"J^ili^inril'!' ■■[: 1:1 ■-■:■: THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SCARABS. ' • \ Plate I. Ring bearing the name of King Apepy. ^ Ring bearuig the name of King NeferKa-Ra. ^\ Ring of King Amenhetep II. Ring of King Akhenaten. \ \ Ring of King Hor-em-heb. UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES SCARABS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EGYPTIAN SEALS AND SIGNET RINGS BY PERCY E. NEWBERRY Author of '•The Amherst Papyri," " The Life of Rekhmara," " Beni Hasan," "El Bersheh," &c. WITH FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT CHEAPER RE-ISSUE. LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO LTD 1908 HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY, ST. martin's lane, LONDON. ,'} Art library ML 551.1 M4si45 m TO MY FRIEND MRS. E. B. ANDREWS OF 'THE BEDUIN." PREFACE. Since the year 1895, when Professor FHnders Petrie's book on Historical Scarabs became " out of print," the want of a comprehensive work on these interesting little Egyptian antiquities has been much felt. Two volumes on Egyptian Scarabs, it is true, have been published since that date, but these works treat of private collections and do not claim to deal with the subject in its entirety or even in a scientific manner. A long residence, extending over several years, at Thebes, the centre of the Upper Egyptian Scarab market, and the place where the best imitation Scarabs are now manufactured, has, I may claim, given me exceptional opportunities for studying this class of Ancient Egyptian antiquities and its allied forms. For some years it was my custom to pay a weekly visit to the Luxor antiquity shops, with the object of examining these and other articles in the dealers' hands ; and, latterly, scarcely a week has passed during my winter's sojourn on the banks of the Nile but that someone, Egyptologist, collector, tourist, or dealer, has consulted me as to the genuineness. VI PREFACE. reading, etc., of Scarabs that they have either pur- chased or intended to buy. The frequency of these appeals, and the ignorance so generally displayed by the traveller in speaking of Egyptian Scarabs, convinced me that I could at least advance a step or two on what had been previously written on the subject ; so, after classifying my notes and visiting and studying the principal collections of England and the Continent, I have prepared the following Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals, which will, I venture to hope, be useful to Students and Collectors. That I have spared no pains in order to make this book as complete as possible will, I think, be obvious to anyone who will take the trouble to read the letterpress and examine the plates. About one thousand three hundred specimens of Egyptian Seals and Signet-rings are figured, but these have been selected from drawings of some seven thousand, and from an examination of over thirty thousand examples. It may be noticed that the splendid collection pre- served in the National Museum at Cairo has been drawn from but sparingly : this is due to the fact that M. Maspero had already commissioned me to prepare and publish a separate catalogue of the unique collection which is in that great savant's care. The manuscript of this catalogue is now finished, and it will be published early in the coming year. PREFACE. vii I have to thank the Keepers of Public Museums and many owners of Private Collections for the courtesy and kindness that they have shown in allowing me to inspect and draw from the speci- mens in their possession. To Prof Erman and Dr. Schafer I am indebted for plaster casts of the Berlin Museum seals ; and to Prof. Petrie I am indebted for his generosity in placing at my disposal the magnificent historical series which he has gathered together at University College, London. To Mr. Walter Nash, F.S.A., I also wish to express my grateful thanks for much kindly help and encourage- ment in the earlier stages of this Vv^ork ; and in conclusion I must thank my friends and colleagues Prof. J. M. Mackay and Mr. John Garstang, for kindly looking through the proofs of this volume, and to the latter also for placing at my disposal the library of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Liverpool, wherein the manuscript has been completed. PERCY E. NEWBERRY. Institute of Archeology, University of Liverpool. 1905. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface v Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals: — (i) General Remarks i (2) Importance of the Seal in Ancient Times . . 4 (3) Origin of the Seal S (4) The various Uses of the Seal : — (a) For securing property . . . . 12 (d) For authenticating documents, etc. . . 22 (r) For transference of authority . . . 26 (5) The Egyptian Officials concerned in the use of the Seal 29 (6) Seal Engravers and the Technique of Seal Engraving 40 The Varieties of Egyptian Seals : — (i) Cylinder Seals ..... (2) Button-shaped Seals and Hemi-Cylinders (3) Beetle-shaped Seals (Scarabs) (4) Miscellaneous forms .... (5) Signet-rings 43 56 61 85 92 Description of the Specimens illustrated in the Plates I-XLV 97 Indices : — To Personal Names 201 To Titles 205 To Royal Names : — (a) Kings . 211 (d) Queens 216 (c) Princes • .217 (d) Princesses . . • . • • .218 LIST OF PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Plate I. Some specimens of rings Frontispiece. Fig. I, 2. 3, 4. 5-7. 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15- 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Two jars of the First Dynasty, to illustrate the ancient method of sealing ...... Complete jar neck, bearing the stamp of Amasis . Jars showing method of securing contents- (From paintings in the tombs at Beni Hasan) . A man sealing up a honey jar. (From a tomb at Abusir) .....■•• A sealed jar. (From a painting in a tomb at ISIedtlm) A sealed bag. (From a painting in a tomb at Medum) Sealing of doors Securing of folding doors Sealing of boxes ...... A papyrus roll, tied up and sealed The office of the Superintendent of the Seal The working of the bow drill. (From the tomb of Rekhmara) ....••• A mounted cylinder-seal. (In the Louvre) A Cylinder-seal. (Figured in a tomb at Mediam) Cylinder-seal. (Figured in a tomb at Sakkara) . An early cylinder-seal . . . • • A cylinder-seal bearing the name of Mery-ra. (In the collection of Mr. Piers) .... A cylinder-seal of Amenemhat III . PAGE 13 14 16 17 17 17 20 21 22 23 35 42 45 45 45 46 46 47 XII LIST OF PLATES, Etc. FIG. 24. 26. 27. 28. 29. 31. 33' 34- 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. A cylinder-seal of Khyan. (Cairo) .... A cylinder-seal of Sen-Mut. (Petrie Collection) Impression from a cylinder-seal in the Berlin Museum » J) Cylinder-seal bearing personal name Cylinder-seal bearing rude hieroglyphic inscriptions written in vertical columns .... Royal seal of Narmer, predecessor of Mena, repro duced in outline ...... Royal seal of Zer, Mena's successor ; gives besides the name 2l figure of the monarch . Official cylinder-seal, with royal name Official cylinder-seal bearing the name and titles of officials Button-shaped seal Hemi-cylinder seal Button-shaped seal 5J J )) > J) 5 >J Hemi-cylinder seal PAGE 47 47 49 50 51 52 Clay stamp from the terraniare of Montale in the Modenese ........ 53 55 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 LIST OF PLATES, Etc. Xlll FIG. PAGE 53. Scarab-shaped seal worn on the finger, attached by a piece « of string 62 54. Scarab-shaped seal mounted as swivel to metal ring 62 55. Scarab-shaped seal enclosed in metal frame or funda 62 56. Scarab bearing the name of Mer-en-ra 68 57. Scarab bearing the names Thothmes III and Amen hetep II 68 58. Specimen of a Scarab-beetle (the real Scarabccus sacer ) 70 59. Specimens > of scarabs from El Mahasna 70 6o. Specimen scarabs of the Twelfth Dynasty . 71 6i. II j> II 71 62. »} II II 71 (>z- 5> II II 71 64. >> II Thirteenth Dynasty 72 65. II i> Hyksos Period 72 66. 51 11 II 72 67. »} II >i 72 68. IJ II IS . . . 73 69. II II 55 . . . 73 70. 1> 11 Early Eighteenth Dynasty . 73 71. II II 51 II 73 72. 11 II II 5> 74 73. II » Middle Eighteenth Dynasty . 74 74. II )j Amenhetep III . 74 75- II 51 Nineteenth Dynasty 74 76. II 15 55 75 77. 11 15 55 . • 75 78. II 55 55 75 79. II 55 55 75 80. 11 )) Ethiopian dominion 76 81. 5) 55 55 76 82. Scarab of Usertsen I . 80 83. A seal of the Twelfth Dynasty . . . . 85 84. II Eighteenth Dynasty .... 85 85. 11 Eleventh Dynasty 86 XIV LIST OF PLATES, Etc. FIG. PAGE 86. A seal of the Eleventh Dynasty . . . . 86 87. A seal bearing the name of King Mentuhetep . 87 88. Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty . 87 89. » »» »J • 87 90. » JJ 5» • 87 91. J» 9J »> • 87 92. J> » » . 87 93- A seal bearing the name of King Amenemhat III 88 94. A stamp seal 88 95. A seal bearing the name of King Seqen-en-ra 89 96. „ „ King Sa-Amen 89 97. A stamp seal 89 98. A seal bearing the name of King Thothmes III . 90 99. )j of the Hyksos Period .... 90 100. 5> „ Twelfth Dynasty . 90 lOI. 5> 99 99 99 90 102. 5> „ Eighteenth Dynasty 90 103. » bearing the name of Rameses II 90 104. 3) of the Saite Period . 91 105. 99 „ Thirtieth Dynasty . 91 106. 99 of Nekhtenebo 92 107. A ring of Usertsen III 93 108. )9 of the Thirteenth Dynasty 93 109. 99 99 9) 93 no. 99 of Thothmes III . 94 III. J9 of the period of Akhenaten 94 112. 9) „ Twentieth Dynasty 94 "3- 99 )9 99 99 94 114. )9 „ Twenty-sixth Dynasty 95 115. )9 99 J9 99 95 116. 99 '9 99 » 95 LIST OF PLATES, Etc. xv PLATES. PLATE II. Scene representing the Chancellor of Tut-ankh-Amen investing a Governor of Ethiopia with the signet-ring of office. III. Pre-dynastic cylinder-seals. IV. Impressions of early cylinder-seals. V. Cylinder-seals of the Fourth to Sixth Dynasties. VI. Cylinder-seals of the Twelfth Dynasty. VII. Cylinder-seals of the Twelfth to Seventeenth Dynasties. VIII. Miscellaneous cylinder-seals. IX. Scarabs bearing royal names. Fourth to Twelfth Dynasties. X. Scarabs of the kings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties. XI. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties. XII. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — continued. XIII. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — continued. XIV. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — continued. XV. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — continued. XVI. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — cofitinued. XVII. Scarabs of officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties — continued. XVIII. Decorative Scarabs : Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties. XIX. Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties— continued. XX. Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties — continued. XXI. Scarabs of the Hyksos Kings. (I). XXII. Scarabs of the Hyksos Kings. (II). XXIII. Scarabs of royal and other personages of the Hyksos Period. XVI LIST OF PLATES, Etc. PLATE XXIV. Miscellaneous scarabs of the Hyksos Period. XXV. Decorative scarabs, mostly of the Hyksos Period^ XXVI. Scarabs of kings, etc., mostly of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Dynasties. XXVII. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. (Thothmes I to Hatshepsut.) XXVIII. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty — continued. (Thothmes III and his family.) XXIX. Officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and kings, etc., from the tomb of Maket, at Gurob {temp. Thothmes III). XXX. Scarab of the Eighteenth Dynasty — contimied. XXXI. Scarab of the Eighteenth Dynasty — continued. XXXII. Historical scarabs of Amenhetep III : 1. Kirgipa and her Harim. 2. The Lion Hunts of Amenhetep III. 3. The Parents of Queen Thyi and the Limits of the Egyptian Empire. XXXIII. Historical scarabs of Amenhetep III — contimied: 1. The Wild Cattle hunt. 2. The Lake at Zarukha. XXXIV. Scarabs of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties. XXXV. Scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty (Rameses II). XXXVI. Scarabs bearing royal names : Meren-ptah I to Sa-Amen. XXXVII. Scarabs of the Twenty-second to Twenty-fifth Dynasty Kings. XXXVIII. Royal and private scarabs and rings (Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties). XXXIX. Scarabs bearing mottoes, good wishes, etc. XL. Scarabs bearing mottoes, good wishes, etc. — continued. XLI. Scarabs bearing names of figures of gods, etc. XLII. Hieroglyphics, flowers, etc. XLI II. Miscellaneous royal and private scarabs. XLIV. Miscellaneous royal and private scarabs — coJitinued. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EGYPTIAN SEALS. I. General Remarks. There are few small objects of antiquity which present General . , Remarks on themselves so often to the travellers notice m bgypt, Egyptian as the little seals of stone, pottery and other material, ^^^^^• carved in various forms and engraved on their base, or around their circumference, with an ornamental device or brief hieroglyphic inscription. These seals are found in a variety of forms ; some of them are cylindrical in shape, others are button-shaped, but by far the greater number are carved to represent the scarabaeus beetle standing upon an elliptical base, the under side of which is engraved with the device or inscription intended to be impressed upon the sealing clay. The specimens of this last variety of seal are universally known as " Scarabs."^ Like the gems of Greece and Italy, Egyptian seals are generally found in excellent preservation ; other and larger antiquities usually show on their face the signs of weathering, or they bear the marks of mutilation by man, but 1 The reader must understand, however, that not all Egyptian scarabs were used as seals. Some, but a very small number com- pared to the seal class, were used as amulets, and a few, like medals, were cut to commemorate historical events. The amulet class will be dealt with in another volume ; the medal-like series is included in the present work (see pp. 170-178.) B EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. these interesting little monuments of a long past age often continue to this day as perfect in their finish and delicate workmanship as when they first left the hands of the ancient lapidary. The soil of Egypt literally teems w ith them. Thousands have been found among the debris of long deserted and ruined towns and temples ; the fellah often turns them up in the soil whilst ploughing his fields, and rich harvests of these little objects have been gathered by the anti- quary from the myriad tombs that line the desert edge on both sides of the Nile from Alexandria and El Arish to Aswan. Outside the boundaries of the Nile Valley also, Egyptian seals are frequently discovered; and in our museums are to be seen specimens from Italy, Sicily, Cyprus and the Greek Islands, as well as from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, and even from as far afield as Nineveh and the valley of the Euphrates. Clay im- Besides the actual seals, pieces of fine clay bearing pressions of impressions of them are often brought to light by the excavator ; some of these served as sealings to jars ot wine, honey, etc., whilst others had been affixed, like modern seals of wax, to documents written on papyrus or leather. The documents to which some of them had been attached have, unfortunately, too often perished from decay, or they have been consumed by fire, but in the stamped clay may still nearly always be seen the holes for the string, or the markings of it, by which the seal was fixed to the document : in some instances even the string itself remains. These sealings are usually unearthed in excellent preservation, and they are consequently as useful for the purposes of study as the seals themselves. SCARABS. 3 To the student of the history and civilization of Importance ancient Eg^ypt the importance of these seals and ^l ^"^ ^^"^^ „ . of Egyptian "sealings is very great ; to him they are as the coins seals. and gems to the student of Ancient Greece and Rome. Their range in date is greater than that of any other class of inscribed monument ; the earliest appear as far back as the very dawn of History, and these little objects present from that period onward an unbroken series of such length and completeness that they afford a most valuable illustration of the early history of the Nile Valley. In some cases they supply the outline of a portion of history that was otherwise almost wholly lost. To them we owe most of our information regarding the earliest dynasties. For much of our knowledge of the period intervening between the end of the Twelfth and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasties we are also indebted to the same class of monument, while small scarab-shaped seals are as yet the only extant evidence of several of the Hyksos kings. Their value as corroborative evidence to other historical data must not be overlooked, nor can certain classes of them be lightly cast aside as bric-a-brac by the archaeologist who sets himself the task of solving, or of inquiring into, the many problems that have lately arisen concerning the early people of the Mediterranean region. To the student of Ancient Art also they afford a most happy illus- tration of the ever-varying styles in vogue in suc- cessive reigns, and their study, as will be seen in the following pages, often enables us to obtain those glimpses into the manners and customs of the ancient Egyptian people which so wonderfully help to elucidate our view of bygone days and men. B 2 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Importance of the seal in ancient times. 2. Importance of the Seal in Ancient Times. It is very difficult for us, especially for those of us who are not familiar with Eastern civilization, to realize the great importance that was attached to the seal by the peoples of the Ancient World. It was far more of a necessity in everyday life to the people of antiquity than are our seals to us, or locks and keys to a modern householder. We still use the seal, it is true, for our legal documents, sometimes for our letters, for our post-bags, and occasionally for sealing up a room. Our Ministers of State have their Seals of Office, our Corporations and Companies have their registered official seals, and in our Coronation cere- monies there is the investiture of the Sovereign with the Royal Signet Ring. But all these uses of the seal are as ancient as the pyramid-builders of Memphis. When we use the signet for sealing our letters or our legal documents, we are but following in the footsteps of the Ancient Egyptian, who, many hundred years before the time of Moses, employed the seal for the same purpose. When our Ministers of State receive from the Sovereign their Seals of Office, they are but following a custom that prevailed in Egypt as early as the Fourth Millennium before Christ ; and when Edward the Seventh was recently invested with the Royal Signet Ring at his Coronation, he was but conforming to a ceremonial act that was recorded by the rulers of the Nile Valley four thousand years before William the Norman set foot on the shores of Britain. But in ancient times the seal was used for many SCARABS. 5 purposes for which later inventions have proved more convenient. At the present day, when closing our doors, we generally lock them by a spring-bolt, and only attach a seal on very rare occasions. Locks and keys, however, are comparatively modern inventions, for the most ancient in Egypt are not older than the Roman period ; and what locks and keys are to us, seals were to the people of the Old World. In ancient times, whenever a man left his home he always sealed up such parts as contained stores or other valuable property, so that they might be rendered secure from the attacks of thieves or slaves. In like manner boxes containing clothes or personal ornaments, and jars containing wine or oils, were kept under seal. The words meaning "to close" and "to seal " were in Egyptian^ synonymous ; indeed, to place a thing " under seal " was an ancient expression equivalent to the modern one of keeping a thing " under lock and key." To secure property from theft was, however, only one of the many uses of the seal ; it was employed in other equally important ways. In Western countries, where writing has now become a universal accomplishment, a person's written signature is suf- ficient to give authority to a document, but in ancient 1 ®^g khetem, "a seal," J J^ ^ khetem, "to close," or "to seal up." In Hebrew the word is Dr)n> which survives in T the Arabic, ^\s>. khatim, "a signet," or "signet ring." The determinatives Q and ^\^ represent a cylinder-seal, with string for suspension; Petrie, Meduni, p. 33; cf. p. 45, figs. 18, 19, of this volume, and Griffith, Beni Hasan, III, p. 15. The intermediate form between these two signs is found in sculptures in the tomb of Tahutihetep at Bersheh (Newberry, El Bersheh, I, PI. XX). EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. times a seal or signet was a necessity to anyone possessed of even the smallest amount of property, for without it no legal or other writing could be attested. Herodotus (I, 195) mentions that everyone in Babylonia carried a seal, and the same remark would apply with equal truth to Egypt. In England, from the Norman Conquest to the time of the taking effect of the original Statute of Frauds (1677), the seal was always used to make a writing valid and binding, and in Scotland every freeholder was required by law to have a registered seal.^ At the present day an Eastern, when sealing a letter, smears the seal, not the document, with the sealing-substance, and illiterate persons will sometimes use the object nearest at hand, such as their own finger, which they daub with ink, and press upon the paper therewith. In Babylonia the finger-nail was sometimes impressed into the clay as a seal ; while in America, in compara- tively recent times, the eye-tooth impressed upon the wax has been used for attesting a document (i Wash. Va. 42, quoted in American Laiv Review, Vol. XXVIII, p. 25). The right hand smeared with ink and impressed upon a parchment was often used in mediaeval times in place of a signature, and this, with the seal impressed beside it, gave rise to the modern legal expression, " Witness my hand and seal." The Sultan's cipher, which appears on the coinage and official documents of the Turks, is said to have origin- ated in this way. The Republic of Ragusa concluded a commercial treaty with the Ottomans in 1395, by which it placed itself under their protection, and it is 1 American Law Review^ Vol. XXVIII, p. 25. SCARABS. 7 said that Murad signed the treaty, for lack of a pen, with his open hand, over which he had smeared some ink, in the manner of Eastern seals — a veritable sign- manual. (Stanley Lane- Poole, Turkey, p. 35.) In ancient times, however, the document was rolled up and tied with a piece of string, the knot of which was covered with a pellet of clay and sealed. It was not only in Egypt that this was so, but in all countries of the ancient world ; in Babylonia and Assyria as well as in Greece and Italy. A written signature would have been of no avail to attest a document ; a seal had always to be used. Doubtless in the earliest times only the most powerful persons possessed seals, but as civilization advanced the officers of the adminis- tration came to use, besides their own personal seals, official ones for government purposes. Thus it was that the seal, being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office, came to be used as the symbol of it, and the delivery of an official or State seal to an individual, gave to that individual the authority and power to execute the rights and duties of his office. The various links in the history of the seal which connect its original employment for securing the con- tents of jars, to its latest one for transferring authority from one person to another, are all preserved, and form a most interesting object lesson in '' social evolution." The seal is, indeed, so intimately associated with the early history of civilization, that it is probable that its origin goes back to the very institution of the right ot private property. Its early history is full of interest. If we turn to any of the literatures of the Old World — whether it be the Egyptian or Babylonian, the 8 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Hebraic or Assyrian, the Greek or Roman, it is the same ; we find in each and all of them abundant passages concerning the importance of the seal and the various uses that it was put to. Further, if we study these references, we discover that the significa- tion of these little objects was everywhere the same, and if passages were selected from the Egyptian writers regarding the uses of the seal, it would be easy to parallel them all from the works of any of the other Old World peoples. We ought, however, before discussing the various uses of the seal, to inquire into its origin. 3. Origin of the Seal. Origin of In his Hand-book of Engraved Gems} King has the seal. stated his belief that the use of the seal was almost coeval with the very institution of the right of private property, and this seems to be well borne out by what we actually know of its early history. All the evidence from Babylonia and Egypt available as to its original use appears to point in one direction, that it was first employed for securing household stuff and other move- able property. In the earlier stages of civilization this consisted mainly of grain, honey, etc., always liable to be pilfered by the dishonest slave, or by smaller hands addicted to picking and stealing. If the proprietor, therefore, wished to keep his stores of food intact, it was necessary that he should adopt some means of ' C. W. King. Ha7id-book of Engraved Gems, pp. 4 and 5. SCARABS. checking the pilferer, and the idea early occurred to him that if he placed his little store in a jar or other vessel, and covered the mouth of it with a plaster of mud or clay, it might be protected to a certain degree against the thief. But merely plastering the mouth with mud or clay was not enough to pre- serve the contents from a skilful plunderer, for he might easily, and without fear of immediate detection, remove a capping, steal the contents of a jar, put on another plaster of mud, and leave no trace of his theft until the jar was opened by its owner. It was obvious therefore that a capping of clay alone was not sufficient. Now it is probable that the mud used in the process of covering the mouth of the vessel would often be rolled or smeared flat with a piece of stick, a joint of a reed, or a flat-bottomed pebble. Many of these objects must have had natural mark- ings on them which would have left impressions on the clay, while these impressions, we can hardly doubt, were early noticed by the primitive store owner, and their condition served to tell him whether or not his closed jars had been tampered with. In this connection it is interesting to note that Aristophanes (Thesmo., 424-428), when referring to the custom of securing doors by sealing them, alludes to certain OpLTTTJSecTTa o-^payihia, which were worm-eaten bits 01 wood used as rude seals. He speaks of them as having supplanted the simple seals of olden days, but they ought rather to be considered as a return to the early type of "reed" seal. (Muller, Arckdol., I. Kunst., 97, 2.) From the natural markings upon the objects employed to smooth the clay, the transition was easy to some definite device scratched around lo EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the circumference of the stick or reed, or upon the surface of the stone or pebble, by the owner, and appropriated to himself as his own peculiar mark. But as these markings or devices would have had little weiofht with a determined thief, we can hardly doubt that, in Babylonia at any rate, they became early imbued with a magical signification : so that their real power would be moral rather than physical. The reasoning of the lawyers of the Middle Ages regarding the sealing of contracts was that a seal attracts and excites caution in illiterate persons, and thereby operates as a security against fraud. ^ The simple scratchings that we find on so many of the early Egyptian pots were the possessors' marks ; indeed, King contends that " this instinct of possession extending itself to the assumption of exclusive owner- ship in certain configurations of lines, or rude delinea- tions of natural objects, is a universal impulse of man's nature, and one found existing amongst all savage nations when first discovered, wheresoever the faintest trace of social life and polity have begun to develop themselves." A great number of these signs Professor Petrie has preserved in his various records of explora- tions. {Cf. his Naqada, p. 44.) Thus the Red Indian has besides the tribal mark, that of the individual (his special totem), wherewith to identify his own property, or the game he may kill. The South Sea Islander carries the tattooed pattern that distinguishes his particular family, imprinted upon his own skin, and also draws the same upon his credentials like a regular coat of arms. It is therefore in these markings firstly scratched on pots, and next on rude seals, that we ' American Law Reviezv, Vol. XXV, p. 25. SCARABS. II have the very beginnings of writing ; but a long period probably elapsed before these primitive signs were combined together to form words. The designs on these seals were probably at first rough configura- tions of lines, which sufficiently served their purpose if they could be readily identified by the owner; but after a time these primitive figures seem to have given place to rude delineations of natural objects which expressed the name of the owner, like the Greek coins of Rhodes (a rose) ; of Melitaea (a bee), and were consequently looked upon as his particular mark. We have not as yet got back in Egypt to such primitive forms, but on Greek gems and coins this type parlant, " figured speech," is well known. The original forms of the two great groups of Egyptian seals we have in the piece of notched reed and in the small scratched pebble ; the first the true prototype of the cylinder, both in form and in mode of application ; the second as clearly the original of the stamp seal. Simple as the invention of these two forms and the art of sealing may now appear, the discovery that an impression of a seal could be obtained by pressing it on clay or other plastic substance was nevertheless one of the most momentous that has yet been made, and the seal- impression furthermore suggested the idea of decora- tion in bas-relief. From the invention of the simple seal to the complex printing-press with its moveable types appears a long way to travel, but that we have the germ of this great invention in the simple seal is obvious when we come to think of it. The old Egyptian or Babylonian who first took an impression of his signet on a lump of plastic clay, had discovered the 12 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. principle of printing, though it took the human mind many hundred years before the next great step was made, that of smearing some black or coloured sub- stance upon the seal and taking a "print" of it on plaster, as in the tomb of Thothmes IV {ci7xa B.C. 1400), and in ink on a papyrus of the Ptolemaic age. 4. Various Uses of the Seal. {a) For securing Property. It has been suggested in a preceding paragraph that the original use of the seal was for securing stores of food from dishonest servants ; and this statement is corroborated by the fact that the earliest "sealings" that have been found in Egypt are from jars that were used for storing wine, honey, grain, and other food stuffs. Figures i and 2 represent two jars found by M. de Morgan in a First Dynasty cemetery in Upper Egypt, 1 {circa B.C. 3500), and the general system of sealing jars and large vessels may be clearly seen from these examples. The mouth of the jar, it will be observed, was first covered by an inverted plate or cup of pottery (fig. i), in order to prevent the wet clay (the yr\ arjixayTpU, "sealing earth," of the Greeks) used in the process of closing the mouth from falling into the jar. Upon and around this was plastered a high cone of clay (fig. 2), mixed with palm fibre, and carefully smoothed, so as to take easily the impression 1 De Morgan, Le to7nheau royal dc Negadahy p. 172. SCARABS. 