THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
^_
<^C5-
ER
ER
INSTRUCTION
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND:
A Simple Arrangement of the Essentials of
Graham Phonography for All Schools.
Comprising also a "Progressive Scheme of Word-Sign Study;
t/l T^evised Version of Smith's Numerals ; <A {Manual of
^Blackboard Illustrations for Shorthand Teachers;
and Suggestions for Typewriter Practice.
THE SYLLABLE THE UNIT OF WORD ANALYSIS.
BY
BATES TORREY,
Author of "Practical Typewriting."
Published by Charles E. Comer, Boston, Mass.
Copyright, I&Q3,
by
Bates Torrey.
The Sailings Press, Boston, Mass.
Jg PREFACE. 9_
So many books have been prepared on the subject
of shorthand that preface material has become scarce.
v> It would be profitless to declare there is anything new
* (outside of tricks of arrangement) in this work,
j because nothing original has been produced about
g- shorthand for many years. It would be likewise
- 1 vain to say this is a profound treatise. We could
not write such a book and would not if we could !
?* In popularizing shorthand study there is no use
dredging deprofundis. The convincing writer should
^ dwell with his audience.
A publisher waited for these pages to issue from
the pen, which fact disarms the criticism that it was
made to sell ; and considerable experience teaching
shorthand was the impulse directing the pen, which
should have weight if the record of a successful
instructor counts for aught.
a
448596
There are too many manuals of shorthand already.
That is cheerfully granted. Yet none of them show
a "royal road" to its acquirement, whatever their
claims. There is no such road. But as improved
vehicles of locomotion and new methods of propul-
sion almost bring time and distance to naught, so in
shorthand improved methods of instruction make
easier the journey to proficiency, and hasten arrival
at that destination.
The learner is our audience. We address him with
deep designs, as these pages will disclose. We care
more for the impression (as shown by accomplish-
ment) the book makes upon him than for e.r <-ntlf<l,-
comments of rival authors, or the opinions of theorists
on teaching.
BATES TOR KEY.
TO TEACHERS.
Another case of "pernicious authorship," we seem
to hear you remark; but be kind enough to examine
the contents of this volume before classing it with the
rank and file. We venture to say it will be found
near enough like the others to shatter no idols, and
unlike enough to deserve a reading.
It has been made for teachers and schools.
Observe the sequence of action. Everything is
systematic, and every progression has a meaning.
Design pervades every step ; no accidents are allowed
to happen. Much unwarranted effort in shorthand
study has prevailed ; it remains for teachers to com-
bine in banishing the same.
The shorthand of today must be practical if any-
thing, therefore only the essentials need be studied.
For abstruse treatment, consult the standard text-
books of the systems : this the teacher can always do
to advantage. The business man has no time for
deep study of social problems, leaving that for the
political economist or the lecturer on finance. We
may consider the average student of shorthand as
bent upon the business of brief writing; and being
eager for quick results, depends upon the teacher to
administer wisely to his need, out of knowledge
wherever obtained .
We are of the opinion, also, that practical short-
hand is quite as much a mechanical art as an intel-
lectual one ; hence the prominence given herein to
mechanical processes. Anyone in search of theory
can find enough bf it in the works of the system
makers ; but this being a working plan, rather than a
varnished model, the mechanical is admitted if it will
serve the purposes of effective instruction. For even
in the sublime presence of the arch theorist himself
(whoever he may be), his amanuensis must needs
write according to fluent methods ; and those who
are unhappy if they do not have a daily baptism of
theory will turn from these pages unconsolable,
simply because we have to confine ourselves to the
performable in shorthand rather than to the imagin-
able !
u It is a condition and not a theory which confronts
us." The essence of good teaching is to adapt the
means to the pupil. If there is one study that
demands such tact more than any other, it is short-
hand. Consequently certain elements of instruction
are herein made important, and there is furnished
sufficient variety to fit every need.
A few of the more obvious features of the book
are :
Common sense nomenclature and definitions.
Reading as well as writing from the beginning.
Systematic arrangement of principles.
Progressive and interesting tasks.
Early neglect of vowels and position.
Word-Signs favorably presented.
Business correspondence a feature.
A tested system of writing figures.
Blackboard illustrations for Teachers.
Suggestions for typewriter practice.
TO THE STUDENT.
This book has been made especially for you
after watching a great many of you work, and in-
spired by your work, appreciating your needs. Like-
wise your discouragements have been noted, and a
mitigation sought for and found. The aim has been
to render shorthand study interesting. If interest
can be awakened early, and maintained continuously,
good work and tangible results will follow.
Assuredly tvork is necessary in shorthand study ;
but it would be unreasonable to expect it to continue
with stolid doggedness when all the conditions were
unfavorable. "We have endeavored to make them
favorable by divesting the subject of disagreeable and
useless features, and clothing it with pleasanter ones.
We trust that success has attended our efforts. At
any rate may it attend yours. Therefore work
win !
CONTENTS.
PART I. DESK WORK.
STEP 1. The scheme of consonant signs and its management.
STEP II. Joined consonant strokes. Early word-signs.
STEP III. Circle-S and its modifications. Simple phrases introduced.
STEP IV. The vowel and vowel procedure.
STEP V. Diphthongs. The tick denned and illustrated. Position
foreshadowed. Group word-signs, List I.
STEP VI. Further consonant signs, strokes S and Z, Wand Y. Kule
for syllabic writing. Treatment of H.
STEP VII. Syllabic R and L, with specific Rules for same, con-, com-,
cog-, -ing and -ings. Group word-signs, List II.
STEP VIII. Simple stroke word-signs. Special practice material.
Remarks upon syllabic shorthand, angles and " convenience."
Conclusion of Part I.
PART II. BUSINESS SHORTHAND.
STEP IX. Initial hooks, L and R. Vowels omitted, and position
substituted.
STEP X. Circle-S and the initial hooks. Group word-signs, List III.
Syllabic halving introduced. Dictation begun.
STEP XL Final hooks, F, V and N. Group word-signs, List IV.
Position continued. Numbers, Lesson I. Dictation.
STEP XII. Further final hooks -shun and -live. Group word-signs,
List V. Halving continued. Numbers, Lesson II. Dictation.
STEP XIII. The business letter. Business phrases. Numbers, Lesson
III. Letter-writing in shorthand. Dictation.
STEP XIV. Further developments of halving. Group word-signs,
List VI. Speed practice. Dictation.
STEP XV. The lengthening principle. A shorthand multiplication
table. Prefixes and affixes. Models for dictation practice.
STEP XVI. Expedients for swift and legible writing. Shorthand
penmanship. Dictation. Conclusion of Part II.
PART III. ADVANCED INQUIRY.
Word-signs classified. Word-signs of Parts I. and II. presented alpha-
betically. Imitative word-signs. The great list, 19 pages. Sa-
cred word-signs. Shorthand text for reading practice, 11 pages.
Instructive articles upon: Syllabication Angles and Direction of
Strokes Distinguished Words A nalogy Phrasing Syllabic-S
Alternative Procedure Vowel Implication. Suggestions for
Typewriting.
Index.
Appendix (in Teachers' edition).
PART I. Introductory Steps.
DESK WORK.
5TEP I.
SCHEME OF CONSONANT SIGNS.
Sign.
Sound Conventional
Name. Name.
Power and Use.
Written Downward
Tub -}
Duh
. Puh
Buh
Chub
T
D
P
B
; CHav
T
D
P
B
C1
in T-ip
" D-ip
" P-ut
" B-ut
" Ch-.at
or Tuh-ip
" Duh-ip
" Puh-ut
" Buh-ut
" Ri-ph
1
\
\
P
Juh ^J J " J-ug " Gin Gem
a
03
Kuh |K K " K-it " C in Cat
Guh I Gay G " G-et " Guh-et
Fuh F F " F-at " Fuli-at
.L. v
uh
J...
Thuh
Dthuh
Shuh
Zshuh
V " V-at " Vuh-at
iTH TH"Th-ish
My-th
THe TH"Th-y " Wi-th
iSH SH" Sh-y " Wi-sh
Z " A-z-ure " Sin Leisure
SCHEME OF CONSONANT SIGNS Continued.
Sound
Sign. Name.
Conventional
Name.
Power and Use.
Ruh
uR
Luh
uL
R in R-ate
R " Ar-t
L "L-aps
L " Al-ps^ 1
Followed ,-j
a
g
fi Preceded
>. >
* Followed o
Preceded w
o
if.
Muh
Nuh
to
M M"M-ew Na-me
N N " N-ew Mai-ne
iNG as" K-ing In-k
Suli or Zuh
iS
S " Hi-ss or Z in Bu-zz
Willie Brief Way W'W-oo " Wuh-oo
Semi-
vowel
n.... Yuh ] Brief Yay Y " Y-ou " Yuh-ou
TT , ( Breath-
Huh j ing Hay H " H-at " Huh-at
STEP I.
THE ALPHABET AND EARLY STUDY.
(1) The foregoing is a classified scheme of signs
for the consonant sounds of language, and is not to
be considered in any sense as an alphabet of letters.
It is so arranged that the size, shape and direction of
writing the signs can be seen at a glance.
(2) These signs are segments of the circle and
straight lines, the length of the straight lines being
about one-sixth of an inch, and the distance between
the extremities of a curve should be the same.
(3) The consonant signs are written in the direc-
tions indicated, and the first fourteen are made alter-
nately light and shaded, to picture Whispered and
Voiced sounds. This ingenious distinction should be
taken advantage of in memorizing the sounds and their
signs.
(4) The liquids, L and R, the nasals, M, N,
LNG, and the breathing H, are less regularly formed ;
14 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I.
while S, Z, W and Y are very brief characters which
are termed appendages simply. Note particularly
the liquids, as they have repeated mention farther on.
(5) SH (shuh) is written upward or downward for
purely mechanical reasons. That direction is selected
which makes the better angular junction with another
sign, as illustrated below. When alone, SH is always
written downward.
duh-shuh guh-ghuli nuh-sliuh muh-shuli luli-shuh puh-shuh
U ~D. 3. <=J CL \1
(6) L standing alone is invariably written upward.
(7) In order to appreciate fully the consonant
sounds, words must first be reduced to their vocal ele-
ments. In the Diagram two names are applied to the
consonants, namely, the sound-name* and the con-
ventional-name. The former represents the con-
sonants as devoid of vowel modification as may be
possible. The Conventional name resembles the
regular alphabet, and is desirable for class-room use
after the student has attained some proficiency ; though
it should never be confounded with the consonants of
the common alphabet of letters.
(8) The vowels of the English language are A
E I O U and sometimes W and Y. The vowels
are not considered at this stage of study.
*The indefinite sound " uh " has been selected for this
nomenclature, because to speak a consonant requires sonic
vowel assistance, but the less it is like the common vowels
the more closely the combination approaches the primary con-
sonant. We presented this form of sound-name in 1886,
and have ever since used it with success as a convincing way
of "talking" the consonants.
STEP I.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 15
(9) Name the consonants and vowels in the fol-
lowing words ; and then, ignoring the vowels, give
its most primary sound to each consonant, speaking
the sound-name tuh, buh, kuh, vuh, as the case may
require :
r-o (tuh-oo) d-o (duh-oo) p-a (puh-ah) b-e
3(t)-ch
e(d)-ge
g-o
i-f
f-ie
e-gg
sh-e
th-e
th-y
m-e
a-sh
n-o
k-ey
y-e-t
t-u-b
b-a-d
nr-e-t
h-a-t
g-u-m
c-a-t
3h-a-p
ar-k
r-u-g
el-k
th-i-n
th-e-m
r-i-ug
sh-o-p
ii-s-u-al
e-v-e-n
ch-ea-p
g-e-m
ah-a-s-e
in-k
th-a-t
k-e-g
f-e(t)-ch
t-a-g
d-i-g
m-u-ff
Signs for the foregoing words :
1 \\
/ /.LI
....( J...U
Lu.
LLVL
C...U
XT,
s\ ^
A Ai
(L
^
. p
(10) Cultivate the habit of speaking the sounds
when both reading and writing. Do not confound
juh with guh, for it must be remembered that G (as
a letter) has both a hard and a soft sound, while J
has not. Note also that C of the alphabet is not
represented upon the Diagram, because C, hard, is
K ; and C, soft, S. Separate thuh clearly from
dthuh, and do not be diverted from the true sounds
by unsuggestive spelling. Forget spelling for the time
being !
16 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I.
(11) The first fourteen signs will be more readily
learned when the relations between them are under-
stood, viz. :
1. That two sounds uttered with the organs* of
speech in the same position are paired.
2. That one of each pair is a whispered sound,
and the other a voiced.
3. That the whisper is represented by a hair-line
character, and the voiced by a shaded one.
(12) The remaining sounds, and corresponding
signs, are less regular and suggestive, but are not
difficult to memorize. Remember that these characters
picture the phonetic (sound) elements of language,
and should appeal more to the ear than to the eye.
At the same time the eye does for the memory what
the ear (in this case) does for the understanding;
therefore it is essential that all the signs should be
written many times while being memorized. Each
should be known by its name, preferably the sound-
name at this step, and the names spoken as writing
progresses.
The attention of the student is directed to the
blackboard illustrations, which should be displayed
upon the walls, and which are intended to supplement
the scheme of study set forth in the Steps.
Also note the suggestions for typewriter practice in
Part III. Typewriting is acknowledged to be an
especially appropriate auxiliary to the practice of short-
hand writing, and if it is intended to use the latter in
a business way, the acquii'ement of a good style of
typewriting should take place coincidently with short-
hand study.
* The lips, teeth, tongue, palate or throat.
rilACTICAl, SHORTHAND.
17
(I.'!) Fill one or inure lines with each consonant
sign very carefully traced, as:
LLCLCLLCL
ooooooooo
OOOOOOOOO
CCCC
(14) ADVICE to STUDENT. Write the
whole scheme of signs in this way five times, or
until each character can be written in a satisfactory
manner.
18 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I.
(15) Always write shorthand with :v pen, because
of the shadiug required, and upon ruled paprr, using
the lines as a guide to direction. There is a penman-
ship to shorthand as well as to other writing. Hold the
pen-stock outside the index finger, as in ordinary
writing, but allow the top to point a little outward
from the shoulder. When executing the shaded charac-
ters juh r guh or ung, twist the pen-handle slightly
with the fingers, without moving the hand very much
from normal position.
(16) DEFINITIONS. A Stroke in short-
hand writing is a consonant sign with or with-
out appendages. The possible appendages are
suh (called also circle-S) , its loop modifications,
brief wuh or yuh, or the hooks.
A stroke commonly stands for a syllable
in simple (and theoretic) shorthand. This
book makes the syllable the unit of word
analysis, and the term STROKE will be used
with marked intent throughout these pages.
The followin characters are all Strokes :
(17) The stem is that part of the stroke to which
the appendages are attached.
(18) Write the length of each stroke one-sixth of
an inch, and draw the characters with scrupulous
exactness. Shade the straight strokes evenly through-
out, but taper the curves at the ends like examples
given. The curve should take the same direction
as a straight line extended between its extremes, and
be the same length as the straight line of similar
direction.
STEP I.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 19
(19) Write the stems only in the direction speci-
fied by the Diagram, thereby becoming able to identify
a stroke quite as much by its direction as by length
or thickness. Write slowly and with painstaking ; do
not lift the pen from the beginning to the end of a
stroke. Also have the stems of the same relative
length ; future legibility depends largely upon this.
(20) Repeat the writing and enunciation of the
simple stems and strokes thus far given until they
are pronounced perfect.
The student should be prepared to answer the
following questions, which are designed to furnish re-
view practice. Some are also a trifle eductive (draw-
ing out) in character :
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP I.
What scheme does the Diagram show? What descrip-
tive features of the consonants are shown? How many
consonant signs are given? What significance attaches to
the queer names tuh, duh, puh, buh? What do the conven-
tional names resemble? Is this scheme of signs at all like
an alphabet? Why not? What are the English vowels? Are
they considered now? Probably why not? Name a word
in which // is a vowel. Name the first fourteen consonant
signs in order. Describe the signs in their relations of
size, shape and direction. What is a whisper? A voice?
What is the sound of G in gpt? In germ?
What are the liquids? The nasals? The semi-vowels?
The breathing? Is the same sign used forSorZ? Is not
this a trifle strange? Name some other letters or sounds of
like character (C, K, J, G). Which sounds more like a hiss,
S or Z? Which like a buzz? Why are L and R called
liquids? What are the consonant sounds in schism,
sword, psalm? How many signs are given for wuh and
yuh? What is the difference between them? Is there any
difference except direction? Which 11 is used when it is
preceded by a vowel sound? Is it vowel or vowel sound we
should be particular to note? Which R is employed when a
vowel sound follows? Which L is used under similar
circumstances?
20 INSTRUCTION I\ [ STKP I.
What sound of language does huh represent? Docs
"huh " strike you as a good name for it? Does it at all re-
semble the hiss of a cat? Recite the consonant sounds,
lining the sound-name of the Diagram. Is II sometimes
called the aspirate? (Yes.) What are the consonant sounds
in bdellium, phthisic, Czar, quay ? Is there a marked dillcr-
ence between voiced and whispered sounds? How many of
the consonant signs are irregular in formation ; that is. not
paired? At what angle is tuh struck with reference to the
line? At what angle does chuh depart from tuh? At Avhat
angle does rnh or huh lift from knh? Spell //////<. <jhn*t.
throwjh, by sound. What are the consonants in Lhromjli .'
The vowels? Do the words gem and i/iun, suggest why
guh and juh are often confounded? Is it important to
speak the exact sounds while writing? Why? What is a
stroke? A stem?
Why write shorthand with a pen? Why use ruled paper?
How are straight strokes shaded? How curves? What
length of stroke should be fixed upon? What distance above
a line should never be exceeded? (Two-thirds the space
between the ruling.) How should the pen be held? Is it
necessary to disturb hand position very much to write guh
or ing? Is a fixed direction of strokes necessary? Why?
What primitive material are the signs snpposably derived
from? Are the curves longer than straight strokes?
What direction are kuh, guh, muh, nuh and ing written?
Huh? Is shuh invariably written downward? Why some-
times upward? How is L written when standing alone?
What helps to memorize the first fourteen siirus? Which
do you consider the better angle in the illustrations of shuh
joined to another stroke?
Does correct spelling assist any in determining the con-
sonant sounds? What are the organs of speech? What are
phonetics? What is an appendage? Name three. How
does the attitude of the pen-holder differ from the position
when writing long-hand? Name a few words containing
zshuh. A few containing guh or juh. A few containing
both guh and juh. What is a syllable? Name a syllable in
which II is followed by a vowel sound. Preceded. L
followed. Preceded. Name a word containing a stem and
an appendage. Do you understand thoroughly everything
in Step I.?
STEP II.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
21
STEP II.
TO JOIN CONSONANT STROKES:
(21) The signs which separately stand for sounds
(or strokes for syllables) are joined together to denote
words.
(-2-2) RULE: Join the beginning of the
second stroke (or sign) to the end of the first,
the third to the second in like manner, and so
on, taking care to trace each stem in its proper
direction, and not lifting the pen until the end
is reached. The resulting character is termed
an outline.
(23) As an exercise for preserving the exact di-
ivctiou and relations of stems, write the signs for the
following sounds, joining them as above directed, and
extending the outline after the fashion of these illus-
trations :
Write: Diik-kuh-slmh-nuh-ul. Kuh-nuh-suh-tuh-
nuh-tuh-nuh-puh-ul. Puh-luh-nuh-puh-tuh-
nuh-shuh-ruh. Suh-puh-ur-nuh-nmh-ruh-ruh.
Vuh-zuh-buh-luh. Nuh-vuh-nuh-suh-buh-ul.
Kuh-muh-puh-ruh-nuh-huh-nuh-suh-buh-ul.
Ruh-puh-ruh-huh-nuh-suh-vuh. Puh-ur-vuh-
ur-shuh-mih. Kuh-suh-puli-nuh-shuh-nuh.
Tuli-piih-ruh-tnh-ur. Shuh-ur-tuh-huh-nuh-
diili. Kuh-imili-ur-shuh-ul.
22 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP n.
(24) When in doubt, a simple way to disclose the
consonants of a word is to write it in letters, spelling
phonetically (by sound), dividing into correct sylla-
bles, and then cancelling the vowels and silent conso-
nants, like
^d-/-k/-sh/n, Sfi-lfii-ffl, Skfi-jty,
The part not cancelled is the consonant skeleton of
the word. Represent this skeleton by the appropriate
signs of the Diagram, joining them as the rule directs.
Always ignore silent letters, whether consonants or
vowels.
(25) A curved sign repeated must exhibit an
angle at the point of junction, but a repeated straight
stem is a double length, as
(26) Note the difference of incline to chuh and
rub. (see blackboard). Curves are made flat* rather
than arched. Any stroke may be slightly changed in
direction to invite a convenient junction, as
(27) The excitement of fast writing sometimes
leads to shading the wrong stroke ; that is, when
a darkened stem follows a light one the eager mind
anticipates, and the hand obeys the will. This should
* As the riirht line is the shortest distance between two
points, so the fluent curve is the one which more nearly
approaches the straight line.
STKI' II.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 23
not occur in slow writing if care be taken. Treat
consecutive light and heavy lines as follows :
T-D P-B K-G B-N Luh-iNG H-G M-iNG P-iNG
(28) In order to give the writing a good appear-
ance it may be well for the beginner to make the first
vertical stroke of any outline rest upon the line ;
although this is not absolutely necessary, the relation
of outline and ruling having no particular importance
until " position" is reached.
(29) Write the proper consonant skeletons for
the following simple words :
Cat dog pup hen pig rat path good
mum fife nun make bathe hat red pink
ship goal dish bush jail nap came can
shell babe mat Ned pipe map Tom pat
neck take tap food rode mud cup bat
cab lip dip lobe kid pug dim pad
The student should write each task at least five
times, correcting and revising after each writing ; then
hand to the teacher a nice copy of the last rendering.
(30) Copy the following shorthand outlines of the
above words many times :
24 INSTRUCTION IN [sTK.r II.
(31) The most diflicult part of primary shorthand
writing is to forget the spelling, and to represent the
exact consonant skeleton of a word. The eye has
commonly been trained to spell and to remember
spelling in the use of language; but in shorthand
writing the 'ear must be equally disciplined. Repre-
sent in shorthand the following unphonetic spelling :
Write : Duck laugh cough thumb etch gem
lamb image knack palm talk through catch
knave ache luck thatch knee judge Dutch
dumb gauge pity gnaw myth calm bank ditch
balm page vogue write edge enough loaf
tomb bouquet budge peach walk magic
(32) No reading will be required in this step,
because the vowel sounds are not indicated, and there-
fore the word outlines are incomplete. Yet, after
writing the next exercise it may be well to use the
notes for a reading lesson, just for practice in attain-
ing a quick recognition of the consonant signs.
(33) WRITING EXERCISE:
Peach cage cheap joke gig beach jug book
dip king muff ink fame peek mush nick
sham keep cane make hate came Jove voyage
theme damage chimney myth tomato drem
jamb potato meed gimp shaggy mob thing
boom shave main match name chum pang
junk Jamaica unpack memento coacli Pope
choke tobacco ticket cabbage pocket Clioctnu
tattoo nominee five dado enigma poppy
cuckoo main Nain haughty badge bang gong
phenomena feminine message
STK1' II.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 25
(34) WORD-SIGNS :
DEFINITION. A Word-sign is a sign for a
word; generally a part for the whole, resem-
bling longhand abbreviation. The more sug-
gestive the part, the better the word-sign.
(35) Word-signs appear for two reasons: (1) to
furnish brief outlines for the frequently recurring*
words of language; and (2) to provide fluent form
for those outlines which in full would exhibit awkward
elements.
(36) It has been the wont to consider word-signs
as necessarily an arbitrary creation. True some are,
but the majority are not, and thereby is shorthand
illuminated. It is believed a thorough appreciation
of the systematic word-sign study, underlying the
arrangement of these steps, will convince the most
skeptical that word-signs can be divested of half their
terrors, if presented properly and given reasonable
attributes. Purely arbitrary systems of shorthand
have not nourished alongside the phonetic idea, and
the arbitrary word-sign will gradually be superseded
by the suggestive one; all of which is in the direction
of reason and simplicity, which in shorthand stands
for speed and legibility.
(37) Word-signs are absolutely indispensable in
order to make shorthand practical : that is, equal to
the demands of business. The student should memo-
rize the word-signs exactly as presented, taking note
of their position with respect to the line, and the
nature and extent of abbreviation, as Avell as attracting
*From 1LT) to l.">0 words like Of bnt to when iiw
that (hi* //in/, etc., constitute fully one-half of ordinary
discourse or writing.
26 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP II.
to the task all the helps of suggestion and association
that may appear. The following examples are fnml
forms; in fact, a word-sign is not susceptible of
further abbreviation.
(38) SIMPLE STROKE WORD-SIGNSLIST 1 :
do
be have
will
shall was
* which
I
\ L
C
; )
/
them or they him or am
think
usual-ly
hope
( ^
(
;
\
are
you or your
yet
were
would for
^jX*
n
u
c
3 V_
(39) Learn the word-signs so they will be appre-
ciated by two faculties, the ear and the eye. Memorize
them thoroughly, having thought of their sounds, or
the resemblance of sound, and exerting as much
reason in the endeavor as may be needed ; then have
another test your knowledge in two ways first, by
asking what the word- sign is for such and such a
word ; and, second, by writing the word-signs and
asking what they stand for. Much writing of the
word-sign lists serves to fix them in the mind.
(40) The student should arrange each day's work
in a fair proportion of study of the principles,
writing words and sentences illustrative of the same,
reading shorthand from the book or blackboard, and
making a point to submit to the teacher the written
result of the day's labor, which same should be cor-
rected and returned the following day. At the same
time ask questions during the progress of the work, in
order not to remain long in error if any detail of Hie
subject is not understood. Cultivate the habit of self-
criticism. Write, correct, rewrite. Never knowingly
hand in an error.
*See characters of Step VI.
STEP II.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 27
(41) WRITING EXERCISE:
The following sentences are to be composed of the short-
hand material thus far given. Employ word-signs freely,
and write well. No mark of punctuation is necessary ; 01 "y
a blank space of about an inch between sentences.
Write these sentences also from dictation, and read them
without the key :
They are. Are you ? Will you have them ? Which
are due? Have hope. You shall have. They shall
be. Will have them. You would be. Which was for
him? They would thiuk. Will yet be. Will have
them thiuk. A,h ! your hope will be vain. Shall you
have them yet ? Usually they will have. Shall thiuk
they have. Will you have him do it? You hope they
were willing. Think they would have. They will
have him yet. Do they think you will be? Which
will usually do?
Your theme was good. Ned and Tom will have
money. It will be thorough. Unpack your tobacco
package. Which ticket will it be? Your gig will be
damaged. Do they usually have him for judge?
They hope your ship will make no voyage. They
gauged your keg. Your thatch was shaggy. Which
muff do you think cheap? Were your teeth good for
gum? Will you have him come? Which are you
willing they shall have? Would you have them go?
You will not get half you need. They hope you will
be here ('ere) Monday.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP II.:
How are word outlines formed of the consonant strokes?
What is the rule for joining strokes? Is there more than
one way to do this? How many directions does a stem
commonly have ? Is it proper to lift the pen before an
outline is linished ? What is an outline ? How long a word
outline can be written ? Can you make the outlines in Sec-
tion 28 stand for words ? What words ? What are pho-
netics ? What is spelling phonetically ? What is the
28 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IT.
simplest way to discover the exact sounds of a word ?
Spell imaijc, bouquet and lauijh by sound. Why are tbe
vowels stricken out of the words now considered ? Why
the silent letters ?
What is the consonant skeleton of a word ? How are
curved characters joined ? Straight ? At what angle does
clmh incline? Ruh ? Which is the quicker curve, a Hat or
an arched? Can the curvature or direction of a stroke be
changed ? How much ? And what for ? Why does a
writer sometimes shade the wrong stem ? What is the
consonant skeleton of nominee, typewriting, short Innid.'
Does English spelling assist in arriving at the exact sounds
of a word ? Which is exerted more in spelling, the eye or
the ear; that is, which helps the memory more ? Which in
writing phonetically ? Is reading the outlines required at
this stage? Can you read what you write? If not, why
not?
What is a word- sign ? What are word-signs for? Are
they difficult to learn? Are some easier than others ? Which
are the easier? Are word-signs necessary in shorthand
writing ? In what sense is the word practical used as
herein applied to shorthand ? What demand does business
make of shorthand ? Must practical shorthand be written
rapidly ? Must it be legible ? How are word-signs to be
learned ? Name five of the simple word-signs given. What
is the word-sign for hope., think, yet? Do all these word-
signs rest on the line ? Is this to be remembered ? What
sort of a mental process conduces to ease of shorthand
Avriting? What is the sign for usual S How would you
know when this same sign was made for usual I;/ .' Is
zshuh a common sound ? Name three words containing the
same sound.
What do 'ave, 'ope and 'im remind you of (Cockney dialect,
perhaps)? How can the same sign stand for you ar.d nnm-
him or am ? Are him and ant the same parts of speech
in grammar? Are they employed similarly in a sentence?
Then you would infer that different parts of speech will not
conflict if they have the same sign ? What position with
reference to the line is now recommended for outlines ?
Which stroke determines the position alluded to ? What is
a ' final form ? '.' How can word-signs best be memorized ?
What two ways are good for examining upon the word-
signs ?
Do you understand fully all the teachings of Step II.?
STKP III.] PRACTICAL SUOKTIIAND. 29
STEP III.
CIRCLE-S AND MODIFICATIONS:
( \'2) Thus far the characters have been principally
linear, but circle-S (or /) and brief wuh and yah
merit special consideration.
(!.")) The small circle () is in this step written
mostly in the evolnte, or unrolling, direction (see
blackboard), and is always read first when
initially applied. Remember also that S is read
last when written last.
(41) Mechanically considered wuh and yuh are
apparent I j halves of . They are presented in two
si in pcs for convenience in securing good angular junc-
tion with the strokes to which they may be applied.
(45) Note particularly that circle-S and the brief
wuh and yuh forms are only appendages, to be
joined to consonant stems as a component part of a
stroke.
(1C) RULE. Circle-S (or Z*) is written
(1) On the right side of upright stems.
(2) On the upper side of horizontals (run
and huh being classed as such).
(3) On the inside of curves.
* The small circle occasionally stands for Z in final
.situations.
30 INSTUUCT1ON IN [STEP III.
EXAMPLES :
sF Ds sCH Ts Ks sG Us Hs sV sN sTH
A
This is S attached to a simple stem, and entirely
unsyUabic.
(47) Circle-S between two curves, or followed by
a curve, conforms generally to the direction of the
second stroke ; as
noiseless nasal atheism facile pianissimo for-same
Exception might be made in cases of extreme
awkwardness.
(48) Circle-S between straight strokes that make
an angle is turned outside the angle. This is de-
manded as a law of motion, irrespective of rules to
the contrary.
bask passage task Jessica paschal discuss risk
_JL J-
(49) Write : Does said pass (pas) sap puss
sell loose choose sage sod gas sit tease
face seem nice miss seen hiss some sash
soothe save sign smoke vase fix (x is A'*)
sing sand chase case despise Jessop sake
soap dusk gossip miser wrestle basic passive
vassal misseth desk facile atheism nicely passage
missile lessen moisten
STKl' III.] PRACTICAL SIIOKTHAND. 31
(50) Rule : \Vuh and yah join to the strokes
at an angle, like
wit weak yoke wing you whip yell Yates
(51) Exception: Except that wuh (only wuh)
attaches to the signs for L, M, N, R, in imita-
tion of a hook. Always upward R and L ; never the
downward.
when well one where whim worth work whelp
.^ C *~*. *f.. .0. </{..</^:...C^.
(52) The following are to be regarded as ex-
ceedingly improper joinings of wuh and yuh. The
student should note them carefully, and be warned.
C. ...... C. ...... C
(53) Although wuh and yuh may be written in
two directions, the involute and evolute, preference
should be given the latter. Avoid junctions like the
following, when such are wholly unnecessary :
weed wish yoke watch wife weep
......... I .............. }. ............ _ ............ Z ............. C .............. \ ........
(54) Wuh and yuh may be disjoined in rare
cases when absolutely inconvenient to attach them.
(55) Circle-S intiy be .written within either wuh
or yuh, like
sweet Swede swell swear swan twice yes-sir
....] ........ I ....... C ....... c/ ........ <u ........ 1 ........ *__
32 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP III.
(50) When the letters W and Y precede a vowel in
a word, they represent consonant sounds. In the next
step it will be shown when W and Y are vowels.
(57) Write: Wake weep web weed wag
yak wink yank wear yacht wife sweet weave
withe swash when* (wen)' swim woof whim*
wash wagon went once yam weight unwell
word wheat* whiff wasp whack wheel twice
unworthy wool twain weary wax PMwin work
wind swap unwieldy swing swollen yours
(yuh-s) queen qualm bewail dwell quell
yellow Wednesday acquire square Ipswich warm
equipage squall ammonia equinox insignia
unison inquest twist maniac young euphony
Europe eulogy nephew twig Dwight unique
MODIFICATION OF CIRCLE-S:
(5K) The addition of the sound of T or 1) (tuh
or duh) to the sound denoted by the circle-S may be
indicated by a small loop, called the st-loop, or
stuh.
pass passed days dazed save stave
V :> I I C L...
(50) A further sound of R is added by enlarging
the loop. This larger loop is called the str-
loop, or ster.
past pastor boast boaster fast faster
* The aspirate (huh) is not written in words beijmnini?
ich, as legibility is not impaired by its omission.
STKI' III.J I'KAOTICAL SIIOKTIIAM). 33
. (60) T\vo sounds of S or Z (i.e., ses, sus, sis,
etc.)? ZS or SZ, are denoted by enlarging the circle.
This is called the ses-circle, or ses.
fuss fusses base bases lace laces
......... L ............ L ............. \, ............. No ......... C. ............ <?_ ......
(61) A third sound of S is represented as follows
(also S after a loop) :
excesses possesses recesses tests posters masters
(62) Cautions. Double-S in spelling is not
necessarily two sounds of S. Be governed solely by
the sounds.
The use of stuh initially on straight strokes (more
especially light lines) is of doubtful -value, because
mechanically difficult* to execute and preserve legi-
bility.
If proof of the above were needed, let the student wcite
very rapidly the words step, stock, state, employing the
loop for sf, when it will be demonstrated that the pen move-
ment has an almost irresistible tendency to turn straight
stems into curves. On the other hand shaded straight
strokes are less liable to be so affected, and words like stuli,
stui/. stni/e, can conform to theory and be written with the
loop. Curved stems are obviously unaffected, and admit the
stuh-loop invariably.
Stuh primarily stands for st or ftd in the same
syllabic stroke ; another syllable would require the
addition of tuh or duh.
Ster (str) should never be used initially.
* The tendency of expert stenographers to write words
like jn'i iist'i! with the stroke-D for the past tense shows
that the motion required for the loop is displeasing, even
when linal; confirming the opinion that it is more a matter
of dynamics than of shorthand theciVy.
34 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP III
(63) WRITING EXERCISE:
Past best pieces guesses feast stone pieced
just stitch state paused stage coaster Chester
host jester lest Hester most hisses success
guest toaster Nestor stakes losses amazed
castor advised sashes seems must steam sense
abscesses ' stems Sussex suggest masses Lester
lobster decisive Dexter postal mastiff justify
ensilage successes songster misses diseases
investor register sausage system Sisyphus
destiny thesis tests Moses bases buster
necessaries Jesus season youngster successive
hazed insist Mississippi testify schism Susan
staff Texas roosters possessor
(64) WORD-SIGNS LIST II.
special subject necessary fl.-st steuograph-y-er mistake
' \ \ vQ
next
system as or has
come, Co.
without
.....e...
e
her
several soon
this i
t
^
P
^k X. _s
c
(65) The plural of word or word-sign forms is
denoted by attaching the circle-S, which also can
stand for the affix self, as
subjects systems mistakes himself herself yourselt
...\> t. STXrr?. ^>. J ....
8TKP III.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 35
(66) A word- sign can constitute a part of the
outline of a derivative word :
specially unusual severally mistaken unnecessary willing
READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 1 :
(This and subsequent reference to blackboard to be
observed when the teacher prepares illustrations according
to the accompanying exhibit of Blackboard Suggestions.)
(67) PHRASES :
Definition. A phrase in shorthand consists
of two or more word outlines joined. Phrasing
is done to facilitate speed, and when that is accom-
plished the practice is warranted ; otherwise not. Natu-
ral phrases, almost unconsciously written, are useful ;
but phrasing must be cultivated coincideutly with other
procedure. In furtherance of that idea, a few common-
place phrases will be presented in the following steps.
More extended remarks regarding phrasing as an
artistic and valuable development of shorthand writing
will appear near the close of this volume.
(68) SIMPLE PHRASES I.:
you-will would-be you-are shall-have
will-be must-be hope-you-will
as-soon-as as-yct you-ina\
Q-9 * r^->....
36 INSTRUCTION IX [STKI' III.
(69) WRITING EXERCISE:
(Write these sentences slowly and carefully, remembering
to apply the principles, suggestions, word-signs and phrases
thus far learned. Prepare a neat paper specifying the step
and section number. Submit same to teacher for correc-
tion, never consciously handing in an error. Use the
sentences for dictation practice when they can be accurately
written.)
It will soon be necessary. This special stenographer
himself. Which will you wait for? They hope this
subject will be as you desire. Stenographers have
special systems. Necessary facility comes soon
enough. Edward's first subject was ''Ensilage."
Suggest some special system. Several testify for
him. Hester raised it herself. Atheism has some
lessons. Several seasons have passed. Yes, as usual,
though you may think her system unnecessary. Have
him sweep off this wax. Edwin's nasal passage was
stopped. Wash this wool when you think it necessary.
Jesse's system has passed best tests. As soon MS
you come you may have him know it. Dexter regis-
tered by mistake. You will have him do it well, won't
you? Last month Bessie's weaving was unworthy.
They are coming as usual next season. Twain's
whim was specially funny. Do you think Wednesday
will be soon enough? It shall be done, though
Winnie was unwilling. This unwieldy subject has
some sage sense.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP III.:
What is the small circle for S called? What else? In what
direction does the pen move when circle-S is written ! Is
this a familiar motion ? Where do you see it illustrated?
How do wuh and ynh resemble circle-S? Are they written
similarly? Are these characters strokes? Why are two
directions of wuh and yuh presented? When is S read in
an outline? Is there anything peculiar about this? Is an
appendage usually considered before its principal stroke?
(It is not.) When is S read last? How is S attached to
STKT III.] PRACTICAL SHOKTHAXD. 37
upright stems? How to horizontal? How to curves? How
formed between two curves? How between straight strokes
that make an angle? How between T and D or P and B?
What law governs the place of the S outside an angle?
What other use has S? How is self indicated?
How are wnh and ynh joined to strokes? Any exceptions
to this practice? What phonetic quality have L and K?
( Liquids. ) Is wnh ever attached to clownward-ll or down-
wan 1-L? Why not? (The form will conflict with a later
principle.) (\inSbejoinedtowuhandyuh? How? What
does the word "modification" mean? How is circle-S
changed in form? What is Stub? What does it stand for?
