mm BUSFOR STERiEU UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES A SYLLABUS FOR THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPE With References and Review Questions (based on robinson's "introduction to the history of western Europe") NORMAN MACLAREN TRENHOLME, Ph.D. (Harv.) Professor of History in the University of Missouri Part I THE MIDDLE AGES GINN & COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON Copyrigh i , rgo7, by N'okMAN MACLAREN TRENHOLME ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 67.9 Cbt 3 thcnfftim JPrrsa CI N\ & COM PA NY ■ PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. 33 T7S PREFACE This syllabus was originally prepared for the use of the in- structors and students in the introductory course in European history in the University of Missouri. In this course a " discus- sion method " has been adopted, and each hour is given up to the informal discussion, by the instructor and the class, of some important topic. The students are responsible for the prescribed work in the text and in the Readings (abridged edition), and also for at least one selection from the collateral references given in the syllabus. They are, of course, encouraged to read more, but one is the minimum. Each section of the syllabus covers work for one hour's discussion, and each of the two parts repre- sents the work for one half year. In the hope of aiding the student as much as possible in getting a clear grasp of the course and connection of events, the topics have been very fully and carefully outlined in as clear and con- nected a manner as possible. This practice makes the present syllabus different from most others that have been published, in which the element of causation and connection is not strongly emphasized. It also differs from other syllabi in that, while not following Professor Robinson's book slavishly, it is based for the most part on one of the best known and most serviceable accounts of the history of mediaeval and modern times that has appeared. The writer intends his syllabus to be an aid to the study of the History of Western Europe and the Readings in European His- tory, either the abridged or the two-volume edition. The collateral reading references do not pretend to be exhaust- ive in any way, but merely consist of works that the writer has 220281 found by actual experience to be useful and suitable for under* graduate classes. No exhaustive bibliograph) for the mediaeval .1 has been attempted, l>ui foi the convenience of teachers and students a brief list of the most serviceable reference books, with the publisher and list purr, has been prefixed to the sj Halms. It is hoped that those who use the syllabus t<> anj extent will find it helpful and stimulating towards furthei study in the period with which it deals. The review questions, which occur from time to time, are designed to stimulate- the student's power of orderly thought and to suggest points of 'comparison and ideas of causation. As in many institutions the larger, or two-volume, edition of the Readings is used, care has been taken to include among the collateral readings references to this edition. Norman Maclaren Trenholme I lAMBRIDGE, M ISSACHI SETTS SELECT LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS Price Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, Scribners $2 50 , European History, Macmillan Co 1 60 , Growth o] the French Nation, Macmillan Co 1 25 Archer and Kingsford, The Crusades, "Nations," Putnams 1 50 Balzani, The Popes and the Hohenstauffen, Longmans 80 Barry, The Papal Monarchy, "Nations," Putnams 1 50 Bateson, Mediaeval England, "Nations," Putnams 1 50 Bemont and Monod, Mediccval Europe, Holt 1 60 Bourne, Mediarval and Modem History, Longmans 1 50 , Teaching oj History and Civics, Longmans 1 50 Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, revised ed., Macmillan Co 1 50 Cheyney, Short History oj England, Ginn 1 50 , Industrial and Social History oj England, Macmillan Go 1 40 Church, The Beginnings oj the Middle Ages, Longmans 1 00 Coman and Kendall, History oj England, Macmillan Co 1 25 Compayre, Abelard and the Rise oj Universities, Scribners 1 00 Cox, The Crusades, "Epochs," Longmans 1 00 Cunningham, Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, Vol. II, "Modem Civilization," Macmillan Co 1 25 Cunningham and McArthur, Outlines oj Englisli Industrial History, Macmillan Co 1 50 Davis, Charlemagne, "Heroes," Putnams 1 50 Dill, Roman Society in the Last Century oj the Roman Empire, Mac- millan Co 2 00 Duruy, History oj the Middle Ages, Holt 1 60 , History oj France, ed. by Jameson, Crowell 2 00 Einhard, Lije oj Charlemagne, " Harper's School Classics," American Book Co 30 Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, Ginn 1 10 , Medieval Europe, Ginn 1 65 Froissart, Chronicles oj England and France, trans by Bourchier, Mac- millan Co 1 25 Gardiner, Student's History oj England, Longmans 3 00 Gibbon, Decline and Fall oj the Roman Empire, best ed., by Bury, Macmillan Co., 7 vols., $14.00, abridged ed., Amer. Book Co 1 25 Gibbins, History oj Commerce in Europe, Macmillan Co 90 Gilman, The Saracens, " Nations," Putnams 1 50 Green, Short History oj the English People, Amer. Book Co 1 20 Harding, Essentials in Medicrval and Modem History, Amer. Book Co. 1 50 Harnack, Monasticism, Little, Brown 1 25 Trice II, The Fn I Peoples," Appleton Si 50 Henderson, Germany in Ike Middle Ages, M;n millan Co • 60 ryoj Germany, 2 vols, in one, Macmillan Co 2 50 ■ , Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, Macmillan Co 1 00 Hodgkin, Dynasty 0) Theodosius, Clarendon Tress 1 50 , Italy and Her Invaders, 8 vols., Clarendon Press 36 00 tic the Ostrogoth, " Heroes," Putnams 1 50 , Charles the Great, "Foreign Statesmen," Macmillan Co 75 iming oj the Friars, Putnams i 25 Johnson, The Normans in Europe, Longmans 1 00 Kingslcy, Rom, in and Teuton, Macmillan Co 1 25 Poole, Saladin, " Heroes," Putnams 1 50 Laurie, The Rise and Constitution oj I 'niversities, Appleton 1 50 I . Superstition and Force in the Middle Ages, Lea Bros. (Phila.) .. 2 75 Lea, History oj the Inquisition, Harpers, 3 vols 6 00 Lodge, Close oj the Middle Ages, '"Periods," Macmillan Co 1 40 M< i labe, Peter Abelard, Putnams 2 00 n, Mediaval France, " Nations," Putnams 1 50 Milman, History oj Latin Christianity, q vols. (London) 11 00 Mombert, History of the Crusades, Appleton 1 50 Monroe, .1 History oj Education, Macmillan Co 2 00 Moore, Development of Gothic Architecture, Macmillan Co 4 5° Munro, History oj the Middle Ages, Appleton 80 Munro and Sellery, Mediaval Civilization (Extracts), Century Co. ... 1 25 Myers, The Middle Ages, ( linn 1 10 1, The Park Ages, "Periods," Macmillan ('<> 1 75 — , The Art oj War - the Middle Ages, Putnams 4 50 , England and the Hundred Years War, "Oxford Manuals," Scribners 5° Pastor, History of the Popes, 6 vols., Herder (St. Louis) iS 00 Pennsylvania, Translations and Reprints, 7 vols., Longmans 10 50 Ploetz, Epitome o) Mediaval and Modem History, Houghton, Mifflin 3 00 Putzger, Historischer Schul Atlas, Velhagen & Klassing, Leipsic .... 1 00 Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 vols 14 00 Robinson, History oj Western Europe, Ginn 1 60 , Readings in European History, 2 vols., Ginn 3 00 , Readings (Abridged edition), (linn 1 50 Sahatier, St. Francis oj A ssissi, Scribners 2 50 .Ik >s. The Feudal Regime, ed. by Dow, Holt 50 Sergeant, The Franks, " Nations," Putnams 1 50 Smith, The Troubadours at I tome, 2 vols., Putnams 6 00 Stephens (W. R. W.), Hildebrand and His Times, Longmans 80 Stoddard, Bcrtrand du Guesclin, Putnams 1 50 Taylor, The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, Macmillan Co 1 75 That* her and M< Neal, Source Book for Mediaval History, Scribners. . 1 85 Thatcher and Schwill, Europe in the Middle Ages, Scribners 2 00 Tout, Empire and Papacy, "Periods," Macmillan Co 1 75 I 'hlhorn, Conflict oj Christianity with Heathenism, Scribners 2 50 Van Dyke, Age oj the Renasence, Scribners 2 00 Price West (A. F.), Alcuin and the Rise oj Christian Schools, Scribners $i oo West (W. M.), Modem History, Allyn & Bacon i 5 o Whitcomb, History oj Modern Europe, Appleton i oo Wishart, Monks and Monasteries, Brandt (Trenton, N.J.) I ^ Zimmern The Hansa Towns, "Nations," Putnams i 50 SYLLABUS FOR THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPE. PART I. THE MIDDLE AGES. The Historical Point of View and the Sources of Historical Knowledge. A. Outline. (i) The historical point of view. i. Definition of history. Broad scope of European history. 2. Historical mindedncss. Sympathy with the life of the past. 3. So-called Periods of History and their weakness. Es- sential unity and continuity of historical development. 4. Meaning and significance of the terms Middle Ages and Dark Ages. (2) The sources of historical knowledge. ~r\. Division of historical literature into — (a) Primary or original sources; (b) Secondary works, and (c) Third- hand accounts or worse. y 2. Repetition the foe to accuracy and responsible for myths and legends in history. Need of questioning and criticism. 3. Advantages of using original sources to some extent in the study of history — (a) Greater vividness and interest; (b) Greater truth and fairer judgments. 4. Present facilities for the use of original sources in history. B, Referent < (\} Prescribed Robinson, Western Europe, Ch. I; Readings, Ch. I. Collateral I merton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, pp. xi- w iii Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, Ch. I. Bourne, Teaching o) History and Ci CI III. Selei i Committee Report, Historical Sources in Schools, pp. . -17. Fling, Studies in European History, 9-32. Thatcher and Si hwill, Europe in the Middle Ages, 1 5. II. The Strength \\i> Wi vkness of the Later Roman Empire. .!. (hit! inc. 1 1 ) Extenl and character of the Roman Empire. Boundaries and peoples. (2) The strength of the Empire. Five great bonds of union. 1. The highly centralized and efficient imperial govern- ment 2. A common state religion. Worship of the emperor as a deity. 3. A universal system of law — the great Roman law. 4. Common material civilization —roads, bridges, coins, weights and measures etc. 5. A common educational system, Graeco-Roman, throughout the Empire. (3) Impression of permanence created by the great Roman world state. (4) Loss of energy and self-reliance by Romans and decline in prosperity due to — 1. Oppressive taxes and exactions. The land tax and its effe< t. 2. General use of slave instead of free labor. Classes of slaves. 3. Rapid decline in the Roman population. 4. Large infiltration of Germans as coloni and legionaries. B. References. d) Prescribed— Robinson, Western Europe, S-17; Readings, 15-17. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization Diirinq the Middle Ages, Ch.II. ^Biyce, Holy Roman Empire, Ch. II; (Ch. IV, 76-88). Botsford, History <>j Rome, 285-288, 3.35-347- Cunningham, Western Civilization, I, 179-195. ^ Bemont and Mdnod, Medieeval Europe, 1-14. Dill Roman Society in the Last Century oj the Empire, Bks. II and III. Duruy, -History oj the Middle Ages, 1-8. S Emerton, .Introduction to the Middle Ages, Chs. I, II. y Munro and Sellery, Mediaeval Civilization, 18-49. ^Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, Chs. III-IV. Gibbon, Decline and Fall oj the Roman Empire, Ch. 17. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, II, Ch. IX. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, VI, No. 4. ^ Robinson, Readings in European Hislory,Vo\. I, 28-33. III. Culture and Religion of the -Later Roman Empire and the Rise of the Christian Church. A. Outline. (1) Decline in art and literature. Absence of great writers. Compendiums. (2) Higher ideals of conduct. The Stoic philosophers and their teachings. Preparation for Christianity. (3) The promises of Christianity. Resemblances between thoughtful paganism and Christianity. Merging of Chris- tian and pagan ideals. Boethius' " Consolation of Philos- ophy." (4) The rise of the Christian Church. 1. Organization of the primitive or apostolic Church. Bishops, presbyters, and deacons. Need of church government. 2. Bishop Cyprian (d. 258) on "The Unity of the Church." 3. Clergy and laity. Growth in church organization. Archbishops. 4. The Church and the Roman Emperors: — (a) Galerius and the Edict of 311 A. D.; (b) Constantine and the Council of Nicaea (325 A. D.); (r) The Church in the Theodosian Code (438 A. D.). 5. The continuity of the Church as an institution from ancient to mediaeval times. Her services to civiliza- tion. (5) Division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western halves. 1. The founding of Constantinople (330 A. D.) and the division by Theodosius the Great (395 A. D.). The- ory of imperial unity. 3 Continuity of Roman Imperial Government at Con- stantinople to 1453. Oriental character of this Ea 1 tin or < '.reck Empire. riu- ( ii v 1 'i Constantinople and her place in < ivilization. /•'. A\ 1 1, rti es. Prescribed Robinson, Western Europe, 17 14; Readings, g 1^. Collateral 1 merton, Introduction to the Middle [ges, 92-1 Dill, Roman Society, Hks. 1. and V. Gibbon, Decline and Fall (ed. Hum) Ch. 28, III. t88- 215. \dams, Civilization During the Middle Ages Ch. 111. Robinson, Readings in European History Vol. I, 14-^7 Taylor, Classical Heritage «] the Middle Ages, Ch. II. ig, Universal Church History, I, 15 51, 1 ;6 144, 2-0 285, (<>r any other j^< >< >< 1 stand. nil church his- Uhlhorn, Conflict «j Christianity with Heathenism, especially Ilk. I, Chs. II -II I, Bk. II, Ch. Ill, and pp. P7 ill West, The Ancient World. 440-457, 464 i<>7. 171-475. IV. The German Invasions and thi Fall of the Empire i.\ THE Wist. .1. Outline. (1) The Visigoths and the Huns in the Empire. 1. Success of the Roman government in holding the frontiers. 2. Pressure from the Huns forces the Goths westward across the Danube. Adrianople (37S) and its sig- nificance. 3. The career of Alaric in Greece and Italy. Fall of Rome (4 10). 4. The West Gothic kingdom in Southern Gaul and Spain. 5. Attila and the Huns in Europe. Chalons (451). His invasion of Italy and the founding of Venice. (2) Movements of other barbarian tribes — Vandals, Burgun- dians, etc-. (See map of the migrations, Robinson, pp. 26-7.) The Germans in Italy. 1. The dynasty of Theodosius in the West. Puppet emperors. 4 > 2. Revolt of the German mercenaries under Odoacer (476). The last of the emperors in the West. 3. Theodoric the Ostrogoth and his conquest of Italy (493)- 4. The East Goths in Italy and their attitude toward Roman institutions. Theodoric's reign at Ravenna (493-526). The religious difficulty in Italy. > (4) The chief Germanic kingdoms of the early sixth century. (Map p. 31 of Robinson.) - (5) Low state of culture. Boethius and Cassiodorus (d. 575). Reasons for the lack of learning for three centuries. Gregory of Tours. (6) The Imperial Reaction under Justinian (527-565) and the ■p- subsequent establishment of Lombard power in Northern Italy. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 25-34; Readings, 19-27. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, 65-76. Bemont and Monod, MedicBval Europe, 33-62, 99-119 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, Ch. III. Dill, Roman Society, 285-302, 303-345. Duruy, History of the Middle Ages, 16-27, 34 _ 4°- Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 22-59. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, in Vols. Ill, IV, and V. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 15-40. Hodgkin, Dynasty oj Theodosius, Lectures III— VII. , Theodoric the Goth. Kingsley, Roman and Teuton, Lectures III-VII. Myers, The Middle Ages, 15-21, 25-26. Munro and Sellery, Mediceval Civilization, 50-59. Oman, The Dark Ages, 1-32, 76-88, 96-106, 181-191. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 35- 51- Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 25-46, 62-66, 78- 83- Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 11-14. V. The Franks and the Mingling of Races and Insti- tutions. A. On /line. (1) The early history of the Franks. 7 1 . Reasons for the importance of the Franks in history. ■ 2. Method of Frankish conquest and extension of power. 5 i ;-: 5 n) and his successes against the Romans Uemanni (496), Burgundians, and Wesl Goths. His < onversion n> orthodox Roman Christianity. 4. 1 rregory of Tours' "1 listory of the Franks." 5. The Successors of Clovis. Division of territory and family quarrels among the Merovingians. 6. Great extent of the Frankish kingdoms in the sixth century. Division into Neustria, Austrasia, and Bur gundy. 7. Union of Frankish territory under I >agobert (628 -6 j8). The Frankish nobility and the rise of the Mayors of the Palace. The later Merovingians ("rois faineants"). 8. Pippin of Landen and his successors to Charles Martel (7-4). (2) The mingling of races and institutions. 1. Lack of definite information as to the relations of Romans and Germans after the invasions. 2. Small number of invaders made the mingling of the two races easier. Evidence that the Germans were a minority. 3. Adoption of spoken Latin by the Germans leads to the formation of the Romance languages, in part. 4. No antipathy between races save on religious grounds. 5. The Roman and the German law. The " Laws of the Barbarians." Territoriality and Personality of law. > 6. Prevalence of Germanic law during the Middle Ages. The various forms of trial — (a) Compurgation; (/>) Wager of Battle; (c) Ordeal. (3) The task of the Middle Ages to develop civilization and culture out of barbarism with the aid of Roman survivals. The accomplishment of this task and its relation to modern civilization. B. References. (1) Prescribed Robinson, Western Europe, 34—43; Readings, 27-31. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Introduction /« the Middle Ages, 62-i-i uss the origin and development of the office of "Mayor of the l'al- lat e" under the Merovingians, and show how the foundations of ( !arol- ingian power were laid. Who is the great source for early Frankish history? (i) Why were the Germans so readily assimilated with the Roman popu- lation? What were the relations of the two races as regards lan- guage and law ? (5) Comment on: Germanic modes of trial; The task of the Middle Ages. VI. The Rise of the Papacy. A. Outline. (i) The historical importance of the Mediaeval Church and its gradual growth in unity and catholicity. (2) Important aspects of early church history. The chief sources of its power and influence in Western Europe. 1. It adapted itself to the needs of the time. 2. In contrast with paganism it emphasized the life after death. Effect of the idea of "other-worldliness." 3. It claimed to be the one agent of salvation. 4. It claimed to perform miracles through the Saints, and these claims were rarely doubted. (3) Relations of the Church and the civil government during the break-up of the Roman Empire. 1. Church at first under the imperial government. 2. Weakness of the civil government in the west causes the Church to seek independence. Statement of Gelasius I (d. 496). 3. Assumption by the Church of functions formerly exercised by the civil government in preserving law and order. (4) The origin and growth of the Roman Papacy. 1. No formal recognition of Roman headship in early records. 2. Claims to prestige and prominence of the Roman Church based on the theory of Petrine supremacy and foundation. 3. The Roman Church as a mother church in the west. Lack of definite evidence as to the powers of the Bishop of Rome. 4. Pope Leo the Great (440-461) and the edict of Valentinian III (445). Council of Chalcedon (451) and the rivalry of Rome and Constantinople. Im- portance of Leo's claims. 5. Duties that developed upon the successors of Leo in connection with the government of Rome and the affairs of Italy. 6. The pontificate of Gregory the Great (590-604). Events of Gregory's earlier life. His election as Pope and the transition at Rome. His position as a writer 9 and as a statesman and administrator. Ili foreign re- lations and missions. />'. Rejeren Prescribed Robinson, Western Europe, \\ 55; Readings, 33-40. [lateral ^dams, Civilization During lite Middle Ages, 107 1 ;t. Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 92—113. Barry, The l\ipal Monarchy, 1 ■it and Monod, Mediaval Europe, 15 [8, [19 124. Duruy, Middle Ages, 10S-111, 113-117. Henderson, Historical Documet g, Church History, I, [95—206. Schaff, Chureh History, I, Ch. X. Oman, Dark Ages, 198— 2< . ' the Great). Myers, The Middle Ages, 1^0-1^5. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 62-85. Thafc hrr and Schwill, Middle Ages, 230-24:;. Thatcher ami McNeal, Source Book, 82 <).•. Milman, History oj Latin Christianity, 15k. Ill, Chs. II. VII. Gibbon, Decline and Fall (ed. Bury), Vol. V, 25-32 {Gregory the Great). VII. Tin Monks of the West and Their Missions Among the Germans. .1. Outline. (1) Importance of the monks as a class in the history of Europe. 2 The reasons for the prevalence of monasticism. The mon- astic attitude of mind and the refuge afforded various 1 lasses by monasteries. (3) The origin and growth of monastic ism in western Europe. 1. Early monastic communities in Egypt and the east. St. Jerome. 2. Founding of monasteries in the west in the later fifth and early sixth centuries. Need of rule-. 3. The rule of St. Benedict at Monte Cassino (526), and it-, general adoption by other monasteries, [ts pro- visions. 4. Great influence of the Benedictines on history. Their contribution to education and scholarship. 5. The monks as laborers, model farmers, and enter- tainers. — t 6. Place of the monks in the Church. Relations with Pope. Regular and secular clergy and their respective functions. (4) The monks as missionaries to the German tribes. 1. The service rendered the Pope and the Church by missions. 2. The conversion of England to Roman Christianity. (a) Celtic and Roman Britain. British Christians. (b) Invasions and conquest of Britain by the Eng- lish tribes in the fifth century. Tribal king- doms. •y (c) Gregory the Great's mission under Augustine (596). Progress of Roman Christianity. Northumbria. ((/) The Irish Church and its leaders. The con- flict in Northumbria and the victory of Rome at Whitby (664). (e) Early Christian culture in northern England. Great English monasteries. The Venerable Bede (673-735). 3. The missions among the Germans on the Continent. (a) The work of the Irish missionaries, St. Colum- ban and St. Gall, in Gaul, Germany, and northern Italy. (b) The work of St. Boniface, the papal apostle to the Germans (718). His success in unifying the German Church and bringing it under papal control. (r) His work as Archbishop of Mayence (732) in establishing bishoprics and organizing and reforming the Frankish churches. The church of Gaul and the Pope. B. Rcjerences. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 56-66; Readings, 41-57. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, 131-136, I5 1 ! 2 3 l ~3 2 - Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 56-62. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 124-132, 175- , i/9- Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 130-132, I35~ I 49. r 54-iS7> 161-162. Henderson, Historical Documents «] the Middlt ;- 1 ;i i ( Rule oj St. Benedict). Mui>. Middle , \, 36 i$. Bourne, Mediaval ana Modern Histot Duruy, Middle Ages, tn n.;. 115. M inro and Sellery, Mediaval Civilisation, ha L36. Kjngsley, Roman and Teuton, Lectures VIII IX. Il.im.uk, Monasticism {Eastern and Western Monas- //( ism). Milman, Latin Christianity, Bk. [II, Ch. VI, Bk. tV, Chs. III. IV. V. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 93 95, 1.33 192. Thatcher and Schwil], Middle Age s, ;i' : $28,238 242, 68 71. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, VoL IV, Ch. XXXVII, (Bury ed., 57-75). Taylor, Classical Heritages <>j the Middle Aqrs, Ch. VII. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, II, Nos. 4, 7. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, N0- 113- \ III. The Accession of Charles Martel and the Expan- sion ok Arabian Power Into Wimikx Europe. .1. Outline. (1) Conditions in the Frankish state when Charles Martel be came Mayor of the I'alace. The problem of the mediaeval ruler. 1. The Frankish counts and dukes. Origin of their titles and character of their functions. Charles Mar- tel's success in quelling local insurrections. 2. Chark-s Mattel's control of the Frankish bishops and abbots. Powers of appointment and deposition. Secular character and habits of the leaders in the Church. (2) The rise and spread of Mohammedanism. 1. Mohammed, the prophet of a new faith (571-632). Conditions in Arabia before his coming and the effect of his work. 2. Story of Mohammed's life. The Hejira (622). Con- version of Arabia to Islamism; Mecca and Medina. 3. The origin and character of the Koran. Its teachings and their relation to older forms of religious belief. 4. Comparison of Mohammedanism with Christianity. -^ 5. Extension of Mohammedan power under the early caliphs. (a) Eastward and northward. Persian and Greek lands. ili) Westward. Syria, Egypt, and northern Africa. 6. Conquest of the West Gothic kingdom in Spain (711- 718). 7. Arab invasions of Frankish territory and the great Mohammedan defeat at Tours (732). Significance of this battle. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 67-72; Readings, 58-61 {Kara 11 ) . (2) Collateral — Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 120-129. Bemont and Monod, Mediceval Europe, 135-158, 170- 172. Adams, European History, 153-160; Civilization, 149— 151- Bourne, Meducval and Modern History, 46-49. Duruy, Middle Ages, 71-90, 106-108. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Chs. 50, 51 (Bury cd., 311- 494)- Gilman, Story oj the Saracens, Chs. 6, 7, 15, 23, 24. Lane-Poole, Story oj the Moors, Chs. 1-3. Lane-Poole, Speeches and Table Talk oj Mohammed. Myers, The Middle Ages, 87-106. Oman, The Dark Ages, 265-271, 289-299. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 114- 120. Carlyle, Heroes and Hero Worship, "The Hero as Propliet." The Koran, editions by Sale, Palmer, etc. Articles in Encyclopedia Brittaniai and New Inter- national Encyclopedia on Mohammedanism, etc. IX. The Sons of Charles Martel and the Assumption of the Prankish Crown by Pippin the Short. A. Outline. (1) Pippin and Carloman as Mayors of the Palace. Carlo- man's abdication. — (2) The assumption of the crown by Pippin in 751. Part played by the Pope. Double character, elective right and divine right, of his kingship. (3) Relations of the Frankish rulers and the Popes, and the 13 use oi iheir alliance. Position of the Papacy in the eighth century. i. Quarrel between the Papacy and the Greek Emperor Leo 111 (725) over image worship- the tconoda tit Controversy. Strained relations of the Papacy and the Lombards. Aistulf takes Ravenna and threatens Rome. Danger to the Papacy of a united Italy. 3. Pope Stephen's visit i<> Pippin and the first Frankish expedition to Italy (75.}). Renewal of the Lombard attack forces the Pope to again ask aid. His argu- ments effective. 4. The donation of Pippin and its significance for later Italian history. (4) Pippin's later reign (756-768) all( ' the general importance of his work. 1. Strengthening of the royal power in the Prankish state by the overthrow of local dukes. Basis for future ex pansion. 2. First instance of interference of northern ruler in Ital- ian politics. Beginning of new and Lasting connections. }. Creation of a papal state in Italy of great importance and permanence. (5) ( me sided view of new relations with Rome taken by Pippin and by Charlemagne. Development of papal imperial power not foreseen. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 72-76; Readings, 61-63. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 151-179. Barrv, The Papal Monarchy, Chs. IV, Y. Bemont and MEonod, Medioeval Europe, 172-179. Duruv, Middle Ages, 118-121. Henderson, (in-many in the Middle Ages, 46-56. Oman, The Dark Ages, 322-334. Adams, Civilization, 151-154; EuropeanHistory, 160- 163. That' her and Schwill, Middle Ages, 107-114. Sheppard, Fall oj Rome, 484-495. 1. 1'. hin. History oj France, I, Bk. II, Tart I, Ch. 2. Gregorovius, History oj Rome, II, Bk. IV, Chs. 1 3. Thar her and McNeal, Source Book, 37-38, 95-105. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, new ed., 34-41; old ed., Robimvnjicadingsin European II islory,\') The difficulty and arduousness of the under- taking. Success achieved by union of forces of Church and State. (c) The establishment of the power of the Church in Saxony by severe legislation and compulsory con- tributions. Church and State complementary. ((/) Establishment of Saxon bishoprics and founding of monasteries leads to growth of towns like Bremen, etc. 3. Charlemagne's conquest of the Lombard king Desid- erius and assumption of the Lombard crown (773-774). 4. Incorporation into the Frankish royal state of the semi- independent duchies of Aquitaine and Burgundy. 5. Successful contests along the frontiers with non-Ger- manic peoples, Slavs and Bohemians. Establishment of border districts ruled over by margraves. Their later importance. 6. Relations with Mohammedan Spain. Establishment of the Spanish March (778), the first step in the Chris- tian recovery of Spain. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 77-83; Readings, 65-67. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 150-15 1, 180-213. Bcmont and Monod, Mediccval Europe, 179-187. Adams, European History, 164-168; Civilization, 154— 159- '5 Einhard, Life i>j Charlemagne {contemporary), 9 39. Thatcher and M> Meal, Source Book, 38 \8(Einhard). Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I 131. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, too-] 1 1. Bourne, Mediaeval and Modern History. 69 72, 76 77. \\ . 1. The Ancient World, 546-550. Sheppard, Tlte Fall of Rome, 496-515. < >man, Dark Ages, 335 s (, ' s - Henderson, Germany in ///<■ Middle Ages, 56—70. Thatcher and SchwUl, Middle Ages, 1 1 1 1 Hodgkin, Cliarles the Great, esp.. Chs. \ IX. Mombert, Charles tlte Great, 86 [26, 154 [65, 179 XI. 'I'm Revtvai "i Mir. [mperial Title in the West and Tin: Governmental \\i» Educational Conditions UNDER CHARLEM VGN1 . .1. Outline. (1) Events Leading up to Charlemagne's coronation by the Pope as Emperor. Contemporary descriptions and rea- sons for the act. (2) Attitude of Charlemagne towards his coronation. His imperial position in the west and the disgraceful conditions in the eastern cm pi re. Criticism of the contemporary theory of imperial continuity. 1 . ( Continuance of the eastern emperors at Constantinople. 2. Weakness and lack of imperial authority of later rulers. (3) Long duration of the II<>ly Roman Empire as a theory. (S00-1N00). Future troubles of the German rulers on ac- count of their imperial relations with Italy and the Papacy. (4) Charlemagne's system of royal and imperial government. 1. Difficulty of governing vast and heterogeneous domin- ions. 2. The sources of revenue. Income from royal estates. 3. The royal officials — counts, margraves, missi dominu i — and their respective duties. 4. The general oath of fidelity to the emperor, the national assemblies, and the capitularies or royal edicts. (5) Charlemagne as a promoter of culture and learning. The Carolingian Renaissance. 