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Revised and enlarged. 7*. 6e ky Mr. Charles Knight, under the title of Polities! Dictionary, at l 16t. The Com- piler, MR. GEOHKK LONG, is one of the most competent Scholars of the day. STURM'S MORNING COMMUNINGS WITH GOD. New Editioa. 6*. THE IDYLLS OF THEOCRITUS, BION, AND MOSCHUS, AND THE WAft-SONGS OF TYKT^US. itrrallij translator intn (Bnglisjj ^rnsi, BY THE EEV. J. BANKS, M. A. J. M. CHAPMAN, M. A. LONDON : HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEK MDCCCLIII. JOHN GUILDS AND SOX, BUNOAY. Annex CONTENTS. PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF THEOCRITUS BION . MOSCHUS . TYRTJEUS . of IDYLL I. THYRSIS THE SHEPHERD, AND THE GOATHERD II. THE SORCERESS ...... III. THE GOATHERD, OR AMARYLLIS, OR THE SERE- NADER ....... iv. THE HERDSMEN; OR BATTUS AND CORYDON . V. THE WAYFARERS, OR COMPOSERS OF PASTORALS VI. THE SINGERS OF PASTORALS .... VII. THE THALYSIA ....... VIII. THE SINGERS OF PASTORALS ... IX. THE PASTOR, OR THE HERDSMEN ... X. THE WORKMEN, OR REAPERS ... XI. THE CYCLOPS ....... xii. AITES ........ XIII. HYLAS ........ XIV. THE LOVE OF CYNISCA, OR THYONICHUS . XV. THE SYRACUSAN WOMEN ; OR, ADONIAZUS^E . XVI. THE GRACES ; OR, HIERO .... XVII. THE PRAISE OF PTOLEMY ..... XVIII. THE EPITHALAMIUM OF HELEN . . . XIX. THE STEALER OF HONEY-COMBS . . . XX. THE HERDSMAN ...... XXI. THE FISHERMEN ...... XXII. THE DIOSCURI ...... xxiii. THE LOVER; OR, LOVE-SICK .... XXIV. THE LITTLE HERCULES ..... XXV. HERCULES THE LION-SLAYER, OR, THE WEALTH OF AUGEAS ....... XXVI. THE BACCHANALS ...... XXVII. THE FOND DISCOURSE OF DAPHNIS AND THE DAMSEL ....... Vll xviii XX xxi PROSE. VERSE. 1 205 9 209 18 215 21 217 25 219 34 225 37 226 45 231 50 234 53 235 57 238 62 240 65 241 70 244 74 247 83 253 90 256 97 260 102 262 103 263 106 264 110 266 122 273 125 275 132 279 144 287 146 288 iv CONTEXTS. IDTLL XXVIII. THE DISTAFF .... XXIX. LOVES XXX. THE DEATH OF ADONIS. A FRAGMENT FROM THE BERENICE . EPIGRAMS ..... of 33 ion. I. THE EPITAPH OF ADONIS 166 II. EROS AND THE FOWLER .... 170 HI. THE TEACHER TAUGHT ..... 171 IV. THE POWER OF LOVE . . . . . 172 V. LIFE TO BE ENJOYED . . . . .173 VI. CLEODAMUS AND MYRSON .... 174 VII. ON HYACINTHUS 175 VIII. FRIENDSHIP ....... ib. IX. -XIV. FRAGMENTS . ... . . . . 176 XV. THE EPITHALAMIUM OF ACHILLES AND DEIDAMIA 177 XVI. TO THE EVENING STAR 179 XVII. LOVE RESISTLESS ib. of I. LOVE A RUNAWAY 180 II. EUROPA 181 III. THE EPITAPH OF BION, A LOVING HERDSMAN IV. MEGARA, THE WIFE OF HERCULES . . 194 V. THE CHOICE 199 VI. " LOVE THEM THAT LOVE YOU "... ib. VII. ALPHEUS . 200 AN EPIGRAM . . . . ib. FRAGMENT 201 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT.5US.. 325 PKEFACE. Ix the following translation of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, the text of Kiessling has been mainly adopted. But where a passage appeared obscure or corrupt, the trans- lator has used his own judgment in deciding between the readings suggested by Heindorf, in 1810, Briggs, in 1821, and Wordsworth, in 1844 ; and has either recorded in notes, or admitted into the body of the translation, whichever he deemed preferable. He has also had recourse to the Poeta? Grosci Minores, of Gaisford ; to " Theocritus Sacram Scrip- turam illustrans," by Chr. Porschberger, Lipsi*, 1744 ; and to the several metrical translations of Theocritus, &c., by Creech, Fawkes, Polwhele, and Chapman, the latter of which is appended to this volume. And he has given, in the form of notes, much information derived from these, and from scattered criticisms in the Classical Museum and elsewhere, including Smith's Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Anti- quities, and Biography. This labour has been undertaken and completed in the hope that it may be useful to those who have not leisure to search for themselves, and yet would fain refresh their memory with the sweet strains of the Doric min- strelsy, as well as to those who require assistance towards mastering these confessedly difficult poets. VI PREFACE. Whatever the labour, the translator is aware that the credit attaching to a prose translation is by no means large. Yet he believes that, properly applied, such a work may be of great advantage : and though a resolute opponent of the in- discriminate use of a " crib," he is not the less persuaded that there are many hard-working tyros, as well as advanced students, to whom it may be a great boon, and whose progress in classical knowledge it will assist rather than impede. He has taken up the work " con amore ; " inasmuch as the taste for the Bucolic Poets, which he imbibed under one who had a keen appreciation of their beauties, and who, in his too brief tenure of the head-mastership of one of our principal schools, manifested singular felicity in inspiring his pupils with a zest for their song, has grown into an ardent desire to do somewhat towards their more extended study. He rejoices to hear that there is hope of a fresh edition of the Greek Bucolic Poets from the University of Cambridge, the promise of which is not likely to be imperfectly fulfilled, considering the hand from which it is to come. Meanwhile, if through this unpretending translation, which, without being servile in its literality, is, the translator hopes, sufficiently close, a score more men within the next two years shall be induced to place Theo- critus on their list for the public examinations at Oxford, he will not regret the labour bestowed upon rendering into bare prose a bard whose lays are so full of poetry. J. B. Grammar School of King Edward VI., Ludlow. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF THEOCRITUS, B.C. 284 280. FOR the biography of the foremost of Bucolic minstrels, the pastoral poet Theocritus, unfortunately few materials exist. Indeed the little which is known is inferred either from the actual poems of Theocritus himself, or from such as have been published under his name. Of the latter class is the 22nd epigram, from which we gather his parentage and birth-place, and which is generally held to have been the work of Ar- temidorus the grammarian. Evidently written with a view to distinguishing between our poet and his Chian namesake, an orator and sophist, it fixes for his native place Syracuse, and for his parents Praxagoras and Philinna. With this account Suidas substantially agrees, though he adds that some make Theocritus the son of Simichus, or Simichidas, and holds that, being originally a native of Cos, he had become a mettech or foreign settler at Syracuse. Now if we compare this notion with the Scholia on the 7th Idyll, vs. 21, (where it is suggested by some that the name is an assumed one, derived from aip.oQ, flat-nosed,) as well as with the QeoKptrov yivog, it seems that a confusion has arisen with regard to the identity of Theocritus with Simichidas, into whose mouth the 7th Idyll is put. It does not seem to have occurred to those who make Simi- chus the father of the Syracusan poet, that bards are wont to shadow forth their own words, thoughts, and acts, under ficti- tious names and unreal characters, and that Theocritus might really have described what happened to himself in the "Thaly- sia," and yet not have used the name of Simichidas, otherwise than Virgil uses that of Tityrus. Nor is there any reason to Vlll BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE suppose that the claims of Cos to the honour of his birth and early craining rest on stronger grounds than that he studied under Philetus of Cos, whom he mentions in Idyll vii. 40, whe- ther at Cos itself or in Alexandria is not clear. Of Philetus, and Asclepiades, of whom he speaks as TOV LaQ\ov SureX/Sav TOV ec 2a//w, (Idyll vii. 40,) it is known that they were dis- tinguished poets of the Alexandrian school, whom Theocritus professedly admired, and of the former of whom he was pro- bably a pupil. There is internal evidence in the Idylls of the poet, that he resided for some space at Alexandria, and afterwards at Syracuse, whilst the 7th Idyll shows such a knowledge of the localities of Cos, as could hardly, one should think, have been obtained without a personal acquaintance with the island. Here may have arisen his intimacy with Ni- cias of Miletus, the physician to whom he dedicated the llth and 13th Idylls, and to whose wife, Theugenis, he wrote a pleasing ditty, (28th,) with a silver distaff'. But this is mere conjecture, arising probably out of the nearness of Cos to Miletus. To Alexandria Theocritus was no doubt at- tracted by the fame of its library, founded by Ptolemy Soter, and raised to its highest point of eminence by his son Philadelphus, under whose care it became the resort of the most distinguished literati of the day, Zenodotus, Callimachus, Hegesias, Euclid, Aratus. To the last of these, the astro- nomer and poet, who was the author of the Phenomena, he addressed his 6th Idyll, and his name occurs again in the Idyll following. Association with such a man would not be without its advantages, and we here and there discover traces of his having imbibed from his friend some acquaintance with astronomical matters. But it was probably at Alex- andria, too, that he found access to the pages of the Septua- gint, itself a lasting monument of the Egyptian monarch's zeal in the collection of literary treasures. No one can read the 16th, 18th, 20th, and 23rd Idylls without being struck by the similarity of thought and expression of passages in each, to portions of the Psalms of David, the Book of Job, the Song of Solomon, and the Prophecies of Isaiah. The parallels have been pointed out in the notes to the present translation : but the strength of internal evidence to the supposition that Theo- critus availed himself of the access, which he might undoubt- OF THEOCRITUS. ix edly have had, to the Septuagint, receives additional force in the comparison of the whole scene of altercation between Pollux and Amycus with the historical record of the encounter be- tween David and Goliath in the First Book of Samuel. It can hardly be doubted that Theocritus composed the 14th, 15th, and 17th Idylls at Alexandria : he could not have enjoyed even the passing favour and brief notice of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, Avithout becoming interested in the law and records of that strange race, the Jews of many wanderings ; one hun- dred and twenty thousand of whom had been liberated by that monarch from the slavery in which Ptolemy Soter had bound them. Josephus (Antiq. xii. 2) writes at length respecting the interest shown by Ptolemy Philadelphus in obtaining for his vast library an accurate translation of the Books of the Old Testament. We find from him how the monarch strove to purchase the good will of the nation by sending splendid gifts to the God of Israel : how he valued the translators and their translations : and how he conversed with his librarian, Demetrius Phalereus, on the deep meaning and superior wisdom of the Jewish law. And we know enough of the tide of fashion, especially if it is royal taste that lifts the floodgate, which carries onward successful literature of any class, to feel sure that a scholar could hardly have tarried even for a brief space at Alexandria without inspect- ing that volume, which even to heathens was a work of wonder, fostered by reflecting credit upon one of the fore- most of the then rulers of the world. A poet likewise, im- bued, as was Theocritus, with a sense of the charm of natural simplicity, and having withal, as some of his poems show, no mean appreciation of the glorious epic, could never have been content with a transient glance at a collection of such infinite graces, simplicity, grandeur, natural colouring, and noble imagery, as the translation of the Seventy elders, inferior though it be in diction to the original. No ! like others, he dipped often into that well of wisdom, albeit he knew not the spell which renders it sweeter to the taste than all other waters. Hovering around those sacred pages, he caught the scent of flowers of poesy, which he has transferred into his Idylls, and we have the gratification of an involuntary testi- mony from a heathen poet to the charms of composition and material, with which the sacred volume is so richly frauglit. b X BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE Our taste will be wilfully dull, if it acknowledge not the extreme probability that the Syracusan saw the Septuagint, and there need be no stumbling-block in the argument that he no where mentions the Jews. He dived for pearls of poesy, leaving unexplored the buried treasures of history and reli- gion. Without satisfactory data for any certain conclusion, we can at least give the benefit of probabilities in favour of our poet's acquaintance with the Septuagint. From this we pass on to other matter. Theocritus, while at Alexandria, was allowed, we presume, to dedicate his 17th Idyll to Ptolemy Philadelphus ; and we have reason to suppose that the 14th and 15th were com- posed there also. But it is clear that he did not find the monarch and his capital such kindly fosterers of his Muse as he might have expected : for very soon we find him hymning at Syracuse the praises (considerably qualified by doubts of his open-handedness) of King Hiero the Second. That monarch had ascended the throne B. c. 270 : and the Idyll to which reference has been made, appears to have been written during the 1st Punic War, if we may judge from the allusion which he makes to the failing Carthagi- nians, and Hiero's alliance with their implacable foe. This would fix the date of the Idyll as 263 B. c. ; when a treaty between Hiero and the Romans was concluded. But the rays of courtly favour must have been here also any thing but warm, the atmosphere chilly, when a poet was to be cher- ished, or creative genius to be saved from starvation and blight. Hiero's munificence was bestowed rather on kingdoms and potentates, than on minstrels and their songs. Perhaps Theo- critus discovered at this point the mistake of trusting in princes for the advancement of poetic excellence : at any rate, the greater portion of his Idylls show him to have sought in the calm tranquillity of country life and pastoral scenery, that independent self-reliance, which, after all, is the safest nurse of the lovely rhyme. Though when he rises to heroics, as in the encomiums on Ptolemy and Hiero, and in the 22nd, 24th, and 25th Idylls, he fully sustains his reputation, and no where falls into poverty of language, or mediocrity of conception ; yet it is on the first eleven Idylls, the 14th, 15th, and 21st, that his title to the fame, which has been universally ac- corded to him, is most really and justly based. Bion and OF THEOCRITUS. XI Moschus are pretty conceit-weavers : they sometimes delight us with passages unrivalled for warmth of colouring and ten- derness of pathos : but for simple rural life, accurately and tastefully depicted, for the thorough appreciation of nature, and reliance thereupon for the staple of his song, Theocritus ranks immeasurably above them. He stands alone, with a crowd of imitators at a wide interval of merit. Virgil's Ec- logues have no inherent stamp of reality about them. We lack the shepherd's account of his own life among his sheep. There is more of polish than of nature. We have the cour- tier drawing smooth pictures from fancy ; not the passion- ate lover of the country deriving his materials from the real landscapes on which he is actually looking out. To borrow an apt expression, Virgil's Eclogues are pictures of a polished mind playing at shepherd. And as to our own pastoral writers, Spenser, Pope, Gay, Lyttleton, and Shenstone, none reach to half the height of Bucolic minstrelsy, to which their great model undeniably attained. Spenser's dialect and metre are unfavourable to his subject ; and he can lay no claim to be a true bard of nature ; while it is matter of fact that beneath his rural images there is an under-current of allusion to matters of religion. Who can enjoy with true zest the pastoral, where the shepherd Roffin symbolizes a bishop of Rochester, and the watch-dog Lowder, one of his chaplains ? (See Shepherd's Calendar, Eel. ix.) And as for Pope, whose pretensions rank next, his pastorals deserve credit only because they were written by a boy of sixteen ; it were an insult to compare them with the mature productions of Theocritus. For smoothness of versification, they have indeed won praise from Macaulay and the Earl of Carlisle; but these two most capable judges assign to them no higher meed. Indeed, had Pope's pastorals alone survived their author, we may well question whether his name would have even been remembered. As for the rest, they claim still less right to tread the same ground, to rank in the same order with Theocritus, in that portion of the temple of fame which good taste will always assign to the Pastoral or Bu- colic poets. Coarse though the Syracusan bard be here and there, he is indeed, as Quinctilian calls him, " admirabilis in suo genere," nor is it any detraction from his well-won laurels that the b 2 Xll BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE same critic goes on to say, " sed musa ilia rustica et pastoralis non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem reformidat." (Inst. Orator, x. 1.) It must be borne in mind, when we stumble on grave objections against the poems of Theocritus, that his idea of simplicity is not a transcendental, but a natural one. He has no model Arcadia in view : his eye is all the while upon the woods and vales and river pastures of his native Sicily ; taking his shepherds as he found them there, mak- ing them speak what they did speak, not what they ought to have spoken. There are blemishes to his Idylls, which cer- tainly render an expurgated edition of them a desideratum : but these affect more or less all the chief writers of antiquity. The question however which is just now dividing the educa- tional world of France, seems to us to admit of but one solu- tion. What is true of most of the Greek and Latin Classics, is of course true of Theocritus, as one of them. We cannot forego the charms of the whole, because our delicacy is of- fended, our purity shocked, by one or two Idylls, which, while they illustrate the darkest traits in the life of a heathen, only make us the more thankful that Christianity has at least gone far to banish one of the worst forms of human guilt and degradation. But upon the whole, the poems of Theocritus, without aiming at any deep moral lesson, are eminently calcu- lated to nourish in us a growth of that keen taste for rural scenery, which is one of the purest and finest of earthly yearn- ings : whilst in liveliness, variety, and rhythm they certainly surpass anything of their kind, ancient or modern. And this must have arisen from the familiarity in which, we infer, The- ocritus passed his latter years with rural scenes and characters. It is seldom that we have no notice, at any rate no tradition, respecting the death of the poets of the ancient world. Of Hesiod, Simonides, JEschylus, Sophocles, Callimachus, Apol- lonius, Rhodius, (and these are but a few names taken hap-ha- zard,) we find some story at least, vague though it be, of their death or their burial-place. But Theocritus seems to have vanished from before the eyes of men, after he had lamented at Syracuse the small account in which bards of his day were held of tyrants. May he not have ended his days unnoticed in some quiet spot, to rise long after into fame by his depic- tion of it, while his bones lay sepulchred on one of the head- lands which he puts before us so vividly ? Did he not fall OF THEOCRITUS. Xlll asleep afar from the din of cities, bewept, like his fabled Daphnis, by universal nature ? Ovid, we can hardly doubt, was in his Ibis confusing the poet with his Chian namesake, where he says, Utque Syracosio prEcstricta fauce poetfe Sic animje laqueo sit via clausa tibi. Lib. in Ibim, 5f>4. In a note upon this passage in the Delphin edition, it is ob- served, that the old interpreters understood this to mean that Theocritus was hung by the son of Hiero, king of Sicily, on account of his invectives against him. But this only proves the fear of him, who wrote the epigram before alluded to, as distinguishing the name-sakes of Syracuse and Chios, to have been a well-grounded fear. Ovid, if, by the Syracusan poet, he means Theocritus, seems to have stumbled on the rock of which that epigram might have warned him. The fate of the Chian seems to have been transferred in his mind to the Syracusan, as will be seen by the following extract from Macrobius, Saturnalia, lib. vii. c. 3. " King Antigonus put to death the Chian Theocritus, al- though lie was bound by an oath to spare him, on account of an unfortunate joke of that individual at his expense. For when he was being dragged before Antigonus as if to receive punishment, and his friends were comforting him, and afford- ing hopes ' that he would experience the royal clemency, when once he had come before the eyes of the king ; Then,' observed he, 'the hope you hold out of safety is a vain one.' For the king had lost one eye. So the ill-timed witticism cost the prisoner his life." Now if we thus clear away this very apparent confusion between the two, we have no account of the death of the pastoral poet ; no, nor the vaguest allusion to it. But the works which survive him are evidence that lie has not all died : while taste survives, he must hold undisputed supremacy in his own branch of the poetic art. Of the origin and nature of that species of poetry which dates its ascendency from Theocritus, there is little which has not been said again and again. The student who desires to arrive at the results of older lucubrations on this subject, must wade through subtle distinctions and learned disquisitions respecting pastoral and heroic poetry. He will XIV BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE find that the birth-place of the former is contended by some to have been Sicily, by others Arcadia. And while one and another ascribe its first authorship to various poets of more or less historical periods, some have been fain to date it from the golden age. Now, when we gain experience of the diffi- culties which arise in reconciling so many and diverse state- ments, and find that the more effort we make, the further we drift into a sea of troubles, our natural inclination coincides with some sort of likelihood, which is in favour of that last opinion. The truth may be that some kind of pastoral was the first form of poetry. What more natural, when we reflect that the eldest of the human race reckoned their superiority by their flocks and herds. Men were all shepherds : and so little of shame was there connected with an occupation now so lowly, that no higher or more expressive title for a mighty ruler was sought than that of " shepherd of his peoples." Of course, under these circumstances, the pastoral was likely to be an early form of poetry, and withal one not likely to be despised. Indeed, among those who practised it at an early date were Moses and Miriam, Deborah and Barak, as well as the sweet Psalmist of Israel. When therefore we discuss the age of its invention, we can but say that it was of every age. The first up-rising of it was, we may conclude, in that primaeval condition of men, when the system of concentration into towns and fenced cities had not yet begun : but when men led a nomad life, and whiled their hours afield by alternate strains, whilst they were pastur- ing their flocks. It was the song of nature, little polished per- haps, but still not without its inspiration, because it flowed directly from the shrines of her, whom he that worships most is ever the truest and most accepted poet. The rustling of the trees, the vocal pine, the murmurings of rivulets, the very notes of birds, were so many of nature's hints to man to create for himself a harmony more excellent in proportion as the gift of speech excels all inarticulate sounds. And when we add to this the influence of a sunny sky, a genial atmosphere, a mind unruffled with the cares and sins which harass and pollute the life of crowded cities, the wonder would be if song had not arisen ; and that song, in common gratitude, of such a kind as should depict and hold up to imitation the life which was so singularly blessed. Gratitude, too, led OF THEOCRITUS. XV them no doubt to celebrate the festivals of their gods, the tutelar deities of light and shade, of cattle and of fruits Apollo, Diana, Pan, and Ceres. Prizes offered for such strains at these holy seasons would kindle a rivalry promotive of advancement, and render easier the steps by which they should pass into an art. This is probably the key to the mythical ascription of pastoral poetry to Apollo Nomius, the herds- man whilome in the halls of Admetus. Diomus, Daphnis, and Stesichorus, all of them Sicilian, may have been its first promoters upon Dorian soil ; and as Theocritus seems to have been the first who applied a highly cultivated mind to the task of infusing into Amteboean strains the grace and beauty which he has wrought into his Idylls, his country Sicily stands justly foremost as the birth-place of Bucolic minstrelsy. The Dorian character, too, was apter than that of other races to this kind of poetry : mimetic art had its eminent representative in the Sicilian Sophron : and among them mimetic and comic dia- logue, as well as pastoral, arose in some measure out of the unstudied repartees of the Lydiastae and Bucolistae, or of some such performers. These gave a basis, whereon the more studied Idyll might take its stand, and the great master of whom we are treating, was not slow to apply all his varied knowledge of nature and of art to this lively form of poetry, so calculated to keep the interest from flagging, the hearer or reader from becoming wearied. He first moulded these rude strains into grace and beauty. He smoothed the ruggednesses of verse. He inspired the picture with novel life ; and, whilst he preserved the guise of nature throughout, evinced that master power which is most teeming with the perfection of art, when its creations look likest nature. It remains that we should attempt a classification of the various poems of Theocritus which have come down to us. The arguments to each of these have been prefixed in the body of the translation. Of the thirty Idylls extant, ten are properly Bucolics, the 1st, the 3rd, and all up to the 12th. The 2nd Idyll can scarcely come under this head, though the wider term e'idr], or etc)vXXia, pictures, that is, of common every- day life, may embrace that as well as the 14th, 15th, the 21st, and perhaps some others. Some, however, claim the 2nd and 15th for a separate class under the head of mimetic Idylls. The 12th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 23rd, 27th, and 29th, XVI BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE are erotic: the 16th and 17th, encomiastic: the 22nd, 24th, 25th, and 26th, belong to the epic class ; whilst the 28th is epistolary, and the 30th Anacreontic. Of those classed as erotic, the manner and form is various, as the reader will ob- serve. The genuineness of all the Idylls after the 18th has been much questioned : this however is not a matter either likely to repay great research, or calculated to interest the general reader. They are for the most part in hexameter verse : the thirty-two epigrams are some of them elegiac, some epodic. It is difficult to fix upon one beauty beyond another in these matchless pastorals, by singling out which one may send the uninitiated reader with a whetted appetite to the whole volume. A thousand charms of poesy press forward, each claiming foremost commemoration. In the first Idyll we linger long over the sorrows of Daphnis, which Virgil has transfused into his Eclogues, over the immortal lines (66 69) which have lost none of their pristine sweetness, when, having passed the ordeal of transplantation, they bloom anew in the Lycidas of Milton, (Lycidas, 1. 50,) " Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep," &c. ; or yet again in the same Idyll, over that (to the translator's taste at least) most enviable epitaph, (140, 141,) X kafyviQ efia poov ticXvoe Siva rbv Mwiraif i\ov avdpa, rbv ov Nvfj,$ai. FOR A TRANSLATION OF THEOCRITUS O SINGER of the field and fold, Theocritus ! Pan's pipe was thine, Thine was the happier age of gold! For thee the scent of new-turned mould, The bee-hive, and the murmuring pine, O singer of the field and fold ! Thou sang'st the simple feasts of old, The beechen bowl made glad with wine. . . Thine was the happier age of gold! Thou bad'st the rustic loves be told, Thou bad'st the tuneful reeds combine, O singer of the field and fold ! And round thee, ever laughing, rolled The blithe and blue Sicilian brine. . . Thine was the happier age of gold! To-day our songs are faint and cold, Our northern suns too sadly shine; O singer of the field and fold, Thine was the happier age of goldl could recognize him long alter by again smelling his hand, or even his glove, if he had just taken it off; and if, of half a dozen strangers each one should throw his glove into a hat, she would take one, smell it, then smell the hand of each person, and unerringly assign each glove to its owner. She would pick out the gloves of a brother and sister by the similarity of odor but could not distinguish between them. Simi- lar cases might be produced, though hardly one of superior education in this respect; and in the light of it, it is not difficult to suppose that a sharp dog should be able to follow back a train of odors that he had ex- perienced shortly before. But there is another way by which anx- ious animals may learn their route both going and coming, and that k by listening and inquiring. It is remarkable how much of what is said by their masters all dogs understand. The books and periodicals of natural history and sport abound with illustrations cf this, and one lately occurred within my own experience. A very good- natured and amusing, but utterly un-thor- oughbred, little dog was a member of a family which I was visiting. The dog and I became very good friends at once, and remained so until the second day, when I casually began to joke his master upon owning such a miserable cur. At once the little dog pricked up his ears, and, noticing this, I continued my disparagements in a quiet, off-hand tone, his master meanwhile defending and condoling with him, until at last the dog could stand it no longer, but without any provocation beyond my lan- guage, which was not addressed to him at all, sprang up and softly bit at my heel, as though to give me warning of what might happen if the joke went any further; and after that he utterly broke off our friendship. I mention this incident to call attention by recognizing the still home-like dialect of the a country where dialects in Great Britain, this s would no doubt be of gn ligent animal. Take the well workman's dog. I that he discovered the Liverpool, whither it woi cult to make his way fr< following some rough-t until he found himself a again. But there is still mon this part of a homesick and ingenuity. I am fir animals have a language ances by which they com other, and that their voca is much larger than it considered to be. Du declared that he undersl of the cat tongue. I am that those two wicked 1 which ran away so disj camp in Wyoming, had thing out beforehand, a had made up their min They had been bitter e kicking each other, con places in the line and q trip. But the evening b< they were observed to It attracted our notice, a seen of them in the rr they bolted, they stood with their heads togetl erect, waiting the righ away together. Tell a mi that the little beasts do n< selves (chiefly in planniiij and he will laugh in you Cats, we know, consu gether, and two street THEOCRITUS. IDYLL I. ARGUMENT. The Poet, proposing to celebrate the end of Daphnis, the hero of Sicilian shepherds, finds an opening of his subject in a dialogue be- tween a goatherd and a shepherd named Thyrsis. The latter begs the former to sing with the accompaniment of his pipe. This he de- clines, for fear of awakening Pan, and strives to prevail upon Thyrsis, by the offer of a goat and a most highly wrought drinking-cup, to sing of the death of Daphnis. Thyrsis accordingly begins by invok- ing the Nymphs : describes the grief of the brute creation at the sorrows of Daphnis : the sympathy of Pan and Mercury, as well as the shepherds their worshippers : the bitterness of Daphnis towards Venus, who had caused his sorrows, but is now inclined to relent. The song concludes with the farewell of Daphnis to all the objects of his former joys. After which performance, the goatherd presents Thyrsis with the meed of his song. THYRSIS THE SHEPHERD, AND THE GOATHERD. Thyrsis. l OF a sweet nature, goatherd, is the murmur- ing of yon pine, which tunefully rustles by the fountains : and sweetly too do you play on the pipe : next to Pan you shall carry off the second prize. If he shall have taken the horned he-goat, you shall receive the she-goat : and if he Compare Pope, Past. iv. 80, In some still evening when the whispering breeze Pants on the leaves, and dies among the trees. And again in the same Pastoral, Thyrsis, the music of that murmuring spring, \ Is not so mournful as the strains you sing. Add to these Virg. Eel. viii. 22. TO \l/iQvpiffpa icai a TT'ITVQ, is an instance of the figure hendiadys, so common in Greek and Latin poets. The "Pateris libamus et auro," of Virgil, for "pateris libamus auratis," will serve for an illustration. So Bion, Fragm. xii. 2, i^afnaOov (cat fjiova for \l/ap.aQbv riiovoq. B 2 THEOCRITUS. 524. shall have received as a gift of honour the she-goat, 2 the yearling falls to your share : and the flesh of the yearling-kid is good, until you shall have milked it. Goatherd. 3 Sweeter, good shepherd, is thy melody, than yon resounding -water pours down from the rock above. If the Muses bear-off for themselves the sheep as a gift, you shall receive as your prize the 4 young lamb : but should it please them to receive the lamb, then you shall afterwards bear away the sheep. TJiyrs. Are you willing, I ask you by the Nymphs, are you willing, goatherd, to take your seat here at this sloping mound, 5 where the tamarisks are, and to play upon your pipe ? And I meanwhile will tend your she-goats. Goath. It is not right, good shepherd, it is not right for us to pipe at mid-day: 6 we are afraid of Pan ; for in truth it is then he reposes wearied from the chase : and he is crabbed, and sharp anger ever rests upon his nostril. But (since you in fact, Thyrsis, have seen the sorrows of Daphnis, and have arrived at the summit of Bucolic minstrelsy) come, let us sit under the elm, opposite to the statue of Priapus, and the fountain-nymphs, even where that pastoral seat is, and the oaks. And if you shall have sung, as of old you sang, when contending against Chromis from Libya, I will 2 The yearling falls, &c.] Compare Horat. i. Od. xxviii. 28, Tibi defluat aequo ab Jove, &c. Compare also Bion, i. 55. 3 Virgil, Eel. v. 45 47, Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine Poeta, Quale sopor fessis, &c. And ibid. 83, 84, Nee percussa juvant fluctu tarn littora, nee quae Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. Pope, Past, iv., Nor rivers winding through the vales below, So sweetly warble, or so sweetly flow. 4 The young lamb.] oaKirav. Literally, stall-fed : hence young and tender. ' Virg. Eel. iv. 2, Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesque myricae. 6 This habit of the gods sleeping in the mid-day heat, is introduced by Virgil, Georg. iv. 401, Ipsa ego -te, medios cum Sol accenderit aestus, In secreta ducam senis, quo fessus ab undis Se recipit. Warton quotes 1 Kings xviii. 27, "And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud : for he is a god ; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked." 2548. IDYLL I. give you both a she-goat, "that suckles twins, to milk thrice a day, which though it has t\vo kids will give milk to fill two pails, and a deep drinking-cup of ivy wood, rubbed with sweet wax, with two handles, fresh made, still smacking of the graving tool: around whose lips ivy twines on 8 high, ivy interspersed with marigold ; and the helix winds round about it rejoicing in the yellow fruit. But on the inner sur- face, a woman, a cunning kind of work of divine art, has been wrought, decked out in a flowing robe, and 9 a coif of-net-work, and, beside her, men with-beautifully-long-hair are contending with words, alternately, one from one side, another from another : yet the words are not reaching her heart: but one while she is glancing with a smile towards that man, and at another time she is again casting her thoughts on this: whilst they by reason of love straining their eyes for a long time, are labouring to no purpose. And 10 besides these, an old fisherman and a rugged rock have been wrought, over which the old man is busily drag- ging a huge net for a cast, n like a man toiling with all his might. You would say that he was fishing with the whole strength of his limbs, to such a degree, are the sinews swelling every where about his neck, even though he is grey-headed. Yet his powers are worthy of youth. Vi And at a little dis- tance from the sea-worn old man, a vineyard is beautifully laden with ripe clusters : which a little boy is watching, as he sits at the hedge-rows : and around him two foxes, 13 one 7 Virg. Eel. iii. 30, Bis venit ad mulctrarn, binos alit abere foetus. I? Wo ireXXag , i. e. two pails full. 8 Compare Pope's Past. i. 25, And I this bowl where wanton ivy twines, And swelling clusters bend the curling vines. And Yirg. Eel. iii. 3845. 9 dfnrvZ, reticulum, a head-band or snood, for binding up women's front hair. Just above, for ZvrovQtv, compare Virg. Eel. iii. 40, In medio duo signa. 10 Besides these.] For this use of fitTa with a dative, compare Idyll xvii. 84 and xxv. 129. 11 The full expression here would be Kara roffov aQ'tvn^, oaov fviiav ioTiv, or rather, perhaps, TOGOVTOV oa-ov tori yviiov aG'tvoc, omnibus membrorum viribus. 18 TvrQbv 5' offffov, "non procul." Schol. roaovrov diarrTJJiia 'oaov i>\iyov. Virg. Eel. vi. 16, (Heyne,) Serta procul tantum capiti sublapsa jacebant. 13 Compare Canticles or Song of Solomon ii. 15, " Take us the B 2 4 THEOCRITUS. 4966. is roaming up and down the rows, spoiling the ripe grapes, while the other, preparing all his subtlety for the boy's wallet, is vowing he will not leave the lad, before that 14 he shall have brought him to beggary, as being without his breakfast. But he in sooth is weaving a fine locust-trap with asphodel stalks, fitting them on rushes : and neither is he at all con- cerned for his wallet, nor for the fruits, so much as he is delighting about his platting. But all about the cup clusters the moist 15 bear's-foot, a kind of JEolian sight: the marvel would astonish your senses. As the price of it, I gave to the Calydonian boatman, a goat and a large cheese cake of white milk, nor has it at all anywise reached lfi my lip, but it still lies untouched. With this I would right willingly gratify you, if you would sing me, friend, that lovely hymn. And I do not envy you at all. Come, good sir ! for by no means shall 17 you ever hoard your song, at any rate for Hades that bringeth forgetfulness. Thi/rs. 18 Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. Here am I, Thyrsis from .ZEtna, and this is the voice of Thyrsis. 19 Wherever, I wonder, wherever were ye, Nymphs, foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines ; for our vines have tender grapes." 14 (.TTI ?7poi KaOiZtiv Tiva. To run one aground ; bring to a nonplus ; ruin utterly. Wordsworth shows that KaOiZeiv often has the sense of reducing to a certain state, and leaving in it (redigendi et destituendi). Xenoph. Sympos. iii. 11. Plat. Theset. p. 146, a. Thuc. i. 109. So Ovid. Fast. iii. 52, In sicca pueri destitiiuntur hurao. For dvapiffrov, breakfast-less, Wordsworth proposes Trpdnarov, i. q. TrpaTov. K Moist bear's foot.] Virg. Eel. iii. 45, Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho. Virg. Georg. iv. 123, Flexi vimen acanthi. Plin. Ep. v. 6, 16, Acanthus in piano mollis, et poene dixerim lubricus. 16 Virg. Eel. iii. 43, Necdum illis labra admovi sed condita servo. 17 Horn. II. ii. 600. Moschus Epitaph. Bion, 21, 'AXXd irana TTXoiTJJV fisXoc; \a6diov dtldei. Above rbv ityifiepov vpvov d(iay. So Psalm xlv. is called, " a song of the Loves." 18 Compare this with Virg. Eel. viii. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Pope, Pastoral iii., Resound, ye hills, resound my mournful strains. 19 Virg. Eel. x. 912, Qurc nemora aut qui vos saltus habuere, puelloe Naiades, indigno cum Gallus amore periret 7 Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi Ulla moram fecere, nee Aonia Aganippe. Compare too the lines of Milton's Lycidas, beginning, 6685. IDYLL I. 5 when Daphnis pined away ? were ye along the fair vales of the 20 Peneus, or along those of Find us ? for ye were not occupying, I ween, the broad stream of Anapus at any rate, nor the height of JEtna, nor the sacred wave of Acis. Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. Him indeed the panthers, him the wolves bewailed. For him, when dead, even the lion from the thicket wept aloud. Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. At his feet many cows, ay and many bulls, and again many young heifers and steers lamented. Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. Foremost came Hermes from the mountain, and said, 'Daph- nis, who wastes thee away ? of whom, my good friend, art thou so enamoured ? ' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 21 The herdsmen came, the shepherds, the goatherds came. All kept asking, what harm had befallen him. Priapus came and said, ' Wretched Daphnis, why pinest thou ? And the maiden too is borne afoot past all the fountains along all the groves ' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 22 'Seeking Surely thou art of a, very lovesick nature, and Where were ye, Nymphs, when the remorseless deep, &c. Pope and Lord Lyttleton have imitated this passage. * Peneus, a river, Pindus, a mountain and river, of Thessaly. Anapus and Acis, rivers of Sicily. Anapus is mentioned, Id. vii. 151, and Acis by Silius Italicus, i. 14, Quique per .^Etnseos Acis petit sequora fines Et dulci gratam Nereida perluit und&. For the 72nd verse, compare Virg. Eel. v. 27, Daphni tuum Paenos etiam ingemuisse leones Interitum montesque feri silvoeque loquuntur. 81 Virg. Eel. x. 19, Venit et upilio, tardi venere bubulci. Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant tibi. Venit Apollo. Galle quid insanis inquitl tua cura Lycoris Perque nives alium, perque horrida castra secuta est. Pope Past. iii. 81, Pan came and ask'd, what magic caused my smart, And what ill eyes malignant glances dart 1 22 Respecting this line there is endless difficulty ; for Zartva there are various emendations, of which Hermann's ^artv (" quin quaere earn," "nay, but seek her") seems the best. Bindemann is at a loss to see 6 THEOCRITUS. 86105. beyond-help. Thou wast called indeed a herdsman, but now art thou like a 23 goat-feeder ' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 'And thou too, when thou beholdest the maidens, how they smile, wastest away in thine eyes, because thou dancest not with them.' But to these the herdsman answered no- thing ; but kept going-on-with his own bitter love, and kept going-on-with it to the end of destiny. Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. Ay and there came indeed sweetly, even Venus smiling, 24 smiling indeed secretly but cherishing severe anger; and said she, ' Thou indeed, Daphnis, didst boast that thou 2r> \vouldst bend Love! Hast not thou, in thine own person, been bent by grievous love ?' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. And Daphnis, I wot, answered her thus, ' Harsh Venus, Venus to be dreaded, Venus hateful to mortals : for at length all things declare that my sun is setting : 2G Daphnis even in the shades will be a bitter grief of Love.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 27 ' As to Venus, is not the herdsman said Away to why Daphnis should pine away, if she whom he loved was at such pains to find him out. From Virgil's imitation, (Eel. x. 20, 21,) one would imagine she was following another. If so, we may perhaps explain the present reading, by supposing Priapus to see that the subject is distaste- ful, and so to break off at the M'ord am"V a dvtnpws, &c. 23 'GTroXoc tytvTo, two lines sensu obscceno. Caprarias quando videt capras, ut inscenduntur, tabescit oculis quod non hircus ipse riatus est. Chapman renders them, The goatherd, when he sees his goats at play, Envies their wanton sport, and pines away, For line 91, compare Horat. Epod. v. 39, Cum semel fixsB cibo Intabuissent pupulae. 24 \d9pia fitv. "Wordsworth reconciles the difficulties of this passage, by reading dflpiji' for aBptlv, smiling to look upon, which certainly suits the sense better. 25 Auyiijv, iXvyixQlS. A term taken from wrestling, which here means, to master or overthrow. 26 i. e. " But, even should I, Daphnis, die, my very shade shall sorely trouble the god of love." Compare Bion, Idyll viii. 10, Oiviiivy KUKOV d\yoQ. - r This is an instance of aposiopesis, a figure common in Greek and Latin poets. Compare Virg. Eel. iii. 8, Novimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis, et quo sed faciles nymphse risere sacello. Also see 106125. .IDYLL I. 7 Ida. Go to Anchises. There (in Ida) are sheltering oaks, here only marsh plants. Here bees buzz sweetly at the hives.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 28 'Adonis too in the prime of youth, since he too tends sheep, both strikes down hares, and hunts all wild beasts.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 29 ' See thou go take thy stand again in close combat with Diomed, and say, I conquer the herdsman Daphnis, come contend with me.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 'Ye wolves, ye lynxes, ye bears lurking-in-dens along the mountains, farewell ! For you no more is the herdsman Daphnis along the wood: no more up and down the oak- coppices or the groves. Farewell, Arethusa ; and ye rivers, that pour beautiful water down 30 Thymbris.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 'Here am I, that Daphnis, who tend heifers hereabouts : 31 Daphnis, who lead the bulls and calves to water in these parts.' Begin, dear Muses, begin the pastoral strain. 'O Pan, Pan, if thou art on the long mountain ranges of Lycosus, or if thou art engaged on 32 great Mrenalus, come thou to the Sicilian isle, and leave the foreland 33 of Helice, jEn. i. 135, Quos ego ^sed motos praestat componere fluctus. jEn. ii. 100 ; v. 195 ; and a similar instance in the Book of Exodus, xxxii. 32. It is an abrupt breaking off in the midst of a sentence. Here Venus is taunted with her intrigue with Anchises. Compare Homer Hymn to Venus, 53. 28 Virg. Eel. x. 10, Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis. The poet is making Daphnis defend a pastoral life. 29 Compare Homer Iliad v. 336, for this encounter, and understand in construction opa before OTrwg. See ./Esch. Prom. v. 68, OTTWS fj,j) OaVTOV QlKTltlG TTOTS. 30 Thymbris, a mountain of Sicily, according to Toup and Valkenaer. Servius, at Virgil 2En. iii. 500, says, that about Syracuse there was a dyke called Thybris, mentioned by Theocritus. He seems to allude to this passage. 31 See Virg. Eel. v. 41, Daphnis ego in silvis hinc usque ad sidera riotus, &c. 32 Compare Virg. Georg. i. 16, Tua si tibi Mamala curzc. Georg. iii. 314, Summa Lycoei. 33 piov seems to mean any promontory, headland, foreland. See Idyll xxv. 228. Helice was a city of Achaia, but from the connexion 8 THEOCRITUS. 126140. and that lofty toinb of the son of Lycaon, which is admirable even to the blest immortals? 34 Cease, Muses, come cease the pastoral strain. ' Come, O king, and bear off this beautiful pipe sweetly- smelling from the well-fastened wax, curved about the mouth- piece ; for in truth I am by Love dragged to Hades at last.' Cease, Muses, come cease the pastoral strain. 'Now may ye brambles bear violets, and may ye thorns bear them ; and may M the beautiful narcissus flower on the junipers : and may all things become changed, and the pine bear pears, since Daphnis dies : and may the stag trail the dogs, and the owls from the mountains contend-in-song with nightingales.' Cease, Muses, come cease the pastoral strain. And he indeed having said thus much, made an end : and Aphrodite was willing to raise him up : but all the threads, I ween, had been exhausted by the Fates : and Daphnis crossed the 3G stream. The eddy washed away the man of the name here with the son of Lycaon it would seem that we must rather take it for an Arcadian city, Lycaon and his son being connected with that country. Tombs are held as great land-marks among the Pastoral poets. Virg. Eel. is. 60, Namque sepulchrum Incipit adparere Bianoris. 34 Desine Msenalios jam desine tibia versus. Virg. Eel. viii. 61. 33 Yirg. Eel. v. 38, Pro molli viol&, pro purpureo narcisso Carduus, et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. And for an elegant imitation of this passage compare Eel. viii. 27, 28, and 52, &c., Jungentur jam gryphes equis, sevoque sequent! Cum canibus timidl venient ad pocula damse. * * ******* Nunc et oves ultro fugiat lupus : aurea durae Mala ferant quercus : narcisso floreat alnus : Certent et cycnis ululse. Virgil, however, in his Georgics, ii. 71, declares art to have achieved what seemed to Theocrit. i. 134, an impossibility : Ornusque incanuit albo Flore pyri. iravra I' tva\\a. Ovid. Met., Omnia naturae contraria legibus ibunt. Virg. Eel. iii. 58, Omnia vel medium tiant mare. Elms- ley thinks that Virgil here, having the passage of Theocritus in view, translated it, as if the reading were ivaXa. Pope Past, iii., Let opening roses knotted oaks adorn, And liquid amber drop from every thorn. 36 iic'noipav. Virg. JE.\\. x. 814, Extremaque Lauso Parcae fila legunt. poov, the stream, that is, of Acheron. 141152. IDYLL I. 9 who was dear to the Muses, who was not odious to the Nymphs. Cease, Muses, come cease the pastoral strain. And give thou me the she-goat and the cup, that I may milk her, and offer a libation to the Muses : O hail, hail oftentimes, ye Muses : and I to you will also at a future time sing more sweetly. Goatherd. May thy lovely mouth, Thyrsis, be full of honey, ay full of honey-combs, 37 and mayest thou eat sweet dried-figs from JEgilus, since thou, for thy part, singest better than a cicala. Lo ! here is the cup for thee : observe, my friend, how beautifully it smells. You will think that it has been washed in 38 the fountains of the Hours. Come hither, Cimjetha: 'and do you milk her. And, ye she- goats, skip not, lest the he-goat mount you. IDYLL II. THE SORCERESS. ARGUMENT. Simastha, a maid of Syracuse, of middle rank, (70 74,) seeing herself slighted by Delphis, of whom she is enamoured, becomes suspicious and jealous, and strives to regain his love by charms and philters. At night, by the light of the moon, she holds a magic rite, to which chosen attendants are admitted. The object of these is, that the per- son on whom the charm is designed to work, may suffer the same as the inanimate objects used in the ceremonial. The rite being over, and Thestylis gone, Simsetha details the rise and progress of her love, and her suspicions of the faithlessness of Delphis, addressing herself to the Moon, as presiding over the solemnity. Lastly, she threatens 37 The goatherd wishes Thyrsis, besides other good things, Attic dried figs from the canton (#?j/ioe) ^Egilus ; from which the best fruit of this kind came. Valkenaer and Warton think air' AtyiXoi iffxaSa is the same as AiyiAicJa iy$, first the ' wry-neck,' so called from its cry. It came to signify the wheel to which wizards and witches bound this bird, believing that they drew along with it men's souls as by a charm. See Liddell and Scott, Greek Lex. at the word. For the intercalary verse, see Virg. Eel. viii., Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina^ducite Daphnim. 9 Sparge rr.olam, &c. Virg. Eel. viii. 83. 10 Yirg. Eel. viii. 82, 83, Fragiles incende bitumine lauros, Daphnis me malus urit : ego hanc in Daphnide laurum. Compare Propert. ii. 28, 35. Lucret. vi. 153. 11 Virg. Eel. viii. 80, Limus ut hie durescit et haje ut cera liquescit, Uno eodemque igni, sic nostro Daphnis amore. See Ovid. Met. iii. 487, Sed ut intabescere flavin Igne levi cene, matutina?ve pruinae Sole tepente solent, sic attcnuatus amore Liquitur. 12 THEOCRITUS. 3455. est move the Adamantine god in Hades, and even whatever else is stedfast-in-purpose. Thestylis, the bitches are howl- ing for us up and down the city. 12 The goddess is in the cross-roads : sound the brass with all speed. Wheel, draw thou that man to my house. 13 Behold, the sea is still, and the breezes are still, yet my grief is not still within my bosom : but I am all on fire for him, who has made wretched me to be base and unmaidenly, instead of a wife. Wheel, draw thou that man to my house. 14 Thrice I offer a libation, and thrice say I these words, venerable goddess ! ' Whether woman lies beside him, or even man, may as much of oblivion hold him, as, they say, held Theseus of yore, when in 15 Dia he forgot Ariadne of the beauteous locks.' Wheel, draw thou that man to my house. 16 Hippomanes is a plant among the Arcadians : after it all the colts and fleet mares along the mountains are mad. So may I see Delphis also arrive even at this house, like unto a madman, from out the glowing palaestra. Wheel, draw thou that man to rny house. 17 Delphis lost this border from his mantle, which I now, tearing in pieces, throw down on the raging fire. Alas, alas, 12 &VCL irroXiv. Virg. ^En. vi., Visteque canes ululare per urbem Adventante Dea. Compare Statius Theb. iv. 429. Of Diana Trivia, see Ovid Trist. iv. 4, 73. 13 The poets loved to represent the winds, waves, and all nature calm and placid at the approach of Deity. See Virg. Eel. ix. 57, Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes, Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae. See also the description (JE,ti. iv. 522, &c.) of Nature hushed in sleep, but Dido still awake through cares. 14 Virg. Eel. viii. 73, Terque hacc altaria circum effigiem duco, &c. 13 Naxos, where Theseus left Ariadne, was anciently called Dia. See Catull. Nupt. Pelei el Thel. Ixiii. 122. 18 Hippomanes.] See Virg. Georg. iii. 280, who disagrees with Theo- critus in the nature of this ingredient in charms. Virg., in ^En. iv. 515, calls it " Nascentis equi de fronte revulsus Et matri pracreptus amor." 17 Virg. Eel. viii. 91, Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit Pignora cara sui. See also ^En. iv. 495. 575. IDYLL H. 13 grievous Eros, why hast thou drunk out all the dark blood from my flesh, clinging like a leech from the marsh ? 18 Wheel, draw thou that man to my house. 19 For thee, Delphis, having bruised a lizard, to-morrow I will bring a baneful potion. But now, Thestylis, take you these drugs and smear them above that man's door-post, to which, ay even now, I am bound in affection, (yet he takes no account of me !) and 20 say as you spit upon it, I smear the bones of Delphis. Wheel, draw thou that man to my house. Now then, being alone, from what source shall I bewail my love ? Whence shall I begin ? Who brought this evil upon me ? Anaxo, the daughter of Eubulus, came to me, 21 bearing a basket to the grove of Artemis : and for her in truth then many other wild beasts were going in procession round about, and among them a lioness. 22 Observe my love, whence it arose, Lady Moon ! And Theucharila, the Thracian nurse of blessed memory, dwelling near my doors, begged and prayed me to go and view the procession, and I, all wretched as I am, followed her, 23 trailing a fair tunic of fine-linen, 24 and having clad myself in the fine robe-and-train of Clearista. Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! y Horace, Ars Poetica, 476, Non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo. 10 A favourite ingredient for hell-broths. See Macbeth, act iv. sc. 1, Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. 20 Tibull. Ter cane, ter dictis despue carminibus. I. ii. 56. sl KavafyopoQ. The basket-bearer, a maiden at Athens, who carried on her head a basket at the festivals of Demeter, Bacchus, and Athena. See Liddell and Scott, Gr. Lex. ad voc. Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. (Smith) p. 193. Cf. Idyll xxvi. 7. Callimach. Hymn to Ceres, vs. 1. The festival of Diana, the goddess of chastity, was the great time of match-making, when maidens about to marry deprecated the wrath of the goddess, carrying torches, baskets of flowers, and pans of incense, and leading animals in procession. 22 iroTva, generally supposed to be the feminine of iroaig, " Lord," as S'eOTroiva of SemroTTiQ. 23 fivaaoio. See article " Byssus," in Diet. Gr. and Horn. Anti(j. p. 109. 2 * Having clad myself,] i. e. having borrowed it for the occasion. The poorer classes used to hire fine dresses for festivals. Juvenal, vi. 364, Ut spectet ludos, conducit Ogulnia vestem. Cf. Eurip. Electr. 190. 14: THEOCRITUS. 76102. 25 And when I was now about the middle of the road, where Lycon's house is, I beheld Daplmis and Eudamippus walking together : and their beards were yellower indeed than the marigold, 2G while their breasts shone far more than thou, O Moon, since they had but just left the noble toil of the palasstra. Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! 27 And as I looked, how I maddened, how my heart, wretch- ed woman that I am, was smitten through : my beauty too wasted away, and neither did I at all regard that procession, nor did I know how I returned home : but a disorder of a burning nature exhausted me ; and I lay on my couch ten days and ten nights. Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! And my skin indeed became like oftentimes to 28 box- wood : and all my hair fell from my head : and only skin and bones were left any longer : and to whose house did I not go ? Or the home of what old woman, that used incantations, did I 29 miss ? But there was no relief : and time kept passing fleetly. Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! And so I told my slave the true statement. ' Come now, Thestylis ; devise me some remedy for sore disorder. The Myndian possesses me wholly, wretched woman that I am. Go then, and watch at the palaestra of Timagetus, for thither he resorts, and there it is pleasant to him to sit.' Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! 'And whensoever you shall have learnt that he is alone, beckon quietly, and say that Simsetha bids thee, and lead him hither.' Thus spoke I. And she went and brought to 25 Virg. Eel. is. 59, Hinc adeo nobis media est via. 28 See Theocr. Idyll, xviii. 26, and Tibull. iii. 4, 29, Candor erat, qualem prsefert Latonia Luzia. 27 Eel. viii. 41, Ut vidi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error. See Horn. II. xiv. 294. Theocr. iii. 42. 28 6a\lj6a6affa. There is no need to understand Trpiv ; the force of which is contained in ttyOaaaQ. 33 rptrof jjs rkraoroQ twv 0iXoc " Cum duobus aut tribus aliis amator- ibus," i. e. I would have come myself the third or fourth. A com- mon phrase in Greek poets and prose writers. Cf. Horn. Odyss. xx. 185. avriKo. VVKTOQ, (understand ytj/ojusvj/c,) " Simul ac nox ap- petisset." 34 Apples, as lovers' presents, are mentioned, iii. 10 ; xi. 10. Some say the apples of Bacchus mean pomegranates. 35 Yirg. Eel. vii. 61, Populus Alcidae gratissima. Georg. ii. 66, Her- culeaeque arbos umbrosa coronae. Mn. viii. 286, Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. 16 THEOCRITUS. 124147. have been agreeable, for I am called active and beautiful among all the youths. And I should have been 3G at rest, if only I had kissed thy beauteous mouth. But if ye repelled me to some other quarter, and the door was held by a bar, by all means then axes 37 and torches should have come against you.' Observe my love, whence it arose, Lady Moon ! 'But now I declare that I owe thanks indeed to Venus first, and after Venus, thou in the second place hast plucked rne, maiden, from the fire, by having invited me to this thine house, when I was absolutely half consumed. For Eros in sooth ofttimes kindles a hotter blaze than even Liparaean Vulcan.' Observe my love, whence it arose, O Lady Moon ! ' And, by the aid of baneful phrensy, he is wont to hurry away both the virgin from her woman's chamber, and the wedded wife having just deserted the warm bed of her hus- band. 38 ' Thus he indeed spoke. But I, too-credulous woman, having seized his hand, made him recline on the soft couch. And quickly body was warmed by body, and our faces grew hotter than before: and we were whispering sweetly. And that I may not prate to thee too long, dear Moon, great- est things took place, and we both reached the object of our desire. And neither at all did that man find fault with me up to yesterday, nor I on the other hand with him : but there came to me to-day 39 the mother of Philista, her, I mean, who is my flute-player, and of Melixo, to-day, even when the w See Sophocl. Fragm. 503. Evcovvy Qptvi, a mind at rest, listless. Tibullus uses "securus" in the same sense, I. i. 48. So "dormire." Herat. Sat. ii. 1, 6, Peream male si lion Optimum erat, verum nequeo dormire. Juvenal i. 77, Quern patitur den-mire nurus corruptor avara. * 7 Tibull. i. 1, 73, Nunc levis est tractanda Venus, dum frangere postes Non pudet et rixas inseruisse juvat. Herat, i. Od. 25, Parcius junctas quatiunt fenestras, Ictibus crebris juvenes protervi. Compare Herat. Od. Hi. 26, 7. 38 Supply no iconder then if he overcomes you. 39 The mother of Philista and Melixo, the former a flute-player, the latter probably a dancer, (for the flute-player and dancer were usual accompaniments of Greek feasts,) was present with her daughters at a banquet, where she learned the faithlessness of Delphis. 147166. IDYLL II. 17 steeds were coursing up to heaven, bearing the rosy-armed dawn from the ocean. And she told me much else, indeed, and that in sooth Delphis is in love : but whether again love for a woman possesses him, or for a man, she said that she knows not accurately: but only thus much, that he 40 was pouring forth of unmixed wine to Eros, and at last went hurriedly 41 away : and she said that he was going to cover that house of his love with wreaths. These things my friend has told me : and she is truthful. For certainly at other times he was wont to resort to me thrice and four times a day: and often would leave with me the Dorian oil-flask : but now 'tis even twelve days since I have ever seen him. Has he not, then some other delight, and has he not forgotten me ? Now indeed I will compel him by love-charms ; and if he should still vex me also, by the Fates / swear he shall knock at the gate of Hades. Such baneful drugs I affirm that I am keep- ing 42 for him in a box, having learned them, O Queen, from an Assyrian stranger. But fare thou well, and turn thy steeds, dread Lady, toward ocean. And I will bear my trou- ble, even as I have undertaken. Farewell, bright complex- ioned 43 Moon, and farewell, ye other stars, attendants on the chariot of stilly night. 40 See xiv. 18. To drink of unmixed, wine as a toast to any one. tTri-xtiaQai. OVVIKO. is for WovvtKa or on aKparov depends on TI understood, and tptaroe is another genitive case of the person pledged. See Aristoph. Eq. 106, ffirovdrjv Xaf3e St], Kai aTTtiaov, ayaQov SaifiLOvog. Callimach. Epig. xxxi. y%fi Kai irdXiv tine, AioicXtof . Meleag. Ep. 98 > tyX t Kai TTaXiv tiTre TrdXiv, iraXtv, 'HAioda>pa. Wordsworth seems to prefer to make dicpdrw agree with tpwroe. In - fundebat de liquore meraco Ainoris. As he observes, " Amore ebrius," is a frequent idea of Theocritus and other poets. Catullus, xlv. 11, speaks of " ebrios ocellos," with reference to a lover. 41 Lucret. iv. 1171, At lacrurnans exclusus amator limina sa>pe Floribus et sertis operit, posteisque superbos' Unguit amaracino, et foribus miser oscula figit. See Virg. Eel. viii. 95, Has herbas atque hsec Ponto mihi lecta venena Ipse dedit Maeris, nascuntur plurima Ponto. Tibull. i. v. 15, Ipse ego velatus h'lo, tunicaque recent! Vota novem Triviae nocto silente dedi. " Tibull. ii. 1, 87, Jam nox jungit equos, currumque sequuntur Matris lascivo sidera fulva choro. C IDYLL III. THE GOATHERD, OR AMARYLLIS, OR THE SERENADES. ARGUMENT. A goatherd, the care of his flock having been intrusted to the shepherd Tityrus, goes to the cave of his sweet-heart Amaryllis ; and there, after many complaints of her estranged affections, endeavours by gifts, entreaties, rage, and threats, to re-awaken her former love for him. Then, in hopes she may come nearer, and in order to fix her heart and eyes on himself, he sings a sweet melody and recounts the men of old, whose love Venus has favoured. At last, seeing that she is deaf even to this, he gives way to despair. The Scholiast thinks the scene is laid in the country about Croto ; and that Theocritus introduces him- self under the character of the Goatherd. But there seem no suffi- cient grounds for the assumption. 1 1 GO a-serenading to Amaryllis ; whilst my goats browse on the mountain, and Tityrus drives them. Tityrus, beloved by me in the highest degree, feed my she-goats ; and lead them to the fountain, Tityrus ; and mind that tawny Libyan he-goat, lest he butt thee. O graceful Amaryllis, why do you not any longer peep forth at this cave, and call me, your sweet-heart ? Do you really hate me ? Or is it that, forsooth, when neai', I appear to thee, O nymph, to be flat-nosed and long-chinned ? 2 You will make me hang myself. 3 Lo, I bring thee ten apples ; and I plucked them from that tree, from which you bade me pluck them : and to-morrow I will bring thee more. Regard, I pray you, my heart-grieving pain. 4 I would I could become your buzzing bee, and so enter into your cave, penetrating the ivy and the fern, with which you are covered 1 See how closely Virgil has borrowed this, Eclog. ix. 21 25, Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper, Cum te ad delicias ferras Amaryllida nostras. Tityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas Et potum pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum Occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto. Comp. Eel. v. 24. Tibull. II. iii. 15. 2 Virg. Eel. ii. 7, Mori me denique coges. 3 Eel. iii. 70, Aurea mala decem misi : eras altera mittam. * Compare Psalm Iv. (>, " Oh that I had wings like a dove ! for then would I fly away, and be at rest," &c. 1533. IDYLL III. 19 in. 5 Now know I Eros ! cruel god ! Surely lie sucked the teat of a lioness, and in a thicket his mother reared him. For it is he who is consuming me, and wounding me even to the bone. O you that look ail-beautifully, and yet are alto- gether stone, 6 O dark-browed nymph, embrace me, your goat- herd, that so I may kiss you. There is sweet delight even in empty kisses. You will make me immediately pluck into small pieces the wreath which I am keeping for you, dear Amaryllis, of ivy leaves, having interwoven it with 7 rose- buds and sweet-scented parsley. O woe is me ! what will become of me ? What 8 of me, lost man that I am ! Do you not hear me ? Throwing off my coat of 9 skins, I will leap into the waves yonder, where Olpis the fisherman is watch- ing for the tunnies. And even if I shall not have perished, thy pleasure at all events has been done. I learned my fate but lately, when upon my bethinking me whether you loved me, 10 not even did the poppy leaf coming in contact make a sound, but withered away just so upon my soft arm. Agraso too, the prophetess of the sieve, who was lately going beside the reapers, and sheaving up the corn, told me the true tale, that I indeed am wholly devoted to you; but you take no s Eel. viii. 43, Nunc scio quid sit Amor. Comp. ^En. iv. 365 367, and Pope Past. iii. 88, I know thee, Love ; on foreign mountains bred, Wolves gave thee suck, and savage tigers bred. Catull. 1. and Ixiii. 154. Chapman here quotes Spenser, A thousand graces on her eyelids sate, Under the shadow af her even brows. 7 Virg. Eel. viii. 43, Floribus atque apio crines ornatus arnaro. 8 Eel. ii. 58, Heu heu quid volui misero mini. 9 Pope Past. iii. 95, One leap from yonder cliff shall end my pains. Virg. Eel. viii. 59, 60, Prtcceps aerii specula de montis in undas, Deferar : extremum hoc morientis muuus habeto. This was Sappho's remedy for love. See Wordsworth's note on this pass- age. The tunny fishing is fully described by Oppian, Halieut. iii. 637, and Herodotus, ok. i. chap. 62. 10 Lovers were wont to guess by the poppy leaf, or anemonfe, placed between forefinger and thumb of the left hand, and then struck by the right, whether their love was reciprocated. TTOTi/.ia^afisvov, in a middle sense; mordicus adhaerens. Wordsworth. The other mode of divination was common in this country in the days of witchcraft. See Ben Jon- son's Alchymist, " Seeking for things lost through a sieve and shears." c 2 20 THEOCRITUS. 34 49. account of me. In truth I am keeping u for you a white she- goat with two kids, which also the dark-skinned Erithacis, daughter of Mermnon, has been begging of me : and I will give it to her, since you play the coquet with me. 12 My right eye throbs ! I wonder whether I shall see her ? I will sing, having reclined here beside the pine. And haply she may regard me, since she is not made of adamant. 13 Hippo- menes, when in truth he was desirous to wed the maiden, took apples in his hands and accomplished the race : and when Atalanta beheld him, how she maddened, how she leapt into the depths of love ! 14 The prophet Melampus too drove the herd from Othrys to Pylos : but she, the graceful mother of sensible Alphesibaea, reclined in the arms of Bias. And did not Adonis, tending his sheep on the mountains, drive the lovely Venus to such an excess of phrensy, that not even when he is dead, does she deprive him of her bosom ? Enviable indeed to me is l5 Endymion, who enjoys his change- 11 Virg. Eel. ii. 4044, Prseterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle reperti, Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo ; Bina die siccant ovis ubera, quos tibi servo. Jampridem a me illos abducere Thestylis oral Et faciet : quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra. 12 liXXtrai, K. T. X. This the Greeks and Egyptians deemed a good omen. The goatherd hopes from it that he shall see his love. Casauboii quotes here Plautus, Pseudol. I. i. 105, Ca. At id futurum unde 1 Ps. Unde 1 unde dicam I Nescio Nisi, quia futurum sit ! ita supercilium salit. 13 Hippomenes, son of Megareus, by aid of the golden apples given to him by Venus, won the race against Atalanta, daughter of Jasus and Clymene. Vid. Ovid. Met. x. 560700. And Virg. Eel. vi. 61, Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam, &c. 14 Pero, the mother of Alphesibaea, was so beautiful, that her father Neleus promised her to him alone who should steal the bulls from Iphi- clus. Melampus, to win the bride for his brother Bias, ran the risk, and was captured in the attempt by the herdsmen of Iphiclus. He was freed from prison through his art of Divination, and having received the oxen and delivered them to Neleus, he gained Pero in marriage for his brother. Propert. ii. 3, 51, Turpia perpessus vates est vincla Melampus, Cognitus Iphicli surripuisse boves. Quern non lucra, magis Pero formosa coegit, Mox Amithaonia nupta futura domo. Comp. Horn. Odyss. xvi. 226. 15 Upon Endymion, the lover of Luna, Jove sent eternal sleep, because Juno had been smitten with love of him. AD. Rhod. iv. 57. Theocr. Id xx. 37. 4954. IDYLL III. 21 less sleep: and I count happy, dear maiden, 16 Jasion, who obtained so many favours, as ye, that are uninitiated, shall not hear-. My head is in pain. But you do not care. No more do I sing ; but I will fall and lie low, and here the wolves shall eat me : that this may be as sweet honey down your throat. IDYLL IV. THE HERDSMEN ; OR, BATTUS AND CORYDON. ARGUMENT. This Idyll is wholly of a Bucolic and mimic character. Two hireling herdsmen chat together without any fixed subject of conversation. The one, Corydon, is tending the herds of -iv for cr^tv elsewhere. For the idea compare Virg. Eel. iii. 6, Etsuccus pecori, et lac subducitur agnis. 