13 of the cylinder seal, which was rolled across it at right angles. Generally two impressions of the same seal are found on each clay cone, but sometimes two or more impressions upon the same cone occur from different seals. This shows the great care that was given in early times to secure the contents of a vessel Fig. I. Fig. 2. TWO JARS OF THE FIRST DYNASTY, TO ILLUSTRATE THE ANCIENT METHOD OF SEALING. from thievish servants, a fact which is emphasised by our sometimes finding that a jar had often two separate sealings, one below the other, the outer coat being put on while the inner one was still damp. "Thus," writes Professor Petrie of some clay cones of this 14 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. kind which he found at Abydos, " often a quite illegi- ble cone may yet yield a good inscription by carefully knocking away the outer coat."^ This system of sealing large jars with high clay cones apparently lasted on till the beginning of the sixteenth century B.C. ; then another kind of sealing is met with. In the place of the high clay cone, a clay cap with flat top was used, the flat top and sometimes the sides being impressed with a wooden stamp. Later Fig. 3- Fig. 4. s ill, at the time of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, the early inverted cap or plate gave way to a pottery cap or bung, which was secured in place by string or linen bands, and covered with a rounded cap of plaster. There is an interesting specimen of a complete jar neck bearing the stamp of Amasis, with clay and plaster sealing still fixed to it, found at Tell Defenneh (see figs. 3 and 4) ; it is important as showing the very ^ Petrie, Royal Tombs, I, p. 26. SCARABS. 15 elaborate system of sealing jars at that time in vogue. Firstly, a large bung of pottery (fig. 3), made hollow, was put into the mouth of the jar. This was then fastened down by linen bands, the ends of which were tied up in the middle, and a lump of sealing clay fixed upon it and impressed with six different seals of inspectors. Although this clay had crumbled and been washed out by rains in the course of ages, it still left a cast in the plaster showing the seals as they appear in fig. 4. After the six inspectors had each put his seal on it, the jar was sent out to the plasterer, who capped the whole top with a head of plaster, and sealed it with the royal name in its oval- cartouche. Even these elaborate precautions, it would seem, did not suffice to secure the contents of this particular amphora from the thief, for the jar neck, as Professor Petrie remarks, is an instance of a successful attack upon the royal stores. The cap of plaster has been bored through just at the edge of the jar, and the large bung inside smashed through, so as to enable the thief to reach freely the wine. The piece of plaster broken out here is shown missing in fig. 4, though it was found in the jar ; the hole just shows the edge of the neck, and was filled up with a scrap of the old plaster and a smear of new of a different quality ; no attempt was made to imitate the missing part of the cartouche, and this probably raised the cellarer's suspicion, and made him break off and preserve the whole jar neck as evidence. (Petrie, Defennek, p. 72.) This method of securing the contents of large jars and amphorae lasted on far into Roman times. Horace mentions as a test of a good tempered house i6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. master, that he did not go wild with passion even if he found that a seal of a wine jar had been broken. And even at the present day the traveller on the Nile may still see boats, at certain seasons of the year, floatino- down stream from Erment, Kus, and other centres of the sugar industry, laden with molasses in peculiar jars {ballalis), secured, in place of the early bung and the earlier inverted plates, by a plug of sugar cane leaves thrust into the mouth of the vessel, and plastered over with a thick cap of white clay. ^m£. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. JARS SHOWING METHOD OF SECURING CONTENTS. (From paintings in the tombs at Beni Hasan.) For securing the contents of smaller vessels the Egyptians had another method. This was by stretching over the mouth a piece of skin or beaten metal, which was then firmly tied down by a cord, the two ends and knot of which were covered by a pellet of clay, and impressed by a small stamp or scarab (see figs. 5, 6, and 7). An illustration of a man actually engaged in the process of covering up a jar of honey has been SCARABS. 17 Fig. 8. A MAN SEALING UP A HONEY JAR. (From a sculpture at preserved in a tomb at Abusir ; he is fastening the string around the vase, and above him is the legend, Khetevi bati, " sealing honey " (see fig. 8). The beautiful dolomite marble and carnelian vases found in the tomb of King Khasekhemui (circa 3300 B.C.) at Abydos are secured in this way. Each of these has a cover of thick gold foil fitted over the Abusir.) top, and tied down with a double turn ^.z,Voi. xxxviii,Pi. V. of twisted gold wire, over the tie of which a small lump of clay is fixed, which in this instance has not been impressed with a seal, but merely pressed together by the fingers. Gener- ally the pellet of clay to be "sealed" was placed on the top of the jar (as in figs. 5 and 7), but sometimes it covered the knot at the side (as in fig. 9). The same manner of securing the mouth of a jar still survives in the way our liqueur bottles, etc., are often sealed, and in the way we close our jam pots, except that in the latter case we no longer find it necessary to attach a seal. Fig. 9. A SEALED JAR. (From a painting in a tomb at Medum. ) Fig. 10. The contents of bass and sacks were , CT^.T^T^ T,.^ slso secured by means of the seal ; a A SEALED BAG. -' ' (From a painting in piece of cord was tied round the neck, a tomb at Medum.) ■, ■, - , . , . , . the knot 01 which was immersed in a pellet of clay and "sealed" (see fig. 10). A large number of broken seals of this kind have been found i8 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. in Egypt, and sealed bags containing gold dust and other materials are often figured in the ancient paint- ings of the tombs. To the custom of sealing bags Job alludes (xiv, 17). In the story of Hor-ded-ef we read of certain midwives who had assisted in bringing into the world a child, being rewarded by the father wirh "a bushel of barley," which is straightway sent to the brewhouse to be kept under the midwives' seal. Our modern post bags are rendered secure from being examined by unauthorised persons in exactly the same manner. The Ancient Egyptians, it has already been remarked, were unacquainted with the use of locks and keys, hence we find that they employed their seals for the purpose of securing the doors of their houses and storerooms. These latter, indeed, were termed 1\ U 1 Khetemti, " sealed rooms," and they are frequently alluded to in the ancient inscriptions : ^ Such storehouses in foreign lands were provision depots for the Egyptian troops or garrisons. Government storehouses were, of course, in charge of officials who kept them under their seals. Nebuaiu {circa 1 500 B.C.), for instance, proudly boasts that the treasury of the Temple of Osiris was kept " under his signet ring," and the Vezir Rekhmara {circa 1500 B.C.) tells us that it was his duty to " seal up all the precious things in the temple of Amen,"^ and that all the bags of gold dust and other valuables were "under his 1 E.g.^ Boulac Papyrus, No. 18. A mer khetemu, " Superin- tendent of the storehouse," in the land of Zaru is mentioned in the Bologna Papyrus, No. 1086, 1. 11. " Newberry, Rekhmara^ PI. XII. SCARABS. 19 signet."^ When a storeroom was opened, the official responsible for the things contained in it appeared in person and sealed it up again when the stores were taken out. There are many passages in the papyri which tend to show how great was the care taken to prevent irresponsible hands from pilfering." The storehouses of private people were probably in the care of the housewife, or some other woman of the household, for when scarab seals are discovered in graves, it has been noticed that they are usually found at the side of, or near to, the body of a female.^ Thus it is probable that in Egypt, as in other countries, it was the matron of the household who had charge of the grain and other provisions, and her little string of seals has its direct lineal descendant in our modern housekeeper's bunch of keys. " How happy the times," wrote Pliny, "how truly innocent, in which no seal was ever put to anything ; at the present day, on the contrary, our very food even and our drink have to be preserved from theft, through the agency of the ring." The modern "wedding ring" originated in the custom of the man presenting his wife, on her marriage, with a seal, which she was to use for sealing up her stores of pro- visions, etc. At first these seals were worn suspended from a string of beads around the neck. Sometimes they were strung on a cord which was tied round the 1 Rekhmara, PL VII, 1. 3. 3 See, for instance, Griffith, Kahiin Papyri, PI. XXXVII, "Drawn out by the servant there and sealed with the seal of the servant there," and cf. numerous entries in Boiilac Papyrus, No. 18. '•'' Mace, in Petrie's Diospolis Parva, p. 51; and this has been my own experience in the graves that I have opened at Thebes. C 2 20 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. wrist, and at a later period they were secured to the finger by a piece of string or wire. This wire and seal developed into the signet-ring. Then, with the introduction of locks and keys, it was the key-ring that was given by the husband to his wife. These key- rings, however, were soon found to be too cumbersome to be worn with comfort on the finger, and so a plain band of metal was given to the bride with a key. "The key," writes Cicero (Ph. 2. 28), "was given to the bride on entering her home, to signify that she was appointed mistress of the house [mate7' familias) " ; it was, in fact, used by her to lock up her store-room, and in case she was divorced it was taken away from her. At the present day, if the ring is not forthcoming at a wedding, the key of the chancel door can be used instead. The manner of sealing doors was very simple. In the case of single doors a wooden peg with projecting head was fixed in the jamb and another in the door (see fig. 11). When the Q=/^\q door was closed the two pegs would jSpi be near to one another, so that a piece of string could be easily tied F'g II- round them. This string having been securely fastened by a knot, the knot was then covered with clay, and the clay im- pressed by seal, thus making it impossible to open the door without destroying the seal or removing the pegs. Folding doors were secured by a sliding bolt, but such bolts of course gave no security against a thief, so they also were sealed. They were shaped as in fig. 12, with a groove running across the SCARABS. 21 Fig. 12. centre ; a piece of string was stretched across this groove, and then, after pellets of clay had been put on the two ends, it was sealed down as shown in the figure. An interesting reference to this last method of sealing doors occurs in the well known inscription of Piankhy preserved in the Cairo Museum. This Ethiopian king, after his victorious journey through Egypt, goes to Heliopolis to present offerings of flowers, etc., to Ra, the famous god of that town. Proceeding to the shrine of the deity, Piankhy relates that "he stood alone," that he " broke the seals " and " slid back the door bolt," opened "the double doors" and saw his father Ra in the holy shrine. After perform- ing certain ceremonies therein, he goes on to tell us that the doors were again shut, " clay was applied " to them, which was then sealed by the king's own hand. Herodotus also, it may be remembered, refers to the Egyptian custom of sealing up doors, in the story of Rhampsinitus and the clever thief, who succeeded in pilfering the royal treasury by means of a loose stone in the wall of it. When the king happened to open the chamber, says the historian, he was astonished at seeing the vessels deficient in treasure, but he was unable to accuse anyone, as the seals were unbroken and the chamber well secured. The sealings to tomb doors, the Egyptian's "eternal habitation," being required to be permanent, were much EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. more elaborate.^ After the mourners had retired, and the door had been closed, clay was smeared round the juncture of it with the lintel, jambs and threshold, and then stamped all over by the seal of the priest in charge. As in the case of doors of houses and store- chambers, so also with boxes, the lids were sealed down to secure their contents. On nearly all ancient Egyptian boxes that have been found are to be seen two knobs (or the holes into which they were fastened), one on the lid, the other on the box itself. Fig. 1 3 shows how these were Fig. 13- placed, and with a piece of string, a lump of clay and a seal, it was an easy matter to secure the contents ; all that had to be done was to follow the same process that has already been described for securing doors. {d) For authenticatirig Documents, etc. With the advance of civilization, and the develop- ment of the art and practice of writing, the seal began 1 See the description of the sealing up of the sarcophagus chamber of the tomb of Thothmes IV, in Carter and Newberry, The Tomb of Thoutmosis IV, p. xxx, and cf. Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egypt iaris (ed. Birch), Vol. Ill, p. 436 ; Herodotus, II, 121 ; Matthew xxvii, 66. SCARABS. 2 o to be employed for documents also. Till very recent times writing has been an accomplishment of few except professional scribes, hence it was natural that seals which bore the personal badge or mark of the owner, began to be used by those who could not write their names for giving that authenticity and authority to a document which is now more usually conferred by a written signature. Legal documents were therefore ikii/¥mmi Fig. 14. A PAPYRUS ROLL, TIED UP AND SEALED. (This hieroglyph was used as a determinative of all abstract words from a very early period. ) attested by the seal, and a legal contract was known in Eevpt by the name ® ^ ^ 8 Khetemt, "the sealed. "^ But the method of attaching the seal to the document was different in ancient times to that of the present day. The old Egyptian, instead of impressing with his s'lmiet the surface of the sheet of papyrus, used to roll it up,' tie it round with string, and then, after knotting the string in the middle of the roll, he affixed the clay to the knot and sealed it (see fig. 14). Thus 1 For a copy of a sealed decree of the Fifth Dynasty, see Petrie's Adydos, II, PI. XVIII. On the walls of two tombs at Siut (one unpublished) are inscribed a number of contracts that were concluded by the nomarchs in order to ensure certain revenues for religious services after death (see Griffith, Siut, Pis. 7 and 8, and rf. Mariette's Abydos, II, 25, and Jeremiah xxxii, 11. 3 Cf. Isaiah xxix, 11 ; Daniel ix, 24, xii, 49. "Written evidence sealed," Jeremiah xii, 10, xxxii, 11, i4) 44- 24 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the roll could not be opened, and consequently the writing' of it could not be altered nor new matter intro- duced without the seal being first broken, and the mere breaking of the seal would be legal proof enough to show that the document had been tampered with. It is not till the Ptolemaic period that there is an instance of a document stamped with ink,^ although the stamp in paint has been shown to be as early as the Eighteenth Dynasty.^ A familiar instance of the use of the seal for legal documents is given by the prophet Jeremiah. Having bought a field of Hanameel, he payed the owner seventeen shekels of silver for it ; then subscribed the evidence and sealed it. This being done, he took the evidence of the purchaser, " both that which was sealed according to the law and custom and that which was open," and gave it to Baruch in order that it might be put in an earthen vessel, and so preserved in case of any dispute. (Jeremiah xxxii, 9-14.) But it was not only legal documents that were attested by the signet ; letters also were sealed up by the sender before they left his hands,"^ and several such letters, with the seals still unbroken, have been found by the excavator. The aim of the signet in this connection was of course to afford proof of the identity of the sender, and to warrant the contents of the letter. The importance attached to the seal at present in the East is so great, that without one no document is regarded as authentic. 1 See Professor Sayce, in Petrie's Haivara^ Biahmu and ArsinoCy p. 29. 2 See above, p. 22, note i. ^ Compare i Kings xxi, 8, and Esther iii, 10-12. SCARABS. 25 From the use for authenticating- documents, the seal came to be employed for another purpose— that of authenticating the purity or weight of a piece of gold or other metal ; the stamp upon the coin being the government guarantee of the fineness and weight of the piece of metal. It has often been supposed that the specimens of the scarab class of Egyptian seals were used as tokens of value, that they represented the small change of the Pharaohs. In support of this interpretation a remark of Plato, to the effect that " in Ethiopia engraved stones were used as money," has often been quoted. It is of course true that the Egyptians had no coined money of their own before the time of the Macedonian Conquest ; taxes were collected and salaries were paid in kind, and all trade was done by barter, as in Central Africa at the present day. The idea, however, that scarabs themselves were used for the purposes of barter, or as tokens of exchange, is not supported by the inscriptions, or by any of the scenes depicted on the monuments. But we do find, and this is very important, that during the Hyksos period {circa 1 700 b.c.),i and later under Amenhetep 1 1 1 {circa 1400 b.c.),^ the Khetem or "seal" is given as a measure of value, although here it is probable that it was not the seal itself that is meant, but the impression of it upon another substance. The Athenian General Timotheus, Polyaemus relates, being in want of money to pay his troops, "issued his own seal" for coin, and this substitute was accepted by the traders and market people confiding in his honour. This can only mean 1 P.S.B.A., XIV, 436, and XV, 307. 2 Gurob Papyri, in Griffith's Kahun Papyri, XXXIX, i, 6. 26 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. that impressions of his signet on clay, or some other substance, were put into circulation as representatives of value, and so received by the sellers. It is in the impression of a seal or stamp upon a piece of gold or other metal that we have the origin of coined money. The study of the early history of coined money is a most curious one, Rude peoples pass from barter to the use of metallic currency ; and the most general article of wealth is taken as the standard to which, either as a multiple or a fraction, all other possessions are adjusted.^ In Greece, as in Italy, the ox was the unit of value, and in Italy^ a piece of metal was stamped with the impression of an animal (nota pecudum\ whence it was termed peamia^^ but when and by whom such a stamp was first placed on " the bar or piece of metal it is, of course, impossible to say." The Egyptian inscriptions, fortunately, throw some light on this subject, for as early at least as B.C. 1 700, a Q I ' ' kheteni is mentioned as a unit of value for metals, while " an ox " is valued as one seal Furthermore, the word Q 1 "^^^ 1 khetem, determined by an ox, actually occurs as a measure of value, and means a seal with the figure of an ox stamped on it, or an ox skin sealed.'^ {c) Foi'' Transference of Authority. We have just seen that the affixing of a seal to a document gave to that document its validity 1 Ridgeway, Journal of Hellefiic Studies, Vol. VIII, p. 158, and Vol. IX, p. 30 et seq. 2 Cf. Mommsen, Hist, of Rome (English edition), Vol. I, p. 203. ^ The ox being par excellence the pecus of Italy. ■* Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, entry No. 67. SCARABS. 27 and binding force, and it is now not difficult to realize that, being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office, it should have become the symbol of it. The delivery therefore of the seal or signet either by the king or by his minister, committed to the individual the authority and power to execute the rights and duties of his office. The Egyptian monarch himself was invested at his Coronation ^ with the Royal Signet,^ upon which his name and titles were engraved ; this was as important a part of the insignia of royalty as his sceptre or his crown. In an early text {circa 2500 B.C.) it is said that " Mer-en-Ra maketh his appearance as king, he hath taken possession of his signet {sah) and of his throne."^ The word for signet is here '|"~Q^ ^^^ (variants I | v\2 and %^ Sah, note the necklace and cylinder seal as determinative), and the signet was repeatedly used in ancient Egypt to denote a man of noble rank, one who was allowed to carry a signet with the royal name engraven upon it. Osiris is named Sahn, ''seal bearer" of the gods whom he has called into existence, and a hymn* calls him the glorious Saktt among the sahus. The Prince Khnemhetep (2000 B.C.), at Beni Hasan, says of himself that he was 1 Cf. "Sealing with the Signet of the King," Daniel vi, 17; Esther iii, 12 ; viii, 8, 10; i Kings, xxi, 8. " Our own sovereigns, as well as those of most other European States, have been from very early times invested with a ring at their Coronation (see Archaeologia, Vol. Ill, p. 393), cf. The Coronation Book of Charles V of France, edited by E. S. Dewick, pp. 6, 22 and 2>2>- ^ Compare Naville's Deir El Bahari, III, 60. * In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, line 7. 28 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. distinguished above all the king's nobles [sa/m) ; that is to say, the order of men bearing the signet or sign of investiture. A mummified person is also called SahtL, in virtue of investiture.^ The Great Seals of State were as important in ancient Egypt as they are in this country, and it was only by the king bestowing his own seal, or one of the Great Seals of State, on one of his subjects, that he could delegate his authority. In the Biblical account of Joseph we read, " and Pharaoh said unto Joseph, see, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt. And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand and made him ruler over all the land of Egypt." That this ceremony was true, and that the giving of the seal or ring of office by the king, or by one of his ministers, on the appoint- ment of a high government official, was indeed usual, is proved by several inscriptions : at the time of the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Amenhetep III (1450 B.C.) places "the two lands" in the "hands" of the Vezir Ptahmes, and "the signet rinsfs of the Horus" {i.e., the Sovereign) upon his fingers.^ In a scene in the tomb of Huy at Thebes, which is here (PI. II) published for the first time, the Chancellor of King Tutankhamen, 1350 B.C., presents the gold signet ring of the office of Royal Son {i.e.. Viceroy) of Ethiopia "to the Prince Huy, in order that the office of the Royal Son of Ethiopia may be made to flourish." 1 Book of the Dead, 255. 2 Palette of Ptahmes in the Louvre (No. 3026) ; cf. Pierret, Rcc. d! inscriptions inddite, I, p. 93 SCARABS. 29 5. The Officials Concerned in its use. As the seal was put to such varied and important uses in Ancient Egypt, it is no wonder that many officials of the Government were concerned in its employment. There were rft)*^^ ^ khetemtm} "sealers" (singular i^^^ khetemu, " a sealer "), attached to almost every department of the public service,^ as well as to all the religious institutions of the country ; and even wealthy noblemen'^ usually had one or more of these " sealers " in their household, whose duty it was to give out from the khetemu, "sealed rooms" or "store rooms," the provisions and other private property required by the great man or by his household. So important was it that the process of sealing jars, boxes, and doors should be done properly, that IT sekes,'^ "instructors," in the art were employed. 1 On the reading, see supra, p. 5. 2 We find, for instance, those of Xheper sefeii, or "Royal domain," A.Z., 1888, p. 90; oi the per zef, or wakf, Petrie, Meduf/i, PI. XIII ; of the at a/, " department of meat," Mariette, Mon. Abyd., 290, 308 ; and many others. 3 See L., Z>., II, 4, where he carries a box of linen ; cf. my Beni Hasan, I, PI. IV, and II, PI. XIII, where there is a khete7nu 7ie henket, " Seals of the linen." In Beni Hasan, I, PI. XXIX, we find the corresponding feminine title f^^, a woman who apparently had charge of the harim, or perhaps was a confidential female servant. A title t^\) p _S) "O" also occurs very frequently on Egyptian monuments (Griffith, Kahicn Papyri, PI. XII, 1. i ; Mariette, Mon. Abyd., 182, 183, 187 ; Newberry, El Bersheh, I, Pis. XX, XXIX, etc^. It seems to mean a kind of " confidential seal," or " privy purse." 4 L., D. II, 96. 30 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. A scene in a tomb at Sakkara^ shows one of these officials carrying a pail of mud with a ladle in it, going to instruct his pupils. These " sealers " formed a regularly organized body, and served under a | mer or " superintendent."^ The reader's attention has already been drawn to the fact that the monarch was invested at his coronation with a Royal Signet, upon which his name and tides were engraved. In the earlier periods of Egyptian history this Royal Signet was. doubdess, either worn by the monarch himself or carried in some secure way about his person. We do not read in the inscriptions of the earliest dynasties of any " Keeper of the Royal Seal," as we find so frequently alluded to in the hieroglyphic texts from the Middle Kingdom onwards, and it would consequendy appear as if the king himself in those early times attended to the business con- nected with his Treasury Department. Two important officials of the oldest period, how- ever, were closely concerned with the use of the seal, and their tides were derived from its name. One of these was the " Sealer of the Honey [jars]" ; the other was the " Divine Sealer," " Sealer of the God." The first title 3 t^^ "the Sealer of the Honey [jars]." was, ■ L., Z>,, II, 103 a. ' Mariette, Cat. Ahyd., 855; The Story of Sane hat, 1. 300; L., £>., II, El Assassif, Grab 25, c.d. 3 This title was formerly believed to signify " Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt," but it must be pointed out that byiy, in the royal title, meant " He that belongs to the bee," or i)erhaps, " the Bee-keeper." Bees were the producers of the chief of primitive luxuries, and the use of honey and the offering of it instead of wine SCARABS. 31 perhaps, the oldest of the many hundreds of titles that we find at all periods of Egyptian history, and from the Third Dynasty onwards there was probably not a man of less than royal rank who would not have been proud to bear it. It originally meant, as we have said, "the Sealer of the Honey [jars],' honey being the greatest of all primitive luxuries, and its use reserved for the king's table. This title must therefore be regarded as a relic of the most extreme antiquity, and it certainly goes back to the time before the use of wine in the Nile Valley. At the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty {circa 3000 B.C.), however, its meaning had probably become already obsolete, and from that period onwards it meant nothing more than a " Royal Sealer," ^ or one entitled to use a seal with the monarch's name engraven upon it. Doubtless there were several of these officers employed in the royal palaces to look after the security of the king's private property, and it was the duty of some of them to accompany the sovereign on his various military expeditions.