THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^_ <^C5- ER ER INSTRUCTION PRACTICAL SHORTHAND: A Simple Arrangement of the Essentials of Graham Phonography for All Schools. Comprising also a "Progressive Scheme of Word-Sign Study; t/l T^evised Version of Smith's Numerals ; It would be profitless to declare there is anything new * (outside of tricks of arrangement) in this work, j because nothing original has been produced about g- shorthand for many years. It would be likewise - 1 vain to say this is a profound treatise. We could not write such a book and would not if we could ! ?* In popularizing shorthand study there is no use dredging deprofundis. The convincing writer should ^ dwell with his audience. A publisher waited for these pages to issue from the pen, which fact disarms the criticism that it was made to sell ; and considerable experience teaching shorthand was the impulse directing the pen, which should have weight if the record of a successful instructor counts for aught. a 448596 There are too many manuals of shorthand already. That is cheerfully granted. Yet none of them show a "royal road" to its acquirement, whatever their claims. There is no such road. But as improved vehicles of locomotion and new methods of propul- sion almost bring time and distance to naught, so in shorthand improved methods of instruction make easier the journey to proficiency, and hasten arrival at that destination. The learner is our audience. We address him with deep designs, as these pages will disclose. We care more for the impression (as shown by accomplish- ment) the book makes upon him than for e.r <-ntlf. > * Followed o Preceded w o if. Muh Nuh to M M"M-ew Na-me N N " N-ew Mai-ne iNG as" K-ing In-k Suli or Zuh iS S " Hi-ss or Z in Bu-zz Willie Brief Way W'W-oo " Wuh-oo Semi- vowel n.... Yuh ] Brief Yay Y " Y-ou " Yuh-ou TT , ( Breath- Huh j ing Hay H " H-at " Huh-at STEP I. THE ALPHABET AND EARLY STUDY. (1) The foregoing is a classified scheme of signs for the consonant sounds of language, and is not to be considered in any sense as an alphabet of letters. It is so arranged that the size, shape and direction of writing the signs can be seen at a glance. (2) These signs are segments of the circle and straight lines, the length of the straight lines being about one-sixth of an inch, and the distance between the extremities of a curve should be the same. (3) The consonant signs are written in the direc- tions indicated, and the first fourteen are made alter- nately light and shaded, to picture Whispered and Voiced sounds. This ingenious distinction should be taken advantage of in memorizing the sounds and their signs. (4) The liquids, L and R, the nasals, M, N, LNG, and the breathing H, are less regularly formed ; 14 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I. while S, Z, W and Y are very brief characters which are termed appendages simply. Note particularly the liquids, as they have repeated mention farther on. (5) SH (shuh) is written upward or downward for purely mechanical reasons. That direction is selected which makes the better angular junction with another sign, as illustrated below. When alone, SH is always written downward. duh-shuh guh-ghuli nuh-sliuh muh-shuli luli-shuh puh-shuh U ~D. 3. <=J CL \1 (6) L standing alone is invariably written upward. (7) In order to appreciate fully the consonant sounds, words must first be reduced to their vocal ele- ments. In the Diagram two names are applied to the consonants, namely, the sound-name* and the con- ventional-name. The former represents the con- sonants as devoid of vowel modification as may be possible. The Conventional name resembles the regular alphabet, and is desirable for class-room use after the student has attained some proficiency ; though it should never be confounded with the consonants of the common alphabet of letters. (8) The vowels of the English language are A E I O U and sometimes W and Y. The vowels are not considered at this stage of study. *The indefinite sound " uh " has been selected for this nomenclature, because to speak a consonant requires sonic vowel assistance, but the less it is like the common vowels the more closely the combination approaches the primary con- sonant. We presented this form of sound-name in 1886, and have ever since used it with success as a convincing way of "talking" the consonants. STEP I.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 15 (9) Name the consonants and vowels in the fol- lowing words ; and then, ignoring the vowels, give its most primary sound to each consonant, speaking the sound-name tuh, buh, kuh, vuh, as the case may require : r-o (tuh-oo) d-o (duh-oo) p-a (puh-ah) b-e 3(t)-ch e(d)-ge g-o i-f f-ie e-gg sh-e th-e th-y m-e a-sh n-o k-ey y-e-t t-u-b b-a-d nr-e-t h-a-t g-u-m c-a-t 3h-a-p ar-k r-u-g el-k th-i-n th-e-m r-i-ug sh-o-p ii-s-u-al e-v-e-n ch-ea-p g-e-m ah-a-s-e in-k th-a-t k-e-g f-e(t)-ch t-a-g d-i-g m-u-ff Signs for the foregoing words : 1 \\ / /.LI ....( J...U Lu. LLVL C...U XT, s\ ^ A Ai (L ^ . p (10) Cultivate the habit of speaking the sounds when both reading and writing. Do not confound juh with guh, for it must be remembered that G (as a letter) has both a hard and a soft sound, while J has not. Note also that C of the alphabet is not represented upon the Diagram, because C, hard, is K ; and C, soft, S. Separate thuh clearly from dthuh, and do not be diverted from the true sounds by unsuggestive spelling. Forget spelling for the time being ! 16 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I. (11) The first fourteen signs will be more readily learned when the relations between them are under- stood, viz. : 1. That two sounds uttered with the organs* of speech in the same position are paired. 2. That one of each pair is a whispered sound, and the other a voiced. 3. That the whisper is represented by a hair-line character, and the voiced by a shaded one. (12) The remaining sounds, and corresponding signs, are less regular and suggestive, but are not difficult to memorize. Remember that these characters picture the phonetic (sound) elements of language, and should appeal more to the ear than to the eye. At the same time the eye does for the memory what the ear (in this case) does for the understanding; therefore it is essential that all the signs should be written many times while being memorized. Each should be known by its name, preferably the sound- name at this step, and the names spoken as writing progresses. The attention of the student is directed to the blackboard illustrations, which should be displayed upon the walls, and which are intended to supplement the scheme of study set forth in the Steps. Also note the suggestions for typewriter practice in Part III. Typewriting is acknowledged to be an especially appropriate auxiliary to the practice of short- hand writing, and if it is intended to use the latter in a business way, the acquii'ement of a good style of typewriting should take place coincidently with short- hand study. * The lips, teeth, tongue, palate or throat. rilACTICAl, SHORTHAND. 17 (I.'!) Fill one or inure lines with each consonant sign very carefully traced, as: LLCLCLLCL ooooooooo OOOOOOOOO CCCC (14) ADVICE to STUDENT. Write the whole scheme of signs in this way five times, or until each character can be written in a satisfactory manner. 18 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP I. (15) Always write shorthand with :v pen, because of the shadiug required, and upon ruled paprr, using the lines as a guide to direction. There is a penman- ship to shorthand as well as to other writing. Hold the pen-stock outside the index finger, as in ordinary writing, but allow the top to point a little outward from the shoulder. When executing the shaded charac- ters juh r guh or ung, twist the pen-handle slightly with the fingers, without moving the hand very much from normal position. (16) DEFINITIONS. A Stroke in short- hand writing is a consonant sign with or with- out appendages. The possible appendages are suh (called also circle-S) , its loop modifications, brief wuh or yuh, or the hooks. A stroke commonly stands for a syllable in simple (and theoretic) shorthand. This book makes the syllable the unit of word analysis, and the term STROKE will be used with marked intent throughout these pages. The followin characters are all Strokes : (17) The stem is that part of the stroke to which the appendages are attached. (18) Write the length of each stroke one-sixth of an inch, and draw the characters with scrupulous exactness. Shade the straight strokes evenly through- out, but taper the curves at the ends like examples given. The curve should take the same direction as a straight line extended between its extremes, and be the same length as the straight line of similar direction. STEP I.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 19 (19) Write the stems only in the direction speci- fied by the Diagram, thereby becoming able to identify a stroke quite as much by its direction as by length or thickness. Write slowly and with painstaking ; do not lift the pen from the beginning to the end of a stroke. Also have the stems of the same relative length ; future legibility depends largely upon this. (20) Repeat the writing and enunciation of the simple stems and strokes thus far given until they are pronounced perfect. The student should be prepared to answer the following questions, which are designed to furnish re- view practice. Some are also a trifle eductive (draw- ing out) in character : REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP I. What scheme does the Diagram show? What descrip- tive features of the consonants are shown? How many consonant signs are given? What significance attaches to the queer names tuh, duh, puh, buh? What do the conven- tional names resemble? Is this scheme of signs at all like an alphabet? Why not? What are the English vowels? Are they considered now? Probably why not? Name a word in which // is a vowel. Name the first fourteen consonant signs in order. Describe the signs in their relations of size, shape and direction. What is a whisper? A voice? What is the sound of G in gpt? In germ? What are the liquids? The nasals? The semi-vowels? The breathing? Is the same sign used forSorZ? Is not this a trifle strange? Name some other letters or sounds of like character (C, K, J, G). Which sounds more like a hiss, S or Z? Which like a buzz? Why are L and R called liquids? What are the consonant sounds in schism, sword, psalm? How many signs are given for wuh and yuh? What is the difference between them? Is there any difference except direction? Which 11 is used when it is preceded by a vowel sound? Is it vowel or vowel sound we should be particular to note? Which R is employed when a vowel sound follows? Which L is used under similar circumstances? 20 INSTRUCTION I\ [ STKP I. What sound of language does huh represent? Docs "huh " strike you as a good name for it? Does it at all re- semble the hiss of a cat? Recite the consonant sounds, lining the sound-name of the Diagram. Is II sometimes called the aspirate? (Yes.) What are the consonant sounds in bdellium, phthisic, Czar, quay ? Is there a marked dillcr- ence between voiced and whispered sounds? How many of the consonant signs are irregular in formation ; that is. not paired? At what angle is tuh struck with reference to the line? At what angle does chuh depart from tuh? At Avhat angle does rnh or huh lift from knh? Spell //////<. 0 words like Of bnt to when iiw that (hi* //in/, etc., constitute fully one-half of ordinary discourse or writing. 26 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP II. to the task all the helps of suggestion and association that may appear. The following examples are fnml forms; in fact, a word-sign is not susceptible of further abbreviation. (38) SIMPLE STROKE WORD-SIGNSLIST 1 : do be have will shall was * which I \ L C ; ) / them or they him or am think usual-ly hope ( ^ ( ; \ are you or your yet were would for ^jX* n u c 3 V_ (39) Learn the word-signs so they will be appre- ciated by two faculties, the ear and the eye. Memorize them thoroughly, having thought of their sounds, or the resemblance of sound, and exerting as much reason in the endeavor as may be needed ; then have another test your knowledge in two ways first, by asking what the word- sign is for such and such a word ; and, second, by writing the word-signs and asking what they stand for. Much writing of the word-sign lists serves to fix them in the mind. (40) The student should arrange each day's work in a fair proportion of study of the principles, writing words and sentences illustrative of the same, reading shorthand from the book or blackboard, and making a point to submit to the teacher the written result of the day's labor, which same should be cor- rected and returned the following day. At the same time ask questions during the progress of the work, in order not to remain long in error if any detail of Hie subject is not understood. Cultivate the habit of self- criticism. Write, correct, rewrite. Never knowingly hand in an error. *See characters of Step VI. STEP II.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 27 (41) WRITING EXERCISE: The following sentences are to be composed of the short- hand material thus far given. Employ word-signs freely, and write well. No mark of punctuation is necessary ; 01 "y a blank space of about an inch between sentences. Write these sentences also from dictation, and read them without the key : They are. Are you ? Will you have them ? Which are due? Have hope. You shall have. They shall be. Will have them. You would be. Which was for him? They would thiuk. Will yet be. Will have them thiuk. A,h ! your hope will be vain. Shall you have them yet ? Usually they will have. Shall thiuk they have. Will you have him do it? You hope they were willing. Think they would have. They will have him yet. Do they think you will be? Which will usually do? Your theme was good. Ned and Tom will have money. It will be thorough. Unpack your tobacco package. Which ticket will it be? Your gig will be damaged. Do they usually have him for judge? They hope your ship will make no voyage. They gauged your keg. Your thatch was shaggy. Which muff do you think cheap? Were your teeth good for gum? Will you have him come? Which are you willing they shall have? Would you have them go? You will not get half you need. They hope you will be here ('ere) Monday. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP II.: How are word outlines formed of the consonant strokes? What is the rule for joining strokes? Is there more than one way to do this? How many directions does a stem commonly have ? Is it proper to lift the pen before an outline is linished ? What is an outline ? How long a word outline can be written ? Can you make the outlines in Sec- tion 28 stand for words ? What words ? What are pho- netics ? What is spelling phonetically ? What is the 28 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IT. simplest way to discover the exact sounds of a word ? Spell imaijc, bouquet and lauijh by sound. Why are tbe vowels stricken out of the words now considered ? Why the silent letters ? What is the consonant skeleton of a word ? How are curved characters joined ? Straight ? At what angle does clmh incline? Ruh ? Which is the quicker curve, a Hat or an arched? Can the curvature or direction of a stroke be changed ? How much ? And what for ? Why does a writer sometimes shade the wrong stem ? What is the consonant skeleton of nominee, typewriting, short Innid.' Does English spelling assist in arriving at the exact sounds of a word ? Which is exerted more in spelling, the eye or the ear; that is, which helps the memory more ? Which in writing phonetically ? Is reading the outlines required at this stage? Can you read what you write? If not, why not? What is a word- sign ? What are word-signs for? Are they difficult to learn? Are some easier than others ? Which are the easier? Are word-signs necessary in shorthand writing ? In what sense is the word practical used as herein applied to shorthand ? What demand does business make of shorthand ? Must practical shorthand be written rapidly ? Must it be legible ? How are word-signs to be learned ? Name five of the simple word-signs given. What is the word-sign for hope., think, yet? Do all these word- signs rest on the line ? Is this to be remembered ? What sort of a mental process conduces to ease of shorthand Avriting? What is the sign for usual S How would you know when this same sign was made for usual I;/ .' Is zshuh a common sound ? Name three words containing the same sound. What do 'ave, 'ope and 'im remind you of (Cockney dialect, perhaps)? How can the same sign stand for you ar.d nnm- him or am ? Are him and ant the same parts of speech in grammar? Are they employed similarly in a sentence? Then you would infer that different parts of speech will not conflict if they have the same sign ? What position with reference to the line is now recommended for outlines ? Which stroke determines the position alluded to ? What is a ' final form ? '.' How can word-signs best be memorized ? What two ways are good for examining upon the word- signs ? Do you understand fully all the teachings of Step II.? STKP III.] PRACTICAL SUOKTIIAND. 29 STEP III. CIRCLE-S AND MODIFICATIONS: ( \'2) Thus far the characters have been principally linear, but circle-S (or /) and brief wuh and yah merit special consideration. (!.")) The small circle () is in this step written mostly in the evolnte, or unrolling, direction (see blackboard), and is always read first when initially applied. Remember also that S is read last when written last. (41) Mechanically considered wuh and yuh are apparent I j halves of . They are presented in two si in pcs for convenience in securing good angular junc- tion with the strokes to which they may be applied. (45) Note particularly that circle-S and the brief wuh and yuh forms are only appendages, to be joined to consonant stems as a component part of a stroke. (1C) RULE. Circle-S (or Z*) is written (1) On the right side of upright stems. (2) On the upper side of horizontals (run and huh being classed as such). (3) On the inside of curves. * The small circle occasionally stands for Z in final .situations. 30 INSTUUCT1ON IN [STEP III. EXAMPLES : sF Ds sCH Ts Ks sG Us Hs sV sN sTH A This is S attached to a simple stem, and entirely unsyUabic. (47) Circle-S between two curves, or followed by a curve, conforms generally to the direction of the second stroke ; as noiseless nasal atheism facile pianissimo for-same Exception might be made in cases of extreme awkwardness. (48) Circle-S between straight strokes that make an angle is turned outside the angle. This is de- manded as a law of motion, irrespective of rules to the contrary. bask passage task Jessica paschal discuss risk _JL J- (49) Write : Does said pass (pas) sap puss sell loose choose sage sod gas sit tease face seem nice miss seen hiss some sash soothe save sign smoke vase fix (x is A'*) sing sand chase case despise Jessop sake soap dusk gossip miser wrestle basic passive vassal misseth desk facile atheism nicely passage missile lessen moisten STKl' III.] PRACTICAL SIIOKTHAND. 31 (50) Rule : \Vuh and yah join to the strokes at an angle, like wit weak yoke wing you whip yell Yates (51) Exception: Except that wuh (only wuh) attaches to the signs for L, M, N, R, in imita- tion of a hook. Always upward R and L ; never the downward. when well one where whim worth work whelp .^ C *~*. *f.. .0. I I C L... (50) A further sound of R is added by enlarging the loop. This larger loop is called the str- loop, or ster. past pastor boast boaster fast faster * The aspirate (huh) is not written in words beijmnini? ich, as legibility is not impaired by its omission. STKI' III.J I'KAOTICAL SIIOKTIIAM). 33 . (60) T\vo sounds of S or Z (i.e., ses, sus, sis, etc.)? ZS or SZ, are denoted by enlarging the circle. This is called the ses-circle, or ses. fuss fusses base bases lace laces ......... L ............ L ............. \, ............. No ......... C. ............ t. STXrr?. ^>. J .... 8TKP III.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 35 (66) A word- sign can constitute a part of the outline of a derivative word : specially unusual severally mistaken unnecessary willing READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 1 : (This and subsequent reference to blackboard to be observed when the teacher prepares illustrations according to the accompanying exhibit of Blackboard Suggestions.) (67) PHRASES : Definition. A phrase in shorthand consists of two or more word outlines joined. Phrasing is done to facilitate speed, and when that is accom- plished the practice is warranted ; otherwise not. Natu- ral phrases, almost unconsciously written, are useful ; but phrasing must be cultivated coincideutly with other procedure. In furtherance of that idea, a few common- place phrases will be presented in the following steps. More extended remarks regarding phrasing as an artistic and valuable development of shorthand writing will appear near the close of this volume. (68) SIMPLE PHRASES I.: you-will would-be you-are shall-have will-be must-be hope-you-will as-soon-as as-yct you-ina\ Q-9 * r^->.... 36 INSTRUCTION IX [STKI' III. (69) WRITING EXERCISE: (Write these sentences slowly and carefully, remembering to apply the principles, suggestions, word-signs and phrases thus far learned. Prepare a neat paper specifying the step and section number. Submit same to teacher for correc- tion, never consciously handing in an error. Use the sentences for dictation practice when they can be accurately written.) It will soon be necessary. This special stenographer himself. Which will you wait for? They hope this subject will be as you desire. Stenographers have special systems. Necessary facility comes soon enough. Edward's first subject was ''Ensilage." Suggest some special system. Several testify for him. Hester raised it herself. Atheism has some lessons. Several seasons have passed. Yes, as usual, though you may think her system unnecessary. Have him sweep off this wax. Edwin's nasal passage was stopped. Wash this wool when you think it necessary. Jesse's system has passed best tests. As soon MS you come you may have him know it. Dexter regis- tered by mistake. You will have him do it well, won't you? Last month Bessie's weaving was unworthy. They are coming as usual next season. Twain's whim was specially funny. Do you think Wednesday will be soon enough? It shall be done, though Winnie was unwilling. This unwieldy subject has some sage sense. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP III.: What is the small circle for S called? What else? In what direction does the pen move when circle-S is written ! Is this a familiar motion ? Where do you see it illustrated? How do wuh and ynh resemble circle-S? Are they written similarly? Are these characters strokes? Why are two directions of wuh and yuh presented? When is S read in an outline? Is there anything peculiar about this? Is an appendage usually considered before its principal stroke? (It is not.) When is S read last? How is S attached to STKT III.] PRACTICAL SHOKTHAXD. 37 upright stems? How to horizontal? How to curves? How formed between two curves? How between straight strokes that make an angle? How between T and D or P and B? What law governs the place of the S outside an angle? What other use has S? How is self indicated? How are wnh and ynh joined to strokes? Any exceptions to this practice? What phonetic quality have L and K? ( Liquids. ) Is wnh ever attached to clownward-ll or down- wan 1-L? Why not? (The form will conflict with a later principle.) (\inSbejoinedtowuhandyuh? How? What does the word "modification" mean? How is circle-S changed in form? What is Stub? What does it stand for? What isSter, and its meaning? How is clonble-S indicated? How two sounds of S? Does English spelling have any force in the matter? Does the same sign stand for SZ, ZS, ZZ, etc.? What is it called? What does it look like? How many times larger is it than circle-S? (Five.) How is a third sound of S denoted? S after a loop? How would the words hawd, chased, cased, be written? The words 1nisie position. final ) (75) The figures in the above groups indicate initial, medial or final position, with reference to the consonant stroke. The words and outlines for illustra- tion will make this plain. The beginning of a stroke is always first position for the applied vowel sign. A precise direction of strokes is necessary. (7G) EXAMPLES OF APPLIED VOWEL SIGNS : key wake make Shah wrought rope soup set switch wick sack sash up J whoop watch shoo caw \ \ i j - * Some New Yorkers (and the same is true of certain sections of the South) give to the r such an excess of trill that it seems as though a vowel foreign to the word followed it. This provincialism makes of bird bitr-yid, of earth ur-yith, murder mur-yider, and heard hnr-yid. 40 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP IV. EXAMPLES Conti* tied : talk oath soap slioe post jib etch The position of vowel signs between two strokes will be explained further on in this step. (77) A singer sounding the intervals of music runs up the "do, ra, me, fa" scale until the desired note is reached. When seeking for the vowel sound of a word, the shorthand student should sing the E A AR AW O GO I E A O U OO- vowel scale until he has such a clear idea of the sound, sign and sign position, that he can instantly apply his knowledge. (78) Recite the correct vowel sounds in the fol- lowing words : Note not beat fat niay fate fix top food good but that took fed sad soot off map hid did pet hot let gag sum mean gate harm root cart food part ask fall soft aught said Shah laugh pea eight neigh soak dough Stella gnaw ache knee thaw brew deaf true daub taught. The learner is recommended to select a variety of words, and strive to utter with exactness their sounds, both consonant and vowel. (79) Exceptional. In the foregoing vowel scale there is no provision for the vowels of words like of words by tlic underscore. READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 2. (1)1) REMARKS: After the consideration of one more principle (diphthongs), the student will have shorthand material sullicient to represent all the sounds of language, so that word outlines can be read ; which leads to the remark that everything written should be read, and read many times in order to acquire perfect familiarity with every step. Write the same thing many times. Read that writing many times. Shirk nothing. These tasks cannot be dwelt upon too long or too assiduously. ('.1 2) Do not lift the pen ofteiier than necessary. Make each consonant outline entire before removing the pen from the paper. Much of the procedure of this immual is in the direction of avoiding foolish pen liftings. A pertinent illustration of this will be found in the use of the ticks in Step V. ; and the early dis- carding of the vowel sign obviates much pen lifting. 46 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IV. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP IV.: What is a-vowel? Ho\v many are mentioned in this step? How are they represented? Do these dots and dashes bear any resemblance to other shaded and light characters? Is there a design in so indicating the vowels? There are how many dot-vowel signs? How many clash? Name the long dot-vowels. The long dash. The short dot. The short dash. Name all the first position vowels. Where is first position? Does it have anything to do with the ruling of the paper? Name four of the third place vowels. How many more are there? How many shades of sound is voweJ-a said to have? Name three words containing dash vowel signs. Name throe containing the short-dot signs. What do the figures refer to in Sects. 72 and 74? Does spelling appear to regulate the vowel sounds? How are the "exceptional" vowels repre- sented? (Sect. 79.) How would you pronounce Noah, Eva, EUa. J How is the vowel read when written before a stroke containing wuh? Then wuh is really a consonant without vowel limitation? Which are written first in an outline, the consonants or vowels? A vowel read before a consonant is how written? Which side of an upright stroke? Which side of a horizon- tal? How about curves? Are the vowel signs ever joined to the consonant? Is it necessary to indicate the vowel within ses? What is the best way to discover the vowel sounds of a word? What is the vowel " scale " ? Sound it. Do vowels between two strokes have a fixed or variable position? What governs the position? Do the syllables have anything to do with it? What is the rule for first posi- tion vowels? For second? For third? Why is such pains- taking demanded? What will it amount to when vowels are discarded? When is y a vowel? Give a few examples. How would you Avrite Annie to make it differ from Ann? Eddie from Ed? Emma from Em? What is the rule? When two vowels occur between two strokes, what is done? There are probably how many syllables? Then the syllable idea really settles the question? Which is prefer- able to use, a pen or a pencil? What is a foolish pen- lifting? Sing the vowel " scale." STKP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 47 STEP V. DIPHTHONGS : (93) Definition. The diphthong is a double vowel. There are four diphthongs, namely : AI, OI, EU (EW) and OU (OW) (94) Diphthongs have two positions AI and OI first, and EU and OU third ; and they are generally placed to the consonant stroke like the vowel signs, through occasionally attached. EXAMPLES: AI OI EU OU hive ahoy pew vow poise bough JOINED DIPHTHONGS: few iron idea height Hyson cue eyes bow 1 1 ^ -, * \ DIPHTHONG WORD-SIGNS : I ayeorhili new how now V >-/ A -....V*i (95) WRITING EXERCISE: Toys pews aisle file vices noises ally (ul-luh) spice sky avoid dew rouse ounce Idaho lieu Ohio mew accuses Hugh amuses China voice houses eying highness high sliced shyster ivy desire voyage vouch review couch nephew widely chew annoy moist ahoy hew hoister juices argue Depew rescue feud hourly bureau writhe 48 1XSTKI.XTION IX [SHOT V. (96) READING EXERCISE: V \ \ ^ i T I ... P _ -Oi I. r (97) THE TICKS: Definition. The tick is the shortest linear charac- ter in shorthand writing, being in length less than half a stroke. Signs so small demand certainty of direction and nicety of attachment when joined. (98) The ticks are introduced to stand for fre- quently* recurring words, and their quality of being joined saves pen lifting. (99) The or he is denoted by a light tick- executed in the direction of chub, or puh ; that is, obliquely with reference to the line, not to the stroke to which it is attached, as the-dog the-cat he-will he-may lic-luis as-he f < L the-subject the-match the-same he-would the-hat * C. C. Beale reports that in 180,000 words, covering all kinds of matter, counted and classified, the and he occurred 9,'JGO times, and a and and 7,598 times. By comparison, a few other words approaching them in frequency were : for, 3,3!)4; have, 2,304; to, 4,920; we, 4,050; you, 7,530. STEP V.] riiACTICAL SHORTHAND. 