordained. This the 
 
 daughter of Saturn dreading, and mindful of the t)ld war 
 
 which she had the principal hand in carrying on before Troy," 
 
 in behalf of her beloved Argos ;'' nor as yet were the causes 
 
 of her rage and keen resentment w^orn out of her mind ; the 
 
 judgment of Paris dwells deeply rooted in her soul, the affront 
 
 offered to her neglected beauty, the detested [Trojan] race, 
 
 and the honors conferred on ra\ashed Ganymede :** she, by 
 
 these things fired, having tossed on the whole ocean the 
 
 Trojans, whom the Greeks and merciless Achilles had left, 
 
 drove them far from Latium f and thus, for many years, they, 
 
 driven by fate, roamed round every sea : so vast a work it was 
 
 to found the Roman state. 
 
 ^ Samos. p.n island in the -^gean Sea, near the coast of Ionia. , It ia 
 extremely l':;rt!ie, producing the most delicious fruits, and is famous as 
 being the birtli-place of Pythagoras. Samos was sacred to Juno, who 
 had here a most magnificent temple. 
 
 * Troy, or Ilium, one of the most renowned cities of antiquity, the 
 capital of Troas in Asia Minor, was built on a small eminence near Mount 
 Ida, between the Simois and Scamander, a short distance above their 
 confluence, and about four miles from the -^gean shore. Of all the wars 
 that have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the most 
 famous, whether we regard the celebrity of the chiefs engaged in it, or 
 the deeds in arms which it called forth. According to the generally re- 
 ceived account, the Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks to recover 
 Helen, the wife of Menelaus, whom Paris, the son of Priam, king of 
 Troy, had carried away. All Greece united to avenge the cause of Me- 
 nelaus, and Troy, after a siege of ten years, was taken and burnt, B. c. 
 1184. No vestige now remains of ancient Tro}' ; and even its site has 
 become matter of uncertainty. 
 
 ' Argos, the capital of Argolis, a district of Peloponnesus, of which 
 Juno was the chief deity. During the Trojan war, Agamemnon was king 
 of the united kingdom of Argos and Mycenae. 
 
 ® Ganymede, the son of Tros, king of Troy, feigned to have been taken 
 up to heaven by Jupiter, and there became the cupbearer of the gods ia 
 the place of Juno's daughter Hebe. 
 
 * Latium (Campagna di Roma), a country Of Italy, on the east of the 
 Tiber. The Latins rose into importance when Romulus had founded the 
 city of Rome in their coimtry 
 
<». I. 34— 54. ^NEID. 105 
 
 Scarcely had the Trojans, losing sight of Sicily," with joy 
 launched out into the deep, and were plowing the foaming 
 billows with their brazen prows, when Juno, harboring ever- 
 lastinof rancor in her breast, thus with herself:'^ Shall I 
 then, baffljd, desist from my purpose, nor have it in my power 
 to turn away the Trojan king from Italy? because I am re- 
 strained by fate ! Was Pallas able to burn the Grecian ships, 
 and bury themselves in the ocean, for the offense of one, and 
 the frenzy of Ajax,^^ Oileus' son ? She herself, hurling from the 
 clouds Jove's rapid fire, both scattered their ships, and upturned 
 the sea with the winds : him too she snatched away in a w^hirl- 
 wind, breathing flames from his transfixed breast, and dashed 
 him against the pointed rock. But I, who move majestic,^' the 
 queen of heaven, both sister and wife of Jove, must maintain a 
 series of wars with one single race for so many years. And 
 who will henceforth adore Juno's divinity,^* or humbly offer 
 sacrifice on her altars? 
 
 The goddess by herself revolving such thoughts in her in- 
 flamed breast, repairs to .^Eolia,'^ the native land of storms, 
 regions'^ pregnant with boisterous winds. Here, in a vast 
 cave, king ^olus controls with imperial sway the reluctant 
 winds and sounding tempests, and confines them with chains 
 
 J*^ Sicily, the lararest and most celebrated island in the Mediterraneaij 
 Sea, to the south of Ital}-, and separated from it by the Straits of Messina. 
 It is of a triangular form, and from its three promontories was anciently 
 called Trinacria. Its name Sicily was derived from the Siculi, a peoplo 
 of Italy who settled in it. 
 
 1' Cf. interpp. on Ter. Andr. i. 1, 55, " Egomet continuo mecum." B. 
 
 12 Ajax, the son of Oileus, king of Locris, one of the Grecian chiefs in 
 the Trojan war. He was suruamed Locrian, to distinguish him from 
 Ajax the son of Tclamon. 
 
 '3 Such i.s the proper sense of '•incederc." Cf, jEn. i. 493. Tibull 
 ii. 6, 34. Propert. ii. 1, 5. More particularly Seneca, Nat. Q. vii. HI, 
 " non ambulamus, sed incedimus."' Propert. ii. 2, 58, " incedit vel 
 Jove digna soror." B. 
 
 14 Some MSS. of Quintilian. ix. 2. p. 772, give ''nomen."' Cf. Drak. 
 on Sil. i. 93. B. 
 
 15 The -^olian Islands, situated between Italy and Sicily, which were 
 seven in number. Here -^i^olus, the son of Hippotas, reigned, reputed 
 king of the winds, because, from a course of observations, he had ac- 
 quired some knowledge of the weauier, and was capable of foretelling 
 at times what wind would blow for some days together, as we learn from 
 Diodorus and Pliny. 
 
 15 For the change of number, " patriam .... loca," cf! JEu. vi. " Ttur 
 in antiquam silvam, stabida aUa ferarum." B. 
 
 5* 
 
106 >ENEID. B. I. 55—88. 
 
 in prison. Tliey roar indignant round their barriers, filling the 
 mountain with loud murmurs, ^olus is seated on a lofty- 
 throne, wielding a scepter, and assuages their fury, and moder- 
 ates their rage. For, unless he did so, they, in their rapid 
 career, would bear away sea and earth, and the deep heaven, 
 and sweep them through the air. But the almighty Sire, 
 i^iiarding against this, hath pent them in gloomy caves, and 
 thrown over them the ponderous weight of mountains, and ap- 
 pointed them a king, who, by fixed laws, and at command, 
 knows both to curb them, and when to relax their reins ; whom 
 Juno then in suppliant words thus addressed : ^olus (for the 
 sire of gods and the king of men hath given thee power both 
 to smooth the waves, and raise them watli the wind), a race by 
 me detested sails the Tuscan Sea, transporting Ilium and its 
 conquered gods, into Italy. \ Strike force into thy winds, over- 
 set and sink'^ the ships; or drive them difierent ways, and 
 strew the ocean with carcasses. I have twice seven lovely 
 nymphs, the fairest of whom, Deiopeia, I will join to thee in 
 firm wedlock, and assign to be thine own forever, ^^ that wdth 
 thee she may spend all her years for this service, and make thee 
 father of a beautiful offspring. 
 
 To whom JEolus replies : 'T is thy task, O queen, to con- 
 sider what you would have done : on me it is incumbent to 
 execute your commands. You conciliate to me whatever of 
 power I have, my scepter, and Jove. You grant me to sit at 
 the tables of the gods :'' and you make me lord of storms and 
 tempests. 
 
 Thus having said, whirling the point of his spear, he struck 
 the hollow mountain's side : and the winds, as in a formed 
 battalion, rush forth at every vent, and scour over the lands in 
 a hurricane. They press upon the ocean, and at once, east, 
 and south, and stormy south-west, plow up the whole deep 
 from its lowest bottom, and roll vast billow^s to the shores. 
 The cries of the seamen succeed, and the cracking of the cord- 
 ao-e. In an instant clouds snatch the heavens and day from 
 
 17 I e. "obrue, ut submergantur." So in Greek, as Soph. CEd. T. 165, 
 r/vvaar' eKTOTViav (j)?.6ya, i. e. cjare slvai iKTOTTcav. Eur. Ph. 446, dia?i- 
 Tid^aaav dfxoyevelg (pt'Aovg. B. 
 
 '3 This is the complete sense of " propriam," expressing the Homeric 
 T/v al^v t^chai vfiara Trdvra (Ih H. cap. 269.) Cf. Westerhov. on Ter 
 Andr. iv. 3, 1. B. 
 
 19 Festus, " maxima enim fuit honos. Di\Tim epulis accumbere." B. 
 
p. 1. 89— no. yENEID. 107 
 
 the eyes of the Trojans : sable niglit sits broodiug on the sea, 
 thunder roars from pole to pole, the sky glares with repeated 
 flashes, and all nature threatens them with immediate deatli. 
 Forthwith ^Eneas'"" limbs are relaxed with cold shuddering 
 fear. He groans, and, spreading out both his hands to heaven, 
 thus expostulates : O thrice and four times happy they, who 
 had the good fortune to die before their parent's eyes, under 
 the high ramparts of Troy ! O thou, the bravest of the Grecian 
 race, great Tydeus'"^ son, why was I not destined to fall on the 
 Trojan plains, and pour out this soul by thy right hand ? where 
 stern Hector" lies prostrate by the sword of Achilles ; where 
 mighty Sarpedon" [Hes] ; where Simois^"* rolls along so many 
 shields, and helmets, and bodies of heroes snatched away be- 
 neath its waters. 
 
 While uttering such words a tempest, roaring from the \ ^ 
 north, strikes across the sail, and heaves the billows to the 
 stars. The oars are shattered: then the prow turns away, 
 and exposes the side to the waves. A steep mountain of 
 waters follows in a heap. These hang on the towering surge ; 
 to those the wide-yawning deep discloses the earth between 
 two weaves: the whirling tide rages with [mingled] sand. 
 Three other ships the south wind hurrying away, throws on 
 hidden rocks; rocks in the midst of the ocean, wliich the 
 Itahans call Altars," a vast ridge rising to the surface of the 
 
 20 ^ncas, a Trojan prince, son of Anchiscs and Venus, who, after the 
 fall of Troy, came to Italy, where he married Lavinia, the daughter of 
 Latinus, whom he succeeded in his kingdom. 
 
 21 Tydeus' son, Diomedes, the son of'Tydcus and Deiphyle, was king 
 of ^tolia, and one of the most renowned of the Grecian chiefs in tht 
 Trojan war, where he performed many lieroic deeds. 
 
 2- Hector, the son of Priam and Ilecuba, was the most valiant of all 
 the Trojan chiefs. For a long time ho gloriously sustained the destinies 
 of Troy, till at last he fell by the hand of Achilles, who dragged the body, 
 with insulting triumph, three times round the tomb of Patroclus and the 
 walls of Troy. 
 
 23 Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter bv Europa, and brother to Minos, went 
 to the Trojan war to assist Priam, 'and was slain by Patroclus. Accord- 
 ing to some authors, the Sarpedon who assisted Priam was king of Lycia. 
 and son of Jupiter by Laodamia, the daughter of Bellerophon. 
 
 21 Simois, a river of Troas, which rose hi Mount Ida, and fell into the 
 Scamander below Troy. 
 
 25 Altars ; these were the Agates, three small islands opposite Car- 
 thage, near which the Roman fleet, under L. Catulus, obtamed a de- 
 cisive victory over that of the Carthaginians, which put an end to the 
 
108 ^NEID. u. I. 111—139. 
 
 sea. Three from the deep the east ^viIld drives on shoals and 
 flats, a piteous spectacle ! and dashing on the shelves, it in- 
 closes them -svith mounds of sand. Before the eyes of -<^neas 
 himself, a mighty billow, fidling from the height, dashes against 
 the stern of one "vvhich bore the Lycian crew, and faithful 
 Orontes r' the pilot is tossed out and rolled headlong, prone 
 [into the waves] ; but her the driving surge thrice whirls 
 around in the same place, and the rapid eddy swallows up in 
 the deep. Then floating here and there on the vast abyss, are 
 seen men, their arms and planks, and the Trojan wealth among 
 the waves. Now the storm overpowered the stout vessel of 
 Ilioneus,^' now that of brave Achates, and that in which Abas 
 sailed, and that in which old Alethes : all, at their loosened 
 and disjointed sides, receive the hostile stream, and gape with 
 chinks. 
 
 Meanwhile Neptune perceived that the sea was in great 
 uproar and confusion, a storm sent forth, and the depths over- . 
 turned from their lowest channels. He, in violent commo- 
 tion, and looking forth from the deep, reared his serene coun- 
 tenance above the waves ; sees JEueas's fleet scattered over 
 the ocean, the Trojans oppressed with the waves and the ruin 
 from above. Nor were Juno's wiles and hate unknown to 
 her brother, lie calls to him the east and west winds ; then 
 thus addresses them : And do you thus presume upon your 
 birth ? dare you, winds ! without my sovereign leave, to em- 
 broil heaven and earth, and raise such mountains. Whom 
 
 I ** But first it is right to assuage the tumultuous waves. 
 
 A chastisement of another nature from me awaits your next 
 oflense. Fly apace, and bear this message to your king : That 
 not to him the empire of the sea, and the awful trident, but 
 to me by lot are given : his dominions are the mighty rocks, 
 
 first Punic war, B.C. 241. Davidson. Heyne would condemn this 
 line as spurious. It is, however, quoted br Quintil. viii. 2, p. G75. CX. 
 Wyttenb. on Plat. Phadon, § 135. B. 
 
 2s Orontes commanded the Lycian fleet, which, after the fall of Troy, 
 accompanied ^neas in his voyage to Italy. 
 
 27 Ihoneus, son of Phorbas, was distinguished for liis eloquence. 
 Achates, a friend of ^neas, whose fidelity was so exemplary, that Fidus 
 Achates became a proverb. 
 
 23 This dwoaiuTTTjcnc, or sudden break in speaking, is remarked by 
 Donatus on Ter. Eun. i. 1, 20. Aquila Romanus, fig. rhet. p. 147, ed. 
 Ruhnk. and Quintil. ix. 2. p. 781. B. 
 
B. I. 140— m. ^NEID. lOD 
 
 your proper mansions Eurus : in that palace let king JEolus 
 proudly boast, and reign in the close prison of the winds. 
 
 So he speaks, and, more swiftly than his speech," smooths 
 the swelling seas, disperses the collected clouds, and brings 
 back the day. With him Cymothoe,^" and Triton with exerted 
 might, heave the ships from the pointed rock. He himself 
 raised them with his trident ; lays open the vast sandbanks, and 
 calms the sea ; and in his light chariot glides along the surface 
 of the waves. And as when a sedition has perchance" arisen 
 among a mighty multitude, and the minds of the ignoble 
 vulgar rage : now firebrands, now stones fly ; fury supplies 
 them with arms : if then, by chance, they espy a man re- 
 vered in piety and worth, they are hushed, and stand with ears 
 erect ; he, by eloquence, rules their passions, and calms their 
 breasts. Thus all the rao^inc: tumult of the ocean subsides, as 
 Goon as the sire, surveying the seas, and wafted through the 
 open sky, guides his steeds, and flying, gives the reins to his 
 easy chariot. 
 
 I The wear}^ Trojans direct their course toward the nearest 
 snores, and make the coast of Libya. In a long recess, a station 
 lies; an island forms it into a harbor by its jutting sides, again? 
 which every wave from the ocean is broken, and divides itself 
 into receding curves. On either side vast cliffs, and two 
 twin-hke rocks, threaten tlie sky ; under whose summit the 
 waters all around are calm and still. Above is a sylvan scene 
 with waving woods, and a dark grove with awful shade hangs 
 over. Under the opposite front a cave is of pendant rocks,^ 
 within which are fresh springs, and seats of living stone, 
 the recess of nymphs. Here neither cables hold, nor anchors 
 with crooked fluke moor the weather-beaten ships. To this 
 retreat ^]neas brings seven ships, collected from all liis fleet ; 
 and the Trojans, longing much for land, disembarking, enjoy 
 
 29 See Anthon. So ?.6yov dur-ov, Heliodor. Eth. i. 15, iv. 10. B. 
 
 3*^ Cymothoe, one of the Nereids. Triton, a powerful sea deity, son of 
 Neptune and Amphitrite. Many of the sea-gods were called Tritons, but 
 the name was generally applied to those only who were represented half 
 men and half fishes. 
 
 3' *' Ssepe," like the Greek tto/Jmkl^, is often used in this sense, as ob- 
 served by Abresch. Diluc. Thueyd. p. 174, and Ileindorf on Plat. Phe- 
 don. § li. B. 
 
 32 My interpretation is justified by Ennius, Scriver. p. 20, "per spe- 
 luncaa saxis structas asperis pendentibus." B. 
 
 '3 a'vTuTiKT' uvTpa^ JFj^ch. Prom. 309. In English, " natural caves," B. 
 
 + 
 
 •a 
 
 33 
 
110 -^NEID. B. I. 172— 205. 
 
 the wished-for shore, and stretch their brine-drenched limbs 
 upon the beach. Then first Achates struck spark from a flint, 
 received the fire in leaves, round it applied dry combustible 
 matter, and instantly blew up a flame trom the fuel. Then, 
 spent with toil and hunger, they produce their grain, damaged 
 by the sea-water, and the instruments of Ceres ; and prepare 
 (o dry over the fire, and to grind with stones, their rescued 
 corn. Meanwhile ^neas climbs a rock, and takes a prospect 
 of the wide ocean all around, if, by any means, he can descry 
 any [man like] Antheus tossed by the wind, and the Phr}'gian 
 galleys or Capys,^* or the amis of Caicus, on the lofty deck. 
 He sees no ship in \iew, but three stags straying on the shore ; 
 these the whole herd follow, and are feeding through the valley 
 in a long-extended train. Here he stopped short, and snatch- 
 ing his bow and swift arrows (weapons which the faithful 
 Achates bore), first prostrates the leaders, bearing their heads 
 high with branching horns ; next the vulgar throng ; and dis- 
 perses the whole herd, dri\ang them with darts through the 
 leafy woods. Nor desists he, till conqueror he stretches seven 
 huge deer on the ground, and equals their number with his 
 ships. Hence he returns to the port, and shares them among 
 all his companions. Then the hero divides the wine which 
 the good Acestes" had stowed in casks on the Sicilian shore, 
 and given them at parting, and with these words cheers their 
 saddened hearts : O companions, who have sustained severer 
 ills than these (for we are not strangers to former days of 
 adversity), to these, too, God Avill grant a termination. You 
 have approached^® both Scylla's fury, and those deep roaring 
 rocks ; you are unacquainted with the dens of the Cyclops : 
 resume then your courage, and dismiss your desponding fears ; 
 perhaps hereafter it may delight you to remember these suf- 
 ferings. Through various mischances, through so many peril- 
 ous adventures, we steer to Latium, where the Fates give us 
 the prospect of peaceful settlements. There Troy's kingdom 
 
 3^ Capjs. This brave Trojan was one of those who, against the advice 
 of Thymoetes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the 
 destruction of Troy. 
 
 35 Acestes, a king of Sicily, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
 and who afterward kindly entertained JEneas when he landed upon the 
 coast of Sicily. 
 
 36 " Accedere,"="to encounter," is properly used of any thing dan- 
 gerous. Cf Burm. E. 
 
B. I. 206— 240. ^NEID. Ill 
 
 is allowed once more to rise. Perseverq, and reserve yourselves 
 for prosperous days. So he says in words ; and oppressed with 
 heavy cares, wears the looks of hope, buries deep anguish in 
 his breast. 
 
 They address themselves to the spoil and future feast ; tear 
 the skin from the ribs, and lay the flesh bare. Some cut into 
 parts, and fix on spits the quivering limbs ; others place the 
 brazen caldrons on the shore, and prepare the fires. Then they 
 repair their strength with food, and, stretched along the grass, 
 regale themselves with old wine and fat venison. After hunger 
 was taken away by banquets, and the viands removed, in long 
 discourse they inquire after their lost companions, in suspense 
 between hope and fear, whether to believe them yet alive, or 
 that they have finished their destiny, and no longer hear when 
 called. Above the rest, the pious .^Eneas, within himself, be- 
 moans now the loss of the active Orontes, now of Amycus, and 
 then the cruel fate of Lycus, v.ith vahant Gyas, and vahant 
 Cloanthus. 
 
 And now there was an end [of discourse] ; when Jove, 
 looking down from the lofty sky upon the sail-fiown sea, and 
 the lands lying at rest, with the shores and the nations dis- 
 persed abroad ; thus stood on the pinnacle of heaven, and 
 fixed his eyes on Libya's realms. To him, revolving such 
 cares in his mind, Venus, in mournful mood, her bright eyes 
 bedimmed with tears addresses herself: O thou, who with eter- 
 nal sway rulest, and with thy thunder overawest, the affairs of 
 both gods and men, what so high oflfense against thee could 
 my J^neas or the Trojans be guilty of, that, after having suf- 
 fered so many deaths, they must be shut out from all the world 
 on account of Italy ? Surely you promised, that in some future 
 age, after circling years, the Romans should descend from 
 them, powerful leaders spring from the blood of Teucer" re- 
 stored, who should rule the sea, the nations with absolute 
 sway. Father ! why is thy purpose changed ? I, indeed, was 
 solacing myself with this promise under Troy's fall and sad 
 ruin, with f^ites balancing contrary Mes. Now the same 
 fortune still pursues them, after they have been driven with 
 such variety of woes. Great king, what end to their labors 
 
 37 Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of Scamander, Troy was called 
 from him Teucria, and the Trojans Teucri. 
 
112_ ^]NEID. E. I. 2-11—270 
 
 wilt tliou give ?^'/Anteiior, escaped liom amidst the Greeks, 
 could with safety? penetrate the Illyrian gulf, and the inmost 
 realms of Liburnia,^* and overpass the springs of Timavus ; 
 whence, throuo;li nine mouths, with loud echoins: from the 
 mountain, it bursts away a sea impetuous, and sweeps the fields 
 with a roaring deluge. Yet there he built the city of Padua,*^ 
 established a Trojan settlement, gave the nation a name, and 
 set up the arms of Troy. Now in calm peace composed he 
 rests : we, thy own progeny, whom thou by thy nod ordainest 
 the throne of heaven, (oh vroe unutterable !) having lost our 
 ships, are betrayed, driven hither and thither far from the Italian 
 coast, to gratify the malice of one. Are these the honors of 
 piety ? is it thus thou replacest us on the throne ? 
 
 The sire of gods and men, smiling upon her with that as- 
 pect wherewith he clears the tempestuous sky, gently kissed 
 his daughter's lips ; then thus replies ; Cytherea,''* cease from 
 fear : immovable to thee remain the fates of thy people. 
 Thou shalt see the city and promised walls of Lavinium, and 
 shalt raise mao-nanimous JEneas aloft to the stars of heaven ; 
 nor is my purpose changed. In Italy he (for I will tell thee, 
 since this care lies gnawing at thy heart, and tracing further 
 back, I will reveal the secrets of fate) shall wage a mighty war, 
 crush a stubborn nation, and establish laws and cities to his 
 people, till the third summer shall see him reigning in Latium, 
 and three winters pass after he has subdued the Rutulians.^^ 
 But the boy Ascanius," who has now the surname of liilus 
 (Bus he was, while the empire of Ilium flourished), shall meas- 
 ure with his reign full thirty great circles of revolving months, 
 transfer the seat of liis empire from Lavinium, and stronglv 
 
 33 Eur. Alcest. 214, i^ Zir, rir civ ttu Tzopog kukuv Ttvoiro, Kal /ivcic 
 Ti'xcic. B. 
 
 39 Liburnia (Croatia), a province of Illvria, at the head of the Adri- 
 atic. 
 
 '"' Padua, a city of Italy, celebrated as the birth-place of Livy. 
 
 41 Cytherea, a surname of Yeuus, from Cythera (Cerigo), an island on 
 the southern coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus, which was sacred to her. 
 
 42 Putulians, a people of Latium, anciently known, as well as the 
 Latins, by the name of Aborigines. They supported Turnus their king 
 in the war which he waged against ^ncas. 
 
 43 Ascanius, called also liilus, was the son of yEneas by Creusa ; ho 
 accompanied his father to Italy, succeeded him in the kingdom of 
 Latinus, and built the city of Alba Longa. 
 
B. I. 271— 299. ^NEID. 113 
 
 fortify Alba Longa. Here again, for full three hundred years, 
 the scepter shall be swayed by Hector's line, until Ilia,** a 
 royal priestess, impregnated by Mars, shall bear two infants 
 at a birth. ■ Then Romulus, exulting in the tawny hide of the 
 wolf his ntirse, shall' take upon him the rule of the nation, 
 build a city sacred to Mars, and from his own name call the 
 people Romans. To them I fix neither limits nor duration of 
 empire ; dominion have I given them without end. And even 
 sullen Juno, who now, through jealous fear, creates endless 
 disturbance to sea, and earth, and heaven, shall change her 
 counsels for the better, and join with me in befriending the 
 Romans, lords o: the world, and the nation of tlie gown. Such 
 is my pleasure. An age shall come, after a course of years, 
 when the house of Assaracus shall bring under subjection 
 Phthia" and renowned ^Iycena3, and reign over vanquished 
 Argos. A Trojan shall be born of illustrious race, Ciesai-, 
 who shall bound his em])ire by the ocean, liis fame by the 
 stars, Julius his name, from great liilus derived. Him, loaded 
 with the spoils of the East, you shall receive to heaven at 
 lensfth, havinnf seen an end of all your cares : lie too shall bo 
 invoked by vows and prayers. Then, wars having ceased, 
 fierce nations shall soften into peace. Hoary Faith, Vesta, 
 and Quirinus,*' with his brother Renins, shall administer jus- 
 tice. The dreadful gates of war*^ shall be shut with close 
 bolts of iron. Within impious Fury, sitting on horrid arms, 
 and his hands bound behind hira with a hundred brazen chains, 
 in hideous rage shall gnash his bloody jaws. 
 
 He said, and from on high sent down Maia's son,*^ that the 
 coasts of Libya and the new towers of Carthage might be open 
 hospitably to receive the Trojans ; lost Dido,*^ ignorant of heav- 
 en's decree, should shut them out from her ports. He, on the 
 
 ** Hia, or Pthea, priestess of Vesta, was a daughter of Numitor, king 
 of Alba, and the mother of Romuhis and Remus by Mars. 
 
 *"" Phthia, a city of Thessaly, celebrated as tho birth-place of Achilles ; 
 it gave name to the surrounding district. 
 
 *° Quirinus, a name given to Romulus, after he was deified. 
 
 *'' i. e. of Janus. "War is hero personified. 
 
 *® Maia's son ; Mercury, a celebrated god of antiquity, the son of Ju- 
 piter and Maia ; he was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in 
 particular. 
 
 *^ Dido, called also Elisa, the daughter of Belus king of Tvre, and 
 the wife of Sicha}us, wliom her brother Pygmalion riu''de''ed f'M: hi\ 
 
114 .ENEID. E. 1. 300'-33LV 
 
 steerage of Lis wings, flies through the expanded sky, and 
 speedily alighted on the coasts of Libya. And now he puts 
 his orders in execution ; and, at the will of the god, the Car- 
 thao*enians lay aside the fierceness of their hearts : the queen, 
 especially, entertains thoughts of peace, and a benevolent dis- 
 position toward the Trojausj 
 
 But pious ^neas, by night revolving many things, resolved 
 as soon as cheerful day arose, to set out, and to reconnoiter 
 the unknown country, on what coasts he was driven by the 
 wind ; who are the inhabitants, whether men or wild beasts, 
 (for he sees nothing but uncultivated grounds), and inform 
 liis friends of his discoveries^ AVithin a winding grove, under 
 a hollow rock, he secretly disposed his fleet, fenced round with 
 trees and gloomy shades : himself marches forth, attended by 
 Achates alone, brandishing in his hand two javelins of broad- 
 pointed steel. To whom, in the midst of a wood, his mother 
 presents herself, wearing the mien and attire of a virgin, and 
 the arms of a Spartan maid ; or resembling Thracian Harpa- 
 lyce,^" when she tires her steeds, and in her course outiiies the 
 swift Ilebrus : for, huntress-like, she had hung from her 
 shoulders a light bow^, and suffered her liair to wanton in the 
 wind ; bare to the knee, with her flowing robes gathered in a 
 knot. Then first. Pray, youths, she says, inform me if by 
 chance ye have seen any of my sisters waudeiing this way, 
 equipped with a quiver, and the skin of a spotted lynx, or with 
 full cry urging the chase of a foaming boar, i Thus Venus, and 
 tlius Venus' son replied : Of your sisters not one has been 
 heard or seen by me. O virgin, by what name shall I address 
 thee ? for thou w^earest not the looks of a mortal, nor sounds 
 thy voice human. O thou a goddess surely ! Are you the sister 
 of Phoebus, or one of the race of the nymphs ? O ! be propi- 
 tious, and wdioever you are, ease our anxious minds, and in- 
 form us under what climate, on what region of the globe, we 
 at leno;th are thrown. Vv"e wander strangers both to the 
 country and the inhabitants, driven upon this coast by furious 
 winds and swelling seas. So shall many a victim fall a sacri- 
 
 riches. Dido was the founder of the city of Carthage, where she hos- 
 pitably entertained u35neas, who had been shipwrecked upon the coast. 
 *° Harpalyce, a daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace, a woman of 
 the most undaunted courage. 
 
6,1.333—368. .^XEID. / 115 
 
 fice at thin-) altars by our right hand. jTheu Yeiius: I, indeed, 
 deem not myself -worthy of such horfor. It is the custom for 
 the Tyrian virgins to wear a quiver, and bind the leg thus 
 high with a purple buskin. You see the kingdom of Car- 
 ,thage, a Tyiian people, and Agenor's city.^^ But the country 
 is that of Libya, a race in\^ncible in v>'ar. T he kingdom is 
 ruled by Dido, who fled hither from Tyre, to shun her bro^ 
 ther's' hate i tedious is the relation of her wrongs, and intri- 
 cate the circumstances ; but I shall trace the principal heads."' 
 Her husband was Sichseus, the richest of the Phoenicians in 
 Iand,j and passionately beloved by his unhappy, spouse. Her 
 father had given her to him in her virgin bloom, and joined 
 her in wedlock with the first connubial rites : jbut her brother 
 Pygmalion then possessed the throne of Tyre ; atrociously 
 wicked bevond all mortals. Between them liatred arose. 
 He, impious, and blinded with the love of gold, having taken 
 Sichseus by surprise, secretly assassinates him before the 
 altar, regardless of his sister's great afiection. Long he kept 
 the deed concealed, and wicked, forging many lies, amused the 
 heart-sick, loving [queen] with vain hope, l^ut the ghost of 
 her unbuiied husband appeard to her in a dream, lifting up 
 his visage amazingly pale and ghastly : he opened to her view 
 the bloody altars, and his breast transfixed with the sword, 
 and detected all the hidden villainy of the house ; then exhorts 
 her to hasten flight, and quit her native country ; and, to aid 
 her flight, reveals treasures ancient in the earth, an unknown 
 mass of gold and silver. Dido, roused by this awful mes- 
 senger, pro\'ided friends, and prepared to fl}'. They assem- 
 ble, who either had mortal hatred or violent dread of the 
 tyrant ; what ships by chance are ready, they seize in haste, 
 and load with gold. The wealth of the covetous Pygmalion 
 is conveyed over sea. A woman is guide of the exploit. 
 Thither they came, where now you will see the stately walls 
 and rising towers of a new-built Carthage, and bought as 
 much ground as they could cover with a bull's hide, called 
 ."Byrsa,^^ in commemoration of the deed. But [say] now, who 
 
 ^^ Agenor's city; Carthage is so called, as being built by Dido, who 
 was a descendant of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. 
 
 ^' Literally, '' the chief footsteps." B. 
 
 ^^ Byrsa is also a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the 
 liemple of .^sculapius. 
 
 
uqJ 
 
 ^NEID. R I. 369—400. 
 
 are you ? or from ^^ilat coasts you caino, or whither are you 
 ^ bending your way ?/ To these her demands, the h^ro, with 
 ' (/ ]ieavy sighs, and slowly raising his words from the bottom of 
 ^ his breast, [thus replies,^ If I, O goddess ! tracing from their 
 ^ /I ^-first source, shall pursue, and you have leisure to hear, the 
 ^ ' annals of our woes, the evening star will first shut heaven's 
 gates upon the expiring day.^y Driven over a length of seas 
 from ancient Troy (if the name of Troy hath by chance 
 reached your ears), a tempest, by its wonted chance, threw 
 us on this Libyan coast. I am ^-Eneas the pious, renowned 
 by fame above the skies, who carry with me in my fleet the , 
 gods I snatched away from the enemy. I seek my country, 
 Italy ; and my descendants sprang from Jove supreme. / "With 
 twice ten ships I embarked on the Phrygian Sea, ha^ang fol- 
 lowed the destinies vouchsafed me, my goddess-mother point- 
 ing out the way ; jseven, with much ado, are saved, torn and 
 shattered by waves and wind. Myself, a stranger, poor and 
 destitute, wander through the deserts of Africa, banished from 
 Europe and from Asia. Venus, unable to bear his forther 
 complaints, thus interrupted in the midst of his grief- : iVVho- 
 ! ever you may be, I trust you live" not unbefri ended by the 
 powers of heaven, Avho have arrived at a Tyrian city. But 
 do you forthwith bend your course directly to tlie palace of 
 the queen ; for, that your friends are returned, and your ships 
 saved, and by a turn of the north wind wafted into a secure 
 harbor, I pronounce to thee with assurance, unless my pa- 
 ,j-ents, fond of a lying art, have in vain tauglit me divination. 
 "^See these twelve swans exulting in a body, whom the bird of 
 I Jove," having glided from the ethereal region, was chasing 
 through the open air i now, in a long train, they seem either 
 to choose their ground, or to hover over the place they have 
 already chosen. As they, returning, sportive clap their 
 rustling wings, wheel about the heavens in a troop, and raise 
 their melodious notes ; just so your ships and youthful crew, 
 either are possessed of the harbor, or are entering the poit 
 
 ^* See Antlion. Dcmosth. do Cor. § 91, trriZf/i/^fi jne /.tyovra y l/^tpa 
 ra Tuv TrpodoTuv ovofiara. B, 
 
 " Ruhnk. on Xen. Mem. iv. 3, 8, most appositely illustrates tho 
 phrase, " auras vitales carpere," from a passage of JSlian in Suidas, Kai 
 uspo^ GTTilv, Kol f^^fiv Tpo<b7iv (o}?/c TO i^ ai'Tov TTvevua. 
 
 ^' Bird of Jove, i. e., the eagle. 
 
B. 1.4^5— 434. ^NEID. in 
 
 with full sail. Proceed, tlien, and pursue your way where this 
 path directs, j 
 
 She said, and turning away, shone radiant with her rosy 
 neck, and from har head ambrosial locks breathed divine fra- 
 grance : her robe hung flowing to the ground, and by her gait 
 the goddess stood confessed. The hero, soon as he knew his 
 mother, with these accents pursued her as she fled I Why so 
 oft dost thou too cruelly mock thy son with vain shapes? 
 /^hy is it not granted me to join my hand to thine, and to hear 
 and answer thee by turns in words sincere and undissembled ? 
 Thus he expostulates with her, and directs his course to the 
 walls. But Venus screened them on their way with dim 
 clouds, and the goddess spread around them a thick vail of 
 mist, that none might see, or touch, or cause them interrup- 
 tion, or inquire into the reasons of their coming, j She herself 
 wings her way sublime to Paphos, and with joy revisits her 
 seats ; where, sacred to her honor, is a temple, and a hundred 
 altars smoke with Sabean incense, and are fragrant with fresh 
 garlands. 
 
 Meanwhile they urged their way where the path directs. 
 And now they were ascending the hill that hangs over a great 
 part of the town, and from above surveys its opposite towers, 
 ^ueas admires the mass of buildings, once cottages :" he ad- 
 mires the gates, the bustle, and the paved streets. The Tyri- 
 ans warmly ply the work : some extend the walls, and raise a 
 lower to push along unwieldy stones ; some choose out the 
 ground for a private building, and inclose it with a trench. 
 Some choose [a place for] the courts of justice, for the magis- 
 trates' [halls] and the venerable senate.'® Here some are 
 digging ports ; there others are laying the foundations for 
 lofty theaters, and hewing huge columns from the rocks, the 
 lofty decorations of future scenes, i Such their toil as in sum- 
 mer's prime employs the bees amid the flowery fields under 
 the sun, when they lead forth the full-grown swarms of their 
 race, or when they press close the liquid honey, and distend 
 the cells with sweet nectar ;'^ or when they disburden those 
 
 " i. e. '• movable huts." See Anthon. 
 
 " But it is perhaps better to regard "legunt" as joined with "jura," 
 by a zeugma, in this sense ; *' they [institute] laws, and choose magis- 
 trates." B. 
 
 ^'' So uc7-iaaav veKrapi, Eur, Bacch. 148. 
 
118 
 
 iENEID. . B. I. 434--400. 
 
 that come home loaded, or in formed battalion, drive the in- 
 active flock of drones from the hives. The work is hotly 
 plied, aud the fragrant honey smells strongly of thyme. O 
 happy ye, whose walls now rise ! ^iieas says, and lifts his 
 eyes to the turrets of the city. Shrouded in a cloud (a marvel 
 to be told !) he passes amid the -nultitude, and mingles with 
 the throng, nor is seen by any.^" In the center of the city 
 was a grove, most delightful in shade, where first the Cartha- 
 ginians, driven by wind and wave, dug up the head of a 
 sprightly courser, an omen which royal Juno showed : for 
 by this [she signified], that the nation was to be renowned 
 for war, brave and victorious through ages. Here Sidonian 
 Dido built to Juno a stately temple, enriched with gifts, and 
 the presence of the goddess ; whose brazen threshold rose on 
 steps, the beams were bpund with brass, and the hinge creaked 
 beneath brazen gates. !| In this grove the view of an unex- 
 pected scene first abated the fear [of the Trojans] : here 
 Jj]aeas first dared to hope for redress, and to conceive better 
 liopes of his afiilicted state. For while he surveys every ob- 
 ject in the spacious temple, waiting the queen's arrival ; while 
 he is musing with wonder on the fortune of the city ; and 
 [compares] the skill of the artists and their elaborate works, 
 he sees the Trojan battles [delineated] in order, and the war 
 now known by fame over all the world ; the sous of Atreus," 
 Priam," and Achilles implacable to both. He stood still ; and, 
 with tears in his eyes. What place. Achates, what country on 
 the globe, is not full of our disaster ? See Priam ! even hero 
 praiseworthy deeds''^ meet with due reward : here are tears 
 for misfortunes, and the breasts are touched" with hmnan 
 woes. DJajiiss your fears : this fame of ours will bring thee 
 some relief.) Thus he speaks, and feeds his mind wdth the 
 empty representations, hea\'ing many a sigh, and bathes his 
 1 1 r, visage in floods of tears. For he beheld how, on one hand, 
 the warrior Greeks were flying round the walls of Troy, while 
 the Trojan youth closely pursued ; on the other hand, the 
 
 •=" A Grecisra for "ab ullo." Ovid, Trist. v. 10, 38, non inteUigor 
 ulli." B. 
 
 •^^ Sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus. 
 
 " Priam, the son of Laomedon, and the last king of Troy, was slain by 
 Pvrrhus, the son of Achilles, the same night on which Troy was taken. 
 ' " For this sense of " laus," cf. Catull. Ixi. 102. Cicer. in Yerr. § 47. B. 
 
 " So 6av6vT(^v ovdtv iJ.yoq u-jreraL. Soph. (Ed. C. 955. B. 
 
)*=» 
 
 B. 1.468— ^A .ENEID. 119 
 
 Trojans [were flying], while plumed Achilles, in his chariot, 
 pressed ou their rear. Not far from that scene, weeping, he 
 espies the tents of Rhesus,'' with their snow-white vails ; 
 which, betrayed by the first sleep,"' cruel Diomede plundered, 
 drenched in much blood, and led away his fieiy steeds to the 
 [Grecian] camp, before they had tasted the pasture of Troy, 
 or drank of Xanthus." In another part, Troilus,'' flying 
 after the loss of his arms, ill-fated youth, and unequally 
 matched with Achilles ! is dragged by his horses, and from 
 the empty chariot hangs supine, yet grasping the reins ; his 
 neck and hair trail along the ground, and the dusty plain is 
 traced by the inverted spear. Meanwhile the Trojan matrons 
 were marching to the temple of adverse Pallas, with their 
 hair disheveled, and were bearing the robe, suppliantly mourn- 
 ful, and beating their bosoms with their hands. [The goddess 
 turned away, kept her eyes fixed on the ground, j Thrice had 
 Achilles dragged Hector round the walls of Troy, and wa^. 
 selling his breathless corpse for gold. Then, ind'eed, Mnec.s 
 sent forth a deep groan from the bottom of his breast, when 
 he saw the spoils, the chariot, and the very body of his friend, 
 and Priam stretching forth his feeble hands. Himself, too, he 
 recognized mingled with the Grecian leaders, and the Eastern 
 bands, and the arms of swarthy ;Memnon.'' Furious Pen- 
 thesilea'" leads on her troops of Amazons, with their crescent 
 
 "* Rhesus, a warlike king of Thrace, Avho marched to the assistance of 
 Priam. The oracle having foretold that Troy should never be taken if 
 the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of Xanthus, and fed upon the 
 grass of the Trojan plains; the Greeks, however, surprised him on tho 
 night of his p.rrival, slew him in his tent, and carried away his horses in 
 truimph to their camp. 
 
 ^^ "Primo somno, ut graviorem ostendcret somnum." Servius. 
 > Sleep^is poetically said to have betrayed him, because he was surprised 
 i whi/Te at rest. B. 
 
 «T Xanthus (Mendere), a river of Troas, in Asia Minor, rising in Mount 
 Ida] and falling into the sea at Sigseum. It is the same with the Sca- 
 raaj'ider; according to Homer, it was called Xanthus by .the gods, and 
 Scainander by men. 
 
 ^^ Troilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, slain by Achilles. 
 ^j Memnon, a king of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came 
 -sWtlk a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam in the Trojan war, 
 where he displayed great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor's son, 
 'was himself afterward slain by Achilles in single combat. 
 ' Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mare, wtio assisted 
 and was slain by Achilles. 
 
120 ^NEID. B,l> .491—529. | 
 
 shields, and burns amid the thickest ranks. BeloNV her exposed 
 breast the heroine had girt a golden belt, and the virgin warrior 
 dares even to encounter with men. 
 
 These wondrous scenes while the Tiojan prince surveys, 
 while he is lost in thought, and in one gaze stands unmoved ; 
 Queen Dido, of surpassing beauty, advanced to the temple, 
 attended by a numerous retinue of youth. As on the banks 
 of Eurotas, or on Mount Cynthus' top, Diana leads the circu- 
 lar dances, round whom a numerous train of mountain nymphs 
 play in rings; she bears her quiver on her shoulder, and 
 moving majestic, she towers above the other goddesses, 'while 
 silent raptures thrill Latona's'^ bosom; such Dido was, and 
 such, with chebrful grace, she passed amid her train, urging 
 forward the labv-^r and her future kingdom. Then at the 
 gate of the goddess, in the middle of the temple's dome, she 
 took her seat, surrounded wdth her guards, and raised aloft on 
 a throne. / [Here] sho dispensed justice and laws to her sub- 
 jects, and, in equal portions, distributed their tasks, or settled 
 ._.them by lot; when suddenly ^neas sees, advancing with a 
 ""' vast concourse, Antheus, Sergestus, brave Cloanthus, and other 
 Trojans, whom a black stcrm had tossed up and down the sea, 
 and driven to other far-alstant shores. At once he was 
 amazed, at once Achates was struck, and between joy and fear 
 both ardently longed to join haLds *, but the uncertainty of the 
 event perplexes their minds. They carry on their disguise, 
 and, shrouded under the bending cloud, watch to learn the for- 
 tune of their friends ; on what coast they left the fleet, and on 
 what errand they came : for a select number ha^? come from all 
 the ships to sue for grace, and, with mingled voices, approached 
 
 the temple. ; 
 
 ^ Having gained admission and liberty to speak in the pi^sence, 
 Ilioneus their chief, with mind composed, thus began -.^.'^'^ 
 queen, to whom Jove has granted to found this rising c^ity, 
 and to curb proud nations w'ith just laws, we Trojans fork'rn, 
 tossed by winds over every sea, implore thee : keep from oui- 
 ships the merciless flames ; spare a pious race, and propitio^^s.'y 
 regard our distresses. AVe are not come either to ravage vUh 
 the sword the Libyan abodes, or to seize and bear away the plun- 
 der to our ships. We have no such hostile intention, nor (pes 
 such pride of heart become the vanquished. There is a p^ 
 
 '' Latona^ the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 
«. I. 530—560. ^NEID. 121 
 
 called by the Greeks Ilesperia," an ancient land, renowned 
 for martial deeds and fruitful soil ; the CEnotrians" possessed 
 it once : now fame is that their descendants call the nation 
 Italy, fi'om their leader's name ; hither our course was bent, 
 when suddenly tempestuous Orion^* rising from the main, 
 drove us on hidden shallows, and with southern blasts fiercely 
 sporting, tossed us hither and thither over waves, and over path- 
 less rocks, overwhelmed by the briny deep : hither we few have 
 floated^* to your coasts. What a race of men is this? w^hat 
 country so barbarous to allow such manners ? AVe are denied 
 the hospitality of the shore. In arms they rise, and forbid our 
 setting foot on the first verge of land. If you set at nought the 
 human kind, and the arms of mortals, yet know the gods have 
 a mindful regard to right and wrong. We had for our king 
 
 •^'zEneas, than whom no one was more just in piety, none more 
 signalized in war and in martial achievements ; twhom, if the 
 Fiites preserve, if he breathe the \ital air, and do not yet tq^- 
 
 /Avith the ruthless shades, neither shall we despair, nor you re- 
 pent your having been the first in challenging to acts of kind- 
 ness. We have likewise cities and arms in Sicily, and the illus-' 
 tiious Acestes is of Trojan extraction/ Permit us to bring to 
 shore our wind-beaten fleet, and from your woods to choose 
 [trees for] planks, and to refit our oars ; /that, if it be granted 
 to bend our course to Italy, upon the recovery of our prince and 
 friends/(ve may joyfully set out thither, and make the Latian 
 
 ■ shor9^ But if our safety has perished, and thou, O fitber of the 
 Trojans, the best of men ! now best buried in the Libyan sea, 
 and no further hope of liilus remains, we may at least repair to 
 the straits of Sicily, and the settlement there prepared for us 
 (whence we were "driven hither), and visit king Acestes. So 
 spoke Ilioneus ; at the same time, the others Trojans murmured 
 their consent. 
 
 " Hesperia, a name applied to Italy by the Greeks, and to Spain by 
 the Romans. 
 
 " CEnotrians, the inhabitants of (Enotria, or that part of Italy which 
 was afterward called Lucania. (Enotria is sometimes applied to Italy 
 in general. 
 
 '* Orion, one of the constellations, generally supposed to be accom- 
 panied at its rising (in March), with great storms and rains. 
 
 " " Adnavimus" is employed to show that they had a bare escape, 
 -^e So "vix enatavimus," Apul. Met. ii. p. 30; i^evTj^dfieda, Lucian, Yer. 
 ^ Hist. ii. and d» Merc. Cond. B. 
 
 V 
 
^NEID. B. r. 561—594 
 
 Then Dido, vvilh downcast looks, thus in brief rej^lies: Tro> 
 jans, banish fear from your breasts, lay your cares aside. My 
 hard fate, and the infancy of my kingdom, force me to take such 
 measures and to secure my frontiers with guards around. Who 
 is stranger to the JEneian raoe, the city of Troy, her heroes, and 
 their valorous deeds, and to the devastations of so renowned a 
 war ? yWe Carthaginians do not possess hearts that are so ob- 
 • duratfe and insensible, nor yokes the sun his steeds so far away 
 from our Tyrian city. Whether Hesperia the greater, and the 
 country where Saturn reigned, or ye choose [to visit] Eryx"' 
 coast and king Acestes, I will dismiss you safe with assistance, 
 and support you vrith my w^ealth. Or will you settle with me 
 in this realm ? The city which I am building shall be yours :" 
 draw your ships ashore ; Trojan and Tyrian shall be treated by 
 me with no distinction.'^^ And w^ould that your prince ^neas 
 too were here, driven by the same wind ! However, I w^ill send 
 trusty messengers along the coasts, with order to search Libya's 
 utmost bounds, if he is thrown out to wander in some wood or 
 
 "• Animated by these words, brave Achates and father ^neas 
 
 had long impatiently desired to break from the cloud. Achates 
 first addressed -i^neas : Goddess-born, what purpose now 
 arises in your mind ? You see all is safe ; your fleet and 
 friends restored. One alone is missing, whom we ourselves 
 beheld sunk in the midst of the waves : every thing else agrees 
 with your mother's prediction, j He had scarcely spoken, wdien 
 
 ^^ suddenly the circumambient cldud splits asunder, and dissolves 
 into open air. ^neas stood forth, and in the clear light shono 
 conspicuous, in countenance and form resembling a god : fot 
 Venus herself had breathed upon her son graceful locks, and 
 the radiant bloom of youth, and breathed a sprightly luster 
 on his eyes : such beauty as the hand superadds to ivory, 
 or where silver or Parian marble is enchased with yellow 
 
 Then *suddenly addressing the queen, he, to the surprise of 
 
 gold./ 
 
 '^ Eryx, a king of Sicily, son of Butos and Yenus; also a town and 
 mountain of Sicily, near Drepanum. On the summit of Mount Eiyx 
 (Giuliano) stood a famous temple of Yenus, who is hence called Erycina. 
 
 " A common construction. Cf. Ter, Eun. iv. 3, 11. Plant. Epid. iii. 
 4, 12. B. 
 
 '* Cf. JEn. X. 108, "Tros Tyriusve fuat, nuUo discrimine habcbo." BL 
 
B. I. 595— G29. ^NEID. 
 
 123 
 
 all," tims begins : I, whom you seek, am present l^efore you ; 
 Trojan ^neas, snatched from the Libyan waves. O thou, who 
 alone hast commisserated Troy's unutterable calamities ! who 
 m thy town and palace dost associate us, a remnant saved from 
 the Greeks, who have now been worn out by woes in every 
 shape, both by sea and land, and are in want of all things ! to 
 repay thee due thanka^ great queen, exceeds the power not 
 only of us, but of all the Dardan race,'" wherever dispersed 
 oyer the world. The gods (if any powers divine regard the 
 pious, if justice any where exists, «hd a mind conscious of its 
 own virtue) shall yield thee a just recompense. What age 
 was so happy as to produce thee ? who were the parents of 
 so illustrious an offspring? AVhile rivers run into the sea, 
 while shadows move round the convex mountains, while 
 heaven feeds the stars ; your honor, name, and praise [with me] 
 shall ever live, to whatever climes I am called. This said, he 
 embraces his friend Ilioneus with his right hand, and Serestus 
 with his left : then the rest, the heroic Gyas, and heroic Cloan- 
 thus, ij \g\ 
 
 SidOnian Dido stood astonished, first at the presence of the 
 hero, then at" his signal sufferings and thus her speech ad- 
 dressed : AVhat hard fate, O goddess-born, pursues thee 
 through such mighty dangers ! what power drives ihee on 
 this barbarous coast? Arc you that ^neas, whom, by 
 Phrygian Simois' stream, foir Venus bore to Trojan Anchises>^ 
 and now, indeed, I call to mind that Teucer, expelled from his^ 
 native country, came to Sidon in quest of a new kingdom, 
 by the aid of Belus. My fother Belus then reaped the soil of 
 wealtljy Cyprus,'' and held it in subjection to his victorious 
 arms, f Ever since that time I have been acquainted with the 
 fate or Troy, with your name, and the Grecian kings. The 
 enemy himself extolled the Trojans with distinguished praise, 
 and mth pleasure traced his'descent from the ancient Trojan 
 race./ Come then, youths, enter our walls. Me, too, through 
 a senes of labors tossed, a hke fortune has at length doomed 
 
 " Mamertinns Pan. Jul. vi. § 3, " In medio tllyrici sinus improvisus 
 apparuit." "Improvisus"="de improviso," "unexpectedly." B. 
 
 •^^ Dardan race ; the Trojans, as descended from Dardanus, the son of 
 Jupiter and Elcc.'ra, who fled to Asia Minor, where he built the city of 
 Dardania, and became the founder of the kingdom of Troy. 
 
 '^ Cyprus, a large and fertile island in the eastern part of the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, sacred to Yenus, who had here two celebrated temples. 
 
124 -^NEID. B. I. 630—661. 
 
 to settle in this land. Not unacquainted with misfortune 
 [in my own person], I have learned to succor the dis- * 
 tressed. 
 
 This said, she forthwith leads yEneas into the royal apart- 
 ments, and at the same time ordains due honors for the tem- 
 ples of the gods. Meanwhile, with no less care, she sends 
 presents to his companions on the shore, twenty bulls, a hun- 
 dred bristly backs of huge boars, a hundred fiit lambs, with 
 the ewes, as gifts and pleasure for the day.®^ iBut the inner 
 rooms are splendidly furnislied with regal pomp, and banquets 
 are prepared in the middle of the hall. Couch draperies 
 wrought with art, and of proud purple : massy silver plate on 
 the table, and, embossed in gold, [the brave exploits of her 
 ancestors, a lengthened series'^Tiistory traced down through 
 60 many heroes, from the first founder of the ancient race. y. 
 ^aeas (for paternal affection suffered not his mind to rest)" 
 with speed sends on Achates to the ships, to bear those tidings 
 to Ascanius, and bring [the boy] himself to the city. All the 
 care of the fond parent centers in Ascanius. Besides, he bids 
 him bring presents, saved from the ruins of Troy, a mantle stifi' 
 with gold and figures, and a vail woven round with safiron- 
 colored acanthus, the ornaments of Grecian Helen,^^ which she 
 had brought with her from Mycence, when bound for Troy, and 
 lawless nuptials ; her mother Leda's wondrous gift ; a scepter, 
 too, which once Ilione, Priam's eldest daughter, bore, a neck- 
 lace strung with pearl, and a crov/n set with double rows of 
 gems and gold. This message to dispatch, Achates directed his 
 course to the ships. 
 
 But Venus revolves in her breast new plots, new designs ; 
 that Cupid*^ should come in place of sweet Ascanius, assum- 
 ing his mean and features, and by the gifts kindle in the queen 
 all the rage of love, and enwrap the flame in her very bones ; 
 for she dreads the equivocating race, and the double-tongued 
 
 " The readings vary between "die," "dii," and "dei" Sec Servius. 
 I have, with "Wagner, preferred "dii," which has the additional authority 
 of Gellius, ix. 14. B. 
 
 *' Helen, the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, was the most beautiful 
 woman of her age. In the absence of her husband, Paris, son of king 
 Priam, carried her away, which was the cause of the ten years' war 
 against Troy, and the destruction of that celebrated city. 
 
 *■* Cupid, in the heathen mythology, was the god of love, and the boh 
 of YenuB. 
 
B. I. 662—701. -ENEID. 125 
 
 Tyrians. Fell Juno torments her, and with the night her care 
 returns.. To winged Love, therefore, she addresses these 
 words : jo son, my strength, my mighty power ; my son, who 
 alone defiest J:he Typhoean bolts ot* Jove supreme, to thea I 
 fly, and suppliant implore thy deity. 'T is known to thee how 
 round all shores thy brother ^neas is tossed from sea to 
 sea, by the spite of partial Juno, and in my grief thou hast 
 often grieved. Him Phoenician Dido entertains, and amuses 
 with smooth speech ; and I fear what may be the issue of 
 Juno's acts of hospitality : she will not be idle in so critical 
 a conjuncture ; wherefore, I propose to prevent the queen by 
 subtle means, and to beset her with the flames of love, that 
 no power may influence her to change, but that with me she 
 may be possessed by great fondness for JEneas. How this 
 thou mayest effect, now hear my plan. The royal boy, my 
 chief care, at his father's call, prepares to visit the Sidonian , 
 city, bearing presents saved from the sea and flames of Troyi-f 
 Him having lulled to rest, I will lay down in some sacred re- 
 treat pn Cythera's tops, or above Idalium,"^ lest he should 
 discover the plot, or interfere with it. Do you artfully coun- 
 terfeit his fiiee but for one night, and, yourself a boy, assume 
 a boy's fiimiliar looks ; that w^hen Dido shall take thee to her 
 bosom in the height of her joy, amid tlie royal feasts, and 
 Bacchus' stream, when she shall give thee embraces and im- 
 print sweet kisses, thou mayest breathe into her the secret 
 flame, andjby stealth convey the poison. /Love obeys the dic- 
 tates of his dear motlier, and lays aside his wings, and joyful 
 trips along in the gait of liilus. Meanwhile Venus pours the 
 dews of balmy sleep on Ascanius' limbs, and in her bosom 
 fondled, conveys him to Idalia's lofty groves, where soft mar- 
 joram, perfuming the air with flowers and fragrant shade, 
 clasps him round. 
 
 Now, in obedience to his instructions, Cupid went along, 
 raid bore the royal presents to the Tyrians, pleased with 
 Achates for his guide. By the time he arrived, the queen 
 had placed herself on a golden couch, under a rich canopy, 
 and had tak(sn her seat in the middle. Now father ^neas, 
 and now the Trojan youth, join the assembly, and couch them- 
 selves on the strawn purple. The attendants supply water 
 
 " Idalhim (Dalin), a town of Cyprus, at the foot of Mount Idaln^ 
 with a grove sacred to Venus, who was hence called Idalia. 
 
126 ^NEID. B. I. TO 1—1 31. 
 
 for the liands, dispense the gifts of Ceres from baskets, and 
 
 furnish them with the smooth-shorn towels. Within are fifty 
 
 /handmaids, whose task it was to prepare provisions in duo 
 
 ^^order, and do honor*" to the household gods. A hundred 
 more, and as many servants of equal age, are employed to 
 load the boards with dishes, and place the cups. In like 
 manner the Tyrians, a numerous train, assembled in the joy- 
 ful courts, invited to recline on the embroidered beds. They 
 view with wonder the presents of -^neas : nor with less 
 wonder do they view liilus, the glowing aspect of the god, 
 his well-dissembled words, the mantle and vail figured with 
 
 y leaves of the acanthus in saffron colors. Chiefly the unhap- 
 py queen, henceforth devoted to love's pestilential influence, 
 can not satisfy her feelings, and is inflamed with every 
 glance, and is equally moved by the boy and by his gifts. \ He 
 on Eneas' neck having hung with embraces, and having fully 
 gratified his fictitious father's ardent affections, makes for" 
 the queen. She clings to him with her eyes, her whole soul, 
 and sometimes fondles him in her lap, Dido not thinking what 
 a powerful god is setthng on her, hapless one. \ Meanwhile 
 he, mindful of his Acidalian mother, begins insensibly to ef- 
 face the memory of Sichseus, and with a living flame tries to 
 prepossess her languid affections, and her heart, chilled by long 
 disuse. 
 
 Soon as the first banquet ended, and the viands were re- 
 moved, they place large mixers, and crown the wines. A 
 bustling din arises through the hall, and they roll through 
 the ample courts the bounding voice. Down from the gold- 
 fretted ceilings^^ hang the flaming lamps, and torches over- 
 power the darkness of the night. : Here the queen called for 
 a bowl, heavy with gems and gold, and with pure wine filled 
 it to the brim, which Belus,^^ and all her ancestors from Belus, 
 used ; then, having enjoined silence through the palace [she 
 thus began] : O Jove (for by thee, it is said, the laws of hospi- 
 tality were given), grant this may be an auspicious dayjboth 
 
 es 
 
 *'Adolere"=:"augere," i. e. "to increase the power of the gods 
 who presided over the hearth, by due attention to cuhnarj offices." See 
 Anthon. Davidson's note is founded upon an old mistake, B. 
 
 *^ i. e. " insidiatur." Servius, See Burm. on Petron. p. 490. B. 
 
 ^^ So Sidon. Apoll. Ep. ix. 13, " laquearibus coruscis camerai in bu- 
 perna lychnus." B. 
 
 *' Belus, a king of Tyre, from whom Dido was descended. 
 
«. 11. 132-7 5G. II. 1, 2. yENEID. 127 
 
 to the Tyrians and my Trojan guests, and may this day be 
 commemoraled by our posterity. Baccbus, the giver of joy, 
 and propitious Juno, be present here ; and you, my Tyiiaus, 
 with good will, solemnize this meeting. She said, and on the 
 t:.ble poured an offering ; and, after the libation, first gently 
 touched [the cup] with "her hps,lthen gave it to Bitias'*' with 
 a challenge : he quickly drained the foaming bowl, and laved 
 himself with the brimming gold. After him the other lords 
 [drank]. Long-haired lopas [next] tunes ^ his golden lyre to 
 what the mighty Atlas taught. He sings of the wandering 
 moon, and the eclipses of the sun ;f whence the race of men 
 and beasts, whence showers and fiery meteors arise : of Arc- 
 turus, the rainy Ilyades, and the two northern waii^ ; why 
 winter suns make so much haste to set in the ocean,/or what 
 retarding>ause detains the slow [summer] nights. The Tyrians 
 redouble their applauses and the Trojans concur. 
 
 Meanwhile unhappy Dido, with varied converse, spun out 
 the night, and drank long draughts of love, questioning much 
 about.Priam, much- about Hector ; now in what arms Aurora's 
 son had come ; now what were the excellences of Diomede's 
 steeds ; now how^ mighty was Achilles. Nay come, my guest, 
 she says ; and from "the first origin relate to us the stratagems 
 of the Greeks, the adventures of your friends, and your own 
 wanderings ; for now the seventh summer biings thee [to our 
 'oasts], through wandering njazes roaming o'er every land and 
 
 c 
 
 ee:i. 
 
 > 
 
 ^^ BOOK II. 
 
 In the Second Boole, Ji]neas, at tlic desire of Queen Dido, relates the fall 
 of Troy, and liis escape, through the general conflagration, to ^fount Ida. 
 A couiparisou with the poems of retrouiua and Tryphodorus will repay 
 the reader. 
 
 All became silent, and fixed their eyes upon him, eagerly 
 attentive ; then father Jj^neas thus from his lofty' couch began : 
 
 soEltias and lopas, African chiefs and suitors of Queen Dido. 
 
 ^ Anthon is wrong in supposing that " alto" has no positive meaninj^. 
 It was customary to pUe up tho cushions and draperies of the couches, 
 in order to form a favorable position for tho speaker to be heard. Cf. 
 Apul. Mot. ii. p. 27, '• Aggeratis in tumulum stragulis, et cHultia in en* 
 Bitum, suberectisquo ia torum — iufit Telephon," B. 
 
128 ^NEID. B. II. 3~3a 
 
 Unutterable woes, queen, you urge me to renew : to tell 
 Iiow the Greeks overturned the power of Troy, and its de- 
 plorable realms : both what scenes of misery I myself beheld 
 and those wherein I was a principal party. What Myrmidon,^ 
 or Dolopian, or who of hardened Ulysses" band, can,' in the 
 very telling of such woes, refrain from tears ? Besides, humid 
 night is hastening down the sky, and tlie setting stars invito 
 to sleep. But since you are so desirous of knowing our mis- 
 fortunes, and briefly hearing the last efibrt of Troy, though my 
 soul shudders at the remembrance, and hath shrunk back with 
 grief^ yet will I begin, t^ The Grecian leaders, now disheartened 
 by the war, and baffled by the Fates, after a revolution of so 
 many years, [being assisted] by the divine skill of Pallas, 
 build a horse the size of a mountain, and interw^eave its ribs 
 with planks of fir. This they pretend to be an offering, in 
 order to procure a safe return ; which report spread. Hither 
 having secretly conveyed a select band, chosen by lot, they 
 shut them up into the dark sides, and fill its capacious caverns 
 and womb with armed soldiers. In sight [of Troy] lies Te- 
 nedos,* an island well knov/n by fame, and flourishing while 
 Priam's kingdom stood : now only^ar bay, and a station unfaith- 
 ful for ships, f Having made this island, they conceal them- 
 selves in that 'desolate shore. We imagined they were gone, 
 and that they had set sail for Mycence. In consequence of 
 [this], all Troy is released from. its long distress: the gates 
 are thrown open ; with joy we issue forth, and view the Gre- 
 cian camp, the deserted plains, and the abandoned shore. 
 Here were the Dolopian bands, there stern Achilles had 
 pitched his tent ; here were the ships drawn up, there they 
 
 ^ The Myrmidons and Dolopians inhabited Thcss^ly, and the borders 
 of Epirus. 
 
 ^ Ulysses, the son of Laertes and Antiolea, king of the islands of Ithaca 
 and Dulichium, and the husband of Penelope, was distinguished among 
 the Grecian chiefs for superior prudence and cunning. After the fall of 
 Troy, setting sail for his native country, he was exposed to incredible 
 dangers and misfortunes, and at last reached home, without a single com- 
 panion, after an absence of twenty years. The adventures of Ulysses, in 
 his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war, are beautifully depicted by 
 Homer, in the first twelve books of the Odysse3^ 
 
 * Tencdos, a small but fertile island of the ^gean Sea, opposite Troy. 
 Here the Greeks concealed themselves, to make the Trojans believe that 
 they had abandoned the siege. 
 
B. IL 31— 56. ^NEID. 129 
 
 were wont to contend in array.^ Some view with amnzo- 
 ment that baleful offering of the virgin Minerva, and v/on- 
 der at the stupendous bulk of the horse ; and Thymoetes" firet 
 advased that it be dragged within the walls and lodged in the 
 tower, whether with treacherous design, or that the destiny 
 of Troy now would have it; so. \ But Capys, and all whose^ 
 minds had wiser sentiments|strenuously urge either to throw 
 into the sea the treacherous snare and suspected oblation of the 
 Greeks ; or by applying flames consume it to ashes ; or to lay 
 open and ransack the recesses of the hollow womb, f The fickle 
 populace is split into opposite inchnationsJ|'. Upon this, Lao- 
 ^oon," accompanied with a numerous troop, first before all, Avith 
 ardor hastens down from the top of the citadel ; and while 
 yet a great way off, [cries out,] O wretched countrymen, what 
 desperate infatuation is this? /Do you believe the enemy 
 gone ? or think you any gift of the Greeks can be free from 
 deceit ? Is Ulysses thus known to you ? Either the Greeks lie 
 concealed within this wood, or it is an engine framed against 
 our walls, to overlook our houses, and to come down upon our 
 city; or some mischievous design lurks beneath it. Trojans, 
 ])ut no faith in this horse. Whatever it be, I dread the 
 Greeks even when they bring gifts. Thus said, with valiant 
 strength he hurled his massy spear against the sides and belly 
 of the monster, where it swelled out with its jointed timbers ; 
 the weapon stood quivering, and the womb being shaken, the 
 hollow caverns rang, and sent forth a groan. Jind had not the 
 decrees of heaven [been adverse], if our minds had not been 
 infatuated, he had prevailed on us to mutilate with the sword 
 this dark recess of the Greeks ; and thou, Troy, should still 
 have stood," and thou, lofty tower of Pi-iam, now remained ! 
 
 ^ " Acie." Some MSS. and Rufm. de Schcm. lex. p. 33, have " acies." 
 Cf. Oudendorp on Frontin. ii. 2. B, 
 
 ^ Thymoetes, a Trojan prince, whoso wift and son were put to death 
 by Priam ; in revenge, he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wooden 
 horse into the city. 
 
 ' On the elhpse of the pronoun, cf. Oudend. on Lucan, x. 341. B. 
 
 ^ Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, and priest of Apollo, who, 
 with his two sons, were destroyed by two enormous serpents, while he 
 was sacrificing to Neptune. The punishment was believed to be inflicted 
 upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the 
 city the fatal wooden horse, and also for his impiety in hurling a javelin 
 against its sides as it entered within the walls. 
 
 " But Wagner prefers " staret." B. 
 
130 ^NEID. B. n. 57—82. 
 
 In tho mean time, beliold, Trojan shepherds, with loud accla- 
 mations, came dragging to the king a youth, whose hands were 
 bound behind him ; who, to them a mere stranger, had voUm- 
 tarily thrown himself in the way, to promote thjs same de- 
 sign, and open Troy to the Greeks; a resolute soul, and 
 prepared for either event, whether to execute his perfidious 
 purpose, or submit to inevitable death. The Trojan }cuth 
 pour tumultuously around from every quarter, fiom eagerness 
 to see him, and they vie with one another in iL^ulting the 
 captive. Now learn the treachery of the Greeks, and from 
 one crime take a specimen of the whole nation." For as he 
 stood among the gazing crowds perplexed, defenseless, and 
 threw his eyes around the Trojan bands, Ah ! says lie, what 
 land, what seas can now receive me? or to what further ex- 
 tremity can I, a forlorn wretch, be reduced, for v.hom there is 
 no shelter any where among the Greeks ?' and to complete my 
 misery, the Trojans too, incensed against me, sue for satisfac- 
 tion with my blood. By which mournful accents our afiec- 
 tions at once were moved toward him, and all our resentment 
 suppressed : we exhort him to say from what race he sprung, 
 to declare what message he brings, v/hat confidence we may 
 repose in him, now that he is our prisoner. Then he, having 
 at length laid aside fear, thus proceeds: I indeed, O king, 
 will confess to you the whole truth, says he, be the event 
 what will ; nor will I disown that I am of Grecian extraction : 
 this I premise ; por shall it be in the power of cruel fortune, 
 thouofh she has made Sinon^^ miserable, to make him ako 
 false and disingenuous. If accidentally, in the course of re- 
 port, the name of Palamedes,^' the descendant of Belus, and 
 
 " Literally, " from one of their tricks learn what they all are." B. 
 
 " Sinon, a crafty Greek, who prevailed on the Trojans to admit into 
 the city the wooden horse, which was filled with armed Greeks. 
 
 ^^ Palamedes was the son flf Nauplius, king of Eubcea, descended from 
 Belus, king of Africa, by his grandmother Amymone, the daughter of 
 Danaus. The story here referred to, is briefly thus : When Ulysses, to 
 be exempt from going to tho Trojan war, under pretense of madness, was 
 plowing up the shore, and sowing it with salt, Palamedes laid down his 
 son Telemachus in his way, and observing him to turn his plow aside, 
 that he might not hurt the boy, by this stratagem discovered his madness 
 to be counterfeit. For this Ulysses never could forgive him, and at last 
 wrought his ruin, by accusing him of holding intelligence with the enemy : 
 to support which charge he forged letters from Priam to Palamedes, 
 which ho pretended to have intercepted, and conveyed gold into his tent, 
 
B. II. 83—109. ^NEID. 131 
 
 his illustrious renown, ever readied your ears (wlio, though 
 innocent, the Greeks sent down to death, under a false accusa- 
 tion of treason, upon a villainous evidence, because he gave 
 his opinion against the war ; [but whom] now they mourn 
 bereaved of the light) ; with him my poor father sent me in 
 company to the war, from my earliest years, being his near 
 relative. While he remained safe in the kingdom, and had 
 weight in the counsels of the princes, I too bore some reputa- 
 tion and honor : [but] from the time that he, by the malice 
 of the crafty Ulysses (they are well-known truths I speak), 
 quitted the regions above, I distressed dragged out my life in 
 obscurity and grief, and secretly repined at the fate of my 
 innocent friend. Nor could I hold my peace, fool that I was, 
 but vowed revenge, if fortune should any way give me the 
 opportunity, if ever I should return \4ctorious to my native 
 Argos ; and, by my words, I provoked bitter enmity. Hence 
 arose the first symptom^' of my misery ; henceforth Ulysses 
 was always terrifying me with new accusations ; henceforth 
 he began to spread ambiguous surmises among the vulgar, and, 
 conscious [of his own guilt], sought the means of defense. 
 Nor did he give over, till, by making Calchas^'' his tool — But 
 why do I thus in vain unfold these disagreeables ? or why do 
 I lose time ? If you^lace all the Greeks on the same footing, 
 and your havisg heard that be enough [to undo me], this very 
 instant "strike the fatal blow : this the prince of Ithaca wishes, 
 and the sons of Atreus woukl give large sums to purchase. 
 Then, indeed, we grow impatient to know and to fiucl out the 
 causes, unacquainted with such consummate villainy and 
 Grecian artifice. He proceeds with palpitation, and speaks 
 in the falsehood of his heart. After quitting Troy, the Greeks 
 sought often to surmount the difficulties of their return, and, 
 tired out with the length of the war, to be gone. And I wish 
 
 alleging it wa3the bribe given him for his treason. Upon this presump- 
 tion Palamedes was condemned by a council of war, and stoned to death. 
 Vide Ovid. Met. xiii. 56. That Palamedes was thus taken off through a 
 stratagem of Ulysses, was a fact probably well known to the Trojans, 
 though they might be ignorant of the color for his being taken off". 
 Sinon, therefore, to secure the attention and belief of his hearers, very 
 artfully pretends that Palamedes was murdered, because he had dis- 
 suaded tlie Greeks from continuing the war against Troy. 
 
 " Literally, " plague-spot." B. 
 
 " Calchas, a famous soothsayer, who accompanied the Greeks to the 
 Trojan war. 
 
132 ^NEID. B. n. 110—136. 
 
 they had ! Often did the rough tempest on the ocean bar 
 their flight, and the south Avind deterred them in their setting 
 out. Especially when now this horse, framed Qf maple planks, 
 was reared, storms roared through all the regions of the air. 
 In perplexity we send Eurypylus'* to consult the oracle of 
 Apollo ; and from the sacred shrine he brings back this dis- 
 mal response : Ye appeased the winds, O ye Greeks, with the 
 blood of a virgin slain,^® when first you arrived on the Trojan 
 coast ; by blood must your return be purchased, and atone- 
 ment made by the life of a Greek. Which intimation no 
 sooner reached the ears of the multitude, than their minds 
 were stunned, and freezing horror thrilled through their very 
 bones ; [anxious to know] whom the Fates destined, whom 
 Apollo 'demanded,^ Upon this Ulysses drags forth Calchas 
 the seer, with great bustle, into the midst of the crowd ; im- 
 portunes him to say what that will of the gods may be ; and, 
 by this time, many presaged^^ to me the cruel purpose of the 
 dissembler, and quietly foi'esaw the event. He, for twice five 
 days, is mute, and close shut up, refuses to give forth his dec- 
 laration against any person, or doom him to death. At length, 
 with much ado, teased by the importunate clamors of Ulysses, 
 he breaks silence by concert, and destines me to the altar. All 
 assented, and were content to have what each dreaded for 
 himself, turned olf to the ruin of one poor wretch. And now 
 the rueful day approached ; for me the sacred rites were pre- 
 pared, and the salted cakes, and fillets [to bind] about my tem- . 
 pies. From death, I own, I made my escape, and broke my 
 bonds ; and in a slimy fen all night I lurked obscure among 
 the weeds, till they should set sail, if by chance they should 
 
 ^^ Eurypylus, also a soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy. 
 
 ^^ When the Grecian army was arrived at Auhs, ready to sail over tlie 
 Hellespont to the siege of Troy, Diana, incensed against Agamemnon 
 for killing one of her favorite deers, withheld the wind. Calchas, hav- 
 ing consulted the oracles, reported that Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter, 
 must fall a victim to appease Diana's wrath. Ulysses went and fetched 
 the innocent fair, from the tender embraces of her mother, under color 
 of her being to be married to Achilles. She was brought to the altar, 
 and on the point of being sacrificed, when Calchas informed that Diana 
 was satisfied with this act of submission, and consented to have a deer 
 substituted in room of Iphigenia; but that she must be transported to 
 Tauris, there to serve the goddess for life in quality of priestess. 
 
 " Canebant. Cf Westerhov. on Tor Hcut. ii. 3, 19, who remarks that 
 It ia an augurial word. B. 
 
B. II. 137—169. ^NEID. . 138 
 
 do so. Nor have I now an}- hope of being Nessed with the 
 sight of my ancient country, nor of my sweet children, and my 
 much-beloved sire ; whom they, perhaps, will sue to vengeance 
 for my escape, and expiate this offense of mine by the death 
 of those unhappy innocents. But I conjure you, by the powers 
 above, by the gods who are conscious to truth, by whatever 
 remains of inviolable faith are any where among mortals, com- 
 passionate such grievous afflictions,! compassionate a soul suffer- 
 ing unworthy treatment. -^ 
 
 At these tears we grant "Sim his life, and pity him from our 
 hearts. Priam himself first gives orders that the manacles 
 and strait bonds be loosed from the man, then thus addresses 
 him in the language of a friend : Whoever you are, now hence- 
 forth forget the Greeks you have lost ; ours you shall be ; and 
 give me an ingenuous reply to these questions : To what 
 purpose raised they this stupendous bulk of a horse ? who 
 was the contriver 1 or what do they intend ? what was the 
 religious motive ? or what warlike engine is it ? he said. The 
 other, practiced in fraud and Grecian artifice, lifted up to 
 heaven his hands, loosed from the bonds : To you, ye ever- 
 lasting orbs of fire, -he says, and your inviolable divinity ; to 
 you, ye altars, and horrid swords, which I escaped ; and ye 
 fillets of the gods, which I a victim wore ; to you I appeal, 
 that I am free to violate all the sacred obligations I was under 
 to the Greeks ; I am free to hold these men in abhorrence, 
 and to bring forth to light all their dark designs ; nor am I 
 bound by any of the laws of my country. Only do thou, O 
 Troy, abide by thy promises, and, being preserved, preserve 
 thy faith ; provided I disclose the truth, provided I make thee 
 large amends. 
 
 The whole hope of the Greeks, and their confidence in the 
 war begun, always depended upon the aid of Pallas : but when 
 the sacrilegious Diomede, and Ulysses the contriver of wicked 
 designs, in their attempt to carry off by force from her holy 
 temple the fatal Palladium,'® having slain the guards of her 
 high tower, sei|^|her sacred image, and with bloody hands 
 dargJJda-^ilBSSBvirgin fillets of the goddess ; from that day 
 the hope of the Greeks began to ebb, and, losing footing, to 
 
 " Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas, said to have fallen from 
 heaven upon Troy, and on the preserv^ation of which depended the safety 
 vf that citj. 
 
134 • iENEID. B. II. I'ZO— 202. 
 
 decline : their powers were weakened, the mind of the god- 
 dess alienated : nor did Tritonia^^ show these indications [of 
 her wrath] by dubious prodigies ; for scarcely was the statue 
 set up in the camp, when bright flames flashed from her staring 
 eyeballs, and a briny sweat flowed over her limbs ; and (won- 
 derful to hear) she herself sprung thrice from the ground, 
 armed as she was, with her shield and quivering spear. Forth- 
 with Calchas declares, that we must attempt the seas in flight, 
 and that Troy can never be razed by the Grecian sword, un- 
 less they repeat the omens at Argos, and carry back the god- 
 dess whom they had conveyed over the sea in their curved 
 ships. And now, that they have sailed for their native, My cena3 
 with the wind, th'ey are providing themselves with arms, and 
 gods to accompany them ; and, having measured back the sea, 
 they will come upon you unexpected : so Calchas interprets the 
 omens. This figure, being warned, they reared in heu of the 
 Palladium, in lieu of the violated goddess, in order to atone 
 for their direful crime. But Calchas commanded to build this 
 enormous mass, and raise it to the skdes, that it might not be 
 admitted into the gates, or dragged into the city, nor protect 
 the people under their ancient religion.- For [lie declared 
 thatj if your hands should violate this offering sacred to 
 Minerva, then signal ruin (which omen may the gods rather 
 turn on himself!) awaited Priam's empire and the Trojans. 
 But, if by your hands it mounted into the city, that Asia, 
 without further provocation given, w^ould advance ■with a 
 formidable war to the very walls of Pelops, and our posterity 
 be doomed to the same fate. By such treachery ancl artifice 
 of perjured Sinon, the story was believed : and we, whoiii 
 neither Diomede, nor Larissaean^" Achilles, nor [a siege of] 
 ten years, nor a thousand" ships, had subdued, were insnared 
 by guile and constrained tears. Here another greater scene, 
 and far more terrible, is presented to our wretched sight, and 
 disturbs our unexpecting breasts. Laocoon, ordained Nep- 
 tune's priest by lot, was sacrificing a stately bullock at the 
 
 " Tritonia, a surname of Minerva, from Tritonis, a lake and river of 
 Africa, near wliieh she had a temple. 
 
 '^'^ Larissaean, an epithet apphed to Achilles, from Larissa, the capital 
 city of Thessaly. 
 
 '■'' See the commentators on ^sch. Ag- 45 VJrgU epeaks in round 
 numbers, for the number of ships somewuat ^^'seeded 9 thousand, hnt ^^ 
 variously stated. B. , 
 
B. II. 203—233. ^NEID. 135 
 
 altars set ajDart for that solemnity ; wlien, lo ! from Tenedos 
 (I shudder at the relation) two seq)ents, with orbs immense, 
 bear along on the sea, and with equal motion shoot forward 
 to the shore ; whose breasts erect amid the waves, and 
 crests bedropped "wnth blood, tower above the flood ; their 
 other parts sweep the sea behind, and wind their spacious 
 backs in rolling spires. A loud noise is made by the briny 
 ocean foaming : and now they reached the shores, and, suf- 
 fused with fire and blood as to their glaring eyes, with quiver- 
 ing tongues licked their *hissing mouths. Half-dead with the 
 sight, we fly different ways. They, with resolute motion, 
 advance toward Laocoon ; and first both serpents, with close 
 embraces, twine around the little bodies of his two sons, 
 and with tlieir fancra mano'le their wretched limbs. Next 
 they seize himself, as he is coming up with weapons to their 
 relief, and bind him fast in their mighty folds ; and now 
 grasping him twice about the middle, twice winding their 
 scaly backs around his neck, they overtop him by the head 
 and lofty neck. lie strains at once with his hands to tear 
 asunder their knotted spires, while his fillets are stained with 
 gore and black poison : at the same time he raises hideous 
 shrieks to heaven ; such bellowing as when a bull has fled 
 wounded from the altar, and has eluded with his neck the 
 missing ax. Meanwhile, the two serpents glide off" to the 
 high temple, and repair to the fane of stern Tritonia, and are 
 sheltered under the feet of the goddess, and the orb of her 
 buckler. Then, indeed, new terror diffuses itself through the 
 quaking hearts of all ; and they pronounce Laocoon to have 
 deservedly suffered for his crime, in having violated the sacred 
 wood with his pointed weapon, and hurled his profane spear 
 against its sides. They urge with general voice to convey 
 the statue to its proper seat, and implore the favor of the 
 goddess. We make a breach ih. the walls, and lay open the 
 bulwarks of the city. All keenly ply the work : and under 
 the feet apply smooth-rolling wheels ; stretch hempen ropes 
 from the neck. The fatal machine passes over" our walls, 
 pregnant with arms ; boys and unmarried virgins accompany 
 
 ^"^ As it wore " scales" tho walls. Thus Ennius in Macr. Sat. vi. 2, 
 "Nam maximo saltu suporavit gravidas armatis equus." Cf. Stat. Silv- 
 i. 1, 11 sqq. I need scarcely remark that the whole description has been 
 copied by Trj^phiodorus. B. • 
 
136 ^.NEID. B. II. 239— 273. 
 
 it with sacred hymns, and are glad to touch the rope with 
 their hands. It advances, and with menacing aspect slides 
 into the heart of the city. O country, O Ilium, the habitation 
 of gods, and ye walls of Troy by war renowned ! Four times 
 it stopped in the very threshold of the gate, and four times 
 the arms resounded in its womb : yet we, heedless, and blind 
 with frantic zeal, urge on, and plant the baneful monster in 
 the sacred citadel. Then, too, Cassandra," by the inspiration 
 of the god, opens her lips to our approaching doom, never be- 
 lieved by the Trojans. Unhappy we, to whom that day was 
 to be the last, adorn the temples of the gods throughout the 
 city with festive boughs. Meanwhile, the heavens change," 
 and night advances rapidly from the ocean, wrapping in Lcr 
 extended shade both earth and heaven, and the wiles of the 
 Myrmidons. The Trojans, dispersed about the walls, were 
 hushed : deep Sleep fiist binds them weary in his embraces. 
 And now the Grecian host, in their equipped vessels, set out 
 from Tenedos, making toward the well-known shore, by the 
 friendly silence of the quiet moonshine, as soon as the royal 
 [galley] stern had exhibited the signal fire ; and Sinon, pre- 
 served by the will of the adverse gods, in a stolen hour un- 
 locks the wooden prison to the Greeks shut up in its womb : 
 the horse, from his expanded caverns, pours them forth to the 
 open air ; and with joy issue from the hollow wood Thessan- 
 drus and Sthenelus the chiefs, and dire Ulysses, shding down 
 by a suspended rope, with Athamas and Thoas, Neoptolemus, 
 the grandson of Peleus, and Machaon who led the way, with 
 Menelaus, and Epeus the very contriver of the trick. They 
 assault the city buried in sleep and wine. The sentinels are 
 beaten down ; and with opened gates they receive all their 
 friends, and join the conscious bands. It was the time when 
 the first sleep invades languid mortals, and steals upon them, 
 by the gift of the gods, most ^weet. In my sleep, lo ! Hector, 
 extremely sad, seemed to stand before my eyes, and to shed 
 floods of tears ; dragged, as formerly by the chariot, and black 
 
 '^ Cassandra, the daughter of Priam and Hecuba. According to the 
 poets, she had the gift of prophecy, while none beheved her predictions. 
 
 ■■** This is according to the astronomy of the ancients, who supposed 
 tho heavens revolved round the earth, which remained stationary. On 
 the time in which Troy was taken, cf. Petrou. 89, p. 435. Tryph. 452 
 gqq. B. 
 
B. IL 273—307. ^NEID. 137 
 
 with gory dust, and liis swollen feet bored tlirougli with 
 tliongs. Ah me ! in v/hat piteous plight he was ! how changed 
 from that Hector who returned clad in the armor of Achilles, 
 or darting Phrygian flames against the ships of Greece! 
 v/earing a grizzly beard, hair clotted with blood, and those 
 many wounds which he had received under his native walls. 
 I, methouglit, in tears addressed the hero first, and poured 
 forth these mournful accents : O light" of Troy, O Trojans' 
 firmest hope ! what tedious causes have detained thee so. 
 long ? Whence comest thou, my long-looked-for Hector ? 
 With what joy we behold thee after the many deaths of thy 
 friends, after the various disasters of men and city ! What 
 unworthy cause has deformed the serenity of thy looks ? or 
 why do I behold these wounds ? He [said] not a word ; nor 
 regards mo, questioning of what nought availed; but heavily, 
 from the bottom of his heart, drawing a groan ! Ah ! fly, 
 thou goddess-born, he says, and snatch thyself from these 
 flames : the enemy is in possession of the walls ; Troy falls 
 from its towering tops. To Priam, to my country, all duty 
 lias been done. Could those walls have been saved by the 
 hand, by this same hand had they been saved. Troy com- 
 mends to thee her sacred things, her gods : these take com- 
 panions of thy fate ; for these go in quest of a city, which, in 
 process of time, you shall erect, larger of size, after a wander- 
 ing voyage. He said, and with his own hands brings forth, 
 from the inner temple, the fillets, the powerful Vesta, and the 
 fire which always burned. 
 
 Meanwhile the city is filled with mingled scenes of woe ; 
 and though my father Anchises' house stood retired, and in- 
 closed vritii trees, louder and louder the sounds rise on the ear, 
 and the horrid din of arms assails. I start from sleep, and, 
 by hasty steps, gain the highest battlement of the palace, and 
 rtjind with erect ears : as when a flame is driven by the furi- 
 ous south winds on standing corn ; or as a torrent impetuously 
 I'ursting in a mountain-flood desolates the fields, desolates the 
 rich crops of corn, and the labors of the ox, and drags woods 
 headlong down : the unwary shepherd, struck with the sound 
 
 -* A beautiful imitation of Ennius, as quoted by Macrob. Sat. vi. 2, 
 " lux Trojii3, germane Hector. Quid ita cum tuo lacerato corporo 
 raiser ? Aut qui te sic respectantibus Tractavere nobis ?" So Quintua 
 Calaber i. 12, calls Hector vfxap ttoAj/cji'. B. 
 
138 iENEID. B. II. 308—336; 
 
 from the top of a high roct, stands amazed. Then, indeed, 
 the truth is confirmed, and the treachery of the Greeks dis- 
 closed. Now Deiphobus''-" spacious house tumbles down, 
 overpowered by the conflagi'atiou ; now, next to him, Ucale- 
 gon" blazes : the straits of Sigasum" shine far and wide with 
 the flames. Tlic shout of men and clangor of trumpets aj-ise. 
 My arms I snatch in mad haste : nor is there in arms enough 
 of reason : but all my soul burns to collect a troop for the 
 war, and rush into the citadel with my fellows : fury and rage 
 hurry on my mind, and it occurs to me how glorious it is to 
 die in arms. Lo ! then Pantheus, escaped from the sword of 
 the Greeks, Pantheus, the son of Othrys, priest of the citadel 
 and of Apollo, is hurrying away'" with him the holy utensils, . 
 the conquered gods, and his little grandchild, and makes for 
 the shore in distraction. How is it, Pantheus, with the main 
 affair ? w^hat fortress do we seize ? I had scarcely spoken, 
 when, with a groan, he thus replies : Our last day is come, 
 and the inevitable doom of Ti'oy : we are Trojans no more : 
 adieu to Ilium, and the high renown of Teucer's race : fierce 
 Jupiter hath transferred all to Argos : the Greeks bear rule 
 in the burning city. The towering horse, planted in the 
 midst of our streets, pours forth armed troops ; and Sinon vic- 
 torious with insolent triumph scatters the flames. Others are 
 pressing at our wide-opened^° gates, as many thousands as 
 ever came from populous Micense : others with arms have 
 blocked up the lanos to oppose^ our passage ; the edged sword, 
 with glittering point, stands unsheathed, ready for dealing 
 death : hardly the foremost wardens of the gates make an 
 efibrt to fight, and resist in the blind encounter. By these 
 words of Pantheus, and by the impulse of the gods, I hurry 
 
 '° Deiphobus, a son of Priam and Ilecuba, eminently distinguished 
 himself in the Trojan war, and after the death of his brother Paris, mar- 
 ried Helen. 
 
 ^^ Ucalegon, a Trojan chief, praised for the soundness of his counsels, 
 and his good intentions, though accused by some of betraying his coun- 
 try to the Greeks. 
 
 ^^ Sigreum, a famous promontory of Troas, at the entrance of the Hel- 
 lespont, where the Scamander fell into the sea. Here was the tomb of 
 Achilles, and near it were fought many of the battles between the Greeks 
 and the Trojans. 
 
 -" But "trahere" is properly used of little children, who follow with 
 difficulty. Curt. iii. 13, 12. B. 
 
 '"' i.e. " having both valves open." B. 
 
B. II. 337—365. iENEID 139 
 
 away into flames and arms ; wliither the grim Fun-, whither 
 the din and shrieks that rend the skies, urge me on. Ripheus," 
 and Iphitus, mighty in arms, join me ; Hypanis and Dymas 
 comino- up with- us by the hght of the moon, and closely ad- 
 here^'* to my side ; and also young Coroebus," Mygdon's son, 
 who at that time had chanced to come to Troy, inflamed with 
 a mad passion for Cassandra, and [in prospect, his] son-in- 
 law, brought assistance to Priam and the Trojans. Hl-fated 
 youth, who heeded not the admonitions of his raving spouse ! 
 Whom, close united, soon as I saw resolute to engage, to ani- 
 mate them the more I thus begin : " Youths, souls magnani- 
 mous in vain ! if it is your determined purpose to follow mo 
 in this last attempt, you see what is the situation of our afiairs. 
 All the gods, by whom this empire stood, have deserted their 
 shrines and altars abandoned [to the enemy] : you come to 
 the relief of the city in flames : let us meet death, and rush^* 
 into the thickest of our armed foes. The only safety for the 
 vanquished is to throw away all hopes of safety." Thus the 
 courage of each youth is kindled into fury. Then, like raven- 
 our wolves^^ in a gloomy fog, whom the fell rage of hunger hath 
 driven forth, blind to danger, and whose whelps left behind 
 loao- for their return with thirstinof jaws: throu^-h arms, throuo-h 
 enemies, we march up to imminent death, and advance through 
 the middle of a city : sable Night hovers around us with her 
 hollow shade. Who can describe in words the havoc, who the 
 deaths of that night ? or who can furnish tears equal to the dis- 
 asters ? Our ancient city, having borne sway for many years, 
 (alls to the ground : great numbers of sluggish carcasses are 
 
 *^ Eipheus was distinQ:uislied for his lovo of justice ; having joined 
 ^neas the night that Troy was burned, ho was, after a brave resistance, 
 shxin by the Greeks. Dymas : this brave Trojan also joined ^neas ; but, 
 being dressed in Grecian armor, was, through mistake, killed by his 
 countrymen. 
 
 ^^ i. e. "implicare." Ninus i. s. v. " agglomerarc." B. 
 
 *^ Corcebus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon, the brother of Hecuba. He 
 assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with ^e hopes of being rewarded with 
 the hand of Cassandra, who advised hrai in vain to retire from the war. 
 Ho was slain by Peneleus. 
 
 ^* On the supposition that the gods deserted a captured city, c£ .^sch. 
 Sept. C. Th. 204, (iA/l' ovv ■&eov^ rovg rz/c alovaj]q, TroAeof kuTielTveiv 
 Xoyo^. See the notes, and Northmore on Tryphiod. 508. B. 
 
 ^■^ varepov rcporepov, as Servius rightly remarks. So in Eur. Heu 50^ 
 rovTov TTo/ tTEKOv Ka^spov C<^vr]C inro. B. 
 
