UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA YIELD, STAND, AND VOLUME TABLES FOR WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION FRANCIS X. SCHUMACHER BULLETIN 407 October, 1926 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTING OFFICE BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1926 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/yieldstandvolume407schu YIELD, STAND AND VOLUME TABLES FOR WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 1 FRANCIS X. SCHUMACHERS INTRODUCTION Facts concerning rate of growth and yields of the timber types to be found on a forest property (and such facts are among those of first importance for proper management of a forest) are best shown by what are known as yield tables. These tables express yields in volume, number of trees or logs, and size of tree, to be expected from stands over given periods of time. The several types of the main timber belt of the California pine region are made up of one or more of five important species, viz. : western yellow pine (Pimis ponderosa Laws.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi folia Britt.), white fir (Abies concolor Lindl.), and incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.). Near the upper altitudinal limits of the main tim- ber belt, red fir (Abies magnifica Murr.) is also found. Western yellow pine, Douglas fir, and white fir occur in pure stands as well as in mixtures, while sugar pine and incense cedar are found in mixtures only. A study of the growth of the mixed types may be more readily undertaken when the yields of those species which also occur pure are known. The United States Forest Service is at present conduct- ing such studies in pure, even-aged stands of western yellow pine and Douglas fir. This bulletin presents the results of a similar study of the growth and yield of white fir. BASIC DATA The data upon which the tables are based are measurements of 157 normally stocked, even-aged sample plots of white fir, covering a range of age classes of from 40 to 150 years, and conditions of pro- ductivity as varied as could be found. i The writer is indebted to Mr. P. D. Hanson, Associate in Forestry, who helped in gathering a large part of the data and performed most of the com- putational work; to Mr. H. M. Siggins, Baker Research Assistant in Forestry, and to Professors W. Metcalf and E. Fritz, who assisted in gathering data; to Mr. D. Dunning of the U. S. Forest Service, who contributed available data from 51 white fir sample plots for the yield study and 600 white fir tree measurements as the basis for the volume tables. 2 Assistant Professor of Forestry. 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 1. Plot Selection: In virgin timber of the California pine region, even-aged stands occur when areas, denuded hj accident (such as fire, insect depreda- tions or disease epidemics), are seeded from neighboring timber which has a good seed crop. Such areas are not common and the irregu- larity of their accidental stocking is a factor that limits sample plot size. An even-aged stand is here considered to be normally stocked when the tree growth seems to make full use of climatic and soil factors, so as to produce ideal volume for site and age, both in size of individual tree and total volume. An overstocked stand may pro- duce greater volume to the acre than a normally stocked one, but dominant individual trees may become stunted from the crowding. Conversely, an understocked stand may produce larger individual trees at the expense of total volume. In stands which seemed to contain normally stocked areas, plot boundaries were located so as to exclude the larger blanks caused by failure of reproduction or accident, thus enclosing a comparatively complete crown canopy. No attempt was made to lay out rectangular boundaries, although acute angles were avoided. Plots were sur- veyed with staff compass and chain. 2. Age Determination: Age of each plot was obtained with Swedish increment borers by boring to the pith, near the base of several dominant trees and count- ing the annual rings on the extracted core, to which was added the necessary correction for height growth to the point of boring. The age of the oldest tree was taken as the age of the plot, provided it did not vary by a significant difference (arbitrarily set at six years) from the ages of the others. When variation exceeded six years, plots were not considered even-aged and were usually not taken. 3. Field Measurements: Diameters breast-high of all trees 4 inches and over were measured with diameter tape and tallied by species and crown class, and suf- ficient heights (of 15-25 trees) for a height-diameter curve for each important species were obtained with a Forest Service hypsometer. A short description of physiographic features completed the field work on each plot. BUL. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 5 4. Office Computations: Number of trees, basal area, cubic volume and board-foot volume were computed by species, diameter, and crown class, and totaled for each plot. These figures were then calculated on the acre basis. Average height (i.e., height of tree of average basal area) was read from the height-diameter curve of each species on each plot (1) for all trees, (2) for trees 8 inches and over, and (3) for the dominant stand. Volumes of individual trees were taken from volume tables for white fir. 3 The cubic-foot volume is that of entire stem exclusive of bark. The board-foot volume is that between a 1-foot stump and top diameter (inside bark) of 5 inches, based on the International Log Rule, y 8 inch kerf. SITE CLASSIFICATION Site quality is classified according to the height of the average dominant white fir at 50 years of age. Average height of the dom- inant stand at a given age is now generally accepted as the simplest and most convenient indicator of the wood-producing power of a forest area. But the standard classification of the range of the species into three or five sites is not used. Instead, each plot was assigned a site index or number corresponding to the height, in feet, that its average dominant white fir would attain (or had attained) at 50 years. With quality of site thus definitely bound up with a given height of dominant at a given age, a universal classification for all species of the region may be adopted, into which site qualities as here denned may readily be made to fit. Figure 1 shows the height curves used in determining site classi- fication. These curves were constructed by fitting a form curve showing increase in height of the average dominant for the average of all sites, and a series of curves of the same form passing through ten-foot height intervals at 50 years, thus denning site classes. The form of the curves below 40 years of age was based on measurements of individual dominant trees instead of on the average dominant of plots, because no plots under 40 years of age with trees in the 4-inch diameter class (the minimum diameter tallied) or over, were found. Volume tables in both board-foot and cubic-foot units are given on pp. 24-26. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Ik u. >- u. u u. u. o CO o * O 10 O O to Ul to Ul 1- t/j Ul u u V) •^aaj ui jy o^iuay ^ui?uiuiop 9,§BJ9A^ jo iqSpH BUL. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION YIELD TABLES Table 1 gives the following data for the stand 4 inches and over in diameter : the number of trees to the acre, average diameter breast high, average height, basal area in square feet and volume in cubic feet to the acre, and average annual growth in cubic feet, by site and age classes. Table 2 gives corresponding values for the stand 8 inches and over in diameter, except that volume and average annual growth is given in board measure, and a column is added giving log run to the thousand feet of board measure. DISTRIBUTION OF TREES BY DIAMETER CLASSES Table 1 gives the number of trees to the acre and average diameter for each site and age class, but does not indicate distribution of the number by diameter classes. Complete stand tables which show such distribution would require too much space here, as a separate table would be needed for each site-age class. Analysis indicates that the distribution of trees by diameter classes is primarily a function of average diameter, so that factors of site and age influence distribu- tion insofar only as they affect average diameter of the stand and number of trees to the acre. A single stand table, then, showing dis- tribution of trees in per cent of the total number, when average diameter of the stand is known (table 3), serves the purpose very well. 4 Knowing average diameter of the stand and number of trees to the acre as given in table 1, the number of trees by diameter classes may be readily computed by converting the percentages of table 3 into number of trees. EFFECT OF NUMBER OF TREES TO THE ACRE ON YIELD Natural stands which come in after logging, while essentially even-aged, are seldom fully stocked except on small portions of the area. But it is to be expected that as crowns of the individual trees grow and meet, forming a more or less complete crown canopy, such stands approach full stocking, not, perhaps, in number of trees to the acre for age and site, but in volume, because if the number of * The method of constructing the stand table is explained on pp. 21-22. 