What isSter, and its meaning? How is clonble-S indicated?
How two sounds of S? Does English spelling have any force
in the matter? Does the same sign stand for SZ, ZS, ZZ,
etc.? What is it called? What does it look like? How
many times larger is it than circle-S? (Five.) How is a
third sound of S denoted? S after a loop?
How would the words hawd, chased, cased, be written?
The words 1nisie<l, msf;/, elicit/ What is the caution with
regard to the loops? is it a matter of theory, or does it
relate to practical writing? Why should expert writers
sometimes use a stroke when the loop is called for?
Why does stuh, initial or final, attach better to a shaded
stroke than to a light? Is stuh employed when another
syllable is needed? How is the plural number of a word-
sign denoted? Does this differ from the usual procedure?
l'an the word-signs enter into the make-up of other word
outlines?
What is a phrase? What docs phrasing amount to? Are
phrases readily made? Always? Do they come by inspira-
tion? How is facility is phrasing acquired? Mention a
simple phrase. Is it time wasted at this stage to invent
phrases? (Yes.) Do the right kind of phrases hasten
speed? Why?
Write on the blackboard any bad joinings of wuh or yuh
with another sign. What motion, involute or evolute, is it
preferable to give to wnh and yuh? Which of these motions
is like that of the hands of a clock? How are the words
<'!,<. n-liijT. n-lnii-k, written? Where lies the difficulty in
writing the outlines of unirichlly, inm-dl, ninr,,rthy? How
would yon write hrim/l. <l"-i'U, </iti/ / What is the single
word that defines the law of motion? (Dynamics.)
Have yon committed to memory the word-signs of Steps
II. and ILL?
448596
38 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IV.
STEP IV.
THE VOWELS AND VOWEL PROCEDURE:
(70) Definition. A vowel is a free, voiced sound
made with the vocal organs more or less without con-
tact. Only twelve vowel sounds are utilized, although
this is obviously but a partial* exhibit. However,
the following signs are sufficient for all practical
purposes in shorthand writing. Vowels are repre-
sented by dots and dashes disjoined, and made shaded
or light according to the strength of the sound.
(71) The vowel signs are divided into four groups,
the same sign serving in each group, which is placed
to (beside) the consonant stroke in three positions,
the difference of place indicating the variation of sound.
(72) LONG VOWEL SCALE:
LOXG 1 e like ee in fee
DoT 2 a " ay " lay V (. / medial 5 position.
VOWEL SIGNS: 3 Sir " ar " far
I,OXG 1 Sw like aw in maw f~^ initial
DASH 26 " ow " mow sf^ medial I position.
VOWKL SIGXS: 3 Co " oo " moo" ^ final )
It will be noted that the above are all shaded signs,
standing for extended vowel utterance. The " long "
vowel is one that can be indefinitely sounded.
(73) The same vowel sign is used for words like
pa, palm, ah, as for far, park, yard, though the latter
class (in which a is followed by ?) far outnumbers the
other. A proper rolling of the r apparently modifies
*A alone is said to have nine delicate shades of sound :
five are common.
STEP IV.]
PKACTICAL SHORTHAND.
39
the sound of the a. In some sections * of the United
States par is pronounced like pa, no sound of r being
heard. Good pronunciation demands a slight rolling
of the r, though as far as shorthand is concerned the
above vowel indication is sufficient.
(74) SHORT VOWEL SCALE:
SHORT i
DOT 2
VOWEL SIGNS : 3
like i
SHORT
DASH
VOWEL SIGNS
initial )
medial 5 position.
final )
initial )
medial > position.
final )
(75) The figures in the above groups indicate
initial, medial or final position, with reference to the
consonant stroke. The words and outlines for illustra-
tion will make this plain. The beginning of a stroke
is always first position for the applied vowel sign. A
precise direction of strokes is necessary.
(7G) EXAMPLES OF APPLIED VOWEL SIGNS :
key wake make
Shah wrought rope soup set switch wick sack
sash
up
J
whoop watch shoo caw
\ \ i j -
* Some New Yorkers (and the same is true of certain
sections of the South) give to the r such an excess of trill
that it seems as though a vowel foreign to the word followed
it. This provincialism makes of bird bitr-yid, of earth
ur-yith, murder mur-yider, and heard hnr-yid.
40 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP IV.
EXAMPLES Conti* tied :
talk oath soap slioe post jib etch
The position of vowel signs between two strokes
will be explained further on in this step.
(77) A singer sounding the intervals of music
runs up the "do, ra, me, fa" scale until the desired
note is reached. When seeking for the vowel sound
of a word, the shorthand student should sing the E
A AR AW O GO I E A O U OO-
vowel scale until he has such a clear idea of the sound,
sign and sign position, that he can instantly apply his
knowledge.
(78) Recite the correct vowel sounds in the fol-
lowing words :
Note not beat fat niay fate fix top food
good but that took fed sad soot off map
hid did pet hot let gag sum mean gate
harm root cart food part ask fall soft
aught said Shah laugh pea eight neigh soak
dough Stella gnaw ache knee thaw brew
deaf true daub taught.
The learner is recommended to select a variety of
words, and strive to utter with exactness their sounds,
both consonant and vowel.
(79) Exceptional. In the foregoing vowel scale
there is no provision for the vowels of words like <u'r,
err, whole, pair, her, etc. This is understood (see
Sect. 70), and such words are to be represented by the
signs of the sound of nearest resemblance, as
air err whole sir mare worm
.3. ....... 3. ......... r.
STI-'.r IV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 41
(-SO) Circle-S and brief wuh and yiih have no
vowel position, being merely appendages. They are
always rcarJ first when attached to the beginning of a
stroke, and if a vowel occurs it is applied and read
with reference to the stroke as a whole.
VOWEL BEFORE OR AFTER A STROKE :
(.si) RULE. A vowel sound heard before
a consonant is written before the stroke ; i.e., at
the left of an upright, and above a horizontal.
A vowel after a consonant is placed at the right
of vertical strokes and below horizontals.
(See examples under Section 76.)
(s2) The above is not a precise statement. The
actual procedure is to write the consonant outline
first, and then place the vowel signs, whether
they are to appear before or after the stems.
(83) WRITING EXERCISE:
(Insert all vowel signs according to the sound, and
not the spelling. )
Ate ought eat art oat aim tar toe char
hoe shoe foe seethe doe sooth once ache
watch since such knee neigh thaAv though
sad stop soup stain gnaw Yates own owing
ode oath awed eve ebb itch owed ash soak
she tease dose seed seat pass piece guesses
pester pieces stage hisses host poster mosses
want sweep weave fuss hay axe jaw odd
Joe Shaw obey wages Opie ado aha census
Eph pause noses Jay eighty chaise egg show
into switch face sting whip web echo Webster
steam sake wept stove widow wave dazed
sum lost musters thesis Swede stem roses
test spaced ashy lest oxen sixty safety stucco
42 INSTRUCTION IN [.STEP IV.
(84) READING EXERCISE :
L/J.1.1LJ ..... ;
I \
h.A
(85) There is no particular need of indicating the
vowel that is understood within the ses character.
The common words, like same, /s, o?r, w/.sf, etc.,
in the foregoing reading exercise, will further on have
word- sign forms ; so but little attention need now
be paid to them except as instruments to teach the
vowels.
(8G) VOWEL SIGNS BETWEEN STROKES:
Vowels before and after single consonant strokes
have already been noted. A vowel between two
strokes that represent a word of one syllable takes
three situations :
1. First position vowels are written (in correct
place) after the first stroke, as
beat feet heat bit tit fiit
SIT.l' IV.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
43
2. Second position vowels are written after the
first stroke if long; but before the second if short,
.as
bait
fate
hate
but
shut
hut
fe_*] \
3. Third position vowels are written before the
second stroke, as
bat
hat
foot
hood
* In other words, all first and all long second posi-
tion vowels are applied to the first consonant ; and
every other vowel to the second ; the design being
to make the place of the vowel show its character,
even if the dot or dash be carelessly written.
* This is the traditional rule, formulated for a time when
vowels were more used than now. The treatment we would
surest for this situation is this :
Rule. A vowel sign occurring between two strokes that
stand for a syllable should be written in proper position after
the first stroke, when convenient ; otherwise, before the
second stroke. The measure of convenience may be illus-
trated as follows :
take cool rang dash depth rap
look
catch
7
the endeavor being to keep the Towel out of angles
and ambiguous positions; and that accomplished, all fur-
ther effort may end.
44 INSTRUCTION IN [sTEr IV.
(87) Where two strokes stand for two syllables,
the vowel sign is applied to the stroke of its syllable,
as
poet poem Leon Cayenne Cohen bevy coda
(88) WRITING EXERCISE:
(Always execute the full consonant outline first,
and then apply the vowel signs.)
Tip deep fat fade mark meek feed took
book did read can look been done road
foot ship note sham rude boat that much
made get good rush push ditch shock leave
leech shook lave patch depth latch vim vex
hark botch match tax thick tub teetli kith
chin kin chat knit lady* many Effie Emma
Annie Eddie Abbie papist memento gummy
tobacco funny mimic sesame invest symphony
dusky twit Memphis dusty late receipt fishy
evade showed nail route theme lathe towage
thief piano fasten muscle
For words like Emma and Annie write as many
strokes as there are syllables, and vowelize according
to Sect. 87.
(89) Use a pen for all these exercises, selecting
one not so pliable as to shade too broadly. Since the
advent of reliable fountain pens the pencil has become
unpopular for shorthand, not only because pen notes
are superior in point of legibility, but because con-
tinued use of the pencil hurts other penmanship.
* Note that final // has the vowel sound of i. In the words
one and once the vowel takes the sound of wuh. These are
peculiar aspects of w and y.
STKI* iv.] :M:ACI icAi, SHORTHAND. 45
(1)0) READING EXERCISE:
Proper nouns arc distinguished from ihe i;ias> of words
by tlic underscore.
READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 2.
(1)1) REMARKS:
After the consideration of one more principle
(diphthongs), the student will have shorthand material
sullicient to represent all the sounds of language, so
that word outlines can be read ; which leads to the
remark that everything written should be read, and
read many times in order to acquire perfect familiarity
with every step. Write the same thing many times.
Read that writing many times. Shirk nothing. These
tasks cannot be dwelt upon too long or too assiduously.
('.1 2) Do not lift the pen ofteiier than necessary.
Make each consonant outline entire before removing
the pen from the paper. Much of the procedure of
this immual is in the direction of avoiding foolish pen
liftings. A pertinent illustration of this will be found
in the use of the ticks in Step V. ; and the early dis-
carding of the vowel sign obviates much pen lifting.
46 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IV.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP IV.:
What is a-vowel? Ho\v many are mentioned in this step?
How are they represented? Do these dots and dashes bear
any resemblance to other shaded and light characters? Is
there a design in so indicating the vowels? There are how
many dot-vowel signs? How many clash? Name the long
dot-vowels. The long dash. The short dot. The short dash.
Name all the first position vowels. Where is first position?
Does it have anything to do with the ruling of the paper?
Name four of the third place vowels. How many more are
there? How many shades of sound is voweJ-a said to have?
Name three words containing dash vowel signs. Name throe
containing the short-dot signs. What do the figures refer
to in Sects. 72 and 74? Does spelling appear to regulate the
vowel sounds? How are the "exceptional" vowels repre-
sented? (Sect. 79.)
How would you pronounce Noah, Eva, EUa. J How is the
vowel read when written before a stroke containing wuh?
Then wuh is really a consonant without vowel limitation?
Which are written first in an outline, the consonants or
vowels? A vowel read before a consonant is how written?
Which side of an upright stroke? Which side of a horizon-
tal? How about curves? Are the vowel signs ever joined
to the consonant? Is it necessary to indicate the vowel
within ses? What is the best way to discover the vowel
sounds of a word? What is the vowel " scale " ? Sound it.
Do vowels between two strokes have a fixed or variable
position? What governs the position? Do the syllables
have anything to do with it? What is the rule for first posi-
tion vowels? For second? For third? Why is such pains-
taking demanded? What will it amount to when vowels are
discarded? When is y a vowel? Give a few examples.
How would you Avrite Annie to make it differ from Ann?
Eddie from Ed? Emma from Em? What is the rule?
When two vowels occur between two strokes, what is
done? There are probably how many syllables? Then the
syllable idea really settles the question? Which is prefer-
able to use, a pen or a pencil? What is a foolish pen-
lifting? Sing the vowel " scale."
STKP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 47
STEP V.
DIPHTHONGS :
(93) Definition. The diphthong is a double
vowel. There are four diphthongs, namely :
AI, OI, EU (EW) and OU (OW)
(94) Diphthongs have two positions AI and
OI first, and EU and OU third ; and they are
generally placed to the consonant stroke like the
vowel signs, through occasionally attached.
EXAMPLES:
AI OI EU OU hive ahoy pew vow poise bough
JOINED DIPHTHONGS:
few iron idea height Hyson cue eyes bow
1 1 ^ -, * \
DIPHTHONG WORD-SIGNS :
I ayeorhili new how now
V
>-/ A -....V*i
(95) WRITING EXERCISE:
Toys pews aisle file vices noises ally
(ul-luh) spice sky avoid dew rouse ounce
Idaho lieu Ohio mew accuses Hugh
amuses China voice houses eying highness
high sliced shyster ivy desire voyage vouch
review couch nephew widely chew annoy
moist ahoy hew hoister juices argue Depew
rescue feud hourly bureau writhe
48 1XSTKI.XTION IX [SHOT V.
(96) READING EXERCISE:
V
\
\ ^ i T
I ... P _ -Oi I.
r
(97) THE TICKS:
Definition. The tick is the shortest linear charac-
ter in shorthand writing, being in length less than
half a stroke. Signs so small demand certainty of
direction and nicety of attachment when joined.
(98) The ticks are introduced to stand for fre-
quently* recurring words, and their quality of being
joined saves pen lifting.
(99) The or he is denoted by a light tick-
executed in the direction of chub, or puh ; that is,
obliquely with reference to the line, not to the stroke
to which it is attached, as
the-dog the-cat he-will he-may lic-luis as-he
f <
L
the-subject the-match the-same he-would the-hat
* C. C. Beale reports that in 180,000 words, covering all
kinds of matter, counted and classified, the and he occurred
9,'JGO times, and a and and 7,598 times. By comparison, a
few other words approaching them in frequency were : for,
3,3!)4; have, 2,304; to, 4,920; we, 4,050; you, 7,530.
STEP V.] riiACTICAL SHORTHAND. 41)
(100) A, an and and are denoted by a tick
written in the direction of tub or kuh ; that is,
upright or horizontal with reference to the line.
a-dog a-cat ami-will and-may an-axe an-atom
I -
and-this and-o and-a and-the a-hat a-rate
(101) As the examples indicate, these ticks are
joined,* and really make a phrase form, with the
word denoted by the tick as the first member. Al-
ways write the tick first, and read it first. Standing
for actually another word, the tick takes precedence
(in reading) of even the circle-S. The use of S-tuh
initially, instead of stuh, favors the joining of a
tick.
(102) Another feature of the tick (see 101) is
that it can be joined, if need be, to the preceding out-
line, thereby becoming the second member of the.
phrase so formed. Whether the tick shall be joined
to the preceding or following outline is governed by
convenience. The single stroke word-signs are com-
monly followed by the tick, as
in-thc for-the have-the by-thc which-he
(,
* 111 rare cases, where a fluent junction would be im-
possible, a tick-word hcy'uininy a sentence may be denoted
by a tick disjoined.
50 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP V.
(103) The two directions of the ticks are granted
to secure good angles at the point of attachment,
which gives rise to the following remark :
(104) Angles in shorthand. It is well to ap-
preciate, even at this step, the importance of good
angles at the junction of strokes. There is this dis-
tinction of angles, the acute is good, the obtuse is
bad, the right angle is indifferent. The acute angle
is termed good, because speedy writing has no effect
upon its character. The obtuse is less desirable,
because it is likely to degenerate into a curve when
rapidly written. The angle as a " study" in shorthand
writing is of exceeding interest ; it lias the most to do
with the difference between theoretical and practical
shorthand.
(105) The ticks make urgent demand for good
angles ; therefore two considerations are paramount
when the tick is to be joined, 1st, the best angle
when a choice is had of two directions; 2d, a forward
direction of pen movement. If both cannot be secured,
the quick (acute) angle is the more to be desired.
(106) TICK JOININGS :
Quick angles /~v...V> ..... | __ \ ........ / _____ ^/ < /....
Slow angles
J \_^_ ^ / -^ ^
(107) TICK WORD-SIGNS:
who
all already ought of or on to but should whom
\ I / \ I /
STKP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 51
The tick word- signs are not commonly joined to
long outlines, though occasionally to the single stroke
word-signs when the form will not ch.sh with the
other signification of the tick, i.e., he, the, and, etc.
of-such of-this on-this of-them to-him
I. t
to-\vhoin too-many to-which shoulcl-be it-sh'd-be
(108) TlCK PHRASES:
Of-the, to-the, and-a, and-the, etc., which are
purely tick phrases, are better joined together than
to the preceding or following stroke, in order that
these minute characters may be given a workable size.
Therefore, always phrase the ticks when possible,
and at quick angles.
of-the to the on-the he-should and-a and-the
On and should are written upward ; forward direc-
tion and phrasing demand this.
In the mental picture of what is to be written the
tick forms an integral part of the whole outline. If
the writer misses attaching one where it was intended
to go, let him not go back and " touch up," but apply
to the following stroke.
(109) POSITION:
Two notions of position prevail in -shorthand.
( )ne has already been noted, namely, the place or
position of the vowel sign beside the consonant stroke.
52
INSTRUCTION IN
This is vowel position, and has sole reference to the
outline. Another view is that of strokes and outlines
with respect to the line written upon. This is outline
position. The two ideas blend into one when vowels
are discarded. Until then the word-signs only will
illustrate outline position.
(110) For the easier mastery of the word-signs
they will be often represented in groups ; that is,
the same sign in three positions (1) above (2)
upon, and (3) across (or below) the line.
GROUP WORD-SIGNS List I. :
\2
be,
object
1
3
to-be
1
1
time
2
it
3
at,
mt
.//
1
/.. 2
each
which
/ /
' 3
much
M
1
if
V
( 2
for,
fact
V. 3
half
)>
^ 1
here
_ ,
.^\ 2
her
' 3
our
/" 2 \vill
.' /TT.... 3 whole, allow
1 ever
'2 have
3 however
1 these
2 tliis
3 those, thus
1 we-are
2 where
3 a ware
wish, she
shall
issue
It will be noted that the most common word rests
upon the line, which is the natural attitude for writing.
The positions of the others will have to be considered
more or less arbitrary until that matter can be viewed
from a more rational standpoint. For the time behi";
memorize the group word-signs, seeking to know each
by its place as much as by its form, and employ them
carefully in the writing exercises which follow the re-
spective lists.
READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 3.
STEP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 53
(111) FURTHER COMMON WORD-SIGNS III. :
I
... because
. c
is or his we or with
..V .... happy -what
^ s \j
when ye or y ear
~7~... common beyond
shall-be this-is this-is-to-be
(112) WRITING EXERCISE:
This choice must first be taken. You will have
no home next year. Avoid foul-mouthed youth, but
may thy choice be nice boys. Who abused him so
foully? New spice is necessary for the best pies. At
what time should I come? Be up and awake while
the day is young. I will ride whenever and wherever
you desire. Avoid resigning yourself to his power.
Your wine would be well enough if you were willing
to do what was right with it. A reward will be paid
for all work well done. Where we are aware of a
mistake your words won't be worth much. Too many
are annoyed by this noise. A moist season makes the
rye look well. Soon he will come witli them or with
you. If you wish you may come now. I will do
whatever (what -j- ever) you advise me to do.
54 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP V.
* You must wake early and leave for Watson,
where your son awaits you. The Swede swore he
would switch the boy who stole his money. As he
was walking on the beach a big wave wet his shoes.
SUGGESTION AND COMMENT:
The student should read shorthand aloud as a daily
exercise. The reading of English in the common
schools is a matter of regular practice, in order tluit
facility may be gained in the management of pro-
nunciation, inflection, and all that pertains to good
elocution.
Not less should shorthand be read, but for the dif-
ferent purpose of training the eye to a quick recogni-
tion of the forms. If such reading is aloud, the
critical student will not be satisfied with a halting,
garbled version of his notes, but strive for a fluent
and accurate rendering, and so acquire perfect fa-
miliarity with the characters.
There is no reason why shorthand slowly written
should not be as legible as print; and it will be if thr
writer executes proper outlines, and learns to know
them at sight.
The zigzag mark thus far employed for the under-
score may be considered the m-dash of stenography.
It may usurp the office of the dash (or hyphen) when
written between characters, or it may serve for the
parentheses when made to enclose phrases. Placed
beneath an outline, it may indicate a desire for em-
phasis or call particular attention to a new or 'technical
word in unfamiliar matter.
*The starred sentences are quoted, Avith permission,
from ANDREW'S GUADED SENTENCE BOOK, published by H..L.
Andrews, Pittsburg, Pa.; and while acknowledging the obli-
gation, we warmly recommend the student of shorthand to
procure the book for study auxiliary to any system.
STEP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 55
(113) READING EXERCISE:
(After reading the follow ing sentences enough to become
thoroughly familiar with every character, copy the outlines
at least Jive times for practice in shorthand penmanship.
See Step VI. for the new stroke which begins the second
sentence.)
^
L
J
_L i i i c
)
c r ^
?..... A. ...V <^> LTT-.
\ ( r ILL
I ( > ^ . J
REVIEW QUESTION STEP V.:
What is a diphthong? How many are there? What posi-
tions do they take? Which are first position? Which third?
Is there a diphthong sound in the words ml turf. >nitnn\
lin-ratnre.S Are diphthongs ever joined to strokes? Name
the diphthong word-signs. Do the appendages of recic and
now appear to be parts of the diphthong signs?
What is a tick? How long is a tick? Are ticks ever
shaded? Is the direction of the ticks for he, the, a, an and
and important? Is it convenient to attach a tick to a stroke
beginning with the St-loop? Is the tick joined always to
the following outline? What governs this? Name a tick
word-sign. Is the tick word-sign ever shaded? Name the
shaded ones. Why are some placed above the line? How
can the same tick stand for both he and thi'S An and mxl?
Are outlines of different parts of speech likely to conflict?
(They are not.) Mention a few such cases already pre-
sented. (You and your, him and am, ye and year.) What
direction does the the-tick take with reference to the line?
Does the direction of a stem influence the direction of the
tick? What is the direction of the and- tick? Why is
an option given of two directions? Do angles have any
bearing? Are angles important in shorthand? Why is
legibility enhanced by proper angles? Which is the best
angle? Which the worst? Are forward strokes desirable?
Which the better, a quick angle or a forward stroke?
Illustrate, a bad angle. What direction are on and should
written? Of, to, but, who, ought? Why are who and umjht
written downward? Name a few tick phrases.
What is position? How many notions of position pre-
vail in shorthand? What is the first notion of it? What the
second? Are they allied? What illustrates the first idea?
What the second?
What is a group word-sign? Give an example. How
many in a group? Which word takes the position on the
line generally? What is third position? Do the vowels
fix the position of all these word-signs? What are the signs
and positions of the words issue, a//""', liftlf.' Are the word-
signs more readily learned in groups?
STO1> VI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 57
STEP VI.
(114) ADDITIONAL CONSONANTS:
Sound
Sign. Name.
Conventional
Name. Power and Use
^ ^
fe / Sub
Es S in Es-py Pi-ous
\
/.... Znb
Zc Z " Zc-ro Ra-7ee
P
3 ..7... Wuh
Way W " Way, Sway,
West
ja
c f-
^ V... Yuh
Yav Y " Yea. Yost.
Y ab or
These strokes are rarely used except initially and
finally.
(115) Syllables. The appearance of the vowel
leads to the first notion of syllabic representation in
shorthand writing, because a vowel is the simplest
form of the syllable. A single consonant cannot be a
syllable, and the more common syllables consist of a
vowel and a consonant.
(116) Syllabic treatment of word outlines is
greatly conductive to legibility. One reason for this
is that the habit is early formed to" look upon words as
combinations of syllables ; and if the shorthand out-
line can be made to imitate this structural feature, the
eye comprehends the meaning of the form thus graphi-
cally pictured.
(117) GENERAL RULE. "When con-
sidering the outline for a word, write a. stroke
for a syllable, as far as may be possible. This
is the principle underlying the word forms and
writing procedure of this manual.
58 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1> VI.
(118) The need of a stroke form for S, Z, wuh
and yuh is incidental to syllabic outline formation,
and its use produces the variety of outline needed to
prevent conflict of words.
(119) RULE FOR STROKE-S:
Employ the stroke-S, i. e.)> when S is the
only consonant sound in an initial or final
syllable. Stroke-S might appropriately be termed
Syllabic-S.
es-sence sense sci-on sign ra-cy race Cy-rus sire*
<^ L <^
(120) The circle-S () is used in all other situa-
tions. It is seldom found necessary to employ the
stroke-S medially ; and, besides, the circle is the more
fluent hinge (so to speak) at the junction of strokes.
(121) The above rule is of almost universal appli-
cation. The rare occasions for a slightly different
application of it are (1) when another S occurs in
the same syllable (because the appendage ses does
not furnish the vowel implication needed), and (2)
a few cases where a distinguishable outline is needed.
For example :
cease assess (whispers) size sizes (voice) ask sack asp sap
J .} 1 1.
Hereafter circle-S will be termed S simply, and the
alternate form stroke-S.
STKP VI.] PUACTICAI, SHORTHAND ,-)!)
(122) RULE FOR STROKE-Z :
The stroke form is always used when Z is
the first sound in a word; in all other cases it
follows the rule of Section ng.
zeal Zanzibar zone zest zero rosy mazy asthma
b )
(123) RULE FOR STROKES WUH AND YIJH :
The stroke forms are employed when wuh
or yuh is the only* consonant sound in a syl-
lable, except that S and its loop modifications
may be included in the same syllabic stroke.
way yea wary payee ways sway yeast west "Wooster
> f V\- Tr \ __!_>_
(124) WRITING EXERCISE:
Waste ceases Essex society over Stacy
science Siam secede seance zig-zag Sophia
assist seditious Swazey noisy Zerah assister
Swansea hazy osage serene fussy Worcester
saurian serious pussy posy Assyrian (es-ruh-n)
sofa Sepoy sedate estimate escape espouse
Savoy estate esteem series esquire sorrows
pursue ensue Yerxa saucy Wiswell Pickwick
Orwell see-saw solo Xenia
READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 4.
* It is interesting to note the similarity of treatment of
the two forms of S and the two forms of wuh and ynh.
GO INSTRUCTION IN [STEP VI.
(125) READING EXP:RC1SE:
Plurals of words ending with stroke- S generally
finish with the circle-S, as policies, f<(U<i<-ifx.
(126) THE ASPIRATE HUH:
It has been remarked that huh could be omitted
from words like ^cheel, whim, whiff, without mate-
rially affecting legibility. The syllabic use of wuh
suggests other words of the same class, the outlines
of which need not contain huh, though there may be
strong aspiration. We refer to words like
why whiz whey whoa whisk whist whistle
^ V
It may not be commonly noted that
<//, etc., if spelled by sound, appear as hwcn, lin-(>r<>.
and the theoretic rendering furnished for this
situation is an H-tick prefixed to , wr and ////
respectively.
This is well enough, so far as theory goes, but in
this method we have ample use for the tick in another
direction ; therefore treatment like that presented in
the next section is made to prevail.
STK1' VI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Gl
(127) HUH GENERALLY OMITTED:
Though frequent in spelling, H is obscure in
sound, and may often be omitted without danger to
legibility. When necessary use the stroke- H, con-
sidering it merely in the light of a word identifier in
special cases ; as, for instance,
is hat, because ___]____ would be at
is hitch, because would be each
hate, because | would be it
hood, because I would be hud
(128) But stroke-H does not join favorably to
muh and ur, so an oblique tick is recommended for
this situation ; jjs
hem hammer horse mohair humane Hammond
At the same time proficient writers stand in no urgent
need of this device, and receive ample assistance from
position or the context to freely read unaspirated .
outlines.
(129) When huh is preceded by another character,
oftentimes its hooked beginning is imperfectly formed.
This is no blemish ; merely the result of fluent writing.
Note the following :
62 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP VI.
(130) Stroke-H may be omitted from the outlines
of the following words :
Write : Here home happy hope her horse
harm help white height health had
half homely history halve harmony
humanity hand hamper happen harp
whiskey heart whisper whew wheez<es
heard whence whirl whine whimper
whisker whop whale whack mishap
whole hour adhere
(131) READING EXERCISE:
(132) WORD-SIGNS IV. :
./... especial r thank, youth, thousand
L
L
ask
essential ....?*.. together
into influence
.unto * suggestion
Sll'.l' VI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 63
It is a wise plan to have a sort of ' ' knowledge
book," wherein to copy word-signs and all valuable
hints received regarding shorthand. Have the book
small enough to be easily carried in the pocket, and
refer to it at odd moments.
(133) FURTHER PHRASES:
I J V
...(1....V.. vou-wlll-have ... n r ,,
V.... we-have
c
p . would-have \? to us
WC-Wlll
with-rnc vo for us
) c
-*/ we-sliall
TT>... with-him in-his
-t I
..\>.. iii-this \ we-thinl
Note how ws and 7's are represented above.
Write only the phrases given, and positively no other.
rhrasing is often desirable, although not absolutely
essential. Many good writers do not phrase at all.
It is a development of the subject which may or may
not be followed.
(134) WRITING EXERCISE:
When writing, always reason out the full outline before
putting pen to paper ; but having decided what the strokes
are to be, then write them without a pause. A tick prefixed
or affixed is a part of the full form ; do not go back to
" touch up " characters, or to attach ticks.
We will give thanks unto Him. Cease this un-
necessary waste. Society has this season for exercise.
64 INSTRUCTION IN ' [STEP VI.
Hei: essay showed special thought and was essentially
wise. Life to us is especially rich in hope. Celina
was " scienced " in the choicest ideas of stenography.
The Sepoy was accused because he was first in the
uprising. The astute owl allows no mouse to escape.
We are happy because we know how many will come
from Essex. We shall use Worcester sauce next
season. He says " Ahem ! " when he has the asthma.
Lucy lies in a hammock on the piazza. He hitched
his horse beside the hedge and headed for home. Be-
cause of seditious schemes his influence was wasted.
Salome, the physicist, knew how to make essences out
of herbs. We must have silence in the game of Whist.
We shall be especially influenced by your advice. The
deceased is said to have caught the disease in New
Zealand. If you will espouse this cause now I shall be
especially happy. The sausages were sizzling in a
saucer on the stove.
(135) READING EXERCISE:
L^VlLJ
ii
t
STEP VI.] . PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 65
(136) REMARKS:
The sentences herein given are not remarkable for
their coherency or wisdom. They are presented simply
to illustrate certain phases of word structure certain
pronounced sound situations and intended to im-
press the rules and principles so strongly that the stu-
dent will be led to ever after recognize the situations,
and be able to apply the right procedure.
To the shorthand writer words are the compounds
of syllables, and syllables expressive of situations for
which stenographic principles are devised ; and whether
it be this or that of the principles which have been, or
are to be, introduced, it is for the student to appre-
ciate the situation, know that there is certain treatment
to appertain, apply the same quickly and the deed
is done !
(NoTB As allied to the study of Syllabic-S, See Vowel
Implication, p. 2G9).
66- INSTRUCTION IN [STEP VI.
> REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP VI.:
How many new signs appear in this step? What are
they? When used? Why not introduced before? (Because
they have such limited and special use.) Do these complete
the exhibit of primary shorthand material? (They do.;
Could these strokes be called syllabic: .s, z, ni or >j'f (Yes.)
What is the syllable in word structure? What is the rule
for dividing a word into syllables? How does a dictionary
indicate the syllables? "What is the general rule for syllabic
shorthand writing? What is the advantage of syllabic
treatment?
When is stroke-S used? Is it used for medial syllables?
Name three words for which it is proper to use stroke-S or
Z. What would these outlines stand for if S was used?
Does the rule apply when another sound of S is included in
the same syllabic stroke? Give a few instances. (See Sect.
121.) What is the rule for stroke-W or Y? Do they essen-
tially follow the same rule as stroke-S? Then the two forms
for W, Y and S are practically for the same reason?
Would you employ the stroke-S for the termination -ism*
How would that syllable be represented? How would ccdac
and ceased be written? And by analogy what would be a
way to write the syllable cist? Yet how would resist and
possessed be written? Why this variation?
Why is ask a word-sign? Why into and nnt> Is it not
because they are departures from suggestions already given?
Should beginners phrase? How much? Do all writers
phrase? To what extent is it safe?
When can huh be omitted? Name two wuh-words that
have a sound of huh not indicated. How are home, /m/v'.v-
her and the like written? What is stroke-H ever used for?
When is Z always employed? In other situations what rule
is followed? How is H represented before muh and ur?
Why is this? What are stenographic principles apparently
devised for? What should, be the endeavor of the student in
shorthand study?
STK1 1 VII. J PRACTICAL SIIOUTHAM). 67
STEP VII.
UPWARD AND DOWNWARD RANDL:
(137) Reference to the scheme of consonant signs
will show two strokes for each R and L. These have
important application in syllabic writing, because their
direction is dependent upon the adjacent vowel.
They also present an early step in the discarding of
vowels ; although at this stage the student need only
take cognizance of the syllabic tendency of the two
forms for R and L, and endeavor to understand and
apply them before proceeding further.
(138) Rule : Upward-R (Rtth) ..&..... is used
for the sound of R when it is followed by a vowel
sound in the same syllable ; and always after M.
<V
Downward-R (uR) /..- is used for the sound of
R when it is preceded by a vowel sound ; and always
before M.
(139) Rule : IIpward-L (Luh) *..L .'..... is used
for the sound of L when it is followed by a vowel
sound, and in monosyllabic words after S, as sa/e,
Stud.
,-/-
Downward-L (uL) M ,... is used for the sound
of L when it is jnweded by a vowel sound ; but it
is never written alone.
See also positives and negatives contrasted in Step XVI.
68 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP VII.
(140) EXAMPLES:
wreck ark rear array limb elm chair chary
lasso also fall follow Lowell ally lower early
i
l (X Cr f\ V
Cl
error Rarus fear fury rain earn pill pillow
4^-^
Cicero Caesar jewel July leeway alway failure follower
\ 1. 1- try \ i
o
(141) EXCEPTIONS:
The foregoing is a clear rendering of a syllabic
situation for the advantage of beginners* in writing
and reading legible shorthand. The following excep-
tions in favor of a mechanical facility of execution are
for all practical writing :
Always write upward-R before Always write upward-L before
I < !.,( __ i\_
"This distinction between upward and downward L and
R should be justified, in the estimation of the student,, if it
did nothing more than distinguish the frequent final syllables
-ry and -ly from-er, -or and -al.
STEP VII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. G9
POOK ANGLE
earth arch urge room summer elves help health
7 7 7
GOOD ANGLE
X ^J /I V. <r>^.__,(\^\j7_
(142) in words like mellow, valley, Rollo, the
student is sometimes in doubt whether to write down-
ward or upward L, or both. The practice is to make
the strokes correspond to the number of syllables, and
select the L which will best show this without vowel
assistance, namely, the upward.
follow swallow gulley hallow Shelley bellow
V
(143) In shorthand writing double letters are
commonly considered as having but one sound ; but
for some words a syllabic structure must be given to
the outline to distinguish them from words containing
the same sounds, but fewer syllables. This treatment
greatly assists legibility when vowels are discarded.
annoy Emma abbey allay innocence essay Effle arrow
JA
(144) WRITING EXERCISE:
Bear ball pair fall ring rake ark rug
argue coal halo elbow Lora Aurora narrow
orb veal shawl lily reveal layer Alma lazy
70
INSTRUCTION IN'
[STEP VH.
loathe reach lazily arch purity apology foliage
arrester melody raised sorrow oars sources
Cicily outlaw wry Howell scissors Silas
beware Rowena yellow bewail Cyrus rely
chill ullage lesson hurl Russell alchemy alumni
barrier* superior career Laura dual fellow
royal oral wearily avail ' layer polish whitish
Allegheny sherry Ellery ivory Illinois dahlia
Ophelia colossal parallel usury
(145) READING EXERCISE:
>-< CV "w- W^vxC< V \^- ?
^ ^ 7 . .-.^ ^_
-C\
* In advanced writing words which theoretically end in
ruh-ur appear as follows, because a more fluent rendering :
barrier rare inferior
carrier interior
STEP VII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 71
(14G) CON, COM and COG:
These common prefixes are denoted by a dot applied
like a vowel sign, only at the very beginning of the
outline. This pretix-dot is applied after the consonant
ptirt of the outline has been written. This in imita-
tion of the vowel, because it may be likewise dis-
carded ; iii fact, proficient writers often omit the dot
for con, com or cog, or denote in some other way.
commit connect cognate commence communicate cog-wheel (?)
j '\ < v_x| V - S ^ 7 ~1 /^~
_ L. __ I * I 'sip | .6
(147) A common error in writing words like com-
municate, commend, connect, is to consider the double
letters (mm mi) as two sounds. The better way is
to divide the words comm-unicate, comm-ence, conn-ect,
employing the prefix-dot for the comm, or conn.
(14<S) Con, com or cog within a word is denoted
by disjoining, as
re-cog-nize ac-com-pany dis-comm-ode re-con-cile ac-commo-date
t .4-
is makes convenient disposition of the com-
pound prefix syllables decom, discon, incon, incog,
irwoH, mixron, noncon, recon, recom, recog, uncom,
inrecon, unrecog, etc.
(149) Tlie iillix ing is denoted by a dot at the end
of the outline, if the stroke ing will not make a good
angular joining, as
do-ing hop- ing be-ing think-ing eating
I _\ ....... A_. ....(. JL
72 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP VII.
(150) The plural ings is denoted by a disjoined
circle-S at the end of an outline, when the stroke ings
is not convenient, as
doings beings etchings pickings leavings
____ I \ / V_
o ~ -- -
(151) The phrases wg-the and ing-and are indi-
cated by the disjoined * tick, as
having-the making-the fixing-the looking-and taking-a doing-a
(152) WRITINGS- EXERCISE:
Compel conceal consist conciliate congeal
conjugate concensus convene convivial convulse
discontent decompose convey inconsistent com-
pile irreconciled incognito misconceive noncom-
mittal recognize unconscious
Confess lacings convey console committee
conduce confused conceit commiserate con jury
casings consume musings
Jerry was eating and talking and looking, all at
the same time. Having a good influence. A con-
cealer of stolen goods. The composer of " lolanthe."
He was fixing the arm of the chair.. A sealer of
weights and measures.
The conjuror confessed his power to be of no effect.
Choosing the right is always making the best choice.
We knew the commodore had reached the vessel.
* By analogy the phrase forms the-con, Jic-cii, mid-con,
a-com might, with discretion, be indicated as follows :
the -committee and-concede a-company he-commenced
t r v
STEP VII. ] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 73
(153) READING EXERCISE:
t T L (<> -^ .c s<
i ^_. ^ , ^ V.