3 The Alpheus was the chief river of the Peloponnese, in Elis. It flow- ed past Olympia, where the games were held, into the Ionian Sea. Milo is represented to have taken _S> an( l construe " rwf AWKOC like wolves, ' luporum instar.' " It will then be, "Milo would persuade him (^Egon) to be rabid like a wolf;" in allusion to his going off with twenty sheep. Battus seems to mean that Milo has no hard task to persuade one so wolf-like as to a savage occupation. T Virg. Eel. i. 36, Tityrus hinc aberat, &c. 8 Virg. Eel. iii. 3, Infelix, O semper oves pecus. Not unlike this is Pope's Past. iv. 37, 1531. IDYLL IV. 23 Batt. l Now of yon calf look you there is nothing but the bones left. Does she n feed on dew-drops, like the cicada ? Coryd. No ! by earth. Sometimes I put her to graze, near the 12 JEsarus, and give her a nice wisp of soft grass; and at other times she frolics in the neighbourhood of shady Latymnus. Batt. Lean too is yon red bull? I would the members of the 13 Lamprian deme, look you, might light on such an one, when they sacrifice to Juno : for the deme is 14 in bad case. Coryd. 15 And yet he is driven to the salt-water lake, and to the ground about Physcus, and to the river Neaethus, where all beautiful plants grow, cammock, and 1G flea-bane, and sweet -smelling baulm. Batt. Fie, fie ! these heifers also, O wretched JEgon, will go to Hades, since you too have become enamoured of an evil victory ; and the pans-pipe, which you formerly put together, is besprinkled with mould. Coryd. 17 Nay, not it ! no, by the Nymphs : since as he was going off for Pisa, he left it to me for a gift : and I am 18 some- what of a minstrel. And well indeed do I play the prelude For her the flocks refuse their verdant food ; The thirsty heifers shun the gliding flood. Add to these, Mosch. Idyll iii. 7 and 23. 10 Eel. iii. 102, Vix ossibus hterent. 11 Eel. v. 77, Dum rore cicadse. Compare Plin. N. H. ii. 26, Habent in pectore fistuloso quiddam aculeatum eo rorem lambunt, &c. 12 ^Esarus a river, and Latymnus a mountain, in that part of Italy called Magna Graecia, near to Croton. Livy xxiv. 3. 13 Lampra was a deme at Athens. The Sicilians were fond of quiz- zing the Athenians, ob tenuem victum. Battus wishes evil to his enemies : a lean bull to a poor deme. For the line above, see Virg. Eel. iii. 100, Eheu quam pingui macer est milii taurus in ervo. 14 For KaKoxpafffnov some read KaRofypdajjuav, "of evil counsel." 15 ffTop,a\ifivov. Salt-water lake. According to Casaubon on a passage of Strabo, locum prope mare, qui ipsum mare suo ostio ingrediatur. D. Heinsius thought a certain spot in the district of Croto, the scene of the Idyll, was meant. Physcus was a mountain near Croto. Neaethus, a river to the north of Croto. Ovid Met. xv. 51, Salentinumque Neaethum. 16 Kvv^cf., i. q. Kovva, flea-bane, cf. vii. 68. /aXi'ma, i. q. /.ifXiatro fioravov, apiastrum, baulm. 17 Virg. JEn. ix. 208, Equidem de te nil tale verebar : nee fas ; non. 11 r/c, aliquis insignis, uo mean minstrel. Compare Idyll xi. 79. 24 THEOCRITUS. 3250. to the songs of 19 Glauca, and well to those of Pyrrhus. I celebrate Croton also : and a fair city is Zacynthus too : and / celebrate 20 Lacinium which looks eastward, where the boxer jEgon devoured, all alone, eighty cheese-cakes : and there he seized by the hoof and brought from the mountain the bull, and gave it to Amaryllis : and the women cried out loudly, whilst the herdsman laughed aloud. Batt. O graceful Amaryllis, of thee alone, not even though thou art dead, shall we be forgetful : 21 dear as are my goats to me, so wast thou dear who hast died. Alas, alas for the exceeding hard fate which has possessed itself of me ! Coryd. One ought to take heart, friend Battus : perchance 'twill be better to-morrow. 22 Hopes are among the living : and the dead are beyond hope. And Jove is one while indeed fair, whilst at another time he rains. Batt. I take heart. 23 Drive down yon calves : for the wretched creatures are nibbling the young shoots of the olive. St ! away, you white-skin ! Coryd. Away, Cymaetha, to the hillock. Don't you hear me ? I will come, yes, by Pan, and soon make a bad end to you, if you do not get away from that ! See, she is stealing back again thither. I would I had my crooked staff, that I might strike thee. Batt. Look at me, Corydon, I pray you 24 by Jove. For 19 Glauca Pyrrhus.] The former was a Chian musician, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The latter, a composer of melodies, and na- tive ofErythraor Lesbos. 20 Lacinium, a promontory of the Bruttii, now Capo della Colonne. Zacynthus, a city of the island so called, near to ^Etolia, mentioned by Livy, xxvi. 24, now called Zante. Croton, now Cotrone. 21 The full construction would be, oaov al alyes ffiol 0/Xai tiai, TOGOVTO oil (f>i\rj i- e - diriQaviq. ocrof oo-ot; and roffoc; roffof stand promiscuously for tantus quantus in the Pastoral Poets. Propertius in a like vein says, Tarn multa ilia meo divisa est millia lecto Quantum Hypanis Veneto dissidet Eridano. I. xii. 3. 22 Tibullus, ii. 7, 1, 2, Credula vitam Spes fovet, et fore eras semper ait melius. Comp. Eurip. Troad. 628, oil TUVTOV u> TTOI Tip /SXtirstp TO Ka.TQa.vtiv, TO fiiv yap ovStv, TW 6' faxurin iXiriSts. 23 Drive down,] i. e. by throwing his crook among them. Cf. Horn. II xxiii. 845. Virg. Eel. iii. 96, Tityre pascentes a flumina reice capellas. 24 By Jove.] Compare Idyll v. 74 ; xv. 70. 5063. IDYLL IT. 25 the thorn has 25 just struck me here under the ancle : and how deep these 2G thistles are. A plague upon the heifer. I was wounded in gaping after her. Pray do you see it ? Coryd. Yes, yes, and I have it in my nails : and here it is. Batt. How slight is the wound ! and how great a man it brings low ! Coryd. When you go to the mountain, come not unshod, Battus : for on the mountain flourish both 27 prickly shrubs and white thorns. Batt. Come tell me, Corydon, does the little old man still court that dark-eyebrowed love of his, with whom he was formerly smitten ? Coryd. Ay to the full, O wretch. Only lately at any rate I myself, having come upon him, surprised him by the fold when he was at work. Batt. Well done, lecher ! thy race in sooth closely rivals either the Satyrs or the thin-shanked Pans. IDYLL V. THE WAYFAKERS, OR COMPOSERS OF PASTORALS. ARGUMENT. Two hirelings, one of Eumaras, a goatherd of Sybaris, the other of a shep- herd of Thurium, meeting each other with their flocks, mutually pro- voke a conflict of words. At last, after many recriminations, the one challenges the other to a contest in singing : and when they have disputed much about the prize for the victor, and the spot for the trial, they fetch one Morson, a woodcutter, for umpire, They engage in an 25 dpuoi, a Syracusan or Doric word : which is explained to be the same as ajmajg or VSWCFTI. 26 drpa.KTV\\it;. Carthamus lanatus. Linnaeus. 27 Aspalathus, the rose of Jerusalem, a very prickly shrub. Rhamnus, a kind of thorny shrub, perhaps " gorse "? " Calpurnius Siculus had this psssage in view, when he wrote Eel. iii. 4, Duris ego perdita ruscis Jamdudum, et nullis dubitabam crura rubetis Scindere. 26 THEOCRITUS. 113. Amaebaean or alternate strain, in which, with no fixt subject, they wander through various topics, supplied either by the condition of the singers, the nature of the country and spot, the memory of the past, or by their very anger and inclination. At last Morson adjudges the prize to Comatas ; who, on receiving it, brags of it proudly, and promises to offer a victim to the Nymphs. Much of this Idyll, though not to the taste of our more refined age, is yet eminent for its poetic power and lively colouring of rustic manners. Its scene is a glade near Sybaris in Lower Italy. Virgil has gathered from the Idyll many of the verses, as well as the plan, of his third Eclogue. COJIATAS AND LACON. Comatas. MY she-goats, shun yon shepherd of l Sybartas, Lacon : yesterday he stole my goat-skin. Lacon. 2 St ! Won't you be off from the fountain, my lambkins ? Do you not spy Comatas, that lately stole my pipe ? Com. What sort of pipe, pray'? Why, when did you, slave of Sybartas, get possession of a pipe? 3 And why are you no longer content to have a pipe of straw, and to hiss on it, with Corydon ? Lac. 'Tis one which Lycon gave me, 4 my gentleman ! but what sort of goat-skin in the world have I, Lacon, stolen from you and gone off with ? Tell me, Comatas : for not even had your master Eumaras one to sleep on. Com. That which Crocylus gave me, the spotted one, when he had sacrificed the she-goat to the Nymphs : 5 but you, rascal, were even then wasting yourself away with envy, 6 and now at last you have stripped me of it. 1 We seem obliged, for sense, to adopt Hermann's reading, rovct 2u/3apra, sc. $ov\ov* For we gather from vss. 72 74, that Comatas, the goatherd, was slave to Eumaras of Sybaris, and Lacon, a shepherd, slave to Sybartas of Thurium. Both these cities were of Magna Grcecia, in the south of Italy. 2 OVK airb. See verse 102. Aristoph. Acharn. 864. 01 ff0i)if OVK dirb Tiiiv Qvpwv. 3 Yirg. Eel. iii. 25, Non tu in triviis, inclocte, solebas Strident! miserum stipula disperdere carmen. Whence in Milton's Lycidas Their lean and flashy songs, Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. 4 Si t\fv&f(>E seems to be spoken ironically, a retort called forth by Comatas, who had called Lacon \t. 5 "Virg. Eel. iii. 14, Et cum vidisti puero donata dolebas. 6 fSaffKaivwv, envying, (from /3a'cr*:a* or /3a'w,) the verb signifies 1431. IDYLL V. 27 Lac. Nay, in truth, nay, by Pan who frequents the shore, I, Lacon, the son of 7 Calo3this, have not robbed you, at any rate of your goat-skin : or else, my man, may I leap down yon rock madly into the Crathis. 8 Com. No, in truth, no, by these Nymphs of the marsh, my good sir : and may they be both propitious and benevolent to me ! I, Comatas, did not secretly steal your pipe. Lac. Could I believe you, I would undertake the sorrows of Daphnis. But however, if you choose to stake a kid, 9 (for 'tis nothing wonderful !) why then I will go on contending with you in song, until you shall have cried " enough." Com. 10 The sow strove a strife with Minerva ! See, there lies the kid : n but come, do you match against it the well-fed lamb. Lac. And pray how, thou shameface ; will these terms be fair between us ? Whoever sheared for himself hair instead of wool ? and who, when a goat that has borne her first young is at hand, 12 prefers to milk a filthy bitch ? Com. Whosoever is confident, as you are, that he shall surpass his neighbour, a buzzing wasp against a cicala. But however the kid is no equal stake to thee : do you contend ; for lo, here is the he-goat. Lac. Be in no hurry : 13 for you are not scorched by fire : 1st, to slander ; 2nd, to bewitch, fascinare, in which sense it is used at Theocr. vi. 39, and at St. Paul's Ep. to Galat. Hi. 1 ; and, 3rd, to envy. 7 6 Ka\ai9tSog. This naming of his mother instead of his father, seems to mark the low rank of this slave. 8 KpdOiv, a river of Magna Grsecia, flowing near Sybaris, and having a temple of Pan near its banks. ^Eschyl. (Pers. 454, Blomf.) shows that Pan was wont to haunt the shores. 9 Est quidem nihil magnum cantu te vincere. A proverb arising, so says the Scholiast, from Hercules's scorn at finding worship paid to Adonis at Dium of Macedonia. " A cat may look at a king," is some- thing similar. 10 A proverb significative of a contest between the wise and foolish. Such comparisons occur at Idyll i. 136 ; v. 136. Virg. Eel. ix. 36, Argutos inter strepere anser olores. Cf. Eel. viii. 55. 11 tptidc, the regular Greek word, for staking any prize, which the La- tins call " deponere." See Virg. Eel. iii. 31 ; ix. 62, Hie haedos depone. 12 SifiiTai, a Doric form for fioitXtrat. ArjXiaQai, 9i\ttv, j3ov\ia9at. Hesychius. Two lines above we have adopted Wordsworth's reading, <1 sivaSof av 13 A proverb dissuasive of hurry ; for the next verse, compare Virg. Eel. x. 42, 43, 2& THEOCRITUS. 3146. you will sing more sweetly, when you have taken your seat here under the wild olive and these groves : there cool water flows down : here springs herbage, and here is a bed of grass, and the locusts chirp here. 14 Com. Nay, I do not hurry at all ! but I am greatly annoy- ed, since you, whom once, when you were yet a boy, I used to teach, dare now to look me l5 straight in the face. See to what the favour comes ! Rear even wolf's 16 whelps, rear dogs, that they may eat you. Lac. And when do I remember to have learned or even heard from you aught good, O you envious and absolutely disgraceful mannikin ? Com. 17 ********** ******** Lac. ****** But however come, come hither, and you shall sing pas- torals for the last time ? Com. ' 8 1 will not approach thither ! here are oaks : here is ' galingale :' 19 here bees buzz sweetly at their hives. Here Hie gelidi fontes, hie mollia prata, Lycori, Hie nemus. Compare Calpurnius, Eel. i. 8, &c., Hoc potius, frater Corydon, nemus, ista petamus Antra patris Fauni, graciles ubi pinca densat Silva comas. For Kai raXata, Wordsworth reads neatly KCLTT' avBea, under the flower- ing shrubs. 14 aicpiStG, the locusts, whatever they were, are constantly mentioned by Theocritus in terms of praise for their song. 15 Cf. Horat. i. 3, 18, Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia, &c. 16 For a most graphic illustration of this sentiment, compare ^Esch. Agamemnon, 717 734, Dindorf. Compare too St. Matth. vii. 6, " Neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them un- der their feet, and turn again and rend you." 17 Sensu obscceno. Com. Quum pnedicabam te tuque dolebas capellac autem Istae balabant ; et caper eas terebrabat. Lac. Ne profundius ilia paedicatione, O gibbose, sepeliaris. IS KVTTIIQOQ, a sweet-smelling marsh plant, probably ' galingal.' Horn. Hymn to Merc. 107. 19 Virg. Eclog. vii. 13. Eque sacra resonant examina quercu. Chapman has enriched his notes to his admirable translation with many gems of English poetry ; and in no place more so than on this passage, upon which he quotes Ben Jonson's Faithful Shepherdess ; and Shak- 4772. IDYLL V. 29 are two fountains of cool water, and the birds on the trees are chirping : and the shade is nowise like that with you : but the pine also showers down cones from above. Lac. 20 In good truth here you shall tread upon lamb-skins and wool, if you shall have come, softer than slumber : where- as the goat-skins that are beside you smell stronger than even you smell : 21 and I will set up a great bowl of white milk in honour of the Nymphs : and I will set also another of sweet oil. Com. But if you shall come, too, here you shall tread soft fern, and flowering 22 penny-royal : and underneath shall be skins of kids, four times as soft as your lambs. And I will set up to Pan eight pails of milk, and eight bowls of honey having full combs. Lac. Contend with me there : and there sing your pastoral. Treading your own ground keep to the oaks. 23 But who, who shall judge us? Would that by hap the herdsman Lycopas would come hither. Com. I want nothing of him. But if you will, we will call in the oak-cutter who is gathering the heather there beside you. And it is Morson. Lac. Let us shout. Com. Call you him. Lac. Come, friend, come hither and listen a little, for we are contending which is the better pastoral minstrel. But do not you, good Morson, either decide on me by favour, nor on the other hand, help this man as far as you are concerned. Com. Yes, by the Nymphs, dear Morson, neither assign the advantage to Comatas : nor do you for your part favour this man here. This, look you, is the flock of Sybartas of Thu- speare's Midsummer Night's Dream ; and the Merchant of Venice, act T. sc. 1. These will requite a reference. 20 Compare Idyll xv. 125, iroptyvptoiSt rdm^TtQ aria, /laXaswrtpoi virvu. Virg. Eel. vii. 45, Somno mollior herba. Pope, seemingly borrowing from Antipater, has the line, " The sleepy eye that told the melting soul." 21 Compare Virg. Eel. v. 67, Craterasque duo statuam tibi pinguis olivi. 22 yXd^wi/, pulegium, 'penny-royal.' Polwhele translates it the horned-poppy. 23 Virg. Eel. iii. 50, Audiat hasc tantum vel qui venit, ecce Paluemon. And ibid. 53, Tantum, \ieine Paltemon, Sensibus hsec imis, res est non parva, reponas. 30 THEOCRITUS. 7385. rium, and you see, friend, the goats of Eumaras, the Sy- barite. Lac. Did any one ask you, by Jove, whether 'tis the flock of Sybartas or my own, most worthless fellow ? how babbling you are ! Com. My most worthy sir, I indeed am declaring the whole truth, and am not bragging at all : but you are too fond of jeering. Lac. 24 Come, say on, if you have aught to say ! and let the stranger off 25 again with his life to the city. O Paean, surely thou wert a talkative fellow, Comatas ! Com. 2G The Muses love me far more than the minstrel Daphnis : and I sacrificed to them two kids but very lately. Lac. Well ! Apollo loves me greatly : and I am feeding a fine ram for him. But the 27 Carneian festival is even now coming on. Com. I am milking the rest of the she-goats with twins except two : and the damsel beholding me says, Wretched man, do you milk by yourself ? 34 Xeytiv here signifies " canere," as " dicere " often among the Latin poets. Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herbft, "Virg. Eel. iii. 55. For the like form of speech, see "Virg. Eel. iii. 52, Quin age, si- quid habes. 25 Z,(J>VT 0C. a -proverb relating to garrulous persons. Plautus. Miles gloriosus, iv. 2, 29, Jamjam sat, amabo, est, sinite abeam, si possum viva a vobis. 28 " Of these Ameebaeic songs as existing a century before Theocritus, Livy has left a remarkable notice, in which he shows that they were produced extemporaneously by the respective candidates, the art being evidently of Tuscan origin. Liv. vii. 401, Imitari deinde eos juventus simul inconditis inter se jocularia fundentes versibus coepere. Incom- positum temere ae rudem alternis jaciebant." E. Pococke on Gr. Pas- toral Poetry, in the Encyclopaedia Metropolit. All nations seem to have known this custom ; something of a very similar nature forms, I be- lieve, a portion of the Welsh Eisteddvods. * Virg. Eel. iii. 62, Et me Phoebus amat : Pheebo sua semper apud me Munera sunt. The Carneian festival was observed by the Spartans and Doric race in early winter, on the 7th day of the month, (-thence called Carneian,) in honour of Apollo, whose priest Carnus was slain by Aletas, one of the Heraclids. Vid. Callimach. H. in Apollinem, 71, 78, 85. T H p' 4)fapti, fiiya. $oi/3os, O'TE <<0<7TjjpEs "Ki/uous ' A.vipt s wo^iiiravTO fit-ra av6i], to move to and fro, and wag the tail at, from Ki'y/eXoe, a wagtail. 35 sKa0f/p, " purgavit te," a metaphor to which Plautus, Menaechm. 915, has a parallel, i. e. Pecte pugnis, " dress 'em well with your fists." Cf. Terent. Heaut. v. i. 78, depexum. Plaut. Capt. 823, Fusti pectito. Paenul. 227, Ne tu hunc pugnis pectas. Rud. 564, Leno pugnis pectitur TrXvvuv, viirrtiv, ffpj\tiv, XETTIIV, are similar euphemisms for giving a man a beating. 36 Hales, a river of Lucania in Italy. tcvKhdpivoG, cyclamen or sow- bread, a tuberous-rooted plant with a fragrant flower used in garlands. (Liddell and Scott.) It appears to have been used to cure madness. 37 'I^tpa, a river in the west of Sicily (now Fiume di Termini). Crathis, a river of Lucania, flowing into the Gulf of Tarentum, near the town of Sybaris. Compare Eurip. Bacch. 142, ptl e yaXaicri iriSov. Add Ovid. Met. I. in., Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant, Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. And Numbers xvi. 13, " A land flowing with milk and honey." ptirw yaXa. Several intransitive verbs are used by poets as transitive, with an accusative of the object. Math. Gr. Gr. 423. Eurip. Hec. 531. 3S Virg. Eel. iii. 89, Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. 126148. IDYLL V. 33 with honey ! and, towards dawn, may the maiden in her pitcher 39 draw combs instead of water ! Com. My goats indeed eat hadder and aegilus, and tread on mastich-twigs, and lie among arbute-trees ! Lac. But my sheep have at hand baulm to browse, and the wild eglantine, too, blooms in abundance, like roses. Com. I love not Alcippe, for but lately she did not kiss me, having caught me 40 by the ears ; what time I gave her the ring-dove. Lac. But I love Eumedes vastly : for when I held out the pipe to him, he kissed me in a very sweet manner. Com. 'Tis not right, Lacon, that jays should contend with a nightingale, or 41 hoopoos with the swans : but you, wretch- ed man, are prone to strife. Morson. I bid the shepherd cease ! And to thee, Comatas, Morson presents the lamb : and so do you sacrifice to the Nymphs, and presently send a fine portion of meat to Morson. Com. I will send it, yes, by Pan. Wanton now, all my herd of he-goats ! For see how great is the laugh that I also shah 1 raise against this Lacon the shepherd, 42 because at last I have gained the lamb : I will leap for you to heaven. Be of good cheer, my horned she-goats : 43 to-morrow I will wash you all in the fountain of Sybaris. You, sir, the white goat, 44 that butt-with-the-horn, if you molest any of the she goats, I will beat you, yes, before I sacrifice the ewe-lamb to the 39 /3ai|/ai, " to dip," here used for "to draw," apvffaaOai. Eurip. Hipp. 121, fiaTrrdv Traydv. Eurip. Hecub. 605, j3di^aar' ti'tyKi Stvpo TTOVTICIQ tt\6f. Four lines below this Wordsw. would read for w pufa (doroc, K. r. \., TroXXoe Be fldruv f>6Sa KIGOOG tTravQil. Hedera corymbos fundit super ruborum rosas. 40 A kiss, which Suidas calls ^vrpov, (the pot,) when the person was taken by both ears, is meant in this verse. It was afterwards called the Florentine. Tibullus mentions it, ii. 5, 92, Gnatusque parent! Oscula comprensis auribus eripiet. So Plaut. Paenul., Sine te exorem, sine te prendam auriculis, sine dem suavium. 11 Virg. Eel. viii. 55, Certent et cycnis ululae 4a ai'vaafiav rbv a/^vov, mihi confeci, lucratus sum. Idyll xviii. 17, WQ d.vvaaio, ut (nuptias) consequerere. Cf. Aristoph. Pint. 196. Add. Propert. I. viii. 43, Nunc mihi summa licet contingere sidera plantis. 13 Virg. Eel. iii., Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo. 41 6 KopviTTiXof;, comupeta. Eel. ix. 25, Cornu ferit ille. 34 THEOCRITUS. 149, 150. Nymphs. Yet he is at it again. Well, may I become 45 Melan- thius, instead of Comatas, if I don't beat you. IDYLL VI. THE SINGEES OF PASTORALS. ARGUMENT. Damaetas and Daphnis, having driven their herds to water, while away the time in Amsebaean strains. The youths picture Polyphemus seated on a rock overlooking the sea ; and Galatea, his love, on the other hand, sporting in the waves at no great distance from the shore. Daphnis begins, directing his song to the Cyclops : and Damsetas responds un- der the character of Polyphemus. The performance is ended by mu- tual presents between the swains. The Idyll is commended by the manner in which the character and temper of the Cyclops is shadowed forth. Its subject is the same as that of Idyll xi. Compare also Moschus, Idyll iii. 5963. DAMAETAS and Daphnis, the herdsman, once drove the herd to one spot, 1 Aratus : now one of them was reddish in beard, and the other had but half a one : and both of them, taking their seats at a certain fountain, in summer-time at mid-day, began to sing as follows. And Daphnis struck up first, since he too was first to challenge. Daphnis. 2 Galatea, O Polyphemus, pelts your flock with apples, calling you the goat -herd inaccessible-to-love : and you do not regard her, wretched, wretched man, but sit play- ing sweetly on your pipe. See again, she is pelting the bitch, 45 Melanthius, a suitor of Penelope, whose punishment by order of Ulysses is recorded by Homer, Odyss. xxii. 474 477. 1 Aratus. This was the author of the Phsenomena, a friend of our poet, and a native of Cilicia. He is the poet whom St. Paul quotes, Acts xvii. 28, ToD yap icai -y'tvog (fffttv. He is again mentioned Idyll vii. 98, 102, 122. See Virg. Eel. vii. 2, Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum. Also Eel. vii. 47. Pope Past. ii. 84, 85, But see the shepherds shun the noon-day heat, The lowing herds to murmuring brooks retreat. * Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella. Virg. Eel. iii. 64. 1028. IDYLL VI. 35 which follows you as sheep-watch : but it is barking, looking toward the sea ; and the fair waves, as they gently plash, 3 show it running on the shore. Take care, lest it rush against the legs of the damsel, as she comes forth from the brine, and tear her beauteous flesh. Yet she, even on the spur of the moment, coquets, like the dried down from a thistle, when the fine summer parches: and 4 she flies you, if you love her, and if you love her not, pursues you ; and 5 moves the stone from the line : for surely, Polyphemus, oft- times to love what is not fair, seems fair. And after him Dama3tas struck up to sing sweetly. Damcetas. I saw her, yes, by Pan, when she was pelting my flock, and she escaped not my notice, no, by my one sweet eye, with which I look till the end of my days ; 6 but may the pro- phet, Telemus, declaring hostile things, 7 carry off" to his home what is hostile, that he may lay it up for his children. However, I myself too, attempting to vex her, do not regard her in turn ; but say, that some other woman possesses me : and she, when she hears it, is jealous of me, O Paean, and pines away : 8 and she runs wild, peering forth from the sea toward Compare Hippol. Eurip. 1210, Tripi aippbv TTO\VV Kax\dov. KayXa&iv, according to the Scholiast, is the same as ^otpiiv, to plash against the pebbles of the beach. 4 Terence has a similar notion of the coquettishness of woman-kind. Eunuch, iv. 7, 43, Nolunt ubi relis : ubi nolis, cupiunt ultro. Compare B. Jonson, " Follow a shadow, it still flies ye," as quoted by Chapman. 5 ypafi^r], was a mid-line on a board, like our draught-board, also called rj Upa, Hence the proverb rbv OTTO ypa/z/ijjc Ktvtiv \lQov, to more one's man from this line, " to try one's last chance." (Liddell and Scott, Lex.) The meaning is, " She confounds the law of love, that it be reciprocated." t) yap tpwn. So Horat. Serm. I. iii. 38, Illuc praevertamur, amatorem quod amicse Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia, aut etiam ipsa haec Delectant. 6 Telemus, son of Eurymus, had predicted to Polyphemus, whose character Damoetas here sustains, that Ulysses would rob him of his single eye. Compare Odyss. ix. 509. Ov. Met. xiii. 772, 773, Telemus Eurymides quern nulla fefellerat ales Terribilem Polyphemon adit : lumenque, quod unum Fronte geris media, rapiet tibi, dixit, Ulysses. 7 Similar imprecations occur Horn. Od. ii. 178. Virg. JEn. xi. 399, Capiti cane talia, demens, Dardanio rebusque tuis. Horn. II. i. 10(5 108. 2 Chron. xviii. 7. 8 She runs wild.] o/orptl. Maddened as by a gad-fly. Comp. Eur D 2 36 THEOCRITUS. 2846. my caves, and toward my flocks. And I bade my dog bark at her : for when I was enamoured of her, it used to whine, keeping its nose to her hips. Now perhaps when she sees me doing this frequently, she will send a messenger. But I shall shut my doors, until she shall have sworn that she will herself strew for me a beautiful couch 9 on this island. For 10 in truth neither have I so ugly a form as they say / have. For surely but lately I was looking into the sea (and it was a calm) : and beautiful indeed my beard, and beautiful my solitary eyeball, (as it has been determined by my judg- ment,) appeared ; n and it reflected a brightness of teeth, whiter than Parian marble. And that I might not be be- witched, 12 I spat thrice upon my breast : for thus the old woman 13 Cotyttaris instructed me to do, who of late used to sing to the reapers in the fields of Hippocoon. Having sung thus much, Damastas kissed Daphnis ; and the latter gave the former a pipe, and he a beautiful flute to the latter. Damastas was playing the flute, and the herdsman Daphnis the pipes. Forthwith the calves were leaping on soft herbage. However neither one conquered, but they were unsurpassed. Iph. Aul. 77, 'O t Kaf)' 'E\\n&' oio-r/oiio-as. In the next line, for , see Ovid. Amor. iii. El. xv. Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis haeres. 3 Geiiu fortiter in rupem innixus pedis ictu fontem excitavit. Val- kenaer. I* iroSog, ictu pedis, cf. Biou. iv. 2. 38 THEOCRITUS. 824. the rock : and beside it, 4 the poplars and elms were yielding a grove of shade, 5 overhanging, as they waved, with green foliage. 6 Nor yet had we finished half our way, nor did the tomb of Brasilas yet come in sight to us, when we fell in with a wayfarer, 7 a favourite with the Muses, a man of Cydon, whose name was Lycidas ; he was a goatherd, nor could any one that looked upon him have mistaken him, for he was exceedingly like a goatherd. For on his shoulders he wore a 8 tawny skin of a shaggy thick-haired goat, smelling of new rennet : an old cloak was fastened by a broad belt about his breast ; whilst in his right hand he held a crooked club of wild-olive : and grinning, he said to me softly with a smiling eye (and laughter played upon his lip) : 9 ' Simichidas, where, prythee, art thou dragging thy steps at mid-day ? when in sooth even 10 the green lizard sleeps on the fences, and the crested larks roam not abroad ? Art invited and hastening 4 Horat. i. 21, 5, Vos laetam fluviis, et nemorum coma, &c. 5 ./En. i. 164, Silvis scena coruscis Desuper, horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra. Eel. ix. 41, Hie Candida populus antro Imminet, et lentne texunt umbracula vitcs. 6 Compare Virg. Eel. ix. 59, Hinc adeo nobis media est via ; namque sepulchrum Iiicipit apparere Bianoris. And see Theocr. Idyll i. 125, 126. 1 ovv Moiffaiffi iaQXbv. Beneficio Musarum bonum. Compare Idyll ii. 28, avv Saipovi. A Cydonian. Cydon was a city of Crete, whence Lycidas is supposed to have come. 8 Virgil in his " Moretum," vs. 22, has " Cinctus villosse tergore caprae." Ovid. Met. ii. 680, Illud erat tempus, quo te pastorea pellis Texit, onusque fuit dextra silvestris oliva. 9 Simichidas.] A patronymic which seems to have been used without any change for father and son alike. Theocritus is said to have been the son of Simichus or Simichidas, and to have called himself Simichidas patronymically. Amyntas and Amyntichus, in this Idyll, stand for one and the same person, and there is clearly some ground for supposing the patronymic was used by both father and son. But the obscurity may be solved by supposing, as we may safely do, that Simichidas is a feigned name, like Virgil's Tityrus. 10 aavpOG- Vid. Idyll ii. 58. Comp. Virg. Eel. ii. 9, Nunc virides etiam occultant spineta lacertos. Nemesian. iv. 38, Toto non squamea tractu Signat humum serpens. 25 45. IDYLL VII. 39 to a banquet ? or art for storming the wine- vats of some cit ? since as thou footest it along, every stone rings, as it strikes against n thy half-boots.' Then I answered him, 'Friend Lycidas, all say you are a piper greatly distinguished both among herdsmen and among reapers : which in truth vastly delights my mind ; yet in my fancy, I hope to rival you. Now this is our way to the 12 Thalysia : for our friends in sooth are making a feast to Demeter of the beautiful robe, offering the first-fruits of their abundance : since for them, in very bounteous measure, the goddess hath piled the threshing-floor 13 with barley. But come now, (for our road is in common, and the day is alike ours,) let us sing pas- torals ; perhaps the one will gratify the other. For I u too am a clear voice of the Muses, and all men call me an ex- cellent minstrel ; but I am one not of easy persuasion. No ! by earth ! for not yet, to my own fancy, do I surpass in singing either the good 15 Sicelidas from Samos, or Philetas, but strive with them, like a frog among locusts.' So spake I, on purpose : but the goatherd smiling plea- santly, ' I give you this 16 club,' quoth he, ' because you are a scion of Jove, fashioned altogether for sincerity. 17 For as the architect is odious to me, who attempts to build a house 11 apf3v\i(;, a half-boot used by hunters and rustics. jEschyl. Ag. 944 viral TIC; ap(3v\ac Avoi. Euripides calls it Mycenaean. 12 Compare Horn. II. ix. 529, Kal yap, Toiai KCLKOV XpucroSpoyos "ApTE/uts u>pv avfirXnpwmv d\tadv (OXTTS sii/ai,) iuKpi6oi>, (so that it should be,) full of barley. Cf. Virg. Georg. i. 49, Illius im- mensiE ruperunt horrea messes. In the next line aaig is used for rj/jepa, as in Bion. vi. 18. J. Wordsworth quotes at this passage the Excursion, Book iii. p. 109, With hearts at ease, and knowledge in our hearts, That all the day and all the grove was ours. 14 Virg. Eel. ix. 32 36, Et me fecere poetam Pierides : sunt et mihi carmina : me quoque yatem Dicunt pastores, sed ego non credulus illis. Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nee dicere CinnS, Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. 15 Sicelidas, or Asclepiades, a poet of Samos. Philetas, an Elegiac poet of Cos, under whom Theocritus studied. His date is about 290 B. C. 16 Virg. Eel. v. 88, At tu sume pedum. Such meeds of song and ex- temporized gifts are common among pastoral poets and their swains. 17 See an opposite idea, Idyll xv. 49, tg airara^ KtKpoTijftivoi avdpfc. 40 THEOCRITUS. 46 G6. equal to the top of Mount 18 Oromedon, so are birds of the Muses, as many as, crowing against the Chian minstrel, toil to no purpose. But come, let us commence at once the pastoral strain, Simichidas : as I will see now, friend, if this ditty, which I erst finished off on the mountain, suits your taste.' ' Ageanax shall have a fair voyage to Mitylene, when the south wind chases the moist waves 19 in the season of the Kids at-their-setting, and when 20 Orion rests his feet on the ocean, if haply he shall have rescued Lycidas scorched by Aphro- dite : for ardent love of him consumes me. And halcyons shall 21 smooth the waves, and the sea, and the south-west wind, and the south-east, which stirs the remotest seaweeds : hal- cyons, which have been beloved most of birds, whose prey is on the sea, by the green Nereids. May all things be season- able to Ageanax, seeking a fair wind for Mitylene : and may he reach the harbour after a favourable voyage. 22 And I, on that day, crowning my head with a chaplet of dill, or of roses, or even of white 23 violets, will drain from the bowl the 24 Pte- leatic wine, as I recline beside the fire : and one shall roast 18 Oromedon, a mountain in Cos. Hermann says a giant. Cf. Propert. iii. 9, 48. The verses (45 48) mean nothing less than"I hate quacks." Theocritus compares vain boasters to architects trying to overtop the mountains, and poets (^loirsav opvi^fc) labouring to equal Homer, wf in line 45 is "nam." Kal TIKTWV Kal opvi%tc are the same as we. riicruv ovrwc opvixts. 19 The Kids.] The time indicated was probably December. Virg. JEn. ix. GG8, Quantus ab occasu veniens pluvialibus hsedis Verberat imber humum. 20 Orion, a constellation whose setting was attended with violent storms at the end of autumn, the time of the equinoctial gales. Horat. Od. i. 28, 21, Devexi rapidus comes Orionis. Comp. Virg. yEn. i. 535; iii. 517; iv. 52. 21 Virg. Eel. ix. 57, Et nunc tibi stratum silet sequor. According to the Scholiast, the sea is calm in winter fourteen days : seven before the halcyon produces her eggs, and seven more while she sits on them, float- ing in the nest on the surface of the sea. 22 tvirXoog (Graef. Schoef. Kiessl.) seems far preferable to finr\oov, since the word refers rather to the sailor than to the port to which he sails. 13 Virg. Eel. ii. 47, Pallentes violas. 24 Pteleatic wine.] So called from Ptelea, a place in Cos. Virgil imitates this passage, Eel. v. 09, Et multo imprimis hilarans convivia Baccho Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra Vina novum fundam calathis Ariusia nectar. 6086. IDYLL VII. 41 me a bean in the flame, and the bed of leaves shall be covered- thickly elbow-deep with flea-bane, and asphodel and curling parsley. 25 Then freely will I drink, in memory of Ageanax, pressing my lip to the very cup even to the dregs. 20 And there shall pipe for me two shepherds, one an Acharnian, and one from Lycope : and near them Tityrus shall sing, how once the herdsman Daphnis loved the foreign maid, and how he traversed the mountain, and how the oaks bewailed him which grow beside the banks of the river 27 Himeras : when he wasted away, as any snow on lofty Hasmus, or Athos, or Rhodope, or remotest Caucasus : he shall sing too how once a wide chest received the goatherd yet living, 28 through the baneful vio- lence of his master ; and how the flat-nosed bees coming from the meadows to the sweet cedar, were wont to feed him on soft flowers, because the Muses had poured down his throat pleasant nectar. O fortunate Comatas, thou in sooth hast experienced these delights, and thou hast been enclosed in a chest, and thou, being fed on the combs of bees, 29 hast com- pleted the spring of the year. 30 Would that in my day thou hadst been numbered among the living, since I would 25 juaXctKuJc., carelessly, easily. Scholiast. 2s Virg. Eel. v. 72, Cantabunt mihi Damaetas et Lyctius ^gon. 'Axapvtvc;. Attic, from the deme so called. An/cacriraj. ^Etolian, from a city named Lycope. 27 Himeras. Compare Idyll v. 124. Hsemus, Athos, Rhodope, moun- tains of Thrace. Caucasus, the eastern barrier of Asia Minor. For the sentiment, see Callimach. H. to Ceres, 92. 'Qc, St Mifiavn x l '* iv > & c - And Job xxiv. 19, "Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave those that have sinned." Ovid. Ep. ex Pont. I. i. 67, Nil igitur mirum, si mens mihi tabida facta De nive manantis more liquescit aqua>. 28 The Scholiast explains this of a goatherd named Comatas or Men- alcas, who, while engaged in tending his master's herds, was wont to sacrifice to the Muses. To try whether they would preserve him, his master caused him to be shut up in a chest, which, after some months, he found, upon opening it, full of honey-combs, and his prisoner alive. 29 trog wpiov, ' trimestre tempus exegisti.' Steph. Totum annum exegisti. Crispinus. The Scholiast seems to consider the words to de- signate " the spring." The three months of spring in which the flowers, &c., mentioned just before, would bloom chiefly, wpa signifies specially TO tap, which Homer calls commonly wpq tlapivi}. See Lex. Doric. ^E. Porti, at the word wpiof. 30 Comp. Yirg. Eel. x. 35, Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem Aut custos gregis, aut maturts vinitor uvse, &c. 42 THEOCRITUS. 87 107. then have tended for thee thy beautiful she-goats, along the mountains, while listening to thy voice : and thou, divine Comatas, shouldst have reclined under the oaks or under the pines, sweetly singing.' And Lycidas having sung thus much, made an end : but to him in turn I also spoke as follows : ' Many other good things, friend Lycidas, have the Nymphs taught me too, as I tend my herd along the mountains : things which 31 haply fame hath carried even to the throne of Jove. But this at any rate is far pre-eminent beyond all, with which I will proceed to favour you. Hearken then, since you are a friend to the Muses/ 32 ' On Simichidas indeed the Loves have sneezed : for of a truth the luckless wight is as much in love with Myrto, as the she-goats love spring. But Aratus, who is in the highest degree beloved by that man, cherishes at heart a yearning for a lad. 33 Aristis, a worthy man, and highly excellent, (whose singing with the accompaniment of the lyre not even Ph rebus himself beside his tripods would refuse,) knows that by a lad Aratus is consumed to the very bone with love. Him I pray thee, O Pan, who hast obtained for thy portion the lovely surface of 34 Homole, mayest thou place unbidden in the dear hands of that man, whether it is in sooth the tender Philinus, or some other. And if indeed thou shouldst do thus, O dear Pan, then may 35 Arcadian boys in no wise 31 Virg. Eel. iii. 73, Partem aliquam, venti, divom referatis ad aures. Eel. v. 73, Hinc usque ad sidera notus. 32 One of the various omens which the Greeks drew from themselves was the Trrap/ioj. or sneezing, referred to here, and Xenoph. Exped. Cyr. iii. 2, 9. Propert. Eleg. ii. 3, 23, Num tibi nascenti primis, mea vita, diebus Aureus argutum sternuit omen amor ? Catull. xlv. 9, Amor sinistram ut ante, Dextram sternuit approbationem. Compare also Idyll xviii. 16. 33 'Apiffrte fity' apicroe, a play on words, which cannot be rendered faithfully. Theocritus affects it ; see Idyll xv. 26, irevdrina ical oil TlevOrja. Shaksp. Of Hotspur, cold-spur. This is Rome and room enough. Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew, thou makest thy knife keen. For fitya. used adverbially see Monk, Alcest. 758, Horn. II. ii. 32. 34 Homole, a mountain of Thessaly. It is mentioned by Euripides, Here. Fur. 371, Gvy\opToi 0' OpoXag tvavXoi. Yirg. 2En. vii. 675, Homolen Othrynque nivalem Linquentes rapido cursu. 35 fficiXXaifftv, comp. Idyll v. 121. The poet alludes to a feast of Pan, 107 124. IDYLL Til. 43 scourge thee with squills on ribs and shoulders, at such times as scanty feasts are provided : but shouldst thou have decided otherwise, mayest thou be scratched all over thy flesh by the nails, and mayest thou sleep among nettles : and in mid-winter mayest thou be on the 3G mountains of the Edonians, beside the river Hebrus, facing towards and nigh to the north ; and in summer mayest thou tend herds among the extremest ^Ethi- opians, 37 under the rock of the Blemyes, whence the Nile is no longer to be seen. But do ye, having left the sweet water of 38 Hyetis and Byblis, and dwelling in the lofty 39 seat of golden-haired Dione, 40 O Loves like unto ruddy apples, strike, I pray you, with your arrows, the lovely Philinus : strike, for the wretched youth pities not my guest. And yet he is more over-ripe than a pear, and the women say, Alas, alas, Philinus, thy beauty's bloom wastes away. No longer, look you, Aratus, let us keep watch at the vestibules, nor wear out our feet, but let the early cock consign 41 another, as he crows, in Arcadia, where it was the custom to scourge his image, if the Choragi had offered a mean sacrifice. Scholiast. 36 Edones, a nation of Thrace. Hebrus, a river of the same. Virg. Eel. x. 63, Nee si frigoribus mediis Hebramque bibamus. Some com- mentators have wondered that Theocr. places the Edones and the river Hebrus near each other. But Wordsworth shows that Greek and La- tin poets, (as Lucan, Ovid, Horace,) were ignorant of the geography of Macedon, Thrace, and Northern Greece, which they deemed Barbarian. This passage supports, as Wordsworth shows, Bentley's emendation, " Edonis," for " ex sorrmis," at Horat. Od. iii. 25, 9, Non secus in jugis, Edonis stupet Evias Hebrum prospiciens, et nive candidam Lustratam Rhodopen. 37 Blemyes, a nation of ^Ethiopia. 33 Hyetis and Biblis, mountains and springs of Miletus. See Ovid. Met. ix. 445665. 39 tSos aiTTv Aiwv/7e, h. e. Cyprus, the abode of Yenus, who often is called by her mother's name, Dione. 40 Tibull. III. iv. 34, Candor erat qualem procfert Latonia Luna Et color in niveo corpore purpureus. Ut juveni primum virgo deducta marito Inficitur teneras ore rubente genas ; Ut cum contexunt amaraiithis alba puellae Lilia, ut Autumno Candida malarubent. Comp. Idyll xxvi. 1. Propert. I. xvi. 23, 24, 44 THEOCRITUS. 124 147. to this painful numbness : and let Molon alone, my best of friends, be harassed in this sharp exercise : and to us let both quietness be a care, and an old woman be at hand, who, 42 by spitting, may keep afar off what is not good.' Thus much I spoke : and he, having smiled sweetly, as before, presented me with his crook to be a friendly gift 43 arising out of our songs. And he indeed, having turned off to the left, proceeded on his way to Pyxa : but I and Eucritus, having bent our steps to the house of Phrasidamus, with the beautiful 44 Amyntichus, reclined there, both on deep low- couches of the sweet mastich-tree, and on fresh-cut vine-twigs, rejoicingly. And, from above, down upon our heads were waving to and fro many poplars and elms ; and the sacred stream hard by kept murmuring, as it flowed down from the cave of the Nymphs. And the fire-coloured cicalas on the shady branches were toiling at chirping ; while, from afar off, in the thick thorn-bushes the thrush was wai'bling. Tufted larks and 45 gold-finches were singing ; the turtle-dove was cooing ; 46 tawny bees were humming round about the foun- tains : all things were breathing-the-incense of very plenteous summer, and breathing-the-incense of fruit-time. 47 Pears indeed at our feet, and by our sides apples, were rolling for us in abundance ; and the boughs hung-in-profusion, weighed down to the ground, with damsons. 48 Moreover the pitch of Me mediae noctes, me sidera prona jacentem Frigidaque QEoo me videt aura gelu. Horat. Sat. ii. 6, 45, Matutina parum cautos jam frigora caedunt. 42 imfdvaSoiaa, Idyll ii. 62. Tibull. I. ii. 53, Ter cane, ter dictis despue carminibus. 43 iKfioiaav. Compare vii. 102, IK iraiSoc, 55, i'A(>odiTa<;. 44 'Afii>vTi\og, i. q. ' A/j,vvrac> vs. 2 ; comp. not. ad vs. 21. And see Wordsworth at this passage, who quotes Lucret. ii. 132, Prostrati gramine molli Propter aquae rivum sub ramis arboris altse Non magnis opibus jucunde corpora curant, Prsecipue cum tempestas arridet, et anni Tempora conspergunt viridantes floribus herbas. 45 AieavQidfs, the Acalanthis of Virg. Georg. iii. 338, Littoraque Alcyonem resonant, acalanthida dumi. Cf. Song of Solomon ii. 12. 48 Compare Hippol. Eurip. 76, 77 : a\V aKnpa-rov fiiXicrtra Xti/ntou, rjpivov SiipxtTai. For irtpi and afi(f>i thus connected, see Horn. II. ii. 305. Odyss. xi. 608. 47 Virg. Eel. vii. 54, Strata jacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma. 48 Hor. Od. III. viii. 9, 147 157. IDYLL VII. 45 four years' date was loosened from the mouth of the wine jars. Ye Castalian Nymphs, inhabiting the height of Parnassus, I wonder whether 49 at all in the rocky cave of Pholus, aged Chiron set up for Hercules a goblet such as this ! I wonder if haply 'twas nectar like this, which induced that shepherd by the Anapus, the strong Polyphemus, who 50 used to hurl crags on the mountain-ranges, to dance about in the sheep- pens ? Such nectar I mean, as, O Nymphs, ye then broached, beside the altar of Demeter presiding over the threshing-floor : on the heap of which may I again fasten a great winnowing shovel, and may she smile, holding in both hands 51 wheat sheaves and poppies. IDYLL VIII. THE SINGERS OF PASTORALS. ARGUMENT. In this Idyll two pastors are represented as contending, Daphnis and Menalcas, both skilled in music and in Amaebaean song. A challenge is given, and a prize set up, and a goatherd called in as umpire. They begin the song, so as to answer one another first with four, afterwards with eight verses each. At last the goatherd adjudges the prize to Daphnis and the poet represents this victory as laying the foundation Hie dies, anno redeunte, festus Corticem adstrictum pice dimovebit, &c. Amphora; Cf. Hor. Od. I. ix. 6. Terent. Heaut. III. i. 51, Relevi dolia omnia, omnes serias. 49 A poetic digression, touching the cave of the centaur Pholus, and Chiron, who was the instructor of Hercules in astronomy and Apollo in music. Cf. Orph. Argonaut. 419. Juvenal, Sat. xii. 44, Urnae cratera capacem Et dignum sitiente Pholo. 50 Compare Horn. Odyss. ix. 481. There is no ground for the reading vaaq here, with Heinsius and Brunck. 51 Apaypara. Cf. Callimach. Hymn to Delos, 284, and the note of Th. Graev. at the passage. A sheaf, as much as a gleaner can bind up together is meant. Tibul. I. x. ad fin., At nobis, pax alma, veni spi- camque teneto. Demeter's symbols are spikes of com and poppies. 46 THEOCRITUS. 116. of all the future fame of Daphnis, in pastoral poetry. The scene is laid in Sicily. Virgil has copied this Idyll much in Eclogues iii. and vii. DAPHNIS. MENALCAS. A GOATHERD. MENALCAS, l as they say, whilst tending his sheep along the high mountains, fell in with the graceful Daphnis a-driving his herd. 2 Now both of them were 3 red-haired, both lads : each skilled in playing on the pipes, each in singing. And first then Menalcas, gazing at Daphnis, addressed him. Menalcas. Daphnis, watcher of the lowing oxen, wilt thou sing with me ? I maintain that I will beat you at singing, to my heart's content. And him, I ween, Daphnis answered in speech like the following. Daphnis. Shepherd of woolly sheep, piper Menalcas, you at all events shall never beat me in singing, no, not if you should die for it. Men. 4 Are you desirous then to see into it ? Are you desirous to stake a prize ? Daph. I do desire to see into this. I am desirous to stake a prize. Men. Well what shall we stake, that would be of sufficient value for us ? Daph. I will stake a calf : and do you stake on your part 5 a lamb like its mother. Men. 6 I will never stake a lamb, for both my father is strict, and my mother, and they count all the sheep at evening. 1 Pierson reads AioQavre for wg tyavri : taking the idea from the com- mencement of Idyll xxi., which Theocritus dedicates to Diophantus. 2 Virg. Eel. vii. 4, Amho florentes setatibus, Arcades ambo Et cantare pares, et responclere parati. 3 TTjip/oorpi'xw. Polwhele, in his version, finds here the original of Collins's expression, "the fiery-tressed Dane." 4 Virg. Eel. iii. 28, Vis ergo inter nos quid possit uterque vicissim Experiamur, ego hanc vitulam, ne forte recuses, Depono : tu die mecum quo pignore certes. Virg. JEn. ix. 628, Et statuam ante aras aurata fronte juvencum Caudentem, pariterque caput cum matre gereiitem. 6 Virg. Eel. iii. 32, 1736. IDYLL VIII. 47 Daph. Well then, what will you stake ? And what shall be the advantage the winner shall have ? Men. 7 A shepherd's-pipe, which I made beautiful with nine notes, and having white wax about it, equal below, equal above. This I would stake : but my father's property I will not stake. Daph. In truth I too, look you, have a pipe with nine notes, having white wax about it, equal below, equal above. I lately fastened it together. Even still I have a pain in this finger, since the reed, i'fegs, split and cut me. But who shall try us ? Who shall be our listener ? Men. How if we should call hither yon goatherd, whose clog 8 with-the-white-spot, is barking near the kids. And the youths indeed shouted to him, and the goatherd came, having heard them. And the youths on their part be- gan to sing, and the goatherd was willing to be umpire. So then first the 9 piper Menalcas proceeded to sing, having ob- tained precedence by lot. And then Daphnis took up the alternate pastoral strain. And thus began Menalcas first. Men. Ye dells and rivers, 10 a divine progeny, if haply ever the piper Menalcas has sung a pleasant melody, may ye feed my lambkins n to my heart's content : and should Daphnis ever chance to have come with his calves, may he find nothing less. De grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum, Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca, Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et haedos. 7 Eel. ii. 37, 38, Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis Fistula. Ibid. 32, Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures Instituit. Wordsworth refers, for the modern use of this pipe by Greek shepherds, to G. M. Leake's Northern Greece, i. p. 290. 8 0aXap6e, ' white spot,' a name given to a ram, in Idyll v. 104. 9 WKTO., i. e. 6 (rvpiKr^c, 6 Xtyu00oyyot)f. The termination a was ^Eolic. Homer has QvtffTa. (j.T)riera v fiaOog, O profunditas, which Casaubon, Reiske, Warton, &c. have altered to w, ubi, so that we must supply Stvpo, and refer it, I suppose, to i'3wp in the next line. Werns- dorf supposes w j3a0oc v\ag pvpiov to the " Horrida siccsc Silva comae," of the he-goat, (cf. Juvenal ix. 13,) and perhaps there is some foundation for this conjecture, to which however the simpler mode of translation above stated seems preferable. For the parallel to the former part of the line, see Virg. Eel. vii. 7, Vir gregis ipse caper deeraverat. 15 Horat. Od. i. 2, 7, Omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos Visere montes. Cf. Virg. Georg. iv. 395. Horn. Odyss. iv. 448. Wordsworth pro- poses here to read, ii. jut\t KO.I ya\a uiro TIJI/ y\u>arv /utpos. 118. IDYLL IX. 51 and Menalcas a muscle-shell. It seems clear that the whole Idyll is put in the mouth of a shepherd, who narrates the alternate strains of Daphnis and Menalcas, just as Melibaeus (Virg. Eel. vii.) those of Corydon and Thyrsis. Warton observes that Menalcas in his song assumes the character of the Cyclops. DAPHNIS. MENALCAS. SING a pastoral strain, Daphnis, and do you first begin the song ; begin you the l song first, and let Menalcas follow after, when you have put the calves to the heifers, and the bulls to the barren cows. And let them feed together, and stray among the foliage, 2 not at all forsaking the herd : but do you sing me a bucolic strain in the first place ; and in the next, in turn let Menalcas answer. Daphnis. Sweetly indeed the calf lows, and sweetly too does the heifer ; and sweetly also the pipe sounds, and the herdsman, and sweetly I too. And by the cool water-side I have a couch of leaves ; and on it have been strown beautiful skins from white heifers, all of which, to my sorrow, as they nibbled the 3 arbute-tree, the south-west wind dashed from the mountain peak. And I care as much for the parching summer 4 as lovers care to hear the words of a father or mother. Thus sang Daphnis to me. And Menalcas thus. Menalcas. JEtna is my mother, and I inhabit a fair cave in the hollow rocks : and I have in sooth whatever things appear in a dream, 5 many sheep and many goats ; of which the skins 1 For instances of this figure, called by the Latins " Iteratio," see Virgil Eel. v. 51. Milton Lycidas, 37, But oh the heavy change now thou art gone, Now thou art gone, and never must return. Virg. Eel. iii. 58, Incipe Damaeta ; tu deinde sequere, Menalca. 2 ari/zay\ewrc ; a cognate word, drijuay\?jc, " neglecting the herd, feeding alone," occurs, Idyll xxv. 132. 3 KOfiapog, the strawberry or arbute tree. Comp. v. 128. * A similar boast of indifference occurs, Eel. vii. 51, Hie tan turn Boreae curamus frigora, quantum Aut iiumerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. Wordsworth reads with two MSS. tpwv TO, i. e. Quantum amans curat audire patris aut matris monita. But Toup's conjecture, tpaivrf, which we have followed, is generally received. 5 Virg. Eel. ii., Mille meoB Siculis errant in montibus agnse. Two lines below compare Virg. Eel. vii. 49, Hie focus et taedse pingues, hie plurimus ignis Semper. E 2 52 THEOCRITUS. 19 33. lie at my head, and beside my feet. And on a fire of oak- boughs entrails are boiling, and on the fire are dry beech- fagots when it is winter ; .and in truth not even have I a care for winter, as much as a toothless person has for nuts, when 6 fine meal is at hand. These indeed I applauded ; and straightway gave as a pre- sent, to Daphnis on one hand a crook, which a field of my father's had raised for me, self sprung, and such as not even perhaps a carpenter would have found fault with ; and to the other 7 a beautiful spiral cockle-shell, the flesh of which I my- self had eaten, after I had 8 lain in wait for it on the Icarian rocks, having divided 9 five shares for five of us ; and he (Men- alcas) blew upon the shell. Pastoral Muses, all hail ! and bring to light the song, which formerly I sang in the presence of those herdsmen. 10 Never raise a pimple upon the tip of your tongue. ' l Cicala is dear to cicala, and ant to ant, and hawks to hawks : but to me the Muse and song : of which, I pray, may all my house be full, 6 dfivXoio, sc. aprov, a cake of not ground, i. e. the finest meal. Aristoph. Pax, 1195. Chapman indicates "pap," as the fare of this toothless individual. 7 Lucretius, quoted by Polwhele, Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus Pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis Littoris incurvi bibulam pavit sequor arenarn. 8 Icaria, one of the Sporades, north-east of Myconos, and south-west of Samos, in the JSgean Sea. Now Nicaria. 9 TrevTt rafiiav, for tic Ttkvrt /jiepi] ra/jiwv 6 ' tyKava\riaaTo. Cf. Idyll xxii. 75, where Amycus KO\\OV i\iav fjivKacraTO KO~I\OV. 10 The sense is, " It is no untruth, nor need you fear lest pimples should rise on your tongue to convict you of falsehood." This was as common a superstition, as it is now, with the ancients. Pimples on the nose or tongue were supposed to indicate falsehood. Compare Idyll xii. 23, iy, (cf. Butrn. Lexilog. under the word o^Qjjcrai, L. and S.) the verb 6fptvii) is used in a metaphor from this sense of oyjuog, in Sophocl. Philoct. 163. Two lines below the reader may compare Virgil Georg. iii. 466, who, describing a sickening sheep, says, 54 THEOCRITUS. 216. as of old you used to draw it ; nor do you reap in a line with your neighbour, but are left behind, as a sheep, whose foot a thorn has wounded, is left by the flock. A fine sort of reaper you will be, won't you, at evening, and after mid-day, seeing that now, when you begin, 2 you do not make a gap in the swathe ? Battus. Milo, you who reap till late at even, fragment of stubborn rock, did it never befall you to long after one of the absent ? Milo. Never ! And what business has a labouring man with longing after those that are without ? Batt. Did it never then chance to you to lie awake through love ? Mil. No, and I trust it never may. 3 It's bad to give a dog a taste of guts. Batt. Well, but I, Milo, have been in love hard upon eleven days. Mil. You evidently draw from the cask ! 4 but I have not vinegar enough. Batt. 5 Therefore all before my doors is unweeded since sowing time. Mil. And which of the damsels is ruining you ? Batt. The maiden of Polybotas, 6 who lately used to play to the reapers in the fields of Hippocoon. Videris, aut summas carpentem mollius herbas Extremamque sequi, aut medio procumbere carnpo Pascentem. 2 dpxojuevoe (row tpyov, sc.) TCLQ av\. airoTpwyeiv. So Catull. xxxiii. 7, Quare, si sapiet, -viam vorabit. 3 x a ^tKv, &c. One of the proverbs you would expect in a reaping field. Horat. Serm. II. vi. 81, " Ut canis, a corio nunquam absterrebitur uncto." One of our vulgar expressions to the same point is, " Don't let the cat to the cream." 4 tt'Xic oo. Some would read ooi>c, but Reiske shows from Apollon. Rhod. ii. 424, Callim. H. in Jovem, 84, that \if was used with a nom- inative or accusative as well as a genitive. The point of the passage is that Milo, who is heart-whole, comically congratulates Battus on his having his fill of love, and deplores his own loveless state, ironically of course. Battus stands by, a very skeleton from sleepless nights and wasting love. He has drawn from a cask with a vengeance. 5 Virg. Eel. ii. 70, Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est. Battus answers, that he is so much occupied with love, that he does not even remove the sweepings from the yard of his house. This verse occurs before, Idyll vi. 41. TroXv/Swra, genitivus Doricus, filia Polybotae. Cf. ii. 66, a rSt vfiovXoto. J. W. 1730. IDYLL X. 55 MIL 7 The god has found out the sinner ! you have what you have been long wanting. 8 The long-legged grasshopper will lie with you all night. Baft. You are beginning to jeer at me. But not 9 only Plutus is blind, but also the reckless Love. Do not say any thing boastful. Mil. I do not boast at all. 10 Only do you lay low the crop ; and strike up some loving ditty on the maiden ; so will you work more pleasantly ; and in fact in former times you used to be musical. Batt. Pierian Muses, sing with me of the slim damsel : for, O goddesses, ye make all things beautiful, whichsoever ye shall have touched. 11 Graceful Bombyce, all call thee Syrian, and shrivelled, and sun-burnt ; but I alone call you 12 honey-complexioned. The violet too is dark, 13 and the inscribed hyacinth ; yet still they are gathered the first in garlands. The she-goat follows 7 A proverb directed against those who boast, and then fall into the dangers which they have been rejoicing to have escaped. 8 fidvTig KaXapaia, a kind of locust or grasshopper with long thin fore-feet, which are in constant motion. Perhaps, mantis religiosa, or mantis oratoria, Linn., also KaXa/xaia and KaXa^lns. "If you marry," says Milo, " this old and loquacious damsel, you will have a cicada or locust to disturb you all night." Chapman translates P.O.VTIQ, a " tree- frog." 9 auroc., i. q. p,6vo or iciq.. Cf. Matt. Gr. Gr. 468, 5. 10 Soph. Ajax, 384, [ttjSlv pey' liirriq. 11 Hvpav. Syrian on account of her dark complexion. "Gipsy," perhaps. 12 /ufXix\wpor, olive, as we call it, " a brunette." On this difference between the world's notion and the lover's, see Lucret. lib. iv. 1153. Horat. Serm. I. iii. 38, Illuc prarvertamur, amatorem quod amicse Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia, aut etiam ipsa hsec Delectant. For a parallel to the next line, see Yirg. Eel. x. 38, Quid turn si fuscus Amyntas Sunt nigroe violae, sunt et vaccinia nigra. And Theocr. Id. xxiii. 29. 13 Cf. Mosch. Idyll iii. 6. The legend ran that Hyacinthus was acci- dentally slain by Apollo's disc, and that his blood produced a flower, on, whose leaves the initial letter of his name was inscribed. Ovid. Met. x. 162. Virg. Eel. iii. 106. Georg. iv. 186. Vid. Eel. ii. 18, Alba ligus- tra cadunt : vaccinia nigra leguntur. 56 THEOCRITUS. 3043. 14 the cytisus, the wolf the she-goat, awe? the 15 crane the plough : but I am maddened after you. 16 1 would I had as much as they say Crresus of yore possessed ; then both of us wrought in gold should be dedicated to Aphrodite ; you holding the flute indeed, and either a rose, yes, or an apple ; and I wear- ing 17 a new dress, and new Amyclasan shoes on both feet. O graceful Bombyce, 18 thy feet indeed are well turned, and thy voice is soft. Thy manners however I am not able to express. Mil. Surely the ploughman has escaped my notice while making beautiful songs ; how well has he measured the form of his harmony! 19 Alas me! for the beard which I have nursed in vain. Consider now also the strains of the divine Lytierses. 20 O fruitful Demeter, rich in ears of corn, may this field be well tilled, and fruitful in the highest degree. 14 Cf. Idyll v. 128. Virg. Eel. ii. 63, Torva leaena lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam, Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella Te, Corydon, o Alexi : trahit sua quemque voluptas. Compare Georg. ii. 431, Tondentur cytisi. 15 Cf. Georg. i. 120, Strymoniaeque grues. Hesiod. O. et D. 448. 18 Cf. Virg. Eel. vii. 31, 32, Si proprium hoe fuerit, laevi de marmore tota Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. And Ibid. 36, Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus ; at tu Si fsetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. 17 ffxn^a. Dr. Wordsworth proposes to readXHIMA, h. e. nal ilpa, for ffpljUa, unnecessarily, for (*xW a ma y m ean a dress as well as tlfja. Aristoph. Acharn. 64, wic/3arava TOV a^rinaroq. Besides Kal can hardly precede Ss where \iiv goes before. See a writer in the Classical Mu- seum, vol. ii. 294. But why should we not adopt Graefius's explanation of this somewhat difficult passage, and suppose Kaivbg to be used doubly with reference to tr%j}jua and d/u'iicXac. a.fj,vK\ai were costly shoes used in Laconia, and so called from Amyclae, the town where their inventor lived "? 18 Horat. Od. II. iv. 21, Brachia et vultum, teretesque suras Integer laudo. Solomon's Song vii. 1, How beautiful are thy feet with shoes ! Some think that Bombyces' feet are called dtrrpaydXoi in point of white- ness. Dice were called dorpdyaXci. If this were adopted as the true meaning, we have a parallel in Solomon's Song v. 15, His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold. 19 Compare Idyll xiv. 28, tig dvSpa yt.vf.nav. Hor. ii. Sat. iii. 35, Sapientem pascere barbam. Lytierses was a son of Midas, king of Phrygia. 20 Here we have certain invocations of Ceres and reapers' saws strung 4458. IDYLL X. 57 Bind up, reapers, the sheaves, lest haply a passer-by should say, 2l good-for-nothing fellows, this hire too is thrown away. Let the swathe of your mown-grass look to the north or west : thus the ear fills out. 22 Threshers of corn should avoid sleeping at mid-day : then, most of all, chaff comes from the stalk. Eeapers ought to begin at the rising of the crested lark, and to cease when it goes to rest : but to keep holiday during the heat. The life of the frog is to be prayed for, my boys. He does not care for one to pour out liquor ; for it is at hand for him in abundance. It is better, miserly bailiff, to cook the lentil. 23 Don't cut your hand in splitting the cummin. These couplets it behoves men labouring in the sun to sing : and 'tis meet that you should tell, rustic, your starved love to your mother lying awake in bed in the morning. IDYLL XL CYCLOPS. ARGUMENT. This Idyll commences with a preface to Nicias, a physician of Miletus, (to whom Theocritus inscribes the 13th Idyll, and of whom he makes together. Compare Virg. Geor. i. 347, Et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta, &c. Cf. CaUim. H. in Cer. ii. 127. H. in Dian. 130. 21 avKivoi, good for nothing Men of fig-wood (not worth a figl) Aristoph. Acharn. 108, speaks of irpivivoi yspovrtf, from TrpTvoc, " hearts of oak." 22 Understand n'envctffo or opa in such cases. Matt. Gr. Gr. 546. Compare at this place Milton's L'Allegro, To hear the lark begin his flight And startle, singing, the dull night, From his watch-tower in the skies, Till the dappled dawn doth rise. 23 Misers were called bean-splitters. The cummin seed was too small for even them to split. Our Lord uses the word in rebuking the minute exactness of the Pharisees in matters indifferent, St. Matt, xxiii. 23. 58 THEOCRITUS. 116. favourable mention in Idyll xxviii. 6, and Epigr. vii. 3,) respecting the power of song in relieving the pains of disappointed love. The Cyclops is represented as using this solace for his hopeless passion for Galatea. Polyphemus, sitting on a rock overhanging the sea, beguiles his hours with song. He accuses the fair one of pride, and scorn for his deep devotion to her ; and boasts of the gifts of fortune, which he can show, in lieu of gifts of beauty and personal grace. At last he seems to recover from his infatuation, perceiving the vanity of his hopes. Virgil has had this Idyll in his eye, while writing Eclogues ii. and ix. : and Bion perhaps gathered from it some ideas for the first part of his 15th Idyll. Compare Ovid Met. xiii. 755, &c., and Callimach. Epigr. xlix. p. 316 (Ernesti). 1 THERE is no other remedy for love, O Nicias, either 2 in the way of salve, as it seems to me, or of plaster, except the Muses : but this is a light and sweet thing amongst men, yet 'tis not easy to find. But methinks you know it well, as being a physician, and in truth a man especially beloved by the nine Muses. Thus, for instance, the famous Cyclops our countryman, the ancient Polyphemus, used most easily to pass his time, when he was enamoured of Galatea, just as he was now getting a beard about his mouth and temples. And he was wont to love, not at all with roses, or apples, or locks of hair, but with un- done fury : and he held all things secondary to his fury. 3 Oft- times his sheep went back by themselves to the fold from the green herbage ; whilst he, singing his Galatea, pined away there, on the sea-weedy shore, from break of day, having beneath his breast a most hateful wound inflicted by mighty 1 Horat. Od. IV. ii. 35, Minuentur atras carmine curae. 2 our' fyxpiorov. Compare .ffisch. Prom. V. 438, .(and Pearson on the Creed, Art. ii. p. 89,) OVK fjv aXe?jft' ovStv, ovSe /Spaiertjuov ov XpiffTov, ovSe iriffTov. The Greeks had divers remedies and medicines. Xpicrra, unguents, Trncrra or nXaard, plasters, iriord or Tr6rip.a, liquids, /3pwfft/ia, esculents, and BTrySai, incantations, charms, &c. Pope, Past, ii., calls " Love the sole disease thou canst not cure." 3 avTai, sua sponte. Virg. Eel. vii. 11, Hue ipsi potum venient per prata juvenci. iv. 21, Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae, Ubera. Pope Past. iii. 78, The shepherds cry, Thy flocks are left a prey ! Ah, what avails it me the flocks to keep, Who lost my heart, while I preserved my sheep 1 Ovid. Met. xiii. 62, Quid sit amor sentit, nostrique cupidine captus Uiitur, oblitus pecorum, antrorumque suorum. 1634. IDYLL XI. 59 Venus, 4 since she had fastened an arrow in his heart. 5 But he found his remedy, and sitting upon a high rock, looking to- wards the sea, he was wont to sing such strains as this. 'O fair Galatea, why dost thou spurn thy lover? G More white than cream-cheese to look upon, more tender than a lamb, more frisky than a calf, more sleek than an unripe grape ? And you come hither just so, when sweet sleep pos- sesses me, but you are straightway gone, when sweet sleep leaves me ; 7 and you fly me, like a sheep when it has spied a gray wolf. 8 1 for my part became enamoured of you, damsel, when first you came with my mother, desiring to cull from the mountain hyacinthine flowers ; and I was acting as your guide. But to stop, when once I had beheld you, and after- wards, and even at present, from that time I am unable. Yet you do not care, no, by Jove, not a whit. I know, graceful maiden, on account of what you avoid me, 9 because a shaggy eyebrow stretches all over my forehead, from one ear to another, as one great one ; and one eye is upon my brow, and a broad nostril over the lip. Yet this same I, being such as you see, 10 feed a thousand 4 KvTrptdoQ in /iyaX. Idyll ii. 30, t AtypoBiTag, and vii. 55, TO ol i'jTraTi : Here we must either, as Jacobs thinks, retain TO, supposing it to mean " quoniam," or read TO. ol, i. q. a ol, according to the oldest form of the article, roc, r i rol/ - Matt. Gr. Gr. $ 65, 3. See Wordsw. at xlv. 56, s Cf. Callimach. Epig. xlix., and Ovid. Met. xiii. 778, Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo, Collis : utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda. Hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit. 6 Cf. Ov. Met. xiii. 789 804, where Galatea is called splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior hsedo, &c., and "Virg. Eel. vii. 37, Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblse Candidior cycnis, hederfi formosior alba. Ovid imitates this and the next line in the verses beginning, Mollior etcycni plumis, et lacte coacto. 7 Hor. Od. i. 15, 29, Quern tu, cervus uti vallis in altera, Visum parte lupum graminis immemor Sublimi feries mollis anhelitu. 8 Virg. Eel. viii. 37, Sepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala, Dux ego vester eram, vidi cum matre legentem. 9 Hirsutumque supercilium, promissaque barba. Yirg. Eel. viii. 33. 10 Virg. Eel. ii. 21, Mille meae Siculis errant in monlibus agnse Lac mihi non aestate novum, non frigore defit. Compare Ov. Met. xiii. 821830. Horn. Odyss. ix. 219, &c. 60 THEOCRITUS. 3554. sheep, and from these, milking them, I drink the best milk. And cheese fails me not, either in summer, or in autumn, or in the depth of winter ; but the baskets are always overbur- dened. I am skilled too in playing on the pipes, as no one of the Cyclops here; singing thee, n my dear sweet-apple, and myself at the same time, 12 often times early in the night. And I am rearing for you eleven fawns, all of them 13 wearing collars, and four cubs of a bear. Nay, then, come you to me, and you shall have nothing worse ; and suffer the pale-green sea to roll up to the beach : 14 you will pass the night with me in my cave more sweetly. 15 There are laurels and tapering cypresses, there is black ivy, and the vine with its sweet fruit ; there is cool water, which wooded JEtna sends forth for me, a divine drink, out of white snow : (who would prefer to these delights to dwell in sea or waves ?) But if in truth I seem to you to be rather shaggy, I have oak-branches near, and unresting fire under the embers. And I could endure to be scorched by you even to my very soul, 1G and that single eye, than which nothing is more dear to me. 17 Woe is me, that my mother 11 yXvicvfiaXov, cf. Callim. H. in Cerer. 29, -a term of endearment. 12 VVKTO<; aupi, Idyll xxiv. 38, Aristoph. Ecclesiaz. 741 : see Pierson on Mceris, p. 32, who quotes three passages from the Orators, and two from elsewhere, and states that he has met but one example of awpl not followed by VVKTOQ or VVKTUV. TOI evStica j'/3pw. Cf. Virg. Eel. ii. 40, Prseterea duo, nee tut& mihi valle reperti, Capreoli, sparsis etiam mine pellibus albo. 13 [lavvofyopug, bearing collars, th. fiavvoq, a necklace. Propert. IV. viii. 24, Armillati colla Molossa canes. Others read /iavo0opwf , i. e. nrjvotyopovg, moon-marked, which Reiske holds to be the true reading, /cat (ncv/ui'Wf. Compare Ovid. Met. xii$. 