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION trees is deficient as compared with tables 1 and 2, the diameter of individual trees should be greater. This is brought out in figure 2, which shows that when crown canopy is fairly complete, the number of trees which have board-foot contents (i.e., trees 8 inches and over in diameter breast high) may be but half the number given in table 2, yet in volume board measure the stand should have between 65 and 70 per cent of that given in the table. For example, suppose a 30-year-old stand of Site 80 feet has 200 well-spaced trees to the acre averaging perhaps 2 inches in diameter breast-high. It is safe to assume, provided the area is given protec- tion, that none of these trees will die from crowding, so that when the stand becomes 90 years old, there should still be 200 trees to the acre, all over 8 inches in diameter breast high. Table 2 gives 249 merchant- able trees for this age and site. The stand, then, will be 80 per cent stocked by number of trees, and according to figure 2, 87 per cent normal by volume board measure; that is, it should contain 87 per cent of 118,000 or 103,000 feet board measure. It seems safe to assume, also, that at 120 years the area will still have 200 trees. By that time it should be normal according to table 2, both in number of trees and in volume. TABLE 1 Normal Yield Table for White Fir, Including Trees 4 Inches and Over Age Number of Trees per Acre Average Height of Trees Average Diameter Breast High Basal Area per Acre Volume per Acre Average Annual Growth Basis Number of Plots Years Feet Inches Square Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Site index 90 feet at 50 years 50 437 75 11.5 316 9000 180 2 60 376 93 13.6 381 12600 210 3 70 326 104 15.5 428 15200 217 1 80 285 109 17.2 458 16950 212 90 250 115 18.5 468 18400 204 3 100 226 119 19.5 471 19600 196 110 207 122 20.4 471 20500 186 120 194 125 21.1 471 21300 177 130 184 127 21.7 471 22000 169 140 175 130 22.2 471 22600 161 150 167 132 22.7 471 23100 154 Bul. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION TABLE 1— (Continued) Age Years Number of Trees per Acre Average Height of Trees Feet Average Diameter Breast High Inches Basal Area per Acre Square Feet Volume per Acre Cubic Feet Average Annual Growth Cubic Feet Basis Number of Plots Site index 80 feet at 50 years 50 520 65 10.3 303 8100 162 5 60 449 82 12.2 364 11400 190 5 70 390 92 13.9 411 13700 196 7 80 342 96 15.4 441 15200 190 3 90 302 101 16.5 450 16600 184 3 100 270 105 17.5 452 17600 176 110 248 107 18.3 452 18500 168 120 230 110 19.0 452 19200 160 130 218 112 19.5 452 19800 152 2 140 208 114 19.9 452 20300 145 150 200 116 20.3 452 20800 139 Site index 70 feet at 50 years 50 630 57 9.2 288 6700 135 9 60 539 71 10.9 346 9400 157 17 70 468 80 12.4 390 11400 163 8 80 410 84 13.7 418 12700 159 5 90 362 88 14.7 427 13700 152 6 100 325 91 15.6 430 14600 146 3 110 297 93 16.3 430 15400 140 3 120 275 95 16.9 430 15900 132 3 i3o 260 97 17.4 430 16400 126 1 140 249 99 17.8 430 16800 120 1 150 241 101 18.1 430 17200 115 Site index 60 feet at 50 years 50 756 49 8.0 265 5300 106 5 60 650 61 9.5 319 7400 123 10 70 566 69 10.8 360 9000 128 10 80 497 72 12.0 387 10000 125 1 90 438 76 12.8 394 10800 120 1 100 391 78 13.6 397 11500 115 6 110 361 80 14.2 397 12000 109 4 120 336 82 14.7 397 12500 104 2 130 316 84 15.2 397 12950 100 1 140 300 85 15.6 397 13300 95 150 290 87 15.8 397 13600 91 1 10 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 1— (Concluded) Age Number of Trees per Acre Average Height of Trees Average Diameter Breast High Basal Area per Acre Volume per Acre Average Annual Growth Basis Number of Plots Years Feet I riches Square Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Site index 50 feet at 50 years 50 930 41 6.8 237 3800 76 1 60 795 51 8.1 284 5300 88 3 70 690 58 9.2 320 6400 91 1 80 604 61 10.2 343 7100 89 3 90 531 63 11.0 350 7700 86 100 477 66 11.6 352 8200 82 1 110 439 67 12.1 352 8600 78 3 120 410 69 12.5 352 8900 74 2 130 390 70 12.8 352 9200 71 2 140 374 72 13.1 352 9400 67 1 150 361 73 13.3 352 9650 64 Site index 40 feet at 50 years 50 1170 34 5.6 203 2700 54 1 60 1000 42 6.7 244 3800 63 1 70 869 47 7.6 276 4500 64 1 80 760 49 8.4 296 5000 62 90 666 52 9.1 301 5500 61 1 100 601 53 9.6 302 5800 58 110 550 55 10.0 302 6100 55 120 513 56 10.4 302 6350 53 130 483 57 10.7 302 6550 50 140 460 58 11.0 302 6700 48 150 441 59 11.2 302 6900 46 Site index 30 feet at 50 years 50 1590 26 4.4 166 2150 43 60 1366 32 5.2 201 3000 50 70 1180 36 5.9 227 3600 51 4 80 1036 38 6.6 243 4000 50 90 907 40 7.1 248 4300 48 100 815 41 7.5 249 4600 46 110 750 42 7.8 249 4800 44 120 700 43 8.1 249 5000 42 130 662 44 8.3 249 5150 40 1 140 629 45 8.5 249 5300 38 150 601 46 8.7 249 5425 36 Bul. 407 WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 11 TABLE 2 Normal Yield Table for White Fir, Including Trees 8 Inches and Over Age Number of Trees per Acre Average Height of Trees Average Diameter Breast High Area per Acre Volume per Acre Average Annual Growth Logs per M.B. M. Number of Plots Years Feet Inches Square Feet Board Feet Board Feet Site index 90 feet at 50 years 50 284 85 13.7 290 52400 1048 20 2 60 275 100 15.6 363 81500 1358 16 3 70 260 108 17.2 418 104400 1481 13 1 80 238 114 18.6 451 122000 1525 11 90 216 119 19.8 463 136100 1513 10 3 100 198 122 20.8 466 147800 1478 9 110 183 125 21.6 466 156000 1418 8 120 172 127 22.3 466 163800 1365 7 130 163 128 22.9 466 171000 1315 7 140 155 130 23.5 466 176700 1262 6 150 148 131 24.0 466 181300 1209 6 Site index 80 feet it 50 years 50 307 77 12.6 266 43200 864 22 5 60 305 90 14.3 339 69000 1150 18 5 70 290 97 15.8 395 89300 1275 15 7 80 270 103 17.1 430 104100 1300 13 3 90 249 107 18.1 442 117700 1308 11 3 100 229 110 18.9 446 