(154) HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS
(halving adds T or D) :
not that could get
1 ~ ( ^ _
READ BLACKBOARD EXHIBIT NO. 5 :
As soon as the student can write sentences with
some readiness upon the typewriter, it is a pleasant
task to prepare alternate lines of typewriting and short-
hand, using the sentences already given for practice.
Make a line for the shorthand with the hyphen of the
writing machine, only striking it very lightly lest it
puncture and rend the ribbon. Submit all such work
to the teacher for correction, adding thereto the date
and the name of the writer.
74 1NST1UVTION IN [STKP VII.'
(155) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST II.:
>C> own J ourself
s " me, my . v
^-^ him, am * r' ysel f,
'" home ....r^.^b . ln.ns.-lf
^~b homes
th y ^ ^
them, they >^ ^ thing
though ....T^r..^. language
^"^ long, along
ease-y /
was If advantage
se( v > V' large
/ ^\ see, saw
/..Y so, say
/ us, use (n)
A few of the above are not strictly word-signs, but
they complete the groups of three, and help the
memorizing of the word-signs proper.
(156) COMPOUND FORMS :
anywhere .dTS^. something
.Sn-v<^. nowhere \,. anyway
x Q^ 4
c/.V-.. wherever \_. whenever
somewhere ../S. forever
anyone S^,. never
no-one ,..T^!-.. whensoever
someone .^^S-.. wheresoever
anything A. whosoever
nothing (no-thing) ...</\..... whereby
STKI' VII.] 1'KACTICAL SIIOHTHAND. 75
(157) WRITING EXERCISE:
Cicero and Ca'sar had special fame. Errors of
thought justify mistakes of judgment. Allie cast his
arrow at the mark. Eflie and Ella never hoped for
his arrival. Cyrus asked several times for that reward
of merit, but could never get it. Swear not at all.
Several of the company's sources of income will soon
fail. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing
well. These things are so common we do not notice
them. When you went out where did (half-length)
you go? It is not necessary for us all to think alike
on the same subject. Anyway, I desire you to come
home with me soon. To know yourself, is commonly
of much advantage. Ayer's Sarsaparilla will help his
health if used in small doses.
* Will you resume your studies in this room? Saul
became the Apostle Paul. The poor peasants of
Russia fear the absolute power of the Czar. The two
large rear oflices in City Hall are occupied by Samuel
Tlinyer, the miserly mayor of Nowhere. Tomorrow
will be the wedding day of Mary Murray, who is
going to marry Harry Barrow. . Miss Walsh wore a
yellowish shawl to the social. Elisha, Elijah, Elias
and Elihu are names which are seldom met with now.
(158) REABING EXERCISE:
V ' ~ ' ' i__
i
* See foot note, page 54.
76
INSTRUCTION IN
/> \3
S\ c n S s~tr
[STEl' VII.
- c r
&^
v:
^P
S^OL-P / o-x( <_ I
'
REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP VII.:
Do two different strokes for R and L appear to be neces-
sary? Why? Do It and L differ from the majority of
consonant sounds? To what sreneric group of sounds do
the} 7 belong? (Liquids.) Is their treatment in Step VII. a
STKP VII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 77
syllabic matter? Would one R or one L indicate the syllables
as clearly? Have you ever tested the matter? If not, try
writing the words in Section 140, using one form of K or L.
Do two strokes for 11 and L assist legibility? Do they imply
the vowel if it happens to be omitted? Then it is not difficult
to read such outlines without the vowel signs? Then, too,
it can be made a step toward dropping the vowels altogether?
What is the rule for upward-R? Are there any exceptions
to this rule? (See Sect. 141.) Do. shorthand rules generally
have exceptions? What is the rule for downward-R? For
upward-L. Did you note any exceptions to this? Are they
"mechanical" or otherwise? What does the word "me-
chanical" stand for in this connection? Give the rule for
downward-L. Why is downward-R always Avritten before
//;></;? And upward-R after? Does s-rnnh generally come
under the same limitation? (Yes.) How would warm be
written? And Quorum? (Exceptions.)
Why is upward-R always required before thuh, dthuh,
(huh and/wA? Is this an arbitrary matter? Then it must
be remembered? Are good angles important enough to
demand this? Which is better, a bookish rule or facile
execution? How is lith written when alone? How after S
in words of one syllable?
How are double letters indicated in shorthand? Are two
strokes sometimes employed in such a case? When is it
necessary? Give three words requiring upward-R. Three
for downward-R. Three for upward-L. Three for down-
ward-L. Is there much need of indicating the vowels in
such a word?
What are con, com and cog? How are they denoted?
What is a common error in this connection? How denoted
when within a word? Does not this practically cover all
compound prefixes? How may the, a and and be denoted
before these simple prefixes? Are coy-wheel, concomitant,
fair examples for the use of the prefix-dot?
How is ing represented? The plural of it? Is this a
logical arrangement? When is it proper to use stroke-ing
for the affix? How are iny-the, ing-and, etc., represented?
How are outlines treated which theoretically end in rnlt-ur. J
What are compound outlines? What does reducing a
stroke to half length mean? What does it add besides the
sound of tuttS Name a few group word-signs from List II.
Do you remember all the word-signs thus far presented?
How many have been given? What has Step VII. discussed?
78 IXSTKUCTlO.N IN [STKI 1 VIII.
STEP VIII.
SIMPLE STROKE WORD-SIGNS:
(159) The word-signs thus far given have Iteen
for the most part those which stand for the common
and petty words of language. Before leaving Part I.,
it is proper to introduce another list of acknowledged
value, and thereby widen the scope of our writing.
This subject is given considerable prominence in this
manual, because word-signs are of such importance
in practical shorthand writing. The need for abbre-
viation permeates the full scope of the Pit manic
systems of shorthand, simply because phonography
in its theoretic breadth is not adapted to verbatim
reporting. The word-sign is the most extraordinary
example of abbreviation ; and, lest the intent and
meaning be obscured in the abbreviating process, we
counsel the learner to give special study to this branch
of practical shorthand writing.
The lists of word-signs which follow may be re-
garded as quite long, and somewhat dillicult to manage ;
but such is not entirely the case. In Part III. a much
fuller list will be presented, and one wherein the signs
exhibit all the modifications the stroke is susceptible
of carrying. So far as learning the word-signs is con-
cerned, that is somewhat a matter of practice. To
conquer a few is to lay a foundation; the next in-
stallment becomes more easily the property of the
student; and by following the plan herein outlined, of
actually using the signs in sentences, and absorbing a
few at a time, a great many may be appropriated
without undue effort.
STK1 1 VIII.] rilAGTICAL SHORTHAND. 79
(1GO) MISCELLANEOUS WORD-SIGNS:
accept <~ > ~ ._ magnitude
acknowledge
almost
although
Massacliusetts
mathematics
nevertheless
..... L architect-ure
<~~ t
aristocrat-ic
.^TT>.. . assembl-e-y
./ change
.../.. charge
~ commomveallh
The adjacent lists represent word-signs formed of
the simple stems, with but very little modification.
They are introduced, not to display the scope of word-
sign manufacture, but to encourage a mastery of
valuable material. Quick writing demands a more
abbreviated style than ordinarily obtains, and the
word-signs are abridged forms devised to more easily
accomplish that purpose. Therefore we cannot too
strongly urge upon the student the importance of
familiarity with as many word-signs as it may be
possible to acquire.
READ BLACKBOARD EXHIBIT NO. 6.
80 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1 \ III.
L
\
.. dignity ^ regular
. disadvantage _<__A.___ represent-ed
. efficient ^ V republ-ic-ish
. expect ....< \ reepect-ive-f ul
familiar ^^=: San Francisco
February P- satisfac-tion-tory
V
honest speak-er
V. ..infer .>_ sufficient
irregular k- ; . testify
...../.... knowledge -- United States
(1G1) WRITING EXERCISE:
God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts !
Whatever way you go you are commonly influenced
by an advantage. The judge's charge was not just as
represented. In all thy ways acknowledge Him,
testifying to His goodness. He will allow you to
come if you will be subject to him. It is necessary to
have special knowledge of some things. She is some-
what changed, and getting peculiar in her ways. We
must acknowledge that this man has a large store of
knowledge on the subject. I wish you could speak
the language satisfactorily. You w r ill be always wel-
come at my home in San Francisco. Reasons and
causes, whys and wherefores are in all things. When
STEP VIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 81
you have made a beginning of mathematics that is not
half of it. We will go to New York to see him if he
expects us to. He is popular because he is honest.
I shall speak this language in whatever assembly I
may be, because I have no sufficient knowledge of
anything else. I infer that each one was satisfied he
had an advantage. In the February tests he had
architecture for his special subject. It was the last
mistake of any magnitude he ever made. He was too
aristocratic to acknowledge that it was irregular. It
was a peculiar subject for a speaker of his dignity to
select. He represented the United States with dignity
and efficiency.
(162) READING EXERCISE:
...
, ^ V " <-/ ( \ K . \ .
vJ2 ' "A ^ C
^ ^=_LJL
^^LZLr_JU
-* * \_
82
INSTRUCTION IX
[STEl 1 VIII.
r
~\
1
> c n. L^...^...J <^ \ -x
(163) PRACTICE MATERIAL:
The following letter should be written at the nite
of sixty words (at least) a minute before the student
enters upon the study of Part II.
CYRUS WILLIAMS.
San Francisco.
Sir: I follow your suggestion to write you in stenog-
raphy, because you think it will be to my advantage to
become especially familiar with it. I acknowledge that
STKP VIII.] PRACTICAL SIIORT1I AM). 83
writing the common things of the study many times must
be highly advantageous to anyone, but, nevertheless, I am
well aware of the peculiarities of the subject.
I represented this to the youth you sent me in February,
and while accepting him I saw that his references were not
to his advantage, but hoped he would change in lapse of
time, and in my first speech with him charged him with
much advice essential to his success.
Do you think it necessary to have him here with me the
whale season? I was almost in hopes that he and Thaddeus
would ^ct on well together, but if they will not, I shall have
one of them go with the representative to the assembly ;
which will be best anyway, because if they are not in
company they will do nothing wrong. The representative
referred to comes from one of the most aristocratic com-
monwealths of the Republic, and all testify to his dignity
and popularity as a public speaker; so his influence will be
satisfactory, and of no disadvantage to the boy.
I acknowledge that the young fellow does his work
elliciently, and think he will possess sufficient knowledge
when he becomes familiar with our customs. Although he
is peculiar in some respects, he is thoroughly honest, and I
infer that he will now do right wherever he goes. When-
ever I refer to his past irregularity he acknowledges the
error, and says he is sorry for it; but as it was his first
mistake I have excused it, and Avill use my best influence to
make him regular in his ways and especially in his language
for all time to come.
As I am going away soon, I shall be happy to acknowledge
anything you may do for him in my absence; and if he
should leave while I am away, however, whenever and
wherever he goes he will have my best wishes.
Thanking you for your offices in his behalf, 'I am
Yours respectfully,
(164) SYLLABIC SHORTHAND:
Correct syllabic division of words lies near the root
of pronunciation. It is the strong feature of the dic-
tionary to the learner of language ; it is an essential
quality of word utterance. Shorthand is most truly a
representation of spoken language, and, therefore, the
syllabic idea plays an important part in the structure
of stenographic forms.
84 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl 1 \ 111.
Throughout this work constant reference will be
made to the syllable as the unit of word analysis, and
the influence the syllables have upon the shorthand
outline ; and in order to become well grounded in
correct procedure, it will be wise for the learner to
make earnest effort to execute syllabic outlines.
The simple rule to write a stroke for a syllable is
not difficult to follow, after a clear notion is had of
what a stroke consists. The position of the syllable
should likewise be understood (see Syllabic Division
of Words, Part III, or a standard dictionary). The
linear consonant sign and its appendages constitute the
stroke^ and it can commonly be made to contain and
picture all the sounds of a syllable. There are occa-
sional syllables, the sounds of which cannot be con-
densed into one stroke, but the operation of the rule
is so general, and its results so conducive to legibility,
that it stands out strongly as the prime and redeem-
ing feature of practical shorthand, making it more
nearly a graphic representation of language.
(165) ANGLES:
When the obtuse angle is described by a rapid move-
ment of, the pen, it is likely to degenerate into a curve.
though the acute angle remains unchanged whel lid-
written slowly or fast. Hence it is that in shorthand
writing obtuse angles are to be avoided as much as
possible, and right angles are less desirable than acute.
The latter is the quick angle par excellence !
When an option is granted in the junction of strokes,
the quick angle should be selected because it is more
conducive to legibility even when shorthand is carelessly
written. We would admonish the learner to be ex-
ceedingly careful in this matter, and having in mind
the value of good angles, exercise judgment in all
STEP VIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 85
joinings of strokes, ticks, or any shorthand material.
The judgment soon becomes trained to discern the pos-
sibilities of a situation, and the best selection will be
(jiiickly made of many available angles or directions
of strokes. Skill in this comes from experience and
painstaking from the .beginning leads to that profi-
ciency wherein the wisest procedure is almost an uncon-
scious act.
(106) CONVENIENCE :
Convenience is a ruling motive in shorthand writ-
ing. It means the subjection of every awkward move-
ment, and every untoward circumstance. Therefore
the student must not be surprised if occasional
reference be made to convenience as an explanation
of some departure from rule or expectation. The pre-
cepts of theory may be sometimes ignored and its
rules violated, if fluent form and ease of writing can
be attained by other procedure.
Fluency of outline depends upon these favoring
features : a cursive direction of strokes, and good
angles at points of junction. Inasmuch as fast writing
is best fostered by these qualities, it will be readily
understood that almost everything which relates to out-
line formation must be made amenable to their de-
mands. Speed of writing must be secured at any
ha/ard, and it can only be insured by convenience
or fluency of movement. On the other hand, legibility
will be better secured if syllabic structure is main-
tained concurrently with good angles and forward
strokes.
The student should pay due heed to the established
rules of his shorthand system, and have proper respect
for, and confidence in, their teachings ; but at the
same time he should remember that convenience quite
often asserts itself superior to rules, and more fluent
shorthand is the result.
80 . INSTRUCTION IX [STK1> VIII.
(1(!7) CONCLUSION OF PART I.:
Part II., which follows, will be characterized by the
almost entire absence of vowel signs. This will be
the most important step thus far to be taken, but it is
warranted by the circumstances. This book is piv-
eminently a practical shorthand teacher, jinir/ /</,
in the sense that it presents a style of shorthand that
can be written rapidly, and shorthand cannot be rapidly
written which contains disconnected vowel signs. The
latter have always been associated with the so-called
" corresponding style," which has no style or place in
the business of shorthand writing. On the otlu r
hand, practical is the adjective applied to shorthai.d
that is adapted to verbatim reporting, and to all the
requirements of such writing as a bread-winning pro-
fession.
At the same time it must be admitted that the vowel
is the great word identifier. If the consonant strokes
properly constitute the skeleton of a word, then arc
vowels unmistakably the flesh and blood. Therefore ,
it would be impossible to leave them entirely out of
consideration ; they must be implied in some way, and
vowel implication is one of the most ingenious and in-
teresting features of Pitmanic shorthand.
We almost hear the query: Why ever learn vowels,
when they are to be so soon discarded? The quick
reply is : They must be learned in order that the pro-
gression to vowel implication may be logically made.
Besides which, the rare insertion of the vowel sign
may be demanded, and it must be known where they
should be even if they are not seen.
PART II. Business Shorthand.
CLASS WORK.
88 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX.
(168) PREFATORY REMARKS :
. Shorthand is a dry subject at its best; and the
earlier it can be invested with agreeable features, the
better for the student. The aim thus far has been to
introduce a variety of work, in order to awaken and
maintain interest and originality is claimed for this
arrangement.
In a "Plan of Instruction in Shorthand," published
seven years ago, the idea was advanced that >'//'//>///
and reading shorthand in sentences and paragraphs,
suited to the successive stages of study, should take
place from the very beginning. The value of this was
amply demonstrated in actual teaching ; and the favor
with which the idea was received is best illustrated by
the eagerness with which teachers adopted it, and by
the fact that the more recent text-books present that
plan of procedure.
In most of the early manuals the tedium of principle
and precept is hardly relieved in the primary steps by
anything more exciting than the writing of long pro-
cessions of words, words, words. This cannot fail to
be dull labor, even for the most ambitious inquirer,
and enthusiasm soon weakens under such heroic treat-
ment. Therefore we cannot help believing that the
difficulty of shorthand has not been so much a bar to
its progress as the unmanageable text-book. The live
young person is not so much deterred by obstacles
when they appear in reasonable guise, as he is crushed
by difficulty when it is a veritable weight of woe.
The so-called corresponding style (i.e., writing
with all the vowels) has gone by. The transfer of
shorthand writing from the boudoir to the business
office has given it a quietus. The extraordinary'
STEP IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 89
demand for stenography in commercial affairs calls
for a more expeditious way and Business Shorthand
is the response.
The sub-title Class Work has special reference to
the use of this book in schools.* Desk work, even
with most persuasive helps, cannot surpass in interest
and value the exercises of the classroom, with their
lectures and suggestions by the teacher, the drawing
forth of knowledge, and the incentive which comes
from association with other learners.
As this work progresses, the student should pay
due heed to the many details which compose these
Steps. Let him be common-sense in investigation,
diligent in practice, and tangible results will surely
follow.
* We are of the opinion that the best results from short-
hand study can be gained in a well-conducted school. Self-
instruction is a legend which beckons to devious ways and
success deferred.
The very day this book was conceived an editorial in a
leading Boston daily said : " It is a notable advance in in-
dustrial education to have shorthand taught in all the pub-
lic schools of Boston from this time onward .... It will
be found to be one of the most effective methods by which
the accuracy and completeness of an English education may
be tested .... Boston is simply following in the wake of
other cities, where these studies (shorthand and typewriting)
have been introduced ; and nothing could have been added to
our school system which is more likely to be popular and
to make less encroachment upon valuable time."
Taking the cue from this strong expression of opinion,
we have arranged the substance of this manual for " all
schools " public and general, as well as commercial.
90 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX.
STEP IX.
INITIAL HOOKS.
(169) COALKSCENT L AND R:
Certain consonant sounds coalesce (blend) more or
less freely, and become the expression of almost a
single vocal impulse. Such coalescents already noted
have been st, s/, sw, and other blendings of the
appendage S () with other consonants; and the man-
ner of representing the same has been illustrated.
(170) A more common coalescence is that of L
or R with a preceding consonant. L and R are called
liquids because they unite so readily with other sounds ;
and in shorthand this blending is pictured by small
initial hooks.
(171) THE L-HOOK:
A small initial hook turned on the right side of
upright strokes, and upon the upper side of horizon-
tals, stands primarily for a coalescent sound of L, :is
PI Bl Kl Gl Fl
K \ C- y_ g.
in plow, blow, clue., glue, /fo/r ; though for the sake of
securing a brief outline the hook is made, secondari'I;/,
to stand for sounds not coalescent, as
Tl Dl CHI Jl VI THl DTII1 SHI ZSH1 Ml XI Rl
r r A/'IC Ccjo'^
in words like tell, c///7/, j<nl, rule, shell, kell, etc.
STK1> IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 91
The foregoing comprise all the consonant stems to
which the L-hook may be attached.
(17'2) The L-hook is an appendage, and should be
read next after its stroke. Although written first,
when a stroke is executed that is to picture a word or
syllable, the order of reading will be : 1st, the princi-
pal stem, '2d, the L denoted by the hook.
(173) The L-hook upon TH and DTH is of rare
occurrence. SII and ZSH receive the L-hook upon
the lower end, and are written upward. This to dis-
tinguish from final N-hook, which will be described
farther on.
facial visual racial initial bushel casual
I; ^> ^J ^J V -J
(174) The L-hook upon M, N and R is written
large, to distinguish it from the wuh appendage, simi-
larly prefixed, as
camel canal barrel knoll final ferule
(175) The steins S, Z, L, ING, W and Y per-
mit no L-hook attachment.
(176) THE R-HOOK:
A small initial hook turned on the left side of
uprights, and on the under side of horizontals, stands
l>rini(i ril;i for a coalescent R, as
Tr Dr Pr Br Kr Or Fr THr
1 1 *\ -\ - ^ *)
as in trtii/, <lr<nr, yv///, bmir, <-rtr, <jrn', fray, throw;
92 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX.
though, secondarily, it is made to stand for uucoalescent :
CHr Jr Vr DTHr SHr ZSHr Mr Nr
77 ^ ") J J ^ <^
in words like cheer, jar, over, other, sure, azure, humor,
honor. The foregoing comprise all the stems to which
the R-hook can properly be attached.
(177) Inverted Forms. The outlines for Fr,
Vr, THr and DTHr, as above, will attract attention
because of their exceptional form. It is obvious that
to turn the hook upon the convex side of the curve
would be impracticable ; therefore, while the stems last
named exhibit the L-hook regularly, they have to be
reversed to show a hook at the left, namely, the R-
hook. Only F, V, TH and DTH are subject to this
apparent irregularity, and the seeming anomaly occa-
sions no hardship when it is clearly understood that
neither uR, Wuh, S or Z, which the inverted F, V,
TH and DTH resemble, are ever modified by a hook.
Fr Vr THr DTHr
"> *> 1
as in free, very, through, there.
(178) M and N are shaded when modified by the
R-hook, to distinguish it from the wuh appendage
similarly applied, as
more near marshal nourish rumor pioneer
V-
SIK1' IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 93
(179) The stems S, Z, L, R, W, Y, H and ING
have no H-hook appendage.
(180) UNCOALESCENT L AND R^
As previously stated, the L and R hooks primarily
represent sounds that unite in utterance ; but in practi-
cal writing the scope of the hook may be widened so
as to embrace words, wherein a vowel sound obtrudes
between, the consonant and the L or R denoted by the
hook. Such outline formation is allowable when no
conflicts can occur, it being a resort to secure fluent
form. Examples :
tell full term sure church chill chair
r Q. u j? ; r ?
(181) In cases of this kind where there might be
some obscurity, the presence of the vowel may be
implied by cutting a tick across the stroke near the
hook. It is not often necessary to indicate the exact
vowel, but simply that some vowel is strong between
the consonant and the L or R sound denoted by the
hook, as
column course bill terse fulfill bark salty
c^-s ^ \ I \ V_ fl"
This use of the tick may be adopted to show any
uncoalescent sequence of sounds, as illustrated by the
last example above ; but the need for it will be rare.
(l.s-2) The hook is not necessarily employed at
the beginning of a word, but has equal application at
the beginning of syllables. This situation sometimes
94 INSTRUCTION IN [STKI' IX.
gives rise to a faulty junction of strokes, or it is
likely to in rapid writing. A symmetrical hook can-
not always be executed between strokes, because such
painstaking would be a clog to fluent procedure. In
this event the hook can be only partially formed, and
what is termed the imperfect hook must ensue. The
following outlines illustrate the improper and the
proper way to write the words reply, baker, rewal,
admire, cable :
Unnatural and
unallowable hooks :
V- ^- U ~\
Imperfect, but */\ \
:t 1 1< i u M I il < hunks \ *
(183) HOOKS NOT ALWAYS USED:
It should be understood that the hook is to be used
with judgment. The situations of word structure
have to be expressed in shorthand, and the various
abbreviating expedients may be employed. The hook
may or may not apply. Nevertheless, it is a valuable
auxiliary in the representation of syllabic outlines ; for
it is apparent that such appendages make possible the
carrying out of the rule, a stroke for a syllable !
But the hook is not invariably employed. To
illustrate the point, two examples of outline formation
will be given. First, the stroke is used in words like
fail, fall, false, pale, fool, deal, tool and goal, to dis-
tinguish them from the hooked forms flay, flaw, flaws,
play,fleic, idle, until, glow. Second, in order to indicate
the strong sound (trill) of r, which so many ignore
in pronunciation, the stroke is used in words like fur,
fur, fore, farm, firm, etc.
This peculiar situation is really brought about l>y
the way the r in far and fur modifies the sound of the
preceding vowel, and it is proper to refer to this in
STKI' IX. J 1'KACTICAI. SHORTHAND. 95
tliis Stt-p (wherein vowels begin to be discarded),
because by expressing the r strongly * the adjacent
vowel is implied, and vowel implication should generally
take place when vowel indication ceases.
(1.S4) Note particularly that the L and R hooks
arc always initial ; that they are written first,
though read next after the stem to which they are
attached; that the L-hook on M, N and R is made
large; that M and N must be unmistakably shaded
to admit the R-hook ; that SH and ZSH have the
L-hook at the lower end, and are invariably written
upward; and that the hook is an appendage,
having no vowel position or implication.
(is;,) WRITING EXERCISE:
(.Omit vowels, and write every word on the line.)
Take make shake ache sake hake How
bless joke fray grasses pray claim cloak
glow frame clay press flesh railroad Blake
relic peck trace coke crush owes racial haze
baker fuzz able sways fakir rope inutile
tusk poker casual lake local thumb nullify
nervous prose oval blaze place cluster ochre
u'laze dress maime gloaming nun grace shame
trust maize wail braces save gunwale hate
brazier yoke gray hut maker swore choker
dozed Heck broker well sundry glazier basis
(186) READING EXERCISE:
These words all have second-place vowels in the accented
syllable, and arc therefore written upon the line, accord ills'
*" Strongly," because the stroke obviously expresses a
consonant more powerfully than an appendage.
96 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX.
to the rule for Position given in this step. The order of
reading is first, the implied vowel (if any) before the con-
sonant expressed by the stem ; second, the consonant ;
third, initial hook, if any; fourth, vowel after consonant;
fifth, final S, if any. This order of reading applies to
single syllables.
(187) OMISSION OF VOWELS POSITION :
The vowel signs should be made to disappear at
this Step, and only vowel implication remain. This
is accomplished by position.
(188) Definition. Word position is the term
applied to the attitude of an outline with 'respect to
the line of writing the ruling of the paper.
(189) There are three positions : (1st) above,
(2d) upon and (3d) across the line. The third posi-
tion of horizontal strokes is just beneath the line.
(190) A word outline earns its position by reason
of its accented vowel, which explains sufficiently why
vowel indication may end when position begins.
(191) Definition. The accented vowel is
the one in a word which receives the greatest
STK1' IX.] I'KAC'TICAI, S1IOKTIIAND. 'J7
stress of voice in pronunciation. The accented
syllable is the one which contains such a
vowel.
(192) Rule. An outline is first, second or
third position, according as its accented vowel
is first, second or third place, as previously,
understood.
(11)3) With the vowels fully indicated, an outline
is readable wherever written ; but the moment they are
discarded the word will incline to illegibility, unless it
is given the position of the most accented vowel
omitted. Even then three vowels (or possibly a
diphthong) are implied, and the true meaning must be
in a measure conjectured from a knowledge of the
context. The right conclusion will, however, be
easily reached with practice in reading.
(194) SHORTHAND POSITION
ILLUSTRATED :
make meek make mark take talk take took
(195) Rule. The three positions of a single
vertical stroke are :
1. The entire stroke lifted about one-half of
its height above the line.
2. The stroke resting upon the line.
3. The stroke " cut " across the line.
1st Position 2d Position 3d Position
i O r\ .
98 INSTIIUCTION IN [STKl 1 IX.
(196) The three positions of a double- stroke out-
line, if one part vertical, are denoted by the position
of the vertical stroke, which follows the above rule.
If both strokes are vertical, the first takes position.
1st Position 2d Position 3d Position
(197) The three positions of a single or double-
stroke horizontal outline are above, upon or just
beneath the line.
1st Position 2d Position 3d 1'osition
(198) The position of an outline containing more
than two strokes is no more or less than the position
of the first vertical stroke, the accented syllable of
the word deciding what position that stroke shall
occupy.
1st Position 2d Position 3d Position
(Position to be continued.)
At the same time Step VII. should not be forgotten,
wherein it is shown that the vowel can be implied by
the direction of certain consonant strokes.
n ,\KER
R
.TEXAS
STKP IX.] PRACTICAL SIIOllTIIAN'l). 99
(l'J9) ENLARGED L AND R HOOK:
The sound of R can be added to an L-hook stroke
by enlarging the hook*; and the sound of L to an
R-hook character similarly. The first is called ler,
and the second rel.
blur April corporal liberal control clergy nostrils
^ <\ -A A 1 7 ^l
(-200) WRITING EXERCISE:
(I'lace all words in position.)
Prize fly glue please blue agree bluster
clew analogy author rule hither oppress grist
1'io.st precise crisis bloom crack bleach flywheel
broom problem brewery drear Greek throng
frozen pupil ripple feeble rumor reel former
Ilallelt tunnel colonel funnel nickel battle
Helena youthful initial solstitial laughter banner
euamor dinner shark paralyze figure lover
qualify procure disclaim marvelous require evil
Mitchell inquire legal heel title teacher ladder
oillcial lodger Thalberg neuralgia feathery oblige
swagger philosophy tremble reclaim depress
worker propose flavor overflow orchestra literal
Buffalo scholar dabbler portray clapper clearer
astral illiberal blamcr girl thrush gruel tolerable
trip prime settler vulgar pastoral trial liquor
copper orchestral hallelujah idler sprawl
* The enlsirrin.n of the hook of the H-stroke (suggested
by D. L. Scott-Brown) to add L in the same syllable with
II, seems to be quite in analogy with the above, as
100 INSTRUCTION IN
hill eyebrow muscular cars honor sincerely
thoroughly contralto chiefly hydraulic personally
briefly
REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP IX.:
What radical departure marks the beginning of Tart II.?
(The omission of vowel signs.) What is the "correspond-
ing style"? What is here termed business shorthand? II<>\v
should the student investigate shorthand principles? Is
diligent practice always essential?
What are coalescent sounds? Name a few. Why arc I,
and 11 called Liquids? How is the blending of sound
pictured in shorthand? What is the L-hook? Is it an initial
or final hook? What does it stand for primarily? What is
its secondary use? Give an example of a coalescent sound
of L. An uncoalesceut. Is the hook read before or after
its stem? Why is this? What is peculiar about the, L-hook
on SH and ZSH? How is this hook applied to M, N and It?
What stems permit of no L-hook attachment?
What is the It-hook? Has it likewise a primary and sec-
ondary application? Name a few words illustrating both
phases. What stems are inverted to admit the It-hook? Is
this productive of difficulty? Would it not be really more
difficult to apply the hook upon the outside of the curve?
What law would such a shape ottend? Why are M and N
shaded to take the R-hook? What stems do not admit the
R-hook?
Which is the more difficult to read, a coalescent sound in-
dicated by the hook, or an uncoalescent? How can the ex-
istence of the vowel be denoted in an uncoalescent L or
R-hook outline? Is the hook always employed wherever L
or R occurs? Does syllabic division have anything to do
with it? Do the hooks assist in the promotion of syllabic
writing?
What is an imperfect hook? Is the less labored outline
commonly the best? What is position? What is it for?
How many positions? What governs position? What is
the accented vowel? The accented syllable? Is position a
perfect substitute for vowels? When it fails of its intent
what must be done to decipher the outline? What are the
three positions of the single vertical stroke? Of the double
stroke Avhen partly vertical? Of the horizontal? Of the
extended outline? What is signified by an enlarged R-hook?
By an enlarged L-hook? What are they called/
sri:r x.] PRACTICAL snoirniANn. 101
STEP X.
It will be noticed that the title Step docs not always
mark the presentation of a single shorthand principle,
but is more particularly a division of a variety of
mail-rial into convenient allotments of study and re-
vim. Instead of being a linger-post to show a cer-
tain and single direction to go, it is rather a stopping-
place after a fair day's journey, where one can pause
for a time, and look back to see what has been accom-
plished. Therefore a principle may or may not be
exhausted in one step ; if it be of far-reaching im-
portance it may recur, the aim being to make the ex-
hibit interesting as well as logical and progressive.
(201) CIRCLE-S PREFIXED TO HOOKS:
S prefixed to a hook requires special attention, not
only on account of the care necessary, but because of
the abundant meaning conveyed.
(202) CIRCLE-S AND L-HOOK :
S prefixed to an L-hook is written entirely within
tin 1 hook, to distinguish from S as attached to an un-
modified stem, as
sp spl st stl sb shl sk
suji sujiplo set settle sob sable sake
LJ
(203) The order of reading is first, always the
fircle-S; second, the vowel before the stroke; third,
the principal stroke ; fourth, the hook ; fifth, the vowel
aflcr the stroke.
102 IXSTUUCT10X IN [STKP X.
(204) S prefixed to the L-hook between some
strokes must needs be imperfectly formed, like
explode feasible gospel peaceful taxable
(20r>) CIRCLE-S AND R-IIOOK:
S applied closely (and initially) to the R-hook side
of a stem implies the R and the outline is read first,
circle-S ; second, the principal stroke ; third, the R
implied by the position of S, as
spr-ay str-ay scr-nll str-etchcr str-iker spr-ij;
\ i T I
~~
(20(5) Between strokes circle-S before an R is
shown clearly within the hook, as
extra posture rostrum bow-string disappear dishonor
L
(207) In a few words, S before R follows the pro-
cedure recommended in Sect. 48, Step III., being exe-
cuted outside the angle at the junction of strokes for
the sake of fluency of writing. In rapid work a correct
motion is important, and in this case the reading will
not suffer materially. For example :
discourse proscribe disgrace ja per subscribe manuscript
V-v
STK1' X.] PRACTICAL SIIOUT1IAM). 103
(20.S) Two sounds of S before the R-hook can be
denoted by prefixing Ses on the R-side, as in the words
i-, exasperate.
(209) A limited (and uncoalescent) use of S on
the R-side of a stem is illustrated by the following out-
lines, which prove fluent and sufficiently suggestive :
supper saber cycle cedar sooner seeker sneer
\ \ *- 1 ^ ~ ^
(210) TN, UN OR EN BEFORE CIRCLE-S :
///, ?//*, or en before unsyllabic S are denoted
by a small "curl" formed outside the stern, opposite
the circle. This is specially convenient before str, spr
and like combinations, where the S is turned by in-
volute motion, and the N-stroke does not readily
attach. For example :
instructor insuperable unscrew insulate unscrupulous
I n A Q <O I
Where the N-stroke joins easily, as in unsuitable,
I'IIMIHC, tnixuid, it is unnecessary to employ the back-
curl for >'//, uu or en.
(211) In words like uninstructed, uninspired, tin-
inftcribed , there seems to be no alternative but to re-
peat the curl to express the double prefix, although
104 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1 1 X.
this almost trespasses upon the province of the In-hook
of the Burns system, which the following words
illustrate :
endorsed insure entry entrust endear untrue
1 D "\ 1 "1 1
Although doubling a hook is condemned by some
and classed with impracticable expedients, certainly
for the above words it obviates an awkward joining of
the N-stroke to the R-hook, the dynamics of it appear
to be good, and it is quite in analogy with the double
Dual hook for V-shun, which appears as a part of this
system in Step XII".
(212) WRITING EXERCISK:
(Employ position instead of vowels.)
Unsaleable explore subtile saddle distress
noticeable scream enslave sidereal unswayable
insecure suppress stress disable scrap striker
saber bicycle strapper sinner physical summer
unsocial blissful cider descry cigar disagree
gastric setter texture sucker steeple dishonor
stable stifle secrecy honor prisoner beseecher
streamer sipper suffer listener atmosphere
disastrous eccentric nostrum smear personally
graceful mistress stager classical remorseless
massacre depositor outstretch traceable discourage
sobriety unseemly tricycle secular inspire
unsettle speller suburb insuperable supreme
soprano unswathe inter incisor distrust crucible
gossamer engross as-per (phr. ) solder.
STKP X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 105
(213) GROUP WORD-SIGNS-
' 1 r\ either
/ \ ^tli-fire eir 1
-LIST III. :
Dr. (doctor)
,-dear, direct
during
bring, liberty
..remember.membe'
number
appear, proper
o^ / other
' r \ _ over
* ^V....^very very
V
^5
1
1 1
c-v ' favor
1 ^\ form
/ from
^ - "*" - ^ mere, remark-able
-__ __.. ^_. ....in ore
n c^ humor
V C fl". awful
V- .fiill.y
practic-e-al
internal
tru-e-th
1
utter
equal
_dillicult
calculate
real
,.rela-tive-tion
rule
\ C belong
\ \ ab', blow
^l/
^ to-be-able
^^
(-214) MISCELLANEOUS WORD-SIGNS VI. :
1
people I .strong
J .strength
-describe
inscribe
^r
-secure
-insecure
.instruct
-value
.pleasure
106 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP X.
c=z_character __l___measure
consider
influential
These and all word-signs should be -written over
and over again until the outlines become as familiar
as the words they picture.
(215) L AND R-HOOK PHRASES:
o
-in-all
Jn-her
in-onr
J_ which-are
P__at-all
. as-it-wore
of-all
(21 G) N-stroke followed by upward L or R
occasions an awkward junction, and the need for a
quick angle suggests a clever use of the initial hooks.
At the same time it illustrates when the pressing
need for a fluent outline overcomes a strictly syllabic
rendering. We refer to the phrase form in-re as
employed in cases like the following :
in-respect in-reference in-rcply
in-writing in-rrcei])t
!-!
STKP X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 107
(217) The same is not only advantageous in
phrases, but likewise in words beginning with en or un
preceding r, as
enrich unreliable unregenerate unrecognized enrage
Y
-\
(218) Words beginning unl (or enl) are similarly
treated, as
unload unlikely unlawful unhealthy unwholesome unlucky
The word forms exhibited in Sects. 21G, 217 and
218 show how spoken language sometimes differs
from written. In voluble speech words are "run
together"; and here are shorthand outlines similarly
treated. They are illustrations also of the proper
phrase. The nearness to coalescence of the sounds
gives warrant for close junction of the signs ; and
where phrases so result, they may be considered natu-
ral and allowable.
(219) A shaded M can be made to stand for the
double consonants MP or MB, as in the words
embarrass empire trump embezzle imposed amply
j> / 1
*-**/ *~+^ \~^
The conventional names are Emp and Emb.
(220) MP WORD-SIGNS:
import-ant-ance improve-ment ImpOflBlb-le-lllty may-be (phr. 11
108 INSTRUCTION IN
(221) WRITING EXERCISE:
Employ in this writing all the word-signs and principles
thus far presented, and after the shorthand rendering has
been corrected, use it for reading practice. Proper phrases
are marked by the hyphen.
When you have conversed with-him you-will come
away with considerable knowledge. The-orator de-
livered-a stump speech from-the rostrum with special
vigor. There-is-nothing for children to do here unless
they play " I spy." Messrs. Field & Flood, real
estate people, have much available property which-is
very valuable. In-her reply to-our inquiry she ex-
pressed just the-proper view of-the difficulty. The-
deer in-the park frolic from one side to-the-other of-
the enclosure. Influence is valuable to-have once in
awhile ; the influential usually occupy high places in
a-community. Truth forms the-basis of-all real
knowledge. Phrase and-fable were fully described
in-the three volumes of prose. She truly manifested
marvellous nerve for-a person paralyzed. It-will-be
wise to consider analogy in-the study of-the subject
discussed in-this-work.