41) (100) A, an and and are denoted by a tick written in the direction of tub or kuh ; that is, upright or horizontal with reference to the line. a-dog a-cat ami-will and-may an-axe an-atom I - and-this and-o and-a and-the a-hat a-rate (101) As the examples indicate, these ticks are joined,* and really make a phrase form, with the word denoted by the tick as the first member. Al- ways write the tick first, and read it first. Standing for actually another word, the tick takes precedence (in reading) of even the circle-S. The use of S-tuh initially, instead of stuh, favors the joining of a tick. (102) Another feature of the tick (see 101) is that it can be joined, if need be, to the preceding out- line, thereby becoming the second member of the. phrase so formed. Whether the tick shall be joined to the preceding or following outline is governed by convenience. The single stroke word-signs are com- monly followed by the tick, as in-thc for-the have-the by-thc which-he (, * 111 rare cases, where a fluent junction would be im- possible, a tick-word hcy'uininy a sentence may be denoted by a tick disjoined. 50 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP V. (103) The two directions of the ticks are granted to secure good angles at the point of attachment, which gives rise to the following remark : (104) Angles in shorthand. It is well to ap- preciate, even at this step, the importance of good angles at the junction of strokes. There is this dis- tinction of angles, the acute is good, the obtuse is bad, the right angle is indifferent. The acute angle is termed good, because speedy writing has no effect upon its character. The obtuse is less desirable, because it is likely to degenerate into a curve when rapidly written. The angle as a " study" in shorthand writing is of exceeding interest ; it lias the most to do with the difference between theoretical and practical shorthand. (105) The ticks make urgent demand for good angles ; therefore two considerations are paramount when the tick is to be joined, 1st, the best angle when a choice is had of two directions; 2d, a forward direction of pen movement. If both cannot be secured, the quick (acute) angle is the more to be desired. (106) TICK JOININGS : Quick angles /~v...V> ..... | __ \ ........ / _____ ^/ < /.... Slow angles J \_^_ ^ / -^ ^ (107) TICK WORD-SIGNS: who all already ought of or on to but should whom \ I / \ I / STKP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 51 The tick word- signs are not commonly joined to long outlines, though occasionally to the single stroke word-signs when the form will not ch.sh with the other signification of the tick, i.e., he, the, and, etc. of-such of-this on-this of-them to-him I. t to-\vhoin too-many to-which shoulcl-be it-sh'd-be (108) TlCK PHRASES: Of-the, to-the, and-a, and-the, etc., which are purely tick phrases, are better joined together than to the preceding or following stroke, in order that these minute characters may be given a workable size. Therefore, always phrase the ticks when possible, and at quick angles. of-the to the on-the he-should and-a and-the On and should are written upward ; forward direc- tion and phrasing demand this. In the mental picture of what is to be written the tick forms an integral part of the whole outline. If the writer misses attaching one where it was intended to go, let him not go back and " touch up," but apply to the following stroke. (109) POSITION: Two notions of position prevail in -shorthand. ( )ne has already been noted, namely, the place or position of the vowel sign beside the consonant stroke. 52 INSTRUCTION IN This is vowel position, and has sole reference to the outline. Another view is that of strokes and outlines with respect to the line written upon. This is outline position. The two ideas blend into one when vowels are discarded. Until then the word-signs only will illustrate outline position. (110) For the easier mastery of the word-signs they will be often represented in groups ; that is, the same sign in three positions (1) above (2) upon, and (3) across (or below) the line. GROUP WORD-SIGNS List I. : \2 be, object 1 3 to-be 1 1 time 2 it 3 at, mt .// 1 /.. 2 each which / / ' 3 much M 1 if V ( 2 for, fact V. 3 half )> ^ 1 here _ , .^\ 2 her ' 3 our /" 2 \vill .' /TT.... 3 whole, allow 1 ever '2 have 3 however 1 these 2 tliis 3 those, thus 1 we-are 2 where 3 a ware wish, she shall issue It will be noted that the most common word rests upon the line, which is the natural attitude for writing. The positions of the others will have to be considered more or less arbitrary until that matter can be viewed from a more rational standpoint. For the time behi"; memorize the group word-signs, seeking to know each by its place as much as by its form, and employ them carefully in the writing exercises which follow the re- spective lists. READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 3. STEP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 53 (111) FURTHER COMMON WORD-SIGNS III. : I ... because . c is or his we or with ..V .... happy -what ^ s \j when ye or y ear ~7~... common beyond shall-be this-is this-is-to-be (112) WRITING EXERCISE: This choice must first be taken. You will have no home next year. Avoid foul-mouthed youth, but may thy choice be nice boys. Who abused him so foully? New spice is necessary for the best pies. At what time should I come? Be up and awake while the day is young. I will ride whenever and wherever you desire. Avoid resigning yourself to his power. Your wine would be well enough if you were willing to do what was right with it. A reward will be paid for all work well done. Where we are aware of a mistake your words won't be worth much. Too many are annoyed by this noise. A moist season makes the rye look well. Soon he will come witli them or with you. If you wish you may come now. I will do whatever (what -j- ever) you advise me to do. 54 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP V. * You must wake early and leave for Watson, where your son awaits you. The Swede swore he would switch the boy who stole his money. As he was walking on the beach a big wave wet his shoes. SUGGESTION AND COMMENT: The student should read shorthand aloud as a daily exercise. The reading of English in the common schools is a matter of regular practice, in order tluit facility may be gained in the management of pro- nunciation, inflection, and all that pertains to good elocution. Not less should shorthand be read, but for the dif- ferent purpose of training the eye to a quick recogni- tion of the forms. If such reading is aloud, the critical student will not be satisfied with a halting, garbled version of his notes, but strive for a fluent and accurate rendering, and so acquire perfect fa- miliarity with the characters. There is no reason why shorthand slowly written should not be as legible as print; and it will be if thr writer executes proper outlines, and learns to know them at sight. The zigzag mark thus far employed for the under- score may be considered the m-dash of stenography. It may usurp the office of the dash (or hyphen) when written between characters, or it may serve for the parentheses when made to enclose phrases. Placed beneath an outline, it may indicate a desire for em- phasis or call particular attention to a new or 'technical word in unfamiliar matter. *The starred sentences are quoted, Avith permission, from ANDREW'S GUADED SENTENCE BOOK, published by H..L. Andrews, Pittsburg, Pa.; and while acknowledging the obli- gation, we warmly recommend the student of shorthand to procure the book for study auxiliary to any system. STEP V.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 55 (113) READING EXERCISE: (After reading the follow ing sentences enough to become thoroughly familiar with every character, copy the outlines at least Jive times for practice in shorthand penmanship. See Step VI. for the new stroke which begins the second sentence.) ^ L J _L i i i c ) c r ^ ?..... A. ...V <^> LTT-. \ ( r ILL I ( > ^ . J REVIEW QUESTION STEP V.: What is a diphthong? How many are there? What posi- tions do they take? Which are first position? Which third? Is there a diphthong sound in the words ml turf. >nitnn\ lin-ratnre.S Are diphthongs ever joined to strokes? Name the diphthong word-signs. Do the appendages of recic and now appear to be parts of the diphthong signs? What is a tick? How long is a tick? Are ticks ever shaded? Is the direction of the ticks for he, the, a, an and and important? Is it convenient to attach a tick to a stroke beginning with the St-loop? Is the tick joined always to the following outline? What governs this? Name a tick word-sign. Is the tick word-sign ever shaded? Name the shaded ones. Why are some placed above the line? How can the same tick stand for both he and thi'S An and mxl? Are outlines of different parts of speech likely to conflict? (They are not.) Mention a few such cases already pre- sented. (You and your, him and am, ye and year.) What direction does the the-tick take with reference to the line? Does the direction of a stem influence the direction of the tick? What is the direction of the and- tick? Why is an option given of two directions? Do angles have any bearing? Are angles important in shorthand? Why is legibility enhanced by proper angles? Which is the best angle? Which the worst? Are forward strokes desirable? Which the better, a quick angle or a forward stroke? Illustrate, a bad angle. What direction are on and should written? Of, to, but, who, ought? Why are who and umjht written downward? Name a few tick phrases. What is position? How many notions of position pre- vail in shorthand? What is the first notion of it? What the second? Are they allied? What illustrates the first idea? What the second? What is a group word-sign? Give an example. How many in a group? Which word takes the position on the line generally? What is third position? Do the vowels fix the position of all these word-signs? What are the signs and positions of the words issue, a//""', liftlf.' Are the word- signs more readily learned in groups? STO1> VI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 57 STEP VI. (114) ADDITIONAL CONSONANTS: Sound Sign. Name. Conventional Name. Power and Use ^ ^ fe / Sub Es S in Es-py Pi-ous \ /.... Znb Zc Z " Zc-ro Ra-7ee P 3 ..7... Wuh Way W " Way, Sway, West ja c f- ^ V... Yuh Yav Y " Yea. Yost. Y ab or These strokes are rarely used except initially and finally. (115) Syllables. The appearance of the vowel leads to the first notion of syllabic representation in shorthand writing, because a vowel is the simplest form of the syllable. A single consonant cannot be a syllable, and the more common syllables consist of a vowel and a consonant. (116) Syllabic treatment of word outlines is greatly conductive to legibility. One reason for this is that the habit is early formed to" look upon words as combinations of syllables ; and if the shorthand out- line can be made to imitate this structural feature, the eye comprehends the meaning of the form thus graphi- cally pictured. (117) GENERAL RULE. "When con- sidering the outline for a word, write a. stroke for a syllable, as far as may be possible. This is the principle underlying the word forms and writing procedure of this manual. 58 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1> VI. (118) The need of a stroke form for S, Z, wuh and yuh is incidental to syllabic outline formation, and its use produces the variety of outline needed to prevent conflict of words. (119) RULE FOR STROKE-S: Employ the stroke-S, i. e.)> when S is the only consonant sound in an initial or final syllable. Stroke-S might appropriately be termed Syllabic-S. es-sence sense sci-on sign ra-cy race Cy-rus sire* <^ L <^ (120) The circle-S () is used in all other situa- tions. It is seldom found necessary to employ the stroke-S medially ; and, besides, the circle is the more fluent hinge (so to speak) at the junction of strokes. (121) The above rule is of almost universal appli- cation. The rare occasions for a slightly different application of it are (1) when another S occurs in the same syllable (because the appendage ses does not furnish the vowel implication needed), and (2) a few cases where a distinguishable outline is needed. For example : cease assess (whispers) size sizes (voice) ask sack asp sap J .} 1 1. Hereafter circle-S will be termed S simply, and the alternate form stroke-S. STKP VI.] PUACTICAI, SHORTHAND ,-)!) (122) RULE FOR STROKE-Z : The stroke form is always used when Z is the first sound in a word; in all other cases it follows the rule of Section ng. zeal Zanzibar zone zest zero rosy mazy asthma b ) (123) RULE FOR STROKES WUH AND YIJH : The stroke forms are employed when wuh or yuh is the only* consonant sound in a syl- lable, except that S and its loop modifications may be included in the same syllabic stroke. way yea wary payee ways sway yeast west "Wooster > f V\- Tr \ __!_>_ (124) WRITING EXERCISE: Waste ceases Essex society over Stacy science Siam secede seance zig-zag Sophia assist seditious Swazey noisy Zerah assister Swansea hazy osage serene fussy Worcester saurian serious pussy posy Assyrian (es-ruh-n) sofa Sepoy sedate estimate escape espouse Savoy estate esteem series esquire sorrows pursue ensue Yerxa saucy Wiswell Pickwick Orwell see-saw solo Xenia READ BLACKBOARD SENTENCES No. 4. * It is interesting to note the similarity of treatment of the two forms of S and the two forms of wuh and ynh. GO INSTRUCTION IN [STEP VI. (125) READING EXP:RC1SE: Plurals of words ending with stroke- S generally finish with the circle-S, as policies, f<(Ur<>. and the theoretic rendering furnished for this situation is an H-tick prefixed to , wr and //// respectively. This is well enough, so far as theory goes, but in this method we have ample use for the tick in another direction ; therefore treatment like that presented in the next section is made to prevail. STK1' VI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Gl (127) HUH GENERALLY OMITTED: Though frequent in spelling, H is obscure in sound, and may often be omitted without danger to legibility. When necessary use the stroke- H, con- sidering it merely in the light of a word identifier in special cases ; as, for instance, is hat, because ___]____ would be at is hitch, because would be each hate, because | would be it hood, because I would be hud (128) But stroke-H does not join favorably to muh and ur, so an oblique tick is recommended for this situation ; jjs hem hammer horse mohair humane Hammond At the same time proficient writers stand in no urgent need of this device, and receive ample assistance from position or the context to freely read unaspirated . outlines. (129) When huh is preceded by another character, oftentimes its hooked beginning is imperfectly formed. This is no blemish ; merely the result of fluent writing. Note the following : 62 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP VI. (130) Stroke-H may be omitted from the outlines of the following words : Write : Here home happy hope her horse harm help white height health had half homely history halve harmony humanity hand hamper happen harp whiskey heart whisper whew wheez... with-him in-his -t I ..\>.. iii-this \ we-thinl Note how ws and 7's are represented above. Write only the phrases given, and positively no other. rhrasing is often desirable, although not absolutely essential. Many good writers do not phrase at all. It is a development of the subject which may or may not be followed. (134) WRITING EXERCISE: When writing, always reason out the full outline before putting pen to paper ; but having decided what the strokes are to be, then write them without a pause. A tick prefixed or affixed is a part of the full form ; do not go back to " touch up " characters, or to attach ticks. We will give thanks unto Him. Cease this un- necessary waste. Society has this season for exercise. 64 INSTRUCTION IN ' [STEP VI. Hei: essay showed special thought and was essentially wise. Life to us is especially rich in hope. Celina was " scienced " in the choicest ideas of stenography. The Sepoy was accused because he was first in the uprising. The astute owl allows no mouse to escape. We are happy because we know how many will come from Essex. We shall use Worcester sauce next season. He says " Ahem ! " when he has the asthma. Lucy lies in a hammock on the piazza. He hitched his horse beside the hedge and headed for home. Be- cause of seditious schemes his influence was wasted. Salome, the physicist, knew how to make essences out of herbs. We must have silence in the game of Whist. We shall be especially influenced by your advice. The deceased is said to have caught the disease in New Zealand. If you will espouse this cause now I shall be especially happy. The sausages were sizzling in a saucer on the stove. (135) READING EXERCISE: L^VlLJ ii t STEP VI.] . PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 65 (136) REMARKS: The sentences herein given are not remarkable for their coherency or wisdom. They are presented simply to illustrate certain phases of word structure certain pronounced sound situations and intended to im- press the rules and principles so strongly that the stu- dent will be led to ever after recognize the situations, and be able to apply the right procedure. To the shorthand writer words are the compounds of syllables, and syllables expressive of situations for which stenographic principles are devised ; and whether it be this or that of the principles which have been, or are to be, introduced, it is for the student to appre- ciate the situation, know that there is certain treatment to appertain, apply the same quickly and the deed is done ! (NoTB As allied to the study of Syllabic-S, See Vowel Implication, p. 2G9). 66- INSTRUCTION IN [STEP VI. > REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP VI.: How many new signs appear in this step? What are they? When used? Why not introduced before? (Because they have such limited and special use.) Do these complete the exhibit of primary shorthand material? (They do.; Could these strokes be called syllabic: .s, z, ni or >j'f (Yes.) What is the syllable in word structure? What is the rule for dividing a word into syllables? How does a dictionary indicate the syllables? "What is the general rule for syllabic shorthand writing? What is the advantage of syllabic treatment? When is stroke-S used? Is it used for medial syllables? Name three words for which it is proper to use stroke-S or Z. What would these outlines stand for if S was used? Does the rule apply when another sound of S is included in the same syllabic stroke? Give a few instances. (See Sect. 121.) What is the rule for stroke-W or Y? Do they essen- tially follow the same rule as stroke-S? Then the two forms for W, Y and S are practically for the same reason? Would you employ the stroke-S for the termination -ism* How would that syllable be represented? How would ccdac and ceased be written? And by analogy what would be a way to write the syllable cist? Yet how would resist and possessed be written? Why this variation? Why is ask a word-sign? Why into and nnt> Is it not because they are departures from suggestions already given? Should beginners phrase? How much? Do all writers phrase? To what extent is it safe? When can huh be omitted? Name two wuh-words that have a sound of huh not indicated. How are home, /m/v'.v- her and the like written? What is stroke-H ever used for? When is Z always employed? In other situations what rule is followed? How is H represented before muh and ur? Why is this? What are stenographic principles apparently devised for? What should, be the endeavor of the student in shorthand study? STK1 1 VII. J PRACTICAL SIIOUTHAM). 67 STEP VII. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD RANDL: (137) Reference to the scheme of consonant signs will show two strokes for each R and L. These have important application in syllabic writing, because their direction is dependent upon the adjacent vowel. They also present an early step in the discarding of vowels ; although at this stage the student need only take cognizance of the syllabic tendency of the two forms for R and L, and endeavor to understand and apply them before proceeding further. (138) Rule : Upward-R (Rtth) ..&..... is used for the sound of R when it is followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable ; and always after M. ^.__,(\^\j7_ (142) in words like mellow, valley, Rollo, the student is sometimes in doubt whether to write down- ward or upward L, or both. The practice is to make the strokes correspond to the number of syllables, and select the L which will best show this without vowel assistance, namely, the upward. follow swallow gulley hallow Shelley bellow V (143) In shorthand writing double letters are commonly considered as having but one sound ; but for some words a syllabic structure must be given to the outline to distinguish them from words containing the same sounds, but fewer syllables. This treatment greatly assists legibility when vowels are discarded. annoy Emma abbey allay innocence essay Effle arrow JA (144) WRITING EXERCISE: Bear ball pair fall ring rake ark rug argue coal halo elbow Lora Aurora narrow orb veal shawl lily reveal layer Alma lazy 70 INSTRUCTION IN' [STEP VH. loathe reach lazily arch purity apology foliage arrester melody raised sorrow oars sources Cicily outlaw wry Howell scissors Silas beware Rowena yellow bewail Cyrus rely chill ullage lesson hurl Russell alchemy alumni barrier* superior career Laura dual fellow royal oral wearily avail ' layer polish whitish Allegheny sherry Ellery ivory Illinois dahlia Ophelia colossal parallel usury (145) READING EXERCISE: >-< CV "w- W^vxC< V \^- ? ^ ^ 7 . .-.^ ^_ -C\ * In advanced writing words which theoretically end in ruh-ur appear as follows, because a more fluent rendering : barrier rare inferior carrier interior STEP VII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 71 (14G) CON, COM and COG: These common prefixes are denoted by a dot applied like a vowel sign, only at the very beginning of the outline. This pretix-dot is applied after the consonant ptirt of the outline has been written. This in imita- tion of the vowel, because it may be likewise dis- carded ; iii fact, proficient writers often omit the dot for con, com or cog, or denote in some other way. commit connect cognate commence communicate cog-wheel (?) j '\ < v_x| V - S ^ 7 ~1 /^~ _ L. __ I * I 'sip | .6 (147) A common error in writing words like com- municate, commend, connect, is to consider the double letters (mm mi) as two sounds. The better way is to divide the words comm-unicate, comm-ence, conn-ect, employing the prefix-dot for the comm, or conn. (14 -^ .c s< i ^_. ^ , ^ V. (154) HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS (halving adds T or D) : not that could get 1 ~ ( ^ _ READ BLACKBOARD EXHIBIT NO. 5 : As soon as the student can write sentences with some readiness upon the typewriter, it is a pleasant task to prepare alternate lines of typewriting and short- hand, using the sentences already given for practice. Make a line for the shorthand with the hyphen of the writing machine, only striking it very lightly lest it puncture and rend the ribbon. Submit all such work to the teacher for correction, adding thereto the date and the name of the writer. 74 1NST1UVTION IN [STKP VII.' (155) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST II.: >C> own J ourself s " me, my . v ^-^ him, am * r' ysel f, '" home ....r^.^b . ln.ns.-lf ^~b homes th y ^ ^ them, they >^ ^ thing though ....T^r..^. language ^"^ long, along ease-y / was If advantage se( v > V' large / ^\ see, saw /..Y so, say / us, use (n) A few of the above are not strictly word-signs, but they complete the groups of three, and help the memorizing of the word-signs proper. (156) COMPOUND FORMS : anywhere .dTS^. something .Sn-v<^. nowhere \,. anyway x Q^ 4 c/.V-.. wherever \_. whenever somewhere ../S. forever anyone S^,. never no-one ,..T^!-.. whensoever someone .^^S-.. wheresoever anything A. whosoever nothing (no-thing) ... \3 S\ c n S s~tr [STEl' VII. - c r &^ v: ^P S^OL-P / o-x( <_ I ' REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP VII.: Do two different strokes for R and L appear to be neces- sary? Why? Do It and L differ from the majority of consonant sounds? To what sreneric group of sounds do the} 7 belong? (Liquids.) Is their treatment in Step VII. a STKP VII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 77 syllabic matter? Would one R or one L indicate the syllables as clearly? Have you ever tested the matter? If not, try writing the words in Section 140, using one form of K or L. Do two strokes for 11 and L assist legibility? Do they imply the vowel if it happens to be omitted? Then it is not difficult to read such outlines without the vowel signs? Then, too, it can be made a step toward dropping the vowels altogether? What is the rule for upward-R? Are there any exceptions to this rule? (See Sect. 141.) Do. shorthand rules generally have exceptions? What is the rule for downward-R? For upward-L. Did you note any exceptions to this? Are they "mechanical" or otherwise? What does the word "me- chanical" stand for in this connection? Give the rule for downward-L. Why is downward-R always Avritten before //;> ~ ._ magnitude acknowledge almost although Massacliusetts mathematics nevertheless ..... L architect-ure <~~ t aristocrat-ic .^TT>.. . assembl-e-y ./ change .../.. charge ~ commomveallh The adjacent lists represent word-signs formed of the simple stems, with but very little modification. They are introduced, not to display the scope of word- sign manufacture, but to encourage a mastery of valuable material. Quick writing demands a more abbreviated style than ordinarily obtains, and the word-signs are abridged forms devised to more easily accomplish that purpose. Therefore we cannot too strongly urge upon the student the importance of familiarity with as many word-signs as it may be possible to acquire. READ BLACKBOARD EXHIBIT NO. 6. 80 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1 \ III. L \ .. dignity ^ regular . disadvantage _<__A.___ represent-ed . efficient ^ V republ-ic-ish . expect ....< \ reepect-ive-f ul familiar ^^=: San Francisco February P- satisfac-tion-tory V honest speak-er V. ..infer .>_ sufficient irregular k- ; . testify ...../.... knowledge -- United States (1G1) WRITING EXERCISE: God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ! Whatever way you go you are commonly influenced by an advantage. The judge's charge was not just as represented. In all thy ways acknowledge Him, testifying to His goodness. He will allow you to come if you will be subject to him. It is necessary to have special knowledge of some things. She is some- what changed, and getting peculiar in her ways. We must acknowledge that this man has a large store of knowledge on the subject. I wish you could speak the language satisfactorily. You w r ill be always wel- come at my home in San Francisco. Reasons and causes, whys and wherefores are in all things. When STEP VIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 81 you have made a beginning of mathematics that is not half of it. We will go to New York to see him if he expects us to. He is popular because he is honest. I shall speak this language in whatever assembly I may be, because I have no sufficient knowledge of anything else. I infer that each one was satisfied he had an advantage. In the February tests he had architecture for his special subject. It was the last mistake of any magnitude he ever made. He was too aristocratic to acknowledge that it was irregular. It was a peculiar subject for a speaker of his dignity to select. He represented the United States with dignity and efficiency. (162) READING EXERCISE: ... , ^ V " <-/ ( \ K . \ . vJ2 ' "A ^ C ^ ^=_LJL ^^LZLr_JU -* * \_ 82 INSTRUCTION IX [STEl 1 VIII. r ~\ 1 > c n. L^...^...J <^ \ -x (163) PRACTICE MATERIAL: The following letter should be written at the nite of sixty words (at least) a minute before the student enters upon the study of Part II. CYRUS WILLIAMS. San Francisco. Sir: I follow your suggestion to write you in stenog- raphy, because you think it will be to my advantage to become especially familiar with it. I acknowledge that STKP VIII.] PRACTICAL SIIORT1I AM). 