^ In contradistinction to this secular title we find the |i£^ "Divine Sealer," the priest who had ought probably to be considered as a survival from a prehistoric state of society in which wine was unknown (cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XV, p, 21). If this meant "Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt," we should expect to find a corresponding I ^5^ " Treasurer of the King of Upper Egypt," but this title, so far as I know, never occurs. 1 In the Twelfth Dynasty and later is found the frequently •recurring variant >/ Q. See A.Z., 1890, p. 91. 2 Stele of Kuban, 1. 11. 32 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. charge of the temple treasure, furniture, and goods that were kept under the temple seals. This title, like the one that we have just discussed, occurs also at an early period, and continued in use till very late times. ^ These " Divine Sealers " were attached to the service of various gods, or they were employed by the religious authorities of certain districts. In the first case they are specified as "of Amen," ^ "of Horus," etc.; while in the second as "of Abydos," ^ "of Thebes," etc. It is possible that they were placed under a mer'^ or " Superin- tendent," but the title is so rare that this was not usually the case. It was the Divine Sealer's duty to obtain and supervise the transport of stone for the temple buildings,^ and to pay for and, if necessary, to collect in far distant countries precious things for the service of the gods. In order to obtain stone for statues or for temple buildings, he sometimes led semi-military expeditions to quarries far in the deserts,^ and when it was necessary to convey the huge blocks of granite and other material down the river, he was usually placed in command of the transport ships.^ 1 Thus we read of a T ^ \ " Divine Sealer of Amen" under Alexander {Rec. de travaux, XIV, p. 33); and Plutarch (II, 363 ij) speaks of an Egyptian priest, fT(/)fju^(iff7t']'!, who seems to have been identical with this old Egyptian official. C/. further on this title, Revillout, in A.Z., 1880, p. 71-3. " Rec. de travaux., XIV, p. 33 and 57. ^ Louvre, C 13. '"' Rec. de travaux, VII, 115. '•> L., JD., II, 18, 114, etc. « L., Z>., II, 115/;, 144(7, etc. 7 L., D., II, 18, 97 rt, etc. SCARABS. 33 From the time of the Middle Kingdom ^ {circa b.c. 2000) onwards the title c^ [ ^^^^ kheteni^ " Super- intendent " or "Keeper of the (Royal) Seal"^ is constantly occurring in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. During the first half of the Twelfth Dynasty, while each province was yet ruled over by semi-independent chieftains, there appears to have been a Keeper of the (Royal) Seal employed in the administration of each nome,* whose duty it was to collect and transmit treasure to the central office. Next to the chieftain himself, he was perhaps the most important personage 1 The earliest instance of this title that I know of occurs at Shtat er Rigal, in the scene of King Antef (Eleventh Dynasty) before Neb-kheru-Ra Mentu-hetep : here the mer khetem stands immediately behind his sovereign Antef. The title also occurs in a tomb at Kasr es Sayyad, the date of which may be perhaps a little earlier than the Shdt er Rigal graffito. 2 This title should not be confounded with the somewhat similar one ^nj (^^^^ ^ , " Superintendent of the Sealers," Beni Hasan, I, xxx. Nor is it, of course, the same as the I ^ U " Superintendent of the Storehouses " or "depots" (Pap. Bologna, 1086, I, 2). It ought also perhaps to be differentiated from ^^ ^-S-, " Superintendent " or " Keeper of Contracts " or " Records ? " although there appear to be several instances where t^\ equals ^^| c=^. 3 Cf. the title ?ner net, " Governor of the (Royal) City " (see my Rekhmara, p. 18, and cf. my note in Garstang's El Arabah, p. 32) ; khetem is here probably to be understood as signifying the seal par excelletice, i.e., the Royal Seal. * For a jner khetem in (i) the Oryx nome, see Newberry, Beni Hasafi, I, PI. XXX, etc. ; (2) the Hare nome, see Newberry, El Bersheh, I, PI. XXVII ; (3) the Siut nome there is a mer khetem em Saui mentioned in an unpublished tomb ; (4) the Antaeopolite nome, on an unpublished fragment from the tomb of Uah-ka at Gau. D EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. in the province, for he had control over its revenues, and all its public works were carried out under his supervision. Baqt, the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal in the Oryx nome, supervised the excavation and adornment of Khnemhetep's magnificent monument at Beni Hasan. ^ When that great nomarch's officials defiled before him, the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal stood in the place of honour ^ behind the uhem or " Herald," and in front of the mer meshau or *' General of the Troops." He was the nomarch's trusted friend, and accompanied him on his hunting and fowling^ expeditions in the desert and on the river, while in Khnemhetep's funeral procession to Abydos, his place was in the State barge at the side of the deceased prince's children.* A very interesting scene at Beni Hasan shows the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal seated in his kha-' or "office," watching one of his assistants weighing gold, or some other precious metal, in a balance, while a seated scribe writes down the weight on a wooden tablet or sheet of papyrus (see fig. 15). The office here shown was very similar to that of the Vezir ; ^ it was a columned hall of six columns in two rows, the front being open to the air, while at the back was a door which gave entrance to the bet el mal or treasury. 1 See Newberry,"^^? Hasan, I, pi. XXVI. 2 Ibid., PI. XXX, cf. PI. XIII. 3 Ibid., PI. XXXIII. * Ibid., PI. XXIX. 6 On the word.X'M see the paper in the Proceedings of the Society of Bibhcal Archcxology, XXII, pp. 99-105- 6 See Newberry, Life of Rekhmara, PI. IV, and p. 23, where will be found a plan of the ofifice. SCARABS. About the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty a great change appears to have taken place in the political constitution of Egypt ; we no longer hear of the Chieftains of Nomes or Provinces, and it seems that the Government, for a short time at least, became much more strictly centralized than it had ever been before. With this centralization of the administration several new offices were created, the provincial " Keepers of the (Royal) Seal " appear to have been suppressed, and adenus, "wakils" or "deputies" of Fig. 15- THE OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SEAL. (From a painting in a tomb at Beni Hasan. ) the Chief Keeper, appointed in their stead. The Treasury Department, however, was still presided over by a single ^ " Keeper of the Royal Seal," who 1 It is probable that already at the time of the Eleventh Dynasty there was a Chief Keeper of the (Royal) Seal, for Mariette found at Karnak a monument of a certain Khety, who is described as 7ner khetem em ta er zer-ef, " Keeper of the (Royal) Seal in the whole land." Mariette, Karnak, pi. 8 j.) Of this Khety there is a statuette in the Leyden Museum, and he is certainly the same individual as we see represented behind King Antef on one of the rocks of the Shtit er Rigal. Under the New Empire we find mentioned once a I] ¥k S ^^ ~^^ T\ ^^ ""^ "Chief Keeper of the Seal of the Great Green Sea," i.e., of the Mediterranean. (Capart, in Rec. de travaux, XXII, p. io6.) D 2 36 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. henceforth was one of the most important and powerful personages in the realm ; ^ he became, in fact, the Chancellor of the Exchequer," an Lord Chancellor, Keeper of the Seal. Unfortunately we have no long inscription record- ing this great official's duties, as we have in the case of the Vezir,=^ so it is only by gathering a fact here and there from many sources that we can obtain any idea of his multifarious duties. That he had charge of the Government stores, and supervised everything connected with the bet el mal or Treasury, is certain j'^ he had also to be responsible for the payment of all Government bills. If any important public monument had to be erected,^ or if any government business was to be undertaken, it was his duty, together with his staff of assistants, to make all necessary arrange- ments regarding the payment of the employes, which must have been a most onerous task, when we re- member that the Egyptians possessed no coined money 1 This is seen from many inscriptions: Notably from the rock inscription of Mentu-hetep in the ShAt er Rigal ; the inscription of Nefer-hetep at Aswan (De Morgan, Cat., I, p. 17); the inscriptions of Rekhmara (Newberry, Rekhmara, PI. Ill, 1. 5, etc.); the scene on a slab from the tomb of a High Priest of Memphis, where the Chancellor is represented standing immediately behind the Vezirs ; and from the very powerful position of the Chancellor Bay under Ta-usert and Sa-ptah. The position of the Chancellors during the Hyksos period was also of very great importance. 2 He has been described as a kind of "Keeper of the Signet;" but his rank in the Egyptian State was much higher than that of the Scottish official. It is a position that appears to have been even greater than that of the Roman cura anulis, or "Keeper of the Imperial Seal" (Just., Hist, XLIII, 5). 3 Rekhmara, PI. II and III. * Ibid., PI. II, lines 5 and 6. 5 Stela of Sa-satet at Geneva. {Melanges Arch., 1875, p. 218.) SCARABS. 37 until after the time of Alexander the Great. The supervision of the taxation of the country appears also to have been placed in the Chancellor's hands, and it was his custom, as it still is with the heads of the departments of the various services of the Khedive's administration, to make an annual tour of inspection throughout the length and breadth of the country.^ In time of war a number of his officers accompanied the military expeditions, and when a town was plundered by the royal troops, they took possession of the spoil, some of which was kept for the Treasury, while the rest was given to the temples as an offering to the gods.^ But not only did the Egyptian Chancellor have charge of everything connected with the Treasury, he seems also to have had a considerable share of the responsibility of appointing various State officials. We have already referred to the story of Joseph's appointment to the Vezirate, in which case the Seal or Signet of office was given by the king personally. With other officials, however, it seems to have been the custom for the Chancellor to deliver the Seal, and this ceremonial in a bureaucratic country such as Egypt then was, must have entailed a vast amount of time. Possessing the authority to appoint high officers, and also the means of controlling the State Treasury, it is no wonder that these old Chancellors attained to a great degree of power, and there seems 1 Griffith and Tylor, The Tomb of Paheri, PI. IX, 1. 44. For earlier tours of these officials, see several graffiti on the rocks at Aswan, published in De Morgan's Ca/., I. 2 Stela of Piankhy, 1. 81. 38 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. reason to believe that more than one dynasty had its origin in a Chancellor's family. So many and various were the duties of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal, that it is hardly matter for surprise if we find that he employed a large staff of assistants to help him. Among these the ^ ^ t^\' " Deputy of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal/ appears to have been the most important. When his chief was absent from the capital on one of the official tours of inspection through the country, this adenu or ** deputy " was left in charge of the central office, and the duty naturally devolved upon him of looking after the permanent staff of the Treasury Department. This staff consisted of : — (i) A ^^^"^^^^ "Chief Overseer of the Courtyard of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal,"^ an official who was, I believe, deputed to personally supervise everything that went in or out of the Bet el inal or Treasury. There was also (2) A l^bi, ^''^^c^l ^^ "Overseer of the Courtyard of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal."^ (3) ^ r^Tl^^ IH ^ ^^ "Over- seer of the Courtyard of the Office of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal." i' ' Louvre, C 30 ; Mariette, Mon. Abydos, 262, 326, etc. Cf. for the high position of the Adetm, Boulac Papyri, No. 18, PI. XIX, 5. 2 Mariette, Mon. Abydos, 125, and De Rouge, Et. Egypt, LIII. ' Rec. de travaux, XII, p. 50. * Louvre, C. 5 ; Mariette, Mo?i. Abydas, 229. SCARABS. 39 (4) Several ^ " "w^i "Assistants."^ (5) A 1^^^ "Chief Scribe,"^ and several (6) ffi ^ I "Scribes,"^ who had their own [5^ '^ or "men servants.'*" These scribes of the Chancellor were very important officials : they were intrusted with official seals, and allowed to transact on their own responsibility important business affairs connected with the State. They appear gene- rally with the tide ffi'^^^ 9V§^ " Scribe in Charge of the Seal," or, more literally, " he who writes with an Official Seal." They are found under this title only towards the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, and their services were retained by the bureaucratic kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty, but no mention occurs of them in later times. They were employed in writing official documents, in keeping accounts, and in fixing prices to be paid for wages of labourers. From inscriptions that have been preserved, it would seem that each town * had its own " Scribe in Charge of the Seal," and we read of a " Scribe in Charge of the Seal of the labour bureau " in a Thirteenth Dynasty papyrus.*" Besides the foregoing officials, who were doubtless 1 Lepsius, Z)., II, 135 h, etc. 2 Schiaparelli, Cat. Flor., 282; cf. also PI. XIV, 2, of the present work. ^ Schiaparelli, Cat. Flor., 279. ■* For instance, in Griffith, Kahim Papyri, XIII, 21, is named a " scribe in charge of the Seal of Qesab," a town in the Delta ; cf. also PI. XIII, 20, of this work. 5 Griffith, K.P., PI. XIII, 11. 9-12. 40 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. paid by the Government, the Chancellor had also his private staff to manage his own estates and affairs. Among these may be mentioned ^ a mer per, or *' Steward ; " ^ a mer skenii, or " Superintendent of the Granary; "3 a sesk ska, or " letter writer ;" * and an art aa, or " doorkeeper." ^ 6. Seal Engravers and the Technique of Seal Engraving. The profession of the seal engraver was obviously an important one in Egypt, but we do not find any references to his occupation in the ancient literature. He was called the mer kesti, and the scarab-seal of one named Ameny-ankh is in the possession of Mr. Arthur Evans (see PI. XVII, s;).^ The process of making a seal out of hard stone was simple enough ; a suitable piece of amethyst, 1 In order to make the list complete, we must notice an am-sa ne mer khetem (Liebl., N.F., 1707), and an ari at tie sa ne per me khetem (Brit. Mus. Stela, 215). 2 Papyrus of Nu, in the Brit. Mus., No. 10477. A variant nTi 1^1 "^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ occurs in the tomb of Sebekhetep {temp. Thothmes IV), at Thebes. ^ Brit. Mus. Stela, 1012. * Tomb of Sebekhetep, at Thebes. ^ Rec. de travaux, XII, p. 13. * The work of seal engraving is mentioned as a distinct occupa- tion in Eccles. xxxviii, 27. In Egyptian there is a verb c^'''=n::p^ meaning " to engrave," " to carve." SCARABS. 41 jasper, or other material was taken, cut into the shape of a cylinder, stamp, or scarabaeus beetle, and polished. The device or inscription was then engraved in intaglio. In the case of steatite, schist, and other soft stones, the device was sometimes drawn in ink^ before being cut, and the seal was finished by being dipped into a vitreous glaze in order to harden it. Pottery and paste scarab seals were moulded in terra-cotta moulds. A lump of potter's clay or paste was taken, then pressed into a dusted mould, and flattened with a knife at the bottom. It was then shaken out and left to dry. When dry, the scarab was placed in the engraver's hands, and the inscription or device was cut on the elliptical base ; the whole was then sometimes coated with vitreous glaze. The glazes used were of different colours, varying from pale blue to deep violet, and from pale to dark green. Sometimes red and yellow glazes were also employed. Often the glazes have changed colour, and sometimes only faint traces of it remain on a seal. Seals that are now brown in colour were originally green, while grey or white examples were generally blue. The tools used were apparently of four kinds : a knife, a graver, a simple drill, and a tubular drill. The knife, perhaps of hardened bronze, was used for cutting the specimens of the softer materials into shape, while the graver, of flint or obsidian, was employed for cutting the device or inscription. Herodotus mentions^ that the Ethiopians pointed their 1 See a specimen in the Edward's Collection at University College, London. 2 VII, 69. 42 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. arrows with the same sort of hard stone or flint that was used for engraving signets. The simple drill, used for drilling the soft stone seals and for engraving those of the hard stone class, consisted of a metal drill with handle, the butt end of which revolved inside a stone or wooden cap which the engraver held in his hand, and was thus able to direct the point to the right place. The drill itself was made to revolve by means of rapidly moving, forwards and backwards by a bow, the string of which Fig. 1 6. WORKING THE BOW DRILL. (From the tomb of Rekhmara.) was wound round the stick of the drill. Carpenters and cabinet workers in the East still use a similar bow drill at the present day. The tubular drill was also worked in the same way with a bow, but instead of the drill being pointed as in the simple drill, it was tubular. With hard stones both these kinds of drill were used, with emery powder and oil or water. SCARABS. THE VARIETIES OF EGYPTIAN SEALS. It has already been remarked that Egyptian seals Varieties of niay be divided into two great groups : namely ( i ) ^.^^{3^'*^" those of cylindrical shape, which were rolled over the clay or other substance to be impressed; and (2) those with a flat base, which were used as stamps. Both these types probably originated in Western Asia. The first group comprises all {a) cylinder seals ; to the second belong all {b) hemi-cylinder and cone shaped seals, [c) button shaped seals, (d) scarab shaped seals, [e) plaques and other miscellaneous forms, and (/) Signet rings. I. Cylinder Seals. The oldest seals that have been discovered in Cylinder Egypt are of cylindrical shape, hence their name, cylinders, or more correctly, cylinder-seals. They rano-e in size from half an inch to three and a half inches in length, and from a quarter of an inch to three quarters of an inch in diameter. They are pierced longitudinally with a hole, the diameter of which varies from a size just sufficient to receive a small thread of linen, to an aperture in which an ordinary sized finger can be thrust. The two ends are always quite plain, the engraving, in intaglio, being confined to the convex surface, which, as a rule, is parallel to the axis. In some specimens, however, 44 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the surface is hollowed in such a way that the diameter of the cylinder is greater at the ends than in the middle, but such cylinders are rare, and generally show traces of nearly erased signs appearing through the engraving ; they must therefore be considered as having had their original inscription ground down in order to be re-engraved with other characters ; they are in fact cylinders that have been re-used. How used. When the cylinder seal was required for sealing, it was gently but firmly rolled over the soft clay or other substance destined to receive the impression. To make a good and continuous sealing with an un- mounted cylinder is not, however, an easy matter, and consequently we find that this class of seal was often mounted by inserting a rod of metal through its aperture, the ends of which rod projected from the cylinder, so that it could be easily held by the fore- finger and thumb, while the rod, serving as an axle, enabled the operator to keep the seal in place, and at the same time to preserve an even pressure whilst rolling it over the clay. This metal rod was some- times finished off at one end into a kind of boss, while the other end was coiled round to form a loop, so that the cylinder might be attached to a necklace or string (fig. 17). The cylinder seals of kings and nobles had more elaborate mountings, and their ends were often encased in gold, as in a specimen found by Dr. Reisner near Girgeh, and as in an example figured in a Fourth Dynasty tomb at Med6m (fig. 18). Another method of mounting is shown in a hieroglyph (fig. 19) from a Fifth Dynasty Tomb at Sakkara. Here the cylinder appears to be mounted on a metal rod, the projecting ends of which were fixed to either side of a small SCARABS. 45 frame, with a handle in which the cylinder seal could revolve. By holding the handle and dragging the cylinder over the clay to be impressed, the seal would revolve as easily and evenly as a wheel on its axle, and consequently leave a good and firm impression behind. The greater number of cylinders, however, are found without any trace of having been mounted, and as many show signs of wear on the edges inside the hole, we may conclude that they were generally simply threaded on a cord, which, for security sake. Fig. I 8. CYLINDER SEAL. (Figured in a tomb at Medum.) Fig. 17. A MOUNTED CYLINDER SEAL. (In the Louvre.) CYLINDER SEAL. (Figured in a tomb at Sakkara. From a drawing by Borchardt, A.Z., vol. XXXV, p. 106.) was either hung by the owner round his neck or waist, or tied to his girdle or garment. It is possible that sometimes the cylinders were kept in boxes. {Abydos, II, p. 25, 12.) Prof Petrie has discovered an ivory panel of a box for King Den engraved with a group of hieroglyphics, suggesting that the box had con- tained the gold seal of judgment of the king. The history of cylinder seals in Egypt covers the its history. period from prehistoric times to the end of the 46 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Varieties of shape and perforation. AN EARLY CYLINDER SEAL. Twenty-sixth Dynasty, but they were only in general use down to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, when they gave place to the more convenient "scarab" form of seal. They may be most conveniently classified according to the subjects found engraved upon them, but it is also an important matter for the student to carefully note the shape and the size of their perforation, two points which are often of considerable impor- tance when it is desired to accurately date a specimen. The earliest examples that are at present known are of a peculiarly short thick type, with a narrow hole running through them (fig. 20) ; they are almost identical in shape with the Chaldean and early Babylonian cylin- der seals, and consequently may be thought to indicate a connection at a very remote period between the civi- lizations of Western Asia and Egypt — a connection which is still more apparent when we come to consider the subjects engraved on many of the seals themselves.^ At a later period appears another variety, which is long and thick (see fig. 21), but with a much larger perforation than that of a cylinder seal the cylinders of the earliest period, bearing the name ^ ^ ^ ^ OF MERY RA. These two varieties have been found (in the collection of together in tombs of the beginning of the First Dynasty, but the earlier disappears soon after the reign of King Zet (First Dynasty), ^ See p. 50. SCARABS. 47 while the later one was in general use down to the end of the Sixth Dynasty. With the beginning of the Middle Kingdom we have another type of cylinder seal making its ap- pearance ; this resembles more a long cylindrical bead (fig. 22), with an aperture of only sufficient size to admit of its being strung on a thin cord or thread. The examples dating from the time of Amenemhat III and his immediate successors are often of fairly large size, but with narrow perforation, while those of the latter part of the Thirteenth Dynasty are always much Fig. 22. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. A CYLINDER SEAL OF AMENEMHAT III. A CYLINDER SEAL OF KHYAN. (Cairo.) A CYLINDER SEAL OF SEN-MUT. (Petrie Collection.) smaller, and dwindle down in shape to mere cylindrical beads. The few cylinder seals of the Hyksos period that are known are of medium size (fig. 23), with narrow perforation, and are somewhat like those of the earlier half of the Twelfth Dynasty. The specimens of the Eighteenth and later Dynasties vary in size considerably, but they always have a narrow per- foration (fig. 24). 48 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Material. Although comparatively few specimens have been found in wood, it is clear from many clay impressions ^ that cylinder seals were generally made of this material. One example of wood was found at Abydos^ having the inscription written upon it in ink, showing that the design was sketched out on the cylinder by a scribe before it was cut by the engraver. Next to wood, the commonest material in early times was black steatite ; but a few specimens have been found of haematite, green jasper, and ivory. Copper and bronze examples appear during the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, and glazed pottery specimens appear a little later. White or grey steatite, coated with blue or green glaze, was the favourite material of the Twelfth Dynasty kings and officials, and this material was in vogue till the Nineteenth Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty carnelian cylinder seals make their appearance, and the latest specimen known is of this hard stone. The sub- The subjects engraved upon Egyptian cylinder jects en- seals may be gfrouped into three well defined graved upon . Egyptian divisions. Firstly, there is a small class the en- cy inder crravingr on which depicts fiorures of men and animals, seals. fc> & re sometimes very beautifully executed. Secondly, a much larger class, represented by several hundred specimens, which bear true hieroglyphic inscriptions. Thirdly, a very small class with scroll patterns or other ornamental devices. 1 " On some impressions is a raised line running from top to bottom across the sign, and therefore accidental. This could only be produced by a split in the seal, and such is very likely to occur in wood." Petrie, R.T., I, p. 24. 2 Of King Qa. Petrie, R.T., II, PI. XII, 5. SCARABS. 49 The specimens of the first class require to be I. Figures studied in some detail, for they contain elements which animals, are of great importance to the comparative archaeo- logist. A typical example is given in fig. 25, and a second will be found in PI. Ill, fig. i. One of the most distinctive features of these seals is the double- forequartered animal, a feature which occurs again on the button-shaped seals ^ of the period intervening between the Sixth and the Twelfth Dynasties. This does not appear to be an Upper Egyptian 7notif, but Fig- 25. IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE BERLIN MUSEUM. one common to the Delta and to an early civilization of Western Asia. Another distinctive feature of these early cylinder seals is a curious bow-legged figure of a man, which is found also on the button-shaped seals ^ of a later date. "The characteristic form of the lower limbs," writes Mr. Evans, who was the first to draw attention to this class of seal, ^ "shows that we have here to deal with 1 See p. 59. 2 See p. 59, fig. 42. 3 Journal of Hellenic Sitidies, 1897, pp. 366-372. E 50 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the same grotesque personage who so often makes his appearance in a secondary position in Babylonian cylinders ^ " of an extremely archaic type, and Mr. Evans is of opinion that this figure has been taken direct from the early cylinders of Babylon.^ I would suggest, however, that this feature, like that of the double-headed animals, is but another instance of Delta and Western Asian influence. It is not, indeed, improbable that in the cylinders of this class we have relics of a Delta civilization which was distinct from that of Middle and Upper Egypt. In point of date the specimens of this group range from prehistoric times to Fig. 26. IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE BERLIN MUSEUM. about the end of the Old Kingdom {circa 2500 B.C.), when they appear to have entirely died out. II. Hiero- Of the second group of Egyptian cylinder seals, Sijltions" namely, those bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions, a large number are figured in the plates, but a glance at the reproductions of them will show that they are of several different types, and that they may be more 1 Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1S97, vide p. 366-372. 2 "Allied or perhaps derivative figures may be seen in the pi^nTiy or embryonic form ^of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris and its offshoots, and the Phoenician Pataecus (a parallel but variant type is seen in Bes), but there can be] no question that the type seen on these early cylinders is the direct reflection of that which appears at a very early date upon those of Chaldea." A. J. Evans, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1897, p. 369. SCARABS. 