*In-our day all honor is given to-the Greek poet
Homer. It-is-a noticeable fact that-the visible sup-
ply of wheat is far in excess of-all possible necessi-
ties. The migratory fowl will fly fast, and-not stop
until they reach a warmer clime. The enamel was
only on-the outside of-the small silver barrel. All
real authors are allowed free access to-the classical
library over in Allegheny. The prisoner seems to
think nothing of-his dishonor. The-trial of Charles
Blair, the-guilty teller, will occur in April.
* See foot note, page 54.
X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
(-2-2-2) READING EXERCISE :
109
In this and subsequent exercises vowels will appear
only in the outlines for proper nouns, which generally
require special identification. Other words must be read
with reference to position, except the word-signs, which,
in addition to position, have contracted forms for the most
part. Some halving appears ; see Sect. 223.
Copy the shorthand of this exercise many times for
writing practice, and acquire the ability to read at sight :
\
L
P Co *
'.X.
c. v^ .
1
\
.1 S,
\
110 . INSTUUCT10N IN [SIKT X.
i i . - ^ ^ ~ >
*) ^ ) ~ \> "N. 3
i \
r
) ( ^i ^ r ^ S v
'
(223) THE HALVING PRINCIPLE I. :
Shortening is an important principle, and the
irregularity of its application causes so much dilliculty,
it is proposed to present the subject in installments.
(224) Rule. A consonant stroke represent-
ing a word or syllable may be shortened to one-
1'KACTICAI. SIIOIJTHAXI).
Ill
half its ordinary length to add the sound of T
or D, us
.me, meet,
fay, fate
6
-about
.doubt
..saved
.slight
-called
C .old
f* sold
.cr. cared
(22">) No special distinction need be made for T
or 1), leaving it generally for the context to decide ;
though L, M, N, R (dovvnward-R) are shaded to add
I), except when modified by a linal hook (see Sect.
313), as
mate made
neat need
heart hard
eent send
(22G) The full strokes Wuh, Yuli, Kmp and Ing
need never be halved, and Huh and Huh are never
halved when standing alone.
11^ INSTUUCT10N IX [STK1* X.
(227) The position of a shortened outline follows
the rules for full-lengths.
(228) The power of the halving is always read
last, except where final S occurs, when it is next
to last, as
sends needs doubts words goods ni^lit.-
1i> c-P O
(229) IdpThc legibility of the shortened stroke
is better maintained if its length is made a trine less
than n half, though it should exceed the length of the
tick.
It it a common and serious fault of beginners to
lose sight of the relative size of strokes. Establish a
certain length for the full stroke, and make the short-
ened characters certainly no more than half. This is
as important as proper stroke direction and careful
angular junction.
(230) WRITING EXERCISE:
Pit bet cheat caught jet feet void taught
meet cat apt get let met vote fat east fed
net eased went wilt thought got wound
Plot bright great glad ironed sound gold
hired sent sword killed consent remit orbit
repeat vivid cottage modify hatched favored
plead rapid haggard agreed honored rhymed
qualified hammered required loosened watched
replied afraid broad threat roots feats rebate
renewed fitly invert caught ward sealed lived
codify retreat ratify carried
(Halving to be continued.)
STi:r X.] PRACTICAL SIIOHTHA.M). 113
(231) DICTATION:
De i tr Sir :
I received your letter, and it was a surprise to hear that the
(15) package has not reached you. It enclosed some valuable
books to assist you in your (30) studies. There were several
especially good for reference, as they represent the views
of the (45) ablest writers, and one could get considerable
knowledge from them.
II seems peculiar, since the (60) necessary postage (PsJ)
was prepaid, that they should be so long on the way. How-
ever, it (15) may be all right, and possibly you will receive
them by tomorrow. If you do (30) not, please advise me
by very early mail.
Yours truly (10),
(100 words.)
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP X.:
How is S prefixed to the L-hook? Why in this manner?
When does the circle-S applied to the L-hook look more
like a loop? How are the trigraphs str, pr, -sAr, etc., denoted?
I low is the S 'applied? Is the R sufficiently implied? How
does S appear in the words extra and poxtnre? How in the
words </t.sr/(.sx and disgrace? How are super, soaker and
sin <' r written?
When do in, un or en before S have to be represented by
the back-curl? When otherwise? What position do the
following words occupy : honor, yracefnl, crucible, setter,
(llt'iiilf. sutler. What do the hyphens stand for among
the group word-signs? What is the best way to memorize
word-signs?
Name a phrase in which Nr saves making an awkward
stroke. Name a Avord outline made fluent by the same
agency. What does shaded M stand for?
What is halving? What is the rule for halving? What
stems are shaded to add D? When is such shading waived?
What strokes are never halved? When can Huh and Huh
be shortened? What positions can a halved stroke take?
When is the power of the halving read?
Have you memorized all the Avorcl-signs thus far pre-
sented? Have you written and read all the sentences of
Step X.? Have you had the letter dictated to you? How
many times? Can you now write it correctly and readily?
114 INSTRUCTION IX [STEP XI.
STEP XI.
FINAL HOOKS F, V AND N:
(232) A small final hook on the right (or circle-S)
side of a straight stroke, or the upper side of a hori-
zontal, adds the sound of F or V in the same syllable.
pave buff tough dove chafe
\o V I. L /
Jove cuff gave ravo hoof
(233) A similar hook upon the opposite side
stands for N ; as
been ten done John can
\ J J A
chin gone hen run
J -
(234) The foregoing applies only to straight
strokes. A small final hook applied to the concave
side of a curve stands generally for the sound of N.
STEP XI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 115
There is no F or V hook for curves : the strokes must
be used.
often even (wi)thin ocean alone
^ ^ t j c
leave move
3c
(235) Reading the final hook. In any syllable
the power of the final hook is read last, except when S
is added, which is always read last.
(236) S joined to an F or V-hook, or to an N-
hook on a curve, is written within the hook, so as not
to conflict with simple final S ; as
paves doves achieves fines loans
\ I i ^ r
but S, Ses, Stuh or Ster, written upon the N-hook
side of a straight stroke, simply adds those sounds to
the N which is implied ; as
chance reigns chances bounced punster
J
(237) The application of the final hooks is syllab-
ic, and therefore the term "stroke" is employed
above with judgment. If more than one syllable is
[ STK1' XI.
considered, each is treated on its merits. Obviously,
words like the following do not require the final hook :
many
tiny
funny
rainy
(288) It will generally be found desirable to con-
dense all the sounds of a syllable into one
stroke ; and the abundance of initial and final hooks,
as well as other abbreviating material now provided,
combine to make this procedure more and more
reasonable and wise.
On the other hand, the introduction of the V-hook
gives also an illustration of how the need for a
"quick" angle overrules the intent to write syllabi-
cally. We refer to the un-angular junction of T
and V, T and F, P and V, and the consequent ne-
cessity of writing the following words thus :
devote profane provoke denied define
defense
U
provincial typhoon superfine
outfit
L,
Other examples of unfavorable junctions, and the
alternative procedure, will be given further on under
the head of Angles and Direction of Strokes.
(239) The use of the final hook also obviate!
writing the awkward stroke iNG as occurring in words
like :
bank
Frank
lank
rank
crank
STF,1> XI. J 1'KACTIOAL SHORTHAND.
117
(240) WRITING EXERCISE:
Staff cabinet skiff cough shave mantels
enough serve cover woolens behave tariff
endeavor rough shingles chairman economy
hotel piquancy condensed shellac Quincy
swollen messenger (Ms-Jr) vacancy tenth throne
convenience panic cancer hank foreign punish
Spencer dances veneer wagon perhaps adjourn
serenely stanza kangaroo replevin Lancaster
penury remain endorsed instances German
lancers behoof champion Kansas believe tracer
(241) READING EXERCISE:
u
118
INSTRUCTION IN
[STEP xi.
(242) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST IV.:
</
religion
.^. general
imagin-e-ation
u ciivini
Jl I.... differ
I, advai
divine
'en-t-cc
ance
opinion
none, known
union
I
(. thine, within
/ then
v than
men
man
human
denomination
(243) MISCELLANEOUS VII. :
. *\
V
-punctual-ity
.proficient
happen
8TKP XI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
(244) PHRASES:
110
/<~^^_p
p as-fnr-fls
c
P as-fast-as
f
o Bach-as
qy
a can-be
j
\
\> to-have
r
at-length
c ^ care-of
J
inore-tlitin
careful
ray-own
/Mir-own
. L set-forth
b but-if-Chave)
j
(245)
. wherein
COMPOUNDS :
fe^j whereas
/
wliir.h fiver
t^^^ whereof
1
truthful
cheerful
I
watchful
c/ therein
"}
herein
\ hereinbefore
I at-once
t
whoever
120 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XI.
POSITION Continual :
(246) The importance of Position should not be
over-estimated. Although presented in the theory of
phonography as a substitute for vowels, it is obviously
not a perfect substitute nor is it vitally necessary
that it should be.
Immediately upon discarding vowels, when the
learner is extremely in want of a word identifier, the
theory of position serves to inadequately bridge the
gap ; but in later and more practical writing a very
small proportion of the vast number of words in
common use require position for their identification.
(247) In advanced shorthand the need for a special
position is principally in the following situations :
(1) For the single or simple stroke word-
signs which have a multiplied meaning. (See
group word-signs generally.)
(2) For the outlines which stand for more
than one word of the- same* part of speech, and
containing the same consonant sounds ; as
prominent pre-eminent permit promote expect accept
w v y -A
(3) For special distinction in the case of a
few outlines to assist legibility ; as
women woman appear practice gentlemen gentleman
* Different parts of speech can have the same outline
without much clanger of conflict.
STF.P XI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAXD. 121
tril)ute attribute wait await today* tonight
I
(4) As a special feature of word-signs in
general. Always identify the word-sign very
much by its position.
(5) Long outlines can usually be written
upon the line, as their full rendering makes
them sufficiently legible.
(24<S) The position of the derivative should not
commonly depart from that of the primitive ; as
sensi-ble noti-fy success-ful question-able
(249) WRITING EXP^RCISE :
His fall into-the cistern was considered-a serious
disaster. I-saw-the publisher, ami-he promised
earnestly to-be punctual with-the work. Truth never
fears to-be examined. How much we measure-the
character of others by-our-own. Must I tell you
Rgam-and-again to-be watchful. When you-have
made a-beginning, that-is-not-all there is to-an en-
deavor. Different people have different views ; but
what-is your opinion of-the government? It-was-a pe-
culiar circumstance, you-will readily admit. A-Will
generally begins, " Know all-men by these presents."
Hopes and-cares, angers and-fears, divide our lives.
He-was never known to change his opinion on-any sub-
ject. Poverty is-a great disadvantage unless one is
industrious. Though a-trifle prejudiced, I-have-a clear
* Below the line 4th position, so called implies to.
122 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XI.
remembrance of-the circumstance. Zeal nerving
a-Vernet when in-a fierce tempest to sketch the-waste
of waters. Dr. Burchard said: "Rum, Romanism
and Rebellion." In-her reply to- the inquiry she ac-
quired just the-right tone of voice required.
* Stopping free coinage caused a-pauic which re-
duced-the people to penury. The-serene syren gave-the
seaman Simon seven saline salmon for-his dinner.
The-thinness, fineness and-evenness of-the table
covering was remarkable. Lenora Lenox will-have
to remain in-a lonely nunnery as-long-as she-is a-minor.
Assyrians, Italians, Romans, Africans aud-Arabians
may-be found in Paris.
(250) NUMBERS :
It will be realized sooner or later in the business of
shorthand writing that the Arabic figures cannot always
be written rapidly enough to satisfy every exigency ;
and while the cardinal numbers one, two, three, and
the ordinals, first, second and third, are sufficiently
facile when represented by the customary shorthand
material, that other figures often demand a quicker
presentation.
The system of writing numbers here introduced was
invented by RUEL SMITH, Esq., who has been for over
twenty years official stenographer of the Maine Su-
preme Judicial Court. Mr. Smith permits the use of
his method in these pages, and has kindly supervised
the exhibit.
(251) LESSON I. :
The digits, ten, eleven and twelve are written as
follows :
123450 789 10 11 12
CD \ /^ ^ i - v i ^ J r [_
*See foot note, page 54.
STKI' XI.] PUACTICAL SHORTHAND. 123
These characters are distinguished mainly by form
and direction, and their phonetic quality renders them
easy to memorize. Short forms for figures are prefer-
able to long, if the hand of the writer can be trained
to that nicety of procedure. The wuh-sign for one
turns to the left or right as usual. The sign for
figure two is made short in analogy with the tick for to.
(252) The direction for writing these number-
signs is for the most part identical with their shorthand
counterpart. The strokes for figures three and seven
have two directions and two or more angles of incli-
nation for the sake of convenience.
(253) Figure outlines are sharply distinguished
from other stenographic characters by a curved line
drawn beneath, with the concave side toward the figure.
(254) EXAMPLES OF TEN-GROUPS:
Numbers between 20 and 100 are denoted by join-
ing the signs given for the digits.
23 24 25 2G 28 31 32 33 37 38
> *>
\>
39 41 43 45 42 46 47 48 49 56
59 CO 05 69 75 77 78 87
124 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1> XI.
83 85 58 27 8T> CS 92 55 4-1
We are aware of the prejudice that has existed
against writing figures in stenography ; but having
been in situations where the Arabic numerals were
painfully inadequate, were prompted to learn the
Smith system, and from experience believe it to be as
good as (if not better than) any yet devised.
(Numbers to be continued.)
(255) DICTATION:
My Dear Sir :
We have your favor of the 1st, and wish to say in reply
that we fail to (20) see why there should be anything missing
from the goods sent you a week ago. We will, however, go
over (40) our check-list, and see if we have made any mis-
take; and if we have, will at once notify you (60).
We are always ready to make good such losses, and if this
is our error, will correct it right away (80). Will bring
this special case to the notice of our principal, and if it be-
longs to us to act, he (20) will direct us to do so.
It is our invariable practice to calculate fully the items
of a consignment (con-sN-Nt) previous (40) to shipment;
and if we did In this case, it will appear by marks on the
box. If you remember (60) the number (we think it was S7)
and will describe the stencil, we shall be able to adjust the
difficulty (80).
Awaiting your early advices, we are
Yours sincerely (8),
(168 words.)
See Shorthand Penmanship, Sect. 309.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XI.:
What does the small final hook stand for? When does
it denote /or v? When does it denote n? Do these hooks
apply to any stroke? What is the limitation? What final
8TKI' XI.] I'KACTICAL SIIO15TII.V XI). 125
hook has a curved stroke? How is S joined to the / or
t'-hook? How to the u-hook on a straight stroke? How to
the M-hook on a curve? How would you write ri)wd,
Should the application of the final hook be syllabic? In
what sense? (Jive an example where the v-hook -would not
be used for the final consonant. The >i-hook. How is it
possible to condense all the sounds of the syllable into one
stroke?
What consonants have been mentioned that make a poor
junction with one another? Do you know of any others?
What must be done in such a case? How would you write
/)////.-, drink, hi ink, wink with a hook? Is this strictly
phonetic? What would be the phonetic way? Are the junc-
tions as good?
(The teacher should ask questions on the word-signs,
phrases and compound forms of this step. For instance:
ask what the outline is for dcrdop, as-wrtl-as, whichever, etc. ;
or, for another test, write the correct shorthand outline
upon the blackboard, and call for its interpretation.)
Is position a perfect substitute for the vowels? When
is position most needed? Does it become less and less im-
portant as the student progresses in practical shorthand?
Name a situation where position is indispensable. Another.
Another. What relation has the position of the derivative
word to that of the primitive?
Can numbers be written in stenography? Is it advisable
to do this? What, ones are best Avritten in full, or by Avord-
sign forms? (The cardinals and ordinals.) What is the
form for tirnt, third, three.? What system of figure writing
is here presented? According to the Smith system, how
Avould you Avrite 2, 7, 11, 12. etc.? Why do 1, 3 and 7
have two directions?
Can the figure characters be joined? Is the ten-f/roup,
so called, an illustration of this? Why are tAvo figures
called a tcn-tfrnxft/ (In distinction from a group of three
figures, to be termed later on the hundred-group.} Are not
the joined strokes of the ii'>i-t/rnit/>x very much like placing
the Arabic numerals side by side to constitute the same
numbers? How would j'cu' write 33, 7 it, 47, 91, 44, 27,
31, 32, 87. '
126 INSTRUCTION IN [STEr XII.
STEP XII.
FURTHER FINAL HOOKS :
(256) An enlarged final hook upon the S-side of
straight strokes, and upon the inside of curves, stands
for the syllable "shun," variously spelled -lion, -*/'<///,
-cJM, -ci'ow, etc.
action fasljion notion education magician objection
_j> <o o LJ 7. v
ambition session oblation vision Hessian cautionary
~> J V? *o ^ -^
(257) A similar hook upon the opposite side of
straight strokes denotes the syllable -tice, as
consecutive subjective figurative operative effective-
(-258) Curves necessarily cannot have the large
hook for -tive, and for the few words that occur the
stroke form Tf * is employed ; as
native votive motive ablative palliative
-i. i n. vi NO.
u
* Although in a fevf cases, in order to preserve analogy,
the following are not impossible forms :
active derivative native comparative votive accumulative
8TKP XII.] ritACTlCAI, SIIOHTHANL). 127
(259) S is added regularly to the enlarged final
books, though -shun after an S is denoted by con-
tinuing the pen movement to a small "back-curl."
This is called the " Eshon " (S-slmn) hook.
po-s-ition physician decision sensation conversation
V I *
Mark the special forte of the cxlion curl, namely :
to express tthmi only after the sound of S.
(2(10) This same signification can follow S on the
N-hook side ; as
compensation condensation transition organization
y ch <r>
(201) After the analogy of Eshou, the syllable
-*///'/> after a small final hook may be denoted as
follo'vs :
division inclination tension abbreviation derivation convention
..I .V
This, though regarded by some as of doubtful
stenographic propriety (see also Sect. 211), has too
limited an application to deserve much criticism.
(21)2) It has commonly been regarded an offence
in shorthand to join a hook to a hook ; but in the pur-
suit of facile forms there seems to be no serious
128 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl 1 XII.
mechanical obstacle to writing a few words us illus-
trated below :
expenditure monitor Braintree pantry manager plunger
although in a few like xtnnujcr and dtimjcr the N-
hook is omitted altogether, as will be shown under the
head of. Omissions, Step XVI.
(263) WHITING EXERCISE:
Portion junction affairs advised location
various repair subjection illustration losers
mohair veal imitation detention Mohammedan
occasion factory compunction Smyrna intimation
gradation Hardy criticisms operation competition
occupation utility beauty allegation commemoration
dynamo conversation hesitation Putnam apparatus
discussion sanction execution negative Newcastle
admission valuation lessees wardrobe succession
property animation activity missionary invective
minister administration propriety provocative in-
relation cautionary preparatory excelsior detri-
ment colossal exhibition inexperienced blunder
hindrance Ogdeuburg attentively tomorrow to-
you reversionary Breckenbridge country penetrate
(264) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST V.:
opposition
position
possession, apposition
surprise
express
suppress
STEI' XII.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
129
(2Gr>) MISCELLANEOUS VIII. :
O.
I
information
}x . representation
c
mention
revelation
organization
<?
jurisdiction
i
association
/
justification
1
...direction
T
y -instruction
1
-id , .consideration
consumption
5
formation
Word signs and figures, because not generally
of frequent leiMirrence, should he practiced a great
deal daily, in order to make them _/o inf/iar material.
(260) PHRASES AND CONTRACTIONS:
>"'
<Q
_less-thaii
.of-his-own
.iii-his-own
-uot-less-than
.of -Its-own
130 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XII.
-iii-siich 7^ "as>
.in-consideration <g ^ JD .in-soine-cases
/ i
-4L- -Johnson
(207) WRITING EXERCISE:
The-capable doctor is careful in-his prescriptions.
There-was one onerous condition we-have-uot men-
tioned. I-have given Charles my honest opinion.
Charity (CHrt) is-the perfection of every virtue (Vrt).
His information finished the-coinmunication. How
much fear those evils occasion which never happen.
He-was commonly styled the -"General." We relished
his representation of-the situation. A-a consequence
each profession desires to-be examined first. They
lengthen it out, but-have to-make a reduction of-the
strength. We-are-all beneath Divine jurisdiction.
His generalization was perfect as-he described the-
organization of-the association. There- was-a mighty
revolution iu-the United States over a-century ago.
Do-not allow your expectations to-be those of pre-
sumption. The-delegation to-the general association
enjoyed the-sensatiou.
* There- was no occasion for getting into-a passion
about the-conditiou of-the Hessian army. The-at-
tractive appearance of-the outside was very de-
ceptive, ami-only served to hide the-putrefactive,
corruptive and-infective conditions existing within.
The-skillful physician made-the necessary incision
with precision while engaged in conversation with-
the sick woman.
* See foot note, page 54.
STE1' XII. J TUACTICAL SIIOKTIIAXU.
131
(268) READING EXERCISE
V
t T
U
-^ r
1
V
""
V^
~ u
J.
7 ?
\ % P
T, )
c I
- -v-
132 INSTKUCTION IN [STEP XII.
(269) THE HALVING PRINCIPLE II. :
The order of reading a shortened outline is really
the most troublesome feature of halving. Take, for
instance, the words xiii><'r!i<l<'ilci<t (sPrnt) and */-
round a (sRnds) in the last sentence of Sect. LT..S.
Noting the composition of these outlines, which are
illustrative of a stem modified by 8, the Hooks and
Halving, the student will have for consideration this
order of events :
1st. Circle-S or Loop. 2d. Vowel before consonant
stem. 3d. Consonant stern, with or without initial hook.
4th. Vowel after consonant. 5th. Final hook, if any.
6th. Tower of the Halving (r or L>). 7th. Final S.
(270) READING EXERCISE:
(Syllabic halving.)
S <
3
a ^ 6~ U 9
V
V ^ ^- -^ (5 L , V ^
V S
r
\Q^ '<i_^ ^. <^^ ^ J> '^ "\ J"
/
^^
\
j X
^ ^ ^ r , \
V ^ cK^^-^^^^V
>>
STK.r XII.] I'UACTICAI. SHORTHAND. 133
(271) Incidental to the halving principle, particular
attention should be directed to a logical representation
of the syllable -EJ3. -El) is the termination regularly
denoting past tense ; and although the past tense sel-
dom needs to be indicated in practical shorthand, yet
when it is demanded the rendering should not depart
from syllabic consistency. Stroke-I) is the proper
sign for the syllable -El), and none the less after a
half-length primitive. For example :
not-ed (not no-tcil) vot-ed act-ed crowd-ed fltt-ed
**-
(272) For the sake of legibility the D sometimes
h:is to l)c disjoined; as
trcat-cd decd-cd mcditat-ed freight-ed doubt-cd
(273) Although when the final sound is T the
thuil stroke may lie halved.
dropped (dropt) tracked tripped cropped crushed
1 I 1
J 513.
(II.alvin.ir to lie continued.)
(274) NUMBERS LESSON II. :
This figure system exhibits two valuable character-
istics, viz. : In the grouping of the signs the arrange-
ment of the Arabic numerals is imitated to advantage.
134 IXSTKUCTION IN [STKP XII.
For instance : 2 beside 7 is 27 ; 3 beside 3 is 33 ;
8 beside 6 is 86 ; and the quality of being joined
makes the forms fluent.
The second feature is, that the signs denoting the
degrees of increase in the numbers take their shape
from the words of language expressing the increase,
making the system easily a rescript of the N/W.v//
figures, and therefore valuable for purposes of dicta-
tion. Lesson II. illustrates this.
(275) Numbers in "teens" are denoted by adding
the N-hook to the sign of the digit ; as
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
^t'},^,-^, J, I ^>J \.
The character for 18 is lengthened to prevent con-
flict with 10, and the n-hook is often joined to the
sign for 2 two-teen (?) in combinations, for con-
venience of junction ; as
22 25 27 29 20,000 20,000,000,000
(276) Numbers having the " ft/ " ending are de-
noted by adding S to the sign of the digit ; as
20 30 40 50 CO 70 80 90
~S Q-OX by ^
(277) A convenient way to indicate a number
(used as an adjective), and so dispense with the
curved underscore, is to write the first stroke of the
Slid' XIi.J PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 135
modified word across the sign for the figure, or <-i<-i>
; as
30-days 40-milcs 2(VInchCfl /0-hours IS-acres
(27H) Although multiples of ten (the "tys") are
denoted as above, other ten-groups are written as
slio\vn in Section 254, the S being omitted, and the
whole outline imitating the juxtaposition of figures
observed in the Arabic notation. A hundred-group
made up of digits from 2 upward may be written in
the same manner, the digit signs being simply joined
one to another ; as
All other "hundred" combinations will be explained
in Figure Lesson III.
(Numbers to be continued.)
(270) DICTATION.
The student of piano playing is given a lesson once
:i \\H-ck, perhaps; and it is expected that several hours
a day shall be devoted to the practice of that single
task. Such a plan faithfully carried out results in the
mental discipline which leads to quick reading of music
and that training of the lingers which conquers the
dilliculties of keyboard manipulation.
The same practice should obtain in shorthand study.
"Set a copy," and work upon it with diligence. Im-
13(5 INSTRUCTION IN [STF.P XII.
pose a stint, and practice on that one thing until head
and hand operate so harmoniously that the writing is
done quickly and well. This advice applies particularly
to the letters herein given, which arc for a practical
demonstration of the knowledge derived from other
pages of the manual.
Di-ar Sir :
Yours of the first instant received, and in reply will say
I am greatly obliged for your kind favor in (22) desiring
me to prepare specifications on your proposed residence.
But, under the circumstances, don't you think it would be
better for you to (45) secure some one in your association
to estimate on it; as you are occupying a public oflice. and
by going out of (07) town it might occasion a feeling among
your constituents?
Nevertheless, I shall be pleased to make you some figures,
and only mention this (00) in the way of a suggestion which
the situation may or may not warrant.
Will call to see you in a few (22) days; and if there arc
any points I can give you in regard to building, shall be
most happy to do so.
I (45) am, sir,
Your obedient servant (50).
(140 words)
M;i Dear Sir :
We are in receipt of your letter of the 2sth instant,
asking for an extension of time on your account (22) which
is now overdue.
In reply would state, that while we are in much need of
money at this time, having several heavy (45) bills coining
due and payable next week ; still, from our past transactions
and experience with your firm, which have been of a ((!")
most satisfactory character, we cannot do otherwise than
comply with your request.
We therefore extend the time of credit thirty days from
this date (HO), at which time we shall draw on you at sight
for account in full, and trust you will honor draft, and so
(22) accommodate
Yours very truly (4),
(116 words.)
3TK1' XII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. ]'.\7
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XII.:
How is the syllable -tinn denoted? Does the varied spell-
ing of this termination have any weight? What is the
live-hook?' To what stems is it applied? Why cannot
curves admit this hook? What phase of the, -tion situation
docs the Eshon-hook mark? How is slum denoted after
Ns?
How is -tii-i- expressed after curves? Is this the in-
variable practice? When may exception be made? How
may ii'i/in-, nc/ii-c. rot in- he written? How would you write
n<'t. iti-tfil, iti-lnul, etc.? What root form is preserved? Is
a like analogy followed in the other words given?
How is shun represented after a final hook? Is this the
best of stenographic material? Why not (see Sect. 202) ? Is
it generally proper to join a hook to a hook? When may
the objection be waived? Is not this the reason for writing
((irisioti, ti'itsiiiii,, etc., as in Sect. 2*11:'
\Vh:it is a clever way to write Jvsx-tlmn, Benson, Mununn?
In these words what sound is the shun in analogy with? (N.)
Is this more unreasonable than some of the approved out-
lines for word-signs?
What is a difficult feature of halving? Give the order of
reading in the words xfr<u'<'<I, supplant, considered. What
does the syllable -<<! stand for in language? How denoted
in shorthand? Why is it seldom necessary to denote the
past tensc-f? Is 1) so used regularly joined or disjoined?
When disjoined? (See Syllabication in Shorthand, I'art
III.)
What features of the figure system are noteworthy?
Why? How are numbers in teen* expressed? What is the
sign for 15, 14? How is a number ending with the syllable
-///written? What are the signs for 16, 19,40,80?' Why
is the character for 18 double-length? When is 20 con-
sidered as two-teen ( ? ) What other way of calling attention
to a ligure besides the underscore? What is a ten-group?
A hundred-group? What kind of hundred-group can be
represented by the material thus far given?
138 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XIII.
STEP XIII.
THE BUSINESS LETTER:
(280) The simplest use of a not profound knowl-
edge of shorthand is in the business office for the ex-
pedition of commercial correspondence. Stenographers
of all degrees of proficiency are available for this, be-
cause such dictations range from the slowest speed
upon a familiar subject up to reasonably sw4ft writing
upon more exacting matter.
But for the most part business correspondence is a
primary development of practical shorthand : for the
reason that the writer becomes well acquainted with
the technicalities of a single business after a short
period of service, and the work is likely to run much
in the same channel. Writing letters, then, is an ap-
propriate occupation for the beginner in stenograph}',
and from that he can progress to more ambitious effort.
(281) SOME BUSINESS WORD-SIGNS:
1 advance ' interest
L appreciate ^manufacture
O
average 1 merchandise
1
3
-balance
bankrupt. ~7 mortgagee
\
.negotiate
STKP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 139
, "-^ i commercial -5_
"X
-consignee ^ _ principal
%
-customer . -profit
\r deficiency U_
.deficiency , U quotation
-dollar 5= secretary
.exchange ! signature
n 1 L
I , guarantee *"~
-instant P transfer
(282) BUSINESS PHRASES:
.bill-lading
.account-current C?. ...account-sales
1> ..
\ _ balance-account V " bills-receivable
V^
bill- (of; -sale
bank-stock _^\ Board-(of )-Tradc
r
dear-sir fea. _...in-settlement
yours-trulj 7 ' ..flC\ _yours-respectfully
by-express .....A ..charter-party
140 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl' XIII.
(283) WRITING EXERCISE:
Acceptance accommodation annuity assets
assignment (S-N-Nt) brokerage capital clearance
commission contraband correspondent currency
debenture deficit discount dissolution dividend
draft duplicate entry finance failure firm
foreclosure forward shortage funds import
reimburse installment insurance inventory investment
(N-Vst-Nt) invoice license lien manifest market
minimum panic partner payee policy protest
ultimo proximo sub-agent financial surety rebate
remittance renewal revenue schedule solvent
traffic tracer tariff trustee voucher wire transit
(284) COMMON PHRASES OF THE BUSINESS
LETTER :
Yon-will-notice enclose-herewith we-enclose bills-
payable discount-day invoice-book in-settlement
in-answer per-annum per-cent power- (of ) -attorney
duly-received sight-draft esteemed-favor lot-us-
know forward-at-once await-your-reply we-eu-
close-check we-shall-be-pleased at-the-same-price
we-enclose-copy be-kind-enough kindly-examine
without-protest proof-of-loss in-reply pleasc-re-
ceipt we-decline we-will-be-pleased at-present in-
relation-to-the-mattcr in-receipt-of in-every- respect
you- will-notice in-this-matter early-as-possible has-
been-received this-figure we- may- receive course-
of-bnsiness in-this-mail on-the-way by-special-
delivery express-paid according- (to) -agreement on-
account-of under- (the) -circumstances National-bank
(285) Note the simplicity of all the phrases presented.
Certain word groups arc of frequent occurrence, and are
oftei uttered rapidly. The stenographer should be able to
write them quickly. Judicious phrasing of such expressions
is admissible; but do not labor to phrase. The most useful
composite outline is that which takes shape almost of itself.
Do not force the process ; simply yield to a natural impulse.
See Phrasing, Part III.
STEP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHOHTHAND. 141
(iso) WRITING EXERCISE:
The following sentences should be written many, many
times. True progress in shorthand writinjr does not consist
in hurrying over a vast iimonnt of matter; but more lasting
benefit Avill result from dwelling a long time upon one task.
Kverv |>ieee of writ ing sliould be read. This is an indis-
pensable re<|iiisile of proper procedure. Writing trains the
hand ; reading, the mind : both must be educated in this
study :
The-business man's first wish was-to please every
customer. The-principal of-the firm considered it for-
his interest to perform his duties well. To-be capable
in business one-must have a-general knowledge of com-
mereial affairs. The-balance (or difference) is correct,
and-when you average it properly no deficiency exists.
The-guariinty iu-tlie charter required the-managers
of- the corporation to divide the-stock into equal shares.
The-president recommends the-secretary to make a-
ca refill investigation of-the irregularity in-the accounts.
The-lioanl-of-Trade directs all business transactions
according to practical rules. Thirty years ago a-civil
war agitated this country, and-the finances of-the
nation were disturbed by-the unequal distribution of
exper.ses. The rate-of interest to-be obtained in Eng-
land at that time was only three per cent, while in-the
United States it-was eight or ten. The-striugency
of-the stock market is beyond belief, and-prices on-all
securities rule high. The-$50,000.0p (;>() -f thuh) of
borrowed capital was covered principally by collateral
(Kit-Ill) trust bonds and-preferred stock. Wall Street
is-tlie feverish center of speculation (sP-Klshn) and-
finance. The-Bank of England h^s reduced its rate-of
discount from three to two per cent. If bank clear-
ances may-be considered an-indication of general
trade, then the-year 1<S!)2 (l<S-f'J2) inust-have-l)eeu
a- fairly favorable one. The consignee was-a good
142 INSTRUCTION IN [STEI 1 XIII.
customer, and-believed he-could realize a-satisfactory
profit if quotations could-be given by telegraph.
Pres. Ingalls said: "Last year only 4,000 miles
of railroad were constructed in-this country, aud-there
should-have-been 10,000." Since-the passage of-the
Sherman Act of 1890 the-belief has grown that-the
United States is moving iu-the direction of-a silver
basis country. The-manufacturer directed his ste-
nographer to telegraph the secretary of the Co. to
negotiate for-a stock-of supplies ; but learning that-the
price of exchange had advanced, that sales of mer-
chandise were slow, and-an average consumption
could-not-be guaranteed, he-refused to affix his signa-
ture to-the despatch. The-transfer of-the bankrupt
stock-of merchandise was accomplished on-the 18th
instant. The-mortgagee questioned the-terms of -t lie
mortgage much the-same as would a-lessee the-pro-
visions of-a lease.
NUMBERS LESSON III.:
(287) Three ways f speaking numbers contain-
ing the word hundred are heard. For example: (1)
Hunclred-and-five ; (2) Five-hundred-and-five ; (3)
Five-hundred. The position, initial, medial or final.
which the word hundred occupies in the nmm-ncal
sentence, governs the manner of indicating the short-
hand outline.
(288) The peculiar application of this idea may
be expressed as follows : Initial hundred is denoted
by the circle-S prefixed. Medial hundred is de-
noted by the S executed medially. Final hundred
is denoted by a pendant loop. All of which are
amply illustrated on the next page.
sricr xiii.]
I'KACTK'AI.
SHOUTHAXI>.
ua
105 .-. 'i.-. 500
V.7 706
600 700
no
150 155
t, *. v<
"3y X.
/ fy i?;
L
P P
V^y ^i
5- ^ fx
^
}^
110 Hi; 406
460 114
215 61!)
200
3(K1 NCI
P N ~^_
J ^ l / <=*. /
' L_0y ^
t \^ y ^
/ V,
' -*/ k
1!H) 3500
4(K)0
1100 1200
1400
1500 I'.KX)
2_0^ -^\> >
X,,
^y b/
"5/
^y ^
Note the forms for 1100 and 1200. That for the
latter is prrfcnible to the regular way, which might be
taken for o:500 or 8300.
The hooks of curved figures in teens are
made large to admit the loop for final hundred, as
illustrated by the last three examples above.
In a hundred-group of figures, made up
of digits from two upward, the medial-S is usually
omitted, as stated in Fig. Lesson II. ; but it may be
inserted at pleasure if convenience of junction de-
mands. The observant writer will see upon the in-
stant the "slow" angle that can be quickened by
the insertion of the S.
2-21 -270 2!!l 567 217 5114 sss 117 666
(-;'!) Thousands, millions, billions, etc., are
denoted by joining the regular character for such
numbers.
Large numbers are also represented by disjoining
for thousands, millions, etc., imitating the groups of
three figures of the Arabic notation.
144
INSTRUCTION IN
[STEP XIII.
5,000 10,000 100,000 500,000 S,000,000 14,000,000,000
k
13,750 104,963
14,002 33,936,015 25,006 190C 1,900
(2'J2) Dollars and cents may be denoted by
drawing a straight line (like tin extended Rub) under
dollars and over cents, ami dispensing with the
curved underscore ; as
!j;3JO
$40.25 $100 23.50 $103,000
o/ >/
4
(293) Fractions are denoted by writing the sign
of the numerator over that for the denominator.
Fractions with 1 for the numerator are denoted by
simply joining the sign for I to the denominator :
50
,';;:
A
,'H
A
These three lessons in the writing of numbers will
serve for all ordinary usage. Jf the student desires to
go further he is recommended to consult SMITH'S
SHORTHAND NUMERALS,* which may be obtained of
any dealer in shorthand literature.
* SMITH'S SHORTHAND NCMKUALS, by liuel Smith, Bau^or,
Maiiie. Price, 25 cents.
vr ].! xiii.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
145
(-21)1) NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PLACES:
Employ the same principles iu writing proper names
as 1'or ordinary words, only remember that they are
less common, and therefore their outlines are less
familiar ; so it will be wise to make extra efforts for
legibility, giving heed to syllables, angles and sug-
estive contour of form.
/ AtvliUmi Providence
r
llhode Island
7
Europe
X
Santa Fe
V- > v
x Framini^ham
M
Utah
lYj,
Hartford
n
Wisconsin'
\
Hersey
j
Twitchell
*)
Kentucky
2
Forrest
r ^_
^>_
- Haybrook
9
Nashua
7
r 7
Chandler
(295) Names of places of compound form con-
taining the word AV/r may be written as follows :
New Kng. Newport New Hamp. Newcastle Newark New Jersey
14G INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XIII.
(29G) WRITING EXERCISE:
Annapolis Arkansas Amherst Attlcboro Ayer
Arizona Albany Augusta Atlantic Alabama
Aldrich Abbott Bangor Biddeford l>re\\ster
Beverly Buffalo Baltimore Brooklyn Burlington
Braintree Baring Burton Belcher Butterworth
Bicknell Blanchard Clinton Cottage City Cin-
cinnati Chicago California Carolina Charleston
Colorado Cleveland Columbia Candler Carroll
Couant Detroit Delaware Denver Dover Dululh
Elizabeth Eastport Edinburgh Fredericksburg
Florida Eall River Francis Gloucester Greenfield
George Gordon Hyde Park Halifax Hinghain
Harrisburg Helena Houghton Herbert Indianapolis
Idaho Illinois Ipswich Iowa Jersey City
Kingsley Louisiana Lawrence Loud Lovell
Minneapolis Montpelier Montreal Michigan
Maiden Middleboro Manchester Nantucket
New Orleans Oregon Newburgh New Mexico
Newcomb Ohio Orange Omaha Peabody
Pittslield Portland Provincetown Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Partridge Rockport Randolph
Raymond Savannah Swampscott Salem Steven
St. John Stillman Seabury Sanborn Sheppard
Taunton Toronto Tallahassee Turner Teunessce
Topeka Tiukham Vermont Yosemite Young
Washington Weymouth Wellesley Woonso(;ket
White Willimantic Wilson Wilkins
(297) LETTER WRITING :
Further on will be presented a business letter in
shorthand, arranged as it should appear on the note-
book of the student. When taking a letter from
dictation the following points should have attention :
STEP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 147
(2 ( ,)<S) Begin the notes, and carry them along to
the end, imitating the form of letter presented in the
Suggestions for Typewriter Practice accompanying
this manual. It is presumed that the shorthand
student, particularly if in a commercial school, has
now reached that stage in his typewriting when a let-
ter can be transcribed upon the writing machine.