83 writing the common things of the study many times must be highly advantageous to anyone, but, nevertheless, I am well aware of the peculiarities of the subject. I represented this to the youth you sent me in February, and while accepting him I saw that his references were not to his advantage, but hoped he would change in lapse of time, and in my first speech with him charged him with much advice essential to his success. Do you think it necessary to have him here with me the whale season? I was almost in hopes that he and Thaddeus would ^ct on well together, but if they will not, I shall have one of them go with the representative to the assembly ; which will be best anyway, because if they are not in company they will do nothing wrong. The representative referred to comes from one of the most aristocratic com- monwealths of the Republic, and all testify to his dignity and popularity as a public speaker; so his influence will be satisfactory, and of no disadvantage to the boy. I acknowledge that the young fellow does his work elliciently, and think he will possess sufficient knowledge when he becomes familiar with our customs. Although he is peculiar in some respects, he is thoroughly honest, and I infer that he will now do right wherever he goes. When- ever I refer to his past irregularity he acknowledges the error, and says he is sorry for it; but as it was his first mistake I have excused it, and Avill use my best influence to make him regular in his ways and especially in his language for all time to come. As I am going away soon, I shall be happy to acknowledge anything you may do for him in my absence; and if he should leave while I am away, however, whenever and wherever he goes he will have my best wishes. Thanking you for your offices in his behalf, 'I am Yours respectfully, (164) SYLLABIC SHORTHAND: Correct syllabic division of words lies near the root of pronunciation. It is the strong feature of the dic- tionary to the learner of language ; it is an essential quality of word utterance. Shorthand is most truly a representation of spoken language, and, therefore, the syllabic idea plays an important part in the structure of stenographic forms. 84 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl 1 \ 111. Throughout this work constant reference will be made to the syllable as the unit of word analysis, and the influence the syllables have upon the shorthand outline ; and in order to become well grounded in correct procedure, it will be wise for the learner to make earnest effort to execute syllabic outlines. The simple rule to write a stroke for a syllable is not difficult to follow, after a clear notion is had of what a stroke consists. The position of the syllable should likewise be understood (see Syllabic Division of Words, Part III, or a standard dictionary). The linear consonant sign and its appendages constitute the stroke^ and it can commonly be made to contain and picture all the sounds of a syllable. There are occa- sional syllables, the sounds of which cannot be con- densed into one stroke, but the operation of the rule is so general, and its results so conducive to legibility, that it stands out strongly as the prime and redeem- ing feature of practical shorthand, making it more nearly a graphic representation of language. (165) ANGLES: When the obtuse angle is described by a rapid move- ment of, the pen, it is likely to degenerate into a curve. though the acute angle remains unchanged whel lid- written slowly or fast. Hence it is that in shorthand writing obtuse angles are to be avoided as much as possible, and right angles are less desirable than acute. The latter is the quick angle par excellence ! When an option is granted in the junction of strokes, the quick angle should be selected because it is more conducive to legibility even when shorthand is carelessly written. We would admonish the learner to be ex- ceedingly careful in this matter, and having in mind the value of good angles, exercise judgment in all STEP VIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 85 joinings of strokes, ticks, or any shorthand material. The judgment soon becomes trained to discern the pos- sibilities of a situation, and the best selection will be (jiiickly made of many available angles or directions of strokes. Skill in this comes from experience and painstaking from the .beginning leads to that profi- ciency wherein the wisest procedure is almost an uncon- scious act. (106) CONVENIENCE : Convenience is a ruling motive in shorthand writ- ing. It means the subjection of every awkward move- ment, and every untoward circumstance. Therefore the student must not be surprised if occasional reference be made to convenience as an explanation of some departure from rule or expectation. The pre- cepts of theory may be sometimes ignored and its rules violated, if fluent form and ease of writing can be attained by other procedure. Fluency of outline depends upon these favoring features : a cursive direction of strokes, and good angles at points of junction. Inasmuch as fast writing is best fostered by these qualities, it will be readily understood that almost everything which relates to out- line formation must be made amenable to their de- mands. Speed of writing must be secured at any ha/ard, and it can only be insured by convenience or fluency of movement. On the other hand, legibility will be better secured if syllabic structure is main- tained concurrently with good angles and forward strokes. The student should pay due heed to the established rules of his shorthand system, and have proper respect for, and confidence in, their teachings ; but at the same time he should remember that convenience quite often asserts itself superior to rules, and more fluent shorthand is the result. 80 . INSTRUCTION IX [STK1> VIII. (1(!7) CONCLUSION OF PART I.: Part II., which follows, will be characterized by the almost entire absence of vowel signs. This will be the most important step thus far to be taken, but it is warranted by the circumstances. This book is piv- eminently a practical shorthand teacher, jinir/ /'//'//>/// and reading shorthand in sentences and paragraphs, suited to the successive stages of study, should take place from the very beginning. The value of this was amply demonstrated in actual teaching ; and the favor with which the idea was received is best illustrated by the eagerness with which teachers adopted it, and by the fact that the more recent text-books present that plan of procedure. In most of the early manuals the tedium of principle and precept is hardly relieved in the primary steps by anything more exciting than the writing of long pro- cessions of words, words, words. This cannot fail to be dull labor, even for the most ambitious inquirer, and enthusiasm soon weakens under such heroic treat- ment. Therefore we cannot help believing that the difficulty of shorthand has not been so much a bar to its progress as the unmanageable text-book. The live young person is not so much deterred by obstacles when they appear in reasonable guise, as he is crushed by difficulty when it is a veritable weight of woe. The so-called corresponding style (i.e., writing with all the vowels) has gone by. The transfer of shorthand writing from the boudoir to the business office has given it a quietus. The extraordinary' STEP IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 89 demand for stenography in commercial affairs calls for a more expeditious way and Business Shorthand is the response. The sub-title Class Work has special reference to the use of this book in schools.* Desk work, even with most persuasive helps, cannot surpass in interest and value the exercises of the classroom, with their lectures and suggestions by the teacher, the drawing forth of knowledge, and the incentive which comes from association with other learners. As this work progresses, the student should pay due heed to the many details which compose these Steps. Let him be common-sense in investigation, diligent in practice, and tangible results will surely follow. * We are of the opinion that the best results from short- hand study can be gained in a well-conducted school. Self- instruction is a legend which beckons to devious ways and success deferred. The very day this book was conceived an editorial in a leading Boston daily said : " It is a notable advance in in- dustrial education to have shorthand taught in all the pub- lic schools of Boston from this time onward .... It will be found to be one of the most effective methods by which the accuracy and completeness of an English education may be tested .... Boston is simply following in the wake of other cities, where these studies (shorthand and typewriting) have been introduced ; and nothing could have been added to our school system which is more likely to be popular and to make less encroachment upon valuable time." Taking the cue from this strong expression of opinion, we have arranged the substance of this manual for " all schools " public and general, as well as commercial. 90 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX. STEP IX. INITIAL HOOKS. (169) COALKSCENT L AND R: Certain consonant sounds coalesce (blend) more or less freely, and become the expression of almost a single vocal impulse. Such coalescents already noted have been st, s/, sw, and other blendings of the appendage S () with other consonants; and the man- ner of representing the same has been illustrated. (170) A more common coalescence is that of L or R with a preceding consonant. L and R are called liquids because they unite so readily with other sounds ; and in shorthand this blending is pictured by small initial hooks. (171) THE L-HOOK: A small initial hook turned on the right side of upright strokes, and upon the upper side of horizon- tals, stands primarily for a coalescent sound of L, :is PI Bl Kl Gl Fl K \ C- y_ g. in plow, blow, clue., glue, /fo/r ; though for the sake of securing a brief outline the hook is made, secondari'I;/, to stand for sounds not coalescent, as Tl Dl CHI Jl VI THl DTII1 SHI ZSH1 Ml XI Rl r r A/'IC Ccjo'^ in words like tell, c///7/, j IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 91 The foregoing comprise all the consonant stems to which the L-hook may be attached. (17'2) The L-hook is an appendage, and should be read next after its stroke. Although written first, when a stroke is executed that is to picture a word or syllable, the order of reading will be : 1st, the princi- pal stem, '2d, the L denoted by the hook. (173) The L-hook upon TH and DTH is of rare occurrence. SII and ZSH receive the L-hook upon the lower end, and are written upward. This to dis- tinguish from final N-hook, which will be described farther on. facial visual racial initial bushel casual I; ^> ^J ^J V -J (174) The L-hook upon M, N and R is written large, to distinguish it from the wuh appendage, simi- larly prefixed, as camel canal barrel knoll final ferule (175) The steins S, Z, L, ING, W and Y per- mit no L-hook attachment. (176) THE R-HOOK: A small initial hook turned on the left side of uprights, and on the under side of horizontals, stands l>rini(i ril;i for a coalescent R, as Tr Dr Pr Br Kr Or Fr THr 1 1 *\ -\ - ^ *) as in trtii/, *> 1 as in free, very, through, there. (178) M and N are shaded when modified by the R-hook, to distinguish it from the wuh appendage similarly applied, as more near marshal nourish rumor pioneer V- SIK1' IX.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 93 (179) The stems S, Z, L, R, W, Y, H and ING have no H-hook appendage. (180) UNCOALESCENT L AND R^ As previously stated, the L and R hooks primarily represent sounds that unite in utterance ; but in practi- cal writing the scope of the hook may be widened so as to embrace words, wherein a vowel sound obtrudes between, the consonant and the L or R denoted by the hook. Such outline formation is allowable when no conflicts can occur, it being a resort to secure fluent form. Examples : tell full term sure church chill chair r Q. u j? ; r ? (181) In cases of this kind where there might be some obscurity, the presence of the vowel may be implied by cutting a tick across the stroke near the hook. It is not often necessary to indicate the exact vowel, but simply that some vowel is strong between the consonant and the L or R sound denoted by the hook, as column course bill terse fulfill bark salty c^-s ^ \ I \ V_ fl" This use of the tick may be adopted to show any uncoalescent sequence of sounds, as illustrated by the last example above ; but the need for it will be rare. (l.s-2) The hook is not necessarily employed at the beginning of a word, but has equal application at the beginning of syllables. This situation sometimes 94 INSTRUCTION IN [STKI' IX. gives rise to a faulty junction of strokes, or it is likely to in rapid writing. A symmetrical hook can- not always be executed between strokes, because such painstaking would be a clog to fluent procedure. In this event the hook can be only partially formed, and what is termed the imperfect hook must ensue. The following outlines illustrate the improper and the proper way to write the words reply, baker, rewal, admire, cable : Unnatural and unallowable hooks : V- ^- U ~\ Imperfect, but */\ \ :t 1 1< i u M I il < hunks \ * (183) HOOKS NOT ALWAYS USED: It should be understood that the hook is to be used with judgment. The situations of word structure have to be expressed in shorthand, and the various abbreviating expedients may be employed. The hook may or may not apply. Nevertheless, it is a valuable auxiliary in the representation of syllabic outlines ; for it is apparent that such appendages make possible the carrying out of the rule, a stroke for a syllable ! But the hook is not invariably employed. To illustrate the point, two examples of outline formation will be given. First, the stroke is used in words like fail, fall, false, pale, fool, deal, tool and goal, to dis- tinguish them from the hooked forms flay, flaw, flaws, play,fleic, idle, until, glow. Second, in order to indicate the strong sound (trill) of r, which so many ignore in pronunciation, the stroke is used in words like fur, fur, fore, farm, firm, etc. This peculiar situation is really brought about l>y the way the r in far and fur modifies the sound of the preceding vowel, and it is proper to refer to this in STKI' IX. J 1'KACTICAI. SHORTHAND. 95 tliis Stt-p (wherein vowels begin to be discarded), because by expressing the r strongly * the adjacent vowel is implied, and vowel implication should generally take place when vowel indication ceases. (1.S4) Note particularly that the L and R hooks arc always initial ; that they are written first, though read next after the stem to which they are attached; that the L-hook on M, N and R is made large; that M and N must be unmistakably shaded to admit the R-hook ; that SH and ZSH have the L-hook at the lower end, and are invariably written upward; and that the hook is an appendage, having no vowel position or implication. (is;,) WRITING EXERCISE: (.Omit vowels, and write every word on the line.) Take make shake ache sake hake How bless joke fray grasses pray claim cloak glow frame clay press flesh railroad Blake relic peck trace coke crush owes racial haze baker fuzz able sways fakir rope inutile tusk poker casual lake local thumb nullify nervous prose oval blaze place cluster ochre u'laze dress maime gloaming nun grace shame trust maize wail braces save gunwale hate brazier yoke gray hut maker swore choker dozed Heck broker well sundry glazier basis (186) READING EXERCISE: These words all have second-place vowels in the accented syllable, and arc therefore written upon the line, accord ills' *" Strongly," because the stroke obviously expresses a consonant more powerfully than an appendage. 96 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP IX. to the rule for Position given in this step. The order of reading is first, the implied vowel (if any) before the con- sonant expressed by the stem ; second, the consonant ; third, initial hook, if any; fourth, vowel after consonant; fifth, final S, if any. This order of reading applies to single syllables. (187) OMISSION OF VOWELS POSITION : The vowel signs should be made to disappear at this Step, and only vowel implication remain. This is accomplished by position. (188) Definition. Word position is the term applied to the attitude of an outline with 'respect to the line of writing the ruling of the paper. (189) There are three positions : (1st) above, (2d) upon and (3d) across the line. The third posi- tion of horizontal strokes is just beneath the line. (190) A word outline earns its position by reason of its accented vowel, which explains sufficiently why vowel indication may end when position begins. (191) Definition. The accented vowel is the one in a word which receives the greatest STK1' IX.] I'KAC'TICAI, S1IOKTIIAND. 'J7 stress of voice in pronunciation. The accented syllable is the one which contains such a vowel. (192) Rule. An outline is first, second or third position, according as its accented vowel is first, second or third place, as previously, understood. (11)3) With the vowels fully indicated, an outline is readable wherever written ; but the moment they are discarded the word will incline to illegibility, unless it is given the position of the most accented vowel omitted. Even then three vowels (or possibly a diphthong) are implied, and the true meaning must be in a measure conjectured from a knowledge of the context. The right conclusion will, however, be easily reached with practice in reading. (194) SHORTHAND POSITION ILLUSTRATED : make meek make mark take talk take took (195) Rule. The three positions of a single vertical stroke are : 1. The entire stroke lifted about one-half of its height above the line. 2. The stroke resting upon the line. 3. The stroke " cut " across the line. 1st Position 2d Position 3d Position i O r\ . 98 INSTIIUCTION IN [STKl 1 IX. (196) The three positions of a double- stroke out- line, if one part vertical, are denoted by the position of the vertical stroke, which follows the above rule. If both strokes are vertical, the first takes position. 1st Position 2d Position 3d Position (197) The three positions of a single or double- stroke horizontal outline are above, upon or just beneath the line. 1st Position 2d Position 3d 1'osition (198) The position of an outline containing more than two strokes is no more or less than the position of the first vertical stroke, the accented syllable of the word deciding what position that stroke shall occupy. 1st Position 2d Position 3d Position (Position to be continued.) At the same time Step VII. should not be forgotten, wherein it is shown that the vowel can be implied by the direction of certain consonant strokes. n ,\KER R .TEXAS STKP IX.] PRACTICAL SIIOllTIIAN'l). 99 (l'J9) ENLARGED L AND R HOOK: The sound of R can be added to an L-hook stroke by enlarging the hook*; and the sound of L to an R-hook character similarly. The first is called ler, and the second rel. blur April corporal liberal control clergy nostrils ^ <\ -A A 1 7 ^l (-200) WRITING EXERCISE: (I'lace all words in position.) Prize fly glue please blue agree bluster clew analogy author rule hither oppress grist 1'io.st precise crisis bloom crack bleach flywheel broom problem brewery drear Greek throng frozen pupil ripple feeble rumor reel former Ilallelt tunnel colonel funnel nickel battle Helena youthful initial solstitial laughter banner euamor dinner shark paralyze figure lover qualify procure disclaim marvelous require evil Mitchell inquire legal heel title teacher ladder oillcial lodger Thalberg neuralgia feathery oblige swagger philosophy tremble reclaim depress worker propose flavor overflow orchestra literal Buffalo scholar dabbler portray clapper clearer astral illiberal blamcr girl thrush gruel tolerable trip prime settler vulgar pastoral trial liquor copper orchestral hallelujah idler sprawl * The enlsirrin.n of the hook of the H-stroke (suggested by D. L. Scott-Brown) to add L in the same syllable with II, seems to be quite in analogy with the above, as 100 INSTRUCTION IN hill eyebrow muscular cars honor sincerely thoroughly contralto chiefly hydraulic personally briefly REVIEW QUESTIONS, STEP IX.: What radical departure marks the beginning of Tart II.? (The omission of vowel signs.) What is the "correspond- ing style"? What is here termed business shorthand? II<>\v should the student investigate shorthand principles? Is diligent practice always essential? What are coalescent sounds? Name a few. Why arc I, and 11 called Liquids? How is the blending of sound pictured in shorthand? What is the L-hook? Is it an initial or final hook? What does it stand for primarily? What is its secondary use? Give an example of a coalescent sound of L. An uncoalesceut. Is the hook read before or after its stem? Why is this? What is peculiar about the, L-hook on SH and ZSH? How is this hook applied to M, N and It? What stems permit of no L-hook attachment? What is the It-hook? Has it likewise a primary and sec- ondary application? Name a few words illustrating both phases. What stems are inverted to admit the It-hook? Is this productive of difficulty? Would it not be really more difficult to apply the hook upon the outside of the curve? What law would such a shape ottend? Why are M and N shaded to take the R-hook? What stems do not admit the R-hook? Which is the more difficult to read, a coalescent sound in- dicated by the hook, or an uncoalescent? How can the ex- istence of the vowel be denoted in an uncoalescent L or R-hook outline? Is the hook always employed wherever L or R occurs? Does syllabic division have anything to do with it? Do the hooks assist in the promotion of syllabic writing? What is an imperfect hook? Is the less labored outline commonly the best? What is position? What is it for? How many positions? What governs position? What is the accented vowel? The accented syllable? Is position a perfect substitute for vowels? When it fails of its intent what must be done to decipher the outline? What are the three positions of the single vertical stroke? Of the double stroke Avhen partly vertical? Of the horizontal? Of the extended outline? What is signified by an enlarged R-hook? By an enlarged L-hook? What are they called/ sri:r x.] PRACTICAL snoirniANn. 101 STEP X. It will be noticed that the title Step docs not always mark the presentation of a single shorthand principle, but is more particularly a division of a variety of mail-rial into convenient allotments of study and re- vim. Instead of being a linger-post to show a cer- tain and single direction to go, it is rather a stopping- place after a fair day's journey, where one can pause for a time, and look back to see what has been accom- plished. Therefore a principle may or may not be exhausted in one step ; if it be of far-reaching im- portance it may recur, the aim being to make the ex- hibit interesting as well as logical and progressive. (201) CIRCLE-S PREFIXED TO HOOKS: S prefixed to a hook requires special attention, not only on account of the care necessary, but because of the abundant meaning conveyed. (202) CIRCLE-S AND L-HOOK : S prefixed to an L-hook is written entirely within tin 1 hook, to distinguish from S as attached to an un- modified stem, as sp spl st stl sb shl sk suji sujiplo set settle sob sable sake LJ (203) The order of reading is first, always the fircle-S; second, the vowel before the stroke; third, the principal stroke ; fourth, the hook ; fifth, the vowel aflcr the stroke. 102 IXSTUUCT10X IN [STKP X. (204) S prefixed to the L-hook between some strokes must needs be imperfectly formed, like explode feasible gospel peaceful taxable (20r>) CIRCLE-S AND R-IIOOK: S applied closely (and initially) to the R-hook side of a stem implies the R and the outline is read first, circle-S ; second, the principal stroke ; third, the R implied by the position of S, as spr-ay str-ay scr-nll str-etchcr str-iker spr-ij; \ i T I ~~ (20(5) Between strokes circle-S before an R is shown clearly within the hook, as extra posture rostrum bow-string disappear dishonor L (207) In a few words, S before R follows the pro- cedure recommended in Sect. 48, Step III., being exe- cuted outside the angle at the junction of strokes for the sake of fluency of writing. In rapid work a correct motion is important, and in this case the reading will not suffer materially. For example : discourse proscribe disgrace ja per subscribe manuscript V-v STK1' X.] PRACTICAL SIIOUT1IAM). 103 (20.S) Two sounds of S before the R-hook can be denoted by prefixing Ses on the R-side, as in the words i-, exasperate. (209) A limited (and uncoalescent) use of S on the R-side of a stem is illustrated by the following out- lines, which prove fluent and sufficiently suggestive : supper saber cycle cedar sooner seeker sneer \ \ *- 1 ^ ~ ^ (210) TN, UN OR EN BEFORE CIRCLE-S : ///, ?//*, or en before unsyllabic S are denoted by a small "curl" formed outside the stern, opposite the circle. This is specially convenient before str, spr and like combinations, where the S is turned by in- volute motion, and the N-stroke does not readily attach. For example : instructor insuperable unscrew insulate unscrupulous I n A Q '//, uu or en. (211) In words like uninstructed, uninspired, tin- inftcribed , there seems to be no alternative but to re- peat the curl to express the double prefix, although 104 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1 1 X. this almost trespasses upon the province of the In-hook of the Burns system, which the following words illustrate : endorsed insure entry entrust endear untrue 1 D "\ 1 "1 1 Although doubling a hook is condemned by some and classed with impracticable expedients, certainly for the above words it obviates an awkward joining of the N-stroke to the R-hook, the dynamics of it appear to be good, and it is quite in analogy with the double Dual hook for V-shun, which appears as a part of this system in Step XII". (212) WRITING EXERCISK: (Employ position instead of vowels.) Unsaleable explore subtile saddle distress noticeable scream enslave sidereal unswayable insecure suppress stress disable scrap striker saber bicycle strapper sinner physical summer unsocial blissful cider descry cigar disagree gastric setter texture sucker steeple dishonor stable stifle secrecy honor prisoner beseecher streamer sipper suffer listener atmosphere disastrous eccentric nostrum smear personally graceful mistress stager classical remorseless massacre depositor outstretch traceable discourage sobriety unseemly tricycle secular inspire unsettle speller suburb insuperable supreme soprano unswathe inter incisor distrust crucible gossamer engross as-per (phr. ) solder. STKP X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 105 (213) GROUP WORD-SIGNS- ' 1 r\ either / \ ^tli-fire eir 1 -LIST III. : Dr. (doctor) ,-dear, direct during bring, liberty ..remember.membe' number appear, proper o^ / other ' r \ _ over * ^V....^very very V ^5 1 1 1 c-v ' favor 1 ^\ form / from ^ - "*" - ^ mere, remark-able -__ __.. ^_. ....in ore n c^ humor V C fl". awful V- .fiill.y practic-e-al internal tru-e-th 1 utter equal _dillicult calculate real ,.rela-tive-tion rule \ C belong \ \ ab', blow ^l/ ^ to-be-able ^^ (-214) MISCELLANEOUS WORD-SIGNS VI. : 1 people I .strong J .strength -describe inscribe ^r -secure -insecure .instruct -value .pleasure 106 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP X. c=z_character __l___measure consider influential These and all word-signs should be -written over and over again until the outlines become as familiar as the words they picture. (215) L AND R-HOOK PHRASES: o -in-all Jn-her in-onr J_ which-are P__at-all . as-it-wore of-all (21 G) N-stroke followed by upward L or R occasions an awkward junction, and the need for a quick angle suggests a clever use of the initial hooks. At the same time it illustrates when the pressing need for a fluent outline overcomes a strictly syllabic rendering. We refer to the phrase form in-re as employed in cases like the following : in-respect in-reference in-rcply in-writing in-rrcei])t !-! STKP X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 107 (217) The same is not only advantageous in phrases, but likewise in words beginning with en or un preceding r, as enrich unreliable unregenerate unrecognized enrage Y -\ (218) Words beginning unl (or enl) are similarly treated, as unload unlikely unlawful unhealthy unwholesome unlucky The word forms exhibited in Sects. 21G, 217 and 218 show how spoken language sometimes differs from written. In voluble speech words are "run together"; and here are shorthand outlines similarly treated. They are illustrations also of the proper phrase. The nearness to coalescence of the sounds gives warrant for close junction of the signs ; and where phrases so result, they may be considered natu- ral and allowable. (219) A shaded M can be made to stand for the double consonants MP or MB, as in the words embarrass empire trump embezzle imposed amply j> / 1 *-**/ *~+^ \~^ The conventional names are Emp and Emb. (220) MP WORD-SIGNS: import-ant-ance improve-ment ImpOflBlb-le-lllty may-be (phr. 11 108 INSTRUCTION IN (221) WRITING EXERCISE: Employ in this writing all the word-signs and principles thus far presented, and after the shorthand rendering has been corrected, use it for reading practice. Proper phrases are marked by the hyphen. When you have conversed with-him you-will come away with considerable knowledge. The-orator de- livered-a stump speech from-the rostrum with special vigor. There-is-nothing for children to do here unless they play " I spy." Messrs. Field & Flood, real estate people, have much available property which-is very valuable. In-her reply to-our inquiry she ex- pressed just the-proper view of-the difficulty. The- deer in-the park frolic from one side to-the-other of- the enclosure. Influence is valuable to-have once in awhile ; the influential usually occupy high places in a-community. Truth forms the-basis of-all real knowledge. Phrase and-fable were fully described in-the three volumes of prose. She truly manifested marvellous nerve for-a person paralyzed. It-will-be wise to consider analogy in-the study of-the subject discussed in-this-work. *In-our day all honor is given to-the Greek poet Homer. It-is-a noticeable fact that-the visible sup- ply of wheat is far in excess of-all possible necessi- ties. The migratory fowl will fly fast, and-not stop until they reach a warmer clime. The enamel was only on-the outside of-the small silver barrel. All real authors are allowed free access to-the classical library over in Allegheny. The prisoner seems to think nothing of-his dishonor. The-trial of Charles Blair, the-guilty teller, will occur in April. * See foot note, page 54. X.