140 uiENEID. B. IL 366— iOL 
 
 strewn up and down, both in the streets, in the houses, and the 
 sacred thresholds of the gods. Nor do the Trojans alone pay 
 the penalty with their blood : the vanquished too, at times, re- 
 sume courage in their hearts, and the victorious Grecians fall : 
 every where is cru(^l sorrow, every where terror and death in 
 thousand shapes.^° ' Androgeos first comes up with us, accom- 
 panied by a numerous band of Greeks, unadvisedly imagining 
 that wo were confederate troops ; and he introduces himself to 
 us with this friendly address: Haste, men; what so tardy 
 sloth detains you ? Others tear and plunder the blazing towers 
 of Troy : are you but just come from your lofty ships ? He 
 said, and instantly perceived (for we returned him no very 
 trusty answer) that he had stumbled" into the midst of foes. 
 He was confounded, and with his words recalled his step. As 
 one who, in his walk, hath trodden upon a snake unseen in the 
 rough thorns, and in fearful haste hath started back from him, 
 while he is collecting all his rage, and swelling his azure 
 crest ; just so Androgeos, terrified at the sight [of us], began 
 to withdraw. We rush in, and pour around with arms close 
 joined, and knock them down here and there, strangers as 
 they were to the place, and possessed with fear : fortune 
 smiles upon our first enterprise. Upon this Corcebus, exult- 
 ing with success and courage, .cried out. My fellows, wdiere 
 fortune thus early points out our way to safety, and wdiere 
 she shows herself proj^itious, let us follow. Let us exchange 
 shields, and fit to ourselves the badges of the Greeks : whether 
 stratagem or valor, who questions in an enemy ? they them- 
 selves will supply us with arms. This said, he puts on the 
 crested helmet of Androgeos, and the rich ornament of his 
 shield, and buckles to his side a Grecian sword. The same 
 does Ripheus, the same does Dymas too, and all the youth 
 well pleased : each arms himself with the recent spoils. We 
 march on, mingling with the Greeks, but not with heaven on 
 our side ; and in many a skirmish we engage during the dark 
 night : many of the Greeks we send down to Hades. Some 
 iiy to the ships, and hasten |p the trusty shore ; some, through 
 dishonest fear, scale once more the bulky horse, and lurk 
 
 '" Thucjd. i. 81, irdau re Idta Karsarr] Oavdrov. Cf. Tryphiodor. 
 5t3, sqq. B, 
 
 ^' For the construction compare Muret. on CatulL iv. 2, " Ait fuisso 
 navium celerrimus." Soph. Ant. 87. Trach. 5. 
 
B. IL 402 — 438. ^NEID. 141 
 
 within the well-known womb. Alas ! on nothing ought man 
 to presume, while the gods are against him ! Lo ! Cassandra, 
 Priam's virgin daughter, v/ith her hair disheveled, was 
 dragged along from the temple and shrine of Minerva, raising 
 to heaven her glariug eyes in vain ; her eves — for cords 
 bound her tender hands. Corcebus, in the madness of his 
 Boul, could not bear this spectacle, and, resolved to perish, 
 threw himself into the midst of the band. We all follow, and 
 rush upon them in close array. \ Upon this we are first over- 
 powered with the darts of our friends from the high summit 
 of the temple, and a most piteous slaughter ensues, through 
 the aj^pearance of our arms, and the disguise of our Grecian 
 crests. Next the Greeks, throuijh anoruish and rac:e for the 
 rescue of the virgin, fall upon us in troops from every quarter ; 
 Ajax, most fierce, both the sons of Atreus, and the whole 
 band of the Dolopes : a3, at times, in a burst hurricane, op- 
 posite winds encounter, the west and south, and Eurus, ] roud 
 of his eastern steeds ; the woods creak, foaming Nereus rages 
 with his trident, and rouses the seas from the lowest bottom. 
 They, too, whom, through the shades, in the dusky night, wo 
 by stratagem had routed, and driven all over the city, mako 
 their appearance ; they are the first who discover our shields 
 and counterfeit arms, and mark our voices in sound discordant 
 Avith their own. In a moment we are overpowered by 
 numbers ; and first Cora^bus sinks in ^eath by the hand of 
 Peneleus, at the altar of the wa,rrior-goddess : Ripheus, too, 
 falls, the most just among the Trojans, and of the strictest 
 integrity ; but to the gods it seemed otherwise.^* Ilypanis and 
 Dymas die by the cruel darts of their own friends, noV did thy 
 signal piety, nor the fillets of Apollo, save thee, Pantheus, in 
 thy dying hour. Ye ashes of Troy, ye expiring flames of my 
 country ! witness, tliat in your fall I shunned neither darts nor 
 any deadly chances^" of the Greeks ; and, had it been fated -that 
 I should fall, I deserved it by my hand. Thence we are forced 
 away, Iphitus, Pelias, and myself (of whom Iphitus was 
 now unwieldy through age, and Pelias disabled by a wound 
 from Ulysses), forthwith to Priam's palace called by the 
 outcries. Here, indeed, [we beheld] a dreadful fight, as 
 
 ^'' i. e. "contra," as explained by Donatus on Ter. Andr. Pro]. 4. 
 There is an ellipse of, "such should have been his fate, but," etc. B. 
 *" i. €. "poenas," says Burni. on Propert. i. 13, 10, B. 
 
142 ^NEID. B. II. 439—475. 
 
 tliough this liad been the only seat of the war, as though none 
 had been dying in all the city besides ; with such ungoverned 
 fury we see Mars raging and the Greeks rushing forward to 
 the palace, and the gates besieged by an advancing testudo. 
 Scalinof ladders are fixed against the walls, and by their steps 
 they mount to the very door-posts, and protecting themselves 
 by their left arms, oppose their bucklers to the darts, [while] 
 v/ith their right hands they grasp the battlements. On the 
 other hand, the Trojans tear down the turrets and roofs of 
 their houses ; with these weapons, since they see the ex- 
 tremity, they seek -to defend themselves now in their last 
 death-struggle, and tumble down the gilded rafters, those 
 stately ornaments of their ancestors : others with drawn swords 
 beset the gates below ; these they guard in a firm, compact 
 body. Our ardor is restored to relieve the royal palace, sup- 
 port our .friends with aid, and impart fresh strength to the 
 vanquished. There was a passage^ a secret entry, a free com- 
 munication between the palaces of Priam, a neglected postern- 
 gate, by which unfortunate Andromache,^" v/hile the kingdom 
 stood, was often wont to resort to her parents-in-law without 
 retinue, and to lead the boy Astyanax to his grand-sire. I 
 mount up to the roof of the highest battlement, whence the 
 distressed Trojans were hurling unavailing darts. With our 
 swords assailing all around a turret, situated on a precipice, 
 and shooting up its tSwering top to the stars (whence we were 
 wont to survey all Troy, the fleet of Greece, and all the Gre- 
 cian camp), where the topmost story made the joints more apt 
 to give way,*^ we tear it from its deep foundation, and push 
 it on [our foes], Suddenly tumbling down, it brings thunder- 
 ing desolation with it, and falls Avith wide havoc on the Gre- 
 cian troops. But others succeed : meanwhile, neither stones, 
 nor any sort of missile weapons, cease to fly. Just before the 
 vestibule, and at the outer gate, Pyrrhus exults, glittering in 
 arms and gleamy brass; as when a snake [comes forth] to 
 light, having fed on noxious herbs, whom, bloated [with pois- 
 on], the frozen winter hid under the earth, noAV renewed, and 
 sleek with youth, after casting his skin, with breast erect he 
 rolls up his slippery back, reared to the sun, and brandishes a 
 
 " Andromache, the daughter of iEtion, king of Thebes, in Mjsia, 
 and the wife of He'ctor, by whom she had "Astyanax. 
 
 "'^ It must bo remembered that tliis tower was of wood. See Anthou. 
 
B. II. 475— 50G. ^NEID. 143 
 
 three-forked tongue in his mouth. 'At the same time bulky 
 Periphas and Automedon, charioteer to Achilles, [now Pyr- 
 rhus'] armor-bearer ; at the same all the youth from Scyros 
 advance to the wall, and toss brands to the roof. Pyrrhus 
 himself in the front, snatching up a battle-ax, beats through 
 the stubborn gates, aud labors to tear the brazen posts from 
 the hinges ; and now, having hewn away the bars, he dug 
 through the firm boards, and made a large, wide-mouthed 
 breach. The palace within is exposed to view, and the long 
 galleries are discovered ; the sacred recesses of Priam and the 
 ancient kings are exposed to view ; and they see armed men 
 standing at the gate. 
 
 As for the inner palace, it is filled with mingled groans 
 and doleful uproar, and the hollow rooms all throughout howl 
 with female yells : their shrieks strike the golden stars. Then 
 the trembling matrons roam through the spacious halls, and 
 in embraces hug the door-posts, and cling to them with their 
 lips." Pyrrhus*' presses on with all his father's violence : 
 nor bolts, nor guards themselves, are able to sustain. The gate, 
 by repeated battering blows, gives way, and the door-posts, 
 torn from their hinges, tumble to the ground. • The Greeks 
 make their way by force, burst a passage, and, being admitted, 
 butcher the first they meet, atid fill the places all about with 
 their troops. Not with such fury a river. pours on the fields 
 its heavy torrent, and sweeps away herds with their stalls over 
 all the plains, when foaming it has burst away from its broken 
 banks, and iDorne down opposing mounds with its whirling 
 current. I myself have beheld Neoptolemus raving with bloody 
 rage, and the two sons of Atreus at the gate : I have beheld 
 Hecuba, and her hundred daughters-in-law, and Priam at the 
 altar, defilinjr ^vith his blood the fires which himself had 
 consecrated.''* Those fifty bed-chambers, so great hopes of de- 
 scendants, those doors, that proudly shone with barbaric gold 
 and spoils, were leveled with the ground : where the flames 
 relent, the Greeks take place. 
 
 Perhaps, too, you are curious to hear what was Priam'^ 
 
 '*' Cf. Soph. Phil. 535, lufzev, u Trai, -TvpoaKvaarre tt}v lao" koutox. 
 el-jolnrjaw. B. 
 
 *^ Pjrrhus, also called Neoptolemus, vras the son of Achilles and Dei- 
 damia daughter of King Lycomedes. His cruelty exceeded even that of 
 
 his father 
 
 ** Ennius in Cicer. T. Q, iii. in Scrivcr. Coll. p. 19, "Ilreo omnia vidi 
 inflammari : Priamo vi vitam evitari : Jovis aram sanguine turpari,'' B. 
 
X44 ^NEID. E. II. 507—039. 
 
 fate. As soon as he beheld the catastrophe of the taken city, 
 and his palacc-G^ates broken down, and the enemy planted in 
 the middle of his private apartments, tlie aged monarch, 
 Avith unavaihng aim, buckles on his shoulders (trembling ^vith 
 years) arms long disused, girds himself 'with his useless sword, 
 and rushes into the thickest of the foes, resolute on dealli. In 
 tlie center of the palace,*^ and under the bare canopy of heav- 
 en, stood a large altar, and an aged laurel near it, overhang- 
 ing the altar, and encircling the household gods v.ilh its 
 shade. Here Hecuba and her daughters (like pigeons flying 
 precipitantly from a blackening tempest) crowded together, 
 and embracing the shrines of the gods, vainly sat round the 
 altars. But as soon as she saw Priam clad in youthful aims, 
 unhappy spouse, she cries. What dire purpose has prompted 
 thee to brace on these arms ? or whither art thou hurrying ? 
 The present conjuncture hath no need of such aid, nor such 
 defense : though even my Hector himself were here [it would 
 not avail]. Hither repair, now that all hope is lost; this 
 altar will protect us all, or here you [and we] shall die to- 
 gether. Having thus said, she took the old man to her em- 
 braces, and placed him on the sacred seat. But lo ! Polites, 
 one of Priam's sons, Avho had escaped from the sword of 
 Pyrrhus, through darts, through foes, flies along the long 
 galleries, and vvounded traverses the waste halls. Pyrrhus, 
 all on fire, pursues him with the lio?tile weapon, is just 
 grasping him with his hand, and presses en him with the 
 spear. "Soon as he at length got into the sight and presence 
 of his parents, he dropped down, and poured out his life with 
 a stream of blood. .Upon this, Priam, though now held in the 
 very midst of death, yet did not forbear, nor spared his tongue 
 and passion : But^" may the gods, he cries, if there be any 
 justice in heaven to regard such events, give ample retribu- 
 tion and due rcAvard for this wickedness, for these thy auda- 
 cious crimes, to thee who hast made me to witness" the death 
 of my own son, and defiled a father's eyes with the sight of 
 
 ** The impluvium is meant, Priam's palace forming a square court. 
 Cf. Athen. v. 3, 'Ofirjpdg de ti)v avlfjv del TuTTti im rijp i'-aWpuv roTrtov, 
 hda Tjv 6 rov 'EpKeiov Zrjvo^ (3o)fi6c. B. 
 
 ^° For this use of " at" Jn reproaches, cf. Ovid. Her. sii. 1, " At tibi 
 Colchorum (memini) regina vacavi." Catull. iii. 13, " At vobis male sit, 
 uialcB tenebrffi." B. 
 
 "■' " Ceruere fecisti" is a Lucretian form of expression. Cf. Lucr. iii. 
 101; "faciat vivere," 302, vi. 2G1. B. • 
 
B. n. 5?.a— 573. ^XEID. 145 
 
 blood : yet he tVoin whom you falsely claim your birth, even 
 Achilles was not thus barbarous to Priam," though his enemy, 
 but paid some reverence to the laws of nations, and a sup- 
 pliant's right, restored my Hector's lifeless corpse to be buried, 
 and sent me back into my kingdom. Thus spoke the old man, 
 and, without any force, threw a feeble dart : w^hich was in- 
 stantly repelled by the hoarse brass, and hung on the highest 
 boss of the buckler without any execution. To whom Pyrrhus 
 replies. These tidings then yourself shall bear, and go with 
 the message to my father, the son of Peleus : forget not to 
 inform him of my cruel deeds, and of his degenerate son 
 Neoptolemus : now die. With these words he dragged him 
 to the very altar, trembling and shding in the streaming gore 
 of his son : and with his left hand grasped his twisted hair, 
 and with his right unsheathed his glittering sword, and 
 plunged it into his side up to the hilt. Such was the end of 
 Priams's fate : this was the final doom allotted to him, bavins^ 
 before his eyes Troy consumed, and its towers laid in ruins ; 
 once the proud monarch over so many nations and countries of 
 Asia : now his mighty trunk lies extended on the shore, the 
 head torn from the shoulders, and a nameless corpse.*" S Then, 
 and not till then, fierce horror assailed me round: I stood 
 aghast ; the image of my dear father arose to my mind, when 
 I saw t^e king, of equal age, breathing out his soul by a cruel 
 wound; Creiisa,^" forsaken, came into mind, my rifled house, 
 and the fate of the little Ililus. I look about and survey 
 what troops were to stand by me. All had left mo through 
 despair, and flung their fainting bodies to the ground, or gave 
 them to the flames. And thus now I remained all alone, 
 when I espy Helen keeping w^atch in the temple of Vesta, 
 and silently lurking in a secret corner : the bright flames give 
 me light as I am roving on, and throwing my eyes around on 
 every object. She, the common Fury of Troy and her 
 country, dj-eading the Trojans, her deadly foes, upon account of 
 their ruined country, and the vengeance of the Greeks, with 
 
 43 " In ho^te" is for " erga hostem." See Broukh. on Tibull. iiL C 
 19. B. 
 
 ■13 See my note on -^sch. Choeph. 437. B. 
 
 50 Creiisa, daughter of Priam, and the wife of ^neas, who was lost 
 in the streets of Troy, when ^neas made his escape with his fathoc 
 Anchises and his son Ascanius. 
 
 7 
 
U6 ^ENEID. u. II. 574—610. 
 
 the fierce resentment of Ler deserted lord, Iiad bidden herself, 
 and was sittins: near the altars, an odious sio;ht. Flames were 
 kindled in my soul : rage possessed me to avenge my falling 
 country, and take the vengeance her guilt deserved. Shall 
 she then with impunity behold Sparta and her country My- 
 cenae, and go off a queen, after sbe has gained her triumph ? 
 shall she see her marriage-bed, her home, her fathers, her sons, 
 accompanied with a retinue of Trojan dames and Phrygian 
 women her slaves? shall Priam have fallen by the sword, 
 shall Troy have burned with the flame, shall the Trojan shore 
 so often be drenched in blood ? It must not be so : for thouo^h 
 there be no memorable name in punishing a woman, nor any 
 honor in such a victory, yet shall I be applauded for having 
 extinguished a wicked vv'retch, and for inflicting on her the 
 punishment she deserves: besides, it will be a pleasure to 
 gratify my desire of burning revenge, and to give satisfaction 
 to the ashes of my friends. Thus was I rapidly reflectiDg, 
 and furiously agitated in my soul, when my benign mother 
 presented herself to my view with such brightness as I had 
 never seen before, and amid the night shone forth in pure 
 liglit, displaying all the goddessf with such dignity, such sta- 
 ture, as she is wont to show to the immortals : she restrained 
 me fast held by the right hand, and besides, let fall these 
 words from her rosy lips : My son, what high provocation 
 kindles thy ungoverned rage? why art thou raving? or 
 whither art thy regards to me fled ? Will you not first sec 
 in what situation you have left your father Anchises, encum- 
 bered with age ? whether your spouse Creiisa be in life, and 
 the boy Ascaaius, around whom the Grecian troops from 
 every quarter reel ? and, do not my care oppose, the flames 
 will have already carried oft", or the cruel sword imbibed their 
 blood. Not the features of Lacedccmonian Helen, odious in 
 your eyes, nor Pans blamed ; but the gods, the unrelenting 
 gods, overthrow this powerful realm, and level the towering- 
 tops of Troy with the ground. Turn your eyes; for I 
 Avill dissipate every cloud which now, intercepting the view, 
 bedims your mortal sight, and spreads a humid vail of mist 
 around you : fear not you the commands of a parent, nor re- 
 fuse to obey her orders. Here, where you see scattered ruins, 
 nnd stones torn from stones, and smoke in waves ascendincr 
 with mingled dust, Neptune shakes the walls and foundations 
 
B. II. 611— 630. .ENEID. I47 
 
 loosened by liis mighty trident, and overturns the whole city 
 from its basis. Here Juno, extremely fierce, is posted in the 
 front to guard the Scsean^^ gate, and girt with the sword, 
 with furious summons calls from the ships her social band. 
 Tritonian Pallas (see !) hath now planted herself on a lofty tur- 
 ret, refulgent in a cloud, and with her Gorgon" terrible. The 
 Sire himself supplies the Greeks with courage and strength 
 for victory : himself stirs up the gods against the arms of 
 Troy. Speed thy flight, my son, and put a period to thy toils. 
 In every danger I wall stand by you, and safe set you down 
 in your father's palace. She said, and hid herself in the thick 
 shades of night. Direful forms appear, and the mighty powers 
 of the gods, adverse to Troy. Then, indeed, all Ilium seemed 
 to mo at once to sink in the flames, and Troy, built by Nep- 
 tune, to be overturned from its lowest foundation : even as 
 when with emulous keenness the swains labor to fell an 
 ash that long hath stood on a high mountain, hewing it about 
 with iron and many an ax, ever and anon it threatens, and 
 waving its locks," nods with its shaken top, till gradually by 
 wounds subdued, it hath groaned its last, and toin from tho 
 ridge of the mountain, draws along with it ruin. Down I 
 come, and under the conduct of the god, clear my way amid 
 llames and foes : the darts give place, and the flames retire. 
 And now, when arrived at the gates of my paternal seat and an- 
 cient house, my father, whom I was desirous first to remove to 
 the high mountains, and whom I first sought, obstinately re- 
 fuses to prolong his life after the ruin of Troy, and to suffer exile. 
 You, says he, who are full of youthful blood, and whose powers 
 
 51 Scaean gate, one of the gates of Troj, where the tomb of LaomcdoD 
 was seen. 
 
 52 Gorgon, Medusa, whoso head Perseus cut off and presented to 
 Minerva, who placed it on her a3gis, with which she turned into stone 
 all such as fixed then* eyes upon it. The Gorgons were the three 
 daughters of Phorcys and Ceto; their hair, according to the ancients, 
 ■^vas entwined with serpents. Medusa was tho only one of them who 
 was subject to mortahty. 
 
 53 Coniam — nutat. Virgil, considering a tree in analogy to the hu- 
 man body, calls the extended boughs its arms, brachia, Georg. ii. 296, 
 308, and here its leaves, comam, hair, or locks. So also Milton, Para- 
 dise Lost, X. 1065, 
 
 -while the winds 
 
 PjIow moist and keen, shattering the graceful locks 
 Of those fair spreading trees 
 
148 ^XEID. B. II. 640— 673. 
 
 remain firm in all their strength, do you attempt your flight. 
 As for me, had the powers of heaven designed I should pro- 
 Ion o- my life, they 'had preserved to me this house : enough 
 it is, and more than enough, that I have seen one catastrophe, 
 and outlived the taking of this city. Thus, oh leave me thus 
 with the last farewell to my body laid in its dying posture. 
 With this hand will I find death myself. The enemy will 
 pity me, and lust for my spoils. Trivial is the loss of sepul- 
 ture. I have lonor since been lino-erinir out a lenofth of 
 years, hated by the gods, and useless fi*om the time when the 
 father of gods, and sovereign of men, blasted me with the 
 winds of his thunder, and struck me with lightning. 
 
 Such purpose declaring, he persisted, and remained un- 
 alterable. On th^ other hand, I, my wife Creiisa, Ascanius, 
 and the whole family bursting forth into tears, [besought] m^y 
 father not to involve all with himself, nor hasten our impend- 
 ing fate. He still refuses, and perseveres in his purpose, and 
 in the same settled position. Once more I fly to my arms, 
 and, in extremity of distress, long for death : for what expedi- 
 ent had I left, or what chance of hope ? Could you hope, sire, 
 that I could stir one foot while you were left behind? could 
 such impiety drop from a parent's lips? K it is the will of 
 the gods that , nothing of this great city be preserved ; if this 
 be your settled purpose, and you will even involve yourself 
 and yours in the wreck of Troy ; the w^ay lies open to that 
 death of which you are so fond. Forthwith Pynhus, [reek- 
 ing] from the effusion of Priam's blood, will be here, who 
 kills the son before the father's eyes, and then the father at 
 the altar. Was it for this, my benign mother, you saved me 
 through darts, through flames, to see the enemy in the midst 
 of these recesses, and to see Ascanius, my father, and Creiisa 
 by his side, butchered in one another's blood*? Arms, my 
 men, bring arms ; this day, which is our last, calls upon us, 
 vanquished as we are. Give me back to the Greeks : let me 
 visit once more the fiofht renewed : never shall we all die un- 
 revenged this day.^* 
 
 Thus I again gird on my sword : and I thrust my left hand 
 into my buckler, bracing it fitly on, and rushed out of the 
 palace. But lo ! my wife clung to me in the threshold, grasp- 
 s' Donatus quotes this line to illustrate the threatening use of " hodie," 
 m Ten Andr. i. 2, 25; ii. 4, 7, etc. So Plaut. Cure. v. 3, 11. B. 
 
B. II. 6*74—109. ^NEID. 149 
 
 ino" my feet, and held out to his father the little liilus: If, 
 [says she,] you go with a resolution to perish, snatch us with 
 you to share all : but if, from experience you repose con- 
 fidence in those arms you have assumed, let this house have 
 your first protection : To whom are you abandoning the ten- 
 der liilus, your sire, and me once called your w4fe ? Thus 
 loudly expostulating, she filled the whole palace w-ith her 
 groans, when a sudden and Avondrous prodigy arises : for amid 
 the embraces and parting words of his mourning parents, lo ! 
 the fluttering tuft from the top of lulus' head is seen to emit 
 light, and with gentle touch the lambent flame glides harmless 
 along his hair, and feeds around his temples. "We, quaking, 
 trembled for fear, brush the blazing locks, and quench the 
 holy fire M'ith fountain-water. But father Anchises" joyful 
 raised his eyes to the stars, and stretched his hands to heaven 
 with his voice ; Almighty Jove, if thou art moved with any 
 supplications, vouchsafe to regard us ; we ask no more : and 
 O sire, if by our piety we deserve it, grant us then thy aid, 
 and ratify these omens. Scarcely had my aged sire thus 
 said, when, wnth a sudden peal, it thundered on the left, and a 
 star, that fell from the skies, dra^-ing a fiery train, shot 
 through the shade with a profusion of light. We could see 
 it, gliding over the high tops of the palace, lose itself in the 
 woods of Mount Ida, full in our view, and marking out the 
 way: then all along its course an indented path shines, and 
 all the place, a great way round, smokes with sulphureous 
 steams. And now my father, overcome, raises himself to 
 heaven, addresses the gods, and pays adoration to the holy star: 
 Now, now is no delay : I am all submission, and where you 
 lead the way I am with you. Ye gods of my fathers, save 
 our family, save my grandson. From you this omen came, 
 and Troy is at your disposal. Now, son, I resign myself in- 
 deed, nor refuse to accompany you in your expedition. He said, 
 and now throughout the city the flames are more distinctly 
 heard, and the conflagration rolls the torrents of fire nearer. 
 Come then, dearest father, place yourself on my neck ; Avith 
 these shoulders will I support you, nor shall that burden op- 
 press me. However things fall out, we both shall share either 
 
 55 Anchises, the sou of Capys, by Themis, daughter of Ilus, His son 
 ^neas saved his life by carrying him on his shoulders through the 
 tlames, when Troy was on fire. 
 
150 ^NEID. B. n. 710—747. 
 
 one common cUaugor or ouo preservation : let the boy liilus be 
 my companion, and my wife may trace my steps at some dis- 
 tance. Ye servants, heedfully attend to what I say. In your 
 way from the city is a rising ground, and an ancient temple 
 of deserted Ceres ;^® and near it an aged cypress, preserved 
 for many years by the religious veneration of our forefathers. 
 To this one seat by several ways we will repair. Do you, 
 father, take in thy hand the sacred symbols, and the gods of 
 our country. For me, just come from war, from so fierce and 
 recent bloodshed, to touch them would be proftmation, till I 
 have purified myself in the living stream. This said, I spread 
 a garment and a tawny lion's hide over my broad shoulders 
 and submissive neck ; and stoop to the burthen : little liilus 
 is linked in my right hand, and trips after his father with 
 unequal steps : my spouse comes up behind. We haste away 
 through the gloomy paths : and I, whom lately no showers of 
 darts could move, nor Greeks inclosing me in a hostile band, 
 am now terrified with every breath of wind ;" every sound 
 alarms me- anxious, and equally in dread for my companion 
 and my burthen. By this time 1 approached the gates, and 
 thought I had overpassed all the way, when suddenly a thick 
 sound of feet seems to invade my ears just at hand ; and my 
 father, stretching his eyes through the gloom, calls aloud, 
 Fly, fly, my son, they are upon you : I see the burnished 
 shields and glittering brass. Here, in my consternation, some 
 imfriendly deity or other confounded and bereaved me of my 
 reason ; for while in my journey I traced the by-paths, and 
 forsake the knov>'n beaten tracks, alas! I know not whether 
 my wife Creiisa was snatched from wretched me by cruel fate, 
 or lost her way, or through fatigue stopped short; nor did 
 these eyes ever see her more. Nor did I observe that she 
 was lost, or reflect with myself, till we were come to the rising 
 ground, and the sacred seat of ancient Ceres : here, at length, 
 when all were convened, she alone was wanting, and gave 
 disappointment to all our retinue, especially to her son and 
 husband. Whom did I frantic not accuse, of gods or men ? 
 or of what more cruel scene was I a spectator in all the 
 desolation of the city ? To my fiiends I commended Ascanius, 
 
 55 i. e. neglected during the war. See Anthon. B. 
 57 Silius vi. 58, "Sonus omnis et aura Exterrent, pennaque levi com. 
 mota volucris." B. 
 
B. II. 748—781. ^NEID. 151 
 
 my father Anchises, witli the gods of Troy, and lodge them 
 secretly in a winding valley. I myself repair back to the 
 city, and brace on my shining armor. I am resolved to re- 
 new every adventure, re\dsit all the quarters of Troy, and 
 expose my life once more' to all dangers. First of all, I re- 
 turn to the walls, and the dark entiy of the gate by which I 
 had set out, and backward unravel my steps with care amid 
 the darkness, and run them over with my eye. Horror on all 
 sides, and at the same time the very silence affrights my soul. 
 Thence homeward I bent my way, lest by chance, by any 
 chance, she had moved thither : the Greeks had now rushed 
 in, and were masters of the whole house. In a moment the 
 devouring conflagration is rolled up in sheets by the wind to 
 the lofty roof; the flames mount above ; the fiery whirlwind 
 rages to the skies. I advance, and revisit Priam's -royal seat, 
 and the citadel. And now in the desolate cloisters, Juno's 
 sanctuary. Phoenix and the execrable Ulysses, a chosen guard, 
 were watching the booty : hither, from all quarters, the pre- 
 cious TrojaMf movables, saved from the conflagration of the 
 temples, the tables of the gods, the massy golden goblets, 
 and plundered vestments, arc amassed : boys, and timorous 
 matrons, stand all around in a Ioug: train. Now adventurinn; 
 even to dart my voice through the shades, I filled the streets 
 with -outcry, and in anguish, with vain repetition, again and 
 again, called on Creiisa. While I was in this search, and with 
 incessant fury ranging through all quarters of the town, the 
 mournful ghost and shade of my Creiisa's self appeared be- 
 fore my eyes, her figure larger than I had known it. I stood 
 aghast! my hair rose on end, and my voice clung to my jaws. 
 Then thus she bespeaks me, and relieves my cares with these 
 words: My darling spouse, what pleasure have you thus to 
 indulge in grief which is but madness ? These events do not 
 occur without the will of the gods. It is not allowed you 
 to carry Creiisa hence to accompany you, nor is it permitted 
 by the gi*eat ruler of heaven supreme. In long banishment ' 
 you must roam, and plow the vast expanse of the ocean : to 
 the land of Hesperia you shall come, where the Lydian" 
 Tiber, with his gentle current, glides through a rich land of 
 
 53 Lydian Tiber ; the epithet is applied to the Tiber, because it passes 
 along the borders of Etruria, whose inhabitants were once a Lydian 
 colony. 
 
152 ^NEID. B. II. 782—804. III. 1—8. 
 
 heroes. There, prosperous state, a crown, and royal spouse, 
 await you : dry up your tears for your beloved Creiisa. I, of 
 Dardanus' noble line, and the daughter-in-law of divine Venus, 
 shall not see the proud seats of the Myrmidons and Dolopes, 
 nor go to serve the Grecian dames ; but the great mother of 
 the gods detains me upon these coasts. And now farewell, and 
 preserve your affection to our common son. 
 
 With these words she left me in tears, ready to say many 
 things, and vanished into thin air. There thrice I attempted 
 to throw my arms around her neck; thrice the phantom, 
 grasped in vain, escaped my hold, swift as the winged winds, 
 and resembhng most a fleeting dream. Thus having spent 
 the night, I at length revisit my associates. And here, to my 
 surprise, I found a great confluence of new companions : mat- 
 rons, and men, and youths, "drawn together to share our exile, 
 a piteous throng ! From all sides they convened, resolute [to 
 follow me] with their souls and fortunes, and whatever coun- 
 try I was inclined to conduct them over the sea. By this time, 
 the bright morning star was rising on the craggy tops of lofty 
 Ida, and ushered in the day : the Greeks held the entrance of 
 the gates blocked up; nor had we any prospect of relief. 
 I gave wiy, r.n:l bearing up my father, made toward the 
 mountii'n. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 In the Third Book, jEne.as continues his narration, "by a niinnte aecount of 
 his voyage, the places he visited, and the perils he encountered, from the 
 time o"f leaving the shores of Troas, until he landed at Drepanum, in 
 Sicily, where he buried his fother. — This Book which comprehends a 
 period of about seven years, ends with tho dreadful storm, with the de- 
 scription of which the First Book opened. 
 
 After, it had seemed fit to the gods to overthrow the power 
 of Asia, and Priam's race, undeserving [of such a fate], and 
 stately Ilium fell, and while the whole of Troy, built by Nep- 
 tune, smokes on the ground ; we are determined, by revelations 
 from the gods, to go in quest of distant retreats in exile, and 
 unpeopled lands ; we fit out a fleet just under the walls of 
 Antandros^ and the mountains of Phrvsfian Ida; and draw 
 our forces together, uncertain whether the Fates point our way, 
 where it shall be given us to settle. Scarcely had the first 
 
 1 Antandros, a city of Troas. in the Culf of Adramyttluirv. 
 
B. III. 9—40. ^NEID. "if. 3 
 
 summer begun, when my father Ancliises gave command io 
 hoist the sails, in accordance with the Fates. Then with tears 
 I leave the shores and ports of my country, and the plains 
 where Troy once stood : an exile I launch forth into the deep, 
 with my associates, my son, my household gods, and the great 
 gods [of my country]. 
 
 At a distance lies a martial land, peopled throughout its 
 wide-extended plains (the Thracians cultivate the soil), over 
 which in former times fierce Lycurgus''' reigned : an ancient 
 hospitable retreat for Troy, and whose gods vfere leagued with 
 ours, while fortune was with us. Hither I am carried, and 
 erect my first Avails along the winding shore, entering with 
 Fates unkind ; and from my own name I call the citizens 
 ^^neades. I was performing sacred rites to my mother Venus, 
 and the gods, the patrons of my works begun ; and to the ex- 
 alted king of the immortals I was sacrificing a sleek bull on 
 the shore. Near at hand there chanced to be a rising ground, 
 on whose top w^re young cornel-trees, and a myrtle rough 
 with thick spear-like branches. I came up to it, and attempt- 
 ing to tear from the earth the verdant wood, that I might 
 cover the altars with the leafv bouofhs, I observe a dreadful 
 prodigy, and wondrous to relate. Por from that tree which 
 first is torn from the soil, its rooted fibers beinsf burst asunder, 
 drops of black blood distill, and stain the ground with gore : 
 cold terror shakes my limbs, and my chill blood is congealed 
 with fear. I again essay to tear ofl:' a limber bough from an- 
 other, and thoroughly explore the latent cause : and from the 
 rind of that other the purple blood descends. Raising in my 
 mind many an anxious thought, I with reverence besought the 
 rural nymphs, and father Mars, who presides over the Thra- 
 cian territories, kindly to prosper the vision' and avert evil 
 from the omen. But when I attempted the boughs a third 
 time with a more vigorous effort, and on my knees struggled 
 against the opposing mold (shall I speak, or shall I forbear ?) 
 a piteous groan is heard from the bottom of the rising ground, 
 and a voice sent forth reaches my ears : _^neas, why dost thou 
 
 2 Lycurgus, a king of Thrace, son of Drj-as, who, it is said, drove 
 Bacchus out of his kingdom. 
 
 3 For "visa," which is used in the same phrase by SiUus, viii. 1S4. 
 Ducan. 1. 635. On the myrtle-tomb of Polydore, compare Auson. 
 Epitaph. Her. x\x. 
 
154 • -ENEID. r>. in. 41—63. 
 
 tear an unhappy wretcli ? Spare me, now that I am in my 
 grave ; forbear to pollute with guilt thy pious hands : Troy 
 brought me forth no stranger to you ; nor is it from the trunk 
 this blood distills. Ah, liy this barbarous land, fly the ava- 
 licious shore ! For Polydore* am I : here an iron crop of 
 darts hath overwhelmed me, transfixed, and over me shot up in 
 pointed javelins. Then, indeed, depressed at heart with per- 
 l)lexing fear, I was stunned ; my hair stood on end, and my 
 voice clung to my jaws. This Polydore unhappy Priam had 
 formerly sent in secrecy, with a great weight of gold, to be 
 brought up by the king of Thrace, when he now began^ to 
 distrust the arms of Troy, and saw the city with close siege 
 blocked up. He, as soon as the power of the Trojans were 
 crushed, and their fortune gone, espousing Agamemnon's in- 
 terest and victorious arms, breaks every sacred bond, assas- 
 sinates Polydore, and by violence possesses his gold. Cur£e:1 
 thirst of gold, to what dost thou not drive the hearts of men ! 
 After fear left my bones, I report the portents of the gods to 
 our chosen leaders, and chiefly to my father, and demand what 
 their opinion is. All are unanimous to quit that accursed 
 land, abandon the polluted society, and spread the sails to the 
 winds. Therefore we renew funeral ceremonies to Polydore, 
 and a large mound of earth is heaped up for the toml3 : an 
 altar is reared to his manes, mournfully decked with lead- 
 en-colored wreaths and gloomy cyjDress ; and round it the 
 Trojan matrons stand with hair disheveled, according to cus- 
 tom. AVe offer the sacrifices of the dead, bowls foaming with 
 warm milk, and goblets of the sacred blood : we give the soul 
 repose in the grave, and with loud voice address to him the 
 last farewell.® 
 
 4 Polydorus, the youngest son of Priam and Hecuba, was assassinated 
 by Polymnestor, king of Thrace, who had been intrusted with the care 
 of the young prince. 
 
 5 Eur. Hec. ii. h'\ el nor' 'Uuov reixv Treaot. I need scarcely refer 
 the reader to the whole passage. B. 
 
 6 I have illustrated this custom in my notes on Eurip. Alcest. 610, 
 Ausonius Parent. 159, 10, "Voce ciere animas funeris iustar habet. 
 
 Gaudent compositi cineres sua nomina dici Nomine ter dicto, prene 
 
 sepultus erit." On the funeral offerings here described, see my notes 
 on ^3ch. Pers. p. 83, ed. Bohn. Statins, Theb. vi. 209, " Spumantesque 
 mero pateree verguntur, et atri Sanguinis, et rapti gratissima cymbia lac- 
 tis." Alcceus Mess, in Brunck. AnnaL i. p. 490, ical rucpov vxpuaavro 
 yuXaKTi 6^ TTOiuevec ah/uv 'Ei'tpavav, ^av6u> jil^uuevol fxD.iri. B. 
 
B. III. 69— 101. J3NEID. 155 
 
 This done, when first we durst confide in the main, when 
 the winds present peaceful seas, and the south wind in soft 
 whispering gales invites us to the deep, my mates launch the 
 ships and crowd the shore. We are wafted from the port, and 
 the land and cities retreat. 
 
 Amid the sea there lies a charming spot of land, sacred 
 to [Doris] (the mother of the Nereids), and ^gean Neptune ; 
 which once w^andering about the coasts and shores, the pious 
 god who wields the bow fast bound with high Gyaros^ and 
 Mycone, and fixed it so as to be habitable, and mock the 
 winds. Hither I am led : this most peaceful island receives us 
 to a safe port after our fatigue. At landing we pay vener- 
 ation to the city of Apollo. King Anius,® both king of men 
 and priest of Phoebus, his temples bound with lillets and 
 sacred laurel, comes up, and presently recognizes his old friend 
 Anchises. We join right hands in amity, and come under his 
 roof. I venerated the temple of the god, a structure of ancient 
 stone [and thus began] : Thymbra3au Apollo, grant us, after 
 all our toils, some fixed mansion ; grant us walls of defense, 
 ofispring, and a permanent city : preserve those other towers 
 of Ti'oy, a remnant left by the Greeks and merciless Achilles. 
 Whom are we to follow ; or whither dost thou bid us go ? 
 where fix our residence ? Father, grant us a prophetic sign, 
 and glide into our minds. Scarcely had I thus said, when sud- 
 denly all seemed to tremble, both the temple itself, and laurel 
 of the god ; the whole mountain quaked around, and the sanc- 
 tuary being exposed to view, the tripod moaned. In humble 
 reverence we fall to the ground, and a voice reaches our ears : 
 Ye hardy sons of Dardanus, the same land which first pro- 
 duced you from your father's stock, shall, receive you in its 
 fertile bosom after all your dangers ; search out your ancient 
 mother. There the family of ^neas shall rule over every 
 coast, and his children's children,, and they who from them 
 shall spring. 
 
 Thus Phoebus. Emotions of great joy, with mingled tu- 
 mult, arose ; and all were seeking to know what city is de- 
 signed ; whither Phoebus calls us wandering, and walls us to 
 
 7 Gyaros and Mycone, tvv^o of the islands called the Cyclades, in tho 
 -^gean Sea. 
 
 " Anius, the sou of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos, and father 
 of Andrus. 
 
156 ^NEID. B. III. 102— 127. 
 
 return. Then my father, revolving the historical records of 
 ancient heroes, says. Ye leaders, give ear, and learn v,\mt you 
 have to hope for. In the middle of the sea lies Crete, the 
 island of mighty Jupiter, where is IMount Ida, and the nursery 
 of our race. The Cretans inhabit a hundred mighty cities, 
 most fertile realms : whence our mighty ancestor Teucrus, if 
 I rifjhtly remember the tradition, first arrived on the Rhoetean 
 coasts,^ and chose the seat of his kingdom. No Eium then 
 nor towers of Pergamus'" were raised ; in the deep vales they 
 dwelt. Hence came mother Cybele, the patroness of the earth, 
 and the brazen cymbals of the Corybantes,' ' and the Idssan 
 grove ; hence that faithful secrecy in her sacred rites : and 
 harnessed lions were yoked in the chariot of her queen. Come, 
 then, and, where the commands of the gods point out our way, 
 let us follow ; let us appease the winds, and seek the Gnossian 
 realms. Now lie they at the distance of a long voyage : pro- 
 vided Jove be with us, the third day will land our fleet on the 
 Cretan coast. 
 
 This said, he offered the proper sacrifices on the altars, a 
 bull to Neptune, a bull to thee, O fair Apollo : a black sheep 
 to the Winter, and a white one to the propitious zephyrs. A 
 report flies abroad, that leader Idomeneus'^ banished, hath 
 quitted his paternal kingdom, and that the shore of Crete is 
 deserted ; that its mansions are free from the enemy, and 
 palaces stand forsaken. We leave the port of Ortygia,'^ and 
 scud along the sea : we cruise along Naxos (on whose mount- 
 ains the "Bacchanals revel), green Donysa/* Olearos, snowy 
 Paros, and the Cyclades scattered up and down the main, and 
 narrow seas thick-sown with clustered islands. With various 
 
 9 Rhoetean coasts ; Trojan coasts, from Rhoeteum, a promontory of 
 Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the body of Ajax was buried. 
 1" Pergamus, the citadel of Troy, often used for Troy itself. 
 
 11 Corybantes, the priests of Cybele. 
 
 12 Idomeneus, kiug of Crete, the son of Deucalion. Having left Crete 
 after his return from the Trojan war, he came to Itah-, and founded the 
 city of Salentum on the coast of Calabria. 
 
 13 Ortygia, an ancient name of the island of Delos, where was a famous 
 temple and oracle of Apollo. Naxos, a celebrated island of the ^gean 
 Sea, the largest and most fertile of all the Cyclades. 
 
 14 Donysa, one of the Cyclades famed for producing green marble, as 
 Paros was for white marble. Olearos (Antiparos), one of the Cyclades, 
 south-west of Paros. Cyclades. islands in the ^gean Sea, about fifty in 
 number, encircling Delos. 
 
n. III. 128—162. .EXEID. 157 
 
 omulation the seamen's shouts arise. The crew animate one 
 another : For Crete and our ancestors let us speed our course. 
 A wind springing up astern, accompanies us on our way, and 
 we at length skim along to the ancient seats of the Curetes. 
 Therefore, with eagerness, I raise the walls of the so-much- 
 wished for city, and call it the city of Pergamus ; and I exhort 
 my colony, pleased with the name, to love their hearths, 
 and erect turrets on their roofs. And now the ships were 
 mostly drawn up on the dry beach : the youth were engaged 
 in their nuptials and new settlements : I was beginning to 
 dispense laws and appropriate houses ; when suddenly, from 
 the infection of the climate, a wasting and lamentable plague 
 seized our limbs, the trees, and corn ; and the year was 
 pregnant with death. Men left their sweet lives, or dragged 
 along their sickly bodies : at the same time the dog-star 
 burned up the barren fields : the herbs were parched, and the 
 unwholesome grain denied us sustenance. My father ad- 
 \'ises, that, measuring back the sea, we again apply to the 
 oracle of Ortygia, and Apollo, and implore his grace, [to 
 know] what end he will bring to our forlorn state ; whence ho 
 will bid us attempt a redress of our calamities, whither turn 
 our course. 
 
 It was night, and sleep reigned over all the animal world. 
 The sacred images of the gods, and the tutelar deities of 
 Phrygia, whom I had brought with me from Troy and the 
 midst of the flames, were seen to stand before mv eves while 
 slumbering,''^ conspicuous by a glare of light, where the full 
 moon darted her beams through the inserted windows. Tlien 
 they thus [seemed to] address me, and dispel my cares with 
 these words : What Apollo would announce to you, were you 
 wafted to Ortygia, he here reveals, and ' lo ! unasked, he sends 
 us to your dwelling. We, after Troy was consumed, followed 
 thee and thy arms ; under thy conduct we have crossed the 
 swelling sea in ships ; we, too, will exalt thy future race to 
 heaven, and give imperial power to thy city. Do thou prepare 
 walls mighty for mighty inhabitants, and shrink not from 
 the long labors of thy voyage. You must change your 
 place of residence : these are not the shores that Delian Apollo 
 advises for you ; nor was it in Crete he commanded you to 
 
 '■' I read " iu somnis/' not " insomnis." See Anthon. B. 
 
158 ^NEID. B. III. 1G3— 195. 
 
 ■ — settle. There is n place (the Greeks call it Ilesperia by name), 
 an ancient country, powerful in arms and fertility of soil : the 
 CEaotrians peopled it once ; now there is a report, that their 
 descendants have called the nation Italy, from the founder's 
 name. These are our proper settlements •. hence Dardanus 
 sprang, and father Iasius,'° from which prince our race is de- 
 rived. Haste, arise, and with joy report to thy aged sire these 
 intimations of unquestionable credibility : search out Coritus^^ 
 and the Ausonian lands ; Jupiter forbids thee the Cretan ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 Astonished by this vision and declaration of the gods (nor- 
 was that a sound sleep, but methought I clearly discerned their 
 aspect before me, their fillet-bound locks, and their forms full 
 in my view ; then a cold sweat flowed over my whole body) ; 
 I snatch my frame from the couch, and lift up my hand supine 
 to heaven with my voice, and pour hallowed offerings on the 
 fires. Having finished the sacrifice, with joy I certify Anchises, 
 and disclose the fact in order. He recognized the double 
 stock, and the double founders [of the Trojan race], and 
 that he had been deceived by a modern mistake respecting 
 ancient countries ; then he thus bespeaks me : My son, prac- 
 ticed in woe by the fates of Troy, Cassandra alone predicted 
 to me that such was to be our fortune. Nov/ I recollect that 
 she foretold this should be the destiny of our race, and 
 that she often spoke of Hesperia, often of the realms of Italy. 
 But who could believe that the Trojans were to come to the 
 Hesperian shore ? or Avhom then did the prophetic Cassandra 
 influence ? Let us resign ourselves to Phoebus, and, since 
 we are better ad\dsed, let us follow. He said ; and, exulting, 
 vre all obey his orders. This realm we likewise quit, and, 
 leaving a few behind, unfurl our sails, and bound over the 
 spacious sea in our hollow barks. 
 
 When the ships held possession of the deep, and no land is 
 any longer in view, sky all around, and ocean all around ; then 
 an azure rain-cloud stood over my head, bringing on night and 
 wintery storm ; the waves grew rough in the gloom ;^* the winds 
 
 IS lasius, a son of Jupiter and Electra, and brother to Dardanus ; he 
 Was one of the Atlantides, and reigned over part of Arcadia. 
 
 17 Coritus (Cortona), a town and mountain of Etruria, so called from 
 Coritus, a king of Etruria, father to lasius. 
 
 1^ Compare Pacuvius, " Inhorrescit mare, teucbrrc conduplicantur, noc- 
 tisque et nuhium occcecat nigror.'' B, 
 
B IIL 19G— 227. ^XEip. 159 
 
 overturn tlie sea, and mig-lity surges rise : we are tossed to and 
 fro on the f^ice of the boiling deep : clouds enwrapped the day, 
 and humid night snatched the heavens [from our view-] ; from 
 the bursting clouds flashes of lightning redouble. We are 
 driven from our course, and wander in unknown waves. Pa- 
 linurus'^ himself owns he is unable to distinguish day and 
 night by the sky, and that he has forgotten his course in the 
 mid sea. Thus for three days, that could hardly be distin- 
 guished by reason of the dark clouds, as many starless nights, 
 w^e wander up and down the ocean. At length, on the fourth 
 day, land was first seen to rise, to disclose the mountains from 
 afar, and roll up smoke : the sails are lowered, we ply hard 
 the oars ; instantly the seamen, with exerted vigor, toss up the 
 foam, and sweep the azure deep. 
 
 The shores of the Strophades^" first receive me rescued from 
 the waves. The Strophades, so called by a Greek name, are 
 islands situated in the great Ionian Sea ; which direful Celseno"' 
 and the other Harpies inhabit, from what time Phineus' palace 
 was closed against them, and they were frighted from his table, 
 which they formerly haunted. No monster more fell than they, 
 no plague and scourge of the gods more cruel, ever issued from 
 the Stygian waves. They are fowls with virgin faces, mosi 
 loathsome is their bodily discharge, hands hooked, and looks 
 ever pale with famine. Hither conveyed, as soon as we en- 
 tered the port, lo ! we observe joyous herds of cattle roving 
 up and down the plains, and flocks of goats along the meadows 
 without a keeper. We rush upon them with our swords, and 
 invoke the gods and Jove himself to share the booty. Then 
 along the winding shore we raise the couches, and feast on the 
 rich repast. But suddenly, with direful swoop, the Harpies 
 are upon us from the mountains, shake their wing-s with loud 
 din, prey upon our banquet, and defile eveiy thing with their 
 
 19 Palinurus, a skillful pilot of the ship of yEneas. He fell overboard 
 while asleep, and after being three days exposed to the tempests, he 
 reached the shore near Velia, a town of Lucania, when he was murdered 
 by the inhabitants. A promontory, on which a monument was raised to 
 him, received the name of Palinurus. 
 
 2" Strophades (Stamphane), two small islands in the Ionian Sea, south 
 of the island of Zacynthos (Zante). 
 
 21 Celaeno, one of the Harpies : these were fabulous monsters, with 
 wings, three in number, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were 
 sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phmeus, king of Thrace, whence 
 they were driven to the Strophades, where -^.neas found them. 
 
160 iENEID. n. iii. 228—257. 
 
 touch : at the same time, together with a rank smell, hideous 
 screams arise. Again we spread our tables in a long recess, 
 under a shelving rock, inclosed around with trees and gloomy 
 shade ; and once more avo plant fire on the altar. Again the 
 noisy crowd, from a di tie rent quarter of the sky, and obscure 
 retreats, flutter around the prey with hooked claws, taint our 
 viands with their mouths. Then I enjoin my companions to 
 take arms, and wage w^ar with the horrid race. They do no 
 othenvise than bidden, dispose their swords secretly among the 
 grass, and conceal their shields out of sight."'^ Therefore, 
 as soon as stooping dow^n they raised their screaming voices 
 along the bending shores, Misenus" with his hollow trumpet 
 of brass gives the signal from a lofty place of observation : my 
 friends set upon them, and engage in a new kind of fight, to 
 employ the sword in destroying obscene sea-fowls. But they 
 neither suffer any violence on their plumes, nor wounds in the 
 body ; and, mounting up in the air with rapid flight, leave 
 behind them their half-eaten prey, and the ugly prints of 
 their feet. Celaeno alone alighted on a high rock, the proph- 
 etess of ill, and from her breast burst forth these words : 
 War too, ye sons of Laomedon, is it your purpose to make 
 war for our oxen which you have slain, for the havoc you 
 have made upon our bullocks, and to banish the innocent 
 Harpies from their hereditary kingdom ? Lend them an ear, 
 and in your minds fix these my words : what the almighty 
 Sire revealed to Phoebus, Phcebus Apollo to me, I the chief of 
 the furies disclose to you. To Italy you steer your course, and 
 Italy you shall reach after repeated invocations to the winds, 
 and you shall be permitted to enter the port : but you shall 
 not surround the given city with walls, till dire famine and 
 disaster, for shedding our blood, compel you first to gnaw 
 around and eat up your tables''* with your teeth. 
 
 22 Cf. Silius IX. 99, "condit membra occultata." B. 
 
 23 Misenus was a son of ^olus, and the trumpeter of Hector, after 
 whose death he followed iEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast 
 of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. 
 
 24 The sense of this prediction is seen from its accomplishment in the 
 Seventh Book, verse 116. This is not merely poetical invention, it was 
 an historical tradition, related by Dionysius and Strabo, that ^neas had 
 received a response from an oracle, foretelling that, before he came to his 
 settlement in Italy, he should be reduced to the necessity of eating his 
 trenchers. Varro savs he got it from the oracle of Dodona. Virgil put* 
 
B. III. 258—285. ^NEID. 161 
 
 She said, and on her wings upborne flew into the wood. 
 As for my companions, their blood, chilled with sudden fear, 
 stagnated : their minds sunk : and now they are no longer for 
 arms, but urge me to solicit peace by vows and prayers, 
 whether they be goddesses, or cursed and inauspicious birds. 
 My father Anchises, with hands spread forth from the shore, 
 invokes the great gods, and enjoins due honors to be paid 
 them : Ye gods, ward off these threatenings ; ye gods, avert 
 so great a calamity ; and propitious save your pious votaries. 
 Then he orders to tear the ropes from the shore, loose and dis- 
 eno-ao-e the cables. The south wands stretch our sails : wo 
 fly over the foaming weaves, where the wind and pilots urged 
 our course. Now amid the waves appear woody Zacynthos,"^ 
 Dulichium, Same, and Neritos, with its steep rocks. We 
 shun the cliffs of Ithaca,"" Laertes' realms, and curse the land 
 that bred the cruel Ulysses. Soon after this the cloudy tops 
 of Mount Leucate,*^ and [the temple of] Apollo, the dread of 
 seamen, open to our view. Hither we steer our course op- 
 pressed with toil, and aipproach the little city. The anchor 
 is thrown out from the prow : the ships are ranged on the 
 shore. Thus at length possessed of wished-for land, we both 
 perform a lustral sacrifice to Jupiter, and kindle the altars in 
 order to perform our vows, and signalize the promontory of 
 Ac.ium^® by celebrating the Trojan games. Our crew, hav- 
 ing their naked limbs besmeared with slippery oil, exercise 
 the wrestling matches of their country : it delights us to have 
 escaped so many Grecian cities and pursued our voyage 
 through the midst of our enemies. 
 
 Meanwhile the sun finishes the revolution of the great year, 
 and frosty winter exasperates the waves with the north winds. 
 
 this prophecy in tho mouth of the harpies, as being both suitable to their 
 nature, and more apt to raise surprise when coming from them, 
 
 23 Zacynthos, etc. These are islands in the Ionian Sea, on the western 
 coast of Greece. Zacynthos is now called Zante. Dulichium was part 
 of the kingdom of Ulysses. Same, now called Cephalonia, the inhabit- 
 ants of which went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. Neritos, a mount- 
 ain in the island of Ithaca, often applied to the whole island. 
 
 25 Ithaca, an island in the Ionian Sea, where Ulysses reigned. 
 
 27 Leucate (Cape Ducato),-a high promontory of Leucadia (St. Maura), 
 an Island in the Ionian Sea, where was a famous temple of Apollo. 
 
 23 Actium (Azio), a town, and (Cape Figalo) a promontory of Epirus, 
 celebrated for the naval victory of Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra, 
 
 B. C. 31. 
 
102 iENEID. B. III. 28 G— 317. 
 
 On the front door-posts [of tlie temple] I set up a Luckier of 
 hollow brass, which mighty Abas wore, and notify the action by 
 this verse : " These arms -^neas [won] from the victorious 
 Greeks." Then I ordered [our crew] to leave the port, and 
 take their seats on the benches. They with emulous ardor 
 lash the sea, and sweep the waves. In an instant we lose 
 sight of" the airy towers of the Phseacians, cruise along the 
 coast of Epirus, and enter the Chaonian port, and ascend the 
 lofty city of Buthrotus.^*^ Here a report of facts scarce cred- 
 ible invades our ears, that Helenus,^^ Priam's son, was reign- 
 ing over Grecian cities, possessed of the spouse and scepter of 
 Pyrrhus, the grandchild of JEacus, and that Andromache had 
 again fallen to a lord of her own country. I was amazed, and 
 my bosom glowed with strange desire to greet the hero, and 
 learn so signal revolutions of fortune. I set forward from the 
 port, leaving the fleet and shore. Andromache, as it chanced, 
 was then offering to [Hector's] ashes heii anniversary^* feast 
 and mournful oblations before the city in a grove, near the 
 stream of the fictitious Simois, and- invoked the manes at 
 Hector's tomb ; an empty tomb which she had consecrated of 
 green turf, and two altars, incentives to her grief. As soon 
 as she sav/ me comina* ud, and to her amazement beheld the 
 Trojan arms around me, terrified with a prodigy so great, she 
 stiffened at the very sight ; vital warmth forsook lier limbs : 
 she sinks down, and at length, after a long interval, with fal- 
 tering, accent speaks : Goddess-born, do you present yourself 
 to me a real form, a real messenger ? Do you live ? or, if 
 from you the benignant light has fled, where is Hector? She 
 said, and shed a flood of tears, filling all the place with cries. 
 To her, in this transport, I with difficulty make even a brief 
 reply, and in great perturbation open my mouth in these few 
 broken words: I am alive indeed, and spin out life through 
 all extremes. Doubt not ; for all you see is real. Ah ! what 
 accidents of life have overtaken you, since you were thrown 
 
 29 So KpvTzreiv is elegantly used in Greek. Plat. Protag. TO, devyeiv 
 elg TO Tzelayog, diroKpv^pavra yfjv. See Herndorf's note. B. 
 
 3° Buthrotus (Butrinto), a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corfu. 
 
 31 Helenus, a celebrated soothsayer, the only one of Priam's sons who 
 Burvived the ruin of his country ; he was king of Chaonia when he re- 
 ceived ^neas on his way to Italy. 
 
 32 So Scrvius. In the same manner Kara hog enaarov. Thucyd. iii, 
 58. B'. 
 
B. III. 318—349. iENEID. 1G3 
 
 down from [the possession of] your illustrious lord ? or wliat 
 fortune, some way suited to your merit, hath visited you once 
 more ? Is then Hector's Andromache bound in wedlock to 
 Pyrrhus ? Downward she cast her eyes, and thus in humble 
 accents [spoke] : O happy, singularly happy, the fate of Priam's 
 virgin-daughter, who, compelled to die at the enemy's tomb 
 under the lofty walls of Troy, suffered not in ha^dng any lots 
 cast for her, nor as a captive ever touched the bed of a victor 
 lord ! We, after the burning of our country, being trans- 
 ported over various seas, have in thraldom borne with a mo- 
 ther's throes the insolence of Achilles' heir, and a haughty, 
 imperious youth ; who afterward, attaching himself to Her- 
 mione," the granddaughter of Leda, and a Lacedsemonian 
 match, delivered me over a slave into the possession of a slave, 
 Helenus. But Orestes,^* inflamed by the violence of love to 
 his betrothed snatched from him, and hurried on by the Furies 
 of his crimes, surprises him in an unguarded hour, and assas- 
 sinates him at his paternal altar. By the death of Neoptole- 
 nms, a part of his langdom fell to Ilelenus ; who denominated 
 the plains Chaonian, and the whole country Chaonia, from the 
 Trojan Chaon, and built on the mountains [another] Perga- 
 mus and this Trojan fort. But what winds, what fates, have 
 guided your course ? or what god hath landed you on our 
 coasts without your knowledge ? What is become of the boy 
 Ascanius ? Lives he still, and breathes the vital air ? whom 
 to your care, when Troy was Has the boy now any con- 
 cern for the loss of his mother ? Is he incited, by both his 
 father JEneas and liis uncle Hector, to ancient valor and 
 manly courage ? 
 
 Thus bathed in tears she spoke, and heaved long unavailing 
 eobs ; when the hero Helenus, Priam's son, advances from the 
 city with a numerous retinue, knows his friends, with joy 
 conducts them to his palace, and sheds tears in abundance 
 between each vrord. I set forward, and survey the little 
 
 33 Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen, was married to 
 Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), the son of Achilles ; but having been previously- 
 promised to Orestes, Pyrrhus was assassinated, when she became the 
 wife of Orestes. 
 
 34 Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, and the faithful friend of Pylades. 
 Having slain his mother Clytemnestra and her paramour Egisthus, because 
 they had murdered his father, Orestes was tormented by the Furies, and 
 exiled Iximself to Argos, the throne of which he afterward filled. 
 
X64 ^NEID. E. III. 350—317. 
 
 Troy, the castle of Pergamus resembling the great original, 
 and a scanty rivulet bearing the name of Xanthus ; and I 
 embrace the threshold of a Scsean gate. The Trojans too, at 
 the same time, enjoy the friendly city. The king entertained 
 them in his spacious galleries. In the midst of the court 
 they quaffed brimmers of wine, while the banquet was served 
 in gold, and each stood with a goblet in his hand. 
 
 And now one day, and a second, passed on, when the gales 
 innate our sails, and the canvas bellies by the swelling south 
 wind. In these words I accost the prophet, [Helenus,] and 
 question him thus : Son of Troy, interpreter of the gods, who 
 hnowest the divine will of Phoebus, the tripods, the laurels 
 of the Clarian" god; who knowest the st£^rs, the ominous 
 sounds of birds, and the prognostics of the swift wing,'' come, 
 declare (for [liitherto the omens of] religion have pronounced 
 my whole voyage to be prosperous, and all the gods, by their 
 divine will, have directed me to go in pursuit of Italy, and 
 attempt a settlement in lands remote : the Harpy Celseno 
 alone predicts a prodigy strange and horrible to relate, and 
 denounces direful vengeance and foul famine) whai^ are tha 
 principal dangers I am to shun ? or by the pursuit of what 
 means may I su^-mount toils so great ? Upon this Helenus 
 first solicits the peace of the gods by sacrificing bullocks in 
 due form, then unbinds the fillets of his consecrated head, 
 and himself leads me by the hand to thy temple, O Phoebus, 
 anxious with great awe of the god ; then the priest, from his 
 lips divine, delivers these predictions : Goddess-born (for that 
 you steer through the deep under some higher auspices, is un- 
 questionably evident ; so the sovereign of the gods dispenses 
 his decree ; thus he fixes the series of revolving events ; such 
 a scheme of things is coming to its accomplishment), that you 
 may with greater safety cross the seas to which you are a 
 
 ■^ 3^ Clarian god, a name of Apollo, from Claros, a city of Ionia, whera 
 he had a famous temple and oracle. 
 
 36 Volucrum linguas, et prapetis omina penna?. Some birds were snb- 
 Eervient to divination by the sounds they uttered, and these were called 
 '" Oscines;" of which kind were the crows, ravens, etc. Hor. iii. Carm. 
 Ode xxvii. 2, 
 
 Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo 
 Solis ad ortu. 
 
 Others, again, answered the same end by their manner of flying, txnd 
 were called '• Pro-petes."' 
 
D. III. 373— 410. .EXEID. 165 
 
 stranger, and settle in the Ausonian port, I will unfold to you 
 a few particulars of many ; for the Destinies" prevent you 
 from knowing the rest, and Saturnian Juno forbids Helenus 
 to reveal it. First of all, a long intricate voyage, with a 
 length of lands, divides [you from] Italy, which you unwit- 
 tingly deem already near, and wdiose ports you are preparing 
 to enter, as if just at hand. You must both ply the bending 
 oar in the Trinacrian w^ave, and visit with your fleet the 
 plains of the Ausonian Sea, the infernal lakes, and the isle of 
 iEsean Circe, before you can build a city in a quiet, peaceful 
 land. I will declare the signs to you : do you keep them 
 treasured up in your mind. When, thoughtfully musing by 
 the streams of the secret river, you shall find a large sow that 
 has brought forth a litter of thirty young, reclining on the 
 ground, under the holms that shade the banks, white [the 
 dam], the offspring white around her dugs : that shall be the 
 station of tlie city ; there is the period fixed to thy labors. 
 Nor be disturbed at the future event of eating your tables : 
 the Fates will find out an expedient, and Apollo invoked will 
 befriend you. But shun those coasts, and those nearest Hmits 
 of the Italian shore, which are washed by the tide of our sea : 
 all those cities are inhabited by the mischievous Greeks. Hero 
 the Narycian Locrians have raised their walls, and Cretan 
 fdomeneus with his troops has possessed the plains of Salen- 
 tum : here~stands that little city Petilia, defended by the walls 
 of Philoctetes^* the Meliboeau chief. [Remember] also (when 
 your fleet, ha^ang crossed the seas, shall come to a station, 
 and you shall pay your vows at the altar raised on the shore) 
 to cover your head, muffling yourself in a purple vail, lest 
 the face of an enemy, amid the sacred fires in honor of the 
 gods, appear, and disturb the omens. This custom, in sacri- 
 fice, let your friends, this yourself observe ; to this religious 
 institution let your pious descendants adhere. But when, 
 after setting out, the wind shall waft you to the Sicilian coast, 
 
 37 The Destinies, or Fates, deities who presided over the birth and 
 the hfe of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
 Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, or, according to others, of Jupiter 
 and Themis. 
 
 3^ Philoctetes, the son of Poean, king of Meliboea in Thessaly. After 
 his return from the Trojan war, he settled in Italy, where he built the 
 town of Petiha (Strongoh) in Calabria. 
 
160 ^NEID. B. III. 411~447c 
 
 and the straits of narrow Pelorus^^ shall open wider to the 
 eye, veer to the land on the left, and to the sea on the left, by 
 a long circuit ; fly the right both sea and shore. These lands, 
 they say, once with violence and vast desolation convulsed, 
 (such revolutions a long* course of time is able to produce), 
 slipped asunder ; when in continuity both lands w^(5re one, the 
 sea rushed impetuously between, and by its waves tore the 
 ItaUan side from that of Sicily ; and with a narrow frith runs 
 between the fields and cities separated by the shores. Scylla 
 guards the right side, implacable Charybdis^° the left, and thrice 
 with the deepest eddies of its gulf swallows up the vast billows, 
 headlong in, and again spouts them out by turns high into the 
 air, and lashes the stars with the waves. But Scylla a cave 
 confines within its dark recesses, reaching forth her jaws, and 
 sucking in vessels upon the rocks. First she presents a human 
 form, a lovely virgin down to the middle ; her lower parts are 
 those of a hideous sea-monster, with the tails of dolphins 
 joined to the wombs of wolves. It is better Avith delay to 
 coast round the extremities of 'Sicilian Pachynus,''^ and steer 
 a long winding course, than once to behold the misshapen 
 Scylla under her capacious den, and those rocks that roar 
 with her sea-green dogs. Further, if Helenus has any skill, 
 if any credit is due to him as a prophet, if Apollo stores his 
 mind with truth, I will give you this one previous admonition, 
 this one, O goddess-born, above all the rest, and I will incul- 
 cate it upon you again and again : Be sure you, in the first 
 place, with supplications worship great Juno's divinity ; to Juno 
 cheerfully address your vows, and overcome the powerful queen 
 with humble offerings : thus, at length, leaving Trinacria, 
 you shall be dismissed victorious to the territories of Italy. 
 When, wafted thither, you reach the city Cumae, the hallowed 
 lakes, and Avernus resounding through the woods, you will 
 9se the raving prophetess, who, beneath a deep rock, reveals 
 the fates, and commits to the leaves of trees her characters 
 and words. Whatever verses the virgin has inscribed on the 
 leaves, she ranges in harmonious order, and leaves in the 
 cave inclosed by themselves : uncovered they remain in their 
 
 39 Pelorus (Cape Peloro), one of the three principal promontories of 
 Sicily, separated from Italy by the straits of Messina. 
 
 4" Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite 
 Scylla, on the coast of Italy. 
 
 4' Pachynus (Cape Passaro), the south-eastern promontory of Sicily. 
 
B. m. 448— iSl. yENEID. 167 
 
 position, nor recede from their order. But Avlien, upon 
 turning the hinge, a small breath of wind has blown upon 
 them, and the door [by opening] hath discomposed the tender 
 leaves, she never afterward cares to catch the verses as they 
 are fluttering in the hollow cave, nor to recover their situation, 
 or join them together. Men depart without a response, and 
 detest the Sibyl's'*' grot. Let not the loss of some time there 
 seem of such consequence to you (though your friends chide, 
 and your voyage strongly in\^te your sails into the deep, and 
 you may have an opportunity to fill the bellying canvas with 
 a prosperous gale), as to hinder you from visiting the proph- 
 etess, and earnestly entreating her to deliver the oracles 
 herself, and vouchsafe to open her lips in vocal accents. She 
 will declare to you the Italian nations, and your future wars, 
 and by what means you may shun or sustain each hardship ; 
 and, with reverence addressed, will give you a successful voy- 
 age. These are all the instructions I am at liberty to give 
 you. Go then, and by your achievements raise mighty Troy 
 to heaven. Which words when the prophet had thus with 
 friendly voice pronounced, he next orders presents to be 
 carried to the ships, heavy with gold and ivory ; and witliin 
 the sides of my vessel stows a large quantity of silver plate, 
 and caldrons of Dodonean brass, a mail thick set wnth rings, 
 and wrought in gold of triple tissue, together with the cone 
 and waving crest of a shining lielmet, aruis which belonged 
 to Neoptolemus : my father too has proper gifts conferred on 
 him. He gives us horses besides, and gives us guides. He 
 supplies us with rowers, and at the same time furnishes our 
 crew with arms. Meanwhile iVnchises gave orders to equip 
 our fleet with sails, that we might not be late for the favor- 
 ing gale. AYhom the interpreter of Apollo accosts with much 
 respect ; Anchises, honored with the illustrious bed of Venus, 
 thou care of the gods, twice snatched from tlie ruins of Troy, 
 lo ! there the coast of Ausonia lies before you ; thither speed 
 your way with full sail : and yet you must needs steer your 
 course beyond. That part of Ausonia which Apollo opens Hes 
 remote. Go, says^he, happy in the pious duty of your son : why 
 do I further insist, and by my discourse retard the rising gales ? 
 
 42 The Sibyls were certain women supposed to be inspired, who flour- 
 ished in different parts of the world. According to Yarro, the number 
 of the Sibyls was ten, of whom the most celebrated was that of Cumse 
 in Italv. 
 
168 JENEID. B. III. 482— 5! 7. 
 
 In like maimer Adromaclie, giieved at our final departure, 
 brings forth for Ascanius vestments wrought in figures of 
 gold, and a Phiygiau cloak ; nor falls short of his dignity :*' 
 she loads him also T\'ith presenti- of her labors in the loom, 
 and thus addresses him, Take these too, my child, which may 
 be memorials to you of my handiwork, and testify the per- 
 manent aifection of Andromache, the spouse of Hector : ac- 
 cept the last presents of thy friends. O image, which is all 
 that I have now left of my Astyauax ! just such eyes, such 
 hands, such looks he showed ; and now of equal age with you, 
 would have been blooming into youth. I, with tears in my 
 eyes, thus addressed them at parting : Live in felicity, ye 
 whose fortune is now accomplished : we are summoned fi'om 
 fate to fate. To you tranquillity is secured ; no expanse of 
 sea have you to plow, or to pursue the ever-retreating lands 
 of Ausonia. You behold the image of Xanthus, and the Troy 
 which your own hands have built : Heaven grant it be with 
 happier auspices, and be less obnoxious to the Greeks. K 
 ever I shall enter the Tiber, and the lands that border on the 
 Tiber, and view the walls allotted to my race, we will here- 
 after make of our kindred cities an allied people, [yours] in 
 Epirus, [and mine] in Italy, who have both the same founder, 
 Dardanus, and the same fortune ; [we will, I say, make] of 
 both one Troy, in cfood-will. Be this the future care of our 
 posterity. 
 
 We pursue our voyage near the adjacent Ceraunian mount- 
 ains ; whence lies our way, and the shortest course by sea to 
 Italy. Meanwhile the sun goes down, and the dusky mount- 
 ains are wrapped up in shade. On the bosom of the wished- 
 for earth we throw ourselves down by the waves, having 
 distributed the oars by lot, and all along the diy beach we re- 
 fresh our frames [with food] ; sleep difiuses its dews over our 
 weary limbs. Night, driven by the hours, had not yet reached 
 her mid-way course, when Palinurus springs alert from his 
 bed, examines every wind, and lends his ears to catch the 
 breeze. He marks every star gliding in the silent sky, Arc- 
 turus, the rainy Hyades, and the two northern Bears, and 
 throws his eyes round Orion armed with gold. After having 
 
 43 i. e. " her presents are such as his merits deserve." Scaunis, as 
 we learn from Servius, read "honore," which certainly seems more 
 simple. B. 
 
e. III. 518—553. ^NEID. 1G9 
 
 seen all appearances of settled weather in the serene sky, he 
 gives the loud signal from the stern : we decamp, attempt our 
 voyage, and expand the wings of our sails. And now the 
 stars being chased away, blushing Aurora appeared, when far 
 off we espy the hills obscure, and lowly Italy. Italy ! Achates 
 first called aloud; Italy the crew with joyous acclamations 
 hail. Then father Anchises decked a capacious bowl with a 
 garland, and filled it up with wine ; and invoked the gods, 
 standing on the lofty stern : Ye gods who rule sea, and land, 
 and storms, grant us a prosperous voyage by the wind, and 
 breath propitious. The wished-for gales begin to swell ; and 
 now the port opens nearer to our view, and on a height ap- 
 pears the temple of Minerva. Our crew furl the sails, and 
 turn about their prows to the shore. Where the wave breaks 
 from the east, the port bends into an arch ; the jutting chffs 
 foam with the briny spray ; [the port] itself lies hidden : two 
 turret-like rocks stretch out their arms in a double wall, and 
 the temple recedes from the shore. Here, on the grassy 
 meadow, I saw, as our first omen, four snow-white steeds 
 grazing the plain at large. And father Anchises [calls out], 
 War, O hospitable land, thou betokenest ;** for war steeds are 
 harnessed ; war these cattle threaten : but yet, the same quad- 
 rupeds having long been used to submit to the chariot, and 
 in the yoke to bear the peaceful reins, there is hope, also, of 
 peace, he says. Then we address our prayers to the sacred 
 majesty of Pallas, with clashing arms arrayed, who first re- 
 ceived us elated with joy ; and before her altars we vailed our 
 lieads with a Phrygian vail ; and according to the instructions 
 of Helenus, on which ho laid the greatest stress, in due form 
 we offer up to Argivo Juno the honors enjoined. Without 
 delay, as soon as we had regularly fulfilled our vows, wo turn 
 about the extremities of our sail-yards, and quit the abodes 
 and suspected territories of the sons of Greece. Next is seen 
 the bay of Tarentum, sacred to Hercules, if report be true ; 
 and the Lacinian*^ goddess rears herself opposite : the towers 
 of Caulon*'' [also appear], and Scylaceum in&mous for ship- 
 
 "^1 Cf! Mn. iv. 840, " tristia omnia portans." Petron. § 124, "iucendia 
 portat." See also Westerhov. on Ter. Andr. i. 1, 46. B. 
 
 45 Lacinian goddess ; that is, Juno Lacinia, who had a celebrated tem- 
 ple near Crotona, a city of Calabria in Italy. 
 
 'IS Caulon and Scylaceum (Squillace), both towns of Calabria, south 
 t»f Crotona. 
 
 8 
 
170 aENEID. r. III. 554— 588. 
 
 wrecks. Then, far from the waves, is seen Trinacrian ^tna ; 
 and from a distance we hear a loud o-rowhng of the ocean, 
 the beaten rocks, and the murmurs of breakers on the coast : 
 the deep^' leaps up, and sands are mingled with the tide. And, 
 [says] father Anchises, Doubtless this is the famed Chary bdis ; 
 these shelves, these hideous rocks Helenus foretold. Rescue 
 us, my friends, and with equal ardor rise on your oars. They 
 do no otherwise than bidden; and first Palinurus whirled 
 about the creaking 2:)row to the left waters. The whole crew, 
 with oars and sails, bore to the left. We mount up to heaven 
 on the arched gulf, and down again we settle to the shades 
 below, the wave having retired. Thrice the rocks bellowed 
 iimid their hollow caverns ; thrice we saw the foam dashed up, 
 and the stars drenched with its dewy moisture. 
 
 Meanwhile the wind Avhen the sun forsook us spent with 
 toil ; and not knowing our course, we near the coasts of the 
 Cyclops. The port itself is ample, and undisturbed by the 
 access of the winds ; but, near it, jEtna thunders wdtli horri- 
 ble ruins, and sometimes sends forth to the skies a black cloud, 
 ascending in a pitchy whirlwind of smoke and glowing em- 
 bers ; throws up balls of flame, and kisses the stars : some- 
 times, belching, hurls forth rocks and the shattered bowels of 
 the mountain, and with a rumbling noise wreaths aloft the 
 molten rocks, and boils up from its lowest bottom It is said 
 that the body of Enceladus," half . consumed with lightning, is 
 pressed down by this pile, and that cumbrous 2Etna, laid 
 above him, spouts forth flames from its burst furnaces; and 
 that, as often as he shifts his weary side, all Trinacria," w^ith 
 a groan, inly trembles, and overshades the lieavens with smoke. 
 Lying that night under covert of the woods, we suflfer from 
 those hideous prodigies; nor see what cause produced the 
 sound. For neither was there the light of the stars, nor was 
 the sky enlightened by the starry firmament ; but gloom was 
 over the dusky sky, and a night of extreme darkness muffled 
 up the moon in clouds. 
 
 And now the next day with the first dawn was rising, and 
 
 => " Vada" must not be rendered "shallows." See Hejne. B. 
 
 CP Enceladus, the son of Titan and Terra, and the most powerful of all 
 the giants, who conspired against Jupiter. According to the poets, he was 
 struck with Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under Mount .^tna. 
 
 49 Trinacria, an ancient name of the Island of Sicily, from its thrco 
 promontories. 
 
\ 
 
 B. in. 589—626. ^NEID. 
 
 171 
 
 Aurora had dissipated the humid shades from the sky ; when 
 suddenly n strauge figure of a man unknovvn to us, emaciated 
 to the last degree, and in a lamentable plight, stalks from the 
 woods, and, with the air of a supphant, stretches forth his 
 hands to the shore. We look back : he was in horrid filth, 
 his beard overgrown,^" his garment tagged with thorns ; but, 
 in all besides, he was a Greek, and had formerly been sent to 
 Troy accompanying the aims of his country. As soon as he de- 
 scried our Trojan dress and arms, struck with terror at the 
 sight, he paused awhile, and stopped his progress : a moment 
 after, rushed headlong to the shore with tears and prayers. I 
 conjure you, [says he,] by the stars, by the powers above, by 
 this celestial light of life, ye Trojans, snatch me hence ; con- 
 vey me to any climes whatever, I shall be satisfied. It is true, 
 I am one who belonged to the Grecian fleet, and, I confess, 1 
 bore arms against the walls of Troy : for which, if the demerit 
 of my crime be so heinous, scatter my hmbs on the waves, 
 and bury them in the vast ocean. If I die, I shall hayp the 
 satisfaction of dying by the hands of men. He said, and clasp- 
 ing our knees, and wallowing [on the ground], clung to our 
 knees. We urge him to tell who he is, of what family born ; 
 and next to declare what fortune pursues him. My father 
 Anchises frankly gives the youth his right hand, and re-assures 
 his mind by that kind pledge. At length, fear removed, ho 
 thus begins : I am a native of Ithaca ; a companion of the un- 
 fortunate Ulysses, Achaemenides my name. I went to Troy, 
 ray father Adamastus being poor, but would that my state of 
 life had remained as it was : Here, in the huge den of the 
 Cyclop, my unmindful companions deserted me, while in con- 
 sternation they fled from his cruel abodes. It is an abode of 
 gore and bloody banquets, gloomy within, and vast ; [the Cy- 
 clop] himself, of towering height, beats the stars on high, (ye 
 gods, avert such a pest from the earth I) fiercely scowling in 
 his aspect, and inaccessible to every mortal : he feeds on the 
 entrails and purple blood of hapless wretches. I myself be- 
 held, when, having grasped in his rapacious hand two of our 
 number, as he lay stretched on his back in the middle of the 
 cave, he dashed them against the stones, and the bespattered 
 pavement floated with their blood : I beheld, when he ground 
 
 5'' Cf. Sisenna apud Non. ii. 471, " Complures menses barba immisaa, 
 et intonso capillo." B. 
 
172 ^NEID. E. III. 627— 661. 
 
 their meiuLevs distilling black gore, and tlieir tliiobbing limbs 
 quivered under liis teeth.^' Not with impunity, it is true ; such 
 barbarity Ulysses suftered not [to pass unrevenged], nor was 
 the prince of Ithaca forgetful of himself in that critical hour. 
 For as soon as, glutted with his banquet, and buried in wine, 
 he reposed his reclined neck to rest, and lay at his enormous 
 length along the cave, disgorging blood in his sleep, and gob- 
 bets intermixed with gory wine ; we, having implored the 
 great gods, and distributed our several parts by lot, pour in 
 upon him on all hands at once, and with our pointed javelins 
 bore out the huge single eye which was sunk under his lower- 
 ing front, like a Grecian buckler, or the orb of Phoebe ; and 
 at length we joyfully avenge the manes of our friends. But 
 fly, ah wretches ! fly, and tear the cables from the shore. For 
 such and so vast Polyphemus" [is, who] pens in his hollow 
 cave the fleecy flocks, and drains their dugs, a hundred other 
 direful Cyclops commonly haunt these winding shores, and 
 roam on the lofty mountains. The horns of the moon are now 
 niiino- up w'itii lig^^^' for the third time, while in these woods, 
 among the desert dens cind holds of wild beasts, I linger out 
 my life, and descry from the rock the vast Cyclops, and quake 
 at the sound of their feet and voice. The berries and the 
 stony cornels, which the branches supply, form my wretched 
 sustenance, and the herbs feed me with their plucked-up roots. 
 Casting my eyes around on every object, this fleet I espied 
 first steering to the shore ; to it I was resolved to give up my- 
 self, whatever it had been ; it suflices me that I have escaped 
 from that horrid crew. Do you rather destroy this life by 
 any sort of death. Scarcely had he spoken this, when on 
 the summit of the mountain we observe the shepherd Poly- 
 phemus himself, stalking with his enormous bulk among his 
 flocks, and seeking the shore, his usual haunt ; a horrible 
 monster, misshapen, vast, of sight deprived. The trunk of a 
 pine guides his hand, and makes firm his steps ; his fleecy 
 sheep accompany him ; this is his sole delight, and the solace 
 of his distresses : [from his 7ieck his lohistle hangs.^'^~\ After 
 
 51 The reader may compare Horn. Od. I. 288; Eur. Cycl. 3t9 sqq. ; 
 Ovid Met. xiv. 205 sqq. B. 
 
 52 Polyphemus, a son of Neptune, and king of the Cyclops, lie is 
 represented as a monster of great strength, with one eye in the middle 
 of the forehead, which Ulysses put out as he was asleep. 
 
 5^ A spurious attempt to fill up the verso. B. 
 
B. m. 662— C94. ^NEID. 1V3 
 
 he touched the deep floods, and arrived at the sea, he therewith 
 washes away the trickling gore from his quenched orb, gnash- 
 ing his teeth wdth a groan : and now he stalks through the 
 midst of the sea, while the waves have not yet wetted his 
 gigantic sides. We, in consternation, hasten our flight far 
 from that shore, ha\dng received our suppliant, who thus 
 merited our favor ; we silently cut the cable, and bending for- 
 ward, sweep the sea with struggling oars. He perceived, and 
 at the sound turned his steps. But when no opportunity is af- 
 forded him to reach us with his eager grasp, and he is unable 
 in pursuing us to equal the Ionian waves, he raises a prodigious 
 yell, wherewith the sea and every wave deeply tremljed, and 
 Italy, to its utmost bounds, was affrighted, and ^tna bel- 
 lowed through its winding caverns. Meanwhile the race of 
 the Cyclops, roused from the w^oods and lofty mountains, rush 
 to the port, and crowd the shore. We perceive the ^tnean 
 brothers, standing side by side in vain, with lowering eye, bear- 
 ing their heads aloft to heaven ; a horrid assembly : as when 
 aerial oaks, or cone-bearing cypresses, Jove's lofty wood, oi 
 Diana's grove, together near their towering tops. Sharp fear 
 impels our crew to tack about to any quarter whatever, and 
 spread their sails to any favorable wind. On the other hand, 
 the commands of Helenus warn them not to continue their 
 course between Scylla and Charybdis, a path which borders on 
 death on either hand : our resolution [therefore] is, to sail back- 
 ward. 
 
 And lo ! the north-wind sent from the narrow seat of Pelorus 
 comes to our aid. I am wafted beyond the mouth of Panta- 
 gia,'^ formed of natural rock, the bay of Megara, and low-lying 
 Tapsus. These Achajmenides, the associate of accursed Ulysses, 
 pointed out to us, as backward he cruised along the scenes of 
 his wanderings. 
 
 Before the Sicilian bay outstretched lies an island opposite 
 to rough Plemmyrium ;^^ the ancients cahed its name Orty. 
 gia." It is said, that Alpheus, a river of Elis, hath hither 
 
 54 Pantagia, a small but rapid river on the eastern coast of Sicilj, be- 
 tween Catana and Syracuse. Tapsus, a peninsula in the bay of Megara, 
 north of Syracuse. 
 
 55 Plemmyrium, a promontory in the bay of Syracuse. 
 
 56 Ortygia, a small island within the same bay, in which was the celo' 
 brated fountain Arethusa. 
 
174 yENEID. E. III. 695— 715. 
 
 worked a secret clianiiel under the sea ; which, by thy mouth, 
 
 Arethusa, is now blended with the SiciHan waves. AVe 
 Tcnerate the great divinities of the place, as commanded ; and 
 thence I pass the too luxuriant soil of the overflowing Helo- 
 rus." Hence we skim along the high cliflfs and prominent 
 rocks of Pachynus ; and at a distance appears Camarina, by 
 fate forbidden to be ever removed ; the Geloian plains and 
 huge Gela, called by the name of the river. Next lofty Acra- 
 gas^^ shows from far its stately walls, once the breeder of 
 generous steeds. And thee, Selinus, fruitful in palms, I leave, 
 by means of the given winds ; and I trace my way through 
 the shallows of Lilybeum,^'* dangerous through its hidden 
 rocks. Hence the port and joyless coast of Drepanum receive 
 me. Here, alas ! after being tossed by so many storms at sea, 
 
 1 lose my sire Anchises, my solace in every care and suffer- 
 ing. Here thou, best of fathers, whom in vain, alas ! I saved 
 from so great dangers, forsakest me spent with toils. Neither 
 prophetic Helenus, when he gave me many fearful warnings, 
 nor dire Celseno, predicted to me this mournful stroke. This 
 was my finishing disaster, this the termination of my long 
 tedious voyage. Parting hence, a god directed me to your 
 coasts. 
 
 Thus father ^neas, while all sat attentive, alone recounted 
 the destiny allotted to him by the gods, and gave a history of 
 his voyage. He ceased at length, and, having here finished 
 his relation, rested. 
 
 57 Helorus (Abisso), a river of Sicil\^, south of Syracuse, which over- 
 flowed its banks at certain seasons. Camarina, a lake, and Gela, a city 
 on the southern coast of Sicily. 
 
 53 Acragas, called also Agrigentum (Girgenti), a celebrated city of 
 Sicily, built on a mountain of the same name. Selinus, a city in the 
 south-west of Sicily, the vicinity of which abounded with palm-trees. 
 
 59 Lilybeum (Cape Boee), one of the three famous promontories of 
 Sicily. Drepanum (Trapani), a town on the western coast of Sicily, 
 near Mount Erix, where Anchises died. 
 
B. IV. 1—23, ^.NEID. 175 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 In the Fourtli Book, Queen Dido becomes deeply enamored of ^neas, to 
 whom she proffers her hand and her crown ; but, on finding him deter- 
 mined, in obedience to the command of the gods, to leave Carthage, rage 
 and despair took possession of the unhappy queen. At last, the sudden 
 departure of iEueas led to the fatal catastrophe of her death, by her own 
 hand, on the funeral pile which she had erected. 
 
 But llie queen, long since pierced with painful care, feeds the 
 wound in her veins, and is consumed by unseen flames.^ The 
 many virtues of the hero, the many honors of his race, recur 
 to her thouirhts : his looks and words dwell fixed in her soul : 
 nor does care allow calm rest to her limbs. Returning Aurora 
 now illuminated the earth with the lamp of Phoebus, and had 
 chased away the dewy shades from tlie sky, when she, hall- 
 frenzied, thus addresses lier sympathizing sister : Sister Anna, 
 what dreams terrify and distract my mind ! What think you 
 of ^ this wondrous guest who has come to our abodes ? In mien 
 how graceful he appears ! in manly fortitude and warlike deeds 
 how great! I am fully persuaded (nor is my belief ground- 
 less) that he is the ofi'spring of the gods. Fear argues a de- 
 generate mind. Ah ! by what fatal disasters has he been 
 tossed ! what toils of war he sang, endured to the last !^ Ilad 
 I not been fixed and steadfast in my resolution, never to join 
 myself to any in the bonds of wedlock, since my first love by 
 death mocked and disappointed me ; had I not been thoroughly 
 tired of the marriage-bed and nuptial torch, to this one frailty 
 I might perhaps give way. Anna (for I will own it), since 
 the decease of my unhappy spouse Sichseus, and since the house- 
 hold gods were stained with his blood shed by a brother, this 
 [stranger] alone has warped my inclinations, and interested 
 my wavering mind : I recognize the symptoms of my fonner 
 flame. But sooner may earth from her lowest depths yawn 
 for me, or the almighty Sire hurl me by his thunder to the 
 shades, the pale shades of Erebus and deep night, than I vio- 
 late thee, modesty, or break thy laws. He who first linked 
 
 1 Cf. Aristenet. Ep. ii. 5, iKiSoGKerai yap jue rig uvep^rjVEvroQ ddvvTj. B. 
 
 2 Davidson has better expressed the force of this Greek construction 
 than Anthon. Cf. Soph. Ant. 1 ; El. 328 ; ^sch. Ch. 8. B. 
 
 3 Literally, " drained to the dregs." Cf. ^n. x. 57. B. 
 
176 -(ENEID. E. lY. 28— CO. 
 
 me to himself hatli borne away my affectioD ; may lie possess 
 it still, and retain it in his grave. This said, she filled her 
 bosom with trickling tears. Anna replies : O dearer to your 
 sister than the light, will you thus in mournful solitude waste 
 your bloom of youth, nor know the dear delights of children, 
 the rewards of love ? Think you that ashes and the buried 
 dead care for that V "What though no lovers moved you before, 
 when your sorrows were green, either in Libya, or before in 
 Tyre? what though larbas' was shghted, and other princes 
 whom Afric, fertile in triumphs, maintains ? Will you also re- 
 sist a flame which you approve ? Will you not reflect in whose 
 country you now reside? Here the Getulian^ citieSj_ a race 
 imanciblo in war, unrestrained Numidians, and inhospitable 
 quicksands, inclose you round; there, a region by thirst 
 turned into a desert, and the wide-raging Barcasans. Why 
 should I mention the kindling wars from Tyre, and the men- 
 aces of your brother? It was surely, I think, imder the 
 auspices of the gods, and by the favor of Juno, that ^ the Tro- 
 jan ships steered'their course to this our coast. O sister, how 
 flourishing shall you see this city, how potent your kingdom 
 rise from such a match ! By what high exploits shall the Car- 
 thaginian glory bo advanced, Avhen the Trojan's arms join 
 them ! Do thou but supplicate the fovor of the gods, and, 
 having performed propitiating rites, indulge in hospitahty, 
 and devise one pretense after another for detsining [your 
 guest], while winter's fury rages on the sea, and Orion charged 
 with rain; while his ships are shattered, and the sky is in- 
 clement. 
 
 By this speech she fanned the fire of love kindled in Dido's 
 breast, buoyed up her wavering mind with hope, and banished 
 her scruples. First to the temples they repair, and by sacri- 
 fice the peace of heaven implore: to Ceres the lawgiver, to 
 Phoebus, and to father Bacchus, they offer ewes of the age of 
 two years, according to custom; above all to Juno, whoso 
 province is the nuptial tie. Dido herself, in all her beauty, 
 
 * Petron. § iii. " Id cineres, aut manes eredis sepultos sentire _?" B. 
 
 5 larbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, and king of Getulia, from 
 whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He was a lover of the 
 queen at the time iEneas came to Carthage. 
 
 <5 Getulians, Numidians, etc., the inhabitants of countries in Northern 
 Africa, now Algiers, Barbary, etc. 
 
E. IV. 61—100. ^NEID. 1T7 
 
 holding in her right hand the cup, pours it between the horns 
 of a white heifer : or before the images of the gods in solemn 
 pomp around the rich-loaded altars walks, renews one offering 
 after another all the day long, and, gaping over the disclosed 
 breasts of the victims, consults their panting entrails. Alas ! 
 how ignorant the minds of seers ! what can prayers, what can 
 temples, avail a raging lover ? The gentle flame preys all the 
 while 'upon her vitals, and the secret wound rankles in her 
 breast. Unhappy Dido burns, and frantic roves over all the 
 town ; like a wounded deer, whom, off her guard, a shepherd 
 pursuing with his darts has pierced at a distance among the 
 Cretan woods, and unknowingly [in the wound] hath left the 
 winged steel : she flpng bounds over the Dictaean woods and 
 glades : the fatal shaft "sticks in her side. Now she conducts 
 ^neas through the midst of her fortifications ; shows him both 
 the treasures brought from Tyre, and her new city : she begins 
 to speak, and stops short in the middle of a word. When day 
 dechnes, she longs to have the same banquets renewed ; and, 
 fond even to madness, begs again to hear the Trojan disasters, 
 and again hangs on the speaker's lips. Now, when they had 
 severally retired, while the fading moon in her alternate course 
 withdraws her light, and the setting stars invite sleep, she 
 mourns alone in the desert hall, presses the couch which he had 
 Meft, and in fancy hears and sees the absent hero ; or, captivated 
 with the father's image, hugs Ascanius in her bosom, if possibly 
 she may divert her unutterable love. The towers which were 
 begun cease to rise ; her youth practice not their warlike ex- 
 ercises, nor prepare ports and bulwarks for war ; the works and 
 the huge battlements on the walls, and the engines that mate 
 the skies, are discontinued. 
 
 Whom when Jove's beloved wife perceived to be thus pos- 
 sessed, with the bhghting passion, and that even sense of honor 
 could not resist its rage,"Saturnia thus artfully addresses Venus : 
 Distinguished praise, no doubt, and ample spoils, you and your 
 boy carry off, high and signal renown, if one Avoman is over- 
 come by the wiles of two deities. ;N or am I quite ignorant, 
 that you apprehend danger from our wails, and view the struc- 
 tures of lofty Carthage "with a jealous eye. But w^here Avill 
 all this end ? or what do we now propose by such hot conten- 
 tion ? Why do not we rather promote an eternal peace, and 
 nuptial contract? You have your whole sour^ Je^re'. DUlo 
 
178 .^NEID. B. IV. 101— 129. 
 
 burns with love, and lias sucked the fury into her very bones. 
 Let us therefore rule this people in common, and under equal 
 sway ; let Dido be at liberty to bind herself in wedlock to a 
 Trojan lord, and into thy hand deliver over the Tyrians by way 
 of dowry. 
 