51 conveniently studied if they are grouped into sub- divisions. The examples of an earlier period than the First Dynasty may be subdivided into two separate classes. In the first may be placed all those bearing any Primitive primitive hieroglyphic signs which appear to give ^JJ" ^^' personal names written in a horizontal line (fig. 26). Class I. A remarkable feature of this class is, that on most of the examples occurs a curious figure of a stork with head turned over its back. To the second class belong all those seals which Class II. give personal names, with a seated figure as determi- native, and always written in a horizontal line (see mM. Fig. 27. A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE COLLECTION OF CAPT. TIMMINS. fig. 27). This seated figure is very unlike that which occurs in later hieroglyphic inscriptions ; it is always represented as wearing a long wig of hair, which falls behind the head to some distance below the shoulders, and in front of the figure is generally shown a table upon which are figured loaves of bread. The standard-sign Neith is often found on cylinder-seals of this type, and would perhaps point to the Western Delta as the place of their origin : the stork, so common on specimens on Class I, seems, however never to occur in them. With the beginning of the historical period Class II. appears another class, which is characterized by rude E 2 52 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. hieroglyphic inscriptions written in vertical columns, which columns are generally divided by lines (see fig. 28) These are the true prototypes of the Egyptian cylinder-seals of the Old and Middle Kingdoms. Cylinder-seals of Dynastic times which bear hieroglyphic inscriptions may be divided into groups according to the meaning of their inscriptions. Thus we have (i) a group which bears the names and titles of kings and other royal personages ; (11) a group of Fig. 28. IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL FROM MR. MACGREGOR'S COLLECTION. officials which bear the king's name and the title of the office or official, but never the personal name of the latter ; and (iii) a small group of private seals which bear the name and titles of the former. One of the earliest Royal seals that we know of is that of Narmer, the predecessor of Mena ; it is reproduced in outline in fig. 29, and gives merely the Horus-name of the king. The Royal seal of Zer, Mena's successor, gives besides the name of SCARABS. the monarch, a figure of him seated and wearing the two crowns, typical of Upper and Lower Egypt 3^ OQ \wmmmi ' ^ 'C=l m :j Fig. 29. IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL OF NARMER. (From Petrie's J?oj^al Tombs, II, PI. XIII, 91.) (see fig. 30). At the time of the Third Dynasty the Royal name is first put into an oval ring or car- Fig. 30. IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL OF KING ZER. (From Petrie's Royal Tombs, II, PI. XV, 108.) touche, and a little later the name is generally accom- panied by the statement that the king is "beloved of 54 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the gods," or beloved "of the goddess Hathor." With Men-kau-ra the title Sa Ra, " Son of Ra," first appears,^ but it is not till the Twelfth Dynasty that we find the full name of a king cut on a single seal. At the time of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties the king's name is generally given in a cartouche either with^ or without'^ his official titles, and then it is often accompanied by the statement that he is " beloved of Sebek "^ of some specified locality. A few cylinder-seals of this period also bear the names of two or more kings.^ The only specimens of the Hyksos period that are known up to the present are those of Khyan ; one of these is in the Museum at Athens,*"' another is in the possession of Signor Lanzone,'^ and a third is in the Cairo Museum (see fig. 23). Two remarkable cylinders of about the same period are figured in PI. VII, 2, and VIII, i ; while to the latter half of the Hyksos period must be placed the cylinder-seal of King Antef (Nub- kheper-ra), of the early Seventeenth Dynasty, which is figured in PI. VII, 12. The Royal cylinder-seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty generally bear the king's name in the cartouche without other decorations,'^ but some have also a figure of the king, or figures of gods and animals.^ The large specimen repro- duced in oudine on PI. VIII, 7, is the seal of Sety I of the Nineteenth Dynasty, and is one the latest specimens of Royal cylinder-seal known. 1 See PI. V, fig. 3. 2 See PI. VI, figs, i, 2, etc. 3 See PI. VI, fig. 13. ^ See PI. VI, figs. 2, 3, 4, etc. 5 See PI. VI, figs. I, 10, etc. '' See PI. VII, fig. 7. 7 See PI. VIII, fig. 10. « See PI. VIII, figs. 2, 3, etc. 9 See PI. VIII, figs. 5, 6, etc. SCARABS. 55 Official cylinder-seals are of two kinds. They Official either bear (a) the name of the king together with H^i^^ ^^' the title of the office or official, but not the personal Fig. 31- IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL OF PEPY I. (In Mr. Piers' Collection.) name of the latter ; or (d) simply the title of the official without the name of the king. The Royal name appears once or thrice on the seals of the first group, and, if repeated, the rest of the inscription is placed between the names ; the titles and name of the king are almost always written in a direction contrary to that of the other words, apparently as a mark of respect (see fig. 31). These official cylinder-seals range in date from the First Dynasty to the time of Pep;^ II of the Sixth Dynasty, when they became superseded by the seals of the stamp form. Cylinder-seals bearing the name and titles of Private officials are also known (see fig. 32). These appear gJ^J" Fig. 32. 56 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. III. Scroll patterns, etc to have been used as the private seals of the persons whose names are engraved upon them. They date from the Twelfth Dynasty into the Twenty-Sixth, but are very rare. A very small class of cylinder-seal bears scroll patterns or geometrical devices. ^ These appear for the first time during the intermediate period between the end of the Sixth and the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty, when they are generally made of glazed pottery, and are very coarsely executed. The speci- mens of a later time (probably Seventeenth or early Eighteenth Dynasty) are of glazed steatite, and beautifully cut. Button- shaped seals. Hemi- cylinders. 2. Button-shaped and Hemi-cylinder Seals. A small, but very distinctive class of seal, cut in the shape of a button, with flat circular disc and loop at the back (see fig. ;^s)> has recently been found in Egypt, and closely akin to this class is another, but e ^ Figs. 33 and 34. much smaller one, the examples of which are cut in the form of a hemi-cylinder (sometimes with projecting base), and pierced through their length by a hole of sufficient size to admit of a fine piece of string being 1 See PI. VII, figs. 8 and 9. SCARABS. 57 inserted (see fig. 34). Some of the button-shaped seals have ornamented backs : instead of the loop being plain as in fig. 39, it is cut in such a way as to represent two hawks' heads, or the fore-parts of two lions back to back. Occasionally we also find specimens in the shape of a hippopotamus' head (fig. 40). Fig. 35- Fig. 36. The specimens of these two classes were used as How used stamps, and they are generally found either attached n^ounted. to a finger by a flaxen thread, or threaded to a string of beads, in which case they were worn around the neck as pendants.^ Occasionally they have been found without any attachment, but simply held by the owner in his or her left hand. Fig 37- Fig. 38. These two classes of seal were in use in Egypt for Their a limited period only. They appear for the first time in graves belonging to the end of the Sixth Dynasty,^ 1 Garstang's Mahasna, p. 33. ^ Perhaps even earUer. history. 58 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. and during the period intervening between that time and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom they were the commonest form of seal in use.^ Before the end of the Eleventh Dynasty they seem to have entirely disappeared. Fig. 39. The sub- The patterns- that we find engraved upon button- graved on shaped seals are distinctive, and they are certainly not h j^^°"' Upper Egyptian in their origin. Hieroglyphs very seals. rarely occur (c/. fig. 41), and when they do, they Fig. 40. are clearly imitations of Egyptian characters made apparently by foreigners. The motives for some of 1 See Mace, in Petrie's DiospoUs Fan'a, p. 39, and cf. Garstang, El Mahas/ia, pp. 33 and 34. 2 For specimens beyond those figured here, see Petrie, in the Antiquary, XXXII, p. 136, and Gdixsid^ug, El Mahdsna, PL XXXIX. SCARABS. 59 the designs are clear ; thus a common type is that which has already been noticed as occurring on a class of early cylinder-seal — the linked forequarters of gazelles and other animals symmetrically arranged {cf. figs. 39, 40) ; sometimes also we find a curious running figure of a man (fig. 42, and cf. fig. 35), and Fig. 41. Fig. 42. Fig. 43- occasionally a tortoise, a lizard {cf. fig. 43), or a spider (cf. fig. 44). Conventional and geometrical patterns are also found, the meander^ and the radiated disc being perhaps the most frequent. See also figs. 45-6. The patterns occurring on the hemi-cylinder seals (2) Hemi- , ,, .1 1 ' r cylinders, are nearly all geometrical, as shown m tigs. 47-57. but the human figure is sometimes represented, as in fig- 34- Fig. 44. Fig. 45- Fig. 46. The button-shaped seals are of considerable Historical interest to the student of comparative archaeology, o^Kfon-^ and they are certainly not Upper Egyptian in their shaped origin. The earlier forms have, moreover, no affinity 1 See Arthur Evans, in the Annual of the British School at Athens, No. VIII, p. 104. 6o EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. to the Mycenaean series of designs, and, as Mr. Petrie^ has remarked, the spirals, butterfly, cuttlefish and other characteristic types are absent. On the other hand, they have several links which connect them to the Greek Island and Cretan class of seals, and also to Fig. 47- Fig. 48. Fig. 49. some found in Italy, from which we may perhaps infer that they are of common origin.^ An almost exact reproduction of some of these steatite buttons in clay actually occurs in the Italian tei'i^aiiiare, and in the Ligurian cave deposits of neolithic and aeneolithic periods. Mr. A. Evans writes, " The clay stamp from « ■■ « ■ II.' (2^ Fig. 50. &§ Fig. 51- the terramare of Montale in the Modenese, repre- sented in fig. 52, the top of which is now broken, 1 The Antiquary', XXXII, p. 37. - "These stone buttons may eventually prove to have quite an exceptional interest in the history of Aegian art, as the direct progenitors of the lentoid beads so much affected by the Mycenaean engravers." A. Evans, m/ourmii of Hellenic Studies, XIV, p. 335. SCARABS. 6i was probably once perforated, is not only analogous in form but bears a simple geometrical design almost identical with that on an early steatite button-seal from Knossos."^ Specimens of button-seals have been \^||j^ Material, found in gold, amethyst, carnelian, lapis lazuli, black steatite, steatite glazed blue ^^^' ^^' or green, ivory, bone, and blue or green glazed pottery. The hemi-cylinders are only as yet known in steatite glazed blue or green. 3. Scarab-shaped Seals. By far the commonest form of Egyptian seal was Scarab- that cut in the shape of the scarabaeus beede, hence l^lf^ its name, '* Scarab" or " Scarabaeus," from the Greek name of the insect, crAcapa^o? or o-Kapa^eios (Latm scarabaeus).- The beetle is represented standing on an elliptical base, on which is engraved in intaglio a hieroglyphic inscription or ornamental pattern. The seals of this class range in size from a fifth of an inch in length to four or even five inches, but the com- monest size is about three-quarters of an inch, by half-an-inch broad and a quarter of an inch high. They are nearly always pierced longitudinally with a hole, the size of which is usually just sufficient to receive a thread or thin wire. ' Journal of Hellenic Studies, XIV, p. 336. 2 The beetle, called in Egyptian Kkepcr, was the sacred emblem of the god who made all things out of clay. 62 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. How used. How mounted. When the scarab-seal was used for sealing, it was simply pressed upon the clay destined to receive the impression, just as a signet is used at the present day. A large number of clay-sealings from scarabs have been found in different localities in Egypt, and bear witness to the manner in which this class of seal was used. The greater number of scarabs were probably simply strung on a thread of string, by which they were secured to the garment or girdle of the person to whom they belonged. Some- times they were worn on the finger, attached by a piece of string (fig. 53), or they were simply mounted as swivels to metal rings, in which they revolved (fig. 54), or they were en- closed in a metal frame or ftmda in order to protect their edges from injury, and then mounted as swivels to metal rings (fig. 55). Such Fig. 53- Current ideas regarding scarabs. Fig- 55- 2 : I. mountings often give us a clue to the date of these objects, and will be found described in detail in the section on signet-rings. The beetle upon which these little seals are modelled, and from which they take their name. SCARABS. 6 J is the Scarabaeiis sacer of entomologists, an insect which is remarkable not only for the structure and situation of its hind legs, which give it a singular appearance when walking, but also for its habit of rolling up balls of excrementitious matter in which the female encloses her eggs. The balls of dung the insect rolls about the sand until they become coated with a thick layer of dust, and grow to a size often as large as the insect itself The Egyptians, who were always keen observers of nature, early noticed this remarkable habit, and selected the scarabaeus as the symbol of their god Khepera, " he who turns" or "rolls;" for the con- ception was that Khepera caused the sun to move across the sky, as the beetle causes its ball to roll along the sand. There was also another reason for the Egyptian linking the insect and the god together : as the young beetle came forth from the ball of clay it was believed that a female beetle did not exist, that it was consequently the " only- begotten," because it was a " creature self-produced and not conceived by a female." Hence we find that for this reason it is said to have been taken as the emblem of Khepera, the " Father of the Gods," who created all things out of clay. Consequently we find that several archaeologists attach a sacred meaning to the myriads of scarabs that have been found in Egypt ; they regard them simply as emblems of the god Khepera. It is, however, as a "charm" or "amulet" having magical qualities that the scarab is usually spoken of at the present day, and that a few of them had a magical signification is proved beyond a doubt 64 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. by the inscriptions that are found engraved upon some of them. There is also a mention of a scarab being employed for the purposes of magic in a magical receipt book^ of the period intervening between the end of the Twelfth and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty ; but it must here be remarked that in this case the scarab is called a khetem or "seal," which clearly shows that the Egyptians regarded these objects primarily as seals, to whatever other uses they may have put them. From the fact that scarabs bearing royal names are often found with mummies in the tombs, it has been conjectured that they were laid with the dead " to place them under the protection of their former lord in the next world, and to ensure that they should follow him and share in all the immunities and privileges that so great a divine being would enjoy with the gods.'"' Another theory regarding Egyptian scarabs is that they were employed as tokens of value, but, as we have already remarked;^ the idea that they were used for the purposes of barter or exchange is not supported by the inscriptions, or by any of the scenes depicted on the walls of the ancient tombs or temples. The statement of Plato that engraved stones were used in Ethiopia as money refers to Ethiopia alone and not to Egypt, for there was certainly no coined money in the Nile Valley until the period of the Ptolemies. Other archaeologists there are who hold that these objects were made and used for the purpose 1 Erman, Zauberspruche fur Mutter und Kind, p. 38. 2 P. 25. SCARABS. 65 of personal decoration ; but although there is every reason to believe that they were often, perhaps generally, worn on the person, it by no means follows that this was their only or even their principal use. At the present day we often carry our seals on our watch chains, or we wear our signets as rings on our fingers, but we cannot rightly say that these articles were made solely for the adornment of the person. These are the principal theories regarding the use and signification of the Egyptian scarab which have been set forth in works hitherto published on the subject, but archaeologists are beginning to abandon these views in favour of another and a simpler one, that has not as yet been discussed at length, but that recognizes in these little objects nothing more than a simple seal or signet.^ This use is borne witness to by the great number of actual impressions of them on bits of clay that have served as seals to letters and other documents, as well as to boxes, vases, and bags that have been found in the ruins of ancient towns ; and these impressions include every variety of scarab — royal, official, and private, as well as those bearing figures of animals and ornamental patterns. The large number of scarabs which bear the names of officials and private persons also points to the same conclusion, for it is impossible to regard the examples of this extensive group in any other light than as the "direct forerunners of the private seals which are so universal in the East at the present day." A large 1 This interpretation of the scarab was first given by Dr. Birch more than half a century ago, but has generally been lost sight of by archaeologists. F 66 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. number of scarabs have also been dug up by ex- cavators which are mounted in metal bands [fundae), showing that they had served as bezels to rings, and many early rings with scarab bezels may be seen in our museums ; these can hardly be regarded in any other light than as signet-rings. It has been urged against this interpretation that the manufacture of scarabs in such profusion as we find them, precludes the idea that they were signets and nothing more, but it seems to have been for- gotten that many millions of people must have lived during the several thousand years of ancient Egyptian history. The fact also that so many bear the royal superscription of one and the same king has like- wise been brought forward as a serious objection to the theory that royal scarabs were used as seals ; but here again the two kings whose names are most often found on these objects are the two — Thothmes III and Rameses II — whose reigns were the longest of all the Egyptian monarchs, and they must have em- ployed a great number of officials entitled to use the royal seals during their long administrations. It is in the light of seals, therefore, that scarabs are considered in the present volume. Their It is difficult to fix the precise period at which the ^' scarab form of seal first appears in history. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that not a single specimen has yet been authenticated from a grave of a date anterior to the Sixth Dynasty. The remarkable tombs discovered by Petrie, de Morgan and others, at Abydos, Nagada, and Bet Khalaf, though they contained not a single scarab or impression of one, produced a large series of clay sealings used for wine jars, etc., ex- SCARABS. 67 hibiting impressions of cylinder seals. It is remarkable also that in the extensive cemetery of Dendera, where there were many remains of the Sixth to Eleventh Dynasties, not a single scarab was found which could be attributed to an earlier period than the Twelfth Dynasty, and a similar result was obtained from the cemetery at Hu of the same period. In Mr. Garstang's excavations at Beni Hasan, out of eight hundred tombs of the period that were opened and examined, not one inscribed scarab was found of the Eleventh and early Twelfth Dynasties, These facts would lead one to suppose that at least scarabs were not in general use in Egypt until the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty. A few scarabs, however, bear the names of kings of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Dynasties, but from the forms of the backs, the glaze and general technique, they all appear to me to be of a much later period than that of the monarchs whose names they bear. The names anterior to the Twelfth Dynasty that occur upon such scarabs are Mena, Khufu, Kha-ef-ra, Men-kau-ra, Unas, Mery-ra (Pepy I) and Mer-en-ra. The Mena scarabs are admitted by Prof. Petrie and other Egyptian archaeologists to be of a much later date than the Old Kingdom. That scarabs of Khufu, Kha-ef-ra and Men-kau-ra were made during the Eighteenth and later dynasties there can be no question. In the Cairo Museum are four scarabs, all found together by Mariette at Sakkara, which are of exactly the same modelling, material and glaze : one bears the name of Khufu, another that of Nefer-ka-ra, the third that of Nefer-ra, while the fourth is of Amenardes of the Twenty-Fourth Dynasty. In a F 2 68 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Fig. 56. private collection in Cairo is a scarab bearing the name of Kha-ef-ra in green glazed steatite, with cutting, form of back, and glaze exactly similar to that of a well-known type of Thothmes III. All the Men-kau- ra scarabs are also undoubtedly not earlier than the period of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The Unas scarabs bear a great resemblance to a certain class of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties : they are gene- rally coarsely cut, and the glaze has turned a dull brown. The only scarab of Mer)^-ra known is of the same style as the scarabs of the Thirteenth Dynasty, and Mer5^-ra was a fairly common personal name at that period. About the Mer-en-ra example I am inclined to believe that it is perhaps contemporary with the king whose name it bears, for it is of glazed pottery, and closely resembles in style and technique a very small and distinctive class of scarab-seal which has been recently found in associa- tion with button-shaped seals in graves of the intermediate period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty.^ That scarabs sometimes bear the names of two or more kings, is also another proof that we cannot always treat of them as contemporary with the kings whose names they bear. Thus scarabs are known of Thothmes I, III, and Sety I, of Thothmes III and Usertsen III, of Men-kau-ra and Thothmes III. 1 See later, p. 70, fig. 59. Fig. 57- SCARAB BEARING THE NAMES THOTHMES HI AND AMENHETEP II. SCARABS. 69 It seems clear, therefore, that scarabs were not employed in Egypt before the end of the Sixth Dynasty, and then only very rarely. At the be- ginning of the Twelfth Dynasty their use was still very restricted, but at the middle of that dynasty they came into general use very quickly, and by the time of Amenemhat III they seem to have been wide- spread in Egypt. From that time onwards to the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty the history of Egyptian scarab-seals can be traced in an unbroken line ; after the latter period they became very scarce, and finally disappear early in Roman times. Many Egyptian scarab-seals have been found in Geographi- regions other than the Nile Valley. In Syria they ggypjifn have been turned up in plenty. In Cyprus, Rhodes, scarab-seals. the Aegean Islands and the Greek mainland, numerous examples have been found. They have also been discovered at Crete, in Italy and Sardinia, on the north coast of Africa, and in Babylonia, — in all places in fact that had trade relations with the Egyptians. The period to which a scarab belongs may often Varieties of be determined from its shape and the markings on the ^P^' back of the beetle ; hence it is important to carefully note the varieties of form which occur. In fig. 58 will be seen a specimen of a scarab-beetle (the real Scarabaeus sacer^) with the nomenclature of its various parts described : these names will be used in later references. 1 Prof. Flinders Petrie believes that he can recognize, besides the true scarab, four other varieties of beetle : the Artharshis, Copris, Gymnopkarus and Hypseloge7iia. 70 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Pre-Middle The earliest examples known are of pottery, glazed, "ig on\. si^g^ll }j^ gj^e and somewhat rough in modelling. The lines are coarse, but distinguish the head, pj'-othorax H£ASt ELVTHJl- Fig. 58. and body, with elytra marked. The specimens figured, No. 59, are from El Mahasna, and are now in the museum at Cairo. Probably they may be dated, the discoverer tells me, to the rise of the Middle Kingdom, just before the Eleventh Dynasty. The example bearing the name of Mer-en-ra (fig. 56) is of this class. Fig. 59- Three varieties of form are characteristic of the Twelfth Dynasty. The earliest, dated approximately to the reigns of Usertsen I and Usertsen II, show the beetle carefully modelled, with clypeus (fig. 60), protJiorax and elytra, as well as the legs, well defined. SCARABS. 71 Just later, about the time of Amenemhat III, a more decorative and conventional style appears, in which, while the lines are treated with more freedom, and small embellishments are introduced for ornamental purposes as in fig. 61, the form and details of the Fig. 60. Fig. 61. beetle are nevertheless well preserved. A common form of this date is shown in fig. 62 : it is noticeable that the elytra are not outlined, but the marking of the head, eyes, and legs appears as in the previous examples. This type, with slight variations, perseveres, being traceable through the Hyksos period, and reflected in specimens of the early Eighteenth Dynasty. The closing years of the royal line of the Middle Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Kingdom, commonly called the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties, are marked by a special variety of beetle, which has a high back (particularly at the prothorax, where the scarab is thickest) and a narrow waist, pro- duced by an indent on either side at the point where the 72 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. protkorax and elytra adjoin. The head shows clypeus and eyes : the legs are usually shown in oudine only, while the elytra are not marked. There is a second type, characteristic also of these times, which is in reality a development from earlier forms, as may be The Hyksos Period. Fig. 64. Fig. 65. seen by comparing the example in fig. 64 with that previously illustrated in fig. 60. The tendency to decorative effect seen in this case is further exempli- fied by a number of scarabs which seem to follow the prototype of fig. 61, though failing to preserve the quality of the lines and cutting. As previously mentioned, the type of back in which no elytra are shown remains the common variety through the Hyksos period. A short notch Fig. 66. Fig. 67. on each side indicates the point of division of the protkorax from the body, and in the example shown in fig. 65 the legs are suggested only. The head and clypeus are plain ; the eye is sometimes represented. A decorative effect is produced in some instances, as SCARABS. 7Z in fig. 66, by representing hairy legs upon the back of the beetle. A unique example for the period is illustrated in fig. 67, where the back is scored with lines diagonally in each direction. Another typical form is shown in fig. 68, in which the threading holes Fig. 68. Fig. 69. are supported by a ring carved with the scarab, while the beetle itself is developed apparently from the type in fig. 63. In such scarabs the hairy legs upon the back occasionally may be noted. Another Hyksos type characteristically represents the human head (fig. 69, and compare the scarab of King Apepy figured in Plate I) upon the body of the scarab with or without the legs over the back. Fig. 70. Fig. 71. With the close of the Hyksos period there is no The discontinuity in the forms of scarab-backs commonly dynasty" represented, but there is a marked incoming of new motives. Fig. 70 well shows the survival in the early Eighteenth Dynasty of the plain-bodied scarab which 74 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. we have seen surviving throughout the earlier periods. Marks hitherto naturaHstic are seen to be becoming conventional or decorative, but the form both in out- line and in section is well preserved. In fig. 71, however, there is seen a new type, characterised by Fig. 72. Fig. 73- the oval base, the curving of the lines separating the prothorax from the body, and a superiority of tech- nique evidenced both by symmetry and firm cutting. Fig. 72 illustrates a development of this tendency in a highly-finished and decorative specimen, in which ornamental feeling now predominates for the first time over the naturalistic. The support of the thread-hole Fig. 74. Fig. 75- survives in this instance in the decoration, while the legs overspread upon a broader margin to the base. The date of this example is Amenhetep I. But the typical form of the middle Eighteenth Dynasty is illustrated by the example shown in fig. ^t^, which is SCARABS. 75 dated by the name of Hatshepsut. The head and back are well shaped in the section, while the clypeus and head are clearly and exquisitely cut. The pro- thorax is rounded at the base, while in the forepart of the elytra a small notch is indicated in the wing case Fig. 76. Fig. 77- on each side. The legs are sometimes well modelled, at other times indicated only in outline. A variation is illustrated in fig. 74, which dates from the time of Amenhetep III. With the advent of the Nineteenth Dynasty the The tendency to enlarge the base, and the spreading legs j^y^asty" upon it and around the scarab, becomes typical of the period, as illustrated in figs. 75, 76. Another numerous class is of pottery, glazed as before, in which the head Fig. 78. Fig. 79. is elongated while the prothorax and elytra are not outlined. A downward notch on either side of the forepart of the wing cases, however, indicates the separation of the protliorax from the body. The legs stand high, but project only a little (fig. "]"]). 