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (-2-2-2) READING EXERCISE : 109 In this and subsequent exercises vowels will appear only in the outlines for proper nouns, which generally require special identification. Other words must be read with reference to position, except the word-signs, which, in addition to position, have contracted forms for the most part. Some halving appears ; see Sect. 223. Copy the shorthand of this exercise many times for writing practice, and acquire the ability to read at sight : \ L P Co * '.X. c. v^ . 1 \ .1 S, \ 110 . INSTUUCT10N IN [SIKT X. i i . - ^ ^ ~ > *) ^ ) ~ \> "N. 3 i \ r ) ( ^i ^ r ^ S v ' (223) THE HALVING PRINCIPLE I. : Shortening is an important principle, and the irregularity of its application causes so much dilliculty, it is proposed to present the subject in installments. (224) Rule. A consonant stroke represent- ing a word or syllable may be shortened to one- 1'KACTICAI. SIIOIJTHAXI). Ill half its ordinary length to add the sound of T or D, us .me, meet, fay, fate 6 -about .doubt ..saved .slight -called C .old f* sold .cr. cared (22">) No special distinction need be made for T or 1), leaving it generally for the context to decide ; though L, M, N, R (dovvnward-R) are shaded to add I), except when modified by a linal hook (see Sect. 313), as mate made neat need heart hard eent send (22G) The full strokes Wuh, Yuli, Kmp and Ing need never be halved, and Huh and Huh are never halved when standing alone. 11^ INSTUUCT10N IX [STK1* X. (227) The position of a shortened outline follows the rules for full-lengths. (228) The power of the halving is always read last, except where final S occurs, when it is next to last, as sends needs doubts words goods ni^lit.- 1i> c-P O (229) IdpThc legibility of the shortened stroke is better maintained if its length is made a trine less than n half, though it should exceed the length of the tick. It it a common and serious fault of beginners to lose sight of the relative size of strokes. Establish a certain length for the full stroke, and make the short- ened characters certainly no more than half. This is as important as proper stroke direction and careful angular junction. (230) WRITING EXERCISE: Pit bet cheat caught jet feet void taught meet cat apt get let met vote fat east fed net eased went wilt thought got wound Plot bright great glad ironed sound gold hired sent sword killed consent remit orbit repeat vivid cottage modify hatched favored plead rapid haggard agreed honored rhymed qualified hammered required loosened watched replied afraid broad threat roots feats rebate renewed fitly invert caught ward sealed lived codify retreat ratify carried (Halving to be continued.) STi:r X.] PRACTICAL SIIOHTHA.M). 113 (231) DICTATION: De i tr Sir : I received your letter, and it was a surprise to hear that the (15) package has not reached you. It enclosed some valuable books to assist you in your (30) studies. There were several especially good for reference, as they represent the views of the (45) ablest writers, and one could get considerable knowledge from them. II seems peculiar, since the (60) necessary postage (PsJ) was prepaid, that they should be so long on the way. How- ever, it (15) may be all right, and possibly you will receive them by tomorrow. If you do (30) not, please advise me by very early mail. Yours truly (10), (100 words.) REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP X.: How is S prefixed to the L-hook? Why in this manner? When does the circle-S applied to the L-hook look more like a loop? How are the trigraphs str, pr, -sAr, etc., denoted? I low is the S 'applied? Is the R sufficiently implied? How does S appear in the words extra and poxtnre? How in the words XI. J 1'KACTIOAL SHORTHAND. 117 (240) WRITING EXERCISE: Staff cabinet skiff cough shave mantels enough serve cover woolens behave tariff endeavor rough shingles chairman economy hotel piquancy condensed shellac Quincy swollen messenger (Ms-Jr) vacancy tenth throne convenience panic cancer hank foreign punish Spencer dances veneer wagon perhaps adjourn serenely stanza kangaroo replevin Lancaster penury remain endorsed instances German lancers behoof champion Kansas believe tracer (241) READING EXERCISE: u 118 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP xi. (242) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST IV.: to-have r at-length c ^ care-of J inore-tlitin careful ray-own /Mir-own . L set-forth b but-if-Chave) j (245) . wherein COMPOUNDS : fe^j whereas / wliir.h fiver t^^^ whereof 1 truthful cheerful I watchful c/ therein "} herein \ hereinbefore I at-once t whoever 120 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XI. POSITION Continual : (246) The importance of Position should not be over-estimated. Although presented in the theory of phonography as a substitute for vowels, it is obviously not a perfect substitute nor is it vitally necessary that it should be. Immediately upon discarding vowels, when the learner is extremely in want of a word identifier, the theory of position serves to inadequately bridge the gap ; but in later and more practical writing a very small proportion of the vast number of words in common use require position for their identification. (247) In advanced shorthand the need for a special position is principally in the following situations : (1) For the single or simple stroke word- signs which have a multiplied meaning. (See group word-signs generally.) (2) For the outlines which stand for more than one word of the- same* part of speech, and containing the same consonant sounds ; as prominent pre-eminent permit promote expect accept w v y -A (3) For special distinction in the case of a few outlines to assist legibility ; as women woman appear practice gentlemen gentleman * Different parts of speech can have the same outline without much clanger of conflict. STF.P XI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAXD. 121 tril)ute attribute wait await today* tonight I (4) As a special feature of word-signs in general. Always identify the word-sign very much by its position. (5) Long outlines can usually be written upon the line, as their full rendering makes them sufficiently legible. (24 *> \> 39 41 43 45 42 46 47 48 49 56 59 CO 05 69 75 77 78 87 124 INSTRUCTION IN [STK1> XI. 83 85 58 27 8T> CS 92 55 4-1 We are aware of the prejudice that has existed against writing figures in stenography ; but having been in situations where the Arabic numerals were painfully inadequate, were prompted to learn the Smith system, and from experience believe it to be as good as (if not better than) any yet devised. (Numbers to be continued.) (255) DICTATION: My Dear Sir : We have your favor of the 1st, and wish to say in reply that we fail to (20) see why there should be anything missing from the goods sent you a week ago. We will, however, go over (40) our check-list, and see if we have made any mis- take; and if we have, will at once notify you (60). We are always ready to make good such losses, and if this is our error, will correct it right away (80). Will bring this special case to the notice of our principal, and if it be- longs to us to act, he (20) will direct us to do so. It is our invariable practice to calculate fully the items of a consignment (con-sN-Nt) previous (40) to shipment; and if we did In this case, it will appear by marks on the box. If you remember (60) the number (we think it was S7) and will describe the stencil, we shall be able to adjust the difficulty (80). Awaiting your early advices, we are Yours sincerely (8), (168 words.) See Shorthand Penmanship, Sect. 309. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XI.: What does the small final hook stand for? When does it denote /or v? When does it denote n? Do these hooks apply to any stroke? What is the limitation? What final 8TKI' XI.] I'KACTICAL SIIO15TII.V XI). 125 hook has a curved stroke? How is S joined to the / or t'-hook? How to the u-hook on a straight stroke? How to the M-hook on a curve? How would you write ri)wd, Should the application of the final hook be syllabic? In what sense? (Jive an example where the v-hook -would not be used for the final consonant. The >i-hook. How is it possible to condense all the sounds of the syllable into one stroke? What consonants have been mentioned that make a poor junction with one another? Do you know of any others? What must be done in such a case? How would you write /)////.-, drink, hi ink, wink with a hook? Is this strictly phonetic? What would be the phonetic way? Are the junc- tions as good? (The teacher should ask questions on the word-signs, phrases and compound forms of this step. For instance: ask what the outline is for dcrdop, as-wrtl-as, whichever, etc. ; or, for another test, write the correct shorthand outline upon the blackboard, and call for its interpretation.) Is position a perfect substitute for the vowels? When is position most needed? Does it become less and less im- portant as the student progresses in practical shorthand? Name a situation where position is indispensable. Another. Another. What relation has the position of the derivative word to that of the primitive? Can numbers be written in stenography? Is it advisable to do this? What, ones are best Avritten in full, or by Avord- sign forms? (The cardinals and ordinals.) What is the form for tirnt, third, three.? What system of figure writing is here presented? According to the Smith system, how Avould you Avrite 2, 7, 11, 12. etc.? Why do 1, 3 and 7 have two directions? Can the figure characters be joined? Is the ten-f/roup, so called, an illustration of this? Why are tAvo figures called a tcn-tfrnxft/ (In distinction from a group of three figures, to be termed later on the hundred-group.} Are not the joined strokes of the ii'>i-t/rnit/>x very much like placing the Arabic numerals side by side to constitute the same numbers? How would j'cu' write 33, 7 it, 47, 91, 44, 27, 31, 32, 87. ' 126 INSTRUCTION IN [STEr XII. STEP XII. FURTHER FINAL HOOKS : (256) An enlarged final hook upon the S-side of straight strokes, and upon the inside of curves, stands for the syllable "shun," variously spelled -lion, -*/' J V? *o ^ -^ (257) A similar hook upon the opposite side of straight strokes denotes the syllable -tice, as consecutive subjective figurative operative effective- (-258) Curves necessarily cannot have the large hook for -tive, and for the few words that occur the stroke form Tf * is employed ; as native votive motive ablative palliative -i. i n. vi NO. u * Although in a fevf cases, in order to preserve analogy, the following are not impossible forms : active derivative native comparative votive accumulative 8TKP XII.] ritACTlCAI, SIIOHTHANL). 127 (259) S is added regularly to the enlarged final books, though -shun after an S is denoted by con- tinuing the pen movement to a small "back-curl." This is called the " Eshon " (S-slmn) hook. po-s-ition physician decision sensation conversation V I * Mark the special forte of the cxlion curl, namely : to express tthmi only after the sound of S. (2(10) This same signification can follow S on the N-hook side ; as compensation condensation transition organization y ch (201) After the analogy of Eshou, the syllable -*///'/> after a small final hook may be denoted as follo'vs : division inclination tension abbreviation derivation convention ..I .V This, though regarded by some as of doubtful stenographic propriety (see also Sect. 211), has too limited an application to deserve much criticism. (21)2) It has commonly been regarded an offence in shorthand to join a hook to a hook ; but in the pur- suit of facile forms there seems to be no serious 128 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl 1 XII. mechanical obstacle to writing a few words us illus- trated below : expenditure monitor Braintree pantry manager plunger although in a few like xtnnujcr and dtimjcr the N- hook is omitted altogether, as will be shown under the head of. Omissions, Step XVI. (263) WHITING EXERCISE: Portion junction affairs advised location various repair subjection illustration losers mohair veal imitation detention Mohammedan occasion factory compunction Smyrna intimation gradation Hardy criticisms operation competition occupation utility beauty allegation commemoration dynamo conversation hesitation Putnam apparatus discussion sanction execution negative Newcastle admission valuation lessees wardrobe succession property animation activity missionary invective minister administration propriety provocative in- relation cautionary preparatory excelsior detri- ment colossal exhibition inexperienced blunder hindrance Ogdeuburg attentively tomorrow to- you reversionary Breckenbridge country penetrate (264) GROUP WORD-SIGNS LIST V.: opposition position possession, apposition surprise express suppress STEI' XII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 129 (2Gr>) MISCELLANEOUS VIII. : O. I information }x . representation c mention revelation organization "' .in-consideration <'r!i). 7th. Final S. (270) READING EXERCISE: (Syllabic halving.) S < 3 a ^ 6~ U 9 V V ^ ^- -^ (5 L , V ^ V S r \Q^ ' '^ "\ J" / ^^ \ j X ^ ^ ^ r , \ V ^ cK^^-^^^^V >> STK.r XII.] I'UACTICAI. SHORTHAND. 133 (271) Incidental to the halving principle, particular attention should be directed to a logical representation of the syllable -EJ3. -El) is the termination regularly denoting past tense ; and although the past tense sel- dom needs to be indicated in practical shorthand, yet when it is demanded the rendering should not depart from syllabic consistency. Stroke-I) is the proper sign for the syllable -El), and none the less after a half-length primitive. For example : not-ed (not no-tcil) vot-ed act-ed crowd-ed fltt-ed **- (272) For the sake of legibility the D sometimes h:is to l)c disjoined; as trcat-cd decd-cd mcditat-ed freight-ed doubt-cd (273) Although when the final sound is T the thuil stroke may lie halved. dropped (dropt) tracked tripped cropped crushed 1 I 1 J 513. (II.alvin.ir to lie continued.) (274) NUMBERS LESSON II. : This figure system exhibits two valuable character- istics, viz. : In the grouping of the signs the arrange- ment of the Arabic numerals is imitated to advantage. 134 IXSTKUCTION IN [STKP XII. For instance : 2 beside 7 is 27 ; 3 beside 3 is 33 ; 8 beside 6 is 86 ; and the quality of being joined makes the forms fluent. The second feature is, that the signs denoting the degrees of increase in the numbers take their shape from the words of language expressing the increase, making the system easily a rescript of the N/W.v// figures, and therefore valuable for purposes of dicta- tion. Lesson II. illustrates this. (275) Numbers in "teens" are denoted by adding the N-hook to the sign of the digit ; as 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ^t'},^,-^, J, I ^>J \. The character for 18 is lengthened to prevent con- flict with 10, and the n-hook is often joined to the sign for 2 two-teen (?) in combinations, for con- venience of junction ; as 22 25 27 29 20,000 20,000,000,000 (276) Numbers having the " ft/ " ending are de- noted by adding S to the sign of the digit ; as 20 30 40 50 CO 70 80 90 ~S Q-OX by ^ (277) A convenient way to indicate a number (used as an adjective), and so dispense with the curved underscore, is to write the first stroke of the Slid' XIi.J PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 135 modified word across the sign for the figure, or <-i<-i> ; as 30-days 40-milcs 2(VInchCfl /0-hours IS-acres (27H) Although multiples of ten (the "tys") are denoted as above, other ten-groups are written as slio\vn in Section 254, the S being omitted, and the whole outline imitating the juxtaposition of figures observed in the Arabic notation. A hundred-group made up of digits from 2 upward may be written in the same manner, the digit signs being simply joined one to another ; as All other "hundred" combinations will be explained in Figure Lesson III. (Numbers to be continued.) (270) DICTATION. The student of piano playing is given a lesson once :i \\H-ck, perhaps; and it is expected that several hours a day shall be devoted to the practice of that single task. Such a plan faithfully carried out results in the mental discipline which leads to quick reading of music and that training of the lingers which conquers the dilliculties of keyboard manipulation. The same practice should obtain in shorthand study. "Set a copy," and work upon it with diligence. Im- 13(5 INSTRUCTION IN [STF.P XII. pose a stint, and practice on that one thing until head and hand operate so harmoniously that the writing is done quickly and well. This advice applies particularly to the letters herein given, which arc for a practical demonstration of the knowledge derived from other pages of the manual. Di-ar Sir : Yours of the first instant received, and in reply will say I am greatly obliged for your kind favor in (22) desiring me to prepare specifications on your proposed residence. But, under the circumstances, don't you think it would be better for you to (45) secure some one in your association to estimate on it; as you are occupying a public oflice. and by going out of (07) town it might occasion a feeling among your constituents? Nevertheless, I shall be pleased to make you some figures, and only mention this (00) in the way of a suggestion which the situation may or may not warrant. Will call to see you in a few (22) days; and if there arc any points I can give you in regard to building, shall be most happy to do so. I (45) am, sir, Your obedient servant (50). (140 words) M;i Dear Sir : We are in receipt of your letter of the 2sth instant, asking for an extension of time on your account (22) which is now overdue. In reply would state, that while we are in much need of money at this time, having several heavy (45) bills coining due and payable next week ; still, from our past transactions and experience with your firm, which have been of a ((!") most satisfactory character, we cannot do otherwise than comply with your request. We therefore extend the time of credit thirty days from this date (HO), at which time we shall draw on you at sight for account in full, and trust you will honor draft, and so (22) accommodate Yours very truly (4), (116 words.) 3TK1' XII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. ]'.\7 REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XII.: How is the syllable -tinn denoted? Does the varied spell- ing of this termination have any weight? What is the live-hook?' To what stems is it applied? Why cannot curves admit this hook? What phase of the, -tion situation docs the Eshon-hook mark? How is slum denoted after Ns? How is -tii-i- expressed after curves? Is this the in- variable practice? When may exception be made? How may ii'i/in-, nc/ii-c. rot in- he written? How would you write n<'t. iti-tfil, iti-lnul, etc.? What root form is preserved? Is a like analogy followed in the other words given? How is shun represented after a final hook? Is this the best of stenographic material? Why not (see Sect. 202) ? Is it generally proper to join a hook to a hook? When may the objection be waived? Is not this the reason for writing ((irisioti, ti'itsiiiii,, etc., as in Sect. 2*11:' \Vh:it is a clever way to write Jvsx-tlmn, Benson, Mununn? In these words what sound is the shun in analogy with? (N.) Is this more unreasonable than some of the approved out- lines for word-signs? What is a difficult feature of halving? Give the order of reading in the words xfr .. \ _ balance-account V " bills-receivable V^ bill- (of; -sale bank-stock _^\ Board-(of )-Tradc r dear-sir fea. _...in-settlement yours-trulj 7 ' ..flC\ _yours-respectfully by-express .....A ..charter-party 140 INSTRUCTION IN [STKl' XIII. (283) WRITING EXERCISE: Acceptance accommodation annuity assets assignment (S-N-Nt) brokerage capital clearance commission contraband correspondent currency debenture deficit discount dissolution dividend draft duplicate entry finance failure firm foreclosure forward shortage funds import reimburse installment insurance inventory investment (N-Vst-Nt) invoice license lien manifest market minimum panic partner payee policy protest ultimo proximo sub-agent financial surety rebate remittance renewal revenue schedule solvent traffic tracer tariff trustee voucher wire transit (284) COMMON PHRASES OF THE BUSINESS LETTER : Yon-will-notice enclose-herewith we-enclose bills- payable discount-day invoice-book in-settlement in-answer per-annum per-cent power- (of ) -attorney duly-received sight-draft esteemed-favor lot-us- know forward-at-once await-your-reply we-eu- close-check we-shall-be-pleased at-the-same-price we-enclose-copy be-kind-enough kindly-examine without-protest proof-of-loss in-reply pleasc-re- ceipt we-decline we-will-be-pleased at-present in- relation-to-the-mattcr in-receipt-of in-every- respect you- will-notice in-this-matter early-as-possible has- been-received this-figure we- may- receive course- of-bnsiness in-this-mail on-the-way by-special- delivery express-paid according- (to) -agreement on- account-of under- (the) -circumstances National-bank (285) Note the simplicity of all the phrases presented. Certain word groups arc of frequent occurrence, and are oftei uttered rapidly. The stenographer should be able to write them quickly. Judicious phrasing of such expressions is admissible; but do not labor to phrase. The most useful composite outline is that which takes shape almost of itself. Do not force the process ; simply yield to a natural impulse. See Phrasing, Part III. STEP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHOHTHAND. 141 (iso) WRITING EXERCISE: The following sentences should be written many, many times. True progress in shorthand writinjr does not consist in hurrying over a vast iimonnt of matter; but more lasting benefit Avill result from dwelling a long time upon one task. Kverv |>ieee of writ ing sliould be read. This is an indis- pensable re<|iiisile of proper procedure. Writing trains the hand ; reading, the mind : both must be educated in this study : The-business man's first wish was-to please every customer. The-principal of-the firm considered it for- his interest to perform his duties well. To-be capable in business one-must have a-general knowledge of com- mereial affairs. The-balance (or difference) is correct, and-when you average it properly no deficiency exists. The-guariinty iu-tlie charter required the-managers of- the corporation to divide the-stock into equal shares. The-president recommends the-secretary to make a- ca refill investigation of-the irregularity in-the accounts. The-lioanl-of-Trade directs all business transactions according to practical rules. Thirty years ago a-civil war agitated this country, and-the finances of-the nation were disturbed by-the unequal distribution of exper.ses. The rate-of interest to-be obtained in Eng- land at that time was only three per cent, while in-the United States it-was eight or ten. The-striugency of-the stock market is beyond belief, and-prices on-all securities rule high. The-$50,000.0p (;>() -f thuh) of borrowed capital was covered principally by collateral (Kit-Ill) trust bonds and-preferred stock. Wall Street is-tlie feverish center of speculation (sP-Klshn) and- finance. The-Bank of England h^s reduced its rate-of discount from three to two per cent. If bank clear- ances may-be considered an-indication of general trade, then the-year 1. ua 105 .-. 'i.-. 500 V.7 706 600 700 no 150 155 t, *. v< "3y X. / fy i?; L P P V^y ^i 5- ^ fx ^ }^ 110 Hi; 406 460 114 215 61!) 200 3(K1 NCI P N ~^_ J ^ l / <=*. / ' L_0y ^ t \^ y ^ / V, ' -*/ k 1!H) 3500 4(K)0 1100 1200 1400 1500 I'.KX) 2_0^ -^\> > X,, ^y b/ "5/ ^y ^ Note the forms for 1100 and 1200. That for the latter is prrfcnible to the regular way, which might be taken for o:500 or 8300. The hooks of curved figures in teens are made large to admit the loop for final hundred, as illustrated by the last three examples above. In a hundred-group of figures, made up of digits from two upward, the medial-S is usually omitted, as stated in Fig. Lesson II. ; but it may be inserted at pleasure if convenience of junction de- mands. The observant writer will see upon the in- stant the "slow" angle that can be quickened by the insertion of the S. 2-21 -270 2!!l 567 217 5114 sss 117 666 (-;'!) Thousands, millions, billions, etc., are denoted by joining the regular character for such numbers. Large numbers are also represented by disjoining for thousands, millions, etc., imitating the groups of three figures of the Arabic notation. 144 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XIII. 5,000 10,000 100,000 500,000 S,000,000 14,000,000,000 k 13,750 104,963 14,002 33,936,015 25,006 190C 1,900 (2'J2) Dollars and cents may be denoted by drawing a straight line (like tin extended Rub) under dollars and over cents, ami dispensing with the curved underscore ; as !j;3JO $40.25 $100 23.50 $103,000 o/ >/ 4 (293) Fractions are denoted by writing the sign of the numerator over that for the denominator. Fractions with 1 for the numerator are denoted by simply joining the sign for I to the denominator : 50 ,';;: A ,'H A These three lessons in the writing of numbers will serve for all ordinary usage. Jf the student desires to go further he is recommended to consult SMITH'S SHORTHAND NUMERALS,* which may be obtained of any dealer in shorthand literature. * SMITH'S SHORTHAND NCMKUALS, by liuel Smith, Bau^or, Maiiie. Price, 25 cents. vr ].! xiii.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 145 (-21)1) NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PLACES: Employ the same principles iu writing proper names as 1'or ordinary words, only remember that they are less common, and therefore their outlines are less familiar ; so it will be wise to make extra efforts for legibility, giving heed to syllables, angles and sug- estive contour of form. / AtvliUmi Providence r llhode Island 7 Europe X Santa Fe V- > v x Framini^ham M Utah lYj, Hartford n Wisconsin' \ Hersey j Twitchell *) Kentucky 2 Forrest r ^_ ^>_ - Haybrook 9 Nashua 7 r 7 Chandler (295) Names of places of compound form con- taining the word AV/r may be written as follows : New Kng. Newport New Hamp. Newcastle Newark New Jersey 14G INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XIII. (29G) WRITING EXERCISE: Annapolis Arkansas Amherst Attlcboro Ayer Arizona Albany Augusta Atlantic Alabama Aldrich Abbott Bangor Biddeford l>re\\ster Beverly Buffalo Baltimore Brooklyn Burlington Braintree Baring Burton Belcher Butterworth Bicknell Blanchard Clinton Cottage City Cin- cinnati Chicago California Carolina Charleston Colorado Cleveland Columbia Candler Carroll Couant Detroit Delaware Denver Dover Dululh Elizabeth Eastport Edinburgh Fredericksburg Florida Eall River Francis Gloucester Greenfield George Gordon Hyde Park Halifax Hinghain Harrisburg Helena Houghton Herbert Indianapolis Idaho Illinois Ipswich Iowa Jersey City Kingsley Louisiana Lawrence Loud Lovell Minneapolis Montpelier Montreal Michigan Maiden Middleboro Manchester Nantucket New Orleans Oregon Newburgh New Mexico Newcomb Ohio Orange Omaha Peabody Pittslield Portland Provincetown Pennsylvania Philadelphia Partridge Rockport Randolph Raymond Savannah Swampscott Salem Steven St. John Stillman Seabury Sanborn Sheppard Taunton Toronto Tallahassee Turner Teunessce Topeka Tiukham Vermont Yosemite Young Washington Weymouth Wellesley Woonso(;ket White Willimantic Wilson Wilkins (297) LETTER WRITING : Further on will be presented a business letter in shorthand, arranged as it should appear on the note- book of the student. When taking a letter from dictation the following points should have attention : STEP XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 147 (2 ( ,) ~ I d s f " ' I) ' \ 1 X-x C ^n ; 1 o K-* 1 >-> c ( ( I r> . i -^ v~ 1 I S' J S~Zs 3 c c\ \ n / ( V n i cJ- / V7) error in relation to former con- signment, referred to in your advices of the isth. U'c ac- knowledge the mistake, and will cheerfully refund the (00) over-payment. We are sincerely sorry that such a tiling should happen, and assure you that the next shipment will be in (22) excellent condition. Soliciting a continuance of your patronage, we are Yours very truly (13), (125 words.) The figures in parenthesis occurring at intervals in these and all the letters presented for dictation practice are for the convenience of the dictator in timing the speed of his reading. Each letter is divided into quarter minute portions on a basis of sixty words and upwards, according to the stage of progress. While it is not desirable to dictate with watch in hand, exposed to the sight of the student, yet it is equally unprofitable to read at random, ignorant or careless of the rate of utterance. The reader should have a speed gauge ; but let not the writer be di- verted from diligent endeavor by thoughts of it. STF.r XIII.