 To whom Venus (for she perceived that she spoke with an 
 insincere mind, with a design to transfer the seat of empire 
 from Italy to the Libyan coasts) thus in her turn began : 
 Who can be so mad as to reject these terms, and rather choose 
 to engage in war with you, would fortune but concur with the 
 scheme which you mention ? But I am driven to an uncertainty 
 by the Fates, [not knowing] whether it be the will of Jupiter 
 that the Tyrians and Trojans should dwell in one city, or if he 
 will approve the union of the two nations, and the joining of 
 alhance. You are his consort : to you it belongs by entreaty 
 to work upon his mind. Lead you the way ; I will follow. 
 Then imperial Juno thus replied ; That task be mine : mean- 
 while (mark my words) I Avill briefly show by what means our 
 present design may be accomplished, ^neas and most un- 
 happy Dido are preparing to hunt together in the forest, soon 
 as to-morrow's sun shall have brought forth the early dawn, 
 and enlightened the world with his beams. While the [bright- 
 Imed] plumage flutters,' and they inclose the thickets with 
 toils, I will pour on them from above a blackening storm of 
 rain with mingled hail, and with peals of thunder make heav- 
 en's whole frame to shake. Their retinue shall fly different 
 ways, and be covered with a dark night [of clouds]. " Dido and 
 the Trojan prince shall repair to the same cave : there will I 
 be present, and, if I have your firm consent, I will join them 
 in the lasting bonds of wedlock, and consecrate her to be his for- 
 ever. The god of marriage® shall be there. Venus, without 
 any opposition, agreed to her proposal, and smiled at the fraud 
 she discovered. 
 
 Meanwhile Aurora rising left the ocean. Soon as the beams 
 
 ' This is the proper meaning of " ala?." Cf. Ovid. Met. i. 106. In 
 hunting, nets were drawn around a considerable space, within wliich the 
 beasts were tlriven. In order to scare them thither, a number of bright- 
 colored feathers were hung to strings at a httle distance, called tho 
 "formido." It was chiefly employed in hunting deer. Cf. Ulit. on 
 G-ratius Cyneg. 77 and 85. B. 
 
 Hymen, the god of marriage, was the son of Bacchus and Tenu^ 
 or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the Muses. 
 
B. IV. 130— 157. .ENEID. IVO 
 
 of day sliot forth, the chosen youth issue through the gates : 
 the fine nets, the toils, the broad-pointed hunting spears, the 
 Massyhan" horsemen, and a pack of quick-scented hounds, 
 pour forth together. Before the palace-gate the Carthaginian 
 nobles await the queen lingering in her alcove : her steed, 
 richly caparisoned with purple and gold, ready stands, and 
 fiercely champs the foaming bit. At length she comes at- 
 tended by a numerous retinue, attired, in a Sidonian chlamys "^ 
 with embroidered border : she has a quiver of gold ; her 
 tresses are tied in a golden knot ; a golden buckle binds up her 
 purple robe. The Trojan youth, too, and sprightly liilus, 
 accompany the procession, ^neas himself, distinguished in 
 beauty above all the rest, mingles with the retinue, and adds 
 his train to hers : as when Apollo, leaving Lycia,^" his winter -^ 
 seat, and the streams of Xanthus, revisits his mother's island 
 Delos, and renews the dances : the Cretans, Dry opes," and 
 painted Agathyrsi,^' mingle their acclamations around his 
 altars : he himself moves majestic on Cynthus' top, and ad- 
 justing his waving hair, crowns it with a soft wreath, and in- 
 folds it in gold ; his arrows rattle on his shoulders. With no 
 less active grace JEneas moved ; such comeliness shines forth 
 in his matchless mien. Soon as they reached the high mount- 
 ains, and pathless lairs, lo ! from the summit of the craggy 
 cliff the wild goats dislodged skip down the rocks : on the 
 other side the stags scour along the open plains, and gather 
 together in flight their dust-covered squadrons, and forsake 
 the mountains. Now the boy Ascanius delights in his 
 sprightly courser through the inclosed vales ; and now these, 
 
 ^ The Massyliana, a warlike people of Mauritania in Africa, near 
 Mount Atlas : when they went on horseback, they never used saddles 
 or bridles but only sticks. 
 
 ^^ As Dido is before compared to Diana, Mn. i. 498, so ^neas here to \ 
 Apollo, the brother of Diana. It was a common opinion, that the gods 
 at certain times of the year changed their places of residence ; and Ser- 
 vius says it was firmly believed that Apollo gave responses at Patara, a 
 city of Lycia, during the six months of winter, and at Delos in the sum- 
 mer months. Hence Apollo is called Delius and Patarcus, Hor. Carm. 
 iii. 4, 62. 
 
 qui Lycise tenet 
 
 Dumeta, natalemque silvam, 
 Delius et Patareus Apollo. , 
 
 " Dryopes, a people of Greece, in the vicinity of Mount (Eta and 
 Parnassus. 
 
 ^"^ Agathyrsi. an effeminate nation of Scythia. 
 
180 ' ^NEID. ^. IT. 158—190. 
 
 now those lie outrides, and devoutly -wishes that a foaming boar 
 would cross his way amid the feeble flocks, or a tawny liou 
 descend from the mountain. 
 
 Meanwhile the air begins to be disturbed with loud raurmur- 
 ings ; a deluge of rain with mingled hail succeeds. And here 
 and there the Tyrian train, the Ti'ojan youth, and Venus' 
 grandchild of Dardanian line, for fear sought difterent shelters 
 through the fields. Whole livers from the mountains come 
 pouring down. Dido and the Trojan prince repair to the 
 same cave. [Then] first the Earth, and Juno who presides 
 over marrii-ge, gave the signal : lightnings flashed, the sky 
 was a witness to the alliance, and the nymphs were heard to 
 shriek on the mountain tops. That day first proved the 
 source of death, the source of woes : for [now] Dido is neither 
 influenced by appearance or character, nor is she now studious 
 to carry on clandestine love : she calls it marriage : she vails" 
 her guilt under that name. 
 
 Forthwith Fame^^ through the populous city of Libya runs : 
 Fame, than whom no pest is more swift, by exerting her 
 agility grows more active, and acquii'es strength on her way : 
 small at first through fear ; soon she shoots up into the skies, 
 and stalks along the ground, while she hides her head among 
 the clouds. Parent Earth, enraged by the vengeance of the 
 gods, produced her the youngest sister, it is said of Coeus, and 
 Enceladus, swift to move with feet and persevering wings : a 
 monster hideous, immense ; who (wondrous to relate !) for as 
 many plumes as are in her body, numbers so many wakeful 
 eyes beneath, go many tongues, so many babbling m6uths, 
 pricks up so many listening ears. By night, through the mid 
 region of the sky, and through the shades of earth, she flies 
 buzzing, nor inclines her eyes to balmy rest. Watchful by 
 day, she perches either on some high house-top, or on lofty 
 turrets, and fills mighty cities with dismay ; as obstinately 
 bent on falsehood and iniquity as on reporting truth. She 
 then, delighted, with various rumors filled the people's ear, 
 and uttered facts and fictions indifterently ; [namely,] that 
 
 "More literally, " she weaves ovorlier fault with this title." D'Orville 
 on Chariton, p. 82, compares Ovid Her. v. 131, " vim licet appelles, et 
 culpam nomine veles." Aristoph. Pint. 159, bvoytari 'nepiTreTovoi rfjv 
 /loxdijpiav. 
 
 " Fame was worshiped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and 
 generally represented blowing a trumpet, etc. 
 
B. IV. 191—216. ^NEID. 181 
 
 ^neas, sprung from Trojan blood, had arrived, wliom Dido, 
 with all her charms, vc|ichsafed to wed ; that now in reveling 
 with each other they enjoyed the winter, throughout its length, 
 unmindful of their kingdoms, and enslaved by a base passion. 
 
 With such news the foul goddess fills the mouths of the 
 people. To king larbus straight she turns her course; in- 
 flames his soul by her rumors, and aggravates his rage. This 
 larbus, the son of Amnion by the ravished nymph Gara- 
 mantis, raised to Jove a hundred lofty temples within his 
 extensive realms, a hundred altars ; and there had he conse- 
 crated the wakeful fire, with a sacred watch to keep eternal 
 guard, a piece of ground, fattened with victims' blood, and 
 the gates adorned with wreaths of various flowers. He, 
 maddened in soul, and inflamed by the bitter tidings, is said, 
 before the altars, amid the very presence of the gods, to have 
 [thus] importunately addressed Jupiter in suppliant form 
 with uplifted hands : Almighty Jove, to whom the Maurusian 
 race, that feast on painted couches, now honor thee with a 
 libation of wine, seest thou these things? or do wo vainly 
 dread thee, when thou, O father ! dartest thy thunder-bolts i 
 and are those lightnings in the clouds that terrify our mindr, 
 blind and fortuitous, and do they mingle mere idle sounds? 
 A wandering woman, who hath built in our dominions a small 
 city [on a spot] she purchased ; to whom we assigned a tract 
 of shore for tillage, and upon whom we imposed the laws of 
 the country, hath rejected our proflered match, and hath taken 
 ^neas into her kingdom for her lord : and now this other 
 jParis,'' with his unmanly'" train, bound under the chin with 
 a Lydian cap,'' and with his locks bedewed [with odors], en- 
 
 ^^ He calls ^Eneas Paris, both to denote him effeminate, and a ravisher, 
 one who had carried off from him that princess whom he looked upon as 
 tiis property, and thought he had a right to marry. In allusion to which 
 rape, he says at the end of the sentence, rapto potitur. 
 
 ^^ Is said in allusion to the manner of the Phrygians, who were grc^t 
 u'orshipers of the goddess Cybele, whose priests were eunuchs. 
 
 *^ Ma20nian or Lydian miter, a sort of bonnet wore by the Lydian and 
 Phrygian women, a part of dress which would have been quite infamous 
 in a man, especially when it had the redimicula or fillets, wherewi*. it 
 was tied under the chin, mentura subnexus : 
 
 Vobis picta croco et fulgent! murice vestis ; 
 
 "Desidia3 cordi; juvat indulgere choreis; 
 
 Et tunicae manicas et habent redimicula nitra3 : 
 
 vere Phrygia3, neque enim Phryges ! Mtx. \x. 14. 
 
182 jENEID. B. IV. 217—247. 
 
 joys tlie ravished prize : [this we hav« deserved forsooth,] be- 
 cause T\-e bring offerings to thy temples, and cherish an idle 
 glory.^« 
 
 AVhilc in such terms he addressed his prayer, and grasped 
 the altar, the almighty heard, and turned his eyes toward 
 the royal towers [of Carthage], and the lovers regardless of 
 their better fame. Then thus he bespeaks Mercury, and gives 
 him these instructions : Fly quick, my son, call the zephyrs, 
 and on thy pinions glide : and to the Trojan prince, who now 
 loiters in Tyrian Carthage, nor regards the cities allotted him 
 by the Fates, address yourself ; and bear [this] my message 
 swiftly through the skies. Not such a one did his fairest 
 mother promise us, nor w^s it for this she saved him twice 
 from the Grecian sword: but that he should be one who 
 should rule Italy, big with [future] empire, and fierce in war, 
 who should evnnce his descent from Teucer's noble blood, and 
 bring the whole world upder his sway. If he is not fired 
 by the glory of such deeds, nor will himself attempt any 
 laborious enterprise for his own renown, will he, the father, 
 envy Ascanius Rome's imj^frial towers ? "What does he pro- 
 pose ? or with what prospect lingers he so long among an un- 
 friendly race, nor regards liis Ausonian offspring, and Lavin- 
 ian fields ? Bid him set y^iil. No more : be this our mes- 
 sage. 
 
 He said : Mercury prepared to obey his mighty father's 
 will : and first to his feet he binds his golden sandals, which 
 by their wings waft him aloft, whether over sea or land, swift 
 as the rapid gales. Next he takes his wand ; with this ho 
 calls from hell the pale s^hosts, dispatches others down to sad 
 Tartarus, gives sleep, or takes it away, and unseals the eyes 
 from death. ^° Aided by this, he drives along the winds, and 
 breasts the troubled clouds. And now in his flight he espies 
 the top and lofty sides of hardy Atlas,^" Avho with his summit 
 
 '^ '/. e. of being thy descendants. B. 
 
 " This explanation is neatly supported in Anthon's note. B. 
 
 -" Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene. He was kin^ 
 of Mauritania, and upon Perseus showing him the head of Medusa, was 
 changed into the mountain which bears his name. Mount Atlas lams 
 across the deserts of Africa, east and west, and is so high that the an- 
 cients imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas sun- 
 ported the world on his shoulders. 
 
». IT. 248— 282. ^NEID. 183 
 
 supports the sky ; Atlas, whose head, crowned with pines, is 
 always encircled with black clouds, and lashed by wind and 
 rain : large sheets of snow enwrap his shoulders ; from his 
 aged chin torrents headlong roll, and his grizzly beard is stiff 
 with icicles. Here first Cyllenius,^' poising himself on even 
 wings, alighted ; hence with the weight of his whole body he 
 flings himself headlong to the floods; like the fowl, which 
 [hovering] about the shores, about the fishy rocks, flies low 
 near the surface of the seas: just so Maia's son, shooting 
 down from his maternal gi*andsire betweeen heaven and earth, 
 [skimmed along] the sandy shore of Libya, and cut the 
 winds."^ As soon as he touched the cottages [of Afric] with 
 his winged feet, ho views ^neas founding towers, and rais- 
 ing new structures ; and at his side he wore a sword studded 
 with yellow jasper, and a cloak hanging down from his 
 shoulders, glowed with Tyrian purple : presents which wealthy 
 Dido had given, and had interwoven the stuff" with threads of 
 gold. Forthwith he accosts him : Is it for you now to be lay- 
 ing the foundations of stately Carthage, and the fond slave of 
 a wife, be raising a city [for her], regardless, alas ! of your 
 kingdom and nearest concerns? The sovereign of the gods, 
 who governs heaven and earth by his nod, himself sends me 
 down to you from bright 01}TQpus. The same commanded 
 me to bear these his instructions swiftly through the air. AVhat 
 dost thou propose, with what pros])ect dost thou waste thy 
 peaceful hours in the territories of Libya? If no glory from 
 such deeds move thee, and thou wilt attempt no laborious en- 
 terprise for thy own renown ; have some regard [at least] to 
 the rising Ascanius, and the hopes of thine heir liilus, for 
 whom the kingdom of Italy and the Roman territories are 
 destined. AVlien Cyllenius had spoken thus, he left mortal 
 vision in the very midst of the conference, and far beyond sight 
 vanished into thin air. 
 
 Meanwhile ^Eneas, entranced by the vision, was struck 
 dumb; his hair with horror stood erect, and his tongue 
 cleaved to his jaws. He burns to be gone in flight, and leave 
 the darling land, awed by the message and dread command of 
 
 -^ Cyllenius, a name of Mercury, from Cyllene, a mountain of Arca- 
 dia, wliere he was born. 
 
 " This whole passage is probably spurious. See Anthon. The zeug- 
 ma in the last line is intolerable. B. 
 
184 iENEID. 3. IT. 283— 313. 
 
 the gods. All ! v/liat can lie do ? in what terms can he now 
 presume to solicit the consent of the'" raving queen ? With 
 what words shall he introduce the subject? And now this 
 way, now that, he swnftly turns his wavering mind, snatches 
 various purposes by starts, and roams uncertain through all. 
 Thus fluctuating, he fixed on this resolution as the best : he 
 calls to him Mnestheus," Sergestus, and the brave Cloanthus; 
 [and bids them] with silent care equip the fleet, summon their 
 social bands to the shore, prepare their arms, and artfully con- 
 ceal the cause of this sudden change : [adding,] that he him- 
 self, in the mean time, while generous l)ido was in ignorance, 
 and had no apprehension that their so great loves could be dis- 
 solved, would try the avenues [to her heart], what may be 
 the softest moments of address, what means might be most fa- 
 vorable to their design. With joyful speed they all obey the 
 commands, and put his orders in execution. 
 
 But the queen (who can deceive a lover ?) was beforehand 
 in perceiving the fraud, and the first who conjectured their 
 future motions, dreading even where all seemed to be safe : 
 the same malignant fame conveyed the news to her frantic, 
 that the fleet Avas being equipped, and preparing to set sail. 
 She rages even to madness, and inflamed, she Aviklly roams 
 through all the city ; like a Bacchanal wrought up into en- 
 thusiastic fury in celebrating the sacred [mysteries of her 
 god], when the triennial orgies stimulate her, at hearing the 
 name of Bacchus, and the nocturnal bowlings on Mount 
 Citheron invite her. At length, in these words she first ac- 
 costs ^aeas : And didst thou hope, too, perfidious one, to be 
 able to conceal from me so wicked a purpose, and to steal 
 away in silence from my coasts ? Can neither our love, nor 
 thy once plighted fiiith, nor Dido resoh'cd to die by a cruel 
 death, detain thee ? Nay, you prepare your fleet even in the 
 wdntery season, and haste to launch into the deep amid 
 northern blasts ! Cruel one ! suppose you were not bound 
 for a foreign land and settlements unknown, and old Troy 
 was slill remaining ; should you set sail for Troy on this tem- 
 
 " Literally, " to pot around." Anthoit. 
 
 ^* Mncstheus, a Trojan, descended from Assaracus: he obtained ft 
 prize at the funeral games of Anchises, and was the progenitor of the 
 Memmii at Rome. Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of ^neas, from whom 
 the family of the Sergii at Rome were descended. Cloanthus, one of 
 the companions of iEneas, the ancestor of the Clucntii ft\raily at Rome. 
 
B. lY. 314— 340. ^NEID. 185 
 
 pestuous sea ? AVilt thou fly from me ? By these" tears, by 
 that right hand (since I have left nothing- else to myself now, 
 a wretch forlorn), by our nuptial rites, by our conjugal loves 
 begun ; if I have deserved any thanks at thy hand, or if ever 
 you saw any charms in me, take pity, I implore thee, on a 
 falling race, and, if yet there is any room for prayers, lay 
 aside your resolution. For thy sake have I incurred the 
 hatred of the Libyan nations, of the Nuraidian princes, and 
 made the Tyrians my enemies ; for thy sake have I sacrified 
 my shame, and, what alone raised me to the stars, my former 
 ftune : to whom dost thou abandon Dido, soon about to die, 
 / my guest ! since, instead of a husband's name, only this re- 
 mains ?^°yAVhat wait I for ? is it till my brother Pygmalion 
 lay this city of mine in ashes, or larbas, the Getulian, carry me 
 away his captive XJ Had I but enjoyed offspring by thee before 
 thy flight ; did a young ^neas play in my hall, were it but to 
 give me thy image in his features, I should not indeed have 
 thought myself quite a captive and forlorn. 
 
 She said. lie, by the commands of Jove, hold his eyes 
 unmoved, and with hard struggles suppressed /the anxious 
 care in his heart. At length he briefly replies,! That you, O 
 queen, have laid on me numerous obligations, Vv^hich you may 
 recount at large, I never shall disown ; and I shall always re- 
 member Elisa with pleasure, while I have any remembrance 
 of myself, Avhile I have a soul to actuate these limbs. But to 
 the point in debate I shall briefly speak : believe me, I neither 
 thought \iY stealth to have concealed this my flight, nor did I 
 ever pretend a lawful union, or enter into such a contract. 
 Had the Fates left me free to conduct my life by my own di- 
 rection, and ease my cares according to my own choice ; my 
 first regards had been shown to Troy and the dear relics of 
 my country ; Priam's lofty palace should [now] remain, and 
 with this hand I would have repaired for the conquered the 
 walls of Pergamus, raised again from ruin. But now to great 
 Italy Grynsean Apollo, to Italy the Lycian oracles have com- 
 
 ** For this collocation of words, compare Eur, Andr. 892, Tipoq al tQv 
 (5^ yovvdruv. Hipp. 601, npog as r/;f ayg de^tu^. uEn. x. 369. Ter. 
 Andr. iii. 3, 6. Tibull. i. 5, T. B. 
 
 ^® Valpy well remarks, that, as ^neas disowns the nuptial tie, Dido 
 addreeses him by the title of guest, which he can not reject. Seneca haa 
 expressed the same idea. Here. Fur, 1, " Sorer Tonantis, hoc enim solum 
 mihi noraen relictum est." C 
 
186 
 
 .^NEID. E. IV, 347—377, 
 
 manded mo to repair. This is the object of my love, this my 
 country. If the towers of Carthage and the sight of a 
 Libyan city engross you, a Phoenician born, why should you 
 be dissatisfied that we Trojans settle in the land of Ausonia ? 
 Let us too have the privilege to go in quest of foreign realms. 
 Whenever the night overspreads the earth wdth humid shades, 
 as often as the "fiery stars arise, the troubled ghost of my' 
 lather Anchises visits me in my dreams, and with dreadful 
 summons urges [my departure] :iJ my son Ascanius [calls] me 
 [hence], and the injury done to one so dear, whom I defraud 
 of the Hesperian crown, and his destined dominions. Now" 
 also the messenger of the gods, dispatched from Jove himself, 
 (I call them both to witness !) swift gliding through the air, 
 bore to me his high commands : myself beheld the god in con- 
 spicuous brightness entering your walls, and wnth these ears 
 I received his voice. Cease to torment yourself and me by 
 your complaints : tlie Italian coasts I pursue, not out of 
 
 choice.^' 
 
 Thus while he speaks, she views him all along from the 
 beginning with averted looks, rolling her eyes hither and 
 thither, and with silent glances sur\^eys his whole person, then 
 thus inflamed with wrath breaks forth : Nor goddess gave 
 thee birth, perfidious one ! nor is Dardanus the founder of 
 thy race, but frightful Caucasus on flinty cliff's brought thee 
 forth, and Hyrcanian tigers gave thee suck. For why should 
 I dissemble ? or for what gi'eater injuries can I be reserved ? 
 Did he so much as sigh at my distress ? did he once move his 
 eyes ? Did he, overcome, shed a tear, or compassionate me in 
 my love ? Where shall I begin my complaint ? Now neither 
 mighty Juno nor the Saturnian sire, considers these things 
 with impartial eyes. Firm faith nowhere subsists. An 
 outcast on my shores, an indigent wretch, I received him, and 
 fool that I was, settled him in partnership of my crown ; his 
 wrecked fleet [I renewed], his companions from death I saved. 
 Ah ! I am all on fire, I am distracted with fury ! " Now"' the 
 prophetic voice of Apollo ; now the Lycian lots ; and now the 
 
 " This sophistical defense of ^neas has been partly copied by SiHus, 
 viii. 109 sqq. B. 
 
 ^^ On this abruptly finished passage, see Weichart, de vers. spur, p 
 
 71. B. 
 
 ^' Dido ironically repeats his words. 
 
c. IV. 378—410. ^NEID. 187 
 
 messenger of the gods, dispatched from Jove himself, through 
 the air couveys tue horrid mandate." A worthy employ- 
 ment, forsooth, for the powers above, a, weighty concern to 
 disturb them in their peaceful state ! I neither detain you, 
 nor argue against what you have said. Go, speed your way 
 for Italy with the Aviuds, pursue this kingdom of yours, over 
 the waves. I hope, however (if the just gods have any power), 
 thou mayest sutler punishment amid the rocks, and often 
 [v^ainly] call on Dido's name. I, though absent, will pursue 
 thee with black flames : and, when cold death shall have 
 separated these limbs from my soul, as a shade will I haunt^*^ 
 thee in every place : Wrelch ! thou shalt make atonement : I 
 shall hear it ; even in the deep shades these tidings will reach 
 me. With these words she breaks off in the middle of the 
 conference, and sickening shuns the light : she turns about, 
 and flings away out of his sight, leaving him greatly perplexed 
 through fear, and preparing to say a thousand things. Her 
 maids raise her up, bear her fainting limbs into her marble bed- 
 chamber, and gently lay her on a couch. 
 
 Meanwhile pious -^^Cneas, though by solacing means he 
 desires to ease her grief, and by words to divert her anguish, 
 heaving many a sigh, and staggered in his mind by mighty 
 love, yet gives obedience to the commands of the gods, and 
 revisits his fleet. Then, indeed, the Trojans intensely ply their 
 work, and launch the ships all along the shore. The pitchy 
 keel floats ; through eager haste to sail, they bring from the 
 woods oars not cleared of leaves, and unfashioned timber. 
 You might have seen them removing, and pouring from all 
 quarters of the town, as when ants, mindful of winter, plunder 
 a large granary of corn and hoard it up in their cell ; the 
 black battalion marches over the plains, and along the narrow 
 track they convey their booty through the meadows ; some, 
 shoving with their shoulders, push forward the cumbrous 
 grain ; some rally the [straggling] bands, and chastise those 
 that lag : the path all glows with the work. 
 
 Dido, how w^ast thou then aflfected with so sad a prospect ? 
 What groans didst thou utter, w'hen from thy lofty tower thou 
 beheldest the shore in its wdde extent glowing [with bustle], 
 
 30 
 
 Ovid, Ibis, 146. " Turn quoque factorum veniam memor umbra 
 tuorum, Insequar et vultus ossea forma tuos. Q\is& via Deorum est 
 manium.'' B. 
 
188 ^NEID. B. IV. 411—442. 
 
 and didst ako observe, full in tliy vievv^, the whole watery 
 plain resounding with such mingled shouts? Unrelenting 
 love, how irresistible is thy sway over the mind of mortals ! 
 She is constrained once more to have recourse to tears, once 
 more to assail him by prayers, and suppliant to subject the 
 powers of her soul to love, lest, by leaving any means unat- 
 tempted, she should throw away her life rashly, and without 
 cause. Anna, thou seest over all the shore how they are 
 hastening : the whole bands are drawn together, the canvas 
 now invites the gales ; and the joyful mariners have crowned 
 their sterns with garlands. O sister, since I w^as able to fore- 
 see this so sad a blow, I shall be able to bear it. Yet, Anna, 
 perform this one request for your wretched sister : for that 
 perfidious man made you the sole object of his esteem, even 
 intrusted you with the secrets of his soul, you alone knew the 
 occasions and soft approaches to his heart. Go, sister, and in 
 suppliant terms bespeak the haughty foe : I never conspired 
 with the Greeks at Aulis^^ to extirpate the Trojan race, or 
 sent a fleet to Troy ; nor did I disturb the ashes and manes 
 of his father Anchises. Why does he stop his unrelenting 
 ears to my words ? whither does he fly ? Let him grant but 
 this last :l^ivor to his unhappy lover ; to defer his flight till it 
 be safe, and till the winds blow fair.'^ I plead no more for 
 that old-promised wedlock, which he has betrayed ; nor that 
 he should deprive himself of fair Latium, and relinquish a 
 kingdom. I ask a trifling moment ; a respite and interval from 
 distracting pain, till, subdued by fortune, I learn to sustain my 
 woes. This favor I implore as the last, (pity thy sister !) which, 
 when he has granted, I shall send him away completely happy 
 in my death. 
 
 To this eflect she prayed ; and her sister, deeply distressed, 
 bears once and again this mournful message to -<^neas ; but by 
 none of her mournful messages is he moved, nor listens with 
 calm regard to any words. The Fates stand in his way ; and 
 heaven renders his cars deaf to compassion. And as the 
 Alpine north winds by their blasts, now on this side, now on 
 
 " Aulis, a seaport tov/n of Bcetia, in Greece, where the Grecian forces 
 assembled in the expedition against Troy. 
 
 ^"■^ Ventosque ferentes, i. e. Ventosque secundos, as in Seneca de B. Y. 
 0. 21, Navigantem secundus et ferens ventus exhiiarat. So Pliny in hia 
 panegyric, Venti ferentes et brevis cursus optentu.r. 
 
B. IV. 443— 473, ^NEID. 189 
 
 thcit, strive with joint force to overturn a sturdy ancient oak : 
 a loud howling goes forth, and the leaves strew the ground in 
 heaps, while the trunk is shaken ; the tree itself cleaves fast to 
 the rocks ; and as high as it shoots up to the top in the ethereal 
 regions, so deep it descends with its root toward Tartarus : 
 just so the hero on this side and that side is plied with impor- 
 tunate remonstrances, and feels deep pangs in his mighty soul ; 
 his mind remains unmoved ; unavailing tears are shed. 
 
 Then, indeed, unhappy Dido, struck to the heart by her 
 fate, longs for death ; she sickens of beholding the canopy of 
 heaven. The more to prompt her to execute her purpose, 
 and to part with the light, while she was presenting her 
 offerings upon the altar that smoked with incense, she beheld, 
 horrid to relate ! the sacred liquors grow black, and the out- 
 poured wine turn into inauspicious blood. This vision she 
 revealed to none, not even to her sister. Besides, there was in 
 the palace a marble shrine in honor of her former husband, 
 CO which she paid extraordinary veneration, [having] it en- 
 circled with sno^vy fillets of wool and festal garlands. Hence 
 voices, and the words of her husband calling her, seemed to 
 be heard,'' when dim night shrouded the earth; and on the 
 house-tops the solitary owl often complained in doleful ditty, 
 and spun out his long notes in a mournful strain. Besides, 
 many predictions of pious prophets terrify her with dreadful 
 forebodings. JEneas himself, now stern and cruel, disturbs 
 her raving in her sleep ; and still she seems to be abandoned 
 in sohtude, still to be going a long tedious journey, with no 
 attendance, and to be in quest of her Tyrians in some desert 
 country : as frantic Pentheus" sees troops of Furies, two 
 suns, and Thebes appear double; or like Orestes, Agamem- 
 non's son, with distraction huiTied on the stage, when he flies 
 from his mother armed with firebrands" and black snakes 
 and the avenged Furies are planted at the gate.^" 
 
 33 Compare Silius, viii. 122 sqq., and Ovid, Her. vii. 100 sqq. Such 
 prodigies are great favorites with the Greek romancists. Thus in 
 Heliodor. ii. 70, e/c fivxoiv rov cnrilaiov, (po)v7]C tic VX^Q i^vKovero, 
 dsdytvec, KalovGr]^. And Chariton, i. p. 12, i/^6(^of ovk iariv, dXTid (puvij 
 KalovvTuv fiE Tuv vTTOxOovLCJV Tcpdg aVTOV^. B. 
 
 31 Pentheus, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in Boeotia. 
 In consequence of his refusal to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus, 
 he was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. 
 
 35 There is an evident reference to the stage costume of the Furies. B. 
 
 33 According to Servius, Virgil follows a tragedy of Pacuvius, in which 
 
190 
 
 ^NEID. B. IV. 474—501. 
 
 When, therefore, overpowered with grief, she had taken 
 the Furies" into her breast, and determined to die, she pon- 
 ders the time and manner with herself; and thus accosting 
 her sister, the partner of her grief, covers her intention in her 
 looks, and puts on a serene air of hope. Ptejoice,_ O sister, 
 with thy sister ! I have found an expedient, which will restore 
 him to me, or set my love-sick soul at liberty from him. 
 Near the extremity of the ocean and the setting sun, the utmost 
 boundary of Jj^thiopia lies, where mighty Atlas on his shoul- 
 der whirls about the globe, spangled with refulgent stars: 
 hence appeared to me a priestess of the Massylian nation, the 
 guardian^of the temple of the Hesperides,'' who supplied the 
 dragon with food, and watched the sacred branches on the 
 tree, infusing liquid honey and the sleepy poppy. She un- 
 dertakes, by charms, to release any souls, whom she will, 
 [from the power of love,] and to entail on others irksome 
 cares : to stop the course of rivers, and turn the stars back- 
 vrard : she summons up the ghosts by night. l You shall see 
 the earth bellow under her feet, and the wikt ashes descend 
 from the mountains. My dear sister, I call the gods, and you, 
 and that dear person of thine, to witness, that it is against my 
 will I set about these magic arts. | Do you in secrecy erect a 
 funeral pile in the inner court, under the open air, and lay 
 upon it his arms, which he, impiously base, left fixed in my 
 bed-chamber, with all his clothes, and the nuptial bed in 
 which I was undone. The priestess orders and directs me to 
 destroy every monument of that execrable man. I Having thus 
 said, she ceases : at the same time, paleness 'overcasts ^ her 
 whole complexion. Yet Anna imagines not that her sister 
 aimed at death under pretext of these unusual rites; nor 
 once suspects that she had formed such a desperate purpose, 
 
 Orestes was represented taking refuge in the temple of Apollo, while the 
 Furies kept watch for him at the gate. For the more usual stage arrange- 
 ment, see my notes on ^soh. Eum. p. 180, note 4, ed. Bohn. B. 
 
 ^^ The Furies, daughters of Acheron and Nox : they were three in 
 number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, and were supposed to be the 
 ministers of the vengeance of the gods. 
 
 ^^ Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus : they 
 presided over the garden which contained the golden apples that Juno 
 gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials. This garden, according to 
 the ancients, was situated near Mount Atlas, m Africa, and the tree 
 bearing the golden apples was guarded by a huge dragon. 
 
8. IV. 502—535. .ENEID. igi 
 
 nor dreads any thing worse ttan had happened at the death of 
 Sichseus. Therefore she makes the desired preparations. 
 
 But the queen, as soon as the vast pile was erected under 
 the open air in the inner court, with torches and faggots 
 of oak, encircles the ground with garlands, and crowns it with 
 funeral boughs : upon the bed she lays his clothes, the sword 
 he left., and his image, well knowing of the future. Altars 
 are raised around; and the priestess, her hair disheveled, 
 with thundering voice, invokes three hundred gods, and Ere- 
 bus, and Chaos, and threefold Hecate,^* virgin Diana's triple 
 form. She sprinkled also water counterfeiting that of the 
 lake Avernus :^° full-grown herbs, cut by moonlight with 
 brazen sickles, are searched out, together with the juice of 
 black poison : the [mother's] love,*^ too, torn from the fore- 
 head of a new-foaled colt, and snatched awav from the dam, 
 IS sought out. The queen herself, now resolute on death, 
 having one foot bare, her robe ungirt, standing by the altars, 
 with the salt cake and pious hands, makes her appeal to the 
 gods, and to the stars conscious of her fate : then, if any deity, 
 both just and mindful, regards lovers unequally yoked, him she 
 invokes. 
 
 It was night, and weary bodies over the earth were enjoy- 
 ing a peaceful repose : the woods and raging seas were still ; 
 when the stars roll in the middle of their gliding course ; 
 when every field is hushed : the beasts, and speckled birds, 
 both those that far and wide haunt the liquid lakes, and those 
 that possess the fields with rough bushes overgrown, all 
 stretched under the silent night, allayed their cares with sleep, 
 and every heart forgot its toil. But not so the soul-distressed 
 queen ; not one moment is she lulled to rest, nor enjoys the 
 night with eyes or mind. Her cares redouble ; and love, again 
 arising, rages afresh, and fluctuates with a high tide of pas- 
 sions. Thus then she persists, and revolves these secret re- 
 flections in her breast : Lo ! what shall I do ? Baffled as I am, 
 shall I, in my turn, apply to my former suitors? shall I 
 humbly sue for a match with one of the IS'umidians, whom I 
 
 ^^ Hecate, the daughter of Perses and Asteria, or rather of Jupiter 
 and Latona : she was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and He- 
 cate, or Proserpine, in hell. 
 
 *" '-Avernales aquas." Hor. Ep. v. 15. Cf. Macrob. iii. 1. B. 
 
 " On the " hippomanes,'' here meant, see Anthon. B. 
 
192 ./ENEID. E. IV. 53b— 573. 
 
 have so often disdained as lords? .Shall I then attend the fleet 
 of Ilium, and submit to the basest commands of the Trojans ? 
 and that, because I am well rewarded for hannof lent them m" 
 assistance, and in their grateful hearts a just sense of niy 
 former kindness remains ? But, suppose I had the will, who 
 will put it in my power, or receive into their proud ships me, 
 the object of their hate ? Ah ! lost one, art thou unacquainted 
 with, art thou still to learn, the perfidiousness of Laomedon's 
 race ? What then ? Shall I steal away by myself to accom- 
 pany the triumphant crew ? or, attended by my Tyrians, and 
 all my people in a body, shall I pursue them, and again lead 
 out to sea, and order those to spread their sails to the v.inds, 
 whom, with much ado, I forced from Tyre ? Nay, rather die, 
 as you deserve, and end your woes with the sword. You, 
 sister, subdued by my tears, you first oppressed my distracted 
 mind with these woes, and exposed me to the enemy. Might 
 I not have led an innocent unwedded life, like a savage of the 
 field, and have avoided such cares ? I have violated the faith I 
 plighted to the manes of Sichieus. 
 
 Such heavy complaints she poured forth from her heart. 
 vEneas, determined to depart, was enjoying sleep in the lofty 
 stern, all things being now in readiness. The form of the god, 
 returning with the same aspect, appeared to him in his sleep, 
 thus again seemed to admonish him ; in every thing re- 
 sembling Mercury, in voice, complexion, golden locks, and 
 comely youthful limbs : " Goddess-born, can you indulge in 
 sleep at this conjuncture ? Infatuated, not to see what dangers 
 in a moment may beset you, nor listen to the breathing of the 
 friendly zephyrs ! She, bent on death, is revolving guileful 
 purposes and horrid wickedness in her breast, and fluctuates 
 with a tide of angry passions. Will you not fly hence with 
 precipitation, while thus to fly is in your power? Forthwith 
 you shall behold the sea in commotion with her oars, and 
 torches fiercely blaze ; forthwith the shore lighted up with 
 flames, if the morning reach you lingering on these coasts. 
 Come then, quick, break off delay : woman is a fickle and 
 ever changeable creature." This said, he mingled with the 
 sable niofht. 
 
 Then, indeed, ^neas, in consternation at this sudden ap- 
 parition, snatches his frame from the couch, and rouses his 
 companions : Awake, my mates, in liaste, and plant your- 
 
B. IV. 574—609. ^NEID. 193 
 
 selves on the benches ; instantly unfurl the sails. A god, dis- 
 patched from the high heavens, once more prompts me to 
 hasten my departure, and cut the twisted cables. We follow 
 thee, O holy power, whoever thou art, and once more wdth joy 
 obey thy commands. Ah ! be present, lend us thy propitiour> 
 aid, and light up friendly stars in the heavens. He said, and 
 snatches his keen flashing sword from the sheath, and cuts the 
 halsers with the drawn steel. The same eag^erness at once' 
 seizes them all : they hale, they hurry away : they have quitted 
 the shore ; the sea lies hidden under the fleet ; they with 
 exerted vigor upturn the foaming billows, and sv/eej^ the azure 
 deep. 
 
 And now Aurora, leaving Tithonus' saftron bed, first sowed 
 the earth with new-born light : soon as the queen from her 
 w^atch-towers marked the dawn whitening, and the fleet set- 
 ting forward with balanced sails, and perceived the shore and 
 vacant port without a rower ; thrice and four times smiting 
 lier fair bosom, and tearing her golden locks : O Jupiter ! 
 shall he go ? she says : and shall this stranger mock my king- 
 dom ? Will they not make ready arms, and pursue from all 
 the city ? and will not others tear my ships from the docks 2 
 Run quick, fetch flames, unfurl the sails, ply the oars. What 
 am I saying ? or w^here am I ? what madness turns my brain ? 
 Unhappy Dido ! art thou then at length stung with the sense 
 of his foul impious deeds ?" Then it had become thee so to 
 act, when thou impartedst [to him] thy scepter. Is this the 
 honor, the faith ! this [the man] who, they say, carries with 
 him his country's gods ! who bore on his shoulders his father 
 spent w^ith age ! Might I not have torn in pieces his mangled 
 body, and strewn it on the weaves ? might I not with the sword 
 have destroyed his friends, and Ascanius himself, and served 
 him up for a banquet at his father's table ? But the fortune 
 of the fight was doubtful. Grant it had been so : thus reso- 
 lute on death, whom had I to fear ? I might have hurled fire- 
 brands into his camp, filled the hatches with flames, extirpated 
 the son, the sire, with the wdiole race, and flung myself upon 
 the pile. Thou Sun, who wdth thy flaming beams surveyest 
 all works on earth, and thou, Juno, the author*' and wdtness 
 of these my cares ; Hecate, with bowlings invoked through 
 
 " "facta," not "fata." B. 
 
 *' "interpres," I. e. "media et conciliatrix." Servius. B, 
 
194 ^IN'EID. B. IV. 610—632. 
 
 the cities in the crossways by night ; and ye avenging Furies, 
 and gods of dying EHsa ! receive these my words ; in justice 
 to my wrongs, turn to me your divine regard, and hearken to 
 my prayers. If it must be, and Jove's decrees so require, if 
 this be his determination, that the execrable traitor reach the 
 port, and get safe to land : yet harassed, at least, by war, and 
 the hostilities of an audacious people, expelled from his own 
 territories, torn from the embraces of lulus, may he sue to 
 others for relief, and see the ignominious deaths of his friends ; 
 and, after he shall have submitted to the terms of a disadvan- 
 tageous peace, let him neither enjoy his crown, nor the wished- 
 for light, but die before his time, and [he] miburied in the 
 midst of the sandy shore. These are my prayers ;" these the 
 last words I pour forth with my blood. You, too, O Tyrians, 
 Avith irreconcilable enmity, pursue his offspring and all his 
 future race, and present these offerings to my shade : let no 
 amity or leagues between the two nations subsist. Arise some 
 avenger*^ from my ashes, who may persecute those Trojan 
 fugitives with fire and sword, now, hereafter, at whatever time 
 power shall be given. Let them take this curse from me,*^ 
 that their shores, their waves, their arms, and ours, may still be 
 opposed to one another ; and may their j^osterity too [and ours] 
 be still in war engaged. 
 
 She said, and every way turned her shifting soul, seeking, 
 as soon as possible, to bereave herself of the hated light. 
 Then briefly thus she bespoke Barce, the nurse of Siclijcus 
 
 ^* Respecting their mythical fulfillment, see Servius, and the satisfac- 
 tory notes of Anthon. B. 
 
 *^ Such as Hannibal proved. B, 
 
 *^ It was an opinion very prevailing among the ancients, that the pray- 
 ers of the dying were generally heard, and that their last words were 
 prophetic. Thus Virgil makes Dido imprecate upon .^neas a series of 
 misfortunes, which actually had their accomplishment in his own person, 
 or in his posterity. 1. He was harassed with war in Italy by Turnus. 
 2. He was necessitated to abandon his son, and go into Etruria to beg 
 for assistance, -53n. viii. 80. 3. He saw his friends cruelly slain in battle, 
 especially Pallas, Mn. s. 489. 4. He died before his time, being slain 
 by Mezentius, according to the most authentic tradition, and was left 
 imburied on the banks of the Numicus, by whose waters his body was at 
 length carried off, and never more appeared. 5. The Romans and Car- 
 thagmians were irreconcilable enemies to one another, and no leagues, 
 no ties of religion, could ever bind the two nations to peace. 6. Han- 
 nibal was Dido's avenger, who arose afterward to be the scourge of the 
 Romans, and carried fire and svrord into Italy. 
 
B. IV. G33— GGG. ^NEID. 105 
 
 (for the dark grave lodged her own in her native country) : 
 Dear nurse, call hither to me my sister Anna ; bid her make 
 haste to sprinkle her body with running water, and bring 
 with her the victims and the things for expiation of which 
 I told her : thus let her come ; and you yourself cover your 
 temples with a holy fillet. I have a mind to finish the sacrifice 
 begun with proper rites, which I have prepared for Jupiter 
 Stygius," to put a period to my miseries, and to commit to the 
 flames the pile of the Trojan. She said : the other quickened 
 her pace with an old woman's oflSciousness." 
 
 But Dido, trembling with agitation, and maddened on ac- 
 count of her horrid purpose, rolling her blood-red eyeballs, 
 her throbbing cheeks suff"used with spots, and all pale with 
 approaching death, burst into the gate of the inner palace, 
 and frantic mounts the lofty pile, and unsheaths the Trojan 
 sword ; a present not provided for such purposes as these.*** 
 Here, after she had viewed the Trojan vestments and the con- 
 scious bed, having wept and mused awhile, she threw herself 
 on the bed, and spoke her last words : Ye dear remains, while 
 god and the fates permitted, receive this soul, and free me 
 from these cares. I have lived, and finished the race which 
 fortune gave me. And now my ghost shall descend illustrious 
 to the shades below : I have raised a glorious city, have seen 
 the walls of my own building, have avenged my husband, 
 punished an unnatural brother ; happy, ah ! too happy, had 
 but the Trojan ships never touched my shores ! She said, 
 and pressing her lips to the bed, Shall I die unrevenged ? 
 But let me die,^° she says : thus, thus with pleasure I descend 
 to the shades below. Let the cruel Trojan from the sea feed 
 his eyes with these flames, and bear with him the omens of 
 my death. She said ; and while she _ spoke, her attendants 
 perceive her fallen on the sword, and the weapon stained with 
 foaming gore, and her hands besmeared. The outcry reaches 
 the lofty palace ; fame wildly flies through the alarmed city ; 
 
 47 i. e. Pluto. Cf. Macrob. Sat. iii. 3. ^sch. Suppl. 1G4, Z/jva tuv 
 
 UeKjUTjKOTUV. B, 
 
 4S With Anthon, I prefer " anili" to "anilem." B. 
 49 i. e. "qusesitum in pignus amoris," as Silius, viii. 50, says, with an 
 Bvident reference to this passage. Cf. Ovid Her. vii. 195. B. 
 5" Happily imitated by Propert. ii. 7, 19 : 
 
 "Sic igitur prima moriere setate, Properti? 
 Sed morere, interitu gaudeat ilia tuo." B. 
 
196 iENEID. E. IV. G6 7—694. 
 
 the houses ring with lamentations, groans, and female yells," 
 and the sky resounds with loud shrieks : just as if all Carthage, 
 or ancient Tyre, in the hands of the invading enemy, were fall- 
 ing to the ground, and the furious flames were rolling over the 
 tops of houses and temples. 
 
 Her sister was breathless at the news, and with trembling 
 haste, all aghast, tearing her face with her nails, and [beating] 
 her bosom with her hands, rushes through the midst of the 
 crowd, and calls her djnng [sister] by name : O sister, was 
 this your meaning ? did you practice thus to deceive me ? was 
 this what I had ' o expect from that pile, those fires and altars ? 
 Abandoned I where shall I begin to complain ? Did you dis- 
 dain a sister for your companion in death ? Had you invited 
 me to the same fate, one distress and one hour had snatched 
 us both aw^ay by the sword. Did I raise [that pile] with 
 these very hands, and with my voice invoke our countiy's 
 gods, that I should cruelly absent myself from you, thus 
 stretched upon it. Ah sister ! you have involved yourself 
 and me, your people, your Tyrian nobles, and your city, in 
 one common ruin. Let me bathe her wounds with water,"' 
 and catch wdth my lips, if there be yet any straggling remains 
 of breath.^' This said, she mounted the high steps, and in 
 her bosom embracing, cherished her expiring sister Avith 
 sighs, and dried up the black blood with her robe. She 
 essaying to lift her heavy eyes, again sinks down. The wound 
 deep fixed in her breast, emits a bubbling noise. Thrice 
 leaning on her elbovv^, she made an eftort to raise herself up ; 
 thrice she fell back on the bed, and with swimming eyes 
 sought the light of heaven, and having found it, heaved a 
 groan. 
 
 Then all-powerful Juno, in pity to her lingering pain and 
 uneasy death, sent down Iris^* from heaven, to release the 
 
 51 Syncs. Ep. p. 164, C. dvdpiJv oc/ucj}?/, yvvaiKuv 6Xo7.vy7/. B. 
 
 52 I read " date, [i. e. "aquam,"] vulnera." See Antlion, who renders, 
 " give me it, I will wash." B. 
 
 53 Tliis was the ancient custom. Cf, Bion, i. 41, uxpi-C "~i' V'^Vt^/f ^f 
 t/Lidv CTOfia K£ig i/ubv ?]TTap TTvevfia rebv psvaij. B. 
 
 54 Iris, daughter of Thaumus and Electra, was one of the Oceanides, 
 and messenger of the gods, more particularly of Juno. Her office was 
 to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those 
 that were expirmg. She is represented with all the variegated and beau- 
 tiful colors of the rainbov^. 
 
B. IV. 695— 705. T. 1— 19. ^NEID. 19T 
 
 struggling soul and the tie that bound it to tlie body : for, 
 since she neither fell by fate, nor by a deserved death, but un- 
 happily before her time, and maddened with sudden rage, 
 Proserpina had not yet cropped the yellow hair from the crown 
 of her head, and condemned her to Stygian Pluto. There- 
 fore dewy Iris, dra\ving a thousand various colors from the op- 
 posite sun, shoots downward through the sky on saffron wings, 
 and alighted on her head : I, by command, bear away this lock 
 'sacred to Pluto, and disengage you from that body. She said, 
 and cut the lock with her ridit hand : at once all the vital heat 
 was extinguished, and life vanished into an*. 
 
 BOOK y. 
 
 In the Fifth Book, ^neas sails from Carthage for Italy, hut is forced by a 
 storm to revisit Drepanum in Sicily, where he celebrates the aimiversary 
 of his father's death by various games and feats at arms. Here the Tro- 
 jan women set fire to the fleet, which is saved by the interposition of 
 Jupiter, with the loss of four ships. After this event, ^neas pursues 
 his voyage to Italy. 
 
 Meanwhile, JEneas, in direct course, was now^ fairly on his 
 route w^th the fleet, ^ and was cutting the black billows before 
 the wdnd, looking back to the walls which now glare with the 
 flames of unfortunate Elisa. What cause may have kindled 
 such a blaze is unknown ; but the thought of those cruel 
 agonies that arise from violent love when injured, and the 
 knowledge of what frantic women can do, led the minds of the 
 Trojans through dismal forebodings. 
 
 As soon as their ships held the main, and no more land 
 appears, sky all around, and ocean all around ; a dark lead- 
 colored watery cloud stood over his head, bringing on night, 
 and storm ; and the waves became horrid in the gloom. The 
 pilot Palinurus himself from the lofty stern [exclaims] : Ah ! 
 why have such threatening clouds begirt the sky ? or what, O 
 father Neptune, hast thou in view ? Thus having spoken, lie 
 next commands to furl the sails, and ply the sturdy oar ; the 
 bellying canvas he turns askance to the wind, and thus 
 speaks : Magnanimous ^neas, should Jupiter on his authority 
 assure me, I could not hope to reach Italy in this weather. 
 The wnnds changed roar across our path, and arise thick from 
 
 ' See Anthon, whom I have closely followed- B. 
 
198 
 
 yENEID. B. V. 20—51. 
 
 tlio darkening- wes^, and the air is condensed into cloud. We 
 are neither able to make head against [the storm], nor o\ en 
 to withstand it : since fortune overpowers us, let us follow 
 her, and turn our course w^here she invites us : the trusty 
 shores of your brother Eryx, and the Sicilian ports, I deem 
 not far off, if I but rightly remembering review the stars I 
 observed before. Then the pious ^neas [said], I indeed 
 have observed long ago that the winds urge us to this, and 
 that your contrary efforts are in vain. Shift your course by 
 the sails. Can any land be more welcome to me, or where I 
 would sooner choose to put in my weather-beaten ships, than 
 that which preserves for me Trojan Acestes, and in its w^omb 
 contains the bones of my father Anchises ? This said, they 
 make toward the port, and the prosperous zephyrs stretch the 
 sails : the fleet sv/iftly rides on the flood ; and at length the 
 joyous crew are w^afted to the w^ell-known strand. But 
 Acestes, from a mountains lofty summit, struck with the dis- 
 tant prospect of their arrival, and at the friendly ships, comes 
 up to them, all rough with javelins,^ and the hide of an 
 African bear : whom, begotten by the river Crinisius,^ a Tro- 
 jan mother bore. He, not unmindful of his origin, congratu- 
 lates them on their safe arrival, and cheerfully entertains them 
 with rude magnificence, and refreshes them fatigued with 
 friendly cheer. 
 
 When with the early dawn the ensuing bright day had 
 chased away the stars, ^neas summons to council his follow- 
 ers from all the shore, and from the summit of a rising ground 
 addresses them: Illustrious Trojans, whose descent is from 
 the exalted blood of the gods, the annual circle is completed, 
 by the fulfillment of months, since we lodged in the earth the 
 rehcs and bones of my godlike sire, and consecrated to him 
 the altars of mourning. And now the day, if I mistake not, 
 is at hand, which I shall always account a day of sorrow, al- 
 ways a day to bo honored : such, ye gods, has been your 
 pleasure. Were I to pass this day in exile among the Syi'tes 
 
 ^ It is strange that Heyne should have found any difficulty in this 
 phrase. The preposition is merely redundant. Cf. Val. Flace. i. 641, 
 "subitus in hasta." Lucan, i. 423, "leves in armis." See Wagner, and 
 "Weichart on Val. Flacc. viii. 136. 
 
 ' Crinisius, a river on tho western side of the island of Sicily, near 
 Lhe city Segesta. 
 
L. V. 52—85. iENEID. 199 
 
 of Getulia, or overtaken [by it] on the Grecian Sea, or in tlie 
 city of Mycene, yet would I regularly perform my annual vows, 
 and the solemn funeral processions, and heap the altars with 
 their proper offerings. Now, without premeditated design, 
 though not, I judge, without the will or the influence of the 
 gods, we are come to the ashes and bones of my own father, 
 and are wafted to the friendly port which we are now entering. 
 Come then, and let us all celebrate the joyous rites. Let us 
 pray for [prosperous] winds, and that, when our city is built, 
 he will permit me to offer to him these rites annually in tem- 
 ples consecrated to his honor. Acestes, a son of Troy, gives 
 you two oxen for each ship : invite to the feast your household 
 and country gods, and those whom our host Acestes worships. 
 Further, if the ninth morning shall bring forth the day fair 
 and serene to mortals, and brighten up the world with its 
 beams, I will propose to the Trojans the first trial of skill to 
 be with the swiftest of their ships. And whoever excels in 
 running, in strength who boldly dares, or moves superior in 
 the javelin,* and the light arrows, or who has courage to en- 
 counter with the bloody cestus ; let all such be ready at hand, 
 and expect prizes of victory suitable to their merit. Do ye all 
 keep religious guard over your lips, and encircle your temples 
 with boughs. 
 
 This said, he crowns his temples with his mothers myrtle. 
 The same does Elymus :^ the same Acestes ripened in years ; 
 the same the boy Ascanius, whose example the other youths 
 follow. He went from the assembly to the tomb with many 
 thousands, in the center of a numerous retinue attending." 
 Here in due form, by way of libation, he pours on the ground 
 to Bacchus two bowls of wine, two of new milk, two of sacred 
 blood ; then scatters blooming flowers, and thus speaks : Hail, 
 holy sire ! oiice more hail, ye ashes revisited in vain ! ye ghosts 
 and shades of my father ! Heaven would not allow us to go 
 together in quest of the bounds of Italy, and of the lands allotted 
 to me by fate, or the Ausonian Tiber, whatever river that is. 
 He said ; when from the bottom of the shrine a huge slippery 
 snake trailed along, seven circling spires, seven folds, gently 
 
 * "Wyttenbach on Julian, p. 161, condemns this as corrupt. I do not 
 »ee any substantial grounds of objection. B. 
 
 * Elymus, a youth at the court of Acestes, who engaged in the foot- 
 races at the tomb of Anchises. 
 
200 ^NEID. B. V. 8G— 120. 
 
 twining round the tomb, and gliding over the altars ; whose 
 back azure streaks, and whose scales drops of bui'nished gold 
 brightened up ; as the bow in the clouds draws a thousand 
 various colors from the opposite sun. ^ueas stood amazed 
 at the sight. At length the reptile, creeping with his long 
 train between the bowls and smooth-polished goblets, gently 
 tasted the banquet, and harmless retired again into the bottom 
 of the tomb, and left the altars on wdiich he had fed. ^neas 
 "\vith the more zeal pursues the sacrifice begun in honor of his 
 father, in doubt whether to think it the genius of the place, or 
 the attendant of his parent. He sacrificed five ewes, two years 
 old, according to custom ; as many sows, as many bullocks 
 with sabl^ backs : and he poured out w^ine from the goblets, 
 and invoked the soul of the great Anchises, and his ghost from 
 Acheron released. In like manner his companions offer gifts 
 with joy, each according to his ability ; they load the altars, 
 and sacrifice bullocks. Others place the brazen caldrons in or- 
 der, and stretched along the grass, apply burning coals under 
 the spits, and roast the flesh." 
 
 Now the wished-for day approached, and the steeds of the 
 sun ushering in the ninth morning with a serene sky ; fame, 
 and the renov.-n of illustrious Acestes, had drawn together the 
 neighborhood. They filled the shore v>'ith joyous crowd, 
 some to see the Trojans, some too prepared to try their skill. 
 The prizes first are set before their eyes in the midst of the 
 circus ; sacred tripods, green garlands, and palms, the reward 
 of the conquerors ; arms, and vestments of purple dye, two 
 talents, one of gold and one silver : and the trumpet from 
 the midst of the rising ground gives the signal that the games 
 are begun 
 
 Four ships selected from the whole fleet, equally matched 
 with ponderous oars, first enter the lists. Mnestheus manages 
 the swift-sailing Pristis, with stout rowers, [destined] soon 
 [to be] the Italian Mnestheus, from which name the family 
 ( f Memmius is derived ; Gyas,' the huge Chimera of stupend- 
 ous bulk, a work hke a city, which with a triple tier the Tro- 
 jan youth impel ; the oars rise together in a triple row. Ser- 
 
 " " Viscera," i. e. all that is contained in the skin of the animal. See 
 Anthon, on ^n. i. 211. So " visceratio" is "a distribution of meat." 13. 
 
 '' G-yas, one of the companions of -^neas, who distinguished himself at 
 the naval games exhibited bj ^neas in honor of his father Anchises- 
 KsyoA commanded the ship Chimera, of which Menoetes was the pilot. 
 
B. T. 121—154. ^NEID. 201 
 
 gestus, from ^vhom tlie Sergian family has its name, rides in 
 the bulky Centaur ; and Cloanthus in the sea-green Scylla, 
 from whom, O Roman Cluentius, is thy descent. Far in the 
 sea there lies a rock opposite to the foaming shore, which 
 sometimes overwhelmed is buffeted by the swelling surges,^ 
 when the wintery north-west winds overcloud the stars : in a 
 calm it lies hushed, and rises above the still waves as a plain, 
 and a d^liirhtful station for the cormorants baskino; in the sun. 
 Here father ^neas erected a verdant goal of branching oak 
 for a signal to the mariners ; whence they might know to turn 
 back, and whence to wind about the long circuits. Then they 
 choose their places by lot ; and on the poops the leaders, 
 adorned with gold and purple, shine from afar with distin- 
 guished luster. The rest of the youth are crowned with pop- 
 lar wreaths, and glitter, having their naked shoulders be- 
 smeared with oil. They sit down side by side on the benches, 
 and their arms are stretched to the oars : with eaofcr attention 
 they Vv'ait the signal, and their throbbing hearts beat heavily 
 with the impulse of fear, and the generous thirst of praise. 
 Then, as soon as the loud trumpet gave the signal, all (there 
 is no delay) started from their barrier : the seamen's clamor 
 strikes the skies ; and the seas, upturned by their in-bent 
 arms, foam. At once they plow the watery furrows ; and 
 the whole deep opens, convulsed with oars and trident beaks. 
 Not with such violent speed the coursers in the two-yoked 
 chariot-race spring to the field, and start with full career from 
 the goal ; nor with such ardor do the charioteers shake the 
 waving^ reins over the flying steeds, and, bending forward, 
 hang to [give] the lash.'" Then, with the applause and up- 
 roar of the seamen, and the eager acclamations of the favor- 
 ing crowd, every grove resounds : the bounded shores roll the 
 voices on ; the lashed hills re-echo the sound. Amid the 
 bustle and uproar, Gyas flies out before the rest, and scuds 
 away the foremost on the waves : whom next Cloanthus fol- 
 lows, a more skillful rower, but the vessel, sluggish through its 
 bulk, retards him. After these, at equal distance, the Pristis 
 
 8 The reading quoted by Agrcelius de Serrn. Lat. p. 1346, " tumidis 
 quod fiuctibus olim Tunditur," is far more harmonious than the usual ar- 
 rangement. B. 
 
 ^ Cf. Tryphiod. 67, ETrtKVfiaivovaa /neTTJopo; ahx^vi Kvpru. B. 
 
 1" For this construction, cf. Sil. viii. 283, "trepida pendens in verb ■: i 
 planta " B. 
 
 9* 
 
^02 JENEID. B. V. 155—190. 
 
 and Centaur strive to gain the foremost place. And now the 
 Pristis lias the advantage, now the huge Centaur gets before 
 her vanquished [antagonist] ; anon both advance together with 
 united fronts, and with their long keels plow the briny 
 waves. And now they were approaching the rock, and had 
 reached the goal, when Gyas the foremost, and [hitherto] "snc- 
 torious, thus in mid-sea accosts Menoetes, the pilot of his ship : 
 Whither, I pray, are you going so far to the right ? this way 
 steer your course ; keep to the shore, and let the oar graze 
 upon the rocks to the left : let others stand out to sea. lie 
 said : but Menoetes, dreading the hidden rocks, turns out his 
 prow toward the waves. Gyas with loud voice called to him 
 again, Menoetes, whither are you steering opposite ? once more, 
 I say, keep to the rocks : And lo ! he espies Cloanthus 
 pressing on his rear, and keeping a nearer compass. He, be- 
 tween Gyas' ship and the roaring rocks, brushes along the 
 left-hand path on the inside, and suddenly gets ahead of him 
 Tv'ho was before, and leaving the goal, gains the safe seas. 
 Then indeed severe grief blazed up in the inmost vitals of the 
 youth : nor were his cheeks free from tears ; and regardless 
 both of his own dignity and the safety of his friends, he hurls^^ 
 dastardly Menoetes headlong from the lofty stern into the sea. 
 Himself succeeds to the helm, both as pilot and commander ; 
 encourages his men, and turns his rudder to the shore. But 
 when encumbered Menoetes with difficulty at length had risen 
 from the deep bottom being now in years, and languid by 
 reason of his wet garments, he crawls up to the summit of the 
 rock, and sat down on the dry cliff. The Trojans laughed 
 both to see him fall, and to see him swimming ; and they re- 
 new their laughter when from his breast he vomits up the 
 briny wave. Here Sergestus and Mnestheus, the two last, 
 were fired with joyous hope to outstrip Gyas lagging behind. 
 Sergestus gets the start, and makes up to the rock, nor yet 
 had he the advantage by the whole length of the ship, only by 
 a part : the rival Pristis partly presses him with her beak. 
 But Mnestheus, on the mid-deck walking among his crew, ani- 
 mates them : My Hectorean^^ bands, whom I chose associates 
 in Troy's last fatal hour, now, now with keenness ply your 
 
 " "Deturbare, dejicere, demovore." Nonius ii. p. 540, ed. GotlioH B. J 
 
 " Instead of "Hectorei socii," Rufinianus, § 35, p. .221, ed. Ruhnk., ^ 
 reads, "hortor V03 socii." B, 
 
B. V. 191—225. -^NEID. 203 
 
 oars ; now exert that vigor, now that soul of which you were 
 masters in the quicksands of Getulia, in the Ionian Sea, 
 and on Malea's^' coast, where waves succeeding waves pur- 
 sued us. Your Mnestheus aspires not now to the foremost 
 place, nor contends for the victory : though would to heaven ! 
 but may those conquer to whom thou, O Neptune, hast given 
 that boon. Let us be ashamed to come in the last. Sur- 
 mount, my countrymen, and repel that criminal disgrace. They 
 bend to the oar with the greatest emulation : the brazen- 
 beaked galley trembles with the vast strokes, and the [watery] 
 surface flies from under them. Then thick panting shakes 
 their limbs and parched jaws : sweat flows from every pore in 
 rivulets. Mere chance procured the men the wished-for honor : 
 for while Sergestus, between Mnestheus and the goal, in his 
 furious career, is pressing up the liead of the ship to the 
 rocks, and steers in a disadvantageous place, he unluckily 
 stuck among the jutting rocks. The cliffs are shaken, and on 
 a sharp reef the struggling oars were loudly snapped, and the 
 prow dashed against [the rocks] stood suspended. The marin- 
 ers arise together, and with great clamor desist ; and apply 
 stakes shod with iron, and poles with sharpened points, and 
 gather up their shattered oars on the stream. Meanwhile 
 Mnestheus rejoiced, and more animated by this same success, 
 with the nimble march of the oars, and winds called to his aid, 
 cuts the easy waves, and scuds away on the open sea. As 
 a pigeon, whose nest and darling young are in some harbor- 
 ing rock, suddenly scared from her covert, flies away into the 
 fields, and, starting in a fright, gives a loud flapping with her 
 wings against the nest ; then, shooting through the calm still 
 air, skdms^* along the liquid way, nor moves her noble pin- 
 ions : thus Mnestheus, thus the Pristis herself in her career, 
 cuts the utmost boundary of the watery plain ; thus the mere 
 vehemence of her motion carries her forward in her flying 
 course. And first she leaves behind her Sergestus strug- 
 ghng against the high rocks and scanty shallows, in vain 
 imploring aid, and trying to row on with shattered oars. Then 
 he overtakes Gyas, and Chimera's self of mighty bulk : she 
 yields, because she is deprived of her pilot. And now, in the 
 very end of the course, Cloanthus alone is before him ; whom 
 
 13 Malea, a promontory of Peloponnesus, on the southern coast a, 
 Laeonia, dangerous to navigators. 
 
 1* ?.evpdv oljuov aWtopg il'aipet Ttrepol^. ^sch. Prom. 39i. B. 
 
204 iENEID. B. V. 226— 25a 
 
 he endeavors to reach, and, straining -with the utmost vigor, 
 pursues. Then, indeed, the shouts redouble, and all, with 
 hearty applauses, stimulate him in the pursuit, and the sky 
 resounds with roaring acclamations. These are fired with in- 
 dignation, lest they should lose their possession of glory and 
 the honor they have won ; and they are willing to barter life 
 for renown. Those success cherishes ; they are able because 
 they seem to be able. And, perhaps, they had both gained 
 the prize wath equaled beaks,^^ had not Cloanthus, stretching 
 out his hands to the sea, poured forth prayers and invoked the 
 gods to his vows : Ye gods, to whom belongs the empire of 
 the main, over whose seas I sail, I, bound by vow," will 
 joyously present before your altars a snow-w^hite bull on this 
 shore, and cast forth the entrails on the briny wave [as an 
 ottering to you], and make a libation of pure wine. He said : 
 and the whole choir of the Nereids and Phorcus," and the 
 virgin Panopea, heard him from the bottom of the waves ; and 
 father Portunus^^ himself^ with his mighty hand, pushed on 
 the galley in her course. She flies to land swifter than the 
 south wind, and the winged arrow, and lodged herself in the 
 harbor's deep recess. Then Anchises' k)n, having assembled 
 all in form, proclaims Cloanthus conqueror, by the loud voice 
 of the herald, and crowTis his temples with verdant laurel ; 
 allows him the choice of three bullocks as presents for the 
 galleys, and gives him wine and a great talent of silver to 
 carry away. On the leaders themselv^es he confers peculiar 
 honors : to the conqueror he presents a mantle embroidered 
 with gold, round which a thick fringe of Mclibean j}urple rr.n 
 in a double maze, and where the royal boy [Ganymede] in- 
 woven pursues, with darts and full career, the fleet stags on 
 woody Ida, eager, seeming to pant for breath ; whom Jove's 
 swift armor-bearer, with his crooked talons, snatched aloft 
 from Ida. The aged keepers in vain stretch out their hands 
 to the stars, and the baying of the hounds rages to the skies. 
 To him Avho by his merit won the second place, he gives to 
 
 ^^ i. e. " they would have both come in together." B. 
 
 ^'^ He is said to be reus voti who has undertaken a vow on a certain 
 condition ; and when that condition is fulfilled, then he is damnatus 
 voti, or votis, i. e. the gods condemn and sentence him to pay his vow. 
 
 ^' Phorcus, a, sea-deity, son of Pontus and Terra, and father of the 
 Gorgons. 
 
 " Portunus, a name of Meliccrta. 
 
B. V. 259—294. ^NEID. 205 
 
 wear a coat of mail, tliick set with polished rings, and wrouglit 
 in gold with a triple tissue, which he himself victorious had 
 torn from Demoleus by rapid Simois under lofty Ilium : to bo 
 his ornament and defense in war. The servants, Pheo-eus 
 and Sagaris, with united force, scarcely bore the cumbrous 
 [armor] on their shoulders : but Demoleus, formerly clad 
 therein, used to chase before him the stragghng Trojans. For 
 the third present he bestows two caldrons of brass, and silver 
 bowls of finished work, and rouofh with fiofures. And thus 
 now all rewarded, and elated with their wealth, were moving 
 along, having their temples bound with scarlet fillets, when 
 Sergestus brought up his hooted galley without honor, hardl}- 
 with much art disentangled from the cruel rock, with the loss 
 of her oars, find in one tier quite disabled. As often a ser- 
 pent surprised in the highway (which a brazen wheel hath 
 gone athwart, or a traveler, coming heavy w4th a blow, hath 
 left half dead and mangled by a stone), attempting in vain to 
 fly, shoots his body in long wreaths ; in one part fierce, dart- 
 ing fire from his eyes, and rearing aloft his hissing neck ; the 
 other part, maimed with the wound, retards him, twisting [his 
 body] in knots, and winding himself up on his own limbs : 
 with sucli kind of steerage the ship slowly moved along : her 
 sails, however, she expands, and enters the port with full sail, 
 ^aeas gladly confers on Sergestus the promised reward for 
 preserving the vessel, and bringing the crew safe back. To 
 him is given a female slave, not unskillful in the works e*' 
 Minerva, Pholoe, a Cretan by extraction, with her two chil- 
 dren on the breast. 
 
 This game being over, pious yEneas advances to a grassy 
 plain, which woods on winding hills inclosed around ; and in 
 the mid valley was the circuit of a theater, whither the hero, 
 in the midst of many thousands, repaired, and took a high 
 seat. Here he ofters inviting rewards to those who chanced 
 to be inclined to enter the lists in the rapid race, and exhibits 
 the prizes. The Trojans and Sicihans, in mingled throngs, 
 convene from every quarter ; Nisus and Euryalus'" the first : 
 
 " Nisus and Euryalus, two Trojans who accompanied -^neas to Italy, 
 and immortalized themselves by their mutual friendship. They fought 
 with great bravery against the Rutulians, but at last Nisus perished in 
 attempting the rescue of his friend Euryalus, who had fallen into the 
 enemy's hands. 
 
206 ^NEID. B. V. 295—333. 
 
 Euryalus, distinguislied by his lovely form and blooming 
 youth ; Nisus, by his true affection for the boy : whom next 
 Diores followed, a royal youth of Priam's illustrious line. 
 After him Salius, and with him Patron ; of whom the one 
 was an Arcarnanian, the other from Arcadia, of the blood of 
 the Tega^an race. Next two Sicilian youths, Elymus and 
 Panopes, trained to the woods, the companions of aged 
 Acestes ; and many more besides, whom fame hath buried in 
 obscurity. In the midst of whom thus ^neas spoke : Mark 
 these my words, and attend with joy : none of this throng 
 shall go unrewarded by me. Two bright Gnossian"" darts of 
 polished steel, and a carved battle-ax of silver, I will give 
 [each man] to bear aw^ay. This honor shall be conferred 
 equally on all. The first three shall recei\'e prizes, and shall 
 have their heads bound with swarthy olive. Let the first con- 
 queror have a steed adorned with rich trappings ; the second 
 an Amazonian^ ^ quiver full of Thracian arrows, which a broad 
 belt of gold around embraces, and a buckle clasps with a 
 tapering gem : and let the third content himself with this 
 Grecian helmet. When he hacf thus said, they take their re- 
 spective places, and upon hearing the signal, start in a trice, 
 and quit the barrier, darting forward like a tempest : at the 
 same time they mark the goal. Nisus gets tlie start, and 
 springs away far before the rest, outflying the winds and 
 winged lightning. Next to him, but next by a long interval, 
 follc^^ !3alius : then after him Euryalus, with some space left 
 [between them] ; and Elymus follows Euryalus ; close by 
 whose side, lo ! next Diores flies, and now jostles heel with 
 heel, pressing on his shoulder ; and, had more stages remained, 
 he had skipped away before him, or left the victory dubious. 
 And now they were almost in the utmost bound, and, ex- 
 hausted, were approaching toward the very goal ; when un- 
 happy Nisus slides in a slippery puddle of blood, as by chance 
 it had been shed on the ground from victims slain, and soaked 
 the verdant grass. Here the youth, already flushed with the 
 joy of victory, could not support his tottering steps on the 
 ground he trod, but fell headlong amid the noisome filth and 
 
 ^'^ G-nossian darts, i. e. Cretan darts, from Cnossus, or Gnossus, a city 
 of Crete. 
 
 ^^ Amazonian quivers: the Amazons were a warlike nation of women, 
 who lived near the river Thermodon in Pontus. 
 
B. V. 334— SfO. ^XEID. 207 
 
 sacred gore. He, however, was not then forgetful of Eury- 
 alus, nor of their mutual affection ; for, as he rose from the 
 slippery mire, he opposed himself to Salius : he again, tum- 
 bhng backward, lay prostrate on the clammy sand. Euryalus 
 springs forward, and victorious by the kindness of his friend, 
 holds the foremost place, and flies with favoring applause 
 and acclamation. Elymus comes in next; and Di ores, now 
 [entitled to] the third prize. Here Salius fills the whole as- 
 sembly of the ample pit, and the front seats of the fathers, 
 with loud outcries, and demands the prize to be given to him- 
 self, from whom it was snatched away by unfair means. The 
 favor [of the spectators] befriends Euryalus, and his graceful 
 tears, and merit that appears more lovely in a comely per- 
 son. Diores aids him, and exclaims with bawling voice ; who 
 succeeded to a prize, and had a claim to the last reward in 
 vain, if the first honors be given to Salius. Then father 
 ^aeas said: Your rewards, youths, stand fixed, and none 
 shall turn the prize out of its due course : give me leave to 
 compassionate the disaster of my innocent friend. This said, 
 he gives to Salius the huge hide of a Getulian lion, ponderous 
 with shaggy fur and gilt claws. Upon this Xisus says. If to 
 the vanquished such rewards be given, and your pity be ex- 
 tended to those that fell, what gifts are due to Nisus ? [to 
 me,] who by my merit won the first prize, had not the same 
 unkind fortune which bore Salius down overpowered me. 
 And with these words he at the same time showed his face 
 and limbs besmeared with oozy filth. The excellent father 
 smiled on his plight, and ordered the buckler to be produced, 
 Didymaon's ingenious work, torn down by the Greeks from 
 the sacred posts of Neptune's temple. With this signal pres- 
 ent he rewards the illustrious youth. 
 
 Next, when the race was finished, and the prizes were dis- 
 tributed : Now, [says he,] whoever he may be in whose breast 
 courage and resolution dwell, let him stand forth, and raise 
 aloft his arms, having his hands bound [with the cestus.] He 
 said, and proposes a double prize for the combat : to the con- 
 queror a bullock decked with gold and fillets ; a sword and 
 shining helm, the solace of the vanquished. Without delay. 
 Dares "shows his face with strength prodigious, and rears him- 
 self amid the loud murmurs of the spectators ; he who alone 
 was wont to enter the lists with Paris ; the same at the tomb 
 
208 yENEID. b. v. 371—403. 
 
 where miglity Hector lies, struck down victorious Butes" of 
 mighty frame, who boasted his descent from the race of 
 Amycus, king of Bebrycia, and stretched him gasping on the 
 tawny sand. Such Dares uprears his lofty head lirst in the 
 lists, and presents his broad shoulders, and in alternate throws 
 brandishes his arms around, and beats the air with his fists. 
 For him a match is souo^ht ; nor dares one of all that numerous 
 crowd encounter him, and draw the gauntlets on his hands. 
 Elated, therefore, and imagining that all had quitted preten- 
 sion to the prize, he stood before -<^neas' feet : and then, with- 
 out further delay, with his left hand he seizes the bull by the 
 horns, and thus speaks : Goddess-born, if no one will dare to 
 trust himself to the combat, where will be the end of hanging 
 on ? how long must I be detained ? Order the presents to 
 be brought. At the same time all the Trojans murmured their 
 consent, and ordered the promised prizes to be delivered to 
 him. Then venerable Acestes thus chides Entellus, as he sat 
 beside him on the verdant grassy couch : Entellus, in vain 
 [reputed] the stoutest of champions once, will you then sutier 
 so great prizes to be carried off without any contest ? Where 
 is now that god of ours, Eryx, whom you in vain gave out to 
 be your master ? where is your fame through all Trinacria ? 
 where the spoils that used to hang from your roof ? He to this 
 immediately [replies] : It is not that my thirst of jDraise is 
 gone, or my glory has departed, driven away by fear : but my 
 frozen blood languishes through enfeebling age, and the strength 
 worn out in my body is benumbed. Did I but now enjoy that 
 youth which once I had, and wherein that varlet triumphs 
 ■with vain confidence, then would I have taken the field : not 
 indeed induced by the prize of this ftiir bullock, for I regard 
 not rewards. Thus having spoken, he then throws into the 
 midst a pair of gauntlets" of huge Aveight ; wherewith fierce 
 Eryx was wont to engage in the fight, and to brace his arms 
 with the stubborn hide. Amazement seized their minds. Seven 
 
 22 Butes, a descendant of Amycus, king of Bebrycia (Bithynia), killed 
 by Dares at the tomb of Plector. At the funeral games of Anchises in 
 Sicily, Dares was overcome at the combat of the cestus, by Entellus, a 
 friend of Acestes. 
 
 ■•^' Caestus. The csestus was a sort of leathern guards for the hands, 
 composed of thongs, and commonly filled with lead or iron, to add force 
 and weight to the blow: though others, indeed, wi-11 have them to have 
 been a kind of whirlbats or bludgeons of wood, witli lead at on© end. 
 
B. V. 404—429. ^NEID. 209 
 
 huge thongs of such vast oxen lay stiffening ^vith lead and iron 
 sewed within. Above all Dares himself stands aghast, and 
 utterly declines the combat: and the magnanimous son of 
 Anchises this w^ay and that way poises the weight and the 
 complicated folds of the gauntlets. Then the aged champion 
 thus spoke from his soul : What if any [of you] had seen the 
 gauntlet and arms of Hercules himself, and the bloody^* com- 
 bat on this very shore ? These arms your brother Eryx form- 
 erly wore. You see them yet stained with blood and shat- 
 tered brains. With these he stood against great Alcides ; with 
 these I was wont [to combat], while better blood supplied mo 
 with strength, nor en\aous age as yet had scattered gray hairs 
 over my temples. But if Ti'ojan Dares decline these our 
 arms, and if the pious ^aeas be so determined, and Acestes, 
 who prompts me [to the fight], approve, let us be equally 
 matched : To oblige you, I lay aside the weapons of Eryx ; 
 dismiss your fears, and do you put off your Trojan gauntlets. 
 This said, he flung from his shoulders his double vest, and 
 bared his huge limbs, his big bones and sinewy arms, and 
 stood forth of mighty frame in the middle of the field. Then 
 the sire, sprung from Anchises, brought forth equal gauntlets, 
 and bound both their hands with equal arms. Forthwith 
 each on his tiptoes stood erect, and undaunted raised his arms 
 aloft in the air. Far from the blow they bactsvard withdrew 
 Iheir towering heads : now hand to hand they join in close 
 encounter, and provoke the fight ; the one having the advan- 
 
 But the description Virgil gives of these weapons, particularly when ho 
 calls them immensa volumina vinclorum, 408, and says, 425, 
 
 Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis, 
 
 agrees to the former idea, but by no means to the latter. They were tied 
 about the arm as high as the elbow, both as a guard to the arm, and to 
 keep them from sliding off. Some derive the name from ks-ov, a girdle ; 
 others from cajdo, to kill; which last answers well enough to the nature 
 of the combat, which was so cruel and bloody, that Lycurgus made a 
 law forbidding the Lacedsemoniaus to practice it. 
 
 ~i The combat is called tristis, woeful, or bloody, because Eryx was 
 slain in it by Hercules. The occasion of the combat is thus related. 
 Hercules having put to death Geryon, king of Spain, was returning with 
 his booty, which was a herd of fine oxen : and having visited Sicily in his 
 way, received a challenge from Eryx, king of the island, to fight him with 
 the gauntlet. If the victory fell to Eryx, he was to have Hercules's 
 oxen ; but if ho was vanquished, then the whole island of Sicily was to 
 bo Hercules's proportj^ Thus l"]ryx lost both his hfe and his crown. 
 
210 ^NEID. B. V. 430— 4G5 
 
 tage in agility of foot, and relying on his youth ; the other 
 surpassing in limbs and bulk ; but his feeble knees sink under 
 liis trembling body : his difficult breathing shakes his vast 
 frame. The heroes deal many blows to one another -wdth 
 erring aim, and many on the hollow sides redouble ; from 
 their breasts [the thumps] resound aloud, and round their 
 ears and temples thick strokes at random fly ; their jaws 
 crackle under the heavy blow. Entellus stands stili' and un- 
 moved in the same firm posture, only with his body and 
 watchful eyes evades the strokes. The other, as one who 
 Desieges a lofty city with batteries, or under arms besets a 
 mountain fortress, explores now these, now those approaches, 
 and artfully traverses the whole ground, and pursues his 
 attack with various assaults, still baffled. Entellus, rising on 
 tiptoe, extended his right arm, and lifted it on high : the 
 other nimbly foresaw the blow descending from above, and 
 with agility of body shifting, slipped from under it. Entel- 
 lus spent his strength on the wind ; and, both by the force of 
 his o^vn natural weight, and the violence of the motion, falls 
 to the ground of himself with his heavy bulk ; as sometimes, 
 on Erymanthus" or spacious Ida, a hollow j)ine torn from tho 
 roots tumbles down at once. The Trojan and Sicilian youth 
 rise together with eager feelings : these acclamations pierce 
 the skies ; and Acestes first advances in haste, and in pity 
 raises from the ground his friend of equal age. But the hero, 
 not disabled nor daunted by his fall, returns to the combat 
 more fierce, and indignation rouses his spirit : then shame and 
 conscious worth set all the powers of his soul on fire; and 
 inflamed he drives Dares headlong over the whole plain, re- 
 doubling blows on blows, sometimes with the right hand, 
 sometimes with the left. No stop, no stay : as thick showers 
 of hail come rattling down on the housetops, so with thick 
 repeated blows, the hero thumps Dares with each hand, and 
 tosses him hither and thither. Then father ^aeas suf- 
 fered not their fury longer to exert itself, nor Entellus to 
 rage with such fierce animosity : but put an end to the com- 
 bat, and rescued Dares quite overpowered, soothing him wuth 
 words, and bespeaks him in these terms : Unhappy ! what 
 strong infatuation possessed your mind ? Are you not sensible 
 
 23 Erymanthus, a mountain of Arcadia, wbcro Hercules slew the 
 famous Eryraanthian boar. 
 
B. V. 466— 504. ^NEID. 211 
 
 of [his having] foreign assistance, and that the gods have 
 changed sides ^ Yield to the deity. He said, and by his word 
 put an end to the combat. As for Dares, his trusty com- 
 panions conduct him to the ships, dragging his feeble limbs, 
 and tossino: his head to either sitie, diso-orGrino" from his throat 
 clotted gore, and teeth mingled with his blood ; and, at .^Eneas' 
 call, they take the heimet and sword, leave the palm and bull 
 to Entellus. At this the conqueror, in soul elated, and proud 
 of the bull, says : Goddess-born, and ye Trojans, hence know 
 both what strength I have had in my youthful limbs, and from 
 what death you have saved Dares. He said, and stood against 
 the front of the opposite bull that was set for the prize of the 
 combat, and rearing himself up, with his right hand drawn 
 back, leveled the cruel gauntlets directly between the horns, 
 and, battering the skull, drove through the bones. Down 
 drops the ox, and, in the pangs of death, falls sprawling to the 
 ground. Over him he utters these words : This life, more 
 acceptable, O Eryx, I give thee in exchange for Dares' death ; 
 here, victorious, I lay down the gauntlets with my art. 
 
 JEneas forthwith invites such as may be willing to try their 
 skill with the swift arrow, and sets prizes ; and with his 
 mighty hand raised a mast taken from Serestus' ship, and from 
 the high mast hangs a fluttering dove by a rope thrust through 
 at which they may aim their shafts. The competitors assem- 
 ble ; and a brazen helmet received the shuffled lots. The lot 
 of Hippocoon," the son of Hyrtacus, comes out first of all 
 with favoring shouts ; whom follows Mnestheus, lately victor 
 in the naval strife, Mnestheus, crowned with green olive. The 
 third is Eurytion, the brother, illustrious Pandarus, of thee, 
 who, once urged to violate the treaty, didst first hurl thy dart 
 into the midst of the Greeks. Acestes remained the last, and 
 in the bottom of the helmet ; he too adventuring with his 
 [aged] hand to essay the feats of youth. Then with stout 
 force they bend their pliant bows, each man according to his 
 ability, and draw forth their arrows from their quivers. And 
 first the arrow of young Hyrtacus' son, shot through the sky 
 from the whizzing string, cleaves the fleeting air, both reaches 
 [the mark], and fixes in the wood of the opposite mast. The 
 
 25 Hippocoon was brother to Nisus, and the friend of ^neas. Eury- 
 tion and Pandarus were sons of Lycaon ; the latter was slain by Dio- 
 inede, in tho Trojan war. 
 
212 ^NEID. B. V. 505—512. 
 
 mast quivered ; and the frighted bird, by its wings, showed 
 sijrns of fear ; and all quarters rang with loud applause. Next 
 keen Mnestheus stood with his bow close drawn,^' aiming on 
 high, and directed his eye and arrow both together. But it 
 was his misfortune not to be able to hit the bird itself with his 
 shaft ; he burst the cords and hempen ligaments to which it 
 hung tied by the foot from the high mast. She with winged 
 Rpeed shot into the air and dusky clouds. Then Eurytion in 
 eao-er haste, havinir his arrow long" before extended on the 
 ready bow, poured forth a vow to his brother [Pandarus], as 
 he now beheld the joyful dove in the void sky, and j^ierced 
 hdr under a dark cloud as she was clapping her wings. She 
 dropped down dead, and left her life among the stars of heaven; 
 and, falling to the ground, brings back the arrow fastened 
 [in the wound]. Acestes alone remained after the prize was 
 lost ; who, notwithstanding, discharged his shaft into the 
 aerial regions, the sire displaying both his address and twang- 
 ing bow."'^* Here is unexpectedly presented to view a prodigy, 
 designed to be of high portent ; this the important event after- 
 ward declared, and the alarming soothsayers predicted the 
 omens late. For the arrow, flying among the watery clouds, 
 took fire, and with the flames marked out a path, till, being 
 quite consumed, it vanished into thin air ; as often stars loos- 
 ened from the firmament shoot across, and flying draw [after 
 them] a train of light. The Sicilians and Trojans stood fixed 
 in astonishment, and besought the gods ; nor does mighty 
 ^neas reject the omen, but, embracing Acestes overjoyed, 
 loads him ^vith ample rewards, and thus bespeaks him : Ac- 
 cept these, O sire, for the great king of heaven, by these 
 omens, has signified his will, that you receive the honor [of 
 the victory, though] out of course. This gift, which belonged 
 to aged Anchises' self, you shall possess; a bowl embossed 
 with figures, which Thracian Cisseus form^erly gave for a 
 magnificent present to my sire, as a monument and pledge of 
 his" love. This said, he crowns his temples with verdant 
 laurel, and in view of all pronounces Acestes the first con- 
 queror. Nor does good Eurytion envy him the preference in 
 honor, thouo-h he alone struck down the bird from the ex- 
 
 27 This is the force of "adducto," denoting that the bow was Mly 
 drawn. Cf. Sil. i. 334. Ovid Met. i. 435. B. 
 
 2^ i. e. having lost the mark, he showed to what height he could shoot 
 
B. V. 043—577. iENEID. 213 
 
 alted sky. He next comes in for a prize, who broke the cords ; 
 the last is he who pierced the mast with his winged shaft. 
 
 But father -^iieas, the games not being yet ended, calls to 
 him the son of Egyptus, young Itilus' guardian and companion, 
 and thus Avhispers in his trusty ear : Go quick, says he, desire 
 Ascanius (if he has now gotten ready with him his company 
 of boys, and has arranged the movements of the horses) to 
 bring up his troops, and show himself in arms in honor of his 
 grandsire. He himself orders the crowd to remove from the 
 extended circus, and the field to be cleared. The boys advance 
 in procession, and uniformly shine on the bridled steeds full 
 in their parents' sight ; in admiration of whom, as they career 
 along, the whole Trojan and Trinacrian youth join in acclama- 
 tions. All in due form had their hair pressed with a trim 
 garland. They bear two cornel spears pointed with steel ; 
 some have polished quivers on their shoulders. A pliant circle 
 of wreathed gold goes from the upper part of their breasts 
 about their necks. Three troops of horsemen, and three 
 leaders, range over the plain : twelve stripHngs following 
 each, shine in a separate body, and with commanders equally 
 matched. One band of youths young Priam, bearing his 
 grandsire's name, leads triumphant ; thy illustrious offspring, 
 O Polites," who shall one day do honor to the Italians, whom 
 a Thracian courser bears, dappled with white spots ; the fet- 
 locks of his foremost feet are white, and, tossing his head 
 aloft, he displays a white front. The second is Atys,^° from 
 whom the Attii of Kome have derived their origin ; little 
 Atys, a boy beloved by the boy liilus. liilus the last, and in 
 beauty distinguished from all the rest, rode on a Sidonian 
 steed which fair Dido had given him as a monument and 
 pledge of her love. The rest of the youths ride on Trinacrian 
 horses of aged Acestes. The Trojans with shouts of applause 
 receive them anxious [for honor],^^ and are well-pleased 
 with the sight, and recognize the features of the aged sires. 
 Now when the joyous youths had paraded on horseback round 
 
 29 Polites, a son of Priam and Hecuba, whose son, also named Priam, 
 accompanied ^neas to Italy, and was one of the friends of young 
 Ascanius. 
 
 I 3u Atys, who also accompanied -^neas, is supposed to have been the 
 'progenitor of the family of the Attii at Rome. 
 
 'I i. e. " eager with excitement." So Servius. " gloriae cupiditate sol- 
 Ucitos." B. 
 
214 ^NEID. B. V. 578— 603. 
 
 the whole ring, and full in their j^arents' view, Epytus' son, 
 from afar, gave a signal to them by a shout, as they stood 
 ready, and clanked with the lash. They broke away in parted 
 order, keeping the same front, and broke up the troops into 
 separate bands by threes ; and again, upon summons given, 
 they wheeled about, and bore their hostile spears [on one 
 another.]" Then they again advance, and again retreat in 
 their opposite grounds, and alternately involve intricate circles 
 within circles, and call up the representation of a fight in 
 arms. And now flying they expose their defenseless backs.; 
 now in hostile manner turn their darts [on each other] : now, 
 peace being made up, they are borne along together. As of 
 old in lofty Crete was a labyrinth famed for having had an 
 alley formed by dark intricate walls, and a puzzling maze 
 with a thousand avenues, where a [single] mistake, unob- 
 served, but not to be retraced, frustrated the marks for guiding 
 one on the way ; in just such course the sons of the Trojaus 
 involve their motions, and with intricate movement represent 
 fighting and flying in sport ; like dolphins, that, swimming 
 through the watery deep, cut the Carpathian or Libyan Sea, 
 and gambol amid the waves. This manner of tilting, and 
 these mock fights, Ascanius first renewed, and taught the 
 ancient Latins to celebrate, when he was inclosing Alba 
 Longa with walls : as he himself, when a boy, as the Trojan 
 youth with him [had practiced them], so the Albans taught 
 their posterity ; hence, in after times, imperial Rome received 
 them, and preserved the same in honor of her ancestors : and 
 at this day it is called [the game of] Troy," and the boys [that 
 pt^rform it], the Trojan band. 
 
 Thus far the trials of skill v.-ere exhibited [by -^neas in. 
 
 32 I have followed Anthon. The student will find an excellent ex- 
 planation of the maneuvers in his notes. B. 
 
 33 This game, commonly known by the name of the Lusus Trojce, is 
 purely of Virgil's own invention, he had no hint of it from Homer. This 
 he has substituted in the room of three of his, the wrestling, the single 
 combat, and the discus, and, in the opinion of a very judicious modern, 
 it is worth all those three in Homer. This game Virgil added to please 
 Augustus, who had at that time renewed the same. Suetonius tells us, 
 Trojaj ludura edidit (Augustus) frequentissime, majorum minorumve 
 puerorum delectu : prisci decorique moris existimans, claras stirpis indo- 
 lem sic innotescere, etc. Suet, in August, cap. 43. Julius Caesar had also 
 exhibited the same before, as we learn from the same author, Trojam 
 lusit turma duplex, majorum minorumve puerorum. In Jul. cap. 36. 
 
B, V. 604:— 638. ^NEID. 215 
 
 honor] of his sanctified sire. Here shifting Fortune, changing, 
 first altered her faith. While they are celebrating the anni- 
 versary festival at the tomb -with various games, Saturnian 
 Juno dispatched Iiis from heaven to the Trojan fleet, and with 
 the fanning winds speeds her on her way, forming many plots, 
 and having not yet glutted her old revenge. The margin god- 
 dess accelerating her way, seen by none, amid the bow with 
 a thousand colors, shoots down the path with nimble motion. 
 She descries the vast concourse ; then, surveying the shore, 
 sees the port deserted, and the fleet deserted. But at a dis- 
 tance the Trojan dames apart were mourning the loss of An- 
 chises on the desolate shore, and all of them with tears in 
 their eyes viewed the deep ocean : Ah ! that so many shoals, 
 such a length of sea should still remain for us after all our 
 toils ! was the sole complaint of all. They pray for a city, 
 are sick of enduring the hardships of the main. Therefore 
 she, not unpracticed in mischief, throws herself into the midst 
 of them, and lays aside the mien and vesture of a goddess. 
 She assumes the figure of Beroe, the aged wife of Thracian 
 Doryclus,^^ who was of noble birth, and once had renown, and 
 oflspring. And thus she joins in discourse with the Trojan 
 matrons : Ah ! unhappy we, who were not dragged forth to 
 death in the war by the Grecian host under our native walls ! 
 Ill-fated race ! for what miserable doom does fortune reserve 
 you ? The seventh summer since the destruction of Troy is 
 already rolled away, while we, having measured all lands and 
 seas, so many inhospitable rocks and barbarous climes, arc 
 driven about : while along the wide ocean we pursue an ever- 
 fleeing Italy, and are tossed on the waves. Here are the 
 realms of his brother Eryx, and his friend Acestes : who pre- 
 vents our founding walls, and giving our citizens a city ? Ah, 
 my country, and our gods in vain saved from the enemy ! 
 shall a city never more arise to be named from Troy ? Shall I 
 never see the Hectorean rivers, Xanthus and Simois ? Nay, 
 rather come, and bum with me our cursed ships. For in my 
 sleep the ghost of the prophetess Cassandra seemed to pre- 
 sent me with flaming brands : Here, says she, seek for Troy, 
 here is your fixed residence. Now is the time for action. 
 