16 "■- i. The three dark centuries before Charlemagne. Papy- rus and parchment. The bad conditions in the eighth century. 2. The Church as a transmitter of learning. Latin ecclesiastical literature and compendiums of knowl- edge. 3. Charlemagne's interest in promoting education. (a) His letters to bishops and abbots regarding better education for the clergy. (b) His endeavor to have the laity receive some edu- cation from the church schools. The episcopal and monastic schools and the "School of the Palace" at Aachen (c) The work of Alcuin, Paulus Diaconus, and other scholars. ((/) His emphasis on the careful transmission of the learning then known. No effort at a classical revival. 4. Lack of really important results from the Carolingian Renaissance and the causes operating to delay intel- lectual progress. B. Rejerences. (1) Prescribed — -Robinson, Western Europe, S3-91; Readings, 68-77. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, 214-235. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 187-210. Duruy, Middle Ages, 129-138. Adams, Civilization, 159-169; European History, 1 68-171. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, new ed., 41-76; old ed., 4i-75- Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 71-81. Henderson, Short History 0} Germany, I, 29-38. Henderson, Historical Documents 0/ the Middle Ages, 170-171, 189-201. Harding, Mcdiceval and Modem History, 33-42. Hodgkin, Charles the Great, Ch. XI and 235-238. Einhard, Lije oj Charlemange, 56-66. Mombert, Charles the Great, 241-270, 353-368. Munro, The Middle Ages, 9-17. Myers, The Middle Ages, 123-129. Oman, The Dark Ages, 369-382. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, VI, No. 5, p. 16 ff; III, No. 2, pp. 2-5. • Robinson, Readings in European History, I, 1 31-146. 17 Sheppard, Fall 0} Rome, 515 I'll. iii her and Mi Nea , -109. 'I'h. ill Iht ami Schwill, Middle Ages, 1 16 139. I fonan hy, 89 ro6, 3. . ( 'harlemagne (" Heroes 0) the Nations ). Mullingcr, Schools 0) ( 'harles the lire, it. \\ estj 1. 1 iiin ami the Rise <>] Christian Schools. Ml. I'm Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire, 814-887. .1. (hill inc. * Important question as to the future of Charlemagne's em- pire. Ili> own views as indicated in the division of 806. Reasons for division. (2) Louis the Pious (814-840) and his sons. 1 . Six successive partitions of empire between 8i 7 and 840. 2. Rebellions of Louis' sons, Pippin (d. 838), Lothair, Louis, and Charles. The situation at the emperor's death in 840. (3) The contest between the sons of Louis the Pious and its results. 1. Lothair's attempt at imperial supremacy and his defeat by Louis the German and Charles the Bald at Fontenay (841). 2. The Treaty of Verdun and its importance in the history of Europe. Difficulty of disposing of the middle por tion of the empire. The creation of Lotharingia, later Lorraine. 3. First definite appearance of France and Germany as distinct states. Differences of Language seen in the famous Strasburg oaths of 742. (4) Division of Lothair's kingdom in 855. Annexation of the middle kingdom by France and Germany by the Treat}- of Mersen (870). Appearance of Italy as a third great district of the empire. (5) French and German Carolingians of the later ninth century. Charles the Fat and the events leading to his deposition. Election of national kings in France and Germany and the rise of little kingdoms and duchies. (6) Causes of the disruption and division of imperial territory. 1. Lack of ability and of power to control large states on part of the successors of Charlemagne. This weak- ness due in part to: 18 (a) Poor means of communication ; decay of Roman roads and bridges. (b) Scarcity of money for payment of officials and army. 2. Series of new invasions from all sides — (a) The North- men; (b) The Slavs; (c) The Hungarians; (d) The Saracens. 3. Rapid growth in the local power and independence of great landholders seen in: (a) The erection of powerful fortresses by lords. (b) The growth of manors and the acquisition of im- munities. (c) The development of the hereditary principle in regard to offices and lands in the ninth century. (7) Disruptive tendencies checked and limited by two important forces: 1. The respect for the king as a ruler by divine right and head of the nation ■ — a position afterwards asserted by European rulers. 2. Feudalism with its links binding men together as lords and vassals and thus creating a feudal state in place of a national one. The importance of the feudal system in the history of Europe. B. Rejerences. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 92-103; Readings, 79-87 (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization. 170-177; European. History, 175- 181. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 114-121. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 211-236. Bourne, Mediaeval and Modern History, 77-86. Duruy, Middle Ages, 138-155. Fmerton, Mediaeval Europe, 3-40, 90-94. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 82-116. Henderson, Short History 0} Germany, 38-45. Henderson, Historical Documents, 171-172, 201-207. Johnson, The Normans in Europe, Chs. I— III. Harding, Essentitils 0} Mediaeval and Modem History, 44-49. Munro, The Middle Ages, 17-23, 33-39. Oman, The Dark Ages, 383-445. Robinson, Readings in European History, I, 150-170. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 59-71. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 140-155. West, Modern History, 9-31. 19 Kl'\ II'W Ql I S ril >fl - I '\ T< »l Its VI \II ( IF THE < MT1.I\K. \ i. intrast pagan and Christian ideas of religion and discuss the < hief the power exen ised by the Chun li in the early middle agi What were the relations of the Church towards the State during the period of the invasions and what tendency is observable. I :.n i- the growth in power of the < Ihun h at Rome and its head, noting the chief causes for Roman supremai j . A bo were the two greatest popes of the early middle ages, and what is the pontificate of each especially noted for? I Ixplain or i omment on (a) < >ther-worldliness; (b) Petrine supremacy; (e) Post-Nicene Fathers; (d) Castle of San Angelo; («) The Dialogues. VII. \ hy an- the monks as a < lass and as individuals important in the history of Europe? How was it SO many great men were monks? ( 2) What mental, moral, and physii al influence drew men and women to the monasteries? What dangers were inherent in the system? Compare eastern and western monasticism as to origins, character, and development. How did the rule of St. Benedict affect the west? Discuss the chief provisions of the Benedictine rule and give a brief estimate of the services rendered by the monks. imment on or explain — (a) Regular and secular clergy; ) Roman Christianity in England; (c) The [rish Church and its missionaries; (f other lords as well. Many things granted on feudal tenure besides land money, houses, grain, wine, hers, etc. Explanation of this fact, (a) Force necessary to maintain the feudal system with its ob ligations. Breaches of the feudal bond of frequent occur rem e. i. Feudal bond legally dissolved when the lord failed in his duty toward the vassal. j. Feudal bond illegally broken by a strong vassal defying a weak lord. j War the law of the feudal world. Reasons for this and the various occasions and opportunities for feudal wars. Failure of the feudal eourts to keep peace and the public recognition of right of private warfare. Warlike spirit kept alive in feudal society by dangerous jousts or tourneys. (4) Signs of an awakening sentiment against feudal violence and disorder in western Europe in die later middle ages. Various causes. 1. Genera] progress in civilization and commerce espe- cially in the towns. 2. Influence of the Church. The "Truce of God" and the " Peace of ( rod." 3. Growth of the royal power and the central courts in France and England. B. Rejcrcnces. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 109-119; Readings, 88-98. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 217-226; European History, 186-189. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 251-267. Duruy Middle Ages, 200-208, 211-215. Emerton, Nedueval Europe, 483—508. Henderson, Historical Documents, 172, 173, 208-215. Masson, Mediaeval Erance, 3-13. Munro, The Middle Ages, 47-50, 139-147. Myers, The Middle Ages, 169-70, 176-179. Munn> and Sellcry, Mcdidi'al Civilization, 168-187. Pennsylvania Translations and Fcprints, Vol. IV, No. iii, 14-36. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 176- 193- 24 Thatcher and McNeil, Source Book 361-387 410-431. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 218-229. Adams, Growth oj the French Nation, 63-72. West, Modern History, 31-38, 44-50. XV. France Under the Later Carolingians and Early Capetians, 888-1137. A. Outline. (1) Importance of tracing the development of great national states. (2) The survival of the kingship in the ninth and tenth centuries and its significance. Ultimate triumph of royal power in Europe. (3) The later Carolingian and early Capetian rulers. 1. Odo of Paris (888-898) and his successors. The rivalry of the later Carolingian kings and the Capetian dukes ending in the election of Hugh Capet as king in 987. 2. Character of Hugh's kingship. The races of the West Frankish kingdom andtheorigin of the name" France.'' 3. Difficulties in the way of the early Capetian kings and their lack of royal power, even over the royal domain. Feudalism rampant and the central authority weak and powerless. (4) The origin and growth of the great fiefs of mediaeval France. 1. Beginnings of the semi-independent feudal states in the tenth century. 2. Special facts in regard to the development of Nor- mandy, Brittany, Flanders, Burgundy, Aquitaine (Guienne and Gascony), and Toulouse. 3 . Formation of the border kingdom of Aries or Burgundy (923) and its later transference to Germany. (5) Complicated position of the early Capetians — (a) Feudal rights as counts of Paris, etc., dukes of Francia, and feudal suzerains of France; (b) Royal rights as kings by divine appointment. General oath of fidelity exacted by them whenever possible; (r) Difference of attitude between the rulers and their vassals. (6) Strength of the Capetian house and its long struggle for con- trol. 25 I uis \ I . the Fat, and Vbbe Suger, his greal adviser, and their work in asserting royal authority over the barons in the royal domain. The beginning of the strong Capetian monan In. /■'. Referent Prescribed — Robinson Western Europe, 120-125; Readings, 90-103. t 'llateral — Adams, Civilisation, 31 1 315; European History, 195 • 196, Adams, Growth 0} the French Nation, 54 63 73 78. Bemont and Monod, Mediceval Europe, 235 245, 391- 401. Duruy, History 0) France trans, by Jameson, 100— no, I3S ' l J; Duruy, Midde Ages, 171-180, 341-345. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 400-420. Harding, Mediaval and Modern History, 69 71, 2 1 1 - 21 2. Masson \fediazval France, "Nations," 13-21,47-57. » Munro The Middle Ages, 64—72, 204-207. I' all, The French People, 50-63, 7 Robinson, Readings in European History, I, 1111-205. I >iit, Empire and Papacy 66 95, 71 Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 156 1 (>,], 484-486. West Modern History, 51-55, 163-164. XVI. The Growth of the French Monarchy During the I.\ 1 i.k Middle Ages. . 1. Outline. (1) The Capetians and the Plantagenets. i. Louis VII of France (1137-1180) and his marriage to and divorce from Eleanor of Aquitaine. Second marriage of Eleanor to Henry of Anjou. 2. The Plantagenet possessions in France. Henry II of England as a great feudatory in France. Relations with Louis VII. 3. Philip Augustus of France (1 180-1223) and his re- lations with the Plantagenets. Divisions in the English royal family. Acquisition of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine from King John. ;. <.n-nt extension of the royal domain under Philip Augustus and strengthening of the influence of the crown in the towns. 26 5. Louis VIII (1223-1226) and the creation of appan- ages. (2) The reigns of Louis IX (St. Louis), 1 226-1 270, and Philip III, 1270-1285. 1 . Character and importance of St. Louis. His biography by Joinville. 2. Early reign — suppression of baronial revolt and settle- ment of the troubles with England in a fair way. 3. Reforms in government and law — (a) Baillis and prcvots; (b) Organs of central government — king's council, chamber of accounts, and Parlement of Paris. System of appeals from feudal to royal courts. 4. Establishment of royal coinage for France. 5. Reign of Philip III (1270-1285), continues Louis IX's policy. (3) Philip the Fair (1285-13 14) and the establishment of royal absolutism. 1. Causes of royal absolutism — (oo. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 231 . Th. iii her and Schwill, Middle Ages, [94—309, 510 515, Walker, Essentials in English History, 65 [35. Modern History, [6-31, 133 1 p. Will. I.\ki\ Plantagenet England, [154-1307. .1. Outline. (1) Henry 11 (1154 1189), and hi> reforms in government and law. 1. Restoration of order by the overthrow of baronial tyranny. 2. Difficulties facing Henry on account of bis great pos sessions. The French and English aspects of his reign. ;. Establishment of royal justice in England by the re- form and reorganization of the central courts — {a) Royal justices on circuit; (6) Curia Regis; (c) Grand jury and petty jury; () Explain or comment on: (a) The "usufruct;" (M Preecarium and beneficium; (<") Immunity; (e dissolved? < >n what occasions and with what persons did the feudal noble go to war? What was the attitude of the state towards private war? (5) What forces sought to oppose and lessen feudal violence and disorder? XV and xvi. (1) Why is the history of Franre important? What is the main tendency in French history during the later middle ages? (2) Discuss the rise and development of Capetian power to 0X7 A. I). What were the chief difficulties which the early Capetians faced? (3) Indicate on an outline map of France the great fiefs of France. ( )) Writebriefly concerning the history of Normandy, Brittany, and Flanders. (5) What double position of authority did the Capetian rulers occupy in theory? What were the actual facts as to their powers? (6) Name the great Capetian rulers who built up a strong monarchy between 1 100 and 1300 and indicate briefly what each contrbuted. (7) Discuss the relations of the Capetians and Plantagencts during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. (8) Give an account of Louis IX's reforms and innovations in government (9) What was the condition of the royal power under Philip Augustus and what had brought about this change? (10) Explain or comment on: — (a) Francia; (b) Thomas of Marie; (c) Abbe Suger; (d) Fleanor of Aquitaine; (c) Appanages; (/) Joinville. xvii and xviil (1) What features in English history are especially important from the stand- point of European history? (2) Sketch the leading events in English history during the Anglo-Saxon period, noticing especially the reign of Alfred the Creat. (3) Describe the conditions in England at the time of the Norman Conquest. 