836, Villosae catulos summis in montibus ursse. u 6ptxQ>~l v I n the parallel passage of Virg. Eel. ix. 44, Bentley reads "incani" for insani, as the literal rendering of yXavKtiv. Virg. Eel. i. 80, Hie tamen hanc mecum poteris requiescere noctem. Chapman com- pares with this invitation, Kit Marlow's Shepherd's song, beginning, Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove, &c. 15 Compare Horn. Odyss. ix. 183187, from which Theocr. has taken the ground-work of this passage ; and comp. Odyss. ix. 219, 223, 233, &c. at 51, 52. 18 Catull. iii. 5, Quern plus ilia suis oculis amabat. 17 Pope, Past. ii. 45, expresses the same kind of sentiment: Oh, were I made, by some transforming power, The captive bird, that sings within thy bower. Then might my voice thy listening ears employ, And I those kisses he receives enjoy. 5475. IDYLL XI. 61 did not bring me forth having gills, in which case I should have come down to you, and have kissed your hand, if you would not your lips, and I should be 18 bringing you either white lilies, or the soft poppy with red petals. But the one springs in summer, and the other in the winter, so that I should not have been able to bring you all these together. Now indeed, dear maiden, yes, now on the spot I will learn to swim, if so be 19 that any foreigner arrive hither, sailing in his ship, that I may learn what possible delight it is to you to dwell in the water-depths. Mayest thou come out, Galatea, and having come forth, forget (as I do now sitting here) to go away home : 20 and mayest thou wish to feed flocks with me, and to milk along with me, and to press cheese, infusing sharp runnet. My mother 21 alone wrongs me, and I find fault with her : not a kind word ever at all has she spoken to you on my behalf, and this too, though she sees me becoming thin day after day. I will say that my head and both my feet are throb- bing, that she may be pained, since I too am pained. 22 O Cyclops, Cyclops, whither hast thou flown in reason ? If thou wouldst forthwith weave baskets, and mowing the young shoots, bear them to the lambs, perhaps thou wouldst have thy senses in a far greater degree. 23 Milk the ewe that is So Shakspeare, Romeo and Juliet, Oh that I were a glove upon that hand, &c. 18 Virg. Eel. ii. 45, 46, Tibi lilia plenis Ecce ferunt nymphae calathis, tibi Candida Nais Pallentes violas et summa papavera carpens. 19 The Cyclops are represented by Horn. Odyss. ix. 125, as knowing nothing of navigation, ov ytip KfKXwTrtcrfft vteg Trapa juiXroTrapTjot. Virg. Eel. ix. 39, Hue ades, O Galatea, quis est nam ludus in undis : Hue ades : insani feriant sine littora fluctus. 20 Virg. Eel. ii. 28, O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura, Atque humiles habitare casas, &c. rafiiaov : coagulum. See Tibull. II. iii. 17, Et miscere novo docuisse coagula lacte. 21 nova, in "Wordsworth's judgment, is faulty, because Galatea clearly wronged the Cyclops, and so too did the Cyclops himself, (see 72). Wordsw. suggests icopa, " o virgo, mater me laedit," and points out the same emendation of an unsound passage in Bion xv. 15, where for Mwvoc 'AxiXXi'C> read, (oDpof puer Achilles. 22 Ibid. 69, Ah ! Corydon, Corydon, qua; te dementia cepit. 53 Callimach. Epigr. xxxiii. 5, 6, X" dyuos Ef>tus Totos &(.. TO. fif.ii ivyovTa SIWKILV O'iSt, TO. S' iv /j.i vyy. Pliny Epist. III. ix. 8, Cum uterque pari jugo, non pro se, sed pro causa, niteretur. xpvatiot iraXat, avSptg. Comp. Aristoph. Nub. 1024 ; Horat. Od. I. v. 9, Qui iiunc te fruitur credulus aurea ; and Virg. Georg. ii. 538, Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat. 8 Virg. JEn. iv. 387, Audiam ; et hsec manes veniet mihi fama sub imos. aveKoSov. Cf. Virg. ./En. vi. 426, Evaditque celer ripam irre- meabilis undae. And ibid. 126, 64 THEOCRITUS. 1937. Acheron, whence we return not, ' Thy love and that of thy graceful loved one is even now in the mouths of men, and espe- cially among the youths.' But in truth, of these things indeed the celestials will be arbiters, as they choose ; yet I, in praising thee as the beautiful, 9 shall not breed fib-marks on the top of my nose. For even if you should have pained me at all, you have immediately made the hurt innocent, and doubly gratified me, so I have departed having good measure. 10 O Nisaean Megarensians, excelling at the oars, may yc dwell happily, since ye have n honoured especially the Attic stranger Diocles, the lover of youths. Ever about his tomb in crowds, in earliest spring, youths contend to bear off the prize of kisses. And whoso shall have pressed most sweetly lip to lip, goes back to his mother loaded with garlands. Happy he, who is arbiter of those kisses for the lads. Surely, me- thinks, he oft 12 invokes the gladsome Ganymede, that he may have a mouth like the Lydian stone, by which money-changers try gold, whether it be base or pure. Facilis descensus Averni Sed revocare gradus, superasque evadere ad auras Hoc opus, hie labor est. 9 apcurjc, Koehler, Dahl., Kiessling, read aKpaifjq, which makes a much better sense. Compare Idyll ix. 30, and the passages there quoted. \l/tvS(a = signa mendacii. Wordsw. would have dpau; retained, but translated not as "exilis," but "tenerae." 10 Niscean, of Niseea, the sea-port and arsenal of Megara. 11 Diocles, an Athenian, became a hero of the Megareans, for dying in defence of a youth in battle. See Scholiast. A festival was held in the spring to his memory, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss received a garland. 12 He invokes Ganymede, that he may have as serviceable a mouth for testing rival kisses, as the Lydian stone is useful to money-changers, to test pure and alloyed gold. Wordsw., in a long note, suggests the reading ?xy TVTTOV for irtjTvpov, i. e. whether it have a false stamp. IDYLL XIII. HYLAS. ARGUMENT. The poet premising somewhat about the power of love over gods and men, opens the subject of the rape of Hylas with a description of the love and care of Hercules for the lad. When the Argonauts had put to shore at the land of the Cyanians, on the coast of the Propontis, Hylas was sent by Hercules to fetch water. Whilst drawing from the fountain, in a lovely spot, he is drawn in by the Nymphs, who are captivated by the exceeding beauty of the boy. Hercules, suspecting some mishap from the delay of Hylas, sets out in quest of him ; and as his fruitless search detains him a long time, he is left behind by the Argonauts, who suppose he has quitted them purposely. The hero goes afoot to Colchis. This Idyll is Epic in its character, but with such a touch of Bucolic sweetness about it as to win it a high place among the Idylls of Theocritus. Note the description of the fountain, vs. 40, and the anxiety of the Nymphs to console the lad, 54 59. NOT for us alone, as we used to suppose, my Nicias, did he beget Eros, to l whomsoever of the gods this child was once born : nor to us first, who are mortals, 2 and do not see the morrow, do the things that are beautiful appear to be beauti- ful. But even the 3 brazen-hearted son of Amphitryo, who sustained the attack of the fierce lion, was enamoured of a lad, 4 the graceful Hylas, that wore the curly locks, and he taught 1 Compare the lines of Virg. Georg. iii. 242, beginning, Omne adeo genus in terris hominum, &c. The father of Cupid is unknown. Com- pare Meleager Epigr. xci., Haxpo?, <5' oiiKtT' EX 6 " 0P^? l " TIVOS' ouTf. yup aiQrip Ou "xdwv (p\]m Tt^tlv TOV Opaavv ou TrtXayos. 2 Comp. Callim. Epigr. xv. Eurip. Alcest. 783, KOVK IffTlV OUOEIS OO-TIS ffctTTlCTTaTal TIJV avpiov fjLt\\ov(rav f.1 filoxriTCtl. 3 Cf. Horn. II. ii. 490. Horat. Od. I. iii. 9, Illi robur et SES triplex Circa pectus erat. Mosch. iv. 44, infr., TTE T/OT;? oy' t^wv voov fjk (ri&ripov KdftTfpov iv GTijOiGai. 4 Virg. Georg. iii. 6, Cui non dictus Hylas puer 1 Val. Flacc. Argon, iii. 545, seq., who represents him to have been caught while hunting. Propert. I. xx. 15, seq. 45, Cujns ut accensce Dryades candore puellce, Miratse solitos destituere chores Prolapsum leviter facili traxere liquore : Turn sonitum rapto corpore fecit Hylas. Herodot., vii. 193, says this happened at Pagasac in the bay of Magnesia. F 66 THEOCRITUS. 8 22. him every thing, as a father would his own child, by having learned which he had himself become good and illustrious : and he was never apart from him, not even if mid-day were rising, nor when the white-horsed chariot of Aurora was mounting to the halls of Jove, nor when the chirping young birds looked to their nest, their mother having fluttered her wings upon her dusky perch : in order that the boy might be 5 shapemvith care according to his mind ; and drawing well with him, might turn out a perfect man. 6 But when Jason, son of .^Eson, was sailing in quest of the golden fleece, and the nobles were following along with him, chosen out of all cities, 7 be- cause there was some help in them, there came also to rich 8 Iolchos the much-enduring son of Alcmene, heroine of 9 Midea. And with him Hylas went down to the well-benched Argo, which vessel touched 10 not the jostling Cyanean rocks, but 5 irEirova.fit.voQ, educatus. Matthiee. Eur. Iph. Aul. 207. Dissen: Pindar Ol. vi. 11. J. W. avTv, a metaphor taken from beasts of burden, and avrtfH said as if it were avv avrtp, (Toup.) Hercules is re- presented never leaving the side of Hylas, in order that the boy, drawing the plough straight on, might turn out well. Others read avrdi, and understand TO f/Oog, " drawing his morals from him." Xoehler reads avr& ' ili t'Xicwv, i. e. 'i\Kwv i% avrov ab ipso sumens exemplum. Wordsw., avra> S' t aiK\wv, ejus ex consortio, proprie mensa communi, in virum fortem evaderet. aiicXov was the evening meal at Sparta. 6 Yirg. Eel. iv. 34, Alter erit turn Tiphys, et altera quae vehat Argo Delectos heroas. " wv 6i\og n. II. xiii. 236, OIK' o 8 lolchos, or Colchis, the seat of government of ^Eetes, father of Me- dea, situate on the Euxine. 9 Of Midea, a city of Bceotia, mentioned by Horn. II. /3. 507, in cata- logue of ships, bestowed by Sthenelus on Atreus and Thyestes, uncles of Eurystheus. 10 Kvavtav ffvvSpofidSwv. Milton Parad. L., Harder beset, And more endangered, than when Argo pass'd Through Bosphorus, betwixt the jostling rocks. The jostling rocks, Kvavtai, vijffoi, were supposed to close on all who sailed between them. Eurip. Med. 2. -Androm. 796. Sv^TrXj/yaocrc. They were two small islands opposite the Thracian Bosphorus. Ovid. Trist. I. x. 34, Transeat instabiles strenua Cyaneas. Phasis, a river of Colchis. SiiZaiZt /Jtya \airp.a. It seems clear in this passage that fiaOi'v , a sort of cognate accusative, or blending, as some say, of two ideas, i. e. Saivvfitvov ?%iv TpdirtaSav, and SaivvaOai. Soph. Ajax, 30, irr)dav nidia. Theoc. Id. xv. 122. A poll. Rhod. gives an account of this, i. 1207 ; and Propert. I. xx. 23, At comes invicti juvenis processerat ultra Raram sepositi quaerere fontis aquam. F 2 68 THEOCRITUS. 4058. low-lying spot ; and around it grew many rushes, and the pale-blue 18 ' swallow-wort,' and green ' maiden-hair,' and blooming parsley, and couch-grass stretching through the marshes : and in the midst of the water, Nymphs were mak- ing ready a dance, sleepless Nymphs, dread goddesses to rus- tics, 19 Eunica and Malis, and Nychea with a look like spring. In sooth 20 the boy was holding over the fountain an urn that might contain a copious draught, hastening to plunge it ; when they all clung to his hand : for love for the Argive boy had encircled the tender hearts of them all : and 21 he fell sheer into the black water, like as when a ruddy star hath fallen from the sky sheer into the sea, and a sailor has said to his 22 shipmates, ' Loosen the ship's tackle, my lads, here's a breeze for sailing ! ' The Nymphs indeed holding on their knees the weeping boy, began to console him with gentle words ; 23 whilst the son of Amphitryon, disturbed about the lad, went, with his well-bent bow and arrows 24 after the Scythian fashion, and the club which his right hand ever used to hold. Thrice indeed 18 \i\iS6viov,' swallow-wort or celandine. aSiav-ov, a water-plant, " capillus Veneris," ' maiden-hair." Theopbr. aypuxmp, (Odyss. vi. 90,) triticum repens. 19 Cf. Aves Aristoph. 1169, irvppixqv /3\s7rwv, bellicum intuens. Matt. Gr. Gr. 409, 2. JEsch. S. c. Theb. 500. Chapman quotes here a rich parallel from Kit Marlow. 20 Comp. Propert. I. xx. 43, Tandem haurire parat demissis flumina palmis, Innixus dextro plena trahens humero. -' dOpoog. Virg. Georg. i. 365, Saepe Stellas videbis Prsecipites ccelo labi. See too Horn. II. 5. 45. Ov. Met. ii. 319, Volvitur in prseceps, longoque per aera tractu Fertur, ut interdum de ccelo stella sereno Etsi non cccidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 22 o;rXa, generally ship's tackle, specially her cordage, cables, &c., as Ezech. Spauheim shows in Callimach. H. to Delos, 315. It seems in all its senses to resemble " arma " in Latin. Virg. ^En. iv. 574, Solvite vela citi. Ov. Fast. iii. 586, Findite remigio, navita dixit, aquas. 23 For a rather diffuse parallel, compare Valer. Flacc. Arg. iii. 570. 24 MaiwnoTj, in Scythian fashion. The lake Moeotis is in Scythia, near the mouth of the Phasis. The Scholiast tells us Hercules learned the use of the bow from Teutarus, a Scythian, the herdsman of Amphitryon. -fiivoQ is joined with an accusative. Eurip. Helen. 539. Bion, Id. i. 20, has avd SpVfioi'G a\d\T]Tai. 29 Instead of the obscure T>V irapiovTwv, Graefius suggests rrim Jam fugit ipsa : Mrcrim lupi videre priorcs. St. Ambrose in Hexaem. on St. Luke x. 3, writes, Lupi, siquem priores hominem viderint, vocem ejus feruntur eripere. See AVordsw. note at this passage. In the next line Wordsw. would read for X" fityQa, K yQtro from aiOtaOat. 72 THEOCRITUS. 2441. even a lamp with ease from her. 'Tis Lycus, yes, Lycus it is, son of Labas our neighbour, tall and delicate, and to the fancy of many, beautiful. His was that much talked-of love with which she was pining away : and this had been thus quietly whispered in my ear before : however I had not inquired into it, 12 to no purpose being a bearded man. And now then we four were in the depth of our cups, when the Larissasan began to sing ' My Lycus,' from the beginning, a kind of Thessalian ditty, misguided mind as he had. But Cynisca on a sudden began to weep more warmly than a maiden of six years be- side her mother, longing for her bosom. Then I, the hot fellow, whom you know, Thyonichus, struck her 13 with my fist on the side of the face, ay and another blow again : and she, having drawn her robes up around her, went away out quickly. Do not I please you, my pest ? Is another sweeter to you 14 in the bosom ? Go, caress another lover : for him those tears of thine flow 15 like sweet apples. And like as a swallow flies back quickly to gather victuals, 1G fresh sustenance for her young nestlings ; nay, more swiftly ran she from her soft seat, right 12 fidrav t/c dvSpa ytvfiwv, fig avSpa, i. q. pro viro, as Plaut. Mensechm. II. ii. 14, prosano loqueris. See vs. 50, tig Siov, in the same construc- tion. Compare Idyll x. 40, wfiot rw Trwywvoc;. The meaning of the sen- tence is, I have not shown myself a man, because I did not examine the matter. 13 7ri> 7Ti KoppaQ "HXacra iXavva) is properly used of a blow given. Horn. II. ii. 199. Theocr. Id. xxii. 104. Callim. H. in Cerer. 92, fjXaas KairpoQ. Odyss. xix. 393, avc; f)\afff XIVK<[) oSovn. ivl Kopprjt; Trarna- anv. Demosth. 562, 9. Ovid. Amor. I. vii. 3, Nam furor in dominam temeraria brachia movit : Flet mea vesana lacsa puella manu. Horat. Od. I. xvii. 24, Nee metues protervum Suspecta Cyrum, ne mail dispari Incbntinentes injiciat manus. KaXXav avQtg, understand TrX^yjji/. Compare ^Esch. Agam. 1386, rplnjv 14 viroKoXirtOQ. Juvenal ii. 120, Ingens Coena sedet, gremio jacuit nova nupta mariti. 14 TO. ad SaKpva jua\a /ta\a for wg ftaXa. Mosch. iv. 56, 57, 9a\- tpampa (u'jXiav. Kiessl. Dr. Wordsworth naturally thinks this absurd, and would read Sdupvai for Sdicpva, h. e. Illi tune genac lacrimis madent. But a writer in Class. Museum, vol. ii. 294, suggests caXd for /*a\a, where the adjective would be an emphatic predicate, " Your tears are very pretty to him. 1 ' Or KaXd, as Briggs says, might stand for KaXwQ. l " Cf. Horn. II. ix. 323. Virg. /En. xii. 473, Nigra velut magnas domini cum divitis ades Pervolat, et pennis atria lustrat hirundo. 4258. IDYLL XIV. 73 through the vestibule and folding-doors, I7 wherever her feet bore her. In truth there is a saw spoken, 18 ' The bull has gone to the wood.' 'Tis twenty now, and eight and nine and ten days beside ; to-day is the eleventh, add two : and 'tis two months since we have been parted one from the other, and, 19 after the Thracian custom, I have not shaven jnyself. And to her now Lycus is 20 every thing, and to Lycus at night the door is opened. 21 But I am neither worthy any ac- count, nor am I numbered, wretched Megarensian, being in most dishonoured plight. And if indeed I could love no more, then every thing would go on as it ought: but now, 22 at last, as the mouse, so the saying is, Thyonichus, I have tasted pitch. And what is the remedy for hopeless love, I know not : only Simus, he who was enamoured of the daughter of Epichalcus, Simus, my equal in age, sailed abroad and came back heart-whole. 23 I too will sail across the sea : I shall be neither the worst, nor perhaps the foremost, but an ordinary kind of soldier. Thyon. Would that indeed what you desire could turn out to your mind, JEschines ! But if in sooth you are thus deter - 17 a iroSfg dfov. Herat. Epod. xi. 20, Ferebar incerto pede. Cf. Idyll xiii. 70. 18 This proverb is said of those that return not : as the bulls which take shelter in the wood, cannot be caught again. Scholiast. "Wordsw. would read -i, j3s/3aKtv raupoc, dv v\av. He quotes very appositely Soph. (Ed. Tyrann. 476478. 18 The Thracian mode of shaving was so imperfect, that, in Greek judgment, it passed for unshavenness. The words imply, "Nor have I been shaven even so far as to look like a Thracian." Horn. II. iv. 533, calls the Thracians aKpoicofioi. Cf. Herodot. i. 122. 20 irdvTa. See Matth. Gr. Gr. 438, p. 724, (edit. 1832,) for this use of iravTct. 21 An allusion to the Pythian response to the Megarensians, seeking to know their rank among Greek states. u/ii ' to Mtyapj/ss OUTE i-pi-rot, OU-TE Ti-rapToi ovTt cutaotKaToi, OVT' iv Xoyu), OUT iv dpiQfjita. Cf. Callim. Epigr. xxvi. M The proverb of the mouse touching pitch is applied to things troublesome to be retained, yet hard to get rid of. Compare Ecclus. xiii. 1. 43 For the benefits of this cure for heart-ache, compare Propert. iii. '-'1, Magnum iter ad doclas proficisci cogor Athenas : Ut me longa gravi solvat amore via. In the next line for bpaXbe i TIQ 6 errpariwraf, Wordsworth proposes o/iaX6e Si rig ol, illi : that is, to Simus : which seems highly probable. " Not a very bad, nor a first-rate soldier, but much such another as Simus." 74 THEOCRITUS. 5870. mined to go abroad, Ptolemy is the very best of pay-masters to a free-man. JEsch. And in other respects, what kind of man is he ? Thy on. The very best to a free-man ; indulgent, fond of the Muses, given to love, pleasant in the extreme. He knows him w^o loves him, still better him that loves him not : gives much to many : not refusing, when asked ; as a king should be. But it is not right to ask on every occasion, ^Eschines. So that if you are minded to clasp the top of your mantle up- on your right shoulder, and 24 standing firm on both feet will have the nerve to bide the onset of the bold warrior, off with all speed to Egypt ! We all become old men, beginning from the temples, and time that maketh gray creeps on by degrees to the chin. Those must do something, 25 whose knee is fresh and active. IDYLL XV. THE SYRACUSAN WOMEN ; OR, ADONIAZUS^E. ARGUMENT. This Idyll describes a festival in honour of Adonis, kept at the cost of Arsinoe, with great pomp, at Alexandria ; and it affords the poet an opportunity for lauding the queen, and through her, king Ptolemy also. Two Syracusan women who have Alexandrian husbands, in a low rank of life, start out with their maids to the palace, to see the show. The Idyll has three scenes, so to speak first, the dialogue between Gorge and Praxinoe, at the house of the latter ; then their adventures in the way to the palace ; and lastly, the interior of the palace, and the battle of words between these women and a stranger, which is hushed by the song of a female minstrel in honour of Adonis : when this is ended, they return home. The poem is true to life in its lighter and more homely parts; and is also remarkable for the graceful introduction of praise of the royal family. 84 ETT' a/i^orEpoioi (understand -jroa'i). Tyrtseus i. 53, 'A\/\a Tts tv 5ia/3cis /xEutTeo Trocrlu afjL(f)OTtpoicn 2T?)pi)(0ts eiri ynv i7rai icat iSolaa TV T<$ firj idovrt, where the second a>v stands for TOVTWV, the relative anciently serving as the demonstrative pronoun not uncommonly. AVordsw., uv iStf wv titroiq KaTiSoiaa TV T(f fj.fi ISovn. For wv &v t repeated, see ii. 82, w fug, iv. 39, ocrov 80WW.W. 13 rb vafta, as was shown by Ahlward, is for vfjfjia, mantele, for vij/J.a signifies quicquid ex filis conficitur ; this supplies a better sense than if we took it to mean " water." In vs. 28, Praxinoe says that the cats are snoozing on the towel before the fire." alps, afier, fetch hither. J. W. Cf. Soph. Ajax, 545. 14 Praxinoe says that she has washed enough to satisfy even the gods, the chief lovers of purity. 15 " Costing how much, did it come to you from the loom V Praxinoe had bought the wool and other articles for it, and made it herself. ' /^opjuoi, a word used to frighten children. fiopnvaffCTai is used Callim. H. in Dian. 70, qu. v., and UOOLIU. Aristoph. Eq. G93, Ach. 582, Vesp. 1038. 17 "Q Qeoi. Di boni, quid turbo; cst I Terent. Heaut. Act. 2. For the 78 THEOCRITUS. 4562. ants. Many good works have been done 18 by you, O Ptole- my. Since your sire has been among the immortals, no evil- doer assaults the passenger, creeping up in the 19 Egyptian fashion. Even as formerly men wholly made up of deceit used to sport, like to each other in evil tricks, 20 all worthless. Sweetest Gorgo, what is to become of us ? Here are the war- horses of the king. My good man, don't trample on me. The chesnut charger has reared upright. See, how fiery he is. Impudent Eunoe, will you not fly ? He will make an end of his leader. I am very much delighted, that my child remains in the house. Gorg. Courage, Praxinoe : we are now in the rear of them. And they have fallen 21 into their rank. Praxin. I too am collecting myself at length. From a child I have been very much afraid of a horse, and the 22 cold snake. Let us hasten on. What a vast crowd is pouring upon us ! Gorg. From court, good mother ? Old Woman. I am, my daughters. Gorg. Then is it easy to pass in ? 0. Worn. By trying the Greeks came into Troy. Fairest of daughters, by trying, in truth, all things are accomplished. simile of the ants, see Idyll xvii. 107. jEsch.'Prom. V. 451, atiavpoi [ivpHr]KS, and Horat. Sat. I. i. 33. Virg. ^En. iv. 401, Ac veluti in- gentem formicae, &c. 18 Ptolemy Philadelphia deified his father Ptolemy Soter, son of Lagus, and his mother Berenice. Compare Idyll xvii. Ifi, 123, ovfiut; KCIKO- fpyof. See Herodot. i. 41, fit} Tivt KO.T 6Sov K\wTrtf Kaicovpyci fTri dri\r)(rti (fxivtwai v^itv. And Baehr's note thereupon. J. W. 19 Propert. III. xi. 33, Noxia Alexandria, dolis aptissima tellus. Cic. pro Rabir., Illinc (Alexandrite) omnes prsestigias illinc inquam omnes fallaciae, &c. Aristoph. Nub. 1138, UHTT' i'9 j3ouXrj<7Tai Ki> iv AlyvTTTw TV%.lv fov /uaXAovfj Kpivai /.a/aws. ^Esch. Fragm. 309, Seivoi TrXtKtiv roi fir)\ava Aiyuirnoi. 20 iptioi, a dubious word, expressive of some sort of contempt for Egyp- tians. Dr. \Vordsworth suggests "Eirttot, i. e. "all rogues like Epeus, the builder of the fatal Trojan Horse." ^En. 264, Et ipse doli fabricator Epeus. tXtioi, dwellers in the marshes, the common receptacle for Egyptian rogues, is the best conjecture. Some read atpyoi, comparing St. Paul to Titus i. 12, yatrriptg apyoi. ri ycvufiiQa Of. Biomf. Gloss ad jEsch. 144. J. W. Below compare Virg. ^En. x. 892, Tollit se, arrectum sonipes. 81 i^ x&pav, i. e. ti'e rt}v Taiv avrtZv. Schol. So ^uipav \a/3Tv, Xenoph. Callim. in Del. 192, TroStf Si 01 OVK tvi x^P?- 22 Virg. Eel. iii. 93, Frigidus, o pueri, fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba. Comp. Eel. viii. 71, Sciunl quid in uurem rex reginse dixerit. 6381. IDYLL XV. 79 Gorg. The old woman has departed, having delivered oracles. Praxin. 23 Women know every thing : even how Jove wed- ded Juno. Gorg. Observe, Praxinoe, what a throng around the doors ! Praxin. Prodigious ! Give me your hand, Gorgo. And do you, Eunoe, take the hand of Eutychis ! Keep close to her, that you may not be lost. Let us all go in together. Hold tight to us, Eunoe. Oh ! wretched me ! my fine summer veil has been torn in two at last, Gorgo. By Jove, if you would be in any degree blest, good sir, keep off my robe. Stranger. It is not in my power indeed : but still I will keep off. Praxin. The crowd is all in a heap. They push like boars. Strang. Courage, madam, we are all safe. Praxin. 24 Next year and afterwards, dear sir, may you be prosperous, for taking care of us as you did. What a good compassionate man ! Our Eunoe is being hustled. Come, wretched girl, burst through. Well done. We are all inside, 25 as the man said, when he shut in his bride. Gorg. Praxinoe, come hither ! first observe the embroid- ery ; how fine and elegant ! 26 you would say 'twas the robes of goddesses. Praxin. Our lady Minerva : what clever spinsters wrought them ! What fine artists 27 have painted these life-like pic- 23 So Plautus Trinummus I. ii. 171, Sciunt quod Juno fabulata est cum Jove, neque facta neque futura tamen illi sciunt. Comp. Horn. II. xiv. 295, where it appears that the immortals had not this knowledge. 24 els wpC> "i 11 annum proximum." Comp. Horat. Od. I. xxxii. 2, Quod et hunc in annum Vivat, et plures. t\' avdputv. Ran. Aristoph. 1081, w a\kr\i avSpwv. 25 A proverb of the bridegroom, who, when he has shut himself and his bride (a7rol Se plv, K. r. X., and Ovid. Amor, iii. El. 9, Ecce puer Veneris, &c. Images of the Loves always graced this festival. 3a Ganymede. JEn. i. 28, Rapti Ganymedis honores. V. 255, Quern prtepes ab Ida Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis. Ovid. Fast. vi. 45, Rapto Ganymede dolebam. Spenser, Faery Queen B. iii. canto ii. Hor. Od. IV. iv. 3, Expertus fidelem Jupiter in Ganymede flavo. 40 avo), understand rov fcXtvrJjpoe. Milesian and Samian wools were the finest. The testimony of the natives of these therefore would be highly valued. Virg. Georg. iii. 306, 307, Quamvis Milesia magno. Vellera mutentur Tyrios incocta rubores. paXaicuTtpoi vTTVh). Cf. Idyll v. 58. Virg. Eel. vii. 45, Somno mollior herba. Our own poets use the phrase "downy sleep." 41 oil KevTtl. Though his beard is Trvppog, reddish, his touch is not rough, but soft. Tibull. I. viii. 32, Cui levia fulgent Ora, nee amplexus horrida barba terit. 42 Respecting the Adonia, see Smith's Diet. Gr. and R. Ant. p.12. We have allusion, to Adonis or Tammuz, Milton's Paradise Lost, i. 455, Thammuz came next behind, Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured The Syrian damsels to lament his fate In amorous ditties, all a summer's day, While smooth Adonis from his native rock Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 137 149. IDYLL XV. 83 Adoni?, both hither and to Acheron : neither did Agamemnon enjoy this privilege, nor the great Ajax, hero of grievous wrath, nor Hector, the most honourable of the twenty sons of Hecuba, nor Patrocles, nor Pyrrhus having returned from Troy, nor those who were yet earlier in date, the Lapithre and 43 Deucalions, nor the descendants of Pelops, and Pelasgi, 44 eldest rulers of Argos. Be prosperous now, dear Adonis, and mayest thou give pleasure 45 next year ; both now thou hast come, O Adonis, and whenever thou mayest arrive, thou wilt come, dear. Gorg. Praxinoe, the affair is very clever. The female is fortunate in having so much knowledge most fortunate, in that she sings sweetly. However, it is time even for home : Diocleidas is without his dinner. 4G And the man is vinegar all over: and, if he is hungry, don't go near him. Farewell, beloved Adonis, and go to those who rejoice at your coming. IDYLL XVI. THE GRACES ; OR, HIERO. ARGUMENT. This poem is written in praise of Hiero, son of Hierocles, tyrant of Sy- racuse, a ruler of great moderation, and also of warlike renown, ac- quired in his battles with the Carthaginians. The poet lashes the avarice of most rulers ; who, he says, do not favour poets, and so prevent their fame from gaining that immortality, which cannot be attained, save by song. He goes on to praise Hiero as an honourable exception ; and afterwards prays for the future safety and fortunes of Syracuse, and of Hiero, its ornament and support. In conclusion he invokes the 43 AtvKaXitiivic, i. e. such as Deucalion. So Plutarch speaks Kul Ayxitrat (cat Qpiuji/ Kai Upa9iinvte. And Lougiiius cites a Trage- dian speaking of "EKTOpsg Tt Kai 'SapirijSovtc. 44 "Apyfoc, aicpa, i. q. avToi(Qovt(;. 45 ti'c viwT. f/c TO tnibv ti viov tTog, \. Hesych. Heinsius, Briggs, Wordsworth, prefer to read at verse 145, 76 xpfma ffoipuTtpov a 9ri\itn. Just as at verse 83, aotyov TI xp'l^*' av9ptairoc. 16 ooc I'nrav. Cf. Idyll iii. 19; xv. 20. Horat. Epist. I. xv. 29, Impransus civem qui nou dignosceret hoste. G'2 84 THEOCRITUS. 118. Graces, to win favour for his strains. The poem was written in the time of the Punic war, after Hiero's treaty with Rome (B. c. 263). In character it is epic and encomiastic. THIS is ever a care to the daughters of Jove, ever to poets, to hymn immortals, l to hymn the glories of brave men. The Muses indeed are goddesses ; goddesses sing of gods : but we are mortals here ; let us mortals sing of mortals. 2 Yet who of as many as dwell under the bright dawn, will open his doors, and graciously welcome in his home our 3 Graces, and not send them away again unrewarded ? Whilst they indig- nantly return home with naked feet, flouting me much, because they have gone on a fruitless journey ; and sluggishly again, having thrust their heads upon their 4 starved knees, they abide at the bottom of an empty coffer, where they have 6 a dry seat, whensoever they shall have returned after a bootless errand. Who of the present generation of men 6 is of such a nature as this ? Who, / mean, will love one that has spoken Avell of him ? I know not ! for no longer, as of old, are men anxious to be celebrated for worthy deeds, but they have been conquered by gains. And every one keeping his hands in his bosom, regards his 7 money, from what source it shall increase ; and would not even rub the rust off, or give it to any one ; but says immediately, 8 ' The shin is further off than the knee : 1 Horn. II. ix. 189, unfit $' apa K\ta dvdpwv. Odyss. viii. 73, Mover' dp' cioidbv dviJKtv dttStfifvai K\ta avSpSiv. Horat. IV. viii. 28, Dignum laude virum musa vetat mori. * rig ydp. There is an ellipse of rovro BavfjtacrTov tanv ydp supply- ing the reason. It is a wonder that mortals sing the praise of mortals, seeing how ill-requited they are. 3 \apiTag, i.e. his poems. For a similar prosopopoeia, see Horat. Epist. i. 20, where he compares his book with a damsel desiring to go forth in public. 4 i/^xpoTf, starved. Compare Aristoph. Plut. 262, 6 Sso-TTOTijs yap Qiicriv v [ids fjdtws airav-ras \l/v%pov ftiov Kui OVCTKO\OV *io"ii/ aTraXXayiirras. 5 avt) tdpa. Compare Idyll i. 51 ; viii. 44. 6 For ro(6f o wort i\]/i TtKi/a TOLUVT' ovtibi] \afij3civaji' ; 7 Compare Horat. Od. III. xvi. 17, Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam Majorumque fames. JITTO Ko\7rui. See Ov. Am. I. x. 18, Quo pretium condat, non habet ille si num. B Cicero quotes this proverb, Epist. ad Di versos, lib. xvi. Ep. 23, 1934. IDYLL XVI. 85 let me have something myself. Gods honour poets. And M'ho would listen to another ? Homer is enough for all. This is the best of poets, who will carry off nothing from me.' Strange men ! now what gain is your countless gold laid up within ? Such is not the advantage of wealth to the wise : but it is rather to give a part to 9 one's tastes, and a part also to one of the poets : and to do good to many of one's 10 kins- men, and many too of other men, and ever to perform sacrifices to the gods ; n and not to be a bad host, but to send away a guest having treated him kindly at one's board, whensoever he may choose to depart : but chiefly to honour the sacred inter- preters of the Muses, that, though buried in Hades, you may be well spoken of ; and may not lament ingloriously in chilly Acheron, like some 12 poor man, having had his hands made callous inside by the spade, bewailing portionless poverty left him by his fathers. 13 In the mansions of Antiochus and king Aleuas, 14 many Nee tamen te avoco a syngrapha, yovv KvfjfiT}^. Athenoeus ix. 383, yovv Kvf)[ir]<; tyytor. Plaut. Tunica pallio propior. Charity begins at home. Shaksp. Two Gentleman of Verona, act ii. sc. 6, I to my- self am dearer than a friend. Qeoi Tipwciv doiSovg, is equivalent to the cant phrase, Providence will take care of poets. 8 ipvXV Sovvcu, Genio dare, (Lat.) Horat. Epist. II. i. 144, Flori- bus etvino Genium memorem brevis sevi. ^Esch. Pers. 827, \j/vxy ci- ' ' 10 TTT/OC, " cognatus." See Odyss. \iii. 581, where the Schol. observes that it denotes connexion secondary to blood relationship, for which it was never expressly used. See Valken. Phoeniss. 431, derived from Tritrafiai. 11 Theocrit. had in view Odyss. xv. 68. Compare Pope's Imitation of Horace, Sat. ii. 2, Through whose free opening gate None comes too early none departs too late, &c. For patriarchal hospitality, see Genesis xviii., xix. 12 axfjv, needy, a xaivw, akin to egenus. ^Eschylus uses the substan- tive a\i]via. Choeph. 301. Ag. 419. Virg. JEn. vi. 436, Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores. 13 Aleuas, a king of Thessaly, one of a most powerful dynasty, Herodot. vii. 6. Ovid Ibis, 327, Quosque putas fidos, ut Larissreus Aleuas Vulnere non fidos experiere tuo. 14 tfitTp^'jffavTO, i. e. fiirprj/jta tXaflov. Fawkes compares dpfin\tai> tfifiqvov with the "Demensum," or monthly measure of Roman slaves. Terence Phorm. Act. i. 1, Quos ille unciatim vix de demenso suo Suum defraudans genium, comparsit miser. 86 THEOCRITUS. 35 48. serfs had monthly provisions measured out to them : and many calves lowed with horned heifers, as they were driven to the stalls of the Scopadae : and shepherds would let out to feed along the Crannonian plain, ten thousand choice sheep for the hospitable Creondae : 15 yet had there been no pleasure to them of these things, after that they had poured out their sweet spirits into the broad bark of hateful Acheron ; and, out of mind, having quitted those many and rich resources, they would have lain long ages among the wretched dead, had not the clever bard, 16 the Ceian with his changeful song set to his many-stringed lyre, made them illustrious to posterity ; n for even swift steeds which came to them crowned from the sacred contests, obtained a share in the honour. And who had ever known the nobles of the 18 Lycians, who the sons of Priam Hesiod, Op. 349, tv p.tv [itrpilaOai irapa ytirovoQ Yltvloreu. Thirhv. History of Gr. i. 437. Each of the chief Thessalian cities exercised a dominion over several smaller towns, and they were themselves the seat of noble families, of the line of ancient kings, able generally to draw to themselves the whole government of the nation. Larissa was thus subject to the house of Aleuadae ; Crannon and Pharsalus, to the Scopadce and Creondaj, branches of the same stock. The vast estates and flocks and herds of these were managed by their serfs, the Penests, who, at call, were ready to follow them to the field afoot or on horseback. Cf. Herodot. vi. 127. 15 , a'so d' apo/tat. 2 Milton's Paradise Lost, v. 165, Him first, Him last, Him midst, and without end. Horat. i Ep. i., Prima dicte mihi, summit dicende Ca- inoena. 3 irpoaQtv, olim. So "ante," in Latin. Ovid. Fast. i. 337, Ante, deos homini quod conciliare valeret Far erat. Three lines below compare with v/ivoi de ical, K. T. \. Horace Epist. II. i. 138, Carmine Di superi placantur, carmine Manes. 4 Compare Callim. H. in Jov. 87, where he says of this same Ptolemy, Effrreptoc Ktlvo^ ye ri\i1 TO. Ktv ?}ol voijay. So Horn. Od. /3. 272, otog t/cflvoc. tiji' n\fffat tpyov TI tirog re. 5 Ptolemy Philadelphia, son of Ptolemy Lagides, or Soter, (one of Alexander's generals, who obtained Egypt at the division of his empire,) was associated in the government by his sire, to the exclusion of his children by his first -wife Eurydice ; in return for which Philadelphia deified Lagides and his wife Berenice. Below at line 19, J. W. quotes Juvenal iii. 66, Ite quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra. 6 Callim. H. in Dian. 159, yvta fowfoi'c. Ov. Met. iv. 538, Abstulit 92 THEOCRITUS. 24 43. has exempted their limbs from old age. and because, being of his 7 brood, they are styled immortals. For to both the brave son of Hercules is an ancestor, and both 8 reckon up their descent to Hercules, as the source. Wherefore likewise when, at length satisfied with fragrant nectar, he goes from the feast to the chamber of his dear spouse, to the one he gives his bow and the quiver under his elbow, and to the other his iron club, studded with knots ; and they bear the arms to the ambrosial chamber of white- 9 ancled Hebe, along with their ancestor, Jove's son himself. And among wise women how did far-famed Berenice shine, a great blessing to her parents ! Upon whose fragrant breast, indeed, the august daughter of Dione, that occupies Cyprus, impressed her slender hands. Wherefore 'tis said that never did any woman so please her husband, as Ptolemy in fact loved his own wife. She indeed returned his love far more than other wives. Thus he could trustfully commit his whole house to his children's care, when- soever lover-like he ascended to the chamber of his loving wife. 10 But of an unloving woman the thoughts are ever on a illis quod mortale fuit. Soph. (Ed. Col. 607, Mot/oif ov yiyvirai Qfoiai yjjpag. The founder of the kingdom of Macedon was Caranus, an Argive, sixteenth in descent from Hercules. From him Philip and Alexander therefore traced their pedigree. See more, as J. W. refers us, in Valkenaer on Herodot. viii. 137. 7 v'e.iro$f.q, i. q. TSKVO., a hrood. Eustath. (quasi vtoiroStg, from vtcc-) Compare nepos, nepotes. It occurs in Callim. Frag. Ixxvii. 260. Apoli. Rhod. iv. 1745. 8 Juvenal viii. 131, Tune licet a Pico numeres genus. 'HpaKXtiOiat;. Hyllus. 9 Hebe, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, was the fahledwife of Hercules. Odyss. xi. 602, where Ulysses is represented beholding Hercules with Ka\\iavpog"Hf3T], a mythic union of strength and youth. 10 The meaning of this and the foregoing verses seems "A husband sure of his wife's love, can trust his children, because they are no bastards, with his interests and fortunes." As Ptolemy, son of Lagus, did, in sharing his kingdom with Philadelphus, his son by Berenice. Horat. Od. II. v. 2124, Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris: Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas; Laudantur simili prole puerperae: Culpam poena premit comes. Compare Martial vi. 7, 24, Et tibi, quce patrii signatur imagine vultus, Testis maternae nata pudicitiac. Compare also Juvenal vi. 81 ; Hesiod O. et D. 235. Catull. lix. 229, 44 65. IDYLL XVII. 93 stranger ; and her parturitions are easy, but the children never like the father. O Lady Aphrodite, excelling the goddesses in beauty, to thee she was a care, and on account of thee beauteous Berenice did not cross mournful Acheron ; but having snatched her away ere she had come down to the dark stream, and to the ever-rueful ferryman of the dead, thou placedst her in thy temple, and gavest her a share in thine honour. And gentle to all mortals, she ever breathes upon them soft loves, and to one that longs u makes his cares light. 12 dark-browed Argive lady, thou didst bear Diomed, slayer of hosts, a Calydonian hero, when thou hadst been united to Tydeus. But deep-bosomed Thetis bare the warrior Achilles to Peleus, son of -ZEacus : and thee, O warrior Ptolemy, distinguished Berenice to a warrior, Ptolemy. 13 And Cos did rear thee, having received thee a new-born babe from thy mother, when thou sawest the dawn first. For there the 14 daughter of Antigone, weighed down with throes, called out for 15 Lucina, the friend of women in travail. And she with kind favour stood by her, and in sooth poured down her whole limbs an insensibility to pain, and so a lovely boy, like to his father, was born. 16 And Cos when she beheld him broke forth into joy, and Sit suo similis patri Manlio, et faci!6 insciis Noscitetur ab omnibus ; Et pudicitiam suam Matris indicet ore. J. W. aptly compares Shaksp. Much Ado about Nothing, act i. sc. 1, "Truly the lady fathers herself," and Terent. Heaut. V. iv. 17. 11 Kova<;diSoI, i. e. Kovtyi&i. Cf. Idyll xxiii. 9, 0iAa/m TO KoviZ,ov rbv tpatra. 12 Tydeus, son of ^Eneus, king of Calydon, flying to Argos, married Deipyle, daughter of Adrastus, who bare him Diomed, called here Caly- donian, because of his father's origin. 13 Ptolemy Philadelphia was born at the island of Cos, whither his mother Berenice had accompanied her husband during the naval cam- paign of B. c. 309, against Demetrius. Comp. Callim. H. in Del. 105 190. 14 Berenice was the daughter of Antigone, the daughter of Cassander, the brother of Antipater. See Smith D. G. A. p. 482, vol. i. 15 Lucina, Xvai^wvog. Call. H. in Jov. 21, t\vaaro fiirpav. See Span- heim, note at this passage. To her belonged the influence we moderns ascribe to chloroform. 16 o\6\vtv, uttered a cry of joy. Eur. Electr. 691. This impersonation of the island is bold and sublime. Pohvhele compares with passages of holy writ, e. g. Why hop ye so, ye high hills. Break forth into singing, 94 TnF.OCRITUS. 6582. said, with fond hands touching the infant: n 'Blessed, boy, mayest thou be, and mayest thou honour me as much as even Phoebus Apollo honoured Delos of the azure fillet : and in the same honour mayest thou rank the 18 promontory of Triops, assigning equal 19 favour to the Dorians dwelling near, as also king Apollo lovingly paid to 20 Rhenrea." Thus, I wot, spake the island, and the propitious eagle-bird of Jove thrice from on high, above the clouds, screamed with its voice. This methinks is a sign of Jove. To Jove the son of Saturn august monarchs are a care : and chiefly he, whomsoever he shall have kissed at his first birth ; and great fortune attends him. Much land rules he, and much sea. Numberless con- tinents, as well as myriads of races of men, till corn-fields assisted by the moisture of Jove : but no region produces so much as low- 21 lying Egypt, when Nile gushing forth breaks up the moist clods. Nor hath any so many cities of men skilled in works. Three hundred indeed of towns have been ye mountains. Theocritus however has a closer parallel here, in Callim. H. in Del. 264, AVTTJ t xpvakoio air' ovceog t'iXto TrctiSa, spoken of the island Delos. Horn. H. in Apoll. 61, 119, q. v. Virg. Eel. v. 62, Ipsi laetilia voces ad sidera jactant Intonsi monies. 17 o\/3is icuipE ytvoio, for o\|8ioc, a rare construction in Greek, Eurip. Troad. 1229. In Latin, Tibull. i. 7, 53, Sic venias hodierne. Propert. II. xv. 2, Lectule deliciis facte beate meis. Virg. .JEn. ii. 282, Quibus Hector ab oris, expectate venis. 18 Spanheim, at Callim. H. in. Del. 160, says that Triops was king of Cos, and father of Merops, another king of the island ; and that from him the promontory of Cnidos was called Triopium. Comp. H.in Cerer. 31. 18 The Dorian Pentapolis consisted of five cities, Lindus, lalysus, Ca- mirus, Cos, and Cnidos. Thirwl. H. of Greece, vol. ii. 88. 20 Rhenaea, an island close to Delos, to which in the purification of Delos by Pisistratus, and afterwards in the Peloponnesian war, all dead bodies were carried from Delos for burial ; and all births of Delian children arranged to take place there. Cf. Thuc. iii. 104. Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, bound it to Delos and dedicated it to Apollo. See Virg. ^En. iii. 75. 21 " JEgypti pars depression" Tibull. i. 7, 23, Fertilis sestivft Nilus abundet aqua Nile pater quanam possim te dicere causft Aut quibus in terris occuluisse caput. The Delta is here alluded to. See Georg. iv. 287 294, for another ac- count of the Nile. OpvTrru, confringit. Herod, ii. 12, (quoted here by J. W.,) rt)v Aiyvirrov fj,i\dyyai6v re Kal Ka-appijyyvfttvrjv wore iovaav l\vv rt Kal rrpoxvffiv t AlOioTrirjs Karivt)ve.iynivr]v virb rov Trorapov. 82107. IDYLL XVII. 95 built for him, ay and three thousand over and above thirty thousand, and two triads, and besides them thrice nine ; in 22 all which magnanimous Ptolemy is sovereign. And in truth he cuts off for his portion a part of Phoanicia and Arabia, and of Syria and Libya, and the black ^Ethiopians ; and he bears sway over all the Pamphylians, and warrior Cilicians, and Lycians, and war-loving Carians, and the island Cyclades, for 23 his ships are the best that sail over the sea ; and all sea and land and rushing rivers are ruled over by Ptolemy. And for him many horsemen and many shield-bearers arrayed in gleaming brass rage and roar. In wealth indeed he outweighs all monarchs, so much every day comes into his splendid house from every quarter, and the peoples go about his works in peace and quietness. For no hostile infantry having crossed the Nile abounding in ^croco- diles, has raised the battle-cry in strange villages ; nor has any armed man leapt ashore from a swift ship against the cattle of Egypt, as a foe: such a hero yellow-haired Ptolemy has established himself in her broad plains, skilful to wield the spear ; whose whole care is to protect his patrimony, as a good king's should be; and other realms he is himself ac- quiring. Not however to no purpose, I ween, is the gold in his wealthy house, 25 even as the riches of labouring ants are 22 rwv trdvTwv, referred to TroXswv, but in the neuter gender. Cf. Epigr. i. 3, 4. The whole number is 33,339. Wordsworth refers us for the riches of Ptolemy, to the commentators on Daniel xi. 5. 23 His ships are the best, &c. Fawkes compares Waller, Where'er thy navy spreads her canvass wings, Homage to thee, and peace to all she brings. Byron, Corsair, opening, Our flag the sceptre, all who meet obey. KfXd^ovrtf, resonantes. Cf. Idyll vii. 137. Aristoph. Nub. 284, ical KQTapwv Z.a.Q'ui)v KiXaSrinari. 24 For the crocodiles of the Nile, see Herodot. lib. ii. Senec. Natur. Quacst. iv. 1, p. 611, Elzev. J. W. At "yellow-haired Ptolemy," com- pare Horat. Od IV. xv. 17, Custode rerum Cresare, non furor Civilis, aut vis exiget otiuni. 25 Cf. jEsch. Prom. v. 451, atiavcioi jjivpfitjKtf. Horat. Sat. i. 1, 33- Magni formica laboris Ore trahit quodcunque potest, atque addit acervo Quern struit. For the next line compare Virg. JEn. x. 619, Tua largi\ manu multisque oneravit limina donis. 96 THEOCRITUS. 107128. ever poured in ; but much of it indeed the splendid temples of the gods have, whilst ever and anon he offers first-fruits with other gifts : and much has he bestowed on brave kings, and much on cities, and much on good comrades ; nor has any man, skilled to strike up a sweet song, 26 come to the sacred contests of Bacchus, 27 to whom he has not presented a gift worthy of his craft. 28 And the interpreters of the Muses sing the praise of Ptolemy, in return for his beneficence. But what can be more honourable to a man of wealth than to win worthy renown among men ? This remains sure even to the sons of Atreus, while those countless acquisitions, as many as they made, when they had taken the mighty house of Priam, have been hidden some where in the 29 mist, from which there- after there is no longer a return. 30 This man, alone of men of former ages, impresses the foot-prints of his parents, yet warm in the dust, as he treads above them. 31 To his loved mother and father he has placed incense-breathing temples, and has set them up therein conspicuous with gold and ivory, as helpers to all mortals. And many fatted haunches of oxen does he burn, in revolving months, on blood-red altars, him- self and his goodly spouse, than whom no nobler woman 28 The festivals of Bacchus celebrated by Ptolemy, and the "sacred contests " here alluded to, appear to have been either dramatic pieces, or the Dionysia at which poets contended with those dramatic pieces. 27 Ptolemy's munificence drew to his court seven poets, called the Pleiades from their number, Theocritus, Callimachus, Apollonius, Aratus, Lycophron, Nicander, Philicus. 28 Horat. Od. III. i. 3, Musarum sacerdos. In Cicero's oration for Archias, Ennius is quoted as calling poets " sanctos." Propert. III. i. 3, Primus ego ingredior puro de fonte sacerdos. Virg. Georg. ii. 475, Me vero primum dulces ante omnia Musac, Quarum sacra fero ingenti percussus amore. i9 at pi : caligine. See Horn. Odyss. ix. 144, drjp yap Trapa vtjvcri /3a0ti' f/v, ovdi at\i]vr] ovpavbQtv irpovtyaivf. Cf. II. v. 864. 30 Ovid. Met. vii. 775, Pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat. Horn. II. xxiii. 763, describes the act which gives rise to this metaphor, avrap oTrtaQiv lx via TVTTTC TrvStatn, Trapoc KOVIV afupi^vOilvai. tKftdaotTai imitatione exprimit. 31 Ptolemy raised temples in honour of his parents, as well as one to his sister as Venus Arsinoe. xpvvv : Signa auro illinebant antiqui. J. W. Vid. not. Wordsw. Theocr. p. 158. 129137. IDYLL XVII. 97 embraces her bridegroom in the palace 32 with bended arm, loving as she does from the heart her brother and husband. Thus too was consummated 33 the holy marriage of the im- mortals, whom sovereign Rhea bare as sovereigns of Olym- pus : and Iris, still a virgin, having washed her hands with unguents, strews one couch for Jupiter and Juno to sleep upon. Farewell, king Ptolemy ; but of thee I will make mention like as of other demigods ; and methinks 34 I shall speak a word not to be spurned by posterity : ' Excellence at any rate one will gain from Jupiter.' IDYLL XVIII. THE EPITHALAMIUM OF HELEN. ARGUMENT. After the nuptials of Helen and Menelaus, the chief maidens of Sparta, ranging themselves before the bridal chamber, sing an Epithalamium, beginning with the jokes which would naturally be passed at the ex- pense of the bridegroom. Menelaus is next felicitated on the score of the prize of beauty which he has won, while so many of the noblest suitors failed. The poet passes naturally on to a description of Helen's personal and mental graces, and puts into the mouth of the chorus a warm expression of their love and regard for her. This Idyll is of a lyric character, and is amongst the most beautiful of its kind. Some have been led, by its dissimilarity from the other Idylls, to suppose Theocritus not to have been its author. But there is no reason why 32 dyo0r, with a bent arm, akin to ayKwv. 33 A comparison is instituted between the marriage of Jove and Juno, and that between Philadelphus and Arsinoe ; the brother in each case wedding his sister. Iris is represented as discharging the office which, in Idyll ii. 160 of Moschus, the Hours discharge for Jove and Europa. 34 $9eyZo[i.ai, &c. The moral sentence that follows is premised by ai, and the sense is, that the observation of excellence in Ptolemy, granted him by the gods, causes the poet to exhort all that his words reach, not to scorn his example, but to seek from Jove, who alone can give it, like excellence. eac. The second person here is used, as else- where, for an indefinite third person. Compare Sophocl. Trachin. 2. Ajax 155. Tacitus German : Nam magnum haud tueare. H 98 THEOCRITUS. 110. he should not have excelled in this as in more homely styles. He may have borrowed from Stesichorus, but the Epithalamium of that poet not being extant, we have no means of deciding whether, or how far, this was the case. It is of that class of Epithalamia which is called /cov, or slumber-inducing. 1 WHILOME in Sparta, at the house of auburn-haired Mene- laus, maidens having blooming 2 hyacinth in their tresses, formed the dance in front of a 3 newly-painted nuptial cham- ber, the twelve first maidens of the city, 4 pride of the Spartan women, when the younger son of Atreus, having wedded Helen the beloved daughter of Tyndarus, had shut her within his chamber. And they began to sing, I ween, all beating time to one melody with many-twinkling 5 feet, and the house was ringing round with a nuptial hymn. "Hast thou then fallen asleep thus too early, O dear bridegroom ? Art thou 1 It was Brunck's opinion that Theocritus wrote this Idyll with an eye to the Song of Solomon, many passages of which strikingly receive illustration from it. Iv TTOK apa 'Siiraprq.. Callimach. H. in Lav. Pall. Iv TTOKO. Qr)j3ai. 2 Milton's Paradise Lost iv. 301, " Hyacinthine locks." Odyss. vi. 230, Kao Si /(dpj)TOs oi/Xas ';KE /co/uas, vaKivQivia avQti o/^oias. Horace Od. I. iv. 9, 10, Nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore, terrae quern ferunt solutse. 3 Embroidery, or tapestry, is here spoken of provided at the husband's expense. Horn. II. xvii. 36, 9a\ap.oio vsoio. Odyss. xxii. 178. Comp. Idyll xxvii. 36. 4 p'tya xpi?^' See Mat t- Gr. Gr. 430, p. 704. Herodot. i. 36. ffvbgxprjfjia p.eya. Acharn. Aristoph. 150; Nub. 2. Valken. on Phoen 206. 5 vepnrXeKTOis, which appears the true reading here, signifies literally "intertwined." Some would read xpi\ov. IDYLL XX. THE HERDSMAN. ARGUMENT. The poet in this Idyll introduces a rustic complaining of the scorn and contempt of a city maiden in rejecting his addresses. Having de- clared the cause of this scorn, he shows how undeserving he is of it, as being neither ugly nor a man of the lowest condition, seeing that gods and goddesses had sought out of his rank of life, objects of love. Heinsius holds this to be a poem of Moschus, but though Valkenaer inclines to the same opinion, the mass of testimony ascribes it to Theocritus. EUNICA laughed at me when I wished sweetly to kiss her, and, teasing me, said thus: 1 'Away with you from me! Clown as you are, do you want to kiss me, wretch ? I have not learned to kiss bumpkins, 2 but to press city lips. Don't you at any rate kiss my fair mouth, no, not in your dreams. What a look you have ! what a speech ! 3 how rudely you toy ! How mincingly you talk ! what wheedling words you utter ! How 4 smooth is the beard you have ! what sweet hair ! h Nay, your lips in truth are diseased, and your hands are black, and you smell foully. Away from me, lest you contaminate me !' Speaking thus, 6 she spat thrice on her breast, and 7 eyed 1 tppe. JEolic for tipe, (says Graevius at Callim. H. in Del. 130,) as tyO'tppiiv for 0upuv. Latin. Abin' in malam rem. Terent. Andria II. i. 17. Horn. Iliad viii. 164, tppt, KnKtj yXjvj. II. xxii. 498, tpp' ovrtaf. 2 BXifitiv x\a. Labra suaviter premere. Comp. Idyll xii. 32 ; Bion i. 44. 3 aypta TraiaSug, Mosch. i. 11, and see the notes of this transl. on that passage. * Virg. Eel. viii. 34, Hirsutumque supercilium promissaque barba. aSia \airav. Simple adjectives in vg are often common in gender. Comp. Matth. Gr. Gr. 119, b. 4. QriXvg pffij, Odyss. v. 467. Of course the lines 6 8 are ironical. 5 Aristoph. Nub. 50, o^uv rpvyoc, rpaffiac,, ipiuv. A strong description of a rustic. 6 rpif elf ibv tTrrvfft KoXtrov. Compare ii. 62 ; Theocr. vi. 39 ; Soph. Antig. 653. 7 Comp. Virg. ^En. iv. 363, 364, Hue illuc volvens oculos, totumqoe pererrat Luminibus tacitis. 104 THEOCRITUS. 1327. me all over from my head to my two feet, making mouths at me with her lips, and looking at me askance. 8 And she played the woman with much affectation as to her figure, and laughed at me with a mocking and proud kind of laugh. But 9 quickly my blood boiled up, and I became purple in complexion by reason of my chagrin, as a rose is with dew. And she indeed left me and went away. But I bear wrath at my heart, because a worthless mistress has ridiculed me, pleasing though lam. Shepherds, tell me the truth ; 'am I not beautiful?' 10 Has one of the gods, I wonder, made me on a sudden another mortal ? n For formerly a pleasing kind of beauty was bloom- ing upon me, as ivy on the trunk, and used to shade my chin ; and my locks poured, like parsley, around my temples, and my white forehead was wont to shine over dark eye-brows ; my eyes were far more 12 bright than those of blue-eyed Athene ; 13 my mouth more sweet even than cream cheese ; and 14 from my lips flowed a voice more pleasant than from a Hor. Epist. II. ii. 4, Hie et Candidas, et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos Fiet. 8 Compare Bion xv. 18, where the word is used of Achilles in woman's apparel with Deidamia, KOI yap laov rjji'au; QriXvvtro. aiaapbg. Comp. Idyll vii. 19. Literally, " of parted lips." 8 Compare Callimach. Bath of Pallas, 27, Q icoipai, TO ' tptvOog avtcpane, irpwiov o'iav "H poSov 11 aifldag KOKicog t% xpoiav. Cf. Bion i. 35 ; Moschus iii. o. 10 Propert. I. xii. 11, Non sum ego qui fueram. Horat. Od. IV. i. 3, 4, Non sum qualis eram, &c. The poet may allude to Homer ; Odyss. xiii. 429. 11 Odyss. xi. 318, irplv taiv VTTO Kpo-rd(poi(nv ioi/Xoirs AvOijcrat, -rrvKaaai TE yivvv tiiavQii Xd^vij. Virg. jEn. viii. 160, Turn mihi prima genas vestibat flore Juventa. See too Idyll xv. 85. 12 xapoTroiropa. Anacreon Od. xxviii. opposes Minerva's bright blue eye to the languishing blue of that of Venus. ^opoTroe seems originally to have meant a bright fierce-looking eye, without any denned notion of colour. It came to mean such as have a grayish or light blue lustre, darker than, but not differing much from, yXavxo^, and indeed used here with it. Tacitus calls the eyes of the Germans, "truces etccerulei oculi." See Liddell and Scott, Lexicon. 13 Ov. Met. xiii. 795, Mollior et cycni plumis et lacte coacto. 14 Compare Iliad i. 249, TOV Kal cnro yXuaarjc; fitXiroc; yXvKiiiiv peev 2843. IDYLL XX. 105 honey-comb. And sweet is my melody, both if I warble to the shepherd's pipe, and if I sing to the flute, or the reed, or the 15 flageolet. And all the women along the mountains say that I am handsome, and all of them love me ; but the city miss has not kissed me, but has run past me, because I am a rustic ; 16 and she is not yet aware that beauteous Bacchus used to drive the calf in the valleys. Neither did she know that Venus maddened after a herdsman, and tended flocks with him on the Phrygian mountains. 17 Adonis, himself, she kissed in the woods, and in the woods she lamented. 18 And who was Endymion ? Was he not a herdsman ? Yes, and him Selene kissed, as he fed his herds ; and coming from Olympus she went up to the Latmian glade, and slept beside the lad. 19 Thou too, Rhea, bewailest thy herdsman. And hast not even thou, O son of Saturn, wandered 20 m the form of a bird through love of a herd-tending boy. But Eunica alone has not kissed the herdsman, Eunica who is superior no doubt to Cybele, and Venus, and to Selene. ftvSi). Cantic., or Songof Solomon, iv. 11, " Thy lips, O my spouse, drop as the honeycomb : honey and milk are under thy tongue." 15 TrXaytavXoe- Hence flageolet, " quasi dicas plagiaulet." ^Emil. Port. Lex. Doric. Comp. Bion iii. 7. IB Virg. Eel. x. 18, Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis, ii. 60, Quern fugis, ah demens! habitarunt di quoque silvas. Pope II. Past. 59 62, See what delights in silvan scenes appear, Descending gods have found Elysium here. In woods bright Venus with Adonis stray'd, And chaste Diana haunts the forest glade. 17 Ovid Trist. ii. 299, In Venere Anchises, in Luna Latmius heros, In Cerere Jasion. qui referatur erit. Compare Bion's Idyll on this subject. 18 Endymion. Cf. Idyll iii. 49, A shepherd, by whose side, as he slept at Mt. Latmus in Caria, Selene, kissing him, lay. See Smith's Diet. Gr. R. Biogr. ii. 16, B. sva. One MS. has lipa, which Wordsworth approves. Catull. Com. Berenices, v. 5, Ut Triviam furtim sub Latmia saxa relegans Dulcis amor gyro devocet aerio. Compare, Latmius Endymion non est tibi, Luna, rubori. Ovid. Ant. Am. iii. 85. 19 Atys, a shepherd of Celense in Phrygia, beloved by Rhea or Cybele. Cf. Smith Diet. ii. 417, B. See Ovid Fast. iv. 221244. And see the poem of Catullus, bearing the name of Atys, and Propert. II. xxiii. 20. 80 For the legend of Ganymede see Smith Diet. G. R. B. ii. 230, and Virg. jEn. v. 253 ; Ov. Met. x. 255; Horat. iv. 4. 106 THEOCRITUS. 44, 45. Love no longer even thou, 21 ' would-be Venus] thy sweet one either in the city or on the mountain, but sleep alone all night long. IDYLL XXI. THE FISHERMEN. This Idyll contains a conversation of two fishermen by night. Our poet addressing one Diophantus -with a few observations on the force of poverty in rousing men to active pursuits, describes the scene of this colloquy, which is laid in a scantily furnished sea-side hut. One of the fishermen calls upon the other to unriddle him the dream which he has dreamed. It was this: that he had in pursuit of his calling caught a golden fish, and thereupon determined with an oath to es- chew the trade for the future. Now that the golden hope and his dream have proved alike unreal, he fears lest he ought to consider his oath binding. His comrade bids him be of good cheer, telling him that his oath is clearly no more real than his dream was. This is the only Idyll descriptive of fishermen's life that has come down to us ; and it has been suggested, with much reason, that in it Theocritus imitated the QvvvoQripa. or AXitve of Slophron. ASPHALION AND A COMRADE. 1 POVERTY, O Diophantus, alone arouses the arts : she is the teacher of labour ; for hard cares do not permit labouring men even to sleep. And even if a man shall have tasted sleep 2 for a little space in the night, solicitudes on a sudden 21 Would-be Venus." It seems clear that the poet makes his rustic taunt Eunica in these last words, and the suggestion of Wordsworth, rbv "Apia, " thy Mars." (alluding to Yerius' amour with that God,) will give point to an otherwise obscure passage. Theocritus, in the 27th Idyll, in like manner makes a shepherd call himself " Paris, 1 ' and address his sweetheart as "Helen." 1 Compare Virg. Georg. i. 145, 146, Turn variae venere artes : labor omnia vincit Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas. Compare Aristoph. Plut. 552 554. Persius Prologus 10, Magister artis, ingenique largitor venter. 2 For f.Tri4/ctvffyai, Wordsworth suggests tirio(3ea0yai shall have dis- 616. IDYLL XXI. 107 present themselves and disturb him. Two old men, 3 hunters of the finny tribe, were reclining together, having strewed for themselves dry sea- weed in their wattled cabin, and resting themselves against its wall of leaves ; and near them were lying the implements of their handicraft, the wicker baskets, the rods, the hooks, and 4 the gumcistus, covered by sea- weed, fishing lines, and weels, and bow-nets of rushes, cords, and 5 two oars, and an old boat on its rollers. Beneath their heads was a scanty cloak of mat-work, garments, and felt caps. This was to the fishermen their whole 6 stock of im- plements, this their wealth. And neither had an earthen pot, or a 7 measure ; all, all seemed superfluous to them ; 8 poverty was a friend to their fishing trade. And no neigh- sipated (his cares), comparing Horat. Od. II. xi. 17, Dissipat Evius curias edaces. oXiyov is used here adverbially vvKr6f } the genitive of the part of time. Cf. Idyll xxiii. 32, aXX' oXiyoj/ %y. Horn. Odyss. six. 515, &c., Aiircip iiri]v vv i'X6j), 'e.\ri' aoivou /c?)p 'Ofctiai fj.\tSwvai odvpofjitvriv iptOovcriv. Juvenal xiii. 217, Nocte brevem si forti indulsit cura soporem. 3 t'x0t>oc for i\QvS)v. See Idyll xvi. 72. Mosch. v. 10. 4 \i}Savov was the " gum cistus," which is found on the leaves of XrjSov, an oriental shrub. Some such herbs were used as baits in fishing, as we learn from Oppian Halieut. Various readings have been suggested to simplify the passage. The best is Briggs's StXfjra for re \ijda ; as t\fdri becomes osXfjri. Heysch. It will thus be simply "baits." Words- worth prefers to erase the comma at rdyiciarpa, and joining ra (pvKioev TO. with it ; and for re Xrjda, to read ra iri]Sa, the oars a word used by Homer, Odyss. vii. 328, and elsewhere. Then we should construe " the hooks covered with sea- weed, and the oars." But see Wordsworth's note. 5 Kwdc re, is the common reading, but obviously unsound. The fisher- men had scanty bed-clothes: if they had had skins or fleeces, they would not let them lie among their implements. The best suggestion seems Xiessling's Kiaira re, a pair of oars. But if so, Wordsworth's conjecture in the last note is overthrown. J. Wordsworth, however, thinks that Kwac is the true reading, and that it means the skin used as a " seat cover," or " coverlet," as the case might be, of Greek sailors, mentioned by Thirlwall, Greece, vol. iii. 158, note. 6 irovof. There is no need here to substitute iropoe, with Schaefer and Brunck. irovof here signifies " id quo labor fit," as vs. 9, ytpolv 7 iv must be read here i. e. a measure whose half was called fip.iva, Eustath., Hiravra Trepiaaa. Wordsworth suggests oi> K\ivav, not a bed. 8 Read iravr iSoKti D'/VOIC,. aypac. Trevia afyiv Iraipa. Sanctamand. This is the slightest alteration, though Wordsworth's suggestion is in- genious, who reads iravr idoicei revolt; d ypag Trtpi, a ff(f>' ay' trafpouc,. 103 THEOCRITUS. 1736. bour had they 9 near ; but on all sides the sea would gently float up even to 10 the narrow cabin. Not yet was Selene's car accomplishing the mid-way of her course, when their wonted toil began to wake the fishermen, and having thrust away slumber from their eyelids, they proceeded to rouse a song in their minds. Asph. They were all liars, friend, as many as used to say that the summer nights shorten, when Jove draws out the days to a great length. Already have I seen a myriad dreams, nor is it yet dawn. Have I forgotten myself ? What is the matter ? u Are the nights then lagging ? Com. Asphalion, are you blaming the fair summer ? For it is not the season which has of its own accord over-stepped its due course, but your cares, disturbing your sleep, make the night long to you. Asph. Hast ever learnt, I wonder, to interpret dreams ; for I have seen a good one. I would not have you be with- out a share in my vision ; be partner of all my dreams, even as you are of my spoils. For you will not be surpassed in understanding ; 12 he is the best diviner of dreams with whom understanding is the teacher. Besides there is leisure too ; for what can a man do as he lies on a bed of leaves close by the waves, 13 and sleeps uncomfortably on prickly shrubs, Omnia iis videbantur supervacanea pree piscatione et praeda, quse eos fecit socios. 9 i. e. between the cabin and the sea. 18 0Xi/3o/ivav, pressed for room. Theoc. xx. 4, QXifiuv xeiXea, to press the lips. Musseus 114, ijpefia piv QXifiwv podotidia cdicrvXa Kovprjg. For vavra, (or irivia, which is the reading of MSS.,) Words- worth would read irvouf, St, connecting it with 6\ifionfvav, which would then signify " fractam vento." 11 Aristoph. Nub. 2, 3, TO xp?~;,ua Ttav VVKTWV otrov ; airlpav-rov. ovcliroQ' i]/uipa ytvijatTai. 12 Scaliger reads of yap dv flica^y which seems borne out by the fol- lowing quotations. Cic. de Divin. ii. 5, Qui bene conjiciet vatem perhibebo optimum. Eurip. apud Plutarch, p.avTig $' apioroe oarig tlica^ii jcaXwc- Better perhaps is Wordsworth's rovvap 'iv' tiKa^yg. 13 aofjitvo^ iv pd[iv d\\v\voQ iv pdyjuy, i. e. " without a light, on the sea's edge," is best. This reading has the merit of introducing the words following less abruptly. 3653. IDTLL XXI. 109 14 and the light is in the Prytaneum, not here, 15 for they say that that is ever catching spoil. Com. Tell me, pray, the vision of the night, and say and signify all to me your comrade. Asph. 16 At evening, when I fell asleep over my sea-faring labours, (I was not indeed full of meat; for dining 17 at the proper time, if you recollect, we were sparing of our stomachs,) I fancied I saw myself on a rock, busy, and I was sitting and watching for fish, and throwing the sly bait hanging from the rod. And one of the fat fellows made a bite ; (for even in sleep every dog scents loaves, and so do I a fish ;) and it indeed clung to the hook, and the blood began to flow, and I was getting the rod bent by his movement. So stretching out both my hands, I found a struggle about the creature, how I should catch a large fish with hooks rather small for him. 18 Then, remind- ing him of his wound, 'will you prick me then,' said I : 'Nay, rather you shall be pierced sorely;' and I extended my rod, while he did not escape it. I seemed to have accomplished my labour, I drew ashore a golden fish, altogether wrapt up in the gold. But fear possessed me, lest haply it should be a 14 . > 5 To this very difficult passage the only light which seems clear, is the explanation of Strothius. The comrade says, (34 37,) Unfold your dream, since we have leisure : we cannot sleep, so comfortless is our couch, and we cannot work because 'tis dark. We have not the same means of dispelling darkness as the rich, or public halls, which can keep their lamps (Xvxvia) burning all night ; nor is our dypct, our gain from our craft, such as to enable us to get a light for the dark nights. When it is said the light is in the Prytaneum, (the common hall of Athens, Syracuse, and other large towns,) it is implied that^is " not in the fisher- man's hut," by the same figure as we say " wine is the rich man's drink," i. e. "not for the poor man." And so in the New Testament, St. Matt, xi. 8, " Behold, they that wear soft clothing are in king's houses," i. e. you must not look for them in the desert. The 37th verse implies that public halls can always afford to be lit up. These fishermen, says Chap- man, were honest radicals. " SnXivbv, adverbially. Compare Idyll i. 15; xiii. 69; xxiv. 11. 17 iv a>p tpTroiaa. 7 See Virg. JEn. ix. 669, 670, Quam multa grandine nimbi In vada prsecipitant ; cum Jupiter humidus Austris Torquet aquosam hyemem, et ccelo cava nubila rumpit. Two lines below for avroiaiv vavraiaiv, compare Eurip. Hippol. 1188, aiiTaitriv apfivXaurtv, and Bp. Monk's note thereon. Matth. Gr. Gr. 405, Obs. 3. 8 Cf. Horat. Od. I. xii. 25, Quorum simul alba nautis Stella refulsit, &c., and Od. I. xiv. 10, Non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo : add to these Od. IV. viii. 32, Clarum Tyndaridse sidus ab infimis Quassas eripiunt aequoribus rates. 9 Cf. Aratus 905, oviav tyarvi], two stars in the breast of the crab, of which Pliny, H. N. xviii. 35, says, Sunt in signo Cancri duae stellee parvee. Aselli appellatse, exiguum inter illas spatium obtineiite nubeculi, quam Prsesepia appellant, r) 'Apieroe was the Great Bear, or Charles's Wain ; al apicroi, the Greater and Lesser Bear. Cic. N. D. ii. 41 ; Virg. Georg. i. 245 ; ^En. vi. 16. 10 TO. Trpoc TrXoov tvdta. _32n. iii. 518, Postquam cuncta videt ccelo constare sereno. " avviovuaQ, the Cyanean rbcks. See Idyll xiii. 22; Ovid Trist. I. x. 34, Transeat instabiles strenua Cyaneas. Pliny iv. B. 27 ; Ovid Heroid. Ep. xii. 121, Complexes utinam Symplegades elisissent. Theocritus differs from Apollon. Rhod. II. 565, respecting the site of the Bebrycians, the latter making it on this side the Bosporus in Propontis, while Theoc- 2750. IDYLL XXII. 113 that meet in one, and the mischievous mouth of snowy Pontus, arrived at the country of the Bebrycians, carrying the dear children of the gods ; here upon many heroes were descending by one ladder from both the sides of Jason's ship. And having landed on the low beach and 12 sheltered shore they were strewing couches, and 13 rubbing sticks to and fro in their hands. But Castor, manager of steeds, and the dark complex- ioned Pollux, were both keeping aloof, having strayed from their comrades. And spying on a mountain 14 a wild wood of vast size, they found under a smooth cliff an ever-flowing spring, filled with pure water, and the pebbles beneath seemed like crystal or silver, from the depths ; and near the spot there had grown tall pines, and poplars, and plane trees, and cy- presses with leafy tops, 15 and fragrant flowers, pleasant work for hairy bees, flowers as many as, when spring is ending, sprout up along the meadows. And here a man of overwhelming size would sit and take the air, terrible to look upon, 1G having his ears bruised with hard thumps, 17 and his huge chest and broad back were arched and rounded with iron flesh, like a forged colossus. And on his strong arms the muscles stood out at the surface of the shoulder, like 18 round stones which the river torrent ritus places it beyond the Bosporus, on the shore of Bithynia, which the Pontus -washes. 