 S'* Dorvclus, a brother of Pliineas, king of Thrace, and Ihe husband of 
 Beroe, whose form was assumed by Iris, when she advised the Trojan 
 women to bum the fleet of ^neas in Sicily. 
 
215 -fiyEID. B. y. 639—673, 
 
 Nor let there be delav after suci siims from heaveiL Lo". 
 here are four altars to Xeptune : the god himself supplies us 
 vritli fire-brands, and \nxh courage [for the att^npt]. Wiih 
 these ■words, she violently snatches the destroying fire, and, 
 lifting up her right hand vvith exerted force, waves it at a 
 distance, throws it. Roused are the minds and stunned the 
 hearts of the Trojan matrons. Then one of the number, 
 Pyrgo," the most advanced in years, the royal nurse to 
 r^iam's numerous sons, [said.] Matrons, this is not Beroe 
 whom you have here, it is not she from Rhjeteum, the wife of 
 Doryclus : mark the characters of divine beauty, eyes blight 
 and sparkling ; what breath, what looks ; or the accents of 
 her voice, or her eait as she moves. Mrself latelv, as I came 
 hither, left Beroe sick, in great anguish that she alone was cut 
 off from such a solemnity, and was not to pay the honors due 
 to Anchises. She said. But the matrons fiKt began to view 
 the ships with malignant eyes, dubious and wavering between 
 their wretched fondness for the present land, and the realms 
 that summoned them by the Fates; when on equal poised 
 winojs the coddess motmted info the skr, and in her fiicrht cut 
 the spacious bow beneath the clouds. Then, indeed, con- 
 founded at the prodigy, and driven by madness, they shriek 
 out together, and snatch the flame from the inmost hearths.*^ 
 Some rife the altars, and fiing the boughs, and saplings, and 
 brands together : the conflagration rages with loose reins 
 amid the rowers' seats, and oars, and painted stems of fir. 
 Eumelus conveys the tidings to Anchises' tomb, and to the 
 benches of the theater, that the shipts were bume*i ; and they 
 themselves b>ehold the sparks of fire flying up in a pitchy 
 cloud. And first. Ascanius, as joyous he led the cav^cade, 
 just as he was, with fiill speed rode up to the troubled camp : 
 nor was it in the p-ower of his guardians, half-dead for fear, to 
 check him. What strange frenzy this i whither, he cries, ah ! 
 my wretched countrywomen, whither would you now ? It is 
 not the enemy, or the hostile camp of the Greeks, but your 
 own hopes ye bum. Here am I, your own Ascanius. He 
 threw at their feet the empty helmet, which he wore while 
 
 35 Prrg"0. the Enree of Priam's duldren, who followed -<Eneas in his 
 flight from TroT. 
 
 ^ i. f, from ihe Deighboring dwellings. The fire on the altars was 
 not cufSdeBt B. 
 
B. V. 674— 70«. ^NEID. 217 
 
 calliug forth tlie images of war in sport. At tlie same time 
 ^aeas and the bands of the Trojans came up in ' haste. But 
 the matrons for fear fly difterent ways up and down the shore, 
 and skulking repair to the woods and hollow rocks wherever 
 there are any. They loathe the deed, the light, and penitent 
 recognize their friends ; and Juno is dislodged from their 
 breasts. But the flames and conflagration did not therefore 
 abate their ungovernable fury. The tow lives under the 
 moistened boards, disgorging languid smoke ; the smothered 
 fire gradually consumes the keel, and the contagious ruin 
 spreads through the whole body of the vessel. Neither the 
 efforts of the heroes, nor outpoured streams, avail. Then 
 pious -i^neas tore his robe from his shoulders, and invoked 
 the gods to his aid, and stretched out his hands : Almighty 
 Jove, if thou dost not yet abhor all the Trojans to a man, if 
 thy ancient goodness regards human disasters with commiser- 
 ation, grant now, O father, that our fleet may escape from 
 these flames, and save from desolation the humbled state of 
 the Trojans. Or, to complete thy vengeance, hurl me down 
 to the death with thy vindictive thunder, if I so deserve, and 
 crush me here with thy right hand. Scarce had he spoken 
 these words, when a black tempest of bursting rain rages with 
 uncommon fury : both hills" and valleys quake with thunder ; 
 the shower in turbid rain, and condensed into pitchy dark- 
 ness by the thick-beating south winds, pours down from the 
 whole atmosphere. The ships are filled from above ; the half- 
 burned boards are drenched, till the whole smoke is extin- 
 guished, and all the ships, with the loss of four, are saved from 
 the pest. 
 
 But father ^neas, struck with the bitter misfortune, turned 
 his anxious thoughts now this way, now that, pondering with 
 himself whether she should settle in the territories of Sicily, 
 or, regardless of the Fates, or steer his course to the Italian 
 coast. Then aged Nautes,^* whom above others Trilonian 
 Pallas taught, and rendered illustrious for deep science, gave 
 forth these responses, what either the great displeasure of the 
 
 37 More literally, " the steeps of land." Cf. Sjmmach. Epist. vii. 69, 
 "ardua clivi." Apul. Met. i., "ardua montium." Varro, R. R. ii. 10, 
 " montium arduitatem." Hieron. Epist. 22, "aspera montium." B. 
 
 39 Nautes, a Trojan soothsayer, who consoled ^neas when his fleet 
 had been burned in Sicily. He was the progenitor of the Nautii, at Rom©, 
 a family to whom the Palladium of Troy was afterward intrusted. 
 
 10 
 
218 ^NEID. E. V. 707—739. 
 
 gods portended, or wliat the series of trie Fates required. 
 And thus, solacing .iEueas, he begins: Goddess-born, let us 
 follow the Fates, whether they invite us backward or forward : 
 come what will, every fortune is to be surmounted by pa- 
 tience. You have lYojan Acestes of divine origin : admit 
 him the partner of your counsels, and unite yourself to him 
 your willing friend : to him deliver up such as are supernumer- 
 ary, now that you have lost some ships ; choose out those who 
 are sick of the great enterprise, and of your fortunes ; the old 
 with length of years oppressed, and the matrons fatigued with 
 the voyage ; select the feeble part of your company, and such 
 as dread the danger, and, since they are tired OTii, let them 
 have a settlement in these territories : they shall r ^11 the city 
 Acesta^^ by a licensed name. 
 
 Then indeed ^neas, fired by these words of his aged friend, 
 is distracted in his mind amid a thousand cares. Now sable 
 Night, mounted on her chariot with two horses, held the skies, 
 when the form of his father Anchises, gliding down from the 
 skies, suddenly seemed to ]30ur forth these words : Son, once 
 dearer to me than life, while life remained ; my son, severely 
 tried by the fates of Troy ; hither I come by the command of 
 Jove, who averted the lire from your fleet, and at length 
 showed pity from the high heaven. Comply with the excel- 
 lent counsel which aged Nautes now offers : carry Avith you 
 to Italy the choice of the youths, the stoutest hearts. In 
 Latium you have to subdue a hardy race, rugged in manners. 
 But first, my son, visit Pluto's infernal mansions, and, in 
 quest of an interview with me, cross the deep floods of Aver- 
 nus: for not accursed Tartarus, nor the dreary ghosts, have 
 me in their possession : but I inhabit the delightful seats of 
 the blest, and Elysium."" Hither the chaste Sibyl shall con- 
 duct thee after shedding profusely the blood of black victims. 
 Then you shall learn your whole progeny, and what walls are 
 assigned to you. And now farewell : humid Night wheels 
 about her mid course,"^ and the dawning light, which fiercely 
 summons me away, hath breathed upon me with panting steeds, 
 
 39 Acesta, or Segesta, a city of Sicily, built by -(Eneas in honor of 
 king Acestes. 
 
 4" Elysium, a place in the infernal regions, where, according to the 
 mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed afte^ 
 death. The Elysian fields, according to Virgil, were situated in Italy. 
 
 <i The reader will call to mind the words of the ghost ii " Hamlet." B. 
 
B. Y. 740— 774. ^NEID. 219 
 
 He said : and vanislied like smoke into tlie fleetinsf air. 
 Whither so precipitant ? says then ^neas ; whither dost thou 
 whirl away ? whom fliest thou ? or who debars me from my 
 embraces ? So saying, he awakes the embers and dormant fire, 
 and suppliant pays veneration to his Trojan domestic god, and 
 the shine of hoary Vesta, w'ith a holy cake and full censer. 
 Forthwith he calls his followers, and first of all Acestes, and 
 informs them of Jove's command, and the instructions of hia 
 beloved sire, and of tlie present settled purpose of his soul. 
 No obstruction is given to his plans ; nor is Acestes averse 
 to the proposals made. They enroll" the matrons for the city, 
 and set on shore as many of the people as were willing, souls 
 that had no desire of hiofh renown. Themselves renew the 
 benches, and repair the timbers half consumed by the flames ; 
 fit oars and cables to the ships ; in number small, but of ani- 
 mated valor for Avar. 
 
 Meanwhile ^neas marked out a city wuth the plow, and 
 assigns the houses by lot : here he orders a [second] Ilium 
 to arise, and these places to be called after those of Troy. 
 Trojan Acestes rejoices in his kingdom ; institutes a court of 
 justice ; and having assembled his senators, dispenses laws. 
 Then on the top of Mount Eryx a temple approaching the 
 stars is raised to Idalian Venus ;" and a priest is assigned to 
 the tomb of Anchises, with a grove hallowed far and wide. 
 And now the whole people had kept the festival for nine days, 
 and sacrifices had been ofiered on the altars, peaceful breezes 
 have smoothed the seas, and the south wind in repeated gales 
 invites into the deep. Loud lamentations along the winding 
 shores arise : in mutual embraces they linger out both night 
 and day. Even the matrons, and those to whom the face of the 
 sea lately seemed horrid, and its divinity" intolerably severe, 
 would willingly go, and submit to all the toil of the voyage ; 
 W'hom good JEneas solaces in friendly terms, and, weepmg, 
 commends to his kinsman Acestes. Then he orders to sacri- 
 fice to Eryx three calves, and a female lamb to the tempests, 
 and to weigh anchor after the due rites were performed. He 
 himself, having his head bound with a trim garland of olive 
 
 ^2 " Transcribere" is a word properly used of colonizing. See Serving 
 Cf. Seneca^ Episc. 4, "te in vires philosophia transcripseris." B. 
 ^3 So called from Mount Ida. 
 ''I But "nomcu" seems simpler. See Anthon. B. 
 
220 ^NEID. B. T. 775—809. 
 
 leaves, standini^ on the extremity of the prow, holds the cup, 
 and casts forth the entrails on the briny waves, and pours the 
 limpid wine. A wind arising from the stern accompanies them 
 in their course. The crew, with emulous vigor, lash the sea 
 and brush its smooth surface. 
 
 Meanwhile Venus, harassed with cares, addresses Neptune, 
 and pours forth these complaints from her breast : The heavy 
 resentment and insatiable passion of Juno compel me, O Nep- 
 tune, to descend to all entreaties ; Juno, whom neither length 
 of time or any piety softens ; and who is not quelled and sub- 
 dued even by Jove's imperial sway, or by the Fates. It is not 
 enough for her to have effaced the city from among the Phryg- 
 ian race by her unhallowed hate, nor to have dragged its rehcs 
 through all sorts of suffering ; she persecutes the ashes and 
 bones of ruined Troy. The causes of such furious resentment 
 are to her best known. Yourself can witness for me what a 
 heaving tempest she suddenly raised of late on the Libyan 
 waves. The whole sea she blended in confusion with the sky, 
 vainly relying on Coins' storms; this presuming [even] in 
 your realms. Lo also (O wickedness!) by acting upon the 
 Trojan matrons, she hath shamefully burned the ships, and 
 forced their friends, now that they have lost their fleet, to 
 abandon them in an unknown land. As to what remains, may 
 they be allowed, I pray, to sail over the weaves secure by thy 
 protection : may they be allowed to reach Laurentian Tiber ;" 
 if I ask what may be granted, if the Destinies assign those set- 
 tlements. Then the Saturnian ruler of the deep ocean thus 
 replied : Cytherea," it is perfectly just that you confide in my 
 realms, whence you derive your birth : besides, I have a just 
 claim ; [for] often have I checked the furious rage and mad- 
 '.ening tumult of sea and sky. Nor was I less careful of your 
 ^neas on earth (I call Xanthus and Simois to witness). 
 When Achilles, pursuing the breathless troops of Troy, dashed 
 them against their walls, gave many thousands to death, and 
 he choked rivers groaned, and Xanthus could not find his 
 way, nor disembogue himself into the sea ; then in a holl»w 
 cloud I snatched away ^neas, while encountering the mighty 
 Achilles with strength and gods unequal ; though I was de- 
 
 45 Laurentian Tiber, so called from Laurentum (Paterno), the capital 
 of Latium in the reign of Latinus. 
 4s Cjtherea. A surname of Venus. 
 
B. Y. 810—842. ^NEID. 221 
 
 sirous of overthrowing from the lowest foundation the walls 
 of perjured Troy, reared by my hands. And still I am of the 
 same disposition : banish your fear ; he shall arrive safe at the 
 port of Avernus, which you desire. One only, lost in the deep, 
 shall he seek for : one hfe shall be given for many.*^ The sire, 
 having by these words soothed and cheered the heart of the 
 goddess, yokes his steeds to his golden car, puts the foaming 
 bit into their fierce mouths, and throws out all the reins. 
 Along the surface of the seas he nimbly glides in his azure 
 car. The waves subside, and the swelling ocean smooths its 
 liquid pavement under the thundering axle : the clouds fly oft' 
 the face of the expanded sky. Then [appear] the various forms 
 of his retinue, unwieldy whales," and the aged train of Glaucus, 
 and Palemon," Ino's son, the swift Tritons, and the whole 
 band of Phorcus. On the left are Thetis, Melite, and the vir- 
 gin Panopse, Nesaee, Spio, Thalia, and Cymodoce. Upon this, 
 soft joys in their turn ditfuse themselves through the anxious 
 soul of father ^Eneas. Forthwith he orders all the masts to be 
 set up, and the yards to be stretched along the sails. At once 
 they all tacked together, and together let go sometimes the 
 left-hand sheets, sometimes the right : at once they turn and 
 turn back the lofty end of the sail yards : friendly gales waft 
 the fleet forward. Palinurus, the master-pilot, led the closely- 
 united squadron : toward him the rest were ordered to steer 
 their course. 
 
 And now the dewy night had almost reached the middle of 
 her course ; the weary sailors, stretched along the hard benches 
 under the oars, relaxed their limbs'" in peaceful repose ; when 
 the god of sleep, gliding down from the ethereal stars, parted 
 the dusky air, and dispelled the shades ; to you, O Palinurus, 
 directing his course, visiting you, though innocent, with dismal 
 dreams : and the god took his seat on the lofty stern, in the 
 similitude of Phorbas,^' and poured forth these words from 
 
 *^ i. e. Palinurus. Cf. Eur. Electr. 1026, txreive ttoAAwv /i(av vTvep. B. 
 
 43 i. e. fish of large size. Nonius, v. "cetarii," remarks^" cete in 
 mari majora sunt pisciura genera." B. 
 
 ■^9 Palemon, the same with Melicerta and Portumnus. See note 59, 
 Georgics, B. I. page 46. Tritons, etc., sea-deities. The name Tritons 
 was generally applied to those only who were half men and half fishes. 
 
 5" Cf. Homer's ?ivaiiue?S/c v-nvog, Od. '^. 342. Orph. in Somn. 5. B. 
 
 ^^ Phorbas, a son of Priam, killed in the Trojan war by Menelaus. 
 The god Somnus, by assuming his shape, deceived Palinurus, and threw 
 him into the sea. 
 
222 iENEID. b. v. 843— sn. 
 
 his lips : Palinurus, son of lasi'iis, the seas themselves carry- 
 forward the fleet ; the gales blow fair and steady, the hour for 
 rest is given. Recline your head, and steal your weary eyes 
 from labor. Myself awhile will discharge your duty. To 
 whom Palinurus, with difficulty lifting up his eyes, answers : 
 Do you then bid me be a stranger to the aspect of the calm 
 sea and its quiet waves ? Shall I confide in this extraordinary 
 apparition ? Why should I trust ^neas to the mercy of the 
 fcillacious w^inds,*'^ after having been so often deceived by the 
 treacherous aspect of a serene sky ? These words he uttered, 
 while fixed and clinging he did not part with the rudder, 
 and held his eyes directed to the stars ; when, lo ! the god 
 shakes over both his temples a branch drenched in the dew of 
 Lethe, and impregnated with soporific Stygian influence ; and, 
 while he is struggling against sleep, dissolves his swimming 
 eyes. Scarcely had unexpected slumber begun to relax his 
 limbs, when the god, leaning on him, with part of the stern 
 broke off", together with the helm, plunged him headlong into 
 the limpid waves, often calling on his friends in vain : taking 
 flight, raised himself on his wings aloft into the thin air. 
 Meanwhile, the fleet runs its watery course on the plain with 
 equal security, and fearless is conducted by father Neptune's 
 promises. And now wafted forward, it w^as even coming up to 
 the rocks of the Sirens," once of difficult access, and white 
 with the bones^"* of many (at that time the hoarse rocks re- 
 sounded far by the continual buffeting of the briny weaves) ; 
 when father JEneas perceived the fluctuating galley to reel, 
 lia\dng lost its pilot ; and he himself steered her through the 
 darkened waves, deeply affected and wounded in his soul for 
 the misfortune of his friend. Ah, Palinurus [says he], who 
 has too much confided in the fair aspect of the gkies and sea ! 
 naked wilt thou lie on unknown sands ! 
 
 52 On this general use of "austri," cf. ^n, i. 51, 536; ii. 304; v. 
 396, etc. B. 
 
 §3 Sirens ; these were three fabulous sisters who usually resided in a 
 small island near Cape Pelorus in S>2ily, and by their melodious voices 
 decoyed mariners to their destruction on the fatal coast. Ulysses hav- 
 inpr, by an artifice, escaped their fascination, the disappointed Sirens 
 tlirew themselves into the sea, and perished. 
 
 54 Statius Silv. ii. Y, 65, " albos ossibus Italis Philippos." Senec. CEd. 
 914. Cf. Pric. on Apul. p. 436. B. 
 
B. VI. 1—21. yENEID. * 223 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 In the Sixth Book, ^neas, on reaching the coast of Italy, visits, as he had 
 been forewarned, the Sibyl of Cumse, who attends him 'in his descent into 
 the infernal regions, and conducts him to his father Ancliises, from whom 
 he learns the late that awaited him .and his descendants the Eomaus, 
 The book closes with the weU-kuown beautiful panegyric on the younger 
 MarceUus, who was prematurely cut off in the flower of his youth. 
 
 Thus he speaks with tears, and gives his ship full sail,' 
 and at length he reaches the Euboeau coast^ of Cumse. They 
 turn their prows out to the sea : then the anchor with its te- 
 nacious fluke moored the ships, and the bending sterns fringe^ 
 the margin of the shore. The youthful crew spring forth 
 with ardor on the Hesperian strand : some seek for the seeds 
 of fire latent in the veins of flint ; some plunder the copses, 
 the close retreat of wild beasts, and point out rivefs newly 
 discovered. But the pious -^neas repairs to the towers over 
 which Apollo presides on high, and to the spacious cave, the 
 cell of the Sibyl awful at a distance ; into whom the prophetic 
 god of Delos breathes an enlarged mind and spirit, and dis- 
 closes to her the future. Now they enter Diana's groves, 
 (ind [Apollo's] golden roofs. Dosdalus,* as is famed, flying 
 the realms of Minos, adventuring to trust himself to the sky 
 on nimble wings, sailed through an untried path to the cold 
 regions of the north, and at length gently alighted on the 
 tower of Chalcis. Having landed first on those coiists, to thee, 
 O Phoebus, he consecrated his hoary wings, and reared a 
 spacious temple. On the gates the death of Androgeos^ [was 
 represented] : then the Athenians, doomed, as an atonement 
 
 1 Literally, "gives a loose rein." Cf. Ritterh. on Oppian, Hal. 229. B. 
 
 2 Euboean coast, appUed to Cumae in Italy, as having been built by a 
 colony from Chalcis, a city of Euboea (Negropont), an island in the 
 Archipelago. 
 
 3 i. e. with the " aplustrla." See Anthon. B. 
 
 4 D£edalus, a most ingenious artist of Athens, who, with his son Icarus, 
 fled, by the help of wings, from Crete, to escape the resentment of Minos; 
 but Icarus fell into that part of the JSgean Sea which bears his name. 
 
 5 Androgeos, the son of Minos and Pasiphae, famous for his skill in 
 wresthng, was put to death by _^geus, king of Athens, who became 
 jealous of him ; to revenge his death, Minos made war upon the Athe- 
 nians, and at last granted them peace, on condition that they sent yearly 
 seven youths and seven virgins, from Athens to Crete, to be devoured 
 by the Minotaur, a fabulous monster, half a man and half a bull. 
 
224 
 
 iENEID. B. VI. 22— 5 i 
 
 (a piteous case !) to pay yearly the bodies of their children by 
 sevens : there stands the urn whence the lots were drawn. In 
 counterview answers the land of Crete raised above sea ; here 
 Pasiphae's fierce passion for the bull is seen, and she [is intro- 
 duced] by artifice humbled [to his embrace], with the Minotaur^ 
 that mingled birth, and two-formed offsprings, monuments of 
 execrable lust. Here [are seen] the labored work of the Laby- 
 rinth, and the inextricable mazes. But Daedalus, pitying the 
 violent love of queen [Ariadne], unravels [to Theseus]" the in- 
 tricacies and windings of the structure, himself guiding his dark 
 mazy steps by a thread. You too, O Icarus, should have borne a 
 considerable part in that great work, had [thy father's] grief 
 permitted. Twice he essayed to figure the disastrous story in 
 gold ; twice the parent's hand misgave him. And now [the 
 Trojans] would survey the whole work in order, were not 
 Achates, who had been sent on, just at hand, and wiih him the 
 priestess of Phoebus and Diana, Deiphobe,' Glaucus' daughter, 
 who thus bespeaks the king: This hour requires not such 
 amusements. At present it will be more suitable to sacrifice 
 seven bullocks from a herd unyoked, and as many chosen ewes, 
 ^vith usual rites. The priestess having thus addressed ^neas 
 (nor are ihey bachv^^ard to obey her sacred orders), calls the 
 Trojans into the lofty temple. The huge side of an Eubcean 
 rock is cut into a cave, whither a hundred broad avenues 
 lead, a hundred doors; whence rush forth as many voices, 
 the responses of the Sibyl. They had come to the threshold,^ 
 when thus the virgin exclaims : Now is the time to consult 
 your fate : the god, lo the god ! While thus before the gate 
 she speaks, on a sudden her looks change, her color comes 
 and goes, her locks are disheveled, her breast heaves, and her 
 fierce heart swells with enthusiastic rage; she appears in a 
 larger form, her voice speaking her not a mortal, now that 
 she is inspired with the nearer influence of the god. Do you 
 delay,' Trojan ^neas, she says, do you delay with thy vows 
 
 6 Theseus, king of Athens, and son of ^geus, was, next to Hercules, 
 the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. He slew the Minotaur, 
 and escaped from the Labyrinth of Crete, by means of a clue of thread 
 given to him by Ariadne, daughter of Minos. 
 
 7 Deiphobe, the Cumsean Sibyl, daughter of Glaucus, who conducted 
 ^neas into the infernal regions. 
 
 8 i. e. to the entrance nearest Cumss. B. 
 
 9 On this construction, see Markland on Stat. Silv. i. 2, 195. B. 
 
B. vr. 52—89, ^^XEID. 005 
 
 and prayers ? [Instantly begin] : for- not till then gliall tlie 
 ample gates of this awe-stricken mansion unfold to the view. 
 And having thus said, she ceased. Chill horror ran thrilling 
 cold through the bones of the Trojans ; and their king poured 
 forth these prayers from the bottom of his heart : Apollo, who 
 hast ever pitied the troubles of Troy, who guidedst the Trojan 
 darts and the hand of Paris to the body of Achilles; under 
 thy conduct I have entered so many seas encompassing coun- 
 tries, and the Massylian nations far remote, and regions vast 
 stretched in front by the Syrtes. Now, at length, we grasp of 
 the coast of Italy that flies from us. Let it suffice that the 
 fortune of Troy has persecuted us thus for. Now it is just that 
 you too spare the Trojan race, ye gods and goddesses, all, 
 to whom Ilium and the hio-h renown of Dardania were obnox- 
 ious. And thou, too, most holy prophetess, skilled in futur- 
 ity, grant (I ask no realms but what are destined to me by 
 fate) that the Trojans, their wandering gods, and the perse- 
 cuted deities of Troy, may settle in Latium. Then will I ap- 
 point to Phoebus and Diana a temple of solid marble, and festal 
 days, called by the name of Apollo. Thee too a spacious sanc- 
 tuary a^yaits in our realms ; for there, benignant one, I will do- 
 posit thy oracles, and the secret fates declared to my nation, 
 and will consecrate chosen men. Only commit not thy verses 
 to leaves, lest they fly about in disorder, the sport of the rapid 
 winds : I beg you yourself will pronounce them. He ended 
 his address. 
 
 But the prophetess, as yet not suffering the influence of 
 Phoebus, raves with wild outrao-e in the cave, struo;o;linor if 
 possible to disburden her soul of the mighty god : so much 
 the more he wearies her foaming lips, subduing her ferocious 
 heart, and, by bearing down her opposition, molds her to his 
 will. And now the hundred spacious gates of the abode were 
 opened of their own accord, and pour forth the responses of 
 the prophetess into the open air : O thou who hast at length 
 overpassed the vast perils of the ocean ! yet more afflicting 
 trials by land await thee. The Trojans shall come to the 
 realms of Lavinium (dismiss that concern from thy breast), 
 but they shall wish too they had never come. Wars, horrid 
 wars, I foresee, and Tiber foaming with a deluge of blood. 
 Nor Simois nor Xanthus, nor Grecian camps, shall be wanting 
 to you there. Another Achilles is prepared in Latium : h@ 
 
 10* 
 
226 iENELD. b. vi. 90—121. 
 
 too the son of a goddess. Nor shall Juno, added to the Tro- 
 jans [as their scourge], leave them wherever they are ; while 
 in your distress, which of the Italian states, which of its cities, 
 shall you not humbly supplicate for aid ?, Once more shall a 
 consort, a hostess, once more shall a foreign match, be the 
 cause of so great calamity to the Trojans. Yield not nnder 
 your sufferings, but encounter them with greater boldness 
 than your fortune shall permit.^" What you least expect, 
 your first means of deliverance shall be unfolded from a 
 Grecian city. Thus from her holy cell the Camaean Sibyl 
 delivers her mysterious oracles, and, wrapping up truth in 
 obscurity, bellows in her cave : Such reins Apollo shakes 
 over her as she rages, and deep in her breast he plies the 
 goads. 
 
 As soon as her fury ceased, and her raving tongue was silent, 
 the hero ^neas begins : To me, O virgin, no shape of sufferings 
 can arise new or unexpected ; I have anticipated all things, 
 and acted them over beforehand in my mind. My sole re- 
 quest is (since here the gate of the infernal king is said to 
 be, and the darksome lake [formed] from the overflowing 
 Acheron), that it may be my lot to come into the sight and 
 presence of my dear father ; that you vrould show the way, 
 and open to me the sacred portals. On these shoulders I 
 _ rescued him, through flames and a thousand darts pursuing, 
 and saved him from the midst of the enemy. He accompanied 
 my path, attended me in all my voyages, and, though infirm, 
 bore all the terrors both of the sea and sky, beyond the power 
 and condition of old age. Nay more, he it was who earnestly 
 requested and enjoined me to come to thee a suppliant, and 
 visit thy temple. Benignant one, pity, I pray, the son and the 
 sire ; for thou canst do all things ; nor hath Hecate in vain 
 given thee charge of the Avernian groves. If Orpheus had 
 power to recall his consort's ghost, relying on his Thracian 
 harp and harmonious strings; if Pollux ^^ redeemed his brother 
 
 " I prefer " quam," with "^^agner, notwithstanding Authon's defense 
 of " qua." B. 
 
 " Pollux and Castor were twin brothers: according to ancient my- 
 thology, Pollux was the son of Jupiter, and so tenderly attached to his 
 brother Castor, that he entreated Jupiter he might share his immortality, 
 which being granted, they alternately lived and died every day. They 
 were made constellations under the name of Gemini, which never ap- 
 pear together, but when one rises the other sets. 
 
 I 
 
B. VI. 122-lGO. -KXEID. 227 
 
 by alternate death, and goes and comes this way so often : [I 
 hope I may also be allowed to go and return :] why need I 
 mention Theseus, or great Alcides ? I too derive my birth 
 from Jove supreme. 
 
 In such terms he prayed, and held the altar, when thus the 
 prophetess began to speak : Offspring of the gods, thou Tro- 
 jan son of Anchises, easy is the path that leads down to hell ; 
 gma^JBLuto's gate stands open night and day ; but to retrace 
 one's steps, and escape to the upper regions, this is a work, this 
 is a taslv. Some few, whom favoring Jove loved, or illustri- 
 ous virtue advanced to heaven, the sons of the gods, have 
 effected it. Woods cover all the intervening space, and Co- 
 cytus gliding with his black winding flood surrounds it. But 
 if your soul be possessed with so strong a passion, so ardent a 
 desire, twice to swim the Stygian lake, twice to visit a gloomy 
 Tartarus, and you v>'ill needs fondly pursue the desperate enter- 
 prise, learn what first is to be done. On a tree of deep shade 
 there lies concealed a bough, with leaves and limber twigs of 
 gold, pronounced sacred to infernal Juno ; this the whole 
 grove covers, and shades in dark valleys inclose. But to none 
 is it given to enter the hidden recesses of the earth, till from 
 {he tree he pluck the bough with its golden locks. Fair Pros- 
 erpine liath ordained this to be presented to her as her pe- 
 culiar present. When the first is torn off, a second of gold 
 soon succeeds; and a twig shoots forth leaves of the same 
 metal. Therefore, search out for it on high with thine eyes, 
 and, when found, pluck it with the hand in a proper manner ; 
 for, ilthje.Fates invite you, itself will come away willing and 
 ejisyj^ otherwise, you will not be able to master it by any 
 strength, or to lop it oft' by the stubborn steel. Besides, the 
 body of your friend lies breathless (whereof 3'ou, alas ! are not 
 aware), and pollutes the whole fleet with death, while you are 
 seeking counsel, and hang lingering at my gate. First convey 
 him to his place of rest, and bury him in the grave. Bring 
 black cattle ; let these first bo the sacrifices of expiation. So 
 at length you shall have a view of the Stygian groves, realms 
 inaccessible to the living. She said, and closing her lips, was 
 silent. 
 
 -^neas, his eyes fixed on the ground with sorrowing looks, 
 takes his way, leaving the cave, and muses the dai'k event in 
 his mind ; whom faithful Achates accompanies, and steps on 
 
228 ^NEID. B. VI. 161—197. 
 
 \yitli equal concern. Many doubts they started between tliem 
 in the variety of their conversation ; who was the Hfeless friend 
 designed by the prophetess, what corpse was to be interred. 
 And as they came, they saw Misenus*^ on the dry beach, 
 slain by an unworthy death ; Misenus, son of ^olus, whom 
 none excelled in rousing warriors by the brazen trump, and 
 kindling the rage of war by its blast. He had been the com- 
 panion of great Hector, and about Hector he fought, distin- 
 guished both for the clarion and spear. After victorious 
 Achilles had bereaved Hector of life, the valiant hero asso- 
 ciated with Dardanian ^neas, following no inferior chief. But, 
 at that time, while madly presumptuous he makes the seas re- 
 sound with his hollow trump, and with bold notes challenges 
 the gods to a trial of skill, Triton, jealous (if the story be 
 worthy of credit), having inveigled him between two rocks, 
 had overwhelmed him in the foaming billows. Therefore all 
 murmured their lamentations around him. with loud noise, 
 especially pious ^neas ; then forthwith weeping they set about 
 the Sibyl's orders, and are emulous to heap up the altar of the 
 funeral pile w^ith trees, and raise it toward heaven. They re- 
 pair to an ancient w^ood, the deep lairs of the savage kind : 
 down drop the firs : the holm crashes, felled by the axes ; and 
 the ashen logs and yielding oak are cleft by wedges ; down from 
 the mountains they roll the huge vn\d ashes, -^neas, too, 
 chief amid these labors, animates his followers, and is equip- 
 ped with like implements. 
 
 Meanwhile, he thus ruminates in his distressed breast, sur- 
 veying the spacious wood, and thus prays aloud : O if that 
 golden branch on the tree now present itself to our view amid 
 this ample forest ; since, Misenus, all that the prophetess de- 
 clared of thee is true, alas ! too true. Scarcely had he spoken 
 these words, when it chanced that two pigeons, in their airy 
 flight, came directly into the hero's view, and alighted on the 
 verdant ground. Then the mighty hero knows his mother's 
 birds, and rejoicing, prays : Oh ! be the guides of the w^ay, if 
 any way there is, and steer your course through the air into 
 the groves, where the precious branch overshades the fertile 
 soil. And thou, my goddess-mother, oh be not wanting to me 
 in this my perplexity ! Thus having said, he paused, ob- 
 
 " Misenus, a son of .^olus, the trumpeter of Hector, after whose death 
 he followed ^neas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast of Campania. 
 
B. VI. 198—232. . ^NEID. 229 
 
 serving wliat indications lliey oft'er, wliitlier tliey bend their 
 way. They, feeding and flying by turns, advanced before only 
 as far as the eyes of the followers could trace them Avith their 
 ken. Then, having come to the mouth of noisome^" Avernus, 
 they mount up swiftly, and, gliding through the clear air, both 
 alight on the wished-for place, on that tree from whence the 
 gleam of the gold, of different hue, shone through the boughs. 
 As in the woods the mistletoe, which springs not from the tree 
 from whence it grows, is wont to bloom Avith new leaves in the 
 cold of winter, and to twine around the tapering trunk with its 
 yellow offspring ; such was the appearance of the gold sprout- 
 ing forth on the shady holm : in like manner the metallic leaf 
 tinkled with the gentle gale. Forthwith JEneas grasps, and 
 eagerly tears off the lingering branch, and bears it to the grotto 
 of the prophetic Sibyl. 
 
 Meanwhile the Trojans were no less assiduously employed 
 in mourning Misenus on the shore, and in paying the last 
 duties to his senseless'* ashes. First, they rear a large pile 
 unctuous with pines and split oak, whose sides they inter- 
 weave with black boughs, and place in the front deadly cy- 
 presses, and deck it above with glittering arms. Some get 
 ready warm water, and caldrons bubbling from the flames ; 
 and wash and anoint his cold limbs. Tlie groan is raised : 
 they then lay the bewailed body on a couch, and throw over 
 it the purple robes, his wonted apparel. Others bore up the 
 cumbrous bier, a mournful office ; and with their foces turned 
 away, after the manner of their ancestors, under it they held 
 the torch. Amassed together, blaze offerings of incense, 
 viands, whole goblets of oil poured [on the pile]. After the 
 ashes had sunk doAvn, and the flames relented, they drenched 
 the relics and soakinir embers in wine : and Chorinaeus in- 
 closed the collected bones in a brazen urn. Thrice too he 
 made the circuit of the company with holy Avater, sprinkling 
 them with the light spray, and a branch of the prolific ohve ; 
 and he purified them, and pronounced the last farewell. But 
 
 " Nonius, i. 46, quoting these verses, observes, " Avernus iccirco ap- 
 pellatus est, quia est odor ejus avibus infestissimus." This is probably 
 a mistaken etymology. For the expression, compare Georg. iv. 270, 
 " grave olentia Centaurea." B. 
 
 " * Ingraio, gratiam non sentienti," is Servius's last and correct ex- 
 planation. Cf. Copa, vs. 35 (in Anth. Lat. T. i. p. 74), " Quid cineri in- 
 grato servas bene olentia serta," B. 
 
230 ^NEID. • B. VI. 233— 26G. 
 
 pious ^neas erects a spacious tomb for the hero, ^vith his 
 arms upon it, and an oar and trumpet, beneath a lofty mount- 
 ain, wliich now from him is called Misenus, and retains a name 
 eternal through ages. 
 
 This done, he speedily executes the Sibyl's injunctions. There 
 was a cave profound and hideous with wide yawning mouth, 
 stony, fenced by a black lake, and the gloom of woods ; over 
 Y\^hicli none of the flying kind were able to wing their way 
 unhurt : such exhalations, issuing from its grim jaws, ascended 
 to the vaulted skies: [for which reason the Greeks called the 
 place by the name of the Aornus.] '^ Here first the priestess 
 places four bullocks, with backs of swarthy hue, and pours ""' 
 wine on their foreheads, and cropping the topmost hairs be- 
 tween the horns, lays them on the sacred flames as the first of- 
 ferings, by voice invoking Hecate, whose power extends both 
 to heaven and hell. Others employ the knives,'^ and receive the 
 tepid blood in bowls, ^neas himself smites with his sword 
 a ewe-lamb of sable fleece in honor of the mother of tlie 
 Furies, and her groat sister, and in honor of thee, Proserpina, 
 a barren heifer. Then he sets about the nocturnal sacrifices to 
 the Stygian king, and lays on the flames the solid carcasses of 
 bulls, j)ouring fat oil on the broiling entrails. Lo now, at the 
 early beams and rising of the sun, the ground beneath their 
 feet began to rumble, the wooded heights to quake, and dogs 
 were seen to howl through the shade of the woods, at the ap- 
 proach of the goddess. Hence, far hence, O ye profane, ex- 
 claims the prophetess, and begone from all the grove ; and do 
 you, JEneas, boldly march forward, and snatch your sword from 
 its sheath : now is the time for fortitude, now for firmness of 
 resolution. This said, she raving plunged into the open cave. 
 He, with intrepid steps, keeps close by his guide as she leads 
 the way. 
 
 • Ye gods, to whom the empire of ghosts belong, and ye silent 
 shades, and Chaos, and Phlegethon, places where silence 
 reigns around in night ! permit me to utter the secrets I have 
 
 ^^ This line is probably the work of a grammarian. B. 
 
 *° Literally, " tilts the vessel," the verb probably meaning the action 
 of bending the cup as the liquid is poured out. So Lucret. v. 1007, "Illi 
 imprudentes ipsi sibi saepe venenum Yergebant." Cf Gronov. Obs. iij 
 7. B. 
 
 " i. e. cut the throats of the victims. B. 
 
B. VI. 267—298. .'EXEID. 
 
 231 
 
 heard ; may I by your divine will disclose things buried in 
 deep earth and darkness. They moved along amid the gloom 
 under the solitary night through the shade/ ^ and through the 
 desolate halls and empty realms of Pluto ; such as is a journey 
 in woods beneath the unsteady moon, under a faint, glimmer- 
 ing light, when Jupiter hath wrapped the heavens in shade, 
 and sable night had stripped objects of color. 
 
 Before the vestibule itself, and in the first jaws of hell, 
 Giief and vengeful Cares have placed their couches, and pale 
 Diseases dwell, and disconsolate Old Age, and Fear, and the 
 evil counselor Famine, and vile deformed Indigent^e, forms 
 ghastly to the sight ! and Death, and Toil ; then Sleep, akin 
 to Death, and criminal Joys of the mind ; and in the opposite 
 threshold murderous "War, and the iron bed-chambers of the 
 Furies, and frantic Discord, having her viperous locks bound 
 v/ith bloody fillets. 
 
 In the midst a gloomy elm displays its boughs and aged 
 arms, which seat vain Dreams are commonly said to haunt, 
 and under every leaf they dwell. Many monstrous savages, 
 moreover, of various forms, stable in the gates, the Centaurs 
 and double-formed Scyllas, and Briareus'^ with his hundred 
 hands, and the enormous snake of Lcrna^" hissing dreadful, 
 and Chimrera armed with flames ; Gorgons, Harpies, and the 
 form of Geryon's three-bodied ghost. Here .^Eneas, discon- 
 certed with sudden fear, grasps his sword, and presents the 
 naked point to each approaching shade : and had not his skill- 
 ful guide put him in mind that they were airy unbodied phan- 
 toms, fluttering about under an empty form, he had rushed in, 
 and with his sword struck at the ghosts in vain. 
 
 Hence is a path, which leads to the floods of Tartarean 
 Acheron : here a gulf turbid and impure boils up ■v\nth mire 
 and vast whirlpools, and disgorges all" its sand into Cocytus. 
 
 ^3 Observe the accumulation of epithets, all donotinp^ the excessive 
 darkness ; " obscuri" — '• sola nocte" — " per umbram." B. 
 
 19 Briareus, a famous giant, son of Coelus and Terra. The poets 
 feigned he had one hundred arms and fifty heads, and was thrown under 
 Mount jEtna for having assisted the giants against the gods. 
 
 2" Lema, a lake of Argolis in Greece, where Hercules killed the 
 famous hydra. Chimsera, a fabulous monster, represented with threo 
 heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and of a dragon. Geryon, a celebrated 
 monster, whom Hercules slew. He was represented by the poets as 
 having three bodies and three heads. 
 
232 
 
 ^"NEID. b. VI. 299—337. 
 
 A grim ferryman guards these floods and livers, Charon," of 
 frightful slovenhness ; on whose chin a load of gray hair neg- 
 lected lies ; his eyes are flame : his vestments hang from his 
 shoulders by a knot, with filth overgrown. Himself thrusts 
 on the barge with a pole, and tends the sails, ami wafts over 
 the bodies in his iron-colored boat, now in years: but the 
 god is of fresh and green old age. Hither the whole tribe in 
 swar4ns come pouring to the banks, matrons and men, the 
 gouls of magnanimous heroes w^ho had gone through life, boys 
 and unmarried maids, and young men who had been stretched 
 on the funeral pile before the eyes of their parents ; as numer- 
 ous as withered leaves fall in the woods with the first cold of 
 autumn, or as numicrous as birds flock to the land from deep ocean, 
 when the chilling year" drives them beyond sea, and sends 
 them to sunny climes. They stood praying to cross the flood 
 the first, and were stretching forth their hands with fond de- 
 sire to gain the further bank: but the sullen boatman admits 
 sometimes tucce, sometimes those : while others to a great 
 distance removed, he debars from the banks, 
 
 ^Eneas (for he was amazed and moved with the tumult) 
 thus speaks : O virgin, say what means that flocking to the 
 river ? what do the ghosts desire ? or by what distinction must 
 these recede from the banks, those sweep with oars the li^dd 
 flood ? To him the aged priestess thus briefly replied : Son 
 of Anchises, undoubted offspring of the gods, you see the deep 
 pools of Cocytus, and the Stygian lake, by whose divinity the 
 gods dread to swear and violate [their oath]. All that crowd, 
 which you see, consists of naked and unburied persons : that 
 ferryman is Charon : these, whom the stream carries, are in- 
 terred ; for it is not permitted to transport them over _ the 
 horrid banks, and hoarse waves, before their bones are quietly 
 lodged in a final abode. They wander a hundred years, and 
 flutter about these shores : then at length admitted, they visit 
 the wished-for lakes. 
 
 The offspring of Anchises paused and repressed his steps, 
 deeply musing, and pitying from his soul their unkind lot. 
 There he espies Leucaspis," and Orontes, the commander of 
 
 21 Charon, a god of hell, son of Erebus and Nos, who conducted tho 
 souls of the idead in a boat over the river Styx to the iufernal regions. 
 
 2-^ i. e. "season." See Broukh. on Tibull. l 1, 17. B. 
 
 23 Leucaspis, one of Eneas' companions, lost during a storm in th& 
 Trrrhene Sea. 
 
B. vi. 338—370. uENEID. 233 
 
 the Lvcian fleet, mournful, and bereaved of the honors of 
 the dead : whom as they sailed from Troy, over the stormy 
 seas, the south wind sunk together, whelming both ship and 
 crew in the waves. Lo ! tiie pilot Palinurus slowly advanced, 
 who lately in his Libyan voyage, while he was obser\T[ng the 
 stars, had fallen from the stern, plunged in the midst of the 
 waves. When with difficulty, by reason of the thick shade, 
 ' ^neas knew him in this mournful mood, he thus first accosts 
 fhim: What god, O Pahnurus, snatched you from us, and 
 overwhelmed you in the middle of the ocean? Come tell me. 
 For Apollo, whom I never before found false, in this one re- 
 sponse deceived my mind, declaring that you should be safe on 
 the sea, and arrive at the Ausonian coasts : Is this the amount 
 of his plighted faith ? 
 
 But he [answers] : Neither the oracle of Phoebus beguiled 
 you, prince of the line of Anchises, nor a god plunged me in 
 the sea ; for, falling headlong, I drew along with me the helm, 
 which I chanced with great violence to tear away, as I clung 
 to it, and steered our course, being appointed pilot. By the 
 rough seas I swear, that I was not so seriously apprehensive 
 for myself, as that thy ship, despoiled of her rudder, dispos- 
 sessed of her pilot, might sink while such high billows were 
 rising. The south wind drove me violently on the water over 
 the spacious sea, three wintery nights : on the fourth day I do- 
 scried Italy from the high, lidge of a wave [whereon I was] 
 raised aloft. I was swimming gi'adually toward land, and should 
 have been out of danger, had not the cruel people foUen upon 
 me with the sw'ord (encumbered with my wet garment, and 
 grasping with crooked hands the rugged tops of a mountain), 
 and ignorantly taking me foi* a rich prey. Now the waves 
 possess me," and the winds toss me about the shore. But by 
 the pleasant light of heaven, niul by the vital air, by him who 
 gave thee birth, by the hope of rising liilus, I thee implore, 
 invincible one, release me from these woes : either throw on 
 me some earth (for thou canst do so), and seek out the Veline 
 port ; or, if there be any means, if thy goddess mother point 
 out any (for thou dost not, I presume, without the will of the 
 gods, attempt to cross such mighty rivers and the Stygian 
 lake), lend your hand to an unhappy wr3*^cb- &nd bear me 
 
 2* i. e. " ray body." So avrav^ is used Lv Hoiri. Jl iV- 1- Ci bGln-w 
 71. 507. B. 
 
234 yENEID. R vr. 371— 402. 
 
 witli you over the waves, tliat in death at least I may rest in 
 peaceful seats. 
 
 Thus he spoke, when thus the prophetess began : Whence, 
 Palinurus, rises in thee this so impious desire? Shall you 
 unburied behold the Stygian floods, and the grim river of the 
 Furies, or reach the bank against the command [of heaven] ? 
 Cease to hope that the decrees of the gods are to be altered by 
 prayers ; but mindful take these predictions as the solace of 
 your hard fate. For the neighboring people," compelled by 
 portentous plagues from heaven, shall through their several 
 cities far and wide ofier atonement to thy ashes, erect a tomb, 
 and stated anniversary offerings on that tomb present; and 
 the place shall forever retain the name of Palinurus. By 
 these words his cares were removed, and grief was for a time 
 banished from his disconsolate heart : he rejoices in the land 
 that is to bear his name. 
 
 They therefore accomplish their journey begun, and ap- 
 proach the river: whom when the boatman soon from the 
 Stygian wave beheld advancing through the silent grove, and 
 stepping forward to the bank, thus he first accosts them in 
 words, and chides them unprovoked : "Whoever thou mayest 
 be, who art now advancing armed to our rivers, say quick for 
 what end thou comest ; and from that very spot repress thy 
 step. This is the region of Ghosts, of Sleep, and drowsy 
 Night : to waft over the bodies of the living in my Stygian 
 boat is not permitted. Nor indeed was it joy to me that I re- 
 ceived Alcides on the lake when he came, or Theseus and Pi- 
 rithous,^° though they were the offspring of the gods, and in- 
 vincible in might. One with his hand put the keeper of Tar- 
 tarus in chains, and dragged him trembling from the throne 
 of our king himself; the others attempted to carry off" our 
 queen from Pluto's bed-chamber. 
 
 In answer to which, the Amphrysian prophetess spoke : 
 No such plots are here, be not disturbed, nor do these weapons 
 bring \aolence : the huge porter may bay in his den forever, 
 ten-ifying the incorporeal shades : chaste Proserpine may re- 
 
 25 This befell the Lucanians, See Servius. B, 
 
 25 Pirithous, a son of Ixion, and king of the Lapithje, whose friendship 
 with Theseus, king of Athens, was proverbial. According to the poets, 
 the two friends descended into the infernal regions to carry away_ Pros- 
 erpine, but Pluto, who was apprised of their intention, bound Pirithous 
 to his flither's wheel, and Theseus to a huge stone. 
 
B. VI. 403— 43G. iENEID. 235 
 
 main in her uncle's palace. Trojan .^neas, illustrious for piety 
 and arms, descends to the deep shades of Erebus to his sire. 
 If the image of such piety makes no impression on you, own 
 a regard at least to this branch (she shows the branch that was 
 concealed under her robe). Then his heart from swelling rage 
 is stilled : nor passed more w^ords than these. He with w^onder 
 gazing on the hallow^ed present of the fatal branch, beheld 
 after a lonix season, turns toward them his lead-colored 
 barge, and approaches the bank. Thence he dislodges the 
 other souls that sat on the long benches, and clears the 
 liatches ; at the same time, receives into the hold the mighty 
 ^iieas. The boat of sewn hide" groaned under the weight, 
 and, being leaky, took in much water from the lake. At 
 length he lands the hero and the prophetess safe on the other 
 side of the river, on the foul slimy strand and sea-green weed. 
 Huge Cerberus makes these realms to resound watli barking 
 from his triple jaws, stretched at his enormous length in a den 
 that fronts tbe gate. To whom the prophetess, seeing his 
 neck now bristle with horrid snakes, flings a soporific cake of 
 honey and medicated grain. He, in the mad rage of hunger, 
 opening his three mouths, snatches the oftered morsel, and, 
 spread on the ground, relaxes his monstrous limbs, and is ex- 
 tended at vast length over all the cave. ..^neas, now that the 
 keeper [of hell] is buried [in sleep], seizes the passage, and 
 swift overpasses the bank of that flood whence there is no 
 return. 
 
 Forthwith are heard voices, loud wailings, and weeping 
 ghosts of infants, in the first opening of the gate : whom, be- 
 reaved of sweet life out of the course of nature, and snatched 
 from the breast, a black day cut oft', and buried in an untimely 
 grave. 
 
 Next to those, are such as had been condemned to death by 
 false accusations. Nor yet were those seats assigned them with- 
 out a trial, without a judge. Minos," as inquisitor, shakes the 
 urn : he convokes the council of the silent, and examines their 
 lives and crimes. 
 
 The next places in order those mournful ones possess, 
 
 27 i. e. formed of hides sewn across wicker ribs. See Antlion. B. 
 
 23 Minos, a celebrated king and lawgiver of Crete, son of Jupiter and 
 Europa. Ho was rewarded for his equity, after death, with the office 
 of judge in the infernal regions, with ^acus and Rhadaraanthus. 
 
236 yENEID e. vi. 437 — iGD. 
 
 who, though free from crime, procured death to themselves with 
 their own hands, and, sick of the light, threw away their lives. 
 How gladly would they now endure poverty and painful toils 
 in the upper regions ! Fate opposes, and the hateful lake im- 
 prisons them with its dreary waves, and Styx, nine times rolling 
 between, confines them. ''" ' '"^ 
 
 Not far from this part, extended on every side, are shown 
 the fields of mourning : so they call them by name. Here by- 
 paths remote conceal, and myrtle-groves cover those around, 
 whom unrelenting love, with his cruel venom, consumed 
 away. Their cares leave them not in death itself. In these 
 places he sees Phaidra'* and Procris,^" and disconsolate Eri- 
 phyle pointing to the wounds she had received from her cruel 
 son ; Evadne^^ also, and Pasiphae : these Laodamia accom- 
 panies, and Cseneus, once a youth, now a woman, and again 
 by fate transformed into his pristine shape. Among whom 
 Phoenician Dido, fresh from her wound, was wandering in a 
 spacious wood ; whom as soon as the Trojan hero approached, 
 and discovered faintly through the shades (in like manner as 
 one sees, or thinks he sees, the moon rising through the clouds^ 
 in the beginning of her monthly course), he dropped tears, 
 and addressed her in love'o sweet accents : Hapless Dido, was 
 it then a true report I had of your being dead, and that you 
 had finished your own destiny by the sword ? Was I, alas ! 
 the cause of your death ? I swear by the stars, by the powers 
 above, and by whatever faith may be under the deep earth, 
 that against my will, O queen, I departed from thy coast. 
 
 29 Phsedra, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphao, who married Theseus ; 
 her criminal passion for Hippolytus, and the tragical end of that young 
 prince, by his chariot being overturned and dragged among rocks, so 
 stung her with remorse, that she hanged herself 
 
 3'-^ Procris, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, and wife of 
 Cephalus. Eriphyle, a sister of Adrastus, king of Argos, and the wife 
 of Amphiaraus : she was murdered by her son Alcmaeon, for having 
 discovered where Amphiaraus was concealed, that he might not accom- 
 pany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes. 
 
 31 Evadne, the wife of Capaneus, one of the seven chiefs who went 
 against Thebes ; she threw herself on his funeral pile, and perished in 
 the flames. Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus. and the wife of Protesi- 
 laus, whose departure for the Trojan war, and subsequent fall by the 
 hand of Hector, caused her death from excessive grief Casneus, a Thes- 
 salian woman, feigned by the poets to have had the power of changing 
 her sex. 
 
B. VI. 461— 48D. ^NEID. 237 
 
 But tlie mandates of the gods, which now compel me to travel 
 through these shades, through noisome dreary regions and 
 deep night, drove me from you by their authority ; nor could 
 I believe that I should bring upon you such deep anguish by 
 my departure. Stay your steps, and withdraw not thyself 
 from my sight. AVhom dost thou ily ? This is the last time 
 fate allows me to address you. With these words JEneas 
 thought to soothe her soul inflamed, and eying him with 
 stern regard, and provoked his tears to flow. She, turned 
 away, kept her eyes fixed on the ground ; nor alters her looks 
 more, in consequence of the conversation he had begun, than 
 if she were fixed immovable like a stubborn flint or rock of 
 Parian marble. At length, she abruptly retired, and in de- 
 testation fled into a shady grove, where Sichseus,^* her first 
 lord, answers her with [amorous] cares, and returns her love 
 for love, ^neas, nevertheless, in commotion for her disastrous 
 fate, with weeping eyes, pursues her far, and pities her as ^he 
 goes. 
 
 Hence he holds on his destined way ; and now they had 
 reached the last fields, which by themselves apart renowned 
 warriors frequent. Here Tydeus^^ appears to him, here Par- 
 thenopoeus illustrious in arms, and tlie ghost of pale Adrastus. 
 Here [appear] those Trojans who had died in the field of 
 battle, much lamented m the upper world : whom when he 
 beheld all together in a numerous body, he inwardly groaned ; 
 Glaucus,^* Medon, Thersilochus, the three sons of An tenor, 
 and Polybaites devoted to Ceres, and Idaeus still handling his 
 chariot, still his armor. The ghosts in crowds around him 
 stand on the right and left: nor are they satisfied with 
 seeing him once ; they wish to detain him long, to come 
 into close conference with him, and learn the reasons of his 
 
 32 Sichceiis, the husband of Dido, and the priest of Hercules,' whom 
 Pjgmahon, his brother-in-law, murdered, to obtain his riches. 
 
 33 Tydeus, the son of CEneus, king of Calydon, was one of the seven 
 chiefs of the army of Adrastus, king of Argos, in the Theban war, where 
 he behaved with great courage, but was slain by Melanippus. He was 
 father to Diomedes, who was therefore called Tydides. Parthenopoeus, 
 a son of Meleager and Atalanta, was also one of the seven chiefe who 
 accompanied Adrastus in his expedition against Thebes. 
 
 3* Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, and grandson of Bellerophon. He 
 aasisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was slain by Ajax. Thersilochus, 
 a son of Antenor, and leader of the Pseonians, was slain by Achilles. 
 
238 iENEID. b, vi. 490—523. 
 
 visit. But as soon as the Grecian chiefs and Agamemnon's" 
 battalions saw the hero, and his arms gleaming through the 
 shades, they quaked with dire dismay : some turned their 
 backs, as when they fled once to their ships ; some raise their 
 slender voices ; the scream begun dies in their gasping 
 
 throats.'" 
 
 And here he espies Deiphobus, the son of Priam, mangled 
 in every limb, his face and both his hands cruelly torn, 
 his temples bereft of the ears cropped off, and his nostrils 
 slit with a hideously deformed wound. Thus he hardly knew 
 liim quaking for agitation, and seeking to hide the marks of 
 his dreadful punishment ; and he first accosts him with well- 
 known accents : Deiphobus, great in arms, sprung from Teu- 
 cer's noble blood, who could choose to inflict such cruelties ? 
 Or who was allowed to exercise such power over you ? To 
 me, in that last night, a report was brought that you, tired 
 with the vast slaughter of the Greeks, had fallen at last on a 
 heap of mingled carcasses. Then, with my own hands, I raised 
 to you an empty tomb on the Rhoetean shore, and thrice with 
 loud voice I invoked your manes. Your name and arms pos- 
 sess the place. Your body, my friend, I could not find, or, 
 at my departure, deposit in thy native land. And upon this 
 the son of Priam said : Nothing, my friend, has been omitted 
 by you ; you have discharged every duty to Deiphobus, and 
 to the shadow of a corpse. But my own fate, and the cursed 
 wickedness of Helen, plunged me in these woes : she hath left 
 me these monuments [of her love]. For how we passed that 
 last night amid ill-grounded joys you know, and must re- 
 member but two well, when the fatal horse came bounding 
 over our lofty walls, and pregnant brought armed infantry in 
 its womb. She, pretending a dance, led her train of Phrygian 
 matrons yelling around the orgies : herself in the midst held a 
 large flaming torch, and called to the Greeks from the lofty 
 tower. I, being at that time oppressed with care, and over- 
 powered with sleep, was lodged in my unfortunate bed-cham- 
 ber : rest, balmy, profound, and the perfect image of a calm, 
 peaceful death, pressed me as I lay. Meanwhile my incom- 
 parable spouse removes all arms from my palace, and had 
 
 35 Agamemnon was king of Mycense and Argos. He was chosen 
 commander-in-chief of the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
 
 36 Literally, "fails them as they open their mouths to utter it." B, 
 
B. n. 524—555. .ENEID. 239 
 
 withdrawn my trusty sword from my liead : she calls Mene- 
 laus" into the palace, and throws open the gates; hoping, no 
 doubt, that would be a mighty favor to her amorous husband, 
 and that thus the infamy of her former wicked deeds might 
 be extinguished. In short, they burst into my chamber : that 
 traitor of the race of JEolus,^^ the promoter of villainy, is 
 joined in company Avith them. Ye gods, requite these cruel- 
 ties to the Greeks, if I supphcate vengeance with pious lips! 
 l^)ut come now, in thy turn, say what adventure hath brought 
 thee hither alive. Dost thou come driven by the casualties of 
 the main, or by the direction of the gods ? or what fortune 
 compels thee to visit these dreary mansions, troubled regions, 
 where the sun never shines ? 
 
 In this conversation the sun in his rosy chariot had now 
 passed the meridian in his ethereal course ; and they perhaps 
 would in this manner have passed the whole time assigned 
 them ; but the Sibyl, his companion, put him in mind, and 
 thus briefly spoke : ^neas, the night comes on apace, Avhile 
 we w^aste the hours in lamentations. This is the place where 
 the path divides itself in two : the right is what leads beneath 
 great Pluto's walls ; by this our way to Elysium lies : but the 
 left carries on the punishments of the wicked, and conveys to 
 cursed Tartarus. On the other hand, Deiphobus [said] : Be 
 not incensed, great priestess ; I shall be gone ; I will fill up 
 the number [of the ghosts] and be rendered back to dark- 
 ness. Go, go, thou glory of our nation; mayest thou find 
 fates more kind ! This only he spoke, and at the word turned 
 his steps. 
 
 JEneas on a sudden looks back, and under a rock on the 
 left sees vast prisons inclosed with a triple wall, which Tar- 
 tarean Phlegethon's rapid flood cn\irons with torrents of 
 flame, and whirls roaring rocks along. Fronting is a huge 
 gate, with columns of solid adamant, that no strength of men, 
 nor the gods themselves, can with steel demolish. An iron 
 tower rises aloft ; and there wakeful Tisiphone, with her 
 
 27 Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon, and the husband of Helen, 
 the daughter of Tyndarus, with whom he received the crown of Sparta. 
 This, however, he had enjoyed only a short time, when Helen was car- 
 ried away by Paris, the son of Priam, which laid the foundation of the 
 Trojan war, where Menelaus behaved with great spirit and courage. 
 
 3=^ Kace of ^olus ; Ulysses is here meant, Sisyphus, the son of -^olua, 
 being, according to some, his father. 
 
240 ^NEID. B. VI. 556— rs6. 
 
 bloody robe tucked up around lier, sits to watch the vestibule 
 both night and day. Hence groans are heard ; the cruel 
 lashes resound ; the grating too of iron, and clank of drag- 
 ging chains. JEiieas stopped sliort, and starting listened to 
 the din. What scenes of guilt are these ? O virgin, say ; or 
 ^Yith what pains are they chastised? what hideous yelling 
 [ascends] to the skies ! Then thus the prophetess began : 
 Renowned leader of the Trojans, no holy person is allowed to 
 tread the accursed threshold : but Hecate, when she set me 
 over the groves of Avernus, herself taught me the punish- 
 ments appointed by the gods, and led me through every part. 
 Cretan Rhadamanthus^'* possesses these most ruthless realms ; 
 examines and punishes frauds; and forces every one to con- 
 fess what crimes committed in the upper world he had left 
 [unatoned] till the late hour of death, hugging himself in 
 secret crime of no avail. Forthwith avenging Tisiphone, armed 
 with her whip, scourges-the guilty with cruel insult, and in her 
 left hand shaking over them her grim snakes, calls the fierce 
 troops of her sister Furies. 
 
 Then at length the accursed gates, grating on their dread- 
 ful-sounding hinges, are thrown open. See you what kind 
 of watch sits in the entry ? what figure guards the gate ? An 
 overgrown Hydra,^" more fell [than any Fury], with fifty 
 black gaping mouths, has her seat within. Then Tartarus 
 itself sinks deep down, and extends toward the shades twice 
 as far as is the prospect upward to the ethereal throne of 
 heaven. Here Earth's ancient progeny, the Titanian youth, 
 hurled down with thunderbolts, welter in the profound abyss. 
 Here too I saw the two sons of Aloeus," gigantic bodies, who 
 attempted with their might to overturn the spacious heavens, 
 and thrust down Jove from his exalted kino^dom. Salmoneus" 
 
 39 Rhadamanthus, a son of Jupiter and Europa, who reigned over the 
 Cyclades and many of the Greek cities in Asia, and for his justice and 
 equity was made one of the judges of hell. 
 
 4" Hydra, a fabulous monster of the serpent tribe : that which in- 
 fested the neighborhood of the lake Lema, in Peloponnesus, was killed 
 by Hercules. 
 
 4^ Two sons of Aloeus, the giants Otus and Ephialtes, wh'o made war 
 against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. 
 
 •*2 Salmoneus, a king of Elis, who for his impiety in imitating the 
 thunder of Jupiter, was feigned to have been struck by a thunderbolt, 
 and placed in the infernal regions, near his brother Sisyphus. 
 
». vi. 586—618. ^NEID. 241 
 
 likewise I beheld suftering severe punishment, for having imi- 
 tated Jove's flaming bolts, and the sounds of heaven. He, 
 drawn in his chariot by four horses, and brandisliing a torch, 
 rode triumphant among the nations of Greece, and in the 
 midst of the city Elis, and claim ed^ to himself the honor of^ 
 the gods X., infatuate !, who, wdth brazen car, and the prancing 
 of his horn-hoofed steeds, would needs counterfeit the storms 
 and inimitable thunder. But the almighty Sire amid the 
 thick clouds threw a bolt (noTHreBrands he, nor smoky light 
 IrSm torclies), and hurled him down headlong in a vast whirl- 
 vyiii'l. Here too you might have seen Tityus," the foster- 
 chill of all-bearing Earth: whose body is extended over nine 
 whole acres ; and a huge vulture, w^ith her hooked beak, peck- 
 ing at his immortal liver, and his bowels, the fruitful source 
 of punishment, both searches them for her banquet, and dwells 
 ill the deep recesses of his breast; nor is any respite given to 
 his fibers still springing up afresh. AVhy should I mention 
 that Lapithic, Ixion, and Pirithous, over whom hangs a black 
 flinty rock, every moment threatening to tumble down, and 
 seeming to be actually falling? Golden pillars [supporting] 
 lofty genial couches shine, and full in their view are banquets 
 furnished out with regal magnificence ; the chief of the Furies 
 sits by them, and debars them from touching the pro\'isions 
 with their hands ; and starts up, hfting her torch on high, 
 and thunders over them with her voice. Here are those''* 
 vrho, while life remained, had been at enmity with their bro- 
 thers, had beaten a parent, or wrought deceit against a client ; 
 or who alone brooded over their acquired wealth, nor assigned 
 a portion to their own ; w^hich class is the most numerous : 
 those too who were slain for adultery, who joined in impious 
 wars, and did not scruple to violate the faith they had plighted^ 
 to their masters : shut up, tliey await their punishment. But 
 what kind of punishment seek not to be informed, in what 
 shape [of misery], or in what state they are involved. Some 
 roll a huge stone, and hang fast bound to the spokes of wheels. 
 There sits, and to eternity shall sit, the unhappy Theseus : 
 
 *' Tityu3, a celebrated giart, son of Terra, or according to others, of 
 Jupiter and Elara. 
 
 " Cf. Aristoph. Ran. 14P-, qnd my notes on ^sch. Eiun. p. 188, n. 2, 
 •d. Bohu. B. 
 
 11 
 
242 ^NEID. B. VI. G19— 65a 
 
 and Phlegyas"^ most wretched is a monitor to all, and witt 
 loud voice proclaims through the shades : " Warned [by ex' 
 ample], learn righteousness, and not to contemn the gods." 
 One sold his country for gold, and imposed on it a domineer* 
 ing tyrant; made and unmade laws for money. Another in- 
 vaded his daughter's bed, and an unlawful Avedlock : all of 
 them dared some heinous crime, and accomplished what they 
 dared. Had I a hundred tongues, and a hundred mouths, » 
 voice of iron, I could not comprehend all the species of their 
 crimes, nor enumerate the names of all their punishments. 
 
 When the aged priestess of Phoebus had uttered these words, 
 she adds. But come now, set forward, and finish the task you 
 have undertaken ; let us haste on : I see the walls [of Pluto], 
 wrought in the forges of the Cyclops, and the gates with their 
 arch full in our view, where our instructions enjoin us to 
 deposit this our offering. She said; and with" equal pace 
 advancing through the gloomy path, they speedily traverse 
 the intermediate space, and approach the gates. JEneas 
 springs forward to the entry, sprinkles his body with fresh 
 water, and fixes the bough in the fronting portal. 
 
 Having finished these rites, and performed the offering io 
 the goddess, they came at length to th^j;egions ofjoy^ delight- 
 ful green retreats, and blessed abodes in groves, where happi- 
 ness abounds. A freer*" and purer sky here clothes the fields 
 with sheeny light : they know their own sun, their own stars. 
 Some exercise their limbs on the grassy green, in sports con- 
 tend, and wrestle on i\\Q tawny sand : some strike the ground 
 with their feet in the dance, and sing hymns. [Orpheus,] 
 too, the Thracian priest, in his long robe, replies" in melodi- 
 ous numbers to the seven distino;uished notes ; and now strikes 
 the same with his fingers, now wdth his ivory ^uill. Here 
 may be seen Teucer's ancient race, a most illustrious line, 
 magnanimous heroes, born in happier times, Hus,"*® Assaracus, 
 
 *^ Phlegyas, a son of MaTs, king of the Lapithse in Tliessaly, who 
 plundered and burnt the temple of Apollo at Delphi ; for this impietv ho 
 was killed bj Apollo, who placed him in hell, where a huge stouc was 
 suspended over his head, which kept him in continual alarms. 
 
 '^^ Compare Anthon's note. B, 
 
 *' See Anthon. B. 
 
 ** Ilus, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros and CalUrhoo, and 
 father of Themis and Laomedou. 
 
B. XI. 650-68fi- ^NEID. 243 
 
 and Dardanus, the founder of Troy. From afar, [^neas] 
 views with wonder the arms and empty chariots of the chiefs. 
 Their spears stand fixed in the ground, and up and down 
 their horses feed at large through the plain. The same fond- 
 ness they had when alive for chariots and arms, the same con- 
 cern for training up shining steeds, follow them when deposited 
 beneath the earth. 
 
 Lo ! he beholds others on 'the right and left feasting upon 
 the grass, and singing the joyful paean to Apollo in concert, 
 amid a fragrant grove of laurel ; whence from on high the 
 river Eridanus rolls in copious streams through the wood. 
 Here is a band of those who sustained wounds in fijxhtinc: for 
 their country ; priests who preserved themselves pure and 
 holy, while life remained ; pious poets, who sung in strains 
 worthy of Apollo ; those who improved life by the invention 
 of arts, and who by their worthy deeds made others remember 
 them : all these have their temples crowded with a snow- 
 white fillet. Whom, gathered around, the Sibyl thus ad- 
 dressed, Musaeus" chiefly ; for a numerous crowd had him in 
 their center, and looked up with reverence to him raised above 
 them by the height of his shoulders : Say, blessed souls, and 
 thou, best of poets, what region, what place contains Anchises ? 
 on his account we have come, and crossed the great rivers of 
 hell. And thus the hero briefly returned her an answer: 
 None of us have a fixed abode ; in shady groves we dwell, or 
 lie on couches all along the banks, and on meadows fresh with 
 rivulets : but do you, if so your heart's inclination leads, over- 
 pass this eminence, and I will set you in the easy path. Ho 
 said, and advanced his steps on before, and shows them from 
 a rising ground the shining plains, then they descend from 
 the summit of the mountain. But father Anchises, deep in a 
 verdant dale, was surveying with studious care the souls 
 there inclosed, who were to revisit the light above ; and hap- 
 pened to be reviewing the whole number of his race, his dear 
 descendants, their fates and fortunes, their manners and 
 achievements. As soon as he beheld ^neas advancing toward 
 him across the meads, he joyfully stretched out both his hands, 
 and tears poured down his cheeks, and these words dropped 
 
 *^ Musreua, an ancient Greek poet, supposed to have been the son or 
 disciple of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years b. c. 
 
i. 
 
 244 ^NEID. D. VI. G87-722. 
 
 from his month : Are you como at length, and has that piely, 
 experienced by your sire, surmounted the arduous journey? 
 Am I permitted, my son, to see thy face, to hear and return 
 the well-known accents ? So indeed I concluded in my mind, 
 and reckoned it would happen, computing the time ; nor have 
 my anxious hopes deceived me. Over what lands, O son, 
 and over what immense seas have you, I hear, been tossed ! 
 with what dangers harassed ! how I dreaded lest you had 
 sustained harm from Libya's realms! But he [said], Your 
 ghost, your sorrowing ghost, my sire oftentimes appearing, 
 compelled me to set forward to these thresholds. My fleet 
 rides in the Tyrrhene Sea. Permit me, father, to join my 
 right hand [with thine] ; and withdraw not thyself from my 
 embrace. So saying, he at the same time bedewed his cheeks 
 V with a flood of tears. There thrice he attempted to throw his 
 arms around his neck ; thrice the phantom, grasped in vain, 
 escaped his hold, like the fleet gales, or resembling most a fugi- 
 tive dream. 
 
 Meanwhile -^neas sees in the retired vale, a grove situate 
 by itself, shrubs rustling in the woods, and the river_ Lethe 
 which glides by those peaceful dwellings. Around this un- 
 numbered tribes and nations of ghosts were fluttering ; as in 
 meadows on a serene summer's day, when the bees sit on the 
 various blossoms, and swarm around the snow-white lilies, all 
 the plain buzzes with their humming noise, -^neas, con- 
 founded, shudders at the unexpected sight, and asks the causes, 
 what are those rivers in the distance, or what ghosts have in 
 such crowds filled the banks? Then father Anchises [said]. 
 Those souls, for whom other bodies are destined by fate, at 
 the stream of Lethe's flood quaff care-expelling draughts and 
 lasting oblivion. Long indeed have I wished to give you a 
 detail of these, and to point them out before you, and enu- 
 merate this my future race, that you may rejoice the more 
 with me in the discovery of Italy. O father, is it to bo 
 imagined that any souls of an exalted nature will go hence to 
 the world above, and enter again into inactive bodies ? What 
 direful love of the light possesses the miserable beings ? I, 
 indeed, replies Anchises, will inform you, my son, nor hold 
 vou longer in suspense : and thus he unfolds each particular in 
 order. 
 
B. VI. 723—756. iENEID. 245 
 
 In the first place, the spirit within nourishes the heavens, 
 tlie earth, and watery plains,^" the moon's enlightened orb, and 
 the Titanian stars ;^^ and the mind, diffused through all the 
 members, actuates the whole frame, and mingles with the vast 
 body [of the universe]. Thence the race of men and beasts, 
 the vital j^rinciples of the flying kind, and the monsters which 
 the ocean breeds under its smooth plain. These principles 
 have the active force of fire, and are of a heavenly original, 
 so far as they are not clogged by noxious bodies, blunted by 
 earth-born limbs and dying members. Hence they fear and 
 desire, grieve and rejoice ; and shut up in darkness and a 
 gloomy prison, lose sight of their native skies.^' Even when 
 with the last beams of light their life is gone, yet not every 
 ill, nor all corporeal stains, are quite removed from the unhappy 
 beings ; and it is absolutely necessary that many imper- 
 fections which have long been joined to the soul, should bo 
 in marvelous ways increased and riveted therein. Therefore 
 are they afflicted with punishments, and pay the penalties of 
 their former ills. Some, hung on high, are spread out to the 
 empty winds ; in others, the guilt not done away is washed 
 out in a vast watery abyss, or burned away in fire. We each 
 endure his own manes," thence are we conveyed along the 
 spacious Elysium, and we, the happy few, possess the fields 
 of bliss ; till length of time, after the fixed period is elapsed, 
 hath done away the inherent stain, and hath left the pure 
 celestial reason, and the fiery energy of the simple spirit. 
 All these, after they have rolled away a thousand years, arc 
 summoned forth by the god in a great body to the river 
 Lethe ; to the intent that, losing memory [of the past], they 
 may ^e^^sit the vaulted realms above, and again become will- 
 ing to return into bodies. Anchises thus spoke, and leads his 
 son, together with the Sibyl, into the midst of the assembly and 
 noisy throng ; thence chooses a rising ground, whence he may 
 survey them all as they stand opposite to him in a long row, 
 and discern their looks as they approach. 
 
 ^^ i.e. "maria." Servius. Cf. Ovid. Met. i. 315, "campus aqua- 
 rum." U. 
 
 "^ The sun is particularly meant, " Sol, quera et supra unum fuiase de* 
 Titanibus diximus." Servius. 
 
 ^"^ i. e. of their proper nature. Cf. Plato Phcedon. § 24 and 25 ^ 
 
 " See Servius, and Anthon's note. B. 
 
24G iENEID. b. vi. TSY— 781. 
 
 Now come, I will explain to you what glory shall hence- 
 forth attend the Trojan race, what descendants await them of 
 the ItaHan nation, distinguished souls, and who shall succeed 
 to our name ; yourself too I will instruct in your particular 
 fate. See you that youth who leans on his pointless spear? 
 He by destiny holds a station nearest to the light ; he shall 
 ascend to the upper world the first [of your race] who shall 
 have a mixture of Itahan blood in his veins, Sylvius," an 
 Alban name, your last issue ; whom late your consort Lavinia 
 shall in the woods bring forth to you in your advanced age, 
 himself a king, and the father of kings ; in whom our line 
 shall reign over Alba Longa." The next is Procas,'' the 
 glory of the Trojan nation ; then Capys and Numitor follow, 
 and ^aeas Sylvius, who shall represent thee in name, equally 
 distinguished for piety and arms, if ever he receive the crown 
 of Alba. See what youths are these, what manly force they 
 show ! and bear their temples shaded with civic oak ; these to 
 thy honor shall build Nomentura," Gabii, and the city Fi- 
 dena ; these on the mountains shall raise the Collatine towers,''® 
 Pometia, the fort of Inuus, Bola, and Cora. These shall then 
 be famous names ; now they are lands without names. Fur- 
 ther, martial Romulus, whom Ilia of the line Assaracus shall 
 bear, shall add himself as companion to his grandsire [Numi- 
 tor]. See you not hov/ the double plumes stand on his head 
 erect, and how the father of the gods himself already marks 
 
 ^* Sylvius, a son of ^neas by Lavinia, from whom afterward the 
 kings of Alba were called Sylvii. Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus and 
 Amata, who was betrothed to her relation, king Tmnius, but was, after 
 hi3 death, given to -^neas. 
 
 ^^ Alba Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius. 
 
 ^^ Procas, a king of Alba, father of jSTumitor and Amuliiis. Numitor, 
 the father of Rhea Silvia, and grandflither of Romulus and Remus, who 
 restored him to his throne, from which he had been expelled by Amulius, 
 his younger brother. 
 
 '^ Momentum (La Montana), a town of the Sabines in Italy. Cabii, 
 a city of the Volsci, between Rome and Pr^enesta, whero Juno was wor- 
 shiped, who was hence called Gabina. Fidena, a town of the Sabines, 
 on the Tiber^ north of Rome. 
 
 ^^ Collatine towers : Collatia, a town of the Sabines, on the river Anio, 
 built on an eminence. Pometia, a town of the Yolsci, which was totally 
 destroyed by the Romans because it had revolted. Inuus, a town of 
 Latium, on the shores of the Tyrrhene Sea. Bola, a city between Tibui 
 nnd Prffineste. Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Yolsci, 
 built by a colony of Dardaniana before the foundation of Rome. 
 
a vi. 182—812. ^NEID. 247 
 
 him out with his distinguished honors ! Lo, my son, under 
 his auspicious influence Rome, that city of renown, shall meas- 
 ure her dominion by the earth, and her valor by the sides, 
 and that one city shall for herself wall around seven strong 
 hills, happy in a race of heroes ; like mother Berecynthia, 
 when, crowned Avith turrets, she rides in her chariot through 
 tlie Phrygian towns, joyful in a progeny of gods, embracing a 
 hundred grandchildren, all inhabitants of heaven, all seated in 
 the high celestial abodes. This v/ay now bend both your 
 eyes ; view this lineage, and your own Romans. This is 
 Caesar, and these are the whole race of Iiilus,^" who shall one 
 day rise to the spacious axle of the sky. This, this is the 
 man whom you liave often heai\l promised to you, Augustus 
 Cagsar, the offspring of a god ; who once more shall establish 
 the golden ago in Latium, through those lands where Saturn 
 reigned of old, and shall extend his empire over the Gara- 
 mantes and Indians : their land hes without the signs [of the 
 zodiac], beyond the sun's annual course, where Atlas, sup- 
 porting heaven on his shoulders, turns the axle studded with 
 flaming stars. Against his approach even now both the Cas- 
 pian*"' realms and the land about the Palus Mseotis are dread- 
 fully dismayed at the responses of the gods, and the quakin<^ 
 mouths of seven-fold Nile hurry on "their troubled waves. 
 Even Hercules did not run over so many countries, thoui^h ho 
 transfixed the brazen-footed hind, quelled the forests of Ery- 
 manthus, and made Lerna tremble with his bov\^ : nor Bac- 
 chus, who in triumph drives his car with reins wrapped about 
 with ^dne leaves, driving the tigers from Nyssa's''^ lofty top. 
 And doubt we yet to extend our glory by our deeds ? or is fear 
 a bar to our settling in the Ausonian land ? 
 
 But who is he at a distance, distinguished by the olive 
 boughs, bearing the sacred utensils ? I know the locks and 
 Iioary beard of the Roman king, who first shall establish this 
 city by laws, sent from little Cures"'' and a poor estate to vast 
 
 ^^ liilus, a name given to Ascanius. 
 
 "" Caspian realms, the Scj^thian nations inhabiting the borders of the 
 Caspian Sea. Palus Mffiotis, Sea of Asoph, 
 
 ^^ Nvssa, the name of several cities in various quarters of the -u-orld 
 sacred to Bacchus. 
 
 *^^ Cures, a tov^n of the Sabines : it was the birth-place of Numa Pom- 
 piUus, the second king of Rome, a monarch distinguished by his love of 
 peace. Numa was succeeded by Tullus Ilostilius, who was of a warlike 
 
248 ^NEID. B. VI. 815—831 
 
 empire. Whom Tullus shall next succeed, who shall break 
 the peace of his country, and rouse to arms his inactive sub- 
 jects, and troops now unused to triumphs. Whom follows 
 next vain-glorious Ancus, even now too much rejoicing in the 
 breath of popular applause. Will you also see the Tarquin 
 kings, and the haughty soul of Brutus,®^ the avenger [of his 
 country's wrongs], and the recovered ftisces ?** He first shall 
 receive the consular power, and the ax of justice inflexibly 
 severe ; and the sire shall, for the sake of glorious liberty, 
 summon to death his own sons, raising an unknown^^ kind of 
 war. Unhappy he ! however posterity shall interpret that 
 action, love to his country, and the unbounded desire of 
 praise, will [prevail over paternal affection.]®^ See besides at 
 some distance the Decii, Drusi," Torquatus," inflexibly se- 
 vere with the ax,^" and Camillus recovering the standards. 
 But those [two] ghosts whom you observe to shine in equal 
 arms, in perfect friendship) now, and while they remain shut 
 up in night, ah ! what war, what battles and havoc will they 
 between them raise, if once they have attained to the light of 
 life ! the father-in-law descending from the Alpine hills, and 
 the tower of Monoecus ;^° the son-in-law furnished with the 
 
 disposition. Ancus Martins, the grandson of Numa, was the fourth king 
 of Rome after the death of Tullus : he inherited the valor of Romulus, 
 with the moderation of Numa, and after a reign of twenty-four years, 
 was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. 
 
 ®^ Brutus (L, .Junius), son of M. Junius and Tarquinia, second daugh- 
 ter of Tarquin Priscus. He was the chief instrument in expelling the 
 Tarquins from Rome, thus avenging Lucretia's violated honor, to which 
 he had sworn. 
 
 '^* i. e. the government. B. 
 
 ^^ Civil war being previously unknown in Rome. B. 
 
 *'" Alluding to the punishment of his sons for attempting tho restora- 
 tion of Tarquin. 
 
 "' Drusus, the surname of tho Roman family of the Livii, of which 
 was Livia Drusilla, the wife of Augustus. 
 
 "'* Torquatus, a surname of Titus Manlius, a celebrated Roman, whoso 
 severity in putting to death his son, because he had engaged the enemy 
 without his permission, though he had gained an honorable victory, has 
 been deservedly censured. 
 
 *" i. e. strict in exacting justice. R. 
 
 "* Monoecus, a maritime town on tho south-west coast of Liguria, 
 where Hercules had a temple. The two warriors here referred to are 
 JuUus CiBsar and his son-in-law, Pompey the Great. The civil war be- 
 tween Cwsar and Pompey, which terminated with the battle of Pharsaha, 
 B. c. 48, led to tho overthrow of the Roman republic. 
 
B. VL 832—847. ^NEID. 
 
 249 
 
 troops of the east to oppose him. Make not, my sons, make 
 not such [unnatural] wars ftimihar to your minds ; nor turn 
 the powerful strength of your country against its bowels. 
 And thou [Caesar], first forbear, thou who derivest thy ori- 
 gin from heaven ; fling those arms out of thy hand, O thou, 
 my own blood ! That one, having triumphed over Corinth,'" 
 shall drive his chariot victorious to the lofty Capitol, illus- 
 trious from the slaughter of Greeks. The other shall over- 
 throw Argos, and Mycenae, Agamemnon's seat, and Eacides''"* 
 himself, the descendant of valorous Achilles ; avenging his 
 Trojan ancestors, and the violated temple of Minerva. "Who 
 can in silence pass over thee, great Cato," or thee, Cossus V* 
 who the family of Gracchus,'^ or both the Scipios,'" those two 
 thunderbolts of war, the bane of Africa, and Fabricius in low 
 fortune exalted V or thee, Serranus,'^ sowing in the furrow 
 [which thy own hands had made] ? Whither, ye Fabii,'^ do 
 you hurry me tired ? Thou art that [Fabius justly styled] 
 the Greatest, who alone shall repair our state by delay. 
 
 ^^ Corinth, the capital of Acliaia in Greece, was situated on the isthmus, 
 between the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs. This famous city was totally 
 destroyed by L. Mummius the Roman consul, b. c. 146. 
 
 " ^acides is hero applied to Perseus, king of Macedon, who was de- 
 scended from Achilles, the grandson of JEacus. Perseus was totally de- 
 feated and taken prisoner by Paulus ^milius, the Eoman consul, in the 
 battle of Pydna, B. c. 168. Soon after this period, the whole of Greece 
 foil under the Roman power. 
 
 " Cato, surnamed Uticensis, great-grandson of Cato the censor, was 
 distinguished for his integrity and justice. To prevent his falling into 
 the hands of Cresar, ho stabbed himself after he had read Plato's treatise 
 on the Immortahty of the Soul, at Utica, iu Africa, whither he had fled 
 B. c. 46. 
 
 '* Cossus, a military tribune, who killed Tolumnus, king of Yeii, in 
 battle, and was tho second who obtained the spoha opima, which he 
 offered to Jupiter. 
 
 '^ Gracchus, T. Sempronius, was distinguished both in the senate and 
 the field ; he was the father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. 
 
 ''° Scipios; both the father and son are meant. 
 
 " Fabricius, C. L., a celebrated Roman, the conqueror of Pyrrhus, 
 king of Bpirus, was remarkable for the great simplicity of his manners 
 and contempt of luxury and riches. Davidson. Cf Lucan, x. 161, 
 "et nomina pauperis sevi Fabricios Curiosque graves." B. 
 
 _ " Serranus, a surname given to Cincinnatus, who was found sowing 
 his fields when informed that the Senate had chosen him dictator. 
 
 " Fabii, a noble and powerful family at Rome, of whom sprung Quin- 
 tu3 Fabius, the opponent of Hannibal. 
 
 11* 
 
^50 ^NEID. B. Ti. 848—883. 
 
 Others, t grant indeed, shall ^vith more delicacy mold the 
 breathiho- brties ; from marble draw the features to the life; 
 plead causes better ; describe with the rod the courses of the 
 heavens, and explain the rising stars : to rule the nations with 
 imperial sway be thy care, O Romans ; these shall be thy arts ; 
 to impose terms of peace, to spare the humbled, and crush the 
 proud. 
 
 Thus father Anchises, and, as they are wondr -ing, sub- 
 joins : Behold how adorned with triumphal spoils Marcellus*" 
 stalks alonof, and shines victor above the heroes all ? lie, 
 mounted on his steed, shall prop the Roman state in the rage 
 of a formidable insurrection ; the Carthaginians he shall hum- 
 ble, and the rebellious Gaul, and dedicate to father Quirinus 
 the third spoils. And upon this ^neas [says] ; for he beheld 
 marching with him a youth distinguished by his beauty and 
 shining arms, but his countenance of little joy, and his eyes 
 sunk and dejected : What youth is he, O father, who thus 
 accompanies the hero as he walks ? is he a son, or one of the 
 illustrious line of his descendants ? What bustling noise of 
 attendants round him ! How great resemblance in him [to 
 the other] ! but sable Night with her dreary shade hovers 
 around his head. Then fether Anchises, while tears gushed 
 forth, began : Seek not, my son, [to know] the deep disaster 
 of thy kindred ; him the Fates shall just show on earth, nor 
 suffer long to exist. Ye gods, Rome's sons had seemed too 
 powerful in your eyes, had these your gifts been permanent. 
 What groans of heroes shall that field near the imperial city 
 of Mars send forth ! what funeral pomp shall you, O Tiberinus, 
 see, when you glide by his recent tomb ! Neither shall 
 any y ^uth of the Trojan line in hope exalt the Latin fathers 
 so high ; nor shall the land of Romulus ever glory so much 
 in any of her sons. Ah piety ! ah that faith of ancient 
 times ! and that right hand invincible in war ! none with 
 impunity had encountered him in arms, either when on foot 
 he rushed upon the foe, or when he pierced with his spur his 
 foaming courser's flanks. Ah youth, meet subject for pity ! 
 
 *" Marcellua, Marcus Claudius, a famous Roman general, signalized 
 himself against the Gauls, having obtained the spolia opiraa, by kilhng 
 with his own hand their king, Viridbmarus. After achieving the con- 
 quest of Syracuse, he was opposed in the field to Hannibal, but perished 
 in an ambuscade. 
 
B. VI. 884— 902. Yii 1, 2. ^NEID. 251 
 
 ^ by any means thou canst burst rigorous fate, thou sbalt bo 
 a Marcellus.®* Give me lilies in handfuls ; let. me strew the 
 blooming flowers ; these offerings at least let me heap upon 
 my descendant's shade, and discharge this unavailing duty. 
 Thus up and down they roam through all the [Elysian] re- 
 gions in spacious airy fields, and survey every object : througli* 
 each of whom when Anchises had conducted his son, and fircd 
 his soul with the love of coming fame, he next recounts to the 
 hero what wars he must hereafter wage, informs him of the 
 Laurentine people, and of the city of Latinus," and by what 
 means he may shun or surmount every toil. 
 
 Two gates there are of Sleep, whereof the one is said to 
 be of horn ; by which an easy egress is given to true visions ; 
 the other shining, wrought of white ivory ; but [through it] 
 the infernal gods send up false dreams to the upper world. 
 When Anchises had addressed this discourse to his son and the 
 Sibyl together, and dismissed them by the ivory gate," the hero 
 speeds his way to the ships, and revisits his friends ; then steers 
 directly along the coast for the port of Caieta :" where [whes 
 he had arrived], the anchor is thrown out from the forecastlti. 
 the sterns rest upon the shore. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 In the Seventli Book, iEncas reaches the destined land of Latium, and 
 concludes a treaty with the king Latinus, who promises him his only 
 daughter Lavinia in marriage ; tlie treaty is, however, soon broken by tiie 
 interference of Juno, whose resentment still pursues the Trojans. 'The 
 goddess excites Turnus to war, who calls to his aid the neighboring princes ; 
 and the book concludes with an anhnated description of the enemy's forces' 
 and their respective chiefs. ' 
 
 Thou, too, Caieta, nurse to ^neas, gavcst to our coasts 
 immortal ftime by thy death ; and now" thy honor here re- 
 
 " Marcellus, the son of Octavio, the sister of Augustus. He married 
 Julia, the emperor's daughter, and was intended for his successor, but 
 died suddenly at the early age of eighteen. Virgil procured himself great 
 favors by celebrating the virtues of this amiable prince. 
 
 ^^ City of Latinus ; Laurentum (Paterno), which was the capital of 
 Latium in the reign of Latinus. 
 
 " Hence Warburton concluded that Virgil meant the whole episode 
 to be regarded only as a dream of the initiated. Too much ingeumtr haa 
 been wasted on the subject. B. 
 
 •* Caieta (.Gasta). a seaport town of Latium in Italy. 
 
262 -(ENEID. B. VII. 3— 3C. 
 
 sides/ and thy name marks tliy remains [interred] in Hesperia 
 the great, if that be any title to renown. And now that her 
 funeral obsequies in due form were paid, and the mound of 
 the tomb raised, pious ^neas, soon as the swelling seas were 
 hushed, sails on his course, and leaves the port. The gales 
 •breathe fair toward the approach of night ; nor does the silver 
 moon oppose his voyage ; under her trembling light the ocean 
 shines. They skim along the coasts adjacent to Circe V land : 
 where ^vith incessant song the wealthy daughter of the Sun 
 makes her inaccessible groves resound, and in her proud pal- 
 ace burns fragrant cedar for nocturnal lights, running over 
 the slender web with her shrill-sounding shuttle. Hence w^ere 
 distinctly heard groans, the rage of lions reluctant to their 
 chains, and roaring at the late midnight hour : bristly boars 
 and bears were raging in their stalls, and wolves of prodigious 
 form howled ; whom Circe, cruel goddess, had by her power- 
 ful herbs transformed from human shape into the features 
 and limbs of wild beasts : which monstrous changes that the 
 pious Trojans might not undergo, if carried to that port, nor 
 land on those accursed shores, Neptune filled their sails with 
 favoring winds, and sped their flight, and wafted them be- 
 yond the boiling shoals. And now the sea began to redden 
 with the beams of the son, and from the lofty sky the saffron- 
 colored morn shone in her rosy car, when on a sudden the 
 winds grew still, every breath of air died away, and the oars^ 
 struggle on the smooth surface of the lazy main. And here, 
 from the deep, ^neas espies a spacious grove. Through this 
 Tiberinus, [god] of the pleasant river Tiber, with rapid whirls 
 and vast quantities of yellow sand discolored, bursts forward 
 into the sea. All around, and over-head, various birds, accus- 
 tomed to the banks and channel of the river, charmed the skies 
 with their songs, and fluttered up and down the grove. [Hither 
 ^neas] commands his mates to bend their course, and turn 
 their j^rows toward land ; and with joy he enters the shady 
 river. 
 
 ^ Literally, " thy honor preserves its abiding-place." Others take 
 " sedens" as equivalent to " sepulchrum." B. 
 
 ^ Quos hominum ex facie. Circe is said to have transformed men into 
 wild beasts, by means of certain herbs, with a magical wand, with which 
 ahe touched them. The fable is taken from Homer, Odys3. x. 1 36. 
 