127400 1274 10 110 213 112 19.6 447 136100 1237 9 120 201 114 20.2 448 142600 1189 8 130 191 115 20.7 448 148500 1143 8 2 140 183 117 21.2 448 153000 1093 8 150 177 118 21.6 448 157000 1047 7 Site index 70 feet at 50 years 50 328 68 11.5 236 31900 638 26 9 60 334 80 13.1 310 52600 877 21 17 70 321 87 14.4 365 69600 994 18 8 80 301 92 15.6 399 82200 1027 15 5 90 279 95 16.5 414 91800 1020 13 6 100 260 98 17.2 419 100700 1007 12 3 110 243 100 17.8 422 108000 982 11 3 120 230 102 18.3 423 113100 942 10 3 130 220 103 18.8 424 118100 908 10 1 140 212 104 19.1 424 121800 870 9 1 150 207 105 19.4 425 125400 836 9 12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 2— (Concluded) Age Number of Trees per Acre Average Height of Trees Average Diameter Breast High Basal Area per Acre Volume per Acre Average Annual Growth per Acre Logs per M. B. M. Number of Plots Years Feet Inches Square Feet Board Feet Board Feet Site index 60 feet at 50 years 50 317 60 10.4 187 20600 412 30 5 60 351 70 11.8 268 36500 608 26 10 70 348 76 13.0 322 50000 714 22 10 80 331 80 14.1 359 60000 750 19 1 90 306 83 14.9 372 67500 750 17 1 100 287 86 15.6 379 74000 740 15 6 110 272 88 16.1 383 79200 720 14 4 120 259 89 16.5 385 83600 696 13 2 130 248 90 16.9 387 88100 678 12 1 140 240 91 17.2 388 91400 633 11 150 233 92 17.5 389 93800 625 11 1 Site index 50 feet at 50 years 50 260 51 9.1 118 9700 194 35 1 60 341 60 10.5 206 21100 352 32 3 70 360 65 11.6 263 30500 436 28 1 80 352 69 12.5 299 37600 470 25 3 90 332 71 13.2 315 43300 481 22 100 311 74 13.8 323 48400 484 20 1 110 295 75 14.3 327 51900 472 18 3 120 283 76 14.6 330 54800 457 17 2 130 274 77 14.9 332 57800 445 16 2 140 267 78 15.2 334 59700 426 15 1 150 260 79 15.4 336 61600 411 15 Site index 40 feet at 50 years 50 123 43 7.9 42 2200 44 40 1 60 265 50 9.0 117 9200 153 37 1 70 330 54 10.0 178 15700 224 34 1 80 347 58 10.9 223 21100 264 31 90 342 60 11.5 246 25800 287 28 1 100 329 62 11.9 255 29000 290 26 110 315 63 12.3 261 31700 288 24 120 303 64 12.7 265 33900 283 22 130 294 65 12.9 269 36000 277 21 140 287 65 13.2 272 37500 268 20 150 280 66 13.4 274 38800 259 19 Bul. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 13 Volume board measure of plots in per cent of yield table. 14 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION CO | w > O Q K OJ J3 o fl .2 a S t» *o M W 00 03 ffl s S3 5 a> M 03 > < <M 13 o H *o c 0) OJ Ph fl C 03 H o a T*H CO *^H ^i tQ ^H ^1 CO Tt< CO Tti CO CO CO CO CO CM CM CO CM CO CM <M TJH TjH Tfl tO "<* Tf TJH -tf r*i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CO CM O T^ TfH tO T}H tO ""* TtH ^* ^f ^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM OS «tf tO tO to to ■>* tP ----- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM 00 tO iO IO to tO to to ----- "tf CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM - to CO tO CO to to to ^^ ^"* ^^ "^^ ^t^ TJH TfH CO CO CO CO CO CO CM <M CO iO CO CO CO CO to to tO IO ^CH -rfn Tfl ■* ■* CO CO CO CO CO CM <M CM U3 CO CO 1^ CO CO CO to to tO to rt< t^i ^ ■* CO CO CO CO CO CM CM CM -* t^ CO 00 N O CO CO tO iO iO ■"* Tjn ■"* «*» rt< CO CO CM CM CM CM i— 1 CO O0 t>- 00 t^ ir^ co co CO to to to rf "tf tF tF CO (M CM CM i-H i-H l-H <M OS OS 00 00 N CO CO CO CO CO to Tfi -tf rfl CO CM CM a o o © Ol » N N CO CO to to t*< ■* CO W (N H ~~ o ^H CM o a o oo n t^ CO to to CO MN-HrfH Oi CO Tt< i— i O O Oi 00 N iO ■* rt* M CM ^H oo CO to rt< CM ,1-1 O 00 ©^ CO H H - O Ol <M i-i CO •* CM 00 CO CO CM to © CO CO CM CS ** 00 to i-i »o IO <M ^ CO b- CO A 03 . IB J2 03 fi 5 Ttl IO CO N 00 Ol o h CN CO ■* O CD N CO Ol O ^H T-H i-H rH CM i-H CM CO Tfi U0 CM CM CM CM CM BUL. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 15 a> A « c a 3 OQ "8 A M 3 OB 03 0> t- PQ h $ "fltf a 5 M 53 (H 01 > < o "o e 4) o o Pm d g *o u 0> S IN (N (N (N (N <N <N <N <N i-h _.H_ _ - (M <N <N <M <N <M N (N N -i h rt - - O CM (N (M IN N N <M <N H i— 1 ^H ^ ^ ^ rt « -, oa <N <N <N <N <N CM _ _ h rH -. ^ - oo N N N H N T— 1 1—1 t^ COfN^T-Hr-l »H .*H 1-H »H rH CO N <N t-I »"H 1-H ^ ^ ^ lO ----- - ■* -- -- 2 CN! a o o> 00 t— CO *o -c5 „ o 5 © N 00 OJ O (N M N M CO h (M M ^ »0 CO CO CO CO cc O N « O O CO CO CO CO "tf H (N M ■* lO CO b- 16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION DISCUSSION One of the most important observations on the growth of white fir stands is its exceptionally slow growth up to an age of about 30 years, as shown graphically for height of dominants in figure 1, and the marked acceleration from that age up to about the 90th year, so sudden and persistent that its growth during this 60-year period compares favorably with the growth of redwood (Sequoia semper- virens Endl.) stands of the northern coast counties in their first 60 years. Bruce 5 reports that redwood probably grows faster than any other conifer and can be raised on the shortest rotation. Values from equivalent sites of the two species are compared : Redwood (after Bruce) White Fir 6 Site Ill 70-ft. Age 60 90 Average diameter breast high, in inches 14.9 14.7 Volume board measure to the acre 93,000 91,800 Perhaps