12 vT!"f)V(fiov, sheltered from the wind. Soph. Antig. 411, Ka9f]fit9' aKpotv tK Trdywv V7rr}vtfioi. Xen. Me. xviii. 7. Ma. iii. 223, Turn littore curvo exstruimusque toros. 13 Pieces of wood for striking a light. See Horn. Hymn to Merc. 111. Vid. Apollon. Rhod. i. 1184. Add Sophocl. Philoct. 36, KOI Trvpu 6/iou TttSt. 14 Virg. 2En. i. 165167, Desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbrft : Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo. Wordsworth compares very aptly some beautiful lines of Ausonius in his Mosella, 6075. 15 Compare Idyll \ii. 80. 16 JEn. iii. 621, Nee visu facilis, nee dictu affabilis ulli. Hard thumps, i. e. those of hands covered with the caestus, which some say Amycus in- troduced. It is described by Virgil JEn. v. 405, Terga bourn plumbo insuto, ferroque rigebant. Ibid. 478, Dures libravit caestus 430, duro crepitant sub vulnere mala. 17 Comp. "Val. Flacc. Argon, iv. 202, &c., At procul e silvis, &e. 18 oXot'rpoxoi, rolling stones thrown from a wall, on besiegers. Herodot. viii. 52. oXooj'rpoxoe, occurs II. xiii. 137, which place Virgil has copied. JEn. xii. 684. I 114 THEOCRITUS. 5067. lias polished by rolling in its vast eddies ; 19 but over his back and neck was hung a lion's skin, fastened on by the paws. And him the prize man Pollux first bespoke. Poll. Save you, stranger, whoever you are. Who are the mortals to whom this country belongs ? Amyc. How can I be 20 safe, that is, when I see men, whom I have never seen ? Poll. Be of good cheer ! deem that you see neither unjust men, nor unjust men's sons. Amyc. I am of good cheer ! And not from you is it meet that I should be taught this. Poll. You are savage, in every thing malignant and over- bearing. Amyc. I am such as you see me : yes, and I am not setting foot on your country. Poll. Come and return home again, ay, having met with hospitable treatment. Amyc. Do not either you entertain me, and my entertain- ment is not in readiness. Poll. My good sir, would not you at any rate allow us even to drink of this water ? Amyc. You shall learn, when thirst 21 shall dry your re- laxed lips. Poll. Is it silver, or what is the pay, will you tell us, by which we might persuade you ? Amyc. 22 Lift your hands against me in single combat, having stood man against man. Poll. As a boxer, or even tripping up the heels, and keep- ing eyes right ? Amyc. Having laboured might and main in boxing, spare not your craft. 19 Diomed is thus arrayed, Horn. x. 177, 178. Claudian Rapt. Proserp. i. 16, Simul procedit lacchus, Crinali florens hedera, quern Parthiea tigris Velat, et auratos in nodum colligit ungues. 20 xaipe xaipw TT&Q. J. Wordsworth points to similar puns on this word in Alcest. Eurip. 527, and Monk's note, and Matthiae at Hecuba 424. 21 r'spffti. We have here translated according to Buttmann's view, who holds it to come as if from a present rippw. The aor. imperat. repaov occurs, Nicand. Theriac. 96, 693, 709. 22 So Apollon. Rhod. ii. 14, Trpiv ^tiptcro-tv ip.ii<7iv tag dvd x f ^P a C atlpai. 6888. IDTLL XXII. 115 Poll. 23 Why, who is there with whom I shall match my hands and ccestus ? Amyc. He is near. Don't you see me ? The boxer shall be called Amycus. PolL Is the prize also ready for which we shall both con- tend ? Amyc. I will be called thine, or thou shalt be called mine, if I shall have conquered. Poll. 24 Such as these are the cock-fights of crimson-crested birds. Amyc. Whether then we be like birds or lions, at all events we will fight for no other prize. So spake Amycus, and 25 having taken a spiral shell, raised a sound from it. And they quickly gathered together to the shade of the plane trees, at the blast of the trumpet, the always long-haired Bebrycians. In like manner too Castor, pre- eminent in fight, went and summoned from the Magnesian ship all the heroes. Now they, when, in fact, they had forti- fied their hands with coils of ox-hide, and had rolled great thongs M around their arms, proceeded to engage in the midst, breathing slaughter one against the other. Hereupon a great struggle arose to them, as they were urgent which of the two should get the glare of the sun at his back. But by skill you over-reached a great hero, O Pollux, and all the countenance of Amycus was being struck with the rays. Then he, in sooth, enraged at heart, was advancing forward, taking aim with his 23 Polwhele compares here the conflict between David and Goliath. 24 The Scholiast at Aristoph. Aves, (70, 71,) states that in cock-fights it was usual that the vanquished should ever afterwards follow and obey the victors. Here Pollux refers to such a custom. It may be remarked that, after the Persian war, cock-fights were annual occurrences at Athens. 25 KOX\OV tXiov. Cf. Virg. JEn. vi. 171, Sed turn forte cavsi dum personal scquora concha. Ov. Met. i. 333 338, gives a full account of this instrument. 26 yt/fa. Callim. H. in Dian. 177. Ernesti at that passage shows that yvla is said of all the members, especially the hands, and feet, and knees, in which lies the greatest force of the body. Horn. II. xiii. 61, ytna 5' tGrjKtv \a0pd, 7r6Sas /cat %7pa v-rripOfv. Here it clearly stands for the lower part of the arm, which was bound with thongs, as the old statues of boxers would show. Compare Smith's Diet. Gr. R. Antiq. pp. 215, 216, art. 'caestus.' Below at vs. 84, cf. Shakspeare's Love's Labour Lost, iv. 5, Down with them, but be first advised In conflict that thou get the sun of them, i 2 116 THEOCRITUS. 88 107. hands ; when the son of Tyndarus hit the tip of his chin as he came on, and he was roused more than before, and dealt his blows 27 at random, and kept rushing on with great force, bending over towards the earth. And the Bebryeians began to shout ; but on the other side the heroes were cheering on strong Pollux, though fearful lest haply in a narrow spot 28 a man resembling Tityus should bear down and subdue him. But in truth the son of Jove on his part coming up with him in one place and another kept wounding him with both hands in turn, and was checking from his onslaught the son of Nep- tune, overbearing though he was. And he 29 stood reeling with blows, and spat out gory blood : and then all the chiefs raised a shout together, when they saw grievous wounds about his mouth and jaws, and his eyes were straitened for room on his swollen visage. 30 Him, indeed, the prince (Pollux) disturbed, by making feints with his fists on every side ; but when at length he perceived that he was distressed, he drove his fist above the middle of his nose right down his brow, and stripped off all his forehead to the bone. 31 But he, having been stricken, measured his length on his back, among the green foliage. 32 Hereupon, a fierce fight arose again, when he had righted 2r Pugnam concussit. Something like this is "Virgil's Nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, mine ille sinistrA, Mr\. v. 458 ; and Scott's Lady of the Lake, "And shower'd his blows like wintry rain." *> Ovid Met. iv. 456, Viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque Jugeribus distentus erat. Virg. JEn. vi. 595, &c., Necnon et Tityon terra; omnipotentis alumnum Cernere erat, per tola novem cui jugera corpus Porrigitur, &c. 10 [ifOvojv. A. metaphor, the idea of which may have arisen from Odyss. xviii. 239, rjarrai vtvara^v KityaXij, fitdvovTt foiKiag. So Psalms, " They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man." In the lan- guage of the English ring "groggy," as Chapman observes. 30 x > 0(7 * irpoStiKvvg. Some read %ap, unnecessarily, for aKrjirrpip irpoStiKvvg occurs in Sophoc. (Ed. T. 456, "Feeling his way." As Seneca, "Baculo seniliter prsetentare." Virg. JEn. v. 433, Multa \iri necquicquam inter se vulnera jactant. 11 Virg. JEn. 446, Ipse gravis graviterque ad terram pondere vasto, Concidit. 3 - Ibid. 453, At non tardatus casu, neque territus heros, Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira. 108130. IDTLL XXII. 117 himself, and they were hurting one another by blows with the hard casstus. But the ruler of the Bebrycians for his part was directing his fists against the chest, and outside the neck of his foe, while Pollux the invincible was disfiguring all the other's visage with unseemly blows. And his flesh (i. e. that of Amycus) was sinking through sweat, and from being huge he had become on a sudden a little man ; but the other, as he tasted toil, was bearing limbs ever stronger, and still im- proving in healthy colour. Now how at last the son of Jove overthrew 33 the athlete, declare, thou goddess ! for thou knowest ; and I, the inter- preter of others, will speak as much as thou desirest, and as is agreeable to thyself. In truth, Amycus for his part being desirous to do some great deed, seized with his left hand the left hand of Pollux, bending slantwise with a lunge ; and with the other hand making his assault, raised 34 his broad fist from his right side, and he would have hit and injured the king of the Amyclseans, but he in turn came up secretly from under with his head, and then with his strong hand struck him under the left temple, and fell on his shoulder ; then the dark blood poured out rapidly from his gaping temple : 35 and with his left hand he struck his mouth, and the thickset teeth rattled ; whilst he kept maiming his face with ever sharper blows, until he had smashed his cheeks ; but then all on the 36 ground he fell senseless, 37 and lifted up both hands at once, as renouncing the victory, for he was nigh unto death. 33 dSqtyayov, "gluttonous." Cf. Philoct. Sophocl. 313, where the word is applied to voaov. It is elsewhere an epithet of 'ITTTTOI, %wa, &c., and seems to stand for an expression of the good keep which is commonly connected with brute strength. See Pierson on Maeris Atticist. pp. 89, 90, With the next line compare Virg. jEn. vii. 645, Et meministis enim, divac, et memorare potestis. 34 Compare /En. v. 443445, Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus, et alte Extulit : ille ictum venientem a \ertice velox Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit. 35 ^En. v. 469, 470, Crassumque cruorem Ore ejectantem mixtosque in sanguine denies. :ifi aXXo^povEun/ (Horn. II. xxiii. 698) is explained OVK tv avrtji wv, d\\' tierrtt|Uj>oc ry fiiavoig,. 37 The worsted combatant in encounters of this kind used to signify his discomfiture by holding up his hands, or by falling on the ground. 118 THEOCRITUS. 131 153. To him then, though thou wast victor, O boxer Pollux, thou didst nothing madly violent ; and he sware to thee a great oath, calling his sire Neptune from the deep to witness, that never more would he be vexatious to strangers. And thou indeed, O king, hast been celebrated by me. But I will sing of thee too, Castor, son of Tyndarus, swift on horseback, brandisher of the lance, clad in brazen mail. The two sons of Jupiter indeed had caught up, and were carrying off, two daughters of Leucippus : ay, and in sooth these two, 38 two brethren, sons of Aphareus, wooers about to marry, Lynceus and the stout Idas, were pursuing at full speed. But when they reached the tomb of the deceased Aphareus, from their chariots all at once rushed, one against the other, burdened with spears and hollow shields. Then spake Lynceus to them from out his helmet, shouting loudly. 'Fair sirs, why long ye for battle? And how is it ye are wrongful in the case of the betrothed of others ; and 39 why are naked swords in your hands ? To us, look you, Leucippus promised these his daughters long before any ; to us this marriage stands upon oath. But ye, in no seemly manner, in the case of the brides of others, 40 by oxen, and mules, and by goods not your own, have perverted the man ; and by gifts have stolen our affianced brides. In very truth I myself have often said the following words before the face of both of you, See Lambert Bos. ; Antiq. Graec. 53, where much information respecting pugilistic encounters among the ancients may be found. 38 Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus and Arene ; or, as she is called vs. 206, Laocoosa. Theocr. has related their story with great variations. Lynceus was the same to whom Horat. alludes Epist. I. i. 18, Non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus. For the full history, see Smith's Diet. G. R. B. ii. 561, 562; Ovid Met. viii. 304 ; Fast. v. 699 720, where the scene is laid at Aphidna. Propert. I. ii. 15. 39 Horat. Epod. vii. 1, 2, Quo, quo scelesti, ruitisl aut cur dexteris Aptantur enses conditi 1 The daughters of Leucippus, brother of Aphareus, were Phcobe and Hilaira. Non sic Leucippus succendit Castora Phoebe Pollucem cultu non Hilaira soror. I. Propert. ii. 15. iSvoiit, to betroth for presents. Odyss. ii. 53, w K' at>rt>e iiSvwaaiTO 9uyarpa. 40 The Dioscuri and Aphareidae appear by some accounts to have been engaged in a plunder of cattle conjointly, and after gaining their object the former cheated the latter of their share. 153178. IDYLL XXII. 119 even though I am not a man of many speeches : Not so, kind sirs, is it fitting that princes should woo spouses, for whom bridegrooms are already provided. 4l Wide, look you, is Sparta, and wide equestrian Elis, and Arcadia rich in flocks, and the cities of the Achaeans, Messene and Argos, and all the Sisy- phian coast-land, where myriads of damsels are nurtured under the care of their parents, lacking neither figure nor mind. 'Tis easy for you to wed of these whichsoever you may choose, since many would wish in sooth to be fathers-in- law to the noble ; and ye are distinguished among all heroes, and so are your fathers, and your mother's race at the same time by descent. Nay, friends, suffer this marriage to be con- summated for us, and for you two let us all look out another bridal. Many such words I was wont to say, but a blast of wind would bear them away to the moist wave, and favour did not follow my speeches. 42 For ye two were inexorable and harsh. But yet even now be persuaded, for ye both 43 are kinsmen to us on the father's side. But if your heart yearns for war, and it must needs be that, 44 having made mutual strife break forth, we end our feuds with bloodshed, Idas, indeed, and his cousin, brave Pollux, shall hold off their hands, having kept from the battle ; but let us two, I and Castor, being the younger, decide the issue in fight, and let us not leave to our parents exceeding grief. One corpse is enough from one house, but the others shall feast all their friends as 41 The various parts of the Peloponnese are enumerated. Corinthian ; so called from the fabled king Sisyphus. Odyss. xi. 593. Two lines below compare Virgil JEn. xii. 24, Sunt alia? innupta; Latio et Laurentibus agris Nee genus indecores. 4S a.KT)\r)rp<{i. So Herodot. i. 118, OVK iv i\a TriniiaOai. Com- pare Iphig. in Aul. Eurip. 969 ; Helen. 1227, iv ivpaptl ; and Electr. 530. 54 Trvpyov avrfiG. Odyss. xi. 555. Eurip. Alcest. 311, Traig irarip' ?X Trvpyov peyav. 55 Compare Idyll xvii. 8. IDYLL XXIII. THE LOVER ; OR, LOVE-SICK ARGUMENT. This Idyll represents the ungovernable love of a young man for a friend, who despised him, in consequence of which he at last hangs himself. The other, nowise moved, goes to the baths, and is there slain by a statue of Eros which falls upon and crushes him. Virgil has taken the idea of his second Eclogue partly from this. Compare also Ovid Met. xiv. 698. 1 A CERTAIN love-sick man was enamoured of a hard youth, in beauty fair, but in disposition no longer on a par. He hated him that loved him, and had not even a jot of mildness, and he knew not Eros, what god he was, and 2 what sort of bow and arrows he holds in his hands, how grievous shafts he hurls against boys ; but in all respects, whether in speeches or in approaches, he ivas unbending. Nor was there any solace of the fires of love, not quivering of lip, nor bright flash of eyes, 3 nor rosy cheek, nor word, nor kiss that relieves love. 4 But as a beast of the forest watches the hunters, so would he do all things against the man : and fierce were his lips, and sternly looked his eyes ; 5 they had fate upon them : and his countenance answered to his bile, and the colour fled from it, 6 clad in arrogance from his 1 7roXt50iXrpoe, suffering from many love-charms. Hence enamoured, love-sick. Virg. Eel. II. i., Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin, &c. 2 Mosch. i. 21, roi Trucpoi KaXa/ieu, ro7c 7roXXa/a KJ//M rtrpwffica. Ovid. Met. v. 380, 381, Et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis Unam, seposuit, sed qu& nee acutior ulla, Nee minus incerta est. 3 poSopaXov. Compare Idyll vii. 117 ; Tibull. in. iv. 34. 4 Compare Apollon. Rhod. i. 1243. 4 tlxov averyKav. Heinsius reads ilStv dvdyicav, "she looked necessity," but the reading of the text seems best. For avdyKt), necessitas, see Horat. Od. I. iii. 35, Tarda necessitas lethi; I. xxxv. 17, Te semper anteit saeva necessitas. 4 Ov. Met. xiv. 714, Spernit et irridet, factisque immitibus addit Verba superba ferox. rr(piK(ifi.svof. The construction is like the Homeric d\Ki]v, dvaiBtiqv tTritifikvoQ. II. i. 149 ; viii. 262, &c. Perhaps the comma should be removed after XP^S ' m the preceding line. 1431. IDYLL XXIII. J23 wrath. But even under these circumstances he was beautiful, 7 and from his wrath the lover was the more inflamed. 8 At last he could not endure so great a blaze of Cytherea, but went and 9 began to bewail at the cruel dwelling, and kissed the door-post, and thus lifted up his voice : Cruel and morose youth, offspring of an evil lioness, 10 flinty youth, and unworthy of love, I have come bringing thee this last present, my rope ; since no longer do I wish to pain thee, lad, angered as thou art, but I am going whither thou hast de- voted me ; where, 'tis said, the road is common, and n where oblivion is the remedy, for them that love. ^'But even though I should have taken it all to my lips, and have drained the cup, not even thus shall I quench my yearning thirst. But now I add farewell to your vestibule I know what is coining. 13 Both the rose is lovely, and time withers it. And the violet is beautiful in spring, yet quickly it grows old. White is the lily; when it falls, it withers: the snow too is white, and it melts after it has become frozen. And " Compare Martial, Ep. v. 47, Basia dum nolo, nisi quce luctantia carpsi : Et placet ira mihi plus tua, quam facies. Chapman compares Shakspeare's Twelfth Night, " O, what a deal of scorn looks beautiful In the contempt and anger of his lip ! " 8 Ov. Met. xiv. 716, Non tulit impatiens longi tormenta doloris Iphis, et ante fores haec verba novissima dixit. ' An allusion to the custom referred to in Idyll iii. Horat. Od. I. xxv. 1, Parcius junctas quatiunt fenestras, &c. 10 \aivt. See Idyll iii. 18, TO iruv Xi0oj. Ibid. 39, dSap.dvriva. Tibull. I. vi. 3'2. 11 Here some read TO \d6as. Cf. Virg. JEn. vi. 714, Lethaei ad fluminis undam Secures latices, et longa oblivia potant. Hor. Od. I. xxviii. 15, Omnes una manetnox, Et calcanda semel via lethi. 12 Comp. Song of Solomon viii. 6, 7, "Love is strong as death: jealousy is cruel as the grave, the coals thereof are coals of lire, which has a most vehement flame. Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it." 13 Virg. Eel. ii. 18, Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. Tibull. I. iv. 29, Quam cito purpureos deperdit terra colores : Quam cito formosas populus alta comas. For iraxOy, (line 31,) Wordsworth suggests 6a\Try, cum sol earn calefaciat, cr cum nix calefiat, as Soph. Antig. 415. 124 THEOCRITUS. 3251. the beauty of childhood is fair, yet it lives but a short space. That time shall come when even you will love ; when, scorched at your heart, you shall we?p briny tears. Nay, do you, boy, even now for this last time, do a pleasant act, 14 whensoever, having gone forth, you shall have beheld me suspended at your vestibule, pass me not by, wretch as I am, but stand and weep though briefly ; and having shed the liba- tion of a tear, loose me from the rope, and place about me gar- ments from your limbs, and cover me, and for the last time 15 kiss me, and make the dead man a present of your lips. Be not afraid of me. I cannot live, no, not if, having been recon- ciled, you shall kiss me. And hollow me out a tomb, 16 which shall bury my love. And if you depart, n shout this over me thrice: '0 friend, thou liest low.' Yes, and if you will, say this too : ' And for me a beautiful companion has perished.' And write this inscription, which I will engrave for 18 you in verses : ' Traveller, this man Love slew ; pass not by. but stop and say this, He had a cruel comrade.' Thus having said, he took up a stone, and having planted it against a wall even to the middle of the door-posts, a dread- ful stone, he proceeded 19 to attach to them the slender rope, 14 Ov. Met. xiv. 733, &c., Dixit et ad postes, ornatos seepe coronis, Cum foribus laquei religasset vincula summa " Heec tibi serta placent, crudelis et improba," dixit, &c. 15 See Bion, i. 45, &c., typtv TvrObv "ASioin, TO S' av TrvfiaTov \it i\aaov. 16 Propert. I. xvii. 19, 20, Illic si qua meum sepelirent fata dolorem, Ultimus et posito staret amore lapis. Cf. Virg. Eel. v. 42. 17 Prop. I. vii. 23, 24, Nee poterunt juvenes nostro reticere sepulchre j Ardoris nostri ma?na poeta, jaces. 18 Ovid. Trist. III. iii. 7174, Quosque legal versus oculo properante viator Grandibus in tumuli marmore caede notis : Hie ego qui jaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum, Ingenio peril Naso poeta meo. Cpmp. Idyll xvii. 47 ; Tibull. III. ii. 27. But Wordsworth's reading, TOI\OI/ VOIQ, Pierson suggests StpKoptvoig, ingeniously. 1945. IDYLL XXIV. 127 ting forth noxious venom. 5 But when at length, licking their forked tongues, they had come nigh the boys, then, I wot, as Jove knoweth all things, the dear children of Alc- mena awoke, and a light was raised all over the chamber. In truth, the one, namely Iphiclus, forthwith shouted out, when he perceived the evil monsters above the hollow shield, and saw their ruthless fangs ; and kicked away with his feet the fine coverlet, being eager to escape : but the other, Hercules, opposing them, held fast to them with his hands, and bound both in a firm grasp, having seized them by the throat, where baneful poisons, such as even the gods abhor, are wrought by murderous serpents. 6 And they two, on the other hand, began to wind with their coils around the child, late-born, still a suckling, ever tearless under his nurse's care : but again they began to uncoil, since they were wearied in their spines, in trying to find a riddance from his constraining grasp. And Alcmena heard a cry, and awoke first. 'Rise, Amphitryon, for timid fear possesses me : rise, 7 nor put your sandals on your feet. Hear you not how greatly the younger of the children is crying ? 8 Or perceive you not that, some where in the early night, these walls also around are all plain to be seen, without the aid of clear dawn ? There is some strange thing, I know, in the house, there is, dear husband.' Thus said she : and he, having complied with his wife's request, descended from his couch, and rushed in quest of his curiously-wrought sword, which was 9 always suspended for him upon a peg, above his cedar couch. In truth he was reaching after his new-spun belt, lifting in the other hand a large scabbard, a work wrought of the lotus ; when, I wot, 5 Virg. JEn. ii. 211, Sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora. 8 Virg, 2En. ii. 214, Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque, Implicat; and 217, Spirisque ligant ingentibus. 7 I. Tibull. iii. 91, Tune mihi, qualis eris, longos turbata capillos Obvia nudato, Delia, curre pede. 8 Here, as in vs. 22 above, there seems to have been a supernatural light intended. Compare Horn. Odyss. six. 37 39, where Telemachus from the flood of light draws the inference ij paXa TIC; Qtbt; ZvEov. And com- pare Plaut. Amphitr. V. i. 44, JEdes totee confulgebant tuse, quasi essent aureee. dupl. Cf. xi. 40. John Wordsworth suggests for drip aTTfp, tanquam, sicut. 9 awpro, the epic plusq. perf. of atipw. 11. iii. 272 ; xix. 253. Matt. Gr. Gr. p. 233. Kiessl. 128 THEOCRITUS. 46 70. the spacious chamber was filled again with gloom. Then at length he shouted to the servants 10 snoring heavily in sleep : 'Bring fire with all speed, having snatched it from the hearth, my servants, and force back the strong bolts of the doors : rise, ye patient-hearted servants, ll the master calls.' 12 The servants then speedily came forward with blazing lights, and the chamber was filled with the bustling of each. In good truth, I ween, when they saw the suckling Hercules tightly holding two monsters in his tender hands, they shouted out, clapping their hands together : but he began to point out the serpents to his sire Amphitryon, and to leap aloft with joy in his boyishness, and laughingly he laid before his father's feet the dire monsters stupified with death. Alcmena indeed then took to her bosom, dry by reason of fear, Iphiclus in passion- ate distress ; and Amphitryon placed the 13 other boy under his coverlet of wool, and again returned to his couch and was mindful of slumber. The cocks a third time now were pro- claiming the last of dawn : then 14 Alcmena having summoned Teiresias the soothsayer, telling all things true, recounted to him the strange matter, and bade him answer how it was likely to end. 'And do not,' said she, 15 'if the gods intend any thing adverse, hide it from me through scruples : for that 'tis impossible for men to escape whatever the Fate 16 forces down the spindle, I teach thee, prophet son of Eueris, very 10 Comp. JEn. ix. 326, Exstructus toto proftabat pectore somnum. Cf. ^Esch. Choeph. 612. 11 aiiTog properly means oneself as opposed to others. Hence it implies emphasis, without opposition ; the master, for instance, as in the Pytha- gorean avrbefya, Ipse dixit. Cf. Aristoph. Nuh. 219; Ran. 520; Liddell and Scott Lex. 12 Horn. II. xviii. 525, oi. St ra\a Trpoytvovrc. 13 x^rtvuv- Comp. Idyll x\iii. 19 ; vii. 36. 14 Teiresias the soothsayer, son of Eueris ; stricken with blindness, because he had seen Minerva at her bath. Cf. Callimach. H. in Lavacr. Pallad. 91. Propert. IV. x. 57, Magnam Tiresias aspexit Pallada vates Fortia dum, posita Gorgone, membra lavat. 13 Compare Eli's abjuration of Samuel, I. iii. 17, " I pray thee hide it not from me," &c. The poet here passes abruptly from his own person to that of Alcmena. lc K\iaarr}(> is the same as " fusus." Virg. Geonj. iv. 349, Carmine quo captse dum fusis mollia pensa Devolvunt. Virg. Mn. i. 22, Sic volvere Parcas. 7087. IDYLL XXIV. 129 wise though thou art!' Thus spake the queen. And he answered thus : ' Cheer up, lady, mother of noblest progeny, 17 of the blood of Perseus ; I8 for, by my dear light, long since gone from mine eyes, many Achaian women shall ply the soft yarn with the hand about the knee, I9 at even-tide singing of Alcmena by name : 20 thou shalt be a glory to the women of Argos. This thy son, being such a hero, is about to ascend to the star-bearing heaven, 21 a hero with a broad chest, to whom both all monsters and all other men shall be inferior. To him it is fated, after he has accomplished twelve labours, to dwell in the halls of Jove : but all his mortal parts 22 the Trachinian pyre shall have. And he shall be called son-in- law of the very immortals, who set on these skulking monsters to destroy the babe. 23 In truth, that day shall come, when the sharp-toothed wolf, having seen the kid in his lair, shall not be willing to harm it. But, lady, let the fire be in readi- ness, look you, under the ashes, and make ye ready dry logs 17 Of the blood of Perseus. She was daughter of Electryon, son of Perseus. 18 Compare Idyll xi. 53, and Gray's Bard, "Dear as the light that visits these sad eyes." Remembrance of lost blessings is keener than the sense of possession. Chapman compares Milton, Paradise Lost, B. iii. 3337. 19 Virg. Georg. i. 390, Nee nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puellae. Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, And as she twirled the distaff With solemn steps and slow, She sung of great old houses, And of fights fought long ago. 20 Compare Odyss. xxiv. 196199. Ovid. Ep. ex Pont. IV. viii. 47. 11 OTTO ffripvktv TrXarvQ. See Idyll xvi. 49, di]\vg ano xpoiag. 22 The body of Hercules was burnt on a pyre at the top of OZta, a mountain of Thessaly. Trachinian is the same as Thessalian, from Trachis, a city of Thessaly, called after Hercules, Heraclea. Hence the name of the tragedy of Sophocles, " Trachiniae." Comp. Spanheim's note at Callim. H. to Dian. 159. Below at ya/j/3p6c $' aQavartav, the plural is for the singular, Juno being the goddess indicated. 23 Theocritus may have read Isaiah xi. 6, " The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid ; and the calf, and the young lion, and the falling together ; and a little child shall lead them." Cf. also Ixv. 25. Virg. Eel. iv. 22, Nee magnos metuent armenta leones. Cf. Eel. v. 61. Lactantius, lib. vii. 24, quotes the Erythraean Sibyl, o-apKo/Sopos Tf. \iiav ffraytT' a^vpov trapa. tparvais 130 THEOCRITUS. of 24 aspalathus, or paliurus, or of bramble ; or the brittle wild-pear wood shaken by the wind : and at midnight, when they wished to destroy thy child, burn these two dragons upon the wild cleft-wood. 25 Then at morn let one of the attendants, having gathered the ashes of the fire, carry and throw it thoroughly every whit across the river, upon the rugged rocks, over the boundary, and return home without turning back : but first of all 26 purify the house with clear sulphur, and next remember to sprinkle with a green branch 27 plenty of pure water, mixed, as is usual, with salt ; and to sacrifice to supreme Jove a boar pig, that ye may ever be superior to your enemies.' Teiresias spake, and withdrew with his ivory seat, though he was bent with the weight of many years. And Hercules was reared under his mother's care, like a 28 young plant in a garden, being called the son of Argive Amphitryon. Letters 29 aged Linus, son of Apollo, a sleepless guardian, a hero, taught the boy : and to bend the bow, and to be a good shot with arrows, 30 Eurytus, rich in broad lands from his forefathers. 31 Eumolpus, son of Philammon, made him a 24 Aspalathus.] Cf. Idyll iv. 57, Rose of Jerusalem. Paliurus.] Virg. Eel. v. 39, Spinis surgit paliurus acutis. All kinds of thorns were con- sidered efficacious for dispelling evil agency. Ovid Fast. ii. 28, Februa poscenti pinea virga data est. axtpdoe. Odyss. xiv. 10. Soph. O. C. 1596. A wild prickly shrub. 15 Eel. viii. 101, Fer cineres Amarylli foras; rivoque fluenti, Transque caput jace, ne respexeris. Cf. ^Esch. Choeph. 93, dcrp60oi<7iv ofifiaaLv, and Blomf. Glossary at that passage. 26 For the use of sulphur in purifications, see Tibull. I. v. 11, Ipseque te circum lustravi sulfure puro. Compare also Odyss. x. 527, &c. 27 tort/j/isvov might be translated " brimming." It seems to convey the idea of excessive fulness. Compare tiriartiac, II. i. 471 ; viii. 232. Compare also Idyll ii. 2. 28 In a garden.] Cf. Horn. II. xviii. 57 ; Odyss. xiv. 175. In th Psalms, too, we have children compared to olive branches. 29 Linus. Virg. Eel. iv. 56, Nee Linus ; huic mater quamvis, atque huic pater adsit, Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. Cf. Smith Diet. Gr. R. Biogr. p. 787, vol. ii. so Eurytus (Odyss. viii. 224 ; II. ii. 730) was of ^chalia in Theasaly. Cf. Smith Diet. G. R. B. ii. 113. 31 Eumolpus, son of Philammon. Philammon was the son of Phoebus and Chione. Ov. Met. xi. 317, Carmine vocali clarus citharaque Phil- 108131. IDYLL XXIV. 131 minstrel, and moulded both his hands upon a cithern of box- wood. And in how many ways men of Argos, throwing their adversaries from their legs with a cross-buttock, trip up each other in wrestling, and in how many ways boxers are formi- dable in the csestus, and what tricks adapted to their art men ready for every kind of contest have invented, by falling for- ward to the earth, all these he learned under the teaching of 32 Harpalycus of Phanote, son of Mercury, whom not though beholding him afar off, could any one withstand, as he con- tended in the games. Such a scowl rested on his awe-in- spiring visage. Moreover, with feelings of love, Amphitryon himself was wont to teach his son to drive steeds in the chariot, and turning safely 33 round the post, to guard the box of the nave of the wheel, since full oft in equestrian Argos he had carried off prizes in contests of speed ; and his chariots on which he used to mount, 34 still unbroken, burst their reins by reason of age. But to aim at his man with outstretched spear, keeping his back under cover of his shield, and to bear up against sword-wounds, and to marshal a pha- lanx, and in making his attack to measure again and again the ambuscades of the enemy, and to cheer on the cavalry, Castor the horseman taught him, having come an exile from Argos, what time 35 Tydeus was holding the whole inheritance and broad vineyard, having received equestrian Argos from Adrastus. Among the demigods was no other warrior like to Castor, before old age wore out his youthful vigour. ammon. The Eumolpus who is said to have instructed Hercules in music was son of Museeus, a pupil of Orpheus. Ov. Met. xi. 93, Cui Thracius Orpheus Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. Cf. Smith Diet. G. R. B. ii. 92. 32 Harpalycus, the tutor of Hercules in wrestling, (109, 110,) boxing, (111,) pancratiasm, (112,) was the son, it would seem, of Mercury, and a native of Panope, or Phanote ; which, according to Strabo, (ix. 538,) is synonymous, and is in the region of Lebadeia in Bceotia. Cf. Ovid Met. iii. 19 ; Horn. Odyss. xi. 5807 33 irfpi vvaffav. Compare the advice of Nestor to Antilochus, (II. xxiii. 834 337,) to near the post as closely as possible, yet without grazing it. Cf. Hor. Od. I. i. 4, Metaque fervidis Evitata rotis, &c. 31 So skilful had been the charioteering of Amphitryon, that though his chariot's thongs, or reins, failed at last through age, no breakage had ever damaged them. 35 JEneus, king of Calydon, after the death of A.thsea, married Perebiea, K 2 132 THEOCRITUS. 132 139. Thus indeed his loving mother 3G had Hercules brought up. And a couch was made for the lad near his father, 37 a lion's skin, a couch very agreeable to himself: and 38 his dinner was roast-meat and a huge Dorian loaf in a bread basket ; it would be safe to satisfy a digger and delver. But 39 at the close of day he was wont to take a little supper, uncooked ; and he was clad in unembroidered garments 40 above the calf of the leg. IDYLL XXV. HERCULES THE LION-SLAYER, OR, THE WEALTH OF AUGEAS. ARGUMENT. In this fragmentary poem we find Hercules in the land of Elis, in the neighbourhood of the famous stables of Augeas. Having arrived thither, he is led to the king hy an old rustic. The king has retired into the country to visit his herds. A description of a vast herd re- turning from pasture is finely interwoven, (84 137,) and Hercules is exhibited repelling with ease the assault of the finest bull of the herd, a proof of valour which excites the admiration of the king and his son. This son of Augeas, as 'they travel by the same road, begs Her- cules to recount to him, by what means he slew the Nemean lion. The hero, complying, narrates the whole exploit. Some have doubted whether Theocritus wrote this poem. It is variously assigned by such, daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. Tydeus> when grown up, was banished, 'and fled to Adrastus, king of Argos, and marrying his daughter Deipyle, begat Diomed. 36 TraidivoaTo, h. e. " educendum curavit." 17 The custom of sleeping on skins occurs Virg. JEn. vii. 87, Csesarum ovium sub nocte silenti Pellibus incubuit stratis, somnumque petivit. 3S For a notion of the appetite of -Hercules, see Eurip. Alcest. 750 760; Aristoph.Ve.sp. GO.; Ran. 62 ; Av. 1690; Pax, 741. Dorian bread was of the commoner and Jess fine kind. 39 iv dfiari,, post diem. In the same sense is STTI TIJ nXtvry TOV jSiov, " at the close of life." '* Virg. ;n. i. 317, describes Harpalyce, a Thracian princess of manly hardihood, as "nuda geuu." 120. IDYLL XX-V. 133 to Pisander, a contemporary of Tyrtaeus, to some unknown poet earlier than the date of Theocritus, and to some Alexandrine Rhapso- dist. Hermann deems it not unworthy of Theocritus. Old editions have prefixed to this Idyll a poor attempt of some nameless gram- marian to furnish a beginning. And to him spake the old man, a husbandman l 'm charge of the tillage, having ceased from the work which lay on his hands : ' Stranger, I will readily tell over to you all that you ask, since I stand in awe of the dread vengeance of 2 Hermes by the wayside. For they say, that, most of all the gods of heaven, he is incensed, if so be that any one spurn a traveller very anxious to know the way. The fleecy flocks indeed of king Augeas 3 feed not all on one pasture, or one spot ; but some, I ween, pasture round about on the banks of 4 Elisus. others beside the sacred stream of divine 5 Alpheus, others again hard by e Buprasium teeming with grapes, and others also here. Now separately, for each of these, folds have been built. But for all the herds, overflowing though they are, still there are here pastures ever rich, along the wide standing- waters of 7 Menius ; 8 for dewy meads and water-pastures luxuriate in fragant herbage in abundance, which in sooth increases the strength of horned heifers. And here, to your right hand, appears their stall, all of it quite on the other side of the flowing river, in that quarter where the planes grow all 1 iiriovpog, Etym. M. 3G2, 29, 6 itytanjicujg v\a% ; from bpw, tiriopog, and by epenthesis, tTriovpog. 2 ivoSiog, said specially of Mercury, who had his statues in the cross- ways. Valkn. Diatr. 138. In Aristoph. Plut. 1159, we find him call- ed jjyt/uovtoc, the guide and protector of travellers, and these two epithets are coupled together in his case by Arrian de Venat. c. 35, 'Ep^ou tvoSiov Kai t'lyf/jLoviov. 3 poffKovTai \av fioffiv. Cf. Matth. Gr. Gr. 421, obs. 3, p. 680. 4 Elisson, or Elissa, was a river of Elis, not far from Olympia. (Strabo.) 5 Alpheus, a river of Elis. Compare Idyll iv. 6. 6 Buprasium, a city of Elis, mentioned by Homer, II. ii. 615, where the forces of the Epeans, who occupied the north of Elis, as it would seem, are being enumerated. See also II. xi. 759, and II. xxiii. 631. Augeas ruled over the Epeans. Cf. vs. 166. 7 yitjviov. Heyne suggests HTJVIOV, (as in Pindar AX0oD for AXtptiov,) which Kiessling approves. The Peneus was a river of Elis. 8 Nonnus. Dionys. b. 3, 15, iapivaig iyeXaafft \i\ovftivov avQot; ttpaaie. tlafitvai, II. iv. 483, derived perhaps from ijjj.ni, low, flooded meadows. 134 THEOCRITUS. 20 47. the year long, and the green wild olive, a sacred holy-grove of 9 pastoral Apollo, a most perfect god, stranger. ' And right forwards are built very spacious dwellings for us husbandmen, who zealously guard for the king his great and untold wealth, sometimes casting 10 the seed into thrice-plough- ed fallows, and in like manner into four times ploughed. Now his boundaries the diggers and delvers know, who, hard- working fellows, come to the wine vats, when the ripe summer season shall have arrived. For in truth all this is the plain of prudent Augeas, and these his wheat-bearing u acres and wooded orchards, even to the extreme points of the moun- tain ridge having-many-springs, which we ply with our labour all day long, as is the law for servants, whose life is a-field. But tell you also me, [which likewise will be better for yourself,] 12 being in need of what have you come here ? Either, I suppose, you seek Augeas, or one of his servants, whom he has. Now I, look you, can fully tell you every par- ticular, as I know them accurately ; 'for I think that you at any rate come not of evil people, nor are yourself like unto evil . men, such a noble figure is conspicuous about you : surely, methinks, of such a stamp are the sons of immortals among mortal men.' And him the valorous son of Jove addressed in answer : ' Yes, old man, 1 would wish to see Augeas, ruler of the Epeans, for it was even a want of this which brought me here. But if now he is abiding in the city among his citizens, engaged in caring for his people, and is deciding questions of law, prythee, aged sir, bid you one of 9 Pastoral Apollo.] Compare Callim. H. in Apoll. 47, QoipoV /Cat No/UlOV KlK\l'lCTKOfJ.fll, tgsTl Kt'iVOV, iJ^OT iir Afi(f>pucria Jtuyt-rtoas t-rpt}\u6e fif)\a TLuvToQtv i% dypOov. Virg. Georg. iv. 433, Vesper ubi e pustu vitulos ad tecta reducit. 19 avXia, shelters for the smaller stock; (TTJKOVS, for the larger. Cf. 99, 18, 61, 76, 169, (for a!i\ia,} of this Idyll; for arjKol, see TS. 98. Horn. II. iv. 433, WITT' otts iro\virdpj.ovos &vdpos, iv av\?i Mufuat itrrriKO.au> n/ueXyojusi/ai yd\a XtvKov. 20 ' Though they were numberless,' is to be understood, says Kiessling, 100127. IDYLL XXV. 137 were numberless, stood inactive by the oxen, in lack of work : but one was fitting with well-cut thongs wooden logs about the cows feet, for the purpose of standing close beside to milk them. Another, again, was putting the dear calves to their own mothers, all eager as they ivere to drink of the pleasant milk : another was holding a milk-pail ; another was 21 thickening a rich cheese ; another was driving in the bulls, apart from the cows. And Augeas was going over all the ox- stalls, and noting what fruits of his possessions his herdsmen were making for him. And with him his son as well as mighty and wise Hercules were following, as the king went round his large property. Hereupon the son of Amphitryon, though hav- ing in his bosom a spirit unbroken 22 and sternly fixed for ever, yet was vastly astonished on seeing the countless tribe of oxen, I ween. For no one would say, or 23 have supposed, that the stock of one man, no, nor of ten others, ay, such as were rich in flocks beyond all other men, was so great. Since Phoebus had presented to his son this special gift, to be rich in cattle above all men ; yes, and he kept altogether prospering for him all his beasts to the uttermost ; 24 for no disease, of those which destroy the labours of herdsmen, assailed his herds. But ever more in number, ever finer sprang up horned heifers duly from year to year : for of a truth all were 25 mothers of live offspring, far beyond others, and all of fe- male offspring. And together with these, three hundred bulls were ranged in rows, white-legged and crumple-horned ; nay, of the cattle. Harles refers the words to the men, and illustrates the number of servants by Dido's Feast, Virg. .ZEn. i. 701. 21 The first meaning of rp0X?/c tirifjLkntyiTai, tiQ' tKaTOfifltjg. See also Iliad ix. 529. Soph. Aj. 176. Phoroneus was the son of Inachus, king of Argos, and the Phoroneans are therefore identical with the ^Egialeans, vs. 174. 45 Men of Pisa,] a town of Elis, celebrated for the Olympic games. 47 Bembinseans,] the people of a village near to Nemea, mentioned by Strabo, viii. 6, p. 210, Tauchnitz, referred to at 169. 48 jcopwv?;. rb dicpov TOV TO%OV, tig o r) vsvpci StSerai. Hesych. The word occurs, Horn. II. iv. 111. Odyss. xxi. 138, 165, avrov 5' WKV f3Aoc 49 Warton compares here Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1247. Four lines below, compare Ovid. Met. viii. 298, Diffugiunt populi : nee se, nisi maenibus urbis Esse putant tutos. 50 irpoStitXos, before eventide. Compare 1. 56 of this Idyll and the note there. 142 THEOCRITUS. 226248. jaws with his tongue. But I quickly Lid myself amid shady bushes on a woody hill-top, awaiting when he might come upon me: and I hit him, as he drew nearer, on his left flank, &w 51 tono purpose; for in no wise did the barbed missile penetrate through his flesh, but glancing back fell on the green herbage. Then speedily did he raise in astonishment his blood- red head from the ground, and ran over it on all sides with his eyes, making his observations, and, in yawning, 52 he gave me a view of his gluttonous teeth. Now at him I proceeded to shoot another arrow from the string, being vexed that before it had escaped fruitlessly from my hand, and I hit him be- tween the breasts, where the lung is seated. But not even so did the painful arrow pierce beneath the hide, but fell before his feet, absolutely to no purpose. Again the third time I was preparing, though grievously disgusted in mind, to draw my bow anew, when the furious beast caught sight of me, 53 as he glared around with his eyeballs : and 54 he rolled his great tail about the hollow of the knee, and quickly bethought him of battle : his whole neck was swollen with rage, and Ms tawny mane 55 bristled, as he chafed ; whilst his back-bone became curved, like a bow, as he gathered himself up from all sides towards his flanks and loins. And as, when a chariot- maker, skilled in many works, 5G bends shoots of the easily " rrjiJaiuc, the Homeric word for fjiaraiov. Vid. Odyss. iii. 316; xv. 13. Hymn to Apoll. 540. (Either Ionic for ravaioQ, or avaios = fj.dra.iOG, or from avw, atJrsw, noisy. L. and S.) 42 Compare here Homer II. xx. 165 168, 169, \itov cos SiVnjs, ov TE KOI dv&pti u.TroKTdfj.tva.1 fj.t fj.da.tr iv *******## *PX Tat> <*^V OTE KtV TIS 'AptjWoiOV OL^WV, Sovpl {IdXy, EcfXtj TE \avwv, TTtpi T' etr/>pds odovTas yiyvi-rai. 53 l&n.. ix. 793, where the lion is represented at bay, " asper, acerba tuens." -rrag 5s 01 avxijr'. Compare Job xxxix. 19, " Hast thou given the horse strength! hast thou clothed his neck with thunder 1 " 54 Compare II. xx. 168173, above, and Hesiod, Sent. 426432. 45 t(j>piai>. So the Latins use " horrere." Horat. Epod. v. 27, Horret capillis, ut marinus, asperis Echinus, aut currens aper. Mn. vi. 419, Horrere videns jam colla colubris. ^En. i. 635, Horrentia centum Terga suum. M Comp. Horn. II. xxi. 37, oS ipivtov oi'l yaXxtp Ta/J.Vt, 1/tOUS O/JTTJJKaS, IV OOyUCTOS OVTUytS lltV. 249272. IDYLL XXV. 143 cleft wild fig-tree, having first warmed them in the fire, to be wheels for the chariot-seat on its axles, the thick-barked fig- shoot is apt to fly from out his hands in the bending, and leaps to a distance with one bound, so upon me sprang 57 all-at-once the fierce lion from afar, eager to glut himself on my flesh : but I in one hand was holding before me my arrows, and my double-folded cloak from my shoulders, while with the other, having raised my dry club above his temple, I struck him ^ upon the head, but broke my sturdy olive club right in twain, there upon the shaggy skull of the enormous beast. Ay, and he fell, even before he reached me, from on high upon the earth, and stood upon trembling feet, nodding with his head : for dimness had come over both his eyes, the brain having received a concussion within the skull from the violence. Now when I observed him to be stunned by severe pain, ere at least he had recovered himself and breathed afresh, being beforehand I struck him on the nape of his sturdy neck, hav- ing cast on the ground my bow and well-sewn quiver : and I proceeded to throttle him vigorously, having set my strong hands firmly together behind him, lest he should lacerate my flesh with his claws ; 59 and with my heels I kept strenuously pressing to the ground his hinder feet, having mounted upon him : while with his sides I kept protecting my thighs, until I had strained his shoulders to the uttermost, having lifted him upright, 60 breathless as he was : and Hades received a monster soul. And then, in fact, I began to deliberate how I should draw The opTTT)% was more commonly used for the rails of the chariot, avrv- ytQ. Cf. Diet. G. R. Ant. p. 55, b. 57 adpooc. Comp. Idyll xiii, 50. 58 t'tXaaa. Idyll xiv. 35. 49 Hercules as it were rides the lion ; so that his thighs are, as it were, shielded by the sides of the lion. 60 avvtvaTOv. Cf. Ovid, Epist. ix. 61, Nempe sub his animam pestis Nemeaea lacertis Edidit : unde humerus tegmina laevus habet. And Sophocl. Trachin. 1089, &c. The souls of beasts descended to the shades, according to Homer and Virgil. "Virg. Mn. vi. 285, enu- merates animals beheld by ^Eneas in the shades, Multaque praeterea variarum moiistra ferarum. Orion (Odyss. xi. 572,) is described hunting in Orcus the shades of wild beasts which he had slain on the barren mountains. 144 THEOCRITUS. 272281. the shaggy hide from off the limbs of the dead beast, 61 a very laborious task : for it was not able to be cut with steel, nor with stones, though I tried, no, nor with wood. Thereupon one of the immortals put it into my mind to devise, how to rip up the skin of the lion with his own claws. With these I speedily flayed him, and placed the skin around my limbs, that it might be to me a defence against skin-wounding Enyalius. Such, look you, friend, was the destruction of the Nemean monster, after he had first brought many deaths upon sheep and men.' IDYLL XXVI. THE BACCHANALS. ARGUMENT. This poem narrates the slaughter of Pentheus, king of Thehes. While Agave his mother, with her sisters, Ino and Autonoe, is celebrating the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus is spied by the Bacchants, concealed amongst some shrubs. Hereupon they make an attack upon the un- fortunate offender, and, under the influence of Bacchic phrensy, seize him and mangle him. At the close of the poem, our poet prays the gods that it may be permitted him to live purely and safely, and adds an encomium on Bacchus and Semele. The subject has been treated by Euripides and by Lucius Accius, his translator. See also Ovid's Metamorph. iii. 701 733. INO and Autonoe, and 'apple-cheeked Agave, led three 2 companies, themselves being three, to a mountain. And they 61 apyaXfov /i6%6W, accusative in apposition with the sentence. Cf. Virg. Jn. vi. 222, Pars ingenti subiere feretro, Triste ministerium. Comp. Matth. Gr. Gr. 432 434. alSqptp. Harles argues from the use of this metal, and not ^aX/coe, here, that the author of this Idyll disre- gards the manners of the heroic age. But Kiessling shows that both were in use, by the references, II. iv. 485 ; Odyss. i. 483, 484 ; ix. 391. For V\T), (275,) Wordsworth suggests dXXjf, h. e. Nulla alia ratione. 1 Apple-cheeked.] Hesychius thinks juaXoTrapjjof is equivalent to \fvK07raprjos, albis geris praedita ; but it is clear from Id. vii. 117, xxiii. 8, and xxix. 16, as well as the Scholiast on Horn. II. xxii. 68, that the word equals piQop,a\t, or aird\OTrapyoc;, generally rosy-cheeked. - Virg. Eel. v. 30, Daphnis thyasos inducere Baccho. Cf. Eurip. 322. IDYLL XXVI. 145 indeed having plucked wild foliage of a 3 bushy oak, and green ivy, and asphodel that grou-s over the ground, had reared 4 in an open meadow twelve altars, the three for Semele, the nine for Bacchus : and, when they had taken in their hands 6 from the mystic chest curiously-wrought sacred images, had laid them down silently upon the 6 newly plucked altars, as Bacchus himself was wont to teach, as himself was well pleased it should be. But Pentheus was beholding all from a high rock, creeping under an ancient mastich tree, a shrub of the country. Autonoe first spied him, and raised a fearful cry, and rushing in suddenly, with her feet disturbed the orgies of frantic Bac- chus: and these, 7 uninitiated persons behold not. Maddened indeed both she, and maddened, I ween, straightway also others. Pentheus was flying affrighted ; while they kept pursu- ing, having drawn-up-tight their robes by the waist to the knee. Now Pentheus spake thus, ' What want ye, women ?' But Autonoe said this, ' Soon shalt thou know, ere thou hast heard it.' His mother, on the one hand, roared out, as she seized the head of her son, deeply 8 as is the roar of a lioness with cubs : and Ino on the other hand brake his great shoulder Bacch. 679. Propert. iii. 17, 24, Pentheos in triplices funera grata greges. t p opcc,. The mountain was Cithseron, according to Euripides ; Par- nassus, according to ^Eschyl. Eumen. 26. 3 Affiac, bushy. So Callim. H. ad Dian. 192, t'i ' uri fniv Xaaiytnr VTTO dpval KpVTTTCTO KOVpt). 4 Ka9ap<{i, open. So Virg. JEn. xii. 771, Puro ut possent concurrere campo. 5 Reiske understands this of the curiously wrought images of Bacchus and Semele, drawn on this occasion from the cista or mystic chest or vase, mentioned Catull. Nupt. Pel. et Thet. 260, 261, Pars obseura cavis celebrabant orgia cistis, Orgia, quaB frustra cupiunt audire profani. For irnrovaniva, Wordsworth proposes to read no-jravii 'fiara, baked flat cakes used at sacrifices. 6 vtodpeTrriav, newly plucked. As these altars were composed of boughs, poetic liberty uses the material of the altars for the altars themselves. 7 /3e/3jj\oi, profani. Horat. Od. III. i. 1, Odi profanum vulgus. Callim. H. to Apoll. 2, and Spanheim's note there. Ovid. Met. vii. 156, Et monet arcanis oculos removere profanos. 8 Horat. Od. III. ii. 41, Quse velut nactae vitulos leaenee, Singulos eheu lacerant. Callim. H. to Ceres, 52, jjt Kvvayuv "Qptaiv iv T^iapioiffiv viroj3\firtt dvSpa X'eaiva Q^oroieoc. Cf. Eurip. Bacch. 1137 ; Ovid Met. iii. 725. 146 THEOCRITUS. 22 38. with the shoulder-blade, when she had trampled on his belly : and the same was Autonoe's manner of acting : and the rest of the women tore in pieces the remainder of his flesh, and arrived at Thebes all of them stained with blood, bearing from the mountain 9 not Pentheus but irivQrj^a. I care not 10 for it, nor let another think of being hostile to Bacchus, not even though one has suffered worse treatment than this, and is but nine years old, or even entering on his tenth year. But may I be pure and holy, and please the pure and holy. From JEgis- bearing Jove this omen bath honour, namely, u 'To the sons of the pious comes the better fortune, and to the impious not so.' Hail to Bacchus, whom on snowy 12 Dracanus supreme Ju- piter deposited, having relieved his vast thigh : and hail to beauteous Semele, and her Cadmeian sisters, objects of love and care to many heroines, who at the instigation of Bacchus performed this deed, undeserving of blame : let no one blame the acts of the gods. IDYLL XXVII. THE 'FOND DISCOURSE OF DAPHNIS AND THE DAMSEL. ARGUMENT. In this truly pastoral Idyll, the herdsman Daphnis is represented as striving to win a maiden, who is tending her goats. His efforts at 9 Not Pentheus, but 7rtvdr)p.a,] i. e. grief, a source of mourning. The pun is untranslateable. For instances of it, see Eurip. Phoeniss. 598, 599. Soph. Ajax 430. JEschylus calls Helen 'EXevavv. Shakspeare is fond of these " concetti." He makes a strange prince say of Rome, This is Rome, and room enough. He makes a pun on Hotspur's name, calling him, when dead, Coldspur. Cf. Bacch. 367, JItv6ti>s 5' O 10 / care not for it.~\ The sense appears to be, ' This treatment of Pentheus shakes not my reverence for Bacchus : whom I advise iione to offend or quarrel with ; even though a harder case of punishment should come under his notice, e. g. a child of nine or ten years punished by the Bacchants, for chance privity to the orgies.' 11 Melaiicthon called this verse the best in Theocritus. 12 Dracanus, a promontory and city of Samos. 1 6aprrt>f. Juno, in Homer II. xiv. 216, receives from Aphrodite a 115. IDYLL XXVII. 147 wooing and the damsel's coyness are very graphically pictured. There has been much dispute as to the authorship of this Idyll, which some ascribe to Moschus ; others, to an imitator of Theocritus ; whilst Warton, Eichstadt, and others, agree in determining that it is not the work of Theocritus. Daphnis. 2 The prudent Helen Paris, another herdsman, carried off: my Helen here is kissing me, the herdsman, rather. Damsel. Brag not, little satyr, 'tis said the kiss is an empty favour. Daph. 3 There is even in empty kisses sweet delight. Dams. I wipe my mouth, and spit out your kiss. Daph. Dost wipe thy lips ? Give me them again that I may kiss. Dams. 'Tis good for you to kiss heifers, not 4 an unwedded girl. Daph. Boast not : for soon youth passes by you, like a dream. Dams. The bunch of grapes is still a bunch of raisins, and the withered rose will not perish wholly. Daph. Come under the wild olives, that I may tell thee a tale. Dams. I don't choose: before now you have cajoled me by sweet tales. Daph. Come beneath the elms, that you may hear my pipe. Dams. Satisfy your own taste: nothing sorry 5 pleases me. Daph. Fie, fie, regard, yes, even thou, maiden, the wrath of the Paphian goddess. Darns. Farewell to her of Paphos ! Only be Diana pro- pitious ! cestus, or girdle. IvQ' tvi piv ^iXorjjg, tv ' i'/poe, iv ' oapiariic- Compare 11. xxii. 126. 2 Cf. Idyll xviii. 25, &c. Bion xv. 10. Horat. Od. I. xv., Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus, &c. Homer always represents Helen as right-minded, and sensible of her error. II. iii. 171 ; vi. 344. 3 This line occurs in Idyll iii. 20. 4 Comp. Horn. Odyss. vi. 106, irapQkvos tidprie. Two lines below Wordsworth reads larai for tori. 5 oivov. So Virg. Eel. iii. 27, Stridenti miserum stipul& disperdere carmen. Calpurn. Sic. iii. 59, Torrida Mopsi Vox, et carmen inops et acerbse stridor avense. L 2 148 THEOCRITUS. 1632. Daph. Say not so ; lest she smite you, and you come into an inextricable net. Dams. Let her smite as she will ! On the other hand, Diana aids me. Lay not your hand upon me. 6 If you do, I will tear your lip too. Daph. You do not escape Love, whom never did other maiden escape. Dams. I do escape him, yes, by Pan ! But you ever bear the yoke. Daph. I fear lest, in truth, he shall give thee to a worse man. Dams. Many were my wooers : but not one pleased my taste. Daph. I too, as one of many, come hither as your suitor ! Dams. And what can I do, kind sir ? Marriages are full of trouble. Daph. Nor care nor grief hath marriage, but dancing ! Dams. Well, but in sooth they say that women fear their husbands. Daph. Rather they always rule them ! Whom do women fear ? Dams. I fear to be in labour : Lucina's dart is painful. Daph. But your queen is Diana, 7 that helps in hard labours. Dams. But I fear to be a mother ; lest I should lose my fair complexion. Daph. Yet, if you shall have borne dear children, you will see a new light in your sons. Dams. And what 8 nuptial gift bring you me, worth marry- ing for, if I should consent. 6 Horat. Epod. iii. 19, Manum puella suavio opponat tuo, Extrema et in spondfi cubet. Warton reads icat f lain \tl\oQ dp.v^tig ; Will you again assail my lips with bites 1 Wordsworth, ci tly' In xeZXof, d/ii'iai. Ne mihi iiijicias manum, et si insuper labium tuum (injeceris) mordicabo. 7 fjioyooTOKOQ, an epithet of Lucina, in Horn. II. xvi. 187, xix. 103. Here of Diana. Horat. Carm. Sec. 15, 16, Sive tu Lucina probas vocari Seu Genitalis. Cf. Odyss. iii. 22, 2. 8 iSvov, the bridegroom's present to the bride, in Homer frequently, and in jEsch. Prom. Yinct. 560. Compare Idyll xxii. 147. 37 70. IDYLL XXVII. M9 Daph. You shall have all the herd ; all the groves, and pasture. Dams. 9 Swear not to go away after wedding, deserting me against my wish ? Daph. I will not indeed, no, by Pan ; even though you should wish 10 to drive me off. Dams. Are you going to build me a nuptial chamber, and build me a house and stalls ? Daph. I am building thee chambers : and the flocks I tend are beautiful. Dams. And what, what story should I tell my aged father ? Daph. He will approve your marriage, when he has heard my name. Dams. Say that name of thine : even a name often pleases. Daph. I am Daphnis ; and my sire Lycidas, and my mother Nomaea. Dams. You come of gentle blood ! but I am no worse than you. Daph. Neither are you honourable in the highest degree ; for your sire is Menalcas. Dams. Show me your grove, where your stall stands. Daph. Come hither and see how my tall cypresses bloom. Dams. Feed ye, my she-goats : I shall go see the works of the herdsman. Daph. n Graze well, my bulls, whilst I show the maiden the groves. 12 ************ Thus they indeed, delighting in young limbs, were whis- pering one to the other. 13 A stolen embrace was springing up. And she indeed, when she had arisen, I wot, went for- ward to tend her flocks, showing shame in her eyes ; but her heart was warmed within : and he proceeded to his herds of oxen, rejoiced at his marriage. 9 She fears what Simrctha found too true, Idyll ii. 40. 10 SiwKtiv, fugare. 11 KaXtt vkpiaQf. So Idyll iii., TO Ka\nv is used adverbially. "iva " dum," de tempore. Horn. Odyss. vi. 27, " quo tempore." So OTTOV, Xenoph. Cyr. III. iii. 6. Kiessling. 12 I hesitate not to leave untranslated these verses, following Pol- whele's example. J. B. For a sufficiently close rendering, see Chap- man's version. 13 ii>picig tvva. Bion, xv. 6, \d9pia TlrjXeidao (fnXdfiara, XdOpiov ivt'dv. Virg. _/5Cn. iv. 171, Nee jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem. IDYLL XXVIII. THE DISTAFF. ARGUMENT. This sweet ditty was written to commend an ivory distaff, which the poet, about to sail to Miletus, intended as a present for Theugenis, the wife of Nicias the physician. Under the semblance of teaching the distaff what sort of a mistress it is about to have, he cleverly and gracefully praises a most honourable matron and her husband. The Idyll is of the lyric class ; the metre Choriambic ; a favourite of Alcaeus, and one which Horace imitates in the 18th Ode of the first book. Nullam | Vare sacra | vltg prfus | sevens ar | borem. DISTAFF, l practised in wool-spinning, gift of blue- eyed Minerva, labour at thee is fitting to wives who are pru- dent-housekeepers. Attend me confidently to the famous city of 2 Neleus, where is 3 the temple of Venus, green by reason of the soft reed. For thither we ask of Jove a favourable voyage, that 4 I may be gratified by the sight of my friend Nicias, and be loved by him in turn ; Nicias, a sacred scion of the Graces of lovely voice ; and may present thee, that wast wrought of much worked ivory, to the hands of the wife of Nicias, as a gift. With her you will finish off much work for men's robes, and many 5 gauze-like garments, such as women wear. For twice in the same year will the mothers of lambs yield their soft fleeces to be shorn in the pastures, even for the sake of Theugenis of the beautiful ancle. So industrious 1 Idyll xv. 80, Trolal G<$> iirovaGav tpi9oi ; Pierson in Mccr. Atticist. says that avv'tpiQog and 0i\spi0oc are used in much the same senses. ffvvepidoc, Leonid. Epigr. cxxiii. 3. 2 NI\W. Neleus, son of Codrus, leaving Athens, went to Ionia, and built or restored Miletus, ^Elian V. H. viii. 5. The ti in N\w must be considered a peculiarity of Dialect. Wesseling defends it at Herodot. ix. 97. 3 Athenams, b. 13, p. 372, ff/v iv Sa^ty 'AQpodiTtjv, rjv o'i fikv \v /ca\d/ioic KaXovffiv. " Yon deep bed of whispering reeds." 4 Futures middle for passive. See Matt. Gr. Gr. 496, 8. 5 vodnva = Thalassina, fine gauzy Milesian textures. See Ovid. Art. A. iii. 177, Hie undas imitatus habet quoque nomen ab undis, Crediderim nymphas hue ego veste tegi. Virg. Georg. iii. 316, Quamvis Milesia magno Vellera mutentur Tyrios incocta rubores. 1425. IDYLL XXVIII. 151 is she, and loves all that 6 discreet women love. Now, I should not wish to present thee, as thou art from our land, to slack and idle houses. 7 For thy country is that which 8 Archias from Ephyre founded of old, the richest part of the island, Trinacria, a city of men in repute. Now indeed, keeping the house of a man who has learnt many saving medicines to ward off from men grievous diseases, you will dwell in lovely Miletus, among lonians ; that among townsfolk Theugenis may have a good distaff, and you may ever and anon put her iu mind of a friend who loves the song. For looking at you, one shall say this to another : ' Sure there is great grace with a trifling gift : and all the gifts from friends are precious.' IDYLL XXIX. LOVES. ARGUMENT. In the Idyll, which is of the lyric character, our poet blames the in- constancy and fickleness of a beautiful youth, and urges him to con- 6 Penelope, Helen, (Horn. Odyss. iv. 130,) Lucretia were all industri- ous workers in wools. Polwhele here quotes Epitaph. Spon. Miscell. Antiq. Erudit. p. 151, HIC . SITA . EST . AMYMONE. MARCI . OPTIMA . ET . FULCHEK RIMA . LANIFICA . PIA . PUDICA. FRUGI . CASTA . DOMISEDA. St. Paul, Ep. to Tit. ii. 5, awiap6s is used, Theocr. xi. 21, of Galatea, q. v. EPIGRAMS OF THEOCRITUS THE SYBACUSAN. I. THESE 'dewy roses and yon thick 2 creeping-thyme are dedicated to the Heliconian Muses. And the dark-leaved bays to thee, Pythian Paean : for the 3 Delphic rock hath given thee this for an ornament. And this 4 white he-goat with the horns, browsing the extremity of a branch of the turpentine tree, shall stain thy altar. II. 5 DAPHNIS the fair-complexioned, that did modulate pastoral hymns with beautiful pipe, dedicated to Pan these gifts; his reed-pipe with stops, his shepherd's crook, his sharp dart, his fawn's skin, and 6 the wallet, in which he once used to carry apples. 1 Roses were sacred to the Muses, Anacreon, Ode 53. Sappho, Fragm. 2. Pohvhele. 2 f'prriAXof. Virg. Eel. ii. 11, Allia, serpyllumque, herbas contundit olentes. Georg. iv. 31. 3 AfA0ie Trerpa. (See Soph. (Ed. Tyr. 463. Eurip. Androm. 998.) 4 6 /zaXof, white. Hesych. Others, (as if it were /j.a\\OQ,} shaggy. We have translated dyXdiae as if transitive, with Brunck. Kiessling renders it, " Delphica petra hoc decore nituit." 5 Daphnis, in this Epigram, dedicates to Pan his pipe, his crook, and dart, in token of bidding adieu to music, hunting, and love. 6 An allusion to the custom of lovers, to carry apples to their mis- tresses. Compare Idyll ii. 120 ; iii. 10 ; xi. 10. Kiessl. Compare also Virg. Eel. iii. 70. III. IV. EPIGRAMS. 157 III. DAPHNIS, you sleep on leaf-strown ground, ! resting your wearied body ; and the 2 poles are fresh fastened along the mountains. But Pan is in chase of you, and 3 Priapus, who has saffron-berried ivy bound about his lovely head, advancing to the interior of the cave with one bound. But do you take flight, fly, having 4 shaken off the lethargy of sleep, that is stealing over you. IV. 5 WHEN you have turned down yon lane, goatherd, where the oaks are, you will find G a fresh-carved image of fig-wood, 7 with three legs, with the bark on, and without handles, but with creative phallus able to accomplish works of Venus : and an enclosure duly sacred surrounds it, and an ever-run- ing stream from the hollow rocks luxuriates on all sides in laurels and myrtles, and fragrant cypress : where the grape- begetting vine sheds itself around with its tendrils, and ver- 1 Compare Idyll i. 16, 17. - ardXiKtc;, the poles on which hunters fastened their nets. Daphnis, weary of hunting, had ceased from snaring wild beasts, when, lo ! he falls himself into the snare of Pan and Priapus. The poet works upon the ground of Pan's love for Daphnis. 3 See Tibull. I. iv. 1, Sic umbrosa tibi contingant tecta, Priape, Ne capiti soles, ne noceantve nives. Catull. xix. 10, Florido mihi ponitur picta vere corolla Primitu', et tenera virens spica mollis arista. 4 virvov Kwfia, a lethargic sleep. For a like construction, see Virg. Georg. i. 134, Frumenti herba. Eel. v. 26, Graminis herbam. Soph. Trach. 20, a'e aywva p.d\r)^. It is difficult to decide between the vari- ous readings suggested in place of Karaypo/itvov. "Wordsworth approves of KaTfifioptvov, " pouring down," which is not unlikely to be right, as in the MSS. ay and a are written with the same mark over them. 5 A shepherd describes a statue of Priapus, and the fair spot where it stands dedicated to the god : and at the same time he vows an ample sacrifice to him, if he will free him from love of Daphnis, with whom he is smitten. Failing this, he would fain have his love relumed, and in tins case he promises three victims to the god. fi Horat. Serm. I. viii. 1, Olim truncus eram ficnlnus, inutile lignum. 7 Since Priapus is generally represented as standing on one foot, or a stake rather, Jacobs proposes to read d 158 THEOCEITDS. V. VI. nal blackbirds, with sweet-voiced songs, chaunt various-noted melodies : yellow nightingales respond with their plaints, warbling with their throats the sounds of music. Prythee, take your seat there, and supplicate the graceful Priapus, that I may discourage the loves of Daphnis : and say that I will straightway sacrifice a fine he-goat : but if he shall have re- fused, I am willing, after having succeeded in this, to pay three victims. 1 For I will offer a heifer, a shaggy he-goat, and a lamb which I am keeping in the stall : and may the god hear propitiously. V. ARE you willing, / a?k you by the Nymphs, to sing me some sweet trifle on the 2 double flutes ? And I will take up 3 a harp, and begin to strike it somewhat : and the cowherd Daphnis shall charm us at the same time, singing to the breathing 4 of a wax-bound pipe. Then standing near a leafy oak, behind the cave, would we rob of sleep 5 the goat-footed Pan. VI. AH ! thou wretched Thyrsis, what boots it thee, if thou waste with tears thy two eyes in lamentation ! The young she-goat 6 is gone, the pretty kid is gone to the shades ; for a ruthless wolf crushed her with his talons. And 7 the dogs 1 pw. So Virgil Eel. iii. 77, Cum faciam vitula pro frugibus, ipse venito. HaKirav. See Idyll i. 10. 2 " Sometimes one person played two flutes (aiiXot) at once. See a painting from Pompeii, and Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. v. tibia." Liddell and Scott, Lexicon. 3 " A harp." Tra/criS', from TT^JW/JII. It appears to have been an ancient kind of harp with twenty strings. Sophocl. Fragm. 227, uses the word. 4 " KapodtTtp TTVfVfiari, i. e. dovaict icjjpOTrXatrr^ : fistula." Briggs. 5 Aiyi/3arai/, capripedem, a dubious reading is aiyi/36rnv, a goatherd. Jacobs remarks, from a comparison of this passage with Idyll i. 15, that shepherds and cowherds had less reverence for Pan than the goatherds, whose tutelary god he was. 6 ol^trai is a ' vox solennis ' of the dead common in pastoral and other poets. 7 Briggs observes, " It was late for the dogs to bark, when the kid was devoured." vii. ix. EPIGRAMS. 159 then give tongue. What boots it, when, gone as she is, nor a bone nor ash is left of her ? VII. UPON A STATUE OF AESCULAPIUS. 1 THE son of Psean came even to Miletus, 2 to dwell along with a man that heals diseases, Nicias by name: 3 who ever day by day approaches him with sacrifices, and has had this statue carved out of 4 fragrant cedar, having promised the highest price to Eetion, because of his skilful hand ; and he has thrown all his art into the work. VIII. THE EPITAPH OF ORTHON. STRANGER, Orthon, a man of Syracuse, gives thee this charge : Walk no where, in your cups, of a wintry night. For such is the fate, which I have met : and 5 instead of my ample father land, I lie having wrapped myself in foreign soil. IX. GOOD man, 6 be careful of your life, nor be a voyager out 1 This is an Epigram on a statue of ^Esculapius by the hand of Eetion, set up by Nicias the physician of Miletus, concerning whom see Idylls xi., xiii., xxviii. 2 avfi^'ipo/iai is used elsewhere in this sense. Philoct. Sophocl. 1084, aXX' /ioi Kai 6vi}GKovn avvoiati. 3 ITT' a/uap ati, " Quotidie." So Soph. (Ed. Col. 682, KCIT' j/iap alfi. iKvtlrrOai for iKtreveiv frequently occurs, as here, in Sophocles. 4 Fragrant cedar,] often used for these purposes. See Virg. ^En. vii. 177, where in the palace of Picus are to be seen, Veterum effigies ex ordine avorum Antiqua e cedro. 5 Warton remarks that the ancients held it a misfortune, if a man was buried under only a little earth, yijj/ tTrieaaarj;e, and for Saifioriug $i\og rjv AAIMQN Q2, against sense and metre, Wordsworth proposes a very desirable emendation grounded upon this, i. e. QiAIMON, i. q. aoidipov, oJc $t'Xoc jjc. If we accept this, the meaning of the passage will be, they buried him, a stranger, in a foreign land ; and as one worthy to be sung of by its (BVJJC) minstrels, how dear he was to them. 1 For aKiicvg, Heinsius reads aoiicoc Kr)3ep.6vctQ. The poet says that Eusthenes had neither wife, children, nor relations, yet his worth and genius found him friends to mourn and bury him. 3 6 xP?yoe> n t the provider of the chorus, whose office every reader of the Greek theatre, and of the Midias of Demosthenes, knows ; but the choir-leader, as is seen by verses 3 and 4. 3 fff, that is, thy statue. 