 • " tonsiE," scil. " arbores," used for oars. B. 
 
B. VII. 37— G2. ^NEID. 253 
 
 Coine now, Erato ;* I will unfold, who were tlie kings, 
 what the complexion^ of the times, what the state of things in 
 ancient Latium, when this foreign army first landed their fleet 
 on the Ausonian coasts ; and trace back the original of the 
 rising war. Do thou, O goddess, do thou instruct thy poet. 
 I will sing of hon'id wars, and kings by their fierce pas- 
 sions driven to destruction, the Tuscan troops, and all Hes- 
 peria in arms combined. A greater series of incident rises to 
 my view ; in a more arduous task I engage. King Latinus,* 
 now full of days, ruled the country and its cities quiet in a 
 lasting peace. This prince, as we traditionally receive, was 
 the oflspring of Fauuus and Marica, a Laurentine nymph. 
 Faunus had Picus' for his sire ; and he, O Saturn, claims 
 thee for his : thou art the remotest author of the line. To 
 him (Latinus), by the appointment of the gods, no son, no 
 male issue remained ; but one, just as he grew up, was 
 snatched away in the opening bloom of youth. An only 
 daughter was to preserve his line, and so large possessions, 
 now arrived at maturity, and fully ripe for marriage. Many 
 from wide Latium, and throughout Ausonia, sought her hand : 
 Turnus^ makes his addresses, in charms far sui'passing all the 
 rest, and powerful in ancestors for many generations ; whom 
 the royal consort, with wonderful eagerness, urged to have unit- 
 ed to the family as her son-in-law : but prodigies from heaven, 
 with various circumstances of terror, oppose. In the center of 
 the palace, within the deep recesses of the inner court, stood a 
 laurel, with sacred locks, and for many years preserved with 
 awe : which kinsf Latinus havinor discovered when he was 
 raising the first towers of his palace, was said to have conse- 
 
 * Erato, one of the Muses, wlio presided over lyric, tender, and ama- 
 tory poetry. 
 
 " " tempora" refers to the condition of the different states in their 
 mutual relations ; " status " to the independent condition of each respect- 
 ively. B. 
 
 ® Latinus, the son of Faunus, and king of the aborigines in Italy, who 
 from him were called Latins. He was succeeded on the throne of Latium 
 by ^neas, who married his daughter Lavinia. 
 
 ' Picus, a son of Saturn, and father of Faunus, reigned in Latium, and 
 was feigned to have been changed by Circe into a woodpecker. 
 
 ® Turnus, son of Daunus and Yeniha, and king of the Rutuh, in Italy. 
 He made war against ^neas, who was his rival for the hand of Lavinia, 
 daughter of king Latinus, but was defeated, and at last slain by ^ueas 
 in single combat. 
 
254 ^NEID. B. viL G3— 98. 
 
 crated to PlicebuJ?, and from it to have given the name of 
 Laurentines to the inhabitants. On the high summit of this 
 tree thick clustering bees, strange to hear, wafted athwart the 
 liquid sky with a great humming noise, planted themselves ; 
 and, having linked their feet together by a mutual hold, the 
 swarm hung in a surprising manner from the leafy bough. 
 Forthwith the prophet said, We behold a foreign hero hither 
 advancing, and an army making toward the same parts 
 [where the bees alight], from the same parts [whence they 
 came], and bearing sway in the lofty palace. Again, while 
 with holy torches the virgin Lavinia kindles the altars, and is 
 standing by her sire, she seemed, O horrid ! to catch the fire 
 in her long flowing hair, and to have her whole attire con- 
 sumed in the crackling flames, all in a blaze both as to her 
 royal locks and crown rich with gems : then in clouds of 
 smoke, [she seemed] to be involved in ruddy light, and to 
 spread the conflagration over the whole palace. As to this, it 
 Avas reputed terrible, and of astonishing aspect :^ for [the 
 soothsayers] foretold, that Lavinia herself would be illustrious, 
 both in fame and fortune, but threatened her people with a great 
 war. 
 
 But the king, anxious at these portentous signs, repairs to 
 the oracle of prophetic Faunus, his sire, and consults his grove 
 beneath lofty Albunea," which, of woods the chief, resounds 
 with a sacred fountain, and from its dark retreats sends forth a 
 pernicious stream. Hence the Italian nations, and the whole 
 land of (Enotria, seek responses when in perplexity. Hither 
 when the priest had brought offerings, and in the deep silence 
 of night laid himself down on the outspread skins of slain sheep, 
 and disposed himself to sleep; he observes many visionary 
 forms fluttering about in a wondrous manner, hears various 
 sounds, and enjoys interviews with the gods, and converses with 
 the manes in the infernal regions. Here even father Latinus 
 himself, being then in quest of a response, with due rites sac- 
 rificed an hundred fleecy ewes, and lay supported on their skins 
 and outspread fleeces. From the deep grove a sudden voice 
 was dehvered : Seek not, my son, to join thy daughter in Latin 
 wedlock, nor rest thy hopes on the match now designed. A 
 foreigner comes, thy [future] son-in-law, w^ho, by his blood, 
 
 " Albunoa, a wood near the city Tibur and the river Anio, sacred to 
 the Muses, 
 
B. VII. 98—133. JENEID. 255 
 
 shall exalt our name to the stars, and from whose race our de- 
 scendants springing, shall see all things reduced under their 
 feet, and ruled by their sway, where the revolving sun visits 
 either ocean. 
 
 These responses of father Faunus, and intimations given in 
 the silence of night, Latinus himself shuts not up within his 
 lips : but fame, fluttering all around, had now wafted the 
 tidings through the Ausonian cities, when Laomedon's sons 
 had moored their fleet to'° the grassy rising bank. JEneas, 
 the chief leaders, and blooming liilus, rechne their bodies at 
 ease under the branches of a tall tree ; prepare their repast, 
 and under their banquet spread cakes of fine wheat along 
 the grass (so Jove himself admonished), and load the wheaten 
 board with woodland fruits. Here, as it chanced, having con- 
 sumed their other provisions, as want of food compelled them 
 to turn their teeth to the scanty cake, and ^^olate with hands 
 and daring jaws the orb of the fated bread, nor spare its broad 
 quarters : What ! liilus says, are we eating up tables too ? 
 nor carried his pleasantry further. No sooner was this remark 
 heard than it announced the termination of their toils ; and 
 instantly from the speaker's mouth his father snatched the 
 word, and transported with admiration at the fulfillment of the 
 oracle, mused awhile. Forthwith he spoke : Hail, O land, 
 destined to me by the Fates! and hail, ye gods, ye faithful 
 tutelar gods of Troy. This is our home, this our coiuitry. 
 My sire Anchises (for now I recollect) bequeathed to me these 
 secrets of Fate : When famine shall compel thee, my son, 
 wafted to an unknown shore, to eat up your tables after your 
 provisions fail, then be sure you hope for a settlement after 
 your toils, and there with your own hand found your first city, 
 and fortify it with a rampart. This was that hunger [to 
 which he alluded] : these our last calamities awaited us, which 
 are to put a period to our woes. Come then, and with the 
 sun's first light let us joyously explore what places are these, 
 or what men are the inhabitants, or where are the cities of 
 the race ; and from the port let us pursue difierent ways. At 
 present pour forth bowls in libation to Jove, and by prayers in- 
 
 " We must observe that the preposition " ab" is used in reference to 
 tho place whence the fastening proceeds. It is omitted in Ovid Met. 13, 
 439, " Litore Threieio classem religarat Atrides." In Greek the con- 
 etruction is with a dative, as Apoll. Rh. ii. 177, yaiT/ neiafiar' livrjrpav. B. 
 
256 ^NEID B. VII. 135—163, 
 
 voke my father Anchises, and replace" the wine profusely on 
 the boards. 
 
 Thus having said, he binds his temples next with a verdant 
 bouo-h, and supplicates the Genius of the place, and Earth, 
 the eldest of the gods, together with the nymphs and rivers yet 
 unknown ;'■' then Night, and the night's rising constellations, 
 and Idaean Jove, and Phrygian mother Cybele, he invokes in 
 due form, and both his parents, the one in heaven, and the oth- 
 er in Erebus.'^ Upon this the almighty Sire thrice from the 
 lofty heavens thundered aloud, and from the sky displays a 
 cloud refulgent with beams of golden light, brandishing it in his 
 hand. 
 
 Here suddenly the rumor spreads through the Ti'ojan hauls, 
 that the day was arrived whereon they were to build the 
 destined city. With emulation they renew the banquet, 
 and, rejoicing in the mighty omen, place the bowls, and crown 
 the wines. Soon as the next day arisen had enlightened the 
 earth with its iirst beams, by different ways they explore the 
 city, the boundaries and the coasts of the nation : [they learn 
 that] these are the standing waters of the fountain Numicus,^* 
 this the river Tiber, that here the valiant Latins dwell. Then 
 the son of Anchises orders a hundred embassadors, selected 
 fi'om every rank,^"^ to repair to the imperial palace of the king, 
 all of them decked' ° with Minerva's boughs; and carry gifts 
 to the hero, and implore his peace toward the Trojans. 
 Forthwith, commanded, they hasten and set forward with 
 quick pace, ^neas himself marks out the walls with a low 
 trench, and builds upon the spot, and incloses the first settle- 
 ment on the shore, in the form of a camp, with a parapet and 
 rampart. And now the youths, having measured out their 
 way, beheld the towers, and lofty structures of the Latins, 
 and approached the wall. Before the city, boys and youths 
 in the bloom of early life are exercised on horseback, and 
 
 " e. <5. " renew the banquet." Anthon. 
 
 " So Silius, vi. 171, "Intramus tamen, et nymphas numenque preca- 
 mur Gurgitis ignoti." B. 
 
 " i. e. Venus and Anchises. B. 
 
 " Now the Stagno di Levante. Wo must not understand the river 
 Numicus near Lavinium. B. 
 
 " Not " from all the people." See Anthon, B. 
 
 '^ Compare the Greek i^eare/i/iivou The garlands were carried in the 
 hand. B, 
 
B. VII. 163—188. ^NEID. 257 
 
 tame the yoked steeds on the dusty plain ; or bend the stiff 
 bows, or, with the exerted strength of their arms, hurl the 
 quivering dart, and challenge one another in the race or to 
 pugilism : when a messenger riding before, bears the news to 
 the aged king, that men of huge dimensions, in a strange garb, 
 were arrived. He orders them to be invited into the palace, 
 and seated himself in the midst on his ancient throne. On 
 the highest part of the city stood a magnificent capacious 
 structure, mised aloft on a hundred columns, the palace of 
 Picus of Laurentum, awful for its sacred woods, and the re- 
 ligious veneration of ancestors. It was [considered] a good 
 omen for the kings here to receive the scepter, and raise the 
 first badges of royalty ; this temple was their senate-house, 
 this their apartment allotted for sacred banquets : here, after 
 the sacrifice of a ram, the fathers were wont to take their seats 
 together at the long tables. Besides, in the vestibule, accord- 
 ing to their order, the statues of their ancestors in antique 
 jedar stood; Italus,'' and father Sabinus, and old Saturn,'® 
 the planter of the vine, holding a crooked scythe under his 
 figure, and the image of double-faced Janus ;'" and other 
 monarchs from the origin [of the race], who sustained martial 
 wounds in fighting for their country. Besides, on the sacred 
 door-posts many arms, captive chariots, and crooked cimeters, 
 are suspended, helmet-crests, and massy bars of gates, and 
 darts and shields, and beaks torn from ships. Picus himself, 
 the breaker of steeds, sat with his augural wand,^° dressed in 
 
 '7 Italug, an Arcadian prince, who is said to have established a king- 
 dom in Italy, which received its name from him. Sabinus, from whom 
 the Sabincs were named. He received divine honors after death, and 
 was one of those deities whom -(Eneas invoked when he entered Italy. 
 
 1^ Saturn, the son of Coelus and Terra, married his sister Ops, who is 
 also called Rhea and Cybele. He was dethroned and imprisoned by his 
 Ijrother Titan, but was restored to liberty and to his throne, by his son 
 Jupiter, who, however, afterward banished him from his kingdom, which 
 ho divided with his brothers Neptune and Pluto. Saturn fled to Italy, 
 where his reign was so mild, that mankind have called it the golden age. 
 
 19 Janus, the most ancient king of Italy, was a native of Thessaly, and, 
 according to some, the son of Apollo ; after death he was ranked among 
 the gods, and is represented with two faces. His temple at Eome, whero 
 he was chiefly worshiped, was always shut in time of peace, and open 
 in time of war, 
 
 20 This is the ablative of manner. Gellius, however, v. 8, supposes 
 an ellipse; others regard " succinctus htuo" as a zeugma. Ji 
 
258 ^NEID. B. viL 189—222, 
 
 his scanty tucked-up robe, and in liis left hand wielded a little 
 target ; whom Circe, his concuhine, stung with desire, having 
 struck with her golden rod, and by her spells transformed, 
 made a bird, and interspersed his wiugs with colors. 
 
 Within such a temple of the gods, and on his ancestral 
 throne, Latinus, seated, called to him the Trojans into the 
 palace ; to whom, when they had entered, he, in mild accent, 
 first these words addressed : Say, ye sous of Dardanus (for we 
 are not unacquainted with your city or with your race, nor 
 hither have you steered your course unheard of), what seek 
 ye ? what cause, or pressing exigency, has wafted your fleet 
 to the Ausonian coast, over such an extent of azure seas 1 
 Whether you have entered the banks of our river, and sta- 
 tioned yourself in our port, by wandering from your way, or 
 driven by stress of weather (such things as in many shapes 
 seamen sutier in the deep), decline not hospitality, nor remain 
 strangers to the Latins, Saturn's race, who practice equity, 
 not by constraint or laws, but from spontaneous choice, and 
 regulating themselves by the conduct of that ancient god. 
 And, indeed, I call to mind (the tradition is somewhat obscure 
 through length of time), that the old Aurunci^^ thus reported; 
 how Dardanus, a native of this country, reached the Idsean 
 cities of Phrygia, and Thracian Samos, which now is called 
 Samothracia." Hence he had set out from his Tuscan seat in 
 Corythus ; now enthroned, he sits in the golden palace of the 
 starry heavens, and adds to the number of the altars of the 
 godso 
 
 He said ; and Bioneus made the following reply : O king, 
 illustrious offspring of Faunus, neither a grim storm forced us, 
 by billows harassed, to enter your realms ; nor did the stars 
 or the coast mislead us from the course of our voyage. We 
 all with design, and willing minds, are brought to this city ; 
 expelled from a Iringdom, once the most powerful which the 
 sun coursing from the extremity of heaven surveyed. From 
 Jove is the origin of our race ; the sons of Dardanus rejoice 
 in Jove their ancestor. Our king himself, -^neas the Tro- 
 jan, sprung from Jove's exalted line, sent us to your courts. 
 What a terrible storm, bursting from cruel Mycenae, hath 
 
 21 Aurunci, an ancient people of Latium, south-east of the Yolsci. 
 2'2 Samothracia, an island in the Archipelago, off the coast of Thraco. 
 
B. vn. 223—259. ^NEID. 259 
 
 overrun tlie plains of Ida, under tKe influence of what fates 
 both worlds of Europe and Asia engaged ; even those have 
 heard, if such there are, whom earth's extremity removes afar, 
 the expanded ocean intcrv^ening ; and those, if such there are, 
 whom the regions of the intemperate sun, extended in the 
 midst of the other four, divides [from the rest of mankind]. 
 From that deluge borne over so many vast oceans, we beg for 
 our country's gods a small settlement, and a harmless shore, 
 and water and air, which are open to all. "We shall be no dis- 
 honor to your realm ; nor shall trivial fame redound to you, or 
 our grateful sense of so generous an action ever be effaced ; 
 nor shall the Ausonians repent that they received Troy into 
 their bosom. I swear by the fates of ^neas, and by his right 
 hand that excels, whether any one has experienced it in faith, 
 or in war and martial deeds ; many people, many nations (con- 
 temn us not, because of ourselves we bring in our hands the 
 wreaths, and [in our mouths] the words of suppliants), have 
 not only been willing, but courted us to associate with them. 
 But the destiny of the gods, by their commanding influence, 
 compelled us to go in quest of your territories. Dardanus, who 
 spi-ang from this country, hither redemands his offspring ; and 
 Apollo, by his mighty summons, urges us to the Tuscan Tiber, 
 and the sacred streams of the fountain Numicus." ^neas of- 
 fers you, besides, some small presents, remnants of his former 
 fortune, saved from the flames of Troy. From this golden 
 bowl father Anchises performed libations at the altar : this was 
 borne by Priam, when he gave laws in*form to the assembled 
 jieople, the scepter, and sacred diadem, and the robes, the work 
 of the Trojan dames. 
 
 At these words of Ilioneus, Latinus keeps his countenance 
 fixed in steady regard, and remains unmoved on the gi'ound, 
 rolling his eyes intent. Neither the embroidered purple, nor 
 Priam's scepter, move him so much, as he muses on his daugh- 
 ter's nuptials, and deep in his breast revolves the oracles 
 of ancient Faunus : [concluding] that this is he who, come 
 from foreign parts, by the Fates was ordained his son-in-law, 
 and called to the regal power with equal sway : that from him 
 a race would come in valor eminent, and who, by their 
 power, should master the whole world. At length, with joy, 
 he says : May the gods crown with success our enterprise and 
 
 23 See vs. 151, with the note. 
 
2G0 
 
 ■^NEID. B. vii. 260—292 
 
 tlieir own presage. Trojan, what you demand shall be given : 
 nor do I reject your present. While Latinus is king, not the 
 fatness of a luxuriant soil, nor the opulence of Troy, shall be 
 wantiiif^ to you. Only let ^neas come in person, if he has so 
 oreat affection to us, if he longs to be joined with us in hospi- 
 table league, and to be called our ally ; nor let him dread our 
 friendly presence. To me it will be an advance toward peace 
 to touch the hand of your prince. Do you now, on your part, 
 report these my instructions to your king : I have a daughter, 
 whom neither the oracles from my father's shrine, nor numer- 
 ous prodigies from heaven, permit me to match with a husband 
 of our own nation ; they foretell that this destiny awaits Lat- 
 ium, that its sons-in-law shall come from foreign coasts, who, in 
 their descendants, shall to the stars exalt our name. That this 
 is he whom the Fates ordain I both judge, and (if aught of 
 truth my mind divines) I wish it too. 
 
 This said, the sire chooses out steeds from his whole num- 
 ber : in lofty stalls, three hundred of them stood in sleek ap- 
 pearance. Forthwith for all the Trojans he commands the 
 winged coursers, caparisoned with purple and embroidered 
 trappings, to be led forth in order. Golden poitrels hang low 
 down from their breasts ; arrayed in gold, they champ the 
 yellow gold under their teeth. For the absent hero [he orders] 
 a chariot, and a pair of harnessed steeds of ethereal breed, 
 from their nostrils snorting fire, of the race of those whom 
 crafty Circe produced, when, having stolen [horses] from her 
 father [the Sun], she raised up a spurious breed by a substi- 
 tuted mare. With these presents and speeches from Latinus, 
 the Trojans, mounted on their steeds, return, and bring back 
 
 peace. 
 
 But lo ! the unrelenting wife of Jove was on her return 
 from Inachian Argos," and, wafted in her chariot, possessed 
 the aerial regions ; and, from on high, at the distance of 
 Sicilian Pachynus, far off she spied JSneas full joyous, and 
 the Trojan fleet. She sees [the Trojans] already laboring 
 Ion the buildings, already settled in the land, and that they 
 'have abandoned their ships. Pierced with sharp grief she 
 stood; then tossing her head, she poured forth these words 
 
 2^ Inachian Argos, the capital of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, was so 
 called from Inaclms, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, who founded the 
 kingdom of Argos. 
 
B. YiL 293—319. ^NEID. 261 
 
 from her breast : Ali ! race detested, and Fates of Troy op- 
 posed to ours ! Was it in the compass of my power to over- 
 throw them to the plains of Sigteum ?" made captives, could 
 they be kept in captivity ? when Troy was burned to ashes, 
 were they consumed ? through the midst of armies, through 
 the midst of flames, have the}' then found their way ? But, 
 I suppose, the power of my divinity, tired out now, lies inac- 
 tive ; or glutted [with full revenge], I have dropped my re- 
 sentment. Yet, with hostile intention, I dared to pursue 
 them over the waves, when they had been driven out of their 
 country, and on the vast wide ocean to oppose myself to the 
 exiles. The powers of heaven and sea have been spent on the 
 Trojans. Of what avail to me were the Syrtes, or Scylla, or 
 the vast Charybdis ? In Tiber's wished-for channel they are 
 lodged, secure against the seas and me. Mars was able to 
 destroy the gigantic race of the Lapithoe ; the father of the 
 gods himself gave up his beloved Calydon" to Diana's re- 
 sentment : what crime, either of the Lapithae, or of Calydon, 
 had deserved such severe punishment *? But I, the gTcat con- 
 sort of Jove, who had power to leave no means untried, who 
 had recourse to all expedients, unhappy ! am vanquished by 
 JEneas. But if my own divinity is not powerful enough, 
 surely I need not hesitate to implore whatever deity any 
 where subsists : if I can not move the powers above, I will 
 Solicit those of hell. Grant I be not pernnlted to bar him 
 from the kingdom of Latium, and Lavinia bo unalterably 
 destined his spouse by fate ; yet I may protract, and throw 
 obstacles in the way of those mighty events ; yet I may cut 
 off the subjects of both kings. With this costly price of their 
 people's blood, let the father and son-in-law unite. Thy 
 dowry, virgin, shall be paid in Trojan and Rutulian blood ; 
 and Bellona" waits thee for thy bride's-maid : nor did teem- 
 
 25 Sigfcum, see note^^j ^noid, Book II. p. 138. 
 
 26 Calydon, a city of jElolia in Greece, where CEneus, the father of 
 Meleager, reigned. The king having neglected to pay homage to Diana, 
 the goddess sent a wild boar to ravage the country, which at last was 
 killed by Meleager. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this 
 boar, which event is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of 
 the Chase of Calydon, or of the Calydonian Boar. 
 
 27 Bcllona, the goddess of war, . daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, and, 
 nccording to some, the sister and wife of Mars. 
 
262 ^NEID. B. viL 320—350. 
 
 inf^" Hecuba" alone, impregnated with a firebrand, bring forth 
 a blazing nuptial torch ; to Venus too this j^roduction of hera 
 shall prove the same, even a second Paris, and a firebrand fatal 
 to Troy again tottering to its fall. 
 
 Havino- uttered these words, dreadful down to earth she 
 plunged. From the mansions of the dire sisters, and the in- 
 fernal glooms, she calls up baleful Alecto ; whose heart's de- 
 light are rueful wars, strifes, and deceits, and noxious crimes. 
 Her even her father, Pluto's self, abhors, her hellish sisters 
 abhor the monster ; into so many shapes she turns herself, so 
 hideous are her forms, with so many snakes the grim Fury 
 sprouts up. Whom Juno stimulates with these words, and 
 thus addresses : Virgin, offspiing of Night, perform me this 
 task, this service, your own pecuhar province ; that our honor 
 and wounded fame be not quite baffled, nor the -^nean race 
 be able fawningly to circumvent Latinus by this match, or 
 take possession of the Italian territories. Thou canst arm 
 to war the most cordial brothers, and by animosities embroil 
 famihes : thou canst introduce into houses scourges and fire- 
 brands of death ; with thee are a thousand specious pretexts, a 
 thousand arts of doing mischief : ransack thy fruitful bosom, 
 unhinge the established peace, sow crimes that lead to war ; 
 let the youth incline to, and at once demand and snatch up 
 arms. 
 
 Forthwith' Alecto, infected with Gorgonian poisons, repairs 
 first to -Latium, and the lofty palace . of the Laurentine mon- 
 arch, and took possession of Amata's" silent gate ; in whose 
 inflamed breast female cares and angry commotions kept dis- 
 quieting^" on account of the arrival of the Trojans and the 
 match with Turnus. At her the goddess flings from her dark 
 locks one of her snakes, and plunges it deep in her bosom 
 down to its inmost recesses, that, by the monster, driven to 
 fury, she may embroil the whole family. He, sliding between 
 her robes and smooth breast, rolls on with imperceptible touch, 
 
 23 Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to 
 others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam, king 
 of Troy, and the mother of Paris. 
 
 23 Amata, tlio wife of king Latimus : she zealously favored the in- 
 terest of Turnus against ^neas. 
 
 3" So " coquit" is used in Ennius apud Cic. de Sen. i. " curamvo Ic 
 vasso, Quae nunc te coquit. B. 
 
B. VII. 351—383. ^NEID. 2G3 
 
 and, in the transport of her rage, steals on her unawares, in- 
 fusing into her a viperish soul : the huge snake becomes a 
 chain of wreathed gold around her neck, he becomes a long 
 winding fillet, and entwines her hair, and in slippery mazes 
 creeps over her limbs. And while the first infection, down- 
 ward gliding, with its humid poison attacks her senses, and 
 blends the mingling fire with her bones ; and while her mind 
 has not yet felt the flame throughout her bosom ; she spoke 
 ^vith softer accents, and in the wonted manner of mothers, 
 making many a heavy lamentation about her daughter and the 
 Phrygian match : And is La\dnia given in marriage to Trojan 
 exiles ? and have you, her father, no pity on your daughter, 
 or on yourself, or on her mother, whom with the first fair 
 wind^^ the perfidious pirate will abandon, and return to sea, 
 caiTying off the virgin ? And did not the Phrygian shepherd 
 thus steal into Lacedaemon, and bear away L'eda's daughter 
 Helen, to the Trojan city ? AVhat becomes of your solemnl)\ 
 plighted faith, your ancient regard for your people, and your\ 
 right hand so often plighted to your kinsman Turnus? If the 
 Latins must have a son-in-law from a foreiirn nation, and this 
 be determined, and the commands of your father Faunus press 
 you, for my part I reckon every land foreign, which, inde- 
 pendent, is disjointed from our dominion, and that thus the 
 gods intend. And (if the first origin of his family be traced 
 back) Turnus has Inachus and Acrisius" for his progenitors, 
 and Mycenae, the heart [of Greece for his country]. 
 
 When, havang tried him by these words in vain, she finds 
 Latinus resolutely fixed against her, and the serpent's infuri- 
 ated poison had now sunk deep into her bowels, and crept 
 through all her frame ; then, indeed, in wretched disorder, 
 startled by hideous monsters, she rages frantic with unex- 
 ampled fury through the ample bounds of the city : as at times 
 a whip-top whirling under the twisted lash, which boys intent 
 on their sport drive in a large circuit round some empty court ; 
 the engine driven about by the scourge is hurried round and 
 round in circling courses ; the unpracticed throng and beard- 
 less band are lost in admiration of the voluble box-wood : 
 
 21 The north wind would bo favorable to a departure from Italy. B. 
 
 32 Acrisius, king of Argos, was descended from Inachus, its founder, 
 and was one of Turnus' ancestors. lie was accidently slain ijy his grand- 
 sou rerseus. 
 
2(34 iENEID. ^ B. VII. 384—420, 
 
 they lend their souls to the stroke. With no less impetuous 
 career is the queen driven through the midst of cities, and 
 among crowds all in fierce commotion. Aiming even at a 
 more atrocious deed, and ushering in a higher scene of mad- 
 ness, having counterfeited the enthusiasm of Bacchus, she 
 tiies out into the forest, and conceals her daughter in the 
 woody mountains, that from the Trojans she may wrest the 
 match, and retard the nuptials : exclaiming, Evoe Bacchus, 
 and bawling out, that thou alone art Avorthy of the virgin ; 
 for that, in honor of thee, she v/ields the tender ivy-wands, 
 round thee she moves in the dance, for thee she feeds her 
 sacred locks. The rumor flies ; and the same enthusiasm at 
 once actuates all the matrons, inflamed by the furies in their 
 breasts, to seek new habitations : they instantly abandon their 
 homes ; to the winds they expose their necks and hair. Others 
 again fill the skies with tremulous yells, and, wrapped in skins, 
 wield their vine-dressed spears. She herself, in the midst of 
 them, all on fire sustains a blazing pine, and sings the nuptial 
 song for her daughter and Turnus, whirling her bloody eye- 
 balls round ; and suddenly, w ith a stern air, she cries, lo ! 
 ye Latin matrons, hear, whatever you may chance to be : if 
 any affection for unhappy Amata dwells in your humane 
 souls, if concern for a mother's right touches you to the 
 quick, unbind the fillets of your hair, with me take up the 
 orgies. In this manner among the w^oods, among the deserts 
 of wild beasts, Alecto, wath the stimulating fury of Bacchus, 
 all around goads on the queen. 
 
 After she seemed sufiiciently to have kindled the first trans- 
 ports of rage, and' embroiled the counsel and the whole family 
 of Latinus ; forthwith the baleful goddess hence is borne on 
 dusky wings to the "svalls of the bold Eutulian ; which city 
 Danae," wafted by the impetuous south wind, is said to have 
 founded for her the Acrisian colony. The place was formerly 
 called Ardea by the ancient inhabitants, and now Ardea it 
 remains, an illustrious name :" but its fortune has departed. 
 Here, in his lofty palace, was Tumus enjoying repose at the 
 black hour of midnight. Alecto lays aside her hideous aspect, 
 and Fury's limbs ; she transforms herself into the shape of an 
 
 33 Danau, the daughter of Acrisms, king of Argos : she fled to Italy, 
 nnd founded the city of Ardea, the capital of the Rutuli. 
 
 21 i. e. " a name, and nothine; more." See Drakenb. on Silius i. 293. R 
 
li. vii. 421—453. ^NEID. 265 
 
 old hag, plows v.ith wrinkles her loatlisome front, assumes 
 gray hairs with a fillet, and binds on them an olive bough : 
 she takes the form of Calybe, the aged priestess of Juno's 
 temple, and with these words presents herself to the youth full 
 in his view : O Turnus, will you suffer so many toils to be lost 
 and throAvn away, and your scepter to be transferred^^ to a 
 Trojan colony? The king absolutely refuses you the match 
 and dowry you have purchased with your blood ; and a 
 foreigner is sought to inherit his kingdom. Go now, thus 
 baffled, expose yourself to thankless dangers ; go, overthrov/ 
 the Tuscan armies ; in peace protect the Latins. And now, 
 in these very terms, the all-powerful queen of heaven herself 
 commanded me plainly to address you, reclining in the still 
 silent night. Wherefore dispatch, and with alacrity order the 
 youth to be armed, and march forth to war ; in ilames con- 
 sume both the Phrygian leaders, who are stationed in the fair 
 river, and their painted vessels. So the awful majesty of 
 heaven commands. Let king Latinus himself, unless he con- 
 sents to grant the match, and stand to his word, know, and at 
 length experience Turnus in arms. 
 
 Upon this the youth, deriding the prophetess, thus in his 
 turn replies : The intelligence has not escaped my ears, as 
 you imagine, that a fleet is arrived in the Tiber's channel. 
 Forge not to me such grounds of fear : for of us imperial Juno 
 is not unmindful. But old age, O dame, oppressed with 
 dotage, and barren of the truth, in vain harasses thee with 
 cares ; and with false alarms ddudes thee a prophetess, amid 
 the warlike afRiirs of kings. Your province is to guard the 
 statues and temples of the gods : let men have the management 
 of peace and war, by whom v/ar ought to be managed. 
 
 By these words Alecto kindled into rage. As for the 
 youth, while yet speaking, a sudden trembling seized his 
 limbs ; his eyes stiflfened : with so many snakes the Fury hisses, 
 and a shape so horrid discloses itself: then, as he hesitates, 
 and purposes more to say, rolling her fiery eyeballs, she re- 
 pelled [his words], and reared the double snakes in her hair, 
 clanked her whip, and thus further spoke in outrageous 
 accent : Lo, here am I oppressed with dotage, whom old age, 
 baiTen of the truth, deludes vy ith false alarms amid the arms 
 
 35 Cf. Mn. y. t50, and the note. B. 
 12 
 
266 ^ENEID. b. yii. 4.54.-— 400, 
 
 of kings. Turn tliy ejes to these signs : I came from the 
 abode of the dire sisters ; wars and death in my hand I bear. 
 Thus having spoken, she flung a firebrand at the youth, and 
 deep in his breast fixed the torch smoking with grim light. 
 Excessive terror broke his rest, and sweat bursting irom every 
 pore drenched his bones and limbs. Frantic for anns ho 
 raves, for arms he searches the bed and the palace : a passion 
 for the sword, a cursed madness after war, and indignation 
 besides rage [in his breast]. As when with loud cracMing a 
 fire of twigs is applied to the sides of a bubbling caldron, and 
 by the heat the water dances ; within, the violence of the 
 Avater rages, and high the smoky fluid in foam overflows ; nor 
 can the wave now contain itself; in pitchy steam it flies all 
 abroad. Therefore, now that the peace is profanely ^nolated, 
 he enjoins the chief of the youth to repair to king Latinus, and 
 orders arms to bo prepared to defend Italy, to expel the 
 enemy from their territories : [adding], that lie is a sufiicient 
 inatcli for Trojans and Latins both. When ho had thus 
 h^poken, and in vows had addressed the gods, the Rutulians 
 with emulous ardor animate one another to arms. One is 
 incited by his distinguished gracefulness of form and youth ; 
 another by his regal ancestors ; a third by his right hand, with 
 its glorious deeds. 
 
 While Turnus inspires the Rutulians with courageous souls, 
 Alecto on Stygian wings against the Trojans speeds her fiight : 
 having with fresh artifice espied the place where on the shore 
 fair lulus was by snares and chase pursuing beasts of prey. 
 Here the virgin of hell throws on his hounds a sudden mad- 
 ness, and affects their nostrils with the well-known scent, with 
 keen ardor to pursue a stag ; which was the first source of 
 calamities, and inflamed the rustic minds to war. The stag 
 was of exquisite beauty, and large horns; which, snatched 
 from its mother's dugs, the sons of Tyrrhus nursed up, and 
 Tyrrhus, the father, to whom the royal herds are in subjec- 
 tion, and the charge of the fields all around intrusted. The 
 animal, trained to disciphne, their sister Syl^^a^° with her 
 utmost care was wont to deck, interweaving his horns with 
 soft garlands ; she combed and washed him in the clear stream. 
 
 36 Sylvia, the daughter of Tyrrhus, shepherd of king Latinus, whose 
 favorite stag was killed by Ascanius, which was the cause of war be- 
 tween ^neas and the Latins. 
 
B. TIL 491—524. .^NEID. 267 
 
 He, patient of the toucli, and accustomed to his master's 
 board, would range in the woods ; and again at night, how- 
 ever late, to his home, his familiar retreat, of himself repaired. 
 Him at a distance, while roving, the mad hounds of the hunts- 
 man liilus roused, when by chance he was floating down with 
 the stream, and on the verdant bank was allaying his heat. 
 Ascanius himself too, fired with the love of distinguished 
 praise, from his bended bow aimed arrows [at him] ; nor was 
 the god unaiding to his erring hand f and with a loud [whiz- 
 zing-] sound the shaft impelled, pierced his belly and his flanks. 
 The wounded animal fled homeward to his own habitation, 
 and groaning entered his stall ; and all bloody, and like one 
 imploring [pity], filled the house with moans. Sylvia, the 
 sister, first, beating her arms Avith her palms, implores aid, 
 and calls together the hardy swains. They (for the fierce 
 fiend lurks in the secret woods) suddenly appear ; one armed 
 with a brand hardened in the fire, one with a sturdy knotted 
 club; whatever by each in rummaging was found, his rage 
 makes a weapon. Tyrrhus, as by chance with driven wedges 
 he was cleaving an oak in four, breathing fury, snatches up 
 his ax, and summons his rustic bands. But the savage god- 
 dess, liaAdng from her place of observation found the oppor- 
 tunity of executing her mischievous plot, mounts the high 
 roof of the stall, and from the lofty summit sounds the shep- 
 herd's si'o-nal, and in the windinn^ horn strains her hellish 
 voice ; with Avhich every grove forthwith quaked and the 
 deep woods inly trembled. Even the lake of Diana heard it 
 from afar ; the Nar,^^ white with sulphureous water, heard it, as 
 well as the springs of Velinus ; and frightened mothers press- 
 ed their inftmts to their breasts. Then, indeed, wherever the 
 comet direful gave the alarm, the wild unpolished swains, 
 snatching up arms, hasten in concert from every quarter; 
 and, in like manner, from their open tents the Trojan youth 
 pour forth supplies to Ascanius. They ranged their battalions. 
 Nor now in rustic skirmish are they engaged with hardened 
 clubs, and stakes burned at the point ; but with the doubtful 
 
 37 i. e. " his band which, would otherwise have erred." See Anthon, B. 
 
 3^ Nar (Nera), a river of Italy, rises in the Apennines, and forming a 
 ) unction with the Yelino, flows with great rapidity, and falls into the 
 Tiber. Its waters are celebrated for their sulphureous properties. 
 Velino also rises in the Apennines, and, by its stagnant waters, forms a 
 lake near the town of Reate, and falls into the Nar, near Spoletium. 
 
268 ^NEID. B. VII. 525—555. 
 
 steel'* they encounter, and a hideous crop of drawn swords 
 shoot up with liorrid aspect, far and wide, and the arms of 
 brass struck with the sunbeams ghtter, and dart their radi- 
 ance to the clouds ; as when with the first breath of wind the 
 wave begins to whiten, the sea rises by degrees, and higher 
 and higher heaves its billows, then from the lowest bottom 
 swells up together to the skies. Here, before the foremost 
 line of battle, young Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus, 
 is by a wdiizzing arrow slain ; for deep in his throat the 
 wounding weapon stuck fast, and with the blood choked up 
 the passage of the humid voice*" and slender breath of life. 
 Round him many bodies of heroes fall, and aged Galaesus, 
 while he is offering to mediate peace ; a man who was of all 
 others the most upright, and formerly the richest in Ausonian 
 lands. Five flocks of bleating sheep with five herds of cattle 
 returned home [from his pastures] ;*' and with a hundred 
 plows he turned the soil. 
 
 Now while through the plains these actions are going on 
 with equal fury, the goddess, having accomplished her prom- 
 ise, when she had drenched the field of war in blood, and 
 began the havoc of the first encounter, leaves Hesperia, and 
 turning away through the aerial sky in triumph, addresses 
 Juno with haughty speech : See discord brought for you to its 
 consummation by baleful war ! Bid them combine in friend- 
 ship, and contract alliances, since I have imbrued the Trojans 
 w^ith Ausonian blood ! To these wdll I add this also ; if I be 
 assured of your consent, the neighboring towns by rumors 
 will I urge on to the w^ar, and inflame their minds with the 
 passion of furious Mars, that from all hands they may come 
 as auxiliaries ; Avar will I spread over all the country. Then 
 Juno [said] in return : Of terrors and fraud there is enough : 
 fixed are the causes of the w^ar ; in arms they combat hand to 
 hand; those arms, which chance first gave, recent blood hath 
 stained. Such espousals and such nuptial rites let Venus' 
 peerless offspring and king Latinus himself celebrate. Father 
 
 33 Referring to the equality of forces on botli sides. So " dubia cus- 
 pide," Silius iv. 188. B. 
 
 4'' Cf. Silius iv 171, "Hffisit barbaricum sub anhelo gutture telum,- 
 Et clausit raucum letali vulnere murmur." B. 
 
 ^' Davidson prefers taking "redeo" in its sense " of being one's in- 
 come, stock; or revenue." B. 
 
B. VII. 556—590. ^XEID. 269 
 
 Jove, the great ruler of heaven supreme, permits you uot to 
 roam ^vith further license in the higher regions. Retire from 
 these places. Whatever turn of fortune our labors may 
 henceforth take, myself will manage. These words Saturnia 
 uttered. At Avhich the Fury lifts up her wings hissing with 
 snakes, and hies to the mansion of Cocytus, leaving the high 
 places in this upper world. In the center of Italy, under lofty 
 mountains, lies a place of high renown, and celebrated by fame 
 'in many regions, the valley of Amsanctus:'' the side of a 
 grove, gloomy with thick boughs, hems it in on either hand, 
 and in the midst a torrent, in hoarse murmurs and with whirl- 
 ing eddies, roars along the rocks. Here are shown a horrible 
 cave and the breathing-holes" of grizzly Pluto ; and a vast 
 gulf, having burst hell's barriers, expands his pestilential jaws : 
 into which the Fury, abhorred demon, having plunged out of 
 sight, disburdened heaven and earth. 
 
 Not less active meanwhile is the imperial daughter of Sat- 
 urn, in putting the last hand to the war begim.° The whole 
 body of the shepherds rush from the field o"f battle into the 
 city ; and bring back their slain, the young Almon, and the 
 corpse of Galiesus with ghastly wounds dishonored: they 
 implore the gods, and call Latinus to witness. Turnus too 
 comes up, and in the midst of the charge of fire and sword, 
 aggravates the terror; [complains] that the Trojans are in- 
 vited to share the crown, and the Phrygian race incorporated 
 [with the Latins], and he himself driven from the threshold. 
 'Then those, whose mothers, struck with Bacchanal fury, 
 bound over the pathless groves in choirs, collected from every 
 quarter combine, and importunately urge the war; for not 
 inconsiderable is the influence of Amata's name. All these 
 forthwith against the omens, against the decrees of the gods, 
 in defiance of the thwarting power of heaven, crave the im- 
 pious^ war. Emulously they beset the palace of king Latinus. 
 He, like a rock in the sea unmoved, withstands them : like a 
 rock in the sea, which, when the mighty shock comes on, while 
 numerous waves around it roar, supports itself by its own 
 huge weight ; in vain the cliffs and foamy rocks rage around, 
 and the sea-weed dashed against its sides is driven back. But 
 
 "-2 Amsanctus, a pestilential lake near Capua, in Italj, supposed, hy 
 the poets, to be the entrance to the infernal regions. 
 
 ^^3 i. c. the vents, through which the mephitic vapor exhales. B. 
 
2*70 iENP:iD. B. VII. 591—626. 
 
 when no means avail to defeat their blind resolution, and 
 things go on by the direction of fierce Jimo, the aged monarch, 
 having poured forth many protestations to the gods and skies 
 in vain, exclaims, Alas ! by the Fates are we overpowered, 
 and borne down by the storm. Yourselves, O wretches ! with 
 your sacrilegious blood shall pay the atonement ; and thee, O 
 Turnus, the impious promoter of this war, thee dire vengeance 
 shall in time overtake ; and thou shalt supplicate the gods by 
 vows too late. For, as to me, my rest is provided, and all my 
 security is near" at hand : I am only deprived of a happy end. 
 Nor more he said, but shut himself up in his palace, and quitted 
 the reins of government. 
 
 In Hesperian Latium it was a custom, which the Alban 
 cities all along have observed as sacred, and which Rome, the 
 mistress of the world, now religiously observes, when first they 
 rouse Mars to battle ; whether with the Getes" they intend 
 to wage the disastrous war, or with the Ilyrcanians, or the 
 Arabs, or to march against the Indians, and pursue the morn- 
 ing, and from the Parthians re-demand the standards. There 
 are two gates of War (for so they are called) deemed sacred 
 from religious association, and the dread of cruel Mars : a 
 hundred brazen bolts, and the eternal strength of iron, shut 
 them fast ; and guardian Janus stirs not from the threshold. 
 When the fathers have fixed the firm sentence of war, the 
 consul himselt, distinguished by his royal robe and Gabine 
 cincture, unlocks the jarring portals; himself rouses the com- 
 bat : then all the youth follow, and the brazen cornets with 
 hoarse assent conspire. In this fashion Latinus then too was 
 urged to declare war against the Trojans, and unfold the 
 dreary gates. The aged prince refrained from touching them, 
 and with abhorrence shrunk from the shocking office, and shut 
 himself up in the dark shades. Then Saturnia, the queen of 
 the gods, shooting from the sky, herself with her own hand 
 pushed the lingering doors, and, turning the hinge, burst the 
 brazen portals of war. 
 
 Ausonia, before at rest and unmoved, is all on fire. Some 
 prepare to take the field on foot ; some, mounted on lofty 
 steeds, amid clouds of dust, rush with fury [to the war] : all 
 
 ^^ Literally, " my port is wholly in view." B. 
 
 •1^ The Getes were a people of European Scythia, inhabiting that part 
 of Dacia near the mouth of the Danube. 
 
B. vn. 626—653. ^NEID. 2*71 
 
 are importunate for amis. Some with fat lard cleanse their 
 smooth bucklers and glittering spears, and on the whetstone 
 grind their axes ; well pleased to bear the standards, and hear 
 the trumpets sound. Moreover, five great cities renew their 
 arms, on anvils raised, namely, the powerful Atina,*^ and proud 
 Tivoli, Ardea, and Crustumeri, and Antemnae, with turrets 
 crowned. They hollow trusty coverings for their heads, and 
 bend the osier hurdles for the bosses of their bucklers : others 
 hammer out the brazen corselets, or fi-om ductile silver mold 
 the smooth greaves. To this all regard of the share and 
 scythe, for this all love for the plow gave way. In furnaces 
 they forge their fathers' swords anew. And now the trumpets 
 sound : the watchword, the signal for the war, is issued forth. 
 One in eager haste snatches a helmet from the roof; another 
 joins his neighing steeds to the yoke, and braces on his buckler 
 and habergeon wrought in gold of triple texture, and girds 
 himself with his trusty sword. 
 
 Now open HeHcon,*" ye goddesses, and inspire me while I 
 sing : what Idngs were incited to the war ; what troops follow- 
 ing each leader filled the plain; with what heroes the auspicious 
 land of Italy flourished even in those early days, with what 
 arms it blazed. For you, O goddesses, both remember, and 
 can record : to us a slight breath of fame scarcely glides. 
 
 First enters on the war, fierce from the Tuscan coasts, Me- 
 zentius,*' the contemner of the gods, and arms his troops. 
 Next to him Lausus his son, to whom no one was more grace- 
 ful, except the person of Laurentine Turnus. Lausus, the 
 breaker of horses, and a mighty himtsman, leads from the 
 city Agylla a thousand followers in vain;** worthy to have 
 bad more joy in [obeying] a father's commands, and to whom 
 
 4s Atina, a citj of the Yolsci. Tivoli, the ancient Tibur, a city of tho 
 Sabines, about 16 miles north-east of Rome, delightfully situated on 
 the banks of the Anio : it was the favorite country residence of the 
 Romans. Ardea, the capital of the RutulL Crustumerium and Antem- 
 nae, towns of the Sabines : the latter was situated near the confluence 
 of the Anio and Tiber. • 
 
 47 Helicon, a celebrated mountain of Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the 
 Muses, from which issued the fountains Hippocrene and Aganippe. 
 
 43 Mezentius, king of the Tyrrhenians, was expelled by his subjects 
 on account of his cruelties, when he fled to Turnus, who employed him 
 in his war against the Trojans. He auc^ his son Lausus were slain by 
 JKneas. 
 
 *9 Beo<^^V},r:. be ^;a^ Ti^iZT *^ "cj^u^-d -0. 
 
272 ^NEID. E. yii, 654—684. 
 
 Mezentius ought not to have been the father. Next to these 
 fair Aventinus, sprung from renowned Hercules,'"' proudly 
 displays upon the grassy plain his chariot distinguished by the 
 palm, and his victorious steeds ; and on his buckler wears his 
 paternal ensign, a hundred snakes, and a hydra environed 
 with serpents : whom in a wood . on the Aventine hill the 
 priestess Rhea brought forth, her furtive offspring, into the re- 
 gions of light, a woman mixing -with a god ; at the time when 
 the victorious Tirynthian^^ hero, having slain Geryon, reached 
 the Laurentine fields, and w^ashed his Iberian heifers in the 
 Tuscan river [Tiber]. Javelins in their hands, and cruel pikes, 
 they bear into the field of war ; and fight with the tapering 
 point of the Sabine spike-dart. Himself [appeared] on foot, 
 shaking a lion's enormous hide, shaggy with feaiful bristles, its 
 white tusks displayed, ha\T[ng it thrown over his head : thus he 
 entered the royal palace, a horrid figure, and his shoulders man- 
 tled with the attire of Hercules. Two brothel's next, Catillus^* 
 and fierce Coras, Argive youths, forsake the walls of Tibur, its 
 people called by their brother Tiburtus' name ; and before the 
 van, amid thick flying darts, are hurried along : as when two 
 cloud-born Centa^-:rs from the high mountain's top descend, 
 with impetuous career, leaving Omole" and snowy Othrys ; the 
 spacious wood giv^cs way to iLcm as they move, and the shrubs 
 with loud rustling noise give way. Kor did the founder of 
 the city Prasneste^* absent himself; king Cseenlus, whom 
 every age believed to have been begotten by Yulean amid 
 the rural herds, and to have been found near the fire. Him 
 a rustic band accompanies from all the neighborhood around : 
 both those who inhabit high Prseneste, and those who culti- 
 vate the fields of Galvne Juno, or the cool Anio, and the 
 mountainous towns of the Hernicians," dewed with rills : 
 
 5" Antlion's version is, '•AveittJ.nu^ of heroic mion, sprung from Her- 
 cules, type of heroic beauty." E. 
 
 51 Tirynthian hero, a name of Hercules, from Tirycthus, a town of 
 Argolis in Peloponnesus, wh«re he generally resided. 
 
 52 Catillus, a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his brothers Coras and 
 Tiburtus, assisted Turnus against ^neas. 
 
 53 Omole and Othrys, two lofty mountains in Thessaly, orce the resi- 
 dence of the Centaurs. 
 
 5^ Prasneste (Palestrina\ a city of Latium, about 24. mi?ce 'sast from 
 Rome, supposed to have been built by Cosculus, the son of YuWn. 
 53 Hernicians, a people of Campania, wlio were inveterate exi'^nie? of 
 
B. VII. 684— m. ^NEID. 273 
 
 whom tlioii, rich Anagnia, -whom thou, fother Amasenus, 
 feedest. These are not all supplied with rattling arms, or 
 shields, or cars : the greatest part sling balls of livid lead : 
 some wield two javelins in the hand, and for covering to their 
 heads wear tawny beavers of the fur of wolves : with the left 
 foot naked they tread the ground ; a shoe of unwrought 
 leather covers the other. Messapus"° next, a gallant horse- 
 man, Neptune's offspring, whom none had power to prostrate 
 by fire or steel, suddenly calls to arms his people long sunk in 
 indolence, and his troops disused to war, and handles the 
 sword once more. These command the Fescennine troops, 
 and the Falisci" famed for equity ; those possess the strengths 
 of Soracte,*^ and the Flavinian land, and the lake and mount- 
 ain of Ciminus, and Capena's groves. Uniformly they moved 
 in harmonious order, and sang the praises of their king : as 
 when at times the snow-white swans through the liquid sky 
 are homeward borne from pasture, and through their long 
 necks pour melodious notes ; the river [Cayster] and the 
 Asian lake, struck from far, return the sound. Nor would 
 any one have taken them for armed troops of such a vast body 
 promiscuously joined, but for an aiiy cloud of hoarse-voiced 
 fowls driven to the shore from the deep abyss. Lo ! Clausus," 
 of the ancient blood of the Sabines, [came,] leading a mighty 
 host ; [Clausus,] from whom the Claudiau tribe and clan are 
 now through Latium diffused, since Rome has been shared 
 with the Sabines. With them Amiterna's'*° numerous bands, 
 and the ancient Quirites," the whole power of Eretum, and 
 olive-bearing Mutuscai : those who inhabit the city Nomen- 
 
 the Romans. Anagnia, a city of the Hernici. Amasenus (La Toppia), 
 a river of Latium, falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. 
 
 55 Messapus, a son of Neptune, who left Boeotia, and came to settle 
 in Italy, where he assisted Turnus against ^neas. 
 
 5"! FaHsci, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. Fes- 
 oennia, also a town of Etruria. 
 
 58 Soracte (M. S. Oreste), a mountain of Etruria, about 26 miles north 
 of Rome, sacred to Apollo. Flavinia and Copena, towns of Etruria, 
 Ciminus, a mountain and lake of Etruria. 
 
 59 Clausus, king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against -^Eneas : 
 he was the progenitor of Ap. Claudius, the founder of the Claudian family. 
 
 6" Amiterna, Eretum, and Mutusc£e, towns of the Sabines. 
 
 c^ Quirites; the Sabines were so called from the town of Cures, which 
 they inhabited ; the name was also given to the citizens of Rome, afler 
 then* union with the Sabines. 
 
 12* 
 
274 ^NEID. B. vn. 712—734. 
 
 turn, and the dewy fields of Velino, the horrid rocks of Te- 
 trica," and Mount Severus, Casperia, and Foruli, and the river 
 of Himella :" those who drink the Tiber and the Fabaris ; 
 those whom cold Nursia sent, the Hortine squadrons and the 
 Latin nations ; and those whom Allia,"* an inauspicious name, 
 dividing runs between : in such numbers as the billows are 
 rolled on the surface of the Libyan main, when surly Orion 
 sets in the wintery v/aves ; or as numerous as are the thick 
 ears of corn, scorched by the first heat of the [summer's] sun, 
 either on the plain of Hermus, or in Lycia's yellow fields. 
 Their bucklers ring, and earth, struck with the trampling of 
 their feet, trembles. Kext Halesus,'^ of Agamemnon^s race, 
 foe to the Trojan name, yokes his steeds in the chariot, and 
 hurries to Turnus' aid a thousand fierce tribes; those who 
 with harrows turn the soil of Massicus fertile in vines, and 
 whom the Auruncan fathers sent from their lofty hills, and 
 the adjacent plains of Sidicinum ;'^ those who march from 
 Gales, and who border on the fordable river Vulturnus ; to- 
 gether with the hardy inhabitants of Saticula," and the troops 
 of the Osci. Short tapering darts are their weapons; but 
 their fashion is to fit them vvith a limber thong. A short 
 target covers their left arms ; and hand to hand [they fight 
 with] crooked falchions. Nor shall you, (Ebalus,'' be in my 
 numbers left unnamed, whom Telon is said to have begotten 
 from the nymph Sebethis, when, now advanced in years, ho 
 
 62 Tetrica and Severus, mountains in the country of the Sabines, near 
 the river Fabaris. Casperia and Foruh, towns of the Sabines. 
 
 63 Himella and Fabaris (Farfa), rivers of the Sabines ; the former falls 
 into the Tiber below Cures. Nursia and Hortu, towns of the Sabines. 
 
 Gi AUia (Aia), a river of Italy faUing into the Tiber. On its banks 
 the Romans were defeated with great slaughter by the Gauls under 
 Brennus, b. c. 387. Hence it was deemed inauspicious. 
 
 63 Halesus, a son of Agamemnon and Briseis or Clytemnestra. Hav- 
 ing been driven from home, he came to Italy, where he settled on Mount 
 Massicus, in Campania, and was kiUed by PaUas in the war between 
 Turnus and ^neas. 
 
 66 Sidicinum and Cales, towns of Campania, in Italy. ^ Vulturnus, a 
 river of Campania, rising in the Apennines, and falling into the Tyr- 
 rhene Sea, after passing near the city of Capua. 
 
 67 Saticula, a town of the Samnites, in Italy, east of Capua. Osci, a 
 people between Campania and the country of the Yolsci. 
 
 63 (Ebalus, a son of Telon, king of the Teleboans, a people of ^Etolia, 
 in Greece, and the nvmph Sebethis. The Teleboans under (Ebalus set- 
 tled in Caprete (Capri), an island on the coast of Campania in Italy. 
 
B. VII. 735— 762. JENEID. 275 
 
 possessed Caprese, the realms of the Teleboans ; and the son 
 likewise, not content with his pateml lands, even then ex- 
 tended his dominion far and wide over the Sarrastes,^' and 
 the plains which Sarnus waters. Those also who inhabit 
 Rufse and Batulum, and the fields of Celenna, and those whom 
 the walls of fruit-bearing Abella overlook; who, after the 
 Teutonic fashion, arc wont to sling the Cateian darts," whose 
 helmets are the rind torn from the cork-tree, and whose half- 
 moon shields and swords are formed of glittering brass. And 
 thee too, Ufens," mountainous JSTursse sent forth to battle, 
 signalized by fame and happy feats of arms : whose subjects 
 are the ^quicolas, a race peculiarly rough, bred in a hardened 
 soil, and inured to frequent hunting in the w^oods. In arms 
 they harass the earth, and ever take delight to carry off fresh 
 spoils, and live by plunder. And Umbro'^ too, of singular 
 fortitude, came by permission from his prince Archippus, 
 priest of the Marrubian nation, his helmet decked with a 
 wreath of the auspicious olive; who by enchantment and 
 dexterity was wont to sprinkle sleep on the viper's race, and 
 the noxious-breathing hydras ; their fury he assuaged, and by 
 his art their stings he healed. But to cure the hurt of pointed 
 Dardanian steel surpassed his power and skill ; nor soporific 
 charms, nor herbs gathered on the Marsian mountains, availed 
 him aught against those wounds. For thee, Angitia's grove, 
 for thee, P^'ucinus, with his crystal flood, for thee the glassy 
 lakes did mourn. Virbius," too, the beauteous ofispring of 
 Hippolytus, inarched to the war ; v>^hom his mother Aricia'* 
 
 C9 Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the river Sarnus, which divides 
 that country from the Picentini, and falls into the Bay of Naples. Eufte, 
 etc., towns of Campania. 
 
 "^^ Perhaps resembhng the "aclydes" in vs. 730. See Anthon. B. 
 
 "1 Ufens, a river of Latium, falling into the Tyrrhene Sea near Tarra- 
 cina. Nursse, a town of Umbria in Italy. --Equicoli, a people of Lat- 
 ium near Tibur. 
 
 ■^■2 Umbro, a general of the Marsi, whose capital, Marrubium, was 
 situated on the banks of the lake Fucinus. Angitia, a wood in the coun- 
 try of the Marsi, between Alba and the lake Fucinus (L. di Celano). 
 
 "^^ Virbius, a name given to Hippolytus after he had been restored to 
 life by ^sculapius at the instance of Diana, who pitied his unfortunate 
 end. Yirgil makes him the sou of Hippolytus. 
 
 71 Aricia, an Athenian, whom Hippolytus married, after he had been 
 restored to life by -^sculapius. Egeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, 
 where Diana was particularly worshiped. 
 
276 ^NEID. B. VII. 7G3— T9& 
 
 sent fortli illustriously accomplished, having been educated in 
 the groves of Egeria, near the humid shores, where, rich 
 [with offerings], and not implacable, Diana's altar stands. 
 For they report that Hippolytus, v/hen by his step-dame's art 
 he had fallen, and with his blood had satiated his fathers 
 vengeance, having been torn in pieces by his frighted steeds, 
 again \asited the ethereal stars, and the superior regions of 
 this world, recalled [to life] by medicinal herbs, and Diana's 
 love. Then the almighty father, incensed that any mortal 
 should rise to the light of 4ife from the infernal shades, him- 
 self with thunder hurled! dow^n to the Stygian floods Apollo's 
 offspring, the inventor of such medicine and art. But pro- 
 pitious Diana conceals Hippolytus in a secret recess, and 
 consigns him to the nymph of the Egerian grove ; where in 
 solitude and obscurity he passed his life in the Italian woods, 
 and changing his name was called Virbius : whence too from 
 Trivia's'^ temple and sacred groves horn-hoofed steeds are 
 debarred, because, frightened by sea-monsters, they overturned 
 the chariot and the youth on the shore. Yet not the less 
 eagerly his son managed his fiery steeds on the level plain, 
 and in his"" chariot rushed on to the war. Turnus himself, a 
 comely personage, moves on in the van, wielding his arms, 
 and by a full head overtops the rest ; whose towering helmet, 
 plumed w4th a triple crest of hair, sustains a Chimsera breath- 
 ing from her jaws JEiTiean fires. The more outrageous w^as 
 she, and tremendous with baleful flames, in proportion as with 
 the effusion of blood the combat grows more fierce. An lo, 
 wrought in gold with horns erect, adorned his polished steel ; 
 lo, now overgrown wdtli fur, now a heifer (a mighty device), 
 and Argus" the virgin's keeper, and Inachus her sire, pouring 
 the river from his embossed urn. A cloud^' of infantry suc- 
 ceeds, and shielded battalions in condensed array overspread 
 the w^hole plain ; the Argive youth, the Ausonian bands, the 
 Kutuli, and ancient Sicanians, the Sacranian hosts, ^nd the 
 Labici with their painted bucklers : those, Tiberinus, who 
 cultivate thy glades, and the sacred banks of Numicus, and 
 
 75 Trivia, a name given to Diana, because she presided over all places 
 where three roads met. 
 
 ■^5 Argus, feigned to have a hundred eyes, of which onlj two were 
 asleep at once. Juno sent him to watch lo. 
 
 '7 Cf. Horn. II. A. 2 U. Apoll. Rh. iv. 397, dvtj^ueviuv dvf^puv vf>oc. B. 
 
D. Yir. 708—817. VIII. 1—7. ^NEID. 277 
 
 with the plowshare labor the Rutulian hills and Circe's 
 moimt; over -N^iiich fields presides Jupiter of Anxur,"' and Fe- 
 ronia rejoicing in her verdant grove, where lie Saturn's gloomy 
 ,fen, and where chill Ufens through deep valleys seeks his way, 
 and sinks into the sea. Besides these came Camilla'^ of the 
 Volscian nation, leading a squadron of horse, and troops gorge- 
 ously arrayed in brass ; a virgin-warrior. Not to the distaff 
 or the work-baskets of Minerva had she accustomed her fe- 
 male hands ; but, though a virgin, [was inured] to bear the 
 hardships of war, and in swiftness of foot to outstrip the 
 winds. Even over the topmost stalks of standing corn she 
 could have lightly skimmed, nor once had hurt the tender 
 ears in her career ; or along the main, suspended on the heav- 
 ing surge, could glide, nor in the liquid plain dip her nimble 
 feet. Her all the youth, pouring fi'om city and country, and 
 the crowd of matrons, view with wonder, and gaze after her 
 as she goes, gaping with minds aghast to see how the regal 
 ornament of purple mantles her smooth neck ; how the buckle 
 interlaces her hair in gold ; with what grace she bears her 
 Lycian quiver, and her pastoral myrtle-spear tipped with 
 steel. 
 
 BOOK vm. 
 
 In the Eiglitli Book, iEneas forms an alliance with Evauder, who sends to 
 his assistance a chosen body of men under liis son Pallas. Venus pre- 
 sents ^neas with a suit of armor, fabricated by Vulcan; on the shield 
 are represented the future glory and triumph of the Eomaus. 
 
 Soon as from the citadel of Laurentum Tumus had dis- 
 played the signal, and with hoarse clangor the trumpets rat- 
 tled; soon as he roused the sprightly coursers, and clashed 
 the arms ; forthwith their minds are driv^en to high commo- 
 tion ; all Latium at once with hurrying tumultuous haste com- 
 bine, and the frantic youth burn with fury. The chief leaders, 
 Messapus and Ufens, and that contemner of the gods, Mezen- 
 
 ''^ Anxur, a city of the Volsci in Latium, sacred to Jupiter. Feronia, 
 a Roman goddess, the mother of Herilus ; she had the care of woods 
 and orchards. 
 
 '^ Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was the daughter of Metabua and 
 Gasmilla. She assisted Turnus in the war against ^neas, and signalized 
 herself by undaunted bravery. 
 
278 uENEID. B. VIII. 8—42. 
 
 tius, draw together their succors from every quarter, aiid 
 of their laborers depopulate the lands around. Venulus^ 
 too is sent to the city of great Diomede to crave a supply, 
 and to bear word that the Trojans were settled in Latium ; 
 that ^aeas was arrived with a fleet, and was introducing 
 his conquered gods, and gave out that he was designed by 
 Fate to be the king [of Latium] ; that many nations joined 
 themselves to the Trojan, and his fame began to be spread 
 abroad all through Latium. What he proposes by these 
 measures, what result of the war he longs to bring about (if 
 fortune attend him), appear more obvious to [Diomede] himself 
 than to king Turnus, or king Latinus. 
 
 Such in Latium v/as the state of affairs : all which the Ti-o- 
 jan hero perceiving, fluctuates with a high tide of anxious 
 care ; and now this w^ay, now that, he swiftly tunis his wa- 
 vering mind, snatches various purposes by starts, and shifts 
 himself every way : as when in brazen caldrons* of water the 
 tremulous light, reflected from the sun,^ or from the image of 
 the radiant moon, swiftly glances over every place around, and 
 now is darted up on high, and strikes the ceiling of the lofty 
 roof. It was night, and profound sleep held fast the v>^earied 
 animals, the cattle and flying kind over all the eartli, w^hen on 
 the bank, and beneath the axis of the chill sky, father JEneas, 
 disturbed in mind with the thought of disastrous war, laid 
 liimself down, and indulged his weary limbs in late repose. 
 To his view Tiberinus himself, the old god of the place, from 
 his smooth gliding stream, was seen to lift up his head among 
 the poplar boughs : a fine robe of lawn enwrapped his limbs 
 in its sea-green folds, and shady reeds covered his locks. 
 Then thus he addressed [^neas], and with these words eased 
 him of his cares : O thou, sprung from the race of gods, who 
 to us bringest home Troy saved from its foes, and preservest 
 Pergamus, destined to stand forever, an expected [guest] to 
 the Laurentine soil and lands of Latium ; here is thy sure 
 abode, thy sure dwelling-place : flinch not, nor be dismayed 
 by the threats of war. All indignation and anger of the gods 
 
 ^ Venulus, an embassador sent hj Turnus to demand the assistance 
 of Diomedes. 
 
 2 Literally, "the lips of the caldrons." B. 
 
 3 By " sole" I think is to be understood the image of the sun reflected 
 in the water, as in the next words, the imago of the moon. 
 
B. Tin. 43— T 8. ' ^ENEID. 279 
 
 are overpast. And now, that von may not imagine sleep forms 
 these as visionary images, under the elms on the banks of the 
 river you will find a sow lying, that has farrowed a litter of 
 thirty young, white the dam, reclining on the ground, her otf- 
 spring white around her dugs. That place shall be the station 
 for your city, a sure rest from your toils ; in consequence of 
 which, after a revolution of thrice ten years, Ascanius shall 
 build the city Alba of illustrious name. Events I foretell not 
 uncertain. Now attend ; I will briefly show by what means 
 you may accomplish with success the work in hand. On 
 these coasts the Arcadians, a race from Pallas descended 
 (who, hither accompanying their king Evander and his stand- 
 ard, have chosen their place [of residence], and in the mount- 
 ains built a city [called] Pallanteum,* from the name of their 
 ancestor Pallas), perpetually carry on war with the Latin na- 
 tion : admit them as confederates of your camp, and with 
 them join league. Myself will conduct you along my banks 
 and river straight on your way, that borne up [by my aid] 
 you may with oars surmount the adverse stream. Arise, be- 
 stir yourself, O goddess-born, and with the first-setting stars 
 offer prayers to Juno in due form, and by suppliant vows over- 
 come her resentment and threats. To me you shall pay 
 honor when victorious. I am he whom you behold gliding 
 along the banks with my full stream, and dividing the fertile 
 lands ; the azure Tiber, a river highly favored by heaven. 
 Here is my spacious mansion ; near lofty cities my fountain 
 springs. lie said, then in the .deep pool the river-god 
 plunged, diving to the bottom : from ^neas night and sleep 
 departed, lie started up, and viewing the rising beams of the 
 ethereal sun, in his hollow palms with pious form he raised 
 water from the river, and poured forth to heaven these words : 
 Ye nymphs, ye Laurentine nymphs, whence rivers have their 
 origin ! and thou, O father Tiber, with thy sacred river ! re- 
 ceive -^neas, and defend him at length from dangers. In 
 whatever source thy lake contains thee compassionate to our 
 
 4 Evander, an Arcadian, and the grandson of Pallas, left bis native 
 eit}", Pallanteum, probably in consequence of parricide, committed at the 
 instigation of his mother Nicostrata, or Carmentis (Servius on vs. 51), 
 and founded a city in Latium, called after the mother state. Dionys. 
 Hal. i. p. 25, ed. Sylb. Aurel. Victor de or. Rom. Gent. v. 3. Afterward 
 the Romans called it the Palatium. It was the most sacred and hal- 
 lowed part of Rome, as Mamertinus remarks, Paneg. Vett. i. B. 
 
280 ^NEID. ■ E. yiir. 79—110. 
 
 misfortunes, from whatever soil thou springest forth most 
 beauteous. Horn-bearing river, monarch of the Itahan 
 streams, ever shalt thou be honored with my veneration,^ 
 ever wuth my otierings : Oh grant us by thy present aid, and 
 by nearer aid confirm thy divine oracles. Thus he speaks ; 
 and from his fleet singles out two galleys, and furnishes them 
 with implements for rowing; at the same time supplies his 
 friends with arms. But lo ! a prodigy sudden and strange to 
 sight, a milk-white sow of similar color with her white 
 young, lay along the wood, and was seen on the verdant 
 bank ; which to thee, O sovereign Juno, even to thee, pious 
 ^aeas devotes as an offering, and presents before thy altar 
 with her offspring. The Tiber, all that night long, calmed 
 his sweUing river, and refluent with a silent stream subsided 
 to such a degree, that, like a mild pool and peaceful lake, he 
 smoothed his watery plain, that there might be no need of 
 struo*fling with the oar. Therefore with auspicious cheers 
 they speed their commenced voyage : the well-pitched fir 
 glides along the stream : the waves admire, the woods, unac- 
 customed to the sight, survey with wonder the far-gleaming 
 shields of heroes, and the painted keels floating on the river. 
 Their steerage night and day they laboring ply, overpass 
 the long windings [of the river], are screened with various 
 trees," and cut the green woods, as they move along the 
 smooth glassy plain. 
 
 The scorching sun had ascended the mid region of the 
 sky, when at a distance they descry the walls, the fort, and 
 the roofs of houses here and there, which now the Roman 
 power hath raised to heaven : Evander then possessed the 
 scanty domains. They turn their prows to land without de- 
 lay, and approach the city. On that day the Arcadian king 
 chanced to be oft'ering a solemn sacrifice before the city in a 
 grove to the great [Hercules], Amphitryon's son,' and to the 
 gods. At the same time his son Pallas,* and with him all the 
 
 5 " Honor" refers to acts of worship, " donis" to offerings made 
 therein. So Liv. viii. 33, "aras sacrificiis fument, honore, donis cumu- 
 lentur." B. 
 
 6 "Which overliung the banks on both sides. B. 
 
 ■^ i. e. reputed son, being really the son of Jove. B. 
 ^ Pallas, the son of Evander, was sent with a body of troops to assist 
 ^neas, and, after performing many gallant deeds, was killed by Turnus. 
 
B. vni. lii— 148. yENEID. 2S1 
 
 youtli of quality, and the poor^ senate, were offering incense ; 
 and the tepid blood smoked at the altars. Soon as they ob- 
 serve the tall vessels gliding toward them amid the shady 
 grove, and that [the crew] were bending to the silent oars, 
 they are startled at the sudden sight, and leaving their ban- 
 quets, all rise up at once ; whom Pallas boldly forbids to in- 
 terrupt the sacred rites, and snatching up a javelin flies him- 
 self to meet them, and at a distance speaks from a rising 
 ground : Youths, what motives have induced you to attempt 
 an unknown way ? whither are you bound ? who are you by 
 descent "? whence came you ? peace bring you hither or war ? 
 Then father .^neas thus from the lofty deck replies, and in his 
 hand before him extends a branch of peaceful olive : The 
 sons of Troy you see, and arms hostile to the Latins, who have 
 exiled and driven us out by haughty war. To Evander we 
 repair. Bear him these tidings, and say, Dardania's chosen 
 chiefs are come, imploring his confederate arms. Pallas, struck 
 with so great a name, stood amazed : Land, he says, whoever 
 thou art, address my father in person, and come under our 
 roof as a guest. Then ho grasped him by the hand, and clung 
 closely to his right hand. Advancing, they enter the grove, 
 and leave the river. Then with courteous accents ^neas 
 addresses the king : AVorthicst of the sons of Greece, to whom 
 fortune hath led me to make my supplication, and to spread 
 forth these boughs, Avith suppliant wreaths adorned ; I truly 
 had no apprehension from yom* being a Grecian leader and an 
 Arcadian, or from your being originally allied to the two sons 
 of Atreus ; but my own uprightness, the holy oracles of the 
 gods, the afiinity of our ancestors, and your fame propagated 
 over the earth, have bound you to me in friendship, and by 
 fate urged me hither a willing guest. Dardanus, the first 
 father and founder of the city Hium,^" born of Electra, the 
 daughter of Atlas, as the Greeks record, to the Trojans steered 
 his course : the mighty Atlas, who on his shoulders props the 
 celestial orbs, gave to the world Electra. Your father is 
 Mercury, whom brighti^^a having conceived, on Cyllene's 
 
 ^7' 
 
 9 This phrase elegantly expresses the humble resources of the times. 
 The observation of Servius deserves notice, '• libri veterum traduut a 
 majoribus sacrificando parsimoniam observatam esse." B. 
 
 1" Ilium, the citadel of Troy, generally taken for the city itself, S9 
 named from Ilus, one of the Trojan kings. 
 
282 ^NEID. B. VIII. 149—179. 
 
 frozen tojD brouglit forth. But Atlas, if we may give any 
 credit to tradition, the same Atlas who supports the stars of 
 heaven, begot Maia. Thus from one stock both our stems 
 divide. Kelying on these circumstances, I had not recourse 
 to embassies, nor artfully employed preliminary means of 
 sounding your inclination: myself and my own life I have 
 exposed, and am come a supphant to your threshold. The 
 same Daunian nation," which pursues you w4th cruel war, 
 if they once expel us, nothing they presume will hinder them 
 from entirely reducing all Hesperia under their yoke, and 
 from being masters of the sea, both that above, and that which 
 washes it below.^* Take, and give pledges of faith. With 
 us are stout hearts for v/ar, with us are valiant souls, and youth 
 tried and approved in action. 
 
 ^neas said. Evander had all along with attention sur- 
 veyed his mouth and eyes, and whole body as he spoke. Then 
 thus he briefly replies : Most gallant of the Trojan race, how 
 gladly do I receive and recognize you ! how well I recollect 
 the words, the voice, and features of your great sire Anchises ! 
 For I remember that Priam, Laomedon's son, in his way to 
 Salamis,^^ to visit the realms of his sister Hesione, [continuing 
 his progress] forward, visited likewise Arcadia's frozen coasts. 
 Then manhood first shaded my cheek with down : I admired 
 the Trojan chiefs ; Laomedon's son in particular'* I admired , 
 but Anchises walked more majestic than all of them : my soul 
 burned-with youthful desire to accost the hero, and join hand 
 in hand. I came up and fondly led him to the walls of Phe- 
 neus.^^ He at departing gave me a splendid quiver, and 
 Lycian arrows, a mantle interwoven with gold, and two 
 bridles with golden bosses, of which my son Pallas is now 
 possessed. Therefore I both join my right hand with you in 
 
 '1 Daunian nation : Daunus, a son of Piluranus and Danae, and father 
 of Turnus, came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part 
 of the country, from him called Daunia. 
 
 '2 i e. the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas. B. 
 
 13 Salamis (Coulouri), an island of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, neat 
 the coast of Attica. Hesione, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, 
 and sister to Priam. Hercules, having delivered her from a sea-monster 
 to which she was exposed, gave her in maniago to Telamon, king of 
 Salamis. 
 
 •* "Ipsum" is emphatic, in opposition to " duces Teucros." B. 
 
 'j Pliencus (Phonia), a town of Arcadia, near Mount Cyllene. 
 
u. Tin. 180—206. ^NEID. 283 
 
 league as you desire : and, wlien first tlie morrow's light shall 
 to earth return, I will dismiss you joyful with supplies, and 
 aid you with my power. Meanwhile, since hither you are 
 come as our friends, with willing minds celebrate with us this 
 anniversary festival, wdiich to defer is impiety, and even nov/ 
 accustom yourselves to the banquets of your allies. Thus 
 having said, he orders the dishes and cups which had been 
 removed, to be replaced, and himself plants the heroes on the 
 grassy seat : and JEneas in chief he compliments Avitli a couch 
 and the fur of a shaggy lion, and invites him to share his 
 maple throne. Then with earnestness the chosen youths and 
 priest of the altar bring forw^ard the roasted joints of the 
 bullocks, heap in canisters the gifts of labored Ceres^° and 
 dispense the joys of Bacchus, ^ueas, and at the same time 
 the Trojan youth, feast on the chine and hallowed entrails of an 
 entire ox. 
 
 As soon as hunger was assuaged, and the lust of eating; 
 stayed, king Evander says : Not superstition vain, and ignor- 
 ant of the ancient gods, hath imposed on us these solemn rites, 
 these banquets in due form, this altar to so great a deity : 
 from cruel dangers saved, my Trojan guest, we perform these 
 rites," and renew merited honors. Now first observe this 
 rock suspended on crags ; how the huge piles are scattered 
 fcir abroad, and the mountainous abode stands desolate, and 
 the cliffs have dragged down mighty ruin [in their fall]. 
 Here, in a vast recess, far removed from sight, w* as a cave, 
 which the hideous figure of the but half-human Cacus^' pos- 
 sessed, inaccessible to the sunbeams ; and ever -with recent 
 bloodshed the pavement smoked; and affixed to the haughty 
 entrance hung the heads of men all pale with piteous gore. 
 Vulcan was this monster's father ; whose sooty flames belch- 
 ing from his mouth, he stalked with bulk enormous. Time 
 at length to us also brought the wished-for aid and presence 
 of a god : for Hercules, the illustrious avenger, seasonably 
 arrived, proud from the death and spoils of three-bodied 
 Geryon ; and victorious drove his stately bulls this way : and 
 
 '5 i. e. " of Ceres wrought for use," a periphrasis for "bread." B. 
 
 '"^ Authon renders; "we do all this." But it seems better to give 
 " facimus" its sacrificial sense. B. 
 
 '"^ Cacus, the son of "Vulcan and Medusa, a notorious robber, slain by- 
 Hercules. 
 
284 ^NEID. B. VIII. 20'7— 242. 
 
 tlie heifers possessed tlie valley and tlie river. But the mind 
 of Cacus, maddened by the Furies, lest any villainy or fraudu- 
 lent practice might be undevised or unattempted, he abstracts 
 from their stalls four bullocks of exquisite make, and as many 
 heifers of form surpassing: and these, lest there should be 
 any prints of their feet direct, having dragged toward the 
 cave by the tail, and hurried along with the traces of their 
 way reversed, he concealed in his gloomy den. No signs^" 
 led the searcher to the cave. Meanwhile, when now the hero 
 was moving from their stalls his full-fed herds, and preparing 
 to be gone, the heifers, at parting, began to low, the whole 
 grove was filled with their plaintive notes, and the hills with 
 clamorous din were cleft. One of the heifers returned the 
 sound, and pent up in the spacious cave rebellowed, and frustrated 
 the hope of Cacus. Then, indeed, from his black gall the hero's 
 indignation kindled into fury : in his hand he snatches up arms, 
 and his C/ak ponderous with knots, and with speed seeks the 
 summit of the airy mountain. Then first our men beheld Cacus 
 dismayed, and by his eyes betraying confusion. Instantly he 
 flies swifter than the east wind, and seeks the cave : fear 
 added wings to his feet. Soon as he had shut himself in, and 
 bursting the chains in haste, let down the enormous rock, 
 which, by iron^° wrought by his father's art, was suspended, 
 and on bolts relying made fast the gates ; lo I the Tirynthian 
 hero transported with fury wac; upon him, and, examining 
 every j^assage, hither and thither rolled his eyes, gnashing 
 with his teeth. Boiling -with ire, he thrice surveys the whole 
 Aventine mount ; thrice in vain essays the gates of rock ; 
 thrice in the vale fatigued he sat down to rest. A sharp flinty 
 rock stood forth, with broken cliifs in the points around ; on 
 the ridge of the cave rose, towering to the sight, a convenient 
 shelter for the nests of inauspicious birds. This, where, 
 bending forward with its brow, it overhung the river on the 
 left, [the hero], opposite to it c : the right, with strained effort 
 shook, and from the deep roots uptorn disjoined ; then on a 
 sudden impelled it : with which impulse the sky in its wide 
 extent resounds, the banks leap hither and thither, and the 
 aftVighted river runs back. And now the den and spacious 
 hall of Cacus, bared of covering, appeared, sud his gloomy 
 
 '° EocausG tlie footprints pointed the wrong waj. B. 
 20 I consider tliis as an hendiadvs. 1". 
 
B. VIII. 243—272. ^NEID. 285 
 
 caverns in their inmost recesses were laid open ; just as if by 
 some violence the eartli, in her deep recesses yawning wide, 
 should unlock the infernal mansions, and disclose those pale 
 realms abhorred by the gods, and from above the hideous gulf 
 be seen, and the ghosts be terrified at the light' ^ darted in 
 upon them. Him, therefore, suddenly surprised in the unex- 
 pected light, imprisoned in his excavated rock, and in strange 
 manner brajdng, Alcides from above galls with darts, calls 
 every weapon to his aid, and plies him with boughs of trees 
 and ponderous stones.^^ But he (for now no refuge from the 
 danger remains) from his jaws vomits up vast quantities of 
 smoke, wondrous to tell ! and involves the cave in pitchy 
 vapor, snatching all power of sight from the eye ; and deep 
 in his cave shoots up in wreaths a night of smoke, inter- 
 mingling fire with darkness. Alcides in his rage could not 
 endure this, but with an impetuous spring threw himself 
 amid the flame, where the smoke drives its waves thickest, 
 and the capacious den fluctuates with pitchy vapor. Here, 
 in his darkened cell, he seizes Cacus disgorging unavailing 
 flames, grasping him like a knot ; then, griping fast, keeps 
 choking him until his eyes start from their sockets, and his 
 throat is drained of blood. Forthwith, the doors being 
 wrenched, the grim mansion is laid open ; the heifers that had 
 been filched away, and the stolen eflects abjured,*^ are exposed 
 to the sky ; and the deformed carcass is dragged forth by the 
 feet. They are unable to satiate their curiosity with gazing 
 on his haggard eyes, his countenance, and the breast of the 
 half-savage shaggy with bristly hair, and the extinguished 
 fires in his throat. From that time the ho'nors [of the hero] 
 have been celebrated, and posterity with joy have observed 
 the day : and Potitius," the first founder, and the Pinarian 
 family, the guardian of this institution sacred to Hercules, 
 erected this altar in the grove, which shall both be styled by 
 us the Great, and the Great shall be forever." ^Yherefore 
 
 ' 21 Compare Silius v. G18, "Manesquo profundi Antiquum expavere 
 
 diem." B. 
 
 I 22 Literally, "millstones." B. 
 
 \ 23 i^ e. which he had denied the possession of, on oath. B. 
 j 24 Potitius and Pinarius, Arcadians who came with Evander to Italy, 
 
 and were intrusted with the sacrifices of Hercules. 
 
 2j Concerning this altar Livy puts the following words in the mouth of 
 
 Kvander, addressing himself to Hercules: "Jove nate, Hercules salve. 
 
286 ^NEID. B. VIII. 273—295. 
 
 come, yoiitlis, in celebrating virtue so illustrious, encircle 
 your locks with a garland, and stretch forth your goblets in 
 your hands, invoke our common god, and offer the wine with 
 <Tood will. He said : when Avith its Herculean shade the 
 poplar of varying hue both decked his locks, and with its leaves 
 entwined hung down ; and a sacred goblet filled his right 
 hand. Quickly all with joy pour libations on the table, and 
 supplicate the gods. Meanwhile the sphere of day declining, 
 evening draws nearer on ; and now the priests, and Potitius 
 at their head, marched in procession, clad in skins, according 
 to custom, and bore flaming torches. They renew the feast, 
 and introduce the grateful offerings of the second ser\nce," 
 and heap the altars with loaded chargers. Then round the 
 altars smoking with perfumes, the Salii" amid songs ad- 
 vance, having their temples bound with poplar boughs; [in 
 two bands they divide,] the one a choir of youths, the other of 
 ao-ed men ; who celebrate the praises of Hercules and his 
 deeds in verse : how with his hand he slew the first [sent] 
 monsters of his step-mother [Juno], and squeezing strangled 
 her two snakes ; how in war the same hero overthrew illus- 
 trious cities, both Troy and (Echalia f^ how, under king Eu- 
 rystheus,^'' by the destination of unfriendly Juno, he endured a 
 thousand grievous toils. Thou, invincible, dost with thy arm 
 [subdue] the cloud-born, double-membered Centaurs, Hylseus 
 and Pholus; thou subduest Cretan monsters, and the huge 
 overgrown lion under the rock of ]S"emea.^° For fear of thee 
 
 to mihi mater veridica interpres Deum aucturum coelestiura numeruni 
 cecinit, tibique aram hie dicatum iri, quam opulentissima in terris gens 
 maximam vocet, tuoque ritu colat." The reason of the name is given hy 
 Dionysius, that this being the altar whereon Hercules himself offered 
 the tithes of his spoils, it became on that account the object of chief 
 veneration, and was called Maxima to distinguish it from the numerous 
 other altars which that hero had in Italy. 
 
 26 i. e. the evening repast, as shown by TVeichart The other had 
 taken place at mid-day. B. 
 
 27 Salii, an order of priests at Rome, who had the charge of the 
 sacred shields called Ancilia, which they carried every year, on the first 
 of March, in a solemn procession round the walls of Kome, dancing and 
 singing praises to the god Mars. 
 
 23 (Echalia, a country of Laconia in Peloponnesus, with a town of the 
 ?arae name, where Eurytus reigned, and which was destroyed by Hercules. 
 
 29 Eurystheus, the brother and taskmaster of Hercules. 
 
 3" Nemea, a town of Argolis in Peloponnesus, near which Hercules per- 
 formed his first labor by killing the celebrated Nemean lion. 
 
B. VIII. 296—326. .ENEID. 287 
 
 the Stygian lakes, for fear of tliee tlie porter of hell did trem- 
 ble, cowering down in his bloody den upon his half-g-nawed 
 bones : nor did any forms throw thee into consternation ; not 
 Typhoeus^^ himself, of tow^ering height, with arms in hand : 
 thee, not perplexed, the Lemasan snake, many-headed monster, 
 around beset. Hail, undoubted offspring of Jove, added to 
 the gods as a glory : visit both us and these thy sacred rites 
 with thy auspicious presence. Such deeds they celebrate in 
 song : above all, they subjoin the den of Cacus, and himself, 
 breathing flames. The whole grove rings with the din, and 
 the hills resound. 
 
 Then, lia\nng finished the divine service, all hie back to the 
 city. The king, oppressed with age, sets forward ; and, as ho 
 walked along, had ^neas to accompany him, and his son by 
 his side, and with various discourse relieved [the tediousness 
 of] the Avay. ^neas admires, and turns his rolling^^ eyer. 
 around on every object ; is charmed Avitli the different places ; 
 and inquires and learns the several monuments of the men of 
 antiquity. 
 
 Then king Evander, the founder of the Koman power, [thus 
 began] : These groves the native Fauns and Nymphs pos- 
 sessed, and a race of men sprung from the trunks of trees and 
 stubborn oak ; wdio had neither laws nor refinement ; knew 
 neither to yoke the steer, nor to gather wealth, nor to use their 
 acquisitions with moderation ; but the branches, and hunting, 
 a rough source of sustenance, supplied them with food. From 
 the ethereal sky Saturn first came, flpng from the arms of 
 Jove, and an exile dispossessed of his realms. lie. formed 
 into society a race undisciplined and dispersed aniong the high 
 mountains, and introduced laws ; and chose to have the coun- 
 try named Latium, because in these regions he had lurked se- 
 cure. Under his reign was the golden age which they 
 celebrate : in such undisturbed tranquillity he ruled his sub- 
 jects; till by degrees an age more depraved, and of an inferior 
 
 ^' Typhoeus, a famous giaut, son of Tartarus and Terra, said to have 
 had a hundred heads hke those of a serpent or a dragon. He made war 
 upon the gods, but Jupiter put him to flight with his thunderbolts, and 
 crushed him under Mount -^tna, in Sicily, or, according to some, ur>.dei- 
 the island Inarime (Ischia). 
 
 3'^ "faciles," 2. e. easily bending and turning in all directions. B. 
 
288 ^NEID. B. VIII. 327—357. 
 
 hue, aud the fury of war, and love of gain,^' succeeded. 
 Then came the Ausonian bands, aud the SiciHan nations ; and 
 the Saturnian land often changed its name. Then [came a 
 succession of] kings, and fierce Tybris of gigantic make, from 
 whom we Italians in after times named the river Tiber ; an- 
 cient Albula lost its true name. Me, from my country driven, 
 and tracing the remote tracks of the sea, almighty fortune and 
 uncontrollable destiny fixed in these regions : and the awful 
 predictions of my mother, the nymph Carmentis,^* and the god 
 Apollo by his authority urged me [hither]. 
 
 Scarcely had he spoken, when setting forward he shows 
 him next both the altar, and the gate filled by a Roman" 
 name Carmentalis, which they record to be the ancient memo- 
 rial in honor of the prophetic nymph Carmentis, who first fore- 
 told the future grandeur of the -^nean race, and the renown of 
 Pallanteum. IS^ext he points out the spacious grove which 
 Romulus reduced into a sanctuary, and under a cold rock the 
 LupercaV° so called, according to the Arcadian manner, from 
 Lycsean Pan. He likewise shows the grove of Argiletum," 
 sacred [to Argus] ; and calls the place to witness his inno- 
 cence and relates the death of Argus his guest. He leads him 
 next to the Tarpeian Rock and the Capitol, now of gold, once 
 rouirh and horrid with wild bushes. Even then the relio-ious 
 horrors of the place awed the minds of the timorous swains ; 
 even then they revered the wood and rock. This grove, says 
 he, this wood-topped hill, a god inhabits, but what god is un- 
 certain : the Arcadians believe they have seen Jove himself, 
 when often with his right hand he shook the blackening aegis, 
 and roused the clouds of thunder. Farther, [says he,] yon 
 two towns you see with their walls demolished, the remains 
 and monuments of ancient heroes : this city father Janus, that 
 
 33 Literally, "of having," ns in Hor. Ep. i. 7, 85. So "habendi 
 fames," Pacatus Paneg. 25 ; "finis liabendi," Prudent. Hamart. 255. B. 
 
 3^ Carmentis, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom 
 she came to Italy. One of tho gates of Rome was named after her. 
 
 33 But Wagner and Anthon read " Romani," I think, with httle rea- 
 son. B. 
 
 36 Lupercal, a place at the foot of Mount Aventine, sacred to Pan, 
 whose festivals, called Lupercalia, were celebrated annually. 
 
 3' Argiletum, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where tradesmen 
 had their shops. 
 
B, VIII. 357—383. ^NEID. 289 
 
 Saturnus built ; the one was named Janiciilum,^® the other 
 Saturnia. la such mutual talk they came up to the palace 
 of poor Evauder ; and in [that place where now are] the 
 Roman forum and magnificent streets, they beheld around 
 herds of cattle lowing. Soon as they reached his abode, 
 This threshold, he says, tha victorious^' Alcides entered; 
 him this palace received: dare then, my guest, to under- 
 value magnificence, and do you too mold yourself [into a 
 temper] becoming a god, and come not disgusted with these 
 our mean accommodations. He said, and under the roof of 
 his narrow mansion conducted the masrnanimous ^neas, and 
 set him down to rest on a bed of leaves, and the fur of a Libyan 
 bear. 
 
 Night comes on apace, and with her dusky wings mantles 
 the earth. Meanwhile Venus, the parent-goddess, not without 
 cause alarmed in mind, and disturbed both by the threats 
 and fierce uproar of the Laurentines, addresses Vulcan," and 
 in her husband's golden bedchamber thus begins, and by 
 her accents breathes into him love divine : While the Grecian 
 kings by war were bringing fated Troy to desolation, and its 
 towers doomed to fall by hostile flames, not any succor to the 
 wretches, nor arms of thy art and power, I craved ; nor, my 
 dearest spouse, was I willing to employ you or your labors 
 in vain ; though I both owed much to the sons of Priam, and 
 often mourned the severe sufierings of -<:Eneas. Now, by 
 Jove's command, he hath settled on the coast of the Rutulians : 
 therefore I the self-same [fond wife] appear as a suppliant, 
 and implore arms from thy divinity to me adorable, a mother 
 for a son. Thee the daughter of Nereus, thee the wife of Ti- 
 
 ^^ Janiculum, one of the seven hills at Rome, on which Janus built a 
 town of the same name. Saturnia, an ancient town of Italy, supposed 
 to have been buil by Saturn on the Tarpeian Rock. 
 
 33 From this circumstance Hercules probably derived his surname of 
 " Victor," having been received into "parvaregia, sed summa religione," 
 as Mamertinus says, Pan. 1. See Macrob. Sat. iii. 6. B, 
 
 4" Vulcan, the son of Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone, and the hus- 
 band of Venus, was the god of fire, and the patron of all artists who 
 worked in iron and metals. He is said to have been cast down from 
 heaven, and by his fall in the island of Lemnos, to have broke his leg, 
 and ever after remained lame of one foot. The Cyclops in Sicily were 
 his workmen, and with him they fabricated, in his forges, which were 
 supposed to be under Mount ^tna, not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, 
 but also arras for the gods and most celebrated heroes. 
 
 13 
 
20 ^NEID. E. VIII. 384= — 415. 
 
 thonus, by tears could persuade. See what nations combine, 
 what towns, ha^^ng shut up their gates, whet their swords 
 against me, and for the extirpation of my people ! The god- 
 dess said, and, [throwing] her snowy arms around him, 
 in soft embrace caresses him, hesitating : suddenly he caught 
 the wonted flame ; and the accustomed -warmth pierced his 
 marrow, and ran thrilling through his trembling bones : just 
 as when at times, with tbrked thunder burst, a chinky stream 
 of fire in flashy lightning shoots athwart the skies. This his 
 npouse, Avell pleased with her wiles, and conscious of her charms, 
 perceived. 
 
 Then fother [Vulcan], iast bound in eternal love, thus 
 Ppeaks : Why hast thou recourse to far-fetched reasons 1 whith- 
 er, goddess, hath thy confidence in me fled? Hadst thou 
 been under the like concern before, then too it had been a 
 righteous thing in me, [at thy desire,] to arm the Trojans. 
 Nor did almighty father Jove, or the Fates,* ^ forbid that 
 Troy should stand, or Priam survive for ten years more. 
 And now if war vou meditate, and this be your resolution ; 
 whatever zeal in my art I can promise ; whatever can be 
 done by steel or liquid electrum," as far as the power of fire 
 and breathing engines reach, [you may depend on me ;] for- 
 bear, by solicitation, to bring your powder in question. Having 
 spoken these w^ords, he gave her the wished embrace, and, on 
 the bosom of his spouse dissolved away, courted soft repose to 
 every limb. 
 