76 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. The Ethiopian dominion. The sub- jects en- graved on scarab- seals I. Hiero- glyphic inscriptions. Fig. 80. During the reign of Rameses the Great an interesting decorative motive is introduced in a few examples, of which figs. y8, 79 are specimens of interest. The former, in the Amherst Collection, is of ivory, finely cut. Upon the base is the device of Rameses in his chariot, while upon the back is the outline of the beetle, filled in with his cartouche and emblems. During the same period the human head upon the scarab body makes its re- appearance as a device for decoration. With the Ethiopian dominion a ram's head (the emblem of Amen-ra) frequently is found upon the beetle body (fig. 80) ; while sometimes, as shown in fig. 81, the body of the scarab is replaced by the familiar Hathor head with uraei on either side. The subjects engraved on Egyptian scarab-seals may be divided into several well-defined groups. Firstly, there are those which bear hieroglyphic in- scriptions. Secondly, there are those which bear figures of men, animals, or flowers ; and thirdly, those which bear geometrical de- signs, coil and rope patterns, etc. For the purposes of study the first group may be subdivided into : (i) those which are inscribed with the names of kings and other royal personages; (2) those which Fig. 81. bear the names of officials and private people ; (3) those which have titles without names ; (4) those which re- present the names or figures of deities, and (5) those which bear good wishes, mottoes, and magic formulae. SCARABS. -n The lare^est class of these objects bear the names (O Royal ^ 1 . 1 names. and titles of the Egyptian kings ; they are conse- quently most valuable for the illustrations they afford of Egyptian history : some of these names being scarcely, if at all, known except from these sources. The information they convey is, of course, usually very laconic, but sometimes the names are coupled with some facts connected with them, such as that the king is the son of a certain prince (PI. X, 2), or that he is born of a queen (PI. X, 3), or that he is beloved of some god (PI. XXX, 22), or that he has conquered the foreigners (PI. XXVIII, 10). Scarab-seals bearing seals of officials and private (2) Private 11 1 -T-1 11 names, persons form the second largest class. 1 hey usually give one or more titles of the official, together with the personal name. The earliest example known is one in the Amherst Collection, bearing the name of the " Mayor Tahutihetep," from a tomb at El Bersheh, and the date of it is Usertsen II (PI. XI, 15). They were common during the late Twelfth Dynasty and early intermediate period ; they occur fairly often during the first half of the Eighteenth Dynasty, but are rarely found after that date. Frequently these private scarabs are decorated with a scroll pattern or other ornament, often very beautifully executed. A very small number bear titles without personal (3) Titles. names, such as "the courtier" (PI. XLI, 20), "the governor of the royal city" (PL XLI, 22), " the priest," and "the mayor." These are all of a late date (Twenty-sixth Dynasty), and are very rare. Names or figures of deities engraved on scarabs (4) Names 11 1 r 1 • • 1 J or figures of are common, but they are mostly ot the principal gods ^^^^^^^ and goddesses of Egypt, such as Amen, Amen-Ra 78 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. (5) Good wishes, mottoes, and magic formulae. 11. Figures of men and animals, etc. (PI. XLI, i8), Ptah (PI. XLI, 13), Khensu, Isis, Hathor (PL XLI, 5), Mut, Horus (PI. XLI, 10), and Set (PI. XLI, 15). These date from the beginning ot" the Eighteenth onwards to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Scarabs bearing good wishes, mottoes, and magic formulae are numerous. Some of them not only give the good wishes, but even the names of the persons from whom they emanated and to whom they were sent. Thus the inscription on one in the Petrie Collection reads : " May Ptah give a Happy New Year, from the Prince Shashanq to his mother Ka-ra-ma-ma " (PI. XL, 8). Others give simply the words, " A Happy New Year" (PI. XL, 2), or " May Bast give a Happy New Year" (PI. XL, 3). Some read, "If Amen is behind, there is no fear" (PI, XXXIX, 27), while a little plaque in the Hood Collection says, **I am true of heart" (PI. XL, 21). Many scarab-seals bear the figures of men and animals, the principal animals figured being the lion, bull, cynocephalus, horse, and gazelle. Birds are also often engraved, the hawk, the emblem of Horus, being the commonest. Serpents are very common, and we also occasionally find combinations of serpents with animals, sphinxes, griffons, and sometimes beetles and locusts (see PI. XXV). Flowers, such as the lotus, are frequently found engraved on these seals. Hunting scenes on scarab-seals appear for the first time during the Hyksos period, and a beautifully cut specimen of this date is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (PI. XXV, 26). It represents a king clad in a striped loin-cloth with fringed edge, and wearing a curiously-shaped head-dress. Armed with a bow and arrows, he hunts three ibex-gazelles and a lion among SCARABS. 79 bushes of a desert wady. To a later period, probably not earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, belong the common hunt scarabs of the types figured in PI. XLII, 33-39. The first and rarest type (PI. XLII, ^t,) shows a hunter with lions and cheetahs chasing a gazelle. The second and commonest type represents an archer hunting the lion and other desert animals (PI. XLII, 35). The third type is more elaborate, and depicts the hunter riding in a chariot drawn by one or more horses (PI. XLII, 37-39), while on other sCarabs we sometimes see the huntsman overtaken by a lion, and lying flat on the ground, apparently slain (PI. XLI I, 34). The cutting of these Nineteenth Dynasty hunt scarabs is generally deep, and the subject is always more or less coarsely rendered : few specimens bear any trace of glazing, and when found it is always of an inferior kind, which has turned brown. Scarabs with ornamental devices, such as coils and Coil and twisted rope patterns engraved upon them, appear first patterns, about the reign of Usertsen I, and continued in use to the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty, after which period they rarely occur. The date of any single specimen may generally be determined by the form of the back, but the glazing and general style of cutting is also important in this connection. Specimens of the late Twelfth and early Thirteenth Dynasties are often fine examples of ornamental art : they are generally designed with much care, and executed with wonderful minuteness and delicacy of touch. Finely worked specimens are also found of the time of Queen Hatshepsut and Thothmes III. A representative series of coil and rope-pattern scarabs is given in Pis. XVI 11 and XIX. The rope-patterns figured in 8o EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PI. XIX, 1-3, are of the Hyksos period, while those on PI. XVIII, 1-15, 18, range in date from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Dynasties. The coil- patterns given in PI. XIX, 4, 5, 9, are certainly of the Hyksos period, while the remainder of the coil patterns are mainly of the late Twelfth and Eigh- teenth Dynasties. Often the continuous loop coil was used to ornament the scarabs of kings and officials. The earliest example, indeed the earliest example of any coil-pattern in Egypt, is found on a scarab of Usertsen I, most exquisitely worked and fully developed (fig. 82). For a long time past it has been thought that tne spiral as a motive in decoration originated in the Nile Valley, and much misconception seems to prevail among archaeoloo^ists as to its occurrence in Egypt. Prof Petrie says^ that its earliest use in the country was for the decoration of scarabs, and he would trace the spiral motive back as far as the Fifth Dynasty. The single scarab that he instances, it is true, bears the prenomen of Dad-ka-Ra (Assa), but there is not the slightest reason to make one believe that this particular specimen is contem- poraneous with the king whose name it bears ; the whole style of it, on the contrary, clearly shows that it belonos to no earlier a date than the O Eighteenth Dynasty. Prof Petrie also attributes Fig. 82. ^ Egypiiaji Decorative Art, pp. 18 and 19. The spiral, it should be noted, is found on certain upright and squat prehistoric pots of the sequence dating 39-64, but these are always single, not conjoined or returning spirals. SCARABS. 8i a number of scarabs bearing coil, hook and link ornamentation to the Sixth and Eighth Dynasties, but these have been conclusively shown by Fraser ^ and Griffith^ to be in reality post rather than pre Twelfth Dynasty. The fact is that the spiral has not yet been found on Egyptian monuments of an older date than the reign of Usertsen I. It was then used as a motive for decorating a ceiling in the tomb of a chieftain at Assiut.^ Employed architecturally it is not found again until the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty, when it was perhaps the most frequent motive for ceiling decora- tions in Theban tombs. In these tombs it is generally coloured yellow, to represent gold, and it is highly probable that the ornament itself originated in metal wire-work.* At the same time as we find it occurring at Assiut, we also find the spiral used to decorate a scarab bearing the prenomen of Usertsen I (fig. 82). On this specimen the ornament is cut with very great care and regularity, indicating that the design was "a 1 Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Vol, XXI, p. 148. 3 Ibid., Vol. XIX, p. 294. 3 A small detail of this ceiling (with wrong colouring) is published in Wilkinson's Ma?i>iers and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Vol. I, PI. VIII, fig. 7. Identically the same pattern occurs in a Twenty-sixth Dynasty tomb at Thebes. * Milchhofer, Die Anfdnge der Kunst, p. 16 et seqq. ; Petrie, Egyptian Decorative Art, p. 29. ; Much, Die Kupferzeit, p. 55 ; Hall, Tlie Oldest Civilization of Greece, p. 157 ; A. C. Haddon, Evolution in Art, p. 141. Dr. Arthur Evans, on the contrary, believes that the spiral was first used in stonework, and only at a later date transferred to metal and other materials {Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XIII, p. 329). 82 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. novelty, which had not yet become stereotyped ^ and reproduced as a matter of course." The same ex- quisite workmanship is found on some scarabs bearing- private names of the time of Amenemhat III or a little later ; and here the continuous coil is combined with the lotus in a most beautiful design — a continuous coil, with flowers and buds in the spaces (PI. XIV, figs. 21-26). It is difficult to believe that such a design sprang into being fully developed ; but nothing has yet been found in Egypt at all like it of a period anterior to the Twelfth Dynasty ; we must therefore search for the origin and development of the spiral motive in ornament elsewhere than in the Nile Valley. We do not yet know sufficiently the history of the Delta to say definitely that it did not originate there, but the probabilities are that we should look for its earliest employment and development outside the realm of Egypt.^ However that may be, the spiral was one of the most important of the motives of the decorative art of the ancient world. From very ancient times it was largely used by the peoples of Western Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean, and in " the wake of early commerce it was spread afield to the Danubian basin, and thence in turn by the valley of the Elbe to the Amber coast of the North Sea ; there to supply the 1 Petrie, Egyptiati Decorative Art, p. 22. 2 Among the jewellry discovered by M. de Morgan at Dahshur {ietnp. Usertsen II) was an exquisite gold ring (certainly riot of Egyptian manufacture), with two spirals worked on its bezel in gold wire-work. (See De Morgan, Dahchotir, I, p. 68, fig. 145.) In the Ashmolean Museum is a black ware vase from Egypt of the style characteristic of the late Twelfth Dynasty deposits, which has a punctuated returning spiral ornament round the upper part of its h)ody. SCARABS. 83 Scandinavian Bronze Age population with their lead- ing decorative designs. Adopted by the Celtic tribes in the Central European area, it took at a somewhat later date a westerly turn, reached Britain with the invading Belgae, and finally survived in Irish art." ^ Scarabs are made of all kinds of material, from the Material. hardest obsidian and amethyst, to soft steatite and ^^^^ stones, even wood. In all ages they were made of hard obsidian, stones. Obsidian, spotted diorite, beryl, white quartz, ^^^' hematite, amethyst, serpentine, green and red jasper, as well as red carnelians, lapis lazuli, and turquoise were all in use from the end of the Twelfth Dynasty onwards to the Twenty-sixth. Rarely during the earlier periods were the bases of the hardest stone specimens engraved ; they were usually covered with a gold plate, upon which the device or inscription was incised. Metal scarabs are very rare : a few of gold, and Gold, two or three of silver are known of the Eighteenth s"^^''- ^**^- and Nineteenth Dynasties, while about a dozen examples of bronze, of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties, are preserved in our museums. At the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty glass Glass and first appears, and of the reigns of the Amenheteps III ^X^""^- and IV a number of seals have been found of a beauti- ful semitransparent deep blue glass. Of the late Eighteenth Dynasty a few specimens are known of 1 A. J. Evans, Primitive Pictographs, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XIV, p. 328. Cf. G. Coffey, The Origins of Prehistoric Ornament i?t Ireland, in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1894, 1895 ; and A. C. Haddon, Evolution in Art, p. 142. J. Romilly Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, PP- 51-54- C 2 84 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. cyanus, an alkaline silicate coloured a deep blue with carbonate of copper, and this material was used in increasing quantity till the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Schist and Besides the hard stones enumerated above, shelly- steatite, limestone, schist, and steatite were also employed, and a few scarabs are known that were made of ivory. Steatite (or soapstone) was used in the manufacture of scarabs from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Dynasties, and by far the greater number of specimens are made of this material. It is a silicate of magnesium, soft, easily cut, and at the same time its superior com- pactness secures it from being readily broken or injured, and it is also capable of receiving a higher finish and much sharper impression of the subject than porcelain. The Glazes. The steatite scarabs were nearly always glazed, and the glazing often helps to indicate the date of a specimen. Only by a careful study of a large number of specimens can the eye be accustomed to differentiate between the varieties of glazing used at different periods. A very fine blue glaze of excellent quality is characteristic of the Twelfth Dynasty, and green glaze was also often used at this period. Many shades of blue and green glaze of very hard quality are found on the specimens of the Thirteenth Dynasty, and the few Hyksos scarabs that yet retain their colour show that a green glaze of a poorer quality was used at that period. The characteristic glazes of the early Eighteenth Dynasty are green, of a slightly greyish tint, generally of a fine surface, while those of the latter half of the dynasty, though coarser in quality, are often very brilliant in colour, and show a variety of tints ranging through all the shades of blue SCARABS. 85 and green. Violet glaze was also employed at this period. The glazes of the Nineteenth Dynasty are often poor in quality, and generally of a dark yellowish- green colour, though sometimes blue and violet. The colour commonest during the Twentieth and later period are blue of various shades. It should be remarked here that the greatest number of scarabs are brown or white : the brown ones were invariably coloured green, and the white specimens blue. 4. Miscellaneous Forms of Seals. Besides scarabaei, other forms of seals are met Miscel- with in Egypt. Many of them have little models [^"j^^"^ of men or animals on the back, as human-heads, symbolic eyes, hippopotami, lions, hedgehogs, ducks, fish, frogs, flies, crocodiles ; while not a few are shaped like cowries. A large number are also cut in geometrical forms, tablet-shaped, squares, rectangles, ovals, cubes, and cones. Like the scarabs, they are all pierced, through their long axis or diameter, with a narrow cylindrical hole, and were similarly mounted. The specimen illustrated in fig. 83, now in the Fig. 83. Fig. 84. MacGregor Collection, bears a private name upon the Animals as base. The material is steatite, beautifully carved, devices. 86 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. The figure is that of a male, squatting in the familiar attitude, his hands upon his knees, and wearing a Ml wig. The date is late in the Twelfth Dynasty. Fig. 84 is another illustration of the same motive, dating from the Eighteenth Dynasty. Animal forms are illustrated in the figs. 85, 86, S7, 88, 89. The first re- presents a naturalistic group, a cow suckling its calf, exquisitely cut in steatite. It is in the collection of Captain Timmins in Cairo. The design upon the base is analogous in its symmetry and the devices employed to the steatite stamp, fig. 94, in the same collection, which probably dates from about the Eleventh Dynasty. The two stamps, figs. 86 Fig. 85. Fig. 86. and Sy, are very important, one of them being dated by the cartouche of Mentuhetep of the Eleventh Dynasty, the other by its analogy, and by the device of a running figure in line frequendy employed upon SCARABS. 87 the button-seals (fig. 42. and cf. fig. 28). Hornets are employed upon the Karnak three-sided seal, fig. 86, Fig. 87. which is probably of earlier date, about the close of the Sixth Dynasty. A further example of this character, being a ram with horns, is in the Fig. 88. Fig. 89. MacGregor Collection : upon the base is an interest- Mis^cel- ing pattern in coils, dating probably from the end of j^yices. the Twelfth Dynasty. A great number of seals with Fig. 90. Fig. 91- Fig. 92. cats (fig. 88), hedgehogs, hippopotami (fig. 89), and fish (fig. 90), date from the time of Thothmes III in 88 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. the Eighteenth Dynasty, while those with ducks (figs. 91, 92), frogs, and flies, seem to be slightly later, dating from the reign of Amenhetep III. Fig- 93- A number of large seals are oval in form ; one of these, with a device of animals incised upon the back, shown in fig. 93, bears upon the base the blundered cartouche of Amenemhat III. One of rectangular form (fig. 94) is rather of the nature of a stamp, being without decoration upon the back other than the Fig. 94. necessary suspension hole in the attachment, while upon the base is the device previously described as belonging to the period which precedes the Middle SCARABS. 89 Kingdom — between the Sixth and Eleventh Dynas- ties, from its analogy to the button-seals of that time. Other stamps are illustrated in figs. 95 and 96, Fig. 95- Fig. 96. having oval bases. They date from the Seventeenth Dynasty, bearing the names of Seqen-en-ra and Se-Amen. Another stamp (fig. 97) of larger size, has a simple handle down the middle of the back. The device in this case represents a number of captives or 44.4 Fig. 97. votives below the emblem of Anubis. This class of stamp, used generally for the sealing up of tomb- doors, as in the case of the tomb of Thothmes IV at 90 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Thebes, seems to date from the Eighteenth Dynasty. Fig. 98. Fig. 98 represents another common form of the same period, itself dating to the reign of the emblem upon Fig. 99. Fig. 100. Fig. loi. it, Thothmes III. A less usual class, dating from the Twelfth Dynasty, is represented in fig. 99. The back Fig 103. Fig. 102. in this instance is plain, the form of the stamp re- SCARABS. 91 sembling a slice from a sphere, with the device upon the plane face. A hole pierces the thickness. Figs. 100, 1 01, represent other objects of this class, which from its Aegean analogies is of peculiar importance. The former specimen is dated, from an inscription on its back, to the reign of Usertsen III ; the coil device is employed in each case. Two interesting examples are shown in figs. 102 and 103, Fig. 104. Fig. 105. the one being of the Eighteenth Dynasty, from its cutting and its glaze, the other of the Nineteenth Dynasty, from the cartouche of Rameses II incised upon it. A late example is that shown in fig. 104, and is a common type of the period of the Saite renaissance in the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The in- scription gives the name of Tahuti son of Aahmes, chief of the scribes of the temple. It is of pottery, glazed green, and is in the Collection of Captain Timmins. 92 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Two typical stamps of the Thirtieth Dynasty, one in bronze, the other in pottery, are pictured in figs. 105 and 106. They are both without device upon the plain handle of suspension. The one fig. 105 bears the name of the Royal son Za-hapi-amen ; the other bears the name of king Kheper-ka-Ra, otherwise Nekht-neb-ef, with whom the list of Egypt's kings comes to a close. ^r^ 5. Signet-Rings. Signet-rings. The signet-ring was called in Egyptian ^°1 J zebat (van | g , pi. ^J_^ _V Q 1 . ■ Coptic t-o^, tcjo^). In its earliest form it consisted of {a) a perforated bezel, the part that bears the inscription or device, and (<5) a hoop or wire which runs through the bezel and round the inside of the finger. The bezel was generally a separate piece of stone or metal, and when that was the case, it was generally encircled by a metal band (funda) and pierced so that it formed a swivel ring. SCARABS. 93 The earliest examples that we know of are not Their older than the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty, but from that period onwards they are fairly common in Egypt. A number were found by M. de Morgan, at Dahshur. of the date of Usertsen III to Amenemhat III, and these are all of one type : a scarab threaded on a piece of gold wire, the ends of which are twisted round several times on the back of the hoop (fig. 107). At a somewhat later period we find the gold wire thickened in the middle to lend additional strength, and the two ends thrust into the perforation of the scarab. The specimen illustrated (fig. 108) dates from the Thirteenth Dynasty. A second type of this period is shown in fig. 109. Here the scarab is mounted in a go\6.funda and the perforation is threaded by a wire, the ends of which are wound tightly round the hoop. Fig. 107. Fig. 108. Fig. 109. which is made of a separate piece of metal. The same form survives during the Hyksos period {see PI. I, ring of King Apepy), and on to the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty (fig. 1 10, and the ring of Hor-em- heb, PI. I). With the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty another form appears, that of a plain metal 94 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. rino- with the outer surface of the bezel flat and the inner curved (fig. in). This form was rare during the earlier reigns of the dynasty, but common under Fig. no. RING OF THOTHMES HI. Fig. III. Amenhetep III and Akhenaten {see ring of Akhenaten, PI. I), and it survives to the present day. At the time of Thothmes III, a ring consisting of a plain hoop beaten out into a lozenge shaped plate occurs (PI. XXIX, 31), but it is a very rare form until after the Twentieth Dynasty. With the reign of Amenhetep III, Fig. 112. Fig- 113- pottery rings of all forms are found, and these are very common till the beginning of the Nineteenth Dynasty. SCARABS. 95 Pottery rings, with long bezels, as shown in tigs. 112 and 113, appear first at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, and continue on till the end of the Twenty-third. The examples of the Twenty-sixth Fig. 114- M^iirifij Fig- 115- Dynasty are of several forms, the commonest being the plain hoop beaten out into a rectangular or lozenge- shaped plate which bears the inscription. Other forms o-ive the outer surface of the bezel flat and the inner curved, as in figs. 114 and 115 : the one being a ring of a priest of Khufu, named Nefer-ab-ra ; the other that of a priest of Tahuti, named Hor-se-ast. A rarer form is that illustrated in fig. 116, where the flat engraved plate is welded on to a plain hoop. Fig. 116. DESCRIPTIONS OP^ THE SPECIMENS FIGURED IN THE PLATES. II 99 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The followiiiQ- abbreviations are used to denote the collections and works most frequently quoted in the descriptions of the Plates : — Alnw The Duke of Northumberland's Collection at Alnwick Castle, Northumberland. Amh Lord Amherst of Hackney's Collection at Didlington Hall, Norfolk. Ashm The Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Ath The Athens Museum. A.Z. .... Zeitschrift filr Agyptische Sprache, Berlin. Benson .... Mr. E. F. Benson's Collection, London. Berl The Egyptian Museum, Berlin. B.M The British Museum. Bol The Museo Civico, Bologna. B.P (Delhaes Coll.) Buda Pesth. C.d.M The Cabinet des Medailles, Paris. CM The Cairo Museum. Dat G. Dattari's Collection, Cairo. Davis .... Mr. Theodore M. Davis' Collection, Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A. de M. D. . . . M. de Morgan's Foiiilles a Dahchoiir. Dres The Dresden Museum. Edw The Edwards' Collection, University College, London. Evans .... Col. John Evans' Collection, London. lOO EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Fitzw. F.Sc. Gibs. Gdn. Or. . Green Har. Herm. Hood HP. L. . Leyd. Liv. . Luxor Mars. M. B. M. Ca^. Ab. M.D. . M-G. . M. Mast. Murch . Myers . Nash . Newb. . N.Y. . Piers' Coll, P. . . P. /. The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Mr. G. W. Fraser's book " Scarabs." Mr. Gibson's Collection, Liverpool. Mrs. Goodison's Collection, Waterloo, near Liverpool. The late Dr. Grant's Collection, Liverpool. Mr. F. W. Green's Collection, Tunbridge Wells. The Harrow School Museum, Harrow. The Museum of the Ermitage, St. Petersburg. Mrs. Hood's Collection, Nettleham Hall, Lincoln. Mr. Hilton Price's Collection, London. The Egyptian Museum of the Louvre, Paris. The Leyden Museum. The Liverpool Museum. Specimens seen in Dealers' shops at Luxor. The Chateau Borelly Museum, Marseilles. M. Maspero's Guide du visiteur au Musee de Boiilaq. Mariette's Catalogue general des Monuments d'Abydos. Mariette's Momiments Divers. Mr. W. MacGregor's Collection, Tamworth. Mariette's Les Mastabas de VAncien Empire. Mr. Chauncey Murch's Collection, Luxor. The late Major Myers' Collection, now in the Eton College Museum, Eton. Mr. W. Nash's Collection. Scarabs in the possession of the writer. The Abbott Collection at New York. Mr. Piers' Collection, New York. Prof. Petrie's Collection at University College, London. Prof. Petrie's I/lahihi, Kahun and Gurob. SCARABS. los Y. K. .... Prof. Petrie's Kahun, Giirob and Haivara. V. R.T. . . . . Prof. Petrie's volumes on the Royal Tombs of Abydos. F. Sc. . . . . Prof. Petrie's Historical Scarabs. P.S.B.A. . . . iV(?f^^^i?V^^Jof the Society of Biblical Archaeology. S.K The South Kensington Museum. Thomp. ... Sir Herbert Thompson's Collection, London. Timmins' Coll. . Capt. C. Timmins' Collection, Cairo. T The Turin Museum. Vat The Egyptian Museum of the Vatican, Rome. Vien The Vienna Museum. v-B Baron von Bissing's Collection, Munich. W Mr. John Ward's Collection, Belfast. VV, S.B. . . . Mr. John Ward's volume on The Sacred Beetle, SCARABS. 103 PLATE I. SOME ROYAL SIGNET-RINGS. I. Signet-ring of Apepy I. In the possession of Mr. Theodore M. Davis. The bezel is of green-glazed steatite, carved in the shape of a scarabaeus-beetle with a human head, and mounted in a thin gold funda. On the base of the bezel is engraved in intaglio, and within a cartouche, the name of the " Good King Aa- user-ra (Apepy I), giving life." The cartouche is surrounded by a continuous rope-pattern. The hoop of the ring is of gold, and the bezel is secured to it by means of a gold wire running longitudinally through the funda and scarab, and coiled tightly round its two ends. II. Signet-ring of Amenhetep II. In the Egyptian Museum of the Louvre. The bezel is of solid gold, in the form of a rectangular plaque. On one face are engraved, in intaglio, the titles and prenomen of Amenhetep II : " The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Lord of the Two Lands, Aa-kheperu-ra," the cartouche being surmounted by two cobras, and resting on the mid-sign. On the other face are the titles : Hem, ka nekht, user pehtet, " the Horus and Mighty Bull, strong in power." The bezel is pierced longitudinally by a narrow hole, and it is fixed to the hoop of the ring by K I04 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. means of a rod running through it, and rivetted to the shoulders, III. Signet-ring of Nefer-ka-ra (Psamtek II). In the possession of Mr. Walter Nash. A plain hoop of gold, beaten out into a lozenge-shaped plate, upon which is cut, in intaglio, the pre- nomen of Psamtek II. IV. Signet-ring of Neferu-kheperu-ra Setep-en-ra (Akh-en-aten). In the possession of Mr. Walter Nash. A hoop of silver, with massive bezel, the inner surface of which is curved, and the outer flat, with the prenomen of Akh-en-aten engraved upon it. V. Signet-ring of Zeser-kheperu-ra Setep-en-ra (Hor-em-heb). In the Egyptian Museum of the Louvre. This is the most remarkable specimen of an ancient Egyptian signet-ring known. It is formed of a quadrangular plaque and a thick hoop, swollen in the middle for strength, both of solid gold ; it weighs 125-50 grs. On one face of the plaque is engraved, in intaglio, the prenomen of Hor- em-heb, while on the other is a marching lion, emblem of royal power, and the words Neb Khepsh, " Lord of Valliance," above it. Upon the two sides are delicately engraved : (i) a scorpion, and (2) a crocodile. The bezel is pierced longitudinally through its centre, and secured to the hoop by means of a thick gold wire, which threads the bezel, and is coiled round the two ends of the hoop. SCARABS. 