32 (4) Give an account of the Norman invasion and conquest and the principal changes brought about by William the Conqueror in government and law. (5) What social and economic changes did the Norman Conquest produce? (6) Explain or comment on: — (a) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; (b) Danegeld; (c) Witenagemot; (d) Salisbury Oath; (e) Domesday Book; (/) Lan- franc of Bee; (g) Stephen of Blois. (7) Discuss Henry II's early reign in its governmental and legal aspects. (8) Give an account of the quarrel with Becket and its results. (9) What were the events of most importance in John's reign? Which of these seems to you of most importance — (a) at that time and (b) for later times ? (10) Give a resume of the more important clauses of the Magna Charta and discuss its significance as a constitutional document. (n) Outline the development of parliamentary government in England to 1295- 33 \l \ Gi km wn \m> [taly, 88; i . \. D. .1. Outline. I haracter of German history. No strong centralized mon archy developed as in the case of France. No united * rei many until re< cut times. I he great Si mi Duchies of Germany Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Saxony, and I .orraine and causes of their appear an> e. i. Revival of local national feeling ami of loyalty to lo< .il chiefs in the ninth century. . Need of local organization and leadership in order to meet ami repel attacks of outside races in ninth and tenth centuries. (3) The growth of royal power in Germany. i. Difficulty of asserting royal power on account of the duchies. A spe< ies of confederation necessary. j. Arnulf of Carinthia (887-899) and Ludwig the Child 99-91 1 ), the last of the German Carolingians. De- cline of royal power. 3. Conrad of Franconia (01 1-018) and his struggles with the duchies. 4. Election of Henry 1, the Fowler, of Saxony (91 0-936) . His respect for ducal power and his successful reign. Slavs and Hungarians. 5. Otto I, the Great (936-973"), and his remarkable reign. (a) Obtains control of the chief duchies and gives them to members of his own family; reducing the ducal power. (l>) Repulses the Slavs and establishes dioceses in northeastern Germany as centers of Christian 1 ivilization. (c) Inflicts a final defeat on the Hungarians at Augsburg (955). Beginnings of Hungary and of Austria (the Ost Mark). ((/) Otto the Great in Italy in 951. His second expedition in 962 and his coronation as emperor. (e) The far-reaching results of the revival of the imperial title and power by a German king. 34 (/) Otto's relations with Rome after his coronation. Continuation of troubles under his successors. The effect of Italian expeditions. Significance of the new imperial title. 6. Otto II (973-983), Otto III (983-1002), and Henry II (1002-1024). 7. The first Franconian emperors — Conrad II (1024- 1039) and Henry III (1039-1056). The empire at its height. () Consolidation of ducal power in hands of royal family, (r) Absence of strong rival states helps the imperial power. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson Western Europe, 148-153; Readings, 120-125. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 177-1S3, 227-238; European His- tory, 192-195. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 163-182. Bemont and Monod Mediaeval Europe, 268-285. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, 80-88, 132-152. Duruy, Middle Ages, 187-199, 235-237. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 90-114, 1 18-194. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 1 12-179. Henderson, Short History of Germany, I, 45-46, 49-54. Harding, Mediaeval and Modem History, 63-69, 98-99. Munro, Middle Ages, 51-56. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 245- 265. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 12-62; Oman, Dark Ages, 468-477. Stephens, Hildebrand and his Times 10-14. West, Modern History, 55-64, 68-73. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 69-80, 113-121. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 164-192. 35 XX. 'I'm State of rai Church \m> nn Papacx i\ the Eleventh Centura ind the Reforms of Hi \k\ 1 1 Vs Time. .1. Outline. (\) [ntroductory — the new spirit of reform in the Church and its origin and development. Danger to imperial control over the Church and Papacy. The weak and corrupt condition of the western Church, its lack of spirituality, and it-- decentralization. Wealth in land the main cause of such conditions. i. I. arm' tracts of land bestowed on churchmen l>v kings, noblemen, and others. Church lands more numerous than any others. 2. The Church drawn into the feudal system. Bishops and abbots as vassals holding fiefs. 3. Canonical ele< tion becomes a mere form and ecclesias- tical holders of fiefs are arbitrarily selected by kings and feudal lords. 4. The control of the " investiture" by feudal lords. Both temporal and spiritual powers conferred. The abuses of the system. 5. The attitude of the Church towards property purely spiritual, while the attitude of the king or lord was feudal. 6. Complicated position of the mediaeval bishop — (a) As head of his diocese; (b) As manager of the episcopal estates; (r) As u vassal; and ((/) As a" royal count or official. 7. Importance of investiture to the king from both a feudal and governmental standpoint. Alliance be- tween the clergy and the crown. (3) Second source of weakness and curruption in the Church was the illicit marriage of the clergy in western Europe. Dangers of such marriages. (4) Third source of corruption was in the buying and selling of church offices or "simony." Temptations to simony and evil effects of the practice in corrupting both higher and lower clergy. 36 (5) Danger of the Church being dragged into the anarchy of feudalism. Loss of independence on part of higher clergy and the Pope. (6) The beginnings of Church reform under Henry III. i. Low condition of the Papacy in the eleventh century. The three rival popes — Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory VI. 2. Henry III reforms the Papacy at the Council of Sutri (1046). Emperor crowned by new German Pope, Clement II. 3. Historical importance of this reform in connection with the empire. Growth of the papal power from now on. 4. Difficulties in the way of papal world power — inde- pendence of higher clergy, national church feeling, lay control, and corruption. 5. Henry Ill's relations with the reformed Papacy. Leo IX and his views of election (1049-1054). His activi- ties. Hildebrand. (7) Pope Nicholas II (1059-1061) and the creation of the elective body for the Papacy — the College of Cardinals. Further reforms advocated — (a) The enforcement of celibacy on the clergy; (/;) Prohibition of lay investiture. Opposition to these reforms in Italy and Germany. B. Rejerences. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 153-163. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages, 238-245. Emerton, Mediceval Europe, 185-235. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 182-203. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 284-291. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 179-182. Henderson, Short History oj Germany, I, 54-60. Henderson, Historical Documents, 361-365 {Decree oj 1059). Harding, Mediceval and Modem History, 98-103. Munro and Sellery, Mediceval Civilization, 137-152, 188-209. Myers, The Middle Ages, 202-209. Stephens, Hildebrand and his Times, 14-18, 23-34, 46-58. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 121-131. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle A ges, 191-193, 254-260. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 62-64, 96-103, 109-116. West, Modem History, 64-68, 72-75. 37 220J28I \\l I'm Com i i, i Between I'd r i- ('■ ki ooks VI I \\i> I in. Emperob IIinkn l\ \\i> hs Results, 107^ naa. I . ( hillinr. (\) The accession of Hildebrand as Pope Gregory \'II. His character and views as expressed in the Dicktfus Papa — a summary of papal claims. 1 . Pope to have absolute power over the Chur< h and its members. 2. Pope i«» be above all rulers and princes and exercise ultimate and supreme authority in all matters <>f right. Claims for a theocratic government in middle ages strength- ened by — 1. Prevalence of disorder, mis-government, and oppres- sion in the feudal states ruled over by laymen. 2. Negative character of the Church's 1 laims to restrain rulers from evil practices and free subjects from al- legiance. Gregory VI 1 asserts the papal power by sending his legates to the various courts. His views of the papal and kingly powers in Europe. (4) The relations of Henry IV of Germany to the new Papacy. 1. Death of Henry III (1056) and accession of Henry IV, aged six; the period of regency, 1056- 1065, and its troubles. 2. Henry [V.'s majority (1065). Troubles with the Sax- ons. Difficulties of the young king. His disregard of the Pope's wishes. 3. Prohibitions on lay investiture. Decree of 1075 — '* s significance and importance in the struggle. 4. Visit of the papal legates to Henry in 1075. Their violent language and its result. Gregory VII deposed at Worms ( 1076). 5. Henry's strong letter to the Pope and the reply of the Pope deposing and excommunicating the king. 6. Loss of support in Germany forces Henry, in order to save his throne, to seek the Pope's pardon at Can- 1 (1077). 7. Civil war in Germany, 107 7-1080. Pope again ex- communicates and deposes Henry and is himself de- posed by the German clergy. 38 8. Henry's victorious expedition to Italy and coronation by anti-Pope Clement III. Gregory VII's death at Salerno in 10S5. 9. Continued rebellions against Henry in Germany and Italy. The Saxons submit, but the Lombard cities are successful (1093). 10. Rebellion of Henry V. Abdication and death of Henry IV in 1106. (5) Henry V (1106-1125) and the investiture question. Pope Paschal IPs proposals and the emperor's objections. The Concordat of Worms (1122) — canonical election in royal presence and double investiture — a compromise measure favorable on the whole to the Church. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 164-172; Readings, 127- 137- (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 241-247. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 203-244. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 291-300. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, 157-166. Duruy, Middle Ages, 23S-244. Emcrton, Mediaeval Europe, 235-269. Harding, Mediaeval and Modem History, 100-109. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 183-227. Henderson, Short History oj Germany, I, 60-75. Henderson, Historical Documents, 351-357, 365-409. Munro, The Middle Ages, 56-63. Myers, The Middle Ages, 205-213. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 266- 2 95- Stephens, Hildebrand and his Times, 59 ff. Thatcher and McNeal Source Book, 132-167. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 260-277. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 120-150. West, Modern History, 74-84. XXII. Germany and Italy in the Time of Frederick Bar- barossa. A. Outline. (1) Introductory. The transition from the Franconian to the Hohenstaufen period. Lothaire II of Saxony (1125-1137) and Conrad III of Hohenstaufen (1138-1152) and their reigns. 39 1 rederu k I, Barbarossa or"Redbeard," and his importance. i . Emergent e From the so called "dark ages." Appear ance of new and better sources of information. < >tto i if Freising's works. 2. Imperial ideals and ambitions of Frederick Barba- rossa. His attitude towards the Pope and the im- perial power in Italy. 3. Three great opposing forces to imperialism (a) The great vassals in Germany; (b) The papacy; (c) The 1 .ombard < ities. (3) The rise of the Lombard cities and their relations with Frederick 1. 1 . I )evelopmen< of town life in the twelfth century. The third estate. 2. The period of episcopal rule in the Lombard cities. Development of popular control and expulsion of the bishops. 3. Italian communal government. Internal feuds and dissensions and external wars. Growth of industry and commerce. .;. Independent attitude of the towns toward the emperor and their alliam e with the Papacy. 5. The defiance of imperial authority by Milan brings Frederick to Italy, the first of six expeditions, in 1 154. The Diet at Roncaglia and its results. 6. Frederick at Rome in 1 155. His relations with Arnold of Brescia and with Pope Hadrian IV. Beginning of troubles with the Papacy. 7. Frederick's second expedition in 11 58. Second Diet at Roncaglia and the decision as to regalian rights over the towns. Loss of independence by the towns and increase of imperial revenues. 8. The revolt of the towns against imperial government. Destruction of Crema and of Milan (1162). Forma- tion of the Lombard League. 9. Growth of opposition in the north. Frederick's escape to Germany in 1 167. Founding of Alessandria. Legnano (1 176). 10. The Treaty of Venice (1 177) a victory for Pope Alex- ander III. and the Lombard cities. Perpetual Peace of Constance (1183). 40 (4) Origin of the Guelf and Ghibelline parties in Italy and Ger- many. The Guelf family in Germany, Henry the Proud of Bavaria and Saxony and his son Henry the Lion. Sub- jugation of the German Guelfs by Frederick. (5) Close of Frederick Barbarossa's great reign, 1184-89. The Norman marriage and Henry VI's coronation. Death of Frederick on the Third Crusade. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 173-1S0; Readings, 13S- 144. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 247-253; European History, 203-206. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 261-268, 279-281. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 301-317. Balzani, The Popes and the Hohenstaujen, i-iii. Duruy, The Middle Ages, 245-253. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 271-312. Freeman, Historical Essays, First Series, "Frederick I." Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, 167-181. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 228-290. Henderson, Short History of Germany, I, 70-90. Henderson, Historical Documents, 336-337, 357-359, 410-430. Manro, The Middle Ages, 184-193. Myers, The Middle Ages, 258, 293-295, 413, 414. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 296- 306. Harding, Mediaeval and Modern History, 145-161. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 169-207, 3S5-387. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 277-298. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 221—273. West, Modern History, 85-88. XXIII. The Later Hohenstaufen \nd their Relations with Italy and the Papacy. A. Outline. (1) The reign of the Emperor Henry VI, (1190-1197). 1. Importance of Henry's marriage to Constance of Sicily (1186). The Normans in southern Italy and their relations with the Papacy. 2. Suppression of Guelf revolt under Henry the Lion. Henry V's disastrous expedition against Taricred of Sicily (1191). 41 tpture and ran oming of Richard I of England. Suppression of German Guelfs and ultimate victory over Tain red (1194). ; Failure of Henry t<> unite Etaly to Germany. His great plans cut short by his death in 1197. His sod, Frederi< k II, an infant. Pope [nnocent III and the Guelf-Ghibelline struggle in 1 lermany. 1. Character and greatness of Innocent III. The world power of the Papacy. The Pope's ] >< >>it i< >n as an arbiter. 2. Rivalry for the ( rerman crown between Philip of Swa- bia and ( >tti> "f Brunswick, loqy-i 208. [nnocent III favors the Guelf cause and crowns Otto IV (1200). I Uto's pride and arrogance. 3. Repudiation of Otto by the Pope and the putting up of Frederick II as rival king and emperor (1212). Frederick's promises. (3) [nnocent Ill's victory in the struggle with John of England (1205-1213). The seeming supremacy of the Papacy in western Europe. The fourth Lateran Council (1215) and it- reforms. Death of Innocent in 1216. (4) Frederick II (1212-1250) and the end of the Hohenstaufen power. 1. Early life and character of Frederick II. His alleged scepticism. His ability as a ruler and organizer in southern Italy. 2. Opposition of the Papacy to Frederick's plans of unit- ing Italy. The question of the crusade and its results. His long struggle. 