4 /u'rptoe n v > " modicam laudem adeptus est." vop, i. e. if you are favourable to the good, you will say, " Hail to this tomb," &c. 3 ffTTOvcy, attento ammo. Briggs. 4 Teos, a city near Colophon, the birth-place of Anacreon and Erinna. Horat. Epod. xiv. 10, Anacreonta Teium. Od. I. xvii. 18, Et fide Teia Dices, &c. 5 rtv 7rp6<70' ti TI irtpiffffov. Understand ovroq Trtpiffffov. Compare Idyll vii. 4, and notes there. Apollon. Rhod. iii. 347, HavaxaiiSoc tl Tl (jliplGTOV t'ipWOJV. XVIII. EPIGRAMS. 163 vented comedy, l Epicharmus. O Bacchus, to thee 2 the Pelo- rians, who are settled in the city of Syracuse, set him up here in brass instead of in his true nature, inasmuch as they are mindful to pay the price of his labours to a fellow citizen, 3 for he had abundance of wealth ; for many saws useful for life and conduct taught he to their children. Great gratitude is due to him. XVIII. THE EPITAPH OF CLEITA, NURSE OP MEDEIUS. THE little Medeius raised this monument by the way-side to his 4 Thracian nurse, and inscribed it ' Of Cleita.' The woman will enjoy his thanks in requital for her having reared the boy. Why not ? 5 She has yet another name, Useful. 1 Epicharmus, though born at Cos, was carried, when three months old, to Megara, about B. c. 540. From about B. c. 484 to his life's end he dwelt at Syracuse. He was the great comic poet of the Dorians. 2 Iviipwrcu IIsXfcjpeTf rq. TroXft. Reiske asks with reason what had the Pelorians, dwellers about the promontory of Pelorum, to do with Syracuse. Tyrwhitt and Jacobs read for IIsXwpuc rp TriSbipiarq iroXit, excelsa urbe but Syracuse is low. Wordsworth proposes to read viSoiKiaral, coloni, inquilini, Doric for fiiroiKiarai, just as we have irtSa for jutra in Idyll xxix. 25 38, and very frequently in ^Eschylus TrtSaopog, irtSapffiog, &c. (See Blomf. in Gloss. Prom. v. 277, 735, 952.) The Syracusans, it will be remembered, were a Corinthian colony, and iviSpvvrai is properly used of colonists. This suggestion, therefore, is especially to the purpose. In his addenda, Wordsworth prefers TTI- doimoTif to agree with TrdXtt. 3 A curious reason for honouring him. To clear the Syracusans of such a charge, some editors have read prjfiarwv, for xpjj/iarow, but " a heap of words " is no stronger ground for a statue of him at the peo- ple's expense than a heap of gold. Wordsworth has probably come very near the truth, when he suggests, Siapov iraptiyi, )(p?j fitv 5>u ptjBMtftlvovf TE\tlv i-Tri^tipa. Donum nohis dedit, (see 9, 10,) oportet igitur nos ejus bene memores eum remunerari. 4 Thracian nurses seem to have been in esteem. See Idyll ii. 70. Callimachus has an Epigram somewhat similar to this. 5 * r ' XPnvipn icaXtirai If we read the words as they stand, the Epitaph turns on the nurse's name, Cleita, (famous,) and her sur- name, given for her useful qualities, xpijffijUJj. But some MSS. read rfXftT^ for icaXarai, and Wordsworth suggests that the passage should be read ri par; tn xpnaip ov TiXtvrqi. Quidni ita faceretl Nam ipsa M 2 164 THEOCRITUS. XIX. XXI. XIX. UPON ARCHILOCHUS. STAND and behold the ancient poet, l Archilochus, him of the Iambics, whose 2 infinite renown has reached both to the west and to the east. Of a truth, I ween, the Muses and Delian Apollo were wont to love him : so melodious was he, and skilful both in making Iambics and singing to his lyre. XX. UPON A STATUE OP PISANDER, WHO COMPOSED " THE LABOURS OF HERCULES." FOR you this man, 3 Pisander from Camirus, first of the former poets, wrote the exploits of Jove's son, the lion-subduer, the quick-of-hand ; and declared how many labours he had ac- complished. And this very man, that you may duly know it, the people set up here, having made him of brass, 4 many months and years afterwards. XXI. UPON HIPPONAX, THE POET. HERE lies 5 Hipponax the poet. If thou art worthless, quidem periit, sed ejus officia adhuc utilia, (her rearing of the boy,) non perierunt. Though the nurse is dead, her care of him keeps her memory alive. Wordsworth suggests also xpTjoi/i" oinc oXtlrai Utilia non peribunt. 1 Archilochus of Paros, one of the first Ionian lyric poets, and the first Greek poet who composed Iambics on fixed rules. He flourish- ed 714 670 B. c. The biting character of his Iambics is marked by Horace A. P. 79, Archilochum proprio rabies armavit lambo. 2 fivpiov. Infinite. So in Idyll viii. 50, w /3d0oc v\ag Mvpiov. 3 Pisander, a poet of Camirus in Rhodes, who flourished about B. c. 648 605, was author of a poem, in two books, on " The Labours of Hercules." Vid. Miiller's History of Greek Lit. ix. $ 3. 4 Theocritus publishes the fact, that the inhabitants of Camirus neg- lected the memory of their bard until long after his death. 5 Hipponax of Ephesus was the third Iambic poet of Greece, after Archilochus and Simonides. His date B. c. 546. Horace, Epod. vi. 14, "Aut acer hostis Bupalo," alluding to the savage Iambics which he launched at Bupalus and Anthermus, brothers and statuaries of Ephesus, who had made his image ridiculous. They were driven by his satires to hang themselves. XXII. XXIV. EPIGRAMS. 165 come not nigh his tomb ; but if thou art both l good, and come of good stock, sit down boldly, and sleep, if thou wilt. XXII. AN EPIGRAM OF THEOCRITUS UPON HIS OWN BOOK. 2 THE Chian Theocritus is another ; but I, Theocritus who wrote these Idylls, am a Syracusan, one of the commonalty, 3 son to Praxagoras and well-known Philina, and I have never 4 claimed to myself another's muse. / XXIII. THIS bank allows the same to strangers as to citizens. Deposit your money, and take it up again, 5 a calculation being duly made. Let some one else make excuses ; but G Caicus tells back the monies of others, even by night if they wish it. XXIV. 7 THE inscription will declare what is the tomb, and who under it : I am the rave of her that was called Glauce. vog. Vid. xx. 19, and Horn. II. i. 106. The Chian namesake of our poet was an orator and sophist, and perhaps historian of the time of Alexander the Great. This Epigram is probably the work of some grammarian who wished to mark the differ- ence between the two persons. See Smith's Diet. Gr. Rom. Biog. vol. iii. pp. 1031, 1032. 3 Some have supposed, from Theocritus seeming to represent himself under the character of Simichidas, or son of Simichus, Idyll vii. 21, that he was son of Simichus : but it seems better to consider that he used that name as an assumed one, just as Virgil does Tityrus. And indeed this Epigram seems to establish his parentage. * " Alienee laudis appetens nuriquam fui." Briggs. " I never flirted with another's muse." Chapman. 5 ^/tjipov. The ancients used pebbles and counters in casting up ac- counts. J//JJ00U TrpoQ Xoyov tpxo^!vje, is in Latin " rationibus rectu subductis." 6 Caicus is of course the manager of the bank, which never fears a run upon.it. 7 This Epigram (Anthol. Pal. vii. 262,) is printed among those of Theocritus only in Wordsworth's edition. He is led to print it there by the reasons given for ascribing it to Theocritus in the Anthologia Palat. THE IDYLLS OP BION THE SMYRN^AN. IDYLL I. THE EPITAPH OP ADONIS. I WAIL for Adonis ; beauteous Adonis is dead. ' Dead is beauteous Adonis ;' the Loves join in the wail. Sleep no more, Venus, in purple vestments ; rise, wretched goddess, in thy robes of woe, l and beat thy bosom, and say to all, ' Beau- teous Adonis hath perished.' I wail for Adonis : the Loves join in the wail. Low lies beauteous Adonis on the moun- tains, having his white thigh smitten by a tusk, a white tusk, and he inflicts pain on Venus, as he breathes out his life faintly ; but adown his white skin trickles the black blood ; and his eyes are glazed neath the lids, and the rose flies from his lip ; and round about it dies also the kiss, which Venus will never relinquish. To Venus, indeed, his kiss, even though he lives not, is pleasant, yet Adonis knew not that she kiss- ed him as he died. I wail for Adonis : the Loves wail in concert. A cruel, cruel wound hath Adonis in his thigh, 2 but a greater wound doth Cytherea bear at her heart. Around that youth 3 indeed 1 And beat thy bosom.] See Ovid Met. x. 720, Utque sethere vidit ab alto Exanimem, inque suo jactantem sanguine corpus Desiluit, pariterque sinus, pariterque capillos Rupit et indignis percussit pectora palmis. 2 tyipci TTOTiKapSiov tXicof. Ov. Met. v. 426, Inconsolabile vulnus Mente gerit tacita. 3 Faithful hounds whined.] Senec. Hippolyt. 1108, Meestoeque domini membra vestigant canes. Ossian, " His dogs are howling in their place." 1845. IDTLL I. 167 faithful hounds whined, and Oread Nymphs weep ; but Aphrodite, having let fall her braided hair, wanders up and down the glades, sad, unkempt, 4 unsandaled, and the brambles tear her as she goes, and 5 cull her sacred blood : then wailing piercingly she is borne through long valleys, crying for her 6 Assyrian spouse, and calling on her youth. But around him dark blood was gushing up about his navel, and his breasts were empurpled from his thighs, and to Adonis the parts beneath his breasts, white before, became now deep-red. Alas, alas for Cytherea, the Loves join in the wail. She hath lost her beauteous spouse, she hath lost with him her divine beauty. Fair beauty had Venus, when Adonis was living ; but with Adonis perished the fair form of Venus, alas, alas ! All mountains, and the oaks say, ' Alas for Adonis.' 7 And rivers sorrow for the woes of Aphrodite, and springs on the mountains weep for her Adonis, and 8 flowers redden from grief ; whilst Cytherea sings mournfully along all 9 woody-mountain-passes, and along cities. Alas, alas for Cytherea, beauteous Adonis hath perished. And Echo cried in response, ' Beauteous Adonis hath perished.' 10 Who would not have lamented the dire love of Venus ? alas ! alas ! When she saw, when she perceived the Avound of Adonis, which none might stay, when she saw gory blood about his wan thigh, unfolding wide her arms, she sadly cried, ' Stay, ill- fated Adonis, Adonis, stay : that I may find thee for the last time, that I may enfold thee around, and mingle kisses with kisses. Rouse thee a little, Adonis, and again this last time 4 aaava\o, unsandaled, betokening haste or severe distress. See Theocr. Id. xxiv. 36. 5 Cull her sacred blood.] See for the same bold metaphor, ,oivixQr]v VTTO TuXytog, we poSov tptrg. Briggs reads for irrokiv, vaVo from the Aldine Edit. s Ki'i]/ji6^ is used in Homer II. for the woody passes of Ida. irovf, the base of the mountain. KVTJ/JOC, from KVIJILI], (the leg between ancle and knee,) the part just above the base. 10 Milton's Lycidas. Who would not sing for Lycidas, &c. 168 BION. 4563. kiss me : kiss me just so far as there is life in thy kiss, "till from thy heart thy spirit shall have ebbed into my lips and soul, and I shall have drained thy sweet love-potion, and 12 have drunk out thy love : and I will treasure this kiss, even as if it were Adonis himself, since thou, ill-fated one, dost flee from me. Thou flyest afar, Adonis, 13 and comest unto Acheron, and its gloomy and cruel king ; but wretched I live, and 14 am a goddess, and cannot follow thee. Take, Proserpine, my spouse : for thou art thyself far more power- ful than I, 15 and the whole of what is beautiful falls to thy share ; yet I am all-hapless, and feel insatiate grief, and mourn for Adonis, since to my sorrow he is dead, and I am afraid of thee. Art thou dying, O thrice-regretted ? 16 Then my longing is fled as a dream ; and widowed is Cytherea, and idle are the Loves along my halls : and with thee has my charmed-girdle been undone ; nay, why, rash one, didst thou hunt ? Beauteous as thou wert, wast thou mad enough to contend with wild beasts ? ' Thus lamented Venus ; the Loves join in the wail. Alas, alas for Cytherea, beauteous 11 The last kiss was wont to be given to the dearest one, when " in articulo mortis ;" and it was a fancy of old, that the survivor drew in, with the last breath of the dying, their passing life. Virg. JEn. iv. 684, Extremus si quis super halitus errat, Ore legam. Seneca, Here. Oct. 1339, Spiritus fugiens meo Legatur ore. Cicero, Ut extremum filiorum spiritum ore excipere liceret. 12 tK Si iriw rbv tpitira. Tirg. JEn. iv. 749, Necnon et vario noctem sermone trahebat Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem. 13 Acheron, and its gloomy and cruel king.] Virgil Georg. iv. 469, 470, Manesque adiit, regemque tremendum, Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. Job xviii. 14, " His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle ; and it shall bring him to the king of terrors." 14 And am a goddess.] Compare Spenser's Fairy Queen, O what awails it of immortal seed To been ybred, and never born to die ; For better I it deem to die with speed, Than waste with woe and wailful miserie. 15 rb Si TTO.V KaXov. Catull. iii. 13, At vobis male sit, malae tenebrse Orci, quffi omnia bella devoratis Tarn helium mihi passerem abstulistis. 16 w ovap t-KTt\. Compare Job xx. 8, " He shall flee away as a dream, and shall not be found ; yea, he shall be chased away as a vision of the night." 6482. IDYLL I. 169 Adonis has perished. The Paphian goddess sheds as many tears as Adonis pours forth blood : and these all, on the ground, become flowers : n the blood begets a rose, and the tears the anemone. I wail for Adonis : beauteous Adonis hath perish- ed. Lament no more, Venus, thy wooer in the glades : there is a goodly couch, there is a bed of leaves ready for Adonis ; this bed of thine, Cytherea, dead Adonis occupies ; and though a corpse, he is beautiful, a beautiful corpse, as it were sleeping. Lay him down on the 18 soft vestments in which he was wont to pass the night : in which with thee along the night he would take his holy sleep, on a couch all-of-gold ; yearn thou for Adonis, sad-visaged though he be now: and lay him 19 amid chaplets and flowers ; all with him, since he is dead, 20 ay, all flowers have become withered : but sprinkle him with myrtles, sprinkle him with unguents, with perfumes : perish all perfumes, thy perfume, Adonis, hath perished. Delicate Adonis reclines in purple vestments ; and about him weeping Loves set up the wail, 21 having their locks shorn for Adonis : and one was trampling on his arrows, another on his bow, and 22 another was breaking his well-feathered 17 The blood begets a rose, &c.] Cf. Ovid Met. x. 731737. 18 Soft vestments.] Indicative of rank and luxury. Compare St. Luke vii. 25, " Behold, they which are gorgeously apparelled, and live delicately, are in king's courts." In the next line rbv \tpbv VTTVOV epoxQit, " divinum ilium soporem tecum elaborabat," certaminibus ni- mirum amatoriis. Briggs. 16 j8a\\6 S' ivl ffTfdvot. Compare Lamentations v. 15, " The joy of our heart is ceased ; our dance is turned into mourning." For Hymenaeus, see Theocr. xviii. 58 ; Catull. 62 ; and in its primary sense, Horn. II. xviii. 493. 24 Dione was the mother of Aphrodite, but here we are to understand the daughter under the mother's name. 25 Compare Theocr. Idyll xv. 143, 144. 1 airoTpoirov, explained by Hesych., " quod aversetur aliquis." It is so used (Ed. Tyr. 1313, 1314, tut GKOTCV veipoc tp.bv cnroTpOTrov. Briggs here conjectures viroTrripov, " alatum." 2 The ancient mode of catching birds with rods was this. Reeds smeared with bird-lime were joined together lengthwise, till they struck the wings of the bird, which meanwhile was being charmed by the song of the fowler hid amid the bushes. (Schwebel.) 516. IDYLL II. 171 together one on another his rods all at once, he proceeded to lay a trap for Eros, as he hopped 3 hither and thither. And the lad, being chagrined that no success befell him, threw down his rods, and went to an old rustic, who had taught him this art ; and spoke to him, and showed him Eros perch- ing. 4 But the old man, gently smiling, wagged his head, and answered the boy : ' Beware of thy sport, and come not at yon bird ; fly far from it; 'tis an evil brute ; happy will you be, 5 so long as you shall not have caught it ; but if you shall have reached to man's stature, yon bird that now flees, and hops away, will come himself of his own accord, on a sudden, 6 and settle upon your head.' IDYLL III. THE TEACHER TAUGHT. THE mighty Venus stood beside me, when I was yet l in youth's prime, leading with her fair hand infant Eros, nodding towards the ground ; and addressed me as follows, ' Prythee, good herdsman, take and teach Eros to sing.' Thus said she, and herself went away ; but I, witless as I was, began to teach Eros, as though he wished to learn, as many pastorals as I knew ; namely, how 2 Pan invented the cross-flute, how 3 rq. icai ra. Mosch. i. 16, /cat TTTEpotts tus opvis ifjj'iTTTaTai aXXor' ITT' dXXou9 dvipa.^ r)Ct yi/i/al/cas. Cf. Theoc. xv. 119. 4 o 7rps(r/3u iitiSiouv Kirtjvt Kapi). Ecclus. xii. 18, " He will shake his head, and clap his hands, and whisper much, and change his countenance." 5 liaoica, here "quanuliu," as Iliad vii. 604. It often signifies " usque dum," " until," Mosch. iv. 13. The word has therefore the two- fold force of donee. igfiETpov. So St. Paul's Ep. to Ephes. iv. 13. Hesiod has the line, dXX orav ffpijOM, Kai i'if3r]Q /jitrpov 'IKOITO, (.. 131. 6 This little Idyll has been imitated successfully by Spenser in the third Eclogue of his Shepherd's Calendar, verse 60 to the end. 1 The reading here was inrvtaovri, clearly corrupt. We have trans- lated the best emendation, that of Herelius, 19' rjfiwovTi. '- Virgil Eel. ii. 32, Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures In- stituit. TT\ayiav\oQ tibia obliqua, seems to have been the same as the ffupiyZ or fistula, wg av\ov 'AQdva. Pindar says Minerva invented the aiiXbe, " tibia recta," or " longa," after the Gorgon had been slain by 172 B10N. 713. Athena the pipe, how 3 Hermes the lyre, and how sweet Apollo the cithern. These I began to teach him ; but he did not take heed to my words, but himself kept singing me love- ditties, and teaching me 4 the desires of mortals and immortals, and his mother's doings. And I forgot indeed all the strains which I was teaching Eros, but whatsoever love-ditties Eros taught me, I learned them all. IDYLL IV. THE POWER OF LOVE. THE Muses fear not the savage Eros, but love him from their hearts, and follow him close behind. And if haply one follow them having an unloving spirit, out of that man's way they fly, and are not willing to teach him. But if a man agitated in mind by Eros sing sweetly, to him every one of them hasten l in flowing stream. I am witness that this state- ment is 2 universally true ; for if indeed I sing of any other mortal or immortal, my tongue 3 stutters, and sings no longer as before ; but if again I warble any ditty to Eros, and to Lycidas, 4 why then the strain flows joyously through my lips. Perseus through her aid, Pyth. Od. 12. Ovid makes Minerva say, in Fast. lib. vi., Prima terebrato per rara foramina buxo Ut daret effeci tibia longa sonos. Comp. Callim. H. in Dian. 244. 3 Hermes the lyre.] Horat. (Od. I. x. 6) calls him, Curvaeque lyrae parentem. 'Eppdiov, Doric for 'Epfiijg. Hes. Fr. 9, 1. 4 Compare Virgil Georg. iv. 345, Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem Vulcani, Martisque dolos et dulcia furta Eque Chao densos Divum referebat amores. 1 eirtiyonivai, Trpopeovri, "hastening flow forth ;" for the translation in the text thanks are due to Chapman. 2 Traatv, as neuter, " in all things," " altogether." This usage of the word is very common in Herodotus. 3 (3afi/3aivei. Agathias, Epigr. xiii, xn'Xsa /3a/i/3aiv 4 icat roica. Ruhnken prefers avriica. But Iliad ix. 674 ; Theocr. Id. xxiv. 20, quoted by Schaefer, amply justify the common reading. 115. IDYLL V. 173 IDYLL V. LIFE TO BE ENJOYED. 'I KNOW not how, nor is it fitting I should, to labour at what I have not learned. If my ditties are beautiful, then these only, which the 2 Muse has presented to me aforetime, will give me renown. But if these be not to men's taste, what boots it me to labour at more ? For if indeed Saturn's son or shifting fate had given to us a twofold life-time, so that one term might be spent on pleasure and delights, and the other in toil, 'twere possible perhaps for one, having iirst laboured, at some after-period to receive the fruits. But since the gods have allowed but one time for living to come to men, 3 and this a short space, and too brief for all, 4 how long, ah wretched men, do we toil over labours and works ? And how far are we to throw our whole souls upon gains and upon arts, longing ever for much more wealth ? Surely we have all forgotten that we were born mortal, and how brief a time we have had assigned to us by fate. 1 In the Florilegium of Stobaeus, this first line is given as Bion's, and prefixed to this Idyll. Brunck and Winterton omit it or write it separately. 2 Pierson and others read MoTI/ e'Xe : another, rov fiiov e\tv : and another, Tlai&v 'i\t, (i. e. Ipse Deus medicinae obstupuit). But bearing the story of Hy- acinthus in mind we need no alteration. The fair youth, son of Amyclas, king of Sparta, and of Diomedei, was unintentionally slain by Apollo's discus. The hopelessness of the passionate god's attempts to undo the mischief are touched upon in this fragment. For more particulars see Ovid Met. x. 184, &c. 2 Whensoever, &c.] Theocr. Idyll xii. 15, dXXtjXous ' iepttiv Tiaivaivbv'Apria, to which Lennep. prefers Tiffiv, vindictam, which Brunck follows. This has been translated in the text above. Ruhnkeu's 178 BION. 1532. Achilles was lying concealed among the daughters of Ly- comedes, and was learning skill in wool, instead of arms, and in his white hand was holding a maiden's 6 task; and in ap- pearance he was as a girl ; for he was equally womanish with them, and as fresh a colour as theirs blushed on his snowy cheeks ; and he was wont to walk with the step of maiden- hood, and to cover his hair with a veil ; yet had he the spirit of Mars, and possessed the love of a man, and from dawn to nightfall would he sit beside Deidamia ; and at times indeed he would kiss her hand, and often 7 would he raise her beau- teous mouth, and the sweet tears would flow forth. But with no other of like age did he eat ; and he kept doing every thing in eagerness for a sleep in common. Then he spoke also a word to her, ' With one another other sisters slumber, but I remain alone, and thou sleepest s apart from me ; we two, vir- gins of like age, we twain beautiful. Yet sleep we alone in our several beds, and this evil and troublesome partition -wall 9 wickedly separates me from you. For not of you am I ' I0 suggestion 0pwv 00i(7ai'op'*Apja, is elegant and has claims to be received. Wakefield, ty'spwv SvGoftiXov'ApTja. Jacobs, v dvapiKTov "Aprja. Briggs, fpov ct Zvvbv'Apqa. 6 The reading here was Kopov, scopam, a broom ; hut this was a slave's work. See Eurip. Hec. 362 ; Audrom. 166. In the next line, at BT)\VVITO, compare Theocr. xx. 14. 7 ffTop.' dvd KaXov dupe. Ursinus corrected this to oiay.' ; which, how- ever, yields not, I venture to think, a better sense. The line is cor- rupt, no doubt. Scaliger proposed to read, understanding it of weaving, ffrdfiova Ka\bv deipt TO, 5' dcea Katpe iiryvti, " and would often lift the beautiful warp, and praise the scented threads (or thrums)." Briggs reads, TO. S' ivxpoa SciKTvX' iiryvti, "would praise her fresh-coloured fingers." In this translation I have adopted Brunck's tTreppti, as the slightest alteration. 8 For vitfiipa, read with Briggs voai. Two lines below, Kara Xsicrpa is used distributively, like /card fftytag, in the Iliad. KCLT dvSpa, man by man, Herodot. &c. a Sf TTOvripd. yap SoXia The awkwardness of Sf and yap coming thus together, and the offence against metre in the last syllable of vvaaa, have suggested the reading VVGOCI Kal apyaXta, which I have followed. One reading (Brunck's) is d TTOVIJpd vv(r6s OTTO crtlo /ucpi^ct. The duenna is thus introduced into the passage. 10 The remainder of this Idyll is lost. XVI. XVII. IDYLLS. 179 XVI. TO THE EVENING STAR. HESPER! golden light of the lovely Foam-born! Hesper, dear friend, sacred ornament of dark night, hail, thou friend, 2 as much more faint than the moon, as thou art eminent above the stars ; and give thou me, as I go a merry-making to a shep- herd, light instead of the moon : because she, beginning her course to-day, went down too quickly. I am not going forth for theft, nor to molest a wayfarer in the night : but I am a lover ; and 'tis meet to return a lover love for love. XVII. LOVE RESISTLESS. GENTLE Cyprus-born goddess, child of Jove and the sea, why art thou so wroth with mortals and immortals ? I have said but little ; rather, why dost thou so much hate them, and why, prythee, shouldest thou have given birth to Eros, so great a plague to all, cruel as he is, without natural affection, in mind nowise resembling his form ? And to what end hast thou given him to us 3 winged and a far-darter, that we might not be able to escape him, bitter as he is. 1 Horn. II. xxii. 318, speaks thus of Hesperus, "EtTTTtpos, os /caXAi<7Tos iv oiipavco La-raTaL d yap d\vtta Trends VTTO TTT1]VOV TTVKVa OlWKOfJ.tVO'S, which Fawkes renders, Of shining Love 'tis vain to talk, "When he can fly, and I but walk. M 2 THE IDYLLS MOSCHUS THE SYRACTJSAK IDYLL I. LOVE A RUNAWAY. 1 ' MY son Eros,' Venus was loudly calling, ' Eros, if any one has seen straying in the cross-roads, he is my runaway: the informer shall have a reward. The kiss of Venus shall be your pay ; and if you shall have brought him, not the 2 bare kiss, but, stranger, you shall have even more : now the lad is very notable ; you would know him among 3 twenty together : in complexion indeed he is not fair, but like to fire ; and his eyes are piercing and fiery-red : evil his heart, pleasant his speech. For he does not speak the same as he thinks ; his voice is as honey, 4 but if he be wroth, his mind is ruthless ; 1 " Ben Jonson in his Masque, ' The Hue and Cry after Cupid,' has imitated Moschus in this Idyll very closely. The proclamation, however, is addressed by the Graces to the softer sex, with one of whom Aphro- dite supposes young Love to he concealed." Chapman. Heindorf, in his edition, separates rov "Epatra rbv v'lta by a comma before and after, so that the words may be read as part of the cry of Yenus. t/3o>crrp(, made proclamation after, Horn. Odyss. xii. 124. So /3op is used by Euripides, Phoen.1161, /3o$ vvp KaldiKt\\a, which Valkenaer renders " clamando petit." 2 yvpvbv TO 0i\ajua. Theocr. Idyll iii. 20 ; xxvii. 4. 3 kv tiKoai TTaai : inter viginti omnino, " amongst as many as twenty." The alteration to vaiai weakens the force. 4 Compare Plaut. True. I. ii. 76, In melle sunt linguce vestrse sitae, atque orationes Lacteque : corda felle sunt lita, atque acerba aceto. Heskin quotes a rhyming distich, Mel in ore, verba lactis, Fel in corde, fraus in factis. 1029. IDYLL I. 181 deceiving, telling truth in nothing, wily child, he 5 sports cruelly. His head has goodly curls, but 6 impudent is the face he wears: his little hands are tiny, 'tis true, yet they shoot far ; shoot even to Acheron, and to the king of Hades. He is naked indeed so far as his body is concerned, but his mind is 7 shrouded. And being winged, as a bird, he flies upon now one party of men and women and now another, and settles on their inmost hearts. He has a very small bow, and upon the bow an arrow : small is his arrow, yet it carries even to the sky: and a golden quiver above his back, and within it are the bitter shafts, with which he often wounds even me. All, all is cruel ; but far most a little torch that he has, 8 with which he kindles the sun himself. If you at any rate shall have caught him, bind and bring him, and do not pity him. And if ever you shall have seen him weeping, be- ware lest he beguile you ; and if he smile, do you drag him on : and if he should desire to kiss you, avoid it ; his kiss is mischievous, 9 his lips poison. But should he say, ' Take these, I present thee all the arms I have,' do not touch them, de- ceitful gifts ; for they have all been dipt in fire.' IDYLL II. EUKOPA. VENUS once sent upon Europa a sweet dream, what time the 1 third portion of night sets in, and dawn is near ; what time s aypia iraiaSu. Compare Virgil, Eel. iii. 8, Transversa tuentibus hircis. JEn. ix. 794, Asper, acerba tuens. Geor. iii. 149, Asper acerba sonans : all illustrative of the frequent poetic use of adjectives neuter, plural and singular, for the adverb. Cf. Matth. Gr. Gr. 446, 7, 8. 8 Irafibv, (from ilpt, irj,) bold : in a bad sense, generally. Cf. Aristoph. Ran. 1292, irctfialc; KVffiv. 7 ifiTrtTrvicaoTai. Horn. II. iii. 298, irvKivai 0pevfC- irvKiVlff i>6og ; [trjdea TTVKVO. ; elsewhere. Proverbs v. 6, " Lest thou shouldest ponder the 'path of life, her ways are moveable, that thou canst not know her." 8 I have followed the reading of Luzacius, rqi a\iov avrbv avaiQii. Hermann retains the common reading rbv a\iov ; but punctuates thus, TroXi) TrXciov St ol avTtji (Said. Xa(nrd.Q loTffa' rbv uXiov avrbv dvaiOti. 9 QapfjiaKov ivTi. Others read $ap/iaicoej'ra. 1 From Homer's day the Greeks divided "night" into three watches, 182 MOSCHUS. 330. sleep sweeter than honey settling on the eyelids, limb-relaxing though it is, fetters down the eyes with soft bond; 2 what time moreover the tribe of truthful dreams is roving abroad. Then as she slumbered in a chamber next the roof, the daugh- ter of Phoenix, yet a maiden, Europa, fancied 3 that two conti- nents were contending for her, Asia and the opposite coast, and they were in shape as women. Now of these the one had the form of a foreign woman, whilst the other in truth re- sembled a native, and hugged her more closely as her own child ; and kept saying that she was her mother, and that herself had nurtured her. But the other, using violence with strong hands, was drawing her away, nothing loth : for she said that 'twas fated by a?gis-bearing Jove that Europa should be her prize. She then started in affright from 4 her strown couch, quak- ing at heart, for she had beheld the dream as a real appear- ance ; and seating herself she kept silence a long time, yet still had she before her waking eyes both the women. And late at length the maiden uplifted a timid voice, ' Who of the ce- lestials has sent upon me such phantoms ? What manner of dreams are these ^vh^ch have exceedingly scared me, as I slumbered right sweetly in my chamber on my strown couch ? And who was that foreign woman, whom I beheld in my sleep ? How did a yearning toward her strike me at heart ! How graciously did she too welcome me, and regard me as her own child ! But may the blessed gods decide the dream to me for good.' Thus saying, she sprang up ; and went to seek her dear companions, in the prime of life, her equals in years, well-pleasing, and nobly-born, with whom she was ever wont (II. x. 253 ; Od. xii. 312,) just as they did " day" also. The first part of the clay was called /(!>, which the time here mentioned (the irv^tarov Xa^oc of Apollon. Rhod. i. 1022) immediately precedes. The Latins called it cockcrow, " gallicinium," a\iKTOpoapri. TO yap dig inrap ilStv ovtipov. The order seems to be ilStv yap TO ovetpov wg virap. 3051. IDYLL II. 183 to sport, 5 when she was making ready for the choir, or when she might be washing her skin at the mouths of the Anaurus, or whensoever 7 she might be culling odorous lilies from the mead. And these quickly showed themselves to her, and they had each in their hands a basket for-holding-flowers ; and they proceeded to go to the meadows by-the-shore, where too they were ever wont to gather themselves in one troop, delighting both in the growth of the roses and in the roaring of the sea. But Europa herself was carrying a basket wrought of gold, and ad- mirable, a great wonder, a great work of Hephasstus, which he had bestowed on 8 Libya as a gift, when she went to the bed of the Earth-shaker ; and she gave it to very-beauteous Telephas- sa, who was of near kin to her ; and upon Europa, yet unwed- ded, her mother, Telephassa, bestowed it as a famous present. Whereon many sparkling curious-works had been wrought ; on it indeed was wrought 9 of gold lo the daughter of Inachus, while still a heifer, and she had not the figure of a woman. And frantic she was going afoot over the briny paths, like unto one swimming ; and a sea had been wrought of dark blue. And aloft, upon the brow of the shore, were standing two men together, and they were watching the sea-traversing heifer. On it moreover was 10 Jupiter, son of Saturn, patting gently with his hand the heifer daughter of Inachus, whom 5 Compare Callimach. H. in Apoll. 8, Ol Si vioi iiokTrtjv re KO.I ic; 6 There is an Anaurus in Thessaly, and one in Dardania. It is sug- gested, that as neither of these will suit the locality of Europa's story, we must read avavpw in its first sense a river or a torrent : as in Anacr. Od. vii., did 5' b,'tv avavpwv 7 Horat. III. xxvii. 29 speaks of Europa as Nuper in pratis studiosa riorum, Debita; nymphis opifex coronae. 8 Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Memphis; the mother by Nep- tune of Agenor, Belus, and Lelex. Agenor is by most of the poets called the father of Europa, though Homer makes her the daughter of Phoenix. Telephassa was daughter-in-law to Libya. 9 Horace (de Art. Poet.) calls her " lo vaga." Virgil places the legend of lo on the shield of Turrius, ^En. vii. 789791, At levem clypeum sublatis cornibus lo Auro insignibat : jam setis obsita, jam bos, Argumentum ingens, et custos virginis Argus. 10 tv S' jji' Zet> Kpovi'$j, 7ra0oijUvoc >;pju X f P ffl - The old reading left out KpoviSrjg, and ended the line with x ci P l Oitiy. Briggs proposes p.6vov TJpifia x ll P< t {?> as -32sch. Prom. Y. 874, 184 MOSCHUS. 5177. beside seven-mouthed Nile he was transforming again to a woman from a horned cow. Of silver indeed was the stream of Nile ; and the heifer, I ween, of brass ; but Jove himself was fashioned of gold. u And about the crown of the rounded basket Hermes had been formed ; and near to him Argus had been represented stretched, distinguished by his sleepless eyes ; and from his deep-red blood was springing up a bird exulting in the many-hued colour of his wings, having spread wide the plumage of his tail, and like some ship speeding through the sea, he was covering all round with feathers the rims of the golden basket. Such was very-beauteous Europa's basket. Now these, when in truth they had entered the flowery meads, were then pleasing their fancy each with various kinds of flowers ; one of them was plucking odorous narcissus, another hyacinth, another the violet, and another the creeping thyme : and on the ground were falling many leaves of spring-nursed 12 meadows. But others again were culling in rivalry incense-laden tufts of yellow crocus ; in the midst however stood the princess, gathering with her hands the beauty of the bright-red rose, 13 like as foam-born Venus shone conspicuous among the Graces. Not long however was she destined to please her fancy on flowers, or to M preserve, I wot, her virgin zone undefiled. For of a truth the son of Saturn, when he observed her, had then been smitten at heart, subdued by the unforeseen darts of Venus, who alone can overcome even Jove: wherefore now, both as desiring-to- 11 Stvfitvroi;. The reading SivtaQivroi; "tornati" is suggested as more probable, Yirgil's line, Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis, being adduced in support of this emendation. The story of Argus is found in Ov. Met. i. 625627, Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat : Inde suis \icibus capiebant bina quietem : Caetera servabant, atque in statione manebant. 12 Wakefield suggests Xttpwdtav. Briggs, /j.r)K(iivv, because \fi[i.iavwv has occurred so recently. Briggs quotes Propert. I. xx. 37, Et circumriguo surgebant lilia prato Candida purpureis mista papaveribus. !3 So Virg. JEn. i. 499, Exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutse Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades : ilia pharetram Fert humeris gradiensque deas supereminet omnes. 14 tpvaOai, i. q. tpvta9ai. Horn. Od. v. 484, oaov rptiQ avSpag ipvaOai. a\pai>Tov. Compare Eurip. Iph. in Aul. 1574, dxpavrov dipa KaXXi- irapOivov 77104. IDYLL H. 185 avoid the wrath of jealous Here, and wishing to beguile the young fancy of the maiden, he concealed the god, and trans- formed his body, I5 and became a bull ; not such a one as feeds in the stalls, nor indeed such a one as cleaves a furrow, drag- ging the curved plough ; nor like one that grazes in the herds, no, nor of such a kind as the bull that is tamed and draws the heavy-laden wain. But of a truth the rest of his body was chestnut-coloured, whilst a silvery ring was gleaming on his mid forehead, and his eyes were 1G sparkling from under, flashing through desire ; and horns equal one to the other were branching up from his head, like orbs of the horned moon, her disc cut in half ; so came he into the meadow, and did not alarm the maidens by his appearance : n but a longing to draw near to him arose in all, and to touch the lovely bull ; for his divine scent from afar surpassed even the sweet odour of the meadow. And he stood before the feet of faultless Europa, and began to lick her neck, and to soften the maiden's heart. Then would she stroke him, and gently with her hands wipe oif from his lips much foam, and she kissed the bull. But he 18 lowed softly : you might say that you heard a 19 Mygdonian flute, uttering distinctly a clear sound ; then he bent the knee before her feet, and began to look keenly on Europa, with his neck turned towards her, and to display to her his broad back. Then she bespoke her maidens with-thick -falling hair thus, 'Come, dear playmates of like age, that we may delight ourselves in sitting on the bull here ; for in sooth he will spread his back beneath us, 15 Ov. Met. ii. 850, Induitur tauri faciem, mixtusque juvencis Mugit et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis. See also the remainder of the 2nd Book in illustration of this Idyll. 16 offat $' inroyXavffaeaict. So Brunck reads in preference to the cor- rupt viroy\ai>Ki, occurs in Bion iv. 10, al al. Comp. Theocr. x. 28, icat a ypaTrra vctKivQoQ. The legend ran, that when Hyacinthus had been accidentally slain by Apollo's disc, his blood produced a flower on whose leaves the initial letters of his name were inscribed. Ov. Met. x. 162, Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et " ai ai '' Flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est. 6 30. IDYLL HI. 189 hyacinth, speak thy letters, and with thy leaves lisp 'ai,' ' ai,' more than is thy wont : a noble minstrel is dead. Begin Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Ye nightingales, that wail in the thick foliage, tell the news to the Sicilian waters of 3 Arethusa, that Bion the herdsman is dead, that with him both the song is dead, and perished is Doric minstrelsy. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Plaintively wail beside the waters, Strymonian swans, and with mournful voices sing a sorrowful ode, with as sweet a sound as was that of old, wherewith he used to sing to your lips. 4 And tell, again, to JEagrian maids, tell to all Bistonian nymphs, that the Dorian Orpheus has perished. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. That darling of the herds no longer sings : no longer does he warble, as he reclines beneath the solitary oaks : but in Pluto's realm he chants 5 a song of forgetfulness. And voice- less are the hills ; and the heifers, which roam with the bulls, lament and will not go to pasture. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Thy sudden fate, O Bion, even Apollo bewailed, and the Satyrs grieved, and the dark-robed Priapi ; and Pans sigh for thy melody, whilst the fountain nymphs through the wood mourned for thee, 6 and their tears became waters ; and Echo According to other traditions, the flower sprang from the blood of Ajax. See Sophocl. Ajax 430 (Lobeck) ; Ov. Met. xiii. 395, who combines the two legends, and Virg. Eel. iii. 106. The hyacinth, we know, has no such inscription on its leaves. 3 The nymph Arethusa, pursued by the river-god Alpheus, was changed by Artemis into a stream, which, flowing beneath the sea, rose again near Syracuse. See Virg. JEn. iii. 694 696. Virgil alludes to the land of pastoral song, Sicily, under this name, Eel. xi., Extremum hunc Arethusa rnihi, &c. * A verse would seem to have slipped out here, which should have made mention of Thracian Orpheus, and so have connected Strymon, ^agria, and the Bistones with this song. The Dorian Orpheus. So Propert. IV. i. 64, says of himself " Umbria Romani patria Callimachi." 5 A song of forgetfulness.] Compare Theocr. i. 63. 13 Kai vfara Saicpva yivro. " Et lachrymae in rivos abeunt." Briggs suggests reading vSaoi. Et undis lachrymse obortse sunt. Comp. Bion i. 34, Kai Tlayai rbv "AStaviv iv urttoi SaicpvovTi. Spenser, Shepherd's Calendar, November, The floods do gasp, for dried is their source, And floods of tears flow in their stead perforce. 190 MOSCHUS. 3051. amid the rocks laments, because thou art mute, and mimics no more thy lips ; and at thy death the trees have cast off their fruit, and the flowers have all withered ; good milk hath not flowed from ewes ; nor honey from hives ; hut it has perished in the wax wasted with grief ; for no longer is it meet, now that thy honey is lost, to gather that. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. 7 Not so much did the dolphin lament beside the shores of the sea, nor so sang the nightingale ever on the rocks, no, nor so much complained the swallow along the high mountains, 8 neither did Ceyx wail so much over the griefs of Halcyon. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Neither did Cerylus sing so much in the gray-green waves, nor so much 9 did the bird of Memnon, fluttering around his tomb, deplore the son of Aurora in the valleys of the East, as they have bewailed Bion, having perished. Begin, Silician Muses, begin the lament. Nightingales, and all swallows, which once he was wont to delight, which he was teaching to speak, sitting on the branches of trees, kept wailing opposite to each othei', whilst the other birds kept responding, 'Grieve, ye doves, but we will do so too.' Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. 7 The dolphin's delight in song, commemorated in the fable of Arion, (Herod, i. 23 ; Pausan. iii. 25 ; Virg. Eel. viii. 54,) is applied by Moschus here to the sorrow of all things for the hushing of Bion's song. For traits of the dolphin's musical taste and benevolence, see Pliny, N. H. ix. 8. 8 Ceyx perished by shipwreck, and his wife, finding his lifeless body on the strand, threw herself into the sea. The gods in pity changed them both into the birds called Halcyons. Ov. Met. xi. 410. Comp. Virg. Georg. i. 399. KjjpvXoc, Att. KapwXoc, a sea-bird, according to some, the male Halcyon. Aristot. H. A. 9 Mtfivovog opvtc- Aurora besought Jove to make her lover Tithonus immortal. She forgot to stipulate for immortal youth. She therefore had an infirm, though immortal, paramour. But while he was yet young, she bore him two sons, of whom Memnon was one. Memnon was slain at Troy by Achilles, and Aurora obtained from Jove a promise that his memory should have more than mortal honours. Accordingly from his funeral pyre there rose a flight of birds, which having thrice flown round the flames, divided themselves into two bodies, and fought so fiercely, that above half perished in the fire. These birds, called Memnonides, yearly returned to Memnon's tomb, and renewed the encounter. See Ov. Met. xiii., Terque rogum lustrant, et consonus exit in auras Plangor. See also Pliny, x. 36. 5282. IDYLL HI. 191 Who shall sing to thy pipe, thrice-regretted ? And who shall apply his lip to thy reeds ? Who so bold ? For even yet they breathe of thy lips and thy breath : and Echo amid the reeds feeds upon thy songs. To Pan I bear 10 the pipe : haply even he would fear to set his mouth to it, lest he should carry off a second prize after thee. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. 11 Galatea too weeps for thy lay, she whom of old thou didst delight, as she sat in thy company along the sea-beach. For not like Cyclops didst thou sing : from him indeed the fair Galatea used to fly; but thee she was wont to regard 12 with more sweetness than the sea. And now, forgetful of the wave, she sits on the lonely sands, and even yet leads thy oxen to pasture. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. All along with thee, O herdsman, have perished the Muses' gifts, charming kisses of maidens, lips of boys : and around thy tomb weep sad-visaged Loves. Venus loves thee far more than the kiss, with which lately she kissed dying Adonis. This is a second grief to thee, most musical of rivers ! This, 13 O Meles, is a fresh grief; to thy sorrow perished Homer aforetime, that 14 sweet mouth of Calliope, and men say thou didst deplore thine illustrious son in streams of much weeping, and didst fill all the sea with thy voice : now again thou weepest another son, and pinest over a fresh woe. Both were beloved by the fountains ; the one indeed was wont to drink of the Pegasean spring ; the other, to enjoy a draught of the Arethusa. And the one sang the fair daughter of Tyndarus, and the mighty son of Thetis, and Menelaus, son of Atreus : but the other would sing not of wars, nor tears, but Pan ; and would sound the praise of herdsmen, and feed the herd 10 Havi 0po> TO [teXiyfta. fiiXiyfjia is equivalent to " fistula," the effect for the cause. In Meleager's epigrams, as Wakefield observes, Anacreon is called TO /^Xicrjua, that is, "auctor TOV p.t\iap.aTog." 11 The poet here alludes to Bion's Idyll on Galatea, a fragment only of which is extant. 12 Compare Theocr. Idyll xi. 43 ; Virgil Eel. ix. 39. 13 Meles, a river of Ionia, washes the walls of Smyrna, where Bion was born. Here also was supposed to have been the birth-place of Homer : hence called Melesigenes. 14 Compare here Theocr. Idyll vii. 37, KOI yap syw Noiaav Kairvpbv arofia 192 MOSCHUS. 83110. as he sang : and he was wont to fashion Pan's-pipes, and to milk the sweet heifer, and to teach the lips of youths, and to cherish Eros in his bosom, 15 and rouse a passion in Aphrodite. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Every famous city laments thee, O Bion, as do all the towns: 16 Ascra indeed wails for thee, far more than for Hesiod : not so much does Boeotian Hylae regret Pindar ; nor so much did pleasant Lesbos weep about Alcaeus : no, nor hath the Ceian town wept for her bard so much. Paros regrets thee more than Archilochus ; and Mitylene yet plaintively utters thy melody instead of Sappho's. All, as many as have a clear-sounding voice, all singers of pastorals by the Muses' favour, weep for thy fate, now thou art dead. n Sicelidas, the glory of Samos, weeps ; and among the Cydonians, he who was aforetime cheerful to look on with his smiling eye, Ly- cidas, yet sheds tears as he wails : whilst among the citizens of Cos, Philetas mourns beside the river Halens ; and among Syracusans, Theocritus : but I sing for thee a strain of 18 Au- sonian sorrow, /, no stranger to the pastoral song, but heir to the Doric Muse, which thou didst teach thy scholars : honouring me, to others indeed thou didst leave thy wealth, but to me thy song. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Alas, alas, when once in a garden the mallows have died, or the green parsley, or blooming crisp dill, they live again after, and spring up another year. But we, the great, and brave, or wise of men, after we have once died, unheard of in hollow 15 icai ?/pt0e TO.V 'Atypodirav. Comp. Theocr. Idyll xxi. 21. 18 Ascra, a town of Bceotia, or according to Hesiod, who was its chief glory, a village at the foot of Helicon in the Thespian region. O. et D. 638. Hylso, a city of Bo30tia. Pindar was born either at Thebes or Cynocephalae, B. c. 522. Alcseus, a native of Lesbos. Simonides, of Ceos, B. c. 556. Archilochus, of Paros. See Theocr. Epigr. six. Sappho, (of the same date with Alcseus, n. c. 628 570,) was one of the two leaders of the ^Eolian school of poetry, Alcseus being the other. She was a native of Mytilene. 17 SnetXt^ac- See Theocr. Idyll vii. 40. Lycidas : Theocr. vii. 12. The Cydonians inhabited the south of Crete. Philetas : ibid. 40. Tpioiri- Sais- Triops was a king of the island of Cos. Cf. Theocr. xvii. (18. The river Halens is mentioned in the Thalysia referred to above. 18 AvffoviKag oSvvctQ. The Sicilian Sea was called Ausonius Pontus, from Auson, a son of Ulysses and Calypso. Therefore as Moschus was a Syracusan, he calls his song Ausonian. 111128. IDYLL III. 193 earth, sleep a right long and boundless slumber, from which none are roused. 19 And in the earth thou indeed wilt be covered in silence, but it has seemed good to the Nymphs that the frog should croak for ever. Yet I envy him not : for 'tis no pretty song he sings. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. Poison came, O Bion, to thy lip : thou knewest poison. How did it find access to thy lips, yet not become sweet ? or what mortal was so far ruthless, as to mix for thee, or to give thee the poison, if thou didst speak ? He shunned the power of song. Begin, Sicilian Muses, begin the lament. But justice has overtaken all. And I, shedding tears over this woe, bewail thy fate ; yet were I able, like 20 Orpheus, having gone down to Tartarus, like Ulysses once, or as Al- cides in days of yore, I too would haply descend to the home of Pluto, that I might see thee, and, if thou singest to Pluto, that I might hear what thou singest. Nay, but in the pre- sence of the damsel (Proserpine) warble some Sicilian strain, sing some pleasant pastoral. She too, being Sicilian, 21 sport- 19 Cf. Job xiv. 7 10, " There is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will sprout again, and that the tender branch thereof will not cease. Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground ; yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant. But man dieth, and wasteth away : yea, man giveth up the ghost, and where is hel " Spenser, Whence is it that the flow'ret of the field doth fade And lyeth buried long in winter's bale * Yet soon as spring his mantle hath displayed, It flow'reth fresh, as it should never fail, But thing on earth that is of most avail, As virtue's branch and beauty's bud, Reliven not for any good. Catull., Soles occidere et redire possunt : Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux Nox est perpetua una dormienda. 20 Alcides went alive to Tartarus by command : Odysseus, to obtain information needful to him : but Orpheus went down to recover his wife. His story is beautifully told in the fourth Georgic of Virgil. See also Pope's Ode on St. Cecilia's Day. Chapman. 21 Proserpine, daughter of Ceres, was carried off by Pluto. The legend is to be found in Hesiod Theog. 914 ; Callimach. H. in Cerer. 9, and Spanheim, on that passage ; Ovid. Met. v. 565 ; Fast. iv. 422. Milton alludes to it thus : o 194 MOSCHTJS. 128133. ed on the JEtnsean shores, and knew the Doric song : nor will thy strain be unhonoured ; and as of old to Orpheus, sweetly singing to his lyre, she gave Eurydice to return, so will she send thee, Bion, to thy hills. Yes, if even I could avail aught by singing to my pipe, I too would sing before Pluto. IDYLL IV. MEGAKA, THE WIFE OF HERCULES. MY mother, why dost thou thus wound thy spirit, being sad beyond measure, and why is the former bloom no longer preserved on thy cheeks ? Why, I pray thee, art thou vexed so much ? Is it in sooth because thine illustrious son suffers countless annoyances from l a man of no account, even as a lion from a fawn ? Alas me ! why then have the immortal gods thus so far dishonoured me ? why then did my parents beget me to a fate thus adverse ? Ill-fated am I, Avho, since I have come to the bed of a faultless hero, whom I did honour indeed like my own eyes, ay, even now both worship and reverence him in my heart. But than him has no other of living beings been more ill-starred, or tasted so many cares in his own thoughts ; wretched man, who with the 2 bow and arrows, which Apollo himself had provided for him, dire weapons either of one of Not that fair field Of Enna, where Proserpine, gathering flowers, Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis Was gather'd, which cost Ceres all that pain To seek her through the world ; nor that sweet grove Of Daphne by Orontes, and th" inspired Castalian spring, might with this Paradise Of Eden strive. Parad. Lost. Book iv. 1 Eurystheus, to wit. Megara was the daughter of king Creon of Thebes, and wife of Hercules, (Horn. Od. xi. 269. Eurip. Here. Fur. 9, &c.,) by whom he had several children ; whom after his battle with the Minyans he slew, with two of the children of Iphiclus, under the influ- ence of madness sent by Juno. 2 ToZotoiv. By this name is understood, bow, arrows, and quiver. jraaa / roiK) aKtv)). Apollodorus says Mercury gave Hercules his sword, Apollo his bow, Vulcan his mail, Minerva his cloak, whilst his club he himself cut in the Nemean grove. 1444. IDYLL IV. 195 the Fates, or of Erinnys, 3 slew his own children, and robbed them of their dear life, as he raged about his house, and it was full of slaughter. Them indeed I, wretched ivoman, beheld with mine own eyes, stricken by their father ; and this hath befallen no other even in a dream : nor was I able to succour them, though they loudly called upon their mother ; for re- sistless evil was nigh. 4 And even as a bird laments over her nestlings as they perish, which while still in infancy a fierce snake devours amid the thick bushes, while she, kind mother, hovers over them shrieking very shrilly, yet is not able, I ween, to succour her children ; for in truth, she herself hath a great dread of coming nigher to the ruthless monster ; so I, most wretched mother, wailing for mine own offspring, with frantic feet kept running to and fro through my house fre- quently. Yes, and would that dying along with my children I too had lain low, having through my heart a poisonous arrow, thou, Artemis, mighty ruler to women, the gentler beings. So, when they had mourned for us, would our parents with their own hands have placed us on a common pile with many funeral honours ; and having collected into one golden urn the bones of all, would have buried us, where we first were born. But now they indeed inhabit horse-breeding Thebes, plough- ing the deep rich 5 clods of the Aonian plain ; but I at Tiryns, Juno's rocky city, wretched woman that I am, am ever in the same manner wounded at heart by many griefs ; and there is present to me no rest from tears. But my husband indeed I behold with mine eyes on 7 y for a brief space in our house ; for a work is prepared for him of many labours, at which he toils, as he roams over land and sea, yes, for he has within his 3 Eurip. Here. F. says that Megara was slain along with her children ; he follows Stesichorus and Panyasis. Plutarch and Pausanias coincide with Moschus. 4 Compare for this beautiful passage, Horn. II. ii. 308. Virg. Geor. iv. 512, Qualis populcA, mcerens Philomela sub umbra Amissos queritur fetus ; quos durus arator Observans nido implumes detraxit : at ilia Flet noctem, ramoque sedens misevabile carmen Integral, et mcestis late loca questibus implet. 5 Aonian plain.] Bceotia was by its ancient inhabitants called Aonia. Tiryns, a town of Achaia, not far from Argos, was the native place of Hercules, hence called Tirynthius. o 2 196 MOSCHUS. 4460. breast a strong heart of iron or stone ; 6 but thou meltest away like water, weeping both at night, and as many days as come from Jove. None other, however, of my kinsfolk can stand by and comfort me ; for it is not a wall between houses that shuts them in; no! but all dwell right beyond the 7 piny Isthmus : nor have I to whom, having looked, as an ill-fated woman, I could unfold my heart, except at least, 'tis true, my sister Pyrrha : but she herself, too, is grieving more about her husband, thy son, 8 Iphiclus ; for most woeful children of all I deem that you have borne both to a god and a mortal man. Thus in sooth spake she : and 9 the warmer tears poured the more down from her eyelids on her lovely bosom, as she called to mind her children, and her own parents afterwards. And in like manner Alcmena was 10 bedewing her white cheeks with tears ; and deeply while she groaned even from her heart, with wise words thus did she reply to her dear daughter-in-law : 11 'Unhappy in thy children, why then, I pray,- hath this fallen upon thy sharp thoughts ? how is it that thou wishest to disturb us both, by speaking of our unceasing sorrows ? for not now have they been wept for the first time. Are not the woes enough, in which we are involved as they arise, ever and anon, each second day? Yes, fond indeed of laments 6 So the Hebrew sacred writers. Joshua vii. 5, "Wherefore the hearts of the people melted, and became as water." Psalm xxii. 14, " I am poured out like water : my heart also in the midst of my body is like melting wax." Iviii. 6, " Let him fall away like water that runneth apace." 7 The Isthmus Corinthiacus is here meant, icnr' it,o-%fiv. Pine trees were common in that maritime country, and a garland of pine leaves formed the victor's crown at the Isthmian games in honour of Neptune, to whom the pine was sacred. 8 Iphiclus, the half-brother of Hercules, married, secondly. Pyrrha, youngest daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. Apollod. ii. 4, $ 11, 0t< rt KO.I avepi. Jupiter and Amphitryon. 9 Of the numerous emendations of the probably corrupt /ir/Xwj/, Wake- field's /j.a\\ov seems most intelligible. Briggs suggests 5/j\oc. If we read the verse as it stands in Heskin's edition, juijXwv, we should con- strue, " and moist tears were pouring down her cheeks from her eyelids on her fair bosom ;" but this is hardly Greek. 10 Wakefield suggests here fp.ia.iviv, quoting Virg. ^En. xii. 67, Stat. Theb. ix. 713, and Young's line, " And lights on lids unsullied with a tear." i'i; iraiSwv, rightly explained by Schwebel, KaKofiaipov TraicW 6696. IDYLL IV. 197 would be the man, who 12 would wish to add to the number of our woes. Cheer up then ! such fate as this we have met by Heaven's behest; and in truth I see thee, dear child, la- bouring under unabating griefs : yet I am ready to pardon your woe ; for in fact I suppose 13 even of joy there is satiety. And I very exceedingly lament and pity thee, for that thou hast partaken of our dismal destiny, which also hangs heavily over our heads. For be Proserpine and richly-robed Demeter witnesses, (by whom with great hurt to himself would any of our foes swear wilfully a false oath,) that in mine heart I love thee not a whit less, than if thou hadst come from out my womb, and wert to me in mine house a 14 late-born daughter: nor do I imagine that, for thine own part, this at any rate altogether escapes thee. Wherefore say not ever, 15 my young shoot, that I care not for thee, not even if I wail more con- stantly than fair-haired Niobe : for 'tis no cause of blame for a mother to weep over an afflicted son : since for ten months did I labour, before even I first beheld him, whilst I had him in my womb, and lie brought me near to 16 Hell's gate-keeper Pluto ; so severe throes did I endure when about to travail hard with him. But now my son is gone to accomplish a fresh toil on a foreign land, nor know I, ill-starred woman, whether I shall welcome him again having returned hither, or not. And besides also a fearful dream has scared me during sweet sleep ; and I fear exceedingly, having seen a hurtful vision, lest it betide something untoward to my chil- dren. For my son, stout Hercules, seemed to me to hold in both his hands a well-made spade, with which he was delving, 13 OTTIQ api9/jii)(rtiEv, understand a^ta, Qui numeret dolores ultra nos- tros, or construe as if it were ovng iTrapiOfirjatiiv Ty/wrlpotc; a\kiaai, which has been done in this translation. Two lines above, Polwhele compares Matt. v. 34, " Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof." 13 " And if there is a satiety of joy, much more of grief." These words are an excuse for sorrow finding vent. Moschus imitates Horn. Iliad xiii. 636, Travrwvydp icopoe tori' KOI VTTVOV Kai 0iX6r?;rof fjLo\Trr)q rt yXi>Kpj}, teat apvpovoG bf)\r)QfJ.olo. 14 Tt]\vytrr] i] TtKivraia ri\eovTu SIMKU. Horace, Od. I. xxxiii. 5, Insignem tenui fronte Lycorida Cyri torret amor : Cyrus in asperam Declinat Pholoen, &c. j/pa and 7/paro. Theocr. (vii. 96) and Bion (vi. 8) have the same variations of the form of this verb SKipr^ra Sarypw. So V irg. Eel. v. 73, Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesibaeus. 200 MOSCHUS. VII. Satyr : and love was smouldering in each in their turns. For as strongly as any one of them hated the lover, so strongly in like manner was he, loving, hated, and was suffer- ing l a requital. These lessons speak I to all them that love not, 2 ' Cherish them that love you, that if ye love, ye may be loved again.' IDYLL VII. ALPHEUS. 3 ALPHEUs, when he glides along the sea, past Pisa, comes to Arethusa, bringing his waters 4 laden with wild-olives, bearing as a dower fair leaves and flowers and sacred dust ; and he enters the waves deeply and runs in under the sea beneath, and water mingles not with waters ; and the sea is not conscious of it, as the river passes through. Love, knavish boy, plotter of ill, teacher of fearful things, has taught through his spell even a river to dive. AN EPIGRAM OX EROS PLOUGHING. 5 HAVING laid aside torch and bow, mischievous Eros took up an ox-goad, and he had a wallet slung-on-his-shoulders ; 1 7raa\s S' a Troifi, is another reading; but aTroiva, which has good authority, is more elegant. 8 Cf. Theocr. xxiii. verse the last. Shelley has translated this Idyll. See notes to Chapman's translation. 3 The legend of Arethusa ran thus: Heated with the chase, she bathed in the Alpheus ; and while so engaged, frightened by a strange murmur in the stream, she sprang to the shore in terror. The river-god pursued her through all Arcadia, where at eventide, feeling her strength fast failing, she called Artemis to aid, by whom she was changed into a foun- tain. Alpheus, resuming his watery form, would fain mingle his stream with hers. But she fled under the earth through the sea, till she rose again in Arcadia, followed by Alpheus still. The Greeks believed that offerings thrown into the Alpheus at Elis rose again at Ortygia near Syracuse. See Pausan. v. 7, 2 ; Ov. Met. v. 572 ; Virg. ^En. iii. 694, &c. 4 Compare Sil. Hal. xiv., Hie Arethusa suum piscoso fonte receptat Alphaeum, sacrae portantem signa coronae. 5 Grotius has rendered this Epigram into Latin : 36. FRAGMENT. 201 and having joined under the yoke the toil-enduring necks of oxen, he sowed the furrow of Ceres, that it should bear grain. And looking up he said to Jove himself, ' ' Make full the sown fields, lest I place thee, Europa's bull, under the plough.' FRAGMENT. 2 WOULD that my sire had taught me to tend fleecy sheep, in which case, seated beneath the elms, or under the rocks, playing on my pipes, I would solace ray cares with reeds. Let us fly, ye Pierides : seek we another well-built city for our country ; yet in sooth I will speak out to all, that ruinous drones have harmed the honey-bees. Rus petiit positis arcu facibusque Cupido : Virga manu ; tergo pendula pera fuit. Hoc habitu sulcos glebae Cerealis arabat Gnavus, agens domitos sub juga curva boves : Respiciensque Jovem : terras, ait, ignibus ure, Ne bos Europse tu quoque factus ares. 1 irXfiaov, others read Trpfjaov, which Grotius seems to have preferred. Why, it is hard to see. - Wakefield suggests, that these lines have suggested Virgil's passage in the mouth of Gallus, Eel. x., Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem Aut custos gregis, aut maturoc vinitor uvse. THEOCRITUS, BION, AND MOSCHUS, METRICALLY TRANSLATED BY M. J. CHAPMAN, M. A., OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. THEOCRITUS. IDYLL I. THYESIS THE SHEPHERD, AND THE GOATHERD. THYRSIS. SWEET is the music which the whispering pine Makes to the murmuring fountains ; sweet is thine, Breathed from the pipe : the second prize thy due To Pan, the horned ram ; to thee, the ewe ; And thine the yearling, when the ewe he takes A savoury mess the tender yearling makes. GOATHERD. Sweeter thy song than yonder gliding down Of water from the rock's o'erhanging crown ; If a ewe-sheep for fee the Muses gain, Thou, shepherd ! shalt a stall-fed lamb obtain ; But if it rather please the tuneful Nine To take the lamb, the- ewe shall then be thine. THYRSIS. O wilt thou, for the Nymphs' sake, goatherd ! fill Thy pipe with music on this sloping hill, Where grow the tamarisks ? wilt sit, dear friend, And play for me, while I thy goats attend ? GOATHERD. We must not pipe at noon in any case ; For then Pan rests him, wearied from the chase. Him, quick to wrath we fear, as us befits ; On his keen nostril sharp gall ever sits. But thou to thee the griefs of Daphnis known, And the first skill in pastoral song thine own Come to yon elm, into whose shelter deep Afront Priapus and the Naiads peep 206 THEOCRITUS. Where the thick oaks stand round the shepherd's seat There, sitting with me in that cool retreat, If thou wilt sing, as when thou didst contest With Libyan Chromis which could sing the best, Thine, Thyrsis, this twin-bearing goat shall be, That fills two milk-pails thrice a-day for me ; And this deep ivy-cup with sweetest wax Bedewed, twin-eared, that of the graver smacks. Around its lips lush ivy twines on high, Sprinkled with drops of bright cassidony ; And as the curling ivy spreads around, On every curl the saffron fruit is found. With flowing robe and Lydian head-dress on, Within, a woman to the life is done An exquisite design ! on either side Two men with flowing locks each other chide, By turns contending for the woman's love, But not a whit her mind their pleadings move. One while she gives to this a glance and smile, And turns and smiles on that another while. But neither any certain favour gains Only their eyes are swollen for their pains. Hard by, a rugged rock and fisher old, Who drags a mighty net, and seems to hold, Preparing for the cast : he stands to sight, A fisher putting forth his utmost might. A youth's strength in the gray-head seems to dwell, So much the sinews of his neck outswell. And near that old man with his sea-tanned hue, With purple grapes a vineyard shines to view. A little boy sits by the thorn-hedge trim, To watch the grapes two foxes watching him : One through the ranges of the vines proceeds, And on the hanging vintage slyly feeds ; The other plots and vows his scrip to search, And for his breakfast leave him in the lurch. Meanwhile he twines and to a rush fits well A locust trap with stalks of asphodel ; And twines away with such absorbing glee, Of scrip or vines he never thinks not he ! The juicy curled acanthus hovers round IDYLL I. 207 Th' jEolian cup when seen a marvel found. Hither a Calydonian skipper brought it, For a great cheese-cake and a goat I bought it ; Untouched by lip this cup shall be thy hire, If thou wilt sing that song of sweet desire. I envy not : begin ! the strain outpour ; 'Twill not be thine on dim Oblivion's shore. TIIYRSIS. Begin, dear Muses ! the bucolic strain ; For Thyrsis sings, your own JEtnean swain. Where were ye, Nymphs ! when Daphnis pined away, Where through his Ternpe Peneus loves to stray, Or Pindus lifts himself ? Ye were not here Where broad Anapus flows or Acis clear, Or where tall JEtna looks out on the main. Begin, dear Muses ! the bucolic strain. From out the mountain-lair the lions growled, Wailing his death the wolves and jackals howled. Begin, dear Muses ! the bucolic strain : Around him in a long and mournful train, Sad-faced, a number of the horned kind, Heifers, bulls, cows, and calves, lamenting pined. First Hermes from the mountain came and said, " Daphnis, by whom art thou disquieted ? For whom dost thou endure so fierce a flame ?" Then cowherds, goatherds, shepherds, thronging came, And asked what ailed him. E'en Priapus went, And said : " Sad Daphnis, why this languishment ? In every grove, by fountains, far and near, Thee the loved girl is seeking every where. Ah, foolish lover ! to thyself unkind, Miscalled a cowherd, with a goatherd's mind ! The goatherd when he sees his goats at play, Envies their wanton sport and pines away. And thou at sight of virgins, when they smile, Dost look with longing eyes and pine the while, Because with them the dance thou dost not lead." No word he answered, but his grief did feed, 208 THEOCRITUS. And brought to end his love, that held him fast, And only ended with his life at last. Then Cypris came the queen of soft desire, Smiling in secret, but pretending ire, And said : "To conquer love did Daphnis boast, But, Daphnis ! is not love now uppermost ?" Her answered he : " Thou cruel sorrow-feeder ! Curst Cypris ! mankind's hateful mischief-breeder ! 'Tis plain my sun is set : but I shall show The blight of love in Hades' house below. ' Where Cypris kiss'd a cowherd ' men will speak Hasten to Ida ! thine Anchises seek. Around their hives swarmed bees are humming here, Here the low galingale thick oaks are there. Adonis, the fair youth, a shepherd too, Wounds hares, and doth all savage beasts pursue. Go ! challenge Diomede to fight with thee ' I tame the cowherd Daphnis, fight with me.' " Ye bears, who in the mountain hollows dwell, Ye tawny jackals, bounding wolves, farewell ! The cowherd Daphnis never more shall rove In quest of you through thicket, wood, and grove. Farewell, ye rivers, that your streams profuse From Thymbris pour ; farewell, sweet Arethuse ! I drove my kine a cowherd whilom here To pleasant pasture, and to water clear. Pan ! Pan ! if seated on a jagged peak Of tall Lycseus now ; or thou dost seek The heights of Maenalus leave them awhile, And hasten to thy own Sicilian isle. The tomb, which e'en the gods admire, leave now Lycaon's tomb and Helice's tall brow. Hasten, my king ! and take this pipe that clips, Uttering its honey breath, the player's lips. For even now, dragged downward, must I go, By love dragged down to Hades' house below. Now violets, ye thorns and brambles bear ! Narcissus now on junipers appear ! And on the pine-tree pears ! since Daphnis dies, To their own use all things be contraries ! IDYLL II. 209 The stag trail hounds ; in rivalry their song The mountain owls with nightingales prolong ! " He said, and ceased : and Cypris wished, indeed, To raise him up, but she could not succeed ; His fate-allotted threads of life were spent, And Daphnis to the doleful river went. The whirlpool gorged him by the Nymphs not scorned. Dear to the Muses, and by them adorned. Cease ! cease, ye Muses ! the bucolic strain. Give me the cup and goat that I may drain The pure milk from her ; and, for duty's sake, A due libation to the Muses make. All hail, ye Muses ! hail, and favour me, And my hereafter song shall sweeter be. GOATHERD. Honey and honey-combs melt in thy mouth, And figs from .^Egilus ! for thou, dear youth, The musical cicada dost excel. Behold the cup ! how sweetly doth it smell ! ' Twill seem to thee as though the lovely Hours Had newly dipt it in their fountain-showers. Hither, Cisssetha ! milk her ! yearling friskers, Forbear behold the ram's huge beard and whiskers ! IDYLL II. THE SORCERESS. WHERE are the laurels ? where the philters ? roll The finest purple wool around the bowl. Quick ! Thestylis, that I with charms may bind The man I love, but faithless and unkind. This is the twelfth day he my sight hath fled, And knows not whether I be quick or dead ; The tAvelfth day since he cross'd my threshold o'er, Nor, cruel ! once hath knocked upon my door, In all that time. His fancy, apt to change, Cypris and Love have elsewhere made to range. 210 THEOCRITUS. I'll go to see and chide him for my sorrow To Timagetus' wrestling-school to-morrow. Now will I charm him with the magic rite : Come forth, thou Moon ! with thy propitious light ; Cold, silent goddess ! at this witching hour To thee I'll chant, and to th' Infernal Power, Dread Hecate ; whom, coming through the mounds Of blood-swoln corses, flee the trembling hounds. Hail, Hecate ! prodigious demon, hail ! Come at the last, and make the work prevail ; That this strong brewage may perform its part No worse than that was made by Circe's art, By bold Medea, terrible as fair, Or Perimeda of the golden hair. Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! First in the fire is burnt the barley meal ; Quick ! Thestylis, quick ! sprinkle more yet more ; Wretch ! wither do thine idle fancies soar ? Am I thy scorn and mock ? sprinkle and say " The bones of Delphis thus I shred away." Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! Delphis has made me fiercest tortures feel ; I burn the laurel over Delphis now: As crackles loud the kindled laurel bough, Blazes, and e'en its dust we not discern So may the flesh of Delphis dropping burn ! Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! As by the help divine, which I appeal, I melt this wax, may Myndian Delphis melt ! As whirls this wheel, may he, love's impulse felt, At my forsaken door be made to reel ! Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! Bran now I offer : thou, Queen Artemis ! Canst move aught firm, e'en Adamantine Dis. Hark ! the dogs howl ; the goddess now doth pass The cross-roads through : ring, ring the sounding brass ! Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! The sea is silent ; not a breath doth steal IDYLL II. 211 Over the stillness ; but the troubled din Of passion is not hushed my heart within ; I burn for him, who hath defamed my life, Undone a virgin, made me not his wife. Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! Thrice the libation poured, I thrice unseal My lips, August One ! thrice these words I speak ; Whoever lies with Delphis, cheek by cheek, May he forget her so much as they say Theseus forgot, and left in Dia's bay The bright-haired Ariadne fast away Sailing from Dia with his rapid keel. Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! A little herb in Arcady there grows, Which colts and mares doth strangely discompose, (Hence called Hippomanes) ; for this they skurry O'er mountain-ranges with a frantic hurry : Thus from the wrestling-school, all bright with oil, May Delphis madly rush with thoughts that boil ; May he for me this maddening passion feel ! Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! This fringe he dropt, that ran his cloak across, I tear, and to the furious fire I toss. Ah, love ! ah, cruel love ! why dost outsuck All of my blood, like marsh-leech firmly stuck ? Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! A draught whose ill none antidote can heal From a bruised lizard I'll to-morrow make : Now, Thestylis, this poisonous brewage take, And smear his threshold there my mind must be, As thereto bound ; but he cares not for me : And having smeared the door-way, spitting there, Then say, " The bones of Delphis thus I smear." Him hither, hither draw, my magic wheel ! How, left alone, shall I with sorrow deal ? Or where begin with my grief-plighted thought ? Who first on me this love this mischief brought ? Anaxo came, on whom it fell this year The basket to Diana's grove to bear : p 2 212 THEOCRITUS. She came for me and told me, in the show 'Mid many a beast a lioness would go. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : Theucharila, whose life did lately end, My Thracian nurse, now numbered with the blest, Came also to me, prayed me, strongly prest To go and look upon the splendid show. At last I went ah, doomed to bitter woe ! My linen tunic, never worn before, And Clearista's glistering robe I wore. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : Whilst I along the public road did wend, Midway by Lycon's house, I saw, alas ! Delphis and youthful Eudamippus pass. The beards of both were of a yellower dye Than the bright gold-bedropt cassidony. Twain wrestlers, lately breathed, their breasts, bright Queen ! Outshone the sparkles of thy golden sheen. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : I saw, loved, maddened ! raging love did rend My very soul ; my bloom of beauty bright Withered at once as by a sudden blight : The pomp I saw not passing in my view, And how I reached my home I never knew ; A fiery torment on my vitals fed ; Ten days and nights I lay upon my bed. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : Such hues and juices of the thapsus lend Gloomed on my cheek ; off dropt my crown of hair ; I was but skin and bones ; in my despair Whom sought I not ? what magic-dealing crone Consulted not ? but I found help from none : On hastened time, that brings all things to end. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : Then to my hand-maid I revealed my mind ; " Some remedy for my sore sickness find ; I pine for, dote upon, the Myndian youth, Am altogether his in very sooth ; At Timagetus' school watch, bring him me, IDYLL II. For there he visits there he loves to be. And when you see him from the rest apart, Then nod and softly whisper him, ' Sweetheart ! Simsetha calls you ' guide him here, my friend." Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : She went and found the remedy I sought, And to my house the blooming Delphis brought. But when I saw him o'er my threshold-sill Pass with light foot, I sudden grew more chill Than wintry snow ; and from my forehead burst Sweat like the dew the melting South hath nurst ; I could not utter e'en the murmur fine That sleeping infants to their mothers whine ; Senseless I stiffened in my strange affright, Like a wax-doll, the girl-child's dear delight. Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend : The heartless minion first on me did bend His eager eyes, then sitting on the bed He turned them on the ground, and softly said : " In calling me before I came self-moved, Thou hast as much outpast me, my beloved, As I did lately with swift foot out-pace The beautiful Philinus in the race." (Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend :) " For, by sweet Eros ! with a second friend, Or with a third, I should have come to-night, Bringing sweet apples, crowned with poplar white, Careful the wreath with purple stripes to blend : " (Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend :) "Had you received me well ; for me, 'mid all, The handsome, active bachelor they call ; A kiss from those rich lips, that sweetly pout, Had been enough ; but had you shut me out, And your barred doors had interposed delay, Axes and torches then had forced a way." (Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend :) " To Cypris first in gratitude I bend, Thou, next to her, hast snatched me from the fire, In calling me half burnt with fierce desire ; 214 THEOCRITUS. For Eros oft a fiercer flame awakes Than those Sicilian fires Hephasstus makes.' (Whence grew my love, divinest Moon ! attend :) " He from her bed the virgin oft doth send, Stung by his furies ; and the new-made bride Scares from the warm couch and her husband's side.' These words he spoke ; but I with credulous mind Held his dear hand, and on the bed reclined : Our bodies did by touching warmer grow, And on our cheeks there came a hotter glow : Sweetly we whispered ; and, in short, dear Moon ! By Eros fired, we gained Cythera's boon. Nor any blame on me could Delphis lay, Nor haply I on him 'till yesterday. I only learned to-day his yester ill : While yet up-prancing the high eastern hill, Her fiery-footed steeds from ocean's dew With rosy-armed Aurora upward flew, There came the mother of the festive pair, Sweet-voiced Philista and Melixo fair, And told me : " Delphis loves elsewhere, I know, But whom I know not ; yet enamoured so, That from the banquet suddenly he fled, To hang his lady's house with flowers, he said." My old friend told me this, and told me truth : For twice or thrice a day once came my youth, And often left his Dorian pyx with me ; This the twelfth day since him I last did see. Has he forgot me for another love ? With philters will I try his soul to move ; But if he still will grieve, betray me, mock, He shall, by fate ! the door of Hades knock. That chest has drugs shall make him feel my rage ; The art I learned from an Assyrian sage. Thy steeds to ocean now, bright Queen, direct ; What I have sworn to do I will effect. Farewell, clear Moon ! and skyey cressets bright, That follow the soft-gliding wheels of Night. IDYLL III. AMARYLLIS. I GO to serenade my charming fair, Sweet Amaryllis ; Tityrus, to your care I leave my goats, that on the mountain feed ; But of yon Libyan tawny ram take heed, Lest with his horn he butt you ; careful tend, And to the fountain drive them, heart-dear friend ! Sweet Amaryllis ! why dost thou no more, Peeping from out thy cavern as before, Espy and call to thee thy little lover ? Dost hate me ? or do I myself discover Flat-nosed, or with a length of chin, when near ? Thy scorn will make me hang myself, I swear. Behold, ten apples, nymph ! I bring for thee, Plucked from the place where thou didst order me To pluck them ; others will I bring^ to-morrow. Consider now my heart-devouring sorrow : Oh ! that I were a little humming bee, To pass through fern and ivy in to thee, Where in thy cave thou dost thyself conceal I I now know love a grievous god to feel ; He surely sucked a savage lioness, Reared in the wild, who works me such distress, Eating into the marrow of the bone. O sweet in aspect ! altogether stone ! Nymph ! with thine eye-brows of a raven hue, Clasp me, that I may suck the honey-dew From off thy lip : mere kisses yield some joy. Now wilt thou make me the sweet crown destroy, This wreath of ivy which for thee I brought, With rose-buds and with parsley sweet inwrought. Ah me ! what shall I do ? I plead in vain Thou hearest not : I'll plunge into the main, My jerkin stript, where Olpis sits on high, Watching the tunnies. Should I even die, 216 THEOCRITUS. 'Twill please thee. This the sign I lately found, For the struck pop-bell gave me back no sound, (When by that proof thy doubtful love I tried,) But withering on my elbow shrunk and dried. Agraeo, the diviner by the sieve, Forewarned me also what I now believe, (Binding the sheaves, the reapers followed she,) That I loved wholly one who loved not me. A white twin-bearing goat, which the brunette, Old Memnon's child, Erithacis, would get By wheedling from me, I have kept as thine ; But since thou scornest me with airs so fine, It shall be hers. A throbbing, I declare, In my right eye shall I behold my fair ? My ditty, leaning on this pine, I'll chant ; She'll haply look, since she's not adamant. When in the race, mistrustful of his knees, To win the virgin ran Hippomenes ; Three golden apples in his hand he took, And Atalanta could not help but look She saw, and maddened instant at the sight, And rushed into the gulf of love outright. The seer Melampus from Mount Othrys drove The stolen herd to Pylos. Thence did Love His brother Bias crown for in his arms Alphesibzea's mother lodged her charms. Did not Adonis, the fair shepherd youth, So madden Cypris that for very ruth, E'en when she had received his dying gasp, She could not bear to loose him from her clasp ? Thrice blest, methinks, was that Endymion, Now laid asleep ; thrice blest lasion, Who in his life did those sweet joys obtain, Of which ye must not, shall not hear, profane ! How my head aches ! my anguish doth not move thee ; I'll sing no more, and since in vain I love thee, Here will I lie me here the wolves shall eat ; 'Twill be to thee like melting honey sweet. IDYLL IV. THE HERDSMEN ; OR, BATTUS AND CORYDON. BATTUS. WHOSE are these kine ? Philondas's, my friend ? CORYDON. No jEgon's, and he gave them me to tend. BATTUS. Do you not milk them privily at eve ? CORYDON. I could not the old man's quick eyes deceive ; And her own calf he puts to every one. BATTUS. But whither has the master cowherd gone ? CORYDON. Have you not heard ? with JEgon by his side, Milon has gone where Alpheus loves to glide. BATTUS. When did e'er JEgon see th' Olympian oil ? CORYDON. In strength for every feat of manly toil, They say he is a match for Hercules. BATTUS. My mother said, believe her if you please, That I surpassed e'en Pollux. CORYDON. Hence he hied, Taking a spade, and twenty sheep beside. BATTUS. Nor needed much persuasion^ I engage, JEgon to wrestle and the wolf to rage. CORYDON. His lowing heifers for their master pine. BATTUS. They have a worthless keeper wretched kine ! CORYDON. Poor creatures ! they no longer wish to feed. 218 THEOCRITUS. BATTTJS. Here is a calf but skin and bones indeed Like a cicada, does she feed on dew ? CORYDON. Not she, by Earth ! but whiles the fodder new Eats from my hand ; or else with us she goes, Cropping the verdant bank, where JEsar flows ; Or up Latymnus bounds away at will, Frisking along the thickly wooded hill. BATTUS. How lean that red bull is ! just such another May Lampra have to offer to the mother Of Mars ! it is a tribe compact of ill. CORYDON. Yet at the lake-mouth he doth take his fill, Browses on Physcus, or at times doth go Where the sweet waters of Netethus flow ; There the best herbs are freshened by the shower. Wild thyme, and fleabane, and the honey-flower. BATTUS. Ah, wretched JEgon ! thy poor kine will die, Whilst thou dost aim at evil victory. Even the pipe, which thou didst whilom make, Lying neglected, doth defilement take. CORYDON. No ! by the Nymphs ! he gave it me the day When he to glorious Pisa went away. The songs of Pyrrhus and dear Glauca's lays I know to sing, and Croton love to praise. Fair is Zacynthus ; lovely ever shone To the bright east up-heaved Lacinion, Where the bold boxer .^Egon at a meal Ate eighty cakes ; where from the mountain's heel He seized and dragged a proud bull by the hoof, And gave it Amaryllis ; then aloof Shouted the women, and the cowherd smiled. BATTUS. Sweet Amaryllis ! though by death defiled, Thee shall I ne'er forget : dear to my heart As are my frisking goats, thou didst depart. To what a lot was I, unhappy, born ! IDYLL V. 219 CORYDON. Take heart ; there will be yet a brighter morn. While there is life there's hope ; the dead, I ween, Are hopeless. One while Zeus shines out serene, Another while is hid in mist and shower. BATTUS. I do take heart. But see ! yon calves devour The olive branches : pelt them off, I pray ; Confound the calves ! you white-skin thief, away ! CORYDON. Hist ! to the hill, Cymrctha ! don't you hear ? If you don't get away, by Pan ! I swear I will so give it you ! now only look ! She comes again I wish I had my crook ! BATTUS. Here, Corydon ! a thorn has wounded me How long and sharp these distaff-thistles be ! Confound the calf ! gaping at her I got The wound : under the ankle see you not ? CORYDON. Ay ! I have hold of it ; see ! here it is ! BATTUS. How small a wound tames man so tall as this ! CORYDON. Unshod you must not on the mountain go ; For on the mountain thorns and prickles grow. IDYLL V. THE WAYFARERS, OR COMPOSERS OF PASTORALS. Comatas and Lacon. COMATAS. LACON my goat-skin filched ; by timely flight Avoid, my goats ! the thievish Sybarite. LACON. Lambs ! from the fountain, do you not perceive Comatas, who my pipe did lately thieve ? 220 THEOCRITUS. COMATAS. What sort of pipe ? when, slave of Sybaris ! Didst own a pipe ? are you not fain to hiss Still through a pipe of straw with Corydon ? LACON. 'Twas Lycon's gift, good freeman ! worthy one ! From you when and what sort of skin stole I ? Your master has not one whereon to lie. COMATAS. The gift of Crocylus, when late he gave The Nymphs a goat in sacrifice : you, slave Did steal my spotted skin from envy sheer. LACON. No ! no ! by the shore-guarding Pan I swear Or from that rock into the waters deep Of rapid Crathis may I madly leap ! COMATAS. Nor, by the Nymphs, the guardians of the lake, Did ever I the pipe of Lacon take So may the Nymphs look kindly to my weal. LACON. If I believe you, be it mine to feel The griefs of Daphnis ! will you stake a kid, (It is none enterprise to men forbid,) And I'll out-sing you, till you cry " Enough ! " COMATAS. Athene challenged by a sow of scruff ! Here is my kid, which, when you beat me, take ; A lamb, fat from the pasture, be your stake. LACON. How is this fair ? in this you are no fool ; Who ever thought of shearing hair for wool, Or passed a goat to milk a sorry bitch ? COMATAS. Who has for conquest a prevailing itch, Like you conceited, is a wasp that rings His buzzing horn when the cicada sings. But since my kid seems insufficient stake, Behold this ram ! at once the song awake. LACON. Softly ! you are not walking over fire : IDYLL V. 221 Here you may sing whate'er your muse inspire More sweetly in this grove, beneath the shade Of the wild olive ; here a couch is laid Of softest herbage ; locusts babble here ; Cool water flows a little onward tLere. COMATAS. I'm cool but feel annoyance at your daring To look at me, yourself with me comparing, Who taught you when. a boy. What thanks one gains ! Rear a wolf-whelp to rend you for your pains ! LACON. Envious and shameless babbler ! any thing Learnt, heard 1 from you worth remembering ? Come hither, now, and learn from your defeat No more with pastoral singers to compete. COMATAS. Not thither here are oaks and galingale ; And round their hives the bees, soft-humming, sail ; Two springs of coolest water murmur near ; A deeper shade and singing birds are here ; And from aloft her nuts the pine-tree throws. LACON. On fleece and lambskins here your may repose, Softer than sleep ! your goat-skins smell more ill E'en than yourself. I for the Nymphs will fill A bowl of white milk, of sweet oil an urn. COMATAS. On flowering pennyroyal and soft fern You here may tread ; on skins of kids lie down Softer than lambskins. I to Pan will crown Eight jars of white milk, and as many more Of honeycombs with honey running o'er. LACON. Each from his place pour out his rival strain ; Keep to your oaks, and I will here remain. But who shall judge between us ? How I wish The herdsman, good Lycopas, with us COMATAS. Pish ! I want him not : but, if you please, we'll cry, And summon to us yonder man doth tie 222 THEOCRITUS. The broom in bundles near you. What dost say ? "Tis Morson. LACON. I'm agreed. COMAIAS. Then bawl away. LACON. Ho ! Morson ! hasten hither, and decide Which sings the best a wager to be tried With you for judge : only impartial be ! COMATAS. Now, by the Nymphs ! nor favour him nor me. Thurian Sybartas owns the sheep in sight ; The goats Eumaras claims the Sybarite. LACON. You good-for-nothing babbler ! answer this, Who asked you whose the sheep were, mine or his ? COMATAS. I vaunt not, and I speak the simple truth ; But you are very scurrilous, in sooth. LACON. Sing if you have a song : don't kill with babble Our friend here ; by Apollo ! how you gabble ! COMATAS. Me more than Daphnis love the Muses true : Two yearling kids to them I lately slew. LACON. Apollo loves me much ; for him I rear A goodly ram his festival is near. COMATAS. I milk my goats, twin-bearing all but twain : A sweet girl cries, " Why milk alone, fond swain ?" LACON. Some twenty baskets Lacon fills with cheese, And gets him kisses wheresoe'er he please. COMATAS. Me with sweet apples Clearista pelts, While round her lips a honey-murmur melts. LACON. On me a blooming beauty fondly dotes, Round whose white neck the hair bright-shining floats. IDYLL V. 223 COMATAS. With the screened garden-roses cannot vie The common dog-rose, nor anemony. LACON. The mountain-apples most delicious are Who crabbed beech-nuts would with them compare ? COMATAS. I for my love will snare, and give to her A ring-dove brooding on a juniper. LACON. Wool for a mantle will I give my dear, Soon as my sober-suited sheep I shear. COMATAS. From the wild-olive, bleaters ! feed at will, Where grow the tamarisks, on this sloping hill. LACON. Off from that oak Cyna3tha and Conarus ! Feed eastward yonder where you see Phalarus. COMATAS. A cypress milk-pail for my girl I have, And bowl which old Praxiteles did grave. LACON. A hound, wolf-strangling keeper of the sheep, A faithful guardian, for my love I keep. COMATAS. Locusts, that overleap my fences, spare My vines their shoots yet weak and tender are. LACON. Cicadas ! see this goatherd I provoke : So to their toil ye wake the reaping folk. COMATAS. I hate the bush-tailed foxes nightly troop, That Mycon's vineyard, grape-devouring, swoop. LACON. I hate the scarabs air-borne host, that mow Philonda's fig-trees, fig-devouring foe. COMATAS. Do you remember when I smote you, fellow, How you did wriggle round the oak, and bellow ? LACON. No ! but I do remember when with scourge Eumaras did your peccant humours purge. 224 THEOCRITUS. COMATAS. Some one, my Morson, into rage is dashing ; Go ! from the tomb pluck gray squills for a lashing. LACON. I too prick some one, Morson ; do you take ? Hasten to Hales ; and for sowbread rake. COMATAS. Flow Himera with milk, and Crathis flow- Purple with wine ! and fruit on cresses grow ! LACON. Fountain of Sybaris, to honey turn, And fill with honeycombs the maiden's urn ! OOMATAS. On goat's-rue feed, my goats, and cytisus ; On lentisk tread, and lie on arbutus ! LACON. Of the rose-eglantine there blooms a heap, And eke the honey-flower to feed my sheep. COMATAS. Alcippe for my ring-dove gave no kiss, Holding my ears I love her not for this. LACON. I love my love because a sweet lip paid With kisses for my pipe the gift I made. COMATAS. Nor whoop the swan, nor jay the nightingale May rival ; still you challenge, still to fail. MORSON. Cease, shepherd ! Morson gives the lamb to thee, Comatas ; fail not to remember me, And let my portion of the flesh be nice, When to the Nymphs you make your sacrifice. COMATAS. By Pan ! I'll send it. Snort and gambol round, My buck-goats all ! hark ! what a mighty sound I peal of ringing laughter at the cost Of Lacon, who to rne his lamb has lost ! I too will skip. My horned goats, good cheer ! To-morrow in the fountain, cool and clear, Of Sybaris I'll bathe you. Hark ! I say, White butting ram ! be modest, till I pay IDYLL VI. 225 The Nymphs my offering. Ha ! then blows I'll try Or may I like the curst Melanthius die. IDYLL VI. THE SINGERS OF PASTORALS. To the same field, Aratus, bard divine ! Once Daphnis and Damoetas drove their kine. This on the chin a yellow beard did show : On that the down had just begun to grow. During the noontide of the summer heat, They by a fountain sung their ditties sweet. But Daphnis first (to whom it did belong As challenger) began the pastoral song. DAPHNIS. " With apples Galatea pelts thy sheep, Inviting one, whose pulses never leap To love, whilst thou, cold Polypheme ! dost pipe, Regardless of the sea-born beauty ripe. And lo ! she pelts the watch-dog with a bound He barking starts, and angry looks around Then bays the sea ; the waves soft-murmuring show An angry dog fast running to and fro. Take heed he leap not on her, coming fresh From the sea-wave, and tear her dainty flesh. But like the thistle-down, when summer glows, The sportive nymph, soft moving, comes and goes ; Pursues who flies her, her pursuer flies, And moves the landmark of love's boundaries. What is not lovely, lovely oft doth seem To the bewildered lover, Polypheme." Preluding then, Damoetas thus began. DAMOSTAS. " I saw her pelt my flock, by mighty Pan ! Not unobserved by my dear single eye, Through which I see, and shall see till I die. Prophet of ill ! let Telemus at home Keep for his own sons all his woes to come. Q 226 THEOCRITUS. I, to provoke her, look not in return, And say that for another girl I burn. At hearing which with envy, by Apollo ! The sea-nymph pines ; and her eye-quest doth follow, Leaping from out the sea like one that raves, Amid my flocks, and peeps into the caves. I make the dog bark just to discompose her ; He, when I loved her, whining used to nose her. Noting my action, she perchance will find Some messenger to let me know her mind. I'll shut my door, till she on oath agree To make her sweet bed on this isle with me. Nor am I that unsightly one they say : For in the calm, smooth wave the other day I saw myself : and handsome was my beard, And bright, methought, my single eye appeared. And from the beautiful sea-mirror shone My white teeth, brighter than the Parian stone. To screen myself from influence malign, Thrice on my breast I spat. This lesson fine I learned from that wise crone Cotyttaris." This sung, Damoetas gave his friend a kiss. Of pipe and flute their mutual gifts they made Daphnis the pipe, the flute Damoatas played. Thereto the heifers frisked in gambols rude : And neither conquered ; both were unsubdued. IDYLL VII. THE THALTSIA. 'TWAS when Amyntas, Eucritus, and I, Did from the city to sweet Haleus hie ; The harvest-feast by that abounding river Was kept, in honour of the harvest-giver, By Phrasidamus and Antigenes, Sons of Lycopeus both, and good men these, If good there is from old and high descent, From Clytia and from Calchon, who, knee-bent IDYLL VII. 227 Firmly against the rock, did make outflow The spring Burinna with a foot-struck blow, Near which a thickly wooded grove is seen, Poplars and elms, high overarching green. Midway not reached, nor tomb of Brasilas, We chanced upon Cydonian Lycidas, By favour of the Muses : who not knew That famous goatherd as he came in view ? A tawny, shaggy goat-skin on his back, That of the suppling pickle yet did smack ; Bound by a belt of straw the traveller wore An aged jerkin ; in his hand he bore A crook of the wild olive ; coming nigh, With widely parted lips, and smiling eye The laughter on his lip was plain to see He quietly addressed himself to me : " Whither so fast at noon-tide, when no more The crested larks their sunny paths explore, And in the thorn-hedge lizards lie asleep ? To feast or to a wine-press do you leap ? The stones ring to your buskins as you pass." To him I made reply " Dear Lycidas ! All say you are the piper far the best 'Mid shepherds and the reapers ; this confest Gladdens my heart ; and yet (to put in speech My fancy) I expect your skill to reach. Our way is to a harvest-feast, which cater Dear friends of ours for richly robed Damater, Offering their first-fruits since their garner-floor Her bounteous love hath filled to running o'er. Let us with pastoral song beguile the way ; Common the path, and common is the clay. We shall each other, it may be, content ; For I, too, am a mouth-piece eloquent Of the dear Muses ; and all men esteem, And call me minstrel good not that I deem, Not I, by Earth ! Philetas I surpass, Nor the famed Samian bard, Sicelidas, A frog compared with locusts, I beguile The time with song." He answered with a smile : Q 2 228 THEOCRITUS. " This crook I give thee for thou art all over An imp of Zeus, a genuine truth-lover. Who strives to build, the lowly plain upon, A mansion high as is Oromedon, I hate exceedingly ; and for that matter The muse-birds, who like cuckoos idly chatter Against the Chian minstrel, toil in vain : Let us at once begin the pastoral strain ; Here is a little song, which I did late, Musing along the highlands, meditate : " To Mitylene sails my heart-dear love : Safe be the way, and fair the voyage prove, E'en when the south the moist wave dashes high on The setting Kids, and tempest-veiled Orion Places his feet on ocean ; and, returned, My love be kind to me by Cypris burned ; For hot love burns me : may the Halcyons smooth The swell o' the sea, the south and east winds soothe, That from the lowest deep the sea-weed stir Best Halcyons ! whom of all the birds that skir The waves for prey, the Nereids love the most. Safe may my loved one reach the Lesbian coast, And on the way be wind and weather fair ! With dill or roses will I twine my hair, Or on my head will put a coronet, Wreathed with the fragrance of the violet. I by the fire will quaff the Ptelean wine, And one shall roast me beans, while I recline Luxurious, lying on a fragrant heap Of asphodel and parsley, elbow deep ; And mindful of my love the goblet clip, Until the last lees trickle to my lip. Two swains shall play the flute ; and Tityrus sing How love for Xenea did our Daphnis sting, How on the mountain he was wont to stray, How wailed for him the oaks of Himera, When he, dissolving, passed away from us, Like snow on Hasmus, or far Caucasus, Athos or Rhodope : or in his song Recite, how by his master's cruel wrong IDYLL VII. 229 The swain was in a cedar ark shut up, While quick and how from many a flower-cup The flat-nosed bees to his sweet prison flew, And there sustained him with the honey-dew, For that the Muse into his lip distilled Sweet nectar : blest Comatas ! that fulfilled A whole spring, feeding on the bag o' the bee, Shut in an ark ! How had it gladdened me, (Would only thou wert of the living now !) To tend thy goats along the mountain's brow, And hear thee sweetly sing, O bard divine ! Lying at leisure under oak or pine ! " He ceased : I in my turn : " Dear Lycidas ! Whilst on the highlands with my herd I pass, The Nymphs have taught me precious ditties oft, Which haply Fame has borne to Zeus aloft. I choose for you the very best I know ; Now listen, since the Muses love you so : " The Loves, ill omen ! sneezed on me, who dote On lovely Myrtis, as on spring the goat. Aratus, whom of men I love the best, Loves a sweet girl. Aristis, minstrel blest, And worthiest man, whom his own tripod near Phoebus himself would not disdain to hear Sing to the harp, knows that Aratus feels This scorching flame. Pan ! whose rich music peals On Homolus, place in his longing arms Of her own will the blushing bloom of charms. So may the youth of Arcady forbear With squills thy shoulders and thy side to tear, When fails the chase. If thou wilt not, then weep, By nails all mangled, and on nettles sleep ! Where Hebrus flows, in frost-time of the year Dwell on the mountains 'neath the polar bear ; In summer with swart JEthiop, at the pile Of Blemyan rocks, beyond the springs of Nile ! Ye loves ! from Hyetis and Byblis flown, Who make Dione's lofty seat your own ; Ye loves ! that are to blushing apples like, The blooming Phyllis with your arrows strike 230 THEOCRITUS. Strike her, because she pities not my friend ; Though softer than a pear, her bloom shall end : Ah, Phyllis ! Phyllis ! now the bachelors say, Behold thy flower of beauty drops away ! Let us, my friend Aratus ! pace no more, Nor keep our painful watch beside her door ; Let Chanticleer, that crows at dawn, behold Some other lover there benumbed with cold : Such watch be Melon's, and be his alone ; But rest be ours and eke a friendly crone, Who may by spitting and by magic skill Quick disenchant us from foreshadowed ill." Ended my song, he, smiling as before, The friendly muse-gift gave the crook he bore ; Then turning to the left pursued the way To Pyxa ; speeding, presently we lay, Where Phrasidamus dwelt, on loosened sheaves Of lentisk, and the vine's new-gathered leaves. Near by, a fountain murmured from its bed, A cavern of the Nymphs : elms overhead, And poplars rustled ; and the summer-keen Cicadas sung aloft amid the green ; Afar the tree-frog in the thorn-bush cried ; Nor larks nor goldfinches their song denied ; The yellow bees around the fountains flew ; And the lone turtle-dove was heard to coo : Of golden summer all was redolent, And of brown autumn ; boughs with damsons bent, We had ; and pears were scattered at our feet, And by our side a heap of apples sweet. A four-year cask was broached. Ye Nymphs excelling Of Castaly, on high Parnassus dwelling, Did ever Chiron in the Centaur's cave Give draught so rich to Hercules the brave ? Through Polypheme did such sweet nectar glance, That made the shepherd of Anapus dance, The huge rock-hurler as the generous foam, Which, Nymphs, ye tempered at that harvest-home ? O be it mine again her feast to keep, And fix the fan in good Damater's heap ; IDYLL VIII. 231 And may she sweetly smile, while spikes of corn And up-torn poppies either hand adorn ! IDYLL VIII. THE SINGERS OF PASTORALS. Daphnis. Menalcas. A goatherd. MENALCAS met, while pasturing his sheep, The cowherd Daphnis on the highland steep ; Both yellow-tressed, and in their life's fresh spring, Both skilled to play the pipe, and both to sing. Menalcas, with demeanour frank and free, Spoke first : " Good Daphnis, will you sing with me ? I can out-sing you, whensoe'er I try, Just as I please." Then Daphnis made reply : DAPHNIS. Shepherd and piper ! that may never be, Happen what will, as you on proof will see. MENALCAS. Ah, will you see it, and a wager make ? DAPHNIS. I will to see this, and to pledge a stake. MENALCAS. And what the wager, worthy fame like ours ? DAPHNIS. A calf my pledge, a full-grown lamb be yours. MENALCAS. At night my cross-grained sire and mother use To count the sheep that pledge I must refuse. DAPHNIS. What shall it be then ? What the victor's prize ? MENALCAS. I'll pledge a nine-toned pipe, that even lies In the joined reeds, with whitest wax inlaid, The musical sweet pipe I lately made ; This will I pledge and not my father's things. DAPHNIS. I, too, have got a pipe that nine-toned rings, 232 THEOCRITUS. Compact with white wax, even -jointed, new, Made by myself : a split reed sudden flew, And gashed this finger it is painful still. But who shall judge which has the better skill ? MENALCAS. Suppose we call that goatherd hither see ! Yon white dog at his kids barks lustly. He came when called ; and, hearing their request, Was willing to decide which sung the best. Clearly their rival tones responsive rung, Each in his turn, but first Menalcas sung. MENALCAS. Ye mountain -vales and rivers ! race divine ! If aught Menalcas ever sung was sweet, Feed ye these lambs ; and feed no less his kine, When Daphnis drives them to this dear retreat. DAPHNIS. Fountains and herbs, growth of the lively year ! If Daphnis sings like any nightingale, Fatten this herd ; and if Menalcas here Conduct his flock, let not their pasture fail. MENALCAS. Pastures and spring, and milkful udders swelling, And fatness for the lambs, is every where At her approach : but if the girl excelling Departs, both herbs and shepherd wither there. DAPHNIS. The sheep and goats bear twins ; the bees up-lay Full honey-stores, the spreading oaks are higher, Where Milto walks : but if she goes away, The cowherd and his cows themselves are drier. MENALCAS. Uxorious ram, and flat-nosed kids, away For water to that wilderness of wood : There, ram without a horn ! to Milto say, Proteus, a god too, fed the sea-calf brood. DAPHNIS. Nor Pelops' realm be mine, nor piles of gold, Nor speed fleet as the wind ; but at this rock To sing, and clasp my darling, and behold The seas blue reach, and many a pasturing flock. IDYLL vm. 233 MENALCAS. To forest-beast the net, to bird the noose. Winter to trees, and drought to springs is bad ; To man the sting of beauty. Mighty Zeus ! Not only I thou, too, art woman -mad. Their sweet notes thus, in turn, they did prolong ; Menalcas then took up the closing song. MENALCAS. Spare, wolf ! my sheep and lambs ; nor injure me, Because I many tend, though small I be. Sleepest, Lampurus ? up ! no dog should sleep That with the shepherd-boy attends his sheep. Be not to crop the tender herbage slow, Feed on, my sheep ! the grass again will grow. Fill ye your udders, that your lambs may have Their share of milk, I some for cheese may save. Then Daphnis next his tones preluding rung, Gave to the music voice, and sweetly sung. DAPHNIS. As yesterday I drove my heifers by, A girl, me spying from a cavern nigh, Exclaimed, " How handsome ! " I my way pursued With down-cast eyes, nor made her answer rude. Sweet is the breath of cows and calves and sweet To bask by running stream in summer heat. Acorns the oak ; and apples on the bough Adorn the apple-tree ; her calf the cow ; His drove of kine, depasturing the field, His proper honour to the cowherd yield. Th' admiring goatherd then his judgment spake : Sweet is thy mouth, and sweetest tones awake From thy lips, Daphnis ! I would rather hear Thee sing, than suck the honeycomb, I swear. Take thou the pipe, for thine the winning song. If thou wilt teach me here my goats among Some song, I will that hornless goat bestow, That ever fills the pail to overflow. 234 THEOCRITUS. Glad Daphnis clapped his hands, and on the lawn He leaped, as round her mother leaps the fawn. But sad Menalcas fed a smouldering gloom, As grieves a girl betrothed to unknown groom. And first in song was Daphnis from that time, And wived a Naiad in his blooming prime. IDYLL IX. THE PASTOR, OR THE HERDSMEN. Daphnis. Menalcas. DAPHNIS ! begin the pastoral song for me ; Begin, and let Menalcas follow thee. Meanwhile the calves the mother-cows put under, Let the bulls feed but not roam far asunder, Scorning the herd and crop the leafy spray ; And leave the heifers to their frolic play. Begin for me the sweet bucolic strain, And let Menalcas take it up again. DAPHNIS. " Sweet low the cow and calf the tones are sweet, The pipe, the cowherd and myself repeat. My couch is by cool water, and is strown With skins of milk-white heifers ; them threw down, While they cropt arbutus, the south-west wind From the bluff crag. There stretched, no more I mind The scorching summer than a loving pair Their parents sage, who bid them each ' beware ! ' " Thus Daphnis sweetly sung at my request ; Menalcas next his dulcet tones exprest. MENALCAS. " ^Etna ! my mother ! in the hollow rock My pleasant mansion is ; I own a flock Of many yearlings and of many sheep, Numerous as those the dreamer sees in sleep. Fleeces are lying at my head arid feet ; On an oak-fire are boiling entrails sweet ; IDYLL IX. 235 And on my hearth in winter-time I burn Fagots of beech. I have no more concern For winter than the toothless elder cares For walnuts, whose old dame his pap prepares." SHEPHERD. Both I applauded, and made gifts to both, A crook to Daphnis the spontaneous growth Of my own father's field, yet turned so well, None could find fault with it ; a sounding shell I gave Menalcas ; four besides myself Fed on its flesh I snared it from a shelf Amid th' Icarian rocks. The conch he blew, And far abroad the blast resounding flew. Hail, pastoral Muses ! and the song declare, Which then I chanted for that friendly pair. " On your tongue's tip may pustules never grow, For speaking falsely what for false you know ! Cicale the cicale loves ; and ant loves ant ; Hawk, hawk ; and me the muse and song enchant. Of this my house be full ! nor sudden spring, Nor sleep is sweeter ; nor to bees on wing The bloom of flowers more dear delight diffuses, Than to myself the presence of the Muses. On whomsoe'er they look and sweetly smile, Him Circe may not harm with cup or wile." IDYLL X. THE WORKMEN, OR REAPERS. Milan and Battus. MILON. PLOUGHMAN, what is the matter with you, pray ? You cannot draw the furrow straight to-day, Nor with your neighbour even do you keep, But lag behind like a thorn-wounded sheep. If you cannot the furrow now devour, What will you be, my friend, at evening hour ? 236 THEOCRITUS. BATTUS. You rock-chip, reaping till the sun's descent, Did you some absent darling ne'er lament ? MILON. Never. A labourer's heart with love-grief ache ! BATTUS. Did you ne'er chance for love to lie awake ? MILON. No never may I ! When a dog has eaten Meat for his master, the poor dog is beaten. BATTUS. I'm deep in love almost eleven days. MILON. From a full wine-cask you your fancies raise ; I have not even vinegar enough. BATTUS. Thence lie the sweepings of all sort of stuff Before my door. MILON. Who is your mischief-bringer ? BATTUS. The child of Polybotas the sweet singer, Who for the mowers at Hippocoon's chaunted. MILON. Sinners heaven pricks you have what long you wanted A dry tree-frog will hug you close in bed. BATTUS. None of your jibes : care-breeding Love is said, And not old Plutus only, to be blind. Don't talk too big. MILON. I do not only mind To cut the corn down, and some love-song try About your girl ; you'll work more pleasantly : And Battus once, at least, was musical. BATTUS. To sing my charmer, slender, straight, and tall, Best Muses ! aid me ; for, with skill divine, Ye, whatsoe'er ye please to touch, refine. Lovely Bombyce ! though all men beside Call you a Syrian sun-embrowned, and dried, IDYLL X. 237 I call you a transparent sweet brunette. The lettered hyacinth and violet Are dark ; yet these are chosen first of all For the sweet wreath and festive coronal. The goat the cytisus, the wolf the goat, And cranes pursue the plough on thee I dote. Would that I had the wealth report hath told Belonged to Cro3sus ! wrought in purest gold, Statues of both of us should then be seen, Due dedications to the Cyprian Queen : Thou with a flute, an apple, and a rose ; I sandalled, in a robe that proudly flows. Lovely Bombyce ! beautiful your feet, Twinkling like the quick dice ; your voice is sweet ; But your sweet nature language cannot tell. MILON. He privily hath learned to sing how well ! But my poor chin in vain this great beard nurses ; List to a snatch or two of Lytierses. Damater ; fruit-abounding ! grant this field Be duly wrought, and rich abundance yield. Bind without waste, sheaf-binder ! lest one say, These men of fig-wood are not worth their pay. Let the sheaf-hillock look to north or west ; The corn, so lying, fills and ripens best. Ye threshers ! let not sleep steal on your eyes At noon for then the chaff most freely flies. Up with the lark to reap, and cease as soon As the lark sleeps but rest yourself at noon. Happy the frog's life ! none, his drink to pour, He looks for he has plenty evermore. Boil, niggard steward ! the lentil ; and take heed, Don't cut your hand to split a cumin-seed. Men toiling in the sun such songs befit ; Your puling love, poor rustic little-wit ! Is only fit to whisper in her ears, When your old mother wakes as dawn appears. IDYLL XL THE CYCLOPS. NICIAS ! there is no remedy for love, Except the Muses ; this alone doth prove A sweet and gentle solace for the mind Of love-sick man riot easy though to find. Full knowledge of this truth I deem is thine, Physician, and beloved of all the Nine ! Thus, Polypheme of yore, our Cyclops, found The power of song on love's uneasy wound ; With the first down that budding youth discloses On cheek and chin, he doted not with roses And apples for his love, and the trim curl To plea*se her eye, but with delirious whirl, Neglecting all things else. Oft to the stall His sheep from pasture came without his call, While he from dawn mid sea-weeds and the spray Of Galatea sung, and pined away, By mighty Cypris wounded at the heart, Who in his liver fixed her cruel dart. He found the cure while from the cliff he flung His glances seaward, and his ditty sung : " Why, Galatea, scorn for love dost render ? Whiter than fresh curds, than the lamb more tender ; More skittish than the calf, more clearly bright Than unripe grape transparent in the light ! Here dost thou show thyself when sleeps thy lover, Still flying ever as my sleep is over, E'en as the sheep, the gray wolf seeing, flees. I loved when with my mother from the seas Thou first didst come, and seek the mountain-side To gather hyacinths and I thy guide. Since then I never yet have ceased to love thee, Although my passion never yet did move thee. I know the reason why the beauty flies One shaggy eye-brow on my forehead lies Over one eye, stretched out from tip to tip Of either ear, and overhangs my lip IDYLL XI. 239 A nostril broad. Such as I am, I keep, Drinking their best of milk, a thousand sheep ; My cheeses fail not in their hurdled row In depth of winter nor in summer's glow. No Cyclops here can breathe the pipe like me, Who sing, when I should sleep, myself and thee, Sweet-apple ! I for thee four bear-whelps rear, And eke eleven fawns that collars wear. Come live (thou shalt not fare the worse) with me, And to its murmurs leave that azure sea. Thy nights will sweeter pass within my cave, Where the tall cypress and the laurel wave ; The sweet- fruit vine and ivy dark are there ; From the white snow its waters cool and clear Thick -wooded JEtna, sends : whom would it please In sea to dwell, when land has joys like these ? . Though rough I seem in Galatea's eyes, My wealth of oak a constant fire supplies ; O fire of love ! I could be well content That life and precious eye at once were brent. Had I but fins ! then would I dive and kiss Thy dainty hand, though daintier lip I miss ; In different seasons take thee different flowers, The summer lily white in summer hours, And while it winter was, what winter bred, The tender poppy with its pop-bells red. From some sea-ranger I will learn to swim, To see what charms you in your ocean dim. Come, Galatea ! sparkling from the foam, And then, like me, forget to turn thee home. Would that the shepherd and his life could please To milk my ewes, with runnet fix the cheese. My mother is in fault, and only she She never spake a friendly word for me ; Although she sees me pining fast away, Thinner and thinner still from day to day. I'll tell her that my feet and temples throb, That she, as I have done, with grief may sob. O Cyclops ! Cyclops ! whither dost thou hover ? To weave thy baskets would more wit discover, And get thy lambs green leaves. Milk the near ewe ; 240 THEOCRITUS. Why one that faster flies in vain pursue ? A fairer Galatea you may find ; Others are fair, and all are not unkind : For many a damsel, when eve's shadow falls, Me to sport with her fondly, sweetly calls ; . And all of them, with eyes that brightly glisten, Giggle most merrily, whene'er I listen : That I am somebody on earth is plain." Thus Polypheme with song relieved love's pain ; And from his ails himself did safer free, Than had he given a leech a golden fee. IDYLL XII. t AITES. ART come, dear youth ? Two days and nights away ! For love who passion, wax old in a day. As much as apples sweet the damson crude Excel ; the bloomy spring the winter rude ; In fleece the sheep her lamb ; the maid in sweetness The thrice-wed dame ; the fawn the calf in fleetness ; The nightingale in song all feathered kind So much thy longed-for presence cheers my mind. To thee I hasten, as to shady beech The traveller, when from the heaven's reach The sun fierce blazes. May our love be strong, To all hereafter times the theme of song ! " Two men each other loved to that degree, That either friend did in the other see A dearer than himself. They lived of old, Both golden natures in an age of gold." O father Zeus ! ageless Immortals all ! Two hundred ages hence may one recall, Down-coming to the irremeable river, This to my mind, and this good news deliver : " E'en now from east to west, from north to south, Your mutual friendship lives in every mouth." This, as they please, the Olympians will decide : IDYLL XIII. 241 Of thee, by blooming virtue beautified, My glowing song shall only truth disclose ; With falsehood's pustules I'll not shame my nose. If thou dost sometime grieve me, sweet the pleasure Of reconcilement, joy in double measure To find thou never didst intend the pain, And feel myself from all doubt free again. And, ye Megarians, at Niscea dwelling, Expert at rowing, mariners excelling, Be happy ever ! for with honours due Th' Athenian Diocles, to friendship true, Ye celebrate. With the first blush of spring The youth surround his tomb : there who shall bring The sweetest kiss, whose lip is purest found, Back to his mother goes with garlands crowned. Nice touch the arbiter must have, indeed, And must, methinks, the blue-eyed Ganymede Invoke with many prayers a mouth to own True to the touch of lips, as Lydian stone To proof of gold, which test will instant show The pure or base, as money-changers know. IDYLL XIII. HYLAS. FRIEND ! not for us alone was love designed, Whoe'er his parent of immortal kind ; Nor first to us fair seemeth fair to be, Who mortal are, nor can the morrow see. But e'en Amphitryon's brazen-hearted son, Who stood the lion's rage, did dote upon The curled and lovely Hylas made his joy To train him as a father would his boy, And taught him all whereby himself became A minstrel-praised inheritor of fame ; Nor left him when the sun was in mid-air, Or Morn to Jove's court drove her milk-white pair ; 242 THEOCRITUS. Or when the twittering chickens were betaking Themselves to rest, her wings their mother shaking, Perched on the smoky beam ; that, trained to go In the right track, he might a true man grow. When Jason sailed to find the golden fleece, And in his train the choicest youth of Greece ; Then with the worthies from the cities round, Came Hercules, for patient toil renowned, And Hylas with him : from Ib'lcos they, In the good Argo ploughed the watery way. Touched not the ship the dark Cyanean rocks, That justled evermore with crashing shocks, But bounded through, and shot the swell o' the flood, Like to an eagle, and in Phasis stood : Thence either ridgy rock in station lies. But at what times the Pleiades arise : When to the lamb the borders of the field (The spring to summer turning) herbage yield ; The flower of heroes minded then their sailing ; And the third day, a steady south prevailing, They reached the Hellespont ; and in the bay Of long Propontis hollow Argo lay : Their oxen for Cianians dwelling there The ploughshare in the broadening furrow wear. They land at eve ; in pairs their mess they keep ; And many strow a high and rushy heap : A meadow broad convenient lay thereby, With various rushes prankt abundantly. And gold-tressed Hylas is for water gone For Hercules and sturdy Telamon, Who messmates were : a brazen urn he bore, And soon perceived a fountain straight before. It was a gentle slope, round which was seen A multitude of rushes, parsley green, And the close couch-grass, creeping to entwine Green maiden-hair, and pale-blue celandine. Their choir the wakeful Nymphs, the rustics' dread, In the mid sparkle of the fountain led ; Malis, and young Nychea looking spring, And fresh Eunica. There the youth did bring, IDYLL XIII. 243 And o'er the water hold his goodly urn, Eager at once to dip it and return. The Nymphs all clasped his hand ; for love seized all, Love for the Argive boy ; and he did fall Plumping at once into the water dark, As when a meteor glides with many a spark Plumping from out the heavens into the seas And then some sailor cries, " A jolly breeze, Up with the sail, boys ! " Him upon their knees The Nymphs soft held ; him dropping many a tear With soft enticing words they tried to cheer. Anxious Alcides lingered not to go, Armed like a Scythian with his curved bow. He grasped his club ; and thrice he threw around His deep, deep voice at highest pitch of sound ; Thrice called on Hylas ; thrice did Hylas hear, And from the fount a thin voice murmured near ; Though very near, it very far appeared : As when a lion, awful with his beard, Hearing afar the whining of a fawn, Speeds to his banquet from the mountain-lawn ; In such wise Hercules, the boy regretting, Off at full speed through pathless brakes was setting. Who love, much suffer : what fatigue he bore ! What thickets pierced ! what mountains clambered o'er ! What then to him was Jason's enterprise ? With sails aloft the ship all ready lies ; Midnight they sweep the decks and oft repeat, " Where, where is Hercules ?" Where'er his feet Convey him, there the frantic mourner hurries, For a fierce god his liver teai's and worries. Fair Hylas thus is numbered with the blest : Their friend, as ship-deserter, all the rest Reproach ; while trudges he (and sad his case is) To Colchos and inhospitable Phasis. E 2 IDYLL XIV. THE LOVE OF CYNISCA, OK THYONICHUS. ^Eschines. Thyonicus. Health to Thyonichus ! THYONICHUS. The same to you. ^ESCHINES. How late you are ! THYONICHUS. Late ? what concernment new ? -ESCHINES. It is not well with me. THYONICHUS. And therefore lean, With beard untrimmed and dry straight hair you're seen. But lately one, in seeming much the same, Who called himself Athenian, hither came, A barefoot, pale Pythagorean oaf, In love, methought, and longing for a loaf. ^ESCHFNES. You'll have your jest : Cynisca flouts me so, That I shall madden unawares, I know There's but a hair's-breadth now 'twixt me and madness. THYONICHUS. Extreme in changes ever brooding sadness, Or moody violence as the whim makes you Sport of the time : but what new care o'ertakes you ? jESCHINES. The Argive, I, and the Thessalian knight Good Apis, and Cleunicus, brave in fight, Were drinking at my farm. We had for fare Two pullets and a sucking pig ; and rare Rich Biblian wine (near four years old) I drew, And fragrant still, as from the wine-press new. A Colchian onion gave the brewage zest ; As mirth with drink advanced, we thought it best IDYLL XIV. 245 To quaff the wine's pure juice, each to his flame, And every one was bound to tell her name. So said, so done : we drank to them we loved : But she, my she ! by all my love unmoved, Said nothing, though I then and there named her. Think what a tempest did my temper stir ! " Won't speak ?" I said : " or, as the wise man spoke, Hast seen a wolf ? " another said in joke. From her red burning face (it kindled so) You might have lit a lamp. Lycus, you know, Is name for wolf ; and there is such an one, Tall, delicate, my neighbour Laba's son ; And many think him handsome : for this youth, And his fine love my damsel pined in sooth. I heard a whisper, nor I sifted it, Having a man's beard without manly wit. But Apis we were at our cups again Sang out " My Lycus ! " a Thessalian strain. Then sudden into tears Cynisca burst The girl of six years for the breast that nurst Her tender infancy, not so much weeps. You know me, how no bound my temper keeps ; With doubled fist once and again I struck Both of her cheeks. She thereat did up-tuck Her skirts and quickly bolted through the door. Do I not please thee ? hast a paramour Nearer thy heart ? plague o' my life ! go, go ! Hug him for whom your tears, like beads, thick flow. As for her callow brood, that nested lies Under the roof, the swallow swiftly flies To bring them food, and flies for more again : From her soft couch more swift she fled amain, Through hall, court, gate, as fast as she was able : " The bull into the wood," as runs the fable. Add two to this, the eight and fiftieth day, 'Twill be two full months since she went away ; And since we parted, as a sign of woe, My hair has, Thracian-like, been left to grow. But only Lycus is her sole delight ; For him her door is open e'en at night. But hapless I, with the Megarian lot, 246 THEOCRITUS. Am held in none account, and quite forgot. All would be well, could I my love restrain ; But mice, they say, the taste of pitch retain. I cannot cure myself, howe'er I try ; For hapless love I know no remedy ; Except that Simus sailed across the water, When smitten with old Epichalcus' daughter, And came back whole. I too will cross the wave, Nor best nor worst of soldiers, but a brave. THYONICHUS. May all be as you wish, my JEschines ! But if you will depart beyond the seas, Gladly king Ptolemy brave hearts engages, Best man of all that gives the soldier wages. 2K8CHDOES. What sort of man is he in other things ? THYONICHUS. To brave and noble souls the best of kings ; Has a discerning spirit ; takes delight In all the Muses ; courteous to the height ; Who loves him and who loves him not, he knows ; And many gifts on many men bestows. When asked a boon, he king-like not denies ; But oft to ask is neither right nor wise. Then if you wish a martial cloak to fold Around your shoulders, and in station bold, Firm on both feet, abide the shielded foe On-rushing instantly to Egypt go. Soon we grow old, and Time steals on apace, Whitening the hair, and withering the face. We ought to do what us behoves, I ween, While yet our knee is firm, our strength is green. IDYLL XV. 247 IDYLL XV. THE SYRACUSAN WOMEN ; OR, ADONIAZUS^E. CHARACTERS. Gorgo. Praxinoa. Old woman. First stranger. Second stranger. Singing woman. GORGO. Is Praxinoa at home ? PRAXINOA. Dear Gorgo, yes ! How late you are ! I wonder, I confess, That you are come e'en now. Quick, brazen-front ! [ To EUNOA. A chair there stupid ! lay a cushion on't. GORGO. Thank you, 'tis very well. PRAXINOA. Be seated, pray. GORGO. My untamed soul ! what dangers on the way ! I scarce could get alive here : such a crowd ! So many soldiers with their trappings proud ! A weary way it is you live so far. PRAXINOA. The man, whose wits with sense are aye at war, Bought at the world's end but to vex my soul This dwelling no ! this serpent's lurking-hole, That we might not be neighbours : plague o' my life, His only joy is quarrelling and strife. GORGO. Talk not of Dinon so before the boy ; See ! how he looks at you ! PRAXINOA. My honey -joy ! My pretty dear ! 'tis not papa I mean. GORGO. Handsome papa ! the urchin, by the Queen, 248 THEOCRITUS. Knows every word you say. PRAXINOA. The other day For this in sooth of every thing we say The mighty man of inches went and brought me Salt which for nitre and ceruse he bought me. GORGO. And so my Diocleide a brother wit, A money-waster, lately thought it fit To give seven goodly drachms for fleeces five Mere rottenness, but dog's hair, as I live, The plucking of old scrips a work to make. But come, your cloak and gold-claspt kirtle take, And let us speed to Ptolemy's rich hall, To see the fine Adonian festival. The queen will make the show most grand, I hear. PRAXINOA. All things most rich in rich men's halls appear. To those who have not seen it, one can tell What one has seen. GORGO. 'Tis time to go 'tis well For those who all the year have holidays. PRAXIXOA. Eunoa ! my cloak you wanton ! quickly raise, And place it near me cats would softly sleep ; And haste for water how the jade does creep ! The water first now, did you ever see ? She brings the cloak first : well, then, give it me. You wasteful slut, not too much pour the water ! What ! have you wet my kirtle ! sorrow's daughter ? Stop, now : I'm washed gods love me : where's the key Of the great chest ? be quick, and bring it me. GORGO. The gold-claspt and full-skirted gown you wear Becomes you vastly. May I ask, my dear, How much in all it cost you from the loom ? PRAXINOA. Don't mention it : I'm sure I did consume More than two minae on it : and I held on The work with heart and soul. IDYLL XV. 249 GORGO. But when done, well done ! PRAXES OA. Truly you're right. My parasol and cloak Arrange it nicely. Cry until you choke, I will not take you, child ; horse bites, you know Boo ! Boo ! no use to have you larne. Let's go. Play with the little man, my Phrygian ! call The hound in ; lock the street-door of the hall. Gods, what a crowd : they swarm like ants, how ever Shall we work through them with our best endeavour ? From when thy sire was numbered with the blest, Many fine things, and this among the rest, Hast thou done, Ptolemy ! No villain walks The street, and picks your pocket, as he talks On some pretence with you, in Egypt's fashion : As once complete in every style, mood, passion, Resembling one another, rogues in grain, Would mock and pilfer, and then mock again. What will become of us, dear Gorgo ? see ! The king's war-horses ! Pray, don't trample me, Good sir ! the bay-horse rears ! how fierce a one ! Eunoa, stand from him : dog-heart ! won't you run ? He'll kill his leader ! what a thought of joy, That safe at home remains my precious boy ! GORGO. Courage ! they're as they were and we behind them. PRAXINOA. I nearly lost my senses ; now I find them, And am myself again. Two things I hold In mortal dread a horse and serpent cold, And have done from a child. Let us keep moving ; ! what a crowd is on us, bustling, shoving. GORGO. (To an old woman.) Good mother, from the palace ? OLD WOMAN. Yes, my dear. GORGO. Is it an easy thing to get in there ? 250 THEOCRITUS. OLD WOMAN. Th' Achaeans got to Troy, there's no denying ; All things are done, as they did that by trying. GORGO. The old dame spoke oracles. PRAXINOA. Our sex, as you know, Know all things e'en how Zeus espoused his Juno. GORGO. Praxinoa ! what a crowd about the gates ! PRAXINOA. Immense ! your hand ; and, Eunoa, hold your mate's ; Do you keep close, I say, to Eutychis, And close to us, for fear the way you miss. Let us, together all, the entrance gain : Ah me ! my summer-cloak is rent in twain. Pray, spare my cloak, heaven bless you, gentleman ! STRANGER. 'Tis not with me I will do what I can. PRAXINOA. The crowd, like pigs, are thrusting. STRANGER. Cheer thy heart, 'Tis well with us. PRAXINOA. And for your friendly part, This year and ever be it well with you ! A kind and tender man as e'er I knew. See ! how our Eunoa is prest push through Well done ! all in as the gay bridegroom cried. And turned the key upon himself and bride. GORGO. What rich, rare tapestry ! Look, and you'll swear The fingers of the goddesses were here. PRAXINOA. August Athene ! who such work could do ? Who spun the tissue, who the figures drew ? How life-like are they, and they seem to move ! True living shapes they are, and not inwove ! How wise is man ! and there he lies outspread In all his beauty on his silver bed, IDYLL XV. 251 Thrice-loved Adonis ! in his youth's fresh glow, Loved even where the rueful stream doth flow. A STRANGER. Cease ye like turtles idly thus to babble : They'll torture all of us with brogue and gabble. GORGO. Who's you ? what's it to you our tongues we use ? Rule your own roost, not dames of Syracuse. And this too know we were in times foregone Corinthians, sir, as was Bellerophon. We speak the good old Greek of Pelop's isle : Dorians, I guess, may Dorian talk the while. PRAXINOA. Nymph ! grant we be at none but one man's pleasure ; A rush for you don't wipe my empty measure. GORGO. Praxinoa, hush ! behold the Argive's daughter, The girl who sings as though the Muses taught her, That won the prize for singing Sperchis' ditty, Prepares to chaunt Adonis ; something pretty I'm sure she'll sing : with motion, voice, and eye, She now preludes how sweetly, gracefully ! SINGING GIRL. Of Eryx, Golgos, and Idalia, Queen ! My mistress, sporting in thy golden sheen, Bright Aphrodite ! as the month comes on Of every year, from dureful Acheron What an Adonis from the gloomy shore The tender-footed Hours to thee restore ! Hours, slowest of the Blest ! yet ever dear, That wished-for come, and still some blessing bear. Cypris ! Dione's daughter ! thou through portal Of death, 'tis said, hast mortal made immortal, Sweet Berenice, dropping, ever blest ! Ambrosial dew into her lovely breast. Wherefore her daughter, Helen -like in beauty, Arsinoe thy love repays with duty ; For thine Adonis fairest show ordains, Bright Queen, of many names and many fanes ! All seasonable fruits ; in silver cases His gardens sweet ; and alabaster vases 252 THEOCRITUS. Of Syrian perfumes near his couch are laid ; Cakes, which with flowers and wheat the women made The shapes of all that creep, or take the wing, With oil or honey wrought, they hither bring ; Here are green shades, with anise shaded more ; And the young Loves him ever hover o'er, As the young nightingales, from branch to branch, Hover and try their wings, before they launch Themselves in the broad Air. But, O ! the sight Of gold and ebony ! of ivory white Behold the pair of eagles ! up they move With his cup-bearer for Saturnian Jove. And see yon couch with softest purple spread, Softer than sleep, the Samian born and bred Will own, and e'en Miletus : that pavilion Queen Cypris has the nearer one her minion, The rosy-armed Adonis ; whose youth bears The bloom of eighteen or of nineteen years ; Nor pricks the kiss the red lip of the boy ; Having her spouse, let Cypris now enjoy. Him will we, ere the dew of dawn is o'er, Bear to the waves that foam upon the shore ; Then with bare bosoms and dishevelled hair, Begin to chant the wild and mournful air. Of all the demigods, they say, but one Duly revisits Earth and Acheron Thou, dear Adonis ! Agamemnon's might, Nor Aias, raging like one mad in fight ; Nor true Patroclus ; nor his mother's boast, Hector, of twenty sons famed, honoured most ; Nor Pyrrhus, victor from the Trojan siege Not one of them enjoyed this privilege ; Nor the Deucalions ; nor Lapitha? ; Argive Pelasgi ; nor Pelopidae. Now, dear Adonis, fill thyself with glee, And still returning, still propitious be. GORGO. Praxinoa, did ever mortal ear A sweeter song from sweeter minstrel hear ? O happy girl ! to know so many things Thrice happy girl, that so divinely sings ! IDYLL XVI. 253 But now 'tis time for home : let us be hasting ; My man's mere vinegar, and most when fasting : Nor has he broken yet his fast to-day ; When he's a-hungered, come not in his way. Farewell, beloved Adonis ! joy to see ! When come, well come to those who welcome thee. IDYLL XVI. THE GRACES ; OR, HIERO. JOVE'S daughters hymn the gods ; and bards rehearse The deeds of worthies in their glowing verse. The heaven-born Muses hymn the heavenly ring ; Of mortals, then, let mortal poets sing. Yet who as many as there be that live Under the grey dawn, will a welcome give To our sweet Graces, or the door-latch lift, Or will not send them off without a gift ? Barefoot, with wrinkled brows, and mien deject, They chide me for the way of chill neglect ; Though loath, into their empty chest they drop, And on cold knees their heavy heads they prop ; And dry their seat is, when no good they earn, But from a fruitless journey back return. What living man the poet will repay With generous love for his ennobling lay ? I know not : men no longer, as before, Would live for good deeds in poetic lore ; But are o'ercome by detestable gain ; Close-fisted, every one doth fast retain His money, thinking how to make it grow, Nor freely would the smallest mite bestow ; But says : " the knee is nearer than the shin ; Some good be mine ! from gods bards honour win. But who will hear another ? one will do Homer, best poet, and the cheapest too He costs me nothing." Fools ! what boots the gold Hid within doors in heaps cannot be told ? Not so the truly wise their wealth employ : 254 THEOCRITUS. With some 'tis fit one's natural man to joy ; Some to the bard should freely be assigned, To kin arid many others of mankind. The gods their offerings ; guests should have their dues, Welcome to come and go whene'er they choose. But most of all the generous mind prefers The Muses' consecrate interpreters. So may you live to fame, when life is done, Nor mourn inglorious at cold Acheron, Like one from birth to poverty betrayed, Whose palms are horny from the painful spade. To many a serf Antiochus the great, To many king Aleuas in his state, Measured the monthly dole. Much kine to see Lowed at the full stalls of the Scopadae. Innumerous flocks to some cool green retreat The shepherds drove, to screen them from the heat, O'er Cranon's plain choice flocks in choicest place, The wealth of Creon's hospitable race. No pleasure had been theirs these things about, When once their sweet souls they had emptied out Into the broad raft of drear Acheron ; But they, sad with the thoughts of life foregone, Had lain their treasures left and memory hid Long ages lain the wretched dead amid, Had not the glorious Ceian breathed the fire Of his quick spirit to the stringed lyre, And would not let them altogether die, But made them famous to posterity ; And e'en their swift-foot steeds obtained renown, Which in the sacred race-course won the crown. Who would have known the noble Lycian pair The sons of Priam with their pomp of hair Or Cycnus, as a woman fair to ken, Had no bard sung the wars of former men ? Nor that Odysseus, who went wandering round, Twice sixty moons, wherever man is found, And, while alive, to farthest Hades sped, And from the cavern of the Cyclops fled, Had been aye famed ; the keeper of the swine, Eumreus, and the man the herded kine IDYLL XVI. 255 Had in his watchful care, Philoetius, And e'en Laertes the magnanimous, Had been in a perpetual silence pent, But for that old Ionian eloquent. The Muses best renown on men bestow : The living waste the wealth of those below. It were all one the waves to number o'er, As many as wind and blue sea drive ashore, Or wash with water from the spring's dark urn The clay of unbaked brick, as try to turn The money-lover from his wretched pelf But let us leave the miser to himself. May countless pieces swell his silver store ! And let him ever have a wish for more ! But may I still prefer bright honour's meed, And man's good will, to many a mule and steed ! I am in quest of one whose willing mind I may, by favour of the Muses, find. Without the Jove-born sisters, harsh and hard Are all approaches found by every bard. Not weary yet revolving heaven appears Of bringing round the months and circling years. The car shall yet be moved by many a steed ; And me shall some one as a minstrel need ; Than him more deeds heroic never wrought Achilles, or stout Aias, when they fought, Where in his tomb the Phrygian Ilus lies, On the broad plain of mournful Simoeis. Who, where the sun sets, dwell on Libya's heel, The bold Phoenicians shuddering terror feel ; For Syracuse against them takes the field, Each with his ready spear and willow shield. Amidst them arms heroic Hieron, Equal to heroes of the times foregone ; Floats o'er his helm, in wavy darkness loose, His horse-hair crest Athene ! mightiest Zeus ! And thou, who with thy mother reignest queen O'er Ephyra the wealthy, where is seen Lysimeleia's water, may the blow Of harsh Necessity rebuke the foe, 256 THEOCRITUS. And scatter them from our sweet island back O'er the Sardonian ocean's yeasty track ; And out of many, few return to tell Their wives and children how the perished fell ! In the foe-ruined cities of the plain Soon may their former dwellers live again, And till the fruitful fields ! unnumbered sheep, And fat, bleat cheerily ! the cattle creep Herded in safety to the wonted stalls, Warning the traveller that evening falls ! For sowing-time be wrought the fallow lea, When the cicada, sitting on his tree, Watches the shepherds in the open day, And blithely sings, perched on the topmost spray ; O'er martial arms may spiders draw their train, And of fierce war not e'en the name remain ; And famous Hieron illustrious be, By poets hymned, beyond the Scythian sea : Or where Semiramis her station chose, And her huge walls, asphaltos-built, arose ! I am but one : but many others are Dear to the Muses may it be their care To praise the warrior-king (as poets use), And people, and Sicilian Arethuse ! Ye goddesses ! whose loving favours wait On that Orchomenos, the Thebans' hate, No where unbidden, but to court or hall Bidden, with you will I attend the call, Through your dear presence confident to please, Enchanting daughters of Eteocles ! What good, what fair can men without you see ? Oh ! may I ever with the Graces be ! IDYLL XVII. THE PRAISE OF PTOLEMY. MUSES ! begin and end the song with Zeus, When of immortals we the chief extol : IDYLL xvir. 257 Of men the name of Ptolemy produce First, last, and midst for he is chief of all. For their exploits the seed heroical Of demigods life-giving minstrels found : I, skilled to sing, will Ptolemy install Theme of my song and glowing hymns redound E'en to their praise, who dwell th' Olympian heights around. In Ida's thick of wood, perplexed with choice, Which to begin with, the wood-cutter flings His glance around : to what shall I give voice First out of all the many blessed things, With which the gods have graced the best of kings ? How great the son of Lagus from his birth ! Born for what deeds ! what great imaginings His mind conceived beyond the sons of earth ! Up to the gods by Zeus exalted for his worth ! In Jove's own house his golden couch is spread, And by him sits his friend in royal pride, Great Alexander, the portentous dread Of Persians glittering with the turban pied : And Hercules, the vast Centauricide, Sits opposite on adamantine throne ; There with the gods he banquets gratified, In his sons' sons rejoicing as his own, Made free of age by Zeus, and as immortals known. For from heroic Hercules the twain Descended : therefore when he goes content From the gods' banquet to his wife again, Sated with nectar of a fragrant scent, To one his quiver and his bow unbent Ever he hands, and to that other blest His iron-shotted club, with knobs besprent ; And so they marshal him unto his rest In his ambrosial home, white-ankled Hebe's nest. How excellent of dames was Berenice ! To her dear parents what a wealth of pleasure ! Dionis wiped her fingers on the spicy Swell of her bosom. No man in such measure E'er loved his wife, as Ptolemy's best leisure 258 THEOCRITUS. . Doted on her ; and she with him contended In love yea ! loved him more : his house and treasure Thus to his sons he with full trust commended, Since, loving, he the couch of loving wife ascended. Some stranger draws the wanton's fancy flighty Her children many, like the father none ! Loveliest of goddesses ! bright Aphrodite ! Through thee, the way of wailful Acheron Was ne'er by lovely Berenice gone : Her, thy sweet care, from the Cyanean river, And death's grim ferryman, the gloomy one ! Thou didst, soft-placing in thy fane, deliver, And a conceded share of thine own honours give her. Soft loves on mortal kind she breathes benign, And makes his love-care light to every lover. Thou, who in Argos didst with Tydeus twine, Dark brows thy gentle eye-lids arching over, Didst Diomede to light of day discover ; To Peleus the full-bosomed Thetis bore Achilles ; thee, (for there the birth-pang drove her The aid of Eileithuia to implore, ) Bright Berenice brought forth on the Coan shore : The Woman-helper stood benignant by, Her limbs from pain composing, till she smiled On thee new-born to warrior Ptolemy And like his father was the lovely child. Exulting Cos, with jubilant rapture wild, Fondled the babe, loud-hymning at the sight : " Boy ! be thou blest ; for me be honours piled On thy account, such as the Delian bright Hung round the blue-crowned isle, on which he sprung to light. " From thee to Triop's hill such honour follow, And no less to the Dorians dwelling nigh, As his Rhenasa had from King Apollo ! " Thus Cos : the bird of Zeus, up-poised on high, Under the clouds, well-omened thrice did cry : From king-protecting Zeus the sign was sent ; But when from birth he marks a royalty, IDYLL XVII. 259 That king surpassingly is excellent For wealth, wide rule by sea and o'er much continent. In many a region many a tribe doth till The fields, made fruitful by the shower of Zeus ; None like low-lying Egypt doth fulfil Hope of increase, when Nile the clod doth loose, O'er-bubbling the wet soil : no land doth use 80 many workmen of all sorts, enrolled In cities of such multitude profuse, More than three myriads, as a single fold Under the watchful sway of Ptolemy the bold. Part of Phoenicia ; some Arabian lands ; Some Syrian ; tribes of swart ^Ethiopes ; All the Pumphylians, Lycians he commands, And warlike Carians ; o'er the Cyclades His empire spreads ; his navies sweep the seas ; Ocean and rivers, earth within her bounds Obeys him : and a host of chivalries, And shielded infantry, with martial sounds Of their far-glittering brass, the warrior-king surrounds. His wealth, that daily flows from every side, The treasure of all other kings outweighs ; His busy people's days in quiet glide : The monster-breeding Nile no hostile blaze Doth overpass, the war-shout there to raise. Nor hath armed foeman from swift ship outleapt To seize the kine Egyptian pastures graze ; For o'er the broad lands of that happy sept The bright-haired Ptolemy strict ward hath ever kept. His whole inheritance he cares to keep, As a good king : himself hath garnered more : Nor useless in his house the golden heap, Increased like that of ants ; for of his store The gods have much, since them he doth adore Ever with first-fruits, and his love commends With other gifts ; his bounty ne'er is poor ; To noble-minded princes much he sends, And gives to cities much, and much to worthy friends. s 2 260 THEOCRITUS. None in the sacred games e'er took a part, Skilled the melodious song to modulate, Without a royal recompense of art : Whence Ptolemy the muse-priests celebrate For his munificence. What meed more great Than good renown can wealthy man befall ? This meed doth on the dead Atridos wait ; Their infinite spoil from Priam's ravaged hall In the thick gloom lies hid, from whence is no recall. Only this prince hath in his fathers' ways Exactly walked, and doth their stamp retain ; Whence he to both his parents loved to raise Temples, and placed their statues in each fane, Of gold and ivory never sought in vain By prayer of mortals ; on their altars red Fat thighs of oxen burn the royal twain, Himself and consort one more furnished With love and excellence ne'er clasped her spouse in bed. Such were the nuptials of the royal pair, Whom Rhea bore, the royalties divine Of blest Olympus : Iris spread with care, Iris the virgin yet, whose fingers shine With fragrant brightness, when they would recline The marriage couch. Hail, Ptolemy ! to thee And other demigods I will assign Due praise. One word for after-men ; to me It seems, whatever good there is, from Zeus must be. IDYLL XVIII. THE EPITIIALAMIUM OF HELEN. TWELVE Spartan virgins, the Laconian bloom, Choired before their Helen's bridal room, New hung with tapestry : entwined the fair With hyacinth.s their hyacinthine hair ; When Menelaus, Atreus' younger pride, Locked in sweet Tyndaris, his lovely bride ; To the same time with cadence true they beat IDYLL XVIII. 