(2',) ( J) Arrange the shorthand notes of the letter
<nl'lr<'*x very much in the same order that the formali-
ties of typewriting would demand. Have the "Dear
Sir" begin the next line below, and either write a
dash (the underscore character) or drop to still another
line to begin the botly of the letter. Indent for para-
graphs, beginning a new line for same as in any
writing. By so doing the stenographic page will be
rendered legible quite as much because of a proper
order of action, and by the "daylight" let in upon the
characters, as if the outlines were exquisitely geo-
metrical in form.
(300) Leave a space of about one inch always for
the period, and postpone other punctuation for atten-
tion when transcription takes place. The amanuensis
must know how to punctuate !
(301) Write proper names in shorthand if they are
familiar, and the outline can be made unmistakable.
Invariably underscore such words. Unfamiliar names
should be freely vowelized ( ? ) , and only as a last re-
sort should they be written in longhand. The learner
should become acquainted with the outlines for the
countries, cities, rivers and mountains of the world,
as well as for the names of people.
(302) Write all initials in small letters of long-
hand script; because such can be joined in fluent
fashion, and any saving of pen-lifting is important.
148 INSTRUCTION IN [STKT XIII.
Write figures according to the system explained in
these pages.
(303) READING EXERCISK:
Also copy this letter* in shorthand many times, .in order
to acquire the style of arrangement. Follow the same plan
in writing from dictation. The date given below should head
a day's dictation, but not necessarily appear over every letter.
C \
styi*/ /? *-
r T/ JT
;
c
Hr
a
^ \ ( I
\ o \ \ v~ o
* Adapted from BKALK'S BTSINKSS LKIIKKS, issued by
Beale Publishing Company, Boston.
.STEP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 149
> ~ I d s
f " ' I) '
\ 1 X-x C
^n ; 1 o K-*
1 >->
c
( ( I r> . i -^ v~
1 I
S' J
S~Zs 3 c c\ \ n / (
V n i cJ- / V<v
\
2 \
^ ' 4
V,
*r
(304) DICTATION :
Messrs. HOWE & HIGH,
17^ Lisbon St., Auburn, Me.
Gentlemen :
Replying to yours of May 2d, would say that the Western
Investment Co. does not guarantee the payment (20) of the
bonds, but simply the interest.
If the bonds are not paid at maturity, the trustees for
the bondholders (40) would make entry for foreclosure,
unless the bondholders accept some new proposition from
the company for extending the bonds with (CO) the guaranty
of interest.
The chances are, however, that nothing of this kind would
be required, for it never has (80) been in any of our syndi-
cates. If the property should not sell for within fifty per
cent of its cost (20), the bondholders would have received
back their money and savings bank interest at four per cent.
If the property sold (40) for fifty per cent less than cost,
150 INSTRUCTION IN [SlT.l 1 XIII.
they would have received their money back with interest for
.five years; but (60) under the terms of either trust, the
property cannot be sold unless it realizes double its original
cost.
Yours truly (80),
(100 words.)
Messrs. HAYES, HILTON & HARRIS,
I486 Pointdexter St., Baltimore, Md.
Gentlemen :
Your esteemed favor of the 22d instant has been duly
received, and contents carefully noted.
We enclose herewith check to your (22) order for twenty-
five dollars, in payment of bill attached. Kindly acknowledge
receipt, and oblige.
We wired you yesterday as per copy below, and (45) this
is to confirm the same :
SHIP BALANCE HY KXI'KKSS, AND DRAW ON US ACCORDING
TO TKRMS 1'RKVIOUSLY GIVEN.
Please pardon the (<>7) error in relation to former con-
signment, referred to in your advices of the isth. U'c ac-
knowledge the mistake, and will cheerfully refund the (00)
over-payment. We are sincerely sorry that such a tiling
should happen, and assure you that the next shipment will
be in (22) excellent condition.
Soliciting a continuance of your patronage, we are
Yours very truly (13),
(125 words.)
The figures in parenthesis occurring at intervals in
these and all the letters presented for dictation practice
are for the convenience of the dictator in timing the
speed of his reading. Each letter is divided into
quarter minute portions on a basis of sixty words
and upwards, according to the stage of progress.
While it is not desirable to dictate with watch in
hand, exposed to the sight of the student, yet it is
equally unprofitable to read at random, ignorant or
careless of the rate of utterance. The reader should
have a speed gauge ; but let not the writer be di-
verted from diligent endeavor by thoughts of it.
STF.r XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 151
Typewriting affords a pleasant relief to the tedium
of shorthand study ; and the tasks of the day should
be divided into convenient proportions of each. Ob-
serve the make-up of the Business Letter as described
in Suggestions for Typewriting, Part III. Sufficient
skill in the management of the machine should now
have been attained, so that all dictations can be tran-
scribed upon the typewriter in correct form and with
some despatch. But make no special effort for speed ;
strive rather for style and accuracy, and the matter of
speed will take care of itself.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XIII.:
What development of shorthand does correspondence
ordinarily represent? Is extraordinary proficiency re-
quired? Then business correspondence provides ofttimes
a good stepping-stone to better things? What kind of
phrasing is here recommended? Mention a phrase of
common occurrence.
Give the three ways of speaking hundreds in figure par-
lance. What is the rule for representing hundred-groups?
In what direction is the loop for final hundred written? Is
the medial S always employed? How would you write
I, sot!.* I tow are million, billion, etc., denoted? How are
dollars indicated? Cents? Does this oblique line have a
use in English money? What? What is the general way
of writing fractions? The special way for fractions with
1 for the numerator?
What form should the notes of a dictated letter take?
How is the address written? What is the address of a
letter? Is it a correct address if the town or city be
omitted? Is it a useful address if the street of a large
city be omitted? Is the rom/ilfti' address always neces-
sary? What does "indent" mean in this connection,
:uid" in reference to typewriting? What punctuation is
indicated in a shorthand letter?
What is the instruction as to proper names? What are
familiar names? Should not good outlines be as ready for
them as for any familiar matter? What treatment is
recommended for unfamiliar names? Then it is important
to remember how to manage the vowels? What outlines
should always be familiar to a. citi/.en of the United States?
How are initials to be written? Why so?
152 INSTRUCTION IN [.STEP XIV.
STEP XIV.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF HALVIN( J :
(305) The same may be said of halving as of
many an abbreviating principle : do not overdo it '
Halve with judgment and with caution. In Exercise
270, examples of halving in the correct syllabic division
of words were shown, and that phase of it could not
fail to give satisfaction ; but disciples of syllabic short-
hand cannot wholly felicitate themselves when halving
is concerned. The principle is so erratic in its ap-
plication (when made conducive to fluent procedure),
that the practical writer is content to let it take its
wayward course. This Step will exhibit a few of its
vagaries.
(306) To secure variety of form where conflict
might be dangerous to legibility, some outlines aiv
shortened, while others which picture similar sounds
(but vary syllabically) are not ; as
operate part separate support errand earned
V a V < \ "V> "3
(307) The above might be credited absolutely to
the need for syllabic structure, were it not for the fact
that the number is great of mixi/lla/iii- forms which this
fickle principle of halving makes the best possible
STKP XIV.]
1'KACTIC.U. SHORTHAND.
153
material when speed is considered. We refer to in-
stances like the following :
J^Lret-urn
V rftt-nil
\
det-ail
pot-ato
(w)isd-om
det-ach
.prot-ect
.int-ent
.ant-icipate
bett-er
part-icipate
.silent
.verd-ict
.ind-icate
int-end
.warrant
.bott-om
.(h)isto-ry
(308) In some words where a long vowel pre-
cedes T or D, halving is waived, leaving the long form
to imply, as it were, the long vowel, and so distinguish
from similar words containing short vowels, which
may be halved.
paid put
late let
n r
lead lot
n c
date debt
154 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XIV.
Under this head come a few R and L-hook words
which have a long vowel between the stem and the R
or L denoted by the hook ; as
bleed build breed brought plead plot Made bled
v
This is not a universal rule, but is ofttimes a help
to legibility.
(309) Do not shorten when the finished outline
would not exhibit the fact. Write such forms iu full,
and carefully at that; as
looked affect navigate collect fatigue moneyed
V-
_{__
__
(310) After the fashion of zn, en or un preceding
R (see Sects. 216, 217), words beginning in<1<>, iiitli,
nndfi can, by halving, be given a convenient form.
independent indiscriminate undefined indefeasible indispensable
(311) Phrase or compound forms having the
words time or take for the last member, can be denoted
by halving as follows :
everyt ime ovcrt-ake in-the-ineant-ime at-(tlie)-saniet-iinc part-ake
<JV"~^
at-all-times betake in- (a) -short-time some-time several-times
8TKP XIV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. !.");">
(312) The precepts of Step VII. call for a down-
ward stroke of It in final syllables where It is preceded
}>y a vowel. This is often waived in advanced writing
for the sake of fluency, and upward It employed
instead. Below is a situation similar in point, includ-
ing also a phase of halving :
veered marred lard fortified fortunate
(313) L, M, N and It are understood to be shaded
when halved to add I) (see Sect. 22;")) ; but this is not
necessary when modified by the final hook; as
meant mind lent lend renowned arraigned
(314) Do not confuse the hook modifier with
brief-wuh, as in the words ?'v//', //v//'/, //v>/v/, etc.,
which require no shading; though the outlines for
tn'c/il and i/icld may be thickened to distinguish from
'in'lf and leaned.* (See wield and yield in word-signs,
Part III.)
(315) It is hardly wise, in the endeavor for fluent
and legible writing, to shorten a stroke containing the
Kel-hook, Shun-hook or Ses, though it is rarely done.
(See consistent and suspend among Word-signs, P:irt
III.)
(310) WRITING EXERCISE:
Definite authentic offend enlightened unre-
pentant in-reporting accident moment excellent
servant resilient document encounter cogent
incident amusement solvent subsequent oleg.-mt
surmount indenture remainder' rudiments blunder
* We prefer this rendering to associating them with
strokes W and Y, which might as well never be halved.
15fi
INSTRUCTION IN
[STKP XIV.
herald standard manifold consistent advocate
advent deliberate impediment fountain reluctant
phantom insult insulate insert relevant acquaint
ultimatum yesterday (St-Ruh-D) moistened
promptly maturity certify apparent preparatory
catalogue household fault blankets correspond
random clapboards stencilled bundles mouldings
handle rectify unavoidable inevitable holders
hardware ingredients adulterate saturate deterio-
rate implement duplicate innocent appetite
polite lantern fatal bait medium deduct
piquant horrified on-account-of iu-regard shade
kindle diseased figured muzzled editorial terri-
tory code whistled dedication antique planted
associate acquired gait traded discomfort bel-
lowed unreconciled contribute command boat
recumbent misconduct comment accommodate
coat recommend outstanding in-respect read
unwonted erect miscompute incontinent unre-
warded fate abdominal examined showed
(317) HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS
GROUP VI. :
accord-ing
cared
accurate, cured
authority
third
throughout
gentlemen
gentleman
agent
astonish-ment
c.stabliah-ment
preliminary
.parallel
Parliament
STKT XIV ]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
157
Learning the word-signs in groups assists to a firm
recollection of them, both by the contrast and the
association. It is important for the student to devote
a portion of the time each day to the study of word-
signs.
(:'>18) MISCELLANEOUS HALF-LENGTH
WORD-SIGNS IX. :
quite
v seldom
-^ somewhat (summat)
-^ under, hand
^
s
Immediate
behind
_k_evident
J toward
private
virtue
C
little
world
r hold, held
~3 fje^ond ''"ns^iuent
intellect
(x' certain
notwithstanding
intelligent
vj-
integrity
-V department
j^. word
^ compreliend
<-^
individual
^ movenifint
_l_defendant
_i_ plaintiff
158
INSTRUCTION IN
[STKT xiv.
(319) HALF-LENGTH PHRASES:
.in-order
-it-would (-bad)
in-it
Js-it
_k_nave-not
. \vhich-wd-be
.if-it
coulcl-not-be
_rrl<lid-not-kiiow
.[-have-not
.we-are-not
of -it
it-would-be
*- as-it
o
if-not
/ which-would (-had)
was-not
if-it-i.s-not
would-not-have
^i
_v_y not-only
_J__it-will-not
were-uot
aiul-of-the
(3-20) READING EXERCISE:
\\ (V /^l
\. < ^~~$ I ( VD / o
I ^ j ^.
Si
/-f
STKP XIV.] I'UACTICAI, SHORTHAND.
159
V
v r - Sry c
U
--M
>,
V
v L ^ -if
\
160 INSTRUCTION IN [STKI 1 XIV
\
/I
(321) SPEED PRACTICE:
The theory and practice of phonographic writing aie
not of themselves very complicated ; but the element
of speed required somewhat involves the process. In
the operations of life, we do readily that which we
know perfectly and have done many times. The
speed of shorthand consists in performing with facility
what the mind has been educated to conceive and
the hand trained to execute. Discipline is highly im-
portant (and stern discipline at that) ; for it does not
signify that what can be written slowly can likewise
be written fast. Haste confuses the faculties : hence
it is necessary that the intellect be cultivated to a tinr
degree, and the lingers made extremely skillful before
rapid writing can ensue.
As some writer has said, speedy shorthand writing
is simply executing rapidly what we know
how to do : and that is no doubt the truth of it.
STEP XIV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 101
(322) COMMON WORDS:
As a preliminary to more varied speed practice, writing
and reading exercise should be had upon the following
simple words until all can be Avritteu without the least
hesitation and at a good rate of speed :
All am an and any are as at be but
by can did do for get go had has he
her him his how if in is it may me my
no nor not now of on or our out own
she so the to two us was we who why
will yes yet you
After been come done down during ever
from have here into made make many might
more most mine much never often only over
some same such that them then than this
thus they upon unto very were with what
whom when your
(323) About among already always because
before behind beyond could every either how-
ever neither never other ought shall should
since their there these those though where
which whose within whether under unless
until without would whence
Begin care far fill feel full God good
give great Heaven hope just know kind life
like little Lord love man near one people
part quite right see send tell thank thing
think told truth time use usual way went
wish word world work whole
(324) Previous to the introduction of halving fast
writing has been out of the question, except upon the
special matter designated ; but now that most of the
162 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP \ I V .
abbreviating principles have been applied, more prac-
tice for speed will be appropriate, though even now
it would be better to confine . it to only the tasks
specified.
The student should receive dictations as a part of
the daily duty, a portion of which should be at a rate
a little faster than can be comfortably performed.
After each writing carefully examine the work, and
note where haste has clogged the memory, outstripped
the reasoning faculties, and so impaired the legibility ;
and repair the fault at next writing.
The same matter written many times will
produce better results than to frequently
change to new.
The requirements of rapid writing develop such
latent strength as the student may possess, and the
teacher can decide whether it is wise to continue the
practice. The reading of such notes discloses to the
writer every weakness, and the faithful in self-criticism
will derive much good from the lesson.
Our advice is to confine for the present all fast
dictation to the sentences and letters thus far presentl-d
in the Steps. They contain the fundamental elements
of language, as well as of shorthand, and will be
found adequate.
Speed practice which is fast travelling in the direc-
tion of error is of no particular value ; for faults of
execution cause illegibility, and illegible writing has
no practical utility, the time given to heedless scrib-
bling being time worse than wasted. Moderate, well-
considered writing produces good work ; and good
work persisted in leads naturally to a swift perform-
ance. The idea of repetition is an excellent one, and
is always prolific of better results than the aimless
haste and frequent changes to new matter which so
often characterize speed practice.
STEI' XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 103
(325) COMMONPLACE MATERIAL FOR
SPEED PRACTICE:
These sentences, being composed of the common words
(which are the scdles of typewriting), furnish the best
possible practice upon the writing machine. Transcribe
them from the shorthand notes for an exercise in type-
Avriting :
Where were the other two? "What will you have,
and what shall we do? Can that be so? Come over
when you can. They were beyond you. Before you
made this. About every one can come. Now, then,
here we are! How can they do it? Some of them
were mine. From whence do you come? What will
you do about it? Have you ever been there? He
would not be here without her. Would you make two
more for me? She has always been behind you. It
might have been well. Can you do this for me?
What can he do about it unless they all come? That
was made here while you were out. They were there,
yet we did not see them.
(326) It will do no good because always in the
way. It is not mine to give. You will never know
until the time comes. Think a little before you begin.
Do great good in such way as you can, for you have a
work none other can do. Tell me when you send it
to her. You begin, and the others will do the same.
Wli:it can we do for the Lord? They went out of the
usual way. Make good use of your time. We will
see what can be done about it. She will give you as
much as you ought to have. All the people came
from there. They tell what they can do, but never do
it. They did ilot think of it in time to do any good.
Why do you always send the goods that way? This
is the last time I shall have you do it. How much can
be done in the time that is given you? Why did you
not send it out to me? Life is what we make it.
164 INSTRUCTION IN [STKT XIV.
(.">27) How do you feel about doing the work?
We will always thank (lod for the work they have
done. Were you there, aud did you see me? They
sent far and near for them. Life is full of hope, so
work with a will. God is near unto them that love
Him. She did not know whether to go or not. We
thank you very much for the good time we had.
Neither of them told the truth. They feel as if they
did not care to go. To whom did he give his word?
They think they know the whole truth about it. He
did the most of anyone. It was a good thing to begin
that way. Do the same as you did before. I shall
not send it unless it is good. Who told you that it
was so? It will soon be time to begin your work.
I have not seen you since that time. Ought they to
begin the thing that way? Send me wofd when you
can come. When you see this you will think of me.
There is much beyond this world. It shall always
be a part of this life. It is time to go now. Do unto
others as you would that they should do to you.
1 shall go up and see him some time when I am
well. We should always do as good work as we can.
Is there anything I can do for you? I have already
done what you wished me to do. Think you can do
it, and it is done. Of course we did not see him, for
he was not there. If he does not go, I do not know
what we will do. If I could get one more, it would
be enough. We cannot tell all the good we might do
here in this world.
(328) DICTATION LETTER:
Dear Sir :
There is but one thing for me to say of the "Perfect"
typewriter (TTliuhlluh). It more nearly fulfils my idea of
what a machine (23) that takes the place of the pen ought
STKP XIV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 1G5
to do than any that has ever been invented. It does not
stand between (45) the brain and the sheet of paper as a
dead instrument; you forget the machine in your work, and
there is no impediment (68) to the rapid expression of the
thought, or any restriction upon the action of the mind.
It has other and great merits (90) ; but I value it chiefly
because I can sit down to its keyboard and do my work
with the same forgetfulness in rapid (23) writing that one
has of the pen which he holds in the fingers. The machine
is forgotten while you write ; and yet (45) after confinement
at the " Perfect" for four or five hours in succession I have
arisen from my seat with far less fatigue in mind ((!8) and
body than comes from the continuous use of the pen for
that length of time. In this respect it meets with (180)
great success the needs of those who wish to use the type-
writer for original composition.
I have grown to like my machine so (23) much that I
never use a pen in writing, unless it is absolutely necessary ;
and I am more and more satisfied that (45) the typewriter
is the only instrument that can be used successfully by
those who are called upon to do much rapid and original
literary work (70).
Yours truly,
(250 words.)
The student should not consider it a hardship in
speed practice to devote very great patience to repeti-
tion. Select matter of literary merit, at least some-
thing that contains a variety of words, and practice
upon the same piece until it can be written without
hesitation. Remember, though, to write wM is of more
importance than to write swiftly ; and that thought
should always be a check upon a reckless tendency in
rapid writing.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XIV.:
What may be said of halving in common with other
abbreviating principles? How should the shortening prin-
ciple be employed? Can syllabic writing always accompany
halving? How are similar words distinguished ofttimes?
Is variety of form a matter of random writing? What fea-
166 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XIV.
tnres must be attended to? (Analogy, Direction of Strokes,
etc.) Why analogy? Why direction of strokes? Why is
halving termed a fickle principle? Can the words redeem,
detail, potato, protect, intend, anticipate, etc., be written syl-
labically? Then why distort them for the sake of halving?
Is a brief form always preferable to an extended one? Then
why do many of the best writers use comparatively extended
and fluent outlines? Isn't it after all a matter of tempera-
ment or taste on the part of the writer? (Somewhat.)
How are some words in this Step distinguished from
others of like consonant elements? What other instance of
implying the vowel by manipulation of the consonant have
you observed in this manual? When is it good judgment
not to halve? How are compounds of time and take indi-
cated? What does this resemble? (The word-sign for time,
i.e., M used by some Graham writers.)
Why is upward-H used much more in advanced writing
than in the early stages? When downward-R is not fluent,
what is to be done? How would you write rarer, merrii-r,
terrier?
Why is not F-Tn a good outline for fortune? When are
L, M, N, R shaded to add D? When not? How are vi<-l,l
and yield written in this manual? Need strokes W and Y
ever be halved? What other widened character is next to
never halved? Is it wise to halve a stroke beginning with
Rel? How would the word brilliant look if the outline was
halved? What other like situations do not admit of halving?
How would seasoned, fashioned look if the outline was
halved ?
How are the group word-signs learned ? How many word-
signs have you entered in your little " knowledge-book" to
date?
Why is shorthand difficult to write rapidly? What does
swift writing really mean? How many operations are in-
volved in the act? How can great facility of writing be
attained? What is haste likely to occasion? How should
dictation now be given? What matter is suitable for dic-
tation at this stage? Is variety of material necessary;'
What does the demand for rapid work develop in the writer?
What does reading the notes disclose? What does the ina-
bility to read betray? What will self-criticism accomplish?
Can you write every common word and every common-
place sentence given in Step XIV. as swiftly as the fingers
can move the pen?
STEP XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 167
STEP XV.
THE LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE:
(329) Writing a stroke twice its ordinary length
may bo considered to mean the addition of the syllable
ter, der or ther (or other, there, their in phrases).
mother father matter wonder whether order
(330) The lengthening principle applies more par-
ticularly to curves, though straight strokes may be so
treated to a limited extent ; as
rather reporter brother chapter typewriter conductor
\
(331) An n or shun-hook can be read after the
power of the lengthening ; as
return moderation pattern modern eastern federation
168 INSTKUCTIOX IX [STKI' XV.
(332) Lengthening* adds ker or ger to ing; or
er to emp or emb ; as
anchor longer anger temper lumber December
(333) It conduces to legibility to exaggerate the
stroke as above to a trifle more than double length ;
but employ the principle with discretion, like any
shorthand material. It seems almost ridiculous to
write like the first line below :
minister rostrum nostrils intrinsic federal
V
when the last are more in accord with analogy and
syllabication. A doubtful gain in speed does not com-
pensate for an involved mental operation.
* The theory of this is to maintain the widened form; but
the tendency among practical writers is to execute a light
line when such lengthening occurs in a compound form ;
as
chamber timber September cucumber scamper
STKP XV.]
PRACTICAL SIIOHTHAND.
1G9
(334) SOME OUTLINES NOT LENGTHENED:
.harder (ardor)
Arthur
laundry
(335) The lengthening principle is also especially
useful for phrasing :
have-their
\v If-t.here
'VLL
' when-there
(wlien-they-are)
jn-there
.^
another one
^ (no-other-one)
*^"^ , ..rather-than
*
in-other-words
C^"*^^ where-tliere-is
c
~~\ further-thau
\ . (from-their-own)
<f~ *"**^. some-other-reason
(330) WRITING EXERCISE:
Letter confederation render another center
operator when-there exporter entire (w.s. ; see list
of Part III.) further writer enter elevator ma-
terial (w s.) return-mail think- there Easter
170
INSTRUCTION IN
[STEP xv.
Chamber- (of) -Commerce oyster halter hinder
some-reason- (or)-other smother speculator your-
letter- received disorder literary shoulder water-
proof as- (a) -matter- (of) -fact stockholder Walter
bondholder receipt- (of )-your-letter conspirator
northern brother-in-law thither veteran enterprise
(Xt-Prs) spatter squander palter calendar
psaltery Alexander bother up- there Flanders
in-this-matter zither out-there handkerchief
among-others copy-holder letter- (of) -credit astern
(337) MULTIPLICATION TABLE:
Illustrating hundred-groups of the Smith method of
figure writing, and showing when to use the circle-S as a
convenient junction :
j
r
i
J
0?
f
e_
H.
S
u
H.
s
\
JL
0?
vl
V
\
STEP XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 171
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES:
(338) The parts of words, whether syllabic or
otherwise, furnish situations for the application of
shorthand principles. This maybe reiteration; but
it cannot be too strongly impressed upon the atten-
tion of the student.
Whenever these situations are frequently recurring,
the more needful it is that the special treatment should
be simple and well understood, in order to be quickly
applied. The Prefixes and Affixes are common to
many words, and are quite uniform as regards outline
structure.
(339) PREFIXES:
Many prefixes like ab, ad, de, dis, ex, sub, are repre-
sented by such simple syllabic shorthand material as
to call for but casual mention.
Exceedingly common prefixes are the compound
forms 1'oncom, decom, discom, discon, incog, incon,
incom, incum, irrecon, miscom, miscon, noncom, non-
con, rerot/, recon, recom, recum, uncon, uncom, unac-
com, unrecog, vnrecom, unrecon, selfcon, which are
denoted by disjoining the sign of the first syllable of
the prefix, as illustrated in Sect. 148.* The student
should be already familiar with this situation.
(340) Other special Prefix signs are for
Circum denoted by a small circle written in
vowel fashion near the first stroke of the remainder
of the outline. Self is indicated similarly and
sometimes joined.
* Comic, conic (See Sect. 153), commissary, concomitant,
comiti/, commission, comrade, condone, commerce, commode,
connote, en n n!re. and consols, are a few words which arc
better written without reference to this rule.
172 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XV.
For and Fore generally by stroke-F joined,
though convenience rarely demands the employment
of F-uR or Fr.
circumference self-defense forsake foremost forgive
Inter, intro by Nt joined (unless absolutely im-
practicable) to the remainder of the form.
Magna-i by M written above the rest of the
outline.
interpose intermix introduce intercept magnanimous magnify
Contra, contro, counter by a disjoined tick
(or by halving, to save pen-lifting) ; as
contradict controvert counterfeit
(con-trad-ict) (con-tro-vert) (count'feit)
Per and pre. It is deemed advisable to make a
distinction of form between these very common pre-
fixes, employing P-Ruh for per (except in JHT/HI/)*,
|wrc/mse, and where P precedes M), and Pr for pre ;
as in
present per cent pretend pertained previous pervious
V V*- ^ v^j V
STK1' XV.]
TRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
173
(341) Other less common prefixes which ordinary
procedure will not cover, are
Arch by K
Astro " St-Huh
Multi " M-Luht
Post " 1's
Retro ' ' Ht-liuh
Stereo " sTr
Subter " sHcl-Itnh
Super " sPr
Trans ' ' Trns or Trs
With " DT1I
in archangel, architrave, etc.
" astronomy
" multiply, multiform
" postpone, postal (?)
" retrograde, retrospect
" stereotype, stereoscope
" subterfuge., subterranean
" superficial, super excellent
" transact, transfigure
" withdraw, withhold
The nomenclature employed above is simply that of
denoting the stroke by a capital letter, and its
modification by lower-case, nil is made R, and
nL would be L.
(342) AFFIXES :
The affixes demanding special treatment are rather
more numerous than the prefixes. Ant, ent, ate, cle,
/f.s.s and mi.rd are easily written. The advantage of
an upward and downward form for R and L assists in
making legible art/, er, or, a/, el and Zy. /Shun, tii-c
and ed have been discussed in Step XII. ; good syl-
labic rendering disposes of acy and OH.S; w3c'i'i iiuj
a id f iii/a were explained in Step VII.
174 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XV.
(343) Other affixes requiring arbitrary manage-
ment are
Bleness, fulness, lessness, someness by
a circle * (slightly larger than for ings) disjoined.
Ality, arity, bility, cality, idity, ology, perity,
etc. by disjoining (generally) the stroke for the
first sound of the termination to be indicated ; as
teachableness carelessness wholesomeness formality amiability
) ^
/ , O
^
-A
zoology rascality validity prosperity verbosity
Mental-ity by Mnt disjoined.
Self, selves by S generally joined.
Ship by SH joined or disjoined according to
convenience.
instrumental-ity thyself themselves friendship apprenticeship
<>
7
Head, hood by D joined.
Worthy by DTH joined or disjoined.
manhood womanhood girlhood Godh'd fountain-h'd praiseworthy
* )soodby employs a disjoined Bis, Fs or Ls (3d position) ,
for bleness, fulness or lessness.
STKP XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 475
('HI) Ture (allix are) by Tr joined ; as
torture culture literature lecture pasture
-f/v is not regularly included in the common lists
of postfixes ; but in the mechanics of syllabic writing
it deserves a place with the stereotyped forms.
(345) JUDGMENT IN OUTLINE BUILDING:
An entertaining class-room exercise is found in
giving a consensus of opinion upon the outlines of
words which may be submitted. Often five or six
forms can be suggested for a single word, though but
one of the number is superior to the rest, either in
fluency, angles, analogy, syllabication, or a happy
combination of all these necessary features. The
reasoner Avho knows the best when it is exhibited is
the student who is on the high road to success in
writing good shorthand. If any doubt exists, it is the
part of the teacher to explain why a certain rendering
is to be preferred, and how it must be a matter of
knowledge and judgment in the management of ma-
terial. The argument might be advanced that the
elasticity of shorthand grants a wide freedom of option
in respect to outline formation. Not wholly so; it
is choice regulated by fixed requirements. A careful
reading of some of the contents of Part III. will
convince of this.
Closely related to the idea of exercising discretion
in the building of shorthand is the liberty given of
writing alternate shapes for some of the aflixes. Good
judgment on the part of the writer in this connection
leads to the quick achievement of the best results.
I'll INSTRUCTION IN -il.f XV.
(346) Note the alternate forms presented for (lie
following cases, the selection to be obedient to the
demand of convenience of joining :
Vie,
Kiit,
Kst,
Fall
bly, by 151 or 15 as .
" Nt or nt "
\
V
\
s
ist * " St or stuh"
{_
e*
fore " F or F-R "
^\
.fully" F, Florf "
e 3
y
\
Ment, " Miit or Nt "
t
Tt
i >IX/ I'll III 1' lit.
Ness
, :in << .1 !><< Ns or ns"
c *
- }
nchii i-i im nt
i',/n fii!iu us, iritiu-.-i.*
(347) READING EXERCISE :
* St for est, ist may be written upward if convenience '
requires, as in the words fusionist, closest, opinionistt
8IT.1' XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
(348) COMPOUND FORMS:
177
.upward
.backward
.outward (orT-Rd)
.downward (or Dn-Rd)
.understand
.underwent
.undersigned
(349) ELSE-PHRASES AND OTHERS:
-somethiug-else
-someone. else
-anything-else
.anywhere-else
-2 or-else
_ what-else (S
it-is-not-necessary
on-the-contrary
for-instance
by-soine-uieans
for-example
! (Sec 360).
-{-- I lt.ni.--?is.fliiniMli
some-how
f or-(the)-sake-of
178 INSTRUCTION IN [STIC!' XV.
(350) WRITING EXERCISE :
Christianity pomposity despondency physiology
fundamental theology popularity instability faith-
lessness incognito selfish questionableness self-
hood mindfulness uncontrolled interchange
magnesia misconduct magnificent wheresoever
inability friability preferment foretaste self-will
interrupt unselfish endowment self-love ductility
nomenclature picture forewarn forfeit self-
reliance forget Legislature forsooth decomposition
recumbent forswear introspection international
incumbent interjacent intermediate counteract
accompaniment interval countermand archbishop
intervene post-ollice stereotyped multitude inter-
vale asteroid counterpoint postman subtrahend
supersede withstand transform superhuman
withal supernatural mature unreasonableness
(;5f>l) WRITING EXERCISE:
It matters not whether you or Walter wish to-go to-
the theater with- me, for I shall take neither of you.
The-telegraph operator was-a fellow-conspirator with-
those- concerned in-the strike. It-is-no-wouder that-a
slender thread of criticism renders modern society
tender on-the subject-of slander. It-is-most in-
competent and-incomprehensible testimony, and- we
object to- the evidence. The-evil was neither supra-
mundane or subterranean, but right iu-our midst.
Contradiction has-a different meaning from coittni'lix-
ti aft ion. The-interview was of-little interest to me
because-the interrogations of-the interviewer were-not
intelligible. "Onward and-upward " shall-be-our
watchword ever. Though it- was calm to-the leeward,
yet, with a squall occasionally to-the windward, the-
STK1' XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 179
" sqiuire-riggor " proceeded swiftly cm-its eastward
passage, outward bound. The-cowardly troops of-
the queen went backward and-forward, inward and-
outward, in awkward evolutions. Boyhood a-id-
inauhood, girlliood-and womanhood, are successive
periods of human life. The-snail withdraws within
its shell, withholding its head and horns, the-better to
withstand the-enemy. General literature, with-an oc-
casional lecture on Culture, improved this interesting
creature wonderfully. " Mr. President, I shall enter
on no encomium upon Massachusetts. She needs none.
There she is. Behold her and judge for yourself.
There-is her history. The- world knows it by heart."
We-may apprehend God and-His works, while we-
may-not comprehend Him. The-comrades connived
to-have the-commission of-the commissary cancelled.
Conic sections exhibit either perfect circles, comical
ellipses, oblate curves, or frustums, according to the
way the figure is intersected by the instrument of
cleavage.
* I wonder how such a tender and slender stalk can
support so large a flower as the crysanthemum. The
number of wonderful modern inventions of high order
is rather bewildering. Neither his mother nor father
would say one word in favor of moderate drinking.
The-prosecuting attorney recommended the-release
of-the prisoner on-his-own recognizance. His self-
conceit was self-evident, and-enabled him to retain
complete self-possession under-the-most trying cir-
cumstances. His thoughtlessness, carelessness and-
listlessness will hinder his success iu-any branch of
industry. The-phrenologist, mineralogist, chronolo-
gist, physiologist, philologist aud-theologian were
diiscussing-the genealogy of-the etymologist in-the
zoological garden.
* See foot uote, page 54.
180 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XV.
(352) MODEL LETTER FOR COPYING AM)
DICTATION :
This letter is written in an offhand style of short-
hand, and is a model only as to form not of ^vo-
metric outlines. It is a fair sample of a page of
notes written very much as they should be in the
actual business of amanuensis work :
STKI' XV.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
181
(353) Or it may be that the stenographer is ac-
customed to "take" letters involving accounts, and
can arrange the dictation in debit and credit fashion
as he writes. If so, the following would illustrate the
form of letter. At all events it should be typewritten
in this latter form, and must sooner or later take that
shape in his mind :
V
V^J
k ~~\ I
"/i li/i
yu
/ or
>v
182 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XV.
REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XV.:
What does lengthening a stroke denote? To what kind
of strokes does lengthening more particularly apply? What
does the double-length stand for besides -ter, -der or -ther?
To what extent are straight strokes lengthened? How
would lantern be written? What does lengthening add to
iNG? To Mb or Mp? What is the outline for the word
numerator? When may shading be dispensed with in con-
nection with these strokes? Should the lengthening prin-
ciple always be employed? Name a few words it need not
apply to. Why not employed for these words? What else
is lengthening desirable for?
What does the circle-S stand for in the multiplication
table? Is it always used in hundred-groups? When may
it be omitted? When is it indispensable?
What is a prefix? Are they numerous? Therefore how
should they be denoted? Do the common ones call for par-
ticular comment? Why not? Does th'e management of <-
com, uncon, recom, etc., present any difficulties? Name one
or two words containing con or com that are written other-
wise than with the dot. What few prefixes have special
treatment? What two ways of writing contra, contro or
counter are suggested? What advantage (if any) has the
second way? Is it important to make a distinction between
per- and pre-9 How would permanent and pre-eminait. be
written? What is the outline for multiplication, vitlml,
post-office?
What is an affix? Does syllabic treatment dispose of a
great many of them? Is it ever advisable to Avrite the
termination shun other than the usual way? Have you a
firm conviction as to writing -ed? How would you write
locomotive, charmingly, asperity, posterity, frigidity, >/-
ciability? In selecting one from many possible outlines of
a word, what should govern the decision? How should :i
dictation of figure matter appear on the note-book?
STEP XVI.] I'UACTIC.YL SIIOKTHAN'l). 183
STEP XVI.
FURTHER EXPEDIENTS :
(3")4) In addition to the advantages of short
phrases for the representation by hooks of the words
<tll, in'/l, own, than, ercr, lnir<>, etc., previously illus-
trated, and besides the tricks of sign and outline
manipulation that have heretofore been presented in
their proper relations (as we contend), there are
other expedients resorted to by the expert writer to
still further elaborate the art. It may be readily in-
ferred that ingenuity can be exerted in this direction ;
but unlimited freedom of fancy would be dangerous,
and a selection is therefore made of those which in
our judgment belong to a work on practical shorthand.
(355) I PHRASED.
I is phrased initially to other forms by joining a
P, ('II or T-tick, according to convenience, the phrase
beginning in the lirst position.
T-ain 1 know I-believe I-can-be I bave I-bave-been
^-^ ^ \> L_= o u
The writer confesses to never having had much use
for the I-phrases ; and the reason ascribed is this :
The words lie and flic, occur ten. thnex* as often as /,
and the oblique ticks become more naturally identified
with them than with /. And appears in writing over
Jii'i' time* * as often as 7, and therefore the T-tick stands
* See jiol.e, (mire Is.
184 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XVI.
for and with unquestionable propriety. At the same
time the enthusiastic phrasier may with judgment cm-
ploy the ticks in phrases for 7; as also may the
stenographer who reads easily his swiftest notes.
(356) In situations where lengthening is not feasi-
ble, there can be denoted by wjiat is termed the thr-
tick. This tick disjoined serves for the termination
-ingly.
siuce-there down-there can-there out-of-their longingly
(357) Of-the is often denoted by proximity, as
time-of-the-day day-of-the-week man-of-the-world
|3
(358) Notwithstanding the above, and the fact
that proximity also denotes con, com or cog within
a word, the stenographer is in rare instances com-
pelled to dissect an outline to insure legibility. Such
breaking up of the form is commonly at the junction
of a prefix or aftix, or between the parts of compound
forms, and is resorted to because any other procedure
would be faulty. Note the words mono:
'/K'linuin, wardrobe, supernatural, t'Hjht-kiu't'd,
natural, completeness.