3. Death of Frederick II (1250) and the collapse of Hohenstaufen power in Italy before Charles of Anjou, the papal champion (1265-1268). 4. Conrad IV (1250-1254) and the end of Hohenstaufen power in (lermany. The great Interregnum and "fist law." Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg (1073) and the close of the medkeval empire. (5) Conditions in Germany and Italy at the close of the thir- teenth century. 1. Germany hopelessly divided into small principalities. 42 No central authority acknowledged and no hope of a national state. 2. Italy also hopelessly divided. The cities of the north- ern and central portions and their future importance. The Papal States and the fortunes of Naples and Sicily. B. References. (i) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 180-186. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ages, 253-257. Balzani, The Popes and the Hohenstaujen, in— 257. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 285-295, 317-324, 3 2 9-3 6 4- Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 319-335- Bryce, Ploly Roman Empire, 204-215. Duruy, History oj the Middle Ages, 253-250, 443-446. Emcrton, Mediieval Europe, 314-332, 342-356. Freeman, Historical Essays, First Scries, 283-313. Harding, Mediaeval and Modern History, 162-170. Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 291-409. Henderson, Short History of Germany, I, 90-101. Henderson, Historical Documents, 173-174, 215-218, 337-344, 359: 430-432- Munro, The Middle Ages, 193 198. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 307- 3"- Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, IV, No. 4; III, No. 6. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 208-259. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 298-317. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 304-335, 358-392, 478-492. West, Modern History, 88-96. REVIEW QUESTIONS ON TOPICS XIX-XXIII OF THE OUTLINE. XIX. (1) What were the political tendencies in Germany as compared with France and England in the middle ages? (2) How did the Stem Duchies in Germany develop in the ninth and tenth centuries? Discuss the growth of local power under the last Caro- lingians. (3) Give an account of Henry I's and Otto I's relations with the duchies and with the Slavs and Hungarians. (4) Discuss Otto the Great's relations with Italy before and after his coro- nation as emperor. How did the revival of the empire affect Ger- many ? 43 impart Otto the Great's imperial power and territory with Charle m ague's, ! .u w.is the empire l>uilt up and strengthened under the first Frani on i.ins? omment on or explain — (a) Osi Mat . (b) Widukind; (c) King of the Rom I lurgund) . XX. ( i1 What « auscd the reform movement in the i hurt li in the eleventh i entury ? (a) What was the < hief source of corruption in the Chun li, and how did this evil affect the higher clergy in particular? (3) Discuss the relations of the Church i<> feudalism and the problems in- volved. (4I Show how complicated was the position of a mediaeval bishop. : Mm uss — \,i) Reasons for celibac) on the pari of the clergy; and (/») Simony: its origin and prevalence in the middle ages, iive an account of Henry Ill's reform of the Papacy and its results. What two popes before Gregory \ II. contributed most to the power of the ref« rmed Papacy? What did they do? (-) How diil the reform party in the Church aim to emancipate the clergy from "the base entanglements of the earth"? How did their plans work? " XXI. (1) What is the eharaeter of the "Die talus I'apae," and what are some of its most important provisions? What bearing has it on the papal- imperial conflict. (2) What justification might be urged for theocratic government in the middle ages,? Show how Gregory VII sought to establish such govern- ment. (3) Outline the course of the great conflict between Henry I V and (Iregory YII. What event marks the crisis and turning point in the struggle? (4) Discuss Henry IY's troubles in Germany and Italy during his later reign. (5) Desc rilie the final stage of the investiture conflict and the terms of the Concordat at Worms (1122). Which party gained by the struggle? XXII. (1) How clid the 1 lohenstaufen family first become prominent? Who was the first Hohenstaufen emperor? (2) Discuss the character and ambitions of Frederick Barbarossa and the forces lu- had to contend against in Italy and Germany. (3) Give an account of the rise to self-government of the Italian cities. (4) What were Frederick Barbarossa's relations with the Lombard cities and the Papacy between 1154 and 1183? What political parties were formed ? (5) Explain or comment on — {a) Otto of Friesing; (6) Arnold of Brescia; (V) Diets of Roncaglia; (f Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem in eleventh century. j. Appeal for western aid against the Turks by the east era emperor Alexis (1081-1118). Pope Urban II issues the call. 3. The crusading councils at Piacenza and at Clermont (1095). The speech of Urban II and its result. (3) The motives of the crusaders and the privileges bestowed on them by the Church. The popularity of the movement in western Europe. (4) The preliminaries to the First Crusade — the army of the "common folk" led by Peter the Hermit and its fate in the east. (5) The real First Crusade (1096-1099) and what it accom- plished. 1. The gathering of the feudal armies of the west. The great divisions and their leaders. Their routes to the east. 2. Lack of organization and discipline among the cru- saders. The troubles at Constantinople between Alexis and the crusaders. 3. The capture of Nica;a and the march through Asia Minor. The conquest of Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. 4. The siege of Jerusalem and its capture by storm ( 1099). Godfrey of bouillon and his successor, Baldwin, as feudal rulers. 5. The extension and organization of the Christian states in Syria. 6. The fate of the crusader-, of 1 101. Conditions in the east. Military colonies in Syria. Dissensions among the Turks. (6) The great militant monastic orders and their history. v 1. Character of new military orders founded after the First Crusade — the Hospitalers, Templars, and Teu- tonic Knights. 2. The Hospitalers and their evolution into the Knights of Malta. 3. The Templars. Their origin, wealth, and pride. Their downfall. 4. The Teutonic Knights and their later work in north- east Germany. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 187-196; Readings, 146- 158. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 258-268; European History, 209-214. Archer and Kingsford, The Crusades (" Nations"), 13-92. Bemont and Monod, Mediceval Europe, 348-357, 359- 362. Bourne, Mediceval and Modern History, 109-114, 145. Duruy, The Middle Ages, 261—272, 290-291, 380-3S2. Emerton, Mediceval Europe, 358-374. Harding, Mediceval and Modem History, 1 14-13 1. Mombert, Short History oj the Crusades, Chs. I— III. Munro, Middle Ages, 103-114; also Essays on the Crusades. Munro and Sellery, Mediceval Civilization, 248-266. Myers, Middle Ages, 214-235, 244-145, 394-396. Oman, The Art oj War in the Middle Ages, 229 IT. Masson, Mediceval France ("Nations"), 22-33, J 49~ 152. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Chs. LVII-LVIII (in Vol. VI). Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, Vol. I, Nos. 2, 4. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 312- 3 2 9- Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 492-496, 510-526. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 360-395, 334-3351 506, 561-562. Tout, Empire and- Papacy, 167-191. West, Modem History, 98-109. 47 XXV. I'm Second, Third, and Later Crusades and the G m k \i Results oi rai Movement. . I . ( hill inc. (\) The cause of the Second Crusade in [147. St. Bernard of Clairvaux'spreachingand its effects in Franceand< Germany. (2) Character of the rank and file of the crusaders illustrated from contemporary sources. The complete failure of the Second Crusade. The Third Crusade 1 1 189) caused by the capture of Jerusalem (] 187). The three great leaders and their fortunes. The treaty of 1 192. (4) The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) and its diversion against nstantinople and the results. Other later crusades. Final loss of Jerusalem (1244). (5) The results of the ( rusades. 1. Commercial. Extension of the trade of western Medi- terranean cities in the cast. Spe< ial quarters occupied. New anii les of commerce introduced into the western markets. 2. Intellectual. Broadening of the mental horizon of the peoples of western Europe by travel and contact with other nations. The influence of Arabian civilization. 3. -Tendency to exaggerate the influence of the crusades themselves. Importance of the Greek influence from Constantinople and of Saracenic influence from Spain and Sicily. 4. General growth of towns and of commerce in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The universities and intellectual progress. Impetus given by the cru- sades to new movements. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 196-200. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 268 276; European History, 214- 218. Bemont, and Menu id Mediaeval Europe, 357-374. Duruy, The Middle Ages, 273-288. Emerton, Mediaval Europe, 374—397. Harding, Mediaval and Modern History, 131-144. Henderson, Germany in the Middle .l^r.v, 240-242, 289- 290 (for German Crusaders); Historical Documents, 135. 333-344- 48 Henderson, Short History oj Germany, I, 102-108. Munro, History oj the Middle Ages, 113-121. Munro and Sellery, Mediaeval Civilization, 212-223, 2 53- 2 5 6 - Myers, The Middle Ages, 235-244, 250-255. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, III, No. 1, II, Nos. 2, 4. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 329- 345- Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 526-544. Thatcher and Schwill, The Middle Ages, 397-434. West, Modem History, 109-115. Archer and Kingsford, The Crusades ("Nations"), Chs. XVII ff. Cox, Crusades ("Epochs"), Chs. V-XV. Mombert, Short History oj the Crusades, Chs. V, VII, XIII-XVII. Oman, Art oj War in the Middle Ages, Book V. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Vol. VI, Ch. LIX. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 191-97, 295-304, 342-357, 450-463- XXVI. The Character, Government, and Organization of the Medleval Church. A . Outline. (1) Introductory. Importance of the Church historically and the general features of its development during the early middle ages. (2) The Church as a completed institution. How it differed from modern churches. 1. Compulsory membership and rigid requirements of loyalty. 2. Supported by compulsory taxes or "tithes" from the people. 3. Not merely a religious body, but also a body politic or state. 4. Organized as a centralized monarchy with Latin as as its official language and the Pope as its head. (3) The governmental organization of the Church. 1. The Pope as monarch of the Church. His absolutism in spiritual and temporal affairs. His control of legis- lation — dispensations and appeals. His control over archbishops, bishops, and clergy. The papal legates and their influence. 49 rhe Roman i !uriu made u|> of the Pope, cardinals, and their officials. Influence of ilii> court in the middle ;. Sources of the vasl papal income court fees, first fruits, iin ome from benefices, and various other sources draw n on. .< The archbishops and their provinces. Archiepiscopal councils and courts. Relation of the archbishop to the bishop. 5. Importance of the bishops in the Church. Apostolic succession and the relation of the bishops to the Church and the Pope. Dioceses and cathedrals. Spiritual and temporal duties of bishops. Election. 6. The archdeacon and his functions. Other Church officers. 7. The priests and their parishes. Parish lands and tithes. The poverty of many parish priests and its cause. Importance of the parish church and the broad duties of the priests. B. Rcjcrcii' (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 201- 209; Readings, 165-167. Collateral — Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 48S-502. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 49-53, 545-555- Harding, Mediaval and Modern History, 80-86. Lea, History 0} the I nquistion, I, 1-12, 16-20. Milman, History oj Latin Christianity, Vol. IV, Bk. XIV, 132-170. Munro, The Middle Ages, tog [75. Newman. Manual oj Church History. I, 449-457. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 346- 348, 361-364. \\ est Modern History, 76-80. A'XYII. din. Chief Sourcks or the Power of the M 1 in l.v \i. Church. A. Outline. (1) First great source of power was the wonderful organization of the Church already dealt with. ( >ther reasons for its great power. 1. The exalted position and great powers of the clergy: the separation of clergy from laity by celibacy, con- 50 secration ("the indelible character"), and power to alone perform sacraments. 2. The seven great sacraments of the Church as formu- lated and described by Peter Lombard (d. 1164). The two most important: (<7) Penance — involving confession, contrition, and absolution. (b) The Mass — involving the miracle of transnb- stantiation and of sacrifice. Public and private masses. Masses for the dead. Exaltation of the priest's power. 3. Great powers wielded by the clergy and the pope. Excommunication and interdict and their effects. Typical examples of both. 4. Power of the Church increased by the fact of the clergy being practically the only educated people of the middle ages. "Benefit of clergy" granted to all who could read. Monopoly of learning and culture by the clergy. Their political activities. 5. The democracy and equality of opportunity in the Church. Fresh blood and energy. No hereditary power or succession. (2) Entering the service of the Church meant separation from all other interests and unity of effort and ambition towards a common end — the establishment of theocracy. The Church as a great and well-organized and disciplined army equipped with spiritual weapons. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 209-215; Readings, 159- 165. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Mediceval Europe, 541-546. Harding, Mediceval and Modern History, 77-80, 91-92, Lea, History oj the Iiiqitistion, I, 39-56. Milman, Latin Christianity, Bk. XIV (Vol. IV), 1S5- 2 34- Munro, The Middle Ages, 29-32. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, Vol. IV, No. IV, 22-23. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 348- 361. 5 1 X \\ 1 1 1 ruE Abuses in THi Medlevai Churcb ind the Ktsi 01 III RESY. / ( hillinc. (i) Important question as to the character and devotion of their leaders in the Church not easily answered. The plan' of the Church in the middle ages. i. Benefits conferred by the Church <>n western Europe as the agenl in Christianizing, civilizing, pacifying, and educating the new barbarian nations. Its mission as a comforter. .'. Unworthy persons among the higher and lower clergy who abused their privileges and provoked criticism. Tendency of mediaeval writers to exaggerate the evil in the Church. 3. Various reasons for the corruption in the Church. Chief cause was the wealth and power of the Church itself which tempted unworthy persons to enter its service. (2) The chief forms of ecclesiastical corruption. Importance of these abuses in connection with heretics and reformers. 1 . Simony and its influence in debasing the higher clergy. 2. Immoral and worldly lives (, f many of the clergy, especially those under feudal influences. 3. Corruption and bribery prevalent in the Church courts from the Papal Curia down. Examples of such abuses. 