105 PLATE II. Scene representing " the Superintendent of the Seal" (i.e., the Chancellor) of King Tut-ankh-Amen, investing Prince Hu5' with the Official Seal of the Governorship of Ethiopia. The inscription above and between the fio-ures reads : "The grivino^ of the Seal of the Royal Son by the Superintendent of the Seal, in order to make to flourish the office of the Royal Son of Ethiopia, Huy ; (his boundary) begins at Nekhen (Hieraconpolis) and (ends) at Ker\^^ (Gebel Barkal)." The ring and bezel are coloured yellow, to represent gold. From a painting in the tomb of W\\^ at Kurnet Murai, Thebes. 1 On this place-name, see p. 172, note i. K 2 io6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE III. PRE-DYNASTIC CYLINDER SEALS. I. Three animals in a desert wad^^ (?). M-G. 2-7. Black steatite cylinder-seals, bearing personal names written in primitive hieroglyphic characters, each name being determined by the seated figure of a man. These examples are all in the M-G. Collection, except No. 3, which is in the Amh. Collection. 8 and 9. Black steatite cylinder-seals, bearing personal names (.'*), written in primitive hieroglyhic characters, but without a seated figure determinative. M-G. 10. A personal (?) name reading Asunut. Amh. A fine specimen in wood. 11-13. Three black steatite cylinder-seals, bearing inscriptions of uncertain meaning. M-G. 14. A beautifully cut ivory cylinder-seal, bearing a personal name reading Sheden. Murch. SCARABS. 107 PLATE IV. IMPRESSIONS OF EARLY CYLINDER-SEALS.i # Birds, gazelles, and other desert animals, with traps for capturing them. This sealing belongs to the pre-Dynastic group, but was found in a First Dynasty tomb at Abydos. (P. R.r. II, xiv, 104.) 2* " Aha," the Horus-name of Menes, the founder of the First Egyptian Dynasty. (P. R.T. II, xiv, 98.) 3. A black steatite cylinder-seal, bearing a hiero- glyphic inscription of uncertain meaning. M-G. 4. A personal name (?). Berl. 14594. 5. " The Royal Daughter, Meh-en-pet-tha." v-B. (F. Sc. I.) 6. A wooden cylinder-seal, bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning. M-G. ^fis- «■ 'pj-^g King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Mer-pa-ba." (P. R,T. I, xxvi, 60.) First Dynasty, found at Abydos. ^ An asterisk prefixed to these descriptions means an ancient clay-impression or " sealing," not an actual cylinder. loS EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 8.* " Sekhem-ab," the Horus-name of King Per- ab-sen. (P. R.T. II, 165. See also infra, Nos. 12 and 13.) 9.* " Den," the Horus-name of King Setui. {Y.R.T. I, xxii, 39.) 10.* " The Mayor of the Town of Se-ka." (P. R.T. I, xxii, 32.) II.* " The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Kha- sekhemui." (P. R.T. II, xxxiii, 201.) 12.* ''The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Per-ab-sen." (P. R.T II, xxii, 164.) 13.''-' "Sekhem-ab," the Horus-name of King Per- ab-sen. (P. R.T. II, xxi. 164.) 14. A black steatite cylinder-seal, bearing a hiero- glyphic inscription of uncertain meaning. Gdn. 15. Fish in a stream. Berl. 15338. This seal should be classed in the pre-Dynastic group. 16.*'= "The Mother of Royal Children, Ne-Maat- Hap." (P. R.T. II, xxiv, 210; cf. also. Borchardt, Naville and Sethe, in A.Z. XXXVI, p. 142.) SCARABS. 109 PLATE V. CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE FOURTH TO SIXTH DYNASTIES. 1. " Kha-ef-ra, (?) beloved of the Gods." P. 2. " Men-kau-ra, beloved of the Gods and beloved of Hather." P. 3. " The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-kau- ra, beloved of the Gods daily and of Hather- duat daily." Evans. This cylinder-seal gives the earliest known instance of the king's tide Sa-Ra, " Son of Ra." 4. •' Men-kau-ra." At the side of the cartouche is a seated figure of the goddess Hather holding the 2^^5-sceptre ; before her is the word neter and the name of Men-kau-ra's pyramid (?) Men-ab. Murch. 5. " Sahu-ra, beloved of the Gods," and his Horus- name, Neb-khau. v-B. (Fr. Sc. 12.) 6. Sahu-ra, beloved of Hather, the beautiful Star and Mistress of the Sycamore." Fitzw. 7. " User-ka-ef, beloved of the Gods," and the Horus- name of this king Ar-?naat. Found on the Island of Elephantine. M.D. 54 e. no EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 8. " User-ka-ef, beloved of the Gods and beloved of Hather." B.M. 16774. 9. " Nefer-ar-ka-ra, beloved of the Gods daily, and priest of Hather." W. S.B. XVI, 331. 10. " The Royal Favourite who executed the orders ot his Lord the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Pep5^ (I), beloved of Anhur." The inscription also gives the Horus-name of Pep^ : Mery tau7, and states that the official for whom this cylinder was cut was "chief over the secret things of the court," and that " he made the favours of the court." B.M. 29061. 11. "The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Mer^- taui (Pep>^ I), the Good God, and Lord of the Two Lands," with the Horus-name of Mery- taui. In the horizontal line at the bottom of the seal the king is said to be "beloved of Sak, Lord of the Two Rats (?)." Like the specimen No. 10, this is a seal of the " Royal Favourite, the Regulator of the Festivals, he who executed the orders and made the favours of the king," his master. B.M. 5495. SCARABS. Ill PLATE VI. CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY. 1. A steatite cylinder-seal, giving the prenomens of the six consecutive kings of the Twelfth Dynasty : — (i) Sehetep-ab-ra (Amenemhat I). (2) Kheper-ka-ra(Usertsen I). (3) Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II). (4) Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III). (5) Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II). (6) Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III). Brocklehurst Collection. (P. Sc. 272.) 2. "Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ref-sam (?)." B.M. 16408. 3. " Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ha." CM. 3657. 4. " Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu." P. /. VIII, 24. 5. •' Usertsen, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu." Amh. 6. " Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Re-sehui." M-G. 112 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 7. " Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu." B.M. 3928. 8. "Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II) and Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III)." P. /. VIII, 28. 9. " Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III)." CM. 3654. 10. The nomen of Usertsen and the prenomen (Ne-maat-ka) of Amenemhat III. B.M. 16747. 11. "Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III) and Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III)." P. K. X, 11. 12. " The Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III)." B.M. 16746. 13. '• Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Shediti." M-G. 14. " Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Shediti." Amh. (formerly in the possession of Bonomi : cf. Sharpe. Eg. Insc, II, P- 23). 15. "Usertsen and Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat III)." M-G., said to have been found at El Bersheh. 16. "Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Hent." Davis. 17. "Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ref- sam (?)." Amh. 18. "Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Aa- neferu(?)." Leyd. 663. SCARABS. 113 19. " The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Xe- maat-ra (Amenemhat III), son of Ra, Amen)^, the Lord of the Two Lands, the Good God, Amenemhat/' M-G. 20. "Amenemhat and the Royal Daughter A-ta- ka[-yt]." M-G. A-ta-Kayt was a daughter of Usertsen II. [A.Z. XXXVII. 91.) 21. This cvlinder-seal bears the full titles and name of Queen Sebek-shedeti-neferu. B.M. 16581. 22. •' The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maa- kheru-ra (Amenemhat I\'^)," with the legend fu qe es neb tern, and "beloved of Hather, Mistress of Re-aat (?)." M-G. 114 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE VII. CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE TWELFTH TO SEVENTEENTH DYNASTIES. 1. "The Mayor of Het-kha-Usertsen and Superin- tendent of the Temple . . . Senba, justified." Alnw. Het-kha-Usertsen was probably the pyramid town of Usertsen II (Griffith, K.P., p. 58). Other mayors of this locality are recorded in the tomb of Tehuti-hetep at El Bersheh (Newberry, El.B. I., XXXIII) ; on a statue at Alnwick Castle (Birch, Cat. Alnw., pp. 60-62), and on a scarab published on PI. XIII, 20 of the present work. 2. Cylinder-seal of a king with the Horus-name of Her-tep-taui, " Chieftain of the Two Lands," and "beloved of Sebek, Lord of Sunu." Murch. This king certainly belongs to the beginning of the Thirteenth Dynasty, but his personal name has not as yet been fixed. 3. The full names and tides of king Amenenhat- senb-ef. Amh. This beautiful cylinder-seal is of steatite, coated with a fine blue glaze, and the hieroglyphs are very delicately cut. It was found at Mohalla (Mualla), opposite Gebelen, and the monarch whose name it records is otherwise unknown (cf. my note in P.S.B.A., XXI, 282). SCARABS. 115 4. " Sekhem-khu-taui-ra, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ref-sam (?)." B.M. 3663. 5. " The Good God, Uah-ab-ra (Aa-ab), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Sunu." Gr. 6. "The Good God, Se-bak(?)-ka-ra, beloved of Sebek, lord of Sunu." Amh. 7. " The Hek Khaskket, Ruler of the Mountains," Kh^^ran (Khyan). In the possession of Signore Lanzone of Turin. 8. A cylinder-seal with decorative coil-pattern. It was found at Nubt (Petrie, Naqada, LXXXI, 79), and belongs to the intermediate period between the end of the Twelfth and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 9. Cylinder-seal, with interlacing coil-pattern. M~G. Of the early Intermediate period. 10. ''Th^ Hek nefer, Good Ruler, Kh)^an." Athens. 11. Cylinder-seal, with human figures and cartouches with hieroglyphic inscriptions of doubtful reading. P. Hyksos period. 12. A green glazed steatite cylinder-seal, bearing the legend " Kheper-nub-ra," the prenomen of Antef V. B.M. 30772. Late Intermediate period. 13. " The Governor of the (Royal) City {i.e., Thebes) and Vezir, Ankhu." Figured in the Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 29816, f. 193. This vezir lived under King Khenzer, of the Thirteenth Dynasty [cf. my note in P.S.B.A. XXII, 64). ii6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE VIII. MISCELLANEOUS CYLINDER-SEALS. 1. Cylinder-seal, with figures of men and flowers, and a cartouche with unreadable inscription. v-B. (Fr. 5"^. 153.) Hyksos period. 2. " Zeser-ka-ra (Amen-hetep I)." B.M. 16579. 3. " Neb-maat-ra (Amen-hetep III) and Queen Thfi." C.d.M- 4. " The Superintendent of the Garden of Amen, and Chief Steward of the Queen [Hatshepsut], Sen- mut." P. Sen-mut was the favourite minister of Queen Hatshepsut, and the architect of the famous temple at Der el Bahari. (For his biography, see my account of his life in Benson and Gourlay's The Temple of Mut, pp. 299- 312, and a supplementary note in the P.S.B.A. XXII, 63.) 5. " Zeser-ka-ra (Amen-hetep I)." P. 6. " Aa-kheperu-ra (Amen-hetep II), with figures of Ptah and Khnem, and a gazelle among bushes. Dat. 7. Cylinder-seal of Set5^ I, with tides. P. 8. " Sahu-ra," with his Horus and Hornub names. In the possession of Alan Joseph, Esq., of Cairo. SCARABS. 117 9. " Kha-ef-ra." Berl. 10. " Kha-ef-ra," with his Horus-name, User-ab. C.d.M. 11. " Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Anu."^ Mr. Nahmann, Cairo. ^ A cylinder-seal ot "Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Anu," is in the H.-P. Collection {Cat. 3813). ii8 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE IX. SCARABS BEARING ROYAL NAMES : FOURTH TO TWELFTH DYNASTIES. 1-9. Scarabs bearing names of kings of the Ancient Kingdom : — "Neb-ka-ra." B.M. 23296. " Khufu." B.M. 22949. " Khufu." Gr. " Kha-ef-ra." Alnw. ^' Kha-ef-ra." M-G. " Unas." Amh. " Mery-ra." Luxor. - Neb-kha-ra." H-P. 166. " Men-kau-ra." Gr. 1-39. Scarabs bearing names of kings and other royal personages of the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynas- ties. 10. " Se-ankh-ka-ra" (Mentuhetep [IV ?]). P. For this king's personal name, see a monument in the Cairo Museum (No. 31439). 11. " Se-hetep-ab-ra " (Amenemhat I). W. S.B. I, 215. 12. " Se-hetep-ab-ra-senb." Mr. Nahmann, Cairo. The back of this seal is of the button-type. SCARABS. H9 13. "Kheper-ka-ra" (Usertsen I). Gr. This scarab-seal has a back of the " Yabek-her " type {cf. fig. 68, p. ']^), with a lotus flower engraved on the right wing. 14. "Kheper-ka-ra" (Usertsen I). M-G. 15. '' Usertsen." Luxor. 16. "Amenemhat." P. 17. " Kheper-ka-ra" (Usertsen I). Amh. 18. "Kheper-ka-ra "(Usertsen I). Gr. 19. "Kha-kheper-ra" (Usertsen II). CM. 20. " Kha-kheper-ra " (Usertsen II). Gr. 21. "Nub-ka-ra"(Amenemhat II). M-G, 22. "Kha-kau-ra" (Usertsen III). Davis. 23. " Kha-kheper-ra" (Usertsen II). M-G. 24. " Kha-kau-ra " (Usertsen III). C.M. Found at Dahshur {cf. de M. D. I, vi, 4). 25. "Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat III). Gr. 26. " Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat III). Ashm. 27. "Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat III), with titles. C.M. This scarab is of lapis-lazuli, set in a gold funda, and was found at Dahshur (de M. D. I, fig. 148.) L I20 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 28. '* Ne-maat-ra " (Amenemhat III). CM. Of emerald stone, and found at Dahshur. (de M. D. I, fig. 149.) 29. " Ne-maat-ra " (Amenemhat III). Gr. 30. "The Royal Daughter, Merert." CM. Of lapis-lazuli, and found at Dahshur, (de M. D. I, fig. 147.) 31. " The Good God, Lord of two Lands, Nub-ka-ra, Usertsen." M-G. This scarab is perhaps a " late issue," which might account for the prenomen of Amenemhat II being joined to the nomen of an Usertsen ; or it may be a contemporary specimen, the two names appearing being due to the co-regency of Amenemhat II and Usertsen II. 32. " The Royal Wife who is joined to the Beauty of the White Crown." CM. A queen's scarab, found at Dahshur, (de M. D. I, xx, 48 b.) 2^Ty. "The Royal Daughter, Sat-hather." CM. Found at Dahshur, (de M. D. I, fig. 153.) 34. "The Royal Daughter, Mer^^t." CM. Found at Dahshur, (de Vi. D. I, fig. 152.) 35. " The Hereditary Chieftainess, the Royal Prin- cess, Anket-nefret-uben." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 75). Two other scarabs of this princess are known, one in the v-B. Coll. (Fr. Sc. 76), and the other in the Petrie Coll. SCARABS. 121 36. "Ne-maat-ra"(Amenemhat III), with titles. L. A similar specimen is in the Petrie Coll. Z7. "Ne-maatra" (Amenemhat III). Alnw. Z^. " Maa-kheru-ra " (Amenemhat IV). L. 39- " The Hereditary Chieftainess, the Royal Prin- cess, Nub-em-ant." v-B. (F. Sc. 80.) L 2 122 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE X. SCARABS OF THE KINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES. 1. " Sekhem-khu-taui-ra." Murch. 2. " Sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra, Sebekhetep [II], made ot the Divine Father Mentuhetep." CM. 3. " Sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra, Sebekhetep [II], born of the Royal Mother Auhet-abu." B.M. 30506 {cf. M.D., 48 i). 4. *' Kha-seshes-ra (Neferhetep), made of the Divine Father Ha-ank-ef." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 46.) 5. " Neferhetep, born of the Royal Mother Kema." v-B. 6. " Kha-nefer-ra," Sebekhetep [III]. Nash. 7. "Kha-nefer-ra," Sebekhetep [III]. Gr. 8. " Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep [III]), made of the Divine Father Ha-ankh-ef." CM. 9. '' Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep [HI]), born of the Royal Mother Kema." B.M. 3934. 10. " Kha-nefer-ra " (Sebekhetep [III]). H-P. 3693. 11. "Kha-nefer-ra" (Sebekhetep [III]). B.M. 25554. SCARABS. 123 12. "Kha-nefer-ra" (Sebekhetep[III]). L. 13. " Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep[III]), combined with the prenomen of Kha-ankh-ra (Sebekhetep [IV])." Ashm. 14. " Kha-ka-ra." Gr. 15. "Kha-ka-ra." Amh. 16. " Kha-hetep-ra," Sebekhetep [V.] CM. 3666 (cf. M.D. 48 p). 17. " Uah-ab-ra " (Aa-ab). P. 18 and 19. " Mer-nefer-ra, A)^." Alnw. and CM. 3668 (for the latter, cf. M.D. 48 o). 20. " Mer-nefer-ra " (A5^.) Nash {cf. M.D. 48 q). 21. " Mer-hetep-ra, Ana." L. 22. " Maa-ra, Sebekhetep [VI .?]." Gr. 23. " Maa-ra (Sebekhetep [VI ?])." M-G. 24. " Sebek-em-sau-ef." H-P. 187. This specimen is in dark green basalt, with a gold covering, upon which the cartouche is incised. 25. " Dedui-ankh-ra " (Mentu-em-sau-ef). P. 26. " Dedui-ankh-ra " (Mentu-em-sau-ef). Murch. 27. " Sebek." In the possession of Mr. A. H. Sayce. Bought at Luxor. (P. Sc. 281.) 124 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 28. " Shens." Grant Coll. Anothe r specimen is in the B.M. 32392. 29. " Nefer-ded-ra " (Dedu-mes). v-B. (Fr. Sf. 62.) For the nomen of this king, see a stone slab in the Cairo Museum, 20533. 30. *' Nefer-ankh-ra." Found at Defenneh. (Petrie, Defenneh, PI. XLI, 57.) SCARABS. 125 PLATE XL SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES. 1. "The Governor of the (Royal) City and Vezir, Ptah-dedut-senb, justified." H-P. 3726. A clay impression of a somewhat similar seal (of the Vezir Y-meru) was found by Prof. Petrie at Abydos. 2. "The Governor of the (Royal) City and Vezir, Auy." Murch. This Vezir is mentioned on a stela in Vien. (No. 117; cf. Rec. des trav., IX, 62.) 3. "The Scribe of the Vezir, Ren-ef-senb." Thomp. 4. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Neb-re-sehui." L. 6288. Three other scarabs of this official are known : one is in the v-B. Coll. (Fr. Sc. 90), another is in the Fitzw. Mus. (Budge, Cat. 155), and the third is in Mr. Nahmann's hands in Cairo. 5. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Up-em-heb." Gr. 6. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Senba." Gr. Another scarab of this official is in the B.M. (24108, P. Sc. 445.) 126 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 7 and 8. " The Superintendent of the Seal, Senb-su- ma." (Gr. and M-G.) Several other scarabs of Senb-su-ma are known. Three are figured by Petrie {Sc. 446-448), from the Louvre, Petrie and Grant Colls. ; other specimens are in the Cairo Mus., the Amh. Coll. and the Edws. Coll. A beautiful light blue glazed specimen was found at Kahun (P. /. VIII, 42), its provenance and style pointing to the late Twelfth Dynasty as the date of this official. Senb-su-ma is named on several stelae ; one, in the Cairo Mus., gives the name of his father, Sert-taui (M. Ca^. Ab. 784) ; another, in the Leyd. Mus. (V. 106) names his wife, "the Lady Tau-ma ; " a third stela, in the Cairo Mus. (M. Cat. Ab. 904) gives the name of his son, the ari at abu, Pepa, whose scarab seal is in the Meux Coll. (Budge, Cat. 455). Senb- su-ma's name also occurs on stelae in the B.M. (252) ; in the Ermitage Mus., St. Petersburg (58); and in the Turin Mus. (1303). His tomb was at Dahshur, a slab of stone from it having been found in the cemetery of that place (M. Mast., p. 583). 9. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Yu-senb." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 86.) 10. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Amenhetep." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 91.) Three other scarabs of this State Officer are known : one, with con- tinuous loop-pattern around the name, was found at Abydos [M.D. 52 f.), and is figured in PI. XVI, 3 ; another is in the Petrie Coll., and the third is in the v-B. (Fr. ^V. 87.) SCARABS. 127 11. " The Superintendent of the Seal, Herfu." L, 12. " The Superintendent of the Seal, Erde-ne-Ptah." B. 17230. Another specimen is in the Petrie Coll. 1 3. " The Deputy Superintendent of the Seal, Sehetep- ab-ra." CM. From Abydos. (M. Cat. Ab. p. 541 ; cf. M.D., pi. 48 m.) 14. "The Scribe of the Superintendent of the Seal, Nehesi." P. 15. " The Mayor, Tehuti-nekht." Amh. This scarab was bought in Cairo in 1899, and came with many other antiquities from the tomb of Tehuti-nekht at El Bersheh. Hence it can be dated to the reign of Usertsen I, or at latest to the early years of Amenemhat 1 1 (see Griffith and Newberry, El Bersheh II, p. 13); it is consequently the oldest absolutely dated scarab of an official known. 16. "The Mayor, Amenemhat-senb-ne-Hather-ab." L. Found in Phoenicia. 17. "The Mayor, Amenemhat." L. 18. "The Mayor, Auy-mes." B.M. 21906. 19. " The Great Uartu of the (Royal) City, Sa-sebek." M-G. Another scarab of this official, orna- mented with a continuous loop decoration, is in the v-B. (Fr. Sc. 118.) 20. " The Uartu of the Ruler's Table, Sebekhetep, son of the Uartu of the Ruler's Table, Mentu- hetep." Ashm. Several other scarabs of this 128 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. official are known ; two specimens are in the Louvre (P. Sc. 389, 391); another is in the Turin Mus. (1134; Klaproth, Pa/in Coll. 11 13); a fourth is in the Cairo Mus. (3795 ; from Abydos, M. Cat. Abyd., p. 541 ; cf. M.D. pi. 48 n) ; and a fifth and well preserved example is in the Petrie Coll. 21. " The Great General Pehui-ef-hu .'* " Murch. 22. " The General, Hora." Ashm. 23. "The Superintendent of the Mentiu (Asiatics), Ren-senb." Evans. 24. " The Superintendent of the Great Kitchen ij) Her>^t (?)-si-hetep." Murch. 25. "The King's Friend, the Superintendent of the Musicians, Neb-qemiu." Murch. A stela of this man, in the Cairo Mus. (M. Cat. Abyd. 813), gives the names of his father, Hora, and mother, Sefget, and certainly dates from the period of the Sebekhetep kings. 26. The Surveyor. Nefer-sebek-dedu." B.M. 28235. 27. "The Royal Scribe .... Aka-senb-na." Murch. 28. "The Private Sealer, Sa-hather-aa." Murch. 29. " The Storekeeper, Neb-seshenu." Murch. 30. "The Instructor of the Followers, Deda, son of the Instructor of the Followers, Beba." Murch. SCARABS. 129 PLATE XII. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES— ^^«/«««^^. 1. "The Royal Son, Antefa." P. From the style of the cutting and the back of this scarab, I should be inclined to recognize in this Antefa one of the princes of the intermediate period between the Thirteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties, rather than a prince of the Eleventh Dynasty. 2. "The Royal Son Kha-kau." L. Formerly in the PaHn Coll. (Klaproth, PI. VI, 295-) Perhaps this is a scarab of Usertsen III before the Ra was added to his name (?). 3. "The Royal Son, Sa-hather." CM. 3796. (M. Cat. Abd. 539.) Sa-hather was the son of King Neferhetep. 4 and 5. " The Great Royal Wife who is united to the beauty of the White Crown, Ana." L. and v-B. Another specimen is in the Petrie Coll. The style and cutting of these scarabs would point to the period of the Sebekhetep kings. 6. "The Royal Wife, Sat-sebek." Davis. A similar scarab of this queen is in the B.M. 32265. I30 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. ' The Royal Clothier, Nehy." v-B. ' Tehepenkhet-mery (?)." B.M. 4323. 'The Scribe of the Great Prison, Sesa," P. ' The Great C/ad-pnest of Hather, Mistress of Tep-ahu, Khnem-set-heru-sebek (?)," v-B. 'The Royal Friend, Dedut." B.M. 4322. ' The Guardian of the Storehouse, Hap-hetepu." B.M. 17544. ' The Great One of the Southern Tens, Tha-ath." L. ' The Royal Friend, Hepu-em-sha." P. ' The Steward Sep, Son of Ankh." v-B. ' The Royal Friend, Sa-sebek." C. {cf. M.A. 48 i). 'The Doctor and Judge, Ha-ankh-ef." Ashm. ' The Lady, Mer5^t." Gr. ' The Lady, Nub-ern-sau-es." T. 'The Superintendent of the Interior, the Super- intendent of the North Land, Senb-tefi." Ashm. 'The Royal Friend, A5^." Gr. 'The Doctor and Embalmer, Ptah-ur." B.M. 29226. 'The Priest of Sebek in Thebes, Neferhetep." B.M. 24132. ' Sebek-aa-senes." Murch. SCARABS. 131 25. " The Royal Friend, Apepa." W. (W. S.B.) 26. "The Great Royal Wife who is united to the beauty of the White Crown, Nub-hetep-tha."i Murch. Another Scarab of this Queen is given in PI. XLIV, 13. 27. "The Lady, Nenna." Murch. A lady of this name is mentioned on a stela in the CM. (No. 77)- 28. "The Royal Sealer, Chief Steward and Royal Attendant, Tha-tha." Davis. Tha-tha is named on a stela in the Fitzw. Mus. (Budge, Cat 73). 29. "The Royal Sealer, Chief Steward and Royal Attendant, Ren-ef-em-ab." B.M. 28226. -.0. "The Guardian of the Storehouse, Hor-khent- nefer." Murch. 1 Nub-hetep-tha-Khred was a daughter of Amenemhat III. (De Morgan, Dahchour^ I, p. 128.) 132 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XIII. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES— coiitimied. 1. "The Royal Son, Tar (or Ar ?)." Murch. 2. "The Steward, Teta-shera." Berl. 3613. 3. " The Attendant, Antef." Berl. 9747. 4. "The Steward, Sebek-se-ankh." Berl. 13618. 5. "The Superintendent of the Ar-sa-khet." Edws. Found at Kahun (P. /. VIII, 20). 6. " The Superintendent of the District, Mentu- nesu." Petrie Coll. Found at Illahun (P. /. VIII, 41). 7. "The Lady Hez-uah-mert (.?)." Berl. 3618. 8. " May the King give an offering to Ptah-seker for the ka of the Uart of the Ruler's Table, Nushu." Berl. 3664. 9. ' The Great One of the Southern Tens, Sebek- ur." Berl 7417. 10. "The Royal Sealer and Chief Steward, Aka." Fitzw. (Budge, Cat. 157). Another scarab of this official is in the v-B. (Fr. Sc. 85.) SCARABS. 133 11. " The Superintendent of the Interior of the Dep., Neh)^." Fitzw. (Budge, Cat. 154.) 12. "The ankhet^ of Upper Egypt, Nefer-hetep." 13. "The Scribe of the Temple of Hetep-Usertsen, Senbu." Clay-seaHng found at Kahun. (P. /. IX, 26.) Hetep-Usertsen was the name of the pyramid of Usertsen III at Dahshur. (Griffith, K.P., pp. 89 and 90.) 14. "The Uartu of the Ruler's Table, Hora." Chicago Mus. 15. " The Regulator of the Palace, the Superintendent of the Temple, Hora." Clay-sealing found at Illahun. (P. /. IX, 18.) 16. "The Superintendent of the Interior of the Dep., Ankha." Gr. 17. "The Royal Sealer and General, Sa-nab." P. 18. "The Guardian of the Department of Meat, Hor-ankh." v-B. 19. " May the King give an offering to Ptah-seker for the ka of the Guardian of the House of Offerings, Sen-pu." Found at Illahun (P. /. IX, 17). Another scarab of this official is given in PI. XXIX, 2. 20. " The Scribe in charge of the Seal of Hetep- Usertsen and the Seal of Ankh-Usertsen, Y-ab." A clay-sealing found at Illahun (P. /. IX, 20). 1 On this title, see Newberry, El Bersheh, 1, p. 8, note 3. 134 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 2 1. "The Mayor and Superintendent of the Temple, Ankh." Found at Illahun. (P. /. IX, i6.) 22. "The Royal Sealer, Chief Steward and Royal Attendant, Erde-en-Ptah." Davis. (P. Sc. 438.) 23. " Amenemhat." Berl. 15135. 24. " The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Field Labourers, Surtha." P. 25. "The Scribe of the Army, Nefer-iu." Berl. 9519. 26. "The Slave of the Ruler, Sat-Ptah." Gr. 27. " The Royal Sealer, Chief Steward, am-as, Ankh- ef." This Ankh-ef is mentioned on a stela in the Cairo Mus. (CaL Ab. 887), and the names of the officials who served under him are given. 28. "The ankk of the Ruler's Table, lu-senb." Gr. 29. " The Guardian of the Storehouse, Sehetep-ab- ra." Berl. 15363. 30. "The Royal Wife, Senb-hena-es." Berl. 10977. Another scarab of this queen is in the same Coll. (9518), and a third example is in the Davis Coll. ; cf. my note in P.S.B.A. 31. "The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Seal-bearers, Sedemj^." Berl. 3667. o 2. "The Superintendent of the Interior and of the North Land (i.e., the Delta), Sehetep-ab-ra." Amh. On this officer, see my note in Garstang's El Arabek, p. 32. SCARABS. 135 SS. " The Royal Sealer, Superintendent of the Sealers and Royal Attendant, Res." (Tubleres, Recueil cVAntiquiUs ^gyptiennes, Vol. VI, PI. Ill, 8.) 34. "The Instructor of the House of Life, Senb." CM. 35. " The Guardian of the Bows, Senb-ef." P. M 1^,6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XIV. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES— con fmtied. 1. "The Mayor and Divine Treasurer, Amen- hetep." P. 2. "The Chief Scribe of the Superintendent of the Seal, Sa-ptah. S.K. (Garstang, £/ Arabeh, PI. X, p. 34.) 3. " The Uab-priest, Ab-ah(?)-senb-tefi." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 92.) 4. "The Guardian of the Granaries, Seresa." Ashm. 5. " The Steward of the Accounts of Corn, A^." H-P. 3719- 6. " The ^^r //^j^//, Senaa-ab." B.M. 4316. 7. " The Great One of the Southern Tens, Senaa-ab." M-G. 8. "The Great One of the Southern Tens, Ptah- hetep." Amh. 9. "The Superintendent of the Department of Beer (?) Sat-ab." For the title, cf. infra, PI. XVI, 17. SCARABS. 137 10. " The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Domains, Erde-en-ptah. ' P. 11. "The Lector of Nekheb {i.e., El Kab), Sebek- hetep." Lansing Coll. (P. Sc.) 12. "The Attendant of the ... . Beba." B.M. 15706. 13. "The Great One of the Southern Tens, Ankh- tefi." P. 14. " The Scribe of the Great Prison, Pa-enti-en." P. 15. "The Lady, Neferu." B.M. 24094. 16. "The Scribe of the Great Prison, Sezeda.'* B.M. 1 7251. Found at Kurneh. (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 29857, f, 8.) 17. "The Royal Friend S. . . . sutekh (?)." Murch. 18. "The Eldest Royal Daughter, Erdet-en-ptah." Brocklehurst Coll. 19. "The Great Royal Wife who is united to the beauty of the White Crown, Khensu." L. 20. "The Divine Father, Sebekhetep." P. 21. " The Steward, My." CM. 22. "The Great Uartu of the Ruler, Au-su-ankh," T. 23. " The Chief Scribe of the Great Prison, Sa- sebek." P. M 2 138 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 24. " The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Field Labourers, A5^." An obsidian scarab, v-B. (Fr. Sc. II I.) 25. " The Wakil of the Superintendent of the Seal, Nethenu." B.M. 28223. 