 Then, soon as the fii'st [interval of] rest, now that the mid> 
 career of night had rolled away, had chased away sleep [from 
 his eyes] ; what time the housewife, whose chief concern it is 
 to earn her living by the distaft" and poor handiwork," awakes 
 the heaped-up embers and the dormant fires, adding night to 
 her labor, and by the lighted tapers employs her maids in their 
 long tasks, that chaste she may preserve her husband's bed, and 
 bring up her little ones : not otherwise, nor at that time lesa 
 industrious, the mighty god of fire rises from the soft couch to 
 his mechanic labors. 
 
 41 The ancients supposed that the will of the Fates could not be ulti* 
 mately overcome, but that its execution might be delayed. See Ser- 
 Tius. B. 
 
 ■12 A mixture of gold and silver. B. 
 
 ^^ " The loom yielding but a scanty reward.'' Akthox. B. 
 
B. VIII. 41 G — i51. ^NEID. 291 
 
 N'ear the side of Sicily and ^olian Lipari^* an island is 
 upraised of steep ascent, with smoking rocks ; under "vvhich a 
 den, and the caves of ^tna, eaten out by the forges of the 
 Cyclops, thunder, and from the anvils the sturdy strokes in 
 echoing groans resound, the bars of steel hiss in the caverns, 
 and the fire pants in the furnaces : Vulcan's habitation, and the 
 land Vulcanium called. Hither then he of fiery power de- 
 scended from the lofty sky. The Cyclops in their capacious 
 cave were working the steel, Brontes, and Steropes, and 
 naked-limbed Pyracmon. In their hands half-formed, with one 
 part already polished, was a thunderbolt, [such as those] which 
 in profusion the eternal fother from all quarters of the sky 
 hurls on the earth : the other part unfinished remained. 
 Three shafts they had added of the wreathed hail, three of 
 watery cloud, three of glaring fire and winged wind. Now 
 they were mingling in the work alarming flashes, noise and 
 terror, and the wrath of heaven with its vengeful flames. In 
 another part they were hastening forward a chariot and nimble 
 wheels of Mars, by wdiich he uprouses men and cities ; and 
 were polishing amain the tremendous aegis, the armor of en- 
 raged Pallas, with serpent's scales of gold, and the snakes in 
 mutual folds entwined, and (to be worn on the breast of the 
 goddess) the Gorgon's self, rolling her ej'es" after decapita- 
 tion. 
 
 Away with all, he says, ye .^Etnean Cyclops, and set aside 
 your begun labors, and hither turn your minds. Arms for a 
 valiant hero must be forged ; now it is requisite to ply your 
 strength, now your nimble hands, now all your masterly skill. 
 Shake off all delay. Nor more he said, and all instantly be- 
 gan to work, and equally the labor shared. Brass and mines 
 of gold in rivulets flow ; and wounding steel in the capacious 
 furnace melts. They mark out the form of a spacious shield, 
 alone sufiicient against all the weapons of the Latins, and orbs 
 in orbs seven-fold involve. Some with the puffing bellows 
 receive and explode the air by turns ; others dip the sputter- 
 ing metals in the trough ; the cave groans v.ith the incumbent 
 
 ** Lipari, anciently the ^olian Islands, on the northern coast of Sicilj; 
 thej are evidently of volcanic origin. 
 
 45 The eyes moved by a mechanical contrivance, according to "Wagner. 
 But I should simply understand the expression of the eye as meant. R 
 
292 ^XEID. E. viii. 452 — 489. 
 
 anvils. They with vast force alternately lift their aiTns in equal 
 time, and with the griping pincers turn the mass. 
 
 While in the ^olian regions the Lemnian sire is urging on 
 these works, the cheering light, and the morning soDgs of 
 birds under his roof, rouse Evander from his humble mansion. 
 The veteran arises, and in his tunic clothes his limbs, and 
 binds the Tuscan sandals round his feet ; then to his side and 
 shoulders girds his Arcadian sword, doubling back [on the 
 right shoulder] a panther's skin that hung down from his left. 
 Two guardian-dogs too from the lofty gate march forth, and 
 accompany their master's steps. The hero, mindful of their 
 conversation, and the service he had promised, hies to the 
 apartment and recess of his guest ^neas. [Meanwhile] 
 ^neas no less early was on his w^ay. With the one his son 
 Pallas, with the other Achates came in company. At meeting 
 they join hands, seat themselves in the midst of the court, and 
 at length enjoy unrestrained conversation. The king thus 
 fii'st [begins] : Most mighty leader of the Trojans, during 
 whose life I truly will never admit that the power and realms 
 of Troy are overthrown ; small are our abilities to support the 
 war in proportion to so great a name : on the one hand w^e 
 are bounded by the Tuscan river [Tiber] ; on the other hand 
 the Rutulians press upon us, and beset our w^alls around with 
 clashing arms. But I intend to join with you mighty nations 
 and camps rich and royally magnificent, Avhich saving relief 
 unexpected fortune opens to our view : hither you come in- 
 cited by the Fates. Not far from this spot stands inhabited 
 ihe city of Agylla,*" of ancient foundation, where heretofore 
 ihe Lydian nation, illustrious in war, planted a settlement on 
 the Tuscan mountains. This city, having flourished for many 
 years, Mezentius at last came to rule with imperious sway and 
 cruel arms. AVhy should I mention his unutterable barbari- 
 ties ? or w^hy the tyrant's horrid deeds ? May the gods rec- 
 ompense them on his own head, and on his race ! He even 
 bound to the living the bodies of the dead, joining together 
 hands to hands, and face to face, a kind of torture : and [the 
 victims] pining away with gore and jDutrefaction in this 
 loathed embrace, he thus with lingering death destroyed. But 
 at length his subjects, weary [of his cruelties], in arms around 
 
 *'' Agjlla, afterward called Caere, a town of Etruria. 
 
B. viir. 490—523. ^NEID. 293 
 
 beset both tlie tyrant himself raging past utterance, and all 
 liis house : they assassinate his adherents, hurl flames against 
 his roof. He, amid the massacre making his escape, flies 
 for shelter to the territories of the Rutulians, and finds pro- 
 tection from the arms of Turnus, his hospitable friend. 
 Therefore all Etruria rose with just fury ; and the people by 
 present war redemand their king for punishment. Over these 
 thousands, ^neas, I will assign you leader. For all along 
 the shore the vessels ranged in thick array resound with 
 clamor ; and crave to urge on the banners. Them an aged 
 soothsayer restrains, this oracle in prophetic strains deliver- 
 ing : Ye chosen youths of Lydia, the flower and excellence of 
 ancient heroes, whom just indignation urges against the foe, 
 and Mazentius fires with due resentment ; no native of Italy 
 is destined to subdue that powerful nation : make choice of 
 foreign leaders. Then, overawed by the declaration of the 
 gods, the Tuscan army, respiting their fury, encamped on 
 this plain. Tarchon" himself hath sent embassadors with 
 the royal crown and scepter, and to me commends these en- 
 signs ; [imploring me] to repair to the camp, and assume the 
 Tuscan administration. But life with frozen blood benumbed, 
 and worn out with years, and my capacity for heroic deeds 
 superannuated, deny me empire. My son I would urge to it, 
 were it not that, being of mixed race by reason of a Sabine, 
 mother, he derived a portion of his country from this land. Do 
 you, most gallant leader of the Trojans and Italians, to whose 
 years and lineage also fate is indulgent, you whom the oracles 
 invite, enter upon the task. Him too, my hope and solace, 
 Pallas, to thee I will join ; under thee his master let him prac- 
 tice to endure warfare, and the laborious service of Mars, be 
 spectator of tby deeds, and from his earliest years make thee 
 the object of his admiration. To him I will give two hun- 
 dred Arcadian horsemen, the chosen strength of the' youth ; 
 and as many more will Pallas give thee in his own name. 
 
 Thus he had scarcely spoke, when -^neas, the offspring of 
 Anchises, and trusty Achates, held their eyes fixed on the 
 ground, and with heavy hearts began to revolve many hard 
 thoughts,"*^ had not Cytherea displayed a sign in the open air : 
 
 4'^ Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who assisted iEneas against the Hutulians. 
 ^^ Cf! Propert. i. 15. 1, *• Ssepe ego multa tuas levitatis dura tirae- 
 bam." B. 
 
294 
 
 yENEID. B. VIII. 524—504. 
 
 for unexpectedly a flash of lightning, darted from the sky, 
 camo with a peal ;" and suddenly all things seemed to threaten 
 ruin, and the blast of the Tuscan trumpet rattled through the 
 shies. Upward they gaze : again and again in dreadful peals 
 it thunders ; in a serene quarter of the heavens, among the 
 clouds they observe arms blaze athwart the clear expanse, and 
 clashed peal with thunder. The rest were astounded with 
 amazement; but the Trojan hero knew the sound and prom- 
 ised signs of his goddess-mother. Then [to Evander] he 
 addressed his speech : By no means, my hospitable friend, by 
 no means be anxious to explore what crisis these prodigies 
 portend : I am called by heaven. My divine parent foretold 
 that she was to send this signal, if war should assail me, and 
 that she w^ould bring Vulcan-wTought arms through the aerial 
 reo'ions to my aid. Ah! what havoc awaits the hapless Lau- 
 rentines ! what ample satisfaction slialt thou, O Turnus, give 
 me ! what numerous shields, and helmets, and bodies of gal- 
 lant heroes, shalt thou, father Tiber, roll down thy streams ! 
 Let them challenge our armies, and violate their leagues. 
 
 Having said these words, he raised himself from his lofty 
 throne : and first of all he wakes the dormant altars with fires 
 in honor of Hercules, and visits with joy the Lar,'° wdiom 
 yesterday ho had first worshiped, and the little household 
 gods: with accustomed rites he offers a sacrifice of chosen 
 ewes: in like manner Evander, in like manner the Trojan 
 youth. After this he repairs to the ships, and revisits his 
 friends ; from whoso number he chooses out such as excelled 
 in valor, to accompany him to the war : the rest by the de- 
 scending stream are borne along, and without effort ghde 
 down with the current of the river, to bring Ascanius tidings 
 of his father, and of the affairs in hand. The Trojans, re- 
 pairing to the Tuscan territories, are supplied with steeds: 
 for ^Eneas they led forth one distinguished from the rest, 
 which a lion's tawny hide, shining before with gilded claws, 
 completely covers. 
 
 Suddenly through the little city, the rumor, made public, 
 
 « D'Orville, Critic. Yann. p. 594, compares Quintus Cal. xiv. 457, 
 olov oT£ aTspom/atv £ri(3pi:jueL uanerog aWfjp. B. 
 
 50 Lar : the Lares were two in number, sons of Mercury and Lara, one 
 of the Naiads. The Romans paid them divine honors, and they pre- 
 Bidod over h.ouses and families. 
 
B. VIII. 555—591. yENEID. 293 
 
 flies, that a band of horses were swiftly marching to the court of 
 - the Tuscan kino;. ThrouQ-h fear the matrons redoubled their 
 vows ; and the nearer to the danger, the more the terror grows, 
 and the image of Mars appears enlarged. Then father Evander, 
 grasping the hand [of his son] as he was going away, clings 
 to him, weeping beyond measure, and utters these v>'ords : Oh 
 that Jupiter would recall my past years ! [or that I were now] 
 what I was when, under the very walls of Prasnestc, I mowed 
 down the foremost ranks, and victorious set heaps of shields 
 on fire, and vv^ith this right hand sent king Ileiilus'^* down to 
 Tartarus ; to whom at his birth, dreadful to relate, his mother 
 Feronia had given three lives, and triple arms to wield ; thrice 
 hj death was he to be overthrown : whom nevertheless this 
 right hand then bereft of all these lives, and strip|:>ed of as 
 many suits of armor ! nothing noAV, my son, should part me 
 from your loved embrace : nor had ever our neighbor Mezen- 
 tius, insulting over this person of mine, by the sword effected 
 so many cruel deaths, bereaved the city of so many inhabitants. 
 But, O ye powers, and thou Jupiter, great ruler of the gods, 
 compassionate, I pray, an Arcadian king, and hear a father's 
 prayers; if your providence di^dne, if the Fates reserve Pal- 
 las for me in safety, if I live destined to see him again, and 
 to have a meeting with him, I pray for life ; I will submit to 
 endure any hardship vvhatever. But if, O fortune, thou 
 threatonest him v,ith some disaster not to be named, now, oh ! 
 now, let me break off my cruel life, while my cares are hover- 
 ing in suspense, while I have hope of the future, [however] 
 uncertain ; while thee, dear boy, my late, my only joy, I hold 
 in my embrace : lest more mournful tidings wound my ears. 
 These words the father poured forth at the final parting : his 
 attendants bear him to the palace fainting away. 
 
 And now the horse had gone forth by the expanded gates : 
 among the foremost ^Eneas and his faithful Achates ; then 
 other peers of Troy. Pallas himself, in the center of his 
 troop, appears conspicuous in his mantling robe and painted 
 arms; such as when, bathed in the ocean's waves, Lucifer, 
 whom Venus loves bevond the other starrv lisrhts, hath dis- 
 played his holy visage in the heaven, and dispersed the dark- 
 si Herilus, king of Praneste, was son of Feronia, the goddess of woods 
 and orchards : as he is said to have received three lives from his rciother, 
 he was killed three times bj Evander, 
 
290 JENEID. B. Yiii. 592—625. 
 
 ness. Oil the walls the timorous matrons stand, and follow 
 with their eyes the dusty cloud, and troops gleaming with 
 brass. Through the thickets, where nearest lies the boundary 
 of their way, they march in arms. Their acclamations rise ; 
 and, a squadron formed, the hoof beats with the trampling din 
 the moldering plain. 
 
 Near the cold river of Cxvq^^ is a spacious grove, sacred 
 all around by the religion of the fathers; hollow hills on 
 every side have inclosed, and encompass the grove with 
 gloomy fir. There is a tradition, that to Sylvanus, god of 
 the fields and flocks, the ancient Pelasgi," who w^ere once the 
 first possessors of the Latin territories, consecrated this grove 
 and a festival-day. JSTot far from this, Tarcho and the Tuscans 
 kept their camp, defended by the ground ; and now from the 
 hill the whole legion could be surveyed, and had pitched their 
 tents upon the spacious plains. Hither father ^Eneas and his 
 youthful band, chosen for the war, advance, and fatigued they 
 tend their horses and themselves. 
 
 Meanw^hile the goddess Venus in bright beauty among the 
 ethereal clouds, drew nigh, bearing her gifts ; and soon as at 
 a distance she espied her son in a recluse valley, apart by 
 the cold river, she voluntarily presented herself, and addressed 
 him in these words : Behold, i.iy son, the presents finished by 
 my consort's promised skill ; that so this instant you need not 
 demur to challenge either the insolent Laurentines or fierce 
 Turnus to the combat. Cytherea said, and rushed into the 
 embraces of her son : under an oak, full in his view, she 
 placed the radiant arms. He, overjoyed with the presents of 
 the goddess, and such signal honor, gazes on them v/ith in- 
 satiable fondness, and rolls his eyes over them one by one ; he 
 {idmires, and in his hands or arms shifts about the helmet 
 terrible with its crest and shooting flames, and the sword 
 fraught with death, the corselet stifl:' with brass, immense, of 
 sanguine hue ; as when the azure cloud by the sunbeams grows 
 more and more inflamed, and shines afar ; then the polished 
 greaves of electrum and gold refined, the spear and the tex- 
 ture of the shield beyond expression. There the god of fierj 
 
 ^''^ Ca3ro, anciently Agylla, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the 
 wliole country, situated on a small river east of Rome. 
 
 53 Pelasgi, the ancient inhabitants of Greece, s-upposcd to be one Oi 
 the most ancient people in the world. 
 
B. vnL 626—651. ^NEID. 297 
 
 power, not unskilled of prophecies, or ignorant of futurity, had 
 represented the Italian history and triumphs of the Romans ; 
 there all the descendants of the future race from Ascanius, 
 and their battles fought in order. There, too, he had figured 
 the fostering wolf lying in the verdant cave of Mars : the twin 
 boys, hanging about her dugs, to play, and fearless suck their 
 dam ; w^hile she, with tapering neck reclined, fondly licked 
 them by turns, and molded their bodies with her tongue. 
 Not far frona this he had added Rome, and the Sabine virgins 
 lawlessly ravished from the assembly of the circus at the great 
 Circensian^* games, and suddenly a new war bursting upon the 
 sons of Rome, and aged Tatius," and the rigid Cures. Next 
 the same princes, now that mutual hostilities are laid aside, 
 sheathed in armor, and with the goblets in their hands, stood 
 before Jove's altars, and, having sacrificed a sow, struck a 
 league. Not for from thence rapid chariots had torn Metius** 
 limb from limb asunder (but thou, Alban, shouldst have ad- 
 hered to thy stipulations), and Tullus was dragging the trai- 
 tor's entrails through the wood; and the bushes, sprinkled 
 with his blood, w^ere dripping wet. Here, too, Porsenna" 
 was commanding [the Romans] to receive expelled Tarquini- 
 us, and invested the city with close siege. The Romans in 
 defense of liberty were rushing on the sword. Him [Por- 
 senna] you might have seen like one enraged, and like one 
 breathing threats, because Codes had dared to beat down the 
 bridge, and Cloelia,^^ having burst her chains, swam across 
 
 54 Circensian games wero first established by Romulus, and performed 
 in the circus at Rome. The Romans, having invited their neighbors 
 the Sabines to the celebration of these games, forcibly carried away all 
 their females who had attended. 
 
 55 Tatius, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the 
 Romans after the rape of the Sabine women. Peace having iDeen made 
 between the two nations, Tatius shared tlie royal authority with Romulus. 
 
 ^ Metius, dictator of Alba in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He be- 
 came subject to the Romans by the combat of the Horatii and Curiatii, 
 but afterward proving faithless, Tullus put him to death by placing him 
 between two chariots, which were drawn by four horses diflerent ways. 
 
 57 Porsenna, king of Etruria^ who made war upon the Romans in 
 favor of Tarquin, and attempted in vain to replace him on the throne. 
 Codes (Pub. Herat.), a noble Roman, who greatly signahzed himself by 
 alone opposing for a time the whole army of Porsenna. 
 
 58 Cloelia, a Roman virgin, who having been given with other maidens 
 as hostages to Porsenna, escaped from her confinement, and swam across 
 the Tiber to Rome. 
 
 13^- 
 
298 ^NEID. B. VIII. 652—632. 
 
 the river. On the summit [of the shield] Manlius," guardian 
 of the Tarpeian tower, before the temple stood, and defended 
 the lofty Capitol ; and the palace, as newly thatched with 
 Romulean straw, appeared rough. And here a goose in silver, 
 fluttering athwart the gilded galleries, gave warning that the 
 Gauls were just at hand : the Gauls were advancing along the 
 thickets, and were seizing the fort, protected by the darkness 
 and benefit of dusky night. Of gold their tresses were, and 
 of gold their vestments ; in striped mantelets they shine ; then 
 their milk-white necks are girt with gold : two Alpine javelins 
 each in his hand brandishes, having their bodies protected v/ith 
 long bucklers. Here he had embossed the dancing Salii, and 
 the naked priests of Pan, the caps tufted with wool, and the 
 shields that fell from heaven : chaste matrons in soft carriages 
 v/ere conducting the sacred pageants through the city. To 
 these in remoter prospect he likewise adds the Tartarean man- 
 sions, Pluto's profound realms, the sufferings of the damned ; 
 and thee, Catiline,®" suspended from a threatening rock, and 
 trembling at the faces of the Furies ; and the good apart [from 
 the wicked, with] Cato®'^ dispensing laws to them. Amid these 
 scenes the image of the swelling ocean was widely dif- 
 fused in gold ; but the seas foamed "with hoary waves, and all 
 around conspicuous in silver the wheeling dolphins swept the 
 seas with their tails, and cut the tide. In the midst w^ere 
 to be seen fleets with brazen prows, the fight of Actium ;''^ 
 and you could discern Leucate all in a ferment with the 
 marshaled war, and the billows brightly displayed in gold. 
 On one side is Auo-ustus Cassar conductino; the Italians to the 
 engagement, with the senators and people, the domestic dei- 
 ties, and the great gods, standing on the lofty stern ; whose 
 auspicious temples dart forth two flames, and on whose crest 
 his father's star is displayed. In another part Agrippa," 
 
 59 Manlius (Marcus), a celebrated Roman, surnamed Capitolinus, for 
 hi3 gallant defense of the Capitol against the Gauls under Brennus. 
 Manlius was afterward accused of ambitious designs, and having been 
 condemned, he was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock. 
 
 ^^ Catiline, a noble Roman, but cruel, and of the most depraved habits. 
 He conspired against the liberties of his country, and perished in battle, 
 B. c. 63. 
 
 *' Cato the major is meant. 
 
 *2 Actium, the seat of the final victory of Augustus. 
 
 6^ Agrippa, a celebrated Roman, who favored the interest of Augustus 
 
B. VIII. G82— TOG. ^NEID. 299 
 
 witli winds and gods propitious, stands aloft" leading his 
 squadron ; for whom, proud badge of warfare, his brows are 
 adorned with a naval crown's refulgent beak. On the other 
 side victorious Antony," with barbarian supplies and various 
 troops, brings up with him, from the nations of the morning, 
 and the coasts of the Red Sea, Egypt," the strength of the 
 east, and Bactra, the boundary of his empire ; and him fol- 
 lows, oh foul disgrace ! his Egyptian spouse Cleopatra." All 
 are rushing on together, and the whole watery plain foams 
 convulsed with the laboring oars and trident-beaks. They 
 make for the deep : you would have imagined, that the Cy- 
 clades uptorn were floating on the main, or lofty mountains 
 encountering mountains : with such force the warriors in their 
 turreted ships urge on the attack. From their hands flaming 
 balls of tow, and from missile-engines the winged steel is 
 flung : Neptune's fields redden with the first slaughter. In 
 the midst the queen rouses her squadrons with her country's 
 sistrum ; nor as yet regards the two snakes behind her." Her 
 monstrous gods of every form, and barking Anubis,*^' opposed 
 to Neptune, Venus, and Minerva, arc wielding their weapons. 
 In the midst of the combat Mars sculptured in iron storms, 
 and the grim Furies from the sky ; and Discord, with her 
 mantle rent, stalks well pleased, whom Bellona follows with 
 her bloody scourge. Apollo of Actium, viewing these things 
 from above, was bending his bow : with the terror thereof ail 
 Egypt and the Indians, the Arabs and Sabaeans, all were 
 
 Qt tliG battles of Actium and Pliilippi, whore he behaved with great 
 valor. 
 
 fi* ''arduus" refers to his position on the stern of his ship. B. 
 
 65 Mark Antony, the Roman triumvir. After his defeat in the battlo 
 of Actium, he fled to Alexandria in Egypt, where he stabbed himself, 
 B. c. 30. 
 
 65 Egypt, a celebrated country of Africa, watered by the Nile ; bound- 
 ed by the Red Sea (Arabian Gulf) on the east, and by Libya on the west. 
 
 67 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, was cele- 
 brated for her beauty and mental acquirements, as also for her intrigues 
 and hcentious life. Cleopatra supported the cause of her favorite An- 
 tony against Augustus at the battle of Actium, but by flying with sixty 
 sail, contributed to his defeat ; she then retired to Egypt, where, to 
 avoid falHng into the hands of Augustus, she destroyed herself by the 
 bite of an asp, b. c. 30. At her death Egypt became a Roman province. 
 
 63 i. e. she does not foresee her end. B. 
 
 69 Anubis, an Egvptian god, represented with the head of a dog. 
 
''OO ^NEID. E. viiL 107—731. 
 
 o 
 
 turning tlieir backs. The queen herself, invoking the -winds, 
 seemed to sail, and with eager haste to be letting loose the 
 uncoiled cables. Her, the god of fire, had represented amid 
 the slaughter, driven along by waves and winds, pale with the 
 [terrors of] approaching death ; and opposite [he had sculp- 
 tured] the Nile with his gigantic form in deep distress, ex- 
 panding his skirts, and with all his robe displayed, calling the 
 vanquished into his azure bosom and sheltering streams. 
 I Caesar again, having in triple triumph entered the walls of 
 Rome, was consecrating through all the city three hundred 
 stately temples, his immortal vow to the Italian gods. The 
 streets rung with joy, and games, and acclamations. In all 
 the temples are choirs of matrons ; and in all the temples al- 
 tars. Before the altars the sacrificed bullocks cover the 
 ground. Augustus himself, seated in the snow-white porch of 
 shining Phoebus, re\dews the offerings of the people, and fits 
 them to the stately pillars. In long orderly procession the 
 vanquished nations march, as various in the fashion of their 
 garb and arms as in their language. Here Mulciber had 
 figured the Numidian race, and the Africans loose in their 
 attire ; here the Leleges," the Carians, and Geloni armed with 
 arrow^s. Euphrates now flowed with gentler streams ; the 
 Morini,'^ remotest of the human race, [appeared,] and the two- 
 horned Rhine, the untamed Dahse, and the Araxes," that dis- 
 dained a bridge. 
 
 Such scenes on Vulcan's shield, the present of his parent- 
 goddess, the hero views with wonder, and [though] a stran- 
 ger to the events, rejoices in their representation, and on 
 his shoulder bears aloft the fame and fortune of his descend- 
 ants. 
 
 "!■" Leleges, a wandering people who originally inhabited Caria, in Asia 
 Minor, and who fought in the Trojan war under their king Altes. 
 
 "1 Morini, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the British Ocean. 
 
 ■''2 Araxes (Arras), a large river of Asia, falling into the Caspian Sea ; 
 it swept away a bridge which Alexander the Grer.t built over it. 
 
B. iz. 1—26. ^NEID. 301 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 Jb the Nintli Book, Turnus, availing himself of Eneas' absence, makes a 
 furious assault upon liis camp. The Trojans, reduced to the utmost ex4 
 tremity, dispatch to ^neas, Kisus and Euryalus, whose immortal friend-? 
 ship in this perilous adventure^ is painted in the most glowing language. 
 Turnus attacks the city, but is forced, after making a great slaughter, 
 to save himself by swimmmg the Tiber. 
 
 And while tlieso transactions were carrying on in a far dif- 
 ferent quarter, Saturnian Juno sent Iris«from heaven to daring 
 Turnus. Turnus then by chance was sitting at rest in the 
 grove of his progenitor Piknnnus, in a consecrated vale ; 
 whom thus the daughter of Thaumas^ with rosy lips bespoke : 
 What none of the gods, O Turnus, could dare to promise to 
 thy wishes, lo ! revolving time hath of itself brought about ! 
 ^neas, having abandoned his city, his friends, and fleet, hath 
 repaired to the realms and abode of Palantine Evander. And, 
 not content with that, he hath penetrated to the remotest cities 
 of Coiythus,^ and arms a band of Lydians, rustics, whom he 
 has drawn together. AVhy do you demur ? now is the time 
 to call for your steeds, now your chariots. Break off all delay, 
 and seize his camp while in disorder. She said, and on poised 
 wings raised herself to heaven, and in her flight cut the spa- 
 cious bow beneath the clouds. The youth knew [the goddess], 
 and, stretching forth both hands to heaven, with these accents 
 pursued her flying : Iris, thou glory of heaven, who sent thee 
 down to me on earth shot from the clouds ? whence arises, 
 on a sudden^ this so bright a sky ? I see heaven in the midst 
 cleave asunder,^ and stars wandering athwart the firmament. 
 Signs so illustrious will I obey, whoever thou art who sum- 
 monest me to arms. And thus having said, he repaired to 
 the river, and from the surface of the stream drew water, in- 
 voking the gods at large ; and loaded heaven with vows. 
 
 And now on the open plains his whole army marched, rich 
 in steeds, rich in embroidered vests and gold. Messapus 
 
 ^ Thaumas, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one oi 
 the Oceanides, by whom he had Iris, the Harpies, etc, 
 
 2 The mythic founder of Cortona, here put for the city itself. B. 
 
 3 *' Discedere" is a customary term in describing thia prodigy, as in 
 Cicer. de Div. i. 43. Jul. Obseq. do Prod, p. 60, Compare Plutarch. 
 Timol, p. 239, ido^ev a'Kpvideug (>ayevra rbv ovpavbv vir^p t7]^ vtoi 
 iK^iai 7T0?iv Kai -nepLcpavlg to rrvp. B. 
 
302 ^NEID. B. IX. 2t— G5. 
 
 commands tbo vnn, the sons of Tyrrhus in the rear ; iu the 
 center king Tm-nus moves along, wielding his arms, and over- 
 tops the rest by the whole head." As the deep Ganges, fed 
 with seven peaceful rivers, in silence [flows] ; or, as the Nile, 
 with its fertilizing waters, when from the plains he has re- 
 tired, and now lodges himself within his channel. Here the 
 Trojans descry a sudden cloud condensed in Avreaths of black- 
 ening dust, and darkness rising on the ])lains. Caiciis first 
 from the opposite rampart calls forth : What numerous bands, 
 O citizens, are hither i»)lling in a black cloud of dust ? Quick, 
 bring arms, give darts, mount the walls : haste, the foe is at 
 hand. With loud outcry the Trojans block themselves up 
 v.ithin all their gates, and man the walls : for thus JSneas, 
 most accomplished in arms, at departing had ordered ; that, 
 if any accident should befall in the interim, they would not 
 venture to set their army in array, nor trust to the field ; only 
 guard their camp and walls secured by a rampart. There- 
 fore, though shame and indignation prompt them to engage, 
 yet they barricade their gates against [the foe], execute the 
 orders [of their chief], and in arms expect the enemy within 
 their holy turrets. 
 
 Turnus, flying out before, had got the start of his sturdy 
 band, accompanied w^ith twenty chosen horse, and unexpected 
 comes upon the city ; whom a Thracian steed vv'itli white spots 
 bears, and a golden helmet with crimson crest defends. 
 Which of you youths first w^ill join me to attack the foe ? See 
 here, he cries, and brandishing his javelin, darts it into the air, 
 the prelude of the fight ; and mounted aloft he rushes to the 
 field. AVitli shouts his friends second the motion, and follow 
 with dreadful-sounding din : they w^onder at the faint-heart- 
 edness of the Trojans, that they venture not themselves in the 
 equal field, nor oppose arms [to arms], but lie loitering in the 
 camp. Turbulent with ire, hither and thither on his steed he 
 surveys the walls, and by every pathless pass explores access. 
 As when a wolf, in ambush for a full cot of sheep, lies growl- 
 ing at the folds, enduring winds and rains at midnight ; under 
 their dams the lambkins in safety bleat ; he, fierce and ruth- 
 less with ire, rages against the absent prey: his ravenous 
 hunger by length of time contracted, and his blood-thirsty 
 jaws, pinch him incessantly: just so the Rutulian's anger 
 
 ■» This lino is a spiirioiis repetition from -5]n. vii. 784. B. 
 
B. IX. 65-100. ^XEID. 303 
 
 kindles, while lie views the walls and camp ; and within his 
 hard bones anguish burns, [exploring] by what means he may- 
 tempt access, and now force the inclosed Trojans from their 
 intrenchment, and pour them forth into the plain. Their fleet, 
 which, adjoining the side of their camp, lay concealed, fenced 
 around with ramparts and the streams of the river, he assails ; 
 loudly calls for flames from his triumphing followers; and 
 ardent fills his hand with a blazing pine. Then indeed they 
 exert themselves strenuously : the jDresence of Turnus urges 
 them on, and the whole youth are armed with black torches. 
 They pillage the hearths : the smoky brand send up a pitchy 
 light, and the flames hurl mingled ashes to the stars. 
 
 Ye muses, say, what god averted from the Trojans so fierce 
 a conflagration ? who from the ships repelled such mighty 
 flames ? Ancient is the testimony of the fact, but immortal is 
 its fame. 
 
 At the time when ^neas first formed his fleet on Phrvc'ian 
 Ida, and prepared to launch into the deep, Berecynthia^ her- 
 self, the mother of the gods, is said to have addressed great 
 Jove in these words ; At my request, O son, bestow what 
 thy dear parent from thee craves, now that Olympus is sub- 
 dued. On a lofty mountain stood a piny wood by me many 
 years beloved, shaded with gloomy firs, and the maples' 
 boughs, whither they brought me sacred offerings : these 
 trees I with pleasure gave to the young Trojan hero, when 
 he wanted a fleet : now anxious dread [on their account] 
 presses my unquiet mind. Dissipate my fears, and let a 
 parent by her prayers obtain, that by no voyage they may be 
 shattered, or by whirling blast of wind subdued : let it avail 
 them that from our mountains they sprung. To her in reply 
 her son, Avho rolls the stars of the universe, said : " Whither, 
 my parent-goddess, art thou urging destiny ? or what is thy 
 aim in this request? Shall vessels built by mortal hands 
 enjoy an immortal privilege, and ^neas, insured of safety, 
 run the round of dubious peril ? in what god is so great power 
 lodged ? However, v/hen, having finished their course, they 
 ehall reach the goal and the Ausonian ports, whichever of 
 them hereafter shall have escaped the waves, and carried the 
 Dardanian chief to the Laurentian fields, I ^n\\ divest them 
 
 ° Berecynthia, a name of Cybele, from Mount Borecynthus in Phrygia, 
 where she was worshiped. 
 
304 
 
 ^NEID. B. IX. 101—133 
 
 of their mortal form, and command to be goddesses of the 
 spacious ocean ; such as the daughters of Nereus, Doto, and 
 Galatea, who cut with their breasts the foaming^ deep. He 
 said: and in sign of its being ratified by the rivers of his 
 Stygian brother^ by those banks that roll with torrents of 
 pitch and black whirlpools, nods his head ; and with that nod 
 he made heaven's whole frame to tremble. 
 
 The promised day was therefore come, and the Fates had 
 filled up the destined periods of time, when the outrage of 
 Turnus called on the mother [of the gods] to repel the fire- 
 brands from her sacred ships. Here first an unusual light 
 flashed forth on the eyes [of the Trojans], and from the east 
 a vast refulgent cloud was seen to shoot athwart the sky, and 
 [in it] her choirs of priests ;' then through the air a tremen- 
 dous voice drops from above, and fills the hosts both of Tro- 
 jans and RutuHans : Be in no hurry,' ye Trojans, to protect 
 my ships, nor arm your hands ; sooner to Turnus it shall be 
 given to burn up the seas than those sacred pines. Glide on 
 at your liberty, glide ye on, goddesses of the main ; the parent 
 [of the gods] commands. And forthwith from the banks the 
 ships break each away her halsers, and dolphin-hke diving 
 with their beaks plunge to the bottom of the sea. Thence, 
 wondrous prodigy, so many virgin-forms rise up, and ride 
 along the main, as brazen provv^s had before stood^ ranged 
 along the shore. The Rutulians stoop astonished in their 
 minds ; Messapus himself, his steeds being startled, is seized 
 Avith consternation ; the river too makes a pause, resounding 
 hoarsely, and Tiberinus recalls his current^ from the deep. ^ 
 
 But the confidence of daring Turnus abated not ; he briskly 
 raises their spirits with his words, and briskly chides [their 
 fears]: Against the Trojans are these portents aimed; fi-om 
 them even Jove himself hath withdrawn his wonted aid; 
 [their ships] wait not the darts or fires of the Rutulians. 
 Therefore the seas are inaccessible to the Trojans, nor have 
 they any hopes of flight ; from one half of the globe they are 
 cut ofl"; and the land [the other half] is in our hands; so 
 many armed thousands the Italian nations bring to our aid. 
 To me the f^ital responses of the gods, whatever they are to 
 
 c V. e. the Corvbantes, Curetcs, and the Idrei Dactyli. B. 
 
 7 " trepidate'Ms explained as equivalent to " festinate" by Nonius i.7. 13. 
 
 s Literallv, " his foot." B. 
 
B. IX. 134—167. iE^^EID. 
 
 305 
 
 wliicli the Phrj^gians pretend, give no concern. To the Fates 
 and Venus enough is given, that the Trojans have reached 
 the hinds of fruitful Ausonia. I too, on the other hand, have 
 my destiny, to extirpate with the sword the accursed race, 
 being robbed of my spouse : nor does the painful sense of 
 that indignity move only the sons of Atreus,'' nor to Mycenie 
 alone is license given to take up arms [in such a cause]. 
 But [perhaps] it is enough that they fell once : [doubtless], 
 had they thought it enough to commit the same crime but 
 once before, having conceived almost a total aversion toward 
 the whole race of women. They whom this confidence in 
 their intervening rampart, whom the temporary defenses of 
 their trenches, narrow partitions from death, inspire with so 
 much courage ; have they not seen the walls of Troy, built by 
 the hand of Neptune, sink down in flames ? But, my chosen 
 warriors, who prepares to storm their ramparts sword in hand, 
 and with me invades their disordered camp ? To me there 
 is no need of Vulcan-wrought armor, or of a thousand ships 
 against the Trojans. Let all the Tuscans this instant con- 
 nect themselves with them in alliance : they need not fear the 
 night, and the dastardly theft of the Palladium, slaying the 
 guards of [Minerva's] lofty tower ;^° nor will we hide our- 
 selves in the dark womb of a horse ; we are resolved openly by 
 day to surround their walls with fire. I shall make them 
 sensible that they have not to do Avith Greeks and Argive 
 striplings, whom Hector kept at bay till the tenth year. Now 
 then, since the better part of the day is past, for what remains, 
 my men, as things have [thus for] succeeded well, cheerfully 
 refresh your bodies, and prepared expect the fight. Mean- 
 while to Messapus is assigned the charge to beset their gates 
 with sentinels, and inclose their ramparts with watch-fires. 
 Twice seven Rutulians are chosen out to guard the walls ; 
 and those are followed each by a hundred youths waving their 
 purple j^lumes, and glittering with gold ; they patrol around, 
 and mount guard by turns, and by turns stretched along the 
 grass they indulge the wine, and drain" the brazen bowls. 
 The fires together shine ; in play the guards spend the sleep- 
 
 9 Alluding to the abduction of Helen. B. 
 
 •" Turnus sneers at the conduct of Ulysses and DIomode, See JEn. ii, 
 164 sqq. B. 
 
 " Compare Virgil's use of '• vergere." B. 
 
300 ^NEID. E. IX. 1G8— 19J)- 
 
 iess iiiglit. These things the Trojans above from the ramparts 
 survey, and in arms guard their high posts ; their gates, too, in 
 hurrying consternation they strictly watch, and with bridges 
 join the outworks : they stand to their arms. Mnestheus and 
 fierce Serestus urge them on ; whom father ^neas appointed 
 directors of the youthful bands, and managers of affiiirs, if at 
 any time cross accidents should call them. The whole legion, 
 having shared the danger, by lot keep guard along the walls, 
 and perform the alternate duties of the post which each has 
 assigned him to maintain.^^ 
 
 Nisus, the son of Hyi'tacus, in arms most fierce, stood sen- 
 tinel of tlie gate ; whom Ida, famed for hunting, sent the at- 
 tendant of ^aeas, nimble at the javelin and fleet arrows : and 
 by his side his companion Euryalus, than whom of all the 
 followers of vEneas no one was more comely, and none [more 
 graceful] wore the arms of Troy ; a stripling v/hose cheeks 
 v/ere streaked with the first bloom of youth. Their love was 
 one, and with equal eagerness they rushed to the war : then, 
 too, they were posted in common to guard the gate. Nisus 
 says. Do the gods, Euryalus, infuse this ardor into our 
 minds? or is each one's earnest inclination his god?^^ Long 
 has my mind been instigating me either to attempt the fight, 
 or some great enterprise ; for it is not content with peaceful 
 inaction. You see what confidence in the state of their 
 aff"airs possess tlie Rutulians ; their lights tv/inkle here and 
 and there ; buried in sleep and wine they have laid themselves 
 down; the places all around are hushed in silence. Learn 
 further what my doubting thoughts suggest, and the purpose 
 which now rises in my soul. That yEneas should be invited 
 home, all, both the people and the higher orders, impor- 
 tunately crave ; and that messengers be dispatched to inform 
 him of the true state of our afiairs. If to thee they will promise 
 what I demand (for, to myself the glory of the exploit is 
 enough), I think I can find a Avay under the brow of yon hill 
 to tlie walls and fortifications of Pallanteum. Euryalus, 
 stung with violent desire of praise, stood astonished ; at the 
 same time he thus addresses his ardent friend : Do you then, 
 Nisus, decline to admit me as your companion in those high 
 
 12 Literally, " take turns as to what is to be defended." B. 
 '3 "Diine uostris mentibus cupiditates injiciunt et desideria? An deus 
 sit ipse mentis cupiditas ?" )Servius. B. 
 
R IX. 200—232. ^NEID. 307 
 
 enterprises ? Shall I send you away alone on sucli perilous 
 adventures ? It was not thus my warlike father Opheltes 
 instructed me, bred up amid the alarms of Greece and the 
 disasters of Ti'oy ; nor have I acted such a part in your com- 
 pany, following the magnanimous yEneas and his fortune in all 
 extremities. This soul, this soul of mine, contemns the light, 
 and deems that honor, to which you aspire, well bought, even 
 at the expense of life itself. To this Nisus [replied] : Believe 
 me, I had no such apprehensions of you ; nor have I reason. 
 No, so may great Jove, or whatever god with a favoiing eye 
 regards what we are about, return me to you triumphant. 
 But if any chance (as many such you see in an enterprise of 
 this hazardous nature), or deity hurry me on to adverse fate, I 
 wish that you may survdve : your age has a juster claim to 
 life. Let me leave one who may deposit me in the earth 
 among the dead, snatched from the field, or redeemed by ran- 
 som ; or who (if any fortune shall stand in the way of this) 
 may pay funeral obsequies to my absent corpse, and honor me 
 with an empty tomb : nor let me be the cause of such deep 
 anguish to thy wretched mother, avIio, my boy, of many 
 mothers alone adventurous follows thee, nor minds the walls'* 
 of the great Acestes. But he rejoined : In vain you weave 
 fruitless remonstrances, nor is my resolution now staggered 
 fi'om its first position ; let us dispatch : at the same time he 
 awakes the guard. They succeed, and take their turns of duty : 
 having resigned his post, he sets forward in company with 
 Nisus, and they seek the king. 
 
 All other creatures over the Avhole earth with sleep relaxed 
 their cares, and lost their toils in sweet oblivion. But the 
 Trojan chiefs and select youth were holding consultation about 
 the important concerns of the state ; what they ought to do, 
 or who should be the messenger to -,^neas. Leaning on their 
 long spears they stand, wielding their targets, in the center 
 of the camp and plain. Then Nisus, and with him Euryalus. 
 with prompt alacrity, beg to be admitted ; [alleging] that 
 their business was important, and would compensate the de- 
 lay.^ ^ In this their hurry and trepidation lulus first re- 
 ceived them, and ordered Nisus to speak. Then thus Hyrta- 
 
 •^ i. e. nor cares to tarry at Segesta with the other matrons. B. 
 *^ i. e. the delay of their qpunsels. B. 
 
308 ■ ^NEID. B. IX. 233— 2G5. 
 
 cides" [spoke] : Ye followers of ^neas, listen with uhbiassed 
 minds ; nor be these our proposals judged of by our years. 
 The Rutulians, buried in sleep and wine, have composed them- 
 selves to rest ; we ourselves have observed a place fit for our 
 secret design, that lies obvious in the double way from the 
 gate which is nearest the sea. Their fires are dying away, 
 and a pitchy smoke ascends to heaven. If you give us leave 
 to embrace the fortunate occasion, you shall soon see ^neas, 
 in quest of whom we go to the walls of Pallanteum, here pres- 
 ent with spoils, and after vast havoc made : nor set we out 
 strangers to the way ; often in the shady vales at hunting have 
 we seen the skirts of the town, and have surveyed the whole 
 river. 
 
 At this, Alethes, loaded with years and matured in judgment, 
 [said] : Ye gods of my country, under whose divine protection 
 Troy always is, [though you have been angry with us for a 
 time], yet you do not intend utterly to destroy the Trojans, 
 since you have produced such souls, and such resolute hearts 
 in our youth. So saying, he grasped the shoulders and hands 
 of both, and with tears his face and cheeks bedewed. What 
 rewards, brave youths, what rewards of worth proportioned to 
 such entei-prises can I judge possible to be conferred upon you ? 
 the fairest shall the gods in the first place and your own virtues 
 give ; then the rest the pious ^neas shall anon bestow, and 
 Ascanius, in his prime of life, who never will forget so high an 
 obligation. 
 
 But, subjoins Ascanius, I, whose sole happiness depends on 
 my father's safe return, conjure you, Nisus, by our great do- 
 mestic gods, by the tutelar deity of Assaracus, and the shrines 
 of hoary Vesta (whatever fortune or confident hope^^ I have, 
 I rest in your own bosoms), recall my parent, give back his 
 presence ; at his return all our soitows will disappear. Two 
 goblets of silver will I give of finished work, and rough with 
 embossed figures, which my father v/on from sacked Arisba ;^* 
 and a pair of tripods, two great talents of gold, a bowl of an- 
 
 15 Hyrtacldes, Nisus and Hippocoon are so styled, from their father 
 Hyrtacus, who was a Trojan of Mount Ida. 
 
 1' i. €. of my father's safety. B. 
 
 IS Arisba, a colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the 
 Trojans. 
 
B. IX 266—306. ^XEID. 
 
 O Art 
 OKJif 
 
 tiqiie cast, which Sidonian Dido gave me. But if it shall be 
 my fortune to be victorious, possess myself of Italy, enjoy the 
 crown, and divide the spoils by lot ; saw you on what steed, 
 in what arms Turnus rolled all in gold ? that very shield and 
 crimson-crested helmet I ^\qll choose out from the lol ; prizes, 
 
 Nisus, which are already your own. Besides the persons 
 of twelve select matrons my sire shall give, and as many cap- 
 tives of the other sex, and the arms that to them all belong ; 
 beside these, that ground which king Latinus 'himself pos- 
 sesses. And as for you, idolized boy, whom my age follows 
 in the nearer stages of life, I now receive you with my w^hole 
 soul, and embrace you for my companion in all events. With- 
 out thee no glory shall be sought by my exploits, whether I 
 am engaged in peace or war ; to thee chiefly I will intrust 
 my acts and counsels. To whom Euryalus thus replies : No 
 day shall evince me unfit for enterprises so heroic ; let fortune 
 fall out prosperous or adverse. But one thing above all favors 
 
 1 of thee implore : I have a mother of Priam's ancient 
 race, whom unhappy neither the land of Ilium, nor the city of 
 idng Acestes, could withhold from going along with me. Her 
 now I leave a stranger to this perilous adventure, whatever it 
 is, and without taking flirewell ; night, and this right hand of 
 thine, be witness [for me, that it was not for want of duty, 
 but] that I can not bear a mother's tears ; but comfort her for- 
 lorn, I beg, and succor her in her desolation. Let me bear 
 away this hope from thee ; so shall I go with greater intrepidity 
 on all adventures. The Trojans with minds deeply aftected 
 shed tears ; above all, comely liilus ; and the image of parental 
 affection touched his soul to the quick. Then thus he addresses 
 [Euryalus] : Expect all that is due to your glorious under- 
 takings. For that mother of thine shall be mine, and only the 
 name Creiisa shall be wanting ; nor small gratitude awaits 
 her for giving birth to such a son, whatever fortune may at- 
 tend the deed. I swe:ar by this head of mine, by which my 
 father before me was wont to [swear], whatever I promise to 
 yourself, if you return in safety, and the event be prosperous, 
 the same shall be made good to your mother and kindred. 
 Thus weeping over him he speaks ; at the same time divests 
 his shoulder of his gilded sword, which Cretan Lycaon with 
 marvelous art had made, and dexterously fitted to the ivory 
 sheath. On Nisus, Mnestheus bestows the skin and spoil of 
 
810 
 
 ^NEID. B. IX. 307—338. 
 
 a ffiim sha^'i^y lion ; trusty Alethes excliauges with Lim his 
 helmet. Forthwith they march thus armed ; whom the whole 
 body of the nobles, both young and old, with ardent prayers 
 accompany in their way to the gates ; and the comely liilus, 
 too, endued with a soul and manly concern beyond his years, 
 gave them many instructions to carry to his sire ; but the 
 winds disperse them all, and fruitless give them to the clouds 
 
 away.^^ 
 
 Having set out, they overpass the trenches, and fjnid the 
 shades of night advance to the hostile camps ; destined, how- 
 ever, first to be'" the death of many. In loose disorder they 
 beheld bodies under the influence of wine and sleep, stretched 
 along the grass, chariots with their poles erect" along the 
 banks, men between the traces and the wheels ; arms together 
 lying, together wine. First the son of Hyrtacus thus spoke : 
 The right hand, Euryalus, must be boldly exerted ; now the oc- 
 casion itself invites us. Here lies our way : watch you, and 
 keep guard that no hand be able to lift itself against us ficm 
 behind. These fields I will render v>'aste, and lead thee along a 
 broad pathway. This said, he suppresses his speech ; at the 
 same time with his sword attacks proud Rhamnes ; who, as it 
 chanced, raised high on lofty carpets, was snoring forth sleep 
 from his whole breast ; at once a king himself, and an augur 
 in highest favor with king Turnus ; but not by his augur's 
 art could he ward otT the stroke of death. Three servants by 
 his side lying at random among tbe arms, and the aimor- 
 bearer of Remus, and (whom he found beneath the very horses' 
 feet) the charioteer he stabs, and with his sword cuts off their 
 reclining necks; then from the master himself takes off the 
 head, and leaves the trunk gulping with blood; in purple 
 gore the reeking earth and beds are drenched. Add to these 
 Lamyrus, Lamus, and young Serranus, who, of distinguished 
 beauty, bad been much engaged that night in play, and was 
 lying overpowered in every limb with the fullness of the god : 
 happy if without intermission he had equaled that play with 
 the night, and lengthened it out till day. As a famished lion 
 
 '9 Because both tbe messengers perished by the war. B. 
 
 20 "Destined to be." This sense of " futurus," and similar participles, 
 is very common in Yirgil. " Inimica" seems to contain the notion that 
 the camps would prove fatal to themselves. B. 
 
 21 The horses being unharnessed. B. 
 
R. IX. 339—370. ^NEID. 811 
 
 making wild havoc amid a sheep-fold (for ravenous hunger 
 prompts him on), grinds and tears the flock, feehle and dumb 
 with fear, and gnashes his bloody jaws : nor less was the car- 
 nage made by Euryalus : he too all on fire rages throughout, 
 and in the middle falls upon a vulgar nameless throng. Fadus 
 and Hebesus, Rhoetus and Abaris, not dreaming of their fate ; 
 Rhcetus broad awake, and viewing all ; but who, for fear, was 
 hiding himself behind a capacious jar ; in whose opposed 
 breast now close at hand he plunges the whole blade as he 
 rises, and withdrew it amid abundant death. He vomits up 
 the purple stream of life, and in death renders back his wine 
 mingled with blood. The other, with ardor at [the success 
 of his] stratagem, presses on, and now wr.s advancing toward 
 the social bands of Messapus, where he saw the fire just in 
 its extremity dying away, and the horses in order tied crop- 
 ping the grass ; when Nisus thus briefly says (for he per- 
 ceived that they were hurried on by too eager love of slaughter), 
 Let us desist ; for the unfriendly light approaches. We ha\ e 
 glutted ourselves -svith vengeance to the full ; a passage is 
 made through our foes. Many arms of the heroes [slain], of 
 solid silver elaborately wrought, they leave behind, and, to- 
 gether with them, goblets and beautiful carpets. Euryalus 
 [seized] the rich trappings of Rhamnes, and the belts with 
 golden bosses ; presents which opulent C?edicus of old had 
 sent to llburtine Remulus,"' when in absence he plighted with 
 him a league of hospitality (ho at death bequeaths the same 
 to his grandson to possess ; and after his death the Rutulians, 
 masters of the field and booty) :" these he seizes, and adjusts 
 to his valiant shoulders, but in vain.'^ Then he puts on the 
 well-fitting helmet of Messapus, with plumes adorned. They 
 quit the camp, and take possession of safe ground. 
 
 Meanwhile, three hundred horse, all shielded, with Volscens" 
 
 22 Remulus, a chief of Tibur, whose arms were seized by the Rutuhans, 
 and became part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained. 
 
 23 "We must understand, "gave them to Rhamnes." 'W'agner with 
 reason considers this line spurious. B. 
 
 21 " Nequidquam" must be joined with "aptat," not with "fortibus," 
 cs is remarked by Servius. Compare vss. 312 sq. B. 
 
 25 Yolscens, a Latin chief^ who attacked Nisus and Euryalus as they 
 returned from the plunder of the Rutulians. He killed Euryalus, but 
 was himself immediately slain by Nisus. 
 
312 ^NSID. B. IX. 3n~4<J4 
 
 at their liead, dispatched before from the city of Ladnus, 
 (while the rest of the legion in battle-array slowly on the plains 
 advance), w^ere marching up, and bore an answer to king 
 Turnus. And now they were approaching the camp, and 
 just entering the rampart, when at a distance they espy them 
 turniug away on the left-hand path ; and in the glimmering 
 shade of night the helmet betrayed the unwary Euryalus, and 
 opposed to the beams of the moon, shot a gleamy light. Scarce- 
 ly was the object seen, Volscens from the troop exclaims 
 aloud : Stand, fellows ; what motive brings you hither ? or 
 who are ye thus in armor ? or w^hither are ye bound ? They 
 aimed not at making a reply ; but hastened their flight into 
 the woods, and trusted to the night. On each side the horse- 
 men plant themselves at the known passes, and encircle every 
 avenue w^ith a guard. There was a wood wide overgrown 
 with stiff underwood and gloomy holms, which thick bram- 
 bles had choked up on every side ; here and there a path led 
 through hidden tracks. The thick shade of boughs and cum- 
 brous booty embarrass Euryalus, and fear misleads him from 
 the straight way. Nisus retires ; and now unawares had 
 escaped from the foe, and from the lakes which in after times 
 were called Albanian from Alba's name ; then king Latinus 
 had there his lofty stables. Soon as he stopped, and for his 
 absent friend looked back in vain, [he exclaimed :] Unfortu- 
 nate Euryalus, in w^hat quarter have I left thee ? or whither 
 shall I follow thee ? Again measuring back the whole per- 
 plexed path of the mazy w^ood, he at once with accurate sur- 
 vey retraces his steps, and ranges over the silent thickets : he 
 hears the steeds, he hears the bustling noise, and signals of the 
 pursuers. Nor long time intervened, when a shout assails 
 his ears, and he sees Euryalus, whom the whole band are 
 now dragging along with sudden tumultuous uproar, betrayed 
 and intercepted by the treachery of the place and night, and 
 struggling hard in vain. What shall he do ? by what power, 
 by what arm shall he attempt the youth to rescue ? shall he, 
 resolute on death, fling himself into the midst of his foes, and 
 through w^ounds open a quick passage to a glorious death ? 
 Straight wath his contracted arm brandishing a javelin, thus 
 to the moon on high with eyes upturned he addresses his 
 prayer : Do thou, goddess, do thou propitious aid my enter- 
 
B. IX. 405 — 440. ^NEID. 313 
 
 prise, thou glory of the stars,'* and daughter of Latona, guard- 
 ian of the groves : if ever my father Hjrtacus for me brought 
 offerings to thy altars ; if ever I added to the number by my 
 sylvan spoils, or suspended any in thy vaulted ceiling, or af- 
 fixed to thy sac/ed roof ; suffer me to confound this congre- 
 gated rout, and guide my weapons through the air. He said, 
 and straining at once with his whole body, hurls the steel. 
 The flying spear cuts the shades of night, and lights on the 
 back of Sulmo, who stood opposite to him ; and there is 
 shivered, and with the splintered wood pierces through his 
 vitals. Down he falls cold [in death], discharging from his 
 breast the warm stream of life, and with long sobs beats his 
 flanks. They throw their eyes around different ways. Lo, 
 he, animated the more with this, poised from the tip of his 
 ear" another weapon, while they are bustling about. The 
 whizzing spear pierced through both the temples of Tagus, 
 ana warmed in his transfixed brain stuck fast. Yolscens 
 furious storms, nor any where discerns the owner of the wea- 
 pon, or one on whom in his burning rage he may wreak his 
 vengeance. But you, meanwhile, he says, with your warm 
 blood, shall pay the forfeit of both : at the same time with 
 sword unsheathed he rushed on Euryalus. Then indeed in 
 terrible agony Nisus frantic screams aloud; nor longer was 
 able to conceal himself in darkness, or to support such deep 
 distress : On me, on me, here am I who did the deed, O turn 
 your swords on me, Rutulians : mine is all the oftense : he 
 neither durst nor could do aught : this heaven and conscious 
 stars I call to witness ; only he loved his unhappy friend too 
 much. Thus he spoke ; but the sword with force driven 
 home pierces through his sides, and bursts his snow-white 
 breast. Euryalus is overwhelmed in death, the blood flows 
 down his beauteous limbs, and on his shoulders the drooping 
 neck reclines : as when a purple flower, cut down by the 
 plow, pines away in death, or the poppies on their weary 
 necks drop down their heads, when with rain they chance to 
 be overcharged. But Nisus rushes into the midst of them, 
 and seeks Volscens alone through all : on Volscens alone he 
 fixes his attention ; whom (Nisus) the foes encircling close, 
 
 25 So Hor. Carm. Sec. 1, " Phoebe, lucidum coeli decus." Moschus, 
 vii. 2, Kvaviag iepbv tpiTiS vvktoq uyaT^iia. B. 
 
 27 Virgil expresses the napd x'^'-''''^'^ ptipat of Eurip. Hippol. 220. B, 
 
 14 
 
o 
 
 14 
 
 .ENEID- E. IX. 441— 4Ta 
 
 this way and that way drive off. He not less keenly presses 
 on, and whirls his flashing sword, till he plunged it into the 
 mouth, full opposite, of the bawling Rutulian, and dying, 
 bereft his foe of life. Then covered with wounds, he flung 
 himself on his lifeless friend, and there at length in peaceful 
 death reposed. " Happy pair ! if my verses can aught avail, no 
 day shall ever erase you from the records of time ; while the 
 race of ^neas shall inhabit the immovable Capitoline rock, and 
 a Roman monarch hold the empire [of the world]. 
 
 The \-ictorious Rutuhans, masters of the prey and spoils, 
 in mournful procession bore lifeless Yolscens to the camp. 
 Nor in the camp was the mourning less, when they found 
 Rhamnes pale in death, and so many chiefs slain by one 
 slaughter, and Serranus, and Numa. There is a great con- 
 course about the bodies, about the expiring warriors, the 
 ground recent with v^arm slaughter, and rivulets full of foam- 
 mg blood. They recognize the spoils, and among themselves 
 Messapus' shining helmet, and the trappings with much sweat 
 regained. 
 
 And now early Aurora, leaving Tithonus' saffron-colored 
 bed, sprinkled the earth with new-bom light ; the sun haying 
 now shed his beams [on the world], and objects by his hght 
 being again revealed ; Turnus rouses his men to arms, him- 
 self with arms begirt around, and each leader ralues to the 
 battle his troops arrayed in brass; and by various rumors 
 they stimulate their martial rage. Even the heads of Nisus 
 and Euryalus, a piteous spectacle, on spears erect they in the 
 front affix, and with vast acclamation follow. On the left 
 side of the walls the hardy Trojans opposed to them their 
 host (for the right is bounded by the river) ; and they maintain 
 their ample trenches, and on their lofty turrets mournful stand, 
 as soon as the heads of the youths fixed up to \aew, but too 
 well known to the unhappy spectators, distiUing black gore, 
 excited [their grief]. 
 
 Meanwhile the winged messenger Fame, flying through the 
 affrighted city, rushes along, and glides to the ears of the 
 mother of Euryalus ; then suddenly, with misery over- 
 whelmed, the vital wannth forsook her bones. The weaving 
 instruments dropped from her hands, and her labors were 
 unraveled. The hapless woman flies out, and with female 
 shrieks, tearing her hair, frantic takes her way with speed to 
 
B. IX. 479— 511. ^NEID. 315 
 
 the walls and nearest bands. Not of men, or of darts, or of 
 danger, is she heedful : th^n with these complaints she fills 
 the sky: Is this yon^' I see, Euryalus? art thou that late 
 solace for my old age ? Cruel one ! couldst thou leave me all 
 alone ? and to thy wretched mother didst thou not allow ac- 
 cess to address to thee her last farewell, when on such peril- 
 ous adventures sent ? Alas ! in a strange land, given a prey 
 to Latian dogs and fowls, thou liest ! nor I, thy own mother, 
 laid thee out for thy funeral obsequies, nor closed thy eyes, 
 nor bathed thy wounds, covering thee with the robe, which 
 for thee in haste I forwarded both night and day, and with 
 the loom solaced my aged cares. Whither shall I go in pur- 
 suit of thee ? or what land now holds thy limbs, thy mangled 
 members, and lacerated corse ? Is this all of thee, my son, 
 thou bringest me back ? is this what I have followed both by 
 land and sea ? Pierce me, O Rutulians (if you have any 
 tenderness), at me hurl all your darts ; me first cut oft' with 
 the sword : or thou, great father of the gods, compassionate 
 me, and with thy bolts thrust down to Tartarus this detested 
 head, since I can by no other means shake off" cruel life. By 
 these doleful lamentations the minds [of the Trojans] are 
 deeply struck, and a sorrowful gi'oan is heaved fiom every 
 breast ; quite broken and benumbed are all their powers for 
 battle. Idaeus and Actor, by the direction of Ilioneus and 
 deeply afflicted liilus, seize her while she is thus inflaming the 
 general grief, and in their arms bear her back to her dwelling. 
 Meanwhile the trumpet from afar, with its shrill-sounding 
 brass, chided with dreadful peal." Shouts follow, and heaven 
 echoes back the sound. The Volscians with uniformity ad- 
 vance, a testudo being formed.^" They prepare both to fill up 
 the trenches and demolish the rampart. Some explore access, 
 and by scaling-ladders [seek] to mount the walls, where the 
 troops are but thin, and where, not so thick of men, the cir- 
 cling band is seen through. On the other hand, the Trojans, 
 practiced by long war to defend their walls, poured on them 
 every kind of missile weapons, and pushed them down with 
 
 23 "Hunc" is used for "talem." See Pierius. B. 
 
 29 " Increpuit" is elegantly used. Servius well explains it thus: "et 
 insonuit, et segnitiam increpuit." B. 
 
 3" Cf. Sallust, Jug. 94, "turn vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra 
 valum egrcssus, testudine acta, succedere." B. 
 
^1(3 ^NEID. B. IX. 512— 543. 
 
 sturdy poles. Tliey rolled down rocks too of destructive 
 ■iveiglit, tryini^ whether they could break through their fenced 
 battalion : while [the Rutulians] notwithstanding, under the 
 close fence of their shields, are willing to sustain all dangers. 
 Nor now are they able to stand the shock ; for, where thick 
 embodied ranks press on the attack, the Trojans roll and hurl 
 down an enormous pile, which made w^ide havoc among the 
 Rutulians, and broke the fence-works of their shields. Nor 
 care the bold Rutulians longer to contend in covered fight, but 
 by missile weapons strive to beat them from the rampart. In 
 another quarter Mezentius, horrid to be seen, brandished a 
 Tuscan pine, and hurls smoky firebrands. Again, Messapus, 
 a horseman brave, the progeny of Neptune, makes a breach 
 in the rampart, and calls for ladders against the walls. 
 
 Ye [sacred Nine, and thou], Calliope, [in chief]^^ aid me 
 while I sing W'hat desolations, w^hat deaths there Turnus then 
 with the sword effected, what hero each sent down to Pluto ; 
 and trace with me the vast outlines of the war : for ye, O 
 goddesses, both remember, and can rehearse them. 
 
 Of height prodigious, and with lofty communications,"^ 
 there stood a tower, commodious in its situation, which with 
 their utmost efforts all the Latins strove to storm, and wdth 
 the full extent of their resources to overthrow : the Trojans, 
 on the other hand, defended it with stones, and flung darts in 
 thick volleys through the hollow loop-holes. Turnus in the 
 ibremost tossed a blazing brand, and to the sides [of the tow^er] 
 fixed the flame, Avhich by the w'ind diffusely spread, seized the 
 boards, and to the pillars clmig until they were consumed.^^ 
 [The Trojans], all aghast, raised a fearful bustle within, and 
 shelter from the disaster sought in vain. While they crowd 
 together, and retreat into that part which is free from the con- 
 tagious ruin, then suddenly the tower, with the weight [over- 
 burdened], tumbled down, and with the crash all heaven thun- 
 ders : down to the ground half dead they come, an immense 
 pile of ruins following, pierced with their own weapons, and 
 
 3' I have retained Davidson's translation of this bold syllepsis, for 
 which, as Servius remarks, correct language would require, "vos Musfie,^ 
 aut tu, Calliope." B. 
 
 32 i. e. from the walls. 
 
 33 Anthon renders " partially consumed." But the other sense seems 
 borne out by Silius i. 363, "pluteis Vulcanus exercet adcsis." B. 
 
B. IX. 544—5 8 1 . ^NEID. 317 
 
 their breasts transfixed "vvitli the iron-pointed wood. Helenor 
 alone and Lyons with great difficulty escaped : whereof the 
 elder Helenor (whom the slave Licymnia by a stolen embrace 
 had borne to the Lydian king, and sent to Troy in forbidden 
 arms) was lightly armed Avith a naked sword, and inglorious 
 with his escutcheon blank. And as soon as he saw himself 
 amid Turnus' thousands, and on either hand around him 
 ranged the Latin troops ; as a beast of chase, which, hemmed 
 in by a thick band of huntsmen, rages against their darts, will- 
 fully flings herself on death, and with a bound springs on the 
 hunters' spear; just so the youth, certain to die, rushes on 
 his foes, and where he sees the darts thickest, advances. But 
 Lycus, far more swift of foot, through foes and through arms, 
 by flight reaches the walls, and strives with his hand to grasp 
 their high summits, and reach the arms of his friends : whom 
 victorious Turnus at once with swift career and dart pursuing-, 
 thus upbraids : Fool, didst thou hope thou wouldst be able to 
 escape our hands ? At the same time he gripes him hanging, 
 and with a great fragment of the wall pulls him down : as 
 when Jove's armor-bearer, soaring on high, hath in his 
 crooked talons raised aloft either a hare, or snow-white swan ; 
 or, sacred to Mars, the wolf hath snatched from the folds a 
 lambkin, by the dam with many a bleating sought. The shout 
 from every quarter rises. They fall on, and with heaps of 
 earth fill up the trenches ; others to the battlements toss the 
 blazing brands. With a rock, and vast fragment of a mount- 
 ain, Ilioneus overthrows Lucetius, approaching to the gate, 
 and armed with flames ; Liger Emathion, Asylas Chorinseus, 
 the one skilled in the javelin, the other in the far-deceiving 
 arrow ; Cseneus [overthrows] Ortygius, Turnus the \nctorious 
 Caeneus : A\dth Itys, Clonius, Dioxippus, Promulus, Sagaris, 
 and Idas standing in defense of the lofty turrets : Capys 
 Privernus. Him the spear of Themilla at first had grazed ; 
 [on which he], infatuate, throwing away his shield, applied 
 his hand to the wound ; up to him then the arrow glides on 
 its wings, and to the left side his hand was nailed : and deep 
 lodged within, with a deadly wound, it burst the breathing 
 engines^* of the soul. In arms illustrious the son of Arcens^" 
 
 3^ " Definitio pulmonum, qui dicuntur a spirando." Servius. B. 
 35 Arcens, a Sicilian, who permitted his son to accompany -^neas into 
 Italy, where ho was killed by Mezontius. 
 
318 yENEID. b. ix. 582—612. 
 
 stood, clad in an Gmbroidored clilamys, and sinning in Iberian 
 purple, of distinguished form ; whom his father Arcens sent, 
 in the grove of Mars bred up about the streams of Simaethus,'-" 
 where, fat [with oflerings] and placable, the altar of Palicus" 
 stands. Mezentius himself, having laid aside his arms, thrice 
 whirling around his head the thong, discharged a hissing 
 slino-, and with the half-melted lead clove his temples asunder 
 as he stood full opposite to him, and stretched him at his full 
 leno-th on a large space of the sandy plain. Then for the first 
 time in war Ascanius is said to have directed a fleet arrow, 
 having been wont before only to fright the fugitive beasts of 
 chase, and by his hand to have prostrated brave Numanus, 
 vv'hose surname was Remulus, and who had to wife the 
 younger sister of Turnus, in wedlock lately joined. Before 
 the van, bawling aloud [whatever first occurred, whether] 
 decent or indecent to hear, and in heart pufied up with his new 
 regal honor, he stalked, and thus with vast clamor made 
 his vaunt : Ye Phrygians, twice enslaved, are you not ashamed 
 to be a second time shut up by blockade and entrenchments, 
 and to screen yourselves from death within your walls ? Lo, 
 these are they, who by force of arms claim to themselves our 
 brides ! AVhat god, what madness drove you to Italy ? They 
 are not the sons of Atreus you have here, nor the ciafty- 
 tongued Ulysses ; but a race hardy from their original. Our 
 infants soon as born to the rivers wo first convey, and in the 
 rigid icy stream we harden. In the chase our boys are keen, 
 and harass"^ the woods : their pastime is to manage steeds, and 
 dart the arrow from the bow. Our youth again of labor 
 patient, and to frugality inured, either by the harrow subd le 
 the ground, or batter towns in war. Our whole lifetime is 
 worn out in arms, and with the inverted spear we goad the 
 backs of our steers ; nor does slow age impair our strength of 
 mind, or alter our \'igor. Our gray hairs we with the helmet 
 
 35 Simsethus (Giaretti), a river of Sicily which falls into the sea. be- 
 tween Catana and Leontini. In its neighborhood the gods Palici were 
 born, and particularly worshiped. 
 
 37 As the Palici (sons of Jove by the nymph -^Etna, or the muse Tha- 
 lia) were two in number, we should perhaps read "Palicum" with 
 Cerda. I myself prefer " Pahcis," which might be more easily corrupted 
 from ignorance of this use of the dative. B. 
 
 33 For this use of "fatigare," compare Val. Flacc. iii. 2G. So "fatigat 
 Hebrum," Silius ii. 1 1. B. 
 
8, IX. 612—644 ^XEID. 319 
 
 press ; and still 't is our delight to sweep together fresh booty, 
 and to live on plunder. Your very dress is embroidered with 
 safFron-hues and gaudy purple ; indolence is your heart's de- 
 light ; to indulge in dances you love ; your vests have sleeves, 
 and your miters ribbons. O Phrygian w^omfen, surely, for Phryg- 
 ian men you can not be ! go range along the lofty tops of 
 Dindymus,^" where the pipe sounds the discordant^" note to you 
 accustomed. The timbrels and Berecynthian flute* ^ of the 
 Idsean mother Cybele invite you : leave arms to men, and from 
 the sword refrain. Him blustering thus in words, and proclaim- 
 ing horrid indignities, Ascanius could not bear ; and, fronting 
 him full, on the horse-hair string extended his arrow, and draw- 
 ing both his arms to a wade distance, paused, first supphant ad- 
 dressing JovG in vows : Almighty Jove, assist my daring enter- 
 prise. So to thy temples will I bring thee solemn olierings, 
 and before thy altars present a bullock with a gilded forehead 
 of snowy whiteness, and bearing his head of equal stature with 
 his dam, who already butts with his horn, and spurns the sand 
 with his feet. The sire gave ear, and from a serene quarter of 
 the sky thundered on the left. At the same time twangs the 
 deadly bow ; and whizzing dreadful flies the drawn-back arrow, 
 and passes through the head of the Rutulian, and with the steel 
 point transfixes his hollow temples. Go, insult valor in haughty 
 terms. To the Rutulians your twice subdued Phrygians send 
 back this answer. Ascanius said no more. The Trojans second 
 liim with acclamation, ring with joyous applauses, and extol his 
 valor to the stars. 
 
 In the ethereal region fair-haired Apollo was then by 
 ■chance surveying from above the Ausonian troops and city, 
 seated on a cloud, and thus he bespeak victorious liilus : Go 
 on, increase in early valor, O boy! Such is the pathway to 
 the stars, O descendant of the gods, and from whom gods are 
 to descend. Under the line of Assaracus all wars by fate or- 
 dained in justice shall subside ; nor is Troy capable of con- 
 taining thee. At the same time, having pronounced these 
 
 33 Dindymus, a mountain of Galatia in Asia Minor, -where Cj'bele was 
 worshiped. 
 
 41^ Literally, " its twofold tone." '• Biforis" simply means that it had 
 but two perforations. B. 
 
 ^' These flutes were formed of box. B. 
 
320 -iENEID. B. IX. 645—679. 
 
 words, he throws himself from the lofty sky, diyides the whis- 
 pering gales, and seeks Ascanius ; then in the features of his 
 face he is transformed into aged Butes. To Dardanian Anchises 
 this man had formerly been armor-bearer, and faithful guardian 
 at the gate : then father ^ueas assigned him the companion 
 of Ascanius. Thus marched Apollo, in every thing resembling 
 the aged sire, both in voice and complexion, in silver locks, and 
 arms fierce of rattlinsr din : and in these words he addresses 
 the ardent liilus : Offspring of JSneas, let it suffice that by thy 
 shafts Numanus hath fallen, thyself unhurt : to thee this first 
 glory great Apollo vouchsafes, and envies not thy similar feats 
 of arms. For what remains, O boy, abstain" from fight. This 
 said, Apollo dropped his human appearance, in the midst of 
 the interview, and into thin air far vanished out of sight. The 
 Dardanian chiefs knew the god and his di\'ine shafts, and 
 in his flight perceived his rattling quiver. Therefore, by the 
 mandate and divine authority of Phoebus, they restrain As- 
 canius greedy for the fight: themselves once more to the 
 combat advance, and on apparent dangers throw their lives. 
 Along the battlements round the whole compass of the walls 
 their acclamations run : they bend the rapid bows, and 
 whirl the slings. All the ground is strewn with darts • then 
 shields and liollow helmets in the conflict rino* : a fierce en- 
 gagement ensues ; with such fury as a shower by the influ- 
 ence of the rainy Kids'^^ arising from the west lashes the 
 ground ; or as thick as storms of hail come down headlong 
 into the floods, when Jupiter in the south wind tremendous 
 hurls down a watery tempest, and bursts the hollow clouds in 
 the sky. 
 
 Pandarus and Bitias, sprung from Alcanor of ^Mount Ida, 
 whom sylvian Hiera trained up in Jupiter's sacred grove, 
 youths tall as their native firs and mountains, on their arms 
 relying, throw open the gate which by their general's com- 
 mand was intrusted to their charge, and from the ramparts 
 voluntarily challenge the foe. Themselves within, on right 
 and left, before the turrets stand, armed with steel, and their 
 towering heads with plumes adorned: as about the crystal 
 
 •^2 Homer II. A. 422, TroZt'/zou d' uTroTraveo Tru/j,7Tav. B. 
 43 These stars rise in October, and are always attended with rain,' 
 They are seated in the constellation Auriga. See Servius. K 
 
B. IX. 680—714. ^NEID. 321 
 
 streams, wlietlier on tlie banks of Po, or by the pleasant 
 Adige" two aerial oaks together rise, and shoot up to heaven 
 their unshorn heads, and nod with their towering tops. The 
 Rutulians, soon as they saw a passage, opened, rush in. 
 Forthwith Quercens, Aquicolus graceful in arms, and Tmarus 
 in mind precipitant, and martial Haemon, with all their troops, 
 either routed turned their backs, or at the very threshold of 
 the gate laid down their lives. Then the hostile minds 
 [within] grow more fierce with rage ; and thither now the 
 Trojans flock in thick embodied troops, and dare to encounter 
 hand to hand, and make sallies" [on the foe]. To Turnus the 
 leader, in a difierent quarter raving, and throwing the troops 
 into disorder, intelligence is brought that the enemy rages 
 with fresh slaughter, and had set the gates wide open. lie 
 quits his present enterprise, and stirred with hideous rage, 
 rushes forward to the Trojan gate, and the haughty brothers ; 
 and first Antiphates (for he presented himself the first), the 
 spurious issue of noble Sarpedon by a Theban mother, with a 
 javelin hurled ho overthrow's. The Italian shafts® flies 
 through the thin air, and, piercing the stomach, sinks deep 
 into his breast ; the gaping aperture of the wound emits a 
 foamy tide of black blood, and in his transfixed lungs the steel 
 is warmed. Then Merops, Erymas, and Aphidnus with his 
 hand he stretches on the plain ; next Bitias, flashing fire "from 
 his eyes, and in soul outrageous ; not by a javelin, lor to the 
 javelin he would not have resigned his life ; but a brandished 
 fiery dart loud hissing flew, like a bolt of thunder shot, which 
 neither the two bulls' hides [which formed his shield], nor his 
 trusty corselet with double scales of gold, were able to sus- 
 tain : his enormous limbs fall prostrate on the ground. Earth 
 gives a groan, and over him his buckler thunders loud. As on 
 Baia's*^ Euboean shore there falls at times a rocky pile, which 
 before built of enormous bulk they in the ocean place ; thus 
 tumbling headlong it draws ruin with it, and dashed against the 
 shallows, sinks to its rest quite down : the seas are all embroiled, 
 
 41 Adige, the ancient Athesis, a river of Cisalpine Gaul; it rises in the 
 Rhoetian Alps, and falls into the Adriatic. 
 
 45 Such is the sense of " procurrere." See Prakenb. on Silius, vii. 
 56G. B. 
 
 46 Literally " cornel-wood." B. 
 
 47 Baia, a city of Campania, on a small bay west of Naples, and oppo- 
 site Puteoli, said to have been founded by Baius, u companion of Ulysses. 
 
 14^ 
 
322 
 
 iENEID. B. IX. 714— 747. 
 
 and the black sands are heaved on high ; then at the roaring 
 noise high Prochyta*^ trembles, and Inarime's hard bed, thrown 
 on Typhoeus by Jove's command. Here Mars potent in arm3 
 inspired the Latins with additional courage and prowess, and 
 deep in their breast plies his sharp goad ; and on the Trojans 
 he threw flight and grim terror. [The Latins] from every 
 quarter gather, now that opportunity of a battle is offered, 
 and the Avarrior god hath fallen upon their minds. Pandarus, 
 soon as he perceives his brother stretched at his length, in 
 what situation their fortune stands, and what an unexpected 
 turn is given to their affairs, hurls the gate with vast force on 
 the turned hinge, shoving it along with his broad shoulders, 
 and leaves many of his friends shut out from the city in the 
 hard combat ; but others with himself he incloses, and admits 
 them as they pour forv/ard : infatuate ! who did not mark the 
 Rutulian prince amid the troops rushing upon him, or eagerly 
 confined him within the city, as a hideous tiger among the fee- 
 ble flocks. Instantly an unusual hght flashed from his eyes, and 
 his arms sounded dreadful ; his flaming crests tremble on his 
 head, and from his shield the gleamy lightning darts. ^ The 
 Trojans suddenly discover his detested face and hideous Hmbs, - 
 and are confounded. Then mighty Pandarus springs out, 
 and, inflamed with rage for his brother's death, addresses him 
 aloud : Not Amata's palace thy promised dowry this, nor is it 
 the heart of Ardea that contains Turnus within his native 
 walls. The hostile camps you see ; there is no possibility of 
 vour escaping hence. Turnus with mind sedate smiling on 
 iiim [says] : Begin, if any courage be in thy soul, and hand 
 to hand with me engage ; to Priam you shall report that here 
 too you found an Achilles. He said. The other, exerting 
 his utmost force, hurls at him a spear rough with knots and 
 the green rind. The air received the wound; Saturnian ^ 
 Juno interposing turned it aside, and the spear fixes in the 
 gate. But not so this weapon, which my right hand wields 
 with might, shall you escape ; for not [so feeble is^^] he who 
 
 43 Prochyta (Procida), an island of Campania, between the island of 
 Inarime and the coast, Inarime (Ischia), an island near the coast of 
 Campania, with a mountain, under which Jupiter is feigned to have con* J 
 fined the giant Tiphoeus. 
 
 49 "Is" is here used for "talis," as " hunc" for "talem" in vs. 
 481. B. 
 
B. IX. U8— 781. .EXEID. 323 
 
 owns the weapon, or who inflicts the wound. Thus he said ; 
 and rises to his sword hfted high, and in the middle between 
 the temples, his forehead with the blade cleaves asunder, and 
 [pierces] his beardless cheeks with a hideous wound. A sound 
 ensues ; with his mighty weight earth receives a shock. In 
 death he stretches on the ground his stiffening limbs, and arms 
 bespattered with blood and brains ; and on this side and that 
 side his head in equal parts from either shoulder hung. In 
 tumultuous consternation the Trojans turning their backs, fly- 
 hither and thither ; and had the conqueror immediately con- 
 ceived the thought of tearing away the bolts with his hands, 
 and admitting his comrades by the gates, that day both to the 
 war and [Trojan] race had been the last : but fury and mad de- 
 sire of slauo-hter drove him on the foes now full in his view. 
 First Phalaris and Gyges (having smitten on the ham)^" he 
 catches up ; then seizing their spears, darts them into the backs 
 of the fugitives : Juno supplies him with force and courage. 
 He joins Halys their companion [in death], and Phegeus, hav- 
 ing transfixed his shield ; next Alcandor and Ilalius, Noemon 
 and Prytanis on the walls, unapprised [of his admission], and 
 rousing the martial spirit [of their friends]. Lynceus advancing 
 against him, and caUing on his friends, he from the rampart 
 dexterously with his glittering sword assails, straining every 
 nerve : his head, together with the helmet, at one close blow 
 struck ofl", was laid far oft'; the next [attacks and kills] Am.y- 
 cus, that destroyer of the savage kind, than whom no one was 
 more skillful to anoint" the dart, and arm the steel with poison ; 
 and Clytius, a son of ^olus, and Creteue, a friend to the Mu- 
 ses ; Creteus, the Muses' companion, who in the song and lyre 
 still took delight, and to adapt poetic numbers to the strings : 
 of steeds, and arms, and combats of heroes he forever 
 sang. 
 
 At length the Trojan leaders, Mnestheus and fierce Se- 
 restus, apprised of the slaughter of their troops, assemble ; 
 and perceive their friends dispersed and the enemy within the 
 city. And Mnestheus calls : Whither, whither next bend ye 
 
 50 The nature of this wound shows that he was flying with the rest, 
 as Anthon observes. Cf. Ovid. Met. viii. 364, "succiso liquerunt pop- 
 lite nervi." B. 
 
 51 i. e. to poison. So " ungere" ia used in Hor. Od. ii. 1. Lucan iii, 
 266. B. 
 
324 ^NEID. B. IX. 782—819. 
 
 your flight? v/liat other walls, what other fortifications have 
 you now beyond this ? Shall one man, O citizens, by ramparts 
 every way hemmed in, spread such vast havoc through the 
 city with impunity ? shall he dispatch to Pluto so many of 
 the most illustrious of our youths ? Can neither shame nor 
 pity toward your unhappy country, your ancient gods, and 
 great ^neas, touch your recreant breasts ? Fired by these 
 words they are fortified [with courage], and in a close body 
 stand firm. Turnus begins by slow degrees to retreat from the 
 fight, and make toward the river, and that part [of the wall] 
 which is bounded by the stream. So much the more keenly 
 the Trojans press upon him with loud acclaim, and form a 
 clustering band : as with annoying darts a troop [of hunters] 
 press on after a fierce lion ; while the appalled savage, surly, 
 lowering stern, flinches back ; nor rage, nor courage, sufier him 
 to fly ; nor can he, for darts and men (though fain indeed he 
 Avould), make head against them ; just so Turnus hovering in 
 suspense backward withdraws his lingering steps ; and his 
 soul with rage tumultuous boils. Even then twice had he at- 
 tacked the enemy in the center; twice along the walls he 
 chased the troops in confusion routed. But [issuing] from the 
 camp in haste, the whole host against him alone combine ; 
 nor dares Saturnian Juno supply him with strength against 
 them, for Jupiter sent down from heaven aerial Iris, bearing no 
 mild mandates to his sister, unless Turnus quit the lofty walls 
 of the Trojans. Therefore, neither with his shield nor arm is 
 the youth able to withstand so great a shock : he is so over- 
 whelmed on all hands with showers of darts. With incessant 
 clang the helmet round his hollow temples rings, and the solid 
 arms of brass are riven with battering stones ; from his head 
 the plumes are struck off ; nor is his buckler's boss sufiicient 
 to support the blows : The Trojans, and thundering Mnestheus 
 himself at their head, with spears redouble thrust on thrust. 
 Then all over his body the sweat comes trickling down, and 
 pours a black clammy tide; nor has he power to breathe; 
 languid, panting heave his weary limbs. Then at length in all 
 his arms with a bound he flung himself headlong into the 
 river. He, expanding his yellow bosom, received him at com- 
 ing up, and upbore him on his peaceful streams ; and, having 
 washed away his stains of blood, returned him joyous to his 
 friends. 
 
B. X. 1—28. ^NEID. 325 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 In the Tentli Book, Jupiter calls a council of the god?, and attempts jn 
 vain a reconciliation between Juno and Venus, who favor the opposite 
 
 Parties. The fight is renewed, ^neas returns and joins battle with the 
 latins, wlien Pallas is killed by Turnus, who is saved from the avenging 
 hand of ^neas by the interposition of Juno. 
 
 Meanwhile the palace of all-powerful heaven is opened, 
 and the parent of the gods, the sovereign of men, summons a 
 council into the starry mansion, whence, from aloft, he views 
 all lands, the Trojan camp, and Latin nations. In the abode 
 with its two-valved gates, they take their seats ; Jove himself 
 begins : Ye high celestials, why is your purpose backward 
 turned ; and why so fiercely do ye with hostile minds con- 
 tend ? It was my will that with the Trojans Italy should not 
 engage in war : what means this dissension against my prohi- 
 bition ? what jealousy hath prompted these or those to pursue 
 hostihties, and rouse the sword? The just time for fight will 
 come (anticipate it not), when hereafter fierce Carthage shall 
 on Roman towers pour down mighty ruin, and the opened 
 Alps : then shall leave be given you to fight with mutual 
 animosities, then to plunder.^ At present forbear, and cheer- 
 fully ratify the destined league. Thus Jupiter briefly said ; 
 but bright Venus on the other hand not briefly replies : 
 Sire, O eternal powers of gods and meu ! (for what other sub- 
 sists whom now we can implore ?) seest thou how the Rutu- 
 lians insult, and how Turnus on his steed conspicuous is hur- 
 ried through the ranks, and swollen with successful war pours 
 along ? now not even their fenced bulwarks protect the Tro- 
 jans ; even within the gates, and on the very turrets of the 
 walls, they join battle, and the trenches are deluged with blood, 
 ^neas unwittingly is absent. Will you never sufler them 
 from blockade to be relieved ? Once more our enemies, another 
 army too, are hovering over the walls of Troy just rising anew 
 into life ; and once more Tydides from ^tolian Arpi* rises 
 
 1 i. e. to carry on war after the early fashion. Servius well refers this 
 to the "clarigatio," or pubhc challenge ofleredby the Feciales (see Diet. 
 Antiq.), observing that "Caedere" was equivalent to "res rapere," "sa- 
 tisfacere" to " res reddere." B. 
 
 2 Arpi, called also Argyripa, a city of Apulia in Italy, built fc/ Cio- 
 mede after the Trojan war. 
 
rt 
 
 26 ^NEID. B. X. 29—6: 
 
 against tlie Trojans. I truly believe new wounds are reserved 
 for me f and X your own progeny, await a contest with a 
 mortal. If without thy permission, and in defiance of thy 
 will, the Trojans have come to Italy, let them atone for their 
 offense ; and do not support them with thy aid : but if [they 
 came] in pursuance of so many responses, which powers celes- 
 tial and infernal both delivered, Avhy now has any one the 
 power to pervert thy commands, or to frame new schemes of 
 fate ? AVhat need have I to recall to mind the firing of their 
 fleet on the Sicilian shore ? or why the king of storms and his 
 furious winds raised from ^olia, or Iris sent down from the 
 clouds? Now, even to the powers of hell (that quarter 
 of the universe [alone] unsolicited remained) she has re- 
 course ; and Alecto, suddenly let loose upon the upper world, 
 infuriate hath roamed through the midst of these Itahan 
 cities. For empire I am no further solicitous ; these hopes we 
 entertained while fortune was ours ; let those prevail whom 
 thou wilt rather have prevail. If there be no spot on earth 
 which thy rigid spouse will vouchsafe to the Trojans, thee 
 I conjure, O father, by the smoking ruins of demolished Troy, 
 permit me to dismiss Ascanius safe from arms; permit my 
 grandchild to survive. For ^Eneas, truly let him on seas 
 unknown be tossed, and pursue whatever course fortune shall 
 give him : let me but have power to protect the boy, and 
 rescue him from the horrid fray. Amathus is mine : lofty 
 Paphos, and Cythera, and the mansion of Idalia, are mine : 
 here, laying arms aside, let him inglorious spend his days. 
 Command Carthage to rule Ausonia with powerful sway; 
 from him no opposition shall arise to the Tyrian cities. What 
 hath it availed ^neas to escape the ravages of war, and to 
 have fled through the midst of Grecian flames ; and to have 
 drained to the dregs so many dangers both by sea and land 
 immense, while the Trojans are in quest of Latium, and of 
 another Pergamus again tottering to its fjill? Would it not 
 have been better for them to settle on the last ashes of their 
 country, and the soil where Troy once was ? Give back, I 
 pray, to the hapless ones their Xanthus and Simois : and, 
 further, permit the Trojans to struggle once more with the 
 disasters of Troy. Then imperial Juno, stung with fierce rage, 
 thus spoke : Why do you compel me to break my profound 
 
 3 Venus had been previously wounded bj Diomede. B. 
 
B. X. 64—93. ^NEID. 327 
 
 silence, and by words proclaim my smothered grief ? Did any 
 of the gods or human race constrain ^neas to pursue war, and 
 present himself as a foe to king Latinus ? He set out for Italy, 
 by the authority of the Fates ; I grant it ; impelled by Cas- 
 sandra's mad predictions. Did we advise him to abandon his 
 camp, or to commit his life to the winds ? or to trust a boy 
 with the chief administration of the war, or with the city ; 
 or [to solicit] the protection of the Tuscan monarch, and 
 embroil nations that were at peace ? What god, or what rigid 
 power of mine, urged him to these guileful measures ? Where 
 was Juno on this occasion, or Iris, who, [you tell us,] has 
 been dispatched from above ? A high indignity, [no doubt,] 
 it is, that the Latins should surround your infant Troy with 
 llames, and that Turnus should settle in his native land ; he 
 whose grandsire is Pilumnus,* whose mother is the goddess 
 Venilia.^ What is it then for the Trojans to assault the 
 Latins with the gloomy brand, or to inthrall kingdoms not 
 their own, and bear away the plunder ? What is it for them to 
 suborn fathers-in-law, and carry oft" betrothed spouses from 
 the bosoms [of their plighted lords] ? What is it for them to 
 sue for peace like suppliants, while on their ships they dis- 
 played the ensigns of war ? You can privately convey -^neas 
 from the hands of the Greeks, and in his stead spread before 
 their eyes a misty cloud and empty air : you too can trans- 
 form his ships into so many nymphs ; for us to have aided the 
 Rutulians asrainst him ever so little is a heinous crime, -i^neas, 
 [you say,] in ignorance is absent : and absent let him remain 
 in ignorance. Paphos is yours, Idalium also, and lofty Cythera ; 
 why then do you solicit a city big with war, and hearts a 
 rough mold ? Do we attempt to overturn from its foundation 
 thy frail Phrygian state ? is it we ? or rather he who to the 
 Greeks exposed the wretched Trojans ? Who^ was the cause 
 that Europe and Asia rose together in arms, and by a perfidi- 
 ous crime violated their league ? Was it under my conduct that 
 the Ti'ojan adulterer stormed Sparta ? or did I supply him 
 with arms, or foment the war by lust ? Then it became you to 
 
 4 Pilumnus, a deity worshiped at Rome, from whom Turnus boasted 
 of being lineally descended. 
 
 5 Yenilia, a nymph, sister to Amata, and mother of Turnus by Daunus. 
 ^ "Quse" must not be joined with "causa," but taken independently, 
 
 as is evident from the imitation of Propert. ii. 2, 45, " Olim mirabar, quae 
 tanti ad Pergama belli Europte atque Asiae causa puella fuit." B. 
 
328 ^NEID. B. X. 94—130. 
 
 bo in fear for your minions ; now too late you i-ise witli un- 
 just complaints, and tln-ow out reproaches of no avail. Thus 
 Juno pleaded her cause ; and all the celestials murmured out 
 various assent ; as when the rising gales, pent in the woods, 
 beo-in to mutter, and roll along soft whispers, that to mariners 
 betoken approaching winds. 
 
 Then the almighty Sire, whose is the chief command of the 
 universe, begins. While he speaks, the sublime mansion of 
 the gods is "hushed, and earth from its foundation trembles; 
 the lofty sky is silent ; then the zephyrs are still ; the sea levels 
 its peaceful surface. Listen, therefore, and fix in your minds 
 these my words : since it is not permitted that with the Tro- 
 jans the Ausonians be joined in league, and your dissensions 
 receive no end ; whatever fortune to-day is for each, whatever 
 hope each cuts out for himself, be he Trojan or Rutulian, I 
 v/ill regard them both without distinction ; whether the camp 
 [of the Trojans] be now besieged by the Latins, through the 
 decrees of fate, or in consequence of Troy's fatal error, and 
 inauspicious presages.'' Nor do I exempt the Rutulians. To 
 each his own entei-prise shall procure disaster or success. 
 Sovereign Jove shall be to all the same. The Fates shall take 
 their course. Bowing his head, he confirmed the promise by 
 the streams of his Stygian brother, by the banks that roll 
 wdth torrents of pitch and black whirlpools, and by his nod 
 made heaven's whole frame to tremble. Here the consultation 
 ended : then Jupiter rises from his golden throne, whom in 
 their center the celestial powers conduct to his palace. 
 