4. Commercializing of the priesthood and degradation of the priestly of&< e. 5. Decline in earnestness and morals on the part of the monks of the later middle ages. Monastic reforms and new orders. (3) Effect of the corruption in the later mediaeval Church seen in the writings of the time, reformatory and satirical. St. Bernard's testimony. (4) The rise of heresy as a result of the abuses in the Church. 1. Criticism of evils and corruption in the Church not heresy. Heresy consisted in questioning the teachings of the Church and proposing to cast off its authority. 2. Heresy chiefly preached by discontented laymen. Their points of argument and attack and their supporters. 5 2 3. Seriousness of heresy to the mediaeval mind — "treason against God" the greatest of crimes. Severe repres- sion. 4. The two classes of heretics in the later middle ages: (a) Christians who abjured the practices and some of the doctrines of the Church — i. e., the Wal- densians. (&) Unbelievers holding non-Christian views as to good and evil forces in the universe — i. e., the Albigenses. 5. Danger to the Church's claims to control salvation from the Waldensian teachings leads to their persecu- tion. (5) The attitude of the mediaeval rulers toward heresy. 1. Laws against heretics in England (1166), Aragon (1194), and elsewhere. Union of Church and State to exterminate heresy. 2. Seriousness of heresy in mediaeval and modern Europe due to the established character of the Church in relation to the state and individual. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 216-223; Readings, 167- 168, 170-175. (2) Collateral — Bemont and Monod, Mediceval Europe, 506-507, 512- 514- Emerton, Mediceval Europe, 333-338. Harding, Mediceval and Modem History, 88-89, 94-96, 215-216. Lea, History oj the Inquisition, Vol. I, 5-39, 51-117. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 370-377. Milman, Latin Christianity, V, 13k. IX, Ch. XIII, iti- 161. Munro, The Middle Ages, 126-134, 175-177. Munro and Sellery, Mediceval Civilization, 153-158. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 364-368, 371-387. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 208-214, 309- 310, 406-497. Tout, Empire and Papacy, 214-217. 53 \\l\ Methods Used to Oppos] Heresy. Thi Mendicant ( >RD1 US. I . ( hillinr. (\) One method of opposing and checking heresy would have been a reform of the clergy and of abuses. Attempted reform at Fourth Lateran Council in [215. Second method was extermination by the sword. The Albigensian Crusade in the south of France and its results in tlu- thirteenth century. Third and most permanent method of checking heresy was the Inquisition with its terrible tribunals and secret proce dure. < >rigin and character of the Inquisition in the later middle ages. (4) Fourth method of meeting and opposing heresy theestab lishment of the great mendicant orders of St. Francis and St. I >ominic. 1. Need of simpler lives and more preaching among the clergy met l>v the appearance of the friars. 2. The functions of the true friar — self-sacrifire, orth< »dox preaching and teaching among the people. (5) St. Francis of Assissi (1 [82-1226) and his order. t. Story of St. Francis' early life and his conversion. The beginnings of his order. "God's Troubadours" and their work. 2. St. Francis gets the verbal sanction of the pope for his order in 1210. 3. The Franciscans as missionaries in Europe and Asia after 1217. Their coming to England. Papal pro- tection and privileges. 4. Attitude of St. Francis toward the growth of his order. His humility and true piety. The Franciscan rule (1228) and its provisions in regard to poverty. 5. More liberal interpretation of the rule of poverty after the death of St. Francis. The Church at Assissi and the money ( hest. ((>) St. Dominic (1170-1221I and the Dominican Order 1. St. Dominic educated as a Spanish priest. His con- tact with the Albigensian heresy turns him into a missionary of orthodoxy. 2. Formation of the new order in 1214. Innocent Ill's 51 dream and the sanctioning of the order. Its first mis- sionary labors. 3. Growth of the order by 1221. Its sixty monasteries and wide influence. Lea's description of the work of the friars. (7) Organization of the mendicant orders almost military — the general and his power. Comparison of the friars with the monks and of the Dominicans or "Preaching Friars" with the Franciscans. (8) Relations of the Papacy and the friars very close and cor- dial. The special privileges granted them and their great influence in Europe. (9) Jealousy of the secular clergy towards the friars. Great friars of history. Danger of corruption among the friars. St. Bonaventura's testimony. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 223-232, Readings, 175-180. (2) Collateral — Emerton, Mediceval Europe, 337-343, 462-464, 577— 581, 590-591. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 302-317, 324—329. Brother Leo, The Mirror of Perfection (St. Francis). Jessopp, Coining oj the Friars, 1-52. Lea, History oj the Inquisition, Vol. I, Chs. IV -VII. Little, St. Francis oj Assissi, esp. 132-223. Milman, Latin Christianity, Vol. V, Bk. IX, Ch. IX, 230-281; Vol. VI, 311-317. Munro, The Middle Ages, 177-1S0. Myers, The Middle Ages, 247-248, 260-262. 408-409. Oliphant, St. Francis oj Assissi. Duruy, History oj the Middle Ages, 288-2S9, 292-295. Harding, Mediaeval and Modern Flistory. 216-219. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 502-514. Henderson, Historical Documents, 272-273, 344-349. Penn. Translations and Reprints, Vol. Ill, No. VI. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 387- .398- Sabatier, Life oj St. Francis, esp. Ch. V. Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 498-509. Thatcher and Schwill, The Middle Ages, 304-305, 330- 333- Tout, Empire and Papacy, 334-335. 397-402, 434-449- West, Modern History, 90-92, 234. Wishart, Monks and Monasteries,. 205-257. Life of St. Francis, by the Three Companions (Temple Classics). Encyclopedia articles on the Inquisition, St. Francis, and St. Dominic. 55 \\\. Manorial Villagi l n i ind the Rise of the M I I'M \ \l T< >\\ \s. .1. Outline. {\) [ntroductory. [mportance <<\ economic history. Lack of material for early mediaeval economic and so< ial li i^t < >r\- more for the later middle ages. Absence of town lite of importance until the twelfth century. Majority of the people in western Europe lived in manorial villages from tin- sixth to the twelfth century. i. Definition of a vill or mr. Its resemblance to the Roman villa. Origin of mediaeval manors. j. i !ontentsof a manorial estate: — (a) The lord's demesne ox inland. (b) The outland containing — i. Theman orial village. 2. The peasants' Gelds. 3. Pasture land, wood, and waste land. 3. The population of the manor: — (<7) Free — the lord and his officers, priest, miller, blacksmith, and some freemen. (/') Qnfret — the serfs of various kinds who were attached to the soil and some slaves. 4. The duties and obligations of the serfs: — (a) Week work and boon work on the lord's demesne, (b) Special services and payments, generally in kind, to the lord at certain seasons. Taxes and court fees on occasion, (c) Mutual help and responsibility. 5. Life on a mediaeval manor — (a) Its independence and self-sufficiency as regards outside intercourse. (/>) Monotony and lack of progress. Miserable food and lodging, (r) Spirit of brotherhood and mutual assist- ance fostered by constant association in the field, church, and manorial courts. 6. Government of the manor — (a) The lord and his officials, (b) The manor ''court" and its functions of justice and administration. 7. Agricultural conditions on manors. Crude methods, poor farming, and waste of valuable land characteristic of the system. 8. Forces tending to break up the manorial system and destroy serfdom — (s, Feudal Regime, ed bj Dow, ; 16. Thatcher and McNcal, Source /!.>.f civilization —no demand for luxuries. ( 154-182. 59 Duruy, Middle Ages, 318 326, 1"' 164; History ol France, 166 1 . Fox Bourne, English Merchants, 1 32. (iiMiins, //. 1 mtmerce in Euroj Harding, Medicrval and Modern History, [83 188 . Henderson, Germany in the Middlt the Middle . Iges, 1 oj 151. Munro, History of the Middle Ages, im, tee 150. \l ers, The Middle Ages, 287 305. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 415- Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, 604 6i •. Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, \ ;<>, 563 567, Warner, Landmarks in English Industrial History, (lis. \1I 1\. West, Modern History, \ ■ \ [26, 129 [32. REVIEW QUESTIONS ON TOPICS XXIV -XXXI OF THE < tl TLINE. xxiv and xxv. ( 1 1 Why is the important e of the crusades often overrated ? What aspei t of the movement was of must significance in European history? Discuss the general causes of the crusading movement under the two heads religious and political. live an account <>f the influences promoting the first crusade. What source material have you studied in connection with the first crusade and what impression did it convey as to the movemenl . 1 1 ) Tnat 1 lit i . ally the legend of Peter the Hermit and his milium e 1 :ac e out on a map of Europe the route of the different bands of crusa- ders and crusades to the east. Which came to be the chief mute.-' (6) Tell in a brief way the story of the a< tual first crusade to 1 100. -.plain or comment on — (a) Kingdom of Jerusalem; (/<) Militant monastic orders; (c) St. Bernard and the second crusade; (uUine. (\) Need of studying the intellectual side of mediaeval life in order to ^: • \\ dther von der Vogelweide's songs and Wolf ram von Eschenba< h's " Parsifal." ■ Contrast between earlier and later chivalric ideals and the chivalry of northern France a- compared with thai of Pro mi r. Few books and little reading in the middle ages. Poems and stories sung and recited by professional minstrels and jongleurs. Distorted knowledge of the pasl Erom semi- historical romances. Villehardouin. Lack of any real scientific knowledge. Absurdities of mediaeval s< ientifh literature — wonderful beasts, birds, and plants. Allegorical science and popular superstitions and delusions exampled. /'< References. (i) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 256 261; Readings, mi [95. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 276-277 ; and European History, 261, Bemoat and M I, Mediaeval Europe, 257-262, 525- 535- Duruy, Middle Ages, 230-232, 330-33 2 - 337 33 8 - Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, 423-430, I 57- Henderson, Short History 0) Germany, I. m-121. Mallory, Mori d'Artkur (Temple Classics). M ' son, Mediaeval brume ("Nations"), 33-46. Munro, Middle Ages, Ch. XIII, [35 1 17. Munro and Sellery, Mediaeval Civilization, 240-247. Myers, />}, Middle Ages, 181-187, 423. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 437-446. Steele, Mediaval Lore (Selections from Bart. Anglicus). Stoddard, Bertram! du Guesclin, 17-30. Thatcher and Si hwill, Middle Ages, 603-609. West, Modern History, 44-46, 48-50. Special: Cornish, Chivalry; and Gautier, Chivalry. XXXIV. The Arts ix the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture. A. Outline. (1) The artistic activities of the middle ages in the service of religion. (2) Mediaeval paintings, pictures, and illuminations. 1. Character of illuminative paintingin the monasteries — brilliant coloring of formal designs in religious works. 64 The pictures of everyday life in secular books. Fan- tastic pictures. 2. Symbolic character of mediaeval painting, significance of colors and of attitudes. Lack of individuality and of motion, but marvellous technique shown. 3. Illuminated letters and borders show greater freedom than the pictures and more individuality. Subjects drawn from nature. (3) Mediaeval sculpture decorative and subservient to architec- ture. (4) Architecture: the dominant art of the middle ages. 1. Great cathedrals and churches of western Europe monuments of mediaeval art. Importance of the church edifice to the community in general. Mediaeval churches as museums of art. 2. Romanesque church architecture. Its origin, general characteristics, and prevalence up to the thirteenth century. Specimens of Romanesque exteriors and interiors. 3. Gothic church architecture. Introduction of the pointed arch and its general adoption in the thirteenth century. Results of using pointed arches. Other characteristics of Gothic — flying buttresses, stained glass, ornamental sculpture, and tracery. 4. Secular and domestic architecture in the middle ages. Gothic town halls and chateaus. The mediaeval castle. (5) Progress of the arts by the close of the middle ages. The renaissance. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 261-267. (2) Collateral — Bemont and Monod, Mediceval Europe, 536-541. Duruy, History of the Middle Ages, 232, 233, 339-340. D'Anvers, Elementary History oj Art, Part I, 64-75, 80-96, 199-212. Fergusson, History oj Architecture, I, Part II, 395- 424, 522-555, 600-609. Lubke,^ History oj Art, I, Ch. Ill; and II, Ch. IV. Masson, Mediceval France, 127-132. Moore, Development oj Gothic Architecture. Reber, History oj Mediceval Art, 244-308, 480-519. Rosengartcn, Architectural Styles, 230-253, 287-370. 65 Sturges, European Architecture, i 17 t8i, 186 .so Tuckerman, Short History «) Architecture, Chs. l\ and V \\ 1 1 Modern History, 210 214. \\\\. Education in nn Later Middli Ages and the Generai Progress oi 1 m Period in CrvrLizATioN. .1. Outline. { 1 ) Absence of institutions of learning in western Europe during the early middle ages. Elementary instruction trivium and quadrivium — given in the cathedral and monastic -i hools. (2) Abelard and the rise of the great mediaeval universities of Paris, Bologna, and ( >xford. 1. The story of the young scholar, Abelard (d. 1142), and his pursuit of learning. How he became a teacher and hi> little text-book "Yea and Nay." His opinions and methods. 2. Abelardand Bernard of Clairvaux, his persecutor. His man\- misfortunes and sad end. Influence of his teachings in promoting freer discussion of religious questions. His relation to the university movement of the time. 3. Origin of the University of Paris in the union of teachers there into a corporation or universitas in the twelfth century. Privileges granted to the scholars by the pope and French king. 4. Growth and formation of the great university at Bologna devoted chiefly to the study of Roman and canon law. Gratian's famous text-book of canon law, theDecretum. Student government. 5. Growth of a university at Oxford. Theories as to its origin. Founding of Cambridge and of other later mediaeval universities. Paris and Bologna the models for north and south respectively. (3) Mediaeval degrees, methods of instruction, and courses of study. 1. Origin of the bachelor's and master's degrees. The degree a license to teach, but also an honor. The mediaeval degree of doctor. 66 2. Character of the students in mediaeval universities. Uncomfortable quarters and elementary methods of instruction — text-books and note-taking. Freedom of movement — migrations and changes of residence. 3. The six-year academic course for the master's degree and the studies pursued — logic, physical and math- matical sciences, philosophy, and ethics; absence of history and languages. Universal use of Latin. (4) Aristotle, the idol of the schoolmen, and Mediaeval Scholasti- cism. 1. General use made of Aristotle's works as text-books — his Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, Ethics, and so forth, known to the later middle ages through the Greeks or Arabs. Faulty Latin translations. 