26. " The Superintendent of the Labour Bureau, Antef." B.M. 28240. SCARABS. T39 PLATE XV. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES— c^«/2««^^. 1. ''The Guardian of the Storehouse, Kha-kau-ra- senb." Amh. 2. "The Superintendent of the District and the Scribe of the Gate/ Ren-senb-Usertsen." B.M. 28232. 3. "Mery-ra." Petrie Coll. Found at Illahun. (P./. VIII, 40.) 4. "The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Sealers, Saubu-sa." CM. (M. Abydos, II, PI. 40 j.) For the reading of the name, see B.M. Stela, 215, and cf. L.C. 43. 5. "The Guardian of the Treasury, Sa-hez-nefer." M-G. 6. " The Scribe of the Secrets (?), Sa-hather." L. 7. "The Lady, Zera." B.M. 17228. For a lady of this name, see a stela in the Leyd. Mus. {V, 22). 8. "The Lady, Sat-sutekh." Gr. This lady is named on a stela of the Thirteenth Dynasty in the Vienna Mus. (91). 1 Le., the Judge or Chief Justice. See my Life of Rekhmara, p. 18. I40 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 9. "The Priest, Dede-nub." T. From the Palin Coll. (Klaproth, Palin Coll., 56.) 10. " The Doctor and ^r/ iW/^/?^?/, Auqa." P. 11. "The Royal Friend, Sebekhetep." T. From the Palin Coll. (Klaproth, Palin Coll., 876.) 12. '' The ser /layl, Thet'i." Davis. 13. " The Superintendent of the Lake, Khnemsu." L. 14. " The Mayor o{ Reshiu, lu-bena." L. 15. "The Royal Ornament. Mu-nu-ab." P. For the reading of the name, see a Thirteenth Dynasty stela at Marseilles, No. 28. 16. "The Uartu of the Uresh, Akuu." L. 6313. 17. "The Superintendent of the Weapons (?), Sper- nef." P. 18. "The Registrar, Aa-khnem." B.M. 30552. 19. " The Doctor, Erde-ne-ptah." Murch. 20. " The Lady, Semi-nefer." L. 21. " The Lady, Erdet-[en]-ptah." Ashm. 22. "The Great One of the Southern Tens, Sa-aah." Ashm. 23. " The Scribe of the Soldiers, Mehti (?)." Murch. 24. " The Attendant of the Ankh." Murch. 25. " The (?) Khent-kheti." Murch. 26. " The Attendant of the Keru." L. SCARABS. 141 PLATE XVI. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES— con^mued. 1. " The Uad-pnest (?), tu-senb." M-G. 2. " The ahems ne dep, Amenemhat." M-G. 3. " The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Seal, Amenhetep." CM. {M.D. pi. 48 f.) see also supra, PI. XI, 10. 4. " The Regulator of the Palace, Sen-ankh." Murch. 5. " The 5^r ^o;)//, Mentuhetep." Alnw. 6. " The Wakil of the Superintendent of the Seal. Neb-sunu. Found at Nubt. (Petrie, Naqada, PI. LXXX, 15.) 7. "The Chief of the Sledge (?), Setmes." P.C. (A scarab of another person bearing this title is figured in Petrie's Naqada, LVIII, q. 188.) 8. " The Scribe of the Superintendent of the Seal, lu-senb." Davis. 9. " The Guardian of the House of Offerings, Khu." B.M. 17254. 10. " The x\ttendant of the Au-ab." P. 11. ''The ser hayt, S^nh." B.M. 17872. 142 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 12. "The man of the Scribe of the Altars (?), Neferttam." P. 13. " The Mayor and Superintendent of the Temple, Amen5^-senb." B.M. 14. " The Superintendent of the District of the Temple, Ka." B.M. 17254. 15. "The Lady, Neb-tefa." B.M. 24095. 16. "The Superintendent of the Interior, Teta." Berl. 17. "The Superintendent of the Department of Beer(.?) SsL-hf." CM. 3042. M. Ca^. Ab., p. 540. For the title, cf. sti>pra, PI. XIV, 9. 18. "The Superintendent of the Granary, Apa." Ashm. A ker ne shent of this name is men- tioned on a stela of the Thirteenth Dynasty, published by Mariette (C«/. Ab., p. 879). 19. " The Scribe of the Council, Sebek-her-khenat(i*)." Berl. 3620. 20. " The Attendant Senb." Berl. 21. "The Chief of the Lake, Senba." (Klaproth, Palin Coll., PI. V, 249.) 22. "The Steward, Neb-pu." CM. 3753. 23. "The Chief Steward, Neb-kau." Berl. 13818. 24. "The Superintendent of the Interior of the Dep, Ren-senb." 25. " The Superintendent of the Interior of the De Bu-senba." P. SCARABS. 143 ^ PLATE XVII. SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO THE FOURTEENTH T>Y^ASi:\^S— continued. 1. " The Eldest Royal Daughter, Ptah-ur-bau." Gr. 2. " The Priest and a7n-khent, Sebek-azer." B.M. 17231. 3. " The man (read zau (?) of the Royal Harim. Sehetep-ab." Ashm. 4. '' The en^i em sert, Heru-hetep." B.M. 29225. 5. " The Guardian of the House of Offerings, Neb- sunu." 6. " The Brewer, making the favours of Sebek^ Usertsen." Davis. 7. '• The Great One of the Southern Tens, Neh5'." Murch. 8. " The Royal Daughter, Ren-senb." B.M. 28126. 9. " The Instructor of the Attendants, Anhur- ankh." B.M. 24262. 10. " The Lady, Ana." M-G. 11. " The Lady Sat-spedu." Edws. 12. "The Superintendent of the Interior and the Superintendent of the North Land, Se-ankh." Amh. 144 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 13. "The Scribe of the Altar, Auf-er-senb." v-B. 14. " The am-AVie^-aJ>dii, Anu-enti {?)." v-B. 15. " The Lady, Dede-meti." Murch. 16. "The Wakil of the Chief Steward, Khent- hetep." B.M. 28254. 17. "The Guardian of the Treasury, Unnefer." M-G. 18. " The Under Sealer, Aa-khnem." Davis. 19. " The Royal Clothier, Neb-sunu." From the Palin Coll. (Klaproth, Pa/in Coll. 814.) 20. "The Scribe of the Accounts, Khnems." B.M. 12801. 21. "The Lector of the Beautiful House, Ankhu." Murch. 22. " The Uay-tu of the Oxyrhynchite Oasis, Hetep." C-M. {M.D. 52 h.) 23. " The Guardian of the Storehouse, Hetep." M-G. 24. " The Superintendent of the Lake, Atef-ef." Murch, 25. " The Scribe of the Surveyor of the District of Hetka, Ptah-ath." M-G. 26. " The Scribe with the Seal of the Treasury, Senbef." CM. {M.D, 48 g.) 27. "The Superintendent of the Seal- Engravers, Ameny-ankh." In the possession of Mr. Arthur Evans. {Cf. Louvre Stela, C. 85.) 28. " The Lady Nub-khusi, wife of the Mayor, Ren- senb." v-B. (Fr. Sc. ^Z) SCARABS. 145 PLATE XVIII. DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH DYNASTIES. 1-18. Rope patterns. This series ranges in date from the Twelfth Dynasty onwards to the time of Thothmes III, The evolution of simple to complex forms is interesting. Scarabs of the types 5-7 and 10 are common. 1. Benson. 2. B.M. 3. Benson. 4. Benson. 5- H-P. 958. 6. Ashm. 7. Amh. 8. Alnw. 9. Ready. 10. Gr. 11. Amh. 1 2. Benson. 13. Evans. 14. Gr. 15. Benson. 16. Murch. 17. Newb. 18. P. /. VIII, 84. ^9~35- Coil patterns. The variety of coil patterns found on Egyptian scarabs is almost infinite. This series ranores in date from the Twelfth onwards to the Eighteenth Dynasty. The type 24 is 146 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. I believe, peculiar to the reigns of Thothmes I and Hatshepsut. 19. Evans. 20. B.M. 27013. 21. Newb. 22. P. /. VIII, 75. 23. B.M. 27194. 24. Murch. 25. Ashm. 26. Ashm. 27. Newb. 28. H-P. 994. 29. W. (W. S.B. XI, 44-) 30. Amh. 31. Ashm. 32. Ashm. T,^. Ashm. 34. Benson. 35. M-G. SCARABS. 147 PLATE XIX. DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH T>Y^AS>T\¥.S— continued. 1-3. Rope patterns. Types i and 2 are very common, and all the specimens that I have seen of these two types are certainly of the Hyksos period. I. Evans. 2. Hood. 3. B.M. 27782. 4-36. Coil and loop patterns. Types 4 and 5 belong to the Hyksos period ; the other types range in date from the Twelfth Dynasty onwards to the Eighteenth. 4. Benson. 5. Ready. 6. B.M. 26598. 7. Ashm. 8. Alnw. 1232. 9. B.M. 10. Ashm. 11. B.M. 27321. 12. B.M. 3832. 13. Liv. 14. Ashm. 15. H-P. 16. P./. VIII, 85. 1 7. P. Koptos X, 40. 18. Alnw. II 58. 19. Gr. 20. B.M. 3860. 21. Evans. 22. Ashm. 23. W. (W.5..5. XI,38.) 148 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 24. P. /. VIII, 68. 31- Murch. 25. Leyd. 32. W. (W. S.B. 26. Ashm. XI, 223.) 27. P. /. X, 168. 33' Ashm. 28. Benson. 34- Ashm. 29. P. /. X, 148. 35- P. ^' X, 27. 30. Amh. 36. Benson. SCARABS. 149 PLATE XX. DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH 'DY'^ASTl^S— continued. -36. Miscellaneous designs. I and 2. Evans. 20. Thomp. 3. Lord Northam pton. 21. CM. 4. p. 22. Gibs. 5. Gibs. 23. CM. 6. B.M. 17547- 24. Newb. 7. Ashm. 25. Gr. 8. P. /. VIII, 63. 26. Thomp. 9. Luxor. 27. Evans. 10. Gr. 28. Newb. II. Ashm. 29. Gdn. 12. Evans. 30. CM. 13. Gr. 31. Newb. 14. CM. 32. CM. 15. B.M. 28236. 2,2,- Murch. 16. Bol. A gold rlnCT 34, M-G. This seal is of the period of of steatite, and has Akhenaten. on the back a frog. 17. CM. (deM. D.l.) 35. Newb. 18. B.M. 28187. 36. Newb. 19. Mr. Nahmann, Cairo. I50 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXI. SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS KINGS. (I). 1-8. " The Good God, Maa-ab-ra." 1. L. 5. Murch. 2. Evans. 6. M-G. 3. B.M. 32320. 7. B.M. 24132. 4. M-G. 8. Gr. 9-18. "The Son of Ra, Shesha." 9. Gr. 14. P. 10. M.G. 15. P. 11. P. 16. Newb. 12. Murch. 17. M-G. 13. Murch. 18. Murch. 19-22. "The Good God, Se-kha-en-ra." 19. Gr. 21. M-G. 20. Gr. 22. Gr. 23 and 24. " The Son of Ra, Qar." Both examples are in the Grant Collection. 25-29. " The Good God, Kha-user-ra." 25. P. 28. Gr. 26. Gr. 29. Ashm. 27. P. 30. " The Good God, Kha-mu-ra." P. SCARABS. 151 PLATE XXII. SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS KINGS (II). 1-3. " The Good God, Aa-hetep-ra." I. Davis. 2. P. 3. B.M. 28097. 4-6. " The Son of Ra, Ya-mu (?)." 4. B.M. 32441. 5. v-B. (Fr. Sc. 182.) 6. Ashm. 7-12. " The Son of Ra, "^-keb." 7. H-P. 10. Ashm. 8. P. II. Gr. 9. Gr. 12. P. 1 3. Perhaps a blundered scarab of Y-keb. 14-18. "The Son of Ra, Aa-mu." 14. Evans. 16. P. 15. M-G. 17. Gibs. 18. Evans. 19. "The Good God, Nub-taui-ra." B.M. 30512. 20-26. " The Good God, User-en-ra, Son of Ra, Kh5/an." 20. v-B. 22. Fr. (see P. Hist I, p. 119). 21. Murch. 23-25. Murch. 26. CM. 27-30. "The Good God, Mer-user-ra, Son of Ra. ^-keb-her." 27. Gr. 29. B.M. 30500. 28. H-P. 30- P. N 152 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXIII. SCARABS OF ROYAL AND OTHER PERSONAGES OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD. 1-3. " The Good God, Mer-user-ra, Son of Ra, Y-keb-her " — continued. I and 2. Murch. 3. Found by Mr. Mace at Hu. (P., Diospolis Parva, XLI, 12.) 4. "The Eldest Royal Son, Nehesi." M-G. 5 and 6. " The Son of Ra, Nehesi." 5. P. 6. Amh. 7-9. " The Good God, Uazed." 7. Gr. (Stolen, but figured in P. Sc, 348.) 8. B.M. 32319. 9. CM. 3674. 10. " The Hek khaskket, ' Ruler of the Mountains/ Sem-ken." v-B. (Fr. Sc, 179.) 11. "The Hek khaskket, 'Ruler of the Mountains,' Ant-her." v-B. (Fr. Sc. 180.) 12. "The Royal Son (and son of Ra ?) Seket." Murch. (C/ PI. XLIV, 8.) 13 and 14. "The Eldest Royal Son, Apek." 13, M-G. 14. Gr. SCARABS. 15, 15 and 16. "The Eldest Royal Son, Ku-pepen." 15. P. 16. L. 17. "The Royal Wife, Tau-tha." B.M. 20824. Another specimen is in the Davis Coll. 18. " The Royal Wife, Uazet." P. 19. " The Royal Wife (?)." Gr. 20-22. "The Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Seal, Har." 20. Nash. 21. B.M. 24109. 22. Ashm. 23. "The Royal Son, Sa-ket." B.M. 24-26. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Per-em- uah." 24. P. 25. M-G. 26. M-G. 27. "The Superintendent of the Seal, Ra-ha." B.M. 28228. 2S. " Kethuna," a personal name. Gr. 29. "The Royal Son, Apepa." Ashm. 30-35. " Aa-user-ra (Apepy I)." 30. P. ^2)- Murch. 31. Gibs. 34. Murch, 32. P. 35. Gr. N 2 154 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD. 1-29. Scarabs bearing unreadable hieroglyphic inscriptions. 1. Davis. 17. Gdn. 2. Ashm. 18. M-G. 3. Gr. 19 and 20. Gr. 4.-7 M-G. 21. M-G. 8. Ashm. 22. CM. 9. M-G. 23. L. 10 and II. Gr. 24. Gdn. 12. Ashm. 25-27. M-G. 13 and 14. Gr. 28. Evans. 15. M-G. 29. Gr. 16. Gr. 30 and 31. " Aa-user-ra (Apepy I)." 30. Amh. 31. P. 32. A blundered scarab-seal of " the Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Seal, Per-em-uah. Gr. (C/ PI. XXIII, 24-26.) 33. " Sa-khet-sa," a personal name. Gr. 34 and 35. *' Aa-user-ra (Apepy I)." Amh. 36 and 37. " Nub-ka-ra." Murch. SCARABS. 155 PLATE XXV. DECORATIVE SCARABS, MOSTLY OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD. Nos. 1-30 are all, I believe, of the Hyksos period; Nos. 31 and 32 belong to the Early Eighteenth Dynasty ; and the remaning four scarabs on this plate are of the Late Middle Kingdom or the Early Hyksos period. I. Gr, 20. Gdn. 2. Edws. 21. Evans. 3. B.M. 28077. 22. Green. 4. Leyd. 23. B.M. 17472. 5. B.M. 24250. 24. M-G. 6. Gr. 25- B.M. (P. /. IX, 151.) 7. Gdn. 26. Ashm. 8 and 9. Gr. 27. Gr. 10. Evans. 28. B.M. 3635. II. Benson. 29. B.M. 3681. 12. Gr. 30. W. 13. Evans. 31. Benson. 14. M-G. 32. Gr. 15 and 16. Green. 33 and 34. Green. 17. Evans. 35. Hood. 18. Hood. 36. B.M. (Griffith, Telle/ 19. Evans. Yahudiyeh, X, 8.) 156 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXVI. SCARABS OF KINGS, ETC., MOSTLY OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH DYNASTIES. 1. " Uaz-kheper-ra (Kames)." P. This scarab is set in a gold funda, and was found at Thebes. 2. " Uaz-kheper-ra, Pa-hek-aa (Kames)." P. Found at Thebes. 3. " The Governor of the (Royal) City and Vezir, Teta-nefer." This is a hematite cowroid- shaped seal. P. 4. "The Royal Wife, Aah-hetepu." B.M. 26981. 5. " Aah-hetep." A gold ring in the Louvre. 6. "The Eldest Royal Son, Aah-mes." CM. 7-10. " Neb-pehti-ra " (Aah-mes). 7. Newb. 9. Nash. 8. CM. 3097. 10. B.M. 28050. 11. "The I/e/^ Tain, 'Ruler of the Two Lands,' Aah-mes." T. 12. "The Divine Wife, Nefret-ari." Gr. 13 and 14. " Aahmes-nefret-ari." 13. Davis. 14. M-G. 15. " The Divine Wife, Nefret-ari." B.M. 32371. 16. "The Royal Mother, Nefret-ari." B.M. 32450. SCARABS. 157 17. " Neb-pehti-ra (Aahmes I), with the name of his daughter, " Sat-kames," on the reverse. P. From Thebes. 18. **The Royal Daughter, Tursi." Set in a gold funda, and found at Hu. (See Mace, Diospolis Parva, XLI, 17.) 19 and 20. " The Great Royal Wife, Mer>>t-amen." 19. W. 20. B.M. 21. " The Divine Wife, Mer^^t-amen." B.M. 22. " The domain of Meryt-amen." Amh. A carne- lian scarab, from Thebes. 23-30. " Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep I)." 23. Alnw. 27. M-G. 24. Murch. 28. L. 25. Brocklehurst Coll. 29. Murch. 26. Davis. 30. Evans. 31. A scarab, with the names of Amenhetep I and his mother, "the Divine Wife, Nefret-ari." B.M. 30561. 32. "The Royal Wife, Aah-hetep." B.M. 28624. {Cf. B.M. 28592.) 33. " Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep I).' L. 34. " The Royal Son, Amen-mes." P. {Cf. Petrie, Hist. II, fig. 23.) 35. " The Royal Son, Tu-re." P. 36. "The Royal Daughter and Sister, Neb-ta." Mather Coll. A sca.rab of Neb-ta is in the P. Coll. (figured by Petrie, Hist. II, fig. 24). 158 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXVII. SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. (Thothmes I TO Hatshepsut.) i-ii. " Aa-kheper-ra (Thothmes I)." 1. Alnw. 6. Amh. 2. B.M. 32418. 7. B.M. 3. B.M. 121-]"]. 8. Alnw. 4. B.M. 17774. 9. B.M. 16578. 5. Luxor. 10. B.M. 30568. II. B.M. 30570. 12. " Aa-kheper-ra (Thothmes I) and Hatshepsut, the favoured of Amen." L. 13. "The Great Royal Wife, Aahmes." In the possession of Mr. F. C. Cole. 14. "The Divine Wife, Aahmes." Liv. 15-17. " Aa-kheper-en-ra (Thothmes II)." 15. Brocklehurst Coll. 16. Alnw. 17. P. 18. " Usert-kau, nebt taui," the /C'^-name of Hatshepsut. T. 19. " Uaz renpetu," the nedifi -nsime of Hatshepsut. L. SCARABS. 159 20-30. " Maa-ka-ra," the prenomen of Hatshepsut. 20. Gr. 23. Gdn. 21. Alnw. 24. B.M. 22. Liv. 25. B.M. 29230. 26. The heiress of Ra." B.M. 27. " Favoured with delicacies." Berl. 1903. 28. " Rising in the Horizon." Har. 29. " Sweet of scent to the nostrils of the Gods of Thebes." In the possession of Mrs. Wright of Netley. 30. CM. 31. "Maa-ka-ra, Hatshepsut, the favoured of Amen." B.M. 32. " Hatshepsut, the favoured of Amen." B.M. 30572. 33-35- " The Divine Wife, Hatshepsut." 32,- Alnw. 34. B.M. 28438. 35. Berl. 1904. i6o EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXVIII. SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY— continued. (Thothmes III AND His Family.) 1. " Neferu-ra" (Daughter of Hatshepsut). P. 2. ** Neferu-ra, the Divine Wife." Scarab, set in a gold funda. Gr. 3. " The Royal Daughter and Royal Sister, Neferu-ra." L. 4. " The Divine Wife, Neferu-ra." L. 5-34. " Men-kheper-ra " (Thothmes III). 5. Gr. 15- Alnw. 981. 6. L. 16. Evans. 7- B.M. 28745. 17- L. 8. Alnw. 999. 18. Berl. 14427. 9- B.M. 16789. 19. Gdn. 10. B.M. 16838. 20. B.M. II. P. 21. P. 12. Hood. 2 2. B.M. 16790. 13- 14. T. Evans. 23. In the possession ot Mrs. Roller. SCARABS. 161 24. CM. 30. L. 25. CM. 31. P. 26. Hood. 32. Berl. 14929. 27. T. •1 -> M-G. 28. Amh. 34. B.M. 28492. 29. T. 35. "The Great Royal Wife, Mer5^t-ra Hatshep- set." A lapis-lazuli scarab set in a gold funda. L. ^6. " Hatshepset Mer^^t-amen-ra." B.M. 29455. 37. " The Great Royal Wife, Sat-aah." P. i62 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXIX. OFFICIALS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY; AND RINGS, ETC., FROM THE TOMB OF MAKET,! AT GUROB {temp. THOTHMES III). 1. " The Superintendent of the Royal Temple, Aahmes." Murch. 2. " The Keeper of the Storehouse of Offerings, Sen-pu." Murch. This scarab probably belongs to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. {Cf. PI. XIII, 19.) 3. " The Scribe of the Recruits, Ab-ka-user." M-G. 4. " The Superintendent of the Workmen of Amen, Men-kheper-ra-senb." Murch. 5. " The High Priest of Amen, Hapu-senb." B.M. 29435. Hapu-senb lived under Thothmes II and Queen Hatshepsut. (For remarks on his life, see my note on him in P.S.B.A. XXII, pp. 31-36.) 6. "The Steward of the Queen, Pe-en-Thebu." Murch. 7. "The 2^' 1 The rings, scarabs, etc., figured from the tomb of Maket have been drawn from Prof. Petrie's Illahun^ pi. XXVI. SCARABS. 163 8. " The Eyes and Ears of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Mayor, Sen-nefer." This Mayor (of Thebes) Hved under Amenhetep II (see my notes on him in the P.S.B.A. XXII, pp. 52-61). 9. " The sedem ash of the Superintendent of the Seal, Min-nekht." Davis. 10. "The Divine Father, beloved of the God {i.e., the King), the Vezir, Ptahmes." CM. 11. " The Chantress of Amen, Ma5>'." Alnw. 12. "The Lady, Art." B.M. 30639. 13. "The Royal Brother " B.M. 27790. 14. " The Lady, Apu-ser." Alnw. 15-46. Rings, etc., from the tomb of Maket at Gurob {temp. Thothmes III). 15. 17, 18, 20-28. Scarabs with ornamental devices. 16. " Ra," a very common type of scarab, and speci- mens of it may generally be dated to the first half of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 19-32. " Amen-ra." This is another very common type ; it is nearly always of the date of Thothmes III. 29. " The Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Men- kheper-ra (Thothmes III). 30, 31, 33. "The Lady, Maket." i64 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 34. " Aa-kheper-ka-ra (Thothmes I), chosen of Amen. 35-41. " Men-kheper-ra (Thothmes III)." 42. Plaque, with figures of the Gods Tahuti and Ptah. 43. A cylinder-seal, bearing the titles and names of Thothmes II. 44-45. Flat seals, with ornamental devices. 46. Frog in porcelain, with a beetle engraved upon the base. SCARABS. 165 PLATE XXX. SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY— continued. (Amenhetep n TO Amenhetep hi.) 1-15. *' Aa-kheperu-ra (Amenhetep II)." 1. " Born at Memphis." P. 2. " Beloved of Tahuti." Luxor. 3. " Firm of heart." B.M. 4077. This rectangular plaque is a splendid specimen of the engraver's art ; it is of yellow jasper, and on the reverse is cut a repre- sentation of one of the horses of the king. 4. B.M. 5. B.M. 16915. 6. " Lord of Glory in the house of Amen." W. (W., S.B. IV, 67.) 7. L. 8. L. 9. Alnw. 10. B.M. 4069. 11. P./., VIII, 39. 12. *' Prince of Thebes, Lord of Valiance, and beloved of Amen." P./. VIII. 13. Alnw. (plaque). 14. (W. S.B. IV, 400.) 15. B.M. 3944. i66 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 1 6. A gold plaque, forming the bezel of a swivel ring, in the Liverpool Museum. The inscription reads : — " The Good God, son of Amen, Lord of Valiance, the Son of Ra, Amenhetep (II), the Divine Ruler of Heliopolis, fighting hundreds of thousands." 17. " Aa-kheperu-ra, Son of Amen, whom he (Amen) created himself." P. K. XXIII, 7. 18-25. " Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV)." 18. Brock. A gold plaque, forming the bezel of a swivel-ring. 19 and 20. Gr. 21. " Lord of the sweet wind." L. 22. " Beloved of Ptah." B.M. 23. Gr. 24. Ready. 25. L. 26-32. " Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III). 26 and 27. Newb. 28. " Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III) and "the Royal Wife Thyi." B.M. 29. " Beloved of Amen." Luxor. 30. " Beloved of Ptah." Amh. 31. " Lord of the festival, Amenhetep (III), Ruler of Thebes." T. 32. Gr. SCARABS. 167 PLATE XXXI. SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY {continued) . Amenhetep III {continued) TO A^. I-I2, 14-18. Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III) and his Queen Th^^i. 1. Newb. 2. B.M. 28314. 3. " Neb-maa-ra and the Royal Wife, Th>^i." B.M. 29454. 4. ''The Great Royal Wife, Th5^i." B.M. 32351- 5. " Pleasing with Victories." B.M. 32433. 6. B.M. 28571. 7. B.M. 32304. 8. "The Royal Wife Thyi." 9. "Amenhetep (1 1 1), Ruler of Thebes." Newb. 10. " Abounding in things." B.M. 32405. 11. Newb. 12. B.M. 32348. 13. See below under Amenhetep IV. 14. Amh. 15. "Amenhetep (III), Ruler of Thebes." B.M. 30446. A gold ring. o i68 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 1 6. " Neb-maa-ra and the Royal Wife, Thyi." P. 17. "The Royal Wife, Thj^i." B.M. 30589. 18. "The Great Divine Wife, Thyi, beloved of Isis." 13. 19-25, 27, 28. Nefer-kheperu-ra, ua-en-ra (Amenhetep IV), afterwards called Akhenaten. 13. " Ruler of Thebes." B.M. 4097. 19. " Lord of the Sweet Wind." 20. " Beloved of Hor-akhuti." 21. " Beloved of Amen and Mut." Gdn. 22. "Amenhetep (IV), the Divine Ruler of Thebes." Newb. 23. "Chosen of Amen." B.M. 29236. 24. A plaque in the Amherst Collection giving the two names of Amenhetep IV, and on the reverse, "beloved of Sebek-ra, Lord of Sunu." Amh. 25. A silver ring in the M-G. Collection. 27. " Pacifying the Aten." B.M. 30596. 28. " Beloved of the Aten." B.M. 28417. 26, 29. Kheper-kheperu-ra, ar maat (Ay). See also No. 34. 26. " Beloved of Amen." B.M. 4096. 29. " Beloved of Amen." Newb. 30. " Nefer-neferu-aten Nefert-iti," Queen of Akhenaten. Gold ring in the Louvre. SCARABS. 169 I. A bronze ring of Ankh-kheperu-ra, in the M-G. Collection. o 32. " Neb-kheperu-ra (Tut-ankh-amen), beloved of Ptah, Lord of Heaven." P. ^^. " Ankh-nes-pa-aten," Queen of Tut-ankh-amen. P. 34. A gold ring of Kheper-kheperu-ra, ar maat (Ay). Leyd. o 2 I70 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XXXII. HISTORICAL SCARABS OF AMENHETEP III. I, KiRGiPA AND Her Harim. Two specimens of this scarab are known, and it is perhaps the most interesting one of the series. One example is preserved in the Berl. Mus. (11002), the other was in the possession of Madame Hoffmann. An elaborate study of the text of the latter example has been published by Brugsch in theA.Z., XVIII, 81, and Maspero has given a drawing of the inscription (by Legrain, from a paper impression) in his Recueil des Travaux, XV, 200. The text given in the Plate is from the Berlin specimen, restored from Maspero's published copy. (a) Transliteration. I. Renpt X kher hen en 2-5. Ankh Hern. (Here fol- low the usual titles of Amen - hetep HI and Thyi.) 6. ren en tef-ef Ynaa; ren-en 7. met-es TJinaa. Bayt : anen 8. yt hen-ef sat ur ne Neherina 9. Sa-tha-ri-na Kir-gi-pa 10. tepii ne kJienera-es 11. set, 317. (b) Translation. I. " The tenth year under the Majesty of 2-5, " the Living Horus." (Here follow the full titles of Amenhetep III and Thyi.) 6. " The name of her father is Yuaa ; the name of 7. " her mother, Thuaa. Wonders : — 8. "His Majesty brought the dauiihter of the Prince of Mesopotamia, 9. " Sa-tha-ra-na (the Prin- cess) Kir-gi-pa 10. " (and) the head-women of her harim 11. "Women, 317." SCARABS. 171 2. The Lion Hunts of Ameniietep III. Scarabs bearing an inscription recording the lion hunts of Amenhetep III are common, and about forty- specimens are known. Of these, five are in the British Museum (4095, 12520, 16987, 24169, 29438); four are in the Louvre (Inv., ']d>'j, 788) ; four in the BerHn Museum (3481, 3482, 8443, 13274); three in the Leyden Museum (O. 83-85) ; and one each in the Cairo (M., Cat. Ad., 1388), Florence (840), and Bologna (2455) Museums. In the Cat. des Med., Paris (1021), and in the Amherst, Edwards, Fraser {Sc. 261), Grant, Hertz (Cat., p. 112), Kennard, Myers, Meux (1785), Palin, Petrie, Posno, H-Price (Cal. 284), and several smaller collections, are also one each. The example figured is in the possession of Mr. Nash. The hieroglyphic text of this scarab has been published, among others, by Mariette (A 3. de Bottlaq, PI. 36, 532), Maspero {Histoire, II, p. 315), Brugsch (A.Z., XVIII, 81), and Budge {Mtcmmy, p. 241), and a translation of it has been given by Pierret {Cat. Salle Hist., Louvre, 1877, p. 138), by Birch (Records of the Past, XII, p. 40), and many others. (a) Transliteration. 1-5. (Full titles and names of Amenhetep III and Thyi.) 5. ari-khet man 6. anen hen-ef em satet-ef zes-ef shaa 7. eui renpt I nefrijt er renpt X mau 8. hesa^ 102 (b) Translatio7i. 1-5. (Full titles and names of Amenhetep III and Thyi.) 5. " Number of the lions 6. "brought by his Majesty in his own shooting, beginning 7. " from the year one end- ing at the year ten: lions 8. "fierce, 102." 172 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 3. The Parents of Queen Thyi and the Limits OF the Egyptian Empire. Many specimens are known of this historical scarab. In the Louvre there are two examples (Inv. ySy); in the British Museum are three (4096, 16988, 29437, the latter specimen of fine blue-glazed steatite); in the Cairo Museum, one (3817, figured in Marietta's Alhim de Boiilaq, XXXVI, 541; Maspero, Stj'uggles of the Nations, p. 315) ; in the Bologna Museum, one (2454); in the Edwards, Petrie, Eraser (Fr., Sc. X, 262), Nash, Hilton-Price (Cat. 283), Dattariand Myers' Collections, one each ; as well as several others in private hands. The example figured here is from the Amherst Collection. Birch {Recm'ds of the Past, XII, 39); Budge {Mummy, 242), and Eraser (Fr. Sc., X, 56), have published translations of the text. (a) Translitei'atioii. I. Ankh Hem. (Here follow the full titles of Amen- hetep III and his Queen Thyi) 5. '■'■ren en tef-es 6. Yuaa, ren en met-es T/niaa 7. hemt p2i ent seten nekht 8. task ef res er Kary 9. mehti er NeJia- 10. rina. (b) Translation. I, "The Living Horus." (Here follow the titles of Amenhetep III and his Queen Thyi.) 5. " The name of her father is 6. "Yuaa, the name of her mother is Thuaa ; 7. "she is the wife of the victorious king ; 8. "his southern boundary is Kary,^ 9. "(and) his northern boundary is Meso- 10. "potamia." 1 This is probably the same place-name as the Kerj^ mentioned in the tomb of HQy at Thebes as the southern boundary of Kush (Ethiopia) at the time of King T^-priest, Yerhararu." Gold ring. Luxor. SCARABS. 189 PLATE XXXIX. SCARABS BEARING MOTTOES, GOOD WISHES, ETC. The inscriptions on these scarabs are generally extremely difficult to interpret, but a few will be found translated on p. 78. I give here, therefore, only references to the collections from which the examples have been figured. I and 2, v-B. 92 (Common.) (Common.) 3. M-G. 4. B.M. 5. B.M. 6. Ashm. 7. Thomp. 8. B.M. 17189. 9. Thomp. 10. Alnw. 11-13. M-G. 14. Gr. 15. Hood. 16 and 17. Gr. 18. M-G. Gr. Hood. Evans. (This plaque is dated by the name of Thothmes HI engraved on its side.) 19 20 21 B.M. 4267. B.M. 27219. 24. Alnw. 25. Gr. 26. B.M. 3631. M-G. (Common.) B.M. 3912. Alnw. 30. Alnw. (Very common.) 31. Hood. Ashm. M-G. Hood. Ashm. 23 27, 28 29 32 34 JO 36. Gr. (This example has the name of Rameses n cut on the back.) 37. M-G. (Common.) SS. B.M. 29245. 190 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XL. SCARABS BEARING MOTTOES, GOOD WISHES, ETC. — continued. References are only given here to the collections from which the specimens have been figured. A few of the inscriptions will be found translated on p. 78. I. B.M. 1^02. 19. Fitzw. (Common.) 2. Alnw. 20. B.M. 26618. 3. In the possession of 21. Hood. Arthur Evans, Esq. 22, Amh. 4. Gr. 23- Luxor. (Very 5. Hood. common.) 6. B.M. 17270. 24. Fitzw. (Very 7. Bol., 2641. common.) 8. P. 25- Bol. 2770. (Not 9. B.M. 26596. 10. Ashm. 26. rare.) Luxor. 1 1 . Gr. 27. H-P. 12. Luxor. 28. Newb. 13 and 14. Amh. 29; and 2,0. Amh. 15 and 16. Hood. I J. Luxor. 18. H-P. 4603; cf. PI. 31- 32. In the possession of Mrs. Cox. B.M. XXXIX, 21 and 27. SCARABS. 191 PLATE XLI. SCARABS BEARING NAMES OF FIGURES OF GODS, ETC. 1. " Isis, Lady of Heaven and Mistress of the Gods." T. 2. Ym-hetep. H.P. 3. " Amen-ra, Lord of the Breath of Life." Alnw. 4. " Amen-ra, abundant in things." Newb. 5. Head of Hathor. T. 6. Her-she-ef. M-G. 7. " Ra-nefer, Son of Amen." Gr. 8. Ptah. Cairo. 9. " Shu, Son of Ra." Amh. 10. Horus and Uraeus. Vat. 11. Horus and Uraeus. T. 12. A king adoring Thoth. CM. 1 3. Ptah standing in front of two altars. Alnw. 14. Mentu. CM. 15. Set. CM. 16. Bes. Amh. 1 7. Amen supported by Ra and Pacht. Amh. 18. Amen-ra. Cairo. 19. Maat. Newb. 20. The title •' Courtier." CM. 192 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 21. The title " Hereditary Prince." Gr. 22. The title "Governor of the City." CM. 23. The royal title, " Son of Ra." Luxor. 24. The royal titles, "The Good God, Lord of the Two Lands." Luxor. 25. The royal titles, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt." Newb. 26. A common inscription of doubtful meaning. B.M. 27. Hieroglyphic signs symmetrically arranged. Luxor. 28. M-G. 29. Luxor. 30. Amen-ra. Cairo. 31. B.M. 32. B.M. (A very common inscription.) 33. Luxor. 34. Luxor. 35. Naucratis. 36. Luxor. SCARABS. 193 PLATE XLII. HIEROGLYPHICS, FLOWERS, ETC. 1. Ankh, " Life." Newb. 2. Ankh nefer, *' Life and beauty." Newb. 3. Nefer maa, " Beauty and truth." Newb. 4. Do. do. do. 5. Hieroglyphic signs. Luxor. 6. Two nefer signs. Cairo. 