 Meanwhile the Rutulians at all the gates are keenly em- 
 ployed in slaughtering the troops, and encompassing the walls 
 with flames. On the other hand, the host of the Trojans 
 within their ramparts are closely shut up ; nor have they any 
 hope of escape. Forlorn they stand on the lofty turrets to no 
 purpose, and with thin bands beset the walls. Asius, the son 
 of Imbracus, and Thymoetes, the son of Hicetaon, the two 
 Assaracci, and aged Tybris, with Castor, lead the van : those 
 both the brothers of Sarpedon and Clarus, and Hasmon, from 
 lofty Lycia, accompany. Acmon of Lyrnessus, inferior 
 neither to his fiitlier Clytius, nor to his brother Mnestheus, 
 
 ■'' i. e. " or through their wrongly interpreting the uncertain presages 
 which had been sent as a v/arning." Servius refers tho remark to 
 *' Cassandrge imnulsus furiis" in vs. 68. B. 
 
 i 
 
B. X 131— 1C3. uENEID. 329 
 
 straining with Lis whole body, bears a huge rock, no incon- 
 siderable portion of a mountain. Some with darts, some 
 with rocks, strive to defend [the town] ; others hurl fire- 
 brands, and fit their arrows to the string. Lo, in the midst, 
 Venus' most worthy care, the young prince of Troy, with his 
 comely head uncovered, sparkles like the diamond which 
 divides the yellow gold, an ornament either for the neck or 
 for the head : or as shines the ivory by art enchased by box- 
 wood, or Orician ebony ;® whose spreading locks his milk- 
 whitei neck receives, and a circle of ductile gold upbinds. 
 Thee too, O Ismarus, the magnanimous nations saw aiming 
 wounds, and arming thy shafts with poison ; [Ismarus,] de- 
 scended from a noble Lydian family, where the swains till, 
 and Pactolus^ waters Avitli his golden streams, rich fertile 
 lands. Mnestheus too* lent his aid, whom his former glory of 
 having beaten Turnus from the bastion greatly exalts : and 
 Capys : from him the name of the Campanian^" city is 
 derived. They were mutually engaged in the combats of 
 rugged wav : ^neas at midnight was plowing the waves. 
 For soon as having left Evander, entering the Tuscan camp, 
 he repairs to the king, and lays before him his name and 
 nation ; informs him what is his demand, what proposals he 
 brings ; what troops Mezentius is procuring for himself ; the 
 outiageous temper of Turnus; reminds him how little confi- 
 dence there is in human affairs, and intermixes prayers : no 
 delay ensues. Tarchon joins his forces, and strikes a league. 
 Then to the Lydian nation, disengaged from the restraint of fate, 
 enter the fleet, by order of the gods put under the conduct of 
 a foreign leader. Eneas' galley leads the way, under whoso 
 beak are Phrygian lions yoked : Ida towers above, most grate- 
 ful to the Trojan exiles. Hero great ^aeas sits, and revolves 
 with himself the various events of war ; and Pallas attached 
 to his left side, now questions him of the stars, their path amid 
 the darksome nio'ht : now of the sufferins^s he sustained both 
 by land and sea. 
 
 5 Orician ebony, from Oricum, a town of Epirus in Greece, on the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 9 Pactolus, a river of Lydia in Asia Minor, issuing from Mount Tmo- 
 lus, and falling into the Hermus below Sardes. The sands of the Pac- 
 tolus, like those of the Hermus, were mingled with gold. 
 
 ''' i e. Capua. B. 
 
330 ^NEID. B, X. 164—189, 
 
 
 Now open Helicon, ye goddesses, and me inspire to sin 
 what troops meanwhile accompany ^neas from the Tuscan 
 coasts, man his ships, and are borne on the main. 
 
 First Massicus in the brazen-beaked Tigris plows the 
 waves, under whom is a band of a thousand youths, who left 
 the walls of Clausium,'' and who the city Cosae ;'^ whose 
 weapons are arrows and light quivers on their shoulders, and 
 the deadly bow. AVith him stern Abas goes : his whole 
 squadron with burnished arms, and his stern with a gilded 
 Apollo shone. To him Populonia, his mother-city, had given 
 six hundred youths expert in arms ; but II va,^^ an island en- 
 nobled by inexhaustible mines of steel, three hundred. The 
 third, Asylas, the famed interpreter of gods and men, to whom 
 the fibers of victims, to whom the stars pf heaven, are in sub- 
 jection, and the languages of birds, and the flashes of presag- 
 ing thunder, pours along his thousand close-ranged in battle- 
 array, and with erect spears. These Pisa," a Tuscan city in 
 its territory, Alphean in origin, to him put in subjection. 
 Astur follows, a most comely hero, Astur confiding in his 
 steed and parti-colored arms. Those who in Csere,^" who in 
 the plains of Minio'® dwell, and ancient Pyrgi, and unwhole- 
 some Gra\dsc?e, join [with him] three hundred (all have one 
 resolution to follow). Thee, Cycnus,'^ chief of the Lugurians, 
 most valorous in war, I can not pass over ; nor thee, Cupavo, 
 by few troops accompanied, on Vv^hose crest a swan's plumes 
 arise (your crime was love), the ensign of your father's trans- 
 it Clausium, the ancient Clusium, a town of Etruria, on the banks of 
 the Clanis, where Porsenna was buried. 
 
 12 Cosse and Populonia, maritime towns of Etruria. 
 
 13 Ilva (Elba), an island of the Tyrrhene Sea, between Italy and Cor- 
 sica; it was famous for its iron mines. Davidsox. Compare Rutil. 
 Itin. i. 351, "Chalybum memorabilis Ilva metallis." B. 
 
 14 Pisa, a town of Etruria, at the mouth of the Arnus, built by a col- 
 ony from Pisa in EUs. 
 
 15 Cajre, a city of Etruria, of which Mezentius was king when ^nea<? 
 came to Italy. 
 
 16 Minio (Mignone), a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. 
 Pyrgi and Graviscte, maritime towns of Etruria. 
 
 17 Cycnus, a son of Sthenelus, king of Liguria, who was deeply af- 
 fected at the death of his friend Phaeton, and was metamorphosed into a 
 swan. Phaeton, the son of Phoebus and Clymene, according to the poets, 
 was intrusted by his father with the chariot of the sun for one day, 
 when, by his unskillful driving, he nearly set the world on fire, upon which 
 Jupiter struck him with a thunderbolt, and he fell into the river Po. 
 
B. X. lyO— 220. ^NEID. 331 
 
 formation.'^ For tliey tell us that Cycnus, while for grief of 
 his beloved Phaeton he sings among the poplar boughs, his 
 sisters* shade, and -with music soothes his disconsolate love, 
 [by transformation clothed] with downy plumes, brought upon 
 himself'^ hoary age, leaving the earth, and soaring to "the stars 
 with his song. The son, in the fleet accompanying his coeval 
 troops, with ours impels the bulky Centaur : the monster stands 
 on the flood, and reared high threatens the waves with an 
 enormous rock, and with his long keel plows the deep seas. 
 The famed Ocnus"" too leads on a squadron from his native 
 coasts, son of the prophetic Manto and the Tuscan river 
 [Tiber], who gave thee walls, O Mantua, and his mother's 
 name; Mantua rich in ancestors:"^ but they are not all of 
 one lineage. Three clans to her belong : under each clan are 
 four communities ; of those communities she herself is the 
 capital city. The strength [of her inhabitants are] of Tuscan 
 blood. Hence too Mezentius arms five hundred against him- 
 self, whom Mincius, sprung from the parent-lake Benacus, 
 crowned with azure reed, conveyed to the sea in hostile ships 
 of pine. The stern Aulestes advances, and, rising [to the 
 stroke], lashes the waves with a hundred oars; the surface 
 overturned, the billows foam. Tlie enormous Triton bears 
 him with his shell-trumpet aftrighting the azure floods : whoso 
 hairy front, as he swims along, displays a human hvm. down 
 to the waist, his belly terminates in a pristis, under his half- 
 savage breast the foamy surges murmur. So many chosen 
 chiefs in thirty vessels w'ent to the aid of Troy, and plowed 
 with prows of brass the briny plains. 
 
 And now day had withdrawn from the heavens, and auspi- 
 <iious Phoebe in her night-wandering car was shaking the 
 mid-region of the sky. ^neas (for anxiety gives not sleep 
 to his limbs) himself, seated at the helm, both steers and man- 
 ages the sails. And lo ! in his mid-course there came up to 
 him a choir of those who were his attendants before, nymphs 
 
 ^3 Put a comma after "pennse," taking the words "crimen amor ves- 
 trum" in a parenthesis. See "Wagner. B. 
 
 '9 I have followed Heyne. The whiteness of his plumage made him 
 appear like an aged person. B. 
 
 ^^ Oenus, the son of Tiber and Manto, who assisted -^neas against 
 Turnus. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother's 
 name. 
 
 2' So Statins Theb. i. 391, " Adrastus dives avis." B. 
 
332 ^NEID. B. X. 221—253. 
 
 ■vvliom propitious Cybele had appointed to enjoy divinity in 
 the sea, and from ships to become nymphs : with equal motion 
 they swam along,^'' and cut the waves ; as numerous as the 
 brazen-beaked vessels which had before been drawn up on 
 the shore. Their king at a distance they descry, and in 
 circling dances him surround : of whom the most accomplished 
 speaker, Cymodocea, following, with her right hand grasps 
 the stern, while with her back she rises [above the flood], and 
 with her left hand gently rows her way along the silent waves. 
 Then him unknowing she thus addresses : AYakest thou, 
 ^neas, offspring of the gods ? awake and give your ship full 
 sails. We are the pines of Ida, from that mountain's sacred 
 top [once] thy fleet, now nymphs of the sea. When the per- 
 fidious Rutulian pressed us with fire and sword till we were 
 on the brink of ruin, constrained we burst thy cables, and go 
 in quest of thee through the ocean. The mother [of the 
 gods] in pity new-fashioned in form, and permitted us to be- 
 come goddesses, and to pass our life under the waves. But 
 [know that] the boy Ascanius is blocked up in the wall and 
 trenches, amid darts, and amid the Latins arrayed in all 
 the terrors of Mars. Now the Arcadian horse, united with 
 the valiant Tuscans, have reached the place appointed : It is ' 
 the determined resolution of Turnus to intercept their march 
 with his troops, that they may not join the camp. Come, 
 arise, and at the approach of morn first command thy troops 
 to arms ; and take thy shield, which, of unconquerable might, 
 the god of fire gave to thee, and encircled its borders with 
 gold. To-morrow's sun (if you deem not my words vain) 
 shall behold vast heaps of Rutulian slaughter. She said ; and 
 parting, with her right hand shoved forward the lofty stern, 
 not unskillful in the art : the vessel flies along the waves 
 swifter than the javelin, and the arrow that keeps pace with 
 the winds. The rest then speed their course. The Trojan 
 son of Anchises, himself not knowing [the cause], is lost in 
 wonder, yet by the omen raises the spirits of his men. Then 
 surveying the high vault of heaven, he briefly prays : Boun- 
 teous parent of the gods, Idsean Cybele, whose dear delight is 
 Dindymus, and turrel-bearing cities, and lions yoked in pairs 
 
 ~~ So Oppian Hal. i. 565, taavro ddaaov olcrov. v. 47*7, cJeA^if d' ijvr' 
 oioTog — Kpanrvci Oeuv. " Modo" refers to the keeping the ship properly 
 poised, while the impulse was given, as is remarked by Anthon. B. 
 
B, X. 254—289. ^NEID. 333 
 
 Under thy reins, be thou now my leader in the fight ; do thon, 
 O goddess, in due form render the omen propitious, and with 
 thy propitious influence aid the Trojans. 
 
 This only he said, and meanwhile the day revolved, was 
 now with perfect light advanced, and had chased away the 
 night. First he enjoins his troops to observe the signal, and 
 to dispose their minds for arms, and prepare themselves for 
 the combat. And now he has the Trojans and his camp in 
 view, standing on his lofty deck. Then next on his left arm 
 he raised aloft fiis flaming buckler. The Trojans from their 
 walls raise acclamations to the stars. Additional hope rouses 
 up their fury. Darts from their hands they hurl : as under 
 the gloomy clouds Strymonian cranes give the signal, and 
 swim alono: the skies with din, and from the south winds with 
 joyous clamor fly. But to the Rutulian prince and Ausonian 
 leaders this seemed amazing ; till looking back they observed 
 the fleet turned toward the shore, and the whole channel of 
 the river gliding along with vessels. The tufted helmet on 
 his head blazes, and from the top of his crest a flame is poured 
 forth, and the golden boss of his buckler darts copious fires ; 
 just as when in a clear night the sanguine comets baleful 
 glare ; or, as Sirius, that blazing star, when he brings droughts 
 and diseases on sickly mortals, rises and saddens the sky with 
 inauspicious light. Yet daring Turnus dropped not his bold 
 purpose to preoccupy the shore, and, as they approached, beat 
 them from the land. Then eagerly addressing his men, he 
 raises their courage, and briskly chides their fears :" That 
 which you ardently wished is come, by dint of valor to crush 
 [the foe] ; Mars, himself, brave men, is in your power." Now 
 each man be mindful of his wife and home ; now let him re- 
 flect on the mighty deeds, the glory of his ancestors. Let us 
 of ourselves make head against them by the stream, while they 
 are in disorder, and their first steps at landing stagger. Fortune 
 assists the daring. He said, and ponders within himself whom 
 to lead against [the enemy], or to whom he may iustrust the 
 siege of the town. 
 
 Meanwhile ^neas by bridges lands his troops from their 
 lofty ships. Many Avatched the retreat of the ebbing sea, and 
 
 23 There seems little doubt that this line is a spurious introductioa 
 from ^n. ix. 127. B. 
 21 i. e. you 'can bring them to an open fight. B. 
 
334 ^NEID. B. x. 289—316. 
 
 with a spring committed themselves to the shallows ; others 
 row themselves ashore. Tarchon having surveyed the strand 
 where there is no surf," and where no dashing wave remur- 
 murs, but the sea unbroken glides along with the swelling 
 tide, suddenly turns hither his prow, and addresses his asso- 
 ciates : Now, my select band, ply the sturdy oars ; push 
 briskly, urge on your vessels ; cleave with your beaks this 
 hostile soil, and let the keel plow a way for itself. Nor 
 shall I refuse to dash my ship in pieces in such a port, if we 
 but once seize the land. Which as soon as Tarchon thus had 
 said, his mates rose to their oars at once. And full on the Latin 
 coast their foaming galleys bear, till the beaks rest on the dry 
 dock, and all the "keels without harm are moved : but not so 
 thy vessel, Tarchon ; for while against the shallows dashed 
 she hangs on the fatal ridge, long balanced in suspense, and 
 tires the waves, she is staved, and exposes the crew in the 
 midst of the waves ; whom fragments of oars and floating 
 benches embarrass, while the tide retreating draws back their 
 steps. 
 
 Then no supine delay withholds Turnus ; but impetuous he 
 hurries on his whole host against the Trojans, and on the 
 shore ranges them full opposite. They sound the alarm, 
 ^aeas first attacked the rustic troops, an omen'^ of the fight ; 
 and routed the Latins, having slain Theron, their giant chief, 
 who boldly makes up to -^neas : through the brazen texture 
 [of his buckler], and through his tunic rough" with gold, he 
 with the sword drains^® his transfixed side. Next he smites 
 Lycas, who was cut out of his mother when dead, and to thee, 
 O Phoebus, devoted, because in infancy he was permitted to 
 escape the perilous chances of steel.''^ Not far onward he 
 
 23 But others read "sperat" for "spirant." B. 
 
 28 Servius observes : " o??^e?^, quia, sicut nunc, sic ubique vincet 
 >Eneas." B. 
 
 27 Or " dull to the view." Anthon. But I prefer the explanation 
 of Gellius ii. 6, " significat copiam densitatemque auri in summarum 
 speciem intexti." B. 
 
 23 i. e. " drinks the blood from his side." But it may also be taken 
 as equivalent to " transfodit." Servius observes : " cum eniro a latere 
 quis aliquem adortus gladio occidit, hausit ilium dicunt." So Ovid Met, 
 V. 126, "Herenti latus haurit Abas." Silius i. 392, "Et rapto nudum 
 L-lypeo latus haurit Hiberi." B. 
 
 29 Such children were consecrated to Apollo. See Servius, B. 
 
B. X. 317—353. ^NEID. Soh 
 
 overthrows in death hardy Cisseus, and gigantic Gyas, a« 
 they were felHng the troops Avith clubs. Neither the weap- 
 ons of Hercules, nor their strength of ann, aught availed 
 them ; nor did they profit by having Melampus for their 
 father, the companion of Alcides, as long as earth supplied 
 liim with toilsome labors. Lo, at Pharus hurling a javelin, 
 he fixes it full in his bawling mouth, while he vaunts das' 
 tardly speeches. Thou, too, Cydon (while thou hapless arf- 
 pursuing Clytius, thy new charmer, shadiDg his cheeks with 
 the first yellow down), overthrown by the Trojan arm, re^ 
 gardless of those loves which thou ever didst entertain fof 
 boys, hadst lain an object of compassion, had not a band of 
 brothers, the progeny of Phorcus, in close array made head 
 against him : seven in number, and seven darts they fling ; 
 ])art from his helm and shield ineflectual rebound ; part just 
 grazing on his skin indulgent Venus turned aside, ^neas 
 thus bespeaks his trusty Achates : Supply me with darts (not 
 one against the Rutulians shall my right hand hurl in vain), 
 [of those] which on the Trojan plains once stood in the bodies 
 of the Greeks.^" Then he grasps at once and tosses a mighty 
 spear ; it flying pierces through the brazen plates of Mceon's 
 shield, and his cuirass too-ether with his breast transfixes. 
 To him comes up his brother Alcanor, and with his right 
 hand sustains his falHng brother ; piercing whose arms the 
 darted spear flies straightly on, and drenched in blood, holds on 
 its course ; and from the shoulder by the nerves the arm hung 
 lifeless. Then Numitor, from his brother's body having 
 snatched a javelin, aims it at ^neas : but to him it is not 
 permitted in his turn to transfix [the hero], and it grazed on 
 the thigh of great Achates. Here Clausus of Cures, confiding 
 in his youthful person, comes up, and wounds Dry ops at a 
 distance with a rigid spear, under his chin with force driven 
 home ; and, transfixing his throat while the word is in his 
 mouth, at once of speech and life bereaves him : but he with 
 his front beats the ground, and at his mouth disgorges clotted 
 blood. Three Thracians, too, of Boreas' exalted hue, and 
 three whom their father Idas and Ismara their parent soil 
 sent, by various fate he overthrows. Halaesus runs up, and 
 the Auruncian bands ; Messapus, too, the son of Neptune, 
 with his steeds conspicuous comes up: now these, now those, 
 
 *" Which had been plucked from the bodies of the slain. B. 
 
336 -.ENEID. B. x. 35i— 392, 
 
 strive to boat off each otlier. In tlie very confines of Ausonia 
 (lie contest rages. As in the spacious sky jarring winds with 
 equal rage and force raise war ; nor they to one another, nor 
 clouds, nor sea, [on either side] give way : long is the com- 
 bat dubious ; all things stand struggling against each other : 
 just so the Trojan and the Latin hosts encounter ; foot to foot 
 is fixed, and man to man closely joined. But in another quar- 
 ter, where the torrent had far and wide dispersed whirling 
 stones, and thickets uptorn from the banks, as soon as Pallas 
 saw the Arcadians, unused to combat on foot, turning their 
 backs to Latium fierce in the j)ursuit, since the rugged nature 
 of the ground induced them to let go their steeds ; now with 
 entreaty, now with bitter expostulation (the sole expedient left 
 in this distress), he rouses their valor : Whither, my fellow- 
 soldiers, do you fly? By yourselves and your own gallant 
 deeds, by the name of Evander your chief, by the battles you 
 have won, and by my hopes, which now, emulating my father's 
 glory, trust not to your heels. With the sword you must 
 burst a passage through your foes, where that globe of men in 
 thickest array press on us : this way your ennobled country 
 calls you and Pallas your leader. They are not gods who 
 pursue us : mortal ourselves, by a mortal foe are we urged : 
 to us as many souls, as many hands, [as to them] belong. 
 Lo ! the ocean with his immense barrier of sea hems us in : 
 now land too is wanting for us to fly to : whither, into the 
 deep, or for Tt'oy, shall we bend our course ? He said, and 
 into the midst of thick-embodied foes bursts a way. Him 
 Lagus first opposes impelled by his inauspicious fate ; him, 
 while he is tugging a stone of enormous weight, ho transfixes 
 with a whirled lance, where along the middle [of the back] 
 the spine divided the ribs ; and forces away the spear fast 
 cticking in the bones : whom, [while thus employed,] Hisbon 
 foils in striking from above, though this, indeed, he hoped ; 
 for, as he rushes on unguarded, while, by the cruel death of 
 his companion, he is driven to madness, Pallas surprises him 
 first, and buries the sword in his swollen lungs. Next Sthe- 
 nelus he attacks, and, of the ancient race of Rhcetus, Anche- 
 molus, who dared to violate, by incest, his step-dame's bed. 
 In the Rutulian plains, likewise, you twin-brothers fell, Lari- 
 dus and Thymber, Daucus' exactly similar oflspring, undis- 
 ^nguished by your own parents, and [the objects of] their 
 
B. X. 339—429. jEITEID. 33 Y 
 
 pleasing error. But now Pallas on you fixed cruel marks of 
 distinction ; for from thee, Thymbras, the Evandrian blade 
 lopped off the head ; and thy dismembered hand, O Laridus, 
 seeks for thee its owner ; the dying fingers quiver, and gripe 
 once more the steel. Against their foes mixed indignation 
 and shame arm the Arcadians fired by this warning, and view- 
 ing the hero's glorious deeds. Then Pallas transfixes Rhoeteus 
 flying across [him] in his chariot. This gave Ilus space [to 
 live], and just so long respite : for at Ilus he had aimed from 
 far the sturdy spear; which Rhoetus coming between inter- 
 cepts, as thee he flies, most valiant Teuthras, and thy brother 
 Tyres ; and, rolled from his chariot, half-dead, he spurns the 
 Rutulian fields. And, as in summer, the winds having risen 
 to his wish, the shepheid lets loose scattered fires among the 
 woods ; in a trice Vulcan's squadrons, having seized the in- 
 termediate trees, are at once extended in horrid array over all 
 the spacious plains ; victorious he sits viewing the triumphant 
 flames : jus<-, so the whole valor of thy troops in one com- 
 bines, and supports thee, O Pallas. But Halaesus, fierce in 
 war, advances against the hostile bands, and within the covert 
 of his arms himself collects. Ladon, Pheres, and Demodocus 
 he knocks down ; from Strymonius with his shining blade he 
 strikes off the right Iiand raised against his throat ; with a 
 rock he batters Thoas' front, and scatters the bones mingled 
 with bloody brains. His father in the w^oods had concealed 
 Halaesus, presaging his fate. Soon as the aged sire in death 
 relaxed his aged eyes, the Destinies laid hands on him, and 
 devoted him to the arms of Evander, whom Pallas approaches, 
 first addressing his prayer thus : Grant now, O father Tiber, 
 to this missile steed I poise, success, and a passage through the 
 breast of stern Halaesus ; so shall thy oak possess these arms 
 and spoils of the hero. To this address the god gave ear ; 
 while Halaesus screened Imaon, in an unhappy hour he ex- 
 poses his defenseless breast to the Arcadian dart. But Lau- 
 sus, no small portion of the war, sufters not his troops to be 
 dispirited by the vast havoc which the hero made. First 
 Abas to him opposed he kills, the knot and stay^^ of the battle. 
 Down drop Arcadia's sons, down drop the Tuscans, and 
 
 31 " IToduni" is a metaphor derived from the diflSculty with which 
 cnots are unfastened. On " mora" compare Silius i. 479, " Romani belli 
 .aora." So Senec. Ag. 211. Troad. 124. Phoen. 458. B. 
 
 15 
 
338 ^NEID. D. X. 430 — i66. 
 
 you, ye Trojans, frames undestroyecl by the Greeks. Both 
 hosts in encounter join, with leaders and with forces equal ; 
 those in the rear press on the ranks before ; nor does the 
 throng leave room to wield their hands or weaponB. Here 
 Pallas drives on and urges the attack ; there, in opposition to 
 him, Lausus ; nor is there great difference in their ages ; in 
 comeliness they are distinguished ; but their return to their 
 country fortune had denied. Yet he who reigns in heaven 
 supreme permitted not that with each other they should en- 
 gage ; their destiny awaits them soon from a superior foe. 
 
 Meanwhile Turnus, who throuofh the midst of the host in 
 his fleet chariot cuts his way, his gentle sister warns to fly to 
 Lausus' relief. Soon as his friends he viewed, [he exclaimed], 
 It is time to desist from battle : aa;ainst Pallas I alone am 
 bound : to me alone is Pallas doomed : would to heaven his 
 sire himself were spectator. He said ; and from the plain the 
 troops at his command retired. But the youth, struck with 
 the retreat of the Rutulians, and the imperious orders, gazes 
 on Turnus with astonishment ; over his huge body he rolls his 
 eyes, and with ferocious visage all the man aloof surveys. 
 Then with these words in return to the tyrant's sj^eech moves 
 up : Now, or by bearing away triumphal spoils, or by illus- 
 trious death, shall I be signalized. For either chance my sire 
 is equal. Away with your threatenings. This said, he advances 
 into the middle of the plain. Round the Arcadian hearts the 
 cold blood congeals. Down from his chariot Turnus sprang ; 
 on foot prepares to meet him hand to hand. And as a lion, 
 when from his lofty place of observation he hath espied a bull 
 standing on the plains aloof, meditating the fight, flies up to 
 him ; such is the image of Turnus rushing [to the combat]. 
 Soon as Pallas supposed him to be within reach of the darted 
 lance, he makes the first advance with strength unequal, 
 [trying] if fortune by any means Avill aid his bold enterprise ; 
 and thus to the lofty heavens himself addresses : By my father's 
 hospitality, and those boards which thou his guest didst visit, 
 Alcides, aid, I thee implore, my arduous attempt : may the 
 dying eyes of Turnus behold me strip him expiring of his 
 bloody armor, and let his dying eyes endure the sight of a 
 victorious foe. Alcides heard the youth, and deep in the bottom 
 of his heart a heavy groan suppresses, and pours forth unavail- 
 ing tears. Then the Sire A\dth these kind words his son be- 
 
E. X. 4G7— 504. iENEID. 330 
 
 speaks : To every one liis day is fixed : a short and irretrievable 
 term of life is given to all : but by deeds to lengthen out fame, 
 this is ^^rtue's task. Under the lofty walls of Troy so many 
 sons of gods have fallen : with them even Sarpedon, my own 
 oflspring, fell ; Turnus too his destiny calls, and to the utmost 
 verge of life he is arrived. He said ; and from the fields of the 
 Rutulians he averts his eye. 
 
 But Pallas with mighty force hurls the spear, and from the 
 hollow scabbard tears his shining blade. The weapon flying 
 lighted where the armor rises high on the shoulder, and, open- 
 ing a way through the extremity of the shield, at length too 
 on the great body of Turnus grazed. At this, Turnus, long 
 poising a javelin tipped with sharpened steel, darts it at Pallas, 
 and thus speaks : Sec whether ours be not the more penetrat- 
 ing dart. He said ; and with a quivering stroke the point 
 pierces through the mid-shield, through so many plates of iron, 
 so many of brass, while the bull's hide so many times encom- 
 passes it, and through the corselet's cumbrous folds transfixes 
 his breast with a hideous gash.^' lie in vain wrenches out the 
 reeking weapon from the wound : at one and the same passage 
 the blood and soul issue forth. Down on his wound he falls : 
 over him his armor gave a clang ; and in death with bloody 
 jaws he bites the hostile ground. Whom Turnus bestriding, 
 says. Ye Arcadians, to Evander taithfiilly these my words re- 
 cord : in such plight as he deserved I send his Pallas back. 
 Whatever honor is in a tomb, whatever solace is in interment, 
 I freely give him. His league of friendship with ^neas shall 
 cost him not a little. And thus having spoken, he pressed 
 with his left foot the breathless corpse, tearing away his belt's 
 enormous weight, and the horrid story with which it was em- 
 bossed (in one nuptial night a band of youths barbarously 
 murdered, and their bridal beds bathed in blood),^^ which 
 Clonus, Eurytion's son, had carved in abundant gold : in which 
 spoil Turnus now triumphs, and exults in the possession. How 
 blind is the mind of man to fatQ and future events ! how un- 
 willing to practice moderation, and how with prosperity elated ! 
 The time will come when Turnus shall wish that it had been 
 purchased at a dear price, that Pallas had not been touched, 
 and when these spoils and this day he shall detest. But Pallas, 
 
 32 Servius, and I think more correctly, refers " ino:ens" to " cuspis." R 
 S3 J, €. tho storv of the dauj^hters of Danaus. B. 
 
340 ^NEID. E. X. 505—542. 
 
 stretched on liis shield, a, numerous retinue of his friends, with 
 many a groan and tear, back convey. thou that art about 
 to return to thy parent, his grief and ample glory both ! This 
 day first gave thee to the war, the same snatches thee av/ay ; 
 yet after thou hast left vast heaps of Rutulians. 
 
 And now not mere rumor, but an unquestionable voucher 
 of so great disaster flies to -^neas ; that his friends were on 
 the verge of utter ruin, that it was high time to succor the 
 flying Trojans. With his sword he mows down whatever was 
 near him, and with the steel impetuous forces a wide passage 
 through the host, in quest of thee, O Turnus, proud of thy re- 
 cent slaughter. Pallas, Evander, all are full before his eyes ; 
 the first banquets in which then a guest he joined, and their 
 plighted right hands. Here four youths, the progeny of Sulmo, 
 and as many more whom Ufens bred, alive he snatches ; whom 
 as victims he may offer to the shade [of Pallas], and drench 
 with their captive blood the flames of his funeral pile. ISText, 
 when at Magus he aimed from afar his hostile lance, he afl- 
 fully stoops, and over his head the quivering javelin flies ; and 
 embracing his knees, him suppliant he thus addresses : By my 
 father's manes, and the hopes of thy rising son Itilus, I im- 
 plore thee, spare this life,^* both for a sou and for a father's 
 sike. A stately mansion I possess ; talents of silver embossed 
 lie deep-lodged under ground ; masses of wrought and un- 
 wrought gold I have ; it is not upon this that the victory of 
 the Trojans turns : one life will not so great a difference 
 make. Ho said ; to whom apneas thus, on the other hand, 
 replies : Those many talents of gold and silver you mention, 
 reserve for your sons : those mutual stipulations of war Turnus 
 first cancelled from the moment Pallas was slain. So [thinlvs] 
 the manes of my sire Anchises, so thinks liilus. This said, 
 he grasps his helmet with his left hand, and bowing back his 
 neck, as he begged for mercy, plunged [in his throat] his 
 sword up to the hilt. Not far on ^monides, the priest of 
 Phoebus and Diana, whose temples a miter with holy fillets 
 bound, in his robe and burnished armor all refulgent : him 
 encountering he drives along the plain, and standing over him 
 fallen, offers him a victim, and covers him with the deep shades 
 [of death]. Serestus, gathering up his arms, bears them on 
 
 3* A Greek expression. Herodot. viii, 118, Eau<7E f^aacAr/oc r;> ^vxvv. 
 So Juvenal vi, 653, " Morle viri cupient animam servare catellse." B. 
 
B. X. 542— 57 G. ^NEID. 641 
 
 his shoulders as a trophy to thee, king Mars. Casculus, horn 
 of Vulcan's race, and Umbro, who came from the Marsian 
 mountains, renew the fight. The Trojan prince burns with 
 fury against them. Anxur's left arm and his buckler's whole 
 circumference he with his sword had struck off. Some mighty 
 spell he had pronounced, and imagined there would be virtue 
 in the word ; perhaps he was exalting his soul to heaven with 
 vain hopes, and had proposed himself gray hairs and length 
 of years. On the other hand, Tarquitus, whom to sylvan 
 Faunus the nymph Dryope bore, in his refulgent arms exult- 
 ing, to the incensed hero himself opposed. He, darting a 
 spear with full force, renders his corselet and buckler's vast 
 bulk useless for defense : then strikes down to the ground 
 his head as he begs in vain, and seeks to plead much ; and, 
 tumbling the warm trunk, over it pronounces these words 
 from his hostile breast : There now, thou dreaded one, lie. 
 Thee in the earth no dearest mother shall lodge, nor in thy 
 native soil load thy limbs with a grave ; to birds of prey thou 
 shalt be left ; or sunk in the deep, the waves shall bear thee 
 down, and hungry fishes suck thy w^ounds. Forthwith Antaeus 
 and Lycas, Turnus' foremost leaders, he pursues, and valiant 
 Numa, and Gamers of yellow locks, from magnanimous Vol- 
 Gcens sprung ; who of all Ausonia's sons was richest in land 
 estate, and over Amyclae, the city of silence," reigned. As 
 yEgaeon who, they say, had a hundred arms and a hundred 
 hands, and flashed fire from fifty mouths and breasts ; wdien 
 against the thunderbolts of Jove he on so many equal bucklers 
 clashed, unsheathed so many swords : just so the victorious 
 ^neas wreaked his fury all over the plain, when once his 
 pointed steel was warmed [with blood], even against the four 
 harnessed steeds of Niphaeus and their chests opposed he ad- 
 vances : but, as soon as from far they saw him marching up, 
 and breathing dire revenge, with afltright wheeling about, and 
 rushing back, they tumble out the chief, and whirl the chariot 
 to the shore. Meanwhile Lucagus, in his chariot drawn by two 
 white steeds, flings himself into the midst, as also his brother 
 Liger : but with the reins his brother guides the steeds : fierce 
 Lucaofus flourishes the naked sword. vEneas could not pa- 
 
 35 It had been deserted by the inhabitants, in consequence bf the ser- 
 pents that infested it. So "Wagner, Heyne refers the epithet^ to ita 
 Laconian extraction. See Servius. B. 
 
342 , JENEID. B. X. 577— G15. 
 
 tiently see tliem raging witli such impetuosity : on lie rushed, 
 and majestic stood before them ^vilh his lance opposed. To 
 Avhom Liger [said], You see not here the steeds of Diomede, 
 nor the chariot of Achilles, or the plains of Troy : now on this 
 ground shall a period to the war and thy life be given. Such 
 words from raving Liger fly : but somewhat instead of words 
 the Trojan hero in return prepares ; for against his foe a javehn 
 he hurls. As Lucagus stooping forward, to the lash with a dart 
 urged his yoked steeds, while with his left foot thrown out be- 
 fore he prepares himself for the fight ; the spear passes through 
 the lowest border of his shining buckler, then pierces his left 
 groin : tossed from the chariot in the pangs of death he wal- 
 lows ; whom pious -^neas in bitter terms addresses : Lucagus, 
 it is not the slowness of thy steeds in flight thy chariot hath 
 betrayed, nor have empty shadows turned them from the foe : 
 thyself springing from the wheels, desertest the chariot. Thus 
 having said, he seized the steeds. His hapless brother, leap- 
 ing down from the same car, stretched forth his defenseless 
 hands : By thy own self, O Trojan hero, by the parents who 
 begot thee thus illustrious, spare this life, and pity a wretch 
 who begs for mercy. To whom, pleading at greater length, 
 /Sneas : It was not language like this you lately uttered : die, 
 /md brother desert not brother. Then with the pointed steel 
 he discloses his breast, the latent seat of the soul.^° Such 
 havoc made the Trojan chief over the field, raging like an im- 
 petuous flood or gloomy whirlwind. At length the boy As- 
 canius and the youth, in vain blocked up, sally forth and quit 
 the camp. 
 
 Meanwhile Jupiter, of his own free motion, thus addresses 
 Juno : My sister, and my dearest consort both ! it is Venus, 
 as you alleged, who supports the Trojan powers : nor does 
 your judgment deceive you ; no active hands for war have the 
 men themselves, no souls courageous or patient of danger. 
 To whom Juno, all submission, [says,] My spouse, in whom 
 all beauty dwells, why dost thou tease me oppressed with an- 
 guish, and dreading thy severe mandates ? Had I that influ- 
 ence over your alfection which once I had, and which it 
 became me to have, thou the Omnipotent couldst not surely 
 refuse me this ; that I might have it in my power both to res- 
 
 33 Davidson has happily anticipated the explanation of Jacobs, regard- 
 ing "latebras animic" as in opposition with " pectus," not vice versa. B. 
 
p. X. 61G— G52. ^NEID. 343 
 
 cue Turnus from tlio figlit, and preserve liim in safety for his 
 father Daimus. Now let him die, and glut the vengeance of 
 the Trojans with his pious blood ; yet from our stock he de- 
 rives his name, and Pilumnus is his father in the fourth de- 
 gree : and often with liberal hand and many offerings has ho 
 heaped thy courts. To whom the sovereign of the ethereal 
 heaven thus briefly speaks : If you plead for a respite from 
 present death, and a breathing-time to the short-lived youth, 
 and if it be thy will that I should settle it thus ; bear off 
 Turnus by flight, and save him from impending fate. Thus far 
 to indulge thee is allowed. But if any higher favor be couched 
 under these petitions, and you imagine that the whole face of 
 the war is to be shifted or reversed, you feed yourself with 
 empty hopes. To whom Juno [replies] with tears : What if 
 thou shouldst grant with thy heart what in words thou dc- 
 clinest, and this hfo to Turnus were to be continued fixed ? 
 Now a woeful end awaits the guiltless youth, or vain are my 
 pretensions to the truth : but oh that I may rather be with 
 groundless fears misled, and that thou, to whom the power be- 
 longs, mayest alter thy purposes for the better ! 
 
 When she had pronounced these words, forthwith she shot 
 down from the lofty sky arrayed in a cloud, driving storm and 
 tempest through the air ; and sought the Trojan army and 
 Latin camp. Then of a hollow cloud, strange monster to be- 
 hold ! the goddess, in the shape of ^neas, dresses up in Trojan 
 armor an airy powerless phantom, and imitates to the life 
 both his shield and the crested helmet of his divane head ; 
 gives it empty words, and gives it sound without sense, and 
 counterfeits his gait as he walks ; such as thos^ forms which 
 after death are said to flutter about, or those dreams which 
 mock the slumbering senses. But the phantom frisky exults 
 before the foremost ranks, and the hero with darts provokes, 
 and with the tong-ue defies : on whom Turnus presses, and at 
 a distance hurls a hissing spear : the specter, w^heeling about, 
 turned its steps. But then, as soon as TurifVis imagined that 
 -cEneas with his back turned was giving ground, and boisterous 
 in soul drank in vain hope, [he cried out,] JEueas, whither 
 dost thou fly ? Desert not thy plighted nuptials : by this right 
 hand shall the settlement be given you in quest of which you 
 have traversed the seas. Thus vociferating, he pursues him, 
 and brandishes his naked sword ; nor sees that the winds bear 
 his joys away. 
 
344 
 
 ^NEID. B. X. G53— G91, 
 
 By chance tlicre stood a ship adjoining to the margin of a 
 steep rock with extended ladders, and a bridge prepared, in 
 wliich king Osinius had been wafted from the Clusian shores. 
 Hither in fearful haste the image of ^neas flying throws it- 
 self into a hiding-place : and Turnus with no less speed pur- 
 sues ; surmounts" all obstacles, and overleaps the lofty bridges. 
 Scarcely had he reached the prow, when Saturnia bursts the 
 cable, and over the rolling waves hurries the vessel torn away 
 from the shore. But him absent JEneas with impatience to the 
 combat seeks ; and many a hero whom he meets on the way he 
 dispatches to the shades below. Then the fleeting image now 
 no further concealment seeks, but soaring aloft blended itself 
 Avith a dusky cloud ; when in the mean time the. whirlwind 
 drives Turnus on the mid-ocean. Back he casts his eyes quite 
 at a loss, and thankless for his preservation, and both hands to 
 heaven he raises vath his voice : Almighty Father, couldst thou 
 judge me worthy of such criminal shame, and appoint me to 
 suffer such punishment ? Whither am I borne ? Whence am 
 I come ? What ignominious flight carries me off*, and in what 
 disgrace will it bring me back ? Shall I again venture to bo- 
 hold the walls of Laurentum, or the Ausonian camp ? AVhat 
 will that band of v,:.rriors [say], who followed mo and my aims, 
 and whom, O foul impiety ! I abandoned in horrible death ? 
 And now I see them straggling, and hear the groans of the 
 tailing. What can I do ? or what earth Avill now yawn deep 
 enough for me ? Or rather^ on me, ye winds, have pity ; on 
 rocks, on crags (I Turnus heartily entreat you) drive my vessel, 
 and, fling it on the cruel shelves of quicksands, whither neither 
 the Rutulians, nor conscious fame may follow me. So saj^ing, 
 now hither, now thither-, he fluctuates in his soul, whether 
 frantic he shall sheathe the pointed steel in his bosom on ac- 
 count of such a flagrant disgrace, and through his sides drive 
 home the cruel sword, or throw himself into the midst of the 
 waves, by swimming seek the winding shore, and rush again 
 amid the Trojan ^rms. Thrice he essayed either expedient : 
 thrice mightiest Juno restrained, and pitying him from her soul 
 checked the youth. He glides away, cutting the^ deep, with 
 l^rosperous wind and tide, and is v/afted to the ancient city of 
 liis father Daunus. 
 
 Meanwhile, by Jove's suggestion, furious Mezentius suc- 
 ceeds [him] in the fight, and assaults the Trojans flushed with 
 Euccess. The Tuscan troops rush on him at once, and with 
 
B. X. 692—722. ^NEID. 34.^ 
 
 all their rage and darts following press on liim, on liim alone. 
 He [stands firm] as a rock that projects into the vast ocean, 
 obnoxious to the fury of the winds, and exposed to the main, 
 and endures all the violence and threatenings of the sky and 
 sea, itself remaining unmoved. He stretches on the ground 
 Hebrus, the son of Dolicaon, Avith him Latagus and fugitive 
 Palmus ; but to Latagus with a rock and vast fragment of a 
 mountain he gives a preventing blow on his jaws and adverse 
 face : Palmus hamstrung he suffers to roll inactive ; and givea 
 Lausus^^ to wear his armor on his shoulders, and on his helm- 
 et's top to fix his plumes. Evas the Phrygian too [he over- 
 throws], and Mimas, the companion of Paris, and ms equal 
 in age ; whom Theano brought forth to his father Amycus in 
 the same night that queen Hecuba, the daughter of Cisseus, 
 pregnant with a firebrand, bore Paris : he in his native 
 city buried lies, while the Laurentine coast possesses Mimas 
 unknown. And as a huge" boar by baying hounds pursued 
 from the high mountains (while pine-bearing Vesulus^^ had 
 sheltered for many years, and the lake of Laurentum), that in 
 the reedy wood had fed, makes a stand soon as he has arrived 
 among the toils, ferocious roars aloud, and bristles up his 
 shoulders : nor has any one the courage to venture boldly 
 or approach near him, but aloof they ply him with darts and 
 shouts secure from harm :*° undaunted, however, lie resists 
 their attacks on every side, gnashing his tusks, and shakes the 
 lances from his back : in the same manner, of those whom just 
 rage against Mezentius fires, not one has spirit to encounter 
 him with the naked sword ; at a distance they gall him with 
 missile weapons and loud clamor. From the ancient coasts 
 of Corytus had Acron come, a Grecian, who deserted [to 
 ^neas], leaving his nuptials unconsummated : him when from 
 far Mezentius saw breakinor throucrh the midst of the ranks, 
 gayly arrayed in the plumes and purple favors of his be- 
 
 37 Lausus, a son of kino^ Mezentius, killed by -3i]neas. Mimas, a Tro- 
 jan, son of Amycus and Theano, and the intimate friend of Paris. He 
 accompanied ^neas to Italy, and was slain by Mezentius. 
 
 33 " Antiqui ille, vel magnitudini, vel nobilitati adsignabant." Servius. 
 See, however, Anthon's note, B. 
 
 39 Vesulus (Viso), a large mountain in the range of the Alps, between 
 Liguria and Gaul, where the Po takes its rise. 
 
 4" Compare Silius v. 442, " propioremque addere Martem Haud ausum 
 cuiquaru, laxo ceu bellua campo Incessebatur tutis ex agmine tells." B. 
 
 15* 
 
346 ^NEID. B. X. 723—761. 
 
 trothea spoaSci ^ a& a famished lion that often ranges over the 
 lofty stalls, (for maddening hunger prompts him), if by chance 
 he espies a timorous goat, or stag conspicuous for stately horns, 
 exults yawning hideously, rears his hair on end, and couching 
 down over [his prey], fast to the entrails clings, black gore 
 laves his ravenous jaws : thus Mezentius rushes with alacrity 
 on the embodied foes. Ill-fated Acron is overthrown, and ex- 
 piring spurns with his heels the tawny ground, and with his 
 blood besmears the broken lance. The same deigned not to 
 cut off Orodes as he fled, or with the darted spear to give him 
 a wound unseen : but, overtaking him, he confronted face to 
 face, anft encountered man to man ; superior not in stratagem, 
 but valiant arms. Then, trampling on him overthrown, and rest- 
 ing on his lance, [he says] : Friends, stately Orodes lies no mean 
 portion of the war. His associates in acclamation join, repeat- 
 ing the joyful pcean. But he expiring [says] : Whoever thou 
 art, not over me unrevenged, nor long shalt thou victorious 
 rejoice ; thee too like destiny awaits, and soon shalt thou on 
 these same fields be stretched. To whom Mezentius, smiling 
 with a mixture of indignation, [replied] : Now die ; but of me 
 let the father of gods and king of men dispose. So saying, he 
 from the body outdrew the dart. Cruel slumbers and the iron 
 sleep of death press down his eyes ; his eyes are sealed in ever- 
 lasting night." Caedicus slays Alcathous, Sacrator, Hydaspes, 
 Rapo Parthenius, and Orses extremely robust in strength ; Mes- 
 sapiis [kills] Clonius, and Ericetes the Lycaonian ; the one 
 by a fall from his unruly steed thrown on the ground ; the 
 other on foot himself on foot [assailed : against him] Lycian 
 Agis too had stepped forth ; but him Valerius, not lacking 
 of the valor of his ancestors, overthrows : Anthronius by Salius 
 falls, and Salius by Nealces, skilled in the javelin and far- 
 deceiving arrow. Now stern Mars equaled the distresses and 
 mutual deaths : the victors and the vanquished equally slew, 
 and equally fell : nor these, nor those, know w^hat it is to fly. 
 In the courts of Jove the gods compassionate the fruitless rage 
 of both, and [seem to lament] that such toils are appointed to 
 mortals. On the one side Venus, on the other Saturnian Juno 
 sits spectator. Pale Tisiphone in the midst of thousands wTeaks 
 her fury. 
 
 ■^^ I almost prefer the ablative, as in Ovitl Ep, x. 113. See Burm. on 
 Propert. ii. 10, 17. 13. 
 
B. X. '762—790. ^NEID. 34Y 
 
 But now Mezentius all turbulent and boisterous advances in 
 the field, brandishing his massy spear ; as huge Orion, when 
 on foot ho marches, cutting his way through the vast watery 
 fields of the mid-ocean, with his shoulder overtops the waves ; 
 or, conveying an aged ash from the high mountains, stalks on 
 the ground, and hides his head among the clouds ; just so Me- 
 zentius in vast armor strides along. Him on the other hand 
 ^neas, having descried him in the long battalion, prepares 
 to encounter. He unterrified remains expecting his mag- 
 nanimous foe, and stands firm in his own vast mass of frame ; 
 and, measuring with his eye as much space as his javelin 
 could reach, [says,] Now let this right hand, my god,' and the 
 missile weapon*^ which I poise, bo my aid ; I vow that you, 
 my own Lausus, shall be clad in the spoils torn from the 
 pirate's body, the trophy of ^neas. He said, and hurled from 
 afar the hissing dart : but the winged dart is by the shield 
 flung off^, and deep pierces illustrious Antores between the side 
 and flank ; Antores, the attendant of Hercules, who from Ar- 
 gos sent had joined Evander, and settled in his Italian cit}^ 
 Ho falls, unhappy, by another's wound, looks up to heaven, 
 and in death remembers his beloved Argos. Then pious 
 -^neas darts his spear : through the concave orb of triple 
 brass, through the linen folds, and the work with three bulls' 
 hides" interwoven, it made way, and settled low down in the 
 groin ; but had spent its force. Instantly ^neas, over- 
 joyed at seeing the Tuscan blood, snatches his sword from 
 his thigh, and darts impetuous on his confused foe. Lausus, 
 soon as he saw it, heaved a deep groan in fond pity to his be- 
 loved sire, and the tears came trickling down his cheeks. 
 Here be assured I shall not pass in silence either thee, praise- 
 worthy youth, or the catastrophe of thy piteous death, or thy 
 deeds, thou best of sons, if any future age will give credit to 
 an act so noble. The father, drawing back his steps, quite 
 disabled and encumbered, gave ground, and in his buckler 
 trailed the hostile spear. The youth sprang forward, and 
 flung himself amid the armed troops ; and stood under the 
 
 ^2 See my note on ^scb. Sept. c. Th. p. 51, ed. Bohn. B. 
 
 43 Observe the metaphor by which the animal itself is put for its hide. 
 Lucan iv. 133, "caesoque induta juvenco." Statius Theb. "clipeum ves- 
 tisso juvenco." B. 
 
348 ^NEID. B. X. 797—830. 
 
 point of Eneas' sword, just as he was risiEg witli his {jrm, 
 and fetching the stroke ; and keeping him awhile at bay, sus- 
 tained the shock. His friends second him with loud acclama^ 
 tion, till, by the target of the son protected, the father with- 
 drew ; fling showers of darts, and at a distance repel the foe 
 with missile weapons, ^ueas storms, and keeps himself 
 under covert [of his shield]. And as, if at times the clouds 
 in a drift of hail rush down, every laboring hind flies from 
 the fields away, and every swain, and the traveler lurks in 
 some secure retreat, either on the banks of a liver, or in the 
 cleft of a high rock, the shower be overblown, that on the 
 earth, when the sun returns, they may be able to pursue the 
 labors of the day : just so ^neas, with darts from every 
 quarter overwhelmed, sustains the Avhole storm of war, till 
 the thunder spends its rage ; and chides Lausus, and threatens 
 himr thus : Whither dost thou rush to thy own destruction, 
 and why dost thou attempt what exceeds thy strength ? Thy 
 pious duty blindfolds thee unguarded. He infatuated still 
 braves [the hero] no less. And now the fierce wrath of the 
 Trojan leader rises to a greater height, and the Destinies to 
 Lausus collect the last threads [of life] ; for ^neas through 
 the middle of his body plunges his mighty sw^ord into the 
 youth, and buries it to the hilt." The pointed steel pierced 
 both through the thin shield, the light armor of the vaunting 
 youth, and^he vest, which with soft thread of gold his mother 
 had spun ; and the blood filled his bosom : then to the shades 
 his soul fled mourning through the air, and left the body. But 
 soon as the off'spring of Anchises saw his visage and dying 
 looks, his looks w^ondrously pale, in pity he drew a heavy 
 groan, and stretched forth his hand; and the image of his 
 filial pity touched his soul. Lamented youth, what recom- 
 pense for those virtues, vvdiat honor becoming so great ex- 
 cellence, shall pious ^neas on thee now confer ? Thy arms, 
 wherein thou rejoiced, still retain : and to the manes and 
 ashes of thy parents, if that 1)8 any object of thy care, I re- 
 sign thee. Yet, hapless one, with this thou shalt solace thy 
 wretched death ; by the hand of great ^aeas thou faDest."" 
 
 *i " Totum" seems equivalent to " capulo terms." B, 
 45 Compare Ovid Met. viii. 7, "Magnaquo dat nobis tantua solatia 
 victor." B. 
 
B. X. 830—863. ^NEID. 349 
 
 Then straiglit lie cLides Ins lingering followers, and from the 
 ground raises up the youth, with his blood marring his locks 
 in comely order dressed. 
 
 ■ Meanwhile the father at the stream of the river Tiber 
 stanched his wounds with water,*® and gave a more easy pos- 
 ture to his body, leaning on the trunk of a tree. From the 
 boughs apart his brazen helmet hangs, and his unwieldy arms 
 rest on the mead. Chosen youths around him stand ; himself 
 fiiint, panting for breath, eases his drooping neck, ha\ang 
 spread on his breast a length of waving beard. OfLausushe 
 incessantly inquires, and many messengers he sends again and 
 again to recall him [from the fight], and bear to him the 
 orders of his afflicted father. But his weeping fi'iends were 
 carrying lifeless Lausus on their arms, a mighty corpse, and 
 with mighty wound overthrown."'^ 
 
 The ill-boding mind [of Mezentius] at a distance under- 
 stood their groans. His hoary locks with vile dust he de- 
 forms, to heaven stretches both his hands, and fast to the body 
 clings : O my son, was I with such fond desire of life pos- 
 sessed, to suffer him whom I begot to substitute himself for 
 me to the foe's right hand? by these wounds of thine am I 
 thy father saved, living by thy death ? Alas ! now at length 
 on wretched me my exile heavy lies, now a w^ound is driven 
 deep home. ♦^I too, my son, the same have by my guilt sullied 
 thy fame, for odious misdeeds driven from my throne and pa- 
 ternal scepter. It is I that to my country owed satisfaction, 
 and to the odium of my subjects ought to have forfeited my 
 guilty life by every kind of death. And still I live : nor yet 
 from men and lio-ht withdraw : but I will withdraw. Then 
 with these words he raises himself on his maimed thigh ; and, 
 though the violent smart of the deep woimd retards him, yet, 
 not cast down, he orders his courser to be brought. This was 
 his glory, this his solace ; by this he came off victorious in all 
 his wars. The sympathizing animal he bespeaks, and thus 
 begins : Long, Rhcebus, have we lived, if aught can be said 
 to subsist long with mortals. To-day you shall either vic- 
 torious bear av;ay the head of JEueas, and those spoils all 
 
 46 That this was the customary treatment, we learn from Celsus v. 26. 
 Athenreus ii. 4. B, 
 
 47 So SUius V. 524, "Interea exanimem moesti super arma Sychseum 
 Portabant Poeni, corpusque in castra ferebant." B. 
 
350 ^NEID. E. X. 864—899. 
 
 bathed in his blood, and with me avenge the griefs of Lausus : 
 or, if no efibrts open a way, you shall fall with me : for never, 
 I presume, wilt thou, most generous, deign to bear the com- 
 mands of another, and a Trojan lord. He said : and received 
 on his back, placed his limbs on the accustomed seat, and with 
 pointed javelins loaded each hand, his head gleaming with 
 brass, and roughly garnished with a crest of horse-hair. Thus 
 with rapid speed he drove into the midst. Deep in his heart 
 boils overwhelming shame : and frantic rage, with intermin- 
 gled grief, and love racked with furious despair, and con- 
 scious worth : and here thrice with loud voice he called ^neas. 
 ^neas knew him well; and, pleased [with the challenge, 
 thus] his prayer addresses : So may that great father of the 
 gods, so may exalted Apollo influence thee to begin the com- 
 bat. This only he said, and with his menacing spear ad- 
 vances against him. But he [exclaimed], Most barbarous 
 man, why thinkest thou to aftright me, now that my son is 
 snatched from me? This was the only way whereby thou 
 couldst destroy me. I neither fear death, nor any of your 
 gods regard. Forbear threats : now I am come to die, but 
 iirst to ^hee these gifts I bring. He said, and hurled a dart 
 against the foe ; then after that another and another he fixes 
 fast, and flies around in a spacious circuit ; but the golden 
 boss sustains the shock. Thrice round yEneas, as he stood 
 against him, he rode in circles to the left, throwing javehns 
 with his hand; thrice the Trojan- hero, [wheeling as ho 
 wheels], bears about with him in his brazen shield a frightfid 
 grove [of spears]. And now when he is tired ^\4tli spinning 
 out so long delays, and drawing out so many darts, and when 
 he is severely harassed, being engaged in an unequal fight, 
 revolving many thoughts in his mind, at length he springs 
 forth, and between the hollow temples of the warrior-steed 
 darts his lance. The horse raises himself upright, then with 
 his heels buffets the air, and falling upon his dismounted 
 rider, keeps him down, and falling forward, overlays his 
 prostrate shoulder. The Trojans and Latins both with ac- 
 clamations rend the sky. ^neas flies to him, and snatches his 
 sword from the scabbard and over him these [words pro- 
 nounces] : AVhere is now the stern Mezentius ? where is that 
 wild impetuosity of soul ? On the other hand, the Tuscan, as 
 soon as lifting up his eyes to heaven he began to breathe th«i 
 
^ B. X. 900—908. XI. 1—15. ^NEID. 35I 
 
 air, and recover his senses, [said,] DesjDiteful foe, wliy insult- 
 est thou and threatenest death ? There is no crime in shed- 
 ding my blood ; nor engaged I in the combat on such terms 
 [that you should spare my hfe], nor did my Lausus make 
 such a contract with you on my behalf. One thing I implore, 
 by that grace, if any grace to a vanquished foe belongs, suffer 
 my body to be covered with earth. I know the cruel resent- 
 ment of my subjects besets me round ;'*^ defend me, I pray 
 you, from this outrage, and to a grave consign me in part- 
 nership with my son. He said, and' in his throat, not unpre- 
 pared, receives the blade, and pours forth life in the blood 
 streamino: on his armor. 
 
 BOOK XL 
 
 In the Eleventh Book, the funeral of Piillas is solemnized. Latinus, in 
 council, attempts a reconciliation with yEneas, which is prevented by Tur- 
 nus, and by the hostile approach of the Trojan army. Camilla greatly 
 signalizes herself, but is at last slain, when night puts an end to the 
 combat. 
 
 Meanw^hile Aurora rising left the ocean, ^neas, though 
 both his cares strongly urge him to allot time for interring 
 his friends, and his mind is disturbed by the death [of Pallas], 
 yet, in consequence of his victory, paid to the gods his vows 
 soon as the dawn appeared.^ A huge oak, with its boughs 
 on every side lop]:)ed off, he erected on a rising ground, and 
 adorned it with shining arms, the spoils of king Mezentius : 
 to thee a trophy, thou great warrior-god ! He fits [to the 
 trunk] his crest dripping with blood, and the hero's shattered 
 arms, and his breastplate in twice six places dented and trans- 
 fixed ; and to the left arm he festens his target of brass, and 
 from the neck suspends his ivory-hilted sword. Then thus 
 beginning he encourages his joyous friends (for all the chiefs 
 in a crowded body inclosed him) ; Warriors, our most import- 
 ant work i§ done : henceforth, all fear be banished. For 
 what remains, these are the spoils, the first-fruits of victory 
 
 '''3 He feared they would deprive him of sepulture. B. 
 
 ' Servius well remarks that those who were polluted by a funeral could 
 not make offerings to the gods, until they had been purified. If, how- 
 ever, as in the present case, a man was bound to the performance of both 
 duties, he first made his offering, and then engaged in the funeral rites. B. 
 
352 -<ENEID. b. xi. 1G— 55. 
 
 won from tLat insolent tyrant ; and to this state Mezentius is 
 by my arm reduced. No^y to the Idng and the walls of La- 
 timn our Avay lies open : make ready your arms, and "with 
 stout hearts and hopes anticipate the war, that obstacles may 
 not detain you unawares, or deliberation, resulting from fear, 
 retard you, sIoav of movement, when first the gods permit us 
 to pluck up the standard, and to lead forth the youth from 
 the camp. Meanwhile let us commit to earth the unburied 
 corpses of our friends ; Avhich is the sole honor in deep Ache- 
 ron. Go, he says, with the last duties grace those illustrious 
 souls who for us have won this country with their blood ; and 
 first to the mourning city of Evander let Pallas be conveyed, 
 whom, not deficient in prowess, a gloomy inauspicious day cut 
 off, and sank in an untimely death. Thus weeping he speaks, 
 and to the threshold takes his way, where aged Acoetes 
 watched the corpse of lifeless Pallas laid out : Acoetes, who 
 formerly was armor-bearer to Arcadian Evander, and now 
 Vfith less auspicious omens came [to the war], appointed 
 guardian to his darling foster-son. The whole retinue of his 
 servants stood around, a band of Trojans and mourning dames 
 of Ilium, with tresses in usual form disheveled. But soon as 
 ^neas entered the lofty gates, beating their breasts they 
 raise to heaven a mighty groan, and the palace rings with 
 mournful lamentation. When he himself beheld the bolstered 
 head and face of Pallas, white and cold as snow, and in hi a 
 smooth breast the gaping wound of the Ausonian spear, he 
 thus with gushing tears begins : Lamented youth, how envioua 
 was Fortune, just when she began to smile, to snatch thee 
 from me, that thou shouldst not see my kingdom, nor be borne 
 victorious to thy paternal dwelling ! ISTot such things of thee 
 I at parting promised to thy sire Evander, when taking leave 
 of me with embraces, he sent me against a mighty empire, 
 and trembling warned me that the enemy were fierce, and 
 that the battle would be with a sturdy nation. And now he 
 indeed, highly possessed with empty hope, is, perhaps, both 
 making vows, and loading the altars with ofterings ; while we 
 in grief with unavailing pomp attend the youth, a lifeless 
 corpse, and nov/ released from his allegiance to the powers 
 above. Ill-fiite 1 sire, thou shalt see the dismal funeral of thy 
 own son ! Is it thus we return ? are these our hoped-for tri- 
 umphs ? this my boasted confidence ? Yet, Evander, thou 
 
B. XI. 56—93. ^NEID. 353 
 
 shalt not see liim witli inglorious wounds repulsed ; nor on thy 
 son, thus saved, shalt thou, in spite of paternal affection, impre- 
 cate an accursed death. Ah me, how glorious a protector thou, 
 Ausonia, and thou, liilus, [in him] hast lost ! 
 
 When he had thus vented his grief, he orders them to bear 
 away the woeful corpse, and sends a thousand men, selected 
 from the whole army, to accompany these last honors, and 
 bear a part in the parent's tears ; small consolation for such 
 mighty woe, but due to the unhappy sire ! others with for- 
 Avard zeal weave hurdles, and a pliant bier of arbute rods and 
 oaken twigs, and with a covering of boughs shade the bed 
 high raised. Here on the rural couch aloft they raise the 
 youth : like a flower, either of the tender violet or drooping 
 hyacinth, cropped by a virgin's hand," from Avhich not the gay 
 bloom, or its own fair form, hath yet departed ; the parent 
 soil no^ longer feeds it, or supplies it with strength. Then 
 two vests, stiff with embroidery of gold and purple, ^neas 
 brought forth ; which formerly Sidonian Dido, pleased with 
 the task, with her own hands for him had wrought, and striped 
 the stuff" with slender threads of gold. In one of these, the 
 last ornament, he sorrowful arrays the youth, and muffles up 
 in a vail his hair devoted to the flames. Besides, he piles up 
 many prizes of the Laurentine war, and orders the booty to 
 be led in long procession. He adds the steeds and arms 
 whereof he despoiled the foe. And to their backs he had 
 bound the hands of those whom to his shade as offerinof he 
 would send, to sprinkle with their shed blood the flame ; and 
 the chiefs themselves he commands to bear trunks of trecb 
 decked with hostile arms, and the names of the enemies to be 
 inscribed upon them. Unhappy Acoetes, worn out with age, 
 is led, now with his fists tearing his breasts, now with his 
 nails his face ; and bending forward with his whole body, he ' 
 lies prostrate on the ground. His chariots, too, they lead be- 
 smeared with Rutulian blood. Next his warrior-horse, ^thoii, 
 Jiis trappings laid aside, moves on weej)ing, and wiih the big 
 drops bedews his cheeks. Others bear his spear and helmet : 
 for of the rest victorious Turnus is possessed. Then in 
 mournful plight, the phalanx, the Trojan and the Tuscan 
 leaders follow, and the Arcadians with inverted arms. After 
 
 2 Propert. i. 20, 39, " Quae niodo docerpcns tenero pueriliter ungui 
 Proposito florem pratulit officio." 13. 
 
354 JENEID. B. xi. 94—129. 
 
 the wliolo body of fitteudants had advanced before in long pro- 
 cession, ^ueas paused, and with a deep groan subjoined these 
 words : AVe to other scenes of woe, by the same horrid fate of 
 war, are summoned hence. Farewell forever, illustrious Pallas, 
 and adieu forever. This said, he bent his course to the high 
 walls, and directed his steps back to the camp. 
 
 And now from the city of king Latinus embassadors came 
 bearing olive-boughs, supplicating grace [from ^neas] ; that 
 he would deliver to them the bodies [of their dead], which by 
 the sword lay scattered over the field, and permit them to be 
 entombed in the earth ; [alleging] that with the vanquished 
 and the hfeless war is at an end ; [and hoping] that he would 
 spare a people to whose hospitality and alliance he Avas once 
 invited. 
 
 Whom, not unreasonable in their demands, the courteous 
 yEiieas receives with grace, and adds these words : What un- 
 deserved fate, ye Latins, hath involv^ed you in so disastrous a 
 war, who thus decline us your friends ? Is it for the dead, and 
 the slain by the chance of war, you implore peace ? I truly 
 would grant it to the living, too. I should not have come 
 hither vnless the Fates had here assigned my settlement and 
 place of residence ; nor with the [Latin] nation wage I war. 
 With ur- your king renounced hospitality, and rather trusted 
 himself to the arms of Turnus. More just had it been for 
 Turnus- to expose himself to this death. If to terminate the 
 war by personal valor, if to expel the Trojans, he intends, me 
 in these arms he ought to have encountered : he [of us two] 
 had lived, to whom God or his own right hand had given life. 
 Now go, and under your unfortunate countrymen apply the 
 funeral fire, ^neas said. They in silence stood astonished, 
 and turning held their eyes and faces to each other. 
 
 Then aged Drances,^ who still by calumny and invectives 
 vented his animosity on young Turnus, thus replies in turn : 
 Trojan hero, mighty in fame, but mightier still in arms, by what 
 praises shall I exalt thee to heaven ? which shall I most admire, 
 thy justice or thy achievements in war ? We truly with grate- 
 ful hearts will bear this answer back to our city ; and, if any 
 fortune shall open the way, v,i\\ associate thee to king Latinus : 
 let Turnus seek alliances for himself. AVe will even with 
 
 3 Drances, a friend of king Latinus, remarkable for his eloquence (iiid 
 weakness. 
 
G. XL 130—163. JSXEID. 3/55 
 
 pleasure rear up Ihe fabric of your destined walls, and on our 
 shoulders bear the stones of Troy. 
 
 He said ; and all with one voice murmured their assent. 
 They settled a truce for twice six days : and during the inter- 
 mediate* peace, Trojans and Latins promiscuous without hos- 
 tility ranged the woods along the mountains. Felled by the 
 two-edged steel, the ash crashes ; pines shot up to the stars 
 they overthrow ; they neither cease to cleave with wedges the 
 oaken planks and fragrant cedar, nor to convey in groaning 
 wagons the mountain-ashes. 
 
 And now flying fame, the harbinger of so great woe, fiUs 
 Evander and Evander's palace and city ; fame, which just nov/ 
 to Latium bore the news that Pallas vras victorious. The Ar- 
 cadians rush to the gates, and, as the ancient manner was, 
 snatched up funeral torches. AVith a long train of flames the 
 path all shines, and far and w'ide illuminates* the fields. The 
 hands of Trojans advancing opposite to them join the lament- 
 ing troops ; whom, soon as the matrons beheld approaching the 
 walls, they inflame the mourning city with their shrieks. But 
 no force can restrain Evander from rushino- throuo-h the midst. 
 The bier being laid down, on Pallas he falls prostrate, and 
 with sobs and groans chngs to [the corpse] ; and at length with 
 much ado for grief is a passage opened to these words : These, 
 O Pallas, are not the promises thou gavest thy parent, that 
 with more caution thou wouldst trust thyself to the savage 
 combat. I was not ignorant how far rising glory in arms, and 
 the bewitching renown of the first action, might carry you. 
 Ah ! fiital to the youth his first essays, hard his probation in 
 early war ! Alas ! my vows and prayers by none of the gods 
 regarded ! Thou most holy partner of my bed, happy in thy 
 death, and not to this woe reserved ; while I by li^nng on have 
 overpassed my natural bounds to remain a childless father." 
 When I followed the confederate arms of Troy, the Rutulians 
 should have overwhelmed me with their darts : my life I had 
 resigned, and me, not Pallas, this pomp had home con- 
 
 4 ^^ Media: namque sequester est aut medius inter duos altercantes ; 
 aut ad quern aliquid ad tempus seponitur." Servius. B. 
 
 5 Literally, "renders distinguishable." B. 
 
 s Literally, " surviving [my own son]." This was thought a severe 
 misfortune. So Plautus, " Ita ut tuum vis uuicum gnatum tuas auperess© 
 vitffi, sospitem et superstitem." B. 
 
356 ^NEID. E. XI. 104—197. 
 
 veyed. Nor you, ye Trojans, will I accuse, nor your alliance, 
 nor those right hands we joined in hospitable league : this 
 stroke of fortune was destined for my old age. However, if 
 untimely death awaited my son, it will be some satisfaction, 
 that ushering the Trojans into Latium he fell, having first 
 slain thousands of the Volscians. And now, with no other 
 funeral obsequies, O Pallas, can I grace thee, than what pious 
 -^neas, and the noble Trojans, the Tuscan leaders, and whole 
 army of the Tuscans, [have given thee]. Thy illustrious 
 trophies they bear, those whom to death thy right hand ofier- 
 ed. Thou too, O Turnus, shouldst have stood [among them] a 
 huge trunk in arms, had my age been equal, and my streng-th 
 from years the same. But w^hy do I, hapless one, detain the 
 Trojans from the war ? Go, and faithfully bear back these 
 mandates to your king : If I linger out a hated life, after Pal- 
 las is slain, it is in consequence of thy [avenging] right hand ; 
 from which you see Turnus is justly due to a son and sire. 
 This post [of honor] is alone reserved for thee and thy 
 fortime. It is not joy in life I seek, nor is it fit I should ; 
 but I wish to bear tlie tidings to my son down to the shades 
 below. 
 
 Meanwhile to wretched mortals Aurora had brouo-ht forth 
 the benignant light, renewing the Avorks and labors [of the 
 day].'' Now father .^neas, now Tarchon, on the winding 
 shore erected funeral piles. Hither they conveyed, each after 
 the manner of his ancestors, the bodies of their dead ; and the 
 sad' fires being applied under them, the lofty sky with smoke 
 is hidden in darkness. Thrice round the blazing j)iles they 
 ran, clad in shining armor ; thrice they encompassed the 
 mournful funeral fire on horseback, and sent forth doleful yells. 
 "With their tears is the earth bedewed, bedewed are their arms. 
 The shrieks of men and clang of trumpets pierce through the 
 sky. Next into the fire some throw the spoils torn from the 
 Latins slain, helmets, and gleaming swords, bits, and glowing 
 wheels : some, well-known gifts, their own bucklers and un- 
 successful darts. IMany heads of oxen all around are offered 
 
 '^ Cf. Quintus Calab. vi. 4, rol (5' dg tpya rpdirovro 3porol ^eid 
 ddivi'devTeg. B, 
 
 s This is the usual interpretation of " atris ignibus," but I think it is 
 far more natural to understand, " dark, pitchy flames." So Eur. Troad. 
 550, do/xoic dt- TrafKpaig aeTiag Trvpog fj.E?iaLvav ar/?.av 'EduKEV. B, 
 
c. 2:i. 198— 235. ^NEID. 357 
 
 victims to death ; aud over the flames they stab bristly boars, 
 and sheep snatched from all the fields : then along the whole 
 shore they view their burning friends, and watch their half- 
 consumed piles : nor can they be torn from them, before humid 
 night inverts the face of heaven, bespangled with shiniug 
 stars. 
 
 Nor with less care the sorrowing Latins in a different quar- 
 ter reared numberless piles ; and they partly bury in the earth 
 many bodies of their heroes, and part carried oft" they to the 
 neighboring .fields convey, and send back to the city. The 
 rest, and a vast heap of promiscuous slaughter, without num- 
 ber and without honor, they burn : then on all sides the spa- 
 cious fields, as rivaling each other, blaze together with frequent 
 fires. The third day's light had from the sky removed the 
 chill shades : when in sadness they huddled together on the 
 hearths the heaped-up ashes and bones mingled in confusion, 
 and loaded them with a warm mound of earth. But now in 
 the courts of opulent Latinus, and in the city, is the chief up- 
 roar, and by far the deepest scene of mourning. Here mothers 
 and hapless brides, here tender-hearted sisters in deep anguish, 
 and striplings of their sires bereft, curse the rueful war, and 
 the nuptials of Turnus ; and himself they urge by arms, him- 
 self by the sword, to decide the quarrel, since for himself alone 
 he claims the crown of Italy and the first honors. These the 
 malicious Drances aggravates, and j^rotests that Turnus alono 
 is called, alone is challenged to the combat. On the other side 
 the votes of many, in various speech, are given for Turnus, 
 and him the queen^s illustrious name protects ; and his own 
 distinguished fame, for trophies justly won, supports the hero. 
 
 Amid these commotions, in the heat of this raging tumult, 
 lo ! to complete the distress, the embassadors, from Diomede's 
 imperial city [returning] sorrowful, bring their answer ; that 
 nothing was effected by all the expense of so great labor; 
 that neither the gifts, nor gold, nor importunate prayers, had 
 aught availed ; that the Latins must have recourse to other 
 arms, or sue for peace from the Trojan prince. With great 
 grief king Latinus himself faints away. The wrath of the 
 gods, and the recent tombs before his face, declare that 
 ^neas, the messenger of fate, is led on by a manifest divine 
 impulse. 
 
 Therefore within the lofty palace he assembles his great 
 
358 ^NEID. B. XL 23G~266. 
 
 council, and the peers of his realm, summoned by liis imperial 
 order. They meet together, and flock to the royal apartments 
 along the crowded ways. In the center, with unjoyous as- 
 pect, sits Latinus, both most advanced in age, and first in 
 sway. And here he orders the embassadors now returned 
 from the Jitolian city, to say what message they bring back, 
 and demands each particular answer in its order. Then si- 
 lence sat on every tongue ; and Venulus thus, in obedience to 
 command, begins : We have seen, O citizens, Diomede and 
 the Argive camp, and measuring a length of way, have over- 
 passed a thousand dangers, and touched that hand by which 
 Troy's kingdom fell. He victorious was raising in the plains 
 of Apulian Garganus^ the city Argyripa,'° from the name of 
 his native country. After we were admitted, and had per- 
 mission given to speak in the presence, we first present our 
 gifts ; declare our name and country ; who made war upon 
 us; what errand drew us to Arpi. Our message heard, he 
 thus with mild accent rephed : O happy nations, once Saturn's 
 realm, ancient Ausonians, what fortune disturbs you peaceful, 
 and prompts you to rouse unusual v/ars ? As many of us as 
 with the sword \iolated the lands of Bium (I vrave those ex- 
 tremities which in fighting under its lofty walls we sustained, 
 what illustrious heroes that Simois of theirs swept away), have 
 borne unutterable sufierings over the world, and all punish- 
 ments for our crime ; a baud whom even Priam would pity. 
 Minerva's disastrous constellation knows, and the Euboean 
 rocks, and vengeful Caphareus.^^ Ever since that expedition, 
 have we on different coasts been driven ; Menelaus, the son 
 of Atreus, is exiled as far as the pillars of Proteus ;^^ Ulysses 
 hath seen the Cyclops of ^tna. Shall I mention [the tragic 
 fate of] Neoptolemus' realms, and the overthrow of Idomeneus' 
 settlement, or the [dispersion of the] Locri who inhabit Lib- 
 ya's coast? The prince of Mycenae'^ himself, the leader of 
 
 9 Garganus (St. Angelo), a lofty mountain of Apulia, projecting in th© 
 form of a promontory into the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 ii> Argyripa, or Arpi. 
 
 " Capharcus (Cape D'Oro). a lofty promontory on the south-east coast 
 of Euboea, an island in the -lEgean Sea. 
 
 '- Proteus, a king of Egypt, on whose coasts Menelaus, in his return 
 from the Trojan war, was forced by stress of weather. 
 
 ^3 Prince of Mycense, Agamemnon, who was chosen chief commander 
 of the Grecian forces in the war against Trov. After the destruction of 
 
B. XI. 267—299. ^NEID. 350 
 
 the illustrious Greeks, fell by tlie hand of his uimaturaP* 
 sjDOuse, in the first entrance to his palace ; and his adulterous 
 assassin by traitorous means lay in wait for the conqueror of 
 Asia.^* [Or shall I mention] how the envious gods forbade 
 that I myself, restored to my native country, should see my 
 much-loved spouse, and lovely Calydon ? Even now prodigies 
 of horrid aspect pursue me ; my lost associates, into the aerial 
 regions have winged their way, and, to birds transformed, 
 wander along the rivers (ah, dire vengeance on my friends !) 
 and fill the rocks with doleful notes. And indeed I had rea- 
 son to expect these calamities ever since that time, when with 
 the sword I madly assaulted the celestial beings, and violated 
 the hand of Venus with a wound. But urge me not, urge not 
 me to fights like these : neither with the Trojans w\ige I any 
 war, now that Troy is overthrown ; nor remember I with joy 
 their former woes. Those gifts, which to me you brought 
 from your native coasts, transfer to -^neas. We against hip 
 keen darts have stood, and engaged him hand to hand ; trust 
 me, who by experience know how stern he rises to his shield, 
 with what a whirP° he throws his lance. Had Ida's land 
 produced two such heroes more, the Trojans had first ad- 
 vanced to the cities of Inachus, and Greece by a reverse of 
 fate would have mourned. Whatever obstruction was given 
 at the walls of stubborn Troy, the victory of the Greeks was 
 suspended by the hand of Hector and JEneas, and was re- 
 tarded till the tenth year. Both for valor are distinguished, 
 both for noble feats of arms ; this man in piety excels. Let 
 your right hands be joined in league, by whatever means it is 
 permitted ; but beware of opposing arms to arms. Thus, best 
 of kings, you have at once both heard his answer, and his res- 
 olution on this important war. Scarcely had the deputies 
 spoken, when through Ausonia's troubled sons, a vanous noiso 
 ran; as, when rocks retard a river's rapid course, from the 
 pent-up flood a murmur arises, and with the beating waves 
 the neio^hborinn: banks resound. 
 
 that city, Agamemnon returned to Argos, where he was murdered by his 
 wife Clyteranestra and her paramom* ^gisthus. 
 
 u por "infanda3," Macrobius, Sat iv. 4, reads "infandum!" which is 
 approved by Burmann on Anthol. Lat. T. i. p. 196. B. 
 
 15 See Anthon. The readings vary, since the time of Servius. 33. 
 
 1^ So*'bainstie turbine," Lucan. iii. 465; " directo turbine robui;"' 
 Silius iv. 542. B. 
 
*,G0 ^NEID. B. XI. 300— .335 
 
 Soon as tlieir minds v/ere calmed, and their tumultuous 
 tongues were hushed, the king, having first addressed the 
 i^ods, from his lofty throne begins : I indeed could wish, ye 
 Latins, and it had been better, that we had before determined 
 on the common cause, and not to call a council at such a junc- 
 ture,'^ when the foe lays siege to our walls. Incommodious 
 war, O citizens, we wage with a nation of gods and heroes in- 
 vincible, whom no battles tire out, and who, when vanquished, 
 can not lay down the sword. What hope you entertained from 
 the invited arms of the ^tolians, now dismiss : each must be 
 his own hope : but how feeble this is, you see. In what ruin 
 the rest of our affairs are involved, all is by yourselves both 
 seen and felt. Nor yet accuse I any : what the highest pitch 
 of valor could, has been achieved ; with the whole strength 
 of the realm we have struggled. Now then (lend your atten- 
 tion), I will unfold, and briefly show what purpose rises in my 
 doubtful soul. To me an ancient tract of land belongs, near 
 the Tuscan river, in length extended to the west, even beyond 
 Sicania's'^ bounds: the Auruncians and Rutulians sow, and 
 harass with the share the stubborn hills, and turn to pasture 
 their most rugged parts. Let this whole region, and the lofty 
 mountain's piny tracts, be given away to the friendship of the 
 Trojans ; and let us pronounce equal terms of peace, and, as 
 our allies, invite them into our realms. Let them settle, if 
 they have such strong desire, and build cities. But if they 
 have a mind to take possession of other territories and another 
 country, and if from our land they can withdraw, let us build 
 twice ten ships of Italian timber, or more, if they are able to 
 man them : all the materials lie along the river ; let them- 
 selves order the number and fashion of the vessels; let us 
 with money, men, and naval stores supply them.' Besides, 
 our pleasure is, that a hundred embassadors of the first rank 
 from Latium go to bear our instructions, and confirm the al- 
 liance, and in their hands extend the boughs of peace, bearing 
 presents of ivory, and sums of gold, a chair of state, and royal 
 robe, the ensigns of our crown. Advise for the common 
 good,'^ and relieve a distressed state. 
 
 17 This is the proper meaning. See Drakenb. on Sil. viii. 112. B. 
 
 ^s Sicania, an ancient name of Sicily, which it received from the Si- 
 cani, « people of Spain who first passed into Italy, and afterward into 
 Sicily, where they estabhshed themselves. 
 
 ^3 So "in commune" is used, asiuTacit. Agr. § 12. Sueton, Ner. § 15. B. 
 
R XL 336—369. ^NEID. 361 
 
 Then the same hostile Drances rises (whom the glory of 
 Turnus inflamed with obhque envy^" and malignant stings ; 
 abounding in wealth, and more in tongue, but a cold champion 
 in war, yet deemed of no mean authority in consultations ; in 
 faction powerful ; him his mother's quality inspired with the 
 pride of noble blood, but by the father's side he was of birth 
 obscure),"^ and loads Turnus with these invectives, and aggra- 
 vates animosity : Gracious sovereign, you ask counsel in an 
 affair which to none is obscure, nor requires our debate. All 
 must own that they well know what the weal of the nation 
 demands ; but they hesitate to speak their mind. Let him 
 allow that freedom of speech, and moderate his vaunts, for 
 whose inauspicious influence and perverse conduct (for my 
 part I will speak out, even though he should threaten me with 
 hostility and death) we have seen so many illustrious chiefs 
 perish, and the whole city sit in mourning ; while he tempts 
 the Trojan camp trusting to flight, and delies heaven with his 
 arm. To those numerous gifts which you order to be sent and 
 delivered to the Trojans, this one, this one more, O best of 
 sovereigns, add ; nor let any one's violent remonstrances deter 
 thee from giving away your daughter, by a father's right, to 
 an illustrious son-in-law (a worthy match), and fi'om confirm- 
 ing this peace by a perpetual alliance. And if such dread [of 
 Turnus] haunts our minds and souls, him let us implore, and 
 from him sue for grace ; that to his sovereign he may resign, 
 and to his country give up his proper right. Why dost thou 
 so often expose thy wretched citizens to open dangers ? O 
 thou, the source and origin of those ills to Latium ! no safety 
 [is for us] in war : to thee, O Turnus, we all sue for peace, 
 at the same time for the sole inviolable pledge of peace." I 
 the first (whom as your malicious foe you image to yourself, 
 nor am I concerned to disprove the charge), lo ! I come thy 
 suppliant : have pity on thine own ; lay aside thy fierceness, 
 and baffled quit the field. Full many deaths have we with 
 loss of victory seen, and brought the extended fields to desola- 
 tion. Or, if fame have influence, if in your breast such forti- 
 tude you lodge, and if your heart be so much set on a palace 
 
 20 "Qui non ex aperto impugnabat Turnum ; sed eum reipublicas 
 aimulata defensione lacerabat." Servius. B. 
 
 21 Literally, " ho bore [himself] uncertain on the father's side." B. 
 
 22 i. e. Lavuaia. B. 
 
 16 
 
S62 JENEID. E. XI. 3T0— 407. 
 
 for your dowry ; dare it, and bravely expose your breast ad- 
 verse to tbe foe. Forsooth, that Turnus may be blessed with a 
 royal consort, we, abject souls, may be strewn on the field, an 
 unburied and unwept throng. And now, if you have any 
 spirit, if you have aught of your country's Mars, look him in 
 the face Avho gives you the challenge. With these invectives 
 the fierce mind of Turnus was inflamed : he groans, and from 
 the bottom of his breast forces out these accents : Drances, I 
 own you have always a rich profusion of words at the time 
 when wars call for action ; and when the fathers are convened 
 you are there the foremost ; but this is not a time to fill the 
 court with words which fly in big torrents from thee in safety, 
 while the bulwarks of our walls keep off the foe, and the 
 trenches float not with blood. Wherefore thunder on in noisy 
 I'loquence, as thou art wont, and arraign me of cowardice, 
 thou [the valiant] Drances, since thy right hand hath raised 
 so many heaps of slaughtered Trojans, and every where thou 
 deckest the fields wdtli trophies. You may, however, put that 
 animated valor of yours to the proof ; for not fer have we to 
 seek our foes ; they all around beset our walls. March wc 
 against the adversary ? why do you demur ? will your prowess 
 always lie in your blustering tongue, and in those feet only 
 swift to fly ? Am I routed ? or will any one, thou most abject 
 wretch, justly tax me with being routed, who shall view the 
 swollen Tiber rise with Trojan blood, and Evander's whole 
 family with his race stretched on the ground, and the Arca- 
 dians stripped of their armor ? Not so Bitias and bulky 
 Pandarus me proved, nor those thousands whom, in one day> 
 I victorious sent down to Tartarus, inclosed within the walls, 
 and shut uj) by the rampart of the foe. 'No safety, [you say,] 
 is in war. Go, madman, vent such language to the Dardanian 
 chief, and thy own party. Wherefore cease not to embroil 
 all with dreadful alarms, to extol the strength of the twice 
 vanquished race, and on the other hand to depress the arms 
 of Latinus. Now the Myrmidonian^* chiefs tremble at the 
 Phrygian arms ! now Diomede and Larisssean Achilles ! and 
 the river Aufidus"^* flies back from the Adriatic waves ; even 
 when the wicked dissembler feigns himself under terror of 
 
 23 All this is spoken ironically. B, 
 
 21 Aufidus (Ofanto), a river of Apulia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic. 
 The battle of Cannas was fought on the banks of th® Aufidus. 
 
B. SI. 407— 441. jElSTEID. * 363 
 
 my menaces, and by his own fear aggravates the charge against 
 me. Cease from being disturbed ; never shalt thou lose such 
 a soul as thine by this right hand : let it dwell with thee, and 
 rest in that ignoble breast. Now I return to thee, sire, and 
 to thy important debates. If in our arms you repose no further 
 confidence ; if we are so desolate, and utterly undone by our 
 army being once defeated, and our fortune is capable of no 
 redress ; let us sue for peace and let us extend our hands un- 
 armed. Yet oh ! did any of our wonted worth remain, that 
 man were happy in my judgment beyond all others, in his 
 toils, and heroic in soul, who, that he might not see aught like 
 this, fell once for all, and dying bit the ground. But if we 
 both have resources, and youthful troops still fresh, and Italian 
 cities and nations left to our aid ; if the Trojans purchase their 
 honor with much blood ; if they too have their funerals, and 
 the storm [of war has raged] through all \\ith equal fury ; 
 why faint we dishonorably in the first entrance [to the 
 war] ? why does trembling seize our limbs, before the trumpet 
 [sounds] ? Length of days and the various labor of change- 
 ful time, have reduced many things to a better state : fortune, 
 that visits alternately [with good and ill], hath baffled many, 
 and again placed them on a firm basis. The .^tolian prince, 
 [it seems,] and Arpi, will not. support us ; but Messapus will, 
 and the fortunate Tolumnius," and those leaders whom so 
 many nations have sent : nor shall small glory attend the se- 
 lect troops from Latium and the Laurentine fields. With us 
 too is Camilla,^® of the illustrious race of the Volscians, who 
 leads a squadron of horse, and troops gayly glittering with 
 brass. But if the Trojans demand me alone to the fight, and 
 if this be your pleasure, and I so much obstruct your com- 
 mon good ; victory has not hitherto with so much hate aban- 
 doned my right hand, as for me to decline any enterprise for 
 so glorious a prospect. I will advance against [^neas] with 
 confidence, though he should even approve himself a great 
 Achilles, and sheathe himself in similar armor forged by 
 Vulcan's hands. To you, and to Latinus, my [promised] 
 father-in-law, I Turnus, not inferior in va-or to any of the 
 
 2' Tolumnius, an augur ia the armv of Turnus against ^neas, who 
 violated the league between the Rutulians and Trojans, and was after- 
 v/'ard slain. 
 
 23 Camilla, the virago female warrior. 
 
364 * ^NEID. B. XI. 442 — i74 
 
 ancient heroes, have this life devoted. Does ^neas challenge 
 me alone ? Heaven grant he may. Nor let Drances rather, 
 if either this be the angry resolve of the gods, by death make 
 the atonement ; or, if an opportunity of glory and valor, let 
 him bear away [the prize]. 
 
 They in mutual contention were debating on the perplexed 
 state of their affairs, ^neas was advancing his camp and army 
 [toward the city of Laurentum]. Lo, in great hurry, a mes- 
 senger rushes through the court, and fills the city with dread- 
 ful alarms; that, from the Tiber's stream, the Trojans, ar- 
 ranged in battle array, and the Tuscan host, were marching 
 down over all the plains. Forthwith their minds were seized 
 -with perturbation, the hearts of the populace are stunned, and 
 their rage with keen impulse is roused. In hurry they call 
 for arms in hand ; for arms the storming youth exclaim : the 
 fathers in sadness mourn and repine in low accents." Here, 
 from every quarter, the loud clamor ascends with various 
 discordant notes to the skies : just as ^vhen by chance in some 
 tall grove flocks of birds alight, or in Padusa's''® fishy streams, 
 hoarse swans raise a clattering din through the loquacious 
 floods. Citizens, says Turnus, seizing the opportunity, con- 
 vene your council, and seated harangue in praise of peace, 
 while they rush into our kingdom in arms. This said, he 
 instantly put himself in motion, and quick from the lofty hall 
 withdrew. You, Volusus, he says, command to arms the 
 Volscian troops, and lead on the Rutuliaus ; ye, Messapus, and 
 Coras^^ with your brother, pour abroad the armed horsemen 
 over the extended plains ; let some secure the passes to the 
 city, and man the towers ; the rest employ their arms w^ith me 
 where I shall command. Instant to the walls they flock from 
 all quarters of the town. The sire, Latinus himself, quits the 
 council and his great designs [of peace], and distracted with 
 the dismal conjuncture, adjourns ; himself he much accuses, 
 that he had not directly received the Trojan hero, and to the 
 city admitted him as his son-in-law. Others dig trenches 
 before the gates, or heave up to them rocks and palisades; 
 the hoarse trumpet sounds the bloody signal for the war: 
 
 27 This is the proper force of " mussant." B. 
 
 23 Padusa, the most southern mouth of the Po, from which there was 
 a cut to the town of Eavenna. 
 
 29 Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tiburtus, who fought against iEneas. 
 
B. XI. 475— 51 G. ^NEID. 365 
 
 then in various circling bands, matrons and boys crowned the 
 ramparts : the extremity of distress calls every one. Meanwhile 
 the queen, with a great retinue of matrons, is borne aloft to the 
 temple and high towers of Pallas, carrying offerings ; and by 
 her side attends the virgin Lavinia, the cause of so great woe, 
 fixing on the ground her beauteous eyes. The matrons follow, 
 and with incense fume the temple, and from the lofty threshold 
 pour forth their doleful prayers ; Patroness of war, powerful in 
 arms, Tritonian virgin, crush with thine arm the Phrygian 
 pirate's lance, and stretch himself prostrate on the ground, and 
 overthrow him under our lofty gates. 
 
 Turnus himself, with emulous ardor raging, is armed for 
 battle ; and now, clad in his Rutulian corselet, was rough with 
 brazen scales, and had sheathed his legs in gold, his temples 
 yet naked ; to his side ho had buckled on his sword, and from 
 the high fort speeding Iiis way shone all in gold ; with spirit 
 he exults, and already in hope anticipates the foe : as when 
 the courser, having burst his bonds, flies from the stall, at 
 length at liberty, and possessed of the open plain ; either to 
 the pastures and herds of mares he bends his way, or accus- 
 tomed to be laved in the well-known flood, springs forth, and 
 rearing up his crest on high, neighs with wanton pride ; and 
 his mane plays on his neck and shoulders. Whom full in the 
 face, Camilla, attended by her Volscian squadron, meets, and 
 under the very gates the queen leaps down from her horse ; 
 after whose example the whole troop, quitting their steeds, slid 
 down to earth. Then thus she speaks : Turnus, if justly in 
 themselves the brave may aught confide, I dare, and promise 
 to stand the shock of the Trojan host, and singly to make head 
 against the Tuscan horse. Sufier me with this arm to tempt 
 the first dangers of the war : near the walls stay you behind 
 on foot, and guard the city. To this Turnus, with eyes fixed 
 on the formidable maiden, [replies] : heroine, glory of Italy, 
 what thanks can I prepare to express, or what return can I 
 make to thee ? But now since that soul of thine is superior 
 to all things, share with me the toil, ^neas, as fame and the 
 scouts we sent bring sure advice, with wicked purpose hath 
 sent on light-armed horse to scour the plains : himself along 
 the desert height of the mountains, hastening down its brow, 
 marches against the city. A stratagem of war I devise, in a 
 winding path of the wood to beset the twofold defile \ritj). ftx 
 
o 
 
 66 ^NEID. B. XL 517—552. 
 
 armed band. Do you in close figlit engage the Tuscan liorse. 
 The brave ]\Iessapus will be with you, and the Latin troops, and 
 the Tiburtine band : and do thou also assume the general's 
 charge. He said, and in like terms animates Messapus and the 
 confederate chiefs to the fight, and marches on against the foe. 
 In a mazy winding tract a valley lies, commodious for ambush 
 and the wiles of war ; which a gloomy flank of wood incloses 
 with thick boughs : whither leads a scanty path, narrow defiles 
 and malignant passes guide. Over this, in the mountain's 
 heights and lofty summit, lie a concealed plain and safe retreats ; 
 whether from right or left you wish to attack an enemy, or 
 from the ridge to harass him, and tumble on him ponderous 
 rocks. Hither young Turnus repairs along the path's well- 
 knovfn track ; he with expedition seized the post, and in the 
 dangerous thickets insidiously lay. 
 