2. Aristotle though a thorough pagan won the admiration and reverence of mediaeval students by his logic and learning. Commentaries on his works by Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) and Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274). 3. Meaning of the term scholasticism. Criticism of its methods and results. What can be said in defense of the scholastic writers. St. Thomas Aquinas and his work. Value of training in logic. 4. The great Franciscan friar, Roger Bacon (d. about 1290), as a critic of Aristotelian logic. His advocacy of experimental science. His own achievements and prophetic utterances foreshadow modern science. (5) The two great divisions of the middle ages. 1. The Dark Ages, from the barbarian invasions to the eleventh century, a period of turmoil and distraction only relieved by Charlemagne's efforts at orderly government and education. 2. The "later Middle Ages," beginning with the intel- lectual awakening of the eleventh century which ushered in the brilliant and progressive twelfth and thirteenth centuries. (6) Striking changes that took place during the later middle ages. 1. Group of national states appeared in western Europe with strong kings, and imperialism and feudalism both gave way. C>7 rhe "nut mediaeval Church with its theocratic and imperial pretensions i> threatened by the growing national states. ;. Appearance and growth in influence of the third estate. .). Rise of vernacular literatures and of secular learning. 5. Rise of the universities and expansion of the curri- culum study f modern experimental science with Roger Bat on. 7. Development of artistic ability — Gothic church architecture. 7>. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 267-276; Readings, 195- 200. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilisation, 365-373; European History, 261- 265. Harry, The Papal Monarchy, 246 259. Bemont and Monod, Mediaeval Europe, 515-527. Compayre, Abelard, "Creot Educators," esp. Part I, 3-69. Duruy, Middle Ages, 326-330. Emerton, Mediaval Europe, 446- 170. Haskins, Life <>j Mediaval Students, Amer. Hist. Rev. Ill, 203-22'). II kins, University <>j Paris, ibid X, 1-27. fessopp, Coming oj the Friars, Ch. 6. Laurie Rise <>j Universities, esp. Lectures VI, VIII, IX -XIII. McCabe, Peter Abelard, esp. Chs. I-IV, XII-XV. Monroe, History 0} Education, 292-337. Munro, The Middle Ages, 160 [68. Munro and Sellery, Mediaval Civilization, 34S-357. Myers, The Middle Ages, 307-323. Pemi. Translations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. iii. Rashdall, The Universities «j Europe in the Middle Ays, esp. Vol. I, Chs. I, IV, V; and Vol. II Chs. xii, xiv. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 446- 465- Stillc, Studies in Mediaval History, Ch. XI IT. That' her and Schwill, Middle Ages, 588-602. Tout, J : .mpirr and Papacy, 209-214, 217-220, 428-432, 446-449. West, Modem History, 193-205. 68 XXXVI. England at the Close of the Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War to the Peace of Bretigny (1360). A . Outline. (1) Geographical limitations of English power up to Edward I. Wales and Scotland practically independent principalities. 1. Edward I and Wales. Long border warfare between English and Welsh — border earldoms and marches. Difficulties in the way of subduing the Welsh finally overcome. The Welsh settlement. 2. Scotland during the middle ages and her relations with England. Picts and Scots in the Highlands and Eng- lish in the Lowlands. Edinburgh. Development of the Lowlands. 3. Edward I's intervention in Scottish affairs (1290) and its results. Scotch alliance with France. Attempt of Edward to annex Scotland. Final triumph of Scottish independence (13 14). (2) Growth of the power of parliament under Edward I and II. Origin of parliamentary government. Deposition of Ed- ward II (1327). Beginning of the bi-cameral system in England. (3) Causes of the great Hundred Years' War between England and France. 1 . Possession by the English kings, as vassals, of the duchy of Guienne in southwestern France. 2. French aid furnished to the Scotch in their wars with England. 3. Commercial interests of England in Flanders threat- ened by the French. Rebellion of Flemish weavers against feudal control. 4. As a result of the growing friction and in order to attach the Flemish to him, Edward III. claims the French crown, though of female descent, and assumes the French royal arms. (4) Events of the Hundred Years' War to the Peace of Bretigny in 1360. 1. Opening of the war in the Low Countries. Naval victory of England at Sluys (1340). 69 rransference of military operations i" northwestern France. English invasion of Normandy and victory .11 Crecj (1346). Tin' lesson of the battle. The 1 apture of t Calais ( 1347). ;. Resumption "t war after seven years' truce. \ i> tory of the IJl.uk Prince over King John of France at Poitiers ( 1356). 1. Attempted reforms in France l>v the Estates General under the influence <>f tin- third estate. The revolu tionarj proposals defeated by the violence of the | »< >j Hi- lar ]»art\- in Paris a medieval foreshadowing of the Liter French Revolution. ;. Ci imparist in < if the Estates ( reneral 1 if France with the English parliament as regards organization and powers. 6. The Peace of Bretigny and its important terms. />'. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 277 287; Readings, 201- 20,;. (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilisation, 331—334, 348-351. Adams, European 1 1 islory, 230, 231, 240-242, 51S-520. Adams, Growth 0) the French Nation, to8 ti8. Andrews, History of England, [38, [39, [57—165, 167- 170. Cheyney, Short History oj England, 210-242. ("oman ami Kendall, History oj England, 134-140, 152—160. Duruy, The Middle Ages, 388—405. Duruy, History of France, 1X3-202. Gardiner, Student's II islory oj England, 210, 215-246, 251 254. Green, Short History, [6i [69, [8i [93, 207-216, 2-^3-23'- [larding, Mediaval mid Modern History, 224-225, , 232, 234-237. Hassall, The French People, 104-109. Lamed, History oj England, 152, [53,167—175. Lodge, Close oj the Middle Ages, 62-90. Masson, Mediaval France, [71—209. Myers, The Middle Ages, 372-380. Oman, England mid the Hundred Years' War, 7-41, I 5 "54- Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. 1,466- 47 2 - Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 524-531. Walker, Essentials in English History, 1 71-175, 188- 194- 70 XXXVII. Conditions in England and France During the War and the Close of the Great Struggle. A. Outline. (i) Resumption of hostilities after the Treaty of Bretigny through troubles in Spain and the misgovernment of the Black Prince in Guienne. Successful reign of Charles V. of France (1364-1380). (2) 111 success of English in France. Retirement of Black Prince. The French advance under Bertrand du Guesclin. English possessions in 1377. (3) Conditions in England and France during the first part of the war. 1. France the chief sufferer, being the scene of hostilities and being overrun with mercenaries. Petrarch's description. 2. The Black Death (bubonic plague) of 1348-1349. Its progress westward and terrible ravages in France and England. 3. Economic change and social unrest and discontent in England due to the scarcity of labor after the Black Death and the increased taxation to support the war. 4. The Statute of Laborers of 1351 and its results. Break up of the manorial system. " Piers Plowman." The Poll Taxes of 1379-1380 and the great uprising of 1 38 1. Serfdom declines. (4) Political changes in England. Abdication of Richard II ( I 377 _I 399) and accession of first Lancastrian king, Henry IV (1399-1413). (5) Henry V (1413-1422) of England revives English claims to France and the Hundred Years' War is resumed. 1. Charles VI of France (1380-1422) weak-minded and incapable of governing. Rival factions led by the royal dukes of Burgundy and of Orleans. Murder of Orleans (1407) leads to civil war. 2. Lack of grounds for war on England's part. Henry V's invasion of France and victory at Agincourt (141 5). Murder of the duke of Burgundy by the Orleanists and the Treaty of Troves (1420). 3. Succession of infant king Henry VI to both kingdoms by the deaths of Henry V and Charles VI. His 71 position in Fran< e. Sua e >ful regen< y of the duke of Bedford between i 422 and [429. i. Weakne » of Charles VH's position "the Dauphin" or "king of Bourges." Sudden appearance <>f ;i >a\icr for France in person of the peasant girl of Domremy, Joan of Arc. Her visions and voices. 5. Story of Juan of Arc's public career. Audience with the Dauphin, relief of Orleans (1429), coronation of Charles VII at Rheins (1429), Compiegne (14,^0), trial and execution at Rouen (1431). Her influence. 6. English lose ground in France. Death of Bedford (1435) and desertion of English cause by Burgundy and its effect. Normandy recovered by France (1450), and struggle ends in 1453 with Calais alone in the possession of England. B. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 287-295. (2) Collateral — Adams, Growth oj the French Nation, 119-133. Andrews, History oj England, 171 -176, [83 [88, 204- 208. Cheyney, Short History oj England, 243-251, 255, 256, 267 . Duruy, Middle Ages, 405-432. Duruy, History 0} France, 203-208, 212-238, 245-247. Gardiner, Student's History oj England, 254-251), 270, 300-314, 318-320. Green, Short History oj the English People, 233, 234, 244-255- 267 281. Harding, Mediaval and Modern History, 232-234, 237 J 44- Hassall, trench People, 110-116. Lodge, ( 'lose oj the Middle Ages, 89-97, 3 IO- 35 I - on, Mediaval France, 210-272. Myers, The Middle Ages, 378, 379, 380-384. Oman, Hundred Years' War, (11-126. Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 5. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 472- 477- Stoddard, Bertrand dn Guesclin, Chs. YI-XV. Terry, History oj England, 371-375, 382-388, 404- 411, 443-460, 464, 465. That, her and Schwill, Middle Ages, 531-538. West, Modern History, 153-158. 72 XXXVIII. Political and Governmental Conditions in England and France During the Later Fifteenth Century. A. Outline. (i) The Wars of the Roses in England (1455-1485) and their results. 1. The wars dynastic in origin — rival royal houses — and aristocratic in character. Cruel and vindictive char- acter of the struggle. Armies of retainers on either side. 2. Thirty years of battles, plots, and murders in England. Overthrow of Lancastrian king Henry VI (1461) and supremacy of Yorkist rulers — Edward IV (1461- 1483), Edward V (1483), and Richard III (1483- 1485). Victorv of Henrv Tudor at Bosworth Field (1485)- 3. Henry VII (1485-1500) the first Tudor king. His claims to the throne. Increase of royal power through dying out of the old nobility in the wars. Tudor despotism. (2) Affairs in France under Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI (1461-1483). 1. Establishment of a standing army in France in place of the old feudal array. Paid officers and soldiers after 1439. The "tattle." — a permanent tax to support the army. French kings absolute. 2. Growth of great royal duchies in France from appan- ages a menace to the central power. Map of France at the close of the Hundred Years' War. Power of Burgundy especially menacing. 3. Charles VII begins the task of reducing the new feudal lords to royal control. Restrictions on their power and independence. 4. Louis XI (1461-1483) and the dukes of Burgundy. (a) Creation of new Burgundian line in 1363 by John presenting Burgundy to his younger son Philip. (b) Acquisition of other territories by new Burgun- dian house — Franche-Comte, Luxembourg, 73 Flanders, Artois, and Brabant ;ill ruled over l>v Philip the Good (1410 1 467). (i 1 Charles the Bold (1467 1477) and his ambition to conquer Lorraine and be crowned king of a middle kingdom. ( cruel and underhand methods. I In character as given by Commines. (3) General results of the period in England and France. Strengthening of the central authority through the destru< tion of the feudal nobility. Rulers independent of feudal dues through growth of commerce and industry. Strong national states formed ruled by strong kings. />'. References. (1 Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 296-302; Readings, 203- 209. (2) Collateral — Adams, European History, 233, 234, 143, 1 1 1, 526, 5 7. Duruy, Middle A ges, 431,432, 137 h-' Harding, Mediceval and Modern History, 251-251. 255, Lodge, Close of the Middle Ages, 351-355, 358-390. Myers, The Middle Ages, 384 386, 397, 398. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 177 l s 7- Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 539-543. West, Modern History, K>i [62, [66 [68. England —Chcyney, Short History o) England, 269 •;'>. Coman and Kendall, History o) England, 196-206. Green, Short History, 281—294, 299—303. France Adams, Growth 0) the French Nation, 133-] i.v Duruy, History oj France, 239-245, 247-274. Hassall, The French People, 117 1 19. Masson, Mcd'ucval France, 273-303. 74 XXXIX. The Decline of Papal Power and the Conditions Leading up to Attempted Reform by Councils. .1. Gull inc. (i) Effect of the growth of strong national states on the Pope and the Church as regards their influence in civil govern- ment. Problem of the proper relations of Church and State becomes important. (2) Pope Boniface VIII's (1 294-1303) difficulties with France and England. 1. Taxation of the property of the clergy by the kings of England and France leads to the famous bull of Cleric is !r<>\ isors." ;. Opposition to papal exactions in England. The Statute of Provisors of 1352. Papal revenues from England. 4. John WydifTe (c. 1320 [384) and his attack on the Pope and on the abuses in the Church. His "simple priests" and the first English Bible. His prose style in his tra< tS and sermons. 5. Wycliffe's social and political influence in England, lli^ escape from serious persecution. The Lollard movement in England and the Hussite in Bohemia attest his influen< e. I 1 1 Return of Pope Gregory XI to Rome and his death. Elec- tion of rival popes, Italian and French, leads to the Great Schism and divides Europe religiously for forty years I [378 141 7). Plans for reform. />'. References. I h Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, 303—311. Readings, 11 (2) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 393-404; European History, 283- 286. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, 391—428. Creighton, History 0) the Papacy, I, 29-50, 302 If. Duruy, History oj the Middle Ages, 371—382, 509-513. Green Short History oj the English People, 23 Harding, Mediaeval and Modern History, 264 266. I .< k Ige, ( 'lose oj the Middle . I ges, 29-31, 54—56, 1 55- 1 62. Masson, Mediaval France, \\\ C56. Myers, The Middle Ages, 263-266, 303 -396, 389, 590. Poole, Wyclifje and the Movements for Reform. Pastor, History oj the Popes, I, Ilk. i, Chs. 1, ■. Robinson, Readings in European History, I, 488-510. Trans, ami Reprints, Univ. of Penn., II, No. 5; III, No. (k Thatcher and Schwill, Middle Ages, 577-5S0, 53S, 539. Van Dyke, Age oj the Renasence, 1-10,46-62,'") 71. Walker, The Reformation, 1-42. West, Modern History, 155, 156, i7y-i.S2. 76 XL. The Movement for Conciliar Reform and its Results. A. Out! inc. (i) Origin of the conciliar movement in the desire to reform the Church by legal means. Idea of a council superior to the Pope takes form. The great ecumenical councils of the early Church and their work. (2) Stand taken by the University of Paris for conciliar reform from 1381 on. Arguments for and against the superiority of the council over the Pope. Strength of the papal argu- ments. (3) The Council of Pisa (1409). Its attempted deposition of Gregory XII (Roman) and Benedict XIII (French) and the election of new Pope Alexander V, who is succeeded, in 1410, by John XXIII (1410-1415). Three papers. (4) The Council of Constance (1414-1417) and its work. 1. Summoned by the Emperor Sigismund, with the re- luctant consent of John XXIII, on account of the failure of the Council of Pisa to enforce its depositions and reform the schism. 