7. Ankh nefer, " Life and beauty." Newb. 8-1 1. Hieroglyphic signs. CM. 12. Nefer, " Beauty," surrounded by a coil pattern. CM. 13. Two feet and an ox's head (?). M-G. 14. Lotus buds. CM. 15. Lotus flower and buds. CM. 16. Papyrus flowers. Newb. 17. A cat, fish, and eye. CM. 18. An eye. L. 19. A fly. Hood. 20. A beetle, two uraei, and a crocodile. Newb. 194 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 21. A cat and fish in an eye. CM. (see above, No. 17.) 22. A hawk, two uraei, and a crocodile. Newb. 23. A hand. Gr. 24. A King (?) seated. Very common. 25. A fish and a scorpion. Gr. 26. Three uraei. Liv. 27. A man holding two crocodiles. Hood. 28. Two monkeys climbing a palm-tree. Gr. 29. A palm-tree and two crocodiles. Dattari. 30. Two fish. Cairo. 31. Two scorpions. Gr. ^2. A orazelle. Newb. 33-39. Hunting scenes. B.M., Newb., and H-P. Colls. SCARABS. 195 PLATE XLIII. MISCELLANEOUS ROYAL AND PRIVATE SCARABS. 1. " The Royal Sealer and Divine Father, Ha-ankh- ef." P. 2. " The Steward, Khnems." Dat. Thirteenth Dynasty. 3. " The son of Ra, Amenemhat-Sebekhetep, beloved of Sebek-ra. Lord of Shyteru"(?). Davis. Thirteenth Dynasty. (See P.S.B.A., XXIV, p. 250.) 4. "The Steward, Ameny." P. Late Twelfth Dynasty. 5. "The Scribe of the Army, Neh^, born of the Lady Kesen." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. 6. " Neferui-uah-ra." Fitzw. 7. "The Royal Friend, Doctor and Scribe, Sa- hather." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. 8. " The Chief Superintendent of the Office of the Treasury, Nen-semkhut-ef." Davis. Thir- teenth Dynasty. 9. "The Doctor and ari Nekhen, Antef." Davis. Thirteenth Dynasty. 196 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 10. "The Royal Sealer, Royal Friend, and Superin- tendent of the Seal, Ab-tau.' Davis. Hyksos period. 11. " Ankhes-en-pa-aten." Davis. Eighteenth Dy- nasty (Akhenaten). 12. "The Superintendent of the Cattle of Amen ; Sen-nefer." P. Early Eighteenth Dynasty. 13. "The Vezir, Ym-hetep." Davis. This Vezir lived under Amenhetep I. (See P.S.B.A., XXIII, p. 250.) 14. "Apepa." Davis. Hyksos period. 15. "The Mayor and Superintendent of the Granary of Amen, Aahmes. Davis. Time of Hat- shepsut or early Thothmes III. 16. "The Chantress of Amen, Nefret-ari." Dat. End of the Eighteenth or beginning of the Nineteenth Dynasty. 1 7 and 18. "Shesha." Mr. Nahmann, Cairo. Hyksos period. (C/. PI. XXI. 9-18.) 19. " The Son of Ra, Ambu." CM. Hyksos period. 20. A blundered scarab of Se-kha-en-ra. Davis. {Cf. PI. XXI, 19-22.) Hyksos period. 2 1. "The Son of Ra, Y-keb." Davis. Hyksos period. {Cf. PI. XXII, 7-13.) 22. "The Royal Son, Y-kebu." v-B. Hyksos period. {Sq:& stipra, No. 21.) SCARABS. 197 23. " The Superintendent of the Unguents, Kheper- ka/' P. Twelfth Dynasty. 24. "The Superintendent of the Office, Atef." CM. Thirteenth or Fourteenth Dynasty. 25. "The Scribe Teta." Davis. Middle Eighteenth Dynasty. 26. " The Steward of the House of Prayer, Mesu." B.M. 27. " The Mayor of Heliopolis, Ben, son of Ma." v-B Thothmes III. (Fr. 6*^. 81.) 28. "The Guardian of the Storehouse, Ay." T. Thirteenth Dynasty. 29. "The Guardian of the Storehouse, Senb." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. 30. " The Overseer of the Surveyors, Thati." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. 31. "The Chief over the Secrets of the Royal Palace, the Royal Sealer, and Superintendent of the Seal, Hor." Philadelphia Museum. (See my note in Garstang's El Arabek, p. 32.) 32. The Guardian of the Unguents, Nub-user." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. II. "The Superintendent of the (Cattle ?) stalls, Benera." CM. Thirteenth Dynasty. 198 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. PLATE XLIV. MISCELLANEOUS ROYAL AND PRIVATE SCARABS — continued. 1. " The Superintendent of the Interior, Kenem. Timmins' Coll. 2. " The i5';;^-«-«5/, Sebeknekht." Cairo. 3. " The Steward of the Accounts of Cattle, Hora- khent-kheti-hetep." Timmins' Coll. 4. "The Lady Sent." Timmins' Coll. 5. " The Scribe Hu-ma-thu." Timmins' Coll. 6. " The Son of Ra, Khyan." Timmins' Coll. 7. " The Good God, Kha-user-Ra, giving life." Piers' Coll. 8. " The Son of Ra, Seket." Piers' Coll. 9. " The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Se-baq- ka-Ra." Cairo. 10. "The Superintendent of ? Anna." Tim- mins' Coll. 11. "The Superintendent of the Gold Workers, Haaiu." Timmins' Coll. 12. "The Court Under-sealer, Ab-ref." SCARABS. 199 13. ''The Great (?) Royal Wife, Nub-hetep-tha." Murch. 14. " The Lady, Y-ab." Cairo. 15. " The Great One of the Southern Tens, Sebek-her- heb." Timmins' Coll. i6. "The Chief Steward, Mentu-hetep Zeszes." Timmins' Coll. 17. "The Scribe of the Great Prison, Dehenti." Timmin's Coll. 18. " The ahu ne at ... . Sebek-aa." Cairo. 19. " May the King give an offering to Ptah-seker- Osiris Neb ankh taui for the ka of the Great one of the Southern Tens, Sebek-em-heb, Son of H . . . . hufi." Cairo. 20. "The Governor of the city, Ptah (.'')." Cairo. 21. "" Ari-at of the followers, Yu-senbu." Cairo. 22. " Royal Sealer. Superintendent of the Peasantmen, Nefer-hetep." Cairo. 23. " Royal Sealer. Superintendent of the prison, Senb." Murch. 24. " The judge and ar'i Nekken, Ren-ef-res." Cairo. 25. " Royal daughter, Nebt-tep-ahu." Murch. 26. " Royal Sealer, Chief Steward, Neb-ankh." Murch. Q INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES. Aahmes, XXIX, i. Aa-khnem, XV, i8. Abh-a-senbtefi, XIV, 3. Ab-ka-user, XXIX, 3. Ab-ref, XLIV, 12. Ab-tau, XLIII, 10. Aka, XIII, 10. Aka-senbna, XI, 27. Akuu, XV, 16. Amen-em-apt, XXXV, 21. Amen-em-hat, XI, 17 ; XIII, 23, XVI, 2. Amenemhat-senb-ne-Hather, XI, 16. Amenemheb, XXIX, 7. Amenhetep, XI, 10 ; XIV, i ; XVI, 3. Ameny, XVII, 27 ; XLIII, 4. Ameny-senb, XVI, 13. Ana, XVII, 10. Ankh, XV, 24; XVII, 9, 21. Ankh-ef, XIII, 27. Ankh-sen, XVI, 4. Ankh-tefi, XIV, 13. Ankhu, VII, 13; XIII, 16. Anna, XLIV, 10. Antef, XIII, 3; XIV, 26; XLIII, 9. Anu-enti (?), XVII, 14. Apa, XVI, 18. Apepa, XII, 25 ; XLIII, 14. Apuser, XXIX, 12. Art, XXIX, 12. Atef, XLIII, 24. Atef-ef, XVII, 24. Au-ab, XVI, 10. Au-ef-er-senb, XVII, 13. Au-het-ab, X, 3. Auqa, XV, lo. Au su ankh, XIV, 22. Auy, XI, 2. Auy mes, XI, 18. Ay, XII, 21 ; XIV, 5; XLIII, 28. Bakenkhensu, XXXV, 21. Bay, XXXVI, 14. Beba, XI, 30; XIV, 12. Ben, XLIII, 27. Benera, XLIII, 33. Bu-sen-ba, XVI, 25. Deda, XI, 30. Dede muti, XVII, 15. Dede nub, XV, 9. Dedetu, XII, 11. Dehenti, XLIV, 17. Erde ne ptah, XI, 12 ; XIII, 22 ; XIV, 10; XV, 19. Erdet ne ptah, XV, 21, Ha ankh ef, X, 4, 8; XII, 17 ; XLIII, I. Haaiu, XLIV, II. Hap-hetepu, XII, 12. Hapu senb, XXIX, 5. Har, XXIII, 20-22. Hepu em sha, XII, 12, Q 2 202 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Her ankh, XIII, i8. Her hetep, XVII, 4. Hera, Heru, XI, 22; XIII, 14, 15; XLIII, 31- Herfu, XI, 11. Her-khent-kheti-hetep, XLIV, 3. Hetep, XVII, 23. Hu-ma-tha, XLIV, 5. Huy, II. Ka, XVI, 14. Kema, X, 5, 8. Kenem, XLIV, i. Keru, XV, 26. Kesen, XLIII, 5. Kethuna, XXIII, 28. Kha-kau-ra-senb, XV, i. Khent hetep, XVII, 16. Khent-kheti, XV, 25. Kheper ka, XLIII, 23. Khnem-aa, XVII, 18. Khnem-set-heru-sebek ? XII, 10. Khnems, XV, 13; XVII, 20; XLIII, 2. Khu, XVI, 9. Ma, XLIII, 27. Maket, XXIX, 30, 31, 33. May, XXIX, 11. Mehti, XV, 23. Men kheper ra senb, XXIX, 4. Mentuhetep, X, 2; XI, 20; XVI, 5. Mentu nesu, XIII, 6. Mery ra, XV, 3. Meryt, XII, 18. Min-ast, XXXV, 18. Min-nekht, XXIX, 9. Mu-nu-ah, XV, 15. M^, XIV, 21. Neb-ankh, XLIV, 26. Neb-kau, XVI, 23. Neb-pu, XVI, 22. Neb qemiu, XI, 25. Neb-re-sehui, XI, 4. Neb-seshen, XI, 29. Neb-sunu, XVI, 6; XVII, 5; XVII, 19. Nebt-tep-ahu, XLIV, 25. Nefer-hetep, XII, 23 ; XIII, 12 ; XLIV, 22. Neferni, XIII, 25. Nefer renpet, XXXV, 23, 24. Nefer turn, XVI, 12. Neferu, XIV, 15. Nefret ari, XLIII, 16. Nehesi, XI, 14. Nehy, XII, 7; XIII, n; XVII, 7 ; XLIII, 5. Nenna, XII, 26. Nen sem khuft, XLIII, 8. Nub-em-sa-es, XII, ig. Nub-khusi, XVII, 28. Pa-enti-en, XIV, 14. Paser, XXXV, 16, 17. Pe-en-thebu, XXIX, 6. Pehui-ef-hu ? , XI, 21. Per-em-uah, XXIII, 24-26. Ptah, XLIV, 20. Ptah-ath, XVII, 25. Ptah dedetu senb, XI i. Ptah-hetep, XIV, 8. Ptah-mes, XXIX, 10. Ptah ur, XII, 22. Ptah ur bau, XVII, i. Raha, XXIII, 27. Ren ef-em-ab, XI, 29. Ren ef senb, XI, 3. Rensenb, XI, 23; XVI, 24; XVII, 8, 28. — Usertsen, XV, 2, Res, XIII, 33. INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES. 203 Sa aah, XV, 22. Sa buu, XV, 4. Sa bather aa, XI, 28. Sa bather, XV, 6 ; XLIII, 7. Saby, XVI, 17. Sa neb, XIII, 17. Sa nefer hez, XV, 5. Sa ptah, XIII, 26 ; XIV, 2. Sa sebek, XI, 19; XII, 16; XIV, 23. Sat ab, XIV, 9. Sat spedu, XVII, 11. Sat sutekh, XV, 8. Seankh, XIII, 21 ; XVII, 12. Sebek-aa, XLIV, 18. Sebek aa senes, XII, 24. Sebek an, XVII, 2. Sebek dedu, XI, 26. Sebek-em-heb, XLIV, 19. Sebek-her-heb, XLIV, 15. ? Sebek her ant, XVI, 19. Sebekhetep, XI, 20; XIV, 11, 20; XV, II. Sebek-nekht, XLIV, 2. Sebek-se-s-ankh, XIII, 4. Sebek-ur, XIII, 9. Sedemy, XIII, 31. Sehetep, XVII, 3. Sehetep-ab, XIII, 32. Se-hetep-ab-ra-senb, IX, 12. Sehetep ab ru, XI, 13 ; XIII, 29. Semi nefer, XV, 20. Senaa-ab, XIV, 6, 7. Senb, XIII, 34; XVI, 11, 20, 21 ; XLIII, 29; XLIV, 23. Senba, VII, i ; XI, 6. Senb ef, XIII, 35. Senb ef nefer ankh, XVII, 26. Senb-su ma, XI, 7, 8. Senb tefi, XII, 20. Sen-mut, VIII, 4. Sen-nefer, XXIX, 8 ; XLIII, 12. Sen-pu, XIII, 19; XXIX, 2. Sent, XLIV, 4. ? Sep-sa-ankh, XII, 15. Se resu, XIV, 4. Sesa, XII, 9. Set mes, XVI, 7. Sezedu, XIV, 16. Spernef, XV, 17. Surtha, XIII, 24. Tefta, XVI, 15. Tehepenkhet mery?, XII, 8. Tehutinekht, XI, 15. Teta, XVI, 16 ; XLIII, 25. Teta kherd, XIII, 2. Teta nefer, XXVI, 3. Tha ath, XII, 13. Tha tha, XII, 28. Thati, XLIII, 30. Theti, XV, 12. Un nefer, XVII, 17. Up em heb, XI, 5. User, XLIII, 32. Usermaa ra nekht, XXXV, 22. Usertsen, XVII, 6. Usertsen senbu, XIII, 13. Ushu, XIII, 8. Y-ab, XIII, 20; XLIV, 14. Y-m-hetep, XLIII, 13. Yu-benera, XV, 14. Yu-senb, XI, 9, 28; XVI, i, 8; XLIV, 20. Zedau [f] Heru, XXXVII, 25. Zera, XV, 7. Zeszes, XLIV, 16. INDEX TO TITLES. abu ne at, XLIV, i8, adenu ne mer khetevi, see mer kketem. adenu ne mer per ur, see mer per ur. ahems ne dep, XVI, 2. am-as, XIII, 27. am klient ne Sebek, XVII, 2. atn khe?ii ^^ , XVII, 14. ankhet net res-tep, XIII, 12. ankhui ne neb ta2ci^ XXIX, 8. art at, XI, 29; XII, 12, 30; XIII, 29; XV, i; XVII, 23; XLIII, 28, 29. art at ne auf, XIII, 18. ari at neper dedu, XIII, 19 ; XVI, 9 ; XVII, 5 ; XXIX, 2. ari at neper hez, XV, 5 ; XVII, 17. ari at ne shemsu, XLIV, 21. ari at ne shent, XIV, 10. ari bes, XLIII, 32. ariNekhen, XII, 17; XV. 10; XLIII, 9 i XLIV, 24. aripedet, XIII, 34- bakt ne heq, XIII, 26. enti em sert, XVII, 14. erpa, XI, 18. ha, XI, 15, 16, 17, 18 i XIII, 15, 21; XIV, I ; XVI, 13; XVII, 28 ; XXIX, 8 ; XLIII, 15 3 p. 49, fig- ^S- ha het Usertsen, VII, i. ha ne An, XLIII, 27. ha ne Reshiu, XV, 14. hemt neter, XXVI, 12, 15, 21, 31 3 XXVII, 14, 33> 34, 35 ; XXVIIl, 4; XXXVII, 26, 27. hemt neter urt, XXXI, 18; XXXVI, 123 XXXVII, 9- 2o6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. hemtseten, IX, 32 ; XII, 6 ; XIII, 30; XXIII, 17, i8, 19; XXVI, 4, 32 ; XXXII, 2 ; XXXV, 15. hemf seten urf, XII, 4, 5, 26; XIV, 19; XXVI, 19, 20; XXVII, 13 ; XXVIII, 35, 37 ; XXXI, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17 ; XXXII, i, 3 ; XXXIII, I, 2 ; XXXIV, 8 ; XXXV, 20; XLIV, 13. >%^/i neter, XV, 9 ; XVII, 2. /^;^ «^/^r «^ &/'^/C' em Uas, XII, 23. /z^« tep neier ne Amen^ XXIX, 5 ; XXXV, 21. heq ankii kluiuf, XIII, 28. heq khasklief, VII, 7 ; XXII, 20, 21, 22 ; XXIII, 10, 11. heq neferu^ VII, 10. Jieq ne kenbef, X LI II, 30. Iier ne tern, XVI, 7. her per, XLIII, 4 ; cf. me r per. Iter sesheta {?ie) per seten, XLIII, 31, her sJie, see mer site. kher heb ne NekJiebef, XIV, 11. klier heb 7te per nefer, XVII, 21. kherp aha, XIII, 15 ; XIV, 4. kJierp nesti, XI, 15. kJietemu bati, XI, 4-12, 18, 21, 22, 29; XII, 28; XIII, 10, 16, 21, 24. 27, 31 ; XIV, 10, 24 ; XV, 4; XVI, 3; XXIII, 20, 21, 22; XXIV, 32 ; XLIII, I, 10, 31 ; XLIV, 22, 23, 26. kJietem^i kefa ah, XI, 28. kJietemu k/ier-a, XVII, 18 ; XLIV, 12. khtieint nefer t hez, IX, 32 ; XII, 4, 5, 26; XIV, 19, mer akJienuti, XIII,I 32 ; XVI, 16, 25; XVII, 12; XLIII, 24; XLIV, I. mer akJiemiti ne dep, XII, 20 ; XIII, 11, 16 ; XVI, 24. i?ier akJienufi zir ne per hez, XLIII, 8. mer aru (?), XIII, 5. mer ast ne heq, XIV, 9 ; XVI, 17. mer ast urt, XI, 24. mer besu (?), XLIII, 23. mer hemt ne Amen, XXIX, 4. mer henu neter, XI, 15, 18 ; cf. hen neter. mer hesu ur, XI, 25. mer /let neter, VII, i ; XI, 17 ; XIII, 15, 21 ; XVI 13. mer hetu seten, XXIX, i. mer khan ne Amen, XLIII, 12. INDEX TO TITLES. 20: mer khan, XV, 17. mer khent, XLIV, 23. mer khetemtiu, XI, 9 ; XIII, 31 ; XV, 4. mer khetemit, XI, 4-1 1 ; XXIII, 20-22, 24-27; XXIV, 32; XXXVI, 14 ; XLIII, 10, 31. adenu tie mer k/i£temu, XI, 13 ; XIV, 25 ; XVI, 6. ■ sesh ne mer kltetemu, XVI, 8. sesh ur ne mer k/ietejnu, XI, 14 ; XIV, 2. sete?n ash ne mer kJiefem, XXIX, 9 . mer mentm, XI, 23. mer meshau, XI, 22; XIII, 17. mer meshaii ur, XI, 21. mer neferu ne per Amen, XXXV, 21. mer net, VII, 13; XII, i, 2; XXVI, 3; XXXV, 16, 17, 23, 24; XXXVII, 25 ; XLIV, 20. mer 7tnby, XLIV, 11 ; p. 55, fig. 32. mer per, XII, 15 ; XIII, 2, 4 ; XIV, 21 ; XVI, 22 ; XLIII, 2 mer per heseb ahu, XLIV, 3. mer per heseb ail, XIV, 5. mer per /leseb remt, XIV, 26. mer per ne dua, XLIII, 26. wz^?' ^^r ne henit sete?i, XXIX, 6. mer per ne s/ient, XVI, 18. mer per ur, XII, 28, 29 ; XIII, 10, 21, 27 ; XVI, 23 ; XLIV, 16, 26. ne seten ; p. 47, fig. 24. adenu ne mer per ur, XVII, 16. mer qestz, XVII, 27. mer qesu, XIV, 10. mer sekhetiu, XIII, 24; XIV, 24'; XLIV, 22. nier sJu, XV, 13. sesh ne s/ie, XV, 6. mer shent ne Amen, XLIII, 15. mer ta mehii, XIII, 6, 32 ; XVI, 25; XVII, 12. mer u, XIII, 6 ; XV, 2. mer u ne Het-neter, XVI, 14. mer -fj- 1 , XLIII, 33. mertui 7ie neb taut, XXIX, 8. met seten, IV, 16; X, 3, 5, 8, 9 ; XXVI, i6. nebt per, XII, 18, 19, 27 ; XIII, 7 ; XIV, 15; XV, 7, 8, 20, 21; XVI, 15; XVII, 10, II, 15; XXIX, 12, 14, 30, 31 ; XLIII, 5; XLIV, 4, 14. 2o8 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. neterafef, X, 2, 4, 8; XIV, 20; XXIX, 10; XLIII, i. neter hemf, see kemt neter. neter hen, see hen neter. neter khetemii, XIV, i. neter nierf, XXIX, 10. pa ser aa, XXXV, 6 ; XXXVI, 30. qemat ne Amen, XXIX, 11 ; XLIII, 16. qenbeti, XI, 26. gesti, XVII, 6. rekhseten, XI, 25; XII, 11, 14, 16, 21, 25; XIV, 17 ; XV, 10. saseten, IX, 30; XII, 1-3; XIII, i; XVII, 8 ; XXIII, 4, 12-16, 23, 29; XXVI, 34, 35; XXXV, 19, 20; XLIII, 22. sa seten ur, XXVI, 6. sab, XII, 17, 22 ; XV, 10 ; XLIII, 7, 9; XLIV, 24. sat seten, IV, 5 ; VI, 20 ; IX, 33, 34 35, 39 ; XXVI, 18, 36 ; XXVIII, 3. sat seten aaf, XIV, 18; XVII, i. sat urt ne Neheren, XXXII, i. seba ne per ankh, XIII, 35. seJuz shcmsu, XI, 30 ; XVII, 9. semer uati, XI, 4-12 ; XLIII, 7, 10. sen seten, XXIX, 13. sent seten, XXVIII, 3. serhayt, XIV, 6 ; XV, 10; XVI, 5, 11. sesh XLIII, 7, 25 ; XLIV, 5. sesh lier kJietemu ne Hetep-Usertsen, XIII, 20. sesh her kheteinu ne per hez, XVII, 26. sesh heseb, XVII, 20. sesh het neter ne Hetep-Usertsen, XIII, 13. sesh khaut, XVII, 13. sesh ne kha ne neb taici, XXXV, 22. sesh ne khent urt, XII, 9; XIV, 14, 16, 23 ; XLIV, 17. sesh ne mer kheteniu, see mer khetemu. sesh ne meshav, XIII, 25 ; XV, 23 ; XLIII, 25. sesh ne neferu, XIII, 25. sesh ne qenbetu ne un me Het-ka, XVII, 25, sesh ne she, see mer she. sesh ne ta seba, XV, 2. sesh ne zat, see zat. INDEX TO TITLES. 209 sesh ne zazat, XVI, 19. sesk neferu, XXIX, 3. sesh seten, XI, 27. sesh ur ne mer k/ietemu, see }ner kJietemu. setem ash Jie mer khetefnu, XXIX, 9. seten liemt, see he7)it seten. seten hemt art, see hetnt seten tirt. seten kekheru, XV, 15. seten sa, see sa seten. seteti sat, see sat seten. seten sat aat, see sat setett aat. seten sesh, see sesh seten. seten seshemsu, see shemsti seten. seten ^ , XII, 7 ; XVII, 19. shemsu, XIII, 3 ; XVI, 20. shemsu ne remen tep, XIV, 12 ; XV, 24, 26; XVI, 10. shemsu seten, XII, 28, 29 ; XIII, 21. sunu, XV, 19. uab, XIV, 3, 16; XXIX, 7. ?<;a<^ aa «^ Hather nebt Tep-ahu, XII, 10. z/ar/w aa ne net, XI, 19 ; XIV, 22. uartu ne hek khaut, XI, 20; XIII, 8, 14. zcartu ne Ursh, XV, 16. uartu ne Ut, XVII, 22. uJum, XV, 18. ur res met,YA\, 13; XIII, 9; XIV, 7, 8, 13; XV, 22; XLIV, ut, XII, 22. x;a/, VII, 13; XI, I, 2; XXVI, 3; XXIX, 10; XXXV, 16, 17, 23, 24; XXXVII, 25; XLIII, 13. sesh ne zat, XI, 3. zau (?) seten apt, XVII, 3. zau ne sesh, X X , XVI, 1 2. :^, XV, 25. ^ INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES (a) KINGS. Aa-ab (Uah-ab-ra), VII, 5 ; X, 17. Aa-hetep-ra, XXII, 1-3. Aah-mes I (Neb-pehti-ra), XXVI, 6-1 1, 17. Aah-mes 11 (Sa Neith), p. 14, fig- 4; XXXVIII, 17. Aa-kheper-en-ra (Thothmes II), XXVII, 15-17 ; XXIX, 43. Aa-kheper-ka-ra (Thothmes I), XXVII, 1-12; XXIX, 34. Aa-kheper-ra (Shashanq II), XXXVII, 17-19. Aa-kheperu-ra (Amenhetep II), p. 68, fig. 57 ; I, 2 ; VIII, 6 ; XXX, 1-17. Aamu, XXII, 14-18. Aa-user-ra (Apepy I), I, i ; XXIII, 30-35 ; XXIV, 34, 35- Aha (Menes), IV, 2. Akh-en-aten (Amenhetep IV), I, 4. Akh-en-ra (Siptah), XXXVI, 8, 9. Ambu (?), XLIII, 19. Amenemhat, VI, 16-18, 20; IX, 16. Amenemhat I (Sehetep-ab-ra), VI, i ; IX, 11. Amenemhat II (Nub-kau-ra), VI, 1-4 ; VIII, 11. Amenemhat III (Ne-maat-ra), p. 47> fig- 22 ; p. 88, fig. 93; VI, i, 10-15, 19 ; IX, 25-29, 36, 37. Amenemhat IV (Maa-kheru-ra), VI, 22 ; IX, 38. Amenemhat-sebekhetep, XLIII, 3. Amenemhat-senbef (Seshes-ka-ra), VII, 3. Amenhetep I (Zeser-ka-ra), p. 68, fig. 57; VIII, 2, 5; XXVI, 23-3I) 33- Amenhetep II (Aa-kheperu-ra), I, 2 ; VIII, 6 ; XXX, 1-17. Amenhetep III (Neb-maat-ra), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32 ; XXXI, 1-12, 14-18; XXXII, 1-3, XXXIII, 1-2. Amenhetep IV (Nefer-kheperu-ra), I, 4; XXXI, 13, 19-25, 27, 28. Ameny, VII, 19. Ana (Mer-hetep-ra), X, 21. Ankh-kheperu-ra, XXXI, 31. Anther, XXIII, 11. 212 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Apepy I (Aa-user-ra), I, i ; XXIII, 30-35 ; XXIV, 34, 35. Ay I (Mer-nefer-ra), X, 18-20. Ay II (Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat), XXXI, 26, 29, 34. Bak-en-ren-ef (Uah-ka-ra), XXXVII, 22, 23. Ded-ka-ra, XXXVIII, 3. Dedui-ankh-ra, X, 25, 26. Dedu-mes (Nefer-ded-ra), X, 29. Den, IV, 9. Hatshepsut (Maa-ka-ra), XXVII, 12, 18-25. Her tep taui (Horus name), VII, 2. Hez-kheper-ra (Shashanq II), XXXVII, 1-8, 15. Hez-kheper-ra (Takelot I), XXXVII, 14. Hor-em-heb (Zeser-kheperu-ra), I, 5 ; XXXIV, 1-6. Ka-mes (Uaz-kheper-ra), XXVI, i, 2. Kashta, XXXVII, 20. Kha-ef-ra, V, i ; VIII, 9, 10; IX, 4, 5. Kha-hetep-ra (Sehekhetep IV), X, 16. Kha-ka-ra, X, 14, 15. Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III), p. 93, fig. 107 ; VI, i, 9, 11 ; IX, 22, 24. Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II), VI, 1,6, 7, 8 ; IX, 19, 20, 23. Kha-mu-ra, XXI, 30. Kha-nefer-ra (Sehekhetep III), H, 6-13. Kha-sekhemui, IV, 11. Kha-seshes-ra (Neferhetep), X, 4, 5. Kha-user-ra, XXI, 25-29 ; XLIV, 7. Kheper-ka-ra (Usertsen I), p. 80, fig. 82 ; VI, i ; IX, 13, 14, 17, 18. Kheper-ka-ra (Nekhtenebo), p. 92, fig. 106. Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat (Ay II), XXXI, 26, 29, 34. Kheper-nub-ra, VII, 12. Khnum-ab-ra (?), XXXVIII, 21. Khufu, IX, 2, 3. Khyan (User-en-ra), p. 47, %• 23; VII, 7, 10: XXII, 20-26; XLIV, 6. Maa-ab-ra, XXI, 1-8. Maa-ka-ra (Hatshepsut), XXVII, 12, 18-35. Maa-kheru-ra (Amenemhat IV), VI, 22 ; IX, 38. Maa-ra (Sehekhetep), X, 22, 23. Menes (Aha), IV, 2. INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES. 213 Men-kau-ra, V, 2-4; IX, 9. Men-kheper-ra (Thothmes III), p. 68, fig. 57 ; p. 90, fig. 98 ; p. 94, fig. no; XXVIII, 5-34; XXIX, 29,34-41. Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV), XXX, 18-25. Men-nefer-ra, XXXVIII, 18. Men-maa-ra (Sety I), XXXIV, 14-21. Men-pehti-ra (Rameses I), XXXIV, 9-13. Mentuhetep, p. 87, fig. 87. Mentuhetep (IV ? Se-ankh-ka-ra), IX, 10. Mer-en-ptah (Ne-ba-ra), XXXVI, i, 2. Mer-en-ra, p. 68, fig. 56. Mer-hetep-ra (Ana), X, 21. Mer-nefer-ra (Ay), X, 18, 19, 20. Mer-pa-ba, IV, 7. Mer-user-ra (Ykebher), XXII, 27-30 ; XXIII, 1-3. Mery-ra (Pepy I), p. 46, fig. 21 ; p. 55, fig. 31 ; V, 10, 11 ; IX, 7. Nar-mer, p. 53, fig. 29. Ne-ba-ra (Merenptah), XXXVI, i, 2. Neb-ka-ra, IX, i. Neb-kha-ra, IX, 8. Neb-kheperu-ra (Tut-ankh-amen), XXXI, 32. Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32; XXXI, 1-12, 14-18; XXXII, 1-3; XXXIII, I, 2. Neb-maa-ra (Rameses VI), XXXVI, 26, 28. Neb-pehti-ra (Aahmes I), XXVI, 6-xi, 17. Nefer-ab-ra, XXXVIII, 15. Nefer-ankh-ra, X, 30. Nefer-ar-ka-ra, V, 9. Nefer-ded-ra, X, 29. Nefer-hetep (Kha-seshes-ra), X, 4, 5. Nefer-ka-ra (Psamtek II), I, 3. Nefer-ka-ra (Rameses IX), XXXVI, 31. Nefer-ka-ra (Shabaka), XXXVIII, 29, 30 ; XXXVIII, 5-7. Nefer-kheperu-ra (Akhenaten), I, 4; XXXI, 13, 19-25, 27, 28. Neferui-uah-ra, XLIII, 6. Nehesi, XXIII, 4-6. Nekhtenebo, p. 91, fig. 105. Ne-maa-ra (Amenemhat III), p. 47, fig. 22; p. 88, fig. 93; VI, i, 10-15, 19; IX, 25-29, 36, 37. Neter-kheperu-ra (Smendes), XXXVI, 34. Nub-ka-ra, IX, 21, 31 ; XXIV, 36, 37. 214 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), VI, 1-4 ; VIII, 11. Nub-taui-ra, XXII, 19. Osorkon I (Sekhem-kheperu-ra), XXXVII, 11-13. Pe-ankhy, XXXVII, 28. Pe-de-se-bast (Se-her-ab-ra), XXXVII, 10. Pepy I (Mery-ra), p. 46, fig. 21 ; p. 55 fig. 31 ; V, 10, 11 ; IX, 7. Per-ab-sen, IV, 8, 12, 13. Psamtek, XXXVIII, 9, 13, 22. Psamtek II (Nefer-ka-ra), I, 3. Qar, XXI, 23, 24. Rameses I (Men-pehti-ra), XXXIV, 9-13. Rameses II (User-maa-ra), p. 75, figs. 78, 79; p. 90, fig. 103; XXXIV, 22-36; XXXV, 1-6, 8-16, 18, 19, 22-24. Rameses III (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 17-21. Rameses IV (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 22-24. Rameses V (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 25. Rameses VI (Neb-maa-ra), XXXVI, 26, 28. Rameses VII (User-ra mery-amen), XXXVI, 27. Rameses VIII, XXXVI, 29, 30. Rameses IX (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVI, 31 Rameses X (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 32 Sa-amen, p. 89, fig. 96 ; XXXVI, 33. Sahu-ra, V, 5, 6 ; VIII, 8. Se-ankh-ka-ra (Mentuhetep ?), IX, 10. Sebaq-ka-ra, VII, 6 ; XLIV, 9. Sebek, X, 27. Sebek-em-sau-ef, X, 24. Sebekhetep II (Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra), X, 2, 3. Sebekhetep III (Kha-nefer-ra), X, 6-13. Sebekhetep IV (Kha-hetep-ra), X, 16. Sebekhetep (VI?, Maa-ra), X, 22, 23. Se-her-ab-ra (Pe-de-se-bast), XXXVII, 10. Se-hetep-ab-ra (Amenemhat I), VI, i ; IX, 11. Seket, XXIII, 12; XLIV, 8. Se-kha-en-ra, XXI, 19-223 XLIII, 20. Sekhem-ab (Per-ab-sen), IV, 8, 12, 13. Sekhem-kheperu-ra (Osorkon), XXXVII, 11-13. INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES. 215 Sekhem-khu-taui-ra, VII, 4 ; X. i. Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra (Sebekhetep II), X, 2, 3. Semqen, XXIII, 10. Seqen-en-ra, p. 89, fig. 95. Seshes-ka-ra (Amenemhat-senb-ef), VII, 3. Setnekht (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 15, 16. Setj^ I (Men-maa-ra), VIII, 7; XXXIV, 14-21. Setf II (User-kheperu-ra), XXXVI, 3, 7. Siptah (Akh-en-ra), XXXVI, 8, 9. Sha-ba-ka (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVII, 29, 30; XXXVIII, 5-7. Shashanq II (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 1-8, 15. Shashanq III (User-maa-ra), XXXVII, 16. Shashanq IV (Aa-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 17-19. Shens, X, 28. Shesha, XXI, 9-18 ; XLIII, 17, 18. Smendes (Neter-kheperu-ra), XXXVI, 34. Taharqa, XXXVIII, 2, 4, 12. Takelot (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 14. Thothmes I (Aa-kheper-ka-ra), XXVII, 1-12 ; XXIX, 34. Thothmes II (Aa-kheper-en-ra), XXVII, 15-17 ; XXIX, 43. Tholhmes III (Men-kheper-ra), p. 68, fig. 57 ; p. 90, fig. 98; p. 94, fig. no; XXVIII, 5-34; XXIX, 29, 34-41. Thothmes IV (Men-kheperu-ra), XXX, 18-25. Tut-ankh-amen, XXXI, 32. Uah-ab-ra (Aa-ab), VII, 5; X, 17. Uah-ab-ra (Psamtek I), XXXVIII, 10, 11, 14, 19. Uah-ka-ra (Bak-en-ren-ef), XXXVII, 22, 23. Uazed, XXIII, 7-9. Uaz-kheper-ra (Kames), XXVI, i, 2. Unas, IX, 6. User-en-ra (Khyan), VII, 7, 10 ; XXII, 20-26 ; XLIV, 6. User-ka-ef, V, 7, 8. User-khau-ra (Setnekht), XXXVI, 15, 16. User kheperu ra (Sety II), XXXVI, 3-7. User-maa-ra (Rameses II), XXXIV, 22-36; XXXV, 1-6, 8-16, 18, 19, 22-24; P- 75, figs- 78, 79; P- 90. fig- i°3- User-maa-ra (Rameses III), XXXVI, 17-21. User-maa-ra (Rameses IV), XXXVI, 22-24. User-maa-ra (Rameses V), XXXVI, 25. User-maa-ra (Rameses X), XXXVI, 32. 1< 2i6 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. User-maa-ra (Shashanq III), XXXVII, i6. User-ia Mery-amen (Rameses VII), XXXVI, 27. Usertsen, VI, 5, 10, 15; IX, 15, 31. Usertsen I (Kheper-ka-ra), p. 80, fig. 82; VI, i ; IX, 13, 14, 17, 18. Usertsen II (Kha-kheperu-ra), VI, i, 6, 7, 8 ; IX, 19, 20, 23. Usertsen III (Kha-kau-ra), p. 93, fig. 107 ; VI, i, 9, 11 ; IX, 22, 24. Yamu, XXII, 4-6. Ykeb, XXII, 7-13; XLIII, 21, 22. Ykebher (Mer-user-ra), XXII, 27-30; XXIII, 1-3. Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep I), VIII, 2, 5 ; XXVI, 23-31, 33. Zeser-kheperu-ra (Hor-em-heb), I, 5, XXXIV, 1-6. (/;) QUEENS. Aah-hetep, XXVI, 4, 5^ 32- Aahmes, XXVII, 13, 14. Aahmes-nefret-ari, XXVI, 12-16, 31, 13, 14- Aah-sat, XXVIII, 37. Amenardes, XXXVII, 20, 21, 26, 27. Ana, XII, 4, 5. Ankhnes-pa-aten, XXXI, 33. Auhet-abu, X, 3. Hap-en-maat, IV, 15. Hatshepset meryt-ra, XXVIII, 35, 36. Hatshepsut (see under Kings). Karamama, XXXVII, 9 ; XL, 8. Kema, X, 5, 9. Khensu, XIV, 19. Maat-neferu-ra, XXXV, 15. Meryt-amen, XXVI, 19-22. Mut-nezemt, XXXIV, 7, 8. Nefer-neferu aten Nefert yti, XXXI, 30 Nefret-ari, XXVI, 12, 15, 16, 31. INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES. 217 Nefret-ari mer-en-mut, XXXV, 7. Nub-hetep-tha, XII, 26; XLIV, 13. Sat-aah, XXVIII, 37. Sat-sebek, XII, 6. Sebek-shedeti-neferu, VI, 21. Senb-hena-es, XII, 30. Shep-en-upt, XXXVII, 24. Tausert, XXXVI, 10-12. Tautha, XXIII, 17. Thiy, VIII, 3; XXX, 28; XXXI, 3, 4, 8, 16-18; XXXII, 1-3; XXXIII, I, 2. Uazet, XXIII, 18. {c) PRINCES. Aahmes, XXVI, 6. Amenmes, XXVI, 34. Antef, XII, I. Apek, XXIII, 13, 14. Apepa, XXIII, 29. Ar, XIII, I. Kha-kau, XII 2. Kupepen, XXIII, 15, 16. Nehesi, XXIII, 4. Pa-ra-her-amen-ef, XXXV, 20. Ramessu-user-pehti, XXXV, 20. Sa-hathor, XII, 3. Sa-kat-sa, XXIII, 23. Sheshemet, XXIII, 12. Turi, XXVI, 35. Y-kebu, XLII, 22. Za-hapi-amen, p. 91, fig, 105. 2i8 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. {d) PRINCESSES. A-ta-kayt, VI, 20. Erde-ne-Ptah, XIV, 18. Mehen-pet-tha, IV, 5. Meryt, IX, 30, 34. Meryt-amen, XXVI, 22. Neb-ta, XXVI, 36. Neb-tep-ahu, XLIV, 25. Nefert-ankt-uben, IX, 35. Neferu-ra, XXVI 1 1, 1-4. Nub-em-ant, IX, 39. Ptah-ur-bau, XVII, i. Rensenb, XVII, 8. Sat-Hathor, IX, 33. Sat-kames, XXVI, 17. Tursi XXVI, 18. Egyptian AniiqnititS. SCARABS. Plate 11. f^vzM^^S^^ f,t.ti- P.E.N. Tut'Ankh'Amen's Chancellor presents Huy with the Signet-Ring of his Office. (Fiotn the Tomh of Mny at Tliehen.) C Y LlIN UiLK'i>tLALi>, Egyptian Antiquities. Plate TIT. ilnniV>ri/Mnr- w M ' H I I ^^ .S"f5n^J»rj^^ J tnij uid t; ■S r- IPiqil^?! ■=:^ (( mi Ml i»M t^3^SfJ>'m^>, fflL u mi M^flS^S PI mi 8 .10 11 ffiSSSSS P.i Pi IS 13 12 ii^i!£^f^ 14 ^^ 16 .9. P.E.N. Scarabs of Officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties. SCARABS. EgyJ^lian AKtiijtvties, Plat- XV' I II. 13 14 17 18 Scii/i' I : !. Decorative Scarabs : Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties. SCARABS. Egypii.m . luthni/fhs. Plate XIX. I'. K.N. i,cn:,- I : I. Decorative Scarabs : Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties. Egy^tiiu A ittiijiiides. SCARABS. Plate XX. Sett/f I '. 1. P.K.N'. Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties. ^gyplian Atiliquities. SCARABS. flitU XXL 16 Saite Hyksos Kings (l). P.E.N *^.i ^.iy/'/ia II A >:ti (fin ties. SCARABS. Plate AAV/. Scait I : I. Hyksos Kings (i). P.E.N. SCARABS. £i;r/'/r(in Antiquities. Pliiti XKIIL Sc-tle I : I. im:..\. Royal Persons and Officials of the Hyksos Period. SCARABS. Jd^'fliit >! .-I 'Jf/l/lf///\s Hate xx/r. S^a,', Hyksos Period. - P.E.N. SCARABS. J-:iry/>:iixn .Uiliqnilin: Pi.7ti' XXV. ScaU I : I. r.K.N. Figures of Men, Animals, &c., mostlv of the Hyksos Period. SCARABS. Egjif'lia n A iiti,/uiltfs. Flaw XXVr. P.E.N. Scale 1 : !• Scarabs of Kings, &c., of the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Dynasties, l£.(^ypliau A 'liiquitics. SCARABS. Plau XXllT. ■Millie 1 : I. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. (Thothtuen I. tit MltilMhepsCit.) KK.N. SCARABS. E^yptiiXH Atitiquiiies. PuiU X.\ I ■///. ScaU 1 : I. I'.l .N. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. (Thothines llf. atiil rtithil;/.) SCARABS. litia}i Antiquities. Plate XXIX. III ""• • 0. II 43 45 ^c«/f I : I. 46 P.K.N. (i'i4) Officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and (i5'46) Rings, &c., from the Tomb of Maket at Gurob (Thothmes III.). SCARABS. Egyptian Autiqtdli\s. PlaU XXS. Scale 1 : 1. P.E.N. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. '■liiieMlJe/e/* Ml.—Atnenltetep III.}. SCARABS. E^y/>!i(tn A J!f7<7U7'iJc's. Plate XXX r. Scale I : I. P.E.K. Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. (.Unevhetep ItT. (cUl.j - A.y.j to u 'J 6 -■ W o, o ro C/3 CQ < < 00 H (N DC < ^1 n Li n o on u O -*^ '/I u C "So ::: < c 3 2 CO (J o SCARABS. Egyplian Antiquities. Plate XXX IV Scale I : I. P.E.N. Scarabs with Royal Names. (nof-em-heh to ttameses if.) Eg\'ptian Antiqiiitiis. SCARABS. Plate XXXV. Scale I : I. P.K.N. Plaques and Scarabs of Ramescs IL SCARABS. F.ZvNiii II A ullijuities. rh'M XXSVl. Stn/c I : 1. I'.E X. Scarabs with Royal Names ; Mer-en'ptah I. to Sa'amen. SCARABS. hg^'piiiiv Anliqiiitit'S. Plate X XX r II. Scale I : I. P.K X. Scarabs with Royal Names: Twenty-second to Twenty-fifth Dynasties. Egyp'iav Antiquities. SCARABS. Plate XXX VI U. 27 29 T.K.N. Scarabs bearing Royal and other Names: Twenty-fifth to Twenty'eighth Dynasties. SCARABS. Egypliaii Avfn/uiti.:-. i'hih .\X\7A'. Scale I : i. P.E.N. Scarabs bearing Mottoes, Good Wishes, &c. SCARABS. Eg-xflJan A utiqidties. Plate XL. Scale J : I. I'.K.N. Scarabs bearing Mottoes, Good Wishes, &c. SCARABS. Egypliati A utiqtiiiifs. Plntf XIJ. P.K.N. Scarabs bearing Names and Figures of Gods, &c. Egy>ptian A ntu/uitu's. SCARABS. liatc XL//. 13 19 24 30 14 10 f2 15 16 17 20 f/t^ 22 18 23 2t 26 ^'==^ 27 28 29 32 31 35 36 33 34 37 38 39 i'.E.N. Hieroglyphs, Flowers, &c. Egyplian Aiitiqnilies. SCARABS. Plate XLIIL Scale r : i. P.E.N. Scarabs bearing Royal and Private Names. SCARABS. E,s;yplian Anliquitie<;. PlaU XfJV. S ale ,:i. P.E.N. Scarabs bearing Royal and Private Names. 5^ 2- UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 655 525 ::;;.;:i'- ^■•'':', ■>'-:■■;