advantage can be taken of the peculiar growth of white fir, so as to reduce its 90-year growth, practically all of which occurs between the 30th and 90th years, to a 60-year rotation. This plan seems feasible on areas where the species is found pure, provided the qualities of its wood can be shown to be such that it will rank with the woods of other second-growth species of the pine region. It is perhaps the most prolific seeder of the main timber belt of the region. It is considered quite tolerant of shade. These qualities adapt it to the shelterwood system of silviculture, wherein the establishment of reproduction is provided for before all of the overwood is removed. The dominant trees of this lower story should average about 16 feet in height when they are approximately 30 years old, as indicated by measurements taken beneath older timber. They will then have passed through the period of slow growth, and if given available light and space by the removal of overwood, should make the remark- able growth shown in the tables. Even though such intensive management may not yet be practical, the slow growth of white fir in its seedling and sapling stages brings out forcibly the value of advance reproduction. Thirty years or more are lost on lands where fire destroys this young growth, or where it is heedlessly killed by present logging methods. s Bruce, D., Preliminary yield tables for second-growth redwood. University of California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 361, pp. 427-467, figs. 1-5. 1923. 6 Measurements taken on young individual trees indicate that at 30 years, dominant white firs are about 16 feet high and about 2 inches in diameter breast high. BUL. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 17 APPENDIX DISTRIBUTION OF BASIC DATA Measurements of 179 sample plots were available for the study, 128 of which were gathered by the staff of the Division of Forestry, University of California, and 51 by the Branch of Research of the California District, United States Forest Service. In geographical range, these plots represent samples from prac- tically every Sierra county between Modoc and Fresno. Distribution by watershed tributary to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, together with a number from the east side of the Sierra, is shown in table 4. TABLE 4 Geographical Distribution of Plots Number of Watershed Plots PittRiver 4 Chico Creek 1 Butte Creek 18 Feather River 41 Yuba River 6 Bear River 3 American River 21 Stanislaus River 10 Tuolumne River 43 Fresno River 4 West Side of Sierra 151 East Side of Sierra 28 Total 179 Effort was made to gather plots homogeneous in species, stocking, age, and site — a combination which is not maintained in any con- siderable area of natural stands — thus setting conditions that neces- sarily limit plot size. Table 5 shows distribution of plots by area classes : 18 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 5 Distribution of Plots by Area Classes Number of Area in Acres Plots Less than .10 25 .10-. 19 65 .20-. 29 41 .30-.39 27 .40-.49 13 .50-.59 5 .60-. 69 .70-. 79 1 .80-. 89 1 .90-. 99 1_ Total 179 Average Area of Plots 231 acres It was found that the basal area to the acre of these plots is independent of plot area, which means that due care was exercised in laying out boundaries, and that plot areas represent the actual areas used by the enclosed stands. Of the total number, 9 plots were discarded because they were over 150 years of age, ranging from 155 to 180, as they seemed in- sufficient in number for their range to put reliance in their averages. One plot, a 30-year-old one, in which all trees down to .1 inch diameter were measured, was discarded because it contained no trees as large as 4 inches in diameter breast high. The site classification of figure 1 was then based on the 169 plots thus far accepted. Infor- mation on distribution of these by site and age classes is given in table 6. TABLE 6 Distribution of Plots by Site and Age Classes Age Site — Height in Feet of Average Dominant White Fir at 50 Years 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 Total 40-49 1 5 4 16 1 2 5 5 3 2 5 15 14 7 3 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 13 50-59 2 4 3 8 9 5 1 ' 2 31 60-69 2 1 1 47 70-79 4 21 80-89 7 90-99 1 1 4 1 2 1 3 17 100-109 8 110-119 11 120-129 1 6 130-139 2 6 140-149 1 2 Total 5 5 19 44 60 27 9 169 BUL. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 19 Table 7 shows the average composition of the 169 plots in basal area by species. TABLE 7 Composition of Plots Species Per Cent of Basal Area White Fir 82.0 Sugar Pine 4.9 Douglas Fir 4.5 Western Yellow Pine 3.2 RedFir 2.8 Incense Cedar 2.2 Miscellaneous 4 100.0 Investigation indicates that basal area to the acre is independent of composition, or at least that there is not enough of any species other than white fir to affect basal area. No appreciable error should result, then, from using white fir volume tables for all species, even though the bark of white fir is thinner than the bark of incense cedar and the pines. REJECTION OF ABNORMAL PLOTS In the field, plots whose crown canopies were as complete as seemed consistent with age, were considered normal and suitable as a basis for the yield tables. But the personal factor might have played such a large part in defining normality of stocking for field purposes, that a further check was necessary. Preliminary curves of basal area growth were fitted and harmon- ized by site classes. Then the deviations of the basal area of each plot from the basal area curve, fitted to nearest foot of site and nearest year of age, were computed and grouped, and are shown in table 8. TABLE 8 Deviation of Plot Basal Area from Basal Area Curve Per Cent Deviation Number of Plots -50 to -59 -40 to -49 1 -30 to -39 7 -20 to -29 17 -10 to -19 22 Oto -9 37 Oto +9 36 +10 to +19 22 +20 to +29 13 +30 to +39 12 +40 to +49 +50 to +59 2 Total 169 20 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION The probable error was computed to be ± 12.6 per cent ; that is, the basal areas of half the plots deviate from the curved basal area for site and age by less than 12.6 per cent, and half by more. Three times the probable error (in this case about 38 per cent) is commonly used as the limit of error, so that plots whose deviations exceeded ± 36 per cent were scrutinized, and accepted or rejected by other facts gathered from composition, plot description, etc. Twelve plots were rejected for the following reasons: Overstocked 6 Understocked 2 Too high percentage of cedar 2 Too high percentage of Douglas fir 1 Too high percentage of sugar pine 1 The remaining 157 plots were used as the basis of the yield tables. RELATION BETWEEN HEIGHTS OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES IN MIXTURE This relationship was studied between the dominant trees of white fir and other species, on those plots where there was a sufficient num- ber of another species for its height-diameter curve. Heights of the average dominants of associated species in percentage of average dominant white fir together with their coefficients of correlation are shown in table 9. TABLE 9 Belation Between the Heights op Average Dominants of White Fir and Associated Species Species Sugar pine Western yellow pine.. Red fir Douglas fir Per Cent of White Fir Height 92 100 99 94 Coefficient of Correlation 94±.01 92±05 88=b . 05 48±.16 Basis Number of Plots 30 14 11 10 There is very good correlation between white fir on the one hand, and sugar pine, western yellow pine and red fir on the other. With Douglas fir, however, the value of the coefficient is nullified by its high probable error, so that it is assumed that for this species the samples on which the correlation is based was not adequate. Bul. 407] WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 21 Since western yellow pine and red fir make practically the same height growth as white fir on the same sites and within the age limits of the data (45 years to 150 years), one site classification, based on height of average dominant should serve for these three species. Another classification will be needed for sugar pine and perhaps for Douglas fir. BASIS OF THE STAND TABLE Progressive steps in the construction of table 3 were as follows : (1) Plots were sorted by 10-foot site classes and 10-year age classes, and distribution of trees to the acre by diameter classes for each site-age class was computed in cumulative per cent. Table 10 shows an example of the computation for a random site-age class. TABLE 10 Distribution of Number of Trees to the Acre for Site 80-Ft., 50-Year Age Class (Average diameter breast high 11.2 inches. Basis 5 plots.) D. b. h. inches Average number of trees to the acre Per cent of total number Cumulative per cent 4 34 7 7 5 58 12 19 6 42 8 27 7 51 10 37 8 38 8 45 9 38 8 53 10 38 8 61 11 36 7 68 12 12 2 70 13 24 5 75 14 22 4 79 15 23 5 84 16 18 4 88 17 19 4 92 18 9 1.8 93.8 19 12 2 95.8 20 3 0.6 96.4 21 9 1.8 98.2 22 4 0.8 99.0 23 1 0.2 99.2 24 3 0.6 99.8 25 1 0.2 100 Total 495 100 22 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION (2) Values of each site-age class were plotted on ordinary cross- section paper, cumulative per cents over their corresponding diam- eters breast high, and the points connected by straight lines. (They were first plotted on arithmetic probability paper, as proposed by Bruce, 7 but as the distribution was obviously not normal, and the use of the paper actually distorted interpolated values in the lower diameter classes, the method was abandoned). The striking similarity in form of the curves regardless of site or age, as shown by close checks between deciles for stands which had the same average diam- eter though differing widely in site and age, indicated that the distribution was a function primarily of average diameter. (3) These curves were then grouped by average diameter breast high; and for each 1-inch class, deciles and the 98th percentile were averaged and plotted as shown in figure 3. (4) Deciles and the 98th percentile were harmonized and table 3 constructed. As a check, the coefficient of correlation between average diameter breast-high and the 50th and 90th percentiles were computed and found to be as follows : Average diameter breast high and 50th percentile, .83 ± .02. Average diameter breast high and 90th percentile, .99 ± .01. VOLUME TABLES FOR WHITE FIR Tables 11, 12, and 13, volume tables for white fir, were constructed as a preliminary step in the yield study. They are based on taper measurements of over 600 trees, taken by the United States Forest Service in Siskiyou County in 1905. 