(359) To is quite often denoted by fourth posi-
tion, as illustrated in Sect. 247-3, and from
to by close proximity, or by joining ; as
to-go from-time- from-day- from-generation-
to-time to-day to-generation
SIT.I' \VI.J PRACTICAL SHOKTHAM). 185
(3(50) BRIEF 1 WUH AND YUH :
The signs for n-e, n-cre, I/OK and your may be in-
verted for convenience in simple phrasing ; as
you-havi' we-can yon-had we-remain sinccrely-your
'1
(361) The same signs may be enlarged to add one
of the companion words, though great care should be
exercised in the use of this material.
we-were we-w'd you-were you-w'd what-were what-w'd were-we
c n 3
(362) Dw, gw, kw (qu) and tw. This system
has no special appendage or character for these initial
digraphs; and experienced writers ignore the Wuh
sound for the most part, writing tin-ell D L, quick K-K,
Ix'hri'cn Tn 1 (word-sign). At the same time such
neglect does in rare cases jeopardize the legibility; and
it is recommended to employ the brief wuh in conso-
nant fashion, or by striking it across a stroke, like the
way yuh is indicated in the words erroneous and lan-ycr
in Sect. 145.
quiescent Gwendolen equator queen quaff
(363) Brief wuh and yuh, considered as consonant
sounds, can be employed with some freedom in outline
formation to assist legibility (see also Sect. 57, Step
III.) Words like idiom, cornea, euphony, opium,
etc., are made more readable by the actual indication
of the wuh or yuh sign,,
1*1! INSTRUCTION IN [STK.I' XVI.
(364) OMISSIONS OF SIGNS FROM
OUTLINES :
In order to compass the most fluent rendering, a
better angle or direction of stroke is sometimes gained
by omitting a part of the outline. Note the following
omissions :
K in the words attraction ,
book-keeper, aitsiottx
T in custom, postaar, postal
N in stranger, transfer, at-
tainment
M in commencement, adorn-
ment, consignment
S in controversy
bankruptcy
P in Sampson, consumption, ^_^ s~-\ /
jumped < V X -^ =-"J
The word-sign lists exhibit other examples, some of
which are abbreviated for the reasons above given, and
others varied in form to prevent conflicts.
Facility in this kind of abbreviation is gained by ex-
perience. There seems to be no general rule for a sure
guidance. Fluency is the great aim ; and that is at-
tained by dropping this or that stroke of the outline.
Then the next need is for legibility, which is secured
if the condensed form makes no conflict with any
other.
(365) OMISSIONS OF WORDS FROM
PHRASES:
Unimportant words in phrases may be omitted, if
the remaining outline is as suggestive as it is fluent.
, I'.fiijfucij, CX f \
\>
STEP XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 187
With the exception of a few instances, like those
of Sect. 364, unphrased outlines are commonly ren-
dered in full. Cases like more'n for more-than, our'n
for our-oK'n, are phrased in another way (see Sect.
244).
And from again-and-again, more- ^^^
ami-more * -s <^v^
A from for-a-moment, in-such-a- ( ^-J>
Vx^~v-i L D
The from for-the-sake-of, under- (
the-circumstances ? ^f-
To from it-seems-to-me, will-have-
to-l>e
Of from as-a-matter-of-fact,JIon>w-
of- Representatives
In from for-instance
(366) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS :
In a manual like this, given up so much to syllabic
rendering of words, special instructions for the forma-
tion of the negative, as distinguished from the positive,
hardly seems necessary, because the regular procedure
of the book will serve.
If the negative prefix be in or un, stroke-N (or the
back-hook in situations demanding it) furnishes a suf-
ficiently legible rendering of words like unbalanced,
iiiiliijnihi, unchanged, insolvent, etc. ; while for nega-
tives beginning with dis, im or mis, no particular
comment is required.
For the prefixes ille and irre the precepts of Step
VII. have special force, and two suggestions may be
now made : For beginners we would recommend the
writing of both directions of the strokes L or R, ac-
188 INSTRUCTION IN [STI'-P XVI.
cording to Sects. 138 and 130; but the advanced writer
may use the up-stroke for the initial syllable of the
positive, and the down-stroke for the negative ; as
regular irregular legal illegal responsible irresponsible
(367) WRITING EXERCISE:
Application post-office passenger danger ap-
portionment postmark testify postman testimony
partake irreligious overtake illiberal somebody
(sMb-D) steamboat immoral junction postpone
Thompson restless mistrustful domestic boastful
priestly devolve mostly impure (Mp-Ruh) I-am-
pleased inherit I-am-glad inherent cynicism I-
assure-you Sawyer campaign I- fear-yon- will-be
I-cannot-say incandescent canvas I-dare-say im-
material immortal irrelevant stringency therewith
assizes contingency attempt impede from-time-
to-time did n't you Uriah from-year-to-year in-
the-first-place oue-of-the-most illegitimate at-the-
same-time first-class Almighty clumsy Norwood
all-sufficient stubborn paraphernalia exemption
hardware stupendous disenchantment
(368) SENTENCES FOR ILLUSTRATION:
Great care will have to be taken in writing these sentences,
in order to have the principles and expedients fully expressed.
Hyphens are omitted, and the student expected to write the
most condensed style without a suggestion.
When compassed round about by many combatants.
In-regard to-going over-there, would-say that-it-seems-
to-be wholly out-of-their minds to-do- so. It is
necessary to reply in writing, and that as soon :is
possible. He stepped past the stake and stood stock
BTK1' XVI.] ru.VCTICAL SHORTHAND. 189
still. The steamboat stopped at the embankment,
and the embezzler embarked. We went down there
to see him in reference to the matter. In response
to your inquiry, can say that the contrivance contains
a combustible compound. The odium of being an
opium eater was disagreeable enough ; but continued
indulgence in it reduced him to absolute indigence.
He was not, as far as known, cognizant of the fact.
A vast concourse, in respect to the fame of the
Commodore, came down to the wharf to bid him
good-bye. It is best never to shun the shuu-hook,
except in slione and ocean. In repeating the story of
the adventure, his confession of complicity was so
interesting to all concerned in the inquiry, that they
compelled him to put it in writing ; with which request
he immediately complied. Day unto day uttereth
speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge.
Headache, back-ache, and ear-ache, are all unpleasant
bodily sensations. What would you reply if you
were questioned? He had not run far distant when
he began to distend his cheeks in saucy fashion. I
believe fully in a hereafter and in a heretofore, for
that matter ! Seize the moment of excited curiosity
for the acquisition of knowledge. He was suspended
from the order for not paying his dues promptly.
Mr. Curtis was courteous at all times. That ap-
p:iivnt anomaly among words, ourself, is allied to the
editorial ice. The word Jig tire has far different mean-
ings in mathematics, geometry, rhetoric, logic, sculp-
ture and theology. "Genius detects through many
species the genus, through all genera the steadfast
type, through all the kingdoms of organized life the
eternal unity." " Widdy, widdy, wen, wake cock
warning." The counsel of the consul, to console him,
concealed his real sentiments. He was bigoted and
190 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XVI.
arbitrary; in other words, quite galvanized with Cal-
vinism. The fervent embrace of cousin Charlie ;it
the station unmistakably embarrassed her. Although
he really owed the man, he was not visibly awed by
the stern manner of the creditor he was owing.
SHORTHAND PP:NMANSHIP :
(369) In Step I. it was declared that there was
a penmanship to shorthand as well as to ordinary
handwriting ; and at this stage it may be proper to
discuss the matter more thoroughly, although not to
the length which it deserves, or to the extent one
better qualified might venture.
Position of Body. The student should sit in an
easy attitude, with the weight of the body thrown
slightly upon the left arm, so as to grant perfect
freedom of the right. It goes without saving that
the writer should not bend forward extremely, and
that the note-book should have a convenient position
upon the table.
Holding the Pen. In longhand writing all the
letters slope in one direction ; and the writer having
decided upon a correct grasp of the pen between the
fingers, the instrument may remain fixed, and all the
letters will be made with facility. For such writing
a soft grasp of the pen is required, and the. opposite
end of the pen-stock should point toward the right
shoulder.
In shorthand writing the lines composing the
characters extend in many directions ; although it
may be said of correct stenographic outlines, that
they are described so as to come within the scope of
STKI' XVI.] I'KACTU'AL SHOHTIIAND. 191
tin- most lluent movements the pen is capable of per-
forming in such writing. For shorthand the pen
should be held with the same natural and easy grasp
as for longhand ; but the pen-handle should point
out waul from the shoulder, because the prevailing
action of the hand is to draw the writing instrument
rather than push it. It may be added with perfect
frankness that the opposite end of the pen-holder
points in many directions during the progress of
writing, considerable freedom being allowed in this
respect. Besides which, there is an action of the
thumb in clever shorthand writing quite foreign to
ordinary penmanship. This may be described as a
rolling of the pen-holder, and is required for the
tracing of the shaded horizontal signs (iuh and iNG,
which demand considerable manipulation of this sort,
while some other strokes call for less thumb action of
a similar nature.
Movement. Leaving the consideration of the
above, some of which may be new to the ordinary
writer, and should therefore be carefully noted, we
come to "movement" in writing. At the outset, it
may be remarked that movement in shorthand writing,
speaking generally, does not differ materially from
that in longhand writing. The "compound move-
ment," so called, which is the union of 'finger and
mnst;ular action, is demanded in both situations.
Finger movement is the guiding of the pen
solely by the fingers holding it, and is needed more
or less for the execution of the smaller and more
intricate parts of the outline.
Muscular movement is the action of the arm
.xh'iided and withdrawn, while using the muscle near
the elbow as a rolling rest. This movement is de-
sirable for the bolder strokes of any fluent writing;
192
INSTRUCTION IN
-^i
and a very ordinary penman ought, after a very little
practice, to be able to utilize it for the less involved
shorthand forms. The expert writer will go further,
and attain to the facile execution of the tiniest charac-
ters and the most critical junctions, by this same
procedure.
Practice for good movement in the management
of the pen should have a place alongside the other
work of this manual ; and for the assistance of those
who would labor in this direction some exercises in
muscular movement are appended below. Finger
movement need not be illustrated very much, beca use-
that comes easily of itself and is not desirable except
so far as it may be a necessity; but a well disciplined
muscular movement should be the endeavor of every
shorthand writer who aims at excellence in all the
details of the study.
The characters of the scheme of consonant signs on
page 17 will afford simple practice at first, and should
be mastered before proceeding further.
More valuable and entertaining practice will be
found in the following exercise, consisting of joined
words and phrases, which have been graded as to
diiliculty'by a professional penman. Fill many lines
of foolscap paper with each example, all the time
maintaining correct position for body, arm, hand and
fingers :
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
.-TK1- XVI.]
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
103
Other shorthand material as good as this, or better,
could be suggested. It is not so much what is writ-
ten as the way it is done ; and the forms are likely
to show by their grace, or by their lack of the ap-
pcarance of fluency, whether they were executed by a
facile muscular movement or the contrary. It cer-
tainly conduces to graceful outlines to have a good
movement in writing ; and the difficulties of speed are
194 IXSTKUCTIOX IN [STEP xvi.
more readily overcome if a good pen movement
accompanies other attainments in the writing of
shorthand.
(370) LETTER FOR DICTATION:
Messrs. STERLING & ELLIOTT,
.Hampton Suburbs, West Virginia.
Gentlemen :
We take pleasure in mailing you today specimen books
of Barnes' National System of Penmanship. These books
contain all the copies of the entire system (25'). A Imsty
glance will convince you of their superior gradation, utility
and beauty. They have never been equalled in mechanical
execution. Your attention is respectfully (50) called to
the third page of cover, which contains a classification and
analysis of all the letters ; to the fourth page of cover,
which shows (75) special features of the series ; and to the
small sheet of practice paper.
We will furnish these large books for introduction at
eighty-seven cents (100) per dozen, and the small books for
forty-seven cents per dozen. We also prepay all mail or
express charges; and if you have any books (25) of similar
character on hand now in good condition, we will give you
an equal number of our new series for them.
Remember that the (50) whole series is printed from
stone by hand, and is far more elegant and beautiful than
the cheap copy books that are printed from type (75) on a
steam press. The latter will never be used by competent
teachers of penmanship.
These books have been adopted in many cities and towns
(200), and are heartily endorsed by more than two hundred
of the finest professional penmen in the country. Wo
believe that you can make no mistake (25) in adopting them
for use in your classes, and trust that we may have your
order.
Hoping to hear from you, we are
Yours truly,
(250 words.)
(371) CONCLUSION OF PART II. :
One of the most disappointing results of the study
of shorthand when the principles have been presented
STKP XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 195
closely following one another, with only words for
illustration has been that the inquirer knew next to
nothing of the practical bearing of the subject after
such a hurried passage through the rules. Doubtless the
clever ideas of phonography would be entirely appre-
ciated as he passed along ; but the learning process
was simply heaping one thing upon another, until the
store of information was a mass without detail or
color ; and when the time came for a general applica-
tion, nothing could be handily accomplished : because,
although some observation and considerable industry
had been exerted, the impressions received were more
or less vague at least not quickly distinguishable
one from another.
This has always been a disheartening outcome for
both pupil and teacher ; and under such conditions the
passage from the handbook to miscellaneous writing
was a weighty period and marked the point where
many fell in the struggle for a mastery of shorthand.
We have long believed that if the theory of phonog-
raphy be sufficiently relieved and strengthened by
practice all along the line, the throwing away of the
crutches, as it were, will not leave the learner still
crippled.
We allude to this stage because it has always been
a critical one ; not because we apprehend much of
such difficulty in the use of this manual. It does not
follow the traditions closely enough to inherit the
faults of out-of-date methods. The lesson we would
now impress is that the underlying principles of the
study must be thoroughly understood, before leaving
that part ; and lest anyone pursuing these Steps should
be deficient at this time, we recommend a careful re-
view of Parts I. and II. before proceeding to Part III.
and to the work which necessarily accompanies ad-
vanced inquiry.
PART III. Advanced Inquiry.
WORD-SIGN LISTS, SCHEDULE FOR
TYPEWRITING, ETC.
198 INSTRUCTION IN
WORD-SIGNS AND WORD-SIGN STUDY:
(372) Word-signs what for?
First: To provide brief and fluent forms for the
words of exceedingly frequent recurrence ; and
Second : For those words the regular outline of
which would be long and awkward.
The demands of speedy writing make the word-sign
absolutely indispensable ; and rapid writing is becoming
more and more the need of the times. At the same
time it having become more the custom to dispense
with the vowel-sign (and scud along under bare poles,
so to speak) , the more necessary it is that the word-
sign should be as suggestive, as that the regular forms
should be syllabic.
(373) The word-signs thus far given have been to
make easy disposition of the common words, and at
the same time to illustrate entertainingly the principles
as presented ; though in doing this occasionally one
of the less frequent examples of word-sign treatment
has been permitted to intrude.
(374) Learners have a varying capacity for the
management of word-signs ; and by that is meant not
only the ability to store them in the memory, but also
to draw them forth at will. About 750 word-signs
are set forth in this manual : 500 might be all that one
writer could profitably use ; 300 another ; and it is
possible to get on very nicely with less than that num-
ber. Nevertheless we would counsel a mastery of the
whole list, if possible, and do it so well that they may
all be made the ready tools of swift writing as
much so as the implement held between the fingers,
or the phonetic characters which are the alphabet of
shorthand.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 199
(375) . The word-signs exhibited by the books are
really the "combined experience" of expert writers,
extending over a long period of time, representing
careful investigation, and as such are almost impreg-
nable to criticism. Opinions may differ as to the
number that should be used, and as to the extent of
abbreviation ; but the longer we study these ingenious
forms, the more willing we are to concede that they
are the outcome of actual experience, and, if intelli-
gently employed, that they will contribute to the great-
est good of the greatest number.
(376) Personally we confess to a dislike for a few
of these signs, on the ground that it is possible to
construct forms that would be less arbitrary and far
more suggestive. We allude to the stereotyped out-
lines for
nevertheless notwithstanding hesitate manner whatever without
which might, it seems, be presented- as last given
above. Yet the traditions of the system are so strong
we dare not more than whisper thoughts of the innova-
tion, and hasten to remark that the standard lists are
good enough, and facile enough, considering the possi-
bilities of this system of brief writing.
(377) Word-signs how classified?
In order to make the word-sign stand out as a spe-
cial division of the subject, and as such challenging
particular study, we have been pleased to arrange
them under imaginary heads, thereby assisting the
200 INSTRUCTION IN
mind to contend with the difficulty. Seven classes
have been noted :
1. Word-signs imitative of long-hand abbreviation
illustrated by the list on page 208.
2. Word-signs by position (vowel implication)
as illustrated by the groups on pages 52, 74, 10."),
118, 128 and 156.
3. Word-signs denoting the principal sounds of the
word (consonant suggestion) as illustrated by
the forms for average, charity, en<j<nj<', iinfnlgc,
original, simple, seldom.
4. Word-signs arbitrary, but feebly suggestive like
exaggerate, generation, jurisdiction, information,
measure, frequent.
5. Word-signs purely arbitrary dollar, imagine,
hereafter, influence, large, religion.
G. Word-signs of form more fluent than syllabic
explanatory, unless, nearly, voluntary, majority.
1. Word-signs showing merely a part for the whole
form unfortunate, substantial, essential, authen-
tic.
(378) Word-signs how made?
It profits nothing to make even as imperfect a classi-
fication as the above, without the inquirer enters with
interest into the composition of the forms, and accepts
the above as an illustration of this division of the
subject.
Hence it may be affirmed that the shorthand writer
can with judgment invent his own word-signs. Not
that he would need to ordinarily ; but if engaged in a
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 201
business involving technicalities, lie could from obser-
vation of the standard lists go about building new *
abbreviations for his special convenience.
The procedure might be like this : If the word has
an abbreviation in English, imitate it in phonography,
if the resulting form be well constructed. The next
best outline will be the one which most clearly voices
the word. A part may be given for the whole, taking
care to select that portion which proves to be quite
unlike any current sign. The word-signs for different
and difficult illustrate this point ; in the first instance
Df was taken, and therefore Kl was " Hobson's
choice " for the latter. As the last resort choose the
arbitrary sign ; but if it can be made the least bit
suggestive, all the better for its legibility.
(379) Fluency of form should be the ruling motive
in all this effort for abbreviation : it is the why and
wherefore of the classes mentioned above ; otherwise
there might be one class only, namely, a wise conden-
sation ; or another class, namely, one imitative of
longhand abbreviation, etc., etc. But, no; the scope
of the English language is wide, word elements are
vastly varied, the shorthand equivalent has fixed
limitations ; and so, in the pursuit of brevity with
fluency, many paths have to be taken.
Then, really, the production of the acceptable word-
sign form is a matter of judgment (see Sect. 34o) to a
considerable extent. The limitations of a correct
mechanical treatment environ also this department of
shorthand writing ; and though memory serves to make
useful the finished product, yet it is memory assisted
by the reason.
* The Century Dictionary exhibits 50,000 words never
before defined in a dictionary : so it is fair to presume they
are new to writers at lars?e.
202
INSTRUCTION IN
(380) WORD-SIGNS OF THE STEPS :
(Alphabetically arranged.)
Nomenclature : Capital letters represent stems, and
small letters the appendages. The hyphen
shows a separation of strokes, and the fig-
ures mark the position.
able Bl 2
above B-V 2
accept Ks-P 3
accession Ks eshon 2
accord-ing Krd 1
account Knt 3
accurate Krt 3
accusation Ks eshon 3
acknowledge K-J 2
acquisition Jvs eshon 1
addition Dshun 3
advance Dv 3
advantage J 2
after Ft 2
agent Jnt 3
all B-tick 1
allow Lull 3
along iNG 3
already D-tick 1
am M 2
any N 1
appear Pr 1
apposition Ps eshon 3
appreciate Prs-T 1
architecture R-K 2
are Ruh 2
aristocratic Rs-K 2
as s 2
ask S-K 2
assembl-e-y S-M 2
association Ss eshon 2
astonish-ment St 1
authority THrt 1
average V-J 2
aware wRuh 3
awful Fl 1
aye ai 1
balance Bins 2
bankrupt Bnk 2
because Ks 1
be B 2
before Bf 2
begin Gn 1
behind Bncl 1
believe
belong
beyond
bring
business
but
by
Blv 1
Bl 1
y 1 (involute)
Br 1
Bs 1
calculate Kl 3
cannot Knt 2
capable K-B1 2
care Kr 2
certain sRuht 2
change CH 2
character Kr-K 2
charge CH 3
circumstance sTns 3
Co. (company) K 2
come K 2
commercial K-Mr 2
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
203
C Continued
common K 1
commonwealth K-wLuh 2
comprehend Prnd 2
condition Dslnm 2
consequence sKns 2
consequent slvnt 2
consider sDr 2
clear Dr 2
defendant Dft 2
deficiency Df-SH 2
degree Gr 1
deliver Dl 2
department D-Prt 2
describe sKr 1
description sKr shun 1
denomination Dn l
develop Dv-P 2
differen-t-ce Df 2
consideration sDrshun 2
consignee sN-N 1
consumption sMshun 2
correct Kr-K 1
cure Kr 3
customer Ks-Mr 2
1)
difficult Kl 2
dignity D-G 1
direct Dr 2
direction Dr shun 2
disadvantage Ds-J 2
divine Dv 1
do D 2
dollar D 1
done Dn 2
Dr. (doctor) Dr 1
during Dr 3
ease-y Z 1
edition Dshun 1
efficient F-SH 2
either DTHr 1
equal Kl 1
especial S-P 2
essential S-N 2
establish-ment St 2
ever V 1
every Vr 2
evident Vd 2
examine sMn 2
exchange Ks-CH 2
expect Ks-P 2
experience sPrns 2
explain sPln 2
express sPrs 2
familiar F-M 2
favor Vr 3
feature Ft 1
February F-B 2
fill Fl 1
first stuh 1
for F 2
form Fr- 1
formation Frshun 1
from Fr 2
full-y Fl 2
future Ft 3
G
general Jn 2 gentlemen Jnt 1
generalization Jns eshon 2 give G 1
generation Jshun 2 govern-ment Gv 2
gentleman Jnt 2 guarant-ee-y Grn-T
204
INSTRUCTION IN
II
had ' D 3
half F 3
happen Pn 3
happy P 3
hard Rd 3
has s 2
have V 2
heard lid 2
held Ld 2
her R 2
here R 1
herself Rs 2
high ai 1
him M 2
himself Ms 2
his s 1
hold Ld 2
home M 3
honest Nstnh 1
hope P 2
how ow 2
however V 3
human Mn 3
humor Mr 3
I ai 1
imagin-e-ation .In 3
immediate Md 1
individual Nd-Vd l
infer N-F 2
influence Ns 1
influential N-SII1 1
information Nshun 1
inscribe in-sKr 1
insecure in sKr 3
instant Nstuh 1
instruct in sTr 2
instruction in sTrshun 2
integrity Nt-Grt l
intellect Nt-Kt 1
intelligent Nt-Jnt 2
interest Nt-sT 2
internal Tr 1
into N-T 2
investigation N-Vst eshon 2
irregular R-G 2
is 's 1
issue SH 3
it T 2
jurisdiction Jrs eshon 2
kind Knd 1
knowledge N-J 2
language iNG 2
large J 3
liberty Br 1
magnitude M-G 2
man Mn 2 -
manufacture M-N-F 2
Massachusetts Ms-CH 3
mathematics M-TII 3
measure ZSIIr 3
little U 1
long iNG 3
M
member Br-
men Mn 1
mention Mshun 2
merchandise Mr-CH 2
mistake Ms-Iv 2
more Mr 2
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
205
mortgage
mortgagee
movement
M Continued
Mr-G 2
Mr-G-J 3
Mnt J
Mr. (Mister)
much CH 3
myself Ms 1
Mr 1
nature Nt 2
necessary Nss 2
negotiate N-Gs-T 2
nevertheless N-V-Ls 2
new Neu-
New York N-yK 1
next Nst 2
notwithstanding Nt-sTnd l
now Nou 2
number Br 3
object B 2
of P-tick l
on Kuh-tick 1
only Nl 2
oi)inion Nn 1
opportunity Prt 2
opposition Ps eshon 1
or T-tick 1
ordinary Rd 1
organization Gns eshon 1
original Ruh-J 2
other
ought
ourself
over
own
DTIIr 3
J-tick 1
Us 3
Vr 1
N 3
parallel Prel 2
Parliament Prel 3
part Prt 3
particular Prt 1
peculiar P-K 2
people PI 2
perfect-ion Prf 2
plaintiff Pint 2
pleasure XSIIr 2
popular P-P 1
position Ps eshon 2
possession Ps eshou 3
question Kn 2
quite Kt 1
real 111 1
refer-ence Ruh-F 2
regular lluh-G 2
rela-tive-tion Rl 2
practic-e-al
prejudice
preliminary
president
princip-al-le
Pr 3
Pr-J 2
Prel 1
Prs 2
Pr 2
private Prft 1
proficient Prf-SH 2
profit Prft 1
proper Pr 1
pub-lic-lish P-B 2
punctual-ity Pn-K 2
Q
quotation K-Tshun 2
li
religion Jn 1
remark-able Mr 1
remember Br 2
represent-ed Ruh-P 2
206
representation
republ-ic-ish
respect-ive-ful
INSTRUCTION IN
R Continued
Ruh-Pshun 2 revelation
Ruh-P-B 2 revolution
Rs-P 2 rule Rl 3
Luhshun 2
Luhshun 3
sacred . sKrd 2
San Francisco sN-ssK 2
satisfac-tion-tory sT 3
second sKnd 2
secret sKrt 1
secretary sK 2
secure sKr 3
secured sKrd 3
seldom sLd 2
several sV 2
shall SH 2
should Ruh-tick 2
signature sG-Tr 2
somewhat sMt 2
soon sN 2
speak-er sP 1
special sP 2
spoken sPn 2
stenograph-y-er stub N 2
strength -sTr-TII 2
strong sTr 2
subject sB 2
sufficient sF-SH 2
suggestion sJs eshon 2 orsJ 2
suppress sPrs 3
surprise sPrs 1
system ssT 2
telegraph Tl-G 2
testify Ts-F 2
thank TH 3
them DTH 2
there DTHr 2
thing iNG 1
think TH 2
this DTHs 2
those DTHs 3
though DTH 3
thousand TH 3
throughout THrt 3
thus DTHs 3
thy DTH 1
time T 1
to P-tick 2
together G 2
tonight Nt 3
too P-tick 2
toward Trd 2
transfer Trs-F 2
truth Tr 2
two P-tick 2
under Nd 2
union Nn 3
United States Nss 1
unless Nls 2
until Tl 3
unto N-T 3
us S 3
use (n.)
use (v.)
usual-ly
utter
S 3
Z 3
ZSII 2
Tr 3
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
207
value
very
VI 3
Vl-2
was Z 2
\ve w 1 (e volute)
were \v 2 (e volute)
what w 1 (involute)
when wN 1
where wlluh 2
Avliich CII-
Avho J-tick 2
whole Luh 3
V
virtue
Vrt 1
W
whom J-tick 2
will Luh 2
wish SH 1
with w 1 (evolute)
within DTHn 1
wlluhd 2
(w) Ld 2
w 2 (involute)
ye y 1 (evolute)
year y 1 (evolute)
yet y 2 (evolute)
you y 2 (involute)
your y 2 (involute)
youth TH 3
Word-signs how learned :
There is no better way to learn word-signs than
by use ; yet the student confronted by an appalling
list of more or less arbitrary forms would not be
benefited by such advice as this, simply because he
would not know how to use them advantageously.
But in this manual a few word-signs have been pre-
sented at a time, and so blended with related matter
that they can be used with the proper setting of lan-
guage. Therein lies the merit of the progressive
word-sign study feature of the book. More than half
the word-signs required for ordinary writing have been
so impressed. A good foundation has been laid ; and
as dictation work progresses the following lists should
be referred to as a dictionary would be, for such
words encountered as may be fit subjects for word-sign
treatment.
208
INSTRUCTION IN
(382) WORD-SIGNS IMITATIVE OF LONG-
HAND ABBREVIATION:
(These are by far the simplest word-signs to memorize
and use.)
-^-
ad. advertisement
astron. astronomy
Benj. Benjamin
"biz."* business
Calif. California
capt. captain
cash, cashier
Cath. Catholic
"cert." certain
chap, chapter
-= Co. company
I deft, defendant
L
Dem. Democrat
" din"." difference
"dig" dignity
Dr. doctor
Eng. England
Esq. esquire
exch. exchange
Feb. February
fut. future
gen. general
gent, gentleman
Gov. governor
* Syllables in quotation-marks are slang, it is true, but
most suggestive word-signs.
PKACTICAL SHORTHAND.
209
..uifm. infinitive;
Jnst. instant
-Jan. January
Just, justice
.Jr. junior
.leg. ledger
,Mr. mister
Nov. November
j. objection
orcl. ordinary
pass'gr passenger
Penn. Pennsylvania
\
-mag. magazine ^ perf. perfect
_manf. manufacture S plaint, plaintiff
-Mass. Massachusetts <^\...Parl. Parliament
.mem. memorandum Ji_Z.per cent
-Messrs __L__Phila. Philadelphia
.Meth. Methodist J phren. phrenology
.Mex. Mexico X pop. popular
t\
pres. president
prof, professor
prox. proximo
-ingr. manager
-Mich. Michigan
.Mrs. missis
210
INSTRUCTION IN
representative _
ev. reverend, revenuc-
-Sept. September
.super, superior
_ult. ultimo
-vol. volume
;ec. secretary
Other familiar abbreviations are doc. (D-K 1 ) for
document (as "Pub. Doc."), "prob." (Pr-B) for
probability (as "Old Prob.") Apt abbreviations of
terms in a trade or business may be similarly imitated
by the shorthand writer of judgment.
(383) GENERAL WORD-SIGNS:
Some of the words in this list have two signs. The
omission of K, the most fluent stroke in stenography,
has seemed to us an unwarranted hardship, and we
are loath to inflict it upon students of this manual
without giving an alternative outline.
Of course in words like direction, instruction, ntfr/n--
tion, there is enough suggestion to compensate for the
absence of the K, and words like explode and exj>l<ii,i
do not admit it. Ts eshon for taxation, sPs eshon for
specification^ Trs eshon for transaction and Prs eshon
for j>rosecution, appear far-fetched, except when used
a great many times at one sitting. Forms like T for
take, M for make, wRuh for ivork, also strike us as
being unduly abbreviated.
A certain design, however, pervades many of these
word-signs. For instance, the outline for/or??i is Fr 1 ;
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
211
and that same shape appears in the compounds, re-
form, perform, inform, deform, etc. F likewise stands
for -fer, as in infer, refer, and it ought to in prefer.
The simple root form is for the most part given, to
which the terminations attach regularly. The present
tense is made to stand for the past, as is the habit of
expert writers.
Words in bold-face type are strictly word-signs ;
others are facile forms or desirable phrases.
Not all the word- signs employed in varied writing
are here presented, because a workable list is superior
to an inflated one. The systematic progress of the
steps has furnished a great many of the commoner
forms, the unmistakable tendency of the instruction
makes it unnecessary to more than hint at simple de-
ductions ; and, therefore, only the more arbitrary word-
signs and unusual word-outlines are given.
A
ab!e-to
abundant
dvancement
advent
accompany
L
achievement
-acquaintance
-acquire-cl
-amount-ed
-,angel
212 INSTl
Q-;/ annual
i anticipate-d
..anybody
IUCTION IN
*\ , .approximate
\ fippnrtf > n;ni' i < i s
'\rriv-e-al
_ J art
.. ,.any-otlier-oiie
~b nvt.ist.
%
appearance
"5 artistic
\~ . .appellate
^ apply
. appliance
C applicab-le-ility
O .applicant
V application
1 appreciate-d
^ apprehend-d
^ ....apprehensive
^ ascertain
js- - &s
p ns-it-\v n uld
^_^-' *L**~ r
\ assist-ed
o
<y assistant
9
O assure
assurance
e/
I at-first
D
P at-last
,, , nt-lonst.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
213
1 at-length
- 3 at-our-own, attorney
bcni ir n;uit
\
x brethren
L attain-ment
1 attainable
C
^S Campaign
attitude
: ? can-there
\ auspicious
(r C
authentic
c nnrn, carry
(> ..avocation. (2) vocation
avoid-ed
Q"1 certificate
/ chair
: characteristic
^s? aware-of
B
V l)een-thcre
^^^ bc^un bc^in
o ch arity
^cheer
P c ircu m stan tial
V
civilization
\ ..behold
. belief, believe
__iL__benevolent
f,lear-cd
214
INSTRUCTION IN
1 r
^-collateral
f constitute-d
P
1 constitution-al
U
P
constitutive
J
1 1
== 1 construct-ed
*L construction
^ consumption
_1 control-led
fe conversation
.conversion
3 convert-ed
^ \ country
c ronrsfi
c.
....oollect-ed
isft.
^ft^
~T
s
_A_
__1
2=n_
a_
P
combin-e-ation
commence
commencement
comply
compliance
.compliant
comprehensible
_comprehension-sive
consequence
_considerate
consist-ed
P
consistent
__^__ ri
P f
I
_J_
consistency
constituent
creature
.creation
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
215
^creative
..criticism
-cross-examination
-cure
-curious
.curiosity
-custom
D
-deriv-e-ation
b / .dan ge r
n .danger-s-ous
.endanger
deform-ed
.delight-ed
-delinquent
-derid-ed
.derision
cr^
description
descriptive
-determine-d
-develop-ed
-director (See also 330;
-discharge-d
-discriminate
-distinct-ion
SV; distinctive
B- distinguish-ed
I
U distribut-ed
s^ disturb-ed
-J- dollar
r~0~r.. -domestic
1 duration
21R INSTRUCTION IN
E -=3_S
except-ed
> ?
... , ftasl. \J
-exception-al
j eastern \\
..exceptionable
L electric - fi-
^->~~ engaee-d
excuse-d
f "
English Q-
execute-d
^~t enlarge-d
exhibit-ed
entire V)
.exhibition
"^ P P
1 equity T r
_exist-ed, system
T ~ equivocate o
existence
rv/\ Europe \ \
expect-ed
J every-one >i
_unexpect-ed
exact-ed o
expense
9 9 exaggerate-ed .^
- expend -ed-iture
<S^ example o
_explain-ation
\ pvasnerat-e-fl-inn O
explainable
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
a
217
> explanatory
JL. formal-ity
_ 2__ex )lore-ed
formation
j*i_- expression
formal-ly
J J e-xtenrl-t
____^___found-ed-ation
J U exten-sion-sive
j fraternal
c^ tr3.ordiH3.rv
-._, 1 1^ cxtr3.v3,['3.n-t- cc
frequent
extreme
J frpqiipnry
j extremity
. J from-all
V. fnllnr
^
u furnish-ed. furniture
i
g^ family
G
V^~\ ^familiar-arity
t? generalization
Qj fluctuation
. guilt-y
^ fm
C\
H
fnrm-prl
..-I halve
218
INSTRUCTION IN
X happen-ed
X happ-ens-iness
o
5s3 have- (ing) -been
^ have-not
?
hereafter (rft)
heretofore (rtf)
<D
.hundred-th
identical
L* identification
idleness
ignorance
. ignorant
^ imaginable
< ifN? impatient
. * impenetrable
A inconsiderate
7
1 sJ in-consideration
^
s^ indefinite
independent
indescribable
indiscriminate
indulge-d
inexperience
inform-ed-aut
inquire-d
inscription
insecurity
insignificant
instructive
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
219
G/ insnranf.fi
L
intppritv
V , Ian "*h tor
X
i .it-had (-would)
u it-will-have
L it-would-have
__i___it-would-not
J
-.. LJ j ndicious
9 / ^ jury
d jurisdiction
?C- justice of peace
,. V justification
__C .Juxtaposition
len^thv
,. . longer
M
-magistrate
, .magniflrpnt.
, / majority
** "^ , material
r -a , may-have-been
, mfiflinvhile
mechanical
220
INSTRUCTION IN
.metropolitan
.merc-y-iful
_million-th
-minority
.misdemeanor
.misfortune
-modification
-moral-ity
-mortal-ity
-movement
N
.nearly
.neglect-ed
.negotiate-d
Ino-other, another
-notification
O
-occurr-ed
-occurrence
-of-our-own
-only
-on-one-hand
-on-the-other-hand
-oppression
-order-ed
-organ
, no-other-one, another- ~7)
- one
organization
organiz-ed
or-if, or-have, I have
ornament
1'KACTICAL SHOItTIIAM).
221
. ! 1 .|JVJllLl^ltMI
VD
-owner
possess
L^ oyer
^ possessed
o oyez
V possession, apposition
P
-y^ possessive
*\ -partake
2 -possessor
V
\ p a rty
possible
-V- perhaps
\>
poverty
_V_J_.!>erform-ed
^ pract-icable-icability
V-"& performance
V pyppnrr'-d
V^^ perpendicular
^^ prev6ut~ed
j^J perpetual-lv
Jb^ privilege-d
v^v, persevorc-d
\J
\J profirient
^> philanthropy
nrolit-^d
Y> philosophy
-A profitable
^
c pnlitir.al
\J ni-oimc
222
INSTRUCTION IN
V .property
. ...A propriety
V.> publication
. ^ ,punish-ed-ment
V"T...\a... purpose
Q
1 .quality
~~5 questionable
! -quarter
R
C^l .railroad
^^ , rather (1) writer
S
^^ sanguine
^"^ sanguinary
school
e_
^n
u set-forth
C
Sfit-Oft'
^X shall-have-been
signi-fy-fied
, .-^^ rational
realize
significant
reform-ed
, ^s relinauish-pd
simi1ar-ity
simnlp iritv
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
223
simplest
Vr> ^ t-
single -d
Q
singular-ity
c
situation
^_y
vr siDcrficial
e D
-skillful
a superintend-ed-ent
. 1 somebody
southeast
f
^ .southern
, spectacle
ence
<? .supplant
^ ., ..supplication
V \ jsupprossion
spirit
? suspend-ed
u ....suspension
V-
spiritualistic
T
J taken fta'en")
spiritu q1i'7ati^n
a stranger
V
>~\ temporary-ily
9* ' .testimony
subordinate
") therp-xyniilfl
INSTRUCTION
1 they-had . L
IN
2 transient
( P
** they have
(j twel-ve-fth
r
5J they-will-have
H
U
i
undefined
t-O-gl V*'
/ -uniform
v_r
tn-<ro , ..
)
unfortunate
J^ to-have-been v
to-him /
to-it, (to wit:)
tnlprant ^
upon-there
usurp
V
Virgin-ia
vi'rtM-^-al
*
to-you
. virtuously
a tracer V3
1 *.
vocation, (3)
void, avoid
1 ^^
UX. trancfr>rnn_orl
. volnntarv
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
225
who-have, \vho-of,
whoever
O__^you-\vere-\vould
226
INSTRUCTION IN
SOME UNCLASSIFIED WORDS, WORD-
SIGNS AND PHRASES:
*
abstract
C O genius
1
accuracy
Y genus
7
adiournment
^ greater
v/
?
alternative
*""*( impulse
ancestor
^~\ employs
^ implies (1^
V
proximate
approximate (3")
infinite
^ix
daughter
debtor
int6m&]
<? v^:
bondhnlrlpr
C intolerahlt.
i
c
eloquent
A/ // jiidifial
3o
emphasis
emphasize
\^) junction
7 7
employee
Mayo
kingdom
<-.nnimnn
r ^
insrrftdlfint
1 Ifiarn
-4....
enthusiasm
enthusiastic
(_ luxury
p y 3
eternal Lll .