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 151 Typewriting affords a pleasant relief to the tedium of shorthand study ; and the tasks of the day should be divided into convenient proportions of each. Ob- serve the make-up of the Business Letter as described in Suggestions for Typewriting, Part III. Sufficient skill in the management of the machine should now have been attained, so that all dictations can be tran- scribed upon the typewriter in correct form and with some despatch. But make no special effort for speed ; strive rather for style and accuracy, and the matter of speed will take care of itself. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XIII.: What development of shorthand does correspondence ordinarily represent? Is extraordinary proficiency re- quired? Then business correspondence provides ofttimes a good stepping-stone to better things? What kind of phrasing is here recommended? Mention a phrase of common occurrence. Give the three ways of speaking hundreds in figure par- lance. What is the rule for representing hundred-groups? In what direction is the loop for final hundred written? Is the medial S always employed? How would you write I, sot!.* I tow are million, billion, etc., denoted? How are dollars indicated? Cents? Does this oblique line have a use in English money? What? What is the general way of writing fractions? The special way for fractions with 1 for the numerator? What form should the notes of a dictated letter take? How is the address written? What is the address of a letter? Is it a correct address if the town or city be omitted? Is it a useful address if the street of a large city be omitted? Is the rom/ilfti' address always neces- sary? What does "indent" mean in this connection, :uid" in reference to typewriting? What punctuation is indicated in a shorthand letter? What is the instruction as to proper names? What are familiar names? Should not good outlines be as ready for them as for any familiar matter? What treatment is recommended for unfamiliar names? Then it is important to remember how to manage the vowels? What outlines should always be familiar to a. citi/.en of the United States? How are initials to be written? Why so? 152 INSTRUCTION IN [.STEP XIV. STEP XIV. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF HALVIN( J : (305) The same may be said of halving as of many an abbreviating principle : do not overdo it ' Halve with judgment and with caution. In Exercise 270, examples of halving in the correct syllabic division of words were shown, and that phase of it could not fail to give satisfaction ; but disciples of syllabic short- hand cannot wholly felicitate themselves when halving is concerned. The principle is so erratic in its ap- plication (when made conducive to fluent procedure), that the practical writer is content to let it take its wayward course. This Step will exhibit a few of its vagaries. (306) To secure variety of form where conflict might be dangerous to legibility, some outlines aiv shortened, while others which picture similar sounds (but vary syllabically) are not ; as operate part separate support errand earned V a V < \ "V> "3 (307) The above might be credited absolutely to the need for syllabic structure, were it not for the fact that the number is great of mixi/lla/iii- forms which this fickle principle of halving makes the best possible STKP XIV.] 1'KACTIC.U. SHORTHAND. 153 material when speed is considered. We refer to in- stances like the following : J^Lret-urn V rftt-nil \ det-ail pot-ato (w)isd-om det-ach .prot-ect .int-ent .ant-icipate bett-er part-icipate .silent .verd-ict .ind-icate int-end .warrant .bott-om .(h)isto-ry (308) In some words where a long vowel pre- cedes T or D, halving is waived, leaving the long form to imply, as it were, the long vowel, and so distinguish from similar words containing short vowels, which may be halved. paid put late let n r lead lot n c date debt 154 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XIV. Under this head come a few R and L-hook words which have a long vowel between the stem and the R or L denoted by the hook ; as bleed build breed brought plead plot Made bled v This is not a universal rule, but is ofttimes a help to legibility. (309) Do not shorten when the finished outline would not exhibit the fact. Write such forms iu full, and carefully at that; as looked affect navigate collect fatigue moneyed V- _{__ __ (310) After the fashion of zn, en or un preceding R (see Sects. 216, 217), words beginning in<1<>, iiitli, nndfi can, by halving, be given a convenient form. independent indiscriminate undefined indefeasible indispensable (311) Phrase or compound forms having the words time or take for the last member, can be denoted by halving as follows : everyt ime ovcrt-ake in-the-ineant-ime at-(tlie)-saniet-iinc part-ake (312) The precepts of Step VII. call for a down- ward stroke of It in final syllables where It is preceded }>y a vowel. This is often waived in advanced writing for the sake of fluency, and upward It employed instead. Below is a situation similar in point, includ- ing also a phase of halving : veered marred lard fortified fortunate (313) L, M, N and It are understood to be shaded when halved to add I) (see Sect. 22;")) ; but this is not necessary when modified by the final hook; as meant mind lent lend renowned arraigned (314) Do not confuse the hook modifier with brief-wuh, as in the words ?'v//', //v//'/, //v>/v/, etc., which require no shading; though the outlines for tn'c/il and i/icld may be thickened to distinguish from 'in'lf and leaned.* (See wield and yield in word-signs, Part III.) (315) It is hardly wise, in the endeavor for fluent and legible writing, to shorten a stroke containing the Kel-hook, Shun-hook or Ses, though it is rarely done. (See consistent and suspend among Word-signs, P:irt III.) (310) WRITING EXERCISE: Definite authentic offend enlightened unre- pentant in-reporting accident moment excellent servant resilient document encounter cogent incident amusement solvent subsequent oleg.-mt surmount indenture remainder' rudiments blunder * We prefer this rendering to associating them with strokes W and Y, which might as well never be halved. 15fi INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XIV. herald standard manifold consistent advocate advent deliberate impediment fountain reluctant phantom insult insulate insert relevant acquaint ultimatum yesterday (St-Ruh-D) moistened promptly maturity certify apparent preparatory catalogue household fault blankets correspond random clapboards stencilled bundles mouldings handle rectify unavoidable inevitable holders hardware ingredients adulterate saturate deterio- rate implement duplicate innocent appetite polite lantern fatal bait medium deduct piquant horrified on-account-of iu-regard shade kindle diseased figured muzzled editorial terri- tory code whistled dedication antique planted associate acquired gait traded discomfort bel- lowed unreconciled contribute command boat recumbent misconduct comment accommodate coat recommend outstanding in-respect read unwonted erect miscompute incontinent unre- warded fate abdominal examined showed (317) HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS GROUP VI. : accord-ing cared accurate, cured authority third throughout gentlemen gentleman agent astonish-ment c.stabliah-ment preliminary .parallel Parliament STKT XIV ] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 157 Learning the word-signs in groups assists to a firm recollection of them, both by the contrast and the association. It is important for the student to devote a portion of the time each day to the study of word- signs. (:'>18) MISCELLANEOUS HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS IX. : quite v seldom -^ somewhat (summat) -^ under, hand ^ s Immediate behind _k_evident J toward private virtue C little world r hold, held ~3 fje^ond ''"ns^iuent intellect (x' certain notwithstanding intelligent vj- integrity -V department j^. word ^ compreliend <-^ individual ^ movenifint _l_defendant _i_ plaintiff 158 INSTRUCTION IN [STKT xiv. (319) HALF-LENGTH PHRASES: .in-order -it-would (-bad) in-it Js-it _k_nave-not . \vhich-wd-be .if-it coulcl-not-be _rrl, V v L ^ -if \ 160 INSTRUCTION IN [STKI 1 XIV \ /I (321) SPEED PRACTICE: The theory and practice of phonographic writing aie not of themselves very complicated ; but the element of speed required somewhat involves the process. In the operations of life, we do readily that which we know perfectly and have done many times. The speed of shorthand consists in performing with facility what the mind has been educated to conceive and the hand trained to execute. Discipline is highly im- portant (and stern discipline at that) ; for it does not signify that what can be written slowly can likewise be written fast. Haste confuses the faculties : hence it is necessary that the intellect be cultivated to a tinr degree, and the lingers made extremely skillful before rapid writing can ensue. As some writer has said, speedy shorthand writing is simply executing rapidly what we know how to do : and that is no doubt the truth of it. STEP XIV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 101 (322) COMMON WORDS: As a preliminary to more varied speed practice, writing and reading exercise should be had upon the following simple words until all can be Avritteu without the least hesitation and at a good rate of speed : All am an and any are as at be but by can did do for get go had has he her him his how if in is it may me my no nor not now of on or our out own she so the to two us was we who why will yes yet you After been come done down during ever from have here into made make many might more most mine much never often only over some same such that them then than this thus they upon unto very were with what whom when your (323) About among already always because before behind beyond could every either how- ever neither never other ought shall should since their there these those though where which whose within whether under unless until without would whence Begin care far fill feel full God good give great Heaven hope just know kind life like little Lord love man near one people part quite right see send tell thank thing think told truth time use usual way went wish word world work whole (324) Previous to the introduction of halving fast writing has been out of the question, except upon the special matter designated ; but now that most of the 162 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP \ I V . abbreviating principles have been applied, more prac- tice for speed will be appropriate, though even now it would be better to confine . it to only the tasks specified. The student should receive dictations as a part of the daily duty, a portion of which should be at a rate a little faster than can be comfortably performed. After each writing carefully examine the work, and note where haste has clogged the memory, outstripped the reasoning faculties, and so impaired the legibility ; and repair the fault at next writing. The same matter written many times will produce better results than to frequently change to new. The requirements of rapid writing develop such latent strength as the student may possess, and the teacher can decide whether it is wise to continue the practice. The reading of such notes discloses to the writer every weakness, and the faithful in self-criticism will derive much good from the lesson. Our advice is to confine for the present all fast dictation to the sentences and letters thus far presentl-d in the Steps. They contain the fundamental elements of language, as well as of shorthand, and will be found adequate. Speed practice which is fast travelling in the direc- tion of error is of no particular value ; for faults of execution cause illegibility, and illegible writing has no practical utility, the time given to heedless scrib- bling being time worse than wasted. Moderate, well- considered writing produces good work ; and good work persisted in leads naturally to a swift perform- ance. The idea of repetition is an excellent one, and is always prolific of better results than the aimless haste and frequent changes to new matter which so often characterize speed practice. STEI' XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 103 (325) COMMONPLACE MATERIAL FOR SPEED PRACTICE: These sentences, being composed of the common words (which are the scdles of typewriting), furnish the best possible practice upon the writing machine. Transcribe them from the shorthand notes for an exercise in type- Avriting : Where were the other two? "What will you have, and what shall we do? Can that be so? Come over when you can. They were beyond you. Before you made this. About every one can come. Now, then, here we are! How can they do it? Some of them were mine. From whence do you come? What will you do about it? Have you ever been there? He would not be here without her. Would you make two more for me? She has always been behind you. It might have been well. Can you do this for me? What can he do about it unless they all come? That was made here while you were out. They were there, yet we did not see them. (326) It will do no good because always in the way. It is not mine to give. You will never know until the time comes. Think a little before you begin. Do great good in such way as you can, for you have a work none other can do. Tell me when you send it to her. You begin, and the others will do the same. Wli:it can we do for the Lord? They went out of the usual way. Make good use of your time. We will see what can be done about it. She will give you as much as you ought to have. All the people came from there. They tell what they can do, but never do it. They did ilot think of it in time to do any good. Why do you always send the goods that way? This is the last time I shall have you do it. How much can be done in the time that is given you? Why did you not send it out to me? Life is what we make it. 164 INSTRUCTION IN [STKT XIV. (.">27) How do you feel about doing the work? We will always thank (lod for the work they have done. Were you there, aud did you see me? They sent far and near for them. Life is full of hope, so work with a will. God is near unto them that love Him. She did not know whether to go or not. We thank you very much for the good time we had. Neither of them told the truth. They feel as if they did not care to go. To whom did he give his word? They think they know the whole truth about it. He did the most of anyone. It was a good thing to begin that way. Do the same as you did before. I shall not send it unless it is good. Who told you that it was so? It will soon be time to begin your work. I have not seen you since that time. Ought they to begin the thing that way? Send me wofd when you can come. When you see this you will think of me. There is much beyond this world. It shall always be a part of this life. It is time to go now. Do unto others as you would that they should do to you. 1 shall go up and see him some time when I am well. We should always do as good work as we can. Is there anything I can do for you? I have already done what you wished me to do. Think you can do it, and it is done. Of course we did not see him, for he was not there. If he does not go, I do not know what we will do. If I could get one more, it would be enough. We cannot tell all the good we might do here in this world. (328) DICTATION LETTER: Dear Sir : There is but one thing for me to say of the "Perfect" typewriter (TTliuhlluh). It more nearly fulfils my idea of what a machine (23) that takes the place of the pen ought STKP XIV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 1G5 to do than any that has ever been invented. It does not stand between (45) the brain and the sheet of paper as a dead instrument; you forget the machine in your work, and there is no impediment (68) to the rapid expression of the thought, or any restriction upon the action of the mind. It has other and great merits (90) ; but I value it chiefly because I can sit down to its keyboard and do my work with the same forgetfulness in rapid (23) writing that one has of the pen which he holds in the fingers. The machine is forgotten while you write ; and yet (45) after confinement at the " Perfect" for four or five hours in succession I have arisen from my seat with far less fatigue in mind ((!8) and body than comes from the continuous use of the pen for that length of time. In this respect it meets with (180) great success the needs of those who wish to use the type- writer for original composition. I have grown to like my machine so (23) much that I never use a pen in writing, unless it is absolutely necessary ; and I am more and more satisfied that (45) the typewriter is the only instrument that can be used successfully by those who are called upon to do much rapid and original literary work (70). Yours truly, (250 words.) The student should not consider it a hardship in speed practice to devote very great patience to repeti- tion. Select matter of literary merit, at least some- thing that contains a variety of words, and practice upon the same piece until it can be written without hesitation. Remember, though, to write wM is of more importance than to write swiftly ; and that thought should always be a check upon a reckless tendency in rapid writing. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XIV.: What may be said of halving in common with other abbreviating principles? How should the shortening prin- ciple be employed? Can syllabic writing always accompany halving? How are similar words distinguished ofttimes? Is variety of form a matter of random writing? What fea- 166 INSTRUCTION IN [STEP XIV. tnres must be attended to? (Analogy, Direction of Strokes, etc.) Why analogy? Why direction of strokes? Why is halving termed a fickle principle? Can the words redeem, detail, potato, protect, intend, anticipate, etc., be written syl- labically? Then why distort them for the sake of halving? Is a brief form always preferable to an extended one? Then why do many of the best writers use comparatively extended and fluent outlines? Isn't it after all a matter of tempera- ment or taste on the part of the writer? (Somewhat.) How are some words in this Step distinguished from others of like consonant elements? What other instance of implying the vowel by manipulation of the consonant have you observed in this manual? When is it good judgment not to halve? How are compounds of time and take indi- cated? What does this resemble? (The word-sign for time, i.e., M used by some Graham writers.) Why is upward-H used much more in advanced writing than in the early stages? When downward-R is not fluent, what is to be done? How would you write rarer, merrii-r, terrier? Why is not F-Tn a good outline for fortune? When are L, M, N, R shaded to add D? When not? How are vi<-l,l and yield written in this manual? Need strokes W and Y ever be halved? What other widened character is next to never halved? Is it wise to halve a stroke beginning with Rel? How would the word brilliant look if the outline was halved? What other like situations do not admit of halving? How would seasoned, fashioned look if the outline was halved ? How are the group word-signs learned ? How many word- signs have you entered in your little " knowledge-book" to date? Why is shorthand difficult to write rapidly? What does swift writing really mean? How many operations are in- volved in the act? How can great facility of writing be attained? What is haste likely to occasion? How should dictation now be given? What matter is suitable for dic- tation at this stage? Is variety of material necessary;' What does the demand for rapid work develop in the writer? What does reading the notes disclose? What does the ina- bility to read betray? What will self-criticism accomplish? Can you write every common word and every common- place sentence given in Step XIV. as swiftly as the fingers can move the pen? STEP XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 167 STEP XV. THE LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE: (329) Writing a stroke twice its ordinary length may bo considered to mean the addition of the syllable ter, der or ther (or other, there, their in phrases). mother father matter wonder whether order (330) The lengthening principle applies more par- ticularly to curves, though straight strokes may be so treated to a limited extent ; as rather reporter brother chapter typewriter conductor \ (331) An n or shun-hook can be read after the power of the lengthening ; as return moderation pattern modern eastern federation 168 INSTKUCTIOX IX [STKI' XV. (332) Lengthening* adds ker or ger to ing; or er to emp or emb ; as anchor longer anger temper lumber December (333) It conduces to legibility to exaggerate the stroke as above to a trifle more than double length ; but employ the principle with discretion, like any shorthand material. It seems almost ridiculous to write like the first line below : minister rostrum nostrils intrinsic federal V when the last are more in accord with analogy and syllabication. A doubtful gain in speed does not com- pensate for an involved mental operation. * The theory of this is to maintain the widened form; but the tendency among practical writers is to execute a light line when such lengthening occurs in a compound form ; as chamber timber September cucumber scamper STKP XV.] PRACTICAL SIIOHTHAND. 1G9 (334) SOME OUTLINES NOT LENGTHENED: .harder (ardor) Arthur laundry (335) The lengthening principle is also especially useful for phrasing : have-their \v If-t.here 'VLL ' when-there (wlien-they-are) jn-there .^ another one ^ (no-other-one) *^"^ , ..rather-than * in-other-words C^"*^^ where-tliere-is c ~~\ further-thau \ . (from-their-own) 7 Head, hood by D joined. Worthy by DTH joined or disjoined. manhood womanhood girlhood Godh'd fountain-h'd praiseworthy * )soodby employs a disjoined Bis, Fs or Ls (3d position) , for bleness, fulness or lessness. STKP XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 475 ('HI) Ture (allix are) by Tr joined ; as torture culture literature lecture pasture -f/v is not regularly included in the common lists of postfixes ; but in the mechanics of syllabic writing it deserves a place with the stereotyped forms. (345) JUDGMENT IN OUTLINE BUILDING: An entertaining class-room exercise is found in giving a consensus of opinion upon the outlines of words which may be submitted. Often five or six forms can be suggested for a single word, though but one of the number is superior to the rest, either in fluency, angles, analogy, syllabication, or a happy combination of all these necessary features. The reasoner Avho knows the best when it is exhibited is the student who is on the high road to success in writing good shorthand. If any doubt exists, it is the part of the teacher to explain why a certain rendering is to be preferred, and how it must be a matter of knowledge and judgment in the management of ma- terial. The argument might be advanced that the elasticity of shorthand grants a wide freedom of option in respect to outline formation. Not wholly so; it is choice regulated by fixed requirements. A careful reading of some of the contents of Part III. will convince of this. Closely related to the idea of exercising discretion in the building of shorthand is the liberty given of writing alternate shapes for some of the aflixes. Good judgment on the part of the writer in this connection leads to the quick achievement of the best results. I'll INSTRUCTION IN -il.f XV. (346) Note the alternate forms presented for (lie following cases, the selection to be obedient to the demand of convenience of joining : Vie, Kiit, Kst, Fall bly, by 151 or 15 as . " Nt or nt " \ V \ s ist * " St or stuh" {_ e* fore " F or F-R " ^\ .fully" F, Florf " e 3 y \ Ment, " Miit or Nt " t Tt i >IX/ I'll III 1' lit. Ness , :in << .1 !><< Ns or ns" c * - } nchii i-i im nt i',/n fii!iu us, iritiu-.-i.* (347) READING EXERCISE : * St for est, ist may be written upward if convenience ' requires, as in the words fusionist, closest, opinionistt 8IT.1' XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (348) COMPOUND FORMS: 177 .upward .backward .outward (orT-Rd) .downward (or Dn-Rd) .understand .underwent .undersigned (349) ELSE-PHRASES AND OTHERS: -somethiug-else -someone. else -anything-else .anywhere-else -2 or-else _ what-else (S it-is-not-necessary on-the-contrary for-instance by-soine-uieans for-example ! (Sec 360). -{-- I lt.ni.--?is.fliiniMli some-how f or-(the)-sake-of 178 INSTRUCTION IN [STIC!' XV. (350) WRITING EXERCISE : Christianity pomposity despondency physiology fundamental theology popularity instability faith- lessness incognito selfish questionableness self- hood mindfulness uncontrolled interchange magnesia misconduct magnificent wheresoever inability friability preferment foretaste self-will interrupt unselfish endowment self-love ductility nomenclature picture forewarn forfeit self- reliance forget Legislature forsooth decomposition recumbent forswear introspection international incumbent interjacent intermediate counteract accompaniment interval countermand archbishop intervene post-ollice stereotyped multitude inter- vale asteroid counterpoint postman subtrahend supersede withstand transform superhuman withal supernatural mature unreasonableness (;5f>l) WRITING EXERCISE: It matters not whether you or Walter wish to-go to- the theater with- me, for I shall take neither of you. The-telegraph operator was-a fellow-conspirator with- those- concerned in-the strike. It-is-no-wouder that-a slender thread of criticism renders modern society tender on-the subject-of slander. It-is-most in- competent and-incomprehensible testimony, and- we object to- the evidence. The-evil was neither supra- mundane or subterranean, but right iu-our midst. Contradiction has-a different meaning from coittni'lix- ti aft ion. The-interview was of-little interest to me because-the interrogations of-the interviewer were-not intelligible. "Onward and-upward " shall-be-our watchword ever. Though it- was calm to-the leeward, yet, with a squall occasionally to-the windward, the- STK1' XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 179 " sqiuire-riggor " proceeded swiftly cm-its eastward passage, outward bound. The-cowardly troops of- the queen went backward and-forward, inward and- outward, in awkward evolutions. Boyhood a-id- inauhood, girlliood-and womanhood, are successive periods of human life. The-snail withdraws within its shell, withholding its head and horns, the-better to withstand the-enemy. General literature, with-an oc- casional lecture on Culture, improved this interesting creature wonderfully. " Mr. President, I shall enter on no encomium upon Massachusetts. She needs none. There she is. Behold her and judge for yourself. There-is her history. The- world knows it by heart." We-may apprehend God and-His works, while we- may-not comprehend Him. The-comrades connived to-have the-commission of-the commissary cancelled. Conic sections exhibit either perfect circles, comical ellipses, oblate curves, or frustums, according to the way the figure is intersected by the instrument of cleavage. * I wonder how such a tender and slender stalk can support so large a flower as the crysanthemum. The number of wonderful modern inventions of high order is rather bewildering. Neither his mother nor father would say one word in favor of moderate drinking. The-prosecuting attorney recommended the-release of-the prisoner on-his-own recognizance. His self- conceit was self-evident, and-enabled him to retain complete self-possession under-the-most trying cir- cumstances. His thoughtlessness, carelessness and- listlessness will hinder his success iu-any branch of industry. The-phrenologist, mineralogist, chronolo- gist, physiologist, philologist aud-theologian were diiscussing-the genealogy of-the etymologist in-the zoological garden. * See foot uote, page 54. 180 INSTRUCTION IN [STKP XV. (352) MODEL LETTER FOR COPYING AM) DICTATION : This letter is written in an offhand style of short- hand, and is a model only as to form not of ^vo- metric outlines. It is a fair sample of a page of notes written very much as they should be in the actual business of amanuensis work : STKI' XV.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 181 (353) Or it may be that the stenographer is ac- customed to "take" letters involving accounts, and can arrange the dictation in debit and credit fashion as he writes. If so, the following would illustrate the form of letter. At all events it should be typewritten in this latter form, and must sooner or later take that shape in his mind : V V^J k ~~\ I "/i li/i yu / or >v 182 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XV. REVIEW QUESTIONS STEP XV.: What does lengthening a stroke denote? To what kind of strokes does lengthening more particularly apply? What does the double-length stand for besides -ter, -der or -ther? To what extent are straight strokes lengthened? How would lantern be written? What does lengthening add to iNG? To Mb or Mp? What is the outline for the word numerator? When may shading be dispensed with in con- nection with these strokes? Should the lengthening prin- ciple always be employed? Name a few words it need not apply to. Why not employed for these words? What else is lengthening desirable for? What does the circle-S stand for in the multiplication table? Is it always used in hundred-groups? When may it be omitted? When is it indispensable? What is a prefix? Are they numerous? Therefore how should they be denoted? Do the common ones call for par- ticular comment? Why not? Does th'e management of <- com, uncon, recom, etc., present any difficulties? Name one or two words containing con or com that are written other- wise than with the dot. What few prefixes have special treatment? What two ways of writing contra, contro or counter are suggested? What advantage (if any) has the second way? Is it important to make a distinction between per- and pre-9 How would permanent and pre-eminait. be written? What is the outline for multiplication, vitlml, post-office? What is an affix? Does syllabic treatment dispose of a great many of them? Is it ever advisable to Avrite the termination shun other than the usual way? Have you a firm conviction as to writing -ed? How would you write locomotive, charmingly, asperity, posterity, frigidity, >/- ciability? In selecting one from many possible outlines of a word, what should govern the decision? How should :i dictation of figure matter appear on the note-book? STEP XVI.] I'UACTIC.YL SIIOKTHAN'l). 