7 Bruce, D., A method of preparing timber-yield tables. Jour. Agr. Research, 32: 543-557, figs. 1-8. 1926. Bul. 407 WHITE FIR IN THE CALIFORNIA PINE REGION 23 IO 12 14 \G IS Average diameter breast high of stand in inches. Fig. 3. — Distribution of diameter classes in stands of specified average diameter breast high. 24 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Average Height Logs lO OS CO t— rH if OO OO ■*CDCSrt CO so 00 co ^f m r- os © co CO lOONCS ©i-rt rtHMNCOMW** if in K5W3 10CO CO CO CO t~ ^ t^ t>. t^ t^ OO 00 00 OO 00 oo oo OS OS % - g go t}< t-- OS i— I CO Tt" IC COO 00 OO 00 OS OS OS OS OS OS CO CO CO CO CO CO t^- t— OO OS O rt M CO ■* ■* r)< -*f TtlTt<-r(<Ttl OS OS ooooooo © ©oo© ss 03 O j OS OS CT. 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Tfl T-icMCO OS ■«* aslN O (D n co ooosIt-hco «5 N 1 CO COO •**! 00 ^ Tjl-T* o ■* -H O OS OS *-< ■*00 Tflrt »-i CN CO CO "# SO N O0 O <M T-H l-H TjtlOCO N 00 >o CO CM 0O IC co co CO ■* CO lOWtO N ® 03 o OU5H 0O tO — i —i cm cm co io cooo g CM OO CM N OHH- w PQ T*l »/5 CO t^ 00 as o i-h cm co if in co c— oo as o i-h cm co ^i >o CO t^ X OS O i-H CM CO •»*• tf5 CO t-- 00 OS O e 5 CM CM CM CM CM tN CM CM CM COCO COCO co CO CO CO CO COf i 03 >*H STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BULLETINS No. 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 261. Melaxuma of the Walnut, "Juglans regia." 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with Those of California. 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. 273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vine- yard Experimental Drain. 275. The Cultivation of Belladonna in California. 276. The Pomegranate. 277. Sudan Grass. 278. Grain Sorghums. 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. 283. The Olive Insects of California. 294. Bean Culture in California. 304. A Study of the Effects of Freezes on Citrus in California. 310. Plum Pollination. 312. Mariout Barley. 313. Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit Trees. 319. Caprifigs and Caprification. 324. Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freez- ing Temperatures. 325. Rice Irrigation Measurements and Experiments in Sacramento Valley, 1914-1919. 328. Prune Growing in California. 331. Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks. 335. Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy Cows and Other Livestock. 339. The Relative Cost of Making Logs from Small and Large Timber. 340. Control of the Pocket Gopher in California. 343. Cheese Pests and Their Control. 344. Cold Storage as an Aid to the Mar- keting of Plums. 346. Almond Pollination. 347. The Control of Red Spiders in Decid- uous Orchards. 348. Pruning Young Olive Trees. 349. A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor Hitches. 350. Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood Lands. 352. Further Experiments in Plum Pollina- tion. 353. Bovine Infectious Abortion. 354. Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. 357. A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for Applying Dry Insecticides and Fungicides. 358. Black Measles, Water Berries, and Related Vine Troubles. 361. Preliminary Yield Tables for Second Growth Redwood. 362. Dust and the Tractor Engine. 363. The Pruning of Citrus Trees in Cali- fornia. 364. Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of Bunt. 365. Avocado Culture in California. No. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. Turkish Tobacco Culture, Curing and Marketing. Methods of Harvesting and Irrigation in Relation of Mouldy Walnuts. Bacterial Decomposition of Olives dur- ing Pickling. Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes. Browning of Yellow Newtown Apples. The Relative Cost of Yarding Small and Large Timber. The Cost of Producing Market Milk and Butterfat on 246 California Dairies. Pear Pollination. A Survey of Orchard Practices in the Citrus Industry of Southern Cali- fornia. Results of Rice Experiments at Cor- tena, 1923. Sun-Drying and Dehydration of Wal- nuts. The Cold Storage of Pears. Walnut Culture in California. Growth of Eucalyptus in California Plantations. Growing and Handling Asparagus Crowns. Pumping for Drainage in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Monilia Blossom Blight (Brown Rot) of Apricot. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry. Pruning Bearing Deciduous Fruit Trees. Fig Smut. The Principles and Practice of Sun- drying Fruit. Berseem or Egyptian Clover. Harvesting and Packing Grapes in California. Machines for Coating Seed Wheat with Copper Carbonate Dust. Fruit Juice Concentrates. Crop Sequences at Davis. Cereal Hay Production in California. Feeding Trials with Cereal Hay. Bark Diseases of Citrus Trees. The Mat Bean (Phaseolus aconilifo- lius). Manufacture of Roquefort Type Cheese from Goat's Milk. Orchard Heating in California. The Blackberry Mite, the Cause of Redberry Disease of the Himalaya Blackberry, and its Control. The Utilization of Surplus Plums. Cost of Work Horses on California Farms. The Codling Moth in Walnuts. Farm-Accounting Associations. The Dehydration of Prunes. Citrus Culture in Central California. Stationary Spray Plants in California. CIRCULARS No. 87. Alfalfa. 117. The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant. 127. House Fumigation. 129. The Control of Citrus Insects. 136. Melilotus indica as a Green-Manure Crop for California. 144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine. No. 157. 160. 164. 166. 170. 173. 178. Control of the Pear Scab. Lettuce Growing in California. Small Fruit Culture in California. The County Farm Bureau. Fertilizing California Soils for the 1918 Crop. The Construction of the Wood-Hoop Silo. The Packing of Apples in California. CIRCULARS — (Continued ) No. 179. 190. 199. 202. 203. 209. 210. 212. 215. 217. 220. 228. 230. 231. 232. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 243. 244 245. 247. 248. 249. 250. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 261. 262. 263. 264. Factors of Importance in Producing Milk of Low Bacterial Count. Agriculture Clubs in California. Onion Growing in California. County Organizations for Rural Fire Control. Peat as a Manure Substitute. The Function of the Farm Bureau. Suggestions to the Settler in California. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in California. Unfermented Fruit Juices. Vineyard Irrigation in Arid Climates. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk for Butterfat. The Home Vineyard. Harvesting and Handling California Cherries for Eastern Shipment. Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees during 1921-22. Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Inter-relations. The Common Hawks and Owls of California from the Standpoint of the Rancher. Directions for the Tanning and Dress- ing of Furs. The Apricot in California. Harvesting and Handling Apricots and Plums for Eastern Shipment. Harvesting and Handling Pears for Eastern Shipment. Harvesting and Handling Peaches for Eastern Shipment. Marmalade Juice and Jelly Juice from Citrus Fruits. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. Vine Pruning Systems. Colonization and Rural Development. Some Common Errors in Vine Prun- ing and Their Remedies. Replacing Missing Vines. Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm. Supports for Vines. Vineyard Plans. The Use of Artificial Light to Increase Winter Egg Production. Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertil- izer in California Agriculture. The Control of Wild Morning Glory. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. Pear By-products. Sewing Grain Sacks. Cabbage Growing in California. Tomato Production in California. Preliminary Essentials to Bovine Tuberculosis Control. No. 265. Plant Disease and Pest Control. 266. Analyzing the Citrus Orchard by Means of Simple Tree Records. 267. The Tendency of Tractors to Rise in Front; Causes and Remedies. 269. An Orchard Brush Burner. 270. A Farm Septic Tank. 272. California Farm Tenancy and Methods of Leasing. 2 73. Saving the Gophered Citrus Tree. 274. Fusarium Wilt of Tomato and its Con- trol by Means of Resistant Varieties. 276. Home Canning. 277. Head, Cane, and Cordon Pruning of Vines. 278. Olive Pickling in Mediterranean Coun- tries. 279. The Preparation and Refining of Olive Oil in Southern Europe. 281. The Results of a Purvey to Determine the Cost of Producing Beef in Cali- fornia. 282. Prevention of Insect Attack on Stored Grain. 283. Fertilizing Citrus Trees in California. 284. The Almond in California. 285. Sweet Potato Production in California. 286. Milk Houses for California Dairies. 287. Potato Production in California. 288. Phylloxera Resistant Vineyards. 289. Oak Fungus in Orchard Trees. 290. The Tangier Pea. 291. Blackhead and Other Causes of Loss of Turkeys in California. 292. Alkali Soils. 293. The Basis of Grape Standardization'. 294. Propagation of Deciduous Fruits. 295. The Growing and Handling of Head Lettuce in California. 296. Control of the California Ground Squirrel. 298. The Possibilities and Limitations of Cooperative Marketing. 299. Poultry Breeding Records. 300. Coccidiosis of Chickens. 301. Buckeye Poisoning of the Honey Bee. 302. The Sugar Beet in California. 303. A Promising Remedy for Black Measles of the Vine. 304. Drainage on the Farm. 305. Liming the Soil. 306. A General Purpose Soil Auger and its Use on the Farm. 307. American Foulbrood and its Control. The publications listed above may be had by addressing College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, California. 10m-10,'26