^~W~N maximum
^
event.
^~^v ^ s minimum
~c n
? extinguish
1 extinct
b mistress
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
227
L
technical
\J obligation
territory
^~ ...... obstacle
?
thereof
C~^ overwhelm
L
P
tolerate
<\ / premature or
W^ Pr-M-Tr
1
and-of , of-an
^^^^ peremptory
-*-9
common-
sense
\j. prefer
0, ^
c.o.d. f o.b.
v
Ey proffer
L
direct-ex-
amination
\ \ s power
y V
50.000
500,000
"\, -^ rfltifipfltinn
-v
notary-
public
r state
^
. oftentimes
ptfltnt.p
\ \
party-of-the-
flrst-part
9
st.raiglitpn
\ \
party-of-the-
second-part
^ stupfiTidnns
\
real-estate
\;
VT snperfififl.1
1
so-far-as
^ snporn.at.nrnl
s
take-care-of
228
INSTRUCTION IN
"V
mysterious
IL
extinguish
neuralgia
Australia
Carlvle
denunciation
time-will-tell
what-we-want
it-is-further-
agreed
^
synonymous
V
owner
thoroughly
^T
(^
function
L
\
proba-ble-bility
I
\^
prompt
1
I
turn
^
1
attempt
V-
to-have-and-
to-hold
L
_, betterment
V ~V^ 1
^^
/
arbitrament
"V
in-witness-
_ whereof
^
__ univers-e-al
\
be-it-remem-
. bered
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
229
TERMS PERTAINING TO ELECTRICITY.
accumulator KM-Lter
ampere Mp-R
annunciator N-Nn-SHter
armature R-M-Tr
battery Bt-Ruh
cathodic K-TFID-K
calorimeter Klr-Mtr
candle-power Kud-Luh-P-R
centigrade sNt-Grd
centimeter sN-T-Mter
centrifugal sNter-F-Gl
commutator com/Tt-Ruli
condenser con/I)ns-R
conductivity con/DKt/V
coulomb K-Ln
deflector D-FlKter
demagnetize D-MG-Ts
dielectric D-LK
dittuse D-Fs
discharger Ds-CH-R
dynamo D-N-M
dyne I)n
electrician LK-SHn
electrode LK-Trd
electrolized LK-Lsd
electro-magnet LK-MG-Nt
electrometer LK-Mter
electro-motive LK-M-Tv
electro-positive LK-Ps-Tv
electroscope LK-sKP
electrose LK-Trs
exploitation sPl-Tshn
farad F-Ruhd
fluorometer Flr-Mter
fusibility Fs/B
galvanometer Glv-Mter
generator JNrter
henry Hn-Ruh
horse-power Rs-P-Ruh
hysterisis St-Ruhss
impedance Mp-I)ns
incandescent N-Kn-I)s-Nt
inductance N-DKt-Ns
induction N-DKshu
inductive N-DKtive
installation iusTl-shn
intermittent Nt-Mt-Nt
joule Jl
kilogram Kl-GrM
leyden Luh-Dn
luminosity L-Mn/S
magnet MG-Nt
magnetometer MG-Nt-Mter
milliampere Ml-Mp-Ruh
molecular Ml-K-Luh-R
monocyclic MN-sKlK
motor Mter
multophase Mlt-Fs
multipolar MLt-Pl-R
ohm M
polarity P-Luh-Ruh-T
polarization P-Luh-Reshn
polyphasal P-L-Fs-L
potential P-Tu-SH
quadruplex KD-Ruh-PlKs
reactance R-K-Tus
regulators Ruh-G-Lters
reluctivity Rl-Ktive-T
remanent R-Mn-Nt
retardation Rter-Dshn
rheostat Ruh-sTt
self-induction s/N-DKshn
sinusoidal sN-sD-L
switchboard swCH-Brd
synchronism sN-Kr-NsM
synchronous sN-Kr-Ns
thotometer THt-Mter
transmitter Trns-Mter
triphased Tr-Fsd
trolley Tr-Luh
vacuum VK-M
vibrator V-Brter
volatilized Vl-Tlsd
volt Vlt
voltage Vlt-J
voltmeter Vlt-Mter
watt wT
watt-meter wT-Mter
230
INSTRUCTION IN
(384) SACRED WORD-SIGNS:
The above title is submitted without irreverence,
and such a branch of the subject is presented because
sermons and religions discussions are very much re-
ported.
The student of shorthand will often find it con-
venient to follow the words of the preacher, and the
appearance of the note-book in church is looked upon
by both clergy and congregation with complacency.
-ecclesiastical
f
* evangelical
C evangelist
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
231
immortal ^^_ rpsnrrfiftin.i
Immortalize
/~ ...-.salvation
intfir^fission
6
P
\v . . Saviour
~"ZT
Jesns Christ
Lord
.Scripture
spirit
^ t,psta.nipntf
^"1 New Testament
..../ revelation
/
. religion
f theology
c
thine
/ thou
religious
thy
(385)
Lord God
PHRASES:
Almighty Gnd
\_ Lord and Saviour
Lord's kingdom
S children of Israel
\ Christian brethren
2
<s~^\ .Tornajilpm
i
S\ Holv Spirit
2_
<7* Word of God
232 INSTRUCTION IN
Jesus of Nazareth ^- . . Saviour of the world
Kingdom of Heaven 0^-3 Son of man
religious life IZ!L_wisdom of God
(386) SENTENCES FOR WORD-SIGN
PRACTICE :
All constituent members must comply with the
conditions or take the consequences. He was abun-
dantly satisfied with his advancement. The situation
was extremely delightful. God's mercy is infinite.
Good government is necessary to a good country.
The doctor was delighted with his patient. AVe are
all under divine jurisdiction. It is a stupendous
statement, but nevertheless it is true. Such things
are too sublime for us to realize. Do not let your
expectations be too sanguine. He was -very much
exasperated by the cross-examination he was subjected
to. The superintendent and his assistant were both
very busy at the time. In all cases of * this kind he
suffers the blame for adverse results, no matter how
fully his superiors have endorsed his course in ad-
vance. There is no subject so taken to the extreme
as is religion. It was not of sufficient importance to
mention. The English language has this advantage
over others, that it is spoken in nearly every
country in the world. The supplies of the men in
the exploration gave out. He was a member of an
evangelical denomination. Eternal is thy truth, O
God ! All things are possible to him that belie veth.
The document was complete except the signature.
Education begins the gentleman, but reading and
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 233
good company must finish him. Good order is the
foundation of good society. People cannot improve
when they have no example to follow except their
own. He gave a few dollars to the doctor, who
delivered him from danger. Astonishment was de-
picted in her countenance. He was preferred to the
professor of languages. The superintendent was soon
at leisure, however, and being satisfied with my
appearance and references, engaged me at once. I
occupied some time in examining the peculiar object.
That gentleman is a distinguished member of parlia-
ment. That is not a parallel situation. However, I
will refer it to the manager, uninfluenced by any
opinion of my own, and profit by his decision. The
witness hesitated with some embarrassment, and
seemed anxious to equivocate, before answering the
question. Another important movement was effected,
and the transaction was considerably promoted. The
ornamentation of the entablature was beautiful in the
extreme. The plaintiff appeared in the supreme court
for a, continuance of the litigation. The magistrate
fined the delinquent creditor five hundred dollars.
There were two parties to the controversy, the doctors
and the professors. This is my private opinion pub-
llcly expressed. The whole kingdom favored the
measure for annexation. The wily politician was the
largest owner of stock in the defunct corporation. I
have perfect confidence in his judgment and integrity.
Impenetrable darkness pervaded the cavern. " Give
thanks at the remembrance of His holiness." They
have very sanguine hopes in the future of the enter-
prise. Afflictions are said to be given to us in
mercy. It is difficult to possess ease and great fame
at the same time. The physician effects quite a large
number of cures. The treasurer received ten thousand
dollars to balance account.
2.34
INSTRUCTION IN
(387) THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN
EDUCATION :
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PUACTICAL SHORTHAND.
285
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INSTRUCTION IN
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I'UACTICAL SHORTHAND.
237
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238
INSTRUCTION IN
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PRACTICAL 8IIOKTHAXD.
239
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INSTRUCTION IX
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PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
241
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242
INSTRUCTION IN
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PRACTICAL SllOUTHAJS'I)
248
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INSTRUCTION IN
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PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 245
(388) SYLLABICATION FOR SHORTHAND:
So frequent allusion is made to the syllable in this
manual, it is important the student should understand
its bearing in the structure of words, in order to know
what shorthand treatment to apply.
A syllable is produced by a single impulse of the
voice. The syllables of a word are not necessarily
separated by an absolute cessation of sound, but by a
weakening of the stress at the end of one syllable,
succeeded by a fresh impulse for the next. Accent is
more than ordinary stress of voice.
The principles of syllabication appear somewhat
complicated to the young inquirer; and for the pur-
poses of this instructor a simple exposition of the
subject will be attempted, the aim being to bring
shorthand .practice into harmony with the general
structure of words, and so make the acquirement of
brief writing easier for those who have only a super-
ficial knowledge of language or, we might say, a
knowledge derived from usage more than from inves-
tigation. Premising that the intelligent student knows
how to pronounce English, whether by rote or reason,
this presentation of syllabication will be made to start
from that beginning.
The question may be asked : If shorthand can be
written syllabically, why will not the regular rules
serve for the guidance of the student of stenography ?
A partial reply is, that the said rules are based on the
conventional spelling, which oftentimes has no par-
ticular phonetic value, while shorthand follows quite
faithfully the sounds of speech. The one may be
called iri-iltci) syllabication; the other, spoken. Then,
too, it is not claimed that strictly syllabic shorthand
246 INSTRUCTION IN
can* at all times be written. Such is not entirely the
fact ; yet, out of a large number of words furnished
with syllabic forms, less than one per cent were found
impracticable. So it may be declared that syllabic
shorthand, when words are correctly and logically
written, is so overwhelmingly a possibility as to make
a simple utilization of the idea a most potent aid in
popularizing shorthand, because it can be made a
favoring feature of primary instruction.
It will be readily inferred that the great object to be
gained is legibility ; and the legibility of the shorthand
outline is promoted in the following way : The inquirer
is supposed to know what the syllabic division of a
word may be, and next what the stroke is for short-
hand as herein taught. Then according to the simple
rule (see Sect. 117, Step VI.), to write a stroke for a
syllable, a syllabic structure is given to the shorthand
form by substitution. The notion of a vowel enters
into the syllabic idea ; therefore such a structure imjiUc.^
the vowel, making the absence of the vowel sign endur-
able ; and with the result, that the whole outline thus
logically builded spells the word.
Knowing the composition of the shorthand stroke,
the next inquiry should be how to divide for S3 r llables.
Vowels are naturally the bearers of stress of voice,
and no syllable is separable which does not contain a
vowel. A vowel alone may constitute a syllable, but
a single consonant cannot.
The nature and kind of vowels which may appear
are the leading factors in determining syllabic division.
*A good many words like redeem, intent, indicate, etc., can
be Avritten syllabically and the outline be practical ; though
it has become the custom to write them otherwise, the
logical form having been lost sight of in the endeavor for
brevity.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 247
The following rules will in a general way explain
the syllabication of English words :
RULE I. (a) The Long Vowels e a. a. (as in
arm) a (all) 6 66, or u in tu-mor, and the Diph-
thongs ai oi eu ou, do not take with them in the same
syllable the single consonant following. Observe the
words, ha-tred, fa-ther, dra-ma, He-brew, va-ry,
ju-ry, neu-ter.
(b) Two or more consonants following Long
Vowels are not commonly joined to the long vowel;
as A-pril, pre-scribe, be-shrew.
(c) The Long Vowels, as modified and shortened
in unaccented syllables, are considered as Long Vowels
in shorthand writing ; as in miscella-ny, re-treat,
po-litical, so-cie-ty.
Exceptions :
(w) This (a) gives way to Rule IV., when the deriva-
tive retains the original spelling, accentuation and meaning
of the root; as in bound-ed, hat-er, mak-er.
(x) Where the pronunciation demands a division of the
consonants, the first goes with the first vowel, as in Rule
II. Note the words an-gel, cam-brie, cham-ber, hol-ster,
Cam-bridge, moun-tain.
(y) N, L or V, followed by the sound of Y CYuh), is
treated as in the words al-ien, gen-ius, un-ion, behav-ior,
sen-ior.
(//) ST after a long vowel is divided as in has-ty.
eas-tern, pas-try; though etymologic division, as in hast-ed,
past-er, west-ern, wast-ing (see Rule IV.), is not im-
proper.
RULE II. (a) The Short Vowel* a (as in at)
a (ask) e (her) i 6 (box) u (but) 65 (look) (or
u in full), attract the single consonant which follows
to the same syllable with them, as hab-it, par-ent,
liv-id,sub-urb, proph-et (ph=f) epidem-ic, ex-act.
(b) Likewise the first of two or more consonants
which may follow, as ser-vant, en-dure, pet-rify,
248 INSTRUCTION IX
sub-lime, fil-ter, but-ter, lat-tice. Though this (b)
gives way to Rule IV. in words like trans- mit,
trans-act.
Exceptions :
(x) I 66 or u exclude the following consonant from
the sann- syllable with them, as pres-i-dent, tu-tor-i-al.
fru-gal-i-ty a as in a-broad, di-a-dem, dis-a-gree, comes
under this exception also.
(y) If the following consonant sound is SIT, ZII or .T,
a different division is required, as in spe-cial, vi-sion,
re-li-gion. (See Rule I\ T .)
RULE III. In consecutive unaccented syllables,
with a consonant between the vowels, it is often a
matter of indifference as far as concerns the pronun-
ciation in ordinary speech, whether the consonant
sound be regarded as attaching more closely to the
preceding or to the following syllable; ns in nomi-
nal, defi-nite, felo-ny, phanta-sy, secu-lar, adju-
tant. (See also note, page 250.)
RULE IV. (a) Prefixes and Affixes* (or in
shorthand writing syllables considered as such, like
-cial, -ture, -hood) are generally separated from the
remainder of the word, as hat-ing, con-strain, bak-
er, trans-fix, na-tion, aw-ful-ly.
(b) In ordinary writing this principle may be
restricted to derivatives which retain the spelling and
pronunciation of the original words, which is not the
case in ab-sti-nence from ab-stain; but in short-
hand one or the other alternative is followed, accord-
ing to the fluency of form resulting which is the
main consideration.
(c) When the syllable affixed causes a doubling
of the final consonant of the stern, the added conso-
* Double suffixes are syllabically divided, and principally
according to the general rules.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 249
nant goes with the added syllable, as glad-den, rob-
ber, fat-ten, sub-mis-sive.
(d) For -ed (the termination for past tense), it
is recommended to follow the syllabic division of
etymology in all cases, in order to secure uniformity
of outline. According to which an-te-da-ted would
become an-te-dat-ed ; emancipat-ed, etc.
RULE V. (a) Double Vowels which constitute
diphthongs are never divided into syllables, though
two consecutive vowels, sounded separately, belong to
different syllables, as a-orta, moi-ety, abey-ance.
(b) Digraphs or trigraphs (i.e., two or three letters
with but one syllabic sound) are not divided, as th,
sh, sch, spr, etc.
(c) In writing or printing, * no syllable is separable
which does not include a vowel. Thus chasm and
prism are treated as monosyllables.
(d) Members of a compound word, which are
themselves English words with meanings recognized
in the compound, are separated in syllabication, as
mill-stone, foot-stool, ball-room.
It is perhaps unfortunate for Syllabication, and the
formulation of rules for it, that there are two methods
followed, namely, the syllabication of pronunciation,
and the syllabication of etymology. It is certainly
unfortunate that in the practice of shorthand writing
the demand for distinguishable outlines and cursive
direction overmasters the precepts of theory.
Shorthand (Pitmanic) is not an exact science.
There is a degree of inexactness in syllabic division
* For the edification of the typewriter it may be added
that by printers' usage le is not allowed to stand alone in
the last syllable, as in a-ble, fee-ble. Neither can a single
vowel be left alone at the end of a line, nor at the beginning
of the next line.
250 INSTRUCTION IN
of words. A range is given to opinion* in both sub-
jects, and doubtless the inequalities of one about
balance those of the other.
Nevertheless, there is enough of stability left in both
to establish reciprocal relations; and the value of such
a connection is considerable to the student who would
learn shorthand by the aid of the reason as well :is by
memory, and to the instructor who would teach the
fickle art with thoroughness and despatch.
We are indebted to the excellent treatises on Syllabica-
tion and kindred topics to be found in the International
Dictionary for substance, and to Dr. L. J. CAMPBELL for
criticism while preparing this article.
(389) ANGLES AND DIRECTION OF
STROKES :
Angles. When a shorthand outline is not grace-
ful, and the direction of the steins backward, its angles
uncertain, the junction of its strokes awkward, it may
at once be decided that the character is wrong. It
certainly has mechanical faults, and it is the mechani-
cal, rather than the intellectual, that rules under this
head. Forward strokes are an element of progress.
certain junctions assist the laws of motion, distinct
* " The division of a simple syllable into a consonant and
a vowel, in as far as we are to imagine both as independent
of each other, is only an artilicial one. In natnre, vowel
and consonant determine each other in such a manner that
they form to onr ear only one undivided whole. If, there-
fore, the writing is to reproduce this natural result, it will
be more correct to treat the vowels not at all as proper
letters, but only as modifications of the consonants." S >
writes Wilhelm von H'.unboldt ; and onr inference is that
the best syllabication i.s that which <rroups the sounds most
naturally as they are voiced. Unquestionably the syllabica-
tion for shorthand is the syllaiiictitinH of pronunciation.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 251
angles conduce to speed and legibility, and grace of
form leads to easy writing of the same : therefore a
combination of all these features is the ideal form.
The necessity for good angles and progressive
strokes is a vital one. An analysis of outlines de-
velops the fact that acute angles are the swiftest and
most legible, and that every departure from the acute
toward the obtuse increases the difficulties of writing
and reading in a direct ratio. Acute angles maintain
their individuality when written rapidly, while obtuse
degenerate into curves under like circumstances.
An illustration of this will be found in the following
simple junctions :
Slow angles
_<1
A further illustration will be found in the instruc-
tion given for the management of the ticks in Sects.
97-102. '
Good angles at the junction of strokes conduce to
clean-cut, legible forms ; and to secure them it is not
considered evil procedure to vary the outline to a
marked degree. It is reasonable to expect a fail-
average of undesirable angles among the great number
of possible combinations in stenographic writing ; and
were the segment of the circle and the different direc-
tions of the straight line the only material, the situa-
tion would be more involved ; but the existence of
hooks, circles, alternate direction of strokes, etc.,
makes substitute forms possible, and the object gained
is practical shorthand practical in the sense that it is
facile to write and legible to read.
252 INSTRUCTION IN
Some of the more undesirable of the simple junctions
are :
Theoretic Form. Practical Form.
\ ^ V
\ ^
V_>^^ banana \^
^ (
[ earth \
s> _
^_ r"i>m ^
^~N "^
I^^>-NV admire V- ^^
)
>, ^
survey ^~
^ I
1 , nrtifii'f 1 \.D
o \
Vo
X,/ <7i)i/ix/; ^"\S
1 ^
^ddnnrrft.p _J
*<
t
v^-^7 enrich ^rf
^ r
C\ M
v * rnliglit.cn d
\ ^
\ , defend t^
, ^
>1
1 achievement
v^
NOTE The above does not exhaust the possibilities of
unangnlar junctions, but the student will get an idea of
what to avoid.
PRACTICAL SIIOHTIIAND. 253
.Thus is illustrated a few of the " slow " angles, con-
trasted with the alternate procedure. It is clearly a
matter of shorthand mechanics, where the more literary
attributes of the art have to yield place to physical de-
mands. The substitute forms are likely to offend
analogy, syllabication, and all that ; but the impetus
of swift writing allows no obstacle in its arrogant
path.
It is perhaps as good an example as can be fur-
nished of the difference between theoretical and practical
shorthand : the one phonography, the shorthand of
definite principles and reasonable rules ; the other the
shorthand of expediency difficult to acquire, but
when attained, capable of the swiftest execution.
Direction of strokes. The forward direction of
strokes should be sought for wherever an option, is
granted. Backward strokes should be avoided as far
as possible, although it must be stated that the need
for a quick angle is often greater than for particular
stroke direction. It is a happy event when both are
favorable.
Of two characters representing a like situation, one
straight and the other curved, the former would be the
better in advanced writing, providing its direction is
fluent. We say advanced writing, having in mind the
double directions for R and L which the student when
in the formative stage should use ; but as the subject
becomes less confusing, a transition may be made
from the exactness of theory into the freedom of prac-
tice. (See Note, Sect. 144.) A good example of
proper stroke direction is shown by the way the ticks
arc thrown off at a tangent from the circle-S. (Sect.
!!'.) and Blackboard Illustration No. 5.)
While upon this subject, one point is worthy of
notice, namely, the difference of treatment required
254 INSTRUCTION IN
for pen * and pencil. The pen can not naturally execute
a shaded curve in an upward direction, while the pen-
cil is not limited in its action ; therefore the direction
of strokes is sometimes modified to suit the writing in-
strument, although in a very slight degree. The
words yield, wield, seldom, which will be found in
the list of word-signs, are examples in point.
Good form in shorthand writing consists in an
agreeable combination of good angles and cursive
strokes ; yet the existence of the contrary is a neces-
sary evil, because the teachings of theory are not suf-
ficient for the demands of practice.
Therefore we believe that the dynamics of shorthand
forms should be a part of early instruction ; and rather
than peremptorily command the student to write such
and such outlines because they are expedient, it is
wiser to teach him that certain angles are incompatible
with speed, that the best strokes are somewhat de-
pendent upon direction ; and then the careful writer
will make such a selection of material as will lead to
characteristic outlines. Painstaking will be required
to accomplish this, and experience to prove the inva-
riable wisdom of the choice ; but if this inquiry be
cultivated from the beginning, the student will grow
in ability, until his action in this respect will become
as natural as in the other operations of shorthand
procedure.
Ten notes are superior to pencil, because the contrasts
between light-line and shaded strokes are sharper and all
angles can be made more distinct ; besides which the springy
action of the pen lessens fatigue. The beginner derives an
immediate advantage from the use of the pen, though the
expert writer experiences a little difficulty changing from
the pencil; but it is merely transient. It is true there is
a smoothness about pencil writing; but it is equally true
that it blunts the hand to an appreciation of fine chirog-
raphy.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 255
(390) DISTINGUISHED WORDS:
Words of different meaning, though containing the
same consonant sounds, are of quite common occur-
rence. In advanced writing, when vowels are omitted,
there is taken away the best identifier of the word, and
it is sometimes necessary to devise distinguishable
outlines by a manipulation of available material.
This branch of the subject has always been prolific
of trouble, because the language is so broad and the
scope of shorthand material somewhat limited. If no
thought is taken of word characteristics, arbitrary
variations of outline will be made, or the accepted
forms will appear so to the mind. This phase of the
situation is a difficult one to manage one of the many
dilliculties attending the unintelligent study of short-
hand.
But the danger from conflicting words is greatly
reduced by an observance of analogy, syllabication,
the timely application of position, the double use of
R and L, or by more artificial distinctions, like that
of Pr for />re-, and P-Ruh for per-.
Some of the more dangerous word-forms, unless
made to differ for a reason, appear as follows :
Syllabication :
Support, separate repres-
sion, reparation police, \S& X/*"')
policy tariff, terrify exe- ~~
crate, excoriate parcel, , e I V V-^
perusal invasion, innova-
tion funeral, funereal.
25fi INSTRUCTION IN
Analogy :
Proportion (like portion, f \ <\
Prshnn^ nrpnaratirm nnrlp. x \ \
Prshun) preparation
fined (find), indefinite for- .
ward, froward differ, defer V^, c \ t\ k n
valuation, violation. ^ ) ] \j
uR, Run uL, Luh :
J-^>
Turn, train fierce, furious .
penury, opener approach, v \ cv
perch hardly, readily ) /
display, dispel. T ^ (jb <i.
Pre (Pr) Per (P-Ruh) :
Pretend, pertained perhaps
(p'raps), purpose prosecute, <\
persecute Prussia, Persia o~
prosper, perspire pre-
pared, purport.
\ \S\
There is no strong reason why the above outlines
should be imputed arbitrary, or particularly difficult.
Certain situations seem to prevail which a rational
treatment covers, and that is the essence of it. Out-
side of these examples there are a few conflicting forms
which call for somewhat arbitrary action, but the
number is reduced to a minimum by these teachings.
PRACTICAL SH011TIIAXU. 257
(391) ANALOGY:
Analogy is likeness, and its application in short-
hand is mainly in the direction that derivatives
should follow the primitive, and that composite out-
lines should exhibit the characteristics of the compo-
nent parts.
For an illustration notice the word write (Ruh-T),
some derivatives of which would be
- vi
Presumably _ and _ are quicker forms
to execute than the above that is, after the habit has
been formed ; but while manually facile, they are
mentally a variation -from a preconceived notion. The
mind has to evolve a new thought : and though the
gain or loss in point of time is infinitesimal in either case,
yet it is a principle at issue ; and as between the forms
the analogical one is the better, because it follows the
primitive as far as the primitive goes, and the additions
appear as such.
The words minister and ministration obviously lead
to administer and administration Jzsz. rr>fe? , and
besides being analogical, the latter form enables the
writer to distinguish between administration and
demonstration ....:^..., w r ords having the same conso-
le
nant elements. This is not a distinction without a
difference ; the difference actually exists, and the
unlikeness of the words is clearly apparent.
258 INSTRUCTION IN
Take the case of a compound word. (See Sects.
155 and 348.) Granting that iNG, wRuhd and Nd
are good forms for thing, ward and under, then the
outlines given in the sections cited exhibit just that
analogy of form which leads to easy shorthand writing.
It would be profitless to vary the outlines under such
circumstances, even though an improved mechanical
structure were thereby attained.
A common violation of analogy (and syllabication)
occurs in writing -TED for the familiar affix -ED (past
tense). Not-ed is sometimes carelessly made no-ted;
vot-ed, vo-ted. These outlines should preserve the
root forms, as it is possible to do, and thus illustrate
the direct affinity that analogy in shorthand has with
the relation which exists between primitive and deriva-
tive in language. Outline formation is thus made less
dependent upon memory, and becomes a subject of
reason ; for it is by process of logic that the character
is builded, proceeding from the root, and making the
resultant form exhibit each step of increment.
The function of analogy is to assist also in a quicker
and better acquirement of the art, by reducing the
quantity of new material, and by those promptings cf
suggestion which are the best aid to memory. At the
same time, analogy will have no attractions for the
automatic writer, who perceives his outlines wholly by
the eye, and stores them in the mind without having
exerted thought in their formation. Such a writer
will continue to rely upon memory, and memory over-
taxed will often be fickle.
Therefore we would recommend the beginner to pay
earnest heed to the teachings of analogy ; for by
building well on a sure foundation the shorthand
structure will be made to endure.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 259
The following are a few examples in point :
J
. _ ^> _ Nat-ure, natural, natu-
^ rally, native, unnatural,
a \ ^_s*^ supernatural, preternatural,
\>^/ \yx _ innate.
L | n Tract, detract, extract,
(_ L contract, attractive.
Not-e, notify, noted, un-
== 1 ^"l -> noted, notification.
~^ ^~^_p Mean, meaner, meanest,
-1 meanness.
(o ^ ^f^ L (^J>
, -A Fin-e, finest, finery, fin-
^_^^ \ able, fineness, infinity, in-
v> yJ finitive (word-sign), finish.
Of course the mechanical limitations which so beset
all shorthand writing bestow also upon this branch a
share of their aggravations, as will be discovered in
the business of shorthand writing. Analogy of form
cannot always be maintained ; obstacles to it are im-
practicable angles and direction of strokes ; yet the
exceptions are so few they do not impair the rule.
It is an excellent principle in shorthand writing
that the best results accrue if the same thing be invari-
ably written the same, whether it be prefix, root, word-
sign or phrase. The teachings of analogy are in this
direction. The possibility of such writing is far greater
than has commonly been supposed, and it should be
the earnest aim of the student to follow every possi-
bility that unmistakably leads to ease of execution
and legibility.
2r>0 INSTRUCTION IX
(392) PHRASING :
There are, to our thinking, two ways of approach-
ing the subject of phrasing. It must be either studied
in a simple aspect, coincidently with the investigation
of the principles of shorthand, but made so little
obtrusive as not to detract from the thoroughness of
that inquiry; or else entirely neglected, while the
foundations of shorthand are being laid, and then
taken up as one of the embellishments of proficiency.
This conclusion is arrived at because the phrase
occupies such a peculiar position. It is indeed one
of the elaborations of the art. Many do without it
altogether and get on sufficiently well, while others
employ it with ease and effect. The ability to phrase
cleverly may or may not be a matter of temperament ;
but certain it is the beginner should not be attracted
from sober study by the allurements of phrase writing ;
and on the other hand, no writer can be said to have
compassed all the possibilities of shorthand if phras-
ing has never been attempted.
As we have before written, the advantages of the
phrase are in the saving of pen liftings, and in bring-
ing the thought to a visible focus. A knowledge of
the context always assists the writer. The phrase
outline is a striking illustration of this idea; it not
only presents the forms together, but in a most
helpful juxtaposition.
Phrase writing has its possibilities and its limita-
tions. Its possibilities lie in the direction of those
liberties granted to all outline formation. The phrase
must be fluent in structure. If it can be said that
the phrase is a composite outline derived from agree-
able elements, then it is equally true that the derivative
should partake of the character of its parts, and be
identified with them by analogy. The limitations of
PUACTICAL SHORTHAND. 261
the phrase are equally strong. Do not phrase to
excess. There should be conservative treatment of
the subject. The tendency should not be to weave
arabesques of shorthand delineation, but rather that
of utilizing possibilities of combination for those
characters that join well and profitably. Besides
which, there are grammatical limitations as well as
physical.
Some specific word groups available for phrase
writing are :
The subject of a sentence and
iti qualifier:
The verb and pronomenal sub-
ject; Ihe verb and its object:
The p"incipal verb and its
auxiliary :
Clauses intrjduced by prepo- ' *\^X "1 -, ^""fL
sitions or conjunctions:
Adverbial Clauses:
Sometimes the technicalities * of
a business :
Commercial terms, common ex-
pressions, extended titles,
TRANSLATION OF ABOVE PHRASES :
1. This notice, human nature, these things,
that circumstance, his opinion.
* It is generally in order to make phrase forms and con-
tractions for terms and expressions of frequent occurrence
in any writing.
2G2 INSTRUCTION IN
2. We have'been, it can be, consider the matter,
call his attention.
3. There must be, have been received, may have
been observed, we shall make.
4. In every respect, on this occasion, as fast as,
of course it is impossible.
5. By the way, at all events, at any rate, on the
contrary, inasmuch as.
6. 10-Paymeut Life, Reversionary Additions,
Policy contract.
7. Compound interest, House of Representatives,
Gentlemen of the Jury, Act of Congress.
These are proper phrase situations, and they demon-
strate the principal features of the subject, namely :
1. That grammatical divisions of language, or
natural and rhetorical groups of words in speech, are
oftenest so to be pictured.
2. That the best phrase form is one composed of
word-signs, or beginning with a word-sign.
3. That the first* member of the phrase maintains
its original position.
In other respects phrases are governed by the rules
regulating all outline formation, and come beneath
the restrictions of correct syllabication, analogy, angles
and direction of strokes.
The most earnest advice we can give with respect
to phrase writing is be simple ! The following
tangles are quite the reverse ; and while they are ex-
tremely ingenious combinations of forms, and repre-
sent possibilities, still they are not probable in actual
*A few instances like all-those, we-should-say, where
some other member of the phrase governs the position,
are exceptions.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 263
writing performed at a high rate of speed. They
might be called curiosities of shorthand literature,
and show beautifully what can be done in the direction
of phrasing ; but for our purpose they only show what
need not be done by the business writer.
.Under-the-Constitution-of-
the-United-States
In-the-other-parts-of-the-
globe
Becanse-they-were-not-to-
be-allowed-to-have
With-her-main-engine-shaft
Look-into-those-old-modes-
of-parti-coloring-yarn
That-you-will-also-render- //^^ J?
his- stay <"
Quless-there-exist-other-
reasons
1
Why-we-should-believe-that- loo (
the Is*-*
If phrases like the above are the natural outcome
of shorthand proficiency, no exception can be taken :
one can only marvel at the development of the art.
On the other hand, the simple examples that have
been presented throughout the steps of this manual
illustrate the true function (as we believe) of the
phrase ; while, as has been intimated, to ignore phras-
ing entirely is not an omission fatal to success.
264 INSTRUCTION IN
(393) SYLLABIC-S.
Special attention is directed to the new name applied
to the character commonly termed " Stroke- S " now
calling it SYLLABIC-S, because of the pronounced
individuality of its use in this textbook which makes
syllabic structure so important a feature.
In Step VI. precept and examples were given suffi-
cient to develop the principle, but now on the following
page the idea is presented more fully, in order that its
entire scope may be appreciated.
PLATE A (line 1) asbestos, aspect, associate,
acid, assassin, escape, escalade, asparagus, assimi-
late, esculent (2) ascetic, ossify, Easter, Eskimo,
Quincy, sirocco, escutcheon, racy, syringa (3)
simoom, Israel, Isis, eastern, isolate, asterisk, secant,
assort, aspersion, currency, ecstacy (4) aspirant,
esquire, asteroid, sequence, assent, assume, astute,
saucy, serum, syenite, esoteric (5) Sozodont,
Sorosis, estrange, Lucy, ostracize, astral, silo, seduce,
sapient, Osman, siesta, fancy, fussy (6) satrap,
osprey, heresy, sedate, salute, espousal, ostler,
assuage, ascend, esprit, sojourn, Suez, assign (7)
assets, espionage, espy, ostrich, sodality, suet,
astound, esplanade.
PLATE B illustrates a few cases where the Stroke- S
appears still further in its role of vowel-implier, though
in slight deviation from the rule. The number of
such words is too limited to require a special law.
(B) Ask, asp, east, used, eased, elocutionist,
finest, history, osteology, ostensible, isthmus.
Reference to Section 121 will show a similar situa-
tion, namely, the words cease, assess, size and sizes
(to which might be added says, saws, sauce, seize, sues,
etc.); but where no vowel implication is needed (MS
possessing none) the procedure illustrated by PLATE
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
A.
i>)i
^
I
V?
Lr
2G5
L^.
^ ^ \ ^ ^
v.) ....... C } J ) ..... \l I ..... )
a
C.
~3
G
'
v.
i "~\
V?- k
2Gfi INSTRUCTION IX
C can obtain, because the execution of the more fluent
form makes no sacrifice of legibility :
(C) Cicily, Ceserea, sausage, sesame, saucer, sis-
ter, incisor, systole, season, ancestor.
But in disregard of the rule and for sake of the
angle (see Alternatives, p. 267), theCircle-S takes the
place of the stroke exceptionally, to secure a facile
form. Plates D and E show such treatment of initial
and final syllables :
(D) Asphalt, aspire, consequent, cyclone, eschew,
esthetic, escort, sober, escheat, secure, superb, solicit,
severe, silent, social, select, secrecy, cycle, cedar,
supreme. (E) Controversy, galaxy, sumptuous,
obvious, Poughkeepsie, gorgeous, contingency, as-
siduous, courteous, serious, previous, stringency.
(394) ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE.
The remarkable prevalence of Alternative Procedure
in Pitmanic shorthand is a prolific source of difficulty.
At the same time it may be some mitigation of the
difficulty to explain briefly and to classify.
Many words in the language can be but should not
be written by the same outline. For purposes of
distinguishment a variation of form should be made,
and Alternatives of POSITION take place, as in the
words :
PLATE A Absolute, obsolete ; theist, atheist ;
promise, premise ; oldest, eldest ; till, until; infliction,
inflection ; daughter, debtor ; adopt, adapt ; greatly,
gradually ; dissolute, desolate.
Note that the vowel does not wholly govern posi-
tion. In advanced shorthand the need for distin-
guishment occasions Position quite as often as the
vowel.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Y
V
\ Vri
I I |\
Iff. .......... L....J
2G7
V
>
.
I
./.
\
L
v
s,..
'
2G8 INSTRUCTION' IX
Alternatives of Distinguishable Outlines, as :
PLATE B Proceed, pursued; fiscal, physical;
pattern, patron ; poor, pure ; property, propriety ;
probation, prohibition ; prefer, proffer ; decease, dis-
ease ; abundant, abandoned.
It is an axiom that the angle (see Section 104) has
the most to do with the difference between theoretical
and practical shorthand : hence come
Alternatives for Improved Angular Junction :
PLATE C Deficit, denial, continue, agent, pink,
mink, Melton, Putnam, intimation, mantel.
Alternatives of Prefix Junction ;
PLATE D Unsullied, unsanitary; forgive, fore-
warn, forego ; almost, always ; unrelenting, unrepin-
ing; unlatch, enliven, unladylike; withheld, withdraw,
without.
Alternatives of Affix Junction :
PLATE E Pliable, visible; recipient, respondent;
toughest, neatest, interest; inward, outward; native,
creative; require, acquire, inquire; and-of, hereof,
whereof, thereof ; darkness, kindness ; endowment,
ornament; wherever, whichever; whereto, thereto,
unto, onto ; observance, radiance ; peeping, seeing ;
bountiful, doubtful, careful.
Again, there is danger that a gain in speed will not
compensate for an involved mental operation, but we
have
Alternatives of Brevity vs. Syllabic Consistency :
PLATE F Redeem, affidavit, retail, anticipate,
predict, indicate, indent, indignity, intent.
Then there are Alternatives occasioned by the
practical need for halving, or sometimes not ; tome-
times the Con-dot, or sometimes not; sometimes
Lengthening, sometimes not ; Prefixes or Affixes some-
times joined, sometimes not; sometimes the H- stroke,
sometimes the H-tick, often neither; sometimes the
n:\rnr.\i. siroKTHAxn. 2G9
Hook for perfect coalescence, sometimes not and
so on.
PLATE G Enter, entertain ; selfish, selfwill ;
fundamental, regimental; moulded, needed; physi-
ology, phrenology; commiserate, commerce; term,
trim ; governorship, courtship ; hark, hist ; wisp,
whisk ; obstacle, refraction.
(395) VOWEL IMPLICATION.
It cannot be denied that the actual representation of
the dots and dashes which stand for the vowel sounds
gives to graphic shorthand a certain definiteness it
might not otherwise acquire ; and yet experts the
world over have proved that such measures for legi-
bility are incompatible with swift writing, and have
resolutely discarded them.
At the same time there is a method of outline build-
ing which makes their absence fairly tolerable : namely,
that which makes a strong implication take the place
of the actual and visible signs.
Position. Position generally is but an imperfect
vowel implier, though third Position is perhaps more
definite than the others, because it has the duty of
implying the common initial vowel a which, like all
initial vowels, it is important to discover quickly.