183 STEP XVI. FURTHER EXPEDIENTS : (3")4) In addition to the advantages of short phrases for the representation by hooks of the words , etc., previously illus- trated, and besides the tricks of sign and outline manipulation that have heretofore been presented in their proper relations (as we contend), there are other expedients resorted to by the expert writer to still further elaborate the art. It may be readily in- ferred that ingenuity can be exerted in this direction ; but unlimited freedom of fancy would be dangerous, and a selection is therefore made of those which in our judgment belong to a work on practical shorthand. (355) I PHRASED. I is phrased initially to other forms by joining a P, ('II or T-tick, according to convenience, the phrase beginning in the lirst position. T-ain 1 know I-believe I-can-be I bave I-bave-been ^-^ ^ \> L_= o u The writer confesses to never having had much use for the I-phrases ; and the reason ascribed is this : The words lie and flic, occur ten. thnex* as often as /, and the oblique ticks become more naturally identified with them than with /. And appears in writing over Jii'i' time* * as often as 7, and therefore the T-tick stands * See jiol.e, (mire Is. 184 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XVI. for and with unquestionable propriety. At the same time the enthusiastic phrasier may with judgment cm- ploy the ticks in phrases for 7; as also may the stenographer who reads easily his swiftest notes. (356) In situations where lengthening is not feasi- ble, there can be denoted by wjiat is termed the thr- tick. This tick disjoined serves for the termination -ingly. siuce-there down-there can-there out-of-their longingly (357) Of-the is often denoted by proximity, as time-of-the-day day-of-the-week man-of-the-world |3 (358) Notwithstanding the above, and the fact that proximity also denotes con, com or cog within a word, the stenographer is in rare instances com- pelled to dissect an outline to insure legibility. Such breaking up of the form is commonly at the junction of a prefix or aftix, or between the parts of compound forms, and is resorted to because any other procedure would be faulty. Note the words mono: '/K'linuin, wardrobe, supernatural, t'Hjht-kiu't'd, natural, completeness. (359) To is quite often denoted by fourth posi- tion, as illustrated in Sect. 247-3, and from to by close proximity, or by joining ; as to-go from-time- from-day- from-generation- to-time to-day to-generation SIT.I' \VI.J PRACTICAL SHOKTHAM). 185 (3(50) BRIEF 1 WUH AND YUH : The signs for n-e, n-cre, I/OK and your may be in- verted for convenience in simple phrasing ; as you-havi' we-can yon-had we-remain sinccrely-your '1 (361) The same signs may be enlarged to add one of the companion words, though great care should be exercised in the use of this material. we-were we-w'd you-were you-w'd what-were what-w'd were-we c n 3 (362) Dw, gw, kw (qu) and tw. This system has no special appendage or character for these initial digraphs; and experienced writers ignore the Wuh sound for the most part, writing tin-ell D L, quick K-K, Ix'hri'cn Tn 1 (word-sign). At the same time such neglect does in rare cases jeopardize the legibility; and it is recommended to employ the brief wuh in conso- nant fashion, or by striking it across a stroke, like the way yuh is indicated in the words erroneous and lan-ycr in Sect. 145. quiescent Gwendolen equator queen quaff (363) Brief wuh and yuh, considered as consonant sounds, can be employed with some freedom in outline formation to assist legibility (see also Sect. 57, Step III.) Words like idiom, cornea, euphony, opium, etc., are made more readable by the actual indication of the wuh or yuh sign,, 1*1! INSTRUCTION IN [STK.I' XVI. (364) OMISSIONS OF SIGNS FROM OUTLINES : In order to compass the most fluent rendering, a better angle or direction of stroke is sometimes gained by omitting a part of the outline. Note the following omissions : K in the words attraction , book-keeper, aitsiottx T in custom, postaar, postal N in stranger, transfer, at- tainment M in commencement, adorn- ment, consignment S in controversy bankruptcy P in Sampson, consumption, ^_^ s~-\ / jumped < V X -^ =-"J The word-sign lists exhibit other examples, some of which are abbreviated for the reasons above given, and others varied in form to prevent conflicts. Facility in this kind of abbreviation is gained by ex- perience. There seems to be no general rule for a sure guidance. Fluency is the great aim ; and that is at- tained by dropping this or that stroke of the outline. Then the next need is for legibility, which is secured if the condensed form makes no conflict with any other. (365) OMISSIONS OF WORDS FROM PHRASES: Unimportant words in phrases may be omitted, if the remaining outline is as suggestive as it is fluent. , I'.fiijfucij, CX f \ \> STEP XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 187 With the exception of a few instances, like those of Sect. 364, unphrased outlines are commonly ren- dered in full. Cases like more'n for more-than, our'n for our-oK'n, are phrased in another way (see Sect. 244). And from again-and-again, more- ^^^ ami-more * -s <^v^ A from for-a-moment, in-such-a- ( ^-J> Vx^~v-i L D The from for-the-sake-of, under- ( the-circumstances ? ^f- To from it-seems-to-me, will-have- to-l>e Of from as-a-matter-of-fact,JIon>w- of- Representatives In from for-instance (366) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS : In a manual like this, given up so much to syllabic rendering of words, special instructions for the forma- tion of the negative, as distinguished from the positive, hardly seems necessary, because the regular procedure of the book will serve. If the negative prefix be in or un, stroke-N (or the back-hook in situations demanding it) furnishes a suf- ficiently legible rendering of words like unbalanced, iiiiliijnihi, unchanged, insolvent, etc. ; while for nega- tives beginning with dis, im or mis, no particular comment is required. For the prefixes ille and irre the precepts of Step VII. have special force, and two suggestions may be now made : For beginners we would recommend the writing of both directions of the strokes L or R, ac- 188 INSTRUCTION IN [STI'-P XVI. cording to Sects. 138 and 130; but the advanced writer may use the up-stroke for the initial syllable of the positive, and the down-stroke for the negative ; as regular irregular legal illegal responsible irresponsible (367) WRITING EXERCISE: Application post-office passenger danger ap- portionment postmark testify postman testimony partake irreligious overtake illiberal somebody (sMb-D) steamboat immoral junction postpone Thompson restless mistrustful domestic boastful priestly devolve mostly impure (Mp-Ruh) I-am- pleased inherit I-am-glad inherent cynicism I- assure-you Sawyer campaign I- fear-yon- will-be I-cannot-say incandescent canvas I-dare-say im- material immortal irrelevant stringency therewith assizes contingency attempt impede from-time- to-time did n't you Uriah from-year-to-year in- the-first-place oue-of-the-most illegitimate at-the- same-time first-class Almighty clumsy Norwood all-sufficient stubborn paraphernalia exemption hardware stupendous disenchantment (368) SENTENCES FOR ILLUSTRATION: Great care will have to be taken in writing these sentences, in order to have the principles and expedients fully expressed. Hyphens are omitted, and the student expected to write the most condensed style without a suggestion. When compassed round about by many combatants. In-regard to-going over-there, would-say that-it-seems- to-be wholly out-of-their minds to-do- so. It is necessary to reply in writing, and that as soon :is possible. He stepped past the stake and stood stock BTK1' XVI.] ru.VCTICAL SHORTHAND. 189 still. The steamboat stopped at the embankment, and the embezzler embarked. We went down there to see him in reference to the matter. In response to your inquiry, can say that the contrivance contains a combustible compound. The odium of being an opium eater was disagreeable enough ; but continued indulgence in it reduced him to absolute indigence. He was not, as far as known, cognizant of the fact. A vast concourse, in respect to the fame of the Commodore, came down to the wharf to bid him good-bye. It is best never to shun the shuu-hook, except in slione and ocean. In repeating the story of the adventure, his confession of complicity was so interesting to all concerned in the inquiry, that they compelled him to put it in writing ; with which request he immediately complied. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge. Headache, back-ache, and ear-ache, are all unpleasant bodily sensations. What would you reply if you were questioned? He had not run far distant when he began to distend his cheeks in saucy fashion. I believe fully in a hereafter and in a heretofore, for that matter ! Seize the moment of excited curiosity for the acquisition of knowledge. He was suspended from the order for not paying his dues promptly. Mr. Curtis was courteous at all times. That ap- p:iivnt anomaly among words, ourself, is allied to the editorial ice. The word Jig tire has far different mean- ings in mathematics, geometry, rhetoric, logic, sculp- ture and theology. "Genius detects through many species the genus, through all genera the steadfast type, through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity." " Widdy, widdy, wen, wake cock warning." The counsel of the consul, to console him, concealed his real sentiments. He was bigoted and 190 INSTRUCTION IX [STKP XVI. arbitrary; in other words, quite galvanized with Cal- vinism. The fervent embrace of cousin Charlie ;it the station unmistakably embarrassed her. Although he really owed the man, he was not visibly awed by the stern manner of the creditor he was owing. SHORTHAND PP:NMANSHIP : (369) In Step I. it was declared that there was a penmanship to shorthand as well as to ordinary handwriting ; and at this stage it may be proper to discuss the matter more thoroughly, although not to the length which it deserves, or to the extent one better qualified might venture. Position of Body. The student should sit in an easy attitude, with the weight of the body thrown slightly upon the left arm, so as to grant perfect freedom of the right. It goes without saving that the writer should not bend forward extremely, and that the note-book should have a convenient position upon the table. Holding the Pen. In longhand writing all the letters slope in one direction ; and the writer having decided upon a correct grasp of the pen between the fingers, the instrument may remain fixed, and all the letters will be made with facility. For such writing a soft grasp of the pen is required, and the. opposite end of the pen-stock should point toward the right shoulder. In shorthand writing the lines composing the characters extend in many directions ; although it may be said of correct stenographic outlines, that they are described so as to come within the scope of STKI' XVI.] I'KACTU'AL SHOHTIIAND. 191 tin- most lluent movements the pen is capable of per- forming in such writing. For shorthand the pen should be held with the same natural and easy grasp as for longhand ; but the pen-handle should point out waul from the shoulder, because the prevailing action of the hand is to draw the writing instrument rather than push it. It may be added with perfect frankness that the opposite end of the pen-holder points in many directions during the progress of writing, considerable freedom being allowed in this respect. Besides which, there is an action of the thumb in clever shorthand writing quite foreign to ordinary penmanship. This may be described as a rolling of the pen-holder, and is required for the tracing of the shaded horizontal signs (iuh and iNG, which demand considerable manipulation of this sort, while some other strokes call for less thumb action of a similar nature. Movement. Leaving the consideration of the above, some of which may be new to the ordinary writer, and should therefore be carefully noted, we come to "movement" in writing. At the outset, it may be remarked that movement in shorthand writing, speaking generally, does not differ materially from that in longhand writing. The "compound move- ment," so called, which is the union of 'finger and mnst;ular action, is demanded in both situations. Finger movement is the guiding of the pen solely by the fingers holding it, and is needed more or less for the execution of the smaller and more intricate parts of the outline. Muscular movement is the action of the arm .xh'iided and withdrawn, while using the muscle near the elbow as a rolling rest. This movement is de- sirable for the bolder strokes of any fluent writing; 192 INSTRUCTION IN -^i and a very ordinary penman ought, after a very little practice, to be able to utilize it for the less involved shorthand forms. The expert writer will go further, and attain to the facile execution of the tiniest charac- ters and the most critical junctions, by this same procedure. Practice for good movement in the management of the pen should have a place alongside the other work of this manual ; and for the assistance of those who would labor in this direction some exercises in muscular movement are appended below. Finger movement need not be illustrated very much, beca use- that comes easily of itself and is not desirable except so far as it may be a necessity; but a well disciplined muscular movement should be the endeavor of every shorthand writer who aims at excellence in all the details of the study. The characters of the scheme of consonant signs on page 17 will afford simple practice at first, and should be mastered before proceeding further. More valuable and entertaining practice will be found in the following exercise, consisting of joined words and phrases, which have been graded as to diiliculty'by a professional penman. Fill many lines of foolscap paper with each example, all the time maintaining correct position for body, arm, hand and fingers : PRACTICE EXERCISE: .-TK1- XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 103 Other shorthand material as good as this, or better, could be suggested. It is not so much what is writ- ten as the way it is done ; and the forms are likely to show by their grace, or by their lack of the ap- pcarance of fluency, whether they were executed by a facile muscular movement or the contrary. It cer- tainly conduces to graceful outlines to have a good movement in writing ; and the difficulties of speed are 194 IXSTKUCTIOX IN [STEP xvi. more readily overcome if a good pen movement accompanies other attainments in the writing of shorthand. (370) LETTER FOR DICTATION: Messrs. STERLING & ELLIOTT, .Hampton Suburbs, West Virginia. Gentlemen : We take pleasure in mailing you today specimen books of Barnes' National System of Penmanship. These books contain all the copies of the entire system (25'). A Imsty glance will convince you of their superior gradation, utility and beauty. They have never been equalled in mechanical execution. Your attention is respectfully (50) called to the third page of cover, which contains a classification and analysis of all the letters ; to the fourth page of cover, which shows (75) special features of the series ; and to the small sheet of practice paper. We will furnish these large books for introduction at eighty-seven cents (100) per dozen, and the small books for forty-seven cents per dozen. We also prepay all mail or express charges; and if you have any books (25) of similar character on hand now in good condition, we will give you an equal number of our new series for them. Remember that the (50) whole series is printed from stone by hand, and is far more elegant and beautiful than the cheap copy books that are printed from type (75) on a steam press. The latter will never be used by competent teachers of penmanship. These books have been adopted in many cities and towns (200), and are heartily endorsed by more than two hundred of the finest professional penmen in the country. Wo believe that you can make no mistake (25) in adopting them for use in your classes, and trust that we may have your order. Hoping to hear from you, we are Yours truly, (250 words.) (371) CONCLUSION OF PART II. : One of the most disappointing results of the study of shorthand when the principles have been presented STKP XVI.] PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 195 closely following one another, with only words for illustration has been that the inquirer knew next to nothing of the practical bearing of the subject after such a hurried passage through the rules. Doubtless the clever ideas of phonography would be entirely appre- ciated as he passed along ; but the learning process was simply heaping one thing upon another, until the store of information was a mass without detail or color ; and when the time came for a general applica- tion, nothing could be handily accomplished : because, although some observation and considerable industry had been exerted, the impressions received were more or less vague at least not quickly distinguishable one from another. This has always been a disheartening outcome for both pupil and teacher ; and under such conditions the passage from the handbook to miscellaneous writing was a weighty period and marked the point where many fell in the struggle for a mastery of shorthand. We have long believed that if the theory of phonog- raphy be sufficiently relieved and strengthened by practice all along the line, the throwing away of the crutches, as it were, will not leave the learner still crippled. We allude to this stage because it has always been a critical one ; not because we apprehend much of such difficulty in the use of this manual. It does not follow the traditions closely enough to inherit the faults of out-of-date methods. The lesson we would now impress is that the underlying principles of the study must be thoroughly understood, before leaving that part ; and lest anyone pursuing these Steps should be deficient at this time, we recommend a careful re- view of Parts I. and II. before proceeding to Part III. and to the work which necessarily accompanies ad- vanced inquiry. PART III. Advanced Inquiry. WORD-SIGN LISTS, SCHEDULE FOR TYPEWRITING, ETC. 198 INSTRUCTION IN WORD-SIGNS AND WORD-SIGN STUDY: (372) Word-signs what for? First: To provide brief and fluent forms for the words of exceedingly frequent recurrence ; and Second : For those words the regular outline of which would be long and awkward. The demands of speedy writing make the word-sign absolutely indispensable ; and rapid writing is becoming more and more the need of the times. At the same time it having become more the custom to dispense with the vowel-sign (and scud along under bare poles, so to speak) , the more necessary it is that the word- sign should be as suggestive, as that the regular forms should be syllabic. (373) The word-signs thus far given have been to make easy disposition of the common words, and at the same time to illustrate entertainingly the principles as presented ; though in doing this occasionally one of the less frequent examples of word-sign treatment has been permitted to intrude. (374) Learners have a varying capacity for the management of word-signs ; and by that is meant not only the ability to store them in the memory, but also to draw them forth at will. About 750 word-signs are set forth in this manual : 500 might be all that one writer could profitably use ; 300 another ; and it is possible to get on very nicely with less than that num- ber. Nevertheless we would counsel a mastery of the whole list, if possible, and do it so well that they may all be made the ready tools of swift writing as much so as the implement held between the fingers, or the phonetic characters which are the alphabet of shorthand. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 199 (375) . The word-signs exhibited by the books are really the "combined experience" of expert writers, extending over a long period of time, representing careful investigation, and as such are almost impreg- nable to criticism. Opinions may differ as to the number that should be used, and as to the extent of abbreviation ; but the longer we study these ingenious forms, the more willing we are to concede that they are the outcome of actual experience, and, if intelli- gently employed, that they will contribute to the great- est good of the greatest number. (376) Personally we confess to a dislike for a few of these signs, on the ground that it is possible to construct forms that would be less arbitrary and far more suggestive. We allude to the stereotyped out- lines for nevertheless notwithstanding hesitate manner whatever without which might, it seems, be presented- as last given above. Yet the traditions of the system are so strong we dare not more than whisper thoughts of the innova- tion, and hasten to remark that the standard lists are good enough, and facile enough, considering the possi- bilities of this system of brief writing. (377) Word-signs how classified? In order to make the word-sign stand out as a spe- cial division of the subject, and as such challenging particular study, we have been pleased to arrange them under imaginary heads, thereby assisting the 200 INSTRUCTION IN mind to contend with the difficulty. Seven classes have been noted : 1. Word-signs imitative of long-hand abbreviation illustrated by the list on page 208. 2. Word-signs by position (vowel implication) as illustrated by the groups on pages 52, 74, 10."), 118, 128 and 156. 3. Word-signs denoting the principal sounds of the word (consonant suggestion) as illustrated by the forms for average, charity, enlrosecution, appear far-fetched, except when used a great many times at one sitting. Forms like T for take, M for make, wRuh for ivork, also strike us as being unduly abbreviated. A certain design, however, pervades many of these word-signs. For instance, the outline for/or??i is Fr 1 ; PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 211 and that same shape appears in the compounds, re- form, perform, inform, deform, etc. F likewise stands for -fer, as in infer, refer, and it ought to in prefer. The simple root form is for the most part given, to which the terminations attach regularly. The present tense is made to stand for the past, as is the habit of expert writers. Words in bold-face type are strictly word-signs ; others are facile forms or desirable phrases. Not all the word- signs employed in varied writing are here presented, because a workable list is superior to an inflated one. The systematic progress of the steps has furnished a great many of the commoner forms, the unmistakable tendency of the instruction makes it unnecessary to more than hint at simple de- ductions ; and, therefore, only the more arbitrary word- signs and unusual word-outlines are given. A ab!e-to abundant dvancement advent accompany L achievement -acquaintance -acquire-cl -amount-ed -,angel 212 INSTl Q-;/ annual i anticipate-d ..anybody IUCTION IN *\ , .approximate \ fippnrtf > n;ni' i < i s '\rriv-e-al _ J art .. ,.any-otlier-oiie ~b nvt.ist. % appearance "5 artistic \~ . .appellate ^ apply . appliance C applicab-le-ility O .applicant V application 1 appreciate-d ^ apprehend-d ^ ....apprehensive ^ ascertain js- - &s p ns-it-\v n uld ^_^-' *L**~ r \ assist-ed o ..avocation. (2) vocation avoid-ed Q"1 certificate / chair : characteristic ^s? aware-of B V l)een-thcre ^^^ bc^un bc^in o ch arity ^cheer P c ircu m stan tial V civilization \ ..behold . belief, believe __iL__benevolent f,lear-cd 214 INSTRUCTION IN 1 r ^-collateral f constitute-d P 1 constitution-al U P constitutive J 1 1 == 1 construct-ed *L construction ^ consumption _1 control-led fe conversation .conversion 3 convert-ed ^ \ country c ronrsfi c. ....oollect-ed isft. ^ft^ ~T s _A_ __1 2=n_ a_ P combin-e-ation commence commencement comply compliance .compliant comprehensible _comprehension-sive consequence _considerate consist-ed P consistent __^__ ri P f I _J_ consistency constituent creature .creation PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 215 ^creative ..criticism -cross-examination -cure -curious .curiosity -custom D -deriv-e-ation b / .dan ge r n .danger-s-ous .endanger deform-ed .delight-ed -delinquent -derid-ed .derision cr^ description descriptive -determine-d -develop-ed -director (See also 330; -discharge-d -discriminate -distinct-ion SV; distinctive B- distinguish-ed I U distribut-ed s^ disturb-ed -J- dollar r~0~r.. -domestic 1 duration 21R INSTRUCTION IN E -=3_S except-ed > ? ... , ftasl. \J -exception-al j eastern \\ ..exceptionable L electric - fi- ^->~~ engaee-d excuse-d f " English Q- execute-d ^~t enlarge-d exhibit-ed entire V) .exhibition "^ P P 1 equity T r _exist-ed, system T ~ equivocate o existence rv/\ Europe \ \ expect-ed J every-one >i _unexpect-ed exact-ed o expense 9 9 exaggerate-ed .^ - expend -ed-iture explanatory JL. formal-ity _ 2__ex )lore-ed formation j*i_- expression formal-ly J J e-xtenrl-t ____^___found-ed-ation J U exten-sion-sive j fraternal c^ tr3.ordiH3.rv -._, 1 1^ cxtr3.v3,['3.n-t- cc frequent extreme J frpqiipnry j extremity . J from-all V. fnllnr ^ u furnish-ed. furniture i g^ family G V^~\ ^familiar-arity t? generalization Qj fluctuation . guilt-y ^ fm C\ H fnrm-prl ..-I halve 218 INSTRUCTION IN X happen-ed X happ-ens-iness o 5s3 have- (ing) -been ^ have-not ? hereafter (rft) heretofore (rtf) poverty _V_J_.!>erform-ed ^ pract-icable-icability V-"& performance V pyppnrr'-d V^^ perpendicular ^^ prev6ut~ed j^J perpetual-lv Jb^ privilege-d v^v, persevorc-d \J \J profirient ^> philanthropy nrolit-^d Y> philosophy -A profitable ^ c pnlitir.al \J ni-oimc 222 INSTRUCTION IN V .property . ...A propriety V.> publication . ^ ,punish-ed-ment V"T...\a... purpose Q 1 .quality ~~5 questionable ! -quarter R C^l .railroad ^^ , rather (1) writer S ^^ sanguine ^"^ sanguinary school e_ ^n u set-forth C Sfit-Oft' ^X shall-have-been signi-fy-fied , .-^^ rational realize significant reform-ed , ^s relinauish-pd simi1ar-ity simnlp iritv PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 223 simplest Vr> ^ t- single -d Q singular-ity c situation ^_y vr siDcrficial e D -skillful a superintend-ed-ent . 1 somebody southeast f ^ .southern , spectacle ence ~\ temporary-ily 9* ' .testimony subordinate ") therp-xyniilfl INSTRUCTION 1 they-had . L IN 2 transient ( P ** they have (j twel-ve-fth r 5J they-will-have H U i undefined t-O-gl V*' / -uniform v_r tn-rnn_orl . volnntarv PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 225 who-have, \vho-of, whoever O__^you-\vere-\vould 226 INSTRUCTION IN SOME UNCLASSIFIED WORDS, WORD- SIGNS AND PHRASES: * abstract C O genius 1 accuracy Y genus 7 adiournment ^ greater v/ ? alternative *""*( impulse ancestor ^~\ employs ^ implies (1^ V proximate approximate (3") infinite ^ix daughter debtor int6m&] "7 "1 / 3 Ss V 230 INSTRUCTION IN \ t * e * V N v <0 "V \ -I "f ^ ' b ~~? ^r ^ I'UACTICAL SHORTHAND. 237 V \ ) N a x b p -iri |P r -\ < J r/i VjjCfo (A r r r 7^ 238 INSTRUCTION IN V .< ^s... c ~S (I *) ; ^ ^> C (T) . V r \<^'&\st( S~ J... ....)>....\/\.. C L... .\ PRACTICAL 8IIOKTHAXD. 239 2 * [k ^ \ n r>...' \ I/ ^ 4* ^ c...,f v j S 240 INSTRUCTION IX -N c\ A O )L v . 4 . > r. ( ' ^ I ( , ^ J- >^ X. . U^" L "A. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 241 1/1...L, I SJ2 ,\ 6 p A "V/*-J Jl v >> V^ o/ 5 242 INSTRUCTION IN .x.x.x. I C...t..--/t.. < *- x > L ^ ..X...X.X PRACTICAL SllOUTHAJS'I) 248 v 5 x- ./....r. .. A! C ..O y?.. y. .^... r ...:. i hi. 244 INSTRUCTION IN writes Wilhelm von H'.unboldt ; and onr inference is that the best syllabication i.s that which ^^ banana \^ ^ ( [ earth \ s> _ ^_ r"i>m ^ ^~N "^ I^^>-NV admire V- ^^ ) >, ^ survey ^~ ^ I 1 , nrtifii'f 1 \.D o \ Vo X,/ <7i)i/ix/; ^"\S 1 ^ ^ddnnrrft.p _J *< t v^-^7 enrich ^rf ^ r C\ M v * rnliglit.cn d \ ^ \ , defend t^ , ^ >1 1 achievement v^ NOTE The above does not exhaust the possibilities of unangnlar junctions, but the student will get an idea of what to avoid. PRACTICAL SIIOHTIIAND. 253 .Thus is illustrated a few of the " slow " angles, con- trasted with the alternate procedure. It is clearly a matter of shorthand mechanics, where the more literary attributes of the art have to yield place to physical de- mands. The substitute forms are likely to offend analogy, syllabication, and all that ; but the impetus of swift writing allows no obstacle in its arrogant path. It is perhaps as good an example as can be fur- nished of the difference between theoretical and practical shorthand : the one phonography, the shorthand of definite principles and reasonable rules ; the other the shorthand of expediency difficult to acquire, but when attained, capable of the swiftest execution. Direction of strokes. The forward direction of strokes should be sought for wherever an option, is granted. Backward strokes should be avoided as far as possible, although it must be stated that the need for a quick angle is often greater than for particular stroke direction. It is a happy event when both are favorable. Of two characters representing a like situation, one straight and the other curved, the former would be the better in advanced writing, providing its direction is fluent. We say advanced writing, having in mind the double directions for R and L which the student when in the formative stage should use ; but as the subject becomes less confusing, a transition may be made from the exactness of theory into the freedom of prac- tice. (See Note, Sect. 144.) A good example of proper stroke direction is shown by the way the ticks arc thrown off at a tangent from the circle-S. (Sect. !!'