261 The rapid round of intertwining feet ; One measure tript, one song together sung Their hymenaean all the palace rung. So early, bridegroom ! fix'd in slumber deep ? So heavy-limbed, with such a love for sleep ? Thyself, wine-heavy, on the bed hast thrown For only rest ? thou shouldst have slept alone, And with her mother left the girl to play With only girls until the break of day. She's thine from day to day, and year to year Thrice-happy bridegroom ! on thy Avay 'tis clear Good demon sneezed, that only thou shouldst gain The prize so many princes would obtain, Only of demigods, whose bosomed love Her husband makes the son-in-law of Jove ! Jove's daughter, peerless beauty-bud of Greece, Now lies with thee beneath one broidered fleece. What offspring to thy hopes will she prefer Could her dear offspring but resemble her ! Where flows Eurotas in his pleasant place, Thrice eighty virgins, we pursued the race, Like men, anointed with the glistering oil, A bloom of maiden buds love's blushing spoil : Of equal years ; but, seen by Helen's side, Not one in whom some blemish was not spied. As rising Morn, oh, venerable Night ! Shows from thy bosom dark her face of light ; As the clear spring, when winter's gloom is gone, So mid our throng the golden Helen shone. As of a field or garden ornament, The lofty cypress shoots up eminent ; As of the chariot the Thessalian steed, So rosy Helen of the Spartan breed Is ornament and grace. Like Helen none Draws the fine thread around the spindle spun, And in the ready basket piles so much ; None interlaces with so quick a touch The woof and warp ; for other never came A web so perfect from the broidering frame. Like Helen none the cithern knows to ring, 262 THEOCRITUS. Of Artemis or tall Athene sing, Like Helen, in whose liquid-shining eyes Desire, the light of love, dissolving lies. O fair and lovely girl ! a matron now Where meadow-flowers in dewy brightness grow, We'll hie with early dawn, and fondly pull Sweets to twine garlands for our beautiful ; Remembering Helen with our fond regrets, As for the absent ewe her suckling frets. Of lotuses we'll hang thee many a wreath Upon the shady plane, and drop beneath Oil from the silver pyx ; and on the bark, In Doric, shall be graved for all to mark, " To me pay honour I am Helen's tree." Hail, bride ! high-wedded bridegroom, hail to thee ! Fruitful Latona fruit of marriage give ; Cypris in bonds of mutual love to live ; And Zeus the wealth that shall without an end From high-born sire to high-born son descend ! Sleep, happy pair ! in love enjoy your rest, Breathing desire into each other's breast. But wake at dawn ; for we'll present us here At the first call of crested chanticleer. Hymen, O Hymensean ! joyful spread With love's contentment sweet this marriage-bed. IDYLL XIX. THE STEALER OF HONEY-COMBS. As from a hive the thieving Eros drew A honey-comb, a bee his finger stung ; Then in his anguish on his hand he blew, Stamped, jumped and then to Cytherea sprung ; Showed her the wound, and cried : " A thing how wee, How great a wound makes with its little sting ! " His mother smiled : " Art thou not like a bee, Such great wounds making such a little thing ? " IDYLL XX. THE HERDSMAN. EUNICA, smiling with a bitter scoff, When I would sweetly kiss her, bade me " off ! Fool cowherd ! would you kiss me ? not to kiss Rude clowns, but city lips, I've learnt, I wis. You never, man ! shall kiss my lovely mouth Not in a dream. You are O how uncouth ! Your look offends me, and your speech provokes ; Your play is horse-play ; vulgar are your jokes. How smooth in speech ! how delicate an air ! How soft your beard ! how odorous your hair ! Your lips are sickly ; and your hands are black, And you smell rank : don't foul me ; back, clown, back ! " Thrice on her breast she spat, these hard words saying, Me scornfully from head to foot surveying ; Pouting and muttering proudly looked askaunt, Before mine eyes did plume her form and flaunt, And mocking smiled with lips drawn far apart. My blood boiled fiercely from my grief of heart, And red my cheeks from passionate anguish grew, As vernal roses from the morning dew. She left me then : but angry feelings glow Within my heart, because she used me so. Am I not handsome, shepherds ? tell me truly ; Or has some god transformed my person newly ? For as lush ivy clips the stem o' the tree, The bloom of beauty lately covered me. My curls, like parsley, round my temples clung ; A. shining forehead my dark brows o'erhung ; My eyes were bluer than Athene's own ; My mouth than new cheese sweeter ; every tone Sweeter than honeycombs : and sweet I take My song to be ; the sweetest soundg I wake From all wind instruments, in very deed Straight pipe or transverse, flute or vocal reed. The girls upon the hills me handsome call ; They kiss me lovingly they love me all. 264 THEOCRITUS. But ah ! my city-madam never kist me ; And for I am a cowherd she dismist me. That Dionysus in the valleys green Once tended kine, she never heard, I ween ; Nor knows that Cypris on a cowherd doted, And on the Phrygian hills herself devoted To tend his herd ; nor how the same Dionis In thickets kist, in thickets wept Adonis. Who was Endymion ? him tending kine Stooped down to kiss Selena the divine, Who from Olympus to the Latmian grove Glided to slumber with her mortal love. Didst thou not, Rhea, for a cowherd weep ? And didst thou not, high Zeus ! the heaven sweep, In form of winged bird, and watch indeed To carry off the cowherd Ganymede ? Only Eunica (daintier she must be Than were Selena, Cypris, Cybele,) Won't kiss a cowherd. May'st thou ne'er uncover Thyself, self-worshipt Beauty ! to a lover In town or country ; but, vain poppet ! ever Sleep by thyself despite thy best endeavour. IDYLL XXI. THE FISHERMEN. Asphalion and a comrade. THE nurse of industry and arts is want ; Care breaks the labourer's sleep, my Diophant ! And should sweet slumber o'er his eyelids creep, Dark cares stand over him, and startle sleep. Two fishers old lay in their wattled shed, Close to the wicker on one sea-moss bed ; Near them the tools wherewith they plied their craft, The basket, rush-trap, line, and reedy shaft, Weed-tangled baitsj a drag-net with its drops, Hooks, cord, two oars, an old boat fixt on props. Their rush-mat, clothes, and caps, propt either head ; These were their implements by which they fed, IDYLL XXI. 265 And this was all their wealth. They were not richer By so much as a pipkin or a pitcher. All else seemed vanity : they could not mend Their poverty which was their only friend. They had no neighbours ; but upon the shore The sea soft murmured at their cottage door. The chariot of the moon was midway only, When thoughts of toil awoke those fishers lonely : And shaking sleep off they began to sing. ASPIIALION. The summer-nights are short, when Zeus the king Makes the days long, some say and lie. This night I 've seen a world of dreams, nor yet 'tis light. What's all this ? am I wrong ? or say I truly ? And can we have a long, long night in July ? FRIEND. Do you the summer blame ? The seasons change, Nor willingly transgress their wonted range. From care, that frightens sleep, much longer seems The weary night. ASPHALION. Can you interpret dreams ? I've seen a bright one, which I will declare, That you my visions, as my toil, may share. To whom should you in mother-wit defer ? And quick wit is best dream-interpreter. We've leisure, and to spare : what can one do, Lying awake on leaves, as I and you, Without a lamp ? they say the town-hall ever Has burning lights its booty fails it never. FRIEND. Well : let us have your vision of the night. ASPIIALION. When yester-eve I slept, outwearied quite With the sea-toil, not over-fed, for our Commons, you know, were short at feeding hour, I saw myself upon a rock, where I Sat watching for the fish so eagerly ! And from the reed the tripping bait did shake, Till a fat fellow took it no mistake : ('Twas natural-like that I should dream of fish, 266 THEOCRITUS. As hounds of meat upon a greasy dish :) He hugged the hook, and then his blood did flow ; His plunges bent my reed like any bow ; I stretched both arms, and had a pretty bout, To take with hook so weak a fish so stout. I gently warned him of the wound he bore ; " Ha ! will you prick me ? you'll be pricked much more." But when he struggled not, I drew him in ; The contest then I saw myself did win. I landed him, a fish compact of gold ! But then a sudden fear my mind did hold, Lest king Poseidon made it his delight, Or it was Amphitrite's favourite. I loosed him gently from the hook, for fear It from his mouth some precious gold might tear, And with my line I safely towed him home, And swore that I on sea no more would roam, But ever after would remain on land, And there my gold, like any king, command. At this I woke ; your wits, good friend, awaken, For much I fear to break the oath I've taken. FRIEXD. Fear not : you swore not, saw not with your eyes The fish you saw ; for visions all are lies. But now no longer slumber : up, awake ! And for a false a real vision take. Hunt for the foodful fish that is, not seems ; For fear you starve amid your golden dreams. IDYLL XXII. THE DIOSCURI. THE twins of Leda, child of Thestius, Twice and again we celebrate in song, The Spartan pair, stamped by ./Egiochus, Castor and Pollux, arming with the thong His dreadful hands ; both merciful as strong Saviours of men on danger's extreme edge, And steeds tost in the battle's bloody throng, IDYLL XXII. 267 And star-defying ships on ruin's ledge, Swept with their crews by blasts into the cruel dredge. The winds, where'er they list, the huge wave drive, Dashing from prow or stern into the hold ; Both sides, sail, tackle, yard, and mast, they rive, Snapping at random : from Night's sudden fold Rushes a flood ; hither and thither rolled, Broad ocean's heaving volumes roar and hiss, Smitten by blasts and the hail-volley cold : The lost ship and her crew your task it is, Bright pair ! to rescue from the terrible abyss. They think to die but lo ! a sudden lull O' the winds ; the clouds disperse ; and the hush'd sheen Of the calmed ocean sparkles beautiful : The Bears, and Asses with the Stall between, Foreshow a voyage safe and skies serene. Blest Brothers ! who to mortals safety bring, Both harpers, minstrels, knights, and warriors keen : Since both I hymn, with which immortal king Shall I commence my song ? of Pollux first I'll sing. The justling rocks, the dangerous Euxine's mouth, Snow-veiled, when Argo safely passed, and ended Her course at the Bebrycian shore, the youth Born of the gods from both her sides descended, And on the deep shore, from rude winds defended, Their couches spread ; and strook the seeds of fire From the pyreion. Forthwith unattended Did Pollux, of the red-brown hue, retire With Castor, whose renown for horsemanship was higher. On a high hill a forest did appear : The brothers found there a perennial spring, Under a smooth rock, filled with water clear, With pebbles paved, which from below did fling A crystal sheen like silver glistering : The poplar, plane, tall pine, and cypress, grew Hard by : and odorous flowers did thither bring Thick swarm of bees, their sweet toil to pursue, As many as in the meads, when spring ends, bloom to view. 268 THEOCRITUS. There lay at ease a bulky insolent, . Grim-looked : his ears by gauntlets scored and marred ; His vast chest, like a ball, was prominent ; His back was broad with flesh like iron hard, Like anvil-wrought Colossus to regard ; And under either shoulder thews were seen On his strong arms, like round stones which, oft jarred In the quick rush with many a bound between, A winter torrent rolls down through the cleft ravine. A lion's hide suspended by the feet Hung from his neck and o'er his shoulders fell : Him the prize-winner Pollux first did greet : " Hail, stranger ! in these parts what people dwell ? " " The hail of utter stranger sounds not well, At least to me." " We're not malevolent, Nor sons of such, take heart." " You need not tell Me that I in myself am confident." " You are a savage, quick to wrath and insolent." " You see me as I am ; upon your land I do not walk." " Come thither, and return With hospitable gifts." " I've none at hand For you, nor want I yours." " Pray, let me learn, Wilt let me drink from out this fountain urn ?" " You'll know, if your thirst-hanging lips are dry." " How may we coax you from your humour stern, With silver or what else ? " " The combat try " " How, pray, with gauntlets, foot to foot and eye to eye ? " " In pugilistic fight, nor spare your skill." " Who is my gauntlet-armed antagonist ? " " At hand ! he's here ; you see him if you will, I, Amycus, the famous pugilist." " And what the prize of the victorious fist ? " " The vanquished shall become the victor's thrall." " Red-crested cocks so fight, and so desist." " Cock-like or lion-like the combat call ; This is the prize for which we fight, or none at all." Then on a conch he blew a mighty blast : The long-haired Bebryces, hearing the sound, Under the shady planes assembled fast ; IDYLL XXII. 269 And likewise Castor, in the fight renowned, Hastened and called his comrades to the ground, From the Magnesian ship. With gauntlets both Armed their strong hands ; their wrists and arms they bound With the long thongs ; with one another wroth, Each breathing blood and death, they stood up nothing loth. First 'each contended which should get the sun Of his antagonist ; but much in sleight That huge man, Pollux ! was by thee outdone ; And Amycus was dazzled with the light ; But raging rushed straight forward to the fight, Aiming fierce blows ; but wary Pollux met him, Striking the chin of his vast opposite, Who fiercer battled, for the blow did fret him, And leaning forward tried unto the ground to get him. Shouted the Bebryces ; and, for they feared The man like Tityus might their friend down-weigh In the scant place, the heroes Pollux cheered : But shifting here and there Jove's son made play, And struck out right and left, but kept away From the fierce rush of Neptune's son uncouth, Who, drunk with blows, reeled in the hot affray, Out-spitting purple blood ; the princely youth Shouted, when they beheld his battered jaws and mouth. His eyes were nearly closed from the contusion Of his swoln face ; the prince amazed him more With many feints, and seeing his confusion, Mid-front he struck a heavy blow and sore, And to the bone his forehead gashing tore ; Instant he fell, and at his length he lay On the green leaves ; but fiercely as before, On his uprising, they renewed the fray, Aiming terrific blows, as with intent to slay. But the Bebrycian champion strove to place His blows upon the broad breast of his foe, Who ceaselessly disfigured all his face : His flesh with sweating shrunk, that he did show, From huge, but small ; but larger seemed to grow 270 THEOCRITUS. The limbs of Pollux, and of fresher hue The more he toiled : Muse ! for 'tis thine to know, And mine to give interpretation true. Tell how the son of Zeus that mighty bulk o'erthrew. Aiming at something great, the big Bebrycian The left of Pollux with his left hand caught, Obliquely leaning out from his position, And from his flank his huge right hand he brought, And had he hit him would have surely wrought Pollux much damage ; but escape he found, Stooping his head, and smote him, quick as thought, On the left temple ; from the gaping wound A bubbling gush of gore out-spurted on the ground. Right on his mouth his left hand then he dashed ; Rattled his teeth ; and with a quicker hail Of blows he smote him, till his cheeks he smashed : Stretched out he lay ; his senses all did fail, Save that he owned the other did prevail By holding up his hands : nor thou didst claim The forfeit, Pollux, taking of him bail Of a great oath in his own father's name, Strangers to harm no more with word or deed of shame. To Castor now belongs my votive strain, The brass-mailed, shake-spear knight. The twins of Zeus, It chanced, had carried off the daughters twain Of old Leucippus ; wroth for which abuse, The two bold brothers, sons of Aphareus, Pursued the ravishers incontinent Their plighted bridegrooms, Idas and Lynceus. They overtook them at the monument Of the dead Aphareus, as on their way they went. With shields and spears all from their chariots leapt, And Lynceus through his helmet loudly spoke : " Why not let brides be by their bridegrooms kept ? Why with your drawn swords, ready for the stroke, Do you so eagerly the fight provoke ? To us their sire betrothed them, and did swear An oath thereto which oath he only broke IDYLL XXII. 271 Persuaded by your gifts, (foul shame to hear In case of others' brides,) kine, mules, and divers xtvtiv. This verb differs from irkvofiai. See Aristoph. Plut. 549, OVKOVV STJTTOV ri/ 7rrwjtaf irtviav a[iev ilvai ac\<}>r]V. * Kovpidiy, " wedded in youth." Eustath. But Butmann (Lexil. pp. 392 394) shows that it means rather " lawful," regular " wedded." s aioxvvti. Bergler, in a note at Aristoph. Aves, 1451, (TO yevoc ov KaraiaxvvHi,') states, on the authority of Stobams, that the youth of Athens were obliged to swear ov KaraicrxvvuJ TO. oir\a. 6 drifiia. The severity of this punishment may be judged of by the treatment which Aristodemus met at Sparta, after his inglorious return from Thermopylae. Cf. Herodot. vii. 229. 328 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYBT^EUS. I. respect in time to come. 7 With spirit let us fight for this land, and for our children die, being no longer chary of our lives. Fight 8 then, young men, standing fast one by another, nor 9 be beginners of cowardly flight, or fear. But rouse a great and valiant spirit in your breasts, and love not life, when ye contend with men. And the elders, whose limbs are no longer active, the old, 1 say, desert not or forsake. For surely this were shameful, that fallen amid the foremost champions, in front of the youths, an older man should lie low, 10 having his head now white and his beard hoary, and breathing out a valiant spirit in the dust ; whilst n he covers with his hands his gory loins, (which were a shame, and would make one wroth to behold with his eyes :) and is stript as to his person : 12 yet all this befits the young, whilst, I wot, he enjoys the 13 brilliant bloom of youth; to mortal men and women he is lovely to look upon, whilst he lives ; and noble when he has fallen in the foremost ranks. Then let 14 every one with firm 7 Ovfitf. Cf. "Virg. Mu. ii. 617, Nuncanimis opus, ^Enea, nunc pectore toto. Thucyd. ii. 11, c'i Xoyi a periphrasis. Cf. Corn. Nep. Pausan. iv. 6, Tanto magis orare coepit, ne enuntiaret. 10 f)$r) XtvKov, K. T. X. So Horn. II. xxiv. 516, oiKTiipwv TroXlovre icdpjj TroXiov rt fivtiov. Ov. Met. viii. 528, Pulvere canitiem genitor vultus- que seniles Fcedat humi fusus. 11 aipaToivT This regard of seemliness in death is a favourite point with classical authors. Cf. JEsch. Agam. 241, &c.; Ov. Met. xiii. 479; Fast. ii. 833, Tune quoque jam moriens, ne non procumbat honeste, Respicit : hoc etiam cura cadentis erat. 13 The scope of the passage is, no doubt, the contrast between the sight of an old and a young hero dead on the battle-field. The young are lovely to look on even in death. But the bald head cloven, and the grey beard blood-stained, are sights which the young must not permit. For the origin of the idea, see II. x. 71. 13 dyXaov dv9of. This metaphor from vegetation is very common. Theocr. Idyll, xiv. 70, iroitiv n del, olg joi'v ^Xwpov. Horat. Epod. xiii. 4, Dumque virent genua. Ov. Trist. in. 1, 7, Quod viridi quondam male lusit in tevo. 14 TIQ, every one, vos, or quisque, as in Horn. II. ii. 39, 'AXXa ri tyyvg iwv Soph. Aj. 245, o!pa TIV ijSt) /capa, K. r. X. Aristoph. Thesm. 603, &c. iv Siafiag is said of a warrior standing firm to throw his spear. Cf. Aristoph. Eq. 77 ; Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1293 ; Xenoph. Eq. i. 14. II. THE AVAR-SONGS OF Tl'RT^EUS. 329 stride await the foe, having both feet fixed on the ground, 15 biting his lip with his teeth. II. BUT since ye are the race of 1 invincible Hercules, be ye of good courage ; not yet hath Zeus 2 turned his neck aside from you. Neither fear ye, nor be affrighted at a host of men, but let hero hold his shield right against the foremost fighters ; having counted life hostile, and 3 the dark fates of death dear as the rays of the sun. For ye know that the 4 works of Ares of-many-tears are much-seen, and well have ye learned the 5 temper of troublous war. Ye have been, O young men, with the flying and the pursuing, and have pushed on to a full measure of both. Now of those, who dare, abiding one be- side another, to advance to the close fray, and the foremost champions, fewer die, and they save the people in the rear ; but in men 6 that fear, all excellence is lost. No one could ever in words go through those several ills, which befall a man, 7 if he has been actuated by cowardice. For 'tis grievous ls x ^C oSovffi SO.KUV. Cf. Eurip. Bacch. 610 ; Aristoph. Vesp. 1078. Virgil depicts his warrior as " dentibus infrendens." JEn. viii. 230 ; x. 715. 1 dviKTirov Hercules is styled " invictus," on several Latin inscrip- tions. Propertius so calls him in the first book, El. 20, 23, At comes invicti juvenis precesserat ultra. yivog. At the return of the Heracleids, the descendants of Hercules, and the triple division of the Peloponnese, which took place, according to tradition the sons of Aristodemus, Procles and Eurysthenes, obtained Lacedaemon. Lycurgus was of this stock, as were the Spartans generally. The poet urges the fact as a ground of conridence. 2 av\(.va Xo?6i> tx l ) nas withdrawn his favour. 3 The ordinary reading here is inexplicable. Klotz prefers, as the slightest alteration, Ktjpnc la' aiiyalatv rytXioio i\ag. laa' iffuig. Grotius suggests Kijpag bp.a> auyatc TjtXfoto i\ag. I have translated the former reading. 4 So the Greeks spoke of ? pya Movuwv, tpya AQpoSirtjg, tpya yd/ioto, tpya paxiG- "Virgil, - an( l i- 140. Soph. Aj. 646. So ingenium is used by the Latins. Sil. Ital. iv. 90, Collisque propiuqui ingenium. Ov. Met. 574, Grande dolori ingenium est. 8 Comp. Horn. II. v. 532, Qevyovrwv 5' ovr' ap' K\SOG opvvrai, ovrt TIQ a\Kt). 1 dv atVxpd Trddy. " Qui turpiter se gesserit : Interpr." But it is 330 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT^EUS. II. to wound in the rear the back of a flying man in hostile war. Shameful too is a corpse 8 lying low in the dust, 9 wounded behind in the back by the point of a spear. Rather let every one with firm stride await the enemy, having both feet fixed on the ground, biting his lip with his teeth, and having covered with the 10 hollow of his broad shield thighs and shins below, and breast and shoulders. But in his right hand let him brandish a heavy lance, and u shake above his head a threaten- ing crest. Then let him learn war, by doing bold deeds, nor let him stand with his shield out of the range of weapons. But let each, drawing nigh in close fray, 12 hit his foe, wound- ing him with long lance or sword. 13 And having set foot beside foot, and having fixed shield against shield, and crest on crest, and helmet on helmet, and breast against breast, struggle in fight with his man, having seized either the hilt of his sword, or his long lance. But do ye, 14 O light-armed soldiers, crouching under your shields, some from one quarter, some from another, make them fall with huge stones, and with polished spears, as ye dart at them, and stand near to the 15 heavy-armed troops. not to be supposed that iraa^iv is equivalent to irparreiv. See Liddell and Scott's Lex. v. iraa\ii). 8 KaraKi'/uVOf. II. xix. 389, KtTerou 'OrpwrtiSr} -jravnav tKTrayXo- TO.T dvSpwv. Cf. v. 467 ; Eurip. Orest. 1489, &c. So " jacere " in Latin. Virg. ^En. ii. 557, Jacet ingens littore truncus. Ov. Met. ii. 268, Corpora exanimata jacent. Phsedr. Fab. i. 24, 10, Rupto jacuit corpore. 9 vwrov, K. r. X., a great disgrace. Cf. Horn. II. xiii. 288. Ov. Met. xiii. 262, Sunt et mihi vulnera, cives, Ipso pulchra loco. Fast. ii. 211, Diffugiunt hostes inhonestaque vulnera tergo Accipiunt. 10 yaaTpl. The Greeks were wont to apply to other matters the names of various parts of the human body. Thus, yvdOog, to fire. ^Esch. Choeph. 325 ; Prom. 368. So xfiXog, oijipvg (supercilium, Virg. Geor. i. 108) 6ju0aXo, ffripva yj/c- avx*l v (collum) svpea vura 9a\a.aar}q. 11 KiveiTb). So Horn. II. y. 337, Seivbv Si Xo^oc icaQimtpOtv tvtvtv. ^Esch. S. c. Theb. 115, Kvfia do\no\6(j>wv avdpwv. 12 fXirtii. Klotz thinks this should be construed " choose out," " pick," as in Virg. JEn. xi. 632, legitque virum vir. 13 Kai rroSa, K. r. X. So Horn. II. xiii. 130 ; Eurip. Heracl. 836, 7 : Virg. jEn. x. 360, Trojans acies, aciesque Latinse Concurrunt, haeret pede pes, densusque viro vir. Ov. Met. ix. 44, 14 yvfivfiTtg, i. e. ol ^iXoi, ot aei>Sovf]Tai Kai ol ro^orat. TrTujtrtrovrtQ, i. q. /cpUTrro/zeyoi. Cf. 11. xxii. 14, Tpuifg TrrwcrffOJ/ virb KprjpvovQ. 15 IlavoTrXioic, for /ravoTrXiraic. Abstract for concrete. So we very often find i>7r\a for o-rrXirai. Eurip. Orest. 444 ; Soph. Ant. 115 ; Xen, THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT.EUS. 331 III. 1 1 WOULD neither commemorate, nor hold in account a man, either for excellence in running, or for wrestling ; no, nor though he should have the bulk and strength of the Cyclopes, and in speed surpass 2 Thracian Boreas. No, nor though he should in personal appearance be more graceful than 3 Titho- nus, and should be more rich than Midas or 4 Cinyras. Nor though he should be more kingly than Pelops, son of Tantalus, and have the 5 soft- voiced tongue of Adrastus ; nor yet if he should have all glory, save that of resistless valour ; for he is not a man brave in war, 6 unless he have the courage to face bloody slaughter, and standing near attack the foemen. But this is excellence, this the best prize among men, and noblest for a young man to carry off. And this is a common good to a city, and all its people, namely, whatsoever man standing Anab. ii. 2, 4, Arma for armati. Virg. ^fjhi. i. 509, Septa armis ; ii. 238, Fceta armis ; v. 409, Consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis. In the same manner " Vitam " is, in Phsedr. Prol. i. 3, equivalent -to "vi- ventes.'' "Consilia;" Cic. Ep. viii. 4, 5, consilia agitantes. Flagitia, for facinorosos. Sallust, B. C. xiv. 1. 1 This line is quoted by Plato, de Leg. i. pp. 15, 16, (vol. vi. ed. Ast,) and has been rendered into Latin by Erasmus, Adag. tit. " Fortitudi- ni-s," p. 259, ed. Francof. 1670. Plato's quotation is read with nOfifjirjv, which Stephanus would read here iv Xoytfi TiQfirjv. Cf. Theocr. Idyll, xiv. 48, dfifjitg 5' OVTI \6yov rivbg d%toi optr?) from "Ap?';c, as virtus from vir, signifies excellence of any kind. Arist. Nic. Eth. ii. 5. Lucret. v. 964, et manuum mira freti virtute pedumque. 2 Boreas is called Thracian, because Thracian Hoemus was supposed to be the dwelling of the blustering North wind. Callimach. H. to Dian. 114. Aip.(f> ITTI QpijiKi, iroQtv (Bopfdo KaralZ fp^trat. For comparison of swift runners with the wind, see Horn. II. x. 437 ; Virg. JEn. vii. 206, 207, " Cursuque pedum prsevertere ventos." 3 Tithonus. Horat. Od. ii. 16, 30, Longa Tithonum minuit senec- tus. Virg. ^En. iv. 585, Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. Tithonus, son of Laomedon and favourite of Aurora, attained a great age, by favour of Jove. 4 Cinyras, a king of Cyprus, whose wealth rendered his name a pro- verb. Pindar, Nem. viii. omrcp KOI Kivvpav tfipiat TrXoury Trovrig, tv KOTt Kl>7rpaf3a\\6fjLivog, similarly used. 8 ffTrovSy, the opposite to dffTrovSti, II. x. 303. Odyss. xv. 209, airovSy vvv avafiaivs. f.a'Xf.Qf ?%oj here is equivalent to KuXvw, STTE^W. KVfia jj.d\T]s. For similar metaphors taken from the raging sea, com- pare Eurip. Hippol. 823 ; Soph. Aj. 1082, 1083 ; Antig. 162, 163 ; (Ed. C. 12401245; CEd. T. 23; Trach. 114; .Esch. Prom. V. 1014 (Bind.) ; S. c. Theb. 63. Horat. Od. ii. 7, 15, Te rursus in helium resorbens Unda fretis tulit aestuosis. f; Compare with this passage Thuc. ii. 43, Koiwg ydp TU awaara SiSovrtQ, K. T. \. ' The laws of Athens ordained that the children of such as had fallen in war, should be protected, publicly reared and educated, and have first seats at the theatres. Cf. Lysias, Oral. Funebr. p. 521, cap. xx. ad med. iraiSig iraiSuv. Horn. II. xx. 308, KO.I TralSts vrat^wj/ rot KIV [itTo- vta-Qt ykviavrai. " rtpTTva iraOwv. Tra.ayji.iv is used " de bonis." See Budseus Comm. de L. G. p. 74, (Paris, 1529,) who quotes Lysias, rig ovv iXirig virb TOVTWV TI ayaQbv TrtiataBai. Aristoph. Eccles. 893 ; Eq. 876. Plautus in Asinar. ii. 2, 58, Fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum. IV. THE WAR-SONGS OP TYRTjEUS. 333 And all 12 on the seats, alike young, and those of his age, and they who are still older, give place to him. Let every one now strive in his spirit to reach the summit of 13 excellence like this, not u slackening warfare. IV. How long lie ye inactive ? when will ye have a brave spi- rit, young men ? and are ye not ' ashamed of the dwellers all around, since ye dally thus exceedingly ? For ye think ye 2 sit secure in peace, yet war possesses the whole land. ****** 3 And let a man, as he dies, discharge his javelin for the last time. For it is both honourable and noble for a man to fight for land, and children, and wedded wife, with his foes ; and death will come at some time, whensoever in truth the fates shall have allotted. But let every one, having lifted aloft his lance, and 4 gathered up his stout heart under his shield, go 12 OWKOKTIV For this reverence to honourable age cf. Cic. de Senect. c. 18, 63, 64. Juvenal xiii. 54, Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum Si juvenis vetulo non assurrexerit. Virg. Eel. vi. 66, Utque viro Phcebi chorus assurrexerit omnis. ls aptrTjf, glory. Thuc. i. 33, /cat Trpocren ^spowaa is ptv TOVQ iro\- Xovg aptTtjv. H ftt9tfig TToXtfiov, al. iro\e[iov. But Dawes, Misc. Crit. p. 236, has shown that ptGiivai, "to let loose," has the ace. (iiQitcrdai, to loose hold of the genitive. Cf Porson ad Med. 734 ; Phosn. 529. 1 aiSflffOe. Cf. Horn. II. v. 530 ; Plato de Leg. lib. iii. 699 (pp. 200, line 12, Ast) ; Livy xxx. 18, Pudor, Romani nominis proprius, qui saepe res perditas servavit in prseliis. antynrtpiKriovaQ. This would seem to mean the Perioeci, or Achacans of Laconia, called Lacedaemoni- ans, as distinguished from the Dorians, or 2;rapriJjrai, to whom these words are addressed. 2 ?/or0at, to sit lazily. Cf. Horn. II. i. 133 ; iii. 134. Latin, sedere. Virg. .33n. xi. 460, Pacem laudate sedeutes. xii. 237, Qui nunc lentis consedimus armis. Liv. xxiv. 11, Qui cum ipse ad mania urbis Horace armatus sederet. 3 a.7roOvt)aicwv . Cf. Lucan. iii. 622, Effugientem aiiimam lapses collegit in artus, Membraque contendit toto, quicunque manebat, Sanguine, et hostilem defessis robore nervis Insiliit solo nocturnus pondere puppim. 4 tXffae, used by Homer several times in the Iliad, is the aor. 1, part, act. of ti\a>, used in the signification of " drawing oneself up." The 334 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT^EUS. v. right forward, when the battle first is joined. For it is not fated by any means that a man should escape death at least, no, not though he be by family of immortal ancestry. Often 5 he comes forth, after having escaped battle-strife and din of javelins, and in his home fated death found him. Now the latter is not in like manner a friend 6 to the commonalty, nor regretted by them, whilst the former, the brave man, small and great bewail, if aught shall have happened to him. For the whole people together regrets a stout-hearted hero, when he dies, and living he is worthy of the demigods. For they be- hold him with their eyes even as a 7 tower, since, though single- handed, he performs deeds worth those of many. V. 1 ****** THESE twain were contending unceasingly for nineteen years, ever having a stout-hearted spirit, warrior sires of our sires. But in the twentieth year they indeed (the Messe- nians) fled from the great mountains of Ithome, having abandoned their 2 rich fields. Scholiasts explain it, 1. trvvayayiliv KO.I Karaayuv. 2. ffvyK\ticrag, ica- Taffxwv. i]Top seems taken for the seat of bravery, the heart. Grotius renders the line " Clypeo generosa recondens Pectora." TroXs/iov, the battle. So Homer II. 'ii. 443, Kqpvaativ iroXepbv f (capjjKojuowvrae Axaiouc- iv. 281 ; xii. 181. Floras and Velleius so use bellum for prae- hum, Flor. iii. 5 ; Veil. ii. 69. 5 tpxtrai, abit e pugna, e praelio, et incolumis domum redit. Klotz. II. ii. 381. 8 SrjuoQ evidently stands for the plebs, not populus, in this place, as is shown by the force of the next line. 7 irvpyov. A frequent simile among the Greek poets. Horn. Od. xi. 555, rolog yap atyiv irvpyo^ cnruXto. Eurip. Med. 389, i]v fiiv ric; rjfviv irvpyoc aa^>a\^g tyavy. So among the Latins, Ov. Met. xiii. 281, GraiAm murus Achilles. Senec. Troad. 125, Tu presidium Phrygibus fessis, tu murus eras. Claudian in Rufin. i. 264, Hie optata quies cunctis ; hie sola pericli Turris erat clypeusque trucem porrectus in hostem. 1 This fragment is found in Strabo, lib. vi., and from it we collect that the first Messenian war lasted 19 years. The first three verses are found in Pausan. in Messen. c. 15, with this difference, a/i$>' avTi)v 5' iftcfxpvTO. Comp. Horn. II. vi. 461, "Ort *I\iov dfKJtendxovTo. For the end of the first Messen. war, see Thirlwall, H. G. vol. i. p. 351. 2 Tliova ipya, agri fertiles, loca culta. So Horn. II. v. 92 ; xii. 283. Callim. H. in Dian. 156. Virg. yEn. ii. 306, Sternit agros, sternit sata laeta, boumque labores. VI. IX. THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT^EUS. 335 VI. 1 FOB Zeus himself, son of Cronos, husband of beautiful- crowned Here, hath given this city to the Heracleids. Along with whom, having left 2 windy Erinees, we arrived at the broad isle of Pelops. VII. 3 EVEN as asses worn with heavy burdens, carrying to their 4 masters, by reason of sad constraint., 5 the half entirely of whatsoever the soil produces. VIII. 6 MOURNING their masters, even though they are so, both themselves and their wives, when the destructive fate of death seizes any of them. IX. 7 To our king Theopompus, dear to the gods, through whom we took Messene the spacious. 1 This fragment appears in Strabo, lib. xiii., and is said by him to be found iv ry iroiqafi iXtytiy ffv tTriypatyovJiv tvvopiav. 2 rivep.6evra may perhaps signify " lying amid the hills," as in II. ii. 606; Callimach. H. in Del. 11. 'Epii/}i', some read 'Epuctirjv, a deme of Attica, 47th in order in the catalogue given in Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Geography, p. 334. 3 This fragment is from Pausanias, De Messen. c. 14, who proves by it that wrongs were inflicted by Lacedoemon on the Messenians. * Stairoavvoiffi, i. q. StffTr6~a.it;. _32sch. Pers. 587, OVK in Saajjiofyo- povaiv SfffTrocfvvoiffiv avdyKaig. 5 fyuav TravO' oaS>v. I have rendered this as if TTUVTU was taken adverbially. A better reading, suggested by Klotz, is ijpiav irav Kapiriav offffov. ^Elian, Y. H. vi. 1, confirms the fact. Aaictdatp.6vioi Mfr]rpaiQ. These were the unwritten laws of Lycurgus. Suidas V. iii. p. 295, irapa AaKeBaifiovioie pjjrpa AvKOvpyov vopoq, wg tK xpiapov TiO't- . A fragment from Dio Chrysost. Oral. ii. p. 51, ed. Morell. 5 A fragment from a treatise of Plutarch, de Stoicorum repugnantiis. s A fragment preserved by Galen. WAR-SONGS OF TYRTJUUS, TRANSLATED BY THE REV. E, POLWHELE. I. IF, fighting for his dear paternal soil. The soldier in the front of battle fall ; "Pis not in fickle fortune to despoil His store of fame, that shines the charge of all. But if, opprest by penury, he rove Far from his native town and fertile plain ; And lead the sharer of his fondest love In youth too tender, with her infant train ; And if his aged mother his shrunk sire Join the sad group ; see many a bitter ill Against the houseless family conspire, And all the measure of the wretched fill. Pale, shivering want companion of his way, He meets the lustre of no pitying eye ; To hunger and dire infamy a prey Dark hatred scowls, and scorn quick passes by. Alas ! no traits of beauty or of birth No blush now lingers in his sunken face ! Dies every feeling (as he roams o'er earth) Of shame transmitted to a wandering race. 338 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYKT^EUS. But be it ours to guard this hallowed spot, To shield the tender offspring and the wife ; Here steadily await our destined lot, And, for their sakes, resign the gift of life. Ye valorous youths, in squadrons close combined, Rush, with a noble impulse, to the fight ! Let not a thought of life glance o'er your mind, And not a momentary dream of flight. Watch your hoar seniors, bent by feeble age, Whose weak knees fail, though strong their ardour glows ; Nor leave such warriors to the battle's rage, But round their awful spirits firmly close. Base base the sight, if, foremost on the plain, In dust and carnage the fall'n veteran roll ; And, ah ! while youths shrink back, unshielded, stain His silver temples, and breathe out his soul ! The remainder is omitted in the translation, on account of its in- delicacy. Priam's speech to Hector, Iliad, b. xxii., contains similar sentiments : Who dies in youth and vigour, dies the best, Struck through with wounds, all honest on the breast. But when the fates, in fulness of their rage, Spurn the hoar head of unresisting age, In dust the reverend lineaments deform, And pour to dogs the life-blood scarcely warm ; This, this is misery ! the last, the worst That man can feel ; man, fated to be curst ! II. 1 YET are ye Hercules' unconquered race Remand, heroic tribe, your spirit lost ! Not yet all-seeing Jove averts his face ; Then meet without a fear the thronging host. 1 The translator had, at first, given a different turn to this piece, in which there is confessedly great obscurity. He is still in doubt whether the following version does not better express the sentiments of Tyr- toeus: THE WAR-SONGS OF TYKT.EUS. 339 Each to the foe his steady shield oppose, Accoutred to resign his hateful breath : The friendly sun a mild effulgence throws On valour's grave, though dark the frown of death. Yes ! ye have known the ruthless work of war ! Yes ! ye have known its tears its heavy woe ; When, scattering in pale flight, ye rushed afar, Or chased the routed squadrons of the foe. Of those who dare, a strong compacted band, Firm for the fight their warrior-spirits link, And grapple with the foeman, hand to hand, How few, through deadly wounds expiring, sink ! YE are the race of Hercules a race Unvanquished in the fight, and nobly proud : Then stand for Jove not yet averts his face Then stand, superior to the hostile crowd. Fear not ; advancing to the bloody strife, Let each oppose his buckler to the foe ! And, ready to resign his load of life, Through fate's dark path, with warrior-spirit, go. Yet is that path delightful to the sun, His radiance smiling on heroic death! The military course ye oft have run : Then lightly value life's precarious breath. For ye have seen, on many a toilsome day, How sad the ruthless work of war appears ; Seen anger furious in the battle's bray, And Mars exulting in abundant tears. For ye have known, full well, the rage of war ; Whether, o'erpowered, your gasping squadrons bled, Or, scattered o'er the purple plains afar, Your victor-arms the foe in terror fled. If, as a learned friend of the Translator seems to think, the version in the text be a true representation of the original, this little poem was ad- dressed to a band of youths who had met with a repulse from the enemy. They had, at one time, been put to flight ; and, at another, been too eager to pursue ; both of which were accounted disgraceful. The poet exhorts them to be in readiness to lay down a life that must be hateful to them ; and meet the dark destiny of death, which the sun would behold with pleasure, as delighting in the grave of a warrior. z 2 tO THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRT^US. They, foremost in the ranks of battle, guard The inglorious multitude that march behind ; While shrinking fears the coward's step retard, And dies each virtue in the feeble mind. But 'tis not in the force of words to paint What varied ills attend the ignoble troop, Who trembling on the scene of glory faint, Or wound the fugitives that breathless droop. Basely the soldier stabs, with hurried thrust, The unresisting wretch, that shieldless flies ! At his last gasp dishonoured in the dust (His back transfixed with spears) the dastard lies ! Thus, then, bold youth, the rules of valour learn : Stand firm, and fix on earth thy rooted feet ; Bite with thy teeth thy eager lips ; and stern In conscious strength, the rushing onset meet : And shelter with thy broad and bossy shield Thy thighs and shins, thy shoulders and thy breast ; The long spear ponderous in thy right hand wield, And on thy head high nod the dreadful crest. Mark well the lessons of the warlike art, That teach thee, if the shield with ample round Protect thy bosom, to approach the dart, Nor choose with timid care the distant ground. But, for close combat with the fronting foe, Elate in valorous attitude draw near ; And aiming, hand to hand, the fateful blow, Brandish thy tempered blade or massy spear. Yes ! for the rage of stubborn grapple steeled, Grasp the sword's hilt, and couch the long-beat lance Foot to the foeman's foot, and shield to shield, Crest ev'n to crest, and helm to helm, advance. But ye light-armed, who, trembling in the rear, Bear smaller targets, at a distance, throw The hissing stone, or hurl the polished spear, (Placed nigh your panoply,) to mar the foe. THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRTJSUS. 341 III. I WOULD not value, or transmit the fame Of him whose brightest worth in swiftness lies ; Nor would I chaunt his poor unwarlike name, Who wins no chaplet but the wrestler's prize. In vain, for me, the Cyclops' giant might Blends with the beauties of Tithonus' form ; In vain the racer's agile powers unite, Fleet as the whirlwind of the Thracian storm. In vain, for me, the riches round him glow A Midas or a Cinyras possest ; Sweet as Adrastus' tongue his accents flow, Or Pelops' sceptre seems to stamp him blest. Vain all the dastard honours he may boast, If his soul thirst not for the martial field ; Meet not the fury of the rushing host, Nor bear o'er hills of slain the untrembling shield. This this is virtue : This the noblest meed That can adorn our youth with fadeless rays ; While all the perils of the adventurous deed, The new-strung vigour of the state repays. Amid the foremost of the embattled train, Lo, the young hero hails the glowing fight ; And, though fall'n troops around him press the plain, Still fronts the foe, nor brooks inglorious flight. His life his fervid soul opposed to death, He dares the terrors of the field defy ; Kindles each spirit with his panting breath, And bids his comrade -warriors nobly die ! See, see, dismayed, the phalanx of the foe Turns round, and hurries o'er the plain afar ; While doubling, as afresh, the deadly blow, He rules, intrepid chief, the waves of war. 342 THE WAR-SONGS OF TYBT^EUS. Now fall'n, the noblest of the van, he dies ! His city by the beauteous death renowned ; His low-bent father marking, where he lies, The shield, the breastplate, hacked by many a wound. The young the old, alike commingling tears, His country's heavy grief bedews the grave ; And all his race in verdant lustre wears Fame's richest wreath, transmitted from the brave. Though mixed with earth the perishable clay, His name shall live, while glory loves to tell, " True to his country how he won the day, How firm the hero stood, how calm he fell ! " But if he 'scape the doom of death, (the doom To long long dreary slumbers,) he returns, While trophies flash, and victor-laurels bloom, And all the splendour of the triumph burns. The old the young caress him, and adore ; And with the city's love, through life, repaid, He sees each comfort, that endears, in store, Till, the last hour, he sinks to Pluto's shade. Old as he droops, the citizens, o'erawed, (Ev'n veterans,) to his mellow glories yield ; Nor would in thought dishonour or defraud The hoary soldier of the well-fought field. Be yours to reach such eminence of fame ; To gain such heights of virtue nobly dare, My youths ! and, 'mid the fervour of acclaim, Press, press to glory ; nor remit the war ! IV. ROUSE, rouse, my youths ! the chain of torpor break ! Spurn idle rest, and couch the glittering lance ! What ! does not shame with blushes stain your cheek Quick-mantling, as ye catch the warrior's glance ? THE WAR-SONGS OF TYRTvEUS. 343 Ignoble youths ! say, when shall valour's flame Burn in each breast ? Here, here, while hosts invade, And war's wild clangours all your courage claim, Ye sit, as if still peace embowered the shade. But, sure, fair honour crowns the auspicious deed, When patriot love impels us to the field ; When, to defend a trembling wife, we bleed, And when our sheltered offspring bless the shield. What time the fates ordain, pale death appears : Then, with firm step and sword high drawn, depart ; And, marching through the first thick shower of spears. Beneath thy buckler guard the intrepid heart. Each mortal, though he boast celestial fires, Slave to the sovereign destiny of death, Or mid the carnage of the plain expires, Or yields unwept at home his coward breath. Yet sympathy attends the brave man's bier ; Sees on each wound the balmy grief bestowed ; And, as in death the universal tear, Through life inspires the homage of a god. For like a turret his proud glories rise, And stand, above the rival's reach, alone ; While millions hail, with fond, adoring eyes, The deeds of many a hero meet in one ! THE END. JOHN CH1LDS AND SON, BUNGAV. OTotalogue of NEW BOOKS AT REDUCED PRICES. PUBLISHED OK SOLD BY HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. THE COSIPLF.TK CATALOGUE OF NKW BOOKS AND KKMAI.NDKES, IK 100 PAOK3, KA.V BK HAD GRATIS. *.* All the Books advertised in the pretftit Catalogue are neatly boarded in clolk, or bound. FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, PAINTING, HERALDRY, ANTIQUITIES, TOPOGRAPHY, SPORTING. PICTORIAL AND HIGHLY ILLUSTRATED WORKS. ETC. ETC. >NGLER'S SOUVENIR. Fcnp. Svo, embellished with upwards of 60 beautiful Engravings on Steel by BKC-KWITM ami TOPIIAM, and hundreds of engraved Borders, every paije being sur- rounded (pul>. at 18..), cloth, gilt, 9,. TM, 18 ARTISTS BOOK OF FABLES, comprising a Series of Original Fable',, illustrated by 280 exquisitely beautiful Kngravinps on Woad, by HARVEY and other eminent Artists, after De- siirus by the late JAMES NOKTHCOTE, K.A. Post Svo, Portrait (pub. at 11. Is.), cloth. Bill, Ot. 1845 BARBER'S ISLE OF WIGHT. 42 fine Steel Plates, and DR. MAKTELL'S GEOLOGICAL MAT. Svo, (tilt, cloth, Ills. (id. 184 BEWICK'S SELECT FABLES, with a Memoir, 8vo, with several Portraits of Bewick, and upwards of :iju I'.i.L-ravings on Wood, original impressions (puh. at li. !..), bill. 10>. AfKwuMr, 1820 BILLINGTON'S ARCHITECTURAL DIRECTOR, being n approved Guide to Archi- tects. lir.iuirhtsn.cn. Students, Rtiilders, and Workmen, to which is added a History i.f the Art, &c. anil a Glossary of Architecture. New Kdition, enlarged, Svo, loo Platei.cluth lettered (pub. at II. 81.) In.-. Kd. 1U48 BOOK OF COSTUME, from the earliest period to the present time. Upwards of 200 beautiful Engraving? 01 W;od, hy LIKTOK. Svo (pub. at II. !.), gilt cloth, gilt edges, 10.. Oi/. 1847 BOOK OF GEMS, OR THE POETS AND ARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Mui.Ttr.AnV, etc. etc.; also numerous Autographs (pub. at 4/. Hi. 6d.) Cloth eiet-antly jjilt] 2i. it., or in morocco, 31. 3i. BOOK OP GEMS, OR THE MODERN POETS AND ARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN, svo. so exquisitely beautiful Line Engravings afterTuRNBR, BOMKGTOK, elc. BOOK OF RAPHAEL'S CARTOONS, BY CATTERMOLE. Svo. with an r,ui.ite Portrait of Raphael, a View of Hampton Court, and seven very hishly finished Steel Engrav- ings of the celebrated Cartoons at Hamptoi. Court (p'j v .. K lii.), cloth, gilt, Ji. 6d. 184S BOOK OF SHAKSPEARE GEMS. A Series of I.nnd^ape Illustrations of the most inte- resting localities of Shakspeare's Dramas ; with Historical and Descriptive Accounts, by WASHINGTON IRVING. JESSE, \V. HOWITT, WORHSWOETH, INGLIS. and others. vo, w!Ji 4i hlzhly-ria-.sheiS Steel Engnvinjfs (pub. at \l. 11*. 6(/.) gilt cloth, 14J. '^*i BOOK OF WAVERLY GEMS. A SHesof64hiKhlv-ftnli;ied Line Engravings c'tli' tot ctliers, after Pictures by LESLIE," STOTHARD. COOPKR. Hi WARII, lie., witb illustralive lls*r- IM, 8vo. (pub. at U. 111. lid.), cloth, elegaotlv gut, lit. If * CATALOGUE OK KKW BOOKS BROCKEDONS PASSES OF THE ALPS. 2 vols. medium 4to. Containing 109 beantifu: Engravings (pub. at I"/. 101. in hoards), half-bound morocco, gilt edge*, 3i. 13. 6d. 1820 BRITTONS CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LINCOLN, let*. BRYAN'S DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS AND ENGRAVERS. New Edition, cor- rected, greatly enlarged, and continued to ine present time, by GEOHGK STANLEY, Esq., com- plete in one larxe volume, impl. Svo, numerous plates of monograms, 21. It. BULWER'S PILGRIMS OF THE RHINE. Svo. Embellished with 27 exquisite Line Bn- gravings after David Roberts, Maclise, and 1'arriii (pub. at it. Hi. Gd.), cloth gilt, lit. BURNETT'S ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS ON PAINTING, 4to, 12 fine Plates, cloth (pub. at U. 2.1.), I/. Is. 1842 the same, large paper, royal 4to, proof impressions of Plates, cloth (pub. at tl 4.), 21. 2. CANOVA'S WORKS, engraved in outline by Moses, with Descriptions and a Biographical Memoir by Ctcognan. :< vols. imp. Svo, lii plates, and flue Portrait by Worthinicton, half- bound morocco (pub. at 61. 12.i.) U. 5s. _ the same, 3 vols. 4to, large paper, half-bound, uncut (pub. at 91. 18.), tl 4j. ^ the same, 3 volg. 4to, large paper, India Proofs, in parts, (pub. at lit. 15.) Tl. 10. CARTER'S ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF ENGLAND. Illustrated by 103 Copper- plate Engravings, comprising upwards of 'loo Thousand specimens. Edited by JOHN Sa.it- ION, Ese. Royal folio (pub. at \2t. 12.), half-bound morocco, 4/. 4. 1837 CARTER'S ANCIENT SCULPTURE AND PAINTING NOW REMAINING IN ENGLAND, from the Earliest Period 10 the lit igii of Henry VIII. With Historical and Critical Illustrations, by DOUCE, GOUOH, M EYR CK, DAW.SOX TUR.VKII, and BRITTON. Royal folio, with 120 large Engravings, many of wlil-h are Beautifully coloured, and several illuminated with gold (pub. at \jl. 13.). Half- bound morocco, 8(. 8a. 1838 CARTER'S GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, and Ai cient Buildings in England, with 12* Views, etched by himself. 4 vols. square 12mo (pub. .it 21. 2.), half morocco, Iw. 1824 CATLIN'S NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 2 v to. impl. STO. 360 Engravings (pnb. at 2t. 12.1. 6. M. 1842 CORNWALL, >>N ILLUSTRATED ITINERARY OF; including Historical and Descrip^ live Account*. Imperial 8vo, illustrated by 118 beautiful Engravings on Steel and Wood, by LAKDELLR, HIHCHCI.IFPB, JACKSOX, WILLIAMS, SLY, etc. after drawings by CasswicK. (Pub. at IBs. ), half morocco, 8. 1842 Cornwall is undoubtedly the most interesting county in England. CORONATION OF GEORGF. THE FOURTH, by SIR GEOROK NATLKR. in a Series of above 40 magnificent Paintings of the Procession, Ceremonial, and Banquet, ccrrvrehending faithful port raits of many of the distinguished Individuals who were present; wnn historical and dxcriptive ietter-pfe&s, atlas folio (pub. at !>'2t. Hu.j, half bound morocco, gilt edges, 111. li. COTMAN'S SEPULCHRAL BRASSES IN NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK, tending ta iilofttrate tl*e Ecclesiastical, Military, and Civil Costume of former ages, with Letter-presa Ejcrijitiojia, etc. by DAWSON TURNER, Sir S. MUVIICK, etc. 173 FUtes. The enamelled Brasiu are splendidly illuminated, 2 vol. iir.pl. 4to half-bound morocco gilt edges, W. 6i. ltt. toe same, iarg* paper, imperial folio, half morocco, (Ut oJfi, HI. it. PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. COTMAN'S ETCHINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS in Triou conatlei U England, with Letter-press Descriptions hy RICKMAN. 2 vols. imperial folio, containing 1M Highly spirited Etchings (pub. at ytl.), half morocco, 81. Si. 18JS DANIELL'S ORIENTAL SCENERY AND ANTIQUITIES. The original magnifies* edition, 1:>0 splendid coloured Views, oc the largest scale, of the Architecture, Anuquitie, and Landscape Scenery of Hiudoostan, 6 vols. in 3, elephant folio (pub. at 21t)l.), elegantly half- bound morocco, 52(. 10s. OANIELLS ORIENTAL SCENERY, 6 vols. In 3, small folio, ISO Platei (pub, at !. 18*. half-hound morocco, G/. 6. ThU is reduced .VDUI the preceding larjs work, and is uncoloured. DANIELL'S ANIMATED NATURE, being Picturesque Delineations of the most interesdng Subjects from all Branches of Natural History, 125 Engravings, with Letter-press !>c^nptioni 2 vols. small folio (pub. at 15(. 15*.), halt morocco (uniform with the Oriental Scenery), 3(. 31. DON QUIXOTE, PICTORIAL EDITION. Translated by JARVIS, carefully revised- With a coniuus original Memoir of Cervantes. Illustrated hy upwards of 820 heautiful Wood Engravings, after the celebrated Designs of TONY JOHANXOT, including 16 new and beautiful lare Cuts, by AKMSTKONG, now fiist added. 2 vols. royal 8vo (pub. at 2t. 10.), cloth gilt, II. 8J. 184* DDL* J>) GALLERY, a Series of 50 Beautifully Coloured Plates from the most Celebrated Pici-jj>, In this Remarkable Collection- executed by K. COCKEVKN (Custodian). All mounted on Tinted Card-boar.l in the manner o Drawings, imperial folio, including 4 very large additional Plates, published separately at Tom 3 to 4 guineas each, and not before included in the Series. In a handsome portfolio, th morocco back (pub. at 40.), 16(. 18. "This is one of the most splendid and inlereMii. of the British Picture Galleries, and has for some years beer, quite unattainable, even at the full price." EGYPT AND THE PYRAMIDS. COL. VYSE'S GREAT WORK ON THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH. With an Appendix, hy J. S. PERKING, Es., on the Pyramids at Abou Koash, the Fayoum, &c. Sc. 2 vols. imperial 8vo, with Mi Plates, lithographed hy HAG HE (pub. at 21. 12. Cd.), 1(. It. 1840 EGYPT PERRING'S FIFTY-EIGHT LARGE VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, ABOU ROASH, &c. Drawn from actual Survey and Admeasurement. With Notes and References to Col. Vyse's great Work, also to Deno'n, the jrreat French Work on Egypt, Roscllini, Belzuni. liurckhardt, Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Lane, and others. 3 Parts, elephant folio, the size of the great French " Egypte" (pub. at li/. 15*.). Ill priuteu wrappers, 31. 3t.; half-bound morocco, U. Us. 6d. 1842 ENGLEFIELD'S ISLE OF WIGHT. 4to. so large Plates, Engraved by COOKE, and a Geo logical Map (pub. "(. 7.), cloth, 21. it. J8 1 6 FLAXMAN'S HOMER. Seventy-five beautiful Compositions to the ILIAD and ODYSSEY, engraved under FLAXMAN'S inspection, by PIROLI, MOSES, and BLAKE. 2 vols. oblong folio (pub. at it. 5.), boards 21. 2s. 180 j FLAXMAN'S ASCHYLUS, Thirty-she beautiful Compositioni from. Oblong folio (pub. at 21. 12.. 6jipuo. at li. It.], gilt c^.th, lo. 6d. ThU edition contains a translation of tha original poem, witn historical and descriptive notia. B CATALOGUE OP NEW BOOKS GOODWIN'S DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE A Sories of New Designs for Mansions Villas, Rectory-Houses, Parsonage-Houses; Bailiff's, Gardener's, Gamekeeper's, ami Park- Gate Lodges: Cottases and other Residences, in the Grecian, Italian, and Old English Style of Architecture : with Estimates. 2 vols. royal 4to, 90 Plates (pub. at il. 5.), cloth, 2<. 12. W. ^RINDLAY'S (CAPT.) VIEWS IN fNDIA, SCENERY, COSTUME, AND ARCHh TECTURE : chic <1 on the Western Side of India. Atlas .(to. Consisting of 3ii most beauti- fully coloured Plates, highly linishcd. in imitation of Drawings; with Descriptive Lettei- press. iPuh. at 121. 12.), half-hound morocco. Kilt eilses, 8(. 8. 183 This is perhaps the most exquisitely-coloured volume of landscapes ever produced. HANSARD'S ILLUSTRATED BOOK OF ARCHERY. Being the complete History and Practice of the Art: interspersed with numerous Anecdotes; forming a complete Manual for tht K~wman. 8vo. Illustrated by 39 beautiful Line Engravings, exquisitely finished, by ENGLEHI.ART, PoRTBURY, etc., after Designs by STEPHA.NOFF (pub. at 11. lit. ik/.), gilt cloth, 10. M. HARRIS'S GAME AND WILD ANIMALS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Large imp'.: folio. 30 beautifully coloured Engravings, with 30 Vignettes of Heads, Skins, &c. (pub. at 101. 10...), hf. morocco, til. 6s. 1844 HARRIS'S WILD SPORTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Impl. 8vo. 26 beautifully co- loured Engravings, and a Map (pub. at 21. 2s.), giit cloth, gilt edges, 11. It. 1844 HEATH'S CARICATURE SCRAP BOOK, on SO Sheets, containing upwards of 1000 Comic Subjects after SEYMOUR, CKUIKSHANK. PHIZ, and other eminent Caricaturists, oblong folio {pub. at 2(. 2.), cloth, pit, 15. This clever and entertaining volume Is now enlarged by ten additional sheets, each eon-' taining numerous subjects. It includes the whole of Heath's Omnium Gatherum, both Scries; Illustrations of Demonolo-y and Witchcraft; Old Ways and New Ways; Nautical Dictionary; Scenes in London; Sayings and Doings, etc.; a series of humorous illustrations of Proverbs, artist it would he found a most valuable collection of studies; and to the family circle a con- stant source of unexceptionable amusement. HOGARTH'S WORKS ENGRAVED BY HIMSELF. 153 One Plates (including the two well-known " suppressed Plates"), with elaborate Letter- mess Descrintions. bv J. NICHOLS. Atlas folio (pub. at 50*.), half-bound moroc suppressed plates, Tl. 7. HOLBEIN S COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH. A Series of 80 exquisitely beantifulj Portraits, engraved by BARTOI.OZZI, COOFER, and others, In imitation of the original Drawing preserved in the Royal Collection at Windsor; with Historical and Biographical Letter-press by E DM us n LODGE, ESQ. Published bv JOHN- CHAMBERI.AINE. Imperial 4to (pub. at 15*. 15.), half-bound morocco, full gilt back anil edges, 51. 15. 6d. 1812 HOFLANDS BRITISH ANGLER'S MANUAL; Edited by EPWARI> JKSSK, ESQ.; or,' the Art of Angling in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland; including a Pisratorial Account of the principal Rivers, Lakes, and Trout Streams; with Instructions in Fly Fishing, Trolling,, and Angling of every Description. With upwards of HO exquisite Plates, many of which are, highly-finished Landscapes engraved on Steel, the remainder beautifully engraved on Wood. 8vo, elegant in gilt cloth, 12. 1S4S HOPE'S COSTUME OF THE ANCIENTS. Illustrated in upwards of 320 beautifully- engraved Plates, containing Representations of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Habit.s and Dresses. 2 vols. royal 6vo, New Edition, with nearly 20 additional Plates, boards, reduced to 21. is. lift! HOWARD (FRANK) ON COLOUR, as a MEANS of ART, being an adaptation of the Expe- rience of Professorate the practice of Amateurs, illustrated by 18 coloured Plates, post gvo, cloth gilt, 8>. In this able volume are shown the ground colours in which the most celebrated painters worked. It is very valuable to the connoisseur, as well as the student, in painting and water- colour drawing. HOWARD'S (HENRY, R. A.) LECTURES ON PAINTING. Delivered at the Royal Academy, with a Memoir, by his son, FRANK HOWARD, large postsvo, cloth, 7. Cd. 1848 HOWARD'S (FRANK) SPIRIT OF SHAKSPEARE. 483 fine outline Plates, illustrative of all the principal Incidents in the Dramas of our national Bard, 5 vols. 8vo (pub. at 141. 8. ), clih, 11. 2. 1827 J3 : ** The 483 Plates may be had without the letter-press, for illustrating all Svo editions of* Shakspeare, for U'. 11. <;./. HUMPHREY'S (H. NOEL) ART OF ILLUMINATION AND MISSAL PAINTING, illustrated with 12 splendid Examples from the Great Masters of the Art, selected from MissaltJ all l>*tttifuily illuminated. Square 12rno, decorated binding, 11. It. HUMPHREY'S COiNS OF ENGLAND, a Sketch of the progress of the English Coinage, from the earliest period to the present time, with 228 beautiful fac-similes of the most interest- ing specimens, illuminated in gold, silver, ami copper, square Svo, neatly decorated binding, 1S. HUNT'S EXAMPLES OF TUDOR ARCHITECTURE ADAPTED TO MODERN HABITATIONS. Royal 4to, 37 Plates (pub. at 21. 2.), half morocco 11. 4. HUNT'S DESIGNS FOR PARSONAGE-HOUSE?- ".MS-HOUSES, ETC. Royal 4to 11 Plates (p-b. at U. U.), Ualf morw.-e", MI. *" PUBLISHED OR SOLD BT II. G. BOHN. HUNTS DESIGNS FOR GATE LODGES, GAMEKEEPERS' COTTAGES, ETC- Royal 4to, 13 Plates (Uvij. ut U. If.), half morocco, 14. 1841 HUNTS ARCHITETTURA CAMPESTRE; OR, DESIGNS FOR LODGES, GAR- DENERS' HOUSES, ETC. IN THE ITALIAN STXLE. 12 Plates, royal 4to (pub. at 1(. It.), lialf morocco, Hi. IttuT ILLUMINATED BOOK OF CHRISTMAS CAROLS, squaresvo. 24 Border* illuminated in Gold and Colours, and 4 beautiful Miniatures, riciiiy Ornamented Binding (pub. at 11, .".<, loj. 1846 ILLUMINATED BOOK OF NEEDLEWORK, By MRS. OWEN, with a History of Needle- work, bv the COUNTESS of WILTON, Coloured Plates, post 8vo (pub. at ISj.), gilt cloth, 'js. 1S47 ILLUMINATED CALENDAR FOR 1850. Copied from a celebrated Missal known as the " Hours" ofibe Duke of Anjou, imperial Hvo, 30 exquisite Miniatures and Borders, in gold and colours, Ornamented Btndinf (pub. at 21. 2j.), Ijt. ILLUSTRATED FLY-FISHERS TEXT BOOK. A Complete Gv.ide to the Science of Trout. and Salmon Fishing. By THEOPHILUS SOUTH, GF.ST. (En. CHJTTY, BARRISTER). With- 23 beautiful Engravings on Steel, alter Paintings hy COOPER, NEWTON, FIELCIKU, LEE, and others. 8vo (pub. at I/. 111. Oil.), cloth, gilt, lo>. 6d. 1&45 ITALIAN SCHOOL CF DESIGN. Consisting of 100 Platen, chiefly engraved by BARTO- LOZZI, after the original Pictures and Drawings of GUERCINO, MICHAEL AnoKLO, DOMENI- ciuxo, AxxniALE, Lunovico. and AGOSTINO ORACCI, PIETRO DA CORTONA, CARLO MA- RATTI, and others, in the Collection of Her Majesty. Imperial 4to (pub. at 10,'. 10i.), half mo- rocco, gilt edges, 3(. 3s. 1812 JAMES' (G. P. R.) BOOK OF THE PASSIONS, royal Svo, illustrated with 16 splendid MEADOWS, and JENKINS; engraved under the superintendence of CHARI.I-.S HEATH. New and improved edition (just published), elegant in gilt cloth, giit edges (pub. at U. 11. 6d.) 129. JAMESON'S BEAUTIES OF THE COURT OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 2vols. impl. Svc, 21 beautiful Portraits (pub. at 21. 5J.), cloth, It. la. 1838 JOHNSON'S SPORTSMAN'S CYCLOPEDIA of the Science and Practice ofthe Field, the vol. 8vo, illustrated with upwards of 50 Steel Engravings, alter COOPER, WARD, HANCOCK, and others (pub. at 11. 11). Id,), clotb, Ui. KNIGHTS (HENRY GALLY), ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE OF ITALY, FROM THE TIME OF CONSTANT1NE TO THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. With an resting Views of Ecclesiastical Buildings in Italy, several of which are expensivelyillum'inated in gold and colours, half-hound morocco, bl. J.i. 1843 Second and Concluding Series, containing 41 beautiful and highly-interesting Views of Eccle- siastical Buildings in Italy, arranged in Chronological Order; with Descriptive Letter-press. Imperial folio, but-bound morocco, 5(. ij. 1844 KNIGHTS (HENRY GALLY) SARACENIC AND NORMAN REMAINS. Toillui- trate the Norman in Sh'ily. Imperial folio. 3d large Engravings, consisting of Picturesque Views, Architectural Remains, Interiors ar.d Exteriors of Buildings, with Descriptive Letter- press. Coloured like Drawings, half-bound morcco, 8/. 8. ista Hut verv few copies are now first executed in this expensive manner. KNIGHT S PICTORIAL LONDON. 6 vols. bound in 3 thick handsome vols. Imperial 8vo, illustrated by Gio Wood Engravings (pub. at 31. 3.), cloth, gilt, II. 1S. 1841-44 LONDON-WILKINSON S LONDINA ILLUSTRATA ; OR, GRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS of the most Interesting and Curious Architectural Monuments of the City and Suburbs of London and Westminster, r.g.. Monasteries, Churches, Charitable Foundations, Palaces, Halls, Courts, Processions, Places of early Amusements, Theatres, and Old Houses. > vols. imperial Jto, containing 207 Copper-plate Engraving*, with Historical and Descriptive Letter-press (pub. at Ml. S.), half-bound morocco, ii. it. 1819-25 LOUDON'S EDITION OF REPTO/J ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. New Edition, 250 Wojd Cuts, Poitrait, thick 8v&, cloth letu-red (pub. at It. 1U.), 15. LYSONS ENVIRONS OF LONDON; being an Historical Account of the Towns, Villages and Hamlets in the Counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Htnt, and Middlesex, 5 vols. 4to, Plnte (pub. at 10/. K>i. ), cloth, 2/. 10. The same, large paper, 5 rol. royal 4to (pub. at IS/. 13.), c!oth, 31. it. MACGREGORS PROGRESS OF AMERICA FROM THE DISCOVERY BY COLUMBUS, to the year 1S4G, comprising its History and Statistics, 3 remarkably thick volumes, imperial o. cloth lettered (pub. at 41. lit. 6d.), 1(. 1U. (W. 1*47 MARTIN'S CIVIL COSTUME OF ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the PitsentPerwA from Tapes' ry, MSS. Ke Woynl tte 61 P^i.i, buiif-jUj Illuiuiiiated in Gol cloth, flit, 21. Ui. 64. CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS MEYRICK'S PAINTED ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANCIENT ARMS AND ARMOUR, a Critical Inquirv into Ancient Armour as it existed in Europe, hut particularly in England, from the Norman Conquest 10 the Reign of Charles II, with a Glossary, etc. by SIR SAMUEL BUSH MEYRICK, L1..1)., F.8.A., etc., new and greatly improved Edition, corrected and en- larged throughout by the Author himself, with the assistance of Literary and Antiquarian Friends (ALBEKT WAV, etc.), 3 vols. imperial 4to, illustrated by more than 100 Plates, ipiendidly illuminated, mostly in gold and silver, exhibiting some ol the finest Specimens existing iii England; also a new Plate of the Tournament of Locks and Keys (pub. at 211.), half-hound morocco, gilt edges, in;. 10. 184* SIR WALTER SCOTT justly describes this collection as "THE INCOMPARABLE ARMOURY." -.Edmburuh Keview. MEYRICK'S DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT ARMS AND ARMOUR, in the Collec- tion of Goodrich Court, 150 Engravings by Jos. SKELTOK, 2 vols. folio (pub. at IK. 11.), half morocco, top edges gilt, II. Us. 6d. MILLINGEN'S ANCIENT UNEDITED MONUMENTS; comprising Painted Greek Vases, Statues, Busts, lias-Reliefs, and other Remain* of Grecian Art. 02 large and beautiful Engravings, mostly coloured, with Letter-press Descriptions, imperial 4to (pub. at ili. 9.), half morocco, 4(. Hi. 6d. 1822 MOSES 1 ANTIQUE VASES, CANDELABRA, LAMPS, TRIPODS, PATERA, Tazzas, Tombs, Mausoleums, Sepulchral Chambers, Cinerary Urns, Sarcophagi, Cippi; and other Ornaments. 1711 Plates, se-eral of which are coloured, with Letter-press, by HOPE, small Svo (pub. at .U. 3s.j, cloth, II. is. 1S14 MURPHY'S ARABIAN ANTIQUITIES OF SPAIN; representing, in lOO very highly finished line Engravings, by LE K.EUX, FiNf.Bx, LANUSiitR, G. COOKE, &c., the most remarkable Remains of the Architecture, Sculpture, Paintincs, and Mosaics of the Spanish Arabs now existing in the Peninsula, including the magnificent Palace of Alhambra; the celebrated Mosque and Bridge at Cordova; tli Royal Villa of Generalise; and the Casa de Carbon : accompanied by Letter-press Descriptions, in 1 vol. atlas folio, original and brilliant impressions of the Plates (pub. at42(.), half morocco, 121. Us. 1813 MURPHY'S ANCIENY CHURCH OF BATALHA, IN PORTUGAL, Plans, Ele- vations, Sections, and Views of the; with its History and Description, and an Introductory Discourse on GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, imperial folio, 27 fine Copper Plates, engraved by LOWRI- (pub. at 61. 6s.