2. Character importance and composition of the council. Its three-fold task — (a) To heal the schism; (b) To extirpate heresy; and (c) To reform the Church "in head and members." (a) The Great Schism healed by the deposition or resignation of the three existing popes and the election, in 141 7, of Martin V. Decree of Sacrosancta, 14 15. (b) The life and teachings of John Huss of Bohemia. His trial and execution at the council, 1414-1415. The Hussite wars in Bohemia, 1419-1431. (c) Failure of the council to reform the abuses in the Church after three years of discussion. The decree Frequens, 1417. List of abuses to be later considered. 3. Healing of the Great Schism the only important result of the Council of Constance. Its failure to check heresy or reform the evils in the Church. Martin V's ineffective reform decrees. (5) The Council of Basel called by Martin V, in 1431, to devise means to suppress the Hussites. Peace with the moderate 77 Bohemians in i i , | Eugenius [V and the conciliar Pope, Felix V. Failure of the conciliar part} and their submis sion in i 1 19. (6) Council of Ferrara Florence, [438 1439, called by Eugenius IV. (1431 1 1 ; 1. Chief question was thai of the union of eastern and western churches. Desire of Greek Empire to get western aid against Turks. .- Union of churches agreed <>n with reservations, l>ut later repudiated by Greek Church. Two really im portant results <>f the council -( ftaly. (7) End of the conciliar movement <>f the fifteenth century. Failure of the attempt at reform from within and beginning <>f tin" worldly Papacy of the Italian Renaissance with Xii holas Y (1447-1455). /■>'. References. (1) Prescribed — Robinson, Western Europe, $11—320; Readings, 216- -• 1 S. (j) Collateral — Adams, Civilization, 404—415; European History, 286 288. Duruy, History oj the Middle Ages, 473, 512-516. Harding, Mediceval and Modern History, 266-271. Henderson, Short "History oj Germany, 1, 203-227. Lodge, ( 'lose oj tin- Middle Ages, [96—242. Myers, The Middle Ages, 266-269, 420,421. Pennsylvania Trans, and Reprints, III, No. 6. Pastor, History oj the Popes, Vol. I, Bk. i, Ch. 3; Bk. ii, ( 'lis. 1, 2. Creighton, History 0} the "Papacy, Vol. I, see contents. Leu, History 0/ the Inquisition, Vol. II, ('lis. Yll VIII. Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I, 511 — 5 I 5- Thati her and Schwill, Middle Ages, 570, 571, 580-582. Van Dyke, Age of the Renasence, 69—121. Whitcomb, Modern Europe 33-39. REVIEW QUESTIONS ON TOPICS XXXII-XL OF THE OUTLINE. XXXII-XXXIII. (1) Dis< uss the linguistic side of mediaeval culture ami show how the modern languages developed in two main groups. 73 (2) Give some examples of the chief literary productions in the various national languages especially German, Anglo-Saxon, and French. (3) Describe and contrast French and Provencal literature in the later middle ages and attempt an explanation of the causes of difference. (4) How were chivalry and vernacular literature closely connected? Define chivalry and knighthood and discuss their ideals. Who was con- sidered the ideal knight of romance, and why? (5) Why were the people of the middle ages so ignorant of the past and so credulous of wonderful and miraculous things? What was the character of mediaeval science? (6) Explain or comment on — (a) "Caballus"; (b) Ulfilas; (c) Nibclungen- lied; (d) Beowulf; (e) Aucassin and Nicolette; (f) Minnesingers; (g) Holy Grail; (h) Jongleurs; (i) Villehardouin. xxxiv-xxxv. (1) What was the character of mediaeval painting? Describe the various classes of mediaeval illustrations that have come down to us. (2) What part did sculpture play in mediaeval art ? How did mediaeval sculpture differ from ancient sculpture? Was there any special reason for such a difference except lack of skill? (3) Why is architecture called the "dominant art" of the middle ages? How would you distinguish a Romanesque cathedral ? What were the main peculiarities of the Gothic and what were the tendencies of this style ? (4) Discuss the secular architecture of the later middle ages. What secular buildings were the most imposing and magnificent, what were the strongest and most permanent ? (5) What disadvantages did scholars have to face up to the twelfth century? What parts of Europe were best equipped with schools during that period. (6) Sketch the life and work of Abelard and discuss his real connection with the university movement of the later twelfth century. (7) Describe briefly the beginnings of university instruction at Paris, Bo- logna, and Oxford. Where else did universities soon appear? (8) Discuss the academic degrees, the methods of instruction, and the courses of study of the mediaeval universities. How did these universities differ most markedly from our universities of to-day ? (9) Who was " the Philosopher" ? 'Why was he held in such great estimatii in and how did he influence mediaeval education? (10) Define scholasticism? Who upheld it? Who attacked it and why? What is incompatible with modern scientific methods in the scholastic system ? (n) Into what two parts can we divide the middle ages? Describe the conditions in western Europe during the first part. (12) Enumerate the important changes that had taken place or were taking place in western Europe towards the close of the middle ages. XXXVI-XXXVIII. (1) Discuss Edward I's relations with Wales and with Scotland, referring briefly to the earlier history of each of these countries. How did the troubles between England and Scotland finally end. 79 1 'hi import. mi development in English government wa under mi «l 1 and II .mi I ii>>\v did the new force manifest it i II ' M ike an outline of the causes, chief events with dates, and most h t.uii results for England and France of the Hundred \e.n .' V, the social and economi< conditions during the war in— (a) I ranee anil d. Win wen- the social ami economic < lumps ill land moil- important than in Fran \ plain or comment on — -(a) "Prince of Wales"; (6) Balliol and Bruce; /an Artevclde; (d) Flcur de I tates General and Parliament; Etienne Marcel; (g) Bertrand du Guesclin; (//> Piers Plowman; Lancastrian House; (j) Armagnacs; (k) Philip the Good (6) Describe tin- career of Joan of An from her appearance as the of I lam i- to her execution. Were the English justified in putting hei L< i death? Who rise was to blame for her ■hath.'' (7) What caused the War-, of the Roses? How were the rival armies re- cruited? Which party was at in 1 victorious and how did the long struggle finally end? What important results did these wars have? (8) How was order restored in Fram e and the power of the ruin- im reased after tin- war? Why were these measures lieiicfic ial at the lime? (9) How did the French kings, Charles VII, ami Louis XI, destroy the"new feudalism"? Follow the fortunes of tin- house of Burgundy from 1363 to 1.17S. Who succeded to the Burgundian power? (10) Explain or comment on — (a) Commines; (6) Froissart; (c) Granson and Murten; (J) Mary of Burgundy; (c) Character of Louis XI. XXX1X-XK. (1) What important problem had to lie faeed by the new national slates at the close of the middleages? What is the real significance of Boniface \ Ill's unsuccessful contest with Philip the Fair? ! liscuss Philip the Fair's policy towards the Pope and the Church. By whom was he advised and what body did he consult? What did he fori e Pope (dement V to flo? What evils arose from the Babylonian captivity of the Church? Whal country resented the Pope's claims, and why ? Who appeared as the national champion — follow his career and work to its 1 lose ? 1 ■' Explain the origin of the Great Schism. How did it become worse in 1400 and what effect did it have on Europe? How was it finally ended ? (5) Where did the idea of conciliar reform originate? How many important councils were held in the first half of the fifteenth century and what was the result as far as reform was concerned? What did this mean ? I xplain the connection between theWycliffe and Huss movements, and give an account of the life and work of John Huss and of his trial. (7) Discuss the work of the Council of Ferrara-Morein e and its results. Explain or comment on — (a) Clericis laicos; (b) Papal "jubilee"; (c) Provisors; (d) Simple priests; (<■) John XXIII; (/) Sacrosancta; i irlin Y; (/;) Utraquists; (/) Frequens; (/) Council of Basel. End in' Part I. So ANNOUNCEMENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPE By JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON Professor of History in Columbia University IN ONE VOLUME i2mo. Cloth. 714 pages. With maps and illustrations. List price, $1.60; mailing price, £1.80. IN TWO VOLUMES Volume I. i2mo. Cloth. 368 pages. With maps and illustrations. List price, $ 1. 00 ; mailing price, $1.10. Volume II. i2mo. Cloth. 364 pages. With maps and illustrations. List price, $1.00; mailing price, $i.io. THE excellence of Robinson's "History of Western Europe " has been attested by the immediate and widespread adoption of the book in many of the best schools and colleges of the country. It is an epoch-making text-book on the subject, in that it solves in an entirely satisfactory manner the problem of proportion. The book differs from its predecessors in omitting all isolated, uncorrelated facts, which only obscure the great issues upon which the pupil's attention should be fixed. In this way the writer has gained the space necessary to give a clear and interesting account of the all-important movements, customs, institutions, and achievements of western Europe since the German barbarians conquered the Roman Empire. Such matters of first-rate importance as feudalism, the medi- aeval Church, the French Revolution, and the development of the modern European states have received much fuller treat- ment than has been customary in histories of this compass. The work is thoroughly scholarly and trustworthy, since the writer has relied either upon the most recent treatises of the best European authorities of the day or upon a personal study of the primary sources themselves. Carefully selected illustrations and an abundance of maps accompany the text. GINN & COMPANY Publishers R EAD1 Nc.'S IN EUROPEAN II 1 STORY By JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON, Proft orof History in Columbia University. Designed to supplement l>i- " Introdui tion to the Histor) of Western Europe" VOLUME I. nmo. Cloth, pipages. List price, $ 1.50; mailing price, £1.65 VOLUME II. I2mo. Cloth. 629 pages. List price, $1.50; mailing price, ABRIDGED EDITION. i2mo. Cloth. 573 pages. List price, £1.50; mailing price, I IT is now generally recognized among teachers of history that the text-book should be supplemented by collateral reading. Professor Robinson's "Readings" will supply a need that has long been felt by those dealing with the general history of Europe. For each chapter of his text he furnishes from twenty to thirty pages of extracts, mainly from vivid, first-hand accounts of the persons, events, and institutions discussed in his manual. In this way the statements in the text-book may be amplified and given added interest and vividness. He has drawn upon the greatest variety of material, much of which has never before found its way into English. The extensive and carefully classified bibliographies which accompany each chapter embody the results of careful criticism and selection. They are carefully arranged to meet the needs of students of all grades, from the high-school pupil to one engaged in advanced graduate work. Volume 1 corresponds to Chapters I-XXII of the author's " History of Western Europe," and closes with an account of the Italian cities during the Renaissance. Volume II begins with Europe at the opening of the sixteenth century. The Abridged Edition is intended especially for high schools. GINN & COMPANY Publishers A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND By EDWARD P. CHEYNEY Professor of European History in the University of Pennsylvania l2mo. Cloth, xvi + 695 pages. With maps and illustrations. List price, $1.40 mailing price, $1.55 THIS short history of England is about midway in length between the shorter school histories and the longer works which are of value chiefly to advanced students or as books of reference. It is admirably adapted for use in colleges and in high schools that offer a rather complete course in English history. The early period is treated in some detail in the belief that it will be comparatively easy to make clear the later story of the events in the national life, if the foundation is well laid in a knowledge of what kind of country England is, who the Eng- lish people were, and what were their fundamental customs in language, government, religion, and economic organization. A great many persons and a great many events often included in text-books have been omitted in order that those which are more significant can be given enough space and attention to show their real character and importance. For the same reason less attention has been given to military than to civil history. For instance, the space given to the Wars of the Roses has been reduced as much as possible in order to give sufficient emphasis to the Reformation. In choosing the illustrations especial care has been taken that they should be really illustrative of the text, giving visible testimony and reality to what has there been stated in words. Each one of the large number of maps is devoted to the explanation of one particular object, the ideal in text-book maps being illustration rather than use for repeated detailed reference. GINN & COMPANY Publishers TEXT-BOOKS ON HISTORY Abbott's History and Description of Roman Political In- stitntiona 5 Allen's Short History of the Roman People Channing and Hart's Guide to the Stud) ol American History Cheyney's Short History of England Cooper, Estill, and Lemmon's History of Our Country . Emerton's Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages Emerton's Mediaeval Europe (814-1300) Kemp's History for Graded and District Schools . . . Lawless Essentials of American History Mace's Method in History Montgomery's Beginner's American History Montgomery's Leading Facts of American History. . . Montgomery's Leading Pacts of English History . . . Montgomery's Leading Facts of French History . . . Montgomery's Student's American History. (Revised Edition) Myers's General History. (Revised Edition) .... Vi 'lume I Volume II Myers's Ancient History. (Revised Edition) .... Myrs's Eastern Nations and Greece. (Revised Edition) Myers's History of Rome. (Revised Edition) .... Myiis's History of Greece Myers's Mediaeval and Modern History. (Revised Edition) Myers's Outlines of Nineteenth Century History . . Myers's The Middle Ages Myers's The Modern Age Myers's Rome: Its Rise and Fall Myers and Allen's Ancient History Riggs's Studies in United States History Robinson's Introduction to the History of Western Europe Volume I Volume II Robinson's Readings in European History. Volume I Volume II Abridged Edition Webster's History of Commerce .00 ..jo .00 .12 •5° .00 .00 .00 .60 .00 .12 C;iXN & COMPANY Publishers UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 939 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below e mi m 9 Form L-9-15m-3,'34 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES TTDRARV AA 001 183 602 HHiifH HiilHH iHUUI i, ft Hi!