 Meanwhile Diana in the superior mansions addressed swift 
 Opis,^" one of her virgin train and sacred retinue, and with sad 
 accent pronounced these w^ords : O nymph, Camilla to cruel 
 Avar sets out, and is with our aiTus in vain arrayed, she who 
 is dear to me above her fellows : nor is this a new passion 
 that rises in Diana, and with a sudden fondness moves my 
 soul. When Metabus,^' expelled from his Idngdom for in- 
 vidious measures, and insolent abuse of power, quitted his 
 ancient city Priveruum, flying amid the contests of war, he 
 carried ofi' the infant his companion in exile, and from her 
 mother's name Casmilla, with small variation, called her Ca- 
 milla. He, in his bosom bearing her before him, to the re- 
 mote mountains and solitary groves took his way ; cruel darts 
 pursued him on all sides, and the Volscians hovered about 
 with troops around him spread. Lo, in the midst of his 
 flight, Amasenus overflowing foamed over his highest banks ; 
 such a torrent of rain had burst from the clouds : he, pre- 
 paring to swim, is retarded by his tenderness for the child, 
 and fears for his darling charge. As he was pondering every 
 expedient within himself, suddenly this resolution with re- 
 luctance settled [in his breast]. An enormous javehn, which 
 in his strong hand the warrior chanced to wield, solid with 
 
 30 Opis, a nymph among Diana's attendants, who avenged the death 
 of Camilla by shooting Arus, by whose hand the queen had fallen. 
 
 31 Metabus, king of Privernum, a city of the Volsci in Latium, and 
 father of Camilla. 
 
B. XL 553—593. ^ yENEID. 367 
 
 knots and well-seasoned oak; to this lie fastens tlie babe 
 wrapped up in bark and sylvan cork, and with dexterity binds 
 her about the middle of the dart ; which poising in his vast 
 hand, he thus addresses himself to heaven : To thee, virgin 
 daughter of Latona, auspicious inmate of the woods, this child 
 thy handmaid, I in a father's right devote : wielding thy 
 weapons first she flies through the air, thy suppliant, from the 
 foe : Oh goddess, I implore thee, receive thy own, who now is 
 committed to the uncertain winds. He said, and with inbent 
 arm flung the w^hirled lance; the waves resound; over the 
 rapid stream ill-fated Camilla on the whizzing javelin flies. 
 But Metabus, a numerous troop now pursuing him more 
 closely, flings himselt into the flood, and, master of his wish, 
 plucks from the grassy turf the spear, with the virgin, Diana's 
 gift. Him no cities, houses, or walls received ; nor, by reason 
 of his savage nature, would he have condescended [so to live] : 
 but in the lonely mountains he led a shepherd's life. There 
 among the brakes and horrid lairs, he nurtured his child from 
 the dugs of a brood-mare, and with animal milk, milking the 
 teats into her tender lips. And soon as the infant with the 
 first prints of her feet had marked the ground, he loaded her 
 hands with the pointed javelin, and from the shoulders of the 
 little girl hung a bow and arrows. Instead of ornaments of 
 gold for the hair, instead of being arrayed in a long trailing 
 robe, a tiger's hide hangs over her back down from her head. 
 Even then with tender hand she flung childish darts, and 
 whirled round her head a smooth-thon2:ed slinix, and struck 
 down a Strymonian crane or white swan. Many matrons 
 throuG:h the Tuscan tov>'ns in vain wished her for their 
 daughter-in-law. She with Diana alone content, a spotless 
 maid, cherishes the perpetual love of darts and virginity. 
 Would she had never been in love with war like this, nor at- 
 tempted to assault the Trojans ! My favorite, and one of my 
 retinue, she might now have been. But come, O nymph, 
 since it is so determined by cruel fates, glide down from the 
 sky, and visit the Latin coast, where with inauspicious omens 
 the woeful fight is ushered in. Take these [weapons], and 
 from thy quiver draw forth a vengeful arrow : by this, who- 
 ever with a wound shall violate her sacred body, whether 
 Trojan or Italian, let him to me without distinction pay the 
 forfeit with his blood. Then in a hollow cloud will I into a 
 
368 ^NEID. . E. XI. 594—630. 
 
 tomb convey the corpse and uncaptured arms of my lamented 
 maid, and restore lier to lier native land. She said : but Opis, 
 shooting down through the light airy regions of the sky, rattled 
 along, her body wrapped around in a black whirlwind. 
 
 But the Trojan host meanwhile approach the walls, and the 
 Tuscan chiefs and the whole army of horsemen in order were 
 ranged in troops. The prancing courser neighs aloud over 
 all the plain, and battles with the tightened reins, this w^ay and 
 that way Avheeling about : then far and wide an iron field of 
 spears bristles to the view, and the plains shoot a fiery glare 
 with arms raised aloft. Again on the other side opposed to 
 these appear in the field Messapus, and the swift Latins, and 
 Coras with his brother, and vivgin Camilla's wing : and with 
 right hands drawn back stretch forth their spears far before 
 them, and brandish their darts : the advance of the heroes and 
 neighing of the steeds appear more and more fierce. And 
 now each army, advancing within a javelin's throw, make a 
 halt: with a sudden shout they spring forth, and cheer on 
 their sprightly steeds : at once from all quarters they pour 
 thick showers of darts, like snow, and with their shade the 
 face of heaven is screened. Forthwith Tyrrhenus and fierce 
 Aconteus, ex^^rting their whole force, rush on each other 
 with lance to lance opposed, r.nd first with mighty noise give 
 the first shock, and with violent contact dash their horses^ 
 breasts against each other. Aconteus, tossed [from his steed] 
 after the manner of a thunderbolt, or weight shot from an 
 engine, is flung headlong to a distance, and disperses his 
 life in air. Instantly the lines are thrown into disorder ; and 
 the Latins put to flight, cast their shields behind, and turn the 
 horses to the city. The Ti'ojans pursue : Asylas chief leads 
 on the troops. And now they approached the gates : when 
 the Latins again raise a shout, and wheel about the pliant 
 necks [of their steeds] ; the others fly, and, giving their horses 
 full reins, retreat: as when the sea rolling with alternate 
 tides now rushes on the land, and foaming throws over the 
 rocks its waves, and with its skirts overflows the extremity of 
 the strand : now back with rapid motion, and sucking in 
 again the stones rolled backward with the tide, it retreats, 
 and with the ebbing current leaves the shore. Twice the 
 Tuscans drove the flying Rutulians to their walls : twice the 
 repulsed [Rutulians] face about on their foes, who, with their 
 
B. XI. 630—665. ^NEID. 359 
 
 targets defend their backs. But, after joining battle the third 
 time, they mingled their whole armies in close light, and man 
 singles out his man ; then are dying groans ; and arms, and 
 bodies, and expiring steeds, mingled with slaughtered heaps 
 of men, roll in deep blood : a furious combat ensues. Orsilo- 
 chus against the horse of Remulus, when he dreaded to en- 
 counter the rider himself, hurled a lance, and left the steel 
 beneath his ear : with which blow the courser rages bounding 
 high, and, impatient of the wound, tosses his legs aloft, rear- 
 ing up his breast. Ills lord dismounted, falls to the ground. 
 Catillus overthrows lolas, and Herminius, formidable for 
 courage, for size, and arms ; whose yellow locks [waved] on 
 his bare head, and whose shoulders were also uncovered. 
 Wounds dismay him not : so mighty he stands to arms op- 
 posed. The spear, driven through his broad shoulders, trem-> 
 bles, and, transfixing the warrior, doubles him down with 
 pain. Black gore is poured forth all around : vying with each 
 other, tliey deal destruction with the sword, and by wounds 
 seek glorious death. But amid heaps of slain the Amazon 
 Camilla, armed with a quiv^er, proudly prances over the field, 
 with one breast bared for the light ; and now with her hand 
 in showers tough javelins she throws, now with unwearied 
 arm she snatches her sturdy halberd. From her shoulder rat- 
 tles her golden bow, and the arms of Diana. Even if at any 
 time repulsed she gave ground, still turned [against the foe] 
 she aimed the winged shafts from her bow. Around her were 
 her select retinue, the virgin Larina, Tulla, and Tarpeia brand- 
 ishing her brazen ax, Italian nymphs ; whom sacred Camilla 
 herself had chosen for her glory, and as trufity assistants in 
 war and peace : hke Thracian Amazons, when they beat the 
 banks of Thermodon,^'' and war with particolored arms, 
 either round Hippolyte,^^ or about Panthesilea, when that 
 martial lady in her chariot returns ; and with loud yellino; up> 
 roar the female troops with half-moon^* shields exult. Whom 
 first, whom last, didst thou, fierce virgin, with thy shafts 
 
 32 Thermodon (Thermeh), a river of Pontus, in Asia Minor, in the 
 country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine Sea near Themiscyra. 
 
 33 Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus, 
 by Hercules, who had conquered her. 
 
 31 So called from their form. Cf. Quintus Calab. i. 146, dvy' Ider^ dc- 
 tzida Slav u?.iyKiov uvrvyi [xrivrj^. B. 
 
 16* 
 
370 ^NEID. B. XI. 666— 100. 
 
 overtlirow ? or liow many bodies didst tliou stretch gasping 
 on the ground ? First Eumenius, the son of Clytius, whose 
 exposed breast, as he stood right against her, she transfixes 
 with the long spear of fir. He, vomiting up torrents of blood, 
 Mis and bites the bloody ground, and dying writhes on his 
 own wound. Then Liris and Pagasus besides ; of whom the 
 one tumbling backward from his horse wounded under him 
 while he gathers up the reins, the other, as he comes up, and 
 reaches his unavailing hand to his falling friend, both fall 
 headlong and at once. To these she joins Amastrus, the son 
 of Hippotas ; and at distance keenly plying with darts pur- 
 sues Tereas, Harpalycus, Demophoou, and Chromis; and 
 as many shafts as shot from her hand the virgin hurled, so 
 many Trojan heroes fell. Afar the hunter Ornytus in strange 
 arms rides on his lapygian^^ steed; his broad shoulders a 
 hide torn from a fierce bullock overspreads ; his head a wolf's 
 vast yawning mouth and jaws with white teeth cover, and a 
 rustic lance^" arms his hand. In the midst of the troops he 
 moves about, and overtops the rest by a full head. Him in- 
 tercepted (nor hard was the task, now that she had put his 
 troops to flight) she transfixes, and over him these words with 
 hostile heart pronounces : Tuscan, didst thou fancy that thou 
 wast hunting beasts of chase in the woods ? The day is come, 
 that by a female arm confutes your vaunts : yet to the manes 
 of thy fathers this no trifling honor shalt thou bear, that 
 thou didst fall by the weapon of Camilla. In order next Or- 
 silochus and Butes, the two most bulky bodies of the Trojans, 
 [she assaults] : but Butes right against her with the pointed 
 lance she transfixes, between the corselet and the helmet, where, 
 as he sits [upon the horse], the shining neck appears, and 
 Avhere down from his left arm the buckler hangs : Orsilochus 
 she mocks with [dissembled] flight, and wheeling round in a 
 spacious orb, turns short upon him in a narrower circle, and 
 pursues the pursuer. Then rising high, with redoubled 
 strokes she drives her sturdy ax through his arms, and 
 through his bones, while he prays and earnestly begs his life : 
 with his warm brains the wound besmears his face. The 
 warrior son of Annus, the Apennine mountaineer, casually 
 
 33 i. e. "Appulo." Servius. Compare Gellius ii. 22. B. 
 35 "Sparus," a rustic missile, called, according to Varro (cf. Servius-), 
 from its similarity to a fish of that name. B. 
 
6.3:1.701—733. iENEID. 371 
 
 encountered lier, and startled witli tlie sudden siglit stopped 
 short ; not the last of the Ligurians, while the Fates suffered 
 him to practice fraud. Soon as he perceives that now by no 
 flight he can evade the combat, nor avert the queen who 
 presses him close, with policy and craft attempting to execute 
 his wishes, he thus begins : What mighty courage, female, if 
 on a warlike steed you rely ? throw away the means of flight, 
 and trust thyself with me hand to hand on equal ground, and 
 prepare for the combat on foot : soon shalt thou know to 
 which of us his vain-glorious boasting will bring harm." He 
 said ; but she, breathing fury, and stung with fierce resent- 
 ment, delivers her steed to an attendant, and confronts him in 
 equal arms with the naked sword on foot, and vdth. her device- 
 less shield undaunted. But the youth, presuming that he had 
 overcome by artifice, instantly flies off, and, turning about his 
 horse's head, is borne away with precipitation, and tires his 
 fleet courser with the iron spur. Fond Ligurian, [says she,] 
 flushed with unavailing pride of soul, in vain hast thou per- 
 fidious tried thy country's slippery arts ; nor shall all thy arti- 
 fice brino: thee off safe to cheatino^ Annus. Thus the virgin 
 said, and with nimble foot, all on fire, outruns his courser's 
 speed, and, grasping the reins, engages him face to face, and 
 takes vengeance on his hostile blood ; with the same ease as 
 from a lofty rock the falcon, sacred bird [of Mars], with 
 ^vinged speed overtakes a dove aloft among the clouds, and 
 seizing gripes her fast, and scoops out the bowels with his 
 hooked talons : then from the sky her blood and torn plumes 
 drop down. 
 
 But not with inattentive eyes the Sire of gods and men 
 these scenes surveying, on high Olympus exalted sits. The 
 Sire rouses Tuscan Tarchon to bloody battles, and with no 
 mild incentives inflames his rage. Therefore, amid the 
 scenes of slaughter and flying squadrons, Tarchon is hurried 
 on by his steed, and with various remonstrances animates the 
 wings, calling each man^^ by his name ; and rallies the broken 
 troops to battle. Oh never to be moved with just indigna- 
 tion ! Oh still dastardly faint-hearted Tuscans, what fear, 
 
 37 " Fraudem" seems to have been always regarded as the correct 
 reading. See Servius. B. 
 
 83 So Furius apud Macrob. Sat. vi. 1, "nomine quemque ciet." Siliua 
 i. 454, "Cunctosque cieba^, nomine." B. 
 
372 
 
 ^NEID. B. XL 734—*? Gl. 
 
 what cowardice so base has seized your souls ? Does a woman 
 drive you straggling, and put these squadrons to flight? 
 What avails the sword ? or why wield we in our hands these 
 useless weapons ? But not so slothful are ye in the service of 
 Venus and her nocturaal wars/' or when the bent pipe of 
 Bacchus hath summoned the choirs to wait for the banquets 
 and bowls at the sumptuous board. This is your delight, 
 this your ambition, while the auspicious augur dechares the 
 sacred rites, and the fat victim invites you to the deep groves. 
 This said, he spurs on his steed into the midst, he too bent^ on 
 death, and in furious perturbation advances directly against 
 Venuius ; and with his right hand grasps the foe torn off his 
 steed, and precipitant with huge violence bears him off before 
 their eyes. Fiery Tarchon flies over the plain, bearing both 
 the. warrior and his arms: then from the top of his lance he 
 breaks off the steel, and explores the open chinks where he 
 may inflict the mortal wound. He, on the other hand, strug- 
 gling against him, wards off his hand from his throat, and 
 force by force evades. And as when the tawny eagle soaring 
 hio-h bears off a serpent whom she hath seized, hath fixed in 
 him her feet, and with her talons griped him fast ; but the 
 wounded servient writhes his curving volumes, and with 
 erected scales is stiff, and hisses with his mouth, rising high 
 ao-ainst piis foe] : she not the less with hooked beak squeezes 
 liTm struggling, at the same time flaps the air with her wings ; 
 just so, from the army of the Tiburtines Tarchon in tri- 
 umph bears off his prey. The Tuscans, following the ex- 
 ample and fortune of their leader, rush on. Then Aruns'" 
 to death devoted, with his javeHn and much artifice, first 
 courses round the swift Camilla, and watches what most 
 favorable opportunity may occur. Wherever amid the 
 troops the furious maid drove on, there Aruns follows, ard 
 silently surveys her steps. Wherever she victorious retmnp, 
 and from the foe withdraws her steps that way the youth 
 secretly winds about the reins with speed. Now these, now 
 those approaches, and the whole circuit he traverses, and with 
 mischievous purpose shakes his unerring lance. By chance 
 
 39 Virgil expresses the Greek vvKTouaxeiv (cf. Aristfenet. i. 10). B. 
 4" Aruns, a Trojan, who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of 
 Diana. 
 
B. XI. 768—800. ^NEID. 37 
 
 Cliloreus,'" sacred to Cybele, and formerly her priest, at dis- 
 tance shone conspicuous in Phrygian arms, and spurred on his 
 foamino- courser ; which a hide compact with gilt scaly plates 
 of brass in form of plumes, covered. He himself, gaudy in 
 barbaric purple of darkened hue, shot Cretan arrows "from his 
 Lycian bow. Of gold the bow hung rattling from his shoulders, 
 and of gold was the helmet of the priest ; then in a knot with 
 a clasp of yellow gold he had collected his saffron chlamys, 
 and its rustling plaits of lawn, ha\dng his Phrygian tunic 
 embroidered with needle-work. Him the virgin, whether 
 that she might fix Trojan arms in the front of the temple, or 
 show herself at the chase in captive gold, of all the warring 
 chiefs alone blindly pursued ; and through the whole host, 
 for a woman's longing for the prey and spoils, with heedless 
 ardor roamed : when at length Aruns, snatching the occasion, 
 from his covert throws a dart, and thus to the powers above 
 addresses his prayer : Apollo, greatest of gods, guardian of 
 holy Soracte, whom we chiefly adore ; for whom the fire of 
 pine" with heaps [of fuel] is fed ; and in whose honor, 
 through the midst of the flames," wo thy votaries, relying on 
 our piety, walk over a length of burning coals ; grant, aimighty 
 Sire, that by our arms this infamy may be blotted out. Not 
 pillage or trophy, or any spoils of a vanquished maid, I seek : 
 to ma my other exploits will bear renown. If, smitten by o 
 wound from me, this rueful pest shall fall, I to my native city 
 shall [willingly] return inglorious. Phoebus heard, and with 
 liimself ordained that part of the vow should be fulfilled ; part 
 in fleet air he dispersed. By sudden death to overthrow 
 Camilla off her guard, he granted to his suppliant ; that his 
 illustrious country should see him safely return he denied, and 
 that petition the tempest turned adrift among the winds. 
 Therefore, soon as sent from his hand, the spear gave a whiz- 
 zing sound through the air, the armies turned their attention, 
 
 4' Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with ^neas into Italy, and 
 was killed by Turnus. 
 
 42 But this may also mean " the pitchy flame," as in Soph. Antig. 124, 
 TrevKuevd' "HcpaiGTOv. So Tryphiodorus, 214, TvevKT/evro^ dvaoxofievoc 
 TTvpoc ^P!Jivv. Compare Heins. on Sihus v. IV 9. B. 
 
 43 This is illustrated from a historical passage in Pliny, lib. vii. cap. 2. 
 Haud procul urbo Roma, in FaUscorum agro, familife sunt paucas, qusa 
 vocantur Hirpite: quoe sacrificio annuo, quod fit ad montem Soractem 
 ApoUini, super arabustam ligni struem arabulantes non aduruntur. 
 
374 ^NEID. B. XI. 801—837. 
 
 and all the Volscians on the queen their eyes directed. Neither 
 air nor whizzing sound did she heed, or the weapon flying 
 from the sky, till plunged beneath her naked breast the spear 
 stuck fost, and driven home, drank deep her virgin blood. 
 Her attendants in trembling haste pour in together, and lift 
 up their falling queen. Above all, Aruns, stunned with joy 
 and mino-led fear, flies ; and now no lono^er dares trust to his 
 spear, or make head against the w^eapons of the virgin. And 
 as some fierce" w^olf, alter he has slain a shepherd or lusty 
 bullock, conscious of his daring deed, forthwith by some un- 
 beaten path hath to the lofty mountains made his retreat, 
 before the hostile darts pursue him ; and cowering hides his 
 cowardly tail under him, and hastens to the woods : just so 
 Aruns in hurrying perturbation from sight withdrew, and 
 pleased with his flight mixed among the armed troops. She 
 d}dng wrenches out the weapon with her hand ; but between 
 the bones in her side the steel point stands fixed Avith a deep 
 wound. Down she sinks lifeless ; down sink her cold eyes in 
 death ; her once bloomino- hue hath forsaken her face. Then 
 thus, breathing her last, she addresses Acca, one of her com- 
 peers, who, beyond the rest, was singularly trusty to Camilla, 
 Avith whom she used to divide her cares ; and thus these words 
 she speaks : So far, O sister Acca, have I held out ; now a 
 cruel wound undoes me, and all objects around put on a 
 face of darkness. Fly quick, and bear these, my last com- 
 mands, to Turnus : let him advance to the combat, and repel 
 the Trojans from the city. And now, farewell. At the same 
 time with these words she dropped the reins, sinking to the 
 ground involuntarily : then of vital heat bereft, she disengages 
 herself from the whole body by degrees ; and reclined her 
 drooping neck, and head subdued by death, leaving her arms; 
 and with a groan her life indignant fled to the shades. Then 
 indeed a prodigious outcry arising strikes the golden stars. 
 The combat grows more bloody, now that Camilla is over- 
 thrown. At once in thick array rush on the whole strength 
 of the Trojans, the Tuscan chiefs, and the wings of Arcadian 
 Evander. 
 
 But Opis, appointed by Diana to watch [the fair], a long 
 while had sat aloft on the high mountains, and fearless viewed 
 
 ** See, however, Anthon on ^n. x. '701. B. 
 
B. XI. 838— 8T4. ^NEID. 375 
 
 tlie combat. And soon as from far slie espied Camilla by a 
 lamentable death overthrown amid the bustle of the infu- 
 riated youths, she inly groaned, and from the bottom of her 
 breast uttered these words : Ah virgin, too, too cruel punish- 
 ment hast thou sustained, for offering to defy the Trojans in 
 war ! nor hath it aught availed thee that lonely in the woods 
 thou wast a votary to Diana, and on thy shoulder didst bear 
 our quivers : yet not without honor has thy queen forsaken 
 thee now in death's extremity, nor shall this thy death be un- 
 recorded among the nations, nor shalt thou bear the infamy 
 of beino; unreveno-ed : for whoever with a wound hath violated 
 thy body, shall by just death his crime atone. Under the 
 lofty mountain stood the stately tomb*^ of Dercennus, the 
 ancient king of Laurentum, formed of a mount of earth, and 
 shaded with gloomy holm. Here first the goddess, pre-emi- 
 nent in beauty, with a rapid effort [of her wings] alights, and 
 Aruns from the high eminence surveys. Soon as she saw him 
 shining iu armor, and vainly swelling, she said. Why dost 
 thou move ofi' that way ? hither direct thy course, hither come 
 to meet thy doom, that from Camilla thou mayest receive thy 
 due reward. Shalt thou, too, have the honor to die by Di- 
 ana's shafts? She said, and from her gilded quiver the Thra- 
 cian nymph drew forth a winged arrow, and wrathful bent 
 her bow, and stretched it to its length, till the crooked points 
 together met, and now vnth. both hands alike she touched, 
 with the left the steel point, and with the right and bow-string 
 her breast. Forthwith Aruns heard at once the hissing of 
 the shaft and sounding air, and in his body the steel stuck 
 fast. Ilim, expiring and groaning his last, his regardless 
 friends abandon in the dusty plain unknown : Opis to the 
 ethereal sky on wings is borne away. 
 
 First fly the warriors of Camilla's left-armed wing, now 
 that their queen is lost ; the Rutulians in confusion fly ; va- 
 liant Atinas flies; the discomfited leaders, and the desolate 
 companies, both seek safe retreats, and turning their backs, on 
 coursers bend their way toward the town. Nor is any one 
 able with arms to sustain, or stand against the Trojans press- 
 ing on, and dispensing death ; but on their languid shoulders 
 they bear off their bows unbent, and with swift career the 
 
 4' " Bustum" is, properly, the place where a corpse has been burnt. B. 
 
376 ^NEID. E. XI. 875—914 
 
 courser's hoof beats tlio moldering ])lain. Dust, in thick 
 clouds of black vapor, is rolled toward the walls ; and from 
 the towers the matrons beating their breast raise the female 
 shriek to the stars of heaven. On those who first with speed 
 burst within the expanded gates a hostile throng in a mingled 
 body presses ; nor escape they deplorable death, but in the 
 very entrance, under their native walls, and am.id the shelter 
 of the houses, transfixed together they breathe out their souls. 
 Some shut the gates, nor dare to open a passage to their 
 friends, or within "the walls to receive them imploring: and a 
 most lamentable slaughter ensues of such as guarded Avith 
 their arms the passes, and such as rushed on those arms. The 
 excluded, before the eyes and faces of their grieving parents, 
 partly tumble headlong into the deep trenches, ruin closely 
 pursuing. Some giving loose reins, bfindfold and with rapid 
 speed batter against the gates, and the firmly barricaded posts. 
 Even the trembling matrons, soon as from the walls they 
 espied the corpse of Camilla, with the greatest eagerness (since 
 afl^ction to their country prompts them) cast darts with their 
 hands, and, rushing precipitant with hardened oaks, stakes, 
 and poles burned at the point, imitate iron weapons, and are 
 ambitious to die the first before the walls. Meanwhile this 
 horrid intelligence fills [the ears of] Turnus [as he lies am- 
 bushed] in the woods, and to the youth Acca reports the 
 dreadful disorder ; that the troops of the Volscians were cut 
 in pieces, Camilla had fallen, the vengeful foes were making a 
 furious onset, and by a successful battle had made themselves 
 iuasters of all ; that the consternation was now propagated to 
 the city. He furious (for so the inflexible decrees of Jove 
 require) quits the hills he had beset, forsakes the rugged woods. 
 Scarcely had he gone out of sight, and possessed the plain, 
 when father ^neas, entering the open lawns, overpasses the 
 mountain's ridge, and safe through the gloomy wood takes his 
 way. Thus both impetuous, and with their whole army, to- 
 ward the city advance ; nor are they many paces distant from 
 each other. And at once ^neas at a distance espied the plain 
 smoking with dust, and saw the Laurentine bands ; and Tur- 
 nus descried ^neas fierce in arms, and heard the tread of feet, 
 and the snorLing of the steeds. Forthwith they would engage 
 in fight, and essay the combat, did not rosy Ph(pbus now dip 
 his tired steeds in the western ocean, r.nd, day declining, 
 
B. XI. 915, XII. 1—24. .^NEID. 377 
 
 bring back the niglit. In their camps before the town they 
 rest, and intrench the walls. 
 
 BOOK xn. 
 
 In the Twelfth Book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by 
 Turnus and ^neas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their 
 kin^, who had retired wounded, but is miraculously cured by Venus. 
 On liis return, he again challenges Turnus to the combat, with whose 
 death the poem concludes. 
 
 As soon as Turnus saw that the Latins, broken with unsuc- 
 cessful war, had lost heart ; that now his promise was claimed, 
 himself marked out by the eyes [of all] ; he burns with volun- 
 tary determination not to yield,' and raises his martial spirit. 
 .^5 in the fields of Carthage, a lion, whose breast is pier ced 
 _bythe hunters with a smart wound, then at l ength pre pares 
 for battle,~and' dehghTs m sliaking tlie bra wny muscles o f his 
 shaggy nec-k, and undaunted breaks the infixed weapon of tho 
 hunter an d roa rs with bloody jaws: just so in Turnus' in- 
 Hamed breast violence arises,'' tlien tHirs he addresses the king, 
 and thus in perturbation begins : In Turnus is no delay ; the 
 dastardly Trojans have no handle to retract their challenge, 
 or to decline what they have agreed to. I enter the lists : 
 ord^r thou, O sire, the sacred rites, and ratify the truce. 
 Either I with this right hand shall dispatch to Tartarus the 
 Trojan, the renegado of Asia (let the Latins sit still and look 
 on), and alone shall with the sword repel the common charge ; 
 or let him rule as vanquished, let Lavinia be resigned his 
 spouse. To him Avith mind composed Latinus replied : O 
 youth surpassing in soul, the more you excel in fierce valor, 
 the more solicitous it concerns mo to consult [your safety], 
 and with fearful caution to weio-h the dano-er. You are heir 
 to the kingdom of your father Daunus, many cities have been 
 won by your valor, wealth also, and a high spirit, belong to 
 Latinus. There are other viro-ins unwedded in Latium and 
 
 to 
 
 1 I have been compelled to use a circumlocution in translating " ultro 
 implacabilis ardet." Servius well observes: "bene ducis dignitatem 
 servavit, ut non ideo faceret, quia quidam reposcebant ; sed sua sponto 
 accenderetur in proelium." B. 
 
 2 "Gliscit" rather means "increases, grows vehement." So Lucret. 
 i. 415, "Ignis Alexandri Phrygio sub pectore gliscens." iv. 1062, "In- 
 que dies gliscit furor," B. 
 
378 
 
 ^NEID. B. XII. 25—55. 
 
 the territories of Laurentum, not ignoble in tlieir birth. 
 Give me leave to lay before you without guile these truths, not 
 pleasant to be spoken ; at the same time, imbibe them with deep 
 attention. It was decreed that I should wed my daughter to 
 none of her former suitors ; and this both gods and men unani- 
 mous pronounced. Overpowered by my affection for thee, over- 
 powered by the ties of kindred blood, and by the tears of my 
 afflicted consort, I broke through all restraints; wrested my 
 daughter from the son-in-law to whom she was promised; 
 took up impious^ arms [against him]. From that time, Turnus, 
 you see what calamities, what wars pursue me ; what disasters 
 you in chief endure. In two great battles routed, with diffi- 
 culty we defend our hopes of Italy in this city : the streams 
 of Tiber still run warm with our blood, and the spacious 
 fields are white with the bones [of our slain]. AVhither am I 
 so often driven back? what infatuation changes my mind? 
 If, upon Turnus' death, I am resolved to invite [the Trojans 
 to be] my allies, why not rather put an end to all dissensions 
 while he lives ? V/hat will my kinsmen the Rutulians, what 
 will the rest of Italy say, if to death (Heaven disappoint my 
 fears !) I betray you, who court my daughter and alliance by 
 marriage ? Consider the various chances of war : pity your 
 ao-ed sire, whom now disconsolate his native Ardea separates 
 far from you. By these remonstrances the rage of Turnus is 
 by no means checked : he swells Up the more, and by medicine 
 grows more distempered. As soon as he was able to speak, 
 he thus began in words : Whatever care for me you entertain, 
 most excellent prince, I beseech you, for my sake, lay aside, 
 and suffer me to purchase death in exchange for glory. We 
 too, O sire, can fling* the dart and spear with no feeble arm, 
 and blood is wont to flow from the Avounds which we inflict. 
 Nought shall his goddess-mother him avail,^ who in a female 
 cloud screens the fugitive, and conceals herself in delusive 
 shades. But the queen, terribly alarmed with the new state 
 of the fight, v/ept, and ready to die [with grief J, grasped her 
 
 3 Not only because ^neas was destined by the gods to be bis son-in-law, 
 but because the war was between persons who had formed a truce, B. 
 
 4 Literally, scatter. So Silius vii. 635, " spargentem in vulnera ssvus 
 Fraude fugse calamos." ix. 390, ''spargere tela manu." B. 
 
 5 Such is the force of "longe," as illustrated by Gronov. on Sen. Hip- 
 pol. 974; Drakenb, on Sil. xvii. 80. B. 
 
B. XII. 66—90. yENEID. 2l9 
 
 raging son-in-law : Turniis, by these tears, by "vvliatever regard 
 for Amata touches your soul ; thou art now the only hope, 
 the only solace of my wretched old age ; on thee depends the 
 glory and power of Latinus ; on thee our whole family now in 
 its dechne relies ; this one request I make, forbear to engage 
 with the Trojans. Whatever fortune awaits thee in that com- 
 bat, Turnus, awaits me also ; with you will I quit this hated 
 light, nor captive will I see -^Eneas my son-in-law. Lavinia, 
 bathing her glowing cheeks in tears, listens to the words of 
 her mother; [Lavinia,] in whom profound modesty kindled 
 up a burning flush,® and diffused itself over her blushing 
 visage. As if on e had stained the Indian ivory with ruddy 
 j[)urr)le ; or as white lilies mingled with copious roses blusli ; 
 3U&^ colors tlie virgin in Iier vi-ago showed. Love raises 
 a tumult in his soul, and fixes his looks uj)on the maid. 
 He burns for arms the more, and briefly thus addresses 
 Amata: O mother, do not, I beseech thee, do not with 
 tears, do not with so inauspicious an omen, send me from 
 you, now that I am on my way to the combat of rigid wars ; 
 for Turnus is not at liberty to retard his death ! Idmon, 
 my herald, report from me this no pleasing message to the 
 Phrygian tyrant : when first the ensuing morn, borne in her 
 crimson car, shall blush in the sky, let him not lead his 
 Trojans against the Rutulians; let the arms of Trojans and 
 Rutulians rest ; by our blood be the war decided ; in that field 
 let Lavinia be won as a bride. "When he had pronounced 
 these words, and with great speed retired into the palace, he 
 calls for his steeds, and exults to see them neio-hino- in his 
 presence; which steeds Orithyia'' gave (a royal present) to 
 Pilumnus, such as in whiteness might surpass the snow, in 
 speed the winds. The active grooms stand around, and with 
 their hollow hands cheer their stroked chests, and comb their 
 waving manes. Then he himself wraps about his shoulders 
 his corselet, rough with gold and pale orichalchum : at the 
 same time fits for use his sword and buckler, and the horns of 
 his flaming crest ; the sword which the god of fire himself had 
 forged for his father Daunus, and plunged, when glowing, in 
 
 6 More literally, " unto whom a deep blush kindled up the hot cur- 
 rent within, and oversiDread her burning visage." Axthox, 
 
 ■'' Orithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, and wife of 
 Boreas, king of Thrace. 
 
380 
 
 iENEID. ■ E. xiL 91—124 
 
 the Sty.^ian ^-ave. Next with force ^e g/a?ps his strong 
 spear, which in the middle of the palace stood resting on a 
 niii^hty column, Auruncian Actor's spoil, and brandishes it 
 quivering, exclaiming : Now, O spear, that never balked my ' 
 call, the time is now at hand. Thee, heroic Actor, thee the 
 right hand of Turnus now wields : grant that I may stretch \ 
 his body on the ground, and with my strong hand rend the / 
 corselet torn from the Phrygian eunuch, and soil in the dust/ 
 his locks frizzled with hot irons and dripping with myrrh/ 
 With such furies is he driven, and from the whole face of the 
 inflamed warrior sparks incessant fly : from his fierce eyes the 
 fire flashes : as when a bull to usher in the fight raises 
 hideous bellowings, and essays his rage for a combat with 
 horns, goring against the trunk of a tree ; with blows he beats 
 the air, and preludes to the fight by spurning the sand. 
 Meanwhile ^neas, fierce in the arms given by his mother, no 
 less whets his martial fury, and kindles up his rage, pleased \ 
 that the war was to be decided on the profl:ered tei-ms. Then 
 he solaces his friends and the fears of sorrowing liilus, teaching 
 them the fetes ; and orders the messengers to carry back his 
 positive answer to king Latinus, and prescribe the terms of 
 
 peace. 
 
 The next day arisen had scarcely sprinkled the tops of the 
 mountains with light, when first from the deep gulf the horses 
 of the sun lift up their heads, and from their erected nostrils 
 breathe forth day. Under the walls of the spacious city both 
 the Rutuhans and Trojans, having measured the ground, pre- 
 pared it for the combat; and iu the center [raised] hearths 
 and ahars of turf to their common gods : others attired in 
 linen vails,^ and ha\nng their temples bound with vervain, 
 bore fountain-water, and fire. The Ausonian legion ad- 
 vances, and the armed squadrons pour forth at the crowded 
 gates : on the other side the whole Trojan and Tuscan army 
 with various arms rush [to the field], no otherwise arranged 
 in battle-array, with sword in hand, than if summoned to the 
 
 8 Servius writes that the priests and sacred ministers among the Rom- 
 ans, by whom the laws of peace and war were confirmed, were prohibited 
 to wear any thing of hnen ; and that Virgil designedly clothes the Fecia- 
 les in linen vails on this occasion, to give us to know beforehand that 
 the league was to be broken, since it was ushered in with unlawful 
 rites. Others for lino read limo, a kind of garment or apron worn by 
 the priests in sacrifice, that reached down from the navel to the feet 
 
c. XII. 125— 160. JENEID. 381 
 
 fierce combat of Mars. The leaders, too, in gold and purple 
 decked, amid the thousands scamper [over the plain] ; 
 Mnestheus, the offspring of Assaracus, and brave Asylas ; and 
 Messapus, a renowned horseman, Neptune's son. And soon 
 as, upon the signal given, each man to his station retired, they 
 fix down their spears in the ground, and rest their shields. 
 Then, with eagerness [to see the combat], matrons in crowds, 
 the populace unarmed, and feeble old men, occupy the towers 
 and roofs of houses ; others stand near the lofty gates. But 
 from the summit of the hill, which is now called Alban (then 
 the mount had neither name, nor honor, nor glory), Juno, 
 stretching her view, surveyed the field and both armies of 
 Laurentines and Trojans, and the city of Latinus. Forthwith 
 she thus addressed the sister of Turnus, a goddess to the deity 
 who over pools and sounding streams presides ; on her this 
 sacred honor Jove, the high sovereign of the sky, for her 
 ravished virginity conferred : O nymph, the glory of rivers, 
 dearest to my soul, thou knowest how thee in chief, to all the 
 maids of Latium who mounted^ the ungrateful bed of mighty 
 Jove, I have preferred, and willingly settled thee partner of 
 the skies : learn now, Jutunia,^" lest you should accuse me, 
 your sad disaster. As far as fortune seemed to sufier, and the 
 Fates permitted the state of Latium to prosper, Turnus and 
 your city I protected : now I see the youth engaging with 
 unequal fates : the day and unfriendly power of the Destinies 
 approach. With these eyes I am not able to behold this com- 
 bat, or this league. If aught thou darest more ready for a 
 brother, proceed : it becomes thee ; perhaps better fortune 
 will attend the wretched [Latins]. Scarcely had she spoken, 
 when from her eyes Juturna poured forth tears, and thrice 
 and four times with her hand smote her comely breast. This 
 is no time for tears, Satumian Juno says ; dispatch, and if 
 there be any means, rescue your brother from death : or 
 kindle now the war anew, and dissolve the concerted league. 
 I authorize you in the daring attempt. Ha\nng thus advised, 
 she left her perplexed, and distracted with a sad wound of 
 soul. 
 
 i 
 
 9 Yirgil expresses ^sch. Suppl. 31, enitSTivai ^.tKrpuv. So also Eurip. 
 Hel. 376. B. 
 
 ^^ Juturna, the sister of king Turnus, changed into a fountain of the 
 Bame name, the waters of which were used in the sacrifices of Vesta* 
 
.382 ^NEID. B. xn. 161— 190. 
 
 Meanwhile the kings, [and in particular]'^ Latimis of ample 
 frame, rides in a chariot by four horses draAMi, whose reiul- 
 gent temples twelve golden rajs encompass, the emblem of 
 liis ancestor the sun T^ Turnus moves in a car draw n b y tw^o 
 white steeds, brandishing in his han d two javelins tippeowith 
 broad steel. On the other side, father .^Eneas, the founder of 
 the Roman race, blaziii'^' ^vlth his starry shield and ar ms divine^ 
 and Ascahius" by bis side, the oilier hope of mighty Rome, 
 advance from the camp : in a pure vestment the priest brought 
 up the youngling of a bristly sow, and an unshorn ewe-lamb, ^^ 
 and presented the victims at the blazing altars. They, turning 
 their eyes toward the rising sun, sprinkle with their hands 
 the salt cakes, and mark with the sword the top of the vic- 
 tims' foreheads, and from the sacred goblets pour libations on 
 the altars. Then pious .^neas, having unsheathed his sword, 
 thus prays : Thou, O sun, be witness now to my prayer, and 
 this land, for whose sake I have been able to sustain such 
 grievous toils ; and thou, almighty father, and thou, Saturnian- 
 Juno, now goddess, now more propitious, I pray : and thou, 
 glorious father Mars, who by thy sovereign will disposest the 
 fate of all battles : the fountains and rivers I invoke, and 
 whatever objects of religion are in the heavens above, and the 
 deities that dwell in the azure ocean. If the victory should 
 chance to fall to Ausonian Turnus, it is agreed that the van- 
 quished [Trojans] shall to Evander's city retire : liilus shall 
 quit these territories : nor in future shall the JEneades, vio- 
 lating the . peace, make war again to harass these realms with 
 the sword. But if victory shall declare Mars on our side (as 
 I rather presume, and rather may the gods confirm by their 
 divine will), never shall I compel the Italians to be subject to 
 the Trojans, nor aim I at empire for myself; let both nations 
 
 11 I have followed Anthon's construing. B. 
 
 12 Latinus was the grandson of Picus, who took Circe, the daughter 
 of the sun, to be his wife or concubine, and by her had Faunus, the 
 father of Latinus, who consequently was the grandchild of the sun, 
 
 13 Ruasus observes, that the ewe was offered for ^neas, after the man- 
 ner of the Greeks, who commonly ratified a league with the sacrifice of 
 a sheep or lamb, as we see in Homer, II. iii. 103. The sow again is for 
 Latinus, after the Roman or Italian fashion, which Livy intimates to have 
 been of very great antiquity, lib. i. 24, where he gives the form of rati- 
 fying a league between the Romans and Albans, in the reign of Tullus 
 Hostilius: "Audi Jupiter, etc. — Si prior defexit, tu illo die Jupiter pop- 
 ulum Romanum sic ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hio hodie feriam." 
 
B. XII. 101—224, iEXEID. 
 
 383 
 
 unsubdued submit on equal terms to an everlasting league. 
 I shall ordain the sacred rites and the gods :'* let my father- 
 in-law Latinus enjoy the control of the war, his wonted sove- 
 reign rule : to me my Trojans shall raise a city, and to that 
 city Lavinia shall give the name. Thus ^neas first [said] : 
 then thus Latinus, raising his eyes to heaven, succeeds, and 
 to the stars stretches forth his right hand : By those same 
 powers, iEneas, by the earth, the sea, the stars, I swear, by 
 Latona's double offspring, and two-faced Janus, by the majesty 
 of the gods infernal, and the sanctuary of inexorable Pluto. 
 These oaths let the Sire hear, who by his thunder ratifies our 
 leagues. On the altars I lay my hand ; and the fires here 
 placed in the midst of them, and the gods I call to witness : 
 no day shall ever violate this peace, this treaty, on the part 
 of the Italians, whatever way the event shall foil out : nor 
 shall any power make me swerve from them with ray will, 
 even though it should Avash away the earth into the waves, 
 blending it with the flood, and dissolve heaven into hell. As 
 this scepter (for a scepter in his hand he chanced to wield) 
 shall never sprout forth with light leaves, tAvigs, or shady 
 boughs, since once lopped in the wood from the low stem it 
 Avas severed from its mother-tree, and by the ax laid down 
 its locks and branching arms ; once a tree, now the artist's 
 hand hath enchased it in beauteous brass, and fashioned it for 
 the Latin kings to Avield. By such asseverations they mutually 
 confirmed the league full in the view of the chiefs : then over 
 the flames they stab^^ the victims consecrated in due form, and 
 tear out their entrails from them yet alive, and heap up the 
 altars with loaded chargers. 
 
 But to the Rutulians the match had long seemed unequal, 
 and their breasts Avere agitated with various mixed emotions ; 
 but then the more, as they discern more nearly that the con- 
 test is one of unequal strength. Tumus advancing with a 
 silent gait, and in suppHant foiTQ Avith downcast eyes vener- 
 ating the altars, his wan cheeks, and the paleness over his 
 youthful form, aggravate their fears ; which surmises soon as 
 his sister Juturna observed to be spread abroad, and that the 
 drooping hearts of the populace Avere wavering; into the 
 midst of the troops, personating the form of Camertus (who 
 
 ^i i. e. the Latins are to receive those of the Trojans. B. 
 1^ " Jugulare" properly means "to cut the throat." B. 
 
884 ^NEID. E. zii. 225—250. 
 
 was of a noble ancient line, and from his father's valor de- 
 rived an illustrious name, himself too most valiant in arms), 
 into the midst of the troops she throws herself, not unskilled 
 in expedients, sows various rumors [among the ranks], and 
 thus harangues them : Are you not ashamed, O Rutulians ! to 
 expose one life for all who are such V^ are we not equal in 
 numbers and in strength ? Lo Trojans and Arcadians both, 
 and the fatal band, Etruria, inveterate to Turnus, all are here : 
 yet should but every second man of us engage, we hardly have 
 a foe. He, [Turnus,] it is true, by fame shall be advanced to 
 the gods, at whose altars he devotes himself, and in the mouths 
 [of men] shall ever live ; we who now are seated idle on the 
 plain, shall, after having lost our country, be constrained to sub- 
 mit to haughty lords. 
 
 By these words the resolution of the youths was now more 
 and more inflamed, and through the troops the murmur glides. 
 Even the Laurentines are changed, and those very Latins, 
 who were recently promising themselves repose from war, 
 and prosperity to the state, now are to arms inclined, wish the 
 league unmade, and pity the hard fate of Turnus. To these 
 incentives Juturna adds another yet stronger, and gives a 
 sign from high heaven, than which none more efiectually dis- 
 turbed the minds of the Italians, and mislead them by its por- 
 tent. For in the ruddy sky the tawny bird of Jove with 
 winged speed pursued some water-fowl, and a noisy tribe of 
 the feathered kind ; when suddenly swooping down to the 
 waves, cruelly rapacious, he snatched up in his crooked 
 pounces a goodly swan. The Italians roused their attention : 
 and all the fowls with screaming noise turn their flight, 
 amazing to see ! and darken the sky with their wings, and 
 forming a cloud, pursue^'' their foe through the air ; till, by 
 the force [of their attacks], and the very encumbrance of his 
 burden, overpowered, the bird gave way, and from his talons 
 dropped his prey into the river, and flew far into the clouds. 
 Then indeed with acclamation the Rutulians salute the omen, 
 and make ready their troops : and first Tolumnius the augur 
 says. This is what with prayers I often sought : I welcome 
 
 's i. e. "who are equal in valor to Turnus." Anthon. B. 
 
 17 Literally, "press on." Silius v. 281, "ceu tigride cerva Hyrcana 
 cum pressa tremit." X. 125, "Haud secus ac Libyca fetam tellure leee- 
 nam Venator premit obsesso cum Maurus in antro." B. 
 
B. XII. 260—294. ^NEID. 385 
 
 [the omen], and own [the interposition of] the gods ; myself, 
 ) myself at your head, snatch up the steel, Rutulians, whom 
 this injurious foreigner like weak fowls with war dismays, and 
 by violence ravages your coasts. He shall betake himself to 
 flight, and set sail far into the deep. Do ye with one accord 
 close your squadrons, and from the combat save your king, 
 whom they would ravish from you.'* 
 
 He said, and rushing forth, hurled a dart full in the face of 
 the enemy : the whizzing cornel-shaft gives a twang, and with 
 unerring aim cuts the air. At once it is done, at once a loud 
 shout arises, and the whole ranks are disturbed, and their 
 hearts inflamed with tumultuous rage. The flying javelin, as 
 against it stood nine brothers (most comely personages, whom 
 one faithful consort of Tuscan blood liad borne to Arcadian 
 Gilippus), one of these, a youth distinguished by his mien and 
 sliining arms, just in the middle, where the stitched belt is 
 worn by the waist, and a clasp confines the joints of the sides : 
 it penetrates the ribs, and stretches him on the yellow sand. 
 But the brothers, a resolute band, and stung with grief, some 
 draw their swords, some snatch the missile steel, and rush 
 blindfold ; against whom the troops of Laurentum spring 
 forth : then in close aiTay Trojans, and Tuscans, and Arca- 
 dians with painted arms, again stream forth. One common 
 ardor so strongly possesses all to decide the strife by dint of 
 sword. They rifled the very altars ; a thick tempest of darts 
 flies through all the air, and an iron shower pours down 
 amain ; and they bear away the hearths and goblets." Latinus 
 himself, the league now broken, flies, bearing off" his baffled 
 gods. Some rein their chariots, or with a bound vault on their 
 steeds, and with drawn swords are ready. Messapus, eager to 
 violate the truce, gives a terrible shock to the Tuscan Aulestes, 
 a king, and bearing the ensigns of a king, by jostling against 
 him with his horse : he retreating falls, and unhappily among 
 the altars planted behind him tumbles on his head and shoul- 
 ders. But Messapus fierce flies up with his lance, and with the 
 beamy weapon from on high, raising himself on his steed, smites 
 him heavily, earnestly imploring [his life], and thus speaks : 
 
 '* "Raptum" is used prolepticallj. B. 
 
 " The priests and ministers bear away the utensils which had been 
 employed in pledging the truce. B. 
 
 17 
 
gge ' ^NEID. E. III. 295—330. 
 
 lie has got it,^" this victim is given to the great gods as a more 
 grateful offering. The Itahans flock toward him, and strip his 
 Hmbs, yet warm. From the altar Chorinaeus snatches a burn- 
 ing brand, and confronting Ebusus, as he is coming up and 
 aiming a blow, prevents him, by dashing the flames full in his 
 face. His bushy beard blazed, and singed all over, diffused a 
 Eonell. The other, pursuing the blow, with his left hand grasps 
 the hair of his confounded foe, and with exerted force, pressing 
 his knee against him, nails him fast to the ground ; in this pos- 
 ture he plunges the cruel sword into his side. Podalirius with 
 naked sword pursuing the shepherd Alsus, as in the front of 
 the battle he rushes through the darts, presses close upon him : 
 he (Alsus) draAving back his ax, cleaves asunder in the mid- 
 dle the forehead and chin of his opponent, and with the bespat- 
 tered blood besmears his arms. Cruel slumbers and the iron 
 sleep [of death] press down his eyes ; closed are their orbs ih. 
 everlasting night. 
 
 But pious ^neas, with his head uncovered, stretched forth 
 his unarmed hand [in sign of truce], and with loud acclamation 
 called to his men : Whither rush you ? what sudden discord 
 has thus arisen ? O restrain your rage ! the league is now struck 
 up, and all the articles are settled : I alone have a right to en- 
 gage ; permit me, and banish your fears : this hand of mine 
 shall make the league firm : those sacred rites give me security 
 for Turnus. Amid these words, amid such expostulations, 
 lo ! a hissing arrow with winged speed alighted on the hero : 
 by whose hand shot, by whose whirling force impelled, who ac- 
 quired such glory to the Rutulians, whether a god or chance, 
 is uncertain : smothered was the fame of the illustrious action, 
 nor did any one vaunt himself on [having inflicted] a wound 
 on -^neas. 
 
 Soon as Turnus saw ^^neas retiring from the army, and 
 the leaders all in disorder, with sudden hope impetuous he 
 burns : for his steeds and arms at once he calls, and proudly 
 springs into the chariot with a bound, and with his own 
 hands guides the reins. Flying along, he gives to death many 
 gallant frames of men ; many half dead he rolls along, or with 
 his chariot tramples down the troops, or plies their flying 
 
 '° i. e. " he has received his coup de grace,''^ a gladiatorial phrase. Cf! 
 Ter. Andr. i. 8, 5G. B. 
 
^. xii. 331—365. ^NEID. 387 
 
 backs with darts caught iip.'^^ As when by the streams of the 
 £Sld Hebriis bloody Mars with fierce commotion clashes witE, 
 his shield, and kindling war, lets loose his furious steeds ; they^ 
 oyer the plain outfly the south winds and zephyr ; Thrace to. 
 Jts utmost bounds groans beneath the trampling of their feet, 
 ^n d the featu res of grim Terror, Rage^ and vStratagem, the ret- 
 inue of the god, stalk around : with like fury Turnus through 
 the midst of the embattled plain exulting driv^es his steeds 
 steaming with sweat, prancing over his micerably slaughtered 
 foes : their rapid hoofs scatter the dewy drops of blood, and gore 
 with mingled sand is spurned up. And now to death he gave 
 Sthenelus, and Thamyris, and Pholus, encountering the two last 
 hand to hand, the other at a distance ; at a distance also both 
 the sons of Imbrasus, Glaucus and Lades, whom in Lycia Im- 
 brasus had bred, and furnished with equal skill in arms, either 
 to fight hand to hand, or on horseback to outfly the wind. In 
 another quarter Eumedes rushes into the midst of the field, 
 the warlike son of the ancient Dolon,^^ representing his grand- 
 sire in name, in soul and action his sire ; who once, sent as a 
 spy to visit the Grecian camp, durst claim for his reward the 
 chariot of Achilles. Him Tydides for so audacious an attempt 
 honored with a very different reward ; and no more he aspires 
 [now] to the steeds of Achilles. Him as soon as Turnus at a 
 distance espied on the open plain, having first sent after him a 
 fleet arrow through the extended void, he stops his harnessed 
 steeds, down from the chariot springs, and flies up to him ex-: 
 piriiig and prostrate ; and, pressing his foot on his neck, wrests 
 the sword from his hand, and deep in his throat plunged the 
 shining blade, and withal added these words : Lo ! Trojan, 
 stretched at your length measure the lands, and that Hes- 
 peria which by war you sought: these rewards they reap 
 who dare attack me with the sword ; thus they build their 
 walls. Hurling his lance he sends Butes to bear him com- 
 pany : and Chloreas, and Sybaris, Dares, and Thersilochus, and 
 Thymoetes, who had fallen from the neck of his plunging'^ 
 steed. And as, when the blast of Thracian Boreas roars on 
 
 ^' Snatched up from his own chariot, or from the bodies of the slain. B. 
 
 -^ Dolon, a Trojan remarkable for his swiftness, having been sent as a 
 epy to the Grecian camp, he was seized and put to death by Diomedes. 
 
 ^' So Silius uses " sternax," i. 261, " correpti sternacem ad prcelia 
 fraenis Frangere equum." Servius interprets it, " qui facile sternit so* 
 dentem." B. 
 
588 JSNFJD. B. xii. 366 — 397. 
 
 the ^gean Sea, aud to the sho re pursues the w aves, wherever 
 the winds" e^ert their incumbent forc e, the clo uds fly throuofh 
 the air : just so before Turnus, wherever he cuts liis way, the 
 troops give way, and the routed squadrons fly : his impetuous 
 ardor bears him on, and the wind, blowing right against his 
 chariot, shakes his fluttering crest. Ilim thus bearing all be- 
 fore him, and bellowing with mad rage, Phegeus could not en- 
 dure ; he opposed himself to the chariot, and, with his right 
 hand, twisted the mouths of the steeds as they are hurried along, 
 foaming with the bit. While he is dragged along, and hangs 
 upon the pole, [Turnus'] broad lance reaches him undefended, 
 and piercing bursts his double-tissued coat of mail, and with 
 a wound grazes the surface of his body. But he, with shield 
 opposed turning on the foe, advanced, and from his un- 
 sheathed sword'^* sought assistance ; when the wheel, and the 
 axle accelerated in its career, hurled him headlong, and stretch- 
 ed him on the ground ; and Turnus following, with his sword 
 struck oflf his head, between the lower extremity of the helmet 
 and the upper border of the corslet, and left him on the sand a 
 [headless] trunk. 
 
 Now while in the field victorious Turnus makes such havoc, 
 in the interim Mnestheus, and trusty Achates, and Ascanius, 
 accompanying, placed in the camp JEneas bleeding [from his 
 wound, and] on a long spear propping his alternate steps." 
 He storms, and, having broken off the shaft, struggles to 
 wrench out the dart, and demands the speediest means of aid ; 
 bids them make an incision with the broad sword, and quite 
 lay open the weapon's recess, and send him back to the war. 
 And now came to his aid lapyx,^' the son of lasius, by Phoe- 
 bus above others beloved ; upon whom Apollo himself, capti- 
 vated with a violent passion for him, heretofore had ofiered 
 to bestow his arts, his own gifts, his skill in augury, the lyre 
 and Avinged shafts. He, to prolong his dying father's fate, 
 chose to understand the powers of herbs and use of medicine, 
 and inglorious to practice those silent arts." Raving vio- 
 
 "* I may as well remark, that "mucro" generally means a short, broad 
 weapon. B. 
 
 ^* So Silius vi. 68, " Saucius — fractae innitens haslse." B. 
 
 ^^ lapyx, a Trojan, the son of lasius, and a favorite of Apollo, who 
 instructed him in medicine. 
 
 '' Because unheralded by fame. Axthon. B. 
 
n. XII. 398 — 435. ^XEID. 389 
 
 lently ^neas stood, leaning on liis massy spear, unmoved, 
 amid the vast confluence, either by the tears of the youths 
 or of grieving liilus. The sage, in his robe doubled back, 
 girt up^^ after the physician's fashion, with anxious trepida- 
 tion makes many eftbrts in vain with his healing hand, and 
 the potent herbs of Phoebus ; in vain with his right hand tugs 
 the dart, and with tenacious pincers grips the steel. No 
 success attends the means ; his patron Apollo lends no aid ; 
 and the fierce terror of the field spreads more and more, and 
 the mischief is nearer. Now they see the air stand thick with 
 dust : [Turnus'] cavalry are advancing, and thick showers of 
 , darts fall in the midst of the camp : to heaven ascend the dis- 
 mal shouts of youth, some fighting, and some falling under cruel 
 ;Mara. 
 
 Here the parent-goddess Venus, deeply affected with the 
 undeserved suffering of her son, from Cretan Ida crops a 
 stalk of dittany, all blooming with downy leaves and purple 
 flowers : to the wild goats those herbs are not unknown ; [for 
 from them they seek relief,] when in their backs the winged 
 shafts have struck. This Venus, her face muffled in a dim 
 cloud, conveyed ; with this she tinctures the water poured in 
 the shining vase, secretly medicating it ; and injects the juice 
 of healing ambrosia, and fragrant panacea. With this liquor 
 aged lapyx, not knowing [its cummunicated virtue], fomented 
 the wound ; and suddenly (for all the pain fled from his body, 
 and all the blood in the deep wound was stanched ; and now 
 the arrow, following the hand, without any compulsion drop- 
 ped out, and to his pristine state his vigor returned anew) 
 lapyx exclaims. Quick fly for the hero's arms ; why do you 
 stand ? thus he first kindles their courage against the foe. [Ho 
 adds,] Not from human aid, or from the masterly art [of man], 
 proceeds this cure, nor, ^neas, is it my right hand that saves 
 thee : a god more powerful is the agent, and releases thee for 
 enterprises of greater moment. He, panting for the combat, 
 had incased his legs in gold, is impatient of delay, and brand- 
 ishes his lance. When his shield was fitted to his side, and 
 the corslet to his back, within his armed folds he embraces 
 Ascanius, and, through his helmet, gently touching his lips, \ 
 thus addresses him : From me, my son, learn valor and truo / 
 
 '^ In order to be less encumbered in his operations. So Silius y.3Gl, 
 " intortos de more adstrictus araictus, Mulcebat lympha purgatum san- 
 guine vulnua." B. 
 
390 iENEID. B. XII. 43G— 469- 
 
 fortitude ; thy fortune [learn] from others. Kow shall my hand ) 
 by war set thee in safety, and lead thee to the glorious fruits j 
 of victory. Be sure you this remember, when ere long yourc 
 age shall reach maturity; and, calling often to mind the exam-\ 
 pTes of your ancestors, let your father iEneas, and uncle Hector, / 
 spur you on. ^ / 
 
 Soon as he uttered these words, from the gates he issued 
 forth majestic; in his hand brandishing a ponderous javehn : 
 at the same time in a thick body rush forth Antheus and 
 Mnestheus, and all the troops from the abandoned camp pour 
 along. Then with mingled clouds of blinding dust the plain 
 is overspread, and the earth, shaking by the trampling of their 
 feet, trembles. Them marching Turnus saw from an oppo- 
 site hill ; the Ausonians saw, and cold fear ran through their 
 inmost bones. Before all the Latins Juturna first heard and 
 recognized the sound, and in consternation fled. The hero 
 (^aeas) speeds his way, and along the open plain drives his 
 fiery squadron. As when under some storray^^ constellation 
 a tempest moves"atliwart tlie mid ocean toward the land ; 
 "ah ! how the hearts of the desponding swains, presaging from 
 afar, shudder ! it will bring ruin on the trees, an.l desolation 
 on the fields of corn, it will lay all waste around : the winds 
 before it fly, and waft hoarse murmurs to the shore : with such 
 Tury the Trojan chief leads 'on his squadron against the oppos- 
 ing foes : in the thick array they crowd upon each other, 
 closing their serried files. Thymbrseus with the sword smites 
 down the stern Osiris, Mnestheus beats down Archetius, 
 Achates kills Epulo, and Gyas Ufens. The augur's self To- 
 lumnius falls, who first had hurled his lance against the^ ad- 
 verse foes. To heaven a shout is raised ; and the Rutulians, 
 routed in their turn, show their backs all dusty over the field. 
 iEneas himself neither deigns to put the fugitives to death, 
 nor does he pursue those who engage in close fight, or who 
 [at a distance] throw the javelin; turnus alone, with accu- 
 rate survey, he searches out, amid the thick clouds of dust : 
 him alone he demands to the combat. 
 
 With dread of this the warlike maid Juturna, struck to the 
 heart, overthrows Metiscus,'° Turnus' charioteer, between the 
 
 '^ Literally, " when [the influence of] some constellation has burst 
 forth." B. 
 
 ^° Metiscus, the charioteer of Turnus, whose form was assumed by 
 Juturna, the sister of Turnus. 
 
B. XII. 470—506. ^NEID. 391 
 
 harness, and leaves liim far beliind fallen from tlie beam. 
 Herself succeeds, and with her hand guides the waving reins, 
 assuming all, the voice, the person, and arms of Metiscus. As 
 vthen throughout the spacious mansions of some wealthy lorcT 
 J^ie sable swallow flutters, and on the wing traverses the lofty 
 courts, picking up her scanty fare, and food for her loquacious 
 young ; and now in the empty cloisters, now about the liquid 
 ^ols chatters : in like manner through the midst" of the foes 
 Juturna rides, and flying in her rapid chariot, circuits all : 
 and now here, now there, exhibits her brother in triumph; 
 nor sufters him to engage [in single combat] ; but far [from 
 iEueas] devious flies. 
 
 ^neas, with no less eagerness, pursues mazy orbs, in order 
 to intercept him, traces out the warrior, and with a loud voice 
 calls after him through the broken troops. As often as he 
 casts his eyes on the foe, and by his J^gility attempted the 
 winged courser's speed ; so often Juturna wheeled about the 
 chariot, turning it from him. Alas, what can he do ? in vain 
 he fluctuates \vith a varying tide, and different cares urge his 
 mind to opposite schemes. At him Messapus, as in his swift 
 career he chanced in the left hand to wield two javelins pointed 
 with steel, levels one of them, hurling it with a well-aimed 
 blow. JEneas stopped short, and shrunk himself up behind his 
 buckler, stooping on his knee ; yet the impetuous dart bore 
 away the tufted top of the helmet, and from his head struck off" 
 the towering crest. Then indeed his rage swells ; and, driven 
 on by the deceitful arts [of his foe], when he perceived that the 
 steeds and chariot w^ere driven back in a ditferent career, he 
 makes large protestations to Jove, and the altars of the broken 
 league. At length he rushes into the midst of the lines, and 
 under the auspicious influence of Mars, arrayed in terroi-s, ushers 
 in a hideous undistinguished slaughter, and gives loose reins to 
 all his fury. 
 
 What God in song can now to me unfold so many disastrous 
 scenes, what God [can tell] the various havoc and death of 
 the chiefs, whom by turns now Turnus chases over all the 
 plain, and now the Trojan hero ? Was it thy pleasure, Jove, 
 that nations, which were [one day] to be joined in everlasting 
 peace, should with such commotion engage ? ^neas, not losing 
 time, full in the side smote Sucro the Rutulian (this combat 
 first checked the Trojans in their career), and, where death is 
 
392 ^NEID. B. XII. 507—541. 
 
 speediest, through tlie ribs and wattled fences of liis breast 
 drives home the cruel blade. Turnus on foot encountering 
 Amycus from his horse overthrown, and his brother Diores, 
 smites the one with his long spear as he comes up, the other 
 with his sword ; and, having cut off the heads of both, sus- 
 pends them on his chariot, and bears them along bedewed with 
 blood. The other dispatches Talos, Tanais, and stout Cethe- 
 gus, all three at one assault, and dejected Onytes, of Theban 
 extraction, the son of Perida. Turnus [again overthrows] 
 the brothers sent from Lycia and Apollo's lands, and Mencetes, 
 an Arcadian youth, in vain to war averse ; whose art and poor 
 abode had been about the streams of Lerna, abounding in 
 fishes ; nor were the employments of the great known to him, 
 while in farmed land his father sowed. And as two fires rage, 
 let loose from difierent quarters upon a wiHierecr copse, and" 
 crackling laurel groves; or as with impetuous fall from the 
 steep mo untains two foaming rivers roar along and roll to the 
 sea each laying his passage w aste : with no less impetuosity 
 ^neas and I'urnus both rush'tlirough the embattled plain ; 
 now, now their rage boils up within ; their invincible breasts 
 are ready to burst with fury ; now with full career they drive 
 into the midst of wounds. The one (^neas) with a rock and 
 the whirling force of a huge stone, overthrows headlong, and 
 at his length stretches on the ground, Murranus, vaunting loud 
 his ancestry, and the ancient names of his forefathers, and his 
 whole line throuirh the Latin kinoes derived : him beneath the 
 harness and yoke the wheels dragged along, and with rap on 
 rap the hurrying hoofs of his steeds, regardless of their mas- 
 ter, trample upon him. The other (Turnus) encounters Ilus 
 .rushing on, and storming hideous with ire, and against his 
 gilded temples hurls a javelin ; through his helmet transfixing 
 iiis brain, the spear stood still. Nor could thy right hand, O 
 Creteus, bravest of Greeks, save thee from Turnus; nor did 
 his own gods protect Cupencus from the assault of -dEneas. 
 The sword found easy access to his heart : nor did the resist- 
 ance of the brazen shield aught avail its hapless owner. Lau- 
 rentum's fields, O ^olus, saw thee too fall, and [stretched] on 
 thy back widely cover the earth. Thou, whom neither the 
 Grecian squadrons could prostrate, nor Achilles, Avho over- 
 threw Priam's empire, meetest thy doom. Here were the 
 boundaries of thy life ; under Mount Ida thy stately /^lace. 
 
B. XII. 547— 5S2. ^NEID. 393 
 
 in Lyrnessus thy stately palace ; [here] a grave in Laurentine 
 ground. Thus now both hosts are [on each other] turned, 
 both Latins and Trojans all : Mnestheus, and stem Serestus, 
 and Messapus, a horseman renowned, and gallant Asylas, the 
 Tuscan phalanx, and Arcadian Evander's cavalry, the war- 
 liors each to his power their utmost efforts exert.^^ No stop, 
 no stay ; with vast emulation they strain their utmost. 
 
 Here his lovely parent inspired .^Eneas with the resolution 
 to march to the walls, and forthwith advance his army against 
 the city, and with an unexpected blow confound the Latins. 
 While through the various ranks in quest of Turnus he rolled 
 his eyes hither and thither around, he sees the city exempt 
 from the disastrous war, and in safety undisturbed. Instantly 
 the image of a more decisive battle inflames his soul ; he calls 
 the chiefs, Mnestheus, Sergestus, and brave Serestus, and 
 takes a rising ground, where the rest of the Trojan army 
 assemble in tliick array,^' nor lay their targets or darts aside, 
 lie in the center, posted on the eminence, addresses them : 
 Let no obstruction be given to my proposal : Jove stands by 
 us : nor, because the design is sudden, let any one be the more 
 backward. The city, the cause of the war, the empire itself of 
 Latinus, unless the people consent to receive our yoke, and 
 vanquished to submit, this day will I overturn, and lay their 
 smoking towers level with the ground. Am I forsooth 
 to wait till Turnus deign to accept our offered challenge, and 
 [so often] beaten, be again disposed to take the field ? This is 
 the source, my friends, this the great hinge of the execrable 
 war. Quickly bring brands, and with fire re-assert the league. 
 He said ; and all at once with emulous ardor form the wedged 
 battalion, and to the walls in a dense body move. Suddenly 
 the scaling ladders, and unexpected flames appear. Some fly 
 to the gates, and butcher the first they meet ; others hurl the 
 steel, and darken the sky with darts. ^Eneas himself among 
 the foremost beneath the walls extends his hand, and with a 
 loud voice accuses Latinus ; the gods he calls to witness, that 
 he is a second time compelled to the fight; that the Itahans 
 are now twice become his foes, and this the «econd league they 
 
 " This seems like an imitation of Plautus, Amphit. i. 1, if 6, "Pro se 
 quisque, id quod quisque potest et valet." Cf. Ter. Heut. i. 1, 74. Ovid 
 Met. iii. 642. B. 
 
 ^■^ " Densi" refers to ''milites," which is implied in "legio." B. 
 
394 ^NEID. B. Xii. 583—620. 
 
 broke. Amon"- the trembling citizens dissension arises ; some 
 press to dismantle the town, and open the gates to the Trojans, 
 and drao- the king himself to the ramparts. Others take up 
 arms, and march on to defend the walls. A s w^he n a shepherd 
 hath traced out a swarmof bees inclosed in some harborin g 
 "cleft, and tilled "p^i^if'cell^ with bitter smoke; they wi^liin, 
 alarmed for their affairs, in trepidatio n run hither and thither 
 throuo-h "tKe" waxen cariip, and "mtF^loud buzziiio; ^ heflheif 
 rage : through their cells the black stencTi is rolled ; then with 
 faint murmur the caverns within resound ; to th e empt y reoions. 
 of air the smoke ascends. _ _ 
 
 This disaster too befell the distressed Latins, which with woe 
 shook the whole city to the foundation. The queen, soon as 
 she saw the enemy advancing to the town, the walls assaulted, 
 the flames flying up to the roofs ; nowhere the Rutuhan bands, 
 no troops of Turnus ; had the misfortune to believe the youth 
 slain in the heat of battle, and, with sudden grief distracted, 
 cries, that she had been the cause, the criminal author, and 
 source of ills ; and frantic in her raving anguish, pouring 
 forth many exclamations, with her hands in despair asunder 
 tears her purple robes, and from a lofty beam ties the noose 
 of her unseemly" death. Which disaster when it reached the 
 unhappy Latin dames, first her daughter Lavinia tore Ucx 
 golden tresses and rosy cheeks with her hands ; then all the 
 rest run raving about. With shrieks the palace far and wide 
 resounds. Hence the doleful intelligence is blazed through 
 the town. Their souls despond. Latinus, thunderstruck with 
 the destiny of his queen, and the ruin of his city, goes about 
 tearing his robe, defonning his hoary locks, sprinkled over 
 with sordid ashes ; and much himself accuses, for not having 
 before received Trojan ^neas, and cordially admitted him as 
 his son-in-law. ^ 
 
 Meanwhile the warrior Turnus in the extremity of the field 
 pursues a few stragghng troops, now more languid, and less 
 elated with the speed of his horses. The wind wafted to him 
 this outcry mingled with unseen terrors ; the din and uujoy- 
 ous murmurs of the distracted city struck his listening ears. 
 Ah me ! why with such woe are our walls disturbed ? WTiat 
 
 '^ Either referring to the supposed treatment of those who had com- 
 mitted suicide, in the other world, or to the disgracefulness of a death 
 by hanging. See Servius. B. 
 
B. XII. 621— C59. ^NEID. 395 
 
 alarming shouts burst from the various quarters of the town ? 
 He said, and, puUing in the reins, stood still, in amazement 
 lost. Then his sister, now that she was transformed into the 
 figure of the charioteer Metiscus, and guided the chariot, the 
 horses, and the reins, in these words replies : This way, Turnus, 
 let us pursue the sons of Troy, w^here our first conquest 
 opens the way. Others there are who by their prowess can 
 defend the walls : .^Eneas assails the Italians, and [with them] 
 joins battle. Let us too, by exerting our activity, dispense 
 death to the Trojans without pity ; nor shall you quit the field 
 inferior to him in the number [of the slain], or in the honor 
 of the fight. To this Turnus [replied] : O sister ; I knew 
 you long ago, when first by artifice you broke the truce, and 
 engaged yourself in these wars ; and now, though a goddess, 
 in vain you wear disguise. But what god commissioned you 
 to quit the skies in order to sustain such toils ? [are you 
 come] to be witness of your unhappy brother's cruel death ? 
 For what can I do 1 or what success now can fortune prom- 
 ise ? Myself before my eyes saw Murranus, than whom 
 there survives not one to me more dear ; [I saw him] fall as 
 he called on me with Hs [expiring] breath, mighty the man, 
 and wnth a mighty wound subdued. Ill-fated Ufens fell, that 
 he might not be a spectator of my disgrace : The Trojans are 
 in possession of his corpse and arms. Shall I sufier our city 
 to be razed, the only thing that was wanting to our distress — 
 nor by this right hand refute the calumnies of Drances ? Shall 
 I turn my back ? and shall this earth see Turnus fly ? Is it 
 then so grievous a misfortune to die ? Oh infernal powders, be- 
 friend me, since the will of the powers above is hostile ! To 
 you I shall descend a spotless soul, from that imputation clear, 
 and at no time degenerate from my great ancestors. 
 
 Scarcely had he said, when lo ! Sages, hurried by his foam- 
 ing steed, flies through the midst of the foes, wounded with an 
 arrow athwart the face, and imploring Turnus by name he 
 rushes forward : Turnus, on thee our last relief depends ; 
 have pity on thy own. ^neas thunders in arms, and threatens 
 to overthrow the stately towers of Latium, and raze them 
 to the ground : and now to our roofs the fire-brands fly. On 
 thee their eyes, on thee their whole regard the Latins turn : 
 Idng Latinus himself demurs, whom to call his son-in-law, or 
 to which aUianc© to incline. Besides, the queen, most faith- 
 
 
39(5 uENEID. b. xn. 659—695. 
 
 fill to your interest, has fallen by her own liand, and aban- 
 doned to despair, has fled from life. Before the gates Messapus 
 and brave Atinas alone sustain the fight. Around those on 
 each side the battahons stand in thick array, and an iron crop 
 of naked swords shoot a horrid, glare : [yet, during these pub- 
 lic alarms,] you are wheeling your chariot along the desert 
 field. 
 
 ^ Confounded with the varied aspect of affairs, Turnus was 
 stunned, and stood in silent gaze. Deep in his breast boils 
 overwhelming shame, also frantic rage with intermingled 
 grief, and love racked with fury, and conscious worth. Soon 
 as the clouds were dispelled, and light to his mind restore"*, 
 toward the walls he rolled his flaming eye-balls in turbulence 
 of soul, and from his car surveyed the spacious city. When 
 lo ! a torrent of flames whirling amid the difterent stories, in 
 rolling waves ascended to heaven, and had seized the tower ; 
 the tower which himself of jointed beams had reared, and 
 under it wheels applied, and with lofty bridges overlaid.^ 
 Sister, [he cries,] now, now, destiny prevails ; forbear to stop \ 
 me ; let us follow whither god and rigid fortune calls. I am ] 
 resolved to enter the lists with ^neas ; whatever bitterness i 
 is in death, I am resolved to bear it : nor, sister, shall you see | 
 me longer in disgrace. Permit me first, I pray, to give vent to / 
 this fury. 7 
 
 He said, and instantly from his chariot sprang with a bound 
 upon the plain ; through foes, through darts he rushes, and 
 leaves his mourning sister, and with rapid course bursts 
 through the middle ranks. And as when a rock tumbles pre- 
 cipitately down from a mountain's top, torn by the winds, 
 whether furious ram s Have washed i t a.wav, or undermining 
 Time by; length of years hath loosened It ; ^ down the p recipice 
 abrupt the pertinacious mass of mountain with vast impulse 
 is hurried, and bounds over the ground, sweeping away witB^ 
 it woods, flocks, and men : j^ust so through the broken troops 
 Turnus rushes to the walls of the city, where to a vast extent 
 the earth is drenched in streaming blood, and the air hisses 
 with javelins. With his hand he makes a sign, and at the 
 same time thus with a loud voice begins: Now, Rutulians, 
 forbear, and, ye Latins, withhold your darts ; whatever for- 
 tune of the war remains is mine : it is more equitable that I 
 alone expiate the [^nolated] league in your stead, and by the 
 
B. xir. 695—730. ^NEID. 3£y 
 
 sword decide the strife. All the troops retired from between 
 them, and made room. 
 
 But father ^neas, having heard Turnus' name, forsakes 
 the walls, and forsakes the lofty towers, and spurns at all de- 
 lays : all his enterprises he breaks off, exulting with joy, and 
 tlmnders dreadful in arms ; as mighty as Athos, as mighty as 
 Er^Xjjor mighty as the parent mountam Apenninus liini^ 
 
 solfi^when with his waving oaks he roars, ancT rejoices in hi 
 snowy top, exalting Tiimself to tlie" skies. And now both 
 Ilutullans, and Trojans, and all the Italians, eagerly turned 
 their eyes ; both those who on high guarded the battlements, 
 and those who with the ram battered the walls below : their 
 arms they laid down from their shoulders. Latinus himself 
 with amazement views the mighty heroes, born in distant 
 quarters of the globe, encountering each other, and deciding 
 their quarrel with the sword. They, soon as the hsts in the 
 spacious plain were cleared, having with rapid onset flung 
 their javelins from afar, rush to the combat with shields and 
 arms of brass resounding. Earth givrs n groan ; then stroke 
 on stroke they redouble. Cliance and courage are blended to- 
 gether. And as in Sila's^* spacious grove, or on lofty Tabur- 
 nus" when two buTIs with butting fronts~rusTi" to the hostile 
 co mbat, the sh epherds in consternatioiThave fled ; all the herd 
 stand dumb with fear, the heifers faintly low, dubious which 
 shall rule the herd, whom the whole drove are to obey : they 
 witk. great force deal promiscuous wounds to eacli other, and 
 struggling keenly infix their horns, and with profusion of 
 blood lave tlu-ir necks and shoulders : the whole grove re- 
 bel lows with the ir groans. Just so Trojan -^neas, and the 
 Daunian bero, with shields against each other tilting, rush 
 forward : loud clashina: fills the skies. Great Jove sustains 
 two equally -poised scales, and puts into them the different 
 fates of both ; whorn the toilsome combat destines to victory, 
 f.nd m which scale death sinks down. Here Turnus, presum- 
 ing he imght with safety, spnngs torth, 'and on his tiptoes 
 lises with his whole body to his uplifted sword, and aims a 
 blow. The Trojans and trembling Latins shriek aloud, and 
 
 ^* Apenuitms, a ridgo of high mountains, running through the mid(iia 
 of Italy, 
 
 ** Sila, a large wood in Lucania, abounding with pitch. 
 " Taburnus, a mountain of Campania. B. 
 
398 ^NEID. B. XII. 131—165. 
 
 botli armies are fixed in suspense. But the treaclieraus sword 
 breaks short, and in the middle of the stroke leaves the in- 
 flamed chief [at the mercy of his foe], unless flight should 
 succeed to his relief. Swifter than the east wind he flies, soon 
 as he saw the unknown hilt,"^' and his' right' hand disarmed. 
 There is a report that in his headlong haste, when he mounted 
 his yoked steeds for the first onset, while he was in hurried 
 trepidation, he snatched the sword of his charioteer Metiscus, 
 leaving his father's [heavenly-tempered] steel behind : and 
 long that served his purpose, while the Trojans oflfered their 
 flying backs ; but, when it came to Vulcan's arms divine,"® 
 the mortal blade, like brittle ice, in shivers flew with the 
 stroke ; along the yellow sands its splinters shine. Therefore 
 Turnus, in frantic flight, traverses the several quarters of the 
 field, and now hither, then thither, wheels in uncertain mazes. 
 For on every hand the Trojans in close circling bands in- 
 closed him ; and on this side a vast morass, on that steep 
 mountains environ him. Nor less eagerly ^neas, though, dis- 
 abled by the shaft, his knees sometimes check and oppose his 
 speed, pursues, and fervent presses close upon the heels of his 
 trembling foe. As a hound w hen he has found a stag in- 
 closed by a river,""of1ie"dged around by t he terror ot^ the crim- 
 son plumes,^^ pursues him with sj^eed and full c ry; he,'inean- 
 while, scared l)y the toils and steep bank, backward ana 
 forward flies a thousand ways: but the stanch Lmb nan d o g 
 closes upon him with open mouth, is just in act to gripe [his 
 prey] and, as if now he griped him, chides with his jaws, and 
 with delusive bite is mocked : then shouts arise, the banks 
 ^and lakes around re-echo, and the whole sky thunders with 
 juproar. At once he (Turnus) 'Hies, at once chides the Ru- 
 tulians all, calling on each by name, and importunately 
 craves his well-known sword, -^neas, on the other hand, de- 
 nounces death and present destruction, if any one should ap- 
 proach ; and overawes the trembhng troops, threatening to 
 raze the city, and, wounded as he was, presses on. Five rounds 
 they finish in their caree r, and trace back as many more, this 
 way and that. For no slight or frivolous prize is sought ; but 
 for the life and blood of Turnus they strive. 
 
 ^■^ He struck with tlio sword of Metiscup, not his own. B. 
 
 *^ i. e. those of TEneas. B. 
 
 •' On the "formido," see my note on -^n. iv. 120. B. 
 
B. xii. TG6— 801. JE^EIB. 399 
 
 Sacred to Faunus^" here chanced to stand a wild olive with 
 its bitter leaves, a tree long revered by seamen ; where saved 
 from the waves they used to fix their offerings to the Lam-en- 
 tine god, and suspend their garments vowed. But the Tro- 
 jans without distinction had cut down the sacred stock, that 
 they might combat in a clear field. Here stood the spear of 
 ^aeas: here fixed the hurhng force [of his light hand] had 
 conveyed it, and riveted it in the tough root. The Trojan 
 stooped, and attempted with his hand to wrench out the steel, 
 that with the missile weapon he might pursue him, -whcm by 
 speed he could not overtake. Then Turnus, w^th fear dis- 
 tracted, cries : O Faunus, pity, I pray ; and thou, propitious 
 Earth, detain the weapon, if I have always held your honors 
 sacred, which, on the contrary, the sons of Troy have by war 
 profaned. He said, and invoked the aid of the god by vows 
 not vain. For ^ueas, long struggling, after loss of time in 
 essaying the tenacious root, was unable, by his utmost eftbrts, 
 to disengage the firm hold of the wood. While he keenly 
 strains and presses, the Daunian goddess, again transformed 
 into the shape of the charioteer Metiscus, runs forward, and 
 restores to her brother the sword. Venus, indignant that 
 such license should be given to the audacious nymph, ap- 
 proached, and from the deep root tore up the spear. The 
 towerino; chiefs, in arms and courage renewed^ the one relying 
 on his trusty sw^ord, tlie other stern and majesticwitii his 
 spear, stand opposed, breathless ^Q j^e martial combat. 
 
 Meanwhile the sovereign of all-powerful Olympus addresses 
 Juno, as from a yellow cloud she viewed the fight : Consort, 
 when shall this strife be at an end? what further remains? 
 You yourself know, and own you are not ignorant, that 
 ^noas is destined to be a denizen of the sky, and by the 
 Fates is to be advanced to the stars. What then do you pro- 
 pose, or with what view are you hovering in the chill clouds ? 
 Was it seemly for a god [elect] to be violated by a wound 
 from a mortal ? or that Turnus (for without you what power 
 had Juturna ?) should have his wrested sword restored, and to 
 the vanquished new strength accrue ? Now at length desist, 
 and be swayed by my entreaty : nor let such discontent prey 
 upon you in silence ; nor let gloomy cares so often meet me 
 
 *° Faunus, the son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy 
 about 1500 B. c. 
 
400 uENEID. B. XII. 802— 83a 
 
 from those sweet lips. Now affairs are come to a crisis : you 
 have been empowered to harass the Trojans by sea and land, 
 to kindle a nameless war, entail dishonor on the house [of 
 Latinus], and blend sorrows with these nuptials [of ^neas 
 and his daughter]; further to attempt I forbid you. Thus 
 Jupiter spoke : thus on the other hand the Saturnian goddess 
 with downcast look [rejoined] : I own, great Jove, it was 
 because I knew this to be your will, that I, against my incli- 
 nation, from Turnus and the earth withdrew. Nor had you 
 seen me else now sitting alone in this airy recess, enduring 
 things worthy, unworthy;" but girt with flames, I had been 
 planted in the very field of battle, drawing the Trojans on to 
 adverse fight. I confess that I advised Juturna to relieve her 
 unhappy brother, and I approved that for his life she should 
 make higher attempts ; yet not that she should [throw] a dart 
 or bend a bow ; I swear by the inexorable source of the Styg- 
 ian lake, which is set forth the sole object of religious dread 
 to the gods above. And now for my part I yield, and loath- 
 ing renounce combats. This, which by no law of fate is with- 
 holden, I implore of thee in behalf of Latium, and for the 
 honor of [its princes], thy own blood ; that when by this 
 auspicious match (so be it) they shall establish peace, when 
 they shall unite in laws and leagues, you will not command 
 the natives of Latium to change their ancient name, or become 
 Trojans, and be called Teucri, or to chansfe" their lanbfuao-e 
 or alter their dress. Let Latium subsist ; let the kings o. 
 Alba subsist through ages ; let the sons of Rome rise to 
 imperial power by means of the Italian valor: Troy hath 
 perished, and suffer it to perish with its name forever. To 
 her the founder of men and things thus smiling [spoke] : 
 Sister of Jove, and. Saturn's other offspring, do you still roll 
 in your breast such tides of passion? But come and quell the 
 fury indulged in vain. I grant Avhat you desire ; [by your 
 prayers] I am subdued, and wilhngly myself resign. Their 
 native language and customs the Ausonians shall retain ; and, 
 as it now is, the name shall be : only incorporated with them 
 the Trojans shall settle [in Latium] ; the institutions and 
 
 *' A proverbial phrase, equivalent to "suffering every thing." So 
 "ajqua, iniqua;" "fanda, infanda." B. 
 
 *'* I think, "viros" is somewhat empl)atic, thus: "nor compel such 
 inen, as they are, to wear the effeminate Trojan costume." B. 
 
B. XII. 837—875. ^NEID, 401 
 
 ceremonials of religion I will add, and make them all Latins 
 of one speech. Ilence a race mingled with Ausonian blood 
 shall rise, which by its piety you shall see exalted above men, 
 above gods ; nor shall any nation with equal zeal celebrate 
 your honor. To these words Juno assents, and, filled with 
 complacency, gave her mind a contrary bias. Meanwhile she 
 quitted the sky, and from the cloud withdrew. 
 
 This done, the Sire revolves another purpose with himself, 
 and meditates to dismiss Juturna from [aiding] her brother's 
 
 with heliisti Megsera," joyless JNight ai one and tlie same 
 birth broug ht forth, anci pound with equal spires of serpents 
 .and added To them wiiigs switt asihe wind. Ihese at th<r" 
 th rone of Jove^ and at the court of t he incen sed sovereign 
 pr esent themselves, and sKarpen terror m "tlie niinds of feeble 
 m ortals,' what time the king <>f gods ]'re})ar c b aleful deat h andT 
 diseases, or temlies gu il t \ ciii's wiili war . Of these Jcvc 
 sends down one in haste from the lofty aefEer, and bids her 
 stand before Juturna as a fatal sign. She flies, and in a rapid 
 whirlwind to earth is borne : j ust as through a cloudy sky an 
 jini n i 1 i(i l riniii ihi ii li ing^ wliTcli tinged with the bitterness 
 of mali g nant poison a Par thian (a Jb'arthian or Uydoman) Jhath 
 fuirlrrl 11T1 innirftM^^~i^^ ^'^7111 fig ^^ ssmg and unseen atnwart TEW" 
 ilpptiri g Rhad(;^<^ ; in like ma nner ihe onspring oi JNignt sho t 
 ^nrpij nnrl bird to tho rniffh K'non nn ^hr prrrrnT-^ Thr 'irn 
 jan battalions and the troops of Turnus , she suddenly shrinks 
 up into the form of the little fowl, -which at times sitting by 
 nigh t on tombs or desolate towers, late inauspicious iioo^ 
 a midthe shades; into this shape tra nsformed, the liend in^ 
 sight of Turnus fl ies backward and forward screaming, and 
 f^npa oTjTiis buc k ler with her w ings. Unusual numbness relaxed 
 his limbs with fear, his hair witIi~horror stood on end, and his 
 speech clove to his jaws. But, when his sister Juturna at a 
 distance knew the shrill noise and the Fury's wings, in deep 
 distress she tears her disheveled tresses, mangling her face 
 with her nails, and her breasts with blows : Turnus ! what 
 can thy sister now avail thee ? wretch that I am, -^diat expe- 
 dient have I now left ? by what art can I prolong thy life ? so 
 rueful a portent can I withstand ? Now, now I quit the field. 
 
 4^ 
 
 Megsera, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. 
 
402 ^NEID. B. XII. 875—910. 
 
 Add not terror to my fear, ye inauspicious fowls : the beating 
 of your wings, your deadly screams I know ; nor am I a stran- 
 ger to tlie stern mandates of imperious Jove. Are these the 
 returns he makes for my virginity ? Why gave be me immor- 
 tal life ? why was I exempt from the law of mortality ? surely 
 now I might have put an end to such oppressive woes, and 
 accompanied my wretched brother through the shades below. 
 I immortal ! or can I, brother, relish aught of my enjoyments 
 without thee ? Oh, what earth to me will yawn full deep, and 
 dispatch a goddess to the shades below ? This said, the god- 
 dess muffled up her head in a sea-green vail, drawing many a 
 groan, and plunged herself into the deep river. 
 
 On the other hand, ./Eue as urges the attack, majestic waves 
 his massy sj)ear, an d tEusTwitk wratntui soul bespeaks |ili's 
 foe]: "What means tliis delay now alter all'^ or why, U 
 Turnus, do you now decHne the combat ? It is not in lunning 
 that we must try our skill, but in close fight with ciuel arms. 
 Turn thee into all shapes, collect whatever assistance you can, 
 whether from valor or from artifice : wish to reach on wings 
 the lofty stars, or shut up within the hollow earth to lie con- 
 cealed. He, shaking his head, [rephes] : ISTot thy boisterou s 
 words, insultinof foe, cause my fears; the gods, and adverse 
 J ove, ; ^ intimidate me . JN or more He said, but casts iiis eye on 
 a nuge stone, a stone " antique, of huge dimensions, W'hich in 
 the field by chance was lying, set for a land-mark, to dis- 
 tinguish the controverted bounds of the fields.** Scarce ly 
 would twelve chosen men support it on t heir shoiddeis, such 
 irames oi men as eartti now pWflUies. The heio^sn^cte'd'Tt" 
 
 lusnms: on 
 
 up with iiurrying nana ; raising Jlitay^lf aJol tTancT 
 with sp eed, n e iilirled it" aJcMMl lilij toe, .put he Knows 
 nimseiT^ eittief while running or going, nor when he hits up 
 with his hand, or wields the enormous stone.** His knees 
 sink under him : his chill blood Avith shuddering terror 
 is congealed. Then the stone itself, rolled through the 
 empty air, neither reached the hero's whole length, nor 
 bore home the intended blow. And as in dreams by night , 
 when languid sleep hath closed our eves, w^e seem m vairi to 
 m ake enort to prolong a race on w nicn we are intent, ana id 
 midst of our eftbrts sink down tamTT'no'r power is in^ne** 
 
 4i 
 4t 
 
 Literally, "to determine some dispute respecting the fields.'* B. 
 i. e. he feels the loss of his wonted strength. B. 
 
B. XII. 911—947. JSNEID. 403 
 
 t ong ue, nor in tho body competency of wonted _ strength, 
 n or voic e nor words obey [tlie c lictales 'of our w all] ; jusi so 
 from TuTnus the cursed iiend withholds success, oy wnaiever 
 efforts of valor he sought the way. Then various thoughts 
 are roUing in his breast. Now he turns his eyes on the Rutu- 
 lians, now on the city [of Laurentum], now stands hover- 
 ing in dread, and trembles for the approach of the dart. Nor 
 [perceives he] whither he can fly, nor how he may make head 
 against his foe, nor sees he any where the chariot or his sister 
 charioteer. In this perplexity ^neas brandishes against him 
 the dart of fite, having with his eye marked out the destined 
 wound, and with the whole force of his body hurls it from ^ 
 afiir. Neve r did stones shot from a battering engine roar so jxy 
 l oud, n or from the thunder burst sucli imgiit Y peals. LikeJ T,, 
 black wliirlwind flies the javelin ^\m'^ci\ with di re clestruct ion ; 
 it opens a passage through his corselet's border, and the utmost 
 orb of hiy sevenfold shield; then hissing, passes through his mid 
 thigh. Down to the earth the mighty Turnus wounded sinks 
 on his doubled knee. 
 
 Up rise the Rutulians together with a groan, and the whole 
 mountain around rebellows, and the deep groves far and near 
 return the sound. He, humble and suppliant, stretching his 
 eyes and imploring hand, says, I have indeed deserved, nor 
 do I deprecate : improve thy fortune. If any regard to a 
 wretched father can move thee (thou too hadst such a sire, 
 Anchises), have compassion, I pray thee, on the age of Daunus ; 
 and me, or, if you rather choose, this body, despoiled of life, 
 unto my friends restore. You have overcome, and the Auso- 
 nians have seen thy vanquished foe stretch forth his [suppliant] 
 hands ; Lavinia is thy bride. Persist not further in thy hate, 
 ^neas, fierce as he was from the heat of action, stood rolling 
 his eyes, and repressed his hand : and still more and more the 
 speech had begun to move his wavering mind, when on the 
 high shoulder [of his foe] the inauspicious belt appeared, and 
 with its well-known bosses, the girdle of youthful Pallas shone, 
 whom vanquished, Turnus with a wound had slain, and on 
 his shoulders wore the hostile badge. Soon as the hero espied 
 the memorials of his cruel grief and the spoils [of his friend], 
 inflamed with fury and terribly enraged, [he exclaimed, And] 
 shalt thou from me hence escape clad in the spoils of my 
 
404 ^NEID. . B. XII. 948—952. 
 
 friends ? Thee Pallas, Pallas, with this wound a victim de- 
 votes, and takes vengeance on thy accursed blood. AVitli 
 these words deep in his opposed bosom he furious plunged the 
 sword. But w^ith the chill of death are his Hmbs relaxed, and 
 with a groan the indignant soul hurries down to the shades. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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