}, half morocco, U. 8s. 1795 NAPOLEON GALLERY; Or Illustrations of the Life and Times ofthe Emperor, with 99 Etching* on Steel by REVEIL, and other eminent Artists, in one thick volume post 8vo. (pub. at II. Is.}, gilt cloth, gilt edges, 10j. 6d. 184S NICOLASS (SIR HARRIS) HISTORY OF THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE; with an Account oi the Medals, Crosses, and Clasps which have been conferred for Naval and Military Services ; together with a History of the Order of the Guelphs of Hanover. 4 yols. Imperial 4to, splendidly printed and illustrated bv numerous fine Woodcuts of Badges, Crosses, Collars, Stars, Med'als, Ribbands, Clasps, etc. and many large Plates, illuminated in gold and colours, including full-length Portraits of Queen Vic- toria, Prince Albert, the King of Hanover, and the Dukes of Cambridge and Sussex. (Pub. at 14i. 14.), cloth, with morocco backs, si. 15. (3d. *** Complete to 1847 i the same, with the Plates richly coloured but not illuminated, and without the extra portraits, 4 vols. royal 4to. cloth, 31. 10s. 6d. "Sir Harris Nicolas has produced the first comprehensive History of the British Orders of Knighthood; and it is mu nj the moat elaborate ly prepared and tplemKtUy printed uiorki that ever issued from the /rcs.i. The Author appears to us to have neglected no sources of information, and to have exhausted them, as far as regards the general scope and purpose of the inquiry. The Graphical Illustrations are such as become a work of this character upon such a subject; at, ofcourse, ,- lavish cost. The resources of the recently revived art of wood-engraving have been 7on'l>i,,ed with the new art of printing in colours, so as to produce a rich effect, almost rivallii.y. that ofthe monastic illuminations. Such a book u sun ofaplnrr in eaery great Library. It c mtainn matter calculated to interest extensive classes of readers, and we hope by our specimen to excite their curiosity." Quarterly Review. NICHOLSON'S ARCHITECTURE; ITS PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. 218 Plates by LOWRV, new edition, revised by Jos. GWILI, ESQ., c-r.e volume, royal Svo, lulls. Cd. 1848 For classical Architecture, the text book ofthe Profession, the n-.oM usef'.;! Guide to the Student, and the best Compendium for the Amateur. An eminent Architect has declared it to he "not only the most useful book of the kind ever published, bui absolutely indispen- sable to the Student." PICTORIAL HISTORY OF GERMANY DURING THE REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, including a complete History of the Seven Years' War. By FRANCIS KL-CJLKR. 1 llustratcd by ADOLPII MEXZEL. Royal Svo, with above 500 Woodcuts (pub. at II. St.}, clotb gilt, 12J. 184i PICTORIAL GALLERY OF rTACE-HORSES. Containing Portraits of all the Winninj Horses ofthe Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger Stakes during the last Thirteen Year*, and a His- tory ofthe principal Operations of the Turf. By WILIJRAKK (vito. Tattersai), Esq.). Royal Svo, comainiig HS beautiful Engravings of Horses, after Pictures hy COOI-EH, HERRING, HANCOCK, ALKEJ., sc. Also full-length characteristic Portraits of celebrated living Sports- men ("Cracki of the '.)?"), by SSYHOVA (?"*>. at 21. 21.), scarlet cloth, gilt, ll. It. PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY H. G. BOHN. PICTURESQUE TOUR OF THE RIVER THAMES, in its Western CourBe, Including particular Descrii.tions of Richmond, Windsor, and Hamoton Coun. By JOHN FISHEX MURRAY. Illustfawd V upwards of 100 very highly-finished Wood Engravings hy ORRIIC SMITH, BRANSTOX, LASDKM.S, LINTON, and oilier eminent artists; to which are added evcril beautiful Copper and Steel Plate Engravings >>y COOKJC and others. One Urge hand- some volume, royal 8vo (pun. at 11. 5.|, gilt cloth, lu. 6d. IMS The most beautiful volume of Topographical Lignographs ever produced. PINELLIS ETCHINGS OF ITALIAN MANNERS AND COSTUME, including hi* Carnival, Banditti, Sic., 27 Plates, imperial 4to, half-hound morocco, lat. Home, 1MO PRICE (SIR UVEDALE) ON THE PICTURESQUE in Scenery and Landscar- Garden- iiiL', with an Essay on the Origin of Taste, and much additional matter. My Sir THOMAS Die* LADDER, Bart. 8vo, with CO beautiful Wood Engravings by MOS.CAGU SIAKLET (pub. at 11. la.), gilt cloth, 12i. 1842 PUGIN'S GLOSSARY OF ECCLESIASTICAL ORNAMENT AND COSTUME; setting forth the Origin, History, and Signification of the vario t Emblems, Devices, and Sym- bolical Colours, peculiar to Christian Designs of the Middle Ages. Illustrated by nearly 88 PUtts, splendidly printed in gold and colours. Royal 4to, half morocco extra, top edges gilt, PUGIN'S ORNAMENTAL TIMBER GABLES, selected from Ancient Examples in En-land and Normandy. Koyal 4t<>, :<0 Plates, cloth, 11. 1. 1830 tUGIN'S EXAMPLES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, selected from Ancient Edifices in England ; consisting of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Parts at large, with Histo- rical and Descriptive letter-press, illustrated hy 1'25 Engravings by LB Kuux. 3 vols. ( pub. at 121. U'. ), cloth, 71. l?. (W. 1839 'UGIN'S GOTHIC ORNAMENTS. 90 fine Plates, drawn on Stone by J. D. HAuine and others. Royal 4to, half morocco, 31. 3*. 1844 UGIN'S NEW WORK ON FLORIATED ORNAMENT, with 30 plate., splendidly primed in Gold and Colours, royal 4to, elegantly bound in cloth, with rich gold ornaments, Jl. 3!. RADCLIFFE'S NOBLE SCIENCE OF FOX-HUNTING, for the use of Sportsmen, royal sv.i., nearly 40 beautiful Wood Cuts of Hunting, Hounds, Sic. (pub. at 11. 8.), cloth gilt, Ids. itl. 1839 RETZSCH'S OUTLINES TO SCHILLER'S "FIGHT WITH THE DRAGON," Royal 4to., containin- 10 Plates, Engraved hy MOSES, stiff covers, 7. 6d. RETZSCH'S ILLUSTRATIONS TO SCHILLER'S "FRIDOLIN," Royal 4to., contain- ing 8 Plates, Engraved by MOSES, stiff covers, 4>. M. REYNOLDS' (SIR JOSHUA^ GRAPHIC WORKS. 300 beautiful Engravings (com- prising nearly 4011 nulyects) after this delightful painter, engraved on Steel by S. W. Reynolds. 3 vols. folio ('pub. HMtt), half bound morocco, gilt edges, 121. 12. REYNOLDS' (SIR JOSHUA) LITERARY WORKS. Comprising his Discourses, delivered at the Royal Academy, on the Theory and Practice of Painting; his Journey U .,andcrs and Holland, with Criticisms on Pictures; Du Fresnoy's Art of Painting, with Notei - j which is prefixed, a Memoir of the Author, with Remarks illustrative of his Principles and nactioc, hy BEECHEY. New Edition. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, with Portrait (pub. at 18*.), gilt .oth. ]',!. 1846 "His admirable Discourses contain such a body of just criticism, clothed in snch perspicuous, elcyant, and nervous language, that it is no exaggerated panegyric to assert, that they will last as long as the Knclinh tongue, and contribute, not less than the productions of his pencil, to ROBINSON'S RURAL ARCHITECTURE; being a Series of Designs for Ornamental Cottages, in !ifi Piatw, with Estimates. Fourth, greatly improved, Edition. Royal 4to (pub. at 41. 4s.}, half morocco, Zi. 5. ROBINSON'S NEW SERIES OF ORNAMENTAL COTTAGES AND VILLA*. 56 Plates by HARDING and ALLOM. Royal 4to, half morocco, 21. 2. ROBINSON'S ORNAMENTAL VILLAS, 96 PlaUs (pub. at 4J. 4..), half morocco, U.U. ROBINSON'S FARM BUILDINGS. 56 Plates (pub. at 2(. 2.), half morocco, II. lit. td. ROBINSON'S LODGES AND PARK ENTRANCES. Plates (pub. at tl. .), half morocco, It. lit. Hit. ROBINSON'S VILLAGE ARCHITECTURE. Fourth Edition, with additional Plate. Plates (pub t U. 16..), half hound uniform. 11. 4x. , sio- .a ROBINSON'S NEW VITRUVIUS BRITANNICUS; ^^^"JJj"*!,^., Kngllsh Mansions, viz., Wohurn Abbey, Hatfield House, and Hardwicke Hall also Cassio bury House, by JOHN BRITTOK, imperial folio, 40 fine engravings, by La K.BBX (pub.a Ui, Ut.) half morocco, gilt edges, 31. Uj. fid. ROYAL VICTORIA GALLERY, comprising S3 beauUfu, Engravinr', ner *<*" BUCKINGHAM PALACE, particularly RRMBRANUT, the OSTAPES, 1 "s, ..*%*% * u,,,i, d'vi- HpvxcirDs TITIAS and RUBENS, engraved by OREATBACH, s. W Bo^s"'ft^^"^K" : wSriWU^Pwi 5 USLt, royal 4to (pub. ' 41. 4>.), ^If morocco. W. Hi. W. CATALOGUE OF NE\r BOOKS RUDING'S ANNALS OF THE COINAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. Three vols., 4to., U9 plates, (pul>. at el. 6j.) cloth, 4J. 4... 1841 SHAKSPEARE PORTFOLIO; a Series of 90 GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS, after Designs \,j the most eminent British Artists, including Smirke, Stothard, Stephnoff, Cooper. Weitall. Hi. ton, Leslie, Brings, Corhould, Clint, xc., beautifully rnsrraved by Heath, Greatbach, Ilohinson, Pye, Fimlcn, Eoglehart, Armstrong, Kofls, and other* (pub at si. in.), iu a cse, with leather hack, imperial 8vu, 1(. li. SHAW AND BRIDGENS' DESIGNS FOR FURN !TURE, with Candelabra and Interior Decoration, 6) Plates, royal 4to, (put), at 3/. :u.), half-bound, uncut, it. Hi. M. 1831 Tlie same, large paper, linpl. 4to, the Plates coloured (pub. at 61. 6s.), hf.-bd., uncut, 31. 3i. SHAW'S LUTON CHAPEL, its Architecture and Ornaments, illustrated in a series of 20 highly finished Line Engravings, imperial fo.io (pub. at:. 3.), half moi. ceo, uncut, It. IGi. HM SILVESTRE'S UNIVERSAL PALEOGRAPHY, or Fac-similes of the writings of every age, taken from the most authentic Missals and otner interesting Minuscripts existing In the Libraries of France, Italy, Germany, and England. By M. silvestre, containing upwards at 300 large and most beautifully executed fac-similes, on Copper ami Stone, most richly illumi- nated in the finest style of art, > vols. atlas folio, half morocco extra, gilt edges, 311. Id. . The Historical and Descriptive Letter-press hy Champ .llion, Figeac, ami Chara- poiiion, j'ja. With additions and corrections by Sir Frederick Madden. 2 vol. royal Svo, cloth, 1'. I*)'. U50 the same, 2 vols. royal Svo, hf. mor. gilt edges (uniform with the folio work), 21. 81. SMITHS (C. J.) HISTORICAL AND LITERARY CURIOSITIES. Consisting of Fac-simili:s ofintciesting Autographs, Scenes of remaikihle Historical Events and interesting Localities, En-i-aviiiL's of Old Houses, Illuminated and Missal Ornaments, Antiquities, &c. Lal'f'morocco, uiicut, reduced to 31. iS4ii SMITH'S ANCIENT COSTUME OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, From the 7th to the Kith Century, with Historical Illustrations, folio, with 02 coloured plates illu- minated with cold and silver, and highly finished (pub. at lof. 10j.) half bound, morocco, extra, giit edges, 3/. 13. Cd. SPORTSMAN'S REPOSITORY; comprising a Series of highly finished Line Engrailngt, representing the Horse and the Do*, in all their varieties, hy the celebrated engraver Jons SCOTT, from original paintings by Rcinaglc, Gilpin, Stnblis, Cooper, and Landscer, accom- panied l>y a comprehensive Description hy the Author of the "British Field Sports," 4to, wlUi 37 laree Copper Plates, and numerous Wood Cuts by Burnett and others (pub. at 21. l^j. 6d.), cloth gilt. It. li. STOKER'S CATHEDRAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES. vota. 8vo., with ic. ensravinas (pub. at 71. lo.), half morocco, St. 12. 6d. STOTHARD'S MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF GREAT BRITAIN H7 heautlfuHr finislied Etchings, all of which are more or less tinted, and some of them hlglly illuminnteu in gold and colours, with Historical jjesiriptions and Introduction, by K.EJIPE. Folio (pub. at I!)/.), half morocco, ,'. 8s. STRUTTS SYLVA BRITANNICA ET S^OTICA; or, Portraits of Forest Trees, distin- jrulshed lor their Antiijnity, M-iL-nitiide, or Beauty, comprising so very lame and highrr-flnilhed painters' Etchings, imperial folio (pub. at ai. St.), half morocco extra, gilt edges, 4i. !U. STRUTT'S DRESSES AND HABITS OF THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND, from the Establishment of the Saxons in Britain to the present time; with an historical and Critic.il Inquiry into every branch of Costume. New and greatly improved Edition, with Cri- tical and Explanatory Notes, by J. R. PLA.VCHK'. Esq., F.S.A. 2 vols. royal 4to, l.v Plates, cloth, It. Jv. The Plates, coloured, 71. "J. The Plates splendidly illuminated in gold, silver, and opaque colours, in the Missal style, 2in. 1842 STRUTT'S REGAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND- Containing the most authentic Representations of all the Bnglbb Monarch* from Edward the Conltssor to Henry the Eishth ; together with many of the Great Personages that were emi- nent under their several Reigns. New and greatly improved Edition, hy J. 11. PLAXCHE' ESQ.. F.S.A. IKiyal 4to, 72 Plates, cloth, ->l. 2t. The Plates coloured, 41. 4j. Splendidly illuminated, uniform with the Dresses, 12/. I2. 1842 STUBBS' ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 24 fine large Copper-plate Engravings. Impe- rial folio (pub. at 41. 4J ), boards, leather back, It. Hi. 6d. The original edition of this fine old woik, which is indispensable to artists. It lias long been TATTERSALL'S SPORTING ARCHITECTURE, comprising the Smd Far?n, the Stall. the Stable, tlie Kennel, Race Studs, &c. with 43 beautiful steel and wood illustrates, several after HANCOCK, cloth gilt (pub. at II. Us. Grf.), It. 1. I860 TAYLORS HISTORY OF THE FINE ARTS IN GREAT BRITAIN, t rols. post Svo. Woodcuts (pub. at 11. It.), cloth, 7s. 6d. 1811 "The best view of the state of modern art." United States' Casttte. TOD'S ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES OF RAJASTHAN: OR, THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN RAJPOOT STATES OF INDIA, COMMONLY CALLED RAJPOOT- ANA). By Lieut. Colonel J. TOD, imperial 4to. embellished with above 28 extremely beauti- lui Hue Engravings by Fixusu, and capital large folding map (U. in. t>d.), cloth, !tn. U3t PUBLISHED OR SOLD BT II. G. BOIIN. edges (p TURNER AND GIRTIN'S RIVER SCENERY; toHo, 20 beautiful engravings on .tee!. after the drawing! of J, M. W. TUKXER, brilliant impressions, :n a porttoliu, with morocco hark (pub. iit u. .i.), reduced to II. llj. 6d. the same, with thick glazed paper between the plates, half bound morocco, gilt till, at iil. Us.), reduced to 21. 'a. WALKER'S ANALYSIS OF BEAUTY IN WOMAN. Preceded by .critical View of the general Hypotheses respecting Beauty, by LEONARDO DA VINCI, MEN-OS, WINC-XELMAXX, lit'.vK, Hoii.iKTii, BURKE, KSHJIIT, AI.ISO.V. and others. New Edition, royal 8vo, illus- trated hy 22 beautiful Plates, after drawings from life, by H. HOWARD, by GAUCI and LANK (pub. at i.'. !'.), gilt cloth, II. It. i s4S WALPOLE'S (HORACE) ANECDOTES OF PAINTING IN ENGLAND, with some in Englanil, with Notes by DA'I I.AWA'V ; New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by RALPH Wo** DM, Esi|., complete in 3 vols. 8o, with nujnerous beautiful portraits and' plates", 2i. 1. WATTS'S PSALMS AND HYMNS, IMUSTRATED EDITION, complete, with indexes of " Subjects," " First Lines," and a Table of Scripture*, 8vo, printed in a very large and beauti- ful type./emhellbhed with 24 beautiful Wood Cfs by Martin, Westall, and others (uub. at It. 1..), gilt cloth, 7.6u\ WHISTON S JOSEPHUS, ILLUSTRATED EDITION, complete; containing both the Antiijiiitics ami the Wars of the Jews. '2 vols. v, handsomely printed, embellished with 53 beautiful Wood Engravings, bj various Artists (pub. at 1(. 4.), "cloth bds., elegantly gilt, 14. 1845 WHITTOCK'S DECORATIVE PAINTER'S AND GLAZIER'S GUIDE, containing the most approved methods ofhnltatiiiK every kind of fancy Wood ami Marble, in Oil or Distemper Colour, Designs for He.orating Apartments, and the Art of Staining and Painting on Glass, Sc., with Examples f- mi Ancient Windows, with the Supplement, 4to, illustrated with 10* plates, of which 44 are coloured, (pub. at '21. Hi.) cloth, I/. lo>. WHITTOCK'S MINIATURE PAINTER'S MANUAL. Foolscap svo., 7 coloured plate., and numerous woodcuts (pub. at :>.<.) cloth, :!.>. WIGHTWICK'S PALACE OF ARCHITECTURE, a Romance of Art and History. Impe- rial Svo, with 211 Illustrations, Steel Plates, and Woodcuts (pub. at 2/. 12*. 6i/. ), cloth, II. It. 1840 WfLD'S ARCHITECTURAL GRANDEUR of Belgium, Germany, and France, 24 fine Plates by LE KKUX, Sic. Imperial 4to (pub. at II, 18.), half morocco, II. 4. 1837 WILD'S FOREIGN CATHEDRALS, 12 Plate., coloured and mounted like Drawings, in a handsome portfolio (pub. at 12/. 12.), imperial folio, 5f. i. WILLIAMS' VIEWS IN GREECE, 04 beautiful Line Engravings hy MII.T.ZR, HOR.SPUROH, and others. 2 vols. imperial Svo (pub. at 61. 6s.), half bound mor. extra, gilt edges, '21. 12t. fid. 1829 WINDSOR CASTLE AND ITS ENVIRONS, INCLUDING ETON, by I.KITCK lUMTi-nir. n'-w- edition, edited by K. Jr.ssK, Esu., illustrated with upwards of 60 beautiful Kngravings on Steel and Wood, royal svo., gilt cloth, 15- WOOD'S ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES AND RUINS OF PALMYRA AND HAL11EC. :; vols. in 1, imperial folio, containing 110 line Copper-plate Engravings, some jr large and folding (pub. at 71. 7.), half morocco, uncut, 31. l.tt. 6d. 1827 jjlatural ?Bfstorii, .Agriculture, ^ r c. ANDREWS' FIGURES OF HEATHS, with Scientific Descriptions. 6 ol. royal . with 300 beautifully i-oloured Plates (pub. at lif.), cloth, irllt, 71. lot. 1845 BARTON AND CASTLE'S BRITISH FLORA MEDICA; OR, HISTORY OF TUB MEDICINAL PLANTS OF GRF.AT BRITAIN, a vols. Svo, illustrated by upwards of 20* Coloured Figures of Plants (pub. at 3t. 3i.), cloth, I/. Id. 184 BAUE.R AND HOOKER'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENERA OF FERNS, in which the characters of eacl. Genus are dispUyc-d in the most elaborate manner, in a series of magnified Dissections and Figures, highly finished in Colours. Imp. Svo, Plates, c,(. 1M-4J EEECHEY. BOTANY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEY'S VOYAGE, comiri i lur an Account of the Plants collected hy Messrs. LAY and COI.MK, an.! other Officers of the JAC-KSCIN HOOKBK, and tJi'A. W. ARNOTT, Ksu., illustrated by 100 Plates, beautili.lly en- graved, complete in lo parts, 4to (pub. at 7(. loi.), 5*. 1831-41 BEECHEY. ZOOLOGY OF CAPTAIN BEECHEY'S VOYAGE, compiled from the Collections and Notes of Captain BI-.ECIIKV and the Scientific Gentlemen who accompanied the Expedition. The Mammalia, by Dr. RICH JKHSOX ; Ornithol'iey, by N. A. VICORS, ESQ., Fishes, hy G. T. LAY, Esj., and 'F.. T. KKXXETT, Es.; Cnuticea, by HICIIARD OWKX; Esu.; Reptiles, hy Jonx EDWARD GRAY, Es.: Sh.'lls, by W. 8owm*BT, E^ and Geology, by the Rev. Dr. BUCKLAXU. 4tc illustrated hi 47 Vlaies. containing many hundred Figure., beautifully co.'cuna by SOWKKKY I pub. at :/. &>'.), d.ah, 31. 13i. W. 1139 10 CATALOGUE OF EW BOOKS BOLTON'S NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SONG BIRDS. Illustrated wit. Figures, the size of Life, of the Birds, both Male ami Female, in their most Natural Attitudes: their Nests and EKKS, Food, Favourite Plants, Shruhs, Trees, &c. &c. New Edition, revised nd very considerably augmented. 2 vols. in 1, medium 4to, containing 80 beautifully coloured plates (pub. at 8(. 8.j, half bound morocco, gilt backs, gilt edges, 31. 3>. 1845 BRITISH FLORIST, OR LADY'S JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE. 6vols.8vo.8l coloured plates of flowers and groups (pub. at tl. 10j.), cloth, It. 14. 1848 BROWN'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS OF CHEAT HRITAIN AND IRELAND- with Figures, Descriptions, ami Localities of all the Species. Royal 8vo, containim: on 27 large Plates, 330 Figures of all the known British Species, in their full size, accurately drawn from Nature (pub. at 15*..), cloth, ]l. &d. 1845 CURTISS FLORA LOND1NENSIS; Revised and Improved by GKORKK GRAVES, ex- tended and continued by Sir W. JACKSOX HOOKER; comprising the History of Plants indi- genous to Great Britain, with Indexes; the Drawings made by SYDKMIAM, KDWAK.US, and Lixm.EV. 5 vols. royal folio (or loo parts), containing 047 PlatM, exhibiting the full natural size of such Plant, with nullified Disseciions of the Parts ot Fructification, Sic., all beauti- fully coloured (pub. at 87 1. 4. in parts), half bound morocco, top edges gilt, 30i. 1835 DENNY MONOGRAFKIA ANOPLURORUM BRITANNM/E, OR BRITISH SPKCIF.S OF PARASITIC INSECTS (published under the imtroiiaire of the British Associa- tion i, 8vo, numerous beautifully cuiuurud p. ate., of Lice, containing several hundred magnified figures, cloth, 11. lls.Cd. 1S42 DON'S GENERAL SYSTEM OF GARDENING AND BOTANY. 4 relume*, royal 4to, numerous woodcuts (pub. at l. 8>. ), cloth, I/. 11. Cu. 1831-1838 DON'S HORTUS CANTABRIGIENSIS; thirteenth Edition, 8vo (pub. at U. 4..), cloth, 12. 1845 DONOVAN S NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF INDIA. Enlarged, by J. O. WKSTWOOD, Esq., F.L.S., 4lo, with ss plates, containing upwards of 120 exquisitely coloured figures (pub. at U. 6s.), cluth, silt, reduced to 21. 2s. 1842 DONOVANS NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECTS OF CHINA. Enlarged, by J. O. WKSTWOOD. Esq., F.L.S., tin, with .V: plates, containing upwards of 1HO exquisitely coloured figures (pub. at r,l. 6.), cloth, gilt, 21. 5j. "Donovan's works on the Insects ot India and China are splendidly Illustrated and ex- tremely useful, "\attmlitt. "The entomological plates of our countryman Donovan, arc highly coloured, elegant, and useful, especially those contained in his quarto volume* I Insects of liidlaand China), where a great number ofspccies are delineated for the first time." Hmnumm. DONOVAN'S WORKS ON BRITISH NATURAL HISTORY. Viz.-insect, 16 oh, Birds, 10 vols. Shells, o vols. Fishes, J vols. Quadrupeds, 3 vols. together 3 a vols. 8vo. containing ll!)8 beautifully coloured plains (pub. at 6C.I. <).), boards, 2.V. 17.t. The same set /.), cloth, 5/. 5i. 1838-43 GREVILLE'S CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA, comprising the Principal Species found in Great }iritain inclusive of all the New Species rt'rentfy discovered in Scotlatnl. b vols. royal fivu, 360 beautifully coloured Plaien (pub. at IK !(.), lialf morocco, 8'. S... 18M-8 This, though a complete Work in itself, forms an almost !r..spensahV Mupplenient to Ihe thirty-six volumes of S'lwerl.y's Kuglish liotany, which does not comprehend Cr; loffumoui Plants. It i one of the most scientific and best executed works on li,,:;:;i'i,oi;s Houuiy eve: produced in this country. HARDWICKE AND GRAY'S INDIAN ZOOLOGY. Tenty i-rms, fonnln. T.O vol... royal folio, 202 coluurcu piates (pub. at 21i.), sewed, 12(. 12., or h.ui moroccu, fill edges, 141. Hi. HARRIS'S AURELIAN ; OR ENGLISH MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES, Their Natural History, tomlMr will, the Plants on which they (et-.i . SVw and greatly imp, o.W. Edilli.n, hv J. O. WKSI-.OOI., Ks.,., I-M..S., Sc.. in 1 vol. sm. folii-, with 44 plat, s, containing fchove 401, liiruies -f Moths, HuitertlieJ, Caterpillars, Sic.., and the Planls uu which they feed, exquisitely colouieu flr rte original d'awinus, haif-bound morocco, -I/. 4j. This extremfiir hwtatlful -ork is the only one which contains our Emrlish Moths and Butter- flies of the full natural alee, In all their channel of Caterpillar, Chrywlis, Sic., ith the plain* n which they fee<*- PUBLISHED Oil SOLD BY II. G. BOHN. 1 1 HOOKtR AND GREVILLE, ICONES FILICUM ; OR. FIGURES OF FERNS With DF.SCHIP'l ION'S, many of which have been altogether unnoticed by Bouniits, or have not been correctly figured. 2 vols. folio, with 240 beautifully coloured Platen (pub. at 25i. 4j. ), half morocco, Kilt edges, 121. 12*. 1820-31 The grandest and most valuable of the ninny scientific Worki produced by Sir William Hooker. HOOKER'S EXOTIC FLORA, containing Figures and Descriptions of Rare, or otherwise interesting Exotic Plants, especially of such as are deserving of being cultivated in our Gar- dens. 3 vols. Imperial 8vo, containing 232 large and beautifully coloured Plates (pub. at 151.), Cloth, 6/. 61. 1823-1827 This is the most superb and attractive of all Dr. Hooker's valuable works. " The ' Exotic Flora,' by Dr. Hooker, is like that of all the Botanical publications of the in- defatigable author, excellent ; and it assumes an appearance of finish and perfection to which neither the Botanical Magazine nor Register can externally lay claim." Loudoti. HOOKER'S JOURNAL OF BOTANY; containing Figures and Descriptions of such Plant! is recommend themselves hv their novelty, rarity, or history, or by the uses to which they are applied in the Arts, in Medicine, and in Domestic Economy; together with occasions* Botanical Notices and Information, and occasional Portraits and Memoirs of eminent Botanists. 4 vols. 8vo, numerous plates, some coloured (pub. at 3/.), cloth, it. 1834-42 HOOKER'S BOTANICAL MISCELLANY; containing Figures and Descriptions of Plants which recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, or history, or by the uses to which they re applied in the Arts, in M-edicine, and in Domestic Economy, together with occasional Botanical Notices and Information, including many valuable Communications from distin- guished Scientific Travellers. Complete in 3 thick vols. royal 8vo, with 163 piates, many finely coloured (pub. at 5(. it.), gilt cloth, 21. 12. 6d. '1830-S3 HOOKER'S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA; OR, THE BOTANY OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Illustrated by 240 plates, complete in Twelve Parts, royal 4to, (pub. at 121. 12.), 84. The Twelve Parts complete, done up in 2 vols. royal 4to, extra cloth, SI. 1829-4* HUISH ON BEES; THEIR NATURAL HISTORY AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. New and greatly improved Edition, containing also the latest Discoveries and Improvement! in every department of the Apiary, with a description of the most approved HIVES now in use, thick 12mo, Portrait and numerous Woodcuts (pub. at lo. Cd.), cloth, gilt, 6>. Gil. IN44 JOHNSON'S GARDENER, complete in 12 vols. with numerous woodcuts, containing the Potato, one vol. Cucumber, one vol. Grape Vine, two vols. Auricula and Asparagus, one vol. Pine Apple, two vols. Strawberry, one vol. Dahlia, one vol. Peach, one vol. Apple, two vols. together 12 vols. 121110, woodcuts (pub. at \l. 10i. ), cloth, 12t. 1847 either of the volumes may be had separately (pub. at 2. 6d.), at 1. JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY OF MODERN GARDENING, numerous Woodcuts, Tery thick 12mo, cloth lettered (pub. at 10s. orf.j, 4,<. A comprehensive and elegant volume. 1846 LATHAM'S GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. Being the Natural History and Descrip- tion of all the Itirds (above four thousand) hitherto known or described by Naturalists, with the Svnonvmes of preceding Writers; the second enlarged and improved Edition, compre- hending all the discoveries in Ornithology subsequent to the former publication, and a General Index, II vols. in Id, 4to, with upwards of 2nd coloured Plates, lettered (pub. at 2. 8*.), cloth, II. tr<. M. H'inrlirftrr, 1X21-2S. The same with the plates exquisitely coloured like drawings, 11 vols. in 10, elegantly half bound, preen morocco, gilt edges, 12/. 12. TWIN'S NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Third Edition, with an Index of the Scientific Names and Synonymes by Mr. GOULD and Mr. EVTOX, folio, 27 piates, coloured (pub. at 4^. 4*.), hf. bii. morocco, 21. 2*. 1838 LINDLEY'S BRITISH FRUITS! OR. FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VAKIF.TIES OF FRUIT CULTIVATED IN GREAT BRITAIN. 3 volt. royal 8vo, containing i:i< most beautifully coloured plates, chiefly by Mns. WITH KRS, Artist to the Horticultural Society (pub. at \al. lor,), half hound, murocco extra, gilt edges, il. Si. 1S41 "This i an exn.uisit.-ly beautiful work. Every plate is like a "highly finished drawing, similar to those in the Horticultural Transactions." LINDLEY'S DIGITALIUM MONOGRAPHIA. Folio, 88 plates of the Foxglove (pub. at 4/. 4i.), cloth, H. lli. dit. the same, the plates beautifully coloured (pub. at 61. 61.), cloth, 2t 12t. 6d. LOUDONS (MRS.) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST, being Popular Descriptor*, Talcs, and Anecdotes of more than Five Hundred Animals, comprehending all the Quadrupedi, Birds, Fisltfs, Reptiles, Insects, Ac. of which a knowledge is indispensable in polite educa- tion. With Indexes of Scientific at 1 Popular Names, an Explaralion o. Terms, and an Ap- pendix of Fabulous Animals, illustrated bv upwards of ioci beautiful woodcuts by KKVMCK. HAKVF.Y, WHIVPK.R, and others. New Edition, revised, enlarged, and corrected to the present state of Zoological Knowledge. In one thick vol. post 8vo. gilt cloth, 71. f,d. 185* LOUDON'S (J. C.) ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain. Native and Foreign, delineated and described ; with their propa- gation, culture, management, and uses. Second improved Edition, 8 vols. mo, with above. 400 plates of trees, and upwarda of 2iOO woodcuu al trees and shrubs (pub. at Id/.), 51. o. 1M4 12 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS MANTELL'S (DR.) NEW GEOLOGICAL WOKK. THE MKDAl.s OF CREATIOX or First Lessons in Geology, and in tlie Study of (Jreanic Remains; including Geological Ex- cursions to the Isle of Sheppcy, Brighton, Lewes, Tilgate Forest, Cliarnwood Forest, Fairing' don, Swindon, Calne, Bath, Bristol.'Clifton, Matlork, Crich Hill, &c. By GIDKON AI.UKII- XON MANTKU., ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., Sic. Two thick vols. foolscap 'xvo, with coloured MANTELL'S WONDERS OF GEOLOGY, or a Familiar Exposition of Geological Phe- nomena. Sixth greatly enlarged and improved Edition. 2 vol. post Svo, coloured Plates, and upwards of 200 Woodcuts, gilt cloth, 18.<. 1848 MANTELLS GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION ROUND THE ISLE OF WIGHT. and along the adjacent Coast of Dorsetshire. In 1 vol. post Svo, with numerous beautifully executed Woodcuts, and a Geological Map, cloth gilt, 12*. 1841 MUDIE S NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS; OR, THE FEATHEREH TRIBES CF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 2 vols. Svo. New Edition, the Plates beauti- fully coloured {pub. at H. St.), cloth gilt, 16.t. 1S35 "This is, without any exception, the most truly charming work on Ornithology which has hitherto appeared, ' from the days of WUloughhy downwards. Other lothora describe, Mudie paints; other authors give" the husk, Mudie the kernel. We most heartily concur with the opinion expressed of this work by I.eigh Hunt (a kindred spirit) in the first few numbers of his right pleasant f.nmlon Jmintal. The descriptions of liewirk, Pennant. J.ewin, Montagu, and even Wilson, will not for an instant stand comparison with the spirit-stirring emanations of Mmlie'aMivliif pen, 1 81 it has been called. We are not ac- quainted with any author who so felicitously unites beauty of style wi-.u strength and nerve of expression ; he does not specify, but paints." Wood't Ornithological Guide. RICHARDSON S GEOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS, comprising a familiar Explanation of Geology and its associate Sciences. Mineralogy, Physical Geology, Fossil Concljology, Fossil Botany', and Pahrontoiony, including Directions for forming Collections, Sc. By G. F. RICHARDSON, F.G.S. (formerly with Dr. Mantell, now of the British Museum). Second Edition, considerably enlarged and improved. One thick vol. post Svo, illustrated by upwards Of 26(1 Woodcuts (pub. at HU. 6oo 3iiells, Svo, compris- ing neveral thousand Figures, in parts, all beautiful:}- coloured (pub. at is/.), 71. Vtt. 184 i SPRYS BRITISH COLEOPTERA DELINEATED; containing Figures ana Descriptions of all the Genera of British Beetles, edited by SIIUCKARD, Svo, with 94 plates, comprising bss figures ofBeetles, beautifully and mot accurately drawn fpub. at d. >.), cloth, I/, li. 184D "The most perfect work vet published in this department of British Entomology." STEPHENS' BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY, 12 vois. Svo, loo coloured Plates (pub. at tit.}, half bound. SI. 81. 1828-44 Or separately, LEPIEOPTERA, 4 ols. 4(. 4. COLKOPTEKA, i vols. U. it. DEKM ArTEiLL. PUBLISHED OK SOLD BY H. G. BOHX. 13 SWAiNSON'S EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY; On, FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS Of RARE, BEAUTIFUL, OR UNDESCR1BKD SHELLS. Royal 4tn, com liuiiv 114 large amd beautifully coloured tigures of Shells, half bound uu-r. fill edges (pub. at jt. Si), It 12>. W. SWAINSON'S ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS; OR, ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING ANIMALS, selected chieBy from Hie Class's of Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology. ti vois. royal svo, containing 318 :.:.e.> coloured plates (pub. at Hit. lu>.;, half bound morocco, Rilt edges, '9;. 9. SWEET'S FLORA AUSTRALASICA; OR. A SELECTION OF HANDSOME OR CURIOUS 1M.ANTS, Natives of New Holland and the South Sea Islands, u Nos. forming 1 vol. royal Svo, complete, with 5. 183* BACON S ESSAYS AND ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING, with Mrmoirand Not*. by Dr. Taylor, square liuio, with 34 Woodcuts (pub. at 4j.), ornamental wrapper, 2i. 6d. 1845 BANCROFT'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, from the Discovery of th American Continent. Twelfth Edition, 3 vols, bvo (published at 2^. lo.), cloth, it. 11. 6d. 1MT BATTLES OF THE BRITISH NAVY, from A.D. 1000 to 1840. By JOSEPH ALI.EK, of Greenwich Hospital. 2 thick elegantly printed vols. foolscap Bvo, illustrated by 24 Portrait* of British Admirals, beautifully engraved on Steel, and numerous Woodcuts of Battles (pub. til. !.), cloth gilt, 14. 1842 "These volumes are invaluable; they contain the very pith and marrow of our best Naval Histories and Chronicles. "-.vn. "The best and most complete repository of the triumphs of the British Navy which ha* yt Issued from the press." Untied Service Gazette. BORDERER'S. THE TABLE BOOK, or Gatherings of the Local History and Romance of the KnL'iUh ami Scottish hurdtrs, bv M. A. RicHAKPsns (of Newcastle), s vols. bound in 4, royal Svo, Illustrated with nearly loot) interesting Woodcuts, exira cloth (pi b. at 3/. lo.), It. II?. Kewcattle, 184* ** One of the cheapest and most attractive sets of books imaginable. BOSVVELLS LIFE OF DR. JOHNSON; BY THE RIGHT HON. J. C. CROKER, Iricfirpiuatiiig his Tour to the Hebrides, and accompanied by the Commentaries of all pre- ceding Editors: with numerous additional Notes and Iliustratfve Anec-dotes; to which are added Two Supplementary Volumes of Anecdotes by HAWKINS, I'nut/.i. MURPHY, TVERS, JlhYMU.ii>., s, I..KVI;XS, and others. l vols. 12mn, illustrated by upwards of 50 Views, Por- traits, ami sheets of Autographs, linely engraved on Steel, from Drawings by Slanfield, Hard- ins.-, I.e., e.i.th. ledui-ed to It. 111*. 1848 This new, improved, and greatly enlarged edition, beautifully printed in the popular form of Sir Waiter Si oil, and 11} nm's W.'.iks, is just such an edition a's Dr. Johnson himscif loved and rtx-ommeiiilvd. In one of the Ana recorded in the supplementary volumes ol the present edi- tion, be -., : " Kooks tnat } uu may carry to the fire, and hold readily in your hand, are the most useful alter ali. Such books torn) the mass ot general and easy reading." BOURRICNNES MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON, one stout, rfc-wly, but elesantlr printed TO)., I''. !.>.. .;. U'ir.u, wiih lii.e tquutri*! Portrait of Napoleon and Fiontispiece (pub. at 3*.), cloth, Si. txi. UU BRITISH ESSAYISTS, viz.. Spectator, Tatler, GuardUn, Rambler, Adventurer, Idler, and CoBnolxeur, ., tim.k vols. STO, portiaits (pub. at '11. 5.J, cloth, II. It. Cither volume may b bad se|i:u..:e. BRITISH POETS, CABINET EDITION, containing the complete works ef tht principal En.k-li.si, poet*, irom Mi.:,,:, to Knke '.Vi.ite. 4 vols. post Svo (size of Standard Library) (Hinted in a very uual> tut lieauiiiu; IM.P. -.; .Medallion I'urlraiU (j>ub. at ti. it.), cloth, Ut. 14 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS BROUGHAM'S (LORD) POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, and Essay on the British Consttt*. tion, 3 vnls. 8vo (puh. at \l. 11. 6tl.), cloth, H. ;. 1844-4 . British Constitution (a portion of the preceding work), 8vo. cloth, St. BROUGHAM'S (LORD) HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF STATESMEN, and other Public Characters of the time of George III. Vol. III. royal 8vo, with 10 :ine portraits {pub. at M. li. ), cloth, la*. 6<(. 1849 BROUGHAM'S (LORD) LIVES OF MEN OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE, Who nourished In the time of George HI, royal 8vo, with 10 fine portraits (puh. at II. it.}, cloth, 12. Ml - the same, also with the portraits, demy 8vo (pub. at II. !.), cloth, lOi. 6d. HIO BROWNE'S (SIR THOMAS) WORKS, COMPLETE. Including hi. Vnter F.rror. ' Religio Medici, Urn Burial, Christian Morals, Correspondence, Journals, and Tracts, many of them hitherto unpublished. The whole collected and edited by SIMON WILKIX, F.L.S. 4 Tols. 8vo, fine Portrait (puh. at 21. 8.), cloth, It. 11. (M. Pirkeriny, 1836 "Sir Thomas Browne, the contemporary of Jeremy Taylor, Hooke, Bacon, Selden, and Robert Burton, is undoubtedly one of tilt most eloquent and' poetical o r that great literary era His thoughts are often truly sublime, and always conveyed in the moat impressive language.'- Ckambm. .t BUCKINGHAM'S AMERICA; HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE, 2 vote.; Canada,' Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, ami 'the' other British 1'rovinces in North America, 1 vol. Together 9 stout vols. 8vo, numerous fine Engravings (pub. at 6(. 10j. 6d.), Cloth, 2/. 12. M. 1841-43 "Mr. Buckingham goes deliberately throueh the States, treating of all, historically and sta- tistically of their rise and progress, their manufactures, trade, population, topoirrnphy, fer- kfntue o/ li~noti>t' i .), cloth, It. Va. 1841 BURKE'S ENCYCLOP/tDIA OF HERALDRY; OR, GENERAL ARMOURY OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IKKI.AXI). Comprising a Registry of all Armorial Bearines, Cresis, and Mottoes, from the Earliest Period to the Present 'lime, including the late Grants by the College of Arms. With an Introduction to Heraldry, and a Dictionary of Terms. Third Edition, with a Supplement. One very large vol. imperial 8vo, beautifully. printed in small tvpe, in double columns, bv WHITTINGHAM, embellished with an elaborate Frontispiece, richly illuminated in gold anil colours; also Woodcut* (pub. at 21. 2s.), cloth' gilt, it. at. 1844' The most elaborate and useful Work of the kind ever published. It contains upwards of JO.Ooo armorial 'hearings, and incorpo rates all that have hitherto been given by Gnillim, Ed- mondson, Collins, Nishet, Hern', llobson, and others; besides many thousand names which have never appeared in any previous Work. This volume, in fact, in a small compass, but without abridgment, contains more than lour ordinary quartos. BURNS' WORKS, WITH LIFE BY ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, AND NOTES BY SIR WALTER SCOTT, CAMPBKI.L, WORDSWORTH, I.OCKHAKT, &c. Royal 8vo, fine Portrait and Plates (puh. at Ifu.), cloth, uniform with Byron, lui. M. 1842 Tliis Is positively the only complete edition of Burns, in a single volume, Svo. It contains not only every scrap which Burns ever wrote, whether prose or verse, but also a considerable number of Scotch national airs, collected and illustrated by him (not given elsewhere) and full and interesting accounts of the occasions and circumstances of his various writings. The very complete and interesting Life by Allan Cunningham alone occupies 104 paws, and the Indices and Glossary are very copious. The whole forms a thick elegantly printed volume, extendinz in all to 848 pages. The other editions, including one published in similar shape, with an abridgment of the Life by Allan r whole volume in only 504 pages, do not cnnti CAMPBELL'S LIFE AND TIMES OF PETRARCH, with Notices of Boccaccio and hii Illustrious Contemporaries. Second Edition. 2 vols. Svo, fine Portraits aud plates (pub. at I/. 11>. mi. i, cloth, U't. 184J GARY'S EARLY FRENCH POETS, a Series of Notices and Translations, with n Intro- ductory Sketch of ihe History ol French Poetry; Edited hy his Son, the Her. IlXHKT CART.' foolscap, Svo, cloth, St. 1846 GARY'S LIVES OF ENGLISH POETS, supplementary to r>r. JOHKSOX'S "Lives." Edited by his Son, foolscap Svo, cloth, 7s. 184* CHATHAM PAPERS, belne the Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham Edited by the Kieruiors of his Son, John Earl of Chatham, and published from the Origina. Manuscripts in their possession, 4 vols. Svo (puh. at 3i. 12*.), cloth, It. 5j. Murray, 1838-40 "A production of greater historical interest could hardly be imagined. It is a standard work, which will directly pass into every library." Literary Gazette. "There is hardly any man in modern times who fills so large a space in our history, and if whom we know so little, AS Lord Chatham ; he was the greatest Statesman and Orator that this country err produced. We regard this Work, therefore, is one of the greatest vloe." dt*iur;& fiewnu. I'UIU.ISIIEU OK SOLD BT H. G. BOHN. CHATTERTON'S WORKS, both Prose and Poetical, Including his Letters; with Notice* of his Lite. History ot the Rowley Controversy, and Notes Critical au Explanatory. 2 vol' post 8vu, elegantly printed, with Engraved Fac-similes of Chatterton'a Handwriting and th Rowley MSS. (pub. at lii.), clolli, 'Jt. Liuge Paper, 2 volt, crown Svo (pub. at li. !.), cloth, lla. 1S42 " Warton, Malone, Croft, Dr. Knox, Dr. Sherwin, and others, in prose; and Scott, Wonis- Vnrth, Kirke White, Montgomery, Shelley, Coleridge, and Keats, in vere; have conierred lastiui- immortality upon the Poems of Chatterton." "Chntterton's was a genins I 'e that of Homer and Shakspeare, which appears not abort once in many centuries." I'ictutnm A'no-r. CiARKE'S (DR. E. D.) TRAVELS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA, 11 vols. Svo, maps and plates (pub. at lut), cloth, 31. 3t. 1827-34 CLASSIC TALES, Cabinet Edition, comprising the Vicar of Wakefield, Elizabeth, Paul and Virginia, Gulliver's Travels, Sterne's Sentimental Journey, Sorrows of Werter, Theodosius and Constantsa, Castle of Otranto, and Hasselas, complete in 1 vol. 12mo. ; 7 medallion por- traits (pub. at 10j. 6d.), clotb, :;. Gd. COLMAN'S (GEORGE) POETICAL WORKS, containing his Broad Grins. Vagaries, and Eccentricities, 24mo, woodcuts (pub. at 2.1. 6 cloth, 1*. 6d. 1K4U COOPERS (J. F.) HISTORY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, from the Earliest I'erioa to the Peace of 1815, 2 vois, 8vo (pub. at 1(. luj.), gilt cloth, 12.1. 183 COPLEY'S (FORMERLY MRS. HEWLETT) HISTORY OF SLAVERY AND ITS ABOLITION. Second Edition, with au Appendix, thick small Svo, line Portrait of Clarkson (pub. at 6.1.), cloth, 4s. 6d. 1839 COSTEl.LO'S SPECIMENS OF THE EARLY FRENCH POETRY, from the tune of the Troubadours to the Reign of Henry IV, post Svo, with 4 Plates, spienuidly iiloinmated ia gold and colours, cloth gilt, IM. 183* COWPERS COMPLETE WORKS, EDITED BY SOUTHEY; comprising his Poems, Correspondence, and Translations; with a Lite of the Author. 15 irols. post 8vo, embellished with numerous exquisite Engravings, alter the designs of liAKViiv (pub. at 31. 15<.J, cloth, SI. 5*. 1835-37 This is the only complete edition of Cowper's Works, prose and poetical, which has ever been given to the world. Many of them are still exclusively copyright, and consequently cannot appear in any other edition. CRAWFURD'S (J.) EMBASSY TO SIAM AND COCHIN-CHINA. >li. Svo, Maps, and 25 Plates (pub. at It. lit. (it/.), cbti, 12a. 1*3 CRAWFURDS EMBASSY TO AVA, with an Appendix on Fossil Remains by Professor BUCKLA.M). 2 vois. bvo, with la Mans, Plates, and Vignettes (pub. at li. lit. M.), cloth, 12. 1831 CRUIKSHANKS THREE COURSES AND A DESSERT. A Series of Tale, In Three Sets, viz., Irish, Legal, and Miscellaneous. Crown Svo, with 51 extremely clever and comic Illustrations (publishing in the Illustrated Library at 5.) "This is an cxtrnor.tiniiry performance. Such an union of the painter, the poet, and the novelist, in one person, is unexampled. A tithe of the talent that goes to making the stories would set up a dozen of annual writers; and a tithe of the inventive genius that is displayed is tbe illustrations would furnish a gallery." V*-. 184t DOMESTIC COOKERY, by a Lady (Mrs. RVKDKLL) New Edition, with numerous additional Receipts, by Mrs. limcii, 12mo., with >j plates (pub. at 6a.) cloth, 3i. lt>4 (BRAKE'S SHAKSFEARE AND HIS TIMES, including the Biography of the Poet, Cnu.MMiis on his Genius and Writings, a new Chronology of Li.-, Plays, and a llisinry of the Majint-is. CuMr,i3, and Amusements, Superstitions, 1'oetry, and Literature of the Eli/ibethau Era. 2 vols. ,i- i above HM pugusj, with line Portrait and a Plate of Autographs (pvb. at S/. 5..), cloth, I/. U. 1817 "A in:t.sier:y prodiu-tkm, the nublication of which will form an |mrh in tbe ShaksperUn hia. torv lit this c"i;mr\ . 1 1 ci':t. ( iiist's aiso a complete ami I'ritical (inaivsis oi all tbe I'n.v-i and Poems 01 Sbaksiiiaiu , ana a coniuroiiiive and puwerlul skvtcii oi the couMoip' ture." (ieiitttMuH't Jiuyuitx*. ' 6 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS ENGLISH CAUSES CELEBRES, OR, REMARKABLE TRIALS. Square J2mo, (pah. at 4i.), ornamental wrapper, L'J. 18*1 FENNS PASTON LETTERS, Original Letters of the Paston Family, written during th Reigns of licr.ry VI, Fdward IV, anil Richard III, by various Persons'of Rnk anil Conie- ^uence, chiefly nn Historical Subjects. New Edition, with Notes and Corrections, complete, 2 vnls. lioiind in I, square 12mo (p h - at l(1 -), cloth gilt, 5. (iuaintly bound in marotm morocco, carved hoards, in ihe early style, gilt edges. 15. 1849 fhe original edition of this very curious and interesting series of historical Letters is a rare took, and sells for upwards of ten guineas. The present is not an abridgment, as might he upposed from its form, hut gives the whole matter by omitting the duplicate version of the letters written in an obsolete language, and adopting only the more modern, readable version published by Fenn. " Tbc Paston Letters are an important testimony to the progressive condition of society, and come in as a precious link in the chain of the moral history of England, which they alone in this period supply. They stand indeed singly in Europe." Hallam. FIELDING'S WORKS, EDITED BY ROSCOE, COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. (Tom Jones, Amelia, Jonathan Wild, Joseph Andrews. Plays, Essays, and Miscellanies.) Medium Svo, with 20 capital Plates by CKUIKSHANK .pul). at \t. ts.), cloth gilt, 14.<. 1848 "Of all the works of imagination" to which English genius lias given origin, thr writings of Henry Fielding are perhaps most decidedly and exclusively her own." Sir Walter Xcott. "The piose Homer of human nature." Lord Hyron. FOSTER'S ESSAYS ON DECISION OF CHARACTER; on a Man's Writing Memoir* of Himself; on the epithet Romantic; on the Aversion of Men of Taste to Evangelical Reli- gion, &c. Fcap. svo, Eighteenth Edition (pub. at .), cloth, 5.1. 1848 " I have read with the greatest admiration the Essays of Mr. Foster. He is one of the most FOSTER'S ESSAY ON THt EVILS OF POPULAR IGNORANCE. New Edition, elegantly printed, in fcap. Svo, now first uniform with his Essays on Decision of Character, cloth. 5. 1847 "Mr. Foster always considered this his best work, and the one by which he wished bis literary claims to be estimated." . "A work which, popular and admired as it confessedly is, has never met with the thousandth part of the attention which it deserves." Dr. Pye Smith. FROISSARTS CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND SPAIN, &.C. New Edition, by Colonel Johnes, with 120 beautiful Woodcuts, 2 vols. super-royal Svo, cloth lettered (pub. at II. 16>.), It. S. 184 FROISSART, ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF, 74 plates, printed in gold and colours, 2 vols. super-royal Svo, half bound, uncut (pub. at 4/. 10. ), 31. 10.t. the same, large paper, 2 vols. royal 4to, half bound, uncut (pub. at lo;. 10.1.), 6(. t> FROISSART'S CHRONICLES, WITH THE 74 ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS INSERTED, 2 vols, super-royal Svo, elegantly Ualf bound red morocco, gilt edges, emble- matically tooled (pub. at 61. r>.), 41. 10. 1849 GAZETTEER. NEW EDINBURGH UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, AND GEOGRA- PHICAL DICTIONARY, more complete than any hitherto published. New Edition, revised and completed to the present time, by JOHN THOMSON (Editor of the Universal Altai, Sic.), ery thick Svo (1040 pages), Maps (pub. at 18.), cloth, 12. This comprehensive volume is the latest, and by far the best Universal Gazetteer of its tiw. It includes a full account of Afghanistan, New Zealand, &c. &c. CELL'S (SIR WILLIAM) TOPOGRAPHY OF ROME AND ITS VICINITY. 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ANDREW) COMPLETE WORKS; with a M, ...,irof his Life, by hU Son, 1 larjce vol. imperial Svo, New Edition, Portrait (puh. at II. Uu.), cloth, It. Sj. 184i GREGORY'S (DR. OLINTHUS) LETTERS ON THE EVIDENCES, DOCTRINES, ANj) DUTIES OF THE CHRISTIAN RKI.IOION, addressed to a Friend. Eighth Edition, lu! many Additions and Corrections. Complete in 1 thick well-printed vol. leap, svo (pub. t It. tal.i, cloth, 5.i. 1846 "We earnestly recommend this wors to the attentive perusal of all cultivated minds. We are acquainted with no Look in the circle of English Literature which is equally calculated to jrive yonim persona just views of the evidence, the nature, and the importance of revealed me yonim persons just M eUeinii."- K,,!,ert Hall. GRAVES'S (DEAN) LECTURES ON THE PENTATEUCH, svo, New Edition (pub. at Us.),c!o'.!.. 1846 HALL'S (BISHOP) ENTIRE WORKS, with an account of his Life and Suffmmrs. New I-.dition, with considerable Additions, a Translation of ail the Latin Pieces, and a Glossary. Indices, and Notes, by the Kev. PETER HALL, 12 vols. tvo, Portrait (puh. at 7/. 4. I, cloth, 51. O-iJonl, Tuttioyi, 1837-39 HALL'S (THE REV ROBERT) COMPLETE WORKS, with a Memoir of his Life, by Dr. OI.INTIIUS GHF.GOHV.and Observations on his Character as a Preacher, by JOHN FOSTJE. Author of Essays o-- l-opular Igr.orance, &c. G vols. Svo, handsomely pr.nted. with beautiful Portrait (puh. at 3/. 161.), clo:h, contents lettered, II. 11'. M. The same, printed iu a smaller size, 6 vols. fcap. 810, H. Is. cloth, lettered. " Win. ever wishes to see the Etnclish laneuaice in i't perfection must rend the writlncs of that preat Divine, Robert Hall. He combines the hearties of JOHNSON, Annibc.N, and BURXE, without their imperfections." livnit:' ^ " 1 cannot do better than refer the academic reader to the immortal works of Robert Hall. For moral grandeur, for Christian truth, and for s-jbllmi'-y, we may doubt whether they have their match in the sacred oratorv of anv a>re or country." /'- "The name of Rohert H.iii win he p'lareu l.y posterity amonf the best writers of the aire, as well as the most vigorous delenders of religious truth, and the brightest examples of Chiistiaa charity. "^*ir J. .1/,,,-kin.o.A. HENRY'S (MATTHEW) COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, hy BICKERSTETH. In G vols. 4to, New Edition, printed on fine paper (puh. at >jt. Vs.), cloth, St. 10j. 6rf. 1849 HILL'S (REV. ROWLAND) MEMOIRS, by his Friend, the P.ev. W. JONES, Edited, with a Preface, by the Rev. JAMES SIIKKMAN (Ro%vi,AMi Hn.l.'s Successor as Minister of Surrey Chapel). Second Edition, carefully revised, thick pol 8vo, tine Steel Portrait (pub. at lui.) Cloth, 5.. 184* HOPKINS'S (BISHOP) WHOLE WORKS, with a memoir of the Author, In 1 thick vol. royal svo (puh. at iK..), cloth, 14s. The same, wilh a very extensive general index of Texts and Subjects, t vols. royal Kvo (ib. at II. 4.O, cloth, ;v. 141 liisMou Hopkins's vforks form of themselves a souud body of divinity, lie is clear, vehe ment, and persuasive." BickmUth. HOWE'S WORKS, with LKe, by CALAMV, 1 large vol. Imperial Svo, Portrait (pub. *t it. 1C..), cio'h. \l. l.u. l3i " I h.n e learned far more from John Howe than from any other author I evrr read. There is an asKinishinu m:rnif,rence in his conceptions. He was unquestionably thu greatest of the puritan divines." Hubert Hull. HUNTINGDON'S (COUNTESS OF) LIFE AND TIMES ByaMemherofthelIon.es of Shirley and Hanima*. sixth Tl usand. with a conions Index. 2 large vo.s. Svo, Portrait* of the Countess. Whitelield, and Wesley (pub. at I/. 4*.), clotb, 14s. 1844 HUNTINGDON'S (REV. W.) WORKS, Edited by his Son, C vols. Svo, Portraits and Plates (pub. at M. KS.I. i>d.), cloth, :/. 5s. LEIGHTON'S (ARCHBISHOP) WHOLE WORKS; to V.-MCM 1 prriMd n Ltle of the Author, by the Re\. N. T. PEAKSON. New Edition, : tl.ick vo.. svo, Portrait (pob. *t It. 4.) *Uk cloth, lij. The only coanpletc Edition. 1M( 24 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS LEIGHTONS COMMENTARY ON PETER; ith Life, by PEARSON, complete in 1 thick handsomely prinleti vol. Svo, Portrait d)Ul>. at 12.), cloth, <. LIVES OF THE ENGLISH SAINTS. By the REV. J. H. NEWMAN and others, 14 vnis. 12mo (pub. at U. is.), sewed in ornamented covers, II. It. 1M4-J M'CRIE'S LIFE OF JOHN KNOX, with Illustrations of the History of the Reformation in Scotland. New F.iiition witli numerous Additions, and a Memoir, Sc. by ANDREW CIUCIITOX. Fcap. 8vo (pul>. at oJ.), cloth, 3J. 6d. 1W7 MAGEES (ARCHBISHOP) WORKS, comprising Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and Sacrifice; Sermons, and Visitation Charges. With i Memoir of his Life, by the Rev. A. H. KEXXY, D.D. 2 vols. Svo (pub. at It. 0...), cloth, )g. 1(4} "Discovers such deep research, 3'ields so much valuable information, an;! affords so many he(|>s to tiie refutation of error, as to constitute the most valuable treasure of biblical learning, of which a Christian scholar can be possessed." Clint tian Oiiterver. MORES (HANNAH) LIFE, by the Rev. HF.XRY THOMSON, post 8vo, printed uniformly with her works, Portrait, a.ud Wood Engravings (pub. at 12...), extra cloth, 63. Cadetl, 18:i "This tiiay be called the official edition of Hannah More's Life. It brlnsra so much new an! Interesting matter into the field respecting her, that it will receive a hearty welcome from the public. Among the rest, the particulars of most of her publications will reward the curiosity of literary readers." iUerury Gazette. MORE'S (HANNAH) SPIRIT OF PRAYER, fcap. Svo, Portrait (pub. at 6.), cloth. 4. Cuilett, 184S MORE'S (HANNAH) STORIES FOR THE MIDDLE RANKS OF SOCIETY, and Talcs for the Common People, 2 vols. post Svo (pub. at Us.), cloth, 9. Cadell, 1830 MORE'S (HANNAH) POETICAL WORKS, post Svo (pub. at St.), cloth, st.ed. Cadell, 1829 MORE'S (HANNAH) MORAL SKETCHES OF PREVAILING OPINIONS AND MANNERS, Foreign and Domestic, with Reflections on Prayer, post Svo (pub. at flj.l, cloth, 4*. Cadell, 1831) MORE'S (HANNAH) ESSAY ON THE CHARACTER AND PRACTICAL WRITINGS OF ST. PAUL, post 8vo (pub. at lOi. 6d.), cloth, 5. Cadetl, 1847 MORE'S (HANNAH) CHRISTIAN MORALS. Post gvo (pub. at IO..M.), cloth, s. Cadell, 1836 MORES (HANNAH) PRACTICAL PIETY; Or, the Influence of the Religion of the Heart on the Conduct of the Life, 32mo, Portrait, cloth, 2.!. M. 1S5H all edition. It was revised just before her death, and contains much The only complete small editio improvement, which is copyright. MORE'S (HANNAH) SACRED DRAMAS, chiefly intended for Yonnr People, to which it added "Sensibility," an Epistle, Mnm (pub. at 2. fit/. I, gilt cloth, frill edges, -it. IR.Vi Tliis is the last genuine edition, and contains some copyright editions, which arc not In anr other. MORE'S f HANNAH) SEARCH AFTER HAPPINESS; with Ballads, Tales, Hymns. and Epitaphs, 32mo (pub. at 2*. rf.(, gilt cloth, gilt edges, It. &/. ig. NEFF (FELIX) LIFE AND LETTERS OF, translated from the French of M. HOST, Vr M. A. WVATT, fcap. Svo, Portrait (pub. at 6.), cloth, :ij. 6d. 1843 PALEY'S WORKS, in 1 vol. consisting of his Natural Theology, Moral and Political Phllosophv . Evidences of Christianity, Horn- Paulinw, Clergyman's Companion in Visiting the Sick. kit. Svo, hands. imely printed in double columns (pub. at lilt. 6d.), cloth, 53. Ikt'.l PALEY'S COMPLETE WORKS, with a biographical Sketch of the Author, by REV. D. S WAYI.AND, 5 vols. Svo (pub. at 11. lit.), cloth, liu. 18:17 PASCAL'S THOUGHTS ON RELIGION, and Adam's Private Thoushts on Religio B . edited by the REV. E. BICKKRSTF.TH, fcap. Svo (pub. at 3.), cloth, 3j. Ixt. ISi? PICTORIAL DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE. Or, a Cvclopre,li a of Ti:ntration. Graphic, Historical, and Descriptive of the Sacred Writings, by 'reference -o the Manner* Customs, Rites, Traditions, Antiquities, and Literature of Eastern Nations, ' -.o'.s. 4to (up- wards of 1430 double column pages in good type), with upwards of Kwo illustrative Woodcutr (pub. 21. 10i.), extra cloth, ll. s. 1848 SGOTT'S (REV. THOMAS) COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, with the Author'. last Corrections mid Improvements, and 84 beautiful Weodcut Illustrations and Maps. 3 vols. Imperial Svo (pub. at 4/. 4j.), cloth, ll. 16. , gi O SIMEON'S WORKS, including his Skeletons of Sermons and Horir Homiletirje, or Biscourso ditreatcd into one contfmied Series, and forming a Commentary upon everv Rnok of tlie t)\d nd New Testament; to which are annexed an improve.! edition of Claude's Essay on the Composition of a Senm.n, and very comprehensive Indexes, edited by the Rev. THOMAS HAKTWILL HOKXE, 21 vols. Svo (i-ub. at lu/, lo. ), cloth, 71. 7*. PUBLISHED OK SOLD BT II. G. BOHK. 25 Tlte following miniature edition} of Simcon'i papular icortM art uniformly printed in 3imo, ant boutid in ctotk : THE CHRISTIAN'S ARMOUR, 9d. THE EXCELLENCY OF THE LITURGY, 9d. THE OFFICES OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, 9d. HUMILIATION OF THE SON OF GOD: TWELVE SERMONS, 9d. APPEAL TO MEN OF WISDOM AND CANDOUR, 3d. DISCOURSES ON BEHALF OF THE JEWS, 1. 6d. "The works of Sinicou, containing 2336 discourses on the principal passages of the Old and Kew Testament will he found peculiarly adapted to assist the studies of tlu' younger deny tn their preparation for the pulpit; they will likewise serve as a Budy of Dimity: and are b- many recommended as a Biblical Commentary, well adapted to he read in families." L^vmdei. SMYTH'S (REV. DR.) EXPOSITION OF VARIOUS PASSAGES OF HOLY SCRIPTURE, adapted to the Use of Families, for erery Day throughout the Year, 3 vols. Svo (pun. at 1.'. 111. 6d. ), cloth, at. 1842 SOUTH'S (DR. ROBERT) SERMONS: to which are annexed the chief heads of the Sermons, a Biographical Memoir, and General Index, 2 vols. royal 8vo (pub. at It. 4t.L cloth, 18t. 1M4 STEBBING'S HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST, from the Diet of Augsburg. 1630, to the present Century, 3 vols. Svo (pub. at II. ICt.), cloth, 12s. lta STURM'S MORNING COMMUNING WITH GOD, OR DEVOTIONAL MEDITATION* FOK EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR, translated from the German. New Edition, posit Svo, cloth, 21. 1847 TAYLOR'S MEREMY) COMPLETE WORKS, with an Essay, Biographical and Critical. 3 large vols. imperial Svo, Portrait (pub. at 3i. li. I, cloth, 32. 3>. 1836 TAYLOR'S (ISAAC OF ONGAR) NATURAL HISTORY OF ENTHUSIASM. Tenth Edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, ii. 1843 " It is refreshing to us to meet with a work bearing, as this unquestionably does, the impress cf bold, powerful, and original thought. Its most strikingly original views, however, never fransgress the bounds of pure Protestant orthodoxy, or violate the spirit of truth and sober- ness ; and yet it discusses topics constituting the very root and basis of those furious polemic* which have shaken repeatedly the whole intellectual and moral world." Atlientrum. TAYLOR'S (ISAAC) FANATICISM. Third Edition, carefully revised. Fcap, Svo, doth, ti. 1843 " It is the reader's fault if he does not rise from the perusal of such a volume as the present a wiser and a better man." Eclectic Keuiew. TAYLORS (ISAAC) SATURDAY EVENING. Seventh Edition. Fcip. 8v 0) cloth, St. 1844 '" Saturday Evening,' and 'Natural History of Enthusiasm,' arc two noble productions." Blaclncouti't Muya:int. TAYLOR'S (ISAAC) ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT, or concise Explanations, alphabeti- cally arrayed, of the principal Terms employed in the usual Branches of Intellectual Philo- sophy. Ninth Edition, ll'mo, cloth, 4t. 1849 TAYLORS (ISAAC) ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY, AND THE DOCTRINES OF THE OXFORD "TRACTS FOR THE TIMES." Fourth Edition, with a Supplement and Indexes. 2 vols. Svo (pub. at 1(. 4t. ), cloth, 18J. 1844 TAYLORS (ISAAC) LECTURES ON SPIRITUAL CHRISTIANITY. 8vo (pub. at 4. 6d.), cloth, 3. 1841 TOMLINES (BISHOP) ELEMENTS OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY, Fourteenth Edition, with additional Notes and Summary, by SXEBBING. 2 vols. Svo, cloth, lettered (pub. atli. It.), lot. 6d. "OMLINE'S (BISHOP) INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE, OR ELEMENTS OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. Containing Proofs of the Authenticity nd Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures; a Summary of the History of the Jews; an Account ot New Testaments! Nineteenth Edition, elegantly printed on line paper. 12mo, (pub. at St. 6d.), cloth. 3. 6d. 1844 " Well adapted as a manual for students in divinity, and may be read with advantage by the most experienced divice." .1/urtA'i Lecture*. WADDINGTONS fDKAN OF DURHAM) HISTORY OF THE CHURCH, FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE REFORMATION. 3 vols. Svo (pub. at II. 10.), cloth boards, It. It. WADDINGTONS (DEAN OF DURHAM) HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. DURING THE REFORMATION. 3 vole. Svo (pub. at 11. 11>. W.), cloth boards, IKt. 1841 WILBERFORCE'S PRACTICAL VIEW OF CHRISTIANITY. With a comprehensive Memoir of the Author, by the Rev. T. PRICK, 18mo. printed in a large handsome type (pub. at U. 1 gtt cli/t,., 2.. fei. 1S4* WILLMOTTS (R. A.I PICTURES OF CHRISTIAN LIFE. Fcp. ITO (pub. at St.). ctolb, 2. Ou. Uatc/tard, U4I 26 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS Uanuars anil CLASSICS AND TRANSLATIONS. CLASSICAL CRITICISM, DICTION- ARIES. GRAMMARS, COLLEGE ANU SCHOOL BOOKS. ATLASES.-WILKINSON'S CLASSICAL AND SCRIPTURAL ATLAS, with Histo- rical and Chronological Tables, imperial o, New and Luproved Edition, 63 m.tj.a, coloured (pub. at >:. 4*.), half lioau.l morocco, U. Hi. M. 1842 WILKINSON'S GENERAL ATLAS. New and lmproed Edition, with all the Railroad! inserted. Population according to she last Census, Parliamentary Returns, me. impenal 4to, 4fi Maps, coloured (pub. at it. Ilia.), half bound morocco, \U 5*. 184J AINSWORTH'S LATIN DICTIONARY, by Dr. JAMIKSOS, an enlarged Edition, contain- ing all the words of the Uuarto Dictionary. Thick Svo, neatly bound (pub. at u*.), 3*. 1817 BENTLEY'S (RICHARD) WORKS. Containing Dissertations upon the Epistles of Pbalaris, Themistocles, Socrates, Euripides, and the Fal.le of vtsop ; Epistola ad Jo. Miiliiuu; Ser- mons; Boyle I.ertni-e; Remarks on Free-thinking; Critical Works, &c. Edited, with copiom Indices and Notes, by the Rev. ALEXANI.KR DICE. 8 vols. Svo; a beautifully printed Edition (pub. at U. IS.. ). cloth, U. \. 1838-3* BIBLIA HEBRAICA, EX EDITIONE VANDER HOOGHT. Recognovit J. D. ALLS- MAxn. Very thick 8vo, handsomely printed (pub. at II. to.}, cloth, in*. CA Land. Duncan, 1859 BIOGRAPHIE UNIVERSELLE, Ancienne et Moderne. Nouvelle Edition, revue, corrirte et auunientee par une Sneirtp .lc Gens de I.ettres et de Savants, 21 vols. imperial Svo (printed in a compressed manner in double columns, but very clear type), sewed (pub. at mi. I'M. ). il. it. tintselles, 1843-47 BOURNE'S (VINCENT) POETICAL WORKS, Latin and English, ismo (pub. at 3. W.). Cloth, Z>. (x(. 1838 the same, large paper, an elegant volume, ISmo (pub. at St.), cloth, 3s. 6rf. 1838 CICERO'S LIFE, FAMILIAR LETTERS, AND LETTERS TO ATTICUS, by M in u i. K VON, Mi. i. MOTH, and HSBERDEN, complete In one thick vol. royal Svo, portrait, (pub. at I/. 4.), cloth, 12. 1818 CORPUS POETARUM LATINOFtUM. Edidit G. S. WALKER. Complete in 1 rery thick vol. royal 8v,> (nub. at "21. >>.), cloth, 18. This' comprehensive volume contains a library of the poetical Latin classics, correctly printed from tha bet texts, viz: Catullus, virjrii, Lucan, Sulpicia, Calpurniuf Sicului, Tibullus, Ovid, Persius, Statins, Ausoniut, Propertius, Horace, Juvenal Silius Italicus, Claudian. Lucretius, Phiedrus, Martial, Valerius Flaccus, DAMMII LEXICON GR/ECUM, HOMERICUM ET PINDARICUM. CuraDu-jrcAw, royal 4to, New Edition, printed on fine paper (pub. at il. 5.(, cloth, \l. ]. 1841 ' An excellent work, the merits of which have been universally acknowledged by literary characters." Ur. DiLdin. DEMOSTHENES, translated by LKLAXTI, the two Tols. 8o, complete In 1 vol. 12mo, hand- somely printed in double columns, in peari type, portrait (pub. at 5.), cloth, 3*. DONNEGAN'S GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON, enlarged; with examples, literally translated, selected irom the classical authors. Fourth edition, considerably enlarged, care- fully revised, and materially improved throughout; tliick Svo (1732 pages) (pub. at 21. 2*.), cloth, if. U. 1846 GAELIC-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-GAELIC DICTIONARY, with Example., Phrases, and Elymoloirical Remarks, by two Members of the Highland Society. Complete In 1 thick vol. 8vo. New Edition, containing many more words than the 4to Edition (pub. at U. !.), cloth, 10*. 6il. \ttis GRAGLIA'S ITALIAN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-ITALIAN DICTIONARY, with a compendious Italian Grammar and Supplementary Dictionary of Naval Terms, 181110, roan (pub. at S.),4J. 6d. 1848 HERMANN'S MANUAL OF THE POLITICAL ANTIQUITIES OF GREECE, Historically considered, translated trim the German, 8vo (pub. at 15*.), cloth, lin. 6d. Oxford, Talboyi, 183* "Hermann's Manual of Greek Antiquities ia most Important." Thirlvuli'i Uitt. of Greece, TOl. I. p. 443. HERODOTUS, GARY'S (REV. H.) GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO HERODOTUS, adapted to the Text of Gaisford and Baehr, and all other Editions, Svo, cloti (pub. at 12*.), 8*. LEMPRIERE'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. Miniature Edition, contalm'ne a full Aecaat of all the Proper Names mentioned in Ancient Authors, and mucb useful information reipect- Inft the uses and habits of the Greeks and Romans. New and complete Edition, elegantly printed In pearl tyne, in 1 very thick vol. 18mo (pub. at 7*. 6d.}, cloth, 4s. W. 1M( PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY II. G. BOHN. 27 LEE'S HEBREW GRAMMAR, compiled from the best Authorities, and principally from Oriental Sources, designed for the use of Students in the Universities. New Edition, enriched with much original matter. Sixth Thousand, Svo (pub. at 12*.), cloth, 85. Lund. Duncan, 1840 LEE'S HEBREW, CHALDEE, AND ENGLISH LEXICON. Compiled from the be.t Authorities, Oriental and European, Jewish and Christian, including KUXTORF, TAYLOR, PARKHURST, and GESEXIUS; containing all the Words, with their Inflections, Idiomaf.c Usages, X-c. found in the Hebrew and Chaldee Text of the Old Testament; with numerous corrections of former Lexicographers and Commentators, followed by an English Index, in 1 thick vol. Svo. Third Thousand (pub. at II. 5.), cloth, 15. London, 1844 LEVERETT'S LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN LEXICON, compiled from FACCIOLATI and SCHELLER. Thick royal Svo (pub. at It. lit. 6d.), cloth, II. 3s. 18*7 LIVII HISTORIA, EX RECENSIONE DRAKENBORCHII ET KREYSSIG; Et Annotationes CRF.VIEKII, STHOTHH, Ilfi'ERTi, et aliorum ; Animadversiones NlJCBVmui, WACHSMUTIUI, et suas addidit TKAVKHS Tw iss, J. C. B. Coll. Univ. Oxon. Socius et Tutor. Cum IndUe amplissimo, 4 vols. Svo (pub. at It. 18>.), cloth, II. 8. OrJ'ord, 1841 This is the best and most useful edition of Livy ever published In octavo, and it is preferred In all our universities and classical schools. LIVY. Edited by PREKDEVILLE. Livii Historiae libri quinque priores, with English Notes, by PREKDEVILLE. New Edition, 12mo, neatly bound in roan, 5*. 1845 the same, Books I to III, separately, cloth, 3. fid. the same, Books IV and V, cloth, 3i. 6d. NEWMAN'S PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF RHETORIC; or, the Principles and Rules of Style, with Examples. Sixth Edition, 12uio (pub. at Sj. 6d.), cloth, 4. 1S46 NIEBUHR'S HISTORY OF ROME, epitomized (for the use of colleges and schools), with Chronological Tables and Appendix, by TRAVHUS Twiss, B.C.D. complete in 2 vols. bound in I, Svo (pub. at It. It.), cloth, 10j. 6il. ttr/brd, Talbayt, 1837 "This edition by Mr. Twiss is a very valuable addition to classical learning, clearly and ably embodying all the latest efforts of the laborious Niebuhr." Literary Gazette. OXFORD CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, from the earliest Period to the present Time; in which all the great Events, Civil, Religious, Scientific, and Literary, ofthe various Nations of the World are placed, at one view, under the eye of the Reader In a" Series of parallel columns, so as to exhibit the state of the whole Civilised World at any epoch, and at the same time form a continuous chain of History, with GeHcatosical Tables of all the principal Dynasties. Complete in 3 Sections; viz: 1. Ancient History. II. Middle Ages. III. Modern History. With a most complete Index to the eutke work, folio (pub. at it. 15s.), half beund morocco, It. Is. The above Is also sold separately, as follows : THE MIDDLE AGES AND MODERN HISTORY, 2 parts In 1, folio (pub. at 11. 2i. W.), sewed, 15i. MODERN HISTC?.-/, folio (pub. at 12.), sewed, 8. PLUTARCH'S LIVES, by the LANOHORNES. Complete in 1 thick vol. 8vo (pub. at lit.), cloth, 75. Qd. RAMSHORN'S DICTIONARY OF LATIN SYNONYMIES, for the Use of Schools and Private Students, Translated and Edited by Dr. LIEBEIU Post Svo (pub. at 7s.), cloth, 4j. ('(. 1841 HITTER'S HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, translated from the German, by A. .1. W. MORRISON, B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. 4 Tols. 8vo, now completed, with a General Index, cloth, lettered (pub. at 31. 4.), 21. 2s. Vtjord, 184S The Fourth Volume may be ha:l separately. Cloth, 1C "An important work: it may lie saM ti. have superseded all the previous histories of philo- sophy, and to have become the standard work on the subject, Jlr. Johnson U also exempt from the usual faults of translators." Quarterly Review. SCHCMANN'S HISTORY OF THE ASSEMBLIES OF THE ATHENIANS, translated from the Latin, with a complete Index, Svo (pub. at 10. 6d.)> cloth, Sj. Camb. 1S38 A book ofthe same school and character as the works of HECREX, BOECHK, SCHLEUEL, Sc. ELLENDTS GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO SOPHOCLES, translated by CARV. 8vo (pub. at 123.), cloth, GJ. 6d. Otjnrd, Tvlboyl, 1841 STUARTS HEBREW CHRESTOMATHY, desimedas an Introduction to a Course of Hebrew Study. Third Edition, Svo (pub. at 14..), cloth, 9>. Ofl'ird. Talloys, 1834 This work, which uas designed by its learned author to facilitate the study of Hebrew, has had a very extensive sale in America. It forms a desirable adjunct to all Hebrew Grammars, TACITUS, CUM NOTIS BROTIERI, CURANTE A. J. VALPY. E ditto nora, cum Aupeudice. 4 vols. Svo (pub. at 'U. 16*.), cloth, 1.. bs. The most compl.-te Edition. TACITUS, A NEW AND LITERAL TRANSl ATION. TO (pub. at 16..), cloth, 10.. M. 0*fo*+- Taibayt, 18S> 28 CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS TENNEMANN'S MANUAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY, translated from the German, by the Rev. ARTHUR JOHMIOX, M.A. P-ofessor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. In 1 thick closely printed vol. svo (pub. at Hi.), boards, 9. Afford, Tat'joyii, 1832 "A work which marks out all the leading epochs in philosophy, and gives minute chronolo- gical information concerning them, wi'h biographical notices of the founders and followers of the principal schools, ample texts of their works, and an account of the principal editions. In a word, to the student of philosophy, I know of no work in English likely to prove half so use- ful." lluywant, iti hit Tranilatum o/ Goethe' t Faust. TERENTIUS, CUM NOTIS VARIORUM, CURA ZEUNII, cura GILES; acced. Index copiosissimus. Complete in 1 thick vol. Svo (pub. at 1G.), cloth, 81. 1S37 TURNER'S (DAWSON W.) NOTES TO HERODOTUS, for the Use of Collega Students. 8vo, cloth, 12t. 1847 VALPY'S GREEK TESTAMENT, WITH ENGLISH NOTES, accompanied hv parallel passages from the Classics. Fifth Edition, 3 vols. Svo, with 2 maps (pUi. at 21.), cloth, H. b*. 1817 VIRGIL. EDWARDS'S SCHOOL EDITION. 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