.) and Blackboard Illustration No. 5.) While upon this subject, one point is worthy of notice, namely, the difference of treatment required 254 INSTRUCTION IN for pen * and pencil. The pen can not naturally execute a shaded curve in an upward direction, while the pen- cil is not limited in its action ; therefore the direction of strokes is sometimes modified to suit the writing in- strument, although in a very slight degree. The words yield, wield, seldom, which will be found in the list of word-signs, are examples in point. Good form in shorthand writing consists in an agreeable combination of good angles and cursive strokes ; yet the existence of the contrary is a neces- sary evil, because the teachings of theory are not suf- ficient for the demands of practice. Therefore we believe that the dynamics of shorthand forms should be a part of early instruction ; and rather than peremptorily command the student to write such and such outlines because they are expedient, it is wiser to teach him that certain angles are incompatible with speed, that the best strokes are somewhat de- pendent upon direction ; and then the careful writer will make such a selection of material as will lead to characteristic outlines. Painstaking will be required to accomplish this, and experience to prove the inva- riable wisdom of the choice ; but if this inquiry be cultivated from the beginning, the student will grow in ability, until his action in this respect will become as natural as in the other operations of shorthand procedure. Ten notes are superior to pencil, because the contrasts between light-line and shaded strokes are sharper and all angles can be made more distinct ; besides which the springy action of the pen lessens fatigue. The beginner derives an immediate advantage from the use of the pen, though the expert writer experiences a little difficulty changing from the pencil; but it is merely transient. It is true there is a smoothness about pencil writing; but it is equally true that it blunts the hand to an appreciation of fine chirog- raphy. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 255 (390) DISTINGUISHED WORDS: Words of different meaning, though containing the same consonant sounds, are of quite common occur- rence. In advanced writing, when vowels are omitted, there is taken away the best identifier of the word, and it is sometimes necessary to devise distinguishable outlines by a manipulation of available material. This branch of the subject has always been prolific of trouble, because the language is so broad and the scope of shorthand material somewhat limited. If no thought is taken of word characteristics, arbitrary variations of outline will be made, or the accepted forms will appear so to the mind. This phase of the situation is a difficult one to manage one of the many dilliculties attending the unintelligent study of short- hand. But the danger from conflicting words is greatly reduced by an observance of analogy, syllabication, the timely application of position, the double use of R and L, or by more artificial distinctions, like that of Pr for />re-, and P-Ruh for per-. Some of the more dangerous word-forms, unless made to differ for a reason, appear as follows : Syllabication : Support, separate repres- sion, reparation police, \S& X/*"') policy tariff, terrify exe- ~~ crate, excoriate parcel, , e I V V-^ perusal invasion, innova- tion funeral, funereal. 25fi INSTRUCTION IN Analogy : Proportion (like portion, f \ <\ Prshnn^ nrpnaratirm nnrlp. x \ \ Prshun) preparation fined (find), indefinite for- . ward, froward differ, defer V^, c \ t\ k n valuation, violation. ^ ) ] \j uR, Run uL, Luh : J-^> Turn, train fierce, furious . penury, opener approach, v \ cv perch hardly, readily ) / display, dispel. T ^ (jb fe? , and besides being analogical, the latter form enables the writer to distinguish between administration and demonstration ....:^..., w r ords having the same conso- le nant elements. This is not a distinction without a difference ; the difference actually exists, and the unlikeness of the words is clearly apparent. 258 INSTRUCTION IN Take the case of a compound word. (See Sects. 155 and 348.) Granting that iNG, wRuhd and Nd are good forms for thing, ward and under, then the outlines given in the sections cited exhibit just that analogy of form which leads to easy shorthand writing. It would be profitless to vary the outlines under such circumstances, even though an improved mechanical structure were thereby attained. A common violation of analogy (and syllabication) occurs in writing -TED for the familiar affix -ED (past tense). Not-ed is sometimes carelessly made no-ted; vot-ed, vo-ted. These outlines should preserve the root forms, as it is possible to do, and thus illustrate the direct affinity that analogy in shorthand has with the relation which exists between primitive and deriva- tive in language. Outline formation is thus made less dependent upon memory, and becomes a subject of reason ; for it is by process of logic that the character is builded, proceeding from the root, and making the resultant form exhibit each step of increment. The function of analogy is to assist also in a quicker and better acquirement of the art, by reducing the quantity of new material, and by those promptings cf suggestion which are the best aid to memory. At the same time, analogy will have no attractions for the automatic writer, who perceives his outlines wholly by the eye, and stores them in the mind without having exerted thought in their formation. Such a writer will continue to rely upon memory, and memory over- taxed will often be fickle. Therefore we would recommend the beginner to pay earnest heed to the teachings of analogy ; for by building well on a sure foundation the shorthand structure will be made to endure. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 259 The following are a few examples in point : J . _ ^> _ Nat-ure, natural, natu- ^ rally, native, unnatural, a \ ^_s*^ supernatural, preternatural, \>^/ \yx _ innate. L | n Tract, detract, extract, (_ L contract, attractive. Not-e, notify, noted, un- == 1 ^"l -> noted, notification. ~^ ^~^_p Mean, meaner, meanest, -1 meanness. (o ^ ^f^ L (^J> , -A Fin-e, finest, finery, fin- ^_^^ \ able, fineness, infinity, in- v> yJ finitive (word-sign), finish. Of course the mechanical limitations which so beset all shorthand writing bestow also upon this branch a share of their aggravations, as will be discovered in the business of shorthand writing. Analogy of form cannot always be maintained ; obstacles to it are im- practicable angles and direction of strokes ; yet the exceptions are so few they do not impair the rule. It is an excellent principle in shorthand writing that the best results accrue if the same thing be invari- ably written the same, whether it be prefix, root, word- sign or phrase. The teachings of analogy are in this direction. The possibility of such writing is far greater than has commonly been supposed, and it should be the earnest aim of the student to follow every possi- bility that unmistakably leads to ease of execution and legibility. 2r>0 INSTRUCTION IX (392) PHRASING : There are, to our thinking, two ways of approach- ing the subject of phrasing. It must be either studied in a simple aspect, coincidently with the investigation of the principles of shorthand, but made so little obtrusive as not to detract from the thoroughness of that inquiry; or else entirely neglected, while the foundations of shorthand are being laid, and then taken up as one of the embellishments of proficiency. This conclusion is arrived at because the phrase occupies such a peculiar position. It is indeed one of the elaborations of the art. Many do without it altogether and get on sufficiently well, while others employ it with ease and effect. The ability to phrase cleverly may or may not be a matter of temperament ; but certain it is the beginner should not be attracted from sober study by the allurements of phrase writing ; and on the other hand, no writer can be said to have compassed all the possibilities of shorthand if phras- ing has never been attempted. As we have before written, the advantages of the phrase are in the saving of pen liftings, and in bring- ing the thought to a visible focus. A knowledge of the context always assists the writer. The phrase outline is a striking illustration of this idea; it not only presents the forms together, but in a most helpful juxtaposition. Phrase writing has its possibilities and its limita- tions. Its possibilities lie in the direction of those liberties granted to all outline formation. The phrase must be fluent in structure. If it can be said that the phrase is a composite outline derived from agree- able elements, then it is equally true that the derivative should partake of the character of its parts, and be identified with them by analogy. The limitations of PUACTICAL SHORTHAND. 261 the phrase are equally strong. Do not phrase to excess. There should be conservative treatment of the subject. The tendency should not be to weave arabesques of shorthand delineation, but rather that of utilizing possibilities of combination for those characters that join well and profitably. Besides which, there are grammatical limitations as well as physical. Some specific word groups available for phrase writing are : The subject of a sentence and iti qualifier: The verb and pronomenal sub- ject; Ihe verb and its object: The p"incipal verb and its auxiliary : Clauses intrjduced by prepo- ' *\^X "1 -, ^""fL sitions or conjunctions: Adverbial Clauses: Sometimes the technicalities * of a business : Commercial terms, common ex- pressions, extended titles, TRANSLATION OF ABOVE PHRASES : 1. This notice, human nature, these things, that circumstance, his opinion. * It is generally in order to make phrase forms and con- tractions for terms and expressions of frequent occurrence in any writing. 2G2 INSTRUCTION IN 2. We have'been, it can be, consider the matter, call his attention. 3. There must be, have been received, may have been observed, we shall make. 4. In every respect, on this occasion, as fast as, of course it is impossible. 5. By the way, at all events, at any rate, on the contrary, inasmuch as. 6. 10-Paymeut Life, Reversionary Additions, Policy contract. 7. Compound interest, House of Representatives, Gentlemen of the Jury, Act of Congress. These are proper phrase situations, and they demon- strate the principal features of the subject, namely : 1. That grammatical divisions of language, or natural and rhetorical groups of words in speech, are oftenest so to be pictured. 2. That the best phrase form is one composed of word-signs, or beginning with a word-sign. 3. That the first* member of the phrase maintains its original position. In other respects phrases are governed by the rules regulating all outline formation, and come beneath the restrictions of correct syllabication, analogy, angles and direction of strokes. The most earnest advice we can give with respect to phrase writing is be simple ! The following tangles are quite the reverse ; and while they are ex- tremely ingenious combinations of forms, and repre- sent possibilities, still they are not probable in actual *A few instances like all-those, we-should-say, where some other member of the phrase governs the position, are exceptions. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 263 writing performed at a high rate of speed. They might be called curiosities of shorthand literature, and show beautifully what can be done in the direction of phrasing ; but for our purpose they only show what need not be done by the business writer. .Under-the-Constitution-of- the-United-States In-the-other-parts-of-the- globe Becanse-they-were-not-to- be-allowed-to-have With-her-main-engine-shaft Look-into-those-old-modes- of-parti-coloring-yarn That-you-will-also-render- //^^ J? his- stay <" Quless-there-exist-other- reasons 1 Why-we-should-believe-that- loo ( the Is*-* If phrases like the above are the natural outcome of shorthand proficiency, no exception can be taken : one can only marvel at the development of the art. On the other hand, the simple examples that have been presented throughout the steps of this manual illustrate the true function (as we believe) of the phrase ; while, as has been intimated, to ignore phras- ing entirely is not an omission fatal to success. 264 INSTRUCTION IN (393) SYLLABIC-S. Special attention is directed to the new name applied to the character commonly termed " Stroke- S " now calling it SYLLABIC-S, because of the pronounced individuality of its use in this textbook which makes syllabic structure so important a feature. In Step VI. precept and examples were given suffi- cient to develop the principle, but now on the following page the idea is presented more fully, in order that its entire scope may be appreciated. PLATE A (line 1) asbestos, aspect, associate, acid, assassin, escape, escalade, asparagus, assimi- late, esculent (2) ascetic, ossify, Easter, Eskimo, Quincy, sirocco, escutcheon, racy, syringa (3) simoom, Israel, Isis, eastern, isolate, asterisk, secant, assort, aspersion, currency, ecstacy (4) aspirant, esquire, asteroid, sequence, assent, assume, astute, saucy, serum, syenite, esoteric (5) Sozodont, Sorosis, estrange, Lucy, ostracize, astral, silo, seduce, sapient, Osman, siesta, fancy, fussy (6) satrap, osprey, heresy, sedate, salute, espousal, ostler, assuage, ascend, esprit, sojourn, Suez, assign (7) assets, espionage, espy, ostrich, sodality, suet, astound, esplanade. PLATE B illustrates a few cases where the Stroke- S appears still further in its role of vowel-implier, though in slight deviation from the rule. The number of such words is too limited to require a special law. (B) Ask, asp, east, used, eased, elocutionist, finest, history, osteology, ostensible, isthmus. Reference to Section 121 will show a similar situa- tion, namely, the words cease, assess, size and sizes (to which might be added says, saws, sauce, seize, sues, etc.); but where no vowel implication is needed (MS possessing none) the procedure illustrated by PLATE PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. A. i>)i ^ I V? Lr 2G5 L^. ^ ^ \ ^ ^ v.) ....... C } J ) ..... \l I ..... ) a C. ~3 G ' v. i "~\ V?- k 2Gfi INSTRUCTION IX C can obtain, because the execution of the more fluent form makes no sacrifice of legibility : (C) Cicily, Ceserea, sausage, sesame, saucer, sis- ter, incisor, systole, season, ancestor. But in disregard of the rule and for sake of the angle (see Alternatives, p. 267), theCircle-S takes the place of the stroke exceptionally, to secure a facile form. Plates D and E show such treatment of initial and final syllables : (D) Asphalt, aspire, consequent, cyclone, eschew, esthetic, escort, sober, escheat, secure, superb, solicit, severe, silent, social, select, secrecy, cycle, cedar, supreme. (E) Controversy, galaxy, sumptuous, obvious, Poughkeepsie, gorgeous, contingency, as- siduous, courteous, serious, previous, stringency. (394) ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE. The remarkable prevalence of Alternative Procedure in Pitmanic shorthand is a prolific source of difficulty. At the same time it may be some mitigation of the difficulty to explain briefly and to classify. Many words in the language can be but should not be written by the same outline. For purposes of distinguishment a variation of form should be made, and Alternatives of POSITION take place, as in the words : PLATE A Absolute, obsolete ; theist, atheist ; promise, premise ; oldest, eldest ; till, until; infliction, inflection ; daughter, debtor ; adopt, adapt ; greatly, gradually ; dissolute, desolate. Note that the vowel does not wholly govern posi- tion. In advanced shorthand the need for distin- guishment occasions Position quite as often as the vowel. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Y V \ Vri I I |\ Iff. .......... L....J 2G7 V > . I ./. \ L v s,.. ' 2G8 INSTRUCTION' IX Alternatives of Distinguishable Outlines, as : PLATE B Proceed, pursued; fiscal, physical; pattern, patron ; poor, pure ; property, propriety ; probation, prohibition ; prefer, proffer ; decease, dis- ease ; abundant, abandoned. It is an axiom that the angle (see Section 104) has the most to do with the difference between theoretical and practical shorthand : hence come Alternatives for Improved Angular Junction : PLATE C Deficit, denial, continue, agent, pink, mink, Melton, Putnam, intimation, mantel. Alternatives of Prefix Junction ; PLATE D Unsullied, unsanitary; forgive, fore- warn, forego ; almost, always ; unrelenting, unrepin- ing; unlatch, enliven, unladylike; withheld, withdraw, without. Alternatives of Affix Junction : PLATE E Pliable, visible; recipient, respondent; toughest, neatest, interest; inward, outward; native, creative; require, acquire, inquire; and-of, hereof, whereof, thereof ; darkness, kindness ; endowment, ornament; wherever, whichever; whereto, thereto, unto, onto ; observance, radiance ; peeping, seeing ; bountiful, doubtful, careful. Again, there is danger that a gain in speed will not compensate for an involved mental operation, but we have Alternatives of Brevity vs. Syllabic Consistency : PLATE F Redeem, affidavit, retail, anticipate, predict, indicate, indent, indignity, intent. Then there are Alternatives occasioned by the practical need for halving, or sometimes not ; tome- times the Con-dot, or sometimes not; sometimes Lengthening, sometimes not ; Prefixes or Affixes some- times joined, sometimes not; sometimes the H- stroke, sometimes the H-tick, often neither; sometimes the n:\rnr.\i. siroKTHAxn. 2G9 Hook for perfect coalescence, sometimes not and so on. PLATE G Enter, entertain ; selfish, selfwill ; fundamental, regimental; moulded, needed; physi- ology, phrenology; commiserate, commerce; term, trim ; governorship, courtship ; hark, hist ; wisp, whisk ; obstacle, refraction. (395) VOWEL IMPLICATION. It cannot be denied that the actual representation of the dots and dashes which stand for the vowel sounds gives to graphic shorthand a certain definiteness it might not otherwise acquire ; and yet experts the world over have proved that such measures for legi- bility are incompatible with swift writing, and have resolutely discarded them. At the same time there is a method of outline build- ing which makes their absence fairly tolerable : namely, that which makes a strong implication take the place of the actual and visible signs. Position. Position generally is but an imperfect vowel implier, though third Position is perhaps more definite than the others, because it has the duty of implying the common initial vowel a which, like all initial vowels, it is important to discover quickly. PLATE 'A. Await (wait), awake (wake), apparent (parent), affect (effect), adjust (just), accompany (company), attend (tend), admire (demur), advice (device), amend (mend), opposite (up-set), attest (test), access (excess), apparition (operation), assign, assume, assumption, assembly, assort. The words above in the parentheses are the 2d position words of the same outline. The last five are a few Syllabic-S outlines properly, but which may be 270 INSTRUCTION* IX expressed quite safely in this way. Other suggestions of Position are too familiar to require comment, although it may be well to remind the young writer that the expert cares less and less for the promptings of Po- sition, relying more upon forms lineally characteristic. Stroke Indication. A stronger vowel implier than Position is stroke manipulation, which is a syllabic matter according to this textbook. Any expedient which shows the syllable is a vowel implier indefinite maybe as regards the exact shade of vo- calization, but sufficiently suggestive for all practical purposes. Under this head first of all must come the principle a stroke for a syllable or as many strokes as there are syllables. No syllable can be conceivable which does not contain a vowel ; therefore by stroke indication some vowel is implied. PLATE B. Fellow, foliage, affiliate, apologize, ap- paratus, resiliency, policy, manufactory, monarchy. Immortal, immoderate, immigrate, immaterial, im- moral, immemorial, immutable, imminent. Note that stroke indication is preferred to Position for words like those of the last group. Syllabic- S is a strong vowel implier, concerning which it is only necessary to refer to page 264. Two Strokes R and L. More definite impli- cation is attained by the two directions of strokes R and L, because they not only show the existence of the vowel sound (as Syllabic-S does) , but they tell by their direction whether it may be heard before or after .the consonant stem. This explains why a logical manage- ment of R and L strokes adds greatly to the legibility of shorthand. Syllabic strokes, Syllabic-S and the dual R and L signification are progressive steps toward a safe rejection of the vowel signs. 1'KACTICAL 8HOKTHAND. 271 272 INSTRUCTION IN PLATE C. Loyal, lowly, array, hearer, actually, actual, casual, casually, valiant, violent, fitly, fatal, allay, earl, spoil, compile, allegation, feel, fail, felt, pale, bill, coal. Irrational, irrefutable, irredeemable, irresolute, irrespective, irrevocable, irreverent, irrele- vant. Irreparable, irrepressible, irresistible, irre- sponsible, irremediable, irreclaimable, illegitimate. Irrigate, irritable, erratic, irridescent, arrogate, ir- ruption. Arbor, arabesque, argue, orchestra, argaiid, oracle, ornate, archaic, Czar. Exceptions to these are forms purely mechanical (see Sec. 141), for words like origin, orthodox, argent, ardent, orthography, arch, surf, etc. The foregoing are mostly syllabic situations which admit of plain treatment under this head, but another class of words exists which are made more legible by stroke management which is not strictly syllabic : namely, PLATE D. Erect, elect, alike, elixir, eruption, electric, Erin, irony. Still another phase of stroke management has already been illustrated in Section 308, but we allude to it again in passing : PLATE E. Beat, bought; date, debt; paid, put; load, let; shade, shut; bait, bet; chewed, etched; code, act ; fate, gate, feed, food, lead. Blade, blood ; plight, plot; braid, bread; bleed, build; crowd, creed. The suggestion upon page 172 regarding per r.nd pre deserves a few more examples : PLATE F. Provide, pervade ; prediction, perdition ; preclude, percolate ; prosecute, persecute ; Prussian, Persian ; proffered, pervert. Thus will be seen a variety of vowel impliers. The writer of shorthand should have grounds for con- PRACTICAL SHOKTIIAXD. 273 ficlence in the performance of his pen. His skill should not bo wholly art, but considerably science, at least there should be a minimum of accident in his writing. If every stroke can be made to have a design, the intelligent writer will read his notes tomorrow as well as today ; and next mouth or next year he will be equally well able to fathom the mystery. Shorthand to be legible must picture or strongly imply the. essential elements of language. A weak vowel impli- cation is fatal to legibility, and constitutes a grievous fault in any style of shorthand writing. 274 INSTRUCTION IN (396) EXAMPLES OF FIGURE METHOD. (A) Nelson Gordon called by plaintiff. The rec- ords for the years 1838 and 1839 are under my control, and in my possession for 1838 to 1844. Upon exami- nation of my records of assessment for 1838 I find the name of Solomon McFarland. He was assessed in Thorndike for the year 1838 1 House $10.00, 1 Horse $20.00, 1 Ox $12.00, 1 Swine $4.00. Total amount of personal $36.00 Total, $46.00 (B) Cash to witnesses in Morey case July 20, 1881 : C. B. Turner, s2 :J2 (C) From the books I John Huzzey, 2 44 am reminded that I made William Henley, J M P&VQ 2 04 the following payments : - c M 3, 1880, $500 00 T . P . Bachelder, 2 (is Jan. 19, 1881, 400 00 Examining witnesses, 12 *;; May 24, 1881, 300 00 March 9, 1881, GOO 00 Total, (D) Rafts 42 and 45, mixed, contained 51,805 feet; rafts 46 and 48 contained 64,136 feet; 65 and 69, 63,552 feet; 78 and 82 contained 72,397 feet; 86 and 87, 69,479 feet; 113 and 120, 73,803 feet; 117 and 118, 80,512 feet. Rafts 67 and 70 con- tained 120,374 feet; 73 and 76, 114,132 feet; 122 and 123, 113,679 feet. These last rafts averaged 58,023 ; 106 of the rafts averaged 48,858. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 275 ^ C-c ^o * ...^2l..:riA...k.,.-l.A^ _V \ ^ si x g-s-z < ^ p - ^ -f r:> ? v " 5 "fy- u , s. D i e_y ^ ^\ r t ^ O .1 e_x ^ <^ _ [j f^, ^ T^X o Ao i ^ OK ^ \ / ^^ / / --\ /x^ \ Va ^C...i S? -^rv.H .._\_ y ' ^ J "^y? ^ZrC'...^. \ )> ~~^ !?T!Xx O. ^- 276 INSTRUCTION IN (397) SUGGESTIONS FOR TYPEWRITER PRACTICE : The following suggestions for typewriting are figured to refer to Practical Typewriting, which is the standard text-book of the All-finger method. At the outset the inquirer should fully understand his machine what it can do, and what it should do. A typewriter is not a complicated piece of mechan- ism, and the average person can easily come to an understanding of its parts and their functions by an intelligent perusal of the book of directions which ac- companies every machine. This supplemented by the teachings of a good text-book, and the assistance of a qualified teacher at critical moments, will lead to the desired result. Have a method of writing ; do not sit down and pound the keys aimlessly. Pay particular attention to the function of the carriage and its parts, the platen, the spacing devices, the scale and margin regulator, the ribbon, etc. Keep the machine clean ; learn how to oil and otherwise care for it. Passing to the keyboard, we are confronted with the problem of a technique in typewriting, which is the essence of this method. lu the first place, sit erect, high enough in the chair to admit of the forearm sloping downward the least bit toward the keyboard. Hand position is best secured by dropping the fourth fingers upon P and Q and making the other fingers fall naturally upon the next figures in order, P O I U, for right hand, and Q W E R for the left; then place the right thumb on the space bar, and if the el- bows are close to the body, a good hand position is attained. It can not be too often reiterated that good hand position is the foundation of met/tod in type- writing. PRACTICAL TYPEWRITING by Bates Torrey . Fowler & Wells Co., Publ'rs, N.Y., $1.50. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 277 Touch is the next important feature. In order to begin well, a clear idea of the proper touch should be had, namely, that it is a nervous (in distinction from muscular) staccato movement, followed by a rapid and entire withdrawal of the fingers between each suc- cessive stroke. Inasmuch as the appearance of the writing depends upon the strength of the blow, the letters being very heavy and broad in color, or very faint and light in color according to the force exerted, it will be understood that just the right impression must be the result of skilled finger action. (398) SCHEDULE OF PRACTICE: Read the early pages of Practical Typewriting to Lesson 1, page 4, also the reference to memorizing key- board, Sect. 18. It may be suggested to commit to memory the letters in both horizontal and vertical rows, or rather slantingly, following the trend of the disks to the right. After the right idea of hand position is formed, ac- cording to the foregoing remarks on that point, it may be noted with some surprise that T Y, likewise the keys beneath them, T G B and Y H N, are not covered, simply because in each horizontal row there are more letters than there are fingers to operate them. The disappointment ma}' be but temporary, however, for nature has provided strong index fingers, and the de- cree of the method is that the first and second fingers shall do double duty. The shifting of both hands toward the center when occasion requires is the remedy ; and this accounts for the figuring of the vertical rows of letters, U J M and R F V, which are fingered by 1, when the hand is in normal position, but by 2 when the shift brings the first fingers upon Y H N and T G B. This arrangement, however, works no hardship, being rather a convenience. 278 INSTRUCTION IX A ONE-MONTH COURSE. For first practice, take Lesson 1, which are the 4-finger studies of typewriting. Note particularly that the figures refer only to fingers, and that the object of the exercise is to impress three points, namely, memorizing the keyboard, the scope of the fingering, and touch. First day. Practice wholly upon Exercise 21. Em- ploy all the fingers with fidelity. Strike the keys daintily, yet forcibly enough to secure a legible impression. Second day. Continue upon Exercise 22. Begin now to form those habits which lead to systematic manipulation. Third day. Exercise 23, but omitting if desired the single letters. Fourth day. Exercise 243, as well as general remarks and particular instructions of Chapter for the Blind. Fifth day. Exercise 245. Sixth day. Exercise 24, always alternating between right and left-hand practice. It is advisable to practice the left hand more than the right. Fill one line (at least) with each word ; otherwise it is not good practice. Seventh day. Exercise 246. Eighth day. Exercise 25. Write no Capitals during the above practice. Make no effort for speed at the beginning. Be pains- taking and accurate. The Ribbon, the Line-space and the completion of the line are three things the beginner must look out for. Heed the Bell. The right margin cannot be even like the left. Operate the Platen with certainty. Ig- nore the top row of keys the figures for the present. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 279 Ninth day. Review all preceding Exercises. Tenth day. Commonplace words. These are the WV//V.S of typewriting, and should be practiced every day from now on. The Capital is now introduced, and is made by depressing the key marked "upper-case" with the left fourth finger, and holding it down while another linger attacks the letter desired. The fingering of capitals under the right hand will be the same as for lower-case ; but in case of the left hand, the fourth finger being engaged upon the shift, the fingers at liberty will execute as consistent a rendering of the all- finger idea as may be expedient. For instance, while hold- ing down the shift with the left fourth, strike the other letters for that hand as follows : QA/ WSX EDO RFV TGB. Write Exercise 27 and the following sentences : lie was. Are yon? Will be. You have. Two more. Had not. Are not. Shall have. Can do. Why not? Could be. Our own. He did not. From whence. Every one. His own. The two. Beyond them. Always here. Come out. Might l)e. Begin each little sentence with a capital, and end with the period. After striking the period, continue to hold down the shift key while making the three intermediate spaces, so that the capital of the succeed- ing sentence may be written without superfluous * motions. Eleventh day. Exercise 29, followed by these sen- tences : Might have been. Either of them. Neither of you. Whether or not. It had been. Before and after. Always can come. Shall have been. There is much to do. Whose was it? How many such? Which was his? It has done. It had not. Why will he come? Then Exercise 31,. followed by Where were the other two? Come over when you can. What will you have? Before you made this. Can that be 280 INSTRUCTION' IX so? About every one can see it. What shall we do? Now, then, here \ve are. They were beyond you. How can they do it? How do you feel about doing the work? Some of them were mine. From whence do you come? What will you do about it? We will always thank God for the good they have done. Were you there, and did you see me? Twelfth day. In sentence-writing, endeavor to attain a fluent action of the fingers and hands, writing each character with even motion and touch, in an uninterrupted movement from, the beginning to the end of the phrase. WRITE : They sent far and near for them. Life is full of hope. Work always with a Avill. It is now time to go. God is near unto them that love Him. She did not know Avhether to go or not. We thank you very much for the good time. Neither of them told the truth. They feel as though they did not care to so. Do unto others as you would that they should do to you. I have not seen you since that time. Good people always do quite right. He knew they would come at the usual time. All men do not think alike. Avoid the habit of lifting the carriage often. Do not move the paper after writing has begun ; start it straight, and then let the regular feed mechanism control its move- ment. Always strike a space after the comma and all punctuation, except the first quotation mark and parenthesis, and the hyphen in a compound word. Write slowly ; no speeding as yet. When restoring the paper after removal, adjust the longest line to the platen scale, making the graduations coincide with a thin, vertical letter like i t 1 j or f . Justify the risjht margin by a clever division of words into correct syllables, and mark each division by the hyphen. (See Syllabication, particularly note of Rule V.) Thirteenth day. Write 'Exercises 37 and 38, using capitals. Then practice the words in these sen- tences : He will value the report. It was a merely technical error. The plump boil makes Johnny pout. This trip the 11 Great Mogul" will bring freight from Lapland. You de- serve a divine reward. The witty writer had a quiet kind of power. Bring the dear boy some new milk. He affected PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 281 a regard for the truth. The Union Mill was the germ of a monopoly. Xerxes retreated nimbly after sacking the port. It was his care to abate the bank tax. The State debt fades to a minimum. All agree that the monk was clad in a black sack. The crew of the French trader were numb with fright. Fourteenth day. Prefixes. Exercise 39. Of course these Prefix and Affix syllables alone are but fragmentary; therefore it may be profitable (after a little practice) to apply them in words where they belong, writing the complete word several times. Fifteenth day. Affixes. Exercise 40. As a relief to the tedium of these Exercises review previous sentences. Sixteenth day. Exceptional fingering. The exceptional fingerings of Practical Typewriting arises from two causes, viz. : want of harmony between a fallible keyboard and natural letter sequences; and secondly, the impeding anatomy of the hands. The fingering of IM EDG (See P.T., par. 1C) ECT and ERT is of the first class, and follows the principle (or privilege) of using the next best linger when the situation becomes a trifle involved. SW, .UJ. NT, HY and ()L of the same class are pairs of letters fingered on the diagram the same, and to secure graceful action the next finger is recommended ; but, as the incorrect finger precedes the correct, the sub-flgnres mark the excep- tions. The fingering of EV, BE, TE and GE permits the long index linger to help the weak third bridge the gap; and OM (see par. Ifi) is where the stiffness of the third linger is humored. These latter are of the second class of exceptions. None of them occasion any particular difficulty in business typewriting. Write Exercises 41 and 42. Seventeenth day. Numerals. Read 43 to 50. Write 50 and after noting carefully the direc- tions of 49, practice on p. 65, beginning with the easiest example (the second) ; also p. 82. 282 INSTRUCTION IN Eighteenth day. Miscellaneous words. "Write Exercise 55, followed by these sentences : Be ye up and doing. I have given him my tilings. Not every one can be called good. I have heard it in part. It is hard for him to be patient. I told him the proposition. I do not know how we can discharge it any more equitably than we have done. I am willing she should get the remit- tance. I am out of his jurisdiction now. And over all coun- cils is the great God. Which constitution would you like to see? How many subjects will the argument cover? Only two of us were in jeopardy. I have answered you in the affirmative again and again. I will tell you to the best of my recollection how I made his acquaintance. Nineteenth day. Write Exercise 53 and 54. I do not believe any more litigation will arise. The citi- zens of northwestern Colorado do a great many things more out of courtesy and kindness than policy. Do not put your- self in the way of scandal. Did the lawyer have this agree- ment executed? If we could get one more representative all would be secure. The property does not belong to the opulent Xanthus. Valiant action will mollify his excellency. Zenobia can tell you more about the question than I care to. We sincerely acknowledge that the medicine assuaged his suffering and refreshed the patient. It is a good time to surrender the privilege. The beginning of the controversy excited some apprehension. Twentieth day. "Write Exercise 51 and 52. Let us see if the broker will know the endorsement. How long before the interest on the premium-note will be due? You will not get half the commission you deserve. It is a good thing to make an inventory once in awhile. After you examine the collateral let me know its value. We are willing to discount the draft. Recourse was had to the bill-lading of the merchandise. A balance appeared when the account current was audited. The. coupons of the de- benture bonds are negotiable if registered. The principal consignment was sold to arrive for a small percentage over pro rata figures. The semi-annual assessment of the under- writers did not put to the credit of the policy either a divi- dend, an annuity or reversionary additions. Charter-party, salvage, demurrage and manifest, are terms pertaining to the merchant marine. The indebtedness was receivable in sterling exchange. The item of primage upon the invoice was an overcharge. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 283 Twenty-first day. Exercises 57 and 58. Names of cities, states, etc., p. 105. Write par. 284 of this manual, Step XIII. Twenty-second day. Exercise 56 and par. 249 (p. 78). \VRITE: Your favor received. By return mail. Beg to say. Rein it at once. Duly received. Your esteemed favor. Return by bearer. Your offer respectfully declined. Enclosed please find. Discount for cash. This is to con- tirin. Further advices. Forward by express. Regretting the delay. Send freight bill. Yours at hand and noted. Will send sample. Placed to your credit. Have charged you. Ship the balance. Contents duly noted. Hold for orders. Price less commission. Wired you today. Please protect our draft. Your letter of even date. Start a tracer. London exchange. Accept our thanks. Days of grace. Free on board (f.o.b.) Cash on delivery (c.o.d.) Letter of credit. Bill of exchange. Money order. Power of attor- ney. Price current. As per your order. Kindly return voucher. Pardon the error. Subject to your order. We guarantee satisfaction. Pursuant to your request. Your obedient servant. In abbreviations like f. o. b., the period may be omitted ; because when writing with a lever machine, where the force of the blow affects the impression, the tendency is to strike the period as strongly as any character ; but its surface is so small, such an impact makes an ugly mark. Like a good many of the tricks of typewriting, such an omission of the period is allow- able when the writing is improved thereby. The direction to WRITE in this schedule of practice really means to write a great deal. If it be a word, that word should be written many, many times. If it he sentences, every sentence should be repeated over and over again until it can be executed readily. Twenty-third day. Touch writing.* Touch is the term introduced by the author to describe type- writing without looking upon the keyboard. This * See Sections 3:3 to 3G. 284 INSTRUCTION IN is entirely practicable, as the result of correct hand position, exact finger attack and diligent practice. For exhibition typewriting, and for a high degree of expertness, touch writing can be acquired by practice according to the fingering of the following diagram : DIAGRAM FOR TOUCH WRITING. LEFT HAND. Q W E R T A S D F G Z X C V B ( SPACEBAR RIGHT THUMB. ) On the other hand, a more elastic definition of the term Touch is to typewrite with only an occasional glance upon the keys. Facility in such writing is easily attained, and is the natural consequence of all- finger procedure. For the all-round writer this liberal version of Touch is more popular than the other. Remember that a fixed hand position is the secret of success in all scientific typewriting. Management of the typewriter partially by touch has positive advan- tages. An operator with no particular skill does a great many things unconsciously ; but with a good method of fingering he would have so much better command of the keyboard that the situations where the attention might relax would become far more numer- ous. Common words and common material of words would be written with hardly a glance upon the manual, PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 285 the fingers simply dropping upon the keys almost without volition. The practical utility, then, of me- thodic procedure cannot be overestimated. W^rite Exercise 62, without looking very much upon the keys; also Sect. 296 of this manual, Step XIII., though not by touch. Twenty-fourth day. Hints for Letter Writing.* A typewritten letter must preserve the formalities. Follow a model (see p. 6'.), Prac. T. ; also Step XIII.) Every letter should show a date, and begin the name of the person or concern written to a full space below at of the scale, and prefix a title of respect. Write this address in rhomboid form, with the beginning at the upper left angle, and the end at the right acute angle. Make half-space between the lines. For example: Mu. THEODORE TORREY, 15 Algonquin Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. If the second line be shorter than the first, resort to the frustum (inverted) shape: ARTHUR CUMMINGS, ESQ. Saco, Me. (See examples of addresses, page 68, P. T.) It will be noted that the name of the address is written with capitals. This is done to give a certain style to the make-up. Some writers fail to appreciate this, but we c;m only believe it is because they lack taste in arrangement of typewriting. Of course where * See Sections 59 to Gl. 286 INSTRUCTION IN a business man objects to anything of the kind, it is the duty of the amanuensis to follow instructions even to the extent of misspelling a word because his principal orders the perpetuation of error. At the same time a finish can be given to work of any sort by those little touches which distinguish the proficient from the bungler. Typewriting is not exempt from such a privilege. At all events maintain the terraced look. Limit the number of lines in an address to three, if pos- sible, and it were better to have only two. Much ingenuity can be exercised in displaying the address of a letter. Adopt the same, rhomboidal, or alternative, form when addressing an envelope, though have full space between the lines. Drop a full space to the " Dear A*V," which should begin at ; then drop another full space to the body of the letter, which should properly begin at about 15 of the scale. Write all dates in figures, and sums of money with letters, unless the dictator specifies figures. Para- graph occasionally, and indent to 5, to imitate the em-quad of printing. A short letter should be full space between the lines. The concluding paragraph of a full page may be sometimes condensed to leave room for the signature. Punctuate carefully and discreetly. Be painstaking always, though do not "potter"; be business-like upon a business matter. Do not abbreviate unduly. Permit no mistakes, and there will be no smutchy marks of erasure. Go sloAvly at first, so as to cultivate absolute accuracy. With assiduous practice, grace and accuracy will lead to speed, and the battle is won. Write for practice letters of Sect. 304, Step XIII. Begin the " }'o///-.s /////>/ " at about 25, or at a lower number if the subscription be extended. Drop two PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 287 or three full spaces if a "P/-es.," " Sec." or similar word follows. (See .Ex. 60 of Prac. T.) Twenty-fifth day. For instruction in regard to making carbon and mimeograph copies of typewriting, see index for explanatory paragraphs in Prac. T. Teacher will give a practical illustration of taking press-copies, using the outfit of the school-room. The following " Alphabet Sentences," collected from various sources, are submitted for speed prac- tice. The habit is too commonly prevalent of prac- ticing for speed upon the sentence, "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the party," which is a combination of short words, extending just a line, and illustrating exceedingly easy progres- sions from letter to letter. Such a "trick" sentence cannot furnish the best exercise for the typewriter. .On the other hand, sentences containing all the letters of the alphabet practice the hand all over the keyboard, and build up a harmonious manual proficiency : Pack my box with live dozen liquor jugs of sparkling mountain dew. The quick, brown fox jumped over the lazy dog that was fast asleep. Frowzy quacks vex, jump and blight everything within their reach. Please give the money box to Mr. J. Z. Quack's wife without fail. John quickly extemporized five tow bags in which to pack the corn. The judicious advocate" will never forget that a good cause may be quickly lost by hasty display of excessive zeal. Dazzling jewels pendent from the neck were thrown quite in the shadow by exceeding wit, which ever flashed from her brilliant mind. Old and quaint maxims filled the pages of that very curi- ous book, on which, with quiet joy, he gazed for hours together. 288 INSTRUCTION IN The earthquake wrecked the grand old palace ; next the ruins were in blaze; yet the Junta sat hi tlieir chamber with faces as calm as ever.- Our queen was almost crazed with vexation, because the prince would not join the King's forces in the field. A doctor's judgment sometimes fails, even when, by ZCN'I- ous endeavor, he has acquired an exact knowledge of the patient's malady. Experts in jurisprudence, and learned writers on ethics, are alike greatly puzzled to solve the broad question, " How to repress fierce crime." We seized with joy on the thought of rejoining loved ones beyond the grave; it keeps alive exquisite memories of their presence here. At the zenith of the Caitiff's power, his subjects were ruined by knavish tax-gatherers quartered upon them, and even life was in jeopardy. In yonder quiet nook, away from the exciting jostle of city life, I lay and let the murmuring zephyrs cool my fev- ered brain. A willful and querulous priest, seconded by a lazy abbot, excluded the kind and gifted justice from the vestry cham- bers. Twenty-sixth day. Write for practice the miscella- neous letters of pp. 119, 120 and 121, as well :is pp. 69 and 95. Select one letter, and write it many times for speed exercise. Twenty-seventh day. Refer to model letter of Step XV., and arrange in a proper style of typewriting. Also write the letter of p. 96. Practice familiar matter for speed. Twenty-eighth day. Write miscellaneous law forms, first p. 86 ; then pp. 55 to 62, as time will permit. Also pp. 92 and 94. Twenty-ninth day. Court testimony. Copy pp. 93, 124 and 125. Thirtieth day. General review. Fancy typewriting. Continued speed practice. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 289 (399 ) Appended is still another way of presenting the model letter of Step XV. Execute the ruled lines with red ink : BOSTOX, May 2, 1893. Messrs. GILL & CLARK, West Newburyport, Mass. Gentlemen : We have your favor of the 7th, enclosing drafts for 0620.00, payment for five shares of the Western Investment Stock, for C. M. Brayton; and drafts to the amount of $1,476.55, which you say balances the stock you bought of us when in Boston. On referring to our books we find the items stand as follows : GILL & CLARK. DR. CR. Apr. 15 By stock $3312.50 Apr. 15 To drafts $1476.55 " cash 622.00 / " deposit 1095.45 / " commission 26.50 / " balance 92.00 $3312.50 $3312.50 If we are in error, please advise us at once ; something may have escaped our attention. Yours truly, self INDEX. Sect. Page. A. AN, AND 100 49 AFFIXES 342 173 alternate forms for 346 176 -hooil -head -worthy 343 174 -ing -ings 149, 150 71, 72 -ingly 356 184 -ture 344 175 ( 65 34 1343 174 ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE 394 266 ANALOGY: general article 391 257 examples 259 ANGLES and Direction of Strokes 389 250-4 in Shorthand 104 50 made by hooks 238-9 116 with L and R 141 69 when option given If5 84 in figure writing {gj 1 as a "study" 104 50 APPENDAGES 16 18 circle-S, wuh and yuh 45 29 hooks 184 95 BLACKBOARD ILLUSTRATIONS: see Appendix. BUSINESS shorthand 167-8 86-89 the letter 280 138 letters for dictation 113, 124, 136 " " " 149, 150, 164 " < < 194 word-signs 281 ' 138 nhrasp* ( 282 139 ' 1 284 140 dictation 286 141 CIRCLE-S: how written 43, 46 29 how read 43 29 between curves 47 30 straight strokes } 2 ^ ^ prefixed to hooks 201-5 lof-2 two sounds of, before R-hook 208 103 CON-, COM-, COG- 146 71 compounded j^jj jij CONSONANTS : signs 10, 11, 17 additional signs 114 57 (291) 292 INSTRUCTION IN Sect. Page. CONSONANTS, Continued conventional name of in* sound-name of w ' ' whispered {3 10,11,13 voiced 01 how joined CONVENIENCE: signification ol word DEFINITIONS: Jg appendage , j 45 diphthong emb,emp 219 10, halving lengthening 329 outline Phra86 ,18 6 8 7 -9 position | 109 51 stem stroke t j c k 97 vowel word-sign ( 279 135 DICTATION: j 324 1(>2 early 41 sentence - letter at 60 words a minute 231 80 " " 255, 304 124, 149 90 " " 279, 304, 328 136, 150, 164 100 " " 370 DIPHTHONG: 93 position of . . . reading exercise DISTINGUISHED WORDS: general article 390 examples I 271-3 133 -ED : how represented ........ JR U i e iv. 249 ELECTRICAL TERMS . . . . 2-9 EM-DASH: of shorthand used tor underscore . . EMB, BMP : definition of 219 word-signs 220 EXPEDIENTS: brief wuh and yuh inverted " " intersecting .... 145,362 70.185 < ' enlarged 361 185 " " " considered as conso- nants 56-7,363 32,185 dw.qu.etc 382 from -to- - }M hook added to a hook 262 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Sect. EXPEDIENTS, Continued : I, phrased 355 inde, uncle, etc 310 in, un, en, before initial hook 211 of-the denoted 357 shun after hook 261 there phrased 356 uncoalescent S before R 209 unsyllabic Nr and XI 216-8 HUH 127 when to use 127 ( 126 " omitted {130 (Note before M and R 128 between strokes 129 HE : how denoted ) Note {^154 2*69 305 rule for 224 power of, how read 228 8yabic jfJO unsyllabic 307 order of reading outline 269 distinction for T or D 225 L, M, N, R 225 position of 227 sometimes not employed j 3^.9 HOOKS: 169 initial L 171-5 " R 176-9 " how read 184 final F and V 232 " N 233-4 " how read 235 shun 256 " after hook 261 five 257 forms inverted 177 applied to M and N 178 uncoalescent L and R 180-1 particular management 184 perfect and imperfect l>-2 when to employ 183 Rel and Ler 11)9 enlarged Huh Note joined to hook 262 to L, M, N, R, halved 313 eshon 25',) " after ns 260 IN, UN, EN : before circle-S 210 compounded 211 Page. 183 154 104 '184 127 184 103 106-7 61 61 60 62 32 61 61 48 49 73 110 132 152 110 112 132 152 153 132 111 111 112 152 153-4 90 90-1 91-3 95 114 114-5 115 126 127 126 92 92 93 95 94 94 99 99 128 155 127 1-27 103 103 294 INSTRUCTION IN Sect. Page. ING, INGS: ............. { }g l\ ing-and, ing -the ........... 151 72 JUDGMENT: in joining strokes ..... ..... 165 84-5 outline building .......... 345 word-sign making ......... 379 201 omissions ............ 364 186 study .............. 40 26 syllabic treatment ......... 136 65 halving ............. 305 152 lengthening ........... 333 168 L, upward and downward ....... 137-139 67 examples of .......... ? 140 68 LEGIBILITY: how maintained ........... 229 112 a help to .............. 181 93 -ed by disjoining ........... 272 133 when halving ............ 229 112 " lengthening .......... 333 168 by dissecting ............ 358 184 halving waived for .......... 306 152 LENGTHENING of curves ............. 329 167 " straight strokes .......... " emb.emp ............ j ^ 2 te followed by N or shun ........ 331 167 misguided ............. 333 168 in phrases .......... ... 335 169 not employed ............ 334 169 LETTERS .............. 303 148-9 shorthand models .......... 352-3 180-1 business .............. 280 138 form of, in shorthand ........ 297-302 14(5-7 for dictation ............ 113, 124, 130 " ............ 149, 150, 164 " ............ 194, NOMENCLATURE: of consonant signs ......... . Note 14 for advanced shorthand ........ 341 173 NUMBERS: general statement .......... 250 122 how learned ............ 265 129 Lesson 1 .............. 251 122 II .............. 274 133 III .............. 287 142 ten-groups . ............ 254 123 "teens" .............. 275 134 "tys" .............. 276 134 hundreds ............. 287 142 rule for expressing hundreds ..... 288 simple hundred-groups ........ 278 hundred-groups with S ........ 290 143 (see also multiplication table) ..... 337 170 used as adjective .......... 277 134 further illustrations ......... 274-5 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Sect. NUMBERS, Continued: thousands, millions, etc 291 dollars and cents 292 fractions 293 OMISSIONS: of signs from outline 364 " words " phrases . . 365 ORGANS of speech Note PENMANSHIP: of shorthand i^ attitude of body and holding pen .... movement practice iu PHRASING: introductory 67 general article on 392 examples principal features of involved 68 102 simple 244 266 tick 108 else, and others 349 L and R-hook 215-8 of time and take 311 by halving 310 miscellaneous, half length 319 by lengthening 335 ( 282 business j 234 the-con, etc Note POSITION: Introductory 109 definition 188-9 vowel I ( BO word-sign 110 outline 188 illustrated 194-8 first exercise in 185 second " " 200 third " " 212 rule for 192 of shortened outline 227 further discussion of 246 definite procedure in 247 of derivative 248 fourth, so called j ^g te POSITIVE and negative 366 / -I 00 ft words beginning irre, ille ggg" 295 Page. 143 144 144 186 186-7 16 18 190-4 190 191 17, 192-3 35 260-3 261 262 263 35 49 53 63 119 129 61 177 106-7 164 154 158 169 139 140 72 51 96 39 42 52 96 97-8 95 99 104 97 112 120 120-1 121 121 184 187 67 188 296 INSTRUCTION IN Sect. Page. PRACTICE: manner of 286 141 (See LETTERS for dictation.) early material for 163 82 word-sign of the steps 380 202, 207 " " sentences 386 232-3 sneed 1 321 16 8 P eed J3-25 103 PREFIXES 339 171 special form for Per ami Pro 340 less common 341 173 con, com, cog 146 compound 148 71 PROPER NAMES: first suggestion 90 45 people and places 294-6 145-6 In letter 301 147 in typewriting 398 5*85 PUNCTUATION: the period J 3 ^ ,*} hyphen, parenthesis, underscore .... 54 R, upward and downward 137-8 67 examples of 140 68 final after Run Note 70 READING: shorthand 1 9j * without vowels 1U3 97 daily 54 practice (advanced) order of : circle-S 43 29 books {} 91 ticks 101 49 brief wuh and yuh 80 vowel 80 41 hooked outline 186 96 S and the R-hook 205 102 halved outline 269 132 Exercises: vowels applied to simple strokes ... 84 42 " between strokes 90 45 diphthongs 96 48 strokes S, Z, W and Y 125 60 huh 131 62 upward and downward R and L . . . . 145 con, corn, cog . 153 73 REVIEW QUESTIONS: Step 1 19 II 27 III 36 IV 46 V 56 VI 66 VII 76 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 297 Sect. Page. REVIEW QUESTIONS, Continued: Step IX 100 X 113 XI 124 XII 137 XIII 151 XIV 165 XV. . 182 RULE: lor joining strokes 22 21 " circle-S to stems 46 29 " brief wuh and yuh to stems . . 50 31 applying vowel sign to simple stroke . 81-2 41 " " " between strokes . 86 42-3 another rule Note 43 for syllabic writing 117 67 stroke-S 119 58 " Z 122 59 " \V and Y 123 59 upward and downward R 138 67 " " L 139 67 position in general 192 97 " of single vertical stroke . . . 195 97 " double stroke 196 98 " horizontal outline 197 98 " extended " 198 98 halving 224 110 speed practice 324 162 S- modifications of 58-62 32-3 stub-loop 58 32 ster-loop 59 32 ses, sis, sus, etc 60 33 a th.rd sound of Cl cautions regarding 62 33 for self, selves 65, 343 34, 174 after stroke-S j \%\ jjjj joined to final hooks 236 115 syllabic 119 58 " not used medially 120 68 unsyllabic 46 30 SHORTHAND: why it has been difficult 168 88 how to study Note 89 practical 167 86 business 168 89 SPEED: discussion of . >_ 1 lo- upon common words 332-3 161 " commonplace sentences 325-6-7 163-4 how prompted 369 19:i-4 of typewriting 304 151 STROKES: definition of 16 18 length of 18 18 direction of 19 19 298 INSTRUCTION IN STROKES, Continued: S, Z, W, Y 114 syllabic tendency how joined 22 Direction of (article; 389 SYLLABLE, the: first notion of 115 in shorthand 104 general article upon Syllabication in Shorthand 388 for legibility . 14,> in words 136 tendency of R and L when writing some words 142 and final hook 237 when practicable 238 -ed 271 a unit in word analysis 1G4 as to vowels 87 SYLLABIC-S H THE : how denoted 99 relative frequency of Note 102 phrased 10 g TICKS: definition of reason for 98 why two directions of 103 as word-signs ' 107 angles of 105 phrased 108 intersecting 181 TYPEWRITING : general article 397 simple practice 154 further remarks 304 the scales of 325 schedule of practice 398 in one month abbreviations, c.o.d., etc by touch diagram for touch of letters diagrams of letter addresses best alphabet practice model of tabulation VOWELS : definition of how represented long scale 72 short " 74 position of 75 OJ _rt rules for applying 8( . with Ses 85 Page. 57 57 58 21 241 57 83 69 65 67 68 69 115 116 133 84 44 68 2<;4 48 48 49 51 48 48 50 50 50 49 51 93 276 73 151 lt>3 277 278 388 284 285-6 88B 287-8 881 38 38 38 39 39 41 43 42 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. VOWELS, Continued: accented 191-2 167 185 omitted 200 ,212 implied by tick 181 by position 187 " by stroke \\^> " by form of outline 308 assist reading 193 bearing of in syllabication Vowel implication 395 WORD-SIGNS: definition of abbreviation j j 5 g reason for 35 not wholly arbitrary 36 final forms 37 to memorize 110 List 1 38 "II 64 diphthong 94 tick 107 Group 1 110 List III Ill List IV 132 Group II 155 half length 154 " " miscellaneous 318 simple stroke 159 " " miscellaneous 160 Group 111 213 List VI. . . . 214 emb, emp 220 Group IV 242 List VI 1 243 Group V . . . . 264 List VI II 265 ( 39 how learned < 317-157 ( 381 business 281 Group VI 317 what for 372 how many presented 374 how many classes . 377 how made 378 of the steps, alphabetically arranged . . 380 imitative 3S2 general dictionary of 383 sacred . . 384 sentences for practice 386 unclassified ... .... 383 299 Page. 96-7 86 95 96 97 !9 104 93 96 58 69 153 97 24