PLATE 'A. Await (wait), awake (wake), apparent
(parent), affect (effect), adjust (just), accompany
(company), attend (tend), admire (demur), advice
(device), amend (mend), opposite (up-set), attest
(test), access (excess), apparition (operation), assign,
assume, assumption, assembly, assort.
The words above in the parentheses are the 2d
position words of the same outline. The last five are
a few Syllabic-S outlines properly, but which may be
270 INSTRUCTION* IX
expressed quite safely in this way. Other suggestions
of Position are too familiar to require comment, although
it may be well to remind the young writer that the
expert cares less and less for the promptings of Po-
sition, relying more upon forms lineally characteristic.
Stroke Indication. A stronger vowel implier
than Position is stroke manipulation, which is a
syllabic matter according to this textbook. Any
expedient which shows the syllable is a vowel implier
indefinite maybe as regards the exact shade of vo-
calization, but sufficiently suggestive for all practical
purposes. Under this head first of all must come the
principle a stroke for a syllable or as many
strokes as there are syllables. No syllable can be
conceivable which does not contain a vowel ; therefore
by stroke indication some vowel is implied.
PLATE B. Fellow, foliage, affiliate, apologize, ap-
paratus, resiliency, policy, manufactory, monarchy.
Immortal, immoderate, immigrate, immaterial, im-
moral, immemorial, immutable, imminent.
Note that stroke indication is preferred to Position
for words like those of the last group.
Syllabic- S is a strong vowel implier, concerning
which it is only necessary to refer to page 264.
Two Strokes R and L. More definite impli-
cation is attained by the two directions of strokes R
and L, because they not only show the existence of the
vowel sound (as Syllabic-S does) , but they tell by their
direction whether it may be heard before or after .the
consonant stem. This explains why a logical manage-
ment of R and L strokes adds greatly to the legibility
of shorthand. Syllabic strokes, Syllabic-S and the
dual R and L signification are progressive steps toward
a safe rejection of the vowel signs.
1'KACTICAL 8HOKTHAND.
271
272 INSTRUCTION IN
PLATE C. Loyal, lowly, array, hearer, actually,
actual, casual, casually, valiant, violent, fitly, fatal,
allay, earl, spoil, compile, allegation, feel, fail, felt,
pale, bill, coal. Irrational, irrefutable, irredeemable,
irresolute, irrespective, irrevocable, irreverent, irrele-
vant. Irreparable, irrepressible, irresistible, irre-
sponsible, irremediable, irreclaimable, illegitimate.
Irrigate, irritable, erratic, irridescent, arrogate, ir-
ruption. Arbor, arabesque, argue, orchestra, argaiid,
oracle, ornate, archaic, Czar.
Exceptions to these are forms purely mechanical
(see Sec. 141), for words like origin, orthodox, argent,
ardent, orthography, arch, surf, etc.
The foregoing are mostly syllabic situations which
admit of plain treatment under this head, but another
class of words exists which are made more legible by
stroke management which is not strictly syllabic :
namely,
PLATE D. Erect, elect, alike, elixir, eruption,
electric, Erin, irony.
Still another phase of stroke management has already
been illustrated in Section 308, but we allude to it
again in passing :
PLATE E. Beat, bought; date, debt; paid, put;
load, let; shade, shut; bait, bet; chewed, etched;
code, act ; fate, gate, feed, food, lead. Blade, blood ;
plight, plot; braid, bread; bleed, build; crowd, creed.
The suggestion upon page 172 regarding per r.nd
pre deserves a few more examples :
PLATE F. Provide, pervade ; prediction, perdition ;
preclude, percolate ; prosecute, persecute ; Prussian,
Persian ; proffered, pervert.
Thus will be seen a variety of vowel impliers.
The writer of shorthand should have grounds for con-
PRACTICAL SHOKTIIAXD. 273
ficlence in the performance of his pen. His skill
should not bo wholly art, but considerably science,
at least there should be a minimum of accident in his
writing.
If every stroke can be made to have a design, the
intelligent writer will read his notes tomorrow as well
as today ; and next mouth or next year he will be
equally well able to fathom the mystery. Shorthand
to be legible must picture or strongly imply the.
essential elements of language. A weak vowel impli-
cation is fatal to legibility, and constitutes a grievous
fault in any style of shorthand writing.
274 INSTRUCTION IN
(396) EXAMPLES OF FIGURE METHOD.
(A) Nelson Gordon called by plaintiff. The rec-
ords for the years 1838 and 1839 are under my control,
and in my possession for 1838 to 1844. Upon exami-
nation of my records of assessment for 1838 I find the
name of Solomon McFarland. He was assessed in
Thorndike for the year 1838 1 House $10.00, 1
Horse $20.00, 1 Ox $12.00, 1 Swine $4.00. Total
amount of personal $36.00 Total, $46.00
(B) Cash to witnesses in Morey case July 20,
1881 : C. B. Turner, s2 :J2
(C) From the books I John Huzzey, 2 44
am reminded that I made William Henley,
J M P&VQ 2 04
the following payments : -
c M
3, 1880, $500 00 T . P . Bachelder, 2 (is
Jan. 19, 1881, 400 00 Examining witnesses, 12 *;;
May 24, 1881, 300 00
March 9, 1881, GOO 00 Total,
(D) Rafts 42 and 45, mixed, contained 51,805
feet; rafts 46 and 48 contained 64,136 feet; 65 and
69, 63,552 feet; 78 and 82 contained 72,397 feet;
86 and 87, 69,479 feet; 113 and 120, 73,803 feet;
117 and 118, 80,512 feet. Rafts 67 and 70 con-
tained 120,374 feet; 73 and 76, 114,132 feet; 122
and 123, 113,679 feet. These last rafts averaged
58,023 ; 106 of the rafts averaged 48,858.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
275
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\ ^ si x g-s-z < ^ p
- ^ -f r:> ? v " 5 "fy-
u , s. D i e_y ^
^\ r t ^ O .1 e_x ^ <^ _ [j f^, ^
T^X o Ao i ^ OK ^ \
/ ^^ / / --\
/x^ \
Va ^C...i S? -^rv.H .._\_
y ' ^
J "^y? ^ZrC'...^. \
)> ~~^ !?T!Xx O. ^-
276 INSTRUCTION IN
(397) SUGGESTIONS FOR TYPEWRITER
PRACTICE :
The following suggestions for typewriting are figured
to refer to Practical Typewriting, which is the standard
text-book of the All-finger method.
At the outset the inquirer should fully understand
his machine what it can do, and what it should do.
A typewriter is not a complicated piece of mechan-
ism, and the average person can easily come to an
understanding of its parts and their functions by an
intelligent perusal of the book of directions which ac-
companies every machine. This supplemented by the
teachings of a good text-book, and the assistance of a
qualified teacher at critical moments, will lead to the
desired result.
Have a method of writing ; do not sit down and
pound the keys aimlessly. Pay particular attention to
the function of the carriage and its parts, the platen,
the spacing devices, the scale and margin regulator,
the ribbon, etc. Keep the machine clean ; learn how
to oil and otherwise care for it.
Passing to the keyboard, we are confronted with the
problem of a technique in typewriting, which is the
essence of this method. lu the first place, sit erect,
high enough in the chair to admit of the forearm
sloping downward the least bit toward the keyboard.
Hand position is best secured by dropping the fourth
fingers upon P and Q and making the other fingers
fall naturally upon the next figures in order, P O I
U, for right hand, and Q W E R for the left; then
place the right thumb on the space bar, and if the el-
bows are close to the body, a good hand position is
attained. It can not be too often reiterated that good
hand position is the foundation of met/tod in type-
writing.
PRACTICAL TYPEWRITING by Bates Torrey . Fowler &
Wells Co., Publ'rs, N.Y., $1.50.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 277
Touch is the next important feature. In order to
begin well, a clear idea of the proper touch should be
had, namely, that it is a nervous (in distinction from
muscular) staccato movement, followed by a rapid
and entire withdrawal of the fingers between each suc-
cessive stroke. Inasmuch as the appearance of the
writing depends upon the strength of the blow, the
letters being very heavy and broad in color, or very
faint and light in color according to the force exerted,
it will be understood that just the right impression
must be the result of skilled finger action.
(398) SCHEDULE OF PRACTICE:
Read the early pages of Practical Typewriting to
Lesson 1, page 4, also the reference to memorizing key-
board, Sect. 18. It may be suggested to commit to
memory the letters in both horizontal and vertical
rows, or rather slantingly, following the trend of the
disks to the right.
After the right idea of hand position is formed, ac-
cording to the foregoing remarks on that point, it may
be noted with some surprise that T Y, likewise the keys
beneath them, T G B and Y H N, are not covered,
simply because in each horizontal row there are more
letters than there are fingers to operate them. The
disappointment ma}' be but temporary, however, for
nature has provided strong index fingers, and the de-
cree of the method is that the first and second fingers
shall do double duty. The shifting of both hands
toward the center when occasion requires is the remedy ;
and this accounts for the figuring of the vertical rows
of letters, U J M and R F V, which are fingered by
1, when the hand is in normal position, but by 2 when
the shift brings the first fingers upon Y H N and T
G B. This arrangement, however, works no hardship,
being rather a convenience.
278 INSTRUCTION IX
A ONE-MONTH COURSE.
For first practice, take Lesson 1, which are the
4-finger studies of typewriting. Note particularly
that the figures refer only to fingers, and that the
object of the exercise is to impress three points,
namely, memorizing the keyboard, the scope of the
fingering, and touch.
First day. Practice wholly upon Exercise 21. Em-
ploy all the fingers with fidelity. Strike the keys
daintily, yet forcibly enough to secure a legible
impression.
Second day. Continue upon Exercise 22. Begin
now to form those habits which lead to systematic
manipulation.
Third day. Exercise 23, but omitting if desired the
single letters.
Fourth day. Exercise 243, as well as general remarks
and particular instructions of Chapter for the
Blind.
Fifth day. Exercise 245.
Sixth day. Exercise 24, always alternating between
right and left-hand practice. It is advisable to
practice the left hand more than the right. Fill
one line (at least) with each word ; otherwise it
is not good practice.
Seventh day. Exercise 246.
Eighth day. Exercise 25.
Write no Capitals during the above practice.
Make no effort for speed at the beginning. Be pains-
taking and accurate. The Ribbon, the Line-space and the
completion of the line are three things the beginner must
look out for. Heed the Bell. The right margin cannot be
even like the left. Operate the Platen with certainty. Ig-
nore the top row of keys the figures for the present.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 279
Ninth day. Review all preceding Exercises.
Tenth day. Commonplace words. These are the
WV//V.S of typewriting, and should be practiced
every day from now on.
The Capital is now introduced, and is made by depressing
the key marked "upper-case" with the left fourth finger,
and holding it down while another linger attacks the letter
desired.
The fingering of capitals under the right hand will be the
same as for lower-case ; but in case of the left hand, the
fourth finger being engaged upon the shift, the fingers
at liberty will execute as consistent a rendering of the all-
finger idea as may be expedient. For instance, while hold-
ing down the shift with the left fourth, strike the other
letters for that hand as follows :
QA/ WSX EDO RFV TGB.
Write Exercise 27 and the following sentences :
lie was. Are yon? Will be. You have. Two more.
Had not. Are not. Shall have. Can do. Why not? Could
be. Our own. He did not. From whence. Every one.
His own. The two. Beyond them. Always here. Come
out. Might l)e.
Begin each little sentence with a capital, and end
with the period. After striking the period, continue
to hold down the shift key while making the three
intermediate spaces, so that the capital of the succeed-
ing sentence may be written without superfluous *
motions.
Eleventh day. Exercise 29, followed by these sen-
tences :
Might have been. Either of them. Neither of you.
Whether or not. It had been. Before and after. Always
can come. Shall have been. There is much to do. Whose
was it? How many such? Which was his? It has done.
It had not. Why will he come?
Then Exercise 31,. followed by
Where were the other two? Come over when you can.
What will you have? Before you made this. Can that be
280 INSTRUCTION' IX
so? About every one can see it. What shall we do? Now,
then, here \ve are. They were beyond you. How can they
do it? How do you feel about doing the work? Some of
them were mine. From whence do you come? What will
you do about it? We will always thank God for the good
they have done. Were you there, and did you see me?
Twelfth day. In sentence-writing, endeavor to attain
a fluent action of the fingers and hands, writing
each character with even motion and touch, in
an uninterrupted movement from, the beginning to
the end of the phrase.
WRITE : They sent far and near for them. Life is full of
hope. Work always with a Avill. It is now time to go. God
is near unto them that love Him. She did not know Avhether
to go or not. We thank you very much for the good time.
Neither of them told the truth. They feel as though they
did not care to so. Do unto others as you would that they
should do to you. I have not seen you since that time.
Good people always do quite right. He knew they would
come at the usual time. All men do not think alike.
Avoid the habit of lifting the carriage often. Do not
move the paper after writing has begun ; start it straight,
and then let the regular feed mechanism control its move-
ment. Always strike a space after the comma and all
punctuation, except the first quotation mark and parenthesis,
and the hyphen in a compound word.
Write slowly ; no speeding as yet. When restoring the
paper after removal, adjust the longest line to the platen
scale, making the graduations coincide with a thin, vertical
letter like i t 1 j or f . Justify the risjht margin by a clever
division of words into correct syllables, and mark each
division by the hyphen. (See Syllabication, particularly
note of Rule V.)
Thirteenth day. Write 'Exercises 37 and 38, using
capitals. Then practice the words in these sen-
tences :
He will value the report. It was a merely technical
error. The plump boil makes Johnny pout. This trip the
11 Great Mogul" will bring freight from Lapland. You de-
serve a divine reward. The witty writer had a quiet kind
of power. Bring the dear boy some new milk. He affected
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 281
a regard for the truth. The Union Mill was the germ of a
monopoly. Xerxes retreated nimbly after sacking the port.
It was his care to abate the bank tax. The State debt fades
to a minimum. All agree that the monk was clad in a
black sack. The crew of the French trader were numb with
fright.
Fourteenth day. Prefixes. Exercise 39. Of course
these Prefix and Affix syllables alone are but
fragmentary; therefore it may be profitable (after
a little practice) to apply them in words where they
belong, writing the complete word several times.
Fifteenth day. Affixes. Exercise 40. As a relief
to the tedium of these Exercises review previous
sentences.
Sixteenth day. Exceptional fingering.
The exceptional fingerings of Practical Typewriting arises
from two causes, viz. : want of harmony between a fallible
keyboard and natural letter sequences; and secondly, the
impeding anatomy of the hands. The fingering of IM EDG
(See P.T., par. 1C) ECT and ERT is of the first class, and
follows the principle (or privilege) of using the next best
linger when the situation becomes a trifle involved. SW,
.UJ. NT, HY and ()L of the same class are pairs of letters
fingered on the diagram the same, and to secure graceful
action the next finger is recommended ; but, as the incorrect
finger precedes the correct, the sub-flgnres mark the excep-
tions.
The fingering of EV, BE, TE and GE permits the long
index linger to help the weak third bridge the gap; and OM
(see par. Ifi) is where the stiffness of the third linger is
humored. These latter are of the second class of exceptions.
None of them occasion any particular difficulty in business
typewriting.
Write Exercises 41 and 42.
Seventeenth day. Numerals. Read 43 to 50.
Write 50 and after noting carefully the direc-
tions of 49, practice on p. 65, beginning with the
easiest example (the second) ; also p. 82.
282 INSTRUCTION IN
Eighteenth day. Miscellaneous words. "Write
Exercise 55, followed by these sentences :
Be ye up and doing. I have given him my tilings. Not
every one can be called good. I have heard it in part. It is
hard for him to be patient. I told him the proposition. I
do not know how we can discharge it any more equitably
than we have done. I am willing she should get the remit-
tance. I am out of his jurisdiction now. And over all coun-
cils is the great God. Which constitution would you like to
see? How many subjects will the argument cover? Only
two of us were in jeopardy. I have answered you in the
affirmative again and again. I will tell you to the best of
my recollection how I made his acquaintance.
Nineteenth day. Write Exercise 53 and 54.
I do not believe any more litigation will arise. The citi-
zens of northwestern Colorado do a great many things more
out of courtesy and kindness than policy. Do not put your-
self in the way of scandal. Did the lawyer have this agree-
ment executed? If we could get one more representative all
would be secure. The property does not belong to the
opulent Xanthus. Valiant action will mollify his excellency.
Zenobia can tell you more about the question than I care to.
We sincerely acknowledge that the medicine assuaged his
suffering and refreshed the patient. It is a good time to
surrender the privilege. The beginning of the controversy
excited some apprehension.
Twentieth day. "Write Exercise 51 and 52.
Let us see if the broker will know the endorsement.
How long before the interest on the premium-note will be
due? You will not get half the commission you deserve.
It is a good thing to make an inventory once in awhile.
After you examine the collateral let me know its value. We
are willing to discount the draft. Recourse was had to the
bill-lading of the merchandise. A balance appeared when
the account current was audited. The. coupons of the de-
benture bonds are negotiable if registered. The principal
consignment was sold to arrive for a small percentage over
pro rata figures. The semi-annual assessment of the under-
writers did not put to the credit of the policy either a divi-
dend, an annuity or reversionary additions. Charter-party,
salvage, demurrage and manifest, are terms pertaining to
the merchant marine. The indebtedness was receivable in
sterling exchange. The item of primage upon the invoice
was an overcharge.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 283
Twenty-first day. Exercises 57 and 58. Names of
cities, states, etc., p. 105. Write par. 284 of this
manual, Step XIII.
Twenty-second day. Exercise 56 and par. 249
(p. 78).
\VRITE: Your favor received. By return mail. Beg
to say. Rein it at once. Duly received. Your esteemed
favor. Return by bearer. Your offer respectfully declined.
Enclosed please find. Discount for cash. This is to con-
tirin. Further advices. Forward by express. Regretting
the delay. Send freight bill. Yours at hand and noted.
Will send sample. Placed to your credit. Have charged
you. Ship the balance. Contents duly noted. Hold for
orders. Price less commission. Wired you today. Please
protect our draft. Your letter of even date. Start a tracer.
London exchange. Accept our thanks. Days of grace.
Free on board (f.o.b.) Cash on delivery (c.o.d.) Letter of
credit. Bill of exchange. Money order. Power of attor-
ney. Price current. As per your order. Kindly return
voucher. Pardon the error. Subject to your order. We
guarantee satisfaction. Pursuant to your request. Your
obedient servant.
In abbreviations like f. o. b., the period may be
omitted ; because when writing with a lever machine,
where the force of the blow affects the impression, the
tendency is to strike the period as strongly as any
character ; but its surface is so small, such an impact
makes an ugly mark. Like a good many of the tricks
of typewriting, such an omission of the period is allow-
able when the writing is improved thereby.
The direction to WRITE in this schedule of practice
really means to write a great deal. If it be a word,
that word should be written many, many times. If it
he sentences, every sentence should be repeated over
and over again until it can be executed readily.
Twenty-third day. Touch writing.* Touch is the
term introduced by the author to describe type-
writing without looking upon the keyboard. This
* See Sections 3:3 to 3G.
284 INSTRUCTION IN
is entirely practicable, as the result of correct
hand position, exact finger attack and diligent
practice. For exhibition typewriting, and for a
high degree of expertness, touch writing can be
acquired by practice according to the fingering
of the following diagram :
DIAGRAM FOR TOUCH WRITING.
LEFT HAND.
Q W E R T
A S D F G
Z X C V B
( SPACEBAR RIGHT THUMB. )
On the other hand, a more elastic definition of the
term Touch is to typewrite with only an occasional
glance upon the keys. Facility in such writing is
easily attained, and is the natural consequence of all-
finger procedure. For the all-round writer this liberal
version of Touch is more popular than the other.
Remember that a fixed hand position is the secret of
success in all scientific typewriting. Management of
the typewriter partially by touch has positive advan-
tages. An operator with no particular skill does a
great many things unconsciously ; but with a good
method of fingering he would have so much better
command of the keyboard that the situations where the
attention might relax would become far more numer-
ous. Common words and common material of words
would be written with hardly a glance upon the manual,
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 285
the fingers simply dropping upon the keys almost
without volition. The practical utility, then, of me-
thodic procedure cannot be overestimated.
W^rite Exercise 62, without looking very much
upon the keys; also Sect. 296 of this manual, Step
XIII., though not by touch.
Twenty-fourth day. Hints for Letter Writing.*
A typewritten letter must preserve the formalities.
Follow a model (see p. 6'.), Prac. T. ; also Step XIII.)
Every letter should show a date, and begin the name of
the person or concern written to a full space below at
of the scale, and prefix a title of respect. Write this
address in rhomboid form, with the beginning at the
upper left angle, and the end at the right acute angle.
Make half-space between the lines. For example:
Mu. THEODORE TORREY,
15 Algonquin Street,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
If the second line be shorter than the first, resort
to the frustum (inverted) shape:
ARTHUR CUMMINGS, ESQ.
Saco, Me.
(See examples of addresses, page 68, P. T.)
It will be noted that the name of the address is
written with capitals. This is done to give a certain
style to the make-up. Some writers fail to appreciate
this, but we c;m only believe it is because they lack
taste in arrangement of typewriting. Of course where
* See Sections 59 to Gl.
286 INSTRUCTION IN
a business man objects to anything of the kind, it is
the duty of the amanuensis to follow instructions
even to the extent of misspelling a word because his
principal orders the perpetuation of error. At the
same time a finish can be given to work of any sort by
those little touches which distinguish the proficient
from the bungler. Typewriting is not exempt from
such a privilege.
At all events maintain the terraced look. Limit
the number of lines in an address to three, if pos-
sible, and it were better to have only two. Much
ingenuity can be exercised in displaying the address
of a letter.
Adopt the same, rhomboidal, or alternative, form
when addressing an envelope, though have full space
between the lines.
Drop a full space to the " Dear A*V," which should
begin at ; then drop another full space to the body
of the letter, which should properly begin at about 15
of the scale.
Write all dates in figures, and sums of money with
letters, unless the dictator specifies figures. Para-
graph occasionally, and indent to 5, to imitate the
em-quad of printing. A short letter should be full
space between the lines. The concluding paragraph
of a full page may be sometimes condensed to leave
room for the signature.
Punctuate carefully and discreetly. Be painstaking
always, though do not "potter"; be business-like upon a
business matter. Do not abbreviate unduly. Permit no
mistakes, and there will be no smutchy marks of erasure.
Go sloAvly at first, so as to cultivate absolute accuracy.
With assiduous practice, grace and accuracy will lead to
speed, and the battle is won.
Write for practice letters of Sect. 304, Step XIII.
Begin the " }'o///-.s /////>/ " at about 25, or at a lower
number if the subscription be extended. Drop two
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 287
or three full spaces if a "P/-es.," " Sec." or similar
word follows. (See .Ex. 60 of Prac. T.)
Twenty-fifth day. For instruction in regard to making
carbon and mimeograph copies of typewriting,
see index for explanatory paragraphs in Prac.
T. Teacher will give a practical illustration
of taking press-copies, using the outfit of the
school-room.
The following " Alphabet Sentences," collected from
various sources, are submitted for speed prac-
tice. The habit is too commonly prevalent of prac-
ticing for speed upon the sentence, "Now is the
time for all good men to come to the aid of the party,"
which is a combination of short words, extending
just a line, and illustrating exceedingly easy progres-
sions from letter to letter. Such a "trick" sentence
cannot furnish the best exercise for the typewriter. .On
the other hand, sentences containing all the letters of
the alphabet practice the hand all over the keyboard,
and build up a harmonious manual proficiency :
Pack my box with live dozen liquor jugs of sparkling
mountain dew.
The quick, brown fox jumped over the lazy dog that was
fast asleep.
Frowzy quacks vex, jump and blight everything within
their reach.
Please give the money box to Mr. J. Z. Quack's wife
without fail.
John quickly extemporized five tow bags in which to pack
the corn.
The judicious advocate" will never forget that a good
cause may be quickly lost by hasty display of excessive zeal.
Dazzling jewels pendent from the neck were thrown quite
in the shadow by exceeding wit, which ever flashed from
her brilliant mind.
Old and quaint maxims filled the pages of that very curi-
ous book, on which, with quiet joy, he gazed for hours
together.
288 INSTRUCTION IN
The earthquake wrecked the grand old palace ; next the
ruins were in blaze; yet the Junta sat hi tlieir chamber with
faces as calm as ever.-
Our queen was almost crazed with vexation, because the
prince would not join the King's forces in the field.
A doctor's judgment sometimes fails, even when, by ZCN'I-
ous endeavor, he has acquired an exact knowledge of the
patient's malady.
Experts in jurisprudence, and learned writers on ethics,
are alike greatly puzzled to solve the broad question, " How
to repress fierce crime."
We seized with joy on the thought of rejoining loved ones
beyond the grave; it keeps alive exquisite memories of their
presence here.
At the zenith of the Caitiff's power, his subjects were
ruined by knavish tax-gatherers quartered upon them, and
even life was in jeopardy.
In yonder quiet nook, away from the exciting jostle of
city life, I lay and let the murmuring zephyrs cool my fev-
ered brain.
A willful and querulous priest, seconded by a lazy abbot,
excluded the kind and gifted justice from the vestry cham-
bers.
Twenty-sixth day. Write for practice the miscella-
neous letters of pp. 119, 120 and 121, as well :is
pp. 69 and 95. Select one letter, and write it
many times for speed exercise.
Twenty-seventh day. Refer to model letter of Step
XV., and arrange in a proper style of typewriting.
Also write the letter of p. 96. Practice familiar
matter for speed.
Twenty-eighth day. Write miscellaneous law forms,
first p. 86 ; then pp. 55 to 62, as time will permit.
Also pp. 92 and 94.
Twenty-ninth day. Court testimony. Copy pp. 93,
124 and 125.
Thirtieth day. General review. Fancy typewriting.
Continued speed practice.
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
289
(399 ) Appended is still another way of presenting
the model letter of Step XV. Execute the ruled lines
with red ink :
BOSTOX, May 2, 1893.
Messrs. GILL & CLARK,
West Newburyport, Mass.
Gentlemen :
We have your favor of the 7th, enclosing drafts for
0620.00, payment for five shares of the Western Investment
Stock, for C. M. Brayton; and drafts to the amount of
$1,476.55, which you say balances the stock you bought of
us when in Boston.
On referring to our books we find the items stand as
follows :
GILL & CLARK.
DR.
CR.
Apr. 15
By stock
$3312.50
Apr. 15
To drafts
$1476.55
" cash
622.00
/
" deposit
1095.45
/
" commission
26.50
/
" balance
92.00
$3312.50
$3312.50
If we are in error, please advise us at once ; something
may have escaped our attention.
Yours truly,
self
INDEX.
Sect. Page.
A. AN, AND 100 49
AFFIXES 342 173
alternate forms for 346 176
-hooil -head -worthy 343 174
-ing -ings 149, 150 71, 72
-ingly 356 184
-ture 344 175
( 65 34
1343 174
ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE 394 266
ANALOGY:
general article 391 257
examples 259
ANGLES
and Direction of Strokes 389 250-4
in Shorthand 104 50
made by hooks 238-9 116
with L and R 141 69
when option given If5 84
in figure writing {gj 1
as a "study" 104 50
APPENDAGES 16 18
circle-S, wuh and yuh 45 29
hooks 184 95
BLACKBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS: see Appendix.
BUSINESS
shorthand 167-8 86-89
the letter 280 138
letters for dictation 113, 124, 136
" " " 149, 150, 164
" < < 194
word-signs 281 ' 138
nhrasp* ( 282 139
' 1 284 140
dictation 286 141
CIRCLE-S:
how written 43, 46 29
how read 43 29
between curves 47 30
straight strokes } 2 ^ ^
prefixed to hooks 201-5 lof-2
two sounds of, before R-hook 208 103
CON-, COM-, COG- 146 71
compounded j^jj jij
CONSONANTS :
signs 10, 11, 17
additional signs 114 57
(291)
292 INSTRUCTION IN
Sect. Page.
CONSONANTS, Continued
conventional name of in*
sound-name of w ' '
whispered {3 10,11,13
voiced 01
how joined
CONVENIENCE:
signification ol word
DEFINITIONS: Jg
appendage , j 45
diphthong
emb,emp 219 10,
halving
lengthening 329
outline
Phra86 ,18 6 8 7 -9
position | 109 51
stem
stroke
t j c k 97
vowel
word-sign
( 279 135
DICTATION: j 324 1(>2
early 41
sentence -
letter at 60 words a minute 231
80 " " 255, 304 124, 149
90 " " 279, 304, 328 136, 150, 164
100 " " 370
DIPHTHONG: 93
position of . . .
reading exercise
DISTINGUISHED WORDS:
general article 390
examples
I 271-3 133
-ED : how represented ........ JR U i e iv. 249
ELECTRICAL TERMS . . . . 2-9
EM-DASH:
of shorthand
used tor underscore . .
EMB, BMP : definition of 219
word-signs 220
EXPEDIENTS:
brief wuh and yuh inverted
" " intersecting .... 145,362 70.185
< ' enlarged 361 185
" " " considered as conso-
nants 56-7,363 32,185
dw.qu.etc 382
from -to- - }M
hook added to a hook 262
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Sect.
EXPEDIENTS, Continued :
I, phrased 355
inde, uncle, etc 310
in, un, en, before initial hook 211
of-the denoted 357
shun after hook 261
there phrased 356
uncoalescent S before R 209
unsyllabic Nr and XI 216-8
HUH 127
when to use 127
( 126
" omitted {130
(Note
before M and R 128
between strokes 129
HE : how denoted ) Note
{^154
2*69
305
rule for 224
power of, how read 228
8yabic jfJO
unsyllabic 307
order of reading outline 269
distinction for T or D 225
L, M, N, R 225
position of 227
sometimes not employed j 3^.9
HOOKS: 169
initial L 171-5
" R 176-9
" how read 184
final F and V 232
" N 233-4
" how read 235
shun 256
" after hook 261
five 257
forms inverted 177
applied to M and N 178
uncoalescent L and R 180-1
particular management 184
perfect and imperfect l>-2
when to employ 183
Rel and Ler 11)9
enlarged Huh Note
joined to hook 262
to L, M, N, R, halved 313
eshon 25',)
" after ns 260
IN, UN, EN :
before circle-S 210
compounded 211
Page.
183
154
104
'184
127
184
103
106-7
61
61
60
62
32
61
61
48
49
73
110
132
152
110
112
132
152
153
132
111
111
112
152
153-4
90
90-1
91-3
95
114
114-5
115
126
127
126
92
92
93
95
94
94
99
99
128
155
127
1-27
103
103
294
INSTRUCTION IN
Sect.
Page.
ING, INGS: ............. { }g l\
ing-and, ing -the ........... 151 72
JUDGMENT:
in joining strokes ..... ..... 165 84-5
outline building .......... 345
word-sign making ......... 379 201
omissions ............ 364 186
study .............. 40 26
syllabic treatment ......... 136 65
halving ............. 305 152
lengthening ........... 333 168
L, upward and downward ....... 137-139 67
examples of .......... ? 140 68
LEGIBILITY:
how maintained ........... 229 112
a help to .............. 181 93
-ed by disjoining ........... 272 133
when halving ............ 229 112
" lengthening .......... 333 168
by dissecting ............ 358 184
halving waived for .......... 306 152
LENGTHENING
of curves ............. 329 167
" straight strokes ..........
" emb.emp ............ j ^ 2 te
followed by N or shun ........ 331 167
misguided ............. 333 168
in phrases .......... ... 335 169
not employed ............ 334 169
LETTERS .............. 303 148-9
shorthand models .......... 352-3 180-1
business .............. 280 138
form of, in shorthand ........ 297-302 14(5-7
for dictation ............ 113, 124, 130
" ............ 149, 150, 164
" ............ 194,
NOMENCLATURE:
of consonant signs ......... . Note 14
for advanced shorthand ........ 341 173
NUMBERS:
general statement .......... 250 122
how learned ............ 265 129
Lesson 1 .............. 251 122
II .............. 274 133
III .............. 287 142
ten-groups . ............ 254 123
"teens" .............. 275 134
"tys" .............. 276 134
hundreds ............. 287 142
rule for expressing hundreds ..... 288
simple hundred-groups ........ 278
hundred-groups with S ........ 290 143
(see also multiplication table) ..... 337 170
used as adjective .......... 277 134
further illustrations ......... 274-5
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
Sect.
NUMBERS, Continued:
thousands, millions, etc 291
dollars and cents 292
fractions 293
OMISSIONS:
of signs from outline 364
" words " phrases . . 365
ORGANS of speech Note
PENMANSHIP: of shorthand i^
attitude of body and holding pen ....
movement
practice iu
PHRASING:
introductory 67
general article on 392
examples
principal features of
involved
68
102
simple
244
266
tick 108
else, and others 349
L and R-hook 215-8
of time and take 311
by halving 310
miscellaneous, half length 319
by lengthening 335
( 282
business j 234
the-con, etc Note
POSITION:
Introductory 109
definition 188-9
vowel I
( BO
word-sign 110
outline 188
illustrated 194-8
first exercise in 185
second " " 200
third " " 212
rule for 192
of shortened outline 227
further discussion of 246
definite procedure in 247
of derivative 248
fourth, so called j ^g te
POSITIVE and negative 366
/ -I 00 ft
words beginning irre, ille ggg"
295
Page.
143
144
144
186
186-7
16
18
190-4
190
191
17, 192-3
35
260-3
261
262
263
35
49
53
63
119
129
61
177
106-7
164
154
158
169
139
140
72
51
96
39
42
52
96
97-8
95
99
104
97
112
120
120-1
121
121
184
187
67
188
296 INSTRUCTION IN
Sect. Page.
PRACTICE:
manner of 286 141
(See LETTERS for dictation.)
early material for 163 82
word-sign of the steps 380 202, 207
" " sentences 386 232-3
sneed 1 321 16
8 P eed J3-25 103
PREFIXES 339 171
special form for Per ami Pro 340
less common 341 173
con, com, cog 146
compound 148 71
PROPER NAMES:
first suggestion 90 45
people and places 294-6 145-6
In letter 301 147
in typewriting 398 5*85
PUNCTUATION:
the period J 3 ^ ,*}
hyphen, parenthesis, underscore .... 54
R, upward and downward 137-8 67
examples of 140 68
final after Run Note 70
READING:
shorthand 1 9j *
without vowels 1U3 97
daily 54
practice (advanced)
order of :
circle-S 43 29
books {} 91
ticks 101 49
brief wuh and yuh 80
vowel 80 41
hooked outline 186 96
S and the R-hook 205 102
halved outline 269 132
Exercises:
vowels applied to simple strokes ... 84 42
" between strokes 90 45
diphthongs 96 48
strokes S, Z, W and Y 125 60
huh 131 62
upward and downward R and L . . . . 145
con, corn, cog . 153 73
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Step 1 19
II 27
III 36
IV 46
V 56
VI 66
VII 76
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 297
Sect. Page.
REVIEW QUESTIONS, Continued:
Step IX 100
X 113
XI 124
XII 137
XIII 151
XIV 165
XV. . 182
RULE:
lor joining strokes 22 21
" circle-S to stems 46 29
" brief wuh and yuh to stems . . 50 31
applying vowel sign to simple stroke . 81-2 41
" " " between strokes . 86 42-3
another rule Note 43
for syllabic writing 117 67
stroke-S 119 58
" Z 122 59
" \V and Y 123 59
upward and downward R 138 67
" " L 139 67
position in general 192 97
" of single vertical stroke . . . 195 97
" double stroke 196 98
" horizontal outline 197 98
" extended " 198 98
halving 224 110
speed practice 324 162
S-
modifications of 58-62 32-3
stub-loop 58 32
ster-loop 59 32
ses, sis, sus, etc 60 33
a th.rd sound of Cl
cautions regarding 62 33
for self, selves 65, 343 34, 174
after stroke-S j \%\ jjjj
joined to final hooks 236 115
syllabic 119 58
" not used medially 120 68
unsyllabic 46 30
SHORTHAND:
why it has been difficult 168 88
how to study Note 89
practical 167 86
business 168 89
SPEED:
discussion of .
>_ 1 lo-
upon common words 332-3 161
" commonplace sentences 325-6-7 163-4
how prompted 369 19:i-4
of typewriting 304 151
STROKES:
definition of 16 18
length of 18 18
direction of 19 19
298
INSTRUCTION IN
STROKES, Continued:
S, Z, W, Y 114
syllabic tendency
how joined 22
Direction of (article; 389
SYLLABLE, the:
first notion of 115
in shorthand 104
general article upon
Syllabication in Shorthand 388
for legibility .
14,>
in words 136
tendency of R and L
when writing some words 142
and final hook 237
when practicable 238
-ed 271
a unit in word analysis 1G4
as to vowels 87
SYLLABIC-S H
THE : how denoted 99
relative frequency of Note
102
phrased 10 g
TICKS:
definition of
reason for 98
why two directions of 103
as word-signs ' 107
angles of 105
phrased 108
intersecting 181
TYPEWRITING :
general article 397
simple practice 154
further remarks 304
the scales of 325
schedule of practice 398
in one month
abbreviations, c.o.d., etc
by touch
diagram for touch
of letters
diagrams of letter addresses
best alphabet practice
model of tabulation
VOWELS :
definition of
how represented
long scale 72
short " 74
position of 75
OJ _rt
rules for applying 8( .
with Ses 85
Page.
57
57
58
21
241
57
83
69
65
67
68
69
115
116
133
84
44
68
2<;4
48
48
49
51
48
48
50
50
50
49
51
93
276
73
151
lt>3
277
278
388
284
285-6
88B
287-8
881
38
38
38
39
39
41
43
42
PRACTICAL SHORTHAND.
VOWELS, Continued:
accented 191-2
167
185
omitted
200
,212
implied by tick 181
by position 187
" by stroke \\^>
" by form of outline 308
assist reading 193
bearing of in syllabication
Vowel implication 395
WORD-SIGNS:
definition of
abbreviation j j 5 g
reason for 35
not wholly arbitrary 36
final forms 37
to memorize 110
List 1 38
"II 64
diphthong 94
tick 107
Group 1 110
List III Ill
List IV 132
Group II 155
half length 154
" " miscellaneous 318
simple stroke 159
" " miscellaneous 160
Group 111 213
List VI. . . . 214
emb, emp 220
Group IV 242
List VI 1 243
Group V . . . . 264
List VI II 265
( 39
how learned < 317-157
( 381
business 281
Group VI 317
what for 372
how many presented 374
how many classes . 377
how made 378
of the steps, alphabetically arranged . . 380
imitative 3S2
general dictionary of 383
sacred . . 384
sentences for practice 386
unclassified ... .... 383
299
Page.
96-7
86
95
96
97
!9
104
93
96
58
69
153
97
24<!-8
2(59
25
26
78
25
25
26
52
26
34
47
50
52
53
62
74
73
157
78
79-80
105
105
107
118
118
128
129
26
159-78
207
138-9
156
198
198
199
200
202-7
208
211-225
230
232-3
2-JC-8
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
OOt 20 I 348
APR
JUL18
Form L9-25w,-9,'47(A5618)444
Z56 Torrey -
T63i Instruction in
short